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THE
Missionary Herald.
Vol. XC. — NOVEMBER, 1894. — No. XI.
The financial statement for the first month of the new year of work upon
which we are now entering is as follows : —
September, 1893.
September, 1894.
Regular donations $19,705.88
Donations for special objects, aside from the debt 2,961.93
Legacies 5,535-48
$10,684.96
1,845.10
11,772.01
Total
$28,203.29
$24,302.07
Contributions for the debt, $787.60.
Decrease in regular donations, $9,020.92; in special donations, $1,116.83; increase in legacies,
$6,236.53; net loss, $3,901.22.
Shall it not be that from this time onward through the year each month’s
report shall be of a decided increase in gifts for the world’s redemption? It will
surely be so if the spirit which animated the meeting of the Board at Madison
shall prevail in any good degree throughout the churches of the land.
The Annual Survey of the Missions, together with the papers prepared by the
Corresponding Secretaries and the Treasurer’s statement, presented at the
Annual Meeting, will be found in this number of the Hei'ald , while the Minutes
of the sessions will be given in our next issue. We are very glad to present also
to our readers a full report of the most interesting and valuable address made
by Rev. Dr. Jessup, of the Presbyterian Mission in Syria, portraying the work
accomplished by the American Board within the Turkish empire. We commend
all these papers to the careful attention of our readers.
The meeting of the Board at Madison, though not largely attended by persons
living at a distance, was one of absorbing interest to all who enjoyed the privilege
of being present. The beauty of the city in which the meeting was held, the
favoring skies throughout the whole session, and the generous and graceful
hospitality of the citizens of Madison contributed much to the enjoyment of the
occasion. But these were only accessories. The meetings themselves were
marked by an earnestness of tone, a profound conviction of the magnitude and
blessedness of the missionary work which Christ has entrusted to his Church, and
by a spirit of determination to engage with renewed energy in this work, which
were most inspiring. The interest was sustained from beginning to the end, and
we doubt if the Board has ever had a session marked by greater intellectual or
spiritual power. We think that everyone present would assent to the remark
made by an eminent theological professor of Chicago on leaving Madison : “ It
has been a marvelous meeting.”
[November,
446 Editorial Paragraphs.
Some features of the meetings were unique. The presence of Mr. D. L.
Moody and two powerful addresses made by him, one in connection with the
communion service, upon the work of the Holy Spirit, stirred all hearts and led
to a deeper sense of the need of and the possibility of securing the anointing
power from above. The Missionary Extension Course and the Students’ Volunteer
Movement were finely represented Messrs. Mershon and Pitkin. Aside from
these special features allusion may well be made to clear and practical statements
made by the missionaries present and to the valuable papers by the District Sec-
retaries and others. It is enough to say that in presiding and in his addresses,
especially in his principal discourse on Friday evening, President Storrs was at
his best.
As matter of course the financial situation of the Board called for most serious
attention and early in the sessions a special committee, composed of able busi-
ness men and clergymen, was appointed to consider and report upon the whole
matter. It was distinctly recognized that there is an absolute necessity of a
large increase in revenue in order to maintain the missions on their present
basis, yet with this fact in view the Board instructed its Prudential Committee,
while seeking to develop self-support in the native churches as far as practicable,
not to withdraw from any work now in hand. The needed increase of income
must in some way be secured, and the special committee gave its attention to
devising methods for accomplishing this end. The chief feature of its report
was a plan for reaching the large number of churches and the vastly larger
number of church members that have hitherto been non-contributing. The
officers of the Board have for years sought to reach all Congregational churches
with appeals for this world-wide work, but many have failed to respond. The
multitude of little streams which should flow into the Lord’s treasury for this
cause have been closed, and the work is suffering because such a large propor-
tion of those who bear Christ’s name give nothing for the spread of his kingdom
abroad. This is a great evil, both as relates to the progress of the kingdom and
also to the spiritual life of these non-givers. It was to this class that the special
committee in its report desired immediate attention should be given. The aim
should be to secure something from every church and from every individual.
As a means for reaching this end it was proposed that cooperative committees
be appointed in four centres, New York, Boston, Chicago, and San Francisco,
who should make arrangements within their several districts for such direct or
personal appeals in every church as might be expected to bring from each one
some contribution, large or small, for this work. It is probably true that some
pastors and churches have come to regard the statements and appeals which
have been regularly sent from the officers of the Board as somewhat perfunctory in
character, and hence have thoughtlessly laid them aside. Representations coming
from and efforts made by the proposed cooperative committees appointed by the
Board will not be liable to this misconstruction. These committees will have a
large field for labor and we trust that they will be soon at work. May God grant
them great success in arousing the churches of Christ to a new sense of their
responsibility ! The stirring up of these churches to give will be an effectual
way of quickening their spiritual life. While recognizing the relation of the
1894-]
Editorial Paragraphs.
447
general financial depression to the many depleted missionary treasuries, we are
confident that for the filling of these treasuries there is something quite as
important as a business revival, even a revival of religion. May such a gracious
quickening be granted !
Great regret was felt at the Annual Meeting that Dr. Clark could not be pres-
ent to read “ A Retrospect ” which he had prepared, covering the twenty-nine
years of his service as Secretary of the American Board. The value of this
service, so long continued, so able and so devoted, while most cordially recog-
nized, from the nature of the case could not be fully portrayed, but the Board
united in expressing profound gratitude to Secretary Clark for his faithful and
unwearied labors in the great cause of foreign missions. Physical infirmities
have increased so much upon him that he has felt compelled to retire from the
position which he has held with such distinguished honor to himself and to the
Board. He takes with him into his retirement what he has enjoyed during the
448
[November,
Editorial Paragraphs .
many years of his Secretaryship, the esteem and affection of the missionaries
and all the friends of missions. His associates at the Missionary House would
bear their tribute to his great personal worth, his unvarying kindness of heart,
and his devotion to the cause of missions. May the Master whom he has so
lovingly served be with him in his retirement ! We are glad to give a likeness
of Dr. Clark on the preceding page.
A touching incident has just come to light respecting a native Micronesian
named Tara, who was for many years a sailor on the Morning Star, both under
Captain Bray and Captain Garland. He was on the Morning Star , No. 3,
when she was wrecked at Kusaie in 1884. At that time Captain Garland decided
to go from Kusaie to Ponape in an open boat, an undertaking which seemed
necessary but of no little peril, and Tara was the only one of the sailors who
would accompany him. When the little schooner, Robert W. Logan , was built
for service at Ruk and among the Mortlock Islands, Tara was appointed mate.
Dr. Pease speaks of him as a quiet, industrious, trustworthy man at all times and
places. He was quite a linguist and could speak almost all the dialects of
Micronesia. Just before the Logan sailed from Honolulu in 1890, Tara called
upon Mr. Hall, the agent of the Board, bringing his savings bank book and stat-
ing that should he be lost during his voyage the money, amounting to over $700,
was to be given to the American Board. Endorsement of this disposition of the
money was made upon the book, with Tara’s signature. When the Logan went
to Japan in 1893 Tara sailed with her and he is supposed to have been upon her
when the vessel was lost. It is a notable fact that this Micronesian islander had
th:3 amount of money which he had saved from his earnings, and it is still more
noiable that he made such a disposition of what he had.
The text of a letter addressed by the Chinese government to the German
Minister in Peking speaks of the duty of China to secure to the merchants, mis-
sionaries, and other subjects of the neutral Powers the protection to which they
are entitled by treaty. One clause in the letter gives a hint that the Chinese
government well understands the sources from which danger to the missionaries
might arise. It says : “ Telegraphic instructions have already been sent to the
Superintendent of Commerce in the northern ports to request all the governors
of the provinces to publish warnings in time to prevent the foolish inhabitants
from creating senseless disturbances. We beg your Excellency to instruct the
German Consuls in the treaty ports to inform the German traders and mission-
aries that they can attend to their business as before, without any fears for their
safety because Japan has taken up arms.” It is from straggling soldiers and
mobs that danger is to be apprehended, not from regular troops.
Inasmuch as Protestant missionaries to Uganda are British subjects and the
Roman Catholic missionaries are French, the division among the Buganda has
been drawn on national as well as religious lines. It is now said that, under the
sanction of the Pope, Cardinal Vaughan is to send to Uganda a detachment of
English Roman Catholic missionaries to assist their French brethren. To make
the situation absolutely fair the French Evangelical Society should send some
of its missionaries to assist Bishop Tucker and his associates.
1 894.]
Editorial P aragraphs.
449
Wars under any circumstances are terrible and no human pen can adequately
portray their horrors. May the day be hastened when they shall altogether cease
from the face of the earth ! But, deplorable as they are, it is an undeniable fact
that the great conflicts in which nations have been engaged have opened the way
for the proclamation of the gospel and for its reception by multitudes of people.
Many of the roads which rulers make for their armies become highways for our
God. When the roar of the cannon ceases, men are often more ready to hear
the quiet message of the gospel. The great conflict between China and Japan
we may hope will have this effect, removing some of the many obstacles which
stand in the way of the progress of the kingdom of Christ within those empires.
Hindu papers of recent date are full of comments on the conversion to
Christianity of a prominent Hindu gentleman of high caste, Mr. S. R. Chetty.
These papers are seemingly unable to conceive of this change in Mr. Chetty as
having occurred by reason of new convictions of truth and duty, and conse-
quently they are puzzling themselves over the motive which led to this change.
According to the Dnyanodaya a large number of editors give as the probable
reason Mr. Chetty’s desire to get a Eurasian or European wife. In his own
statement, given at the time of his baptism, Mr. Chetty speaks of his early train-
ing in a home which was “ even more orthodox than the Brahman,” and he was
a diligent student of the sacred books, but afterward his mind wavered between
theosophy, agnosticism, and theism. As a student in the Madras Christian Col-
lege he had come to have the highest reverence for Christianity but did not
believe in the divinity of Christ. Singularly enough he refers to the visit of
Annie Besant and the speeches of Swami Vivekananda and the papers read at the
Parliament of Religions as having led him to see as never before the hollowness
of the assertions made in behalf of Hinduism. He says that on reading some
“Papers on the Bible,” by Dr. Macdonald, “on Tuesday, July 31, all my doubts
vanished, my faith in Christianity was thoroughly confirmed, and I felt a call that
I must not delay in confessing Christ.” A Madras Hindu, in The Indian Specta-
tor, who expressly disclaims any sympathy with Mr. Chetty’s views, declares that
this conversion is of interest to him from the fact that “ there are more than one
whom I think of at this moment who are, as it were, on the brink of Christian-
ity.” This writer speaks of these men whom he knows as “ highly educated and
men of excellent principles, but they have ceased to draw any solace or inspira-
tion from Hinduism. All of them are chaste Hindus and conduct themselves
like Hindus in every particular ; they read the religious book and have prayer-
meetings.” This writer affirms that some of these men have been brought to
the “feet of Christianity” by their disgust at some of the “ social iniquities” of
Hinduism. We believe there is abundant evidence from all sides that not only
among the higher castes but in all grades of life in India there are multitudes
who are on the “ brink of Christianity.”
It now appears that the report which we gave last month, for which Turkish
officials at Constantinople are responsible, of che arrest of native professors at
Aintab and Marash was incorrect. Some arrests for “nationalism” have
occurred in Central Turkey, but so far as is known there has been no interference
with any of our missionary institutions in that part of the empire.
45° Editorial Paragraphs. [November,
It will be seen by a letter of Mr. Stanley, of Tientsin, printed on another
page, that, even prior to the successes of the Japanese in Korea and in the naval
battle at the mouth of the Yalu River, it was regarded as probable that the seat
of war would be shifted to the province of Chihli. It may be that it is part of
the strategy of the Chinese to draw the Japanese away from their base of sup-
plies and so fight them on their own ground, where they can pour in their troops
without the necessity of transporting them into Korea. A few days may greatly
change the face of affairs, but at the present time of writing it does not seem
probable that the Japanese can accomplish the long march by way of Moukden
and reach Peking with a force sufficient to capture the city. What internal dis-
sensions may arise in China affecting the throne of the present emperor cannot
now be foreseen. No doubt this Manchu dynasty is unpopular, and we may hear
of a revolt and an overthrow. Should the Japanese succeed in their contem-
plated assault on the capital, it would not be at all strange if the Tartar monarch
should be deposed, but there are many who regard this contingency as very
remote.
Since the successes of the Japanese the Korean king has issued a decree
introducing some reforms, including religious freedom, the abolition of slavery,
the abrogation of the law whereby the whole family of a criminal is punished
with him, and also granting permission to widows to marry again. Whether a
decree reversing these enactments would be issued should successes attend the
arms of the Chinese can be known only in case the suzerainty of China should
be restored, a contingency which at the present seems very remote.
A few months since we reported the fact that Mrs. Annie Besant, who is
traveling in India as the successor of Madame Blavatsky, had accepted divine
homage from one of the officials at the temple of Menachi at Madura. We
now hear of her as saying that she is “ anxious to see the Aryan civilization
restored and this religion revived, this being the oldest, truest, and best in the
world.” She gives such counsels as this to the Hindus : “ Keep your idols,
retain your caste marks.” She now affirms that in a former birth she was a
Hindu pundit, and is now visiting her own land after a sojourn in the West “ where
she was reincarnated, to know the nature of the materialistic civilization of those
regions.”
The moral condition of the people in many of the cities of China is sadly
illustrated by a statement from Rev. John Macgowan, of the London Mission-
ary Society, that it is a subject of grave discussion among the native Christians
as to how the young girls of the church can be brought to the Sabbath services.
He says that in the early days of the church in Amoy the women determined
heroically not to give up their Sabbath services, although the journey to and
from their homes was a continued torture. The abuse received from men on
the streets has greatly decreased since the heathen have come to recognize and
respect the motives of the Christian women, yet many parents still shrink from
allowing their daughters to travel along the streets because of the risk of insult.
Mr. Macgowan well says that the “ chivalry which protects women has its
roots in Christianity, and thrives only where the teachings of Christ are
acknowledged and practised.”
1894.]
Editorial Paragraphs.
451
Many of our readers will welcome the accompanying sketch-map of “ The
Seat of War.” We have no news from China or Japan other than what has been
published by the daily press. Our missionaries write in good cheer, having
little apprehension of trouble from any source, unless it may be from roving and
undisciplined soldiers such as are to be found in any country, especially in
China, during a time of war. The recent accounts of insurrections in Hunan
are disquieting, for the people of that province are strangely given to mobs and
anarchy. The dispatch lately received by our Government from the United
States Legation at Peking is undoubtedly correct in saying that the reports of
peril to foreigners at Peking have been greatly exaggerated. The condition of
affairs is serious, yet not alarming. We cannot persuade ourselves that there is
any probability of a successful movement of the Japanese upon the Chinese
capital, either by way of Moukden or from the Gulf of Pechili, certainly before
the winter frosts shall have closed the avenues of approach. But amid the
uncertainties of the situation there is certainly reason for unceasing prayer.
It is reported that the cultivation of the poppy in India is proving less profit-
able than heretofore, and the number of those who raise opium has decreased by
46,000, the sale of the drug having decreased by 12,000 chests. This truly is a
hopeful sign.
452
A Retrospect.
[November,
A RETROSPECT.
BY REV. N. G. CLARK, D.D., FOREIGN SECRETARY.
\_A paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Board at Madison, IVis., October u, i8q4. ]
The Annual Meeting of the American Board at Chicago in 1865 was one of gladness.
The great war had just closed. The cause of freedom had triumphed. A grander future
was opening before the American church, a grander opportunity before this Board.
Resolutions were adopted expressive of hearty thanksgiving, not merely for the close of
the long struggle, but for the loyalty of our constituency, which had brought us through
those four years, so full of distracting influences and of financial stress, not only with-
out a debt but with a balance in the treasury. Mr. Treat, then the Home Secretary,
to whose prudence and sagacity this happy result was largely due, alive to every oppor-
tunity, presented a stirring paper on “Obligations of American Christians to Foreign
Missions.” Though the funds had been so well sustained, the missionary force had
fallen off. Young men had gone into the army who might otherwise have entered our
service, twelve of whom did so afterward, while some, including two sons of mission-
aries, lost their lives during the war. Two missionaries had given up successful work
abroad to come home and serve their country in her time of need. One 1 of these fell on
the battlefield; the other2 marched with Sherman to the sea and, after the surrender
of Lee, reported at once at the Missionary Rooms for duty at his old post in Turkey.
Since that time many changes have occurred in the membership of the Board as well
as in the missionary ranks. Of the fifty-three Corporate Members present at the
meeting in Chicago, only six now remain ; while, of the 203 Corporate Members then
enrolled, less than a dozen names are now on the list. At the Missionary Rooms, of
the Prudential Committee and Executive Officers, only one remains, Mr. Langdon S.
Ward, whose faithful sendees for the eleven years previous in the Treasurer’s depart-
ment led to his appointment at that meeting as Treasurer in full. The Secretaries’
clerk, Mr. Chapin, still continues at his post, as indispensable as ever. In looking at
the list of missionaries only fifty-six names yet remain. Many who then filled a large
place in the affectionate regards of the churches have given place to others. The
names of men like Goodell and Dwight, Schneider and Pratt, Perkins and Stoddard,
Calhoun and Thomson, Bushnell, Lindley, and Grout, Ballantine and Bissell, Tracy
and Rendall, Spaulding and Hastings, Sturges and Doane, are missing from our
records : yet it is our satisfaction to feel that the men and women who have taken their
places are not less earnest, not less consecrated, not less successful in pushing forward
the work of Christ. No less marked is the change that has occurred in the ranks of
those who were wont to stand upon the platform of the Board, where were seen the
leading men of both the Presbyterian and Congregational denominations — such men
as Mark Hopkins, William E. Dodge, Albert Barnes, Leonard Bacon, Joseph P.
Thompson, William Adams, Governors Buckingham, Page, and Washburn, Chancellor
Walworth, Theodore Frelinghuysen, Gardiner Spring, John Todd, and Samuel H.
Cox, not mentioning others of the dead and living, men of widely differing theological
opinions and views of ecclesiastical polity, yet at one in the great interests of the
kingdom of God, the grandest illustration of Christian unity then given to the world.
At this meeting, at the request of Dr. Anderson, who had so long and so ably held
the office of Foreign Secretary of the Board, a new Secretary was elected to lighten his
labors and to succeed him in office at the close of another year. It is needless here to
speak of the value of Dr. Anderson’s work, so fully recognized by the Board and by the
Christian world. But, after nearly thirty years, his successor, now himself the retiring
1 George W. Dunmore. 2 1. F. Pettibone.
1894.]
A Retrospect.
453
Secretary, begs to be allowed a word of personal tribute to the fatherly kindness, the
delicate consideration, which marked all of Dr. Anderson’s relations with himself
during the period of their associated labor, and to the Christian grace which enabled
him in so generous a spirit to pass over his work into the hands of another.
The general policy of the Board had been settled substantially in accordance with
the principle laid down by Dr. Anderson ; namely, the establishment of independ-
ent, self-supporting, self-governing, self-propagating churches. This was the one aim
and purpose in every mission field. Confidence was felt in the gospel as the one great
agency to be used in the furtherance of this work ; education, except for the native
preachers, was limited to the reading of the Scriptures in the language of the people.
Churches had been organized, but no adequate preparation had been made in any
field for the training of a native ministry to care for them and to push on the work of
evangelization. The work was widespread. Beginnings had been made at many
points, but with a few notable exceptions the churches as yet were small and feeble.
For the first four years the new Secretary endeavored to carry forward the work of
the foreign department on the lines marked out by his predecessor and generally
accepted by the missions. He was in the meantime becoming acquainted with the
condition of the different fields and with the methods pursued by other missionary
societies. It was his aim in his correspondence and social intercourse with mission-
aries to enter into close personal rather than merely official relations with them. He
would be a fellow-laborer with them in all their work and trials, as a helper at this end
of the line ; and through such direct personal relations he hoped to do his best work
for the cause. As one result of this course, the foreign correspondence has increased
from an average of 2,500 pages yearly to nearly 15,000, now shared by two Secretaries,
not including thousands of pages of home correspondence.
The most marked event of these earlier years was the great movement in 1868 which
has ended in the establishment of Woman’s Boards in connection not only with the
American Board but with other missionary societies in this country and Great Britain.
Work for women had not been wholly neglected prior to this : the wives of missionaries
had done what they could and a few unmarried women had been sent out. Maria Ogden
was making out the roll of the thousand Hawaiian girls and young women who had
been brought under her personal influence ; Eliza Agnew had started the Oodooville
Seminary in Ceylon, which was to be a blessing to thousands of young women in that
island ; Myra Proctor, through her Seminary at Aintab, had begun a work which was
to reach five thousand girls and women in the Central Turkey Mission, enabling
them to read the Scriptures in their own native tongue ; Fidelia Fisk was already
doing a great evangelistic work for the spiritual welfare of Nestorian girls in connection
with the Seminary at Oroomiah ; and Maria West was laying up stores of missionary
experience, which she afterwards was to set forth so eloquently in her “Romance of
Missions.” Still, there was no general recognition of woman’s essential part in the
great missionary enterprise. The work accomplished by American women during the
war time through the Christian Commission and, later, the successful beginning of
the Union Missionary Society of New York were awakening attention and led a few
devoted Christian women in Boston, after much thought and prayer, to confer with
the Foreign Secretary in reference to the formation of a society that should be auxiliary
to the American Board. The great work of this Board was only begun, and could
never look to completion till woman was reached. Yet the position of woman every-
where in mission fields has been such as to make it practically impossible to reach her.
Now, however, through the power of the gospel over the hearts of converted men and
through the influence of missionary homes, the time had come when something more
might be attempted in her behalf. Recognizing the situation, the Foreign Secretary
was only too glad to welcome this new movement and to render every aid in his power
454
A Retrospect.
[November,
to such women as Mrs. Albert Bowker, Mrs. Homer Bartlett, Mrs. Daniel Safford,
Mrs. Charles Scudder, Mrs. Samuel Hubbard, Mrs. Linus Child, not to mention others
of like spirit, whose names are worthy to be recorded with those of the women whom
Paul commends as his helpers in the gospel. Out of a conference with some of these
came the first organization of a Woman’s Board of Missions, whose headquarters were
at Boston. Later in the year, and in the same spirit, was formed the Woman’s Board
of the Interior ; later still another on the Pacific slope and one in the Hawaiian Islands,
till these Boards have now extended their influence into almost every church throughout
our land and have become most valuable auxiliaries at home and abroad.
Another memorable conference, big with results though attracting little notice at the
time, was held at the house of the Foreign Secretary during the same year. An Am-
herst student on a vacation tramp came to that house for a night, and in the morning,
after leading at family prayers with great simplicity and earnestness, he took the hand
of the Secretary in both his, saying, “ You must send missionaries to my country.”
He would take no denial. As when six years later he stood before the Board at
Rutland pleading fora Christian college in Japan and saying, “I will not sit down
until you promise,” so now to every plea that the Board had already more work than
it could well carry on came the same response, “You must send missionaries to my
country.” Such was the birth of the Japan Mission. The son of a former Secretary
of this Board went out the next year as the first missionary to Japan. Others followed.
In the spring of 1874 two churches were organized, and now seventy churches are
reported, forty-three of them entirely self-supporting, with a membership of over
11,000. Here has grown up a Christian university with its schools of science, political
economy, and theology, its hospital, and its training school for nurses. Here also are
a college for women, a school for Bible workers, and one for kindergarten workers.
In short, here have been set in operation, within the space of twenty-five years, all the
agencies for a broad Christian culture from kindergarten to university. Thus have been
answered the prayers of Joseph Neesima, thus realized the hopes of his generous
benefactor, Alpheus Hardy, so long the honored chairman of the Prudential Committee
of this Board.
In the spring of 1870 the Foreign Secretary was sent by the Prudential Committee
to represent the American Board at the Jubilee commemorative of the establishment
of a mission in the Hawaiian Islands. The journey was accomplished in sixteen days
instead of the 160 required for the first missionaries. In place of the barren shore and
the rude heathen was the beautiful city of Honolulu. The steamer arrived at nine
o’clock in the evening, and at ten o’clock the Secretary was taking coffee with a choice
company of missionary friends who gathered to meet him. This was but a type of the
hospitality bestowed on him, as a representative of the Board, during his. stay of thirty
days on the islands. The days were too few to enable him to accept all the invitations
to breakfast, dinner, and tea, from these most hospitable people. He was the guest of
Dr. Judd, to whom more than to any other man are the Hawaiian people indebted for
their independence. The great day of the Jubilee was June 15, when 7,000 people,
including the king, cabinet, government officials, and representatives from various
educational institutions were present. The 800 Sunday-school children in their holiday
attire, and probably an equal number of men and women past fifty years of age, born
in heathenism, now sitting clothed and in their right minds, were evidences of what
the gospel had done. A heathen nation had been evangelized ; the institutions of
Christianity had been adopted ; 56,000 persons had been enrolled as members of Chris-
tian churches ; the mission had been formally closed ; a Hawaiian Board had been
organized for Christian work at home and for carrying the gospel to the islands beyond.
This work had been accomplished for a people isolated from the great currents of the
1 894-]
A Retrospect.
455
world's civilization, and it would have been sufficient had the Hawaiian Islands remained
as separate as they were at first. But the type of social life was low, and the education
received was not broad and thorough enough to enable the Christians to withstand the
incoming tide of unfavorable influences from abroad- Seeing this, the Secretary at
once initiated efforts for the social elevation of the people and a system for the more
thorough instruction of the native ministry, which has since culminated in the Theo-
logical Institute, so successfully carried on by Dr. Hyde.
In the autumn of this year, 1870, occurred an event memorable in the history of this
Board. This was the withdrawal of a large portion of the Presbyterian constituency
and the passing over to them, as in duty bound, of some of the missions which the two
denominations had been developing together. This withdrawal naturally resulted from
the union of the two branches of the Presbyterian Church and was made without any
loss of good feeling and with the fullest confidence that it would promote a larger
interest and grander work in the cause of foreign missions. This confidence has been
justified by the event. In the division of the field, the Syrian, the Nestorian, and the
Gaboon missions, together with several among the North American Indians, were
transferred to the Presbyterian Board. It was no easy matter for those who had
labored together so long and so happily to part company. The names of some of the
missionaries connected with these missions were very dear to the entire constituency
of the Board. When the transfer of the Nestorian Mission was in question, a single
vote turned the scale, the Chairman of the Prudential Committee (Charles Stoddard)
saying he could not vote away his brother's grave. The members of the Syrian Mis-
sion, though mostly Presbyterians, were very loth to leave the old Board. Five years
later, Dr. Calhoun, long known in the East as the “ Saint of Mount Lebanon, '' as
he came forward on the platform of the Board at Chicago, stirred all hearts by the
words, “ I am getting to be an old man : I am losing my memory; I cannot remember
that I do not belong to the American Board.”
In the spring of 1871 a furlough, needed for rest and change, was improved by the
Foreign Secretary to visit the missions in the Levant. A few days were spent in Egypt
and in Syria with old friends, now of the Presbyterian Board ; and some two months in
visiting the stations of the Central Turkey Mission — Tarsus, Adana, Aintab, Marash,
and Antioch — and in attending at Aintab the annual meeting of the mission. On this
journey the Secretary was accompanied by Mrs. Clark, — who thus visited places in the
interior where no American woman except the missionaries had been before, — by Dr.
and Mrs. Wood, of Constantinople, Dr. Trowbridge, afterward President of Central
Turkey College, and Dr. Calhoun, of the Syrian Mission, whose companionship and
delightful conversation during these days of slow travel on horseback were felt by all
to be a rare privilege. The opportunity was improved to attend a session of the Cilicia
Union of Armenian churches at Adana and to hold a conference the following evening
with native Christians as well as missionaries, which resulted in the establishment, a
few years later, of the Central Turkey College. What the Secretary saw on this trip
— the well-ordered proceedings of the Cilicia Union; the able pastors; the strong
churches at Aintab and Marash, the largest in all our mission fields ; Miss Proctor’s
Seminary for Girls, where teachers were trained for village schools throughout the
whole field ; the theological seminary already in operation and the college in prospect
— all suggested the early close of distinctively missionary work in this part of the
Turkish empire.
After this came a visit at Constantinople in attendance on the annual meeting of
the Western Turkey Mission and in conference with missionaries from the interior
stations of that mission, which the lateness of the season prevented his visiting in
person. Points of deep interest to the Secretary in this ancient and world-renowned
city were the new Bible House — a centre of Christian influence for the whole
456
A Retrospect.
[November,
Turkish empire — and Robert College, flying the American flag on the heights of the
Bosphorus and already gathering in pupils from every nationality of the Orient, an
outgrowth of our work and a memorial of the indomitable energy of Cyrus Hamlin.
The success of this latter enterprise had encouraged the Woman’s Board to undertake
a work for the higher education of young women of the better classes and thus to give
a wider range to the best Christian influences ; and while in this city the Secretary
assisted in the final arrangements for opening the Constantinople Home, since devel-
oped into the American College for Girls.
From Constantinople, with the venerable Dr. Riggs and Dr. E. E. Bliss, the Secre-
tary visited European Turkey. The journey from Bourgas on the Black Sea overland
to Eski Zaghra in company with those venerable missionaries will not soon be forgotten.
The discomfort of Turkish khans was made more tolerable by the genial humor of
Dr. Bliss, who could turn every trial into an occasion for pleasantry. Dr. Riggs, who
was taking with him the first bound copy of his translation of the Scriptures into the
Bulgarian language, when asked whether his thirty years’ familiarity with the Bible in
translating it into Turkish, Armenian, and Bulgarian had not made it almost a common
book to him, replied : “ By no means ; I come to it every time with deeper reverence.”
At Eski Zaghra we laid this Bible on the table, and kneeling around it with the mis-
sionaries then in the field we formally organized the mission to the Bulgarians, known
as the European Turkey Mission,1 the first mission of this Board which had from the
beginning the Bible in the language of the common people.
In the autumn of this year the Board met at Salem, and a special effort seemed to
have been made on the part of many to attend that meeting and to give assurance to
the Executive Officers and Prudential Committee that, though we had been called
to part with many loved friends and with no inconsiderable portion of our financial
strength, the Congregationalists as a body were prepared to assume the work and carry
it forward with energy. The attendance of Corporate Members and of other friends
was quite as large as usual, and a spirit of generous enthusiasm seemed to pervade all
minds and hearts. Especially grateful to us was the presence of oldtime Presbyterian
friends ; some of whom — preeminently our beloved Vice-President, the Hon. William
E. Dodge — continued with us to the end of their earthly lives, and some of whom, to
our joy and comfort, are with us to this day.
As one indication of the hopeful sentiment and in view of the fact that by the closing
of the mission to the Hawaiian Islands and the transfers to the Presbyterian Board the
number of our missions had been reduced from twenty to thirteen, and the actual mission-
ary force to 247, it was resolved to take up work in papal lands, with the understanding,
however, that a separate collection should be taken in the churches for the support of this
new enterprise. Hence a beginning was made during the next year in Mexico, Spain,
Austria, and Italy. In the first three countries mentioned the work was new and was
undertaken, not in the expectation of bringing the great body of the people to the
acceptance of Protestantism, but with the simple purpose of introducing the leaven of
a pure gospel, which might in due time work out its appropriate results. There was
some hesitancy on the part of members of the Board as to taking up work in nominally
Christian lands, but the experiment had already been tried among Greeks and Arme-
nians so successfully as to warrant the attempt. The results that have followed have
certainly vindicated the wisdom of the Board in entering upon this work. The need
of the gospel has been demonstrated beyond all question, and the difficulties have
not been less than in non-Christian countries, in some respects even greater. Yet the
success has also been greater in proportion to the effort. In Italy the attempt was
made to cooperate with the evangelical churches of that country, which had been
Previously a part of the Western Turkey Mission.
1894.]
A Retrospect.
457
gathered largely through the labors of the American and Foreign Christian Union ;
but after a years experience it was found quite impossible to harmonize methods
already well established for the conduct of the work in that field with those universally
recognized and adopted in missions of the American Board ; and so the Board after
a vigorous effort to introduce what it felt to be wiser methods, through the agency of
such men as Dr. Luther H. Gulick and Dr. H. N. Barnum, specially detailed for that
purpose, formally withdrew from its work in that country — attractive as was the field to
many of our constituency.
In consequence of the failure of the churches to take a second collection, the work
in Spain and Austria hg.s not been enlarged as originally planned nor sustained as its
best interests require. The results, however, have been so favorable that at no time
has it seemed wise to give up any one of these missions. Indeed no mission gives
more promise at the present time than that in Austria; while in Spain the Girls’
School at San Sebastian has achieved a reputation which has done honor to the Chris-
tian name and set an example of what true Christian education may do for woman.
In Mexico our missions are quietly leavening the popular mind and overcoming diffi-
culties and objections that stand in the way of progress in papal lands.
In 1876, in view of the anticipated retirement of Secretary Treat, Rev. Dr. E. K.
Alden was called to take up the duties of Secretary in the Home Department, which
office he filled for seventeen years with great ability and conscientious fidelity to his
convictions of duty.1
No further change occurred in the fields of the Board or in its general work, which
was prosecuted on well-established lines, until 1880. There had been a steady growth
in all the missions. New work had been taken up wherever in answer to the prayers of
the church new doors had been opened. During the eight years from 1870 to 1878
there had been an increase of 100 (from 247 to 349) in the missionary force and about
100 new places occupied, while the number of churches had increased from 172 to 248,
with a gain in membership of more than 5,000 ; and yet there had been no increase in
the average annual receipts of the Board. Thus it was that now, when open doors
were so many, the field already occupied so wide, its requirements so great, special calls
for enlargement made at so many points, it was no longer possible to continue this
policy. The attempt to do so had resulted in debts reported year after year and
bravely met by special contributions, as on that memorable occasion at Providence in
1877 when $48,000 was pledged in less than an hour, until at last the best friends of
the Board felt that at whatever cost the outlay must be limited to the actual receipts.
The enthusiasm manifested in great public meetings was not a safe basis for appropria-
tions ; it did not materialize in drafts on the Barings. The Foreign Secretary was
obliged to say to the Board at the Annual Meeting of 1878 that not less than the sum
of $100,000 was needed to carry forward wisely and well the work in hand ; and in
view of the public sentiment in reference to debts it would be necessary to cut down
appropriations very largely at every point and perhaps to close some of the missions.
When this sad message went out there was a cry of distress from every field and the
burden was almost too heavy to be borne. Those were sad days at the Missionary
Rooms. The prospect seemed darker and darker until word came one day in March,
1879, °f a legacy of $1,000,000 from one who had read for years the Missionary
Herald and believed in the business management of the Board, Mr. Asa Otis, of
New London, Conn. Within twenty-four hours after the tidings came, the good news
was borne at lightning speed to every mission of instant relief for the most pressing
needs to the amount of over $40,000; and before the close of the year over $160,000
were appropriated from this source. This legacy brought joy and courage to the
1On his resignation in 1893, he was succeeded by the Rev. C. H. Daniels, d.d.
458
A Retrospect.
[November,
depressed and disheartened missionaries at every point, and for several years the word
“ retrenchment” was not known, while careful economy was insisted upon in order to
the wisest and best use of the great gift. At the next meeting of the Board it was
voted that ‘ ‘ the portion of the Otis bequest not yet expended be severally appropri-
ated at once to the three purposes indicated in the report ; namely, one third to the
educational work for raising up a native ministry, one third to the enlargement of
evangelistic work in fields already occupied, and the remaining third to the exploration,
opening, and support of new missions, giving especial prominence to the demands and
the opportunity presented in Africa.”
In order that this last work might be wisely done the Rev. J. O. Means, d.d., was
at once employed to examine into the opportunities for enlarged work in the Dark
Cbntinent. He studied that field as thoroughly as possible, visiting Europe to consult
the best sources of information, and on his return to this country presented an elaborate
report to the Board at its Annual Meeting in 1879. His investigations led to the
establishment of two new missions in Africa, known as the West Central and East
Central African Missions ; and whatever success has been achieved in these missions is
undoubtedly due in large measure to the fidelity and practical wisdom shown by Dr.
Means ; to whom, when the need was felt of an additional Secretary, attention was at
once directed as the man preeminently fitted to take up this new work, which was placed
in his charge on his election to office in 1880. Unfortunately he was not to develop the
work he had begun. Though he left to us as a precious memorial of his service his
invaluable papers on Africa and the mission he organized on its west coast, it is not
easy to estimate the loss to the work of his stores of information and experience all
ready for use.
Besides this work in Africa the Otis legacy enabled the Board to open, in 1882, a
new mission in Northern China, known as the Shansi Mission, and one in Northern
Mexico. The next year missions were established in Hong Kong, now called the
South China Mission, and in Northern Japan. These new enterprises in Mexico and
Japan have since been incorporated with the older missions of the Board in those
lands.
In 1883 the mission to the Dakotas, the last of the Board’s many missions among
the aborigines of this country, was transferred to the American Missionary Association,
in accordance with the conviction widely entertained that the American Board should
engage in work only in foreign lands, leaving our own country to the care of home
organizations.
In the spring of the same year, 1883, a deputation, consisting of President A. L.
Chapin, Professor C. M. Mead, Elbridge Torrey, Esq., and the Home and Foreign
Secretaries, was sent by the Board to Constantinople to adjust difficulties long pending
which were seriously affecting the welfare and progress of missionary work among the
Armenians. On the way out the two Secretaries spent a few days very delightfully in
visiting the mission in Spain where, though the missionary force had been reduced to a
single family and one lady teacher, the evangelistic work, carried on largely by native
pastors, and the character and promise of Mrs. Gulick’s School for Girls, since become
such a power for good, afforded the visitors great satisfaction and encouragement. At
Constantinople the labors of the deputation were eminently successful. The thorough
and candid investigation of all matters of difference satisfied the Armenians that the
intentions of the Board toward them were kind and generous ; and some new plans by
which they should be brought into closer relations with the missionaries have been
attended by the happiest results.
On their homeward way the two Secretaries improved the opportunity to visit the
mission to Austria, where a single missionary was bravely holding the fort and laboring
to revive the traditions of a purer faith in the land of Huss. Of the warm-hearted
1894.]
A Retrospect.
459
welcome given them by the Bohemian believers there is not time now to speak, nor of
their earnest and self-sacrificing spirit, which gave promise of the successful work now
in progress.
During the absence of this deputation Dr. Means was left practically in charge of
the entire work, both home and foreign, and the burden proved too heavy for him.
His conscientious fidelity to every trust made him unsparing of his health and strength,
and with the loyalty of a Christian soldier he remained unflinchingly at his post until
help arrived by the return of the Home Secretary, when he was forced to lay down the
work which was never to be resumed by him. He was succeeded in office by the Rev.
Judson Smith, d.d., who was elected Secretary in 1884 and has conducted the work
in his department with marked energy and faithfulness up to the present time. He at
once took in hand the missions in Africa, to which were afterward added three of the
missions in Turkey, with those in China and in the Pacific Islands, thus making as
nearly as possible an equal division between the two Foreign Secretaries.
The opening of new missions and the steady growth of work in the old fields had so
increased current expenditures that the annual receipts, though since 1879 they had
risen to an average of more than $370,000, were by no means adequate to our needs.
Two thirds of the Otis legacy had been already spent. It was therefore with great
joy and gratitude that we received another bequest, amounting to more than half a
million dollars, from Samuel W. Swett, of Jamaica Plain, Mass. This noble gift came
in most opportunely to meet the demands of the ever expanding work.1
One other visit to a mission field remains to be noted. In the year 1886, the senior
Secretary went to Chihuahua at the request of the missionaries in Mexico, to attend
their annual meeting, to share in their discussions of pending questions, and to
become better acquainted with the condition of the field and the necessities of the
work. Other boards have seemed to value more highly than our own the visits of Sec-
retaries to the foreign fields. Urgent invitations have often come to the Foreign Secre-
taries, especially from China and Japan, as well as from Africa and India. Such visits 1
the retiring Secretary would gladly have made and has thought that the best interests
of the cause would have thus been promoted and closer relations kept up between the
workers at home and abroad. He would therefore most heartily commend them to
those who may succeed him in this department of labor and to the thoughtful consider-
ation of the Prudential Committee.
The work of the past ten years has been sufficient to engage the best efforts of the
two Foreign Secretaries. They have been years of quiet, steady progress and enlarge-
ment, not according to the opportunities offered, but according to the means at the
disposal of the Prudential Committee. No new mission has been established, but
strenuous efforts have been made to cultivate the fields already in hand. In some
respects this period corresponds very closely to the one already referred to, 1870-78.
The opportunities for advance on every hand have far exceeded the ability of the
missionary force. The hope that the enlargement which followed the two bequests
would be amply sustained by the churches has not been fully realized. It was judged
best to use the bequests for current work, as far as it could be done with wise economy,
rather than to fund them for future needs. Hence the enlargement of the work, which
has steadily gained in breadth and power ; while the receipts, though advancing some-
what, have not kept pace with the growing needs.
During the last ten years the number of places where the gospel is regularly preached
has increased by 75 per cent, (from 826 to 1,429) ; and the number of missionaries, by
31 per cent, (from 429 to 571) ; while the advance in donations, including those from
the Woman’s Boards, has been only about 20 per cent. ($3,528,930 to $4,251,302),
xIt is known that he had been specially impressed, as a commercial man, having vessels sailing in the Pacific
Ocean, with the good work accomplished by the missionaries of the American Board at the Sandwich Islands.
460
A Retrospect.
[November,
on the average of the preceding decade. This explains the necessity for retrenchment
and the renewed cry of distress that comes up from the mission fields. These things
ought not so to be. This simple statement ought to secure speedy relief.
At the close of this review of nearly thirty years, let us revert to the controlling pur-
pose of missionary effort — the development of self-supporting churches — and note the
advance on certain lines of missionary policy which has been found needful in order to
its realization.
I. SELF-SUPPORT.
Thirty years ago very little had been done in this direction beyond setting forth the
general principle. The churches were gathered from the humblest classes, and no
little effort was required to arouse in them any sense of personal responsibility for the
support of their own churches and schools. Their condition was so wretched in most
instances as to lead the missionaries to feel that any attempt to secure funds from
them would be utterly useless. The first decided movement in this direction was
made by the Rev. C. H. Wheeler, d.d., of Harpoot, in the publication of his volume
entitled “ Ten Years on the Euphrates.” This was largely a record of the author’s
experience and was received by different missions of the Board with comparatively
little favor at first, though more and more appreciated as time went on. One favorite
maxim of Dr. Wheeler’s may well be quoted, that no Christian man or woman, how-
ever poor, should be denied the privilege of Christian giving. An auxiliary to this
movement was found in a “ Sermon on Tithes” by “Blind Hovhannes,” more com-
monly known as “John Concordance.” This sermon, delivered to one of the poorest
congregations in all Eastern Turkey, was circulated by thousands and tens of thou-
sands in this country and in Great Britain. The principle of self-support was fully
and fairly set forth by these publications, and every effort has been made to secure its
general acceptance in mission fields. The result is that, from less than $5,000 annually
raised by native churches as late as thirty years ago, the amount has increased to
more than $100,000 a year. Of course the results vary in different missions, according
to the pecuniary circumstances of the people. In India, in view of the abject poverty
so widely prevalent and the ignorance of industrial pursuits which might furnish a
livelihood, comparatively little can be done. Where millions of people lie down at
night, hungry, on the bare ground, it is idle to expect much in the way of funds for
building churches or supporting pastors and schools. In Japan, on the other hand, the
churches have been largely independent from the first. Forty-three out of seventy are
reported as self-supporting, and church edifices suited to their wants are built by the
people themselves. The practice of self-support is now generally accepted as the con-
dition of the best spiritual life.
II. HIGHER CHRISTIAN EDUCATION.
Closely connected with the matter of self-support is that of higher Christian edu-
cation and also of industrial training, not only for the sake of raising up an efficient
native ministry, but of awakening a newr life and energy on the part of believers, which
shall lead to habits of industry and to a better livelihood generally among the people.
The principle adopted in the Hawaiian Islands and largely in Micronesia, and generally
in the earlier missions of the Board, was that all a Christian people owe to the unevan-
gelized is simply instruction in the gospel of Christ, and that all efforts for education
should be limited strictly to the training of native evangelists. The English language
was not to be taught, but only the vernacular ; and, in the native languages even, no
instruction in the arts or sciences was to be given, nothing beyond the reading of the
Scriptures. This seems to have been the general plan pursued by most missionary
societies ; but the history of missions has shown that for the development of a Chris-
tian community, whose membership should be vigorous and self-reliant, competent to
1 894-]
A Retrospect.
461
support and advance the religious institutions necessary for a permanent Christian civil-
ization, some broader view of the education required must be adopted. The experi-
ence of the Board in the Sandwich Islands, and also in India after thirty and more
years of missionary labor there, is sufficient to illustrate the inadequacy of this early
view of missionary education. Of late years vigorous efforts have been made to sup-
plement the work begun in these different fields, by the institution of high schools and
colleges that should be adequate to the needs of the people. It is now recognized that
Christianity means more than simply instruction in the vital elements of the gospel : it
enters into the entire life of man ; and the wisest culture is that which considers him in
his intellectual and social as well as in his spiritual life. It is only as the man and the
whole man is developed that Christianity vindicates its claim to the sovereignty of
human hearts.
By reason of the present rapid means of intercommunication, nations are brought
together, and no Christian community, even on mission ground, can escape the invasion
of false theories of science, of morals, or of religion. The conceptions of materialism
and humanitarianism must be met by the larger conceptions of Christian thought. In
view of these considerations, it is with special satisfaction that we note the progress
of higher Christian education in all our mission fields during the last twenty-five years.
Within that time our high schools have increased in number from 15 to 133. These
are emphatically Christian schools, the larger portion of the graduates going out as
professed followers of Christ, to diffuse the best influences of the gospel in their
homes and in the churches to which they belong. The same period has also witnessed
the establishment of our eleven Christian colleges, including three for women, and our
seven theological seminaries, to whose students the best thought of the world is now
accessible through the medium of the English language. To these have lately been
added a school for nurses and three training schools for Bible-women. As hardly less
important to the future Christian community should be mentioned the beginnings of
training for kindergarten work in several of our mission stations. As centres of intel-
lectual and spiritual life and power, who can estimate the value of these institutions
to the future of our work? Already do we see results in the growth of our mission
churches in Christian character as well as in numbers.
Wide as is the range of our educational efforts, from the kindergarten to the Chris-
tian university, one department, in which we have made some small beginnings, — that
of industrial education, — yet remains to be developed. At present in some of the
older missions every advance in our missionary work adds new burdens to the mission
treasury. Yet there must be a limit somewhere to what the churches at home can do;
and that limit will fall far within the limit of work needed in the foreign field. Hence
the importance of industrial education and manual training, helping our Christian com-
munities to help themselves and to carry on the work we have begun. Through this
broad work as man for man in the fulness of his being, Christianity now commends
itself to the acceptance of men of every race and clime. Thus shall it be known by
its works ; even as our Lord said : “ If ye believe not me, believe the works.”
The results of the work during the twenty-nine years under review, as far as numbers
can express results, may be summed up briefly as follows : In the missions now under the
charge of this Board, the number of regular preaching places has increased from 236
to 1,429; of missionaries from 221 to 571 ; of native laborers of different grades from
629 to 2,870 ; the number received into church fellowship on confession of their
faith from 418 in 1865 to 3,055 this year, and the total church membership from 4,968 to
40,871. This increase is due largely to the various agencies of the Woman’s Boards,
the Christian training of our higher institutions of learning, and to a better trained and
more numerous native agency. In the educational department the number of high
schools and colleges for both sexes has increased more than ninefold (15 to 144),
462
A Retrospect .
[November,
and the number of pupils from 422 to 7,841, more than eighteenfold; while the total
number under instruction has increased from 8,817 to 50,406. But these figures, en-
couraging as they are, give a very inadequate conception of the breadth of the changes
in the moral and social life of the peoples among whom we labor, or of the oppor-
tunities given on every hand for enlargement, of the vantage ground gained for yet
greater and more rapid advances through the influence of so many Christian homes, of
so many churches as centres of life and light, of Christian literature introducing through
millions of pages the best thought and sentiment of the world into the languages
spoken by more than a hundred millions of people.
In view of all these results the retiring Secretary cannot lay down his work without
grateful acknowledgment first of all to the Head of the Church for the privilege, the
unspeakable privilege, of serving in so noble a cause ; to the members of this Board
for their generous consideration during so long a period ; and to the Prudential Com-
mittee, always kind and considerate, many of whom, amid pressing cares of their own,
have been constant in attendance and have given so much time and thought to the
interests of this Board. It is needless in this presence to do more than name such
men as Augustus C. Thompson, with his minute and world-wide knowledge of mis-
sionary work; Isaac R. Worcester, whose sound judgment and wise counsels are still
fresh in memory; Nehemiah Adams, of an earlier day, whose presence in the Com-
mittee Room was felt as a benediction ; or such laymen as Charles Stoddard, Linus
Child, Abner Kingman, J. Russell Bradford, Alpheus Hardy, Ezra Farnsworth, and
Elbridge Torrey, not to speak of others whose names will readily occur to all. Espe-
cially would he recall his indebtedness to the late Dr. Worcester and to Dr. Strong, of
the editorial department, always ready with a helping hand, who at different times have
taken charge of his correspondence in seasons of illness or of absence abroad, and
who, by the considerate carefulness with which every trust to them was fulfilled, have
contributed not a little to the welfare of the cause ; to the missionaries, who have only
too warmly appreciated what he has tried to do for them, whose words of love and
sympathy have often given him new courage and hope, and whose tender farewells in
these last days of his official connection with them have been doubly precious ; to the
many personal friends who have been ready to respond with special gifts and words of
cheer in darkest days ; to the officials of the Woman’s Boards, always cordial and help-
ful ; to those associated with him in the Missionary Rooms, from the various employees
so thorough and faithful in all details, to the executive officers with whom he has been
so closely connected, especially to those younger associates, Dr. Daniels and Dr.
Barton, whose kindly support under his increasing disabilities has been so grateful to
him during the past year. Nor would he be unmindful in this presence of the helpful-
ness of one who during all these years, “for better, for worse, in sickness and in
health,” has shared with him all the varied experiences of a missionary Secretary, has
welcomed so many missionaries to his home, and in these last few weeks has made
possible the preparation of this paper.
With these and such as these, at home and abroad, it has been a delight to be asso-
ciated in Christian work. Men pass away, institutions abide ; the workers change, the
work goes on. The kingdoms of this world shall yet become the kingdoms of our
Lord and of his Christ. Unto this sublime end are we, even we, permitted to be
“workers together with God.” To this her privilege let the Church arise, “ the glory
of the Lord being risen upon her.”
1894.]
The Intellectual Preparation of the Missionary.
463
THE INTELLECTUAL PREPARATION OF THE MISSIONARY.
BY REV. JUDSON SMITH, D.D., FOREIGN SECRETARY.
[. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Board at Madison , Wis., October //, 1894.]
At the outset we devoutly acknowledge the divine call to the work of the foreign
missionary and yield to it the place of supreme importance. As no one dared to take
to himself the office of an apostle, but the twelve were personally called to that
glorious order by our Lord himself, so no one may venture upon the office of the
Christian missionary who has not heard the voice of the same Lord setting him apart
to this high service. With this heavenly call comes that spiritual furnishing, that
simplicity of purpose, and joyful self-consecration, and unfaltering devotion, which are
the supreme preparation for this august calling. No man is fit to be a missionary who
has not an enthusiastic love for men, who is not impelled and sustained and inspired to
all heroic deeds and tireless patience by the very spirit which brought the Son of God
to his great redemptive work, who is not ready to do anything, to endure anything, to
attempt anything, in order to draw men to penitence and faith and salvation. This is
the glory of Judson’s sufferings in prison for Burma’s salvation, of Moffat’s long
waiting with hope deferred till the first African converts are won and Bechuana’s
redemption draws nigh, of Carey’s solitary mission to India, of Morrison’s self-exile
for Christ’s sake in China ; yea, it is the glory of the long roll of martyrs and saints
and teachers of the church ;
“They climbed the steep ascent to heaven
Through peril, toil, and pain.
O God, to us may grace be given
To follow in their train ! ”
It is the glory of our Lord, who', “ having loved his own, loved them unto the end,”
and on the cross cried: “ It is finished.” We are to speak now of a single line of
preparation, but we recognize this divine calling as first and fundamental.
I. In considering the intellectual preparation of the missionary we observe first
that education and culture are essential to power in any important undertaking.
1. This is the reason for all our schools, from the lowest to the highest. Man is not
naturally capable of the labors which he attempts, but grows into such capacity by
training and experience. Life itself with its varied contacts and experiences is a dis-
cipline of the mind and a training for service. Some have greatly profited by this
means, and all are benefited to some degree. But all civilized people have instituted
also a process of education and set up schools and appointed studies and teachers to
train the young and prepare them for the careers they afterward run. And we freely
recognize the need and advantage of such mental training, and reasonably expect that
those who enjoy it will furnish the leaders and able men of their times. And we seek
among those of special training for the men needed in an emergency to command our
armies, to rule our States and cities, to frame and interpret our laws, to write our books,
to represent us at the courts of other nations, to be our preachers, lawyers, and physi-
cians. Other things being equal, we know that of two men the one of most thorough
mental training will serve us best and serve us longest.
2. Knowledge and mental discipline are sources of power; they give a man com-
mand of himself, resources, breadth and depth of influence ; they afford insight and
comprehension, a balanced judgment, and an understanding of facts ; their possessor
can do more things and can do every one of them better because of his training.
Learning is like the head of the axe ; it drives the edge farther and makes the work
464 The Intellectual Preparation of the Missionary. [November,
more effective. The ablest man must have many other things, but he must have a
thorough intellectual preparation.
3. No man can be too wise or too thoroughly educated for any great work ; his mental
discipline is everywhere and always a help and a reinforcement, never a clog. Some
things that sometimes accompany great learning may be a serious hindrance. Pride
may fetter a man, conceit may tie his hands, pedantry may shut his eyes. But educa-
tion is always a help ; the more of it one has the stronger he is for any worthy work ;
he will preach better, persuade more powerfully, plan more wisely, carry greater weight,
and accomplish a greater and more solid result. As the old verse has it : —
“A little learning is a dangerous thing;
Drink deep or taste not the Pierian spring.
There shallow drafts intoxicate the brain,
And drinking deeply sobers us again.”
4. Knowledge is the handmaid, not the mistress, of Christianity. She renders her
noblest service when she comes to the aid of the gospel. All knowledge and science
and every human power belong to Christ’s kingdom, owe service there, and win their
highest place as they worship at the foot of the cross. We but recall them to their
predestined aim when we thus enlist them one and all in the glorious service of our
Lord. The human mind is to expand and increase in power as long as the world
endures, and its highest powers will be exerted when Christ rules in all the earth, and
philosophy and science and learning, with art and power and everything in earth and
heaven, will unite in the praise and service of the Redeemer of the world.
II. The foreign missionary work demands the most thorough intellectual preparation.
1. This seems obvious upon a general, comprehensive view of the aim of missions.
The gospel is to be preached, its institutions set up, and its spirit made controlling in
every nation and people of the earth. The unevangelized world is to be won to the
Christian faith, and Christ’s kingdom to be everywhere triumphant. This is an enter-
prise of vast reach and significance, implying the use of great forces and superior
power. Think what perplexing problems are involved, what vast territories and
countless populations are embraced, how tremendous the revolution to be effected,
how formidable the opposing forces. The utmost that the best and ablest man can
attempt is needful ; no element of strength can be wisely spared, no ounce of effective
force can be safely neglected. When we recall what it cost to give Christianity the
victory in its first deadly grapple with heathenism in the Roman empire and then con-
sider that just as great a task awaits us in each one of the pagan nations of our times,
and that in the foreign missionary work of to-day we are at one and the same time
attempting this task in Turkey and India and Burma and China and Japan and in the
great continent of Africa and among the islands of the sea, then we begin to see how
tremendous is the work, how needful any help from any source that can be brought to
our aid.
2. The great missionaries of the past have been men of intellectual power. The
men who wrote the Gospels, who founded the Church and taught the nations, were
not mean men ; they stood before kings and counselors of the earth and were not
ashamed. Paul, whose missionary tours were the widest, most fruitful, and best known,
was the intellectual peer of any man of his age, and in learning among the chief. His
knowledge of Latin, Greek, and Hebrew never dampened his missionary enthusiasm
or hindered the common people from understanding and heeding his message. His
mastery of the Jewish Scriptures and the law threw no cloud on his knowledge of
Christ, but added to the power with which he taught Christ to thousands of his own
day and wrote the Scriptures for all future days.
Irenaeus, who gathered the martyr churches of Lyons and Vienne in Gaul, was a
1 894.] The Intellectual Preparation of the Missionary. 465
master of the learning and philosophy of his times ; and his learning brought no eclipse
upon his Christian faith and zeal, but rather gave them feet to run and wings to fly and
multiplied his influence many fold. St. Patrick, the apostle of Ireland, St. Columba,
of Scotland, St. Augustine, of England, were all marked men of their times, possessed
of the best learning as well as the noblest zeal of the age.
Boniface, the apostle of Germany, Cyril and Methodius of Bulgaria and Moravia,
Anschar of Denmark and the North, great missionaries and founders, were scholars
as well as saints, and gave letters and learning as well as the true faith to the mighty
nations they served.
And the men of later days maintain the record and renew the illustration : such men
as Carey with his numerous translations of the Bible, Judson giving the Bible to
Burma, Morrison giving the Bible to the Chinese, Livingstone exemplifying the
Christian life in the interior of Africa and winning a personal love that makes the
annals of his days heroic and sublime — these were men of trained minds and great
powers, who made their learning the sword of their power.
3. But, to be more particular, every missionary must master a foreign language so as
to make it the medium of thought and familiar speech. This is the key by which he wins
access to the hearts and confidence of the people among whom he lives. He must be
able to preach in the vernacular, to teach in it, to converse in it, to deal with inquirers
in it, and so he must not only master its words and sounds and grammar, but its
tones, its idioms, its spirit and life, so that he can bring his message with precision
and certainty and power. Then he must acquaint himself with the literature, the
history, the philosophy, the faith of the people, and thus come still nearer to their
peculiar life and thought. This is a great task in any case ; in some instances it is a
task never fully completed. Dr. Hyde preached in Hawaiian in six months, but after
seventeen years feels himself still far from fathoming the native mind. Dr. Biodget,
a tutor in Yale, has been forty years in China and still has his personal teacher in
Chinese.
4. The missionary must bear his part in translating the Bible into the vernacular of
the land. What a labor this is, what trained powers it demands, we may judge from
the history of the English Bible, and especially the Revision which has appeared in our
day. No missionary service is more important than this ; it bears upon the immediate
welfare and the long future of the people in whose language it speaks. And the
Scriptures must be often revised to cast out mistakes, to come nearer to the original, to
deliver exactly “ the mind of the Spirit.” None but the best scholars can work to
purpose here, and the combined criticism of many minds is indispensable.
5. The missionary must take the lead in organizing and guiding churches, in gather-
ing and teaching schools. This is the work of the bishop and the school superintend-
ent, and requires insight, discrimination, tact, power of persuasion, ability to instruct,
wisdom in reproof, and patience without end. As the native agency rises to promi-
nence, the missionary duty grows more exacting and perplexing ; that power of guidance
which only mental discipline affords is more and more called into exercise. This gift
of organization and leadership to some may seem to be a natural gift unaffected by
studies and discipline ; but it is forgotten that one chief end of studies is to give a man
possession of himself, and the trained mind is always at an advantage in service of
this kind by reason of its broader horizon and wider views. It is no mistake or acci-
dent that bishops have been chosen from the most learned of the clergy ; it is the
instinctive recognition of the power which mental training gives. And our missionary
bishops must not fall below the standard or come to their high duties weak and
untrained.
6. The missionary must study great problems. He must build for the long future
and master the life and spirit and institutions of the people. His labors deal with the
466 The Intellectual Preparation of the Missionary. [November,
deeper forces that are at work in the nation ; he seeks to revolutionize domestic and
social life ; he gives to the people an impulse along an untried path toward new aims
and a nobler destiny. No man can be too wise, too far-sighted, too capable for duties
like these. That large-mindedness and great-heartedness which are so much favored
by a liberal education are peculiarly in demand. What Augustine and his successors
did for England, what Boniface wrought for Germany, that our missionaries are now
doing for Turkey, for India, for China, for the tribes of Africa; and they must be
adequately furnished for the august work.
III. A full college course for all, and a theological course also for ordained men,
constitute the normal preparation for missionary work.
1. We recognize the difference between the work done by men and by women ; and
we also recognize that there are exceptions to the rule thus stated. We admire the
career and influence of Horace Greeley and of Abraham Lincoln ; but we know that
these great men made their way to the high eminence they won, not because they
lacked a college training, but in spite of this deficiency. So there are missionaries of
great success whose intellectual preparation was not of the highest. We rejoice in
what these men have wrought ; while we are sure that a thorough education would have
increased and enriched the result.
2. The objection that such training as we indicate requires too much time is not valid.
The call to missionary work includes a call to prepare for it. The twelve apostles
were kept three years with our Lord, although the world was lying in wickedness all
around them. Paul spent three years in retirement after the midday flash of glory at
Damascus, although Asia and Greece and Rome were sunk in heathenish darkness and
perishing without the light.
Delay for full preparation is no loss. The man does more in the years that remain
than if he began at once. Seven years in college and seminary under able and inspir-
ing teachers who awaken the mind and guide its search and correct its judgments and
broaden the man are precisely the preparation which the missionary to India or China,
to Turkey or Burma, to Africa or Polynesia, needs to make his labors wise, steady,
and enduring. After twenty years in the service he will have outstripped his brother
of equal gifts who spent those seven precious years in the field rather than in studies.
Studies may be too much protracted, but the standard we have named is substantially
within the reach of all whom God calls to this work.
3. Every missionary is a general, and must be thoroughly prepared for this post.
He initiates a great movement and shapes its forces and directs its progress. He is
constantly drawn upon for counsel, for courage, for plans, for rebukes, and for encour-
agements. The main body of every missionary force must be made up of native
laborers, selected and trained and brought to their posts by the missionary leader. We
are not to furnish all the Christian laborers for China and India from America and
England. The captains and the soldiers of the line must come from the native agency.
This method of work and distribution of forces is the part of economy ; it is also the
part of wisdom. And in this view the argument for the thorough intellectual prepara-
tion of the leaders is both confirmed and emphasized.
4. True missionary economy requires that only those who are well equipped be sent
to the field. The cost of sending out a missionary and supporting him in the field is
so great that the duty of thorough preparation and careful selection becomes imperative.
It costs no more to support a thoroughly educated man or woman than it does to support
one but partly educated, and the expectation of service is decidedly greater. It is true
that the ability of Christian churches has not yet been fully tested in the foreign work,
and we may fairly call upon them to spend greater sums upon this work. But it is a
poor use of money to send poorly qualified men when better furnished men are to be
found. And we can with a far better face call for large sums if all the time we keep the
1894.]
The Intellectual Preparation of the Missionary.
467
morale of the service high, and can truly say that we send only thoroughly trained
men. The men and women we want, the men and women the service must have, if it
is to prosper and prevail, will not be likely to offer in great numbers if they see poorly
equipped men in the field and the Boards inviting such to go. There is no arbitrary
standard of qualifications : each man should be considered on his merits, and Boards
do not wisely tie themselves to any fixed course. But the college course is the acknowl-
edged standard of thorough intellectual training, and the theological course furnishes
a ministerial equipment universally recognized and approved. And true economy
urges that as a rule those qualifications be secured.
5. The college course is a natural test of mental power and manly quality. The
eccentric, the weak, the sluggish, the hopelessly dull fall out or are discovered ; and as
a rule the men and women who show parts and capacity, good sense and power of
influence in a college course, are the men and women upon whom responsibilities in
after life may be devolved safely, and are the men and women who give the best
promise of usefulness and success. And the seminary course carries this sifting
process still further. Thus the intellectual preparation of these courses in a twofold
way fits for missionary service. The training in language, literature, mathematics,
science, philosophy, and history yields the alert, versatile, furnished mind which the
missionary service so peculiarly requires-. It also reveals characteristics and saves
Mission Boards and young people themselves from serious mistakes.
6. God has a just claim to the best service we can render. In the missionary sendee
he justly claims the labors of the most capable and promising, and that they be as
thoroughly trained as the best schools of their times can train them. The wisest,
keenest, and most powerful minds are not too good for this service. God demanded
for sacrifice lambs without blemish, the best in every flock ; and his demand for human
service is not less exacting. And the demand is essentially the same in every field.
It is a fond delusion that any man will do for Africa, while our best must go to India
and China ; that a weak man may answer for the Pacific Islands, but only first-class
men can do anything in Japan or Turkey. The truth is first-class men alone do first-
class work in Africa or Japan ; and second-rate men do second-rate work in Polynesia
as certainly as in India or China. In every place alike the gospel is to be preached,
men’s hearts and consciences won, the church is to be built, education is to be
organized, the Bible is to be given to the people in their own tongue, and the life
of a nation made instinct with the truth and spirit of Jesus Christ. There is no
greater work than this for man to do ; the ages will bring none more majestic. And
God has a right to claim that to this high endeavor our homes shall give up their
choicest, our churches consecrate their best, and our schools yield their richest treas-
ures. And may He accept the offering we bring and make it serve abundantly in his
kingdom and glory !
468
Annual Survey .
[November,
ANNUAL SURVEY OF THE WORK OF THE AMERICAN BOARD.
1893-94.
BY THE FOREIGN SECRETARIES, REV. N. G. CLARK, D.D., AND REV. JUDSON SMITH, D.D.
[. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Board at Madison , Wis ., October 10, i8g4.~~\
[Secretary Clark’s Department.]
It is with great satisfaction that we are permitted to report marked progress in the
missionary work at nearly every point in the great missionary field. There have been
hindrances from unfriendly governments, but none such as to seriously injure the work,
save the damage done to our high schools and colleges in the Turkish empire. There
have been no great revivals to report in any of the missions, but rather steady growth
and enlargement so far as the means at the disposal of our missionaries would permit.
The one burden that presses upon us from every quarter arises from inadequate means
to gather in the ripened harvest. We have not been straitened in reference to the
divine blessing upon our labors, but we have been straitened in ourselves for want of
adequate means to improve the opportunities open on every hand.
PAPAL LANDS.
In Papal Lands the past year has been one of special blessing. In Mexico there are
many signs to show that the leavening process, in which has been our reliance in Papal
Lands, is steadily going forward. Believers are gaining in personal influence and in
Christian character, so as to command the respect of the communities in which they
dwell. One missionary who has been laboring alone in a large district reports over
thirty congregations in different towns, with an average attendance of about 800 souls.
The lamented death at Hermosillo, in April last, of Mr. Crawford, who was building up
a most interesting work, called forth from all classes, Christian and non-Christian,
expressions of sympathy and interest in his behalf, which showed most plainly the
extent to which the popular mind is being leavened by the words and example of the
missionaries. In northern Mexico especially the people are more and more ready to
welcome the gospel and to purchase the Scriptures. The great want of this mission is
an adequate force of native preachers ; but this want it is hoped will soon be supplied
by the Training School at El Paso.
SPAIN.
The evangelistic work in Spain still remains largely in the hands of native pastors
who have been educated in Switzerland, men who have earned the respect and confi-
dence of the missionaries by their faithful and earnest labors. The main interest,
however, in this mission centres on the Girls’ School at San Sebastian, which has had
another very successful year. Four of its best scholars have just received the degree
of B.A., while the other pupils have passed a very creditable examination. It is not
easy to estimate the importance of such an institution as showing the possibilities of
Christian culture for the women of Spain.
AUSTRIA.
The work in Austria is more than realizing the expectations cherished when the
mission was begun. It has been limited of late almost wholly to Bohemia, and though
hindered by unfriendly restrictions on the part of the government has made delightful
progress the past year. The Protestant Church is fast being looked upon as the lead-
ing factor in the religious progress of Bohemia. The missionaries are turning to account
the various agencies which enter so largely into Christian life at home. The Young
1894.]
Annual Survey.
469
Men’s Christian Associations, the Sabbath-schools, and Christian literature are all
turned to good account. Dr. Clark, who was so long alone, rejoices at last in an asso-
ciate to share with him in the trials as well as in the successes of work in Austria.
Never was the prospect more hopeful than at present. Twelve churches, with a mem-
bership of over 700, and growing congregations at many points attest the work already
accomplished and give promise for the future.
EUROPEAN TURKEY.
This mission is so named from its location, but the people reached are the Bulgarians.
It is with much satisfaction that we may think of two branches of the Slavonic race,
the Bohemians and the Bulgarians, as now reached by a pure gospel ; and it is hoped
that the work thus begun will extend far and wide and prove the leaven of a purer
faith to that people. The principal points of interest the past year in this work among
the Bulgarians are the preparation of a Christian literature, especially a Commentary
on the New Testament prepared by the venerable Dr. Riggs, which it is hoped wall
supply the special need of the Bulgarian churches ; next, the settlement of native
pastors at important centres of influence, men who have been educated in this
country and have returned to their native land to labor for their own people ; and,
lastly, the proposed occupation of Salonica in Macedonia. It is expected that Dr.
House and Mr. Haskell with their families will take up their residence at this point.
The schools at Samokov have been continued during the year and are doing their part
to provide a much needed and efficient native agency.
INDIA.
Thoughtful observers at home and abroad are impressed with the changes evidently
going on in the popular mind, preparing India for the reception of the gospel. This
change has thus far made itself felt more strongly in some of the missions of other
Boards than in those connected with the American Board. It would seem that the
higher classes are being reached as never before. Many of the young men educated in
the higher schools and colleges are organizing into societies which practically reject
idolatry and are accepting theism. It is a recognition of the fact that the old supersti-
tions and the idolatry connected with them no longer suffice for thinking minds. The
same thought is more or less recognized by the common people, and many villages are
renouncing their idolatry and begging for Christian instruction. The one great want
of India at this time is a native agency, well trained in the gospel, and means to sup-
port them in making it known to these waiting multitudes. Never before have so
many villages been reported as applying to the missionaries for instruction in the
gospel, and never before have missionaries been so much tried on account of their
inability to improve the remarkable opportunities presented to them.
Marathi Mission. — In this field the work has been sustained substantially as in
former years, so far as the reduced means would permit. The heavy reductions
required in nearly every department have told heavily on any progress during the year.
The mission has also suffered from the sickness and necessary absence of a larger
number of missionaries than usual ; yet the work has been kept up at nearly all points,
especially the work for women and girls. The Woman’s Boards have much to be
grateful for in the devoted, earnest, consecrated lives of their representatives in this
mission. One new enterprise may properly be referred to — that of Rev. S. V. Kar-
markar and wife, who after some years in this country have returned to take charge of
what is practically a station at Bassein. Mrs. Karmarkar has had a course in medicine
and returns in the hope of large influence in the practice of her profession. Mr.
Karmarkar has had experience already as native agent, and returns with fresh courage
and hope, after completing in this country a course of study of special value in its
470
Annual Survey.
[November,
reference to the future. Mention should be made of the Training School for Women,
for which the necessary buildings have been erected and arrangements fully made.
Madura Mission. — In this mission, too, much embarrassment has been felt for want
of adequate means ; yet the mission reports a healthful progress in the churches, a
large portion of which have received additions to their number on confession of faith,
and in the schools of all grades, especially in the higher institutions of learning.
Over 800 additions to the Christian congregations are reported, and over 300 to the
churches on confession of faith. One very striking feature is the fact that the additions
to the churches come from thirty different castes, showing a wide prevalence of the
gospel, and giving the greatest promise of reaching the entire population at an
early date. The fact that there are now over 4,000 communicants scattered throughout
the entire population of about 2,000,000 shows a preparation for evangelization that
may well prompt to enlarged and vigorous effort in behalf of this people. Indeed,
nothing seems to be lacking to such effort. All the necessary institutions requisite to
the completion of the work have been provided : trained and experienced missionaries,
churches well organized, efficient native ministry prepared and at work, and educational
institutions of all grades — the village schools, for the simpler rudiments of education;
the station school, for the further culture of the better and more promising children and
youth ; the college, for the choice young men ; the theological seminary, for the prepa-
ration of the ministers ; the normal school, for the proper discipline and training of
teachers ; the high school, for young women selected from the station school ; and last,
but not least, a school for the training of Bible-women to visit the people in their
homes.
Ceylon. — This field is so small as to admit of more thorough supervision than any
other of the Board. It is in some respects an object-lesson to show the relative advan-
tage of a small field, well supplied with missionary agencies, over a larger one where
the work of the missionary must be given more to the supervision of a native agency.
This mission is now well supplied with various evangelical agencies of all classes.
Through the special efforts of the Misses Leitch, formerly of this mission, the medical
work has been put on a good basis and thoroughly competent physicians secured to
have charge of it, not only in connection with the mission of the Board but also for an
English society with which the Misses Leitch are connected.
It is with special interest that reference is made to Jaffna College, in charge of Rev.
S. W. Howland, d.d. This institution has more than doubled in numbers the past
year, having at last report nearly 200 students. This is a thoroughly Christian college.
A large proportion of the students and nearly all of its graduates are well-trained,
Christian young men, actively engaged in evangelistic efforts in the region round about.
Jaffna College and the Pasumalai College of the Madura Mission illustrate the possi-
bility of Christian colleges, justly so called, and show what may be done for the thor-
ough Christian education of young men in India.
JAPAN.
This mission has been exposed to peculiar trials and difficulties from anti-evangelical
agencies such as have beset no other mission of the Board. No field has presented such
a conflict between the opposing forces of truth and error. It is believed, however, that
the worst is past, and that the sifting process through which the churches are passing
will be wholesome in the end. Taking into view the peculiar circumstances of this
field, it is much that 670 new members have been added to the churches during the
year, that the Christian university, known as the Doshisha, and the College for
Women and other educational institutions, including a training school for women and
kindergarten for the children, have been so well sustained. Recent letters report more
evangelical interest in some portions of the field, especially the recent tour made by the
*894-]
Annual Survey .
471
President of the Home Missionary Society, in company with a missionary, during which
large and attentive congregations w'ere addressed, similar to the great theatre audiences
gathered a few years ago. The war that is now raging between China and Japan cannot,
of course, fail to distract the popular mind and absorb general interest ; but, if it should
end in securing to Japan her true place among the civilized nations of the world and
the recognition of just treaty rights, the gain to Christian civilization may far outweigh
all present losses, and a brighter future for the gospel be opened to Japan.
[Secretary Smith’s Department.]
THE PACIFIC ISLANDS, THE CHINESE EMPIRE, AFRICA, AND ASIATIC TURKEY.
We present in this part of the work of the Board a brief review of the twelve
missions under my care : those in Micronesia and the Hawaiian Islands, four in the
Chinese empire, three in Africa, and three in Asiatic Turkey. In these fields, embrac-
ing highly civilized peoples on the one hand and peoples of the simplest manners and
development on the other, 341 missionaries are employed, of whom thirty-two have
gone out this year for the first time. The native agency numbers 14,000, pastors,
preachers, teachers, and other helpers, and at least sixty millions of souls are accessible
to Christian instruction.
THE PACIFIC ISLANDS.
The report of the year in Micronesia presents the usual varieties of light and shadow
with a preponderance of facts which are hopeful and encouraging. The mission
force has been well recruited and brought more nearly to a full equipment for the field.
The withdrawal from the service of Dr. and Mrs. Pease and of Mr. and Mrs. Rand
makes a notable change in the personnel of the mission.
The condition of the field in the Marshall Islands is decidedly more encouraging than
for many years past. Dr. Pease’s work was happily crowned, as he left, by a satisfactory
adjustment of the relations between our missionary work and the German authorities at
Jaluij ; and Dr. Rife, his successor, enters upon his labors in connection with these
islands under most hopeful auspices.
In the Gilbert Islands Mr. Walkup’s presence and constant labors from island to
island, made possible by the missionary vessel, the Hiram Bingham, are beginning to
yield most valuable fruits. Here, too, we mark with gratitude the invaluable aid ren-
dered to our missionary work by the possession of the entire Bible in the language of
the people, secured by the indefatigable labors of Dr. and Mrs. Bingham. The
demand for these Scriptures and for other Christian literature is one of the most hope-
ful indications of the improved state of living throughout these islands. The British
jurisdiction upon the whole is found to be favorable to the peaceful and effective prose-
cution of missionary work. The several schools on Kusaie for the Marshall and
Gilbert Islands, where teachers and preachers and young women are prepared for Chris-
tian life and labor among their own people, are in competent hands and are yielding
excellent results.
At Ruk we have the darkest features in the record of the year. Turbulence and
warfare among the people, a consequent diminution of the pupils in the schools, the
want of competent and trustworthy native preachers and teachers, suggest the discour-
agements under which our missionary labors have been prosecuted. Happily at the
last accounts a slight improvement in matters in these respects is recorded. The loss
of the missionary ship, R. JV. Logan , has interfered with the needful missionary super-
vision of the work ; but the prompt payment of the full insurance on this vessel enables
the Board to make arrangements at once for the replacement of the ship and the
resumption of thorough supervision.
47 2 Annual Survey. [November,
Ponape is still in the hands of the Spaniards and without missionary residence or
labor; but here light predominates over darkness. During the year most cheering
tidings have come from the island in respect to the persistence of Christian worship,
the maintenance of Christian schools, and the purpose of the Christian people to
enlarge their operations. The labors of the missionary pioneers on this island have
not failed, and the best fruit of their toils is still to be gathered in the years to come.
Pecuniary compensation for property destroyed by the Spaniards, after long and per-
sistent correspondence, we are informed, has at last been paid to the United States
official at Madrid, but has not as yet been received by us. Upon the whole the out-
look for our work in these islands is brighter than at any time in the past, and we may
well thank God and press forward with new vigor.
In the Hawaiian Islands the usual forms of work have been prosecuted with wonted
success, and the appointment of an associate for Dr. Hyde and the temporary stay of
Mr. and Mrs. O. H. Gulick, of the Japan Mission, to work among the Japanese of
these islands, promise to make that work even more effective in the immediate future.
CHINA.
All problems of past years connected with missionary work in the Chinese empire
remain still to be solved, and some new perplexities have been added during the current
year. It was inevitable that at some time the self-satisfaction of the Chinese empire
and its rigid conservatism should come into more or less violent collision with the new
spirit and movement that are abroad among the nations. No one could have foreseen
from what source this disturbing influence would arise ; and it is not at all strange that
the neighboring empire, which has so quickly responded to Western influences, should
have been the occasion of stirring to its depths the stagnant life of this greatest of the
Oriental Powers. It has ever been the case that missionary interests have been found
to be most closely connected with the movement of political events ; and while as yet
we can by no means forecast the end of the present struggle or the outcome thereof,
in reference to missionary work there can be little doubt that in the providence of God
Christian truth and civilization are to find a readier access to the very centre of Chinese
life and thought and institutions. While, therefore, at the present moment we cannot
avoid anxieties as to the personal safety of our missionaries and the security of the
institutions they have established, we may with all confidence look beyond these pres-
ent tumults to a great and decisive advantage soon to be realized in our Christian work
in behalf of this empire.
The past year in the four fields which we occupy has been marked by no specially
stirring events. The work already established has been well maintained, faithfully
prosecuted, and blessed with cheering results. In the North China Mission a special
interest gathers about the great revival which was enjoyed at Peking, at Tung-cho, at
Tientsin, and other points. The College and other educational institutions centring
at Tung-cho received a special blessing and inspiration for the larger work to which they
are now called ; and the spirit of the native preachers and the courage of the mission-
aries were stimulated in the most happy way by this gracious visitation. Larger additions
to the churches of the mission upon confession of faith are reported this year than in
any previous year in the history of the mission. The attendance upon the schools of
the mission also shows a decided advance. The mission staff has received welcome
and important additions during the year, but still remains unequal to the greatness of
the field and the ripeness of the opportunity.
The first new building for the North China College has been erected and is now open
for students. It is but a part, however, of the plant which is needful to enable this
most valuable missionary institution to do its appropriate work, and there is most just
Annual Survey.
1894.]
473
occasion for the friends of Christian education in the Chinese empire to remember this
College in their gifts and in their prayers.
The Foochow Mission rejoices in welcome reinforcements, in the friendly relations
subsisting between the members of the mission and the representatives of neighboring
missions, in the increased readiness with which the message of the gospel is welcomed,
and in the steady growth of the Christian institutions now established in its midst.
Particularly happy has been the experience of the missionaries of Shao-wu, in the inte-
rior, where a wide and open field is presented and where the largest immediate results
of labor are gathered.
A marked event in the history of this year is the withdrawal from service of Dr. and
Mrs. Baldwin after forty-seven years of continued service, in which they have seen the
work develop from the feeblest beginnings to its present estp£>lished strength.
From the Shansi Mission the report of the year is full of good cheer. A united
missionary force, well distributed in three important centres, working in several wisely
devised lines of labor, and finding everywhere an opening field and a growing welcome,
the organization of the first church of the mission and the enlargement of the schools,
these are the cheering notes that come to us from this important field.
The South China Mission rejoices in the return of Dr. Hager, accompanied by
Mrs. Hager, and the coming of Miss Cheney, the first single woman to be connected
with this growing mission. Although the mission force has been greatly reduced
during the past year, the work itself has yielded good results and promises well for
the future.
Nowhere does the Board face so great an opportuntity as in these four missions in
China, and nowhere has it better men and women engaged in its service. If duly
reinforced by the sympathies and prayers and gifts of God’s people, with God’s blessing
upon all, we may expect steady and happy advancement in the evangelization of this
great people.
AFRICA.
The general interest of the civilized world in Africa and its development continues
unabated, and the Christian effort to fill its dark lands with light and its great peoples
with the Christian life remains as hitherto the heart and living core of that movement.
It is becoming more plain every year that nothing is done to good purpose in lifting up
this long-neglected continent into its appointed place in the life and development of the
world at large unless, along with all political and commercial activities, the gospel is
preached and its institutions established and its life awakened in the hearts of the
people. There is every reason why the Christian nations should bestow increasing care
and thought upon the missionary work in this part of the world, and the Board does
well to maintain vigorously its share of that work, and if possible to increase it.
The newly established mission in East Central Africa, upon the borders of Gazaland
and Mashonaland. has found its site and has made good progress in securing the
recognition of the native princes and the British South Africa Company, within
whose jurisdiction its work is to be prosecuted. The health of the mission has been
good, the evangelistic work already begun promises to be effective, and we have all
occasion to rejoice in the good beginning that has been made.
The West Central African Mission records a year of diminished missionary force,
but of steadily expanding work. In every feature of missionary effort progress is
recorded. The churches are increasing in membership, the Christian life deepens as
Christian knowledge expands, the schools gather greater numbers and secure more
regular attendance, the work of translation and of printing moves forward steadily, and
everywhere the missionaries and their native helpers are welcomed among the people,
and their message heard with good attention. The new station at Sakanjimba is in the
474 Annual Survey. [November,
midst of a numerous population and from the beginning promises to be a centre of
successful work.
The Zulu Mission has pursued its wonted way hampered by the want of needful
funds and by the scarcity of laborers, but with the tokens of divine favor upon the
work at every point. The new work at Johannesberg, a centre in the gold regions
whither many of the most promising Zulu young men resort, has been self-supporting
from the first, and Mr. Goodenough anticipates the establishment there of a permanent
and influential Christian centre. The work at Durban, though without the supervision
of a foreign missionary, is almost equally promising.
The Normal School at Adams has been suspended during a part of the year simply
for want of funds. Mr. Cowles, its new principal, has won very favorable opinions, and
it is extremely desirable from every point of view that this institution, now well manned
and more needed than ever, should be properly provided with funds for continued work.
The Theological School gathers larger classes of better material than hitherto, and the
Girls’ Schools at Inanda and Umzumbe yield satisfactory results.
It is little compared with what is needed that the Board attempts in Africa. But
upon that work the blessing of God evidently rests, and we may well rejoice that in so
august a problem as the uplifting of Africa to the light of God we have so happy
a share.
ASIATIC TURKEY.
In no part of the fields occupied by the Board are the contrasted lights and shades
of missionary labor more marked than in the Turkish empire. Here we labor essen-
tially alone, carrying almost the sole responsibility under God for the spiritual refor-
mation of the nominally Christian population of the empire and the evangelization of
the people of Islam. For more than seventy years this work has been pursued under
the guidance of Divine Providence ; able men and women have been appointed to
administer it, the treasury has been generously drawn upon to sustain it, and a deep-
ening interest on the part of our constituency has gathered about the maintenance and
progress of this great task. Viewing the course of events for a single year we may not
so easily note the signs of progress, and may be unduly depressed by the unmistakable
indications of opposition ; but, taking a longer review and comparing the facts at the
present time with those of ten years since, we see at once how steady is the progress,,
how resistless the march of all this work toward ultimate and complete success.
In all these fields the mission staff is diminished in numbers and weakened in
strength to an unusual degree, and the scantiness of resources at the command of the
Board has added a peculiar embarrassment. The exactions of the government, the
presence of famine in parts of these fields, and outbreaks of lawlessness at many a
point have still further added to the trials and anxieties of the year. As if these were
not enough, the Turkish government seems to be controlled by the stedfast purpose to
restrict the evangelical movement, and fetter the freedom of foreign missionaries and
native laborers, and to make difficult, if not impossible, the regular prosecution of mis-
sionary labor. It is no small proof of the inherent strength of the forces that work
with the Christian faith and of the gracious hand of God over all, that, in spite of these
manifold embarrassments within and discouragements without, the work as a whole has
not only not gone backward but has made gains in almost every field and in wellnigh
every form of missionary effort. The attendance upon the colleges and higher schools,,
both for young men and young women, is more than twenty per cent, in excess of that
of last year, and the native contributions for all purposes are twenty-five per cent, in
advance of what was reported a year ago. In some places where the pecuniary aid
from the Board was reduced or even wholly withdrawn, the native community has
addressed itself with good courage to the added responsibility and has, out of its own.
Annual Survey.
1894.]
475
slender resources, maintained the work at quite its former volume and in some places
with increased efficiency.
Woman’s work, which in these missions forms a more considerable part of the whole
work than perhaps in any other field occupied by the Board, is in equal measure effec-
tive and successful. From the colleges for girls at Constantinople, Harpoot, and
Marash down through boarding schools and common schools to the kindergartens, we
have substantially one uniform report of prosperity and growth.
The diminishing missionary force at some points is becoming a matter demanding
serious attention. While it is wise to devolve additional responsibility upon the native
agency as that agency increases in number and capacity, there is obviously a limit to
the diminution of the foreign force which can wisely be permitted, and that limit in
these fields seems to have been reached.
The interference with missionary work which has resulted either directly or indirectly
from the policy pursued by the Turkish government has been fully reported to our own
government at Washington, and we are happy to report the readiness with which our
representations in these matters have been received. Not all the questions which have
arisen within the year have as yet received a satisfactory solution. Some questions are
at this very time pending which involve in a serious, almost in a radical, way the
stability and success of missionary work in the empire. There is occasion for vigilance,
for prayer, and for unceasing effort to secure right action on the part of our govern-
ment and its representatives. Temporary obstruction and disaster may be permitted,
but of the final issue no one can stand in doubt. The Cross is to prevail, the Prophet
of Nazareth is to be honored, and the kingdom of righteousness and peace to be
established throughout this great empire in every city and hamlet, in every heart and
home.
Such is the brief record of the great work which the Board sustains in twenty
missions among the unevangelized nations round the globe. In more than 1,100 popu-
lous centres a force of 3,441 laborers, foreign and native, is preaching the gospel in
twenty-six different languages and conducting a great evangelistic and educational
enterprise. In 421 churches there is gathered a total membership of 40,871, 3,055 of
whom have made profession of their faith this year. In sixteen theological schools
230 students are in direct training for the ministry; 128 colleges and high schools
gather 7,61 1 picked youths of both sexes and prepare them to reinforce the native
agency, besides 39,366 pupils under Christian instruction and influence in common
schools. Medical service steadily expands and broadens the area of missionary labor;
the volume of Christian literature widens and exerts a deep and stimulating influence.
The long night of darkness and sin wears away and the cheering day of God draws nigh.
GENERAL SUMMARY. 1894.
Missions.
Number of Missions 20
Number of Stations 100
Number of Out-stations 1,107
Places for stated preaching 1,429
Average congregations 69,151
Laborers Employed.
Number of ordained Missionaries (15 being Physicians) 184
Number of male Physicians not ordained (besides 9 women) 13
Number of other Male Assistants 6
Number of Women (9 of them Physicians) (wives 185, unmarried 183) 368
Whole number of laborers sent from this country 571
476
[November,
Summary of the Report of the Treasurer.
Number of Native Pastors
Number of Native Preachers and Catechists
Number of Native School Teachers . . .
Number of other Native Laborers . . . .
Total of Native Laborers
Total of American and Native Laborers .
241
508
L553
568
2,870
3.441
The Churches.
Number of Churches 421
Number of Church Members 40,187
Added during the year 3,055
Whole number from the first, as nearly as can be learned 128,648
Educational Department.
Number of Theological Seminaries and Station Classes 16
Pupils 230
Colleges and High Schools 65
Number of Pupils in the above 4,217
Number of Boarding Schools for Girls 63
Number of Pupils in Boarding Schools for Girls 3,394
Number of Common Schools 1,026
Number of Pupils in Common Schools 39,366
Whole Number under instruction 50,406
Native Contributions, so far as reported $89,145
SUMMARY OF THE REPORT OF TREASURER OF A. B. C. F. M.
FOR THE YEAR ENDING AUGUST 31, 1894.
EXPENDITURES.
Cost of Missions.
Mission to West Central Africa #11,661.22
Mission to East Central Africa 8,435.56
Zulu Mission 27,827.58
Mission to European Turkey 31,951.15
Mission to Western Turkey 97,605.62
Mission to Central Turkey 31,474.17
Mission to Eastern Turkey 54,908.73
Marathi Mission 54,121.25
Madura Mission 54,202.41
Ceylon Mission 18,752.71
Foochow Mission 17,542.71
South China Mission 6,116.39
North China Mission 70,344.91
Shansi Mission 13,652.68
Mission to Japan 93,888.33
Sandwich Islands 5,377.14
Micronesia Mission 38,496.87
Mission to Mexico 17,506.18
Mission to Spain 12,585.23
Mission to Austria 11,717.77
#678,168.61
Cost of Agencies.
Salaries of District and Field Secretaries, their traveling expenses, and those of Mission-
aries visiting the churches, and other like expenses #14,897.81
1 894.]
477
Summary of the Report of the Treasurer.
Cost of Publications.
Missionary Herald (including salaries of Editor and Publishing Agent,
and copies sent gratuitously, according to the rule of the Board,
to pastors, honorary members, donors, etc.) $13,939-73
Less amount received from subscribers $4,698.83
and for advertisements 2,229.25 6,928.08
$7,011.65
All other publications $3,871.44
Less amount received from sales 316.42 3.555-02
$ 10,566.67
Cost of Administration.
Department of Correspondence $14,714.25
Treasurer’s Department 7,342.02
New York City 1,954.41
Miscellaneous items (including rent, care of “ Missionary Rooms,” furniture
and repairs, coal, gas, postage, stationery, copying and printing, library,
insurance of do., honorary members’ certificates) 5,407.76
$29,418.44
Total $733,051-53
Balance for which .the Board was in debt August 31, 1893 88,318.73
$821,370.26
RECEIPTS
Donations, as acknowledged in the Missionary Herald
Legacies, as acknowledged in the Missionary Herald .
From the Legacy of Asa Otis
Interest on General Permanent Fund
Balance for which the Board was in debt August 31, 1894
. .$483,108.25
. . 183,768.51
• • 30,952.28
- - 7.303-66
$705,132.70
116,237.56
$821,370.26
LEGACY OF ASA OTIS, NEW LONDON, CONN.
In accordance with the action of the Board at its Annual Meeting in 1879 (see Annual Report,
p. xi) , the remainder of this legacy is set apart for new missions.
Balance of securities remaining in the Treasurer’s hands September 1, 1893,
at par
Received for Premiums
Received for Dividends and Interest
Expended for new Missions as follows : —
West Central Africa Mission
East Central Africa Mission
South China Mission
Shansi Mission
$37,128.34
17,690.00
4,661.60
$59,479-94
$6,645.18
6.55I-4I
5.834-09
11,921.60
$3°, 952.28
Balance August 31, 1894 $28,527.66
Market value of securities now held, at least, $75,000.00.
LEGACY OF SAMUEL W. SWETT, BOSTON.
In accordance with the action of the Board at its Annual Meeting in 1884 (see Annual Report,
p. ix), this legacy is “ set apart to meet special calls for a brief period of years in the evangelistic and
educational departments of our missionary work abroad, emphasis being placed upon the present
emergency in Japan and upon the great opportunity in China.”
47 S Summary of the Report of the Treasurer. [November,
Balance of the Legacy September i, 1893 #3. 913-99
Received during the year ’ i’00o.oo
Balance August 31, 1894 #4,913.99
PERMANENT FUNDS OF THE BOARD.
GENERAL PERMANENT FUND.
The amount of this Fund September i, 1893, was #225,104.46
Added during the year 11,569.76
$236,674.22
PERMANENT FUND FOR OFFICERS.
The Permanent Fund for Officers amounts as last year to $59,608.00
The income of this Fund, applied to salaries, was 3,628.55
WILLIAM WHITE SMITH FUND.
This Fund amounts as last year to $35,000.00
HARRIS SCHOOL OF SCIENCE FUND.
This Fund amounts as last year to $25,000.00
ANATOLIA COLLEGE ENDOWMENT FUND.
This Fund was, September 1, 1893 $22,077.62
Added during the year 660.00
#22,737.62
HOLLIS MOORE MEMORIAL TRUST.
This Fund amounts as last year to $5,000.00
MISSION SCHOLARSHIPS.
This Fund September 1, 1893, was #6,707.41
Added during the year 7.73
#6,715.14
C. MERRIAM FEMALE SCHOLARSHIP.
This Fund amounts as last year to $3,000.00
EUPHRATES COLLEGE FEMALE TEACHERS’ FUND.
This Fund amounts as last year to $2,500.00
BENJAMIN SCHNEIDER MEMORIAL FUND.
This Fund amounts as last year to $2,000.00
MARASH THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ENDOWMENT.
This Fund, contributed by native brethren at Marash, is now $1,800.00
GORDON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, TUNG-CHO, CHINA.
This Fund, contributed by Hon. Nathaniel Gordon, Exeter, N. H., is now $10,000.00
JAFFNA MEDICAL MISSION ENDOWMENT.
This Fund now amounts to $6,992.82
LANGDON S. WARD, Treasurer.
Boston , Mass., October 6, 1894.
1 894-]
American Missions in the Turkish Empire.
479
AMERICAN MISSIONS IN THE TURKISH EMPIRE.
BY REV. HENRY H. JESSUP, D.D., OF THE AMERICAN PRESBYTERIAN MISSION
IN SYRIA.
]_An address given at the Annual Meeting of the A. B. C. F. M., at Madison , IVis., October it, i8q4?[
Mr. President , — As I stand once more on the platform of the American Board after
a lapse of thirty-nine years since my first departure for Syria, I seem to see the forms
and hear the voices of those majestic and heaven-anointed men who were the counsel-
ors, inspirers, and directors of this great society a half-century ago. Anderson,
Treat, Kingman, Hubbard, Stoddard, Tappan, Thomson, and others their coworkers,
were men whose personal influence, intellectual, moral, and spiritual, was felt in hun-
dreds of missionary homes and, through them, among thousands of the Christianized
from a score of heathen and Mohammedan empires.
In the summer of 1853, while still a seminary student, I called at that hallowed spot
in Boston, No. 33 Pemberton Square, to offer my services as a foreign missionary to
the American Board of Foreign Missions. I was cordially received by that remarkable
man, Dr. Rufus Anderson, of whom it might be said, as Charles Lamb said of Daniel
Webster, that “ he looked like a walking cathedral.” But for his consummate Christian
courtesy and truly consecrated spirit he might well have overawed any young man
coming into his presence. I told him I would be ready in two years to go to any part
of the earth where I was needed, only on condition that my townsman and roommate,
Lorenzo Lyons, and myself be sent together. Handing me a package of letters he
asked me to read them carefully and in half an hour to come to his room. The letters
were a plea for help from the mission in Syria, signed by Whiting, Ford, Thomson,
and Eli Smith, asking for four missionaries to occupy new stations, among them
Antioch. When I entered his room he said : “ Will you go to Syria? ” “ I will,” was
my answer. And that decided the whole subsequent course of my life. Up to that
hour I had never thought of going to Syria, but the divine call had come and I
accepted it with all my heart.
It seems but yesterday, that bitter freezing twelfth of December, 1855, when I bade
my father and mother good-by in Boston harbor on the icy deck of the little bark
Sultana , to sail out on the Atlantic in a gale so wild and black and furious that were
it in our day no ship would be allowed to leave her harbor. Thirty-nine years have
passed; for fifteen of those years, until 1870, the Syria Mission continued under the
American Board. Having sustained that mission for fifty years, from 1820 to 1870, you
then committed it to the care of the Presbyterian Church. As a loyal son of this
venerable Board, who received my first childhood missionary impulse from the winning
appeals of your sainted Scudder and my more mature enthusiasm from the almost
heavenly eloquence of your angelic Stoddard, of Persia, when I was. a student at Yale,
I come back to-day to thank you for what the American Board has done for Syria,
for Turkey, and the world.
Were I about to give a historical discourse instead of a brief address to-day, I would
gladly recount the whole catalogue of the achievements of the missionaries of this
Board in Syria in their fifty years of service, before the transfer was made to the
Presbyterian Church. As it is I can only give the more salient points.
1. You founded the first evangelical mission of modern times in western Asia.
The Christian churches of England, Scotland, and Germany were nearer to Syria and
at that time vastly more wealthy, but it was reserved for two young men from New
England, Pliny Fisk and Levi Parsons, to carry back New Testament Christianity and
an open Bible to Bible lands. Fisk was buried outside the walls of Beirut, in 1826,
480 American Missions in the Turkish Empire. [November,
He died without the sight, having seen but one convert and he the first Protestant
martyr in Syria, Asaad es Shidiak. Parsons had died before him in Alexandria and
his grave is unknown. But the mission was founded. Syria was occupied for Christ,
and the remotest Christian nation on earth had done it. Let this crown of rejoicing
never be plucked from the brow of the American Board.
2. You organized the first Reformed Evangelical Church in Syria since the days of
the apostles. The old Oriental churches lay wrapped as in a winding-sheet of ice, like
tropical fruit and flowers buried under a glacier. Their patriarchs, bishops, and
priests, their monks and rites and ceremonies, their outward show and inward spiritual
lifelessness, left their heathen and Mohammedan neighbors to conclude that Christian-
ity was an idolatrous sham. Unless Christianity could appear once more among them
clad in the chaste and snowy vestments of its virgin purity, exemplifying its holy
doctrines in a holy life, it could no more lift up its voice and call Moslems, Druzes,
Jews, and Bedawin Arabs to believe in Jesus Christ, the Saviour of men.
What seventeen centuries of Oriental ecclesiasticism had failed to do your humble
missionaries and their persecuted adherents accomplished in founding the Evangelical
Church of western Asia, which has now grown to more than one hundred and fifty
churches, not a few of whose members wear the martyr’s crown. If these one hundred
and fifty churches shall provoke to love and good works, to reformation and a return to
gospel purity, the Greek and Armenian, the Nestorian and Jacobite, the Maronite and
the Coptic churches, so that they enter once more in the true missionary spirit of
Christianity to labor for their Mohammedan neighbors, their mission will have been
accomplished.
3. You set up the first efficient printing-press in the Turkish empire. In 1822 you
opened a press in Malta, and in 1834 transferred it to Beirut. There had been one
little rude hand-press in a papal Greek monastery of Mar Elias, in Mount Lebanon,
which printed a few books for the priests ; but the first press for the enlightenment of
the people was the American press. It stands to-day just above the grave of Pliny
Fisk, on the premises of the American Mission in Beirut. It has already given to
western and southern Asia and northern Africa 500,000,000 of pages in the Arabic
language and is printing 25,000,000 pages annually. Its publications are scattered
over 120 degrees of longtitude, from Mogadore on the Atlantic coast of Morocco to
Peking in China. The 500 works on the press catalogue all bear the printed permit of
the Imperial Ottoman government.
4. Your missionaries founded in Beirut the first day-school for girls ever opened in
the Turkish empire. On the eighteenth of last April a memorial column was unveiled
in Beirut to commemorate the spot where was. built the first edifice in western Asia to
teach girls to read. It was built in 1835 for Mrs. Sarah Huntington Smith. The great-
grandchildren of the first girl taught to read in Syria were present at this celebration,
with 900 Sunday-school children from the city of Beirut. In 1835 it was supposed that
not one woman or girl in Syria could read. The Mohammedans had ruled the land for
1,200 years and had boys’ schools in all their mosques, but not one school for girls.
A Mohammedan mufti told me in 1859 : “You might as well try to teach a cat to read
as to teach a girl.” According to Mohammedan tradition, Mohammed once looked
down into hell and saw the greater part of the wretches confined there to be women.
Girls and women were veiled and shut up in the harem. The teaching of girls was
declared to be futile and dangerous. But your missionaries persevered. Girls’ schools
were opened as rapidly as teachers could be trained to conduct them.
5. Then followed the next pioneer movement of the mission, and a Girls’ Boarding
School was opened by Dr. and Mrs. De Forest. This gave a new impulse to female
education. At length the country was covered with mission schools for girls, Greek,
Maronite, Jewish, Mohammedan, Druze, and Nusairlyeh. These sects, finding their
1894.]
American Missions in the Turkish Empire.
481
girls trained in the gospel, took the alarm and began to open schools of their own.
The Mohammedan young men showed a preference for girls who could read. This
brought a new influx of Moslem girls into the Christian schools. Public sentiment
changed rapidly until nearly all these various sects opened girls’ schools of their own.
We have now Mohammedan schools for girls in Beirut, Damascus, Tripoli, Sidon,
Hums, Aleppo, and Jerusalem. The necessity of female education is acknowledged.
The victory for the dignity and honor of woman is already won. The homes are
changing : mothers are growing up who can teach their own children.
The impulse thus given sixty years ago by your missionaries has revolutionized public
sentiment and proved a benediction to the whole Turkish empire. To-day there are
in Protestant schools alone in Syria and Palestine 9,000 girls, and there must be as
many more in schools of other sects. Who could have foretold in 1835, when Mrs.
Sarah H. Smith was teaching twenty little Arab girls in Beirut, — and sometimes half of
them would be absent, having smeared their eyes with the acrid milk of the fig tree to
produce inflammation so that they could not be sent to school, — that to-day that land
would be filled with educated Christian mothers and happy Christian homes?
6. Your missionaries also opened the first boarding school for boys in the Turkish
empire under Mr. Hebard and Dr. William M. Thomson, in Beirut, in 1837. This
was succeeded by Abeih Seminary, in Mount Lebanon, under Mr. Calhoun, and
Bebek Seminary under Dr. Hamlin, which two schools culminated in the
7. First two colleges in the empire, the Syrian Protestant College in Beirut, under
Dr. Daniel Bliss, and the Robert College in Constantinople, under Dr. Cyrus Hamlin,
both of which were begun in 1863. The catalogue of able and excellent men who
have graduated from these colleges in the past thirty-one years would fill a volume.
They are located in southeastern Europe, western Asia, and north Africa, and not a
few of them are in Australia, South America, and the United States as merchants,
teachers, lawyers, physicians, and ministers of the gospel ; and the influence of these
schools of learning is simply incalculable.
Your missionary, Simeon H. Calhoun, founded in Mount Lebanon the first theologi-
cal school for training a native ministry. And this work, so vital to the success of a
native evangelical church, has been continued until hundreds of young men have been
trained all over the empire for the gospel ministry.
8. Your eminent missionary scholars, Drs. Eli Smith and Cornelius Van Dyck, gave
to the world the first correct and classical translation of the Bible into the Arabic
language. This great work, carried on by Dr. Smith from 1844 until his death in Janu-
ary, 1857, was then taken up by Dr. Van Dyck and completed in 1865. It is now pub-
lished in whole and in part in thirty-two different editions, all of which bear the
Imperial authorization of the Ottoman government. Probably not less than half a
million copies have been sent out from the Beirut press. You will find them in the
bazars of Constantinople and Teheran, in the shops of Mosul and Aleppo, in the
houses and homes of Damascus and Jerusalem, publicly hawked in the streets of Cairo,
Alexandria, and Zanzibar, and among the marts of Tunis, Algiers, and Morocco. The
Moslems of Arabia, India, and China have received it as God’s word in the Tourah
and Enjeel, approved and sanctioned in their own Koran. Among all the beneficent
works wrought by the missionaries of your Board in cooperation with the American
Bible Society, none can surpass that of giving the word of God in a translation of
classical purity to seventy millions of the Arabic-speaking races.
9. Your missionaries were the first educated and scientific physicians to carry the
blessings of medical and surgical science to the East. The names of Dr. Dodge in
Jerusalem, Drs. Van Dyck, De Forest, and Post in Syria, Azariah Smith, Pratt, and
West in Asia Minor, will long be remembered as the pioneers in the relief of human
suffering, teaching by their faithful and loving ministrations the loveliness and unself-
482 American Missions in the Turkish Empire. [November,
ishness qf Christian benevolence. And a daughter of one of your Syria missionaries,
Dr. Mary P. Eddy, was the first woman to receive the Imperial Ottoman Medical
diploma in Constantinople, in December, 1894, thus opening the way for a new era
of woman’s medical ministry to suffering women throughout that vast empire.
10. Your missionaries in Syria were the first to introduce into that land steam print- '
ing-presses, petroleum oil, sewing-machines, photography, brass clocks, and windmills ;
and in other parts of the land they have introduced American agricultural implements ;
and in Constantinople one too well known to need mention here introduced to the
Sultan the electric telegraph.
11. Two of your missionaries in Syria have received Imperial decorations for medi-
cal services in times of pestilence and one a decoration for eminence in Arabic
literature.
12. And lastly two of your missionaries were the pioneers, in modern times, in
Palestine exploration. I need hardly mention the names of Drs. William M. Thomson
and Eli Smith, the latter as the companion and colaborer of Dr. Edward Robinson in
the exploration of Palestine and the authorship of that classic, the “ Biblical Re-
searches,” and the former the author of that monumental work, “ The Land and
the Book.”
There was a divine providence, sir, in raising up two such scholarly and accurate
observers as Smith and Thomson, to traverse repeatedly the whole land of Syria and
Palestine, to mark its mountains and valleys, its hills and ravines, its plains and rivers,
its fountains, wells, and lakes, its ruined temples, walls, fortresses, bridges, and aque-
ducts, to gather its minerals, plants, and animals, to study the agricultural, mechanical,
and domestic implements and customs of the people, their language and salutations,
their dress and ornaments, their buying and selling, and their modes of travel, all of
which were at that time still existing in their patriarchal and scriptural simplicity —
yes, to observe all these things accurately, to record them with scrupulous and scholarly
exactness, and to publish them with conscientious fidelity, so that their honest testi-
mony as to the correspondence between the historical records of the Bible and the
actual places, names, persons, and customs of modern Palestine might be incorporated
in permanent form in American and European Bible dictionaries, encyclopaedias, and
commentaries, before the advancing wave of Western civilization, with its wagon-
roads, railways, telegraphs, steam-pumps, European languages and dress, should have
obliterated forever the living testimony of the present to the dead and vanished past.
Dr. Thomson returned to the United States in 1877 t0 complete his great work, and
took up his residence with his daughter in Denver, Col., whose clear skies and tower-
ing mountains, he said, reminded him of his beloved Mount Lebanon. In that city he
remained until April 8, 1894, when at the good old age of eighty-seven he was sum-
moned to the heavenly Canaan, the unfading and unclouded “Land of Promise,” by
the Inspirer of the “ Book” he had so faithfully labored to illustrate and exalt before
the minds of his fellow-men.
In conclusion it is but just to remark that your missionaries in Turkey have been
through repeated visitations of pestilence and famine and six different outbreaks of
domestic and foreign war. In the Greek war of 1827, the bombardment of Beirut and
the expulsion of Ibrahim Pasha by the allied fleet in 1840, the Druze and Maromte
civil war in Lebanon in 1845, the Crimean War in 1854-55, the dreadful massacres in
the year i860 in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, the Russian-Turkish war in Bulgaria
in 1877, as well as the various local disturbances which have occurred from time to
time, your missionaries, men and women, have not only always maintained the strictest
neutrality and enjoined upon the subjects of the Porte loyalty to their Sultan, but they
have cared for the sick and wounded, fed the hungry thousands, and clothed the naked,
1894.]
North China Mission.
433
exposing their own lives in the desire to relieve suffering. In i860 the missionaries in
Beirut distributed no less than $100,000 in food and 100,000 garments to the suffering
refugees from Lebanon and Damascus. In pestilence they have gone to infected towns
with medicine and supplies, and saved whole provinces from plague by wise sanitary
measures and counsels. It is well to reiterate on this occasion that the American
missionaries of this Board, and all other American societies in Turkey, have conscien-
tiously and as a matter of principle by precept and practice taught the various peoples
of the Ottoman empire to be loyal subjects of His Imperial Majesty the Sultan, on the
ground of the scriptural injunction that “the powers that be are ordained of God,”
and that we are to “render unto Caesar the things that are Caesar’s,” as well as “ to
God the things that are God’s.”
The American missionaries in western Asia, as in eastern Asia, are men of peace,
striving to promote the best interests of the people and the establishment of the
spiritual sway of Jesus Christ the Prince of Peace. They have no political aims and no
personal interests to promote. A Mohammedan journal in Turkey, in speaking of the
departure of an American missionary, said: “We all regret his departure — he is a
lover of peace.”
This is our message : “ Glory to God in the highest, peace on earth and good-will to
men.” Sustain, then, the great and good work you have undertaken in western Asia,
and may the blessing of Christ our King rest upon you and all your missionaries, now
and evermore. Amen.
ILetters from tfye fHtssions.
Nortfj Cfjfna fHtsston.
SELF-SUPPORT.
In writing, August 7, of the difficulties
connected with the matter of self-support
in the native churches, Mr. Ament, of
Peking, says : —
“It is uphill work unless our native
leaders get the idea firmly in their minds
in the Theological Seminary. The pov-
erty of the people in North China is some-
thing beyond description. It cannot be
realized till seen. Mr. Bryant, of the
London Mission, formerly of Hankow,
says there is no such poverty in other
parts of China. At Pu An Tin, an out-
station, we have fifty members. I think
$800 would buy them out, land, houses,
etc. Only two families can afford one
donkey each, at a cost of $4 per donkey.
They barely exist from year to year. I
am sure they would be generous if they
could. Having nothing themselves, and
often living from the soup-kitchens which
rich men who want a title from the em-
peror establish, of course they can give
nothing to the church. This is true of all
the missions, Roman Catholic and Protes-
tant alike. We are working toward self-
support. I urge the subject till sometimes
I am ashamed to see men give when I
know they need the money for their
children.
“War is raging between Japan and
China, but Peking is very quiet. We are
promised protection by the city govern-
ment. The Japanese Legation was par-
tially looted and the Russian Legation was
threatened. The crops are good the
present year and the outlook is hopeful,
but no one can predict what is in the near
future.”
THE WAR. — A FLOOD.
The following letter from Mr. Stanley,
dated Tientsin, August 28, indicates the
state of feeling at that time in reference
to the probable effect of the war in its
relations to foreigners within the empire.
The consuls had thought it expedient that
missionaries in the interior should come
into some treaty port, though there was
not entire unanimity in the giving of this
advice. It was thought probabie at that
time that the seat of the war might be
transferred from Korea to China, but mis-
484
• South China Mission.
[November,
sionaries seemed to have had no special
apprehension of danger except from un-
disciplined soldiers. Mr. Stanley speaks
of the necessity of avoiding the lines of
travel of the soldiers now coming from
the south and being mobilized further
north. He says: —
“ These soldiers are our danger, as wit-
ness the murder of Mr. Wylie on the 10th
inst. at Liaoyang, fifty miles from New-
chwang, set on by soldiers on the road
and beaten and mangled terribly, so that
he died a few days later, unconscious
to the last. So it becomes uncertain how
much country work can be done. A good
proclamation of protection, etc., has been
sent out by the Tsung li yamen, and the au-
thorities are alert to the needs of the hour
in this direction, so that there is little or
no danger from the ordinary rough mob
elements of Chinese society, but neither
they nor the military officers can control
the soldiery outside of camp. They do
not march across country to a rendezvous,
but straggle, every fellow for himself, save
possibly a few in immediate attendance on
the higher rank officers, and they do not
know what they do along the way. All
the people along these routes of ‘ strag-
gle’ are at their mercy, as there is no
commissariat, and they pay or not as they
please, and it is more than possible that
the native Christians in some places will
be made to suffer because of their Chris-
tianity. It is a time of uncertainty,
anxiety, of danger in some localities, and
we can only fall back on our sure Refuge,
‘ The Lord reigneth,’ ‘ In Thee is our
trust.’ We have three gunboats now —
British, French, German — and may have
two more, United States and Russian.
This is a safe place with such defence.
Very likely there may be rioting among
the Chinese, against the Viceroy himself,
many think, if the Japanese are victorious
and invade China. But we have little to
fear.”
The flood of which Mr. Stanley speaks
in the extract given below may have some-
thing to do with defending the Chinese
capital from any assault by way of the
Peiho River.
“ My helper Chang returned from the
country a few days ago. From him 1
learn that the flooding from unusually
heavy rains has been greater than for
many years, with consequent destruction
of crops and property. Our premises at
Fan T’un, near Hsien Hsien, have been
completely washed down. We thought
we were quite secure because there was
a good-sized inn west of us as a buffer on
the dangerous side ; but that is all down
as well. The water rose above the brick
foundation of the mud buildings, and
then there was no preventing the disaster.
With what the Board had granted and
some private funds, I had got things into
a very good shape for a helper to reside,
rooms for myself and daughter when in
the field, a little meeting-room and pos-
sible schoolroom. This is a real calam-
ity and shuts out a good portion of actual
work for the coming winter. I have
written the helper there to arrange for the
preservation of the material against thiev-
ing, etc., and to remove to another village
in the eastern part of the field, and at
present give his main attention to that
section. All the western half has been
flooded and for quite a while nothing can
be done there. I need $300 to $400 to
erect better buildings and to raise the
ground higher still, one foot at least, out
of danger. It certainly would have been
wise to have built better rooms at first, if
we had had the funds, but I had to do as
I could to meet our requirements, and but
for this unusually high flooding we were
all right. Now I do not know what to do
to meet our need.”
5outfj flHjtna fHission.
AFTER THE “ PLAGUE.”
Under date of August 2, Mr. Nelson
wrote from Hong Kong that the Chinese
who had fled from that city were return-
ing, and that business was reviving. Of
Canton he says : —
“ The work is being resumed on a small
scale. The ‘ plague,’ however, has not
left us. It is still bad in the western
suburbs near us. Two weeks ago Mrs.
1894.]
Nelson reopened one school with eight
girls. She went once to examine the girls
on the work of the week and found that
during the time in which the school had
been closed they had studied at home
and could repeat the three and four char-
acter classics and portions of Mark. In
fact they had already done as much as
many schools are able to do in one year.
She was also able to gather a number of
women together for a Bible talk. Every-
body was friendly to her in every way.
She came home a very happy woman and
was looking forward to a happy future
with them. The next week matters were
reversed. A message came saying that
the ‘ plague ’ had again entered the little
circle of girls and taken one. The
teacher advised Mrs. Nelson not to come
for the present.
“Lest you may be led to believe that
the ‘ plague 1 is as bad as ever, let me say
that it is so only in certain locations.
We happen to be in two of those loca-
tions. The other school has not re-
opened. The teacher was taken with
the ‘ plague 1 but was recovering and it
was thought advisable to send her away
to the country until she fully recovered.
“ The new chapel the Chinese have put
in my charge has been open for preach-
ing daily now for three weeks. The
* plague 1 left that quarter about five
weeks ago. The room is small, but many
have an opportunity to hear the gospel.
Our first chapel at Shap Yi Po has been
closed for some time. It was impossible
to carry on preaching. Deaths were very
frequent all around, and it was here our
teacher became sick.
“A week ago last Tuesday, after the
place had been renovated and put in
order, one of my preachers and I opened
it for preaching. The people came in as
before. The preacher spoke for two
hours to the people ; then I spoke for a
half-hour and after that we invited the
people to remain, to ask questions. We
were with them a full hour and the people
were very well behaved. The next day
my preacher had a high fever and it was a
full week before he recovered. Evidently
485
the place is still unsafe. This week, how-
ever, we have resumed our preaching.
“The Chinese make no attempt to
renovate the houses and the clothing of
‘ plague-stricken 1 people is pawned or
sold instead of burned and so the disease
spreads and prevails. Dr. Kerr thinks it
will revisit us next year, and next, etc.
“I am happy to say that the country
work is still being kept up with but little
resistance. Of course we are more care-
ful in our movements than usual.”
Sfjansi fflisston.
FEN-CHO-FU. — A CHRISTIAN MARRIAGE.
Mr. Davis, who has recovered from a
severe illness, writes of the excellent serv-
ices of the native helper, Mr. Tsui, who
had attended to most of the preaching
and teaching : —
“ We are very fortunate in having one so
thoroughly trained in Bible doctrine, as
Mr. Tsui is, and so ready in preaching.
Mrs. Davis1 Girls1 School has just closed
for the summer vacation. The past term
has been a great improvement on the pre-
vious one in everything which pertains to
success. The Chinesp teacher has shown
more zeal in teaching, the pupils have
learned more both in the Chinese classics
and in Christian books, the attendance
has been larger and the expense per
pupil smaller than during the previous
term. So far as we know, this is the first
school for girls in the Chinese empire in
which the pupils pay any part of the
expense of their board. So far in this
school they have paid 500 cash per month,
quite one half the cost of boarding them.
“ We have a very interesting case to
report from the work at the summer resort
last summer. Mr. Wang is a young man
twenty-seven years of age who became
interested and took down his idols and
came asking to be taught. Having had
some instruction in Chinese before coming
to us he was able to read well and his
progress was correspondingly rapid. He
soon committed the primer, catechism, and
important words of Scripture to memory.
During the summer he became engaged to
S/iansi Mission.
486
Japan Mission.
a native Christian girl, Miss Tien. Al-
though the engagement was made in the
regular Chinese fashion through the
medium of a middleman, yet the young
man, full of zeal for Western ideas, went
and saw the object of his choice and was
so pleased with her that he came to me
and requested to be married at the next
moon. To me this seemed too American
for the Americans, and so I advised delay.
To this he readily consented and he and
the girl spent the intervening ten months in
learning more of the gospel. The young
lady spent about four months in Mrs.
Davis’ school and developed rapidly.
They were married at our house with a
Christian service, using such Chinese cus-
toms as seemed to be without idolatrous
import. The bride had previously un-
bound her feet so that all the ties of hea-
thenism seem broken. Her mother-in-law
was present and took part in the ceremony,
so there would seem to be no trouble in
store for them. This is the fourth Chris-
tian wedding in our mission, and its influ-
ence will be widely felt. Mr. Wang
appears to have been quite free from the
vices of his countrymen and we think
Christianity will therefore have a better
foundation to build upon than it would
have had if he had been a gambling,
opium-smoking, drunken young man.
While the heathenism of the Chinese is
idolatrous, stupid, and above all forgets
God, yet unlike the heathenism of Philis-
tine and Jew, Greek and Roman, it is not
impure in its ritual and practice. One of
our greatest foes here is indifferentism to
any gospel or new truth. But the Lord
calleth whom he will and the Chinese
empire with its hoary fabric of pride and
exclusiveness will yet yield to the power
of Christ’s gospel.”
3apan fHtssian.
PRISON WORK IN THE HOKKAIDO.
The account given by Rev. W. W.
Curtis in the Missionary Herald for Janu-
ary last of the reform work in the prisons
of Japan has awakened much attention far
and near, and the following additional
[November,
facts received from Mr. Curtis are of much
interest : —
“The plan to establish a ‘Puritan
Colony’ in the Hokkaido of such dis- ,
charged prisoners as are ready to lead a
new life has had to be given up, the
government refusing to grant the land for
such a purpose because of the hostility of
the Hokkaido people to such a settlement
among them. The government has also
determined that henceforth convicts shall
not be released in the Hokkaido but shall
be brought down to Tokyo and discharged
there, when their time has expired. This
seems to be a wise precaution, for the
turning loose of convicts by the hundred
in such thinly settled regions might prove
very dangerous to society. Nevertheless
it is to be regretted that the plan to make
there a settlement of reformed men can-
not be carried out, since it would
undoubtedly be helpful to the cause of
reform in the prisons.
“ Since that plan could not be carried
out, it seems very providential that the fine
tract of land which it was hoped would be
occupied in this way has been taken by a
company of Christians from Kochi prov-
ince and in less than a year is in a very
prosperous condition, quite an area being
already under cultivation. The settlers,
who are Presbyterians, have adopted the
name of ‘ Pure Farm colony.’ I spent a
night there last May and was awakened
at 4.30 a.m. by the community gathering
together for morning prayers, according to
their daily custom, and this, although we
had had preaching services in the even-
ing which were kept up until after eleven
o’clock.
“ Another prison has been opened,
making the fifth for the Hokkaido. It is
located at Obihiro, in Tokachi province,
one of the largest and most fertile plains
in the Hokkaido, facing the sea toward
the southwest. When I passed through
the province last year I was told that there
were within it but three or perhaps four
Christians. It is my hope and belief that
the opening of this new prison will lead to
the evangelization of this region.
“ In visiting Kabato prison, the head-
894-]
Micronesian Mission.
487
quarters of Superintendent Oinuye, a
short time ago, I could see evident signs
of material progress within the year.
Two new wards have been built, and
among the improvements is a device by
which all of the cells can be unlocked at
once from one end of the ward, thus
affording speedy exit in case of fire or
earthquake. A new chapel has just been
completed, eighty feet by fifty-four, one
of the finest audience rooms in the land
and a beautiful building. The Abashiri
prison also has a very fine chapel erected
a year or two ago. One of the buildings
at Kabato that interested me much was
the house for storing private property of
the prisoners during their long term of
imprisonment. Blankets, clothing, books,
or whatever they have is laid away to
be returned when they are released, a
feature I think peculiar to the Hokkaido
prisons.
“ In the article on ‘Applied Christian-
ity in the Hokkaido’ I spoke of a mag-
azine published for the benefit of the
prisoners, called The Sympathy. It was
found to be contrary to law to circulate
magazines among the prisoners, so its
name was changed, or rather a periodical
took its place, called Kyokwai Sosho
(‘Collection of Instructions’). Its
monthly table of contents is both instruc-
tive and interesting. The society which
publishes this, called the ‘ Dojokai,’ that
is ‘ Sympathy Society,’ began with April
of this year the publication of a magazine
for officials called the Gokuji Sosho
(Journal of Prison Reform), which bids
fair to do much for the cause it advocates.
On the first page of its cover it has in
English the motto * The Law of Love
and Law in Love,’ and on the last page
a characteristic Japanese design, a young
urchin blowing a trumpet, such a sight as
we often see in the streets of Sendai. But
this trumpet has issuing from its mouth
‘ Reform.’
“ These two magazines are published at
Kabato. The chaplains are both editors
and publishers. They are greatly in need
of a reference library for their editorial
and their prison work. If any of the
readers of the Herald wish to contribute
to a good cause and invest a little where
it is sure to bring large returns, I can
assure them that here is a chance.
“ It may not be known that Mr.
Tomeoka, mentioned before as one of the
prime movers in this reform work, has
gone to America to make a special study
of reform methods and is now at
the reformatory at Concord, Mass. He
hopes to obtain a practical knowledge
which will enable this band of Hokkaido
workers to make great advance upon their
present attainments and to so attract
attention to the subject as to lead to the
adoption throughout the country of the
best methods. He firmly believes that
there is little hope of reforms being
thorough or lasting unless based on Chris-
tian principles. He has an editorial in the
first number of the Journal of Prison
Reform on ‘ The Need of Self-sacrifice
in Prison Work.’
“ It is somewhat remarkable that, with
the progressive spirit of the government
which has led to the sending of men
abroad to study almost every subject but
this, none has ever been sent to investi-
gate this subject of prison reform. Mr.
Tomeoka is the first to go abroad for such
a purpose, and his is a personal under-
taking. He receives no help from govern-
ment. Many officials, however, have
manifested a warm interest in his going,
his friends among the Hokkaido officials
especially. He goes full of enthusiasm
and with a genuine spirit of self-sacrifice,
ready to bear any hardships necessary to
the accomplishment of his mission. I
hope many of the readers of the Herald
may have the pleasure of a personal
acquaintance with him.”
fHtcroncstan JPUsston.
A VISIT AT BUTARITARI.
By a chance vessel letters have been
received from Butaritari, announcing the
arrival of the Morning Star at that island
on August 7. The vessel had had a
comfortable voyage thus far. Mr. Price,
who it will be remembered was formerly
488
' Micronesiati Mission.
[November,
missionary in China, now on his way to
Ruk, writes of the impressions received
while the Star was stopping at Butaritari.
First of all he speaks of the King’s
wharf : —
“ This wharf was built by the king him-
self. It extends about one-half mile into
the lagoon, is built of coral rock, and is
all together a very creditable piece of work
for a king of such a people. On shore we
found ourselves in a new world, the like
of which we had never seen. The king
was absent on business so that we did not
go to pay our respects to him, but we
passed by his palace, a neat wooden build-
ing covered with sheet iron, and also his
stables built for his American horses and
cart which he has had imported and for
which he has made a road through his
dominions fifteen miles long.
“ This king is really a remarkable man
for a Gilbert Islander. He is a devoted
and consistent Christian and is doing
what he can to give his people just and
humane laws and to elevate them to a
higher plane of life. One of his laws pro-
hibits fishing on Sunday or otherwise
violating the sacred day ; another is
against drinking the ‘ toddy 1 after it is
fermented or has an odor strong enough
to be detected on the breath, so that an
islander may be arrested if his breath
smells of liquor. Another law forbids
drinking foreign liquors. Mr. Walkup
says the king is now framing a law against
divorce. He has put away all his concu-
bines and is living with one wife and
trying to establish Christian homes. The
home life here is greatly affected by the
warm climate. It is hard to cultivate
the love of home where it is too warm
for people to come close together. The
home and patriotism are fostered in the
snow.
“We passed also a number of houses —
or low sheds covered with thatch — pre-
senting the appearance of sheep sheds.
In China everything is shut in, but here
everything is thrown open. Mats are
spread on the ground under these sheds,
and on them the people sit cross-legged,
eat, drink, sleep, and live their uneventful
lives. They do little cooking, nature re-
lieving them of the necessity by provid-
ing so much of their food ready for use.
They wear little clothing, some of them .
with only a cincture around the loins, and
some of the children run about entirely
naked. We saw two little fellows of the
king's household without a stitch of cloth-
ing on, but carefully carrying cotton um-
brellas over their heads. Here I had my
first drink of cocoanut milk, not the kind
we get from the dry cocoanut at home,
but sweet, fresh, and delicious.
“We went into the large church, or
tabernacle, capable of seating 400 or 500
people. The king's seat is on a platform
in the centre of the building, and the
worshipers sit on the floor on the mats.
Out of 1,800 people on this island 800
have been reported as members of the
church, and Mr. Walkup believes that
there are 200 who are living earnest, sin-
cere, consistent Christian lives. It is a
long step out of heathenism into the life
with Christ, but many of these people are
taking that step and witnessing to the
transforming power of the gospel of Jesus
Christ.
‘ ‘ A teacher from an adjacent island
came over to Butaritari with his Sunday-
school — about 100 men, women, and
children — and they paid a visit to the
Morning Star. They came in four
canoes and presented a picturesque ap-
pearance in their colored costumes. They
greeted us with very smiling faces and
seemed genuinely glad to see us. The
natives have kindly and pleasant faces.
Mr. Walkup says he has never had harsh
words from them. How different from
China, where we wrere so often called
‘ foreign devils' ! ”
GILBERT ISLANDS.
Letters from Mr. Walkup report that
during the five months preceding the
middle of June he had made nineteen
visits at ten different islands or fifty-six
visits at thirty-six stations. Among the
other islands visited was Bern, which is
in the southern Gilberts, where Samoan
missionaries are laboring under the care
1894.]
489
Mexican Mission. — East Central African Mission.
of the London Society. On this island
there were 360 school children, and audi-
ences consisting mostly of adults. Mr.
Walkup gives a cheering account of the
work on Tapiteuea. He speaks specially
of promising pupils on Nonouti, where the
work of four girls, from twelve to fourteen
years of age, in memorizing was wonder-
iul. On Marekei there are three schools
with over 300 scholars. From Maiana,
Tarawa, and Makin encouraging reports
are received. On Butaritari the king has
sought to maintain good order and has
restrained his people from evil practices as
far as is in his power. The seven weeks
spent at this island by Mr. Walkup have
served a good purpose.
fHciican fftisston.
A NEW OPENING.
Under date of September 3, Mr.
Wright sends word from El Paso : —
“ About the middle of August, I was
able to go on a tour to El Valle de San
Buenaventura, and was met there by a
brother who urged me to go farther with
him to receive some persons to member-
ship who have long been desiring, to enter
the church but have had no opportunity,
as no ordained minister has visited that
place. I was able to go, and found a very
promising opening for work at Cruces,
received two persons and would have re-
ceived several others but for the absence
of the head of the family. One man there
offers a very good lot for a church build-
ing, another the timber for the roof and
doors, and together they promise to make
the ‘adobes’ and put up the walls; so
we may say that, with the baptism of
the first two converts there, we have the
building of a church assured. I was often
reminded of my first visit there three
years ago, when passing one night in the
place while on a journey with a student
of this school en route to his field of
labor. We passed much of the night in
conversation with an old blind man, and
this work is a direct result of that con-
versation.
“ My trip was eighty miles by stage,
180 on horseback (three days), and 400 by
rail, including a trip to Chihuahua, where
I spent a day in conference with Mr.
Eaton in regard to the school for this
year. School will open to-morrow, with
a larger number of scholars than before
and very good prospects for the year.”
East Central African fHisston.
A LION HUNT.
Dr. Thompson wrote from Mount
Selinda, June 30: —
“ Ever since our arrival we have heard
from time to time of the depredations of
lions upon other farms in the neighbor-
hood but none visited us, so far as we
know, until May 27. Some of the ladies
had previously expressed a wish that if lions
did come they would come in the daytime
and appear on the hill which rises above
us to the south, so that a good view of
them could be had. This wish was liter-
ally gratified, for on that day three ani-
mals came out of the woods in plain sight
on the hillside. We could not have told
whether they were lions or antelopes at
that distance, but the natives all declared
them to be lions ; so the male mission-
aries, except myself, Zulu helpers, and
natives on the station, took their rifles,
shotguns, assegais, and knives, and
marched up the hill. The lions as they
saw the host advancing concealed them-
selves in the tall grass. A little dog ran
into the grass and immediately a sharp
yelp was heard, and Mr. Wilder fired a
shot in the direction from which it came.
Several more shots were fired, somewhat
at random, as a rustling was heard in the
grass ; and the party returned, the dark-
ness prohibiting further pursuit.
“The next morning the same party,
augmented by quite a number of natives
from the kraals, renewed the hunt. Hav-
ing reached the scene of action of the pre-
vious evening, an old lioness was found
dead, a rifle ball having passed through
her head. The natives tied the body to a
pole, and bore it down the hill singing a
song of triumph — * There will be meat
to-day ; there will be a bullock slaughtered
490
West Central African Mission.
[November,
to-day,1 etc., in reference to King Gun-
gunyana’s method of encouraging the
killing of lions. Thus the first lion was
killed without having done any damage.11
Subsequent to this the two remaining
lions made frequent visits, capturing some
pigs and other animals. One of these has
also been killed. Dr. Thompson reports
that the month of May closed with several
days of almost continuous rain, during
which the thermometer (Fahrenheit) did
not rise above 530. On sunny days it stood
at from 70° to 750 in the shade. Frost was
seen several times during the month, and in
one spot ice one eighth of an inch thick
was found. Cold weather has compelled
immediate attention to the building of
chimneys in the houses, one of them being
built of sun-dried brick and the other of
“wattle and daub.11
The Zulu service which has heretofore
been held in Mr. Wilder’s house has since
the coming of the cold weather been held
in a hut nearer the native kraals. So far
the attendance from the kraals has
improved since the change.
The mission are still engaged upon the
problem of securing their supplies from
the coast. Mr. Bates had gone to Beira
and had arrived on his return at the head
of river navigation, but was unable to
secure carriers from that point. The
difficulties of transportation are causing
much annoyance and expense.
512Eest (Central African iJHtsston.
THE NEW STATION.
Mr. Lee reports from Sakanjimba that
the health of all at the new station is
excellent, and that every needed want is
supplied. He says : —
“At this station all branches of work
are going steadily, harmoniously, and sat-
isfactorily forward. Our monthly health
report continues agreeably monotonous,
there having been no cases of sickness of
any kind since last writing. Mr. Wood-
side’s house is being built of adobe and
the walls are about half-finished ; a very
few weeks more will see him comfortably
settled in it. My own house will not be
built until next season. As soon as Mr.
Woodside’s house is completed we hope to
erect a schoolhouse, our present work
being much hampered by having no build-
ing in which to hold services, school, etc.
“ Boys from the neighborhood are com-
ing in goodly numbers to help in our
work, and we have several applicants for
residence on the station. I have hereto-
fore told you that it is our plan to have as
few as possible live on the station, we pre-
ferring to have them live at their own vil-
lages. Should the plan prove unfavorable
we shall have no difficulty in finding a large
number of lads who will come to live
with us.
“ Last week one of the wives of a man
who has worked steadily for me ever since
I came here committed suicide. This is
the first case of actual suicide that we
have known among this people. The
cause was jealousy of the other and
favored wife. So even these poor igno-
rant African women are capable of feeling
ill used.”
CHISAMBA.
Health at this as well as at other
stations of the mission continues good.
Mr. and Mrs. Read were expecting to
remove from Bailundu to Chisamba. At
Kamundongo Mr. Fay is busy in the erec-
tion of a schoolhouse, hoping to have
thirty or forty thousand of brick ready
this season. The brick, which are of
large size, are to cost less than $2 per
thousand. Under date of June 19, Mr.
Currie writes from Chisamba : —
“ Some of the people in this district
have just returned from the far interior,
but without gold or ivory. They went to
a district where never traders had been
before. There they bought boys for a
handful of powder, and strong slaves for
about four yards of calico. On their way
home, however, they were plundered by
the Vacibokue, and after living some days
on gruel and the larvae of caterpillars they
at length reached home with scarce enough
old rags and bits of grass cloth to cover
themselves. I took an ugly bullet out of
the shoulder of one of them the other day.
1894.]
European Turkey Mission.
491
“We expect two of our young men to
begin, next month, extra evangelistic work
among the villages. They plan to go,
three days each week, in as many different
directions and possibly for about ten
miles from the station, preaching Christ
to every group of villages on their way.
Their support has been provided for by
some friends at home ; and as soon as
they have gained a little more experience
and more substantial training we hope
they will devote their whole time to this
work.”
European GTurkeg fHtsston.
SAMOKOV AND OUT-STATIONS.
Under date of September 11, Mr.
Clarke writes : — *
“ The Girls’ Boarding School closed its
academic year June 27, the Collegiate and
Theological Institute on June 28. Six
young ladies graduated from the former
institution, and four young men from the
latter. All but one in each class were
church members, some of whom mani-
fested an aggressive character. The year’s
work shows fairly good results. The trus-
tees have voted that there be no seventh or
special theological class the coming year,
as there are but two students to join it.
One of these two is already engaged for
the year to supply the church in Bansko,
and the other is to work in the Macedo-
nian field, in or near to Strumnitsa.”
Mr. Clarke writes of the out-stations of
Samokov in which there is much encour-
agement ; of Ichteman, where there is
decided progress with good congrega-
tions ; of Mehomia, where the people
have largely increased their payment for
their pastor ; of Banya, where a little
company has grown under the care of a
model Bible-woman ; of Perdop, where
preacher Litsa and his wife are taking
good hold of the work; and of Zlatitsa,
where the friends have secured rooms for
evangelical services. He gives the follow-
ing incidents : —
“ A deacon of the Samokov church and
his wife are from Gaitaninovo, four miles
southwest of Nevrokop, and for their
sakes I visited their home with our Mace-
donian colporter and had considerable
conversation with their family friends. A
brief acquaintance some years ago with
a teacher we now met in this his native
village, gave me an introduction to some
of the leading homes and an opportunity
to speak of the claims of Jesus upon their
hearts. These visits opened the way for
a call in Nevrokop at the store of one
whom we had seen, where a Greek
teacher present at once asked : ‘ Why do
you come here to divide our nation, which
does not need you, and not go to lands
where the people are not Christians? We
know that there are errors, but education
will remove them.’
“ The admission of errors in their church
opened the way to urge upon him the facts
that men are saved as individuals, and that
we sought to lead men to forsake what was
plainly opposed to the Bible, for only so
could anyone be saved.
“By agreement we talked plainly, as
friends, and for over an hour, on some of
the most vital truths with reference to sal-
vation, surrounded by five to ten interested
listeners. One of the partners in the store
so expressed himself that others said to
him : ‘ Then you too have become a Prot-
estant.’ At the close the teacher urged
me to go home with him for further talk,
but other engagements made this impos-
sible.
“ Though there are but few evangelical
followers in the region of Nevrokop, there
has been in the last ten or twenty years a
great change in the spread of truth and
readiness to talk of it. Colportage has
been of great value in introducing the
gospel and preparing the way for the
work of the Holy Spirit.
“ The Institute as it now exists is fairly
prosperous ; is valued by many of those
not called evangelicals; has cost much
money, toil, and time for the buildings,
apparatus, and other things now in hand ;
and seems to be needed. Education in
government schools is usually, if not nearly
always, surrounded by infidel, immoral,
and, in the higher schools, licentious
influences. A priest who was here at the
492
Notes from the Wide Field.
[November,
time of the fiftieth anniversary of the issue
of the first Bulgarian paper said to his
own people that the hope of the nation
for moral training was in the evangelical
schools. Much of the above preparation
for this school will be a total loss if only
a theological training is given. Bible
study now permeates seven years of study.
This would be in a measure lost, as well as
other moral training, if students came to
us from the national institutions with
minds and hearts imbued with evil.”
Mr. Clarke reports that ecclesiastical
influences have recently secured the estab-
lishment of a school in Samokov called
evangelical but really infidel. This fact
gives emphasis to the call that is made for
a vigorous support of the mission Institute
in that city.
Notes from tjje 0Etbc JFiclti.
CHINA.
Manchuria — Murder of a Missionary. — The report of the assault made upon the
Rev. James Wylie, of the Scotch United Presbyterian Mission in Manchuria, resulting
in his death, has been received in Great Britain. Mr. Wylie was a young man about
thirty years of age, though he had been in China for six years. The murder was com-
mitted in the main street of Liaoyang and in broad daylight. It seems that he was walk-
ing toward his house when a detachment of Chinese soldiers caught sight of him and
began to jeer at him. Soon some of them assaulted him and the excited crowd threw
themselves furiously upon the defenceless man. He was beaten and cut so severely that
he died a few hours after the attack. These soldiers were of the sort described by Rev.
Mr. Stanley, of Tientsin, in his letter printed on another page, undisciplined troops
who had no knowledge of Mr. Wylie ; and their attack upon him did not spring from
any prevailing sentiment of hostility to missionaries. It was the wanton conduct of a
rollicking crowd. Mr. Wylie is spoken of as a man of great promise, an earnest and
painstaking missionary, who had contributed much valuable geographical and other
information. The following account of the Manchurian mission of the United Presby-
terian Church is given in a supplement to their Missionary Record for September:
“ In 1867 the apostolic William Burns landed at Newchang, baptized the firstfruits of
Manchuria unto Christ, and within a few months found there his honored grave. Five
years later the Rev. Dr. Ross landed in Newchang to enter into the field on whose
threshold Burns was buried. He found there one convert ; but beyond the seaport the
gospel had never been preached. Now, in the native church founded by the labors
of our missionaries in conjunction with those of the Irish Presbyterian Church, there
are considerably more than 2,000 communicants, with 500 candidates for membership.
The most striking feature of the mission in recent years has been the aggressive zeal
of the converts, the energies of the missionaries being practically absorbed in the work
of superintendence and training. The European staff of our own mission in that field
consists of five ordained missionaries, four medical missionaries, and three zenana
missionaries, one of whom holds the medical diploma. We have also five missionaries
ready to leave for Manchuria, two of whom are ordained missionaries, one medical and
two ladies. The mission centres stretch at intervals across the province to the extreme
north, and our missionaries have touched the frontiers of Russian Siberia. The
prospects of the work are in every way most hopeful.”
INDIA.
Infant Marriages. — Rev. W. Stevenson, in an article in The Missions of the
World , gives some figures drawn from The Indian Witness which show that there were
in India 17,928,640 girls between the ages of five and nine, of whom 2,201,404 are
1894.]
Notes from the Wide Field.
493
already married and 64,040 are widows. Between the ages of ten and fourteen there
were only 12,168,592, of whom 6,016,759 were married and 174,532 were widows.
These certainly are startling figures and give some hint of the misery endured. Mr.
Stevenson further says : “In spite of all exceptions among Christians, Parsis, and
other small sections of the population, half of the women in India are married before
they are fifteen, and five sixths of them just over that age, and so long as that system
continues it implies all manner of degradation, suffering, and wrong. It means that
while still a mere child, utterly ignorant of what is being done to her, the Indian girl is
forced into a contract which will bind her for life to a man whom, in the majority of
cases, she knows nothing about, who is to her a divinity while she is his slave. It
means also, in multitudes of cases, that she is subject to treatment under the sanction
of the law, which in other civilized countries the law denounces and punishes as unnat-
ural crime. It means, in multitudes of other cases, that she is doomed to childless and
perpetual widowhood, which is ordinarily regarded as a reproach and a curse, and entails
the bitterest experiences ; when to these features in the life of woman in India you add
the seclusion within the zenana, to which so many are bound, and the ignorance and
superstition which are, as yet, practically universal, we fail to see how our commisera-
tion can be either too deep or too wide. On the contrary, we hold that all who desire
the wellbeing and uplifting of India, which can only take place through the emancipation
and enlightenment of the wife and the mother, may well cultivate for their Indian sisters
the liveliest compassion, and'give it active expression in taking or sending to them that
light which has made a new world for woman in all Christian lands.”
AFRICA.
Nyasaland. — The remarkable development of this interior portion of the Great
Continent is seen in some facts given by the British Commissioner, Mr. H. H. John-
ston, who states that, three years since, the Europeans in that region numbered only
fifty-seven, with one trader and eight steamers. Now there are fourteen traders, four-
teen steamers, and over one hundred boats, and the value of the trade has increased
from $100,000 to $500,000 a year. At the earlier period 1,250 acres were under culti-
vation; now there are 7,300, chiefly for coffee. The native populations Mr. Johnston
estimates at about 2,000,000. In the western part of Nyasaland, at some distance from
the lake, is the section called Ngoniland, where the Free Church of Scotland has three
stations. One of the Scotch teachers sends the following good news: “There has
been a great change over the people lately, which we cannot but attribute to the Spirit
of the living God. They are coming to us desiring to be taught, and coming to the
services and classes in a way which would make the scoffer at missions admit that it
was beyond his ken, youths who lately went out to war sitting like little children learn-
ing the ABC, and listening most devoutly and attentively to Bible instruction. But
that is not where it is most apparent ; it is in their everyday walk and conversation.
Altogether it is most encouraging, and our hearts swell with gratitude to God who
has chosen us as upholders of his name in this land. At the same time it makes us
feel our littleness and weakness when without the power of the Holy Spirit. I, for one,
can say that I have benefited greatly by ‘ this stirring of the dry bones.1 I never before
experienced such a joy in the Holy Spirit ; I never felt so near the Lord in communion
and in sympathy with his aims. The joys and pleasures in the service of the Lord
Jesus Christ far, far outmeasure the joys that earth can give. If I had a thousand
lives, I feel I could take them and lay them at his feet and dedicate them all to his
cause.”
Among these Ngoni there seems to be a great desire to learn to read. There was a
time not long since when the young people if urged to attend school would reply :
“ Where ’s the pay?” But they have learned better; and not only the children but the
494
Notes for the Month.
[November,
fathers and mothers are catching what they call the “ inkalata,11 or book fever, and
they are coming to buy the primers and copies of the Gospels and to study the black-
board from which the alphabet is taught.
In Pondoland. — This region has recently been annexed to the Cape Colony, and
it is hoped that the change will put an end to the tyranny and bloodshed with which
the land has been cursed. Some five years ago a colony of Basutos, who had been
connected with the French mission in Basutoland, removed to Pondoland on the invita-
tion of a local chief. The French Missionary Society asked the Scotch United Presby-
terian missionaries who were in Pondoland to take the oversight of this colony, which
had for its head a chieftain named Tsita. He had chosen for the site of his village the
crest of a rocky hill, at the base of which was a stream. On the flat summit the huts
were clustered around a stone-built cattle kraal. The account given by Mr. Hunter, of
the United Presbyterian mission, of the first communion of this people in their new
home is quite impressive. Over 400 people were present and no hut was large enough
to hold the congregation. A number of candidates came forward under the open sky
to receive baptism. At the distribution of the elements, during the communion
service, many of the company of Christians were affected to tears. The Pondos who
were present heard for the first time the message of the gospel.
Commercial Prosperity. — It appears that the Germans in East Africa are finding
their plantations successful and that they are enabled hot only to raise coffee and
cotton, but that the results are quite remunerative. They are planning to increase
their plant and expect to secure products which will materially add to the profits.
We trust that their treatment of the natives will not be such as to inspire hatred
of foreigners.
$otes for tfje JRontl).
Special Topic for Prayer.
For the new year of the American Board : for its officers, that they may receive wisdom from
above for the guidance of its affairs : for the missionaries on the field, that they may be
protected from dangers and prospered in their work : for the native churches with their
pastors : and for the churches at home, that they may enter into this work with a fuller
realization of the privileges and obligations which are theirs as followers of Him who gave
himself for the redemption of the world.
Departures.
September 8. From Boston, Rev. Edward P. Holton and wife, for the Madura Mission.
September 26. From New York, Miss Mary L. Daniels, returning to the Eastern Turkey
Mission; Rev. Egbert S. Ellis and Miss Johanna L. Graf, to join the Eastern Turkey
Mission, and Miss Agnes E. Swenson, to join the Central Turkey Mission.
October 13. From New York, Rev. J. H. House, D.D., and wife, and Rev. Lewis Bond and
wife, returning to the European Turkey Mission; also, Miss Cora A. Nason, to join the
Western Turkey Mission.
October 15. From Vancouver, Rev. David S. Herrick and wife, on their way to the Madura
Mission.
Ordination.
September 25. In the Eliot Church, Newton, Mass., Mr. David S. Herrick, son of the late
Rev. James Herrick, of the Madura Mission.
Marriage.
September 26. At Winchester, Mass., by the Rev. James G. Vose, D.D., and the Rev. George
H. Gutterson, Rev. David S. Herrick to Miss Dency T. M. Root, of the Madura Mission.
495
!894>] For the Monthly Concert. — Donations.
Arrivals at Station.
A dispatch by cable, received October 6, announced the safe arrival at Van, Eastern Turkey,
of Dr. and Mrs. Raynolds and Miss E. S. Huntington.
jfor the fttontfjlg Concert.
[Topics based on information given in this number of the Herald .]
1. Items from West Central Africa. (See page 490.)
2. What the American Board has accomplished in Turkey. (See page 479.)
3. Samokov and its out-stations in European Turkey. (See page 491.)
4. A Christian marriage in China, (See page 485.)
5. The war and flood in China. (See pages 483 and 451.)
6. Prison work in the Hokkaido, Japan. (See page 486.)
7. Butaritari and its king. (See page 487.)
8. Reports from the meeting of the American Board. (See pages 445,446, and 452-483.)
Sonattons Iftecetbeb in September.
MAINE.
Augusta, James W. Bradbury,
Brewer, First Cong. ch. and so.
Bucksport, Elm-st. Cong. ch. and so.
Buxton, Cong. ch. and so.
Dennysville, Cong. ch. and so.
Norway, 2d Cong. ch. and so.
Portland, West Cong. ch. and so.
Robbinston, Cong. ch. and so.
So. Paris, 1st Cong. ch. and so.
100 00
12 25
5° 24
10 00
24 08
5 00
24 00
10 00
4 42 239 99
Legacies. — Westbrook, Nathaniel H.
Johnson, by Lewis R. Johnson,
Ex'r, bal. (prev. rec’d, 404.17), 434 51
674 50
NEW HAMPSHIRE.
Acworth, Cong. ch. and so. 5 00
Amherst, Rev. A. J. McGown, 10 00
Dover, A friend, by A. B. Brown, 2 00
Goffstown, A friend, 5 00
Hanover, Cong. ch. at Dartmouth
College, 100 00
Hinsdale, Cong. ch. and so. 2 94
Keene, 1st Cong ch. and so. 6 00
Manchester, J. W. Johnston, add’l, 100 00
Portsmouth, Hattie Lewis, for India, 40 00
Raymond, Cong, ch., 9; Mrs. J. T.
Dudley, 4, 13 00 — 283 94
VERMONT.
Brattleboro, Centre Cong. ch. and so.,
m. c.
Castleton, Cong. ch. and so.
Danville, Rev. S. Knowlton,
Essex Centre, Cong. ch. and so.
Georgia, Cong. ch. and so.
Glover, 1 st Cong. ch. and so.
Holland, Cong. ch. and so.
Jeffersonville, 2d Cong. ch. of Cam-
bridge,
Ludlow, Cong. ch. and so.
Mclndoes Falls, Cong. ch. and so.
Newbury, 1st Cong. ch. and so.
Newfane, Fayetteville Cong. ch. and
so.
No. Craftsbury, Cong. ch. and so.
Randolph, Cong. ch. and so.
Rupert, Cong. ch. and so.
St. Johnsbury Centre, Cong. ch. and
so., add’l,
Shoreham, Isabella G. Birchard,
W. Brattleboro, Cong. ch. and so.
, A friend.
42 51
27 55
25 00
ix 85
10 25
9 85
7 00
10 00
10 00
10 00
37 66
17 14
5 00
17 70
25 00
1 00
5 00
32 69
40 00 345 20
Legacies. — Essex, Nathan Lathrop,
by A. A. Slater, Adm’r, add’l,
10 00
MASSACHUSETTS.
Amesbury, Union Cong. ch. and so. 5 50
Amherst, Church of Christ in Am-
herst College, 220 51
Andover, Mrs. A M. Whittemore, 2 00
Ashby, Cong. ch. and so. 5 14
Auburndale, A mite, 5 00
Billerica, Cong. ch. and so. 6 00
Boston, A friend, 175; Sarah L. Day,
15, 190 00
Braintree, 1st Cong. ch. and so. 8 42
Cambridge, Friends, Shepard Me-
morial ch. 12 20
Canton, Abner Morse, 30 00
Chesterfield, Cong. ch. and so. 23 00
Conway, Cong. ch. and so. 26 51
Dedham, Rev. W. F. Bickford, 5 00
Dudley, 1st Cong. ch. and so. 12 20
E. Bridgewater, Union Cong, ch.,
Extra-cent-a-day Band, 3 57
Fall River, Fowler ch. 1 00
Fairhaven, Cong. ch. and so. 42 00
Gardner, Mrs. J. C. Bryant, 5 00
Globe Village, Free Evan. ch. 20 00
Goshen, Rev. Solomon Clark, 10 00
Greenfield, Mrs. Mary K. Tyler, 15 00
Haverhill, Union Cong. ch. and so., of
which 5 for India and 5 for Japan,
10; Mrs. Mary L. Clarke, 2, 12 00
Lee, Friendly, 2 00
Leverett, 1st Cong. ch. and so. 21 30
Lexington, C. H. 20 00
Lincoln, Cong. ch. and so. 53 50
Melrose, Ortho. Cong. ch. and so.,
m. c. 2 00
Methuen, First Parish ch. and so. 4 00
Middlefield, Margaret Smith, 07
Middleborough, Central Cong. ch. and
so. 11 00
Middleton, Cong. ch. and so. 2 60
Millbury, 2d Cong. ch. and so., 55.65;
C. E. Hunt, 16.67, 72 32
New Bedford, Trinitarian ch. and so. 59 94
Newburyport, Prospect-st. ch. and so. 50 00
Newton, Eliot ch. and so. 210 00
Newton Centre, 1st Church and soc.,
125 40; A. McKenzie, for missions
in India, 25; S. F. Wilkins, 24, 174 40
No. Andover, Cong. ch. and so. 50 00
No. Brookfield, 1st Cong. ch. and so. 29 02
Nortnfield, A friend in Cong, ch., 25;
A little girl, 15c. 25 15
No. Weymouth, 1st Cong. ch. and so. 61 63
Oakham, Cong, ch., Miss Etta Bullard, 25 00
355 20
496
Donations.
[November,
Quincy, Cong. ch. and so., m. c. n 50
Reading, Cong. ch. and so., 10; J. B.
Lewis, 3d, 15, 25 00
Revere, 1st Cong. ch. and so. 11 54
Salem, A friend, 8 00
So. Framingham, Grace Cong. ch. and
so. 25 19
So. Hadley, 1st Cong. ch. and so. 16 00
So. Walpole, Geo. F. Wright, 2 00
Sterling, Cong. ch. and so. 20 00
Sutton, Cong. ch. and so. 14 80
Tewksbury, Cong. Sab. sch., for dis-
tributing Bibles, 8 98
Townsend, Cong. ch. and so. 12 11
Webster, 1st Cong. ch. and so. 50 co
Westborough, Cong. ch. and so. 72 64
Westfield, H. Holland, 4 00
Williamstown, 1st Cong. ch. and so. 89 75
Worcester, Union ch. (of which 8.78,
from Cent-a-day Band), 103.08;
Piedmont ch., 51.25; Salem-st. ch.,
Woman’s Guild, 5, 159 33
Wrentham, 1st Cong. ch. and so. 20 00
2,084 82
Less returned to Baptist ch., Cam-
bridge, 11 50-2,073 32
RHODE ISLAND.
East Greenwich, James C. Roomian, 2 00
Tiverton Four Corners, Cong. ch.
and so. 35 00 37 00
CONNECTICUT.
Black Rock, Cong. ch. and so. 72 00
Bloomfield, Cong. ch. and so. 6 00
Gilead, Y. P. S. C E. 3 12
Hanover, Cong. ch. and so. 20 00
Naugatuck, A friend, 5 00
New Britain, South Cong. ch. and so. 193 28
New Haven, Church of the Redeemer,
50; D wight-place ch , A friend,
i5*75> 65 75
New London, 1st ch. of Christ, m. c. 13 91
Putnam, 2d Cong. ch. and so. 32 40
Somersville, Cong. ch. and so. 15 32
Stafford Springs, Cong. ch. and so. 11 81
Terryville, H. B. G. and B. E. C., for
two native preachers, Madura, 80;
Two friends, for Bible reader in
India, 40, 120 00
Wauregan, Cong. ch. and so. 12 00
Westchester, Cong. ch. and so 2 50
Winchester, Cong. ch. and so. 36 67
Union, Cong. ch. and so , toward
salary of Rev. H. M. Lawson, 15 77
, A friend, 200 00
, A friend, 35 00 — 860 53
Legacies. — Cornwall, Silas C. Beers;
John C. Calhoun and Geo. C.
Harrison, Ex’s, 3,737 5°
Madison, William H. Dowd, by John
N. Chittenden, Ex’r, 3,200 00
W. Hartford, Nancy S. Gaylord, 2,250 00—9,187 50
10,048 03
NEW YORK.
Albany, Mrs. George C Treadwell, 100 00
Angola, Miss A. H. Ames, for Japan-
ese student, 5 00
Brooklyn, Puritan ch. 185 20
Carthage, First Cong. ch. 17 00
Durham, Mrs. A. M. Hull, 4 00
E. Ashford, Rev. A. B. Sherk, 10 co
Greene, Cong. ch. 32 90
Jamestown, Miss Marcia B. Fuller, 5 00
New York, Pilgrim Cong. Y. P. S.
C. E. , for native preacher, No.
China.- 25, and for do. Madura, 20;
Rev. Benj. Labaree, d.d., 25; T.
M. Prescott, 10.82, 80 82
Norwich, Cong, ch , for Scudder memo.
Fund, 40 00
Oswego, Cong. ch. 10 00
Sherburne, A friend, 30 00
West Bloomfield, Cong. ch. 32 75-
-552 67
Legacies. — Batavia, Phineas L.
Tracy, by John F. Lay, Trustee,
add’l, 140 00
Belmont, Lewis A. Hickok, by W.
Sanford and Mrs. M. S. Hart,
Ex’s, 8,472.15, less conditional
bequests (6,000), legacy tax and
expenses.
2,000 00—2,140 00
2,692 67
25 00
23 65 48 65
4 00
50-
NEW JERSEY.
Summit, M. N. E.
PENNSYLVANIA.
Canton, H. Sheldon,
Pittsburgh, 1st Cong. ch.
FLORIDA.
De Land, Alfred Howard,
Inter Lachen, Mrs. F. R. Haskins, 50 4 50
ARKANSAS.
Ft. Smith, Mrs. C. A. Denton, 1 00
INDIANA.
Orland, Cong. ch. 9 50
, A friend of missions, “ for the
work of medical missions in India,
China, and Turkey,” 465 20 — 474 70
MISSOURI.
Appleton City, Mrs. Addie Haynes, 2 00
Bonne Terre, Cong. ch. 11 00 13 00
OHIO.
Austinburg, Cong. ch.
Claridon, Cong. ch.
Cleveland, Park Cong, ch., toward
support Rev. J. P. Jones,
Cora, John R. Jones,
Cuyahoga Falls, rst Cong. ch.
Dover, Cong. ch.
Jefferson, Cong. ch.
No. Amherst, Cong, ch., toward sup-
port Rev. J. P. Jones,
Oberlin, 1st Cong. ch.
Thomastown, Miss Rachel Davies,
, La. Mis. Soc. of Puritan Con-
ference,
ILLINOIS.
Aurora, New England Cong. ch.
Bunker Hill, Cong. ch.
Chicago, Union Park Cong, ch., m. c.,
7.46; Douglas Park Cong, ch., 5;
Olivet Cong, ch., 2.05,
Cobden, Cong. ch.
Ivanhoe, Cong. ch.
Princeton, 1st Cong. ch.
Ridgeland, Cong. ch.
Thomasboro, H. M. Seymour,
Wheaton, 1 st Cong. ch.,J. B. Cham-
plain, 5; do., Harry Scott, 1,
Woodburn, Cong, ch., A. L. Sturges,
MICHIGAN.
Almont, Cong. ch.
Calumet, Cong ch.
Corinth, 1st Cong. ch.
Detroit, Brewster Cong. ch.
Dorr, 1st Cong. ch.
Lowell, 1st Cong. ch.
Morenci, Cong. ch.
WISCONSIN.
Antigo, Cong. ch.
Appleton, In memory of J. D. W.
Ashland, 1st Cong. ch.
Beloit, 1st Cong. ch.
Janesville, 1st Cong. ch.
Menasha, Cong. ch.
Milton, James McEwan, 5; Rev.
William Walker, 4; Mrs. Alexander
Paul, r.
15 00
11 50
15 00
5 00
« 45
27 87
6 30
22 00
55 80
6 00
35 00
46 00
14 51
5 00
11 75
26 75
27 51
7 00
6 00
15 71
59 07
1 00
35 00
4 00
5 00
10 72-
10 00
5 00
10 00
20 86
60 00
20 00
[89 52
1894.]
Donations.
49 7
Neptune, Cong. ch.
Sun Prairie, Cong. ch.
Whitewater, Cong. ch.
IOWA.
Ames, Cong. ch.
Belle Plaine, Cong. ch.
Cherokee, Cong. ch.
Council Bluffs, Nathan P. Dodge,
Des Moines, Pilgrim Cong. ch.
Earlville, Cong. ch.
Eldon, Cong. ch.
Fairfax, Rev. L. W. Brintnall,
Galt, Cong. ch.
Lincoln, Cong. ch.
Magnolia, Cong. ch.
Nashua, Cong, ch,
Onawa, 1st Cong. ch.
Osceola, Jennie M. Baird, of which 5
to Ceylon and 5 to Mexico,
MINNESOTA.
Hancock, Cong. ch.
, A friend of missions,
KANSAS.
Alton, Cong. ch.
Dunlap, Rev. George P. Claflin,
Neosho Falls, Rev. S. B. Dyckman,
Wabaunsee, 1st ch. of Christ,
NEBRASKA.
Burwell, Cong. ch.
Hastings, 1st Cong. ch.
Hay Springs, Dr. J. M. Waterman,
Lincoln, 1st Cong. ch.
Princeton, German Cong. ch.
CALIFORNIA.
Berkeley, 1st Cong. ch.
Corralitos, Class of ’93, Pacific Theol.
Seminary, for Chinese student,
Tung-cho,
Grass Valley, Cong. ch.
Pasadena, 1st Cong, ch., 34.40; Dr.
Wm. Converse, sale of lot, 300, less
exp. 284.50,
Pomona, Pilgrim Cong. ch.
San Bernardino, Elihu Smith,
San Francisco, 4th Cong. ch.
Soquel, Cong. ch. and Y. P. S. C. E.,
for native preacher in India,
Westminster, Cong. ch.
Ventura, 1st Cong. ch.
2 00
20 00
16 57 174 43
40 62
8 17
28 00
100 00
7 50
12 00
15 i5
2 00
1 42
7 00
5 75
25
9 26
10
1 62
1 90
1 00
2 00
5 00-
65
11 15
, 2S
6 50
4 00-
71 80
5 00
318 90
56 65
10 00
13 65
12 50
6 70
22 70-
-26 62
55
-537 9°
OREGON.
Astoria, 1st Cong. ch. 15 00
WASHINGTON.
Bay Centre, A friend of the cause, 2 00
ARIZONA.
, A friend, 100 00
DOMINION OF CANADA.
Province of Quebec.
Sawyerville, Sarah Cairns, 550 00
FOREIGN LANDS AND MISSIONARY
STATIONS.
Hawaiian Islands. Kohala, A friend, 500 00
Turkey, Midyat, Women’s Society,
for work in Africa, 2 20 502 20
MISSION WORK FOR WOMEN.
From Woman’s Board of Missions.
Miss Ellen Carruth, Boston, Treasurer.
For bal. of outfit of Miss Page, 50 00
From Woman’s Board of Missions of the
Interior.
Mrs. J. B. Leake, Chicago, Illinois,
Treasurer. 2,500 00
MISSION SCHOOL ENTERPRISE.
Maine. — Carritunk, Cong. Sab. sch.. Band
of Hope,
Vermont. — Olcott, Y. P. S. C. E.
Massachusetts. — Auburn, Y. P. S. C. E.,
2; Boston, Allston Cong. Sab. sch., 4.75;
Medford, Mystic Cong. Sab. sch., 50;
Whitinsville, Cong. Sab. sch., 100; Worces-
ter, Y. P. S. C. E. of Immanuel ch., for
student, So. Africa, 10,
Connecticut. — Bridgeport, 2d Cong. Sab.
sch., 25; Danbury, Y. P. S. C. E. of 1st
Cong, ch., toward support of student in
Japan, 10; Hanover, Y. P. S. C. E., for
student at Samokov, 25; Marlborough, Y.
P. S. C. E.,6.25; Norwich, Junior C. E. S.,
3.08,
New York. — Jamestown, Cong. Sab. sch.,
9.05; Sherburne, 1st Cong. Sab. sch., 24.08,
Kentucky. — Dayton, Sab. sch. of Presb. ch.
Ohio. — Madison, Y. P. S. C. E. of Centre
Cong, ch., for student at Madura,
Illinois. — Aurora, Y. P. S. C. E. of 1st
Cong, ch., 8.10; Ivanhoe, Y. P. S. C. E.,
10.01; Ridgeland, Cong. Sab. sch., 15.86;
Wheaton, Y. P. S. C. E. of 1st Cong, ch.,
for Mexico, 7.66,
Michigan. — Detroit, Canfield-ave. Y. P. S.
C. E.
Wisconsin. — New Richmond, Y. P. S. C. E.
of 1st Cong, ch., 5; Spring Green, Cong.
Sab. sch.. Miss Leeson’s class, 2,
Iowa. — Ames, Junior Y. P. S. C. E., 10;
Magnolia, Cong. Sab. sch., 3; Percival, Y.
P. S. C. E., 1.62,
Minnesota. — Anoka, Junior C. E. S., 75c.;
Rochester, Y. P. S. C. E., 5,
California. — Pomona, Y. P. S. C. E.
Washington. — Tekoa, Y. P. S. C. E.
CHILDREN’S "MORNING STAR'
Massachusetts. — Newton Centre, Y. P. S.
C. E., 1; Northfield, A little boy, for the
Morning Star, 3c.
Connecticut. — W. Cornwall, Junior C. E. S.
California. — San Francisco, Rev. Horace
W. Houlding and wife, for Micronesian
Mission,
5 00
9 35
166 75
69 33
33 13
2 00
41 63
4 00
14 62
5 75
15 00
5 20
388 76
MISSION.
1 03
1 00
15 00
17 °3
FOR SUPPORT OF YOUNG MISSIONARIES.
Illinois. — Mgywood, Y. P. S. C. E., 15;
Odell, do., 12.50,
Wisconsin. — Union Grove, Y. P. S. C. E.
Iowa. — Des Moines, Y. P. S. C. E. of Ply-
mouth Cong, ch., 40; Miles, Y. P. S. C. E.,
6.25,
Kansas. — Newton, Y. P. S. C. E. of 1st
Cong, ch., 5; Partridge, Y. P. S. C. E., on
salary Rev. F. E. Jeffery, 12.50,
27 50
7 76
46 25
CONTRIBUTIONS FOR THE DEBT.
Maine. — Calais, Friends, Extra-cent-a-Day,
by Annie C. Collins, 3 00
New Hampshire. — Exeter, 2d ch., 5 ; Han-
over, Rev. S. C. Bartlett, d.d., 10, 15 00
Massachusetts. — Boston, Shawmut ch., 50;
Granville Centre, Dea. B. C. Dickinson, 5;
Lincoln, A friend, 1; Newton Centre, 1st
ch., 10; So. Framingham, Grace Cong, ch.,
500; Westborough, J. M. Bullard, 1 ; Whit-
man, N. Noyes, 1 ; , Cash, 10, 578 00
Rhode Island. — Newport, A friend, 5 00
New York. — Pilgrim ch., H. N. Lockwood,
50; do., James Allen, m.d., 2; do., J. W.
Allen, 2, 54 00
498
Donations.
[November, 1894.
New Jersey. — Summit, “ Subscriber,” 10 00
Illinois. — Chicago, W. B. Jacobs, 50 00
Wisconsin.— Lake Geneva, T. F. Tolman,
5 ; Milwuakee, Gertrude E. Loomis, 50, 55 00
Utah. — Provo, Rev. Samuel Rose, 5 00
Hawaiian Islands. — Honolulu, Lima
Kokua So.
India, — Pasumalai, Church collection,
10 00
2 60
787 60
ADDITIONAL DONATIONS FOR SPECIAL OBJECTS.
Maine. — Bangor, Junior C. E. S. of Ham-
mond-st. ch., for pupil, care Mrs. H. M.
Allen, ± 00
Vermont. — E. Berkshire, Y. P. S. C. E.,
for pupil in High School, Erzroom, 15;
Georgia, Cong. ch. and Sab. sch., for work
of Rev. A. W. Clark, 21.75; No. Troy,
Mrs. D. W. Kelley, for work of Miss M. J.
Gleason, 3.25, 40 00
Massachusetts. — Boston, Mt. Vernon Chi-
nese Sunday-school, add’l for native helper,
care Rev. C. A. Nelson, 2; Charlemont,
Y. P. S. C. E., for pupil, Kalgan, 6.25;
Danvers, A friend, for work of Rev. E. P.
Holton, 5; Newton Centre, S. F. Wilkins,
for Rev. J. L. Fowle, for amanuensis, 10;
Somerville, Y. P. S. C. E. of Prospect
Hill ch., for school, care Miss Ella Sam-
son, 10; Springfield, A friend, for the Exi-
gency in India, 50; Sunderland, Cong.
Sab. sch., for memorial bed in dormitory
of Yozgat High school, 25; Warwick,
Y. P. S. C. E. and friends, for mule for
missionary cart, Taiku, 25; do., Mrs. M. G.
Goldsbury, for hospital, care of Dr. Wil-
liam L. Hall, 5, 138 25
Connecticut. — Gilead, Y. P. S. C. E., for
work, care Rev. H. G. Bissell, 5; Hamp-
ton, A friend, for Exigency in India, 25;
Hartford, 1st Cong, ch., for salary Rev.
S. V. Karmarkar, 262.40; Pomfret, A
friend, for Exigency in India, 25, 317 40
New York. — Bay Shore, Junior C. E. S.,
for educa. boy, care Dr. C. P. W. Merritt,
20; Clifton Springs, Dr. and Mrs C. C.
Thayer, for village preacher, care of Rev.
J. C. Perkins, Madura, 100; Gaines, “A
Tenth,” for the Exigency in India, 20;
Pawling, Quaker Hill Union Bible School
and Endeavor Soc., for native preacher,
care Rev. J. L. Fowle, 50; Wellsville,
Y. P. S. C. E., for Deccan Industrial
School, 12, 202 00
New Jersey. — Camden, “ H.,” for pupil at
Palani, 15 00
Pennsylvania. — Philadelphia, E. Tamino-
sian, for work in Antioch, 40 00
Ohio. — Gomer, Y. P. S. C. E., for work of
Rev. Mark Williams, 10; So. New Lyme,
New Lyme Institute, for Hiuga Library, 5, 15 00
Illinois. — Chicago, Paul, Walter, and
James Phillips, for the work of Mrs. Ma,
care of the Misses Wyckoff, 2 00
Iowa. — Le Grand, A friend, for native
preacher, Kalgan, 50; Osceola, Jennie M.
Baird, for Exigency in India, 2, 52 00
Minnesota. — Minneapolis, Plymouth ch.,
Miss Lucy D. Lyman, for Exigency in
India, 25 00
California. — Oakland, 1st Cong Sab. sch.,
for Aintab College, 10; San Rafael, 1st
Cong, ch.. Rev. W. P. Hardy, for support
of B. James, Madura, 26, 36 00
Arizona. — Nogales, Rev. J. H. Heald, for
Exigency in India, 2 00
Turkey. — Alacham, Nichola Kouzoujak
Oghlon, for work among the heathen in
India, 44 00
MISSION WORK FOR WOMEN.
From Woman’s Board of Missions.
Miss Ellen Carruth, Boston, Treasurer.
For Mrs. Tsi Tsuda, 55 00
For vacation expenses Miss M. S.
Morrill, 25 00
For support Esther Barutjian, 32 00
For support Asme, 27 22
For Mrs. John S. Chandler, for Mo-
hammedan girls’ school. 10 00
For scholarship in girls’ school, Foo-
chow, 15 00
For Bombay, of which 234. for day
school, 1 16 for girls’ boarding school
(Bowker Hall), and 50 for Hindu
girls' school at Parel, 400 00 — 564 22
From Woman’s Board of Missions of the
Interior.
Mrs. J. B. Leake, Chicago, Illinois,
Treasurer.
For Mrs. E. S. Hume, for “ poor
little girls in Bombay,” 4 40
For scholarships in Anatolia College, 42 00
For pupil, care Rev. J. P. Jones, 15 00
For Miss E. M. Chambers’ school, 5 00
For work of Rev. Geo. E. White,
Marsovan, 10 00
For Marash piano, 6 00
For health trip Miss A. L. Howe, 35 00
For extra freight on carriage for Miss
E. M. Swift, 7 60
For Beggars’ school, Aintab, 25 50 150 50
FOR NORTH CHINA COLLEGE, TUNG-CHO.
Maine. — New Gloucester, Mrs. H. G.
Mank, 3 00
New Hampshire. — Alstead, Cong, ch., 5;
do., Cong. Sab. sch., 70c.; E. Alstead,
Cong. Sab. sch., 2.50; Keene, 1st Cong.
Sab. sch., 5; do., 2d Cong. Sab. sch.,
10.50; Rindge, Cong. Sab. sch., 5; Swan-
zey, Cong. Sab. sch., 4.80; Walpole, Cong.
Sab. sch. 5; Winchester, Cong. Sab. sch.,
2; .Cheshire Conference, Individuals,
4.50, 45 00
Massachusetts. — Newton Centre, Junior
C. E. S., 1; West Boylston, Cong. Sab.
sch., 5.50; Wrentham, Cong. Sab. sch.,
20c. 6 70
Connecticut. — Danielsonville, Mrs. C. A.
Perkins, 15; Trumbull, Cong, ch., 18, 33 00
New York. — Aquebogue, Cong. Sab. sch.,
14; Buffalo, Y. P. S. C. E., People’s ch.,
12; Patchogue, Y. P. S. C. E., 8.25; West
Groton, Cong. Sab. sch., 6.38, 40 63
Pennsylvania. — Johnstown, 1st Cong. Sab.
sch. 4 40
Ohio. — Huntsburg, Cong. Sab. sch. 10 00
From Woman’s Board of Missions of the
Interior.
Mrs. J. B. Leake, Chicago, Illinois,
Treasurer. 55 00
*97 73
Previously received and acknowledged
since September 1, 1893, 4,510 58
Received in September, as above, 197 73
Total receipts for the college.
Donations received in September,
Legacies received in September,
4,708 31
1,845 10
13,317 66
11,772 01
25,089 67
For Young People.
WAR IN JAPAN.
BY REV. J. H. DE FOREST, D.D., OF KYOTO.
Boys take naturally to drums, trumpets, muskets, and whatever goes to make
up a semblance of war. The charm of history with most young minds lies in
the stories of brave men who have won the battles that have decided the destiny
of a nation. Led on by this love of war stories, young folks go on until they
can see the causes of war and learn how by means of bloody battles liberty and
justice have advanced in all the world.
Around the castles of old Japan some thirty years ago many frightful battles
were fought. At the battle of Wakamatsu, a dozen boys about fifteen years of
age banded together and got away to the battlefield before their distracted
mothers could prevent them. The battle was lost and the castle was fired.
Seeing this, those brave boys, with the old Samurai spirit in them, could not
survive defeat. They might have lived as pardoned traitors, but they prepared
500 War in Japan. [November,
to die. They all committed harakiri on the mountain side overlooking the
castle. I have often seen the monument erected to their memory.
There is another story connected with this battle of Wakamatsu. One even-
ing I had the pleasure of entertaining three prominent Japanese gentlemen at
my house. While at dinner, I noticed that one of them had a deformed hand,
A JAPANESE WARRIOR. OLD STYLE.
and I ventured in a delicate manner to ask by what misfortune he had lost his
fingers. “ I was in the battle of Wakamatsu,” said he, “ and was badly shot
through my hand and completely disabled. A young woman who was in the
battle saw my plight and dressed my wounds as well as she could. That woman
afterwards became the wife of Joseph Hardy Neesima.” Thus I learned how the
women too used to take their long spears and go into battle with the men or
hold themselves ready to defend the rear from attacks.
894.]
War in Japan.
501
The picture before you shows the old style of Japanese warrior in his armor.
The sword used to be called “ the soul of the Samurai.” There have been in
past ages many noble Samurai who drew their swords for the right, and whose
warrior-lives promoted honor and justice and loyalty all through Japan. Some
of these “righteous warriors” would consecrate their lives and everything to
the one purpose of killing an enemy whose acts had brought shame on the name
of Samurai. Here is the prayer of Miyamoto Musashi, one of the sincere
fighters whose biography is read with intense delight by the youths of Japan.
Just think of a man praying thus : —
“ O thou all-powerful Tenjin, with profound reverence I approach thee. I am
a fencer. Day by day have I persevered in the study of my art. But there
exists a man whose skill in swordsmanship is superior to mine. Him I cannot
defeat. Nevertheless, being a slayer of my adopted father, he is my mortal foe.
I beseech thee, O God, to strengthen and teach me, and to enable me to over-
come my foe.”
This Samurai spirit did not belong exclusively to the warrior class, but pervaded
all classes, even the lowest, with a profound feeling of loyalty and obedience.
On the last page is shown a theatre filled with people waiting for the curtain to
rise. “The theatre, in spite of its bad tendencies, has had an immense influence
for good on the character of the lower classes,” said a lawyer once to me ; “for
the plays are mainly stories of men and women who laid down their lives for the
sake of the two great principles that underlie all Japanese society, loyalty and
obedience.” It was only three or four years ago that the Czarowitch of Russia,
while traveling through Japan, was wounded by the sword of a half- insane
policeman, and this act came, near involving Japan in war with her powerful
neighbor. Even the emperor showed his anxiety over the unfortunate event.
A poor ignorant peasant girl, on hearing of the emperor’s anxiety, walked to
Kyoto to the gate of the palace and committed harakin there in the night to
show, by her willing death, her sympathy with and loyalty to her emperor.
A great war has broken out between Japan and great China, and all Japan is
fired with the old Samurai spirit. Japan’s army has gone to Korea and is win-
ning splendid victories on land and sea for the very things all Americans prize —
independence and progress in Korea. Every Japanese wants to go and help in
this “Righteous War,” as they call it. The Christians are not a whit behind
Buddhists or Confucianists in their zeal to do all they can for New Japan in her
first great crisis with an outside foe. They are sending here and there their ablest
speakers, including pastors and presidents of schools, to use their eloquence in
stirring up the deepest interest in the war. Many churches meet about daylight to
pray for speedy and final victory. A letter just received tells how Mrs. Neesima
has not lost her old spirit at all, but has gone to the front as superintendent of
nurses, and how ten of the Christian nurses who were trained in the Doshisha
Nurses’ School offered their services. Four of them were accepted and sent to
the now renowned city, Hiroshima — renowned because the wounded are gathered
there from Korea, and because the emperor himself has gone there to show his
sympathy with the sufferers and to give the inspiration of his presence to his
brave army just across the waters in Korea.
What good can this war bring? We are sure it will bring much of misery and
502
War in Japan.
[November, 1894.
pain and death to thousands upon thousands of Japanese, Koreans, and Chinese.
But as wars have in all ages been the means of increasing liberty and justice
and of arousing nations to reformation, so now there will be blessings coming
out of the war in the East. China will be awakened to see the advantages of
modern knowledge and progress. Korea will be redeemed from the oppressions
that have been worse than slavery. And there are many who believe that, under
the blessing of God, a new spiritual awakening will come to Japan from this war.
A JAPANESE THEATRE.
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