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The Missionary
Review of the World

Vol. XL. Old Series

Vol. XXX. New Series

Founded in 1878 by
REV. ROYAL G. WILDER, D.D.

Editor-in-Chief, 1888 to 1911
REV. ARTHUR T. PIERSON, D.D.

JANUARY TO DECEMBER, 1917

EDITOR
DELAVAN L. PIERSON

EDITORIAL ASSOCIATES

^ "IN 3 191ft

Rev. S. B. Rohold, F.R.G.S.
Statistics and Foreign Exchanges

Mrs. Wm. H. Farmer
Woman's Foreign Mission Bulletin

Mrs.

Belle M. Brain
Best Methods Department
Miss Vermilye and Mrs. Rossman
Woman's Home Mission Bulletin
F. M. Gilbert,

News from Exchanges

EDITORIAL COUNCIL

Rev. Lemuel Call Barnes, D.D.

Rev. Wm. I. Chamberlain, Ph.D.

W. T. Demarest

W. E. Doughty

Rev. W. H. Griffith Thomas

Harry Wade Hicks

Rev. S. G. Inman

Rev. George Heber Jones, D.D.

J. Ernest McAfee

Mrs. Helen Barrett Montgomery
Mrs. Philip M. Rossman
Rev. Egbert W. Smith, D.D.
Rev. H. F. Swartz, D.D.
Rev. F. C. Stephenson, M.D.
F. P. Turner
Miss Elizabeth Vermilye
Rev. Stanley White, D.D.
John W. Wood, LL.D.

Published by the
MISSIONARY REVIEW PUBLISHING COMPANY, Inc.
156 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK

Robert E. Speer, President
Frank L. Brown, Vice-President
Walter McDougall, Treasurer
Delavan L. Pierson, Secretary
Prof. Harlan P. Beach

Mrs. Henry W. Peabody
Fleming H. Revell
Dickinson W. Richards
Mrs. A. F. Schauffler
Rev. Charles R. Watson, D.D.

BY THE

MISSIONARY REVIEW PUBLISHING COMPANY, I

Printed in the United States

FACTS WORTH QUOTING

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GATHERED FROM THE JANUARY NUMBER OF THE REVIEW 15V MRS. [•'. M . GILBERT

i. A school started by a graduate of Tuskegee Institute, with only trees for a

shelter, now has a property in Mississippi valued at $100,000. (See page
40.)

2. "Let whatever comes find us and our people together" was the word of the

native workers who stayed loyally at their posts in the war zone in the
Cameroon County, West Africa. (See page 45.)

3. The distribution of Testaments among Belgian soldiers on leave in England

has led to the conversion of many and to the formation of a Scripture League
with thousands of members. (See page 33.)

4. Christians were asked to stay away from an evangelistic meeting in Kobe,

Japan, in order to make room for the more than 2,000 non-Christians who
crowded the building to the doors. (See page 6.)

5. Japanese government regulations, which seem to Korean Christians to involve

ancestor worship, bring serious problems into mission schools in Chosen
to-day. (See page 7.)

6. Happy Childhood, the Christian magazine for Chinese children, is proving

such a success that a young Chinese student has been employed to assist
the woman missionary who is the editor. (See page 61.)

7. The drink bill of the United States last year was enough to cover the entire

national budget for two years, with a surplus larger than the great military
and naval appropriation of the "preparedness" program.

8. Forces set in motion by the Panama Congress have resulted in effective union

services in Sao Paolo, Brazil, in which the evangelical denomination have
all taken part.

9. Among the students in Constantinople College for Girls — more numerous

than in any previous year in- its history — are fourteen Turkish girls, whose
tuition is paid by the Turkish government, in order that they may become
teachers. (See page 74.)

10. In five stations of the American Board in Eastern Turkey, now under the

Russian flag, there are new opportunities for work among Moslems such as
some observers have been prophesying would come as a result of the war.
(See page 74.)

11. Many Indian Christian women in Bombay have pledged themselves to definite

prayer, Bible study and personal work in connection with the evangelistic
movement which is so stirring the native Church. (See page 75.)

12. In contrast to the conditions, only a few years ago, when missionaries in

China had to seek refuge in official yamens from mobs, Chinese officials in
the recent disturbances sent their families to the missionary compounds for
safety. (See page 76.)

NOTABLE ANNIVERSARIES, CONVENTIONS AND OTHER COMING EVENTS

JANUARY, 1917

2nd, 1867 — James Stewart reached Lovedale. 50th anniversary. See "Stewart of
Lovedale," by Wells.

6th to 8th — Friends' Foreign Missionary Conference, Belfast, Me.

7th, 1867 — Opening of the Johanniter Hospital of the Knights of St. John in Bei-
rut, Syria. 50th anniversary. See "Fifty-three Years in Syria," by Jessup.

gth to 10th — Annual meeting Council of Women for Home Missions, Broadway
Tabernacle, New York City. Eulla Rossman, Recording Secretary.

9th to nth — Foreign Missions Conference Meeting, Garden City, L. I.

9th to nth — Home Missions Council Conference, New York, N. Y.

nth, 1857 — Baptism of Thokambau. both anniversary. See "Fiji and the Fi-
jians," by Calvert.

nth — Death of Eli Smith. 60th anniversary. See "Fifty-three Years in Syria,"
by Jessup.

15th — Women's American Baptist Foreign Missionary Society, Wanamaker's Au-
ditorium, New Y ork City. Ella D. McLaurin, Secretary, Chicago, 111.

15th to 17th — Laymen's Missionary Ministers' Council, Muncie, Ind.

13th, 181 7 — Robert Moffat arrived at Cape Town. 100th anniversary. See "Lives
of Robert and Mary Moffat," by John Moffat.

14, 1907 — Beginning of the great revival in Korea. 10th anniversary. See "Korea
in Transition," by Gale.

15th, 1782 — Birth of Robert Morrison. 135th anniversary. See "The Encyclo-
pedia of Missions."

1 6th — Birthday celebration of the Women's Board of Foreign Missions Reformed
Church in America. Organized 1875. Miss O. H. Lawrence, Corresponding
Secretary, 25 East 22d Street, New York City.

1 8th, 1872 — Opening of the McCall Mission in Paris. 45th anniversary. See
"The Encyclopedia of Missions."

22d to 24th — Laymen's Missionary Ministers' Council, Waterloo, Iowa.

25th, 1862 — Death of Dr. H. G. O. Dwight, of Turkey. 55th anniversary. See
"The Encyclopedia of Missions."

28th, 1907 — Death of John G. Paton. 10th anniversary. See The Missionary
Review of the World, April, 1907.

29th to 3 1 st — Laymen's Missionary Ministers' Council, Springfield, Mass.

31st, 1807 — Morrison sailed from London for China via New York, noth anni-
versary. See "The Encyclopedia of Missions."

31st, 1862 — Death of Charles Frederick MacKen/.ic. 55th anniversary. See "Pio-
neers and Founders," by Miss Yonge.

January 30-31, February 1 — Missionary Convocation, United Presbyterian Foreign
Missions Board, Pittsburgh, Pa. Geo. W. McClellan, Secretary, Pittsburgh, Pa.

January 31st to February 4th — Baptist Student Missionary Movement Convention'
Louisville, Ky.

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THE MISSIONARY

Vol.
XL

JANUARY, 1917

Number
One

SIGNS OF THE TIMES

GOD'S VIEW OF THE WORLD

IF men could but view this world as God sees it nineteen hundred
years after the coming of His Son to save the world, the vision
would be illuminating and transforming. We might be unable to
endure the sight of the degradation, cruelty, selfishness, the worship of
mammon, such as prevails not only in Africa, in India and China, but
in Latin lands and Russia and among the multitudes in more enlightened
Germany, Britain and North America. What would we learn of God's
view of the war which is drenching three continents in human blood?
What would be our transformed vision of commercial warfare and of
social standards? How changed would be our views, even of much
of the so-called religious activity of the day. If we saw only the vice,
the selfishness, the enmity, the ignorance and formalism of the world
the result would be pessimism and despair.

The world is sick unto death. Without some outside help, there
is no hope. But, thank God, there is a remedy provided. This remedy
is committed to the custody of the followers of Christ, the Great Phy-
sician. God Himself is applying it to the healing of the nations.

In a vision of the world as it is there is despair and death; in a
vision of God and His Gospel there is hope and life.

A glimpse of the nations as they are to-day shows the unspeakable
need of all mankind for the transforming remedy of the Gospel, but
it also shows that men are hungry for life and many are Christlike.

THE SITUATION IN EUROPE

ON the Continent that has longest been considered Christian, we
see, on the one hand, twenty millions of men fighting one another
with all the deadly ingenuity of their God-given intelligence.
There are nearly another twenty million dead on the battle-fields,

THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD

[January

wounded in hospitals or prisoners of war. There are widows and
orphans without number — enough to stir the hardest heart to pity. The
war has brought untold loss to Christendom In the $75,000,000 a day
wasted; in the millions of men turned from pursuits of peace to those
of war; in the depopulation of institutions of learning, the missions
closed and missionaries deported or killed. One British Society alone
has thirty men in the trenches, and many German Societies have more.

But, in spite of the awful results of the conflict, there is a brighter
side. The hearts and pocketbooks of men have been opened as never
before to relieve human suffering. America has sent over $40,000,000
for relief, and Britain has given much more, while little Holland has
become one vast guest house for the Belgians. The Y. M. C. A. huts
are helping hundreds of thousands of soldiers in the field and prison
camps. Ten million Testaments and Gospels have been given to sol-
diers, and multitudes in the face of death have found the Way of Life.
The work for Belgian soldiers and for Russian prisoners in Germany
is especially noteworthy. The Gospel work in France has been hindered
by the Roman Catholics, but in Italy the Waldensians have borne faith-
ful witness, and Scriptures have been freely distributed. A Christmas
ship bearing hundreds of tons of food and other necessities sailed from
America on December 1 8th for the relief of Armenians and Syrians.

Another bright spot in the dark picture of Europe is the movement
against intoxicants. Russia has already reaped untold benefit from the
prohibition of vodka. In one year the amount in savings banks in-
creased tenfold, and last year three times as much was deposited in one
month as the total in the savings banks before the prohibition. Banks
have now been opened in Russian churches. The effect is also seen in
the physical, mental and spiritual betterment of the people. France has
benefited by her edict against absinthe and is now planning to prohibit
all strong drink except beer and light wines. Naturally this is arousing
opposition. It is rumored that the new Cabinet in Great Britain may
at last take steps to bring about national prohibition. A petition eleven
miles long in favor of such action was recently presented to Parliament.
It was signed by two million Britons, many of them laboring men who
have been reputed to be opposed to such a measure.

The British missionary societies have wonderfully maintained their
work in spite of the drain imposed by the war, and some of them have,
in addition, taken over the care of German missions in India and
elsewhere.

As Christmas draws near the rumors of movements toward peace
are renewed. Germany has signified her readiness to enter into negotia-
tions and to join a movement for the maintenance of world-wide peace.
Another European government has set an example of foresightedncss
for Denmark has appointed a commission to study the effects of the war.
It would be well if missionary societies would follow this example.

SIGNS OF THE TIMES

CONDITIONS IX AFRICA

EVERY part of the Dark Continent has been affected by the Euro-
pean conflict. Egypt has been the home of hundreds of thou-
sands of soldiers, of 5,000 Armenian refugees, and thousands of
Jews from Palestine. In the midst of restlessness the missionary work
has continued unabated. Dr. Zwemer and Rev. Stephen Trowbridge
have conducted evangelistic services for soldiers anci refugees. The
work for Moslem students has been increasingly fruitful through news-
papers and public addresses. One daily paper has even consented to
publish without cost the weekly expositions of the Sunday School les-
sons. At Khartum the head of Gordon College has resigned, and one
result may be a change in the policy which has made it practically a Mos-
lem institution to the exclusion of Christianity.

All of North Africa has naturally been disturbed by the Moslem
unrest. German colonies in the west and southwest have been captured
by the Allies and German mission work interrupted. German East
Africa is as yet only partially occupied, and the desultory warfare
continues.

While the political situation in Africa is unsettled, the religious
future also hangs in the balance. Islam and Christianity are struggling
for the mastery of the pagan tribes. Already one-third of the Africans
are counted as Moslem, 4,000,000 of whom are south of the Equator.
The Moslem merchants spread their religion, while those from Chris-
tian lands too often spread deviltry. Great stretches of land and millions
of Africans are still untouched by Christian missionaries, and a few
years will determine whether Christ or Mohammed will prevail over
African ignorance and fetishism and sin. The people will be more diffi-
cult to win as Moslems than as pagans.

There are also many bright stars in the African night. In Uganda
the great work still continues, and the native Church grows in extent
and power. In West Africa the mission of the Presbyterian Church,
U. S. A., in spite of the war continues to grow. At one station 8,000
attended communion service, and in the church at Elat 7,500 confessed
Christ in one year. Of these, 5,000 were won by native workers. There
are also 15,000 reported on the "waiting list" in catechumen classes.
In British Central Africa, also, Rev. Donald Fraser, of the United Free
Church of Scotland Mission, reports large ingatherings.

THE WAR AND ISLAM

ONLY two religions have been vitally influenced by the war, Chris-
tianity and Islam. The followers of these two religions num-
ber nearly orte-half the population of the world. As to Chris-
tianity, the war has revealed the fact that had all Christians lived up to
the full measure of their profession, the war would not have occurred.

THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD

[January

I he world lor the lirst time has come to realize that Christianity pos-
sesses that which, if properly and effectively applied, would prevent war.

Islam, on the other hand, has been brought face to face with the
fact that its boasted unity no longer exists.

Mohammedans are to-day fighting in the armies of all of the con-
tending nations and upon both sides. However much the excuse of a
"holy war" may be cited as the reason why good Mohammedans are
facing each other in deadly conflict, the leaders know that no holy war
exists, and that Moslem is fighting Moslem simply because he owes
allegiance to countries that are at variance. He regards his national
allegiance as more binding than the commands of his religion.

It has been taken for granted that a call to a holy war issued to the
Moslems of the world by the Sheikh of Islam and the Caliph of Islam
would precipitate a religious conflict surpassing in extent and cruelty
anything recorded in history. Two years ago, however, when this call
was given from Constantinople, there was no earnest response, even in
Constantinople itself. Protest arose from the 67,000,000 of Moslems
in India, from Morocco, from Egypt, from Abyssinia and other coun-
tries, while the Mohammedans fighting with the Allies in France and
with the armies of Russia continued as before, and the Moslems of
Egypt and India reaffirmed their loyalty to England.

The most severe blow to Islam comes from the uprising of the1
Grand Sherif of Mecca, the keeper of the sacred shrines of Islam, who,
with a strong body of Arab followers, has captured the sacred shrines
and issued a proclamation to the Moslems of the world that the day of
independence and freedom has dawned, and that Mecca and Arabia
are free from Turkish dominion.

The Moslem dream of world conquest and of universal rule has
already vanished, as they become conscious of the fact that there is not
sufficient power in their religion to hold them together in a united body
when other and conflicting interests invite to division.

Extensive quotations might be made from Mohammedan writings
showing how widely extended is this disaffection among Moslems. Aga
Khan, speaking as the head of the Moslems in India, nearly one-third
of the Moslems of the world, said: "Now that Turkey has so disas-
trously shown herself a tool in German hands, she has not only ruined
herself but has lost her position as trustee of Islam, and evil will over-
take her." A Zanzibar paper (Arabic) says: "The pillars of the East
are tottering, its thrones are being destroyed, its power is being shat-
tered and its supremacy is being obliterated. The Moslem world is
divided against itself." The most influential Moslem daily paper in
Cairo, Egypt, said: "The interfering on the part of Turkey in the pres-
ent conflict was uncalled-for foolishness, and by her actions Turkey has
forfeited her right to the Caliphate."

Owing to the divisions cast into Mohammedanism through events
connected with this war, Moslems recognize no central Mohammedan

SIGNS OF THE TIMES

power, no caliph, and have lost their cherished hope of ultimate Mos-
lem triumph as the ruling religion and natural force in the world. No
one can estimate the full import of the present breaking up of the unity
and solidarity of Islam.

SOCIAL CHANGES IN PERSIA

SCENES are being enacted to-day in Asia and Africa that seemed
impossible a generation ago. The Moslem women were rigidly
secluded and Moslem homes were closed to Christians. Women
and girls were left illiterate, as their education was considered useless
and dangerous. To-day many Moslem girls attend Christian schools,
and among some Mohammedans there is a growing sentiment in favor
of the abolition of the zenana and the veil.

One evidence of a social, if not of a religious change, in changeless
Persia is mentioned by Rev. E. T. Allen, of Urumia, in a recent letter.

"Not long ago," he writes, "the whole of the station force was in-
vited to the Moslem home of the late Nasr-il-Mulk by his daughter,
who is a graduate of the Moslem department of Fiske (Presbyterian)
Seminary. Gentlemen and ladies mingled freely with the oldest son, now
head of the house, and with the daughters and other Moslem women of
the household. All sat together at dinner, spread on the floor in true
Persian fashion."

In this connection it is interesting to note the celebration of the first
anniversary of the return of the Russian army to Urumia after the defeat
of the Turks. In the city and in many of the villages the Christians
gathered to hear eulogistic speeches and long home-made poetry prepared
by local rhymsters, to sing folk songs and dance folk dances. All the
missionaries were invited to the village of Geoghapa, where the gala day
was held largely in honor of the salvation of the village through the
efforts of Dr. Packard, who, in January, 19 15, interceded with the
Kurds for the life of the people of this village in Urumia plain. He
prevailed and saved one thousand lives.

JAPAN'S NEED AND RESPONSE

IN Japan the need is increasingly felt for a religion that gives moral
stamina to the nation. The scandals in the Government have led
many toNiistrust the power of Buddhism, and the infidelity and im-
morality among students and among public officials reveals the need of
regeneration. Captain Bechel, who has been for seventeen years travel-
ing about in Japan, investigated 107 districts, and found 96 of them
• pestilentially immoral. He reports that phallic worship is still practised
in many Buddhist shrines, and that in some districts almost all the
adults are tainted with immorality. He continues:

"Where the priests, of whom I personally know many, are ac-
knowledged to be worse than blind leaders of the blind, how shall they
help? Where a principal of a school can marry and divorce three wives,

THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD

[January

his first having died in eighteen months; where another can have several
paramours with the knowledge of parents and children alike; where
another man can put away his wife because she is ill and take as wife a
paramour inside of two weeks, with the assistance of his colleagues, how
shall the educators protest? Where a leading doctor is publicly known
to have several paramours and literally kicks his accomplished Christian
wife about the house and out into the street, and still holds a large prac-
tice; where the local member of parliament has publicly two concubines;
where the member of the provisional assembly has two wives and two
homes and children in each, and travels with geisha; where the leading
men, including the priests, soncho (chief of village), doctor, principal
of the school, and leading business men can sell a girl of twelve years
for ten yen, because her parents cannot support her and she may become
a charge to the village, and no one but the one local Christian protests,
who shall help ?"

At the same time, the evangelistic campaign has revealed unusual
opportunities for the Gospel. Japan is electric with new life, and is
more than ever responsive to a spiritual message. Now is the time for
advance, when the Protestant missionaries are united in a forward move-
ment and call for 500 new missionaries to "buy up the opportunity."
The three years' evangelistic campaign of the Christian churches has
been timely and effective. Missionaries write that evangelism in rural
districts is especially hopeful and greatly needed. There are twenty-live
thousand villages in Japan, each with schools and in touch with the
world through newspapers. There is intellectual progress but moral de-
cay. Morality is pitifully low and the spirit of worldliness is supreme.
Intemperance is growing, and many social evils are unchecked. The
Christian forces in Japan are calling loudly for more help from the
Church in America to help evangelize rural Japan.

In connection with this call, it is encouraging to hear from a mis-
sionary, Rev. H. P. Jones, of the thousands that are crowding to hear
the Gospel in some districts where the opportunity is presented. He says:

"In Kobe a few weeks ago I had the privilege of attending a num-
ber of meetings of the National Evangelistic Campaign. The first night,
at the Congregational Church, the house was filled to its fullest capacity,
and many were turned away. It seats nine hundred. The next night
one of the largest theaters was filled — its seating capacity is two thou-
sand— and the aisles were full, and many were turned away. Mr. Ando,
the lay leader of the temperance movement in Japan, spoke for one hour.
Then for another hour that packed house listened to Dr. Ebina, of
Tokyo, quietly and without the least evidence of weariness. On the next
day, which was Sunday, the Y. M. C. A. building, which seats 900, was
filled to the limit in the morning, afternoon and evening. In a club house
nearby a meeting was being held for children. By actual count there were
over three thousand five hundred children in the building, a very large
number of whom were not Sunday-school pupils. On Monday night, in
the largest and most elegant theater, I found the people literally jamming

SIGNS OF THE TIMES-

the door trying to get in, and what was still more astonishing was a sign
requesting Christians not to come into the building, so that non-Chris-
tians could have their seats. The seating capacity is two thousand, and
many stood in the aisles. The police ordered the doors closed, pro-
nouncing the house full. People kept coming for more than an hour and
demanding entrance. Nothing like it was ever known in Kobe before.

"It is easy for one to overestimate the results of such meetings, but
these big crowds without doubt indicate a decided change in the popular
attitude toward the Gospel. Pray for strength for the workers in Japan."

To combat this impact of Christianity, the Buddhists have recently
devoted one million yen ($500,000) to establish Buddhist Sunday
Schools. They have in six months started over 800 such schools and
enrolled 120,000 children. They imitate Christian methods, adopt
Christian songs to the praise of Buddha, and adopt Sunday-school
programs.

THE PROBLEMS OF CHOSEN

KOREA, the Japanese province of Chosen, is in a critical situation.
Many material, judicial and educational improvements have been
made that have put new possibilities before the people. They
have been passing through the discipline of national sorrow and disap-
pointment, but it may turn out to their spiritual advantage. Thousands
of Japanese are pouring into the peninsula, and everywhere new life is--
manifested. The Japanese Christian Church is taking Korea as a mis-
sionary field, and is also establishing churches among the Japanese
colonists.

In the days of Korean independence the missionaries were given a
free hand in the establishment of schools and in religious as well as
secular instruction of pupils. Since the Japanese annexation, however,
many difficult questions have been brought before the missionaries and
Christian Koreans, because of the Japanese policy of Japanizing Ko-
reans. The Japanese government order forbidding Christian instruc-
tion in mission schools is clearly intended to separate religion and edu-
cation. Nominally ten years was granted to the mission schools to com-
ply with this order, but apparently the Japanese government did not
expect the missionaries to take advantage of this. Since the Protestant
mission schools are fundamentally Christian, most of them have not seen
their way clear to omit Christian instruction from the regular curriculum,
and two Southern Presbyterian schools at Soon Chun and one Girls'
Academy at Syen Chun have been discontinued. This is a great loss to
the Korean Christians.

Another difficulty which has now arisen is in the Japanese regula-
tion that ceremonial worship shall be observed by the schools before the
picture of the Emperor annually on his birthday. To the Korean Chris-
tians this is looked upon as equivalent to ancestor worship, though the
Japanese claim that it is simply a patriotic ceremonial. In the govern-
ment schools teachers are required to bow daily before the picture of

THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD [January

the Emperor and the imperial rescript. Last year the order was sent
out by the Japanese officials that the anniversary of the late Empress
Dowager's death be celebrated in all the mission schools on Sunday by
fitting ceremonies.

Another difficult question arises in connection with the use of Japa-
nese text-books. The government has issued a small "School Text-Book
on Morals,1' which every mission school has been ordered to use for in-
struction one hour a week. There are many excellent moral lessons in
this text-book in regard to honesty, courtesy, etc., but there is also a chap-
ter requiring worship at the graves of ancestors. In this chapter the
Christian children are told that they must make an offering at their ances-
tors' graves and bow down before them. While reverence for ancestors
is commendable, an act of worship such as would be rendered to the
Deity is, of course, against the conscience of Korean Christians.

The students in Korean mission schools of academy grade of the
Methodist and Presbyterian Churches number about 3,500, less than one-
tenth of whom are non-Christians. It would seem, therefore, that it
would be a wise policy for the Japanese government to consider their
conscientious scruples and to win them over to friendly loyalty to the
Japanese government by avoiding any unnecessary conflict on religious
grounds. It is earnestly to be hoped that the Japanese will favor a
policy of friendly co-operation with missionaries, developing strength of
character, coupled with loyalty to the Imperial government. The Chris-
tian missionaries are in the land to help make better citizens — more
intelligent, more unselfish and more moral because more Godlike. It
is hoped and believed that the Japanese government will put as few
obstacles as possible in their way.

THE AWAKENING OF CHINA

" X^iHINA," says Bishop Bashford, "is not only a giant awake, but
I is pacing the floor with growing pains." The whole nation
^ seems alive to the need for modern education. Universities
and lectures are crowded, and many of the leaders have been educated
in mission schools. This gives Christianity an advantage. The death
of Yuan Shih Kai and the accession of President Li Yuan Hung has
brought a degree of quiet, and there is hope that the mighty nation
will settle down to solving its problems. President Li is favorably dis-
posed to Christianity, and since the modern ideas of politics and edu-
cation are from the West, many are inclined to look favorably on the
Western religion also. One student writes: "We accept the Western
system of education, of science, and history and mathematics, why
should we not also take the religion of Jesus Christ which comes from
the West?"

The Bible classes started by Mr. Sherwood Eddy continue to
flourish and to win Christian converts. The news of revivals come from
many parts of the Republic. Mr. Arthur Polhill, of the China Inland
Mission, writes, for example, from Eastern Szchuen, that in the dis-

SIGNS OF THE TIMES

trict of Chengkow (still unoccupied) many of the wealthy are destroy-
ing their idols and are becoming inquirers. Temples in many parts of
the Republic are being abandoned, and some of them are used for
Christian Bible schools and evangelistic services.

Out of the bewildering confusion of political, social, industrial,
intellectual and moral upheaval will come a new China, no longer facing
the past but open-minded to the truth. A million school teachers are
needed to teach China's sixty million pupils. What university will train
them? An army of physicians and nurses is called for sanitation and
healing ministry. The Christian Church has an unparalleled oppor-
tunity to supply those who will train these and other leaders of China's
onward march. The best schools, colleges and medical schools are in
the hands of the Christian missionary forces. These are in a unique
position of power to mould the future of China.

THE MOVEMENTS IN INDIA

THE war has seriously affected the work in India. Not only have
some two hundred German Protestant missionaries been forced
to leave the country or give up their work, but many British and
Canadian missionaries have gone to the front as soldiers, physicians or
to assist the Young Men's Christian Association work. Thus many
of the mission stations are short-handed and the work suffers.

The term "mass-movement" has become a household word in mis-
sion circles. Large numbers of the low-caste and out-caste people are
seeking relief from their intolerable condition by applying to the Chris-
tian Church for baptism. The pyramid of social structure in India is
becoming unsettled at the base. Thousands are being born in a day, but
need instruction and nurture to build them up into intelligent and useful
Christians. There are signs of the gradual disintegration of the old
social system, and one of the greatest object lessons to the higher castes
is the transformation wrought by the Gospel in those whom they have
despised as "untouchable."

The native Indian Church is growing in numbers and power, and
union movements have been organized in South India and other districts
to conduct evangelistic services and to carry on missionary work.

IN LATIN AMERICA

MEXICO is still torn asunder by revolution and riot. In spite of
the earnest efforts of the American-Mexican Commission, it
seems that the time of peace has not yet fully come. When
order is restored there are indications that a time of awakening will
come such as Mexico has never known. Already many of the people
are eager for better things.

It may be that the leaders of the United States and of Mexico
will not find the way of peace until they have exhausted the resources
of war. It is to be hoped, however, that saner councils will pre-

THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD [January

vail. One effort in this direction was made by Manuel Rojas, Director
of the National Library in Mexico City, and other prominent Mexi-
cans, together with representatives of the Peace Societies and social
interests, in the formation of the Mexican-American League, with the
following aims: To help bring about a new and constructive era of
friendship between the people of Mexico and of the United States; to
interpret and promote joint negotiations between the two governments
with respect to border control and all other questions of public policy;
to promote common understanding between the peoples of the two coun-
tries, by giving publicity to the facts about Mexico and American rela-
tions with the Mexican people; to secure an exchange of teachers and
students, and to encourage the American universities and colleges to
grant scholarships to Mexican students; to promote industrial and agri-
cultural education in Mexico, and institutions for the training of com-
petent teachers and leaders.

This league has endeavored to increase confidence in the present
de facto government in Mexico by calling attention to the social and
economic reforms instituted by the Carranza government. The first
decree issued by Carranza was one returning to the Indians the com-
munal lands of which they had been dispossessed. In the various states
new agrarian laws now establish small land-holders, re-value properties
condemned and purchased at a just value, and levy equitable taxes. One
of the next steps was the restoration of free municipalities. Most of
the states have passed labor laws establishing the eight-hour day and
the forty-four-hour week, with a minimum wage and boards of con-
ciliation and arbitration. Children under sixteen are not allowed to
work in factories. In "many states" the sale of alcoholic drinks has
been repressed, and "in the whole of the republic bull-fights and cock-
fights have been supplanted by popular games such as baseball, pelota,
etc." It is asserted that there are twenty times as many schools as in
the last term of Diaz, and Carranza has sent 500 school-teachers to the
United States to learn modern methods.

Many Christians in the United States are firmly convinced that the
most efficient and inexpensive army for the pacification of Mexico would
be "a force of educators, teachers, doctors and sanitary engineers,
farmers and agricultural experts, who will volunteer for terms of two or
three years in the spirit of service such as we rendered Cuba at her time
of crisis." An open letter issued by the Peace Committee of the Phila-
delphia yearly meeting of Friends urges the press "not only to exert
their power in supplying trustworthy information about Mexico, but
also to take their true place in guiding the thought of America and the
world along constructive lines of international service and good-will."

The Latin American Congress in Panama last February marked
the beginning of a new era for South America. The remarkable "find-
ings" of the regional conferences will be published in our February
number. They are worthy of notice.

EDITORIAL COMMENT

innj|"ll'Lfinj|""'uvui'p^ ■ \ ninT nini"""irini'

SHOULD THE WAR HINDER MISSIONS?
HIS question ought to be frankly faced, for it indicates an attitude

toward which many seem to be drifting. Some considerations

would seem to suggest holding in abeyance any aggressive mis-
sionary effort.

It is claimed that in these days of emergency every dollar of
philanthropy not absolutely required for the maintenance of existing
work should be diverted to the relief of physical distress occasioned by
the war. But is it true that our Western world has reached the point
where it must deal with its philanthropic activities in terms of mutually
exclusive alternatives? Do the amounts contributed from America to
Europe's need measure the limits of philanthropic duty or ability? The
price of war to Great Britain alone is $7,444,000,000. Is a hundredth
part of that amount a fair thank offering for an equally wealthy nation to
give as the expression of its appreciation of peace? The appeal of Eu-
rope's need has brought considerable response, but this appeal has been
to a wide constituency, unmoved in the past by special missionary mo-
tives, so that the loyal supporters of the missionary movement may still
carry their peculiar obligations toward an enlarged missionary op-
portunity.

Some have interpreted events as barring the way to missionary
effort. Is not Turkey inaccessible? Is not Persia in political upheaval?
Are not the Armenians hopelessly scattered and disorganized? But do
these facts spell retardation in missionary effort or only such readjust-
ments of method as the temporary situation requires? This determina-
tion of courageous workers to "hold fast" in war-swept areas will yield
rich values when the days of reconstruction come. But should there not
also be a missionary preparation for a forward movement after the
war?

It has also been urged that the very fact of war within Christen-
dom is such a reproach that aggressive missionary effort may well await
the rolling away of this reproach to Christianity by the cessation of war.
A missionary among Moslems was asked recently, "How do you meet
the reproach caused by war between Christian nations?" His reply
showed that the very conception of war being a reproach was a Chris-
tian conception, the result of Christ's higher standards of love, and
that to the Moslem no inconsistency or moral lapse was suggested by
the war. If there be reproach, however, it is a reproach against man's
application of the Gospel, not against Christianity or Christ. In the
missionary propaganda we preach Him, not the virtues of Western
nations: His teachings, not our imperfect obedience to these teachings;
Christianity, not Western civilization. If the Christian Church is to

THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD [January

wait until the reproach of warfare has been securely rolled away, how
long shall she have to wait for the proclamation of the Gospel? The
prophecies of our Lord do not identify the era of evangelism with some
millennial era of peace, but urge the more zealous proclamation of truth
in the very proportion in which existing conditions may belie the truth.

Has political uncertainty as to the future of the Near East sug-
gested the temporary arrest of missionary activities and plans? It is
true that the war has forced us to face at least the following contin-
gencies as to political rule in the Near East: political control by Tur-
key, Germany, Russia, France or England. Would any of these mark
the end of Christian missionary effort? There might be difficulties, such
as the requiring of the language of the nation in power in all schools
where a foreign language is taught. But, whatever the political rule
and its regulations, excluding, of course, the (incredible) exclusion of
all missionaries, is it to be supposed that the Church of Jesus Christ
will consent to abandon her missionary work and deny to her Lord the
obedience He demands to His great commission?

A CHALLENGE TO ADVANCE

BUT weightier and more numerous facts challenge the Church to
a forward missionary movement in the Near East.
Look at the political debacle within Islam. Within a few
decades, a series of divine providences, operating in the Near East, has
brought about an almost complete overthrow of Moslem political power.
In the past, Moslem political prohibitions have severely checked the de-
sired extension of missionary operations in Moslem lands. Even when
missionary effort was permitted, the fruitage of that work has been
blighted or obscured by political penalties. Witness now the lands that
have passed from beneath Moslem political domination within the past
eight decades: Greece, Servia, Algeria, Montenegro, Bulgaria, Ru-
mania, Cyprus, Tunisia, Crete, Egypt, Tripoli, Morocco, and now parts
of Arabia and Persia. Do not such political upheavals challenge a for-
ward movement which the Church should even now undertake?

Paralleling these external providences in the political sphere, there
are most significant activities of the Holy Spirit moving upon the heart
of Islam. Back of political prohibition, every missionary to Moslems
has found religious fanaticism and hostility acting as a barrier to the
progress of the Gospel within Islam. Reliable reports, however, be-
speak a change in the attitude of Islam. A missionary in Egypt expresses
it thus :

"In days gone by we sought to gain a hearing and were refused.
Now it is as if the Moslem himself were seizing the missionary by the
coat, saying, 'What was it you used to want to tell us? We want to
have it explained.' "

\ missionary from Turkey says that "eighty per cent of the Mos-

EDITORIAL COMMENT

lems of Turkey are in sympathy with the missionaries, and are wholly
opposed to the present Turkish administration."

The spirit of inquiry is also manifest in the number of Moslem
children crowding to mission schools. Social customs in which Islam's
ideals were entrenched are passing away. There is a fast-growing pub-
lic press, which moves, for the most part, in the direction of Western
ideals. These facts are full of significance. A new day is dawning,
ushered in by the invisible yet irresistible operations of the Spirit of God
upon the heart and life of Islam. Where God is and works, shall not
His followers keep step with Him?

How, then, may we keep step with God? First, there should be
the most determined holding on to every strategic position now occu-
pied, the most insistent maintenance of every missionary activity in
operation before the war.

Second, there is a clear call to missionary preparedness. A for-
ward movement of unprecedented seriousness and commensurate with
the need must be planned now for the evangelization of the world, if
the opportunity impending at the close of the war is to be seized. This
calls for the thrusting out of new missionaries who may put the present
to good use in the study of the languages of their prospective fields, at
suitable and secure centers. The Boards and Societies will gain from
conferences both at home and on the field. Thus will each agency be-
come enriched by the other's experience, and they will stimulate each
other to worthier effort.

Above all, they will be able to do what has not yet been attempted
in the history of missions in the Near East — align their forces and plan
for a concerted and co-operative missionary effort. Especially is there
need for conferences for prayer. Fresh discoveries of spiritual power
are imperative for the accomplishment of the task. A Christian con-
sciousness of God and of His will must be experienced, which will pro-
duce, on higher and worthier spiritual levels, something of the passion
and devotion which characterized the fiery apostles of Islam's faith in
the bright morning of its early extension from Asia to Africa and from
Africa to Europe.

JAPAN AND AMERICA— FRIENDS

FOR more than half a century there was nothing but good will and
friendship between Japan and the United States. But for ten
years there has been growing up in each land a small body of men
who have felt and fomented distrust, and there have been times when
these men were able to communicate their distrust so that large sections
of the press and many of the people began to fear that the two nations
might even drift into war against all their best interests and true desires.
How can we preserve fellowship and right understanding between the
United States and Japan?

1. By resolutely determining both in Japan and in America that

THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD

[January

we w ill preserve it, and that we will keep our heads and not be coerced by
any circumstances. I here are some, like Congressman Mann, who de-
clare that destiny will bring on a conflict between the two nations. Des-
tiny will set us at each other's throats! But what is "destiny"? Is it the
God of Peace, who made all mankind of one blood, to live as brothers on
the earth? Is it our own wills? Why do we need to surrender to our
own deeds? Why not will that we will not drift into the madness of
hate and war? We do not need to be slaves to our own stupidity. We
can will to be rational and to deal justly and to preserve friendship. The
Japanese also can will this. We can tell each other, and all the marplots
and weak-wills who think that men cannot restrain their injustice, that we
mean to have peace.

2. By believing good and not evil about each other. We can begin
by believing and saying both in Japan and in America that the honest
and earnest people of each land want only peace and friendship. Judge
Elbert H. Gary, who was recently in Japan, was a true messenger there
and is a true messenger in America. At St. Louis in October he said:

"I said repeatedly (in Japan) that a large majority of the peopb of the United
States did not desire, but would deplore and stubbornly oppose, war with Japan,
except in self-defense, and that they were of the opinion there is not now nor will
be any cause for serious trouble or disagreement; that there need be no conflict of
opinion which could not be finally and satisfactorily settled by mutual negotiation
and consideration. I also expressed the belief that our Governmental Administra-
tion is and would be inclined toward this most desirable exercise of authority.

"And now I am here to say in words just as emphatic and in a belief no less
absolute that the leading and controlling men of Japan are equally anxious to have
a continuance, permanently, of the peaceable and friendly relations now existing
between these two countries. That there may be exceptions may go without saying;
it would be usual, and need excite no surprise nor fear if such is the fact. . . .
The most prominent and influential men in Japan are outspoken in their profession
of friendship toward the United States."

This is the way all responsible men should talk about our relations to
Japan.

3. By acting justly in each land toward citizens of the other, the
Japanese treating Americans justly in Japan and Americans treating Japa-
nese justly in America. All we need to do is to do right. And we need
to do right for our own sake. It will profit us nothing to try to benefit
ourselves by wrongdoing. It cannot be done. What is right is a ques-
tion to be considered calmly and without prejudice; but the problem of
the rights of Japanese in California to own property, their right to ac-
quire citizenship, their right of justly regulated admission to the United
States, is a problem to be considered without racial prejudice or bigotry
and on the basis of moral and economic justice to both Japanese and
Americans.

4. By judging each other as we ourselves are willing to be judged.
The trouble is that countless people apply one standard to themselves and
to their own actions and another standard to the Orient. Conduct which
we justify or excuse in a Western nation we reprehend in an Eastern. But

EDITORIAL COMMENT

there are not two moral laws, one east and the other west, of Suez. Jap-
anese and American conduct should be judged by the same laws, and
whatever allowance is expected for one should be conceded to the other.

5. By each crediting the best in the other. We are accustomed to
live up to other people's expectation of us. If they believe the highest of
us we are uplifted to justify their judgment. If they think meanly of us
we can too easily drop down to the level of their estimate. Americans
can believe the best about Japan and see in and for Japan her own noblest
possibilities. That is the best way to help Japan to be her best self and to
realize what, by the grace of God, she can become. And Japan can help
Americans by believing the best about American desires and purposes in
spite of all the worst that obtrudes itself.

6. By doing right toward the neighboring nations, America toward
Mexico, and Japan toward China. Any sinuous or insincere or selfish ac-
tivity by either nation is injurious to good will and right understanding.
If Japan or the United States is not ingenuous and generous and fair
toward the nations nearest, each will suspect that the other may have the
same disposition secretly — America toward Japan, and Japan toward
America.

7. By carrying out the recommendation of the gathering of friends
of Japan and China which met in New York in September (referred to
in the November Review), and which voted to ask the President of the
United States "to recommend to Congress the creation of a non-partisan
commission, of not less than five members, whose duty it shall be to study
the entire problem of relations of America with Japan and with China,
and further to recommend to Congress that it invite the government of
China and the government of Japan each to appoint a similar commis-
sion," the American commission to meet the commissions of China and
Japan in their respective countries.

8. Lastly, friends in the United States can help by showing kindness
and courtesy to all Japanese visiting or living in America and by increas-
ing the number of Christian men and women who go out to live in Japan
to commend Christianity to the Japanese as the one religion which pro-
claims a God and Father of us all and which can make all nations one in
the fellowship of Christ.

THE CALL TO NORTH AMERICA

SOME outstanding characteristics of the year in North America
have been the financial prosperity, the high prices and the unrest
due to Mexican troubles and diplomatic controversies with Euro-
pean governments. The Christian forces have continued their usual
work and gifts to European sufferers have been increasing. Hundreds
of young men have gone to the Mexican border and to camps in Europe
and Asia to work for the soldiers and prisoners. The Laymen's Mis-
sionary Movement has celebrated its tenth anniversary by over seventy
conventions with an aggregate enrollment of over 100,000 men. They
are planning a series of anniversary dinners for 19 17 to touch the

THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD

[January

main centers in all parts of the United States. Most of the missionary
boards report for last year increased gifts to missions, many of them
having been able to wipe out entirely the past deficits. The total foreign
mission receipts reported by one hundred and thirty societies in the
United States was $24,688,728, and for sixteen Canadian societies was
$1,266,040. This is an advance on last year.

Never was there greater need for consecrated lives, for prayer, for
sacrificial giving, for earnest study of the world from God's viewpoint.
Pulpits should ring with the missionary call and hearts should be stirred
by the accounts of the wonder-working of God's Grace. Unprecedented
opportunities promise to follow the proclamation of peace and Christians
must be ready to take advantage of them. Half a million teachers are
needed for the new primary schools in India. Shall they be Christian or
non-Christian? China needs 50,000 physicians. Christians have an op-
portunity to train them. Moslems have lost faith in their Caliph and the
solidarity of Islam is broken. Peace will bring unheard-of opportunities
to reach 200,000,000 Mohammedans. The great conflict for the posses-
sion of Africa for Mohammed or Christ calls for a whole-hearted ad-
vance "on our knees." Mexico and South America are to be occupied
with a statesmanlike policy. Churches are beginning to realize the
necessity for closer cooperation and for the kind of sacrifice that has
characterized Europe during the war. Now is the time for the Church
of Christ to prepare for an onward movement, giving largely of men
and money, but relying not on these physical forces, but on the spirit of
God moving with the hearts of men.

THE BRITISH MISSIONARY STATISTICS

WE have inserted in this number a statistical table giving the
figures for British Foreign Missions for the year 1915-1916.
It has been a difficult task to gather these during the disturbed
times in Europe. The same omnipresent reason — the war — has made
it impossible to collect and tabulate the statistics for the continent of
Europe. Letters of inquiry are not answered.

Many of the British societies have failed to respond with their
statistics, so that in the case of 16 societies we have been obliged to
have recourse to the latest figures available. The result is not entirely
satisfactory, but since the leading societies have courteously furnished
the desired information, the totals are approximately correct.

It will be noted that in spite of the heavy drain caused by the war
the decrease of income in British societies has been only about one-
tenth. There has been a natural falling off in the number of male
missionaries, but the number of adult converts reported by English
societies as baptized during the year has increased from 42,966 to
48,580 — or over ten per cent. Pupils in mission schools have also in-
creased from 1 17,497 to 464,499. The table is worthy of study. When
peace again reigns there is hope that complete and contemporary sta-
tistics may again be secured from all the continental societies.

STATISTICS OF THE PROTESTANT FOREIGN MISSIONARY SOCIETIES OF ENGLAND, IRELAND, SCOTLAND AND WALES FOR THE YEAR 1915-16.

Tabulated (from correspondence and reports) by Rev. Edwin M. Bliss, D. D., Washington, D. C. (Copyrighted, 1916, by the Missionary Review Publishing Co., Inc.)

Name of Organization
(Abbreviated)

ENGLAND

Anglo-Indian Evangelical Society

Baptist Missionary Society

Barbican Mission to Jews*

Bible Lands Mission Aid Society

British and Foreign Bible Society*

British Soc. for Prop. Gospel among the Jews

British Syrian Missions**

China Inland Mission

Christian Literary Society for China

Christian Missions in many lands

Church Missionary Society

Egypt General Mission*

Evang. Union of South America*

Friends' Foreign Mission Association*

Friends' Pemba Mission

Indian Christian Literature Society**

Jerusalem and the East*

London Missionary Society

London Soc. for Prom. Chrst'y among Jews*

Missionary Leaves Association

Missy. Settlement for University Women

Moravian Missions (British)

New Guinea Mission

Nile Mission Press

North Africa Mission*

Open Brethren*

Presbyterian Church of England

Primitive Methodist**

Regions Beyond**

Religious Tract Society

Salvation Army*

Society for Propagation of Gospel**

South Africa General Mission

South American Missionary Society

South Morocco Mission

Strict Baptist Mission*

Sudan United Mission

United Methodist

Universities' Mission

1870
1792
1819
1854
1804
1842
1860
1865
1887
1836
1799
1897
1911
1868
1897
1858
1888
179S
1809
1870
1896
1732

1S71
1905
1881
1827
1847
1842
1899
1799
1865
1701

Wesleyan Methodist* 1813

World's Evangelical Alliance

Y. W. C. A. Overseas and Foreign.
Zambesi Industrial Mission

Zenana Miss. Soc. (Church of England).
Seven other English Societies

Totals for 1916

Totals for 1914

SCOTLAND

Church of Scotland. F. M. Com

Edinburgh Medical Mission Society.
New Hebrides Presbyterian Mission

Uniud Free Church*

Stirling Tract Enterprise

Totals for 1916

Totals for 1914

WALES
Welsh Catvinislic Methodist.

IRELAND
Presbyterian Church in Ireland .

84.755
720,710
20,920
50,365
866.035
3S.86S
30,992
439,396
3,693
21,970
1.911.020
19.339
70,000
145,203
11.625
60.202
41,495
775.098
193.355
27,315
7,270

5.485
9.915
43.532
141.435
116,745
54.045
90.000
93,175

tl. 205.085
72,213
73,115
11,000
18,000
86,812
85,619
168.383
849,900
27.790
22,000
5,846

249.566
120,892

$1,852
60.770

7,513
18.958

4,773
3.500
15,552
3,391

20,865
277,308

21.727
15,635
1,750
1,500
1,599
16,850

8145.895
16.4S9
22.500
839,592
38.890

81,063,336

• Last year's figures.

1 Men (ordained and lay).

' V"?™, '913- „ t Appears to include „
'Includes 36 widows. "Includes 1,465

Native Workers:

Number Heathen
baptized Last
Year

Other Helpers

Total Number
Other Bapltzo
Christians

Catechumens c
Close jtf Ycct

Unmarried
Women

Ordained

(-<.£

Adherer

Adults

Children

Sunday 5i

P«|>i£j in

168

119

477

1,468

1,945

1.188

1,016

26.776

45,829

2,321

649

18,284

1,830

1,850

12
1,882

5
20

34
20

34
107

14
8

801

"348

323

1,062

1.267

'2,762

3,824

231

1,180

805

37,672

4,246

44.719

7.603

200

140

590

170

700

377

435

1,335

4S7

10,654

11,141

12,476

568

4.793

3,031

135,654

309,581

62,341

20,359

16,317

62,341

2.201

106,624

205

103

1,233

1,336

197

4,128

17,931

300

233

10,008

4
1

2
3

191

197

3
2

6
39

190

91
4

488
4

873

5,816

*162
1

6,689

*162
1

7,177

♦162
5

104
1

1,600

84,973

315,882*

1.980

90,902

161

354

117

471

156

195

'1,496

35,795

61.916

7.481

1.674

195

25,240

100

124

1,648

1,055

1,092

264

160

694

100

200

120

557

180

500

350

13,072

30.000*

692

817

125

2,800

500

200

3,000

49
955

60
6,949

109
7,104

12
1,172

2,248

188

3,150

1.059

30.958

304

1,038

297

3,067

364

4,402

543

544

936

*88,875

•159.574

•6,797

•15.709

♦31,433

147

215

100

113

2,000

5,000

185

204

440

16 516

712

118

159

625

650

809

14,921

8.101

40.622

7,946

403

357

5,856

6,223

5,14 1

302*

1,400*

3,669

184.964

181,196*

10,998

20,000

2,218

136,310

1 S79

1 579

390

1,122

101

3,000

314

405

223

1,279

1,507

See C

hurch M

issionary

Society.

r,2i 2

2,229

2,233

40,665

51.112

3,880

14.710

6,316

649.768

727.162

549,137

48,580

33,099

189,303

8.818

443,474

,.227

2. 5 11

9.392

2,180

42.712

44,892

54.284

4.373

14.553

... .'.'■(,

56'). 945

695.9,18

418.4 79

4 2,966

36.122

109.044

S.309

4D.! i 1 ' •

120

1,221

1,245

10,408

47,595

1,401

1,299

4,196

233*

6,536*

Work

much

iotiT : . r<.

d with b

y the wu

r; statis

tics for 1

ist year.

120

314

315

357

Work

d with b

y the wa

r; statis

tics for 1

1st year.

166

133

550

4,637

4,707

5,091

223

1.358

223

59,858

39.203

67,719

'7,994

57,815

226

155

722

6.182

6,277

0,833

253

1,358

223

70,266

86,798

67,719

9,395

1,299

4,196

234

64,471

219

179

757

111

6,064

6,1 75

6.766

350

1.359

223

68,332

66.331

72.065

10,146

1.482

4.548

259

64.924

679

711

707

793

471

14,113

24,056

4.469

1,713

2,374

7.401

540

27,927

100

78S

803

903

206

10,250

8,314

447

407

2,124

231

8,857

339
10,210

116

5,581

898

1,889

89,339

32.42
1,551

5.000
1,000
2,113

549 13.993
•1,275 *71.500

500
5,202
! 18.748
1,956 122.130

300
386
22.835

2,504
2.481

1,200,189
15,385

21.480
2,373

Foreign Countries in which Mistions are
Su-statned and Number of Missions;

20.000
112.474
300.000

India; work among Eurasians and others.

India, Ceylon. Congo, China, Italy, Brittany

Jamaica.
London.

All countries of the Levant.

All countries e'eept U. S. A. and Norway.

England. Austria, Germany, Russia, Turkey.

Syria.

China.

India, China, Angola, etc.

Egypt, West Africa. Palestine, India, China.

Japan. Persia.
Egypt.

Argentine, Brazil. Peru.

India. Madagascar. China.

East Africa.

India.

Palestine, Syria. Egypt, British East Africa. Por-
tugese, East Africa.

China, India, Africa, Madagascar, South Seas.
Papua.

Russia, Roumania, North Africa. Syria, etc.

Prints, Tracts, etc.

India.

East and South Africa, Labrador, Alaska. Aus-
tralia. West Indies, South America, Thibet.
New Guinea.

Egypt.

North Africa.

About forty countries.

China, Formosa. Japan, Bengal.

Western, Southern and Central China, Central

Africa (Kongo), India.
Portuguese East Africa.

All cour, tries.

South Africa, Dutch Indies, India, Ceylon.
India, China, Japan, Africa, Pacific, Japan, etc.
South, Central and Portuguese East Africa.
Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, Argentine, Chile.
Morocco.
India.

Nigeria Sudan.

China, \frica (East and West).
East A.rica.

West /Vfrica. South Africa, India, Ceylon. Burma.

North Africa, Malta, Russia.

India, China, Africa, Malaysia.

Nyassaland.

India.

India, China. Ceylon. Singapore.

India, Africa, China.

Syria, Palestine.

New H.-bruIcs Islands.

Arabia, Indo China, Africa, No

India, Brittany.

voluntary workers or employed by Chinese churches. * Preaching places.

Missions Fifty Years Ago, and Now

BY EUGENE STOCK, D.C.L., LONDON, ENGLAND

Dr. Stock was for many years the efficient secretary of the Church Mission-
ary Society of England. He has placed all in his debt by his four volumes on
the History of the Church Missionary Society and by his other writings. His
•view of the contrasts noted in fifty years is worth reading. — Editor.

IN endeavoring to indicate the changes in the missionary situation
in the past half-century, I must confine myself mainly to Great
Britain and British Missions.

I. CHANGES IN THE POSITION ABROAD AND AT HOME

Fifty years ago takes us back into the middle of the sixties ; and a
better period could not be chosen for comparison with the present time.
If we went farther back a few years, we should come to an era of great
animation and advance. It will be remembered that Dr. A. T. Pierson
used to refer to 1858 as the annus mirabilis of the century. I will not
now stop to show why he chose that date. I will follow my instructions,
and come at once to the next decade.

Now the sixties were, on the whole, a period of disaster, of dis-
couragement, of decadence. This was emphatically the case in Africa.
In the West, the promising Yoruba Missions were suspended, the agents
being expelled; and the Basel men in Ashanti were seized and impris-
oned. So were the missionaries to the Jews in Abyssinia. On the East
Coast, Ludwig Krapf's great schemes of advance into the interior had
come to nought, and the "fort" was "held" by one German, John Reb-
mann. Livingstone's plans for the Nyasa district failed in the early
years of the decade, and in the later years the great traveler was lost,
until Stanley found him almost broken-hearted at the horrors of the still
rampant Arab slave-trade. In the South, the Kafir wars, the gold fever,
the Colenso controversy, caused confusion, and the London Missionary
Society's Missions faced disaster and defeat. And let it be remembered
that not a single one of the present great Missions in Central Africa had
yet been born or thought of.

In Asia there was less of disaster, but much slowness. In the Turk-
ish Empire, the hopes enkindled after the Crimean War had not been
fulfilled. Persia was not yet really open. In Japan, Christianity was
still prohibited. The great days of Korea were in the future. China
had been devastated by the Tai-ping Rebellion, which had much im-
peded the Missions. They had, in fact, not yet advanced beyond the
maritime provinces; and the China Inland Mission only started its
great pioneer work at the end of the period. In Malaysia the work

THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD

[January

was in its early stages. So it was in Burma, despite Judson's heroic ca-
reer; while in Ceylon there was actual retrogression.

India, on the other hand, ought to have presented a different scene.
For never at any other time has there been such a noble band of fear-
less Christian men among the British rulers and administrators. It
was the age of John Lawrence, Robert Montgomery, Donald McLeod,
Herbert Edwardes, Bartle Frere, William Muir, and a host of like-
minded men under them. While entirely loyal to the just neutrality of
the Government, they knew well that Hindus and Mohammedans alike
accord special confidence and respect to rulers who are not ashamed of
their own religion and who desire to see it spreading in legitimate ways.
They were the cordial supporters of Missions, and would have wel-
comed unlimited re-enforcements for the gospel enterprise. When the
first of all the United Missionary Conferences in India was held at La-
hore, in 1863, the civil and military officers present actually outnum-
bered the missionaries. But the re-enforcements failed to appear. The
missionary recruits sent to India in the sixties by some of the larger so-
cieties were in number only half those sent in the fifties. And America
was crippled by the Civil War.

In fact, the only Missions that presented a really bright outlook at
the time were Madagascar, where the great revival was in full swing,
and some parts of the South Seas, where it was the period of Patteson
and Paton.

It was a discouraging time also at home. Henry Venn, the great
C. M. S. director, said in 1865 that missionary interest and zeal had
distinctly retrograded. R. W. Dale, the distinguished Congregation-
alism used similar language. It was even proposed to drop the evening
meetings at some of the anniversaries because so few attended them.
Some of the larger societies had actually fewer missionaries on their
staffs in 1870 than they had in i860. This was the more remarkable
because it followed immediately on a memorable season of religious
awakening. The revival in America in 1858 was succeeded by that in
Ireland in 1859, whence it spread to England in i860. Indeed, even be-
fore that, there was a marked increase of life and energy in home mis-
sion work. But the result apparently was that Christian effort was for
a time so absorbed in the new philanthropic and evangelistic schemes
that Foreign Missions secured less attention. Moreover, that decade
was a time of bitter controversy, political and religious, which drew
away the thoughts of good men from the needs of Africa and Asia.
However, I must admit that these controversies continued with no less
acuteness into the last quarter of the century, and yet that quarter was
a period of unprecedented missionary extension. Moreover, the home
mission and revival movements of the seventies and eighties (including
the great Moody and Sankey campaign) did not hinder but rather helped
that extension. The causes of the difference I do not pretend to explain.

But observe the startling changes in the world of Missions as we

MISSIONS FIFTY YEARS AGO, AND NOW

see it to-day. Africa, north, south, east and west, is mapped out among
the missionary societies. T he Nile, the Niger, the Congo, the Zambesi,
and the great Lakes Nyasa, Tanganyika, Victoria Nyan/a, are now the
familiar fields of large and growing Missions. Khartum, where Gor-
don fell, and Ilala, where Livingstone was found dead on his knees, are
in the heart of wide regions now frequently traversed by the messen-
gers of Christ. The division of the Dark Continent among the Euro-
pean Powers has not hindered missionary progress, and indeed in some
ways has helped it. Passing to Asia, Arabia and Persia have failed to
shut out the Gospel. In China, only sixteen years ago, missionaries and
native Christians were massacred wholesale; and now, in every one of
the provinces, the preacher of Christ finds a cordial welcome. Both
China and Japan have witnessed the rise of powerful native churches.
Korea is the marvel of Missions. In India, medical and educational Mis-
sions have developed at a rate no one could foresee, and the mass move-
ments of the low-caste and out-caste populations are bringing tens of
thousands into the Church of Christ. New Guinea is a young and hope-
ful field. South America, the "Neglected Continent," is engaging a
large share of the sympathies of the Christian world. Perhaps the most
conspicuous change everywhere, and really the most fruitful of all de-
velopments, is the immense increase of women's work. Women in the
missionary ranks now far exceed the men in number; and one-half of
the population of the globe has a new chance of hearing the message of
salvation.

Not less important are the changes at the home base. No longer
is the advocacy of the cause left to the ministers of religion and their
wives and a few godly spinsters. The young men, the young women,
the still younger people, are enthused. Even business laymen, the hard-
est of all to reach, are beginning to see that the evangelization of the
world is the primary duty of the Church. Summer schools, study bands,
missionary exhibitions, unions and guilds of all sorts, are multiplying,
and spreading the knowledge of the work in all directions. The largest
public halls are crowded, not to hear eloquent orations, but to receive
plain and unadorned accounts of practical work done, or to bid fare-
well, with prayer and simple addresses, to brothers and sisters either re-
turning to the field or going out for the first time.

II. CHANGES IN THE PROBLEMS

In the early stages of the enterprise the work was comparatively
simple. Even in the sixties it was quite of an elementary type in the
large majority of the mission fields. But the great extension and de-
velopment of Missions in the past fifty years has brought many prob-
lems to the front which have in our own day been freshly and diligently
studied. It is widely felt that there is such a thing as a Science of Mis-
sions, which should be at least recognized and as far as possible mas-

THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OE THE WORLD

[January

tered, both by those who administer the enterprise and by those actually
engaged in it. For instance, the increased interest taken in the whole
subject of what is called Comparative Religion has exercised much in-
lluence in Christian circles. It is realized that the non-Christian world
must not be thought of as consisting in the main of hordes of ignorant
barbarians; that missionaries need to study the religions of the people
among whom they work, in regard both to the origins and histories of
the religions and to their practical influence on the lives of their votaries.
Not only in such great non-Christian systems as Brahmanism and Budd-
hism and Islam, but even in the folk-lore and superstitions of uncivilized
tribes speaking unwritten languages, there may be fragments of divine
truth embedded. Perhaps there is a tendency now to press this consid-
eration too far. After all, our work is not so much to compare our
faith with other faiths and to prove that it is the best of them, as to set
forth a Person, a Divine Person, who is by right our King, and who is
ready to be our Saviour and our Friend. Our business is not to prove
Christianity but to proclaim Christ. Where is there a rival to Him?
However good other religions may be, we have a direct message from
God to deliver, the revelation of incomparable blessing freely offered to
all men. At the same time, we do need to remember that the races of
mankind differ widely, not only in external environment but in the char-
acter and tendencies of their minds, and that every one of them may have
a real contribution to make both to theological science and to spiritual
experience. So it is rightly felt that the open-minded study of their
religious beliefs is a good thing, provided that we do not forget the
uniqueness of the Gospel.

Then, in the actual work of Missions, the question is raised as to
which of two principles should govern their plans, diffusion or concen-
tration. The extensive inquiries of the Commissions that prepared the
way for the World Conference at Edinburgh revealed wide differences
of opinion on this point; but the conclusion was thereby suggested that
circumstances alter cases, and that both principles are good, in different
fields and at different times. Certainly the history of Missions supplies
good arguments for both. Diffusion has justified itself in the story of
the China Inland Mission; and concentration has justified itself in the
splendid educational institutions of the United Free Church of Scotland
in India.

Much more urgent and important are the many questions touching
the organization and development of the native Church, questions which
could not arise in the early stages of missionary effort. Here the prob-
lems are manifold. Different fields differ entirely. Great independent
nations like the Chinese and the Japanese cannot be treated like the
remnants of once warlike races in countries dominated by white colonists,
as in New Zealand or Northwest Canada. South Africa, where the
subject native tribes exceed their white rulers in number, has grave prob-
lems of its own. So has India, on a much larger scale, and more com-

1917J MISSIONS FIFTY YEARS AGO, AND NOW 21

plicated. In Moslem lands, like Egypt and Persia, where converts come
out one by one, the native church question is quite different from that
presented in the districts of India where the mass movements are bring-
ing tens of thousands into the churches. But one conclusion is now
pretty generally accepted, that the old system of a settlement of native
Christians under the mild despotism of the missionary could only be
suitable in the stages which most Missions have now passed. That sys-
tem was effectively worked by the fine old German missionaries once so
prominent; but it is now recognized that the Christians must be thrown
more and more upon their own resources, and trusted more generously
to manage their own affairs. Yet even when this is done, the further
question arises, What is the relation of the Mission to the Church?
Are they to work on side by side in the same area but mutually inde-
pendent? If not, and if the Church is not to be subordinated to the
Mission, in what way can the Mission be best associated with the
Church? Again, native church organization involves denominational
questions. Missions that pride themselves on being "unsectarian" find
little difficulty while they are merely preaching to non-Christians; but
as soon as they gain converts, and desire to teach them to worship God,
to give their children Christian instruction, to manage their church af-
fairs, differences are inevitable, and may become very acute. Anglicans,
Presbyterians, Methodists, Congregationalists, have each their own
difficulties to surmount, their own problems to solve.

Meanwhile, the question has been raised in recent years, Is it a
matter of congratulation that missionary societies are so numerous?
Would not an organized army — or, as in the case of allies in a great
war, three or four organized armies working in partial concert — be
more effective than a hundred regiments marching and fighting quite
separately and under independent commands? Ought not, for instance,
the various Presbyterian or Methodist or Anglican Missions to be at
least combined under their own flags respectively? And, when that is
done, cannot there be further such intercommunication between the dif-
ferent groups as may promote the practical unity of the great cam-
paign? Some would go even further than this and aim at intercom-
munion, a totally different thing; and some would plead for nothing
short of complete organic union, urging that nothing short of that can
be the oneness which our Lord said would induce the world to believe
in His divine mission.

III. CHANGES IN PUBLIC OPINION

Perhaps a single illustration of what I may call newspaper opinion
nearly half a century ago may help us to realize the changes in this re-
spect. In 1872, only forty-four years ago, the Anglican Archbishops,
conscious of that very depression and decadence to which I have alluded
above, proposed a Day of Intercession for Missions, to be observed

THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD

[January

throughout the Church of England and its sister and daughter churches.
When the day came, the Times, in a leading article, cast scorn and con-
tempt on the plan, expressing surprise that so many simple souls could
be found to join in so useless and fatuous an observance, and doubt as
to the very existence of any number of missionaries or converts. "An
ordinary Englishman," it said, "has seen almost every human or brute
native of foreign climes, but few can say that they have seen a mis-
sionary or a Christian convert 1"

It is amazing that such an article should have appeared in 1872;
but it is good to be quite sure that it could not appear now. When the
Church Missionary Society celebrated its centenary in 1899, the Times'
comment was very different. For one thing, it went to the root of the
matter by acknowledging that men who ask what is the good of Mis-
sions "display a strange blindness to the real character of the Christian
religion"; and it reminded doubters that the particular society in ques-
tion was "a civilizing and informing power, which would be still more
powerful if the lives of most Englishmen abroad conformed more closely
to the conventions of the Englishman at home." Of course, there are
still papers of the less reputable sort which occasionally display their
ignorance in similar ways; and there are still men like Sir Hiram Maxim,
who affirmed, so late as 19 10, that missionaries had done "an infinite
amount of harm in China without making a single convert," and that
"they were, and always had been, the greatest liars on the face of the
earth." But this does not represent intelligent public opinion. As re-
gards China, the Boxer massacres of 1900, when thousands of converts
faced torture and death rather than deny Christ, satisfied the average
journalist; and Dr. Morrison, the Times correspondent at Peking, de-
clared at a meeting of the Authors' Club in 19 10 that "the more he saw
of the missionary work in China the more he admired it." Wrhen mem-
bers of the British Cabinet, like Mr. Winston Churchill and Mr. Her-
bert Samuel, publicly praised the Uganda they had seen with their own
eyes, and when a greater man than they, Colonel Roosevelt himself,
told the Daily Telegraph that the results he had seen there were "as-
tounding"; when the Commission appointed to inquire into the so-called
"Black Peril" in South Africa reported in 19 12 strongly in favor of
missionary work, which, they said, was exercising "an enormous influ-
ence for good," and when Viscount Gladstone in 19 15 declared that
"missionary effort was the greatest possible help to the civil govern-
ment," they did but put into words what the vast majority of thinking
men do not now dare to dispute.

Nevertheless, while opinion has changed for the better, I cannot
say that the more vigorous action which should naturally issue from it is
very conspicuous. Both our ministers and our laymen need to take up
the words of Shecaniah to Ezra, and say them mutually to one an-
other: "Arise; for this matter belongeth unto thee: we also will be with
thee: be of good courage, and do it."

Investments in Foreign Missions

BY DWIGIIT H. DAY, NEW YORK

The treasurer of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions, U. S. A.,
has recently returned from a very interesting tour in Asia and reports the
result. — Editor.

I ^ELL your countrymen that what we need is an increase in the
number of men who will sacrifice for China. Tell the friends
there, please, to have patience with us. The leaven has been
put into the flour; progress will continue to be made. We thank the
good friends in America for what they have done, and in due time these
friends will see the results."

Dr. Seng, of the University of Nanking (China), thus expressed
the gratitude of the Chinese for what American Christians are doing
for his people, and pleaded for their confidence and help to be con-
tinued.

china's primary need

An overpowering need and an unrivalled opportunity to meet the
need has lately developed in Shantung province, North China. Here
is a population of thirty million people, and eighty-one out of one hun-
dred and sixteen walled cities are without any missionary resident. In
many of these cities there are just now large brick or stone pawn-shops
for sale. Changed economic conditions have made the business of the
pawnbrokers unprofitable, and these warehouses can be purchased for
about five thousand dollars and easily transformed into centers each con-
taining an auditorium, chapel, guest rooms, school rooms for day and
night schools, etc. In charge of each such center will be placed one
of the strong young leaders of the Chinese Church, who will have not
only the responsibility for all the work in the walled city radiating from
this central lighthouse, but also for the surrounding country district.
Such an institution will at once command the respect and interest of the
gentry who are not apt to pay much heed to an insignificant street or
country chapel (any more than the well-to-do at home would, to the un-
promising quarters of a strange sect), and would establish at the start
the pastor in charge on a substantial basis. It is estimated that five
hundred dollars a year for running expenses would need to be provided
until the center can be made self-supporting. Thus $5,000, and $500
a year for, say, five years, would compass the following:

1. It would occupy strategic centers. Formerly the cities have been
most difficult of approach. Now they are thrown wide open, so that
evangelistic work, hereafter, must not be prosecuted so exclusively in the
country districts.

2. It furnishes an attractive field for able Chinese leaders. With

-4

THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD [January

an inspiring program planned, doubtless all the men that will be needed
as leaders will become available.

3. The plan makes use of available resources and looks forward
to a new and permanent method of work.

4. It promises Chinese and foreign co-operation, giving the Chi-
nese the positions of evangelistic prominence while the mission retains
a directing influence.

5. It eliminates the idea that a foreign church is being foisted upon
China, which impression is a serious drawback.

6. It is commended by its plan of approach. Bible preaching and
teaching is to be supplemented by lectures, schools, woman's work, medi-
cal work and the Young
Men's Christian Associ-
ation, thus opening many
different avenues to mind
and heart.

7. The project has
passed the experimental
stage, for already there
are three men at work in
three different cities, with
splendid results to show.
It would be difficult to
find an investment in
foreign missions that
combines so many attrac-
tions and impelling con-
siderations.

OUR PHILIPPINE WARDS

No patriotic American
can visit the Philippine
Islands without feeling a
pride in the achieve-
ments of his country
there. Stable govern-
ment, good roads, sani-
tation, schools, all bear
testimony to a piece of
colonial development
that has no rival. But Protestant Christians cannot but ask anxiously,
"What is being done to lead the young life of the islands to God?"
Christian missions must supply what the Government fails to supply, and
so there is Silliman Institute at Dumaguete, in the province of Oriental
Negros — a big school of seven hundred boys, "a fountain of living
waters," for the islands. Three hundred boys were turned away last

INTEREST OX THE PHILIPPINES' INVESTMENT

Three teachers and Salvador, a young Moro boy, in the Silliman Institute.
All the members of his family were murdered in a tribal fight.

INVESTMENTS IN FOREIGN MISSIONS

year- because of the lack of accommodations. A new dormitory is
needed, to cost $15,000; a Science Hall, to cost $15,000, and other
buildings and equipment totaling $100,000. The Filipinos will give
one-half the money, and they look to this country, their rich friend, to
help them with the other half. Aguinaldo's son is there, and the future
leaders of the islands are coming from this, their most famous school.
Are we going to give these leaders the Christian training we know they
require if they are to be true leaders?

IN THE KINGDOM OF SIAM

One thousand dollars a year will put a missionary into evangelistic
work in Siam, where the present force is entirely inadequate to bring
the Gospel to the 8,000,000 people of the country. Up to this time
there has been no missionary free to preach in the great heathen city
of Bangkok, the capital of the country, where 800,000 Siamese and Chi-
nese are living in spiritual blindness.

Fifty dollars will suffice in most fields to support a child in a mis-
sion school for an entire year, lifting him out of ignorance and neglect
into the light and hope of an expanding mind and into the happiness
produced by kind treatment. And who can fix limits to the possibilities
for such rescued lives? Any one of them may grow to be a true leader
for his people, as many a one has become, and all take their places in
the life of the nation, to leaven it with good.

In the Laos country of Northern Siam, at the old capital of Chieng
Mai, is located the Prince Royal's College, where, under Christian aus-
pices, the promising youth of the north are being trained. Here are
boys of all classes and conditions, from the humblest to the sons of the
governors, or chows. Any investment in this Christian college will be
an investment in life, to be released among the Siamese people long held
in the deadening influences of Buddhism and Animistic superstition.
The boys take entire charge of the buildings and grounds, and they ex-
pect to render valiant service in fighting the floods from the Me Ping
River when they threaten the compounds. From such material come the
Boon Itts and the Komais, men who have lived powerful, Christ-filled
lives among their people. In this college

$100 will support a student for one year.
$1,000 will support a missionary teacher for a year.
$8,000 will build a college chapel and church edifice, very much needed.

Siam can be evangelized and our Lord's command be fulfilled at no
distant day if the favored ones in Christian lands will invest their money
and their prayers in the enterprise. One million dollars established as
a fund for the evangelization of Siam will produce between $40,000 and
$50,000 annually, a sum sufficient to warrant embarking upon an ade-
quate plan not only for taking the gospel message throughout the lim-
its of the country, but to permit the opening of one or two centers
to the north, across the boundary in China, where the mass of the popu-

THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OE THE WORLD

[January

lation, the Tai, are of the same race as the Siamese, and who understand
the language and literature of the Laos people in the north. This great
population to the north have scarcely been touched, but tricklings of
Christianity have reached them and they have for several years been
sending messages to missionaries in Laos to come over and help them
into a knowledge of the truth. Insufficient funds have up to this time
prevented answering this appealing call. What a chance for an Amer-
ican to make possible the evangelization of the Tai race!

TRAINED LEADERS REQUIRED

It has long been recognized, of course, that foreign missionaries
oannot do the work necessary for the evangelization of the world. Most
of the work must be done by the races themselves. Educated leaders
must be raised up, to lead their own people, to shepherd them and teach
them. Without these, Christianity can never spread widely, nor can it
seem more than a foreign religion, led and supported by foreigners.
Perhaps the chief concern, therefore, of missionary administrators, es-
pecially during recent years, has been to lay adequate plans for develop-
ing men for the ministry worthy of the calling. Nothing is more im-
portant than to strengthen the schools for theological training. A
young man in such a school in Osaka, Japan, said: "I love my native city
of Osaka (which you Americans say is the Pittsburgh of Japan), and I
want to study and train myself so that I may become a preacher-evan-
gelist to my native city. It is my ambition to bring Osaka to Jesus
Christ, and I do not care about anything but making Him known to my
city." He made this statement in connection with a word of greeting
to some visitors from the United States, and also took occasion to ex-
press the thanks of the students for books which had been sent out from
America as a nucleus for a seminary library. Are not such students
worth while? They realize the value of what they have in Christianity
(as we in more favored circumstances often do not) , and they are anxious
not only to enter the Christian ministry but to make sacrifices in it and
for it. No American Christian can make even a casual study of the pos-
sibilities for good bound up with the future of the Japanese people with-
out having at the same time the deepest longings that Japanese leader-
ship shall be truly Christian.

One hundred dollars would enable a student to take a year's study
in the Osaka School. Five hundred dollars would greatly strengthen the
school in its teaching staff and equipment. Some young men will not be
able to take the course because they cannot afford it, and they will drift
into business or into government service. Or perhaps some Japanese pro-
fessor in the school will be compelled to seek other teaching work because
he cannot live on the salary which the theological school is able to pay.

SOME EXCEPTIONAL ITEMS

One thousand dollars will put a missionary, qualified in accounting,
on the field to take charge of the treasury work and financial matters

1917] INVESTMENTS IN FOREIGN MISSIONS 27

SOME RETURNS FROM THE MISSIONARY INVESTMENT IN CHINA
Christian young men in front of a walled city, lined up to send a message back to America by their visitors

of a big mission, thus setting free for preaching, teaching or medical
work, other missionaries who went out to do the latter and who are
not qualified for the more technical duties of a field treasurer. Any
man at home making such an investment as a foreign mission contribu-
tion may well feel he is aiding the work of world evangelization in a
most effective way.

THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD [January

Here is a chance for investment that would increase the capacity
of a hard-working young missionary in Japan about threefold:

"If you see anybody who has an automobile, small size, who wants
to put it to the very best use in the world, tell him to send it to me. I
have fourteen preaching places, covering a thousand square miles of

territory, and want to
open more, but can't do
it till I get a better way
of locomotion than a
bicycle. An auto would
be fine in this territory."

Every American may
not know with what sus-
picion and even hatred
the United States is re-
garded by the average
Latin - American. The
small number who know
o u r missionaries, of
course, have learned
that our people have no
thought of aggression
against any of the coun-
tries to the south of us,
but they are almost a
negligible part of the total population. Any increase in the work and
power of evangelical Christianity tends by just so much to dispel this
suspicion and to promote fraternal relations. Therefore, to strengthen
the missions and missionaries in their work, aids directly in promoting
good relations between the United States and her sister American Re-
publics. Any amount invested in well-organized mission work in Latin-
America, from $25 for a child in a mission school to $500 for increas-
ing the evangelistic work in a district, will be most opportune.

While everybody has not made unusual profits during the past year
in the United States, a great many Christian people have prospered ex-
ceptionally, and the call comes to them with great force just now from
our needy brothers in other lands. If Americans (as citizens of the
United States are called all over the world) could but realize how Ori-
ental nations are looking to them for help, material and moral; how they
regard the United States as their champion, and as the home of those
who love them, and arc willing to do for them, their pleasure and pride
in the imputation would lead them to live up to it.

It is still true, as it was in Christ's time, that where a man's treas-
ure is there will his heart be also, and if a man invests part of his treas-
ure in the mission field abroad his heart will grow with a love for the
brothers struggling there and waiting for the light.

ONE RESULT OF FINANCIAL INVESTMENT IN CHINA
Crowds of Chinese and Robert E. Speer looking at a railway wreck outside
Peking

Missions in the Church Program

THE OPINIONS OF LEADING LAYMEN AS TO THE VALUE AND PLACE OF
MISSIONARY SERMONS AND MISSIONARY EFFORT IN THE HOME CHURCH

The editor recently wrote to prominent laymen in 'Various denominations,
asking their views on the objections, sometimes heard, that churches cannot
afford to give to foreign work and that the members do not like to hear mis-
sionaries and missionary sermons. The following statements are taken from
the replies received.

By R. A. Doan, Cincinnati, Ohio

After more than twenty years of business life I can truthfully say
that the missionary addresses in the local churches I have attended have
been the greatest inspiration of my life. I can conceive of no church do-
ing a work which is worth while without frequently having the call to
the missionary program sounded from the pulpit. Nothing has spurred
me to a deeper spiritual life as an inspiring missionary address showing
the need of the world for our Christ.

Let me say, with all the positiveness at my command, that I do not
believe missions can be emphasized too much from the local pulpit. I
say this not primarily because of the good it will do the cause of Mis-
sions, although that is great, but because the people themselves need
that kind of an outlook for their own spiritual upbuilding.

By William J. Schieffelin, Nezv York (Schieffelin ef Co., Druggists) ,
Chairman of the Citizens' Union
I think that once a month, both in the Sunday-school and in the pul-
pit, the missionary cause should be presented in every church. Of course,
the address should be made by a man who is an enthusiastic believer in
the cause of Missions and who thinks that every Christian is in duty
bound to obey the commands of Christ: that we lift up our eyes and
behold the field, and that we should pray that laborers should be thrust
forth into the harvest, and that we should go to the uttermost parts of
the earth so that all men should have the opportunity to become fol-
lowers of Christ. In these days this must be proclaimed in order that
life on this planet may be worth living.

By D. W . McTFilliams, Treasurer of the Metropolitan Street Railway,

New York

My judgment is that the apathy and criticism and opposition to the
subject of Missions in our congregation is to be overcome and removed
by the aggressive education of the people in the presentation of the facts
of the case, as we would do if we were overcoming opposition to any other
subject and advocating the adoption of a progressive program.

If our pastor did not preach and speak on Missions and make them
a great underlying subject of his pastorate, the men and women of his
congregation would institute inquiries about his avoidance thereof.

3°

THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD [January

We approve having home and foreign missionaries at regular church
services and at mid-week meetings, to present the subject in its most at-
tractive way and form by the best of intelligent men and women.

Missions should be constantly presented to the public. Agitate,
educate are the methods to impress on the people their responsibility
for the unsaved world.

Our pastors' voices in advocacy of Missions have been heard
throughout the world. As a result others are preaching the Gospel to
the people, building churches, hospitals, schools and homes. Now
William Carey need not preach seven years in India for his first convert,
nor Moffat eleven years in Bechuanaland, and China no longer waits
fifty years for its first fifty adherents. Converts in non-Christian worlds
are now being added at the rate of one million in twelve years. Five
thousand are now added in India each year and 3,000 each week in
Korea.

By John T. Stone, Maryland Casualty Company, Baltimore
The church to which I belong is now, and has always been, dis-
tinctly a missionary church. It was formerly the center of a parish, its
membership living within close distances all around it. Through the
inevitable changes of city life, the membership gradually moved away,
and for a period of years a few faithful ones maintained the old church,
at great inconvenience, partly for sentimental reasons and partly out of
a conviction that the greater the need of the community the greater the
reason for maintaining the church. A few years ago the situation again
changed, and we now have a growing, virile, progressive church, made up
to-day very largely of people who live close by and who have been brought
first into the saving grace of our Lord Jesus Christ through the gateway
of conversion and then into active membership in the church.

These facts are the best evidence that in our congregation, at least,
the missionary spirit and the presentation of P'oreign Missions, as well as
Home Missions, has not only not been a chilling and deterrent influence,
but, on the contrary, if it had not been that our old church has always
maintained its emphasis upon Missions, it would have long since ceased
to exist. We have proven, to our own satisfaction at least, that "the light
that shines the farthest shines the brightest nearest home."

By James M . Montgomery, Treasurer of Richard Young Company,

New York

I certainly desire our pastor to preach at least one or two sermons
each year and also speak on Missions three or four times each year at
the mid-week service.

I think it desirable to have Home and Foreign Mission speakers at
the mid-week meetings at least three or four times each year, and espe-
cially just before the offerings are taken for the two fields. When mis-
sionaries are strong speakers, I believe they should speak at the morning
service on Sunday.

MISSIONS IN THE CHURCH PROGRAM

There is only one way to make the members of the local church in-
terested in Missions — by education. This can be done by the above
methods, by circulating missionary literature and books, but most effec-
tively by personal work on the part of those already interested.

Our pastor is thoroughly interested in Missions. I would suggest
that churches increase their interest in Missions by having social meetings
at which missionaries from various fields can personally come in contact
with the members.

By Frank L. Brown, Secretary of the World' s Sunday School Association
As a layman I have discovered that a pastor's intensive work de-
pends for its quality and effectiveness upon his extensive view of Missions.
He cannot focus without vision. As this is true likewise of the people he
serves, I count it his greatest service if he gives us frequently missionary
information, outlook and emphasis in the Sunday sermons and at the mid-
week prayer service. We are helped most by addresses by missionaries
or by laymen who have either been to the field or who can give a layman's
impression of the real import of Missions.

The other methods which have mostly helped our church's mission-
ary enthusiasm have been the distribution of missionary literature, the
support by societies and Sunday-school classes of special objects, and a
missionary exhibit, running for several days, where the societies and
classes show up, by dress, information and material, a particular field or
piece of work, with two evenings given over to missionary stereopticon
pictures, brief reports by societies and classes doing special work at home
and abroad, and a rousing missionary address and missionary tableaux.

Most pastors do little businesslike, intelligent work in keeping Mis-
sions consecutively before the people in an educational way. They are
satisfied if the missionary offering does not fall below last year, and do
not adequately prepare the soil for a bigger harvest next year. In these
days, when big things are happening everywhere in missionary work and
the whole world is reachable if we have the method, men and means,
this seems almost criminal.

By William L. J merman, Holt cif Co., New York
Interest in missions, like interest in any other good cause, is devel-
oped by familiarity with the facts. The essentials are: An attractive
presentation, a fair hearing. It is usually supposed that, to secure these,
talks by outside speakers must be arranged for at Sunday and mid-week
services. But often permanent impressions are made by the remarks of
individual members of the congregation tactfully enlisted in presenting
the topics of the monthly missionary meeting. Systematic circulation of
missionary books has won over many a doubter.

The pastor who is building up missionary interest will not merely
preach in behalf of missions when there is money to be raised. The
more the patient process of education is carried on at other times, the less
he will need to "beg." The needs of the work and workers will often be

THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD [January

remembered in public prayer. Missionary illustrations in sermon and
conversation will reflect the heart interest of the study and the prayer
closet.

The ideal relationship is attained when the sons and daughters of
the home church are representing her on the mission field, calling out her
efforts, gifts and prayers. Pray and plan for such a consummation.

By Hugh R. Monro, Vice-President Niagara Lithograph Company,

New York

There is among intelligent Christian laymen a growing recognition
of the fact that the giving of the Gospel to the whole world is the supreme
mission of the Church. If there are those who fail to recognize this re-
sponsibility it is largely because the case has not been clearly stated, as
the plain facts admit of no alternative. A pastor, possessed himself with
the missionary spirit and using every means to bring his people into touch
with the latest information from the various fields, will unfailingly dis-
cover a deepening missionary interest on the part of his congregation as
well as a sacrificial response to missionary appeals.

There is a type of missionary address which fails to impress the
practical man of affairs, but a straightforward statement of what is being
wrought through the power of the Gospel in heathen lands, given with
manly vigor and in the Spirit of Christ, will never fail of a sympathetic
response. The most convincing speaker is usually the missionary direct
from the field, and an active church should enjoy the stimulus of such
first-hand information at least once each month, either at a regular preach-
ing service or mid-week meeting. The mere contact with one of these
earnest laborers, whose life has been given to service in heathen lands,
has led many a layman to review his own career and consider its compara-
tive barrenness.

Much of the coldness and apathy of which pastors frequently com-
plain would disappear if their people were kept in touch with the vital
spiritual movements at home and abroad.

The "every-member plan" of church finance has marked the most
important recent steps in missionary giving. The next step should be the
relation of each congregation to some specific work abroad through the
support of a direct representative or otherwise.

The Late Dr. Seth Low, at one time Mayor of New York and later
President of Columbia University

"I went to the Edinburgh Conference in 19 10 thinking that Chris-
tian missions are a pious undertaking; I returned profoundly convinced
that Christian missions are a world force, and just as surely to be reck-
oned with as are the developments of commerce."

At Dr. Low's home there was always a welcome for missionaries,
and he shared with his wife an interest in their enterprises. The Low
family many years ago gave the building on Boone Compound, in which
St. Peter's Hospital, Wuchang, China, began its work.

MRS. RALPH C. NORTON AT THE TRENCHES "SOMEWHERE IN FRANCE "
"Peter." A Belgian major. Mrs. Norton. Commandante LeDuc

Evangelizing the Belgian Soldiers

BY MRS. RALPH C. NORTON, LONDON, ENGLAND
British and Allied Soldiers' Evangelistic Campaign

THE Belgian soldiers are men without homes. Their country is
occupied by the enemy, and they cannot return there on furlough.
Consequently, thousands of Belgian soldiers come to London to
pass their short six days' leave with relatives or as guests of the Brit-
ish or their own home government, in clubs and hostels provided for
the purpose.

In the summer of 19 15, Mr. Norton and I had returned to Lon-
don after spending some time in especial evangelistic work among the
British soldiers, and planned to devote our time among the soldiers of
the allied armies.

There it was that, in the good providence of God, our attention
was directed to these Belgian soldiers. They roamed the street, often
friendless and helplessly alone, like sheep needing a shepherd. One
night we met one young soldier who accepted a French Gospel with
such eagerness that almost from that hour we felt that our spiritual
ministries should be devoted to the Belgian soldier as long as the war
might last.

This soldier, little Pierre, left us for the front, carrying a package
of Gospels in French and Flemish for his comrades of the trenches.

THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD [January

1 hcse were soon distributed, and he wrote for more. He was the fore-
runner of many others, who also found the beauty of the Gospel of
Christ as revealed in His Word, and became apostles to the trenches,
carrying the message of eternal life to their fellows, who were as yet
ignorant of its power.

We met Peter on the street a week or so before we had met Pierre.
It was not chance that led us to Peter Van Koeckhoven — it was God.
How often has the wonder of God's promise of leading been proved:
"I, being in the way, the Lord led me. . . ." Peter from the start dis-
played an eagerness to know the truth as it is in Christ. He accepted a
Gospel, and besought us for others for his comrades in the trenches.

Peter began to study the Scriptures in the trenches, in barn or bar-
rack back of the lines, whenever he could find a leisure moment. He
had soon completed the reading of the Gospel, and a week or so after
his return to the front he wrote for a complete Bible. As he read he
found what a simple thing it was to accept Christ, so he opened his great
heart to the Saviour. Then, as Peter read, he found the command, "Go
ye . . . and tell." His own heart's impulses seconded the Divine com-
mand, and he became a soul winner. He distributed Gospels to all who
would take them. He also enlisted in this service other friends, especially
those whom he was leading to the knowledge of Christ. Two of his
first converts, Arthur and John, became his staunch helpers, and were
partakers of his zeal and devotion.

In January of 191 6 we met John in London, and asked him how
Peter had managed to distribute nearly 10,000 Gospels.

"Oh," came his response, "he has many friends in other regiments,
and to these he entrusts quantities of the Gospels for distribution, after
our own soldiers are supplied."

He smiled as he spoke of Peter, whom he loved with a singular
devotion.

"He is the strongest man in the regiment," he continued, "and you
should see him swing a parcel of 600 Gospels onto his back, already
burdened by his heavy pack, and start off for a four-hour march to the
trenches."

As time went on Peter began to feel the need for some organiza-
tion which would bind his "Bible readers" together, and he formed the
"Ligue des Saintes Ecritures," or "Scripture League." We sent little
membership cards for the men to sign, and at his request we had them
printed in both French and Flemish. The card was perforated, the
smaller end to be signed with the soldier's name, military address, and
home address, so that we could keep in touch with them in Belgium
after the war, and perhaps form some permanent organization. The
larger end was to be signed also and to be retained by the men. Peter,
Arthur and John have kept additional lists of all the "members," and
each man is given a number. The stubs are sent to us by the new mem-
bers themselves or by the workers, and each member receives a com-

1917]

EVANGELIZING THE BELGIAN SOLDIERS

plete New Testament in the language of his choice. The Gospels are
given generally, but the Testaments only to members of the League.
The pledge of membership was made simple, merely a promise to en-
deavor to carry a Testament or Gospel daily, to read a portion of it,
and to meditate carefully on what was read. The success of the "Ligue"
was immediate. Scores of other Belgian soldiers, whom we later met
in London, became fired with something of Peter's zeal.

Since the time of our first meeting with Peter hundreds of Belgian
soldiers have been met by us, often picked up off the street, taken to
lunch and afterward to our hotel, where they have been introduced to
the Word of God. After a time of instruction and prayer many have
been led to accept Christ and have returned to the trenches to evangelize
their fellows. Often it has been possible for us to entertain soldiers
during all of their furlough, thus having a longer time in which to in-
struct and strengthen these babes in Christ.

Since those earlier days the knowledge of our interest in the spir-
itual welfare of the Belgian soldier has spread throughout the army in
a marvelous way, and each day's mail has brought scores of letters from
these men. Some have appealed for temporal aid, and these have not
been ignored, for we have found that temporal assistance has often been
the best means of reaching their souls. Our business has been fishing
for the Belgian soldier — "taking him alive" — and we have baited our
hook with kindness and love and sympathy, and we have found him re-
sponding in a wonderful way, and we have found him looking past us
to the Master.

Most of the letters that have reached us, however, have contained
appeals for spiritual help. We have been amazed to find the number
of men in the Belgian army who professed themselves to be infidel be-
fore the war, but who now are turning eagerly to the truth as it is in
Christ Jesus. Perhaps they are among the number who leave one of the
great London stations daily on their return to the front, when my hus-
band distributes Gospels to these outgoing hundreds of men. In- the
Gospel that they carelessly accept they find our name and address, and
after their hearts have been stirred by reading the Evangel, perhaps
for the first time in their life, they write for further instruction. In the
months that follow it is our joy to record the daily growth of these dis-
ciples as they yield to the Spirit's teaching. Invariably they ask for
packages of Gospels, Testaments and League cards, which they find the
best assistance in personal work.

Thus the work has spread, life touching life, until now, a little
more than a year after the beginning of the work, over one hundred
thousand Gospels and many thousand Testaments have been distributed
among these soldiers. League members are counted by the thousand.
To each new League member are sent League cards for his comrades,
and tracts and booklets which will aid and instruct him in the Christian
faith. These latter have in large measure been donated by the Religious

THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD [January

1 ract Society of London, the Drummond Tract Depot of Stirling and
other societies.

VVe have now the names of ov er one hundred Belgian soldiers who
are faithfully and intelligently working for the spread of Christ's King-
dom through the distribution of His Word. 1 hey are seeking to lead
their comrades to the knowledge of salvation through Christ. With
these men we are in constant correspondence, answering their queries,
supplying them counsel and encouragement, and keeping them supplied
witn the scriptures with which to carry on their work of evangelization.
Now, when letters reach us carrying pleas for spiritual help, often we
are able to direct the soldier to another man in his own battalion or
regiment who will be able to meet with him personally and aid him in
his spiritual needs.

In a marvelous way the Seed has been scattered. A Gospel left
with a gendarme of military police, at a military base in France, led to
his writing us tor counsel. Now over fifty gendarmes at this base
have become members of the League, among whom are the two chiefs of
the different gendarmeries.

The work has also been started among the interned Belgian sol-
diers in Holland. One man, who has found how precious the life of
Christ can be, is a flame of lire, and writes for a thousand Gospels at a
time. Also in hospitals in France and unconquered Belgium the work
is going on, and almost each day brings us news of the spread of the
tide of blessing.

Not long ago an appeal came from Malta from an interned Ger-
man prisoner, who in some unknown manner had come across a little
Belgian League card. Enmity born of the world conflict was forgotten.
He only considered that he needed the comfort and help of the Book
of books, and he filled out the card and sent it to us. We sent him the
Testament, and now we receive almost daily appeals from other men
in that camp. The British Government kindly allows us to send the
Scriptures freely to these men, so that to this camp alone have gone Scrip-
tures in Arabic, Italian, French, Croatian and German.

Our Belgian soldiers write to us as their "Father and Little
Mother," and tell of their progress in the Christian life. One dear boy,
Rene, made a slip after his conversion. He told us a lie, which to him
formerly had not seemed a gross sin, but when we pointed this out to
him his grief knew no bounds. His first letter after returning to the
front was most touching.

"My Dear Parents," he wrote, in his own quaint English, "I have
received back safe, and am in a healthy condition, but parents, I feel a
little lonesome yet, for what I have been doing wrong with the Lord,
and with my dear parents. I know, mother and father, I have not been
doing the right way of a Christian boy; but I trust in the Lord and hope
I Ic will forgive me for what I have done wrong. He is so sweet and
kind, and since I have known Him, have I felt so happy; but not those

EVANGELIZING THE BELGIAN SOLDIERS

days in London, because the devil was getting after me; but for him
there is nothing to do any more, and when he should try again to have
me again on the wrong way, I should fight against him, because I know
the difference now more and more between the dear Lord and the bad
devil. I hope, dear parents, everybody will be as I was, sorry when the
devil gets after them ; but I have my old Teacher back again, the Lord,
and hope He will watch me and keep me in the right way. Lord, oh
Lord, help me, watch and forgive me ! Am longing for more Testa-
ments so I can do some more work for the Lord."

On a recent visit which we paid to the Belgian front many of our
boys came to visit us, just back of the lines. Some tramped for twenty
miles through mud and over almost impassable roads to spend an hour
and a half with us. Then they tramped the twenty miles back to their
post. Among the number were several University men, who came to
inquire more perfectly the way of salvation. We find the same spiritual
interest among the high and the lowly of the Belgian army. Peter him-
self is the son of a Baroness, but counts his noble birth, as well as all
things else, "but loss for the excellency of the knowledge of Christ."

There are many evidences of the changed lives of these men. One
man wrote: "For many months I have had an intellectual belief in the
Gospel as presented in the Bible, although I have never felt any new-
ness of life. I have even defended the faith in the presence of my com-
rades, although I had myself never fully accepted it. But my cousin
(who received a Gospel and signed the declaration of faith) Game to
visit me back of the lines. I found him so changed from what he used
to be before the war, that I could only marvel. He tells me that he
has found Christ, and I am writing you, asking you if you would help
me also to find for myself that which he has found."

These boys who have found Christ have little meetings in the
trenches. "They threw things at us first," one of them confided to me,
"but now they all gather around and listen to us as we read the Bible
and explain it."

So the arm of the Lord is revealed in the midst of the terrible wel-
ter of the greatest war in history, and many who perhaps might not oth-
erwise have been reached by the truth are to-day trusting in Christ as
Lord and Saviour. Others resting in the same blessed faith, newlv re-
ceived by them, are to-day with Him in Paradise.

With the help of American and British friends, Mr. and Mrs.
Norton are sending boxes to these Belgian soldiers who are so out of
touch with home and friends. Each box costs one dollar and contains
some dainties, some comforts and a copy of the Gospels. The kindness
and the message are bearing rich fruitage. — Editor.

Tuskegee's Ideals for the Negro

BY ROBKRT R. MOTON, TUSKEGEE INSTITUTE, ALABAMA

TUSKEGEE'S ideals for the Negro are, like those of its founder,
high and progressive. Much is said about the "acid test," and
at Tuskegee the Negro has passed through the acid test.
From the day he first landed at Jamestown to this hour the black
man has been under the physical test. He was brought from a hot cli-
mate to a colder one, and yet practically no additional clothes were put
on his back. The fact that all the Negroes did not die is the first great
proof that the Negro had the physique to survive. But to make assur-
ance doubly sure more acid was added. He was put to sleep in shanties
with dank earth floors. He was given food that scientific feeding now
would hardly give to any creature to work on. He was worked from
dawn till dark. All these were in striking and shocking contrast to his
former life of ease and roving, of feeding on fresh fruit and the flesh
of wild beasts and fowls.

To-day the test is still applied. The Negro lives as a rule, that is,
the masses, in and around the ditches, the dark and damp places in the
city. In some towns and cities there are even being enacted laws to keep
him there. I know of no grosser misunderstanding existing between the
two races to-day than such as grows out of just this matter of segrega-
tion. The white people appear to think that the Negro wants to mix
socially, when really all the Negro wants is a better house on a cleaner
street, with water, lights, adequate police protection and a decent en-
vironment for his children. The majority of Negro families live now
in a one-room house either in the city or in the country, and they live on
meagre fare. His spirit or courage receives a daily or even more fre-
quent jar through the reminder that the color of his skin, for which he
can hardly be held accountable, is a barrier to his progress. Yet the
black man lives, smiles, rears his family, gives his children a little better
clothes, and a little more education than he has had, puts his shoulder
to the wheel in peace or in war to push forward the good work of his
state or his communitv, and above all harbors no envy or revenge. This
does not refer to the criminal, shiftless Negro, who is already spoken of
too much. But for the worthy Negro thus surviving and increasing,
facing even the most trying difficulties with cheer, I repeat, our ideals
for him are high and progressive.

To make the Negro a Christian citizen is the passionate dream and
fervent effort of Tuskegee. First and always Tuskegee is dedicated to
lifting the masses. We believe that only as the people at the bottom
are drawn up can the race be recognized as deserving larger opportu-

THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD

[January

THE HOME OF \VM. HOLTZCLAW, A GRADUATE OF TUSKEGEE

He was the Founder of Utica Normal and Industrial Institute, Mississippi, a School begun under the trees and now-
valued at $100,000.

nities. Perhaps I can best explain by giving in some detail the Tus-
kegee process of moulding men and women. With the late Dr. Booker
T. Washington, religion and duty, religion and clothes, religion and
food, in a word, religion and environment, were one and the same. He
believed that no man could be a Christian and give a half day's work
for a whole day's work. He rather believed, as he so often said to his
students, that a man should always do more than his assigned duty: that
he should do a day and a half's work for a day's work. He believed
that such was Christlike, and that no man could render such service
without being and becoming a good deal of a Christian.

Thus Tuskegee's first ideal is to take religion out of the air and
put it within the daily reach of men, not a religion for the Sabbath
merely. Thus we teach or try to teach that to report to work at a cer-
tain hour, to report to meals at a given moment, to keep the clothes neat
and clean, "to walk erect as if you are going somewhere," are attributes
of a Christian just as much as, or even more so, than preaching a loud
sermon or shouting and "moaning" in church on the Sabbath.

I was rather amused as well as gratified at the remark of an Ala-
bama County school superintendent who visited Tuskegee during the
past summer. Said he:

"You Negroes walk. You pick up your feet. I've seen colored
folks loll, shuffle and stroll, but not walk."

TUSKEGEE'S IDEALS FOR THE NEGRO

In addition to inculcating religion into daily duty and duty into re-
ligion, Tuskegee gives its students courses that they may go out and
teach others.

The Tuskegee Institute puts as much stress upon the by-product
of training as it does upon special courses. That is, no matter what
trade a man has learned, what profession he may afterward enter, Tus-
kegee expects him to engage in community service or uplift work.
Whether a student is a blacksmith, carpenter, tailor, tinsmith, school
teacher, doctor or minister, he is expected, by his life and work, to go
out and be an example to his community. He is expected to go into the
church and teach Sunday school. If there is no Sunday school, he is ex-
pected to organize one. He is to organize clubs for community im-
provement, mothers' clubs, sanitary clubs, boys' corn clubs and girls'
tomato clubs, if in the country, and garden clubs and community im-
provement clubs if in the city. He is expected to become interested in
the public school, to help build a school if need be, to see that good
teachers are secured, to use every effort to extend the school term from
two or three months to six, seven or eight months. And above all,
everywhere, at work, in meetings, he is not to whine, but to teach op-
timism to his people, to give the people greater hope, larger faith and
a stronger belief in themselves and mankind generally.

ONE OF THE STUDENT FORCES FOR THE UPLIFT OF SOUTHERN NEGROES

V. M. C. A. Cabinet at Tuskegee Institute. Training for Social Service and uplift work is given at Tuskegee in
addition to literary and industrial schooling.

THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD [January

Our courses, or rather the Tuskegee life, seek to give students this
sort of training. I say Tuskegee life, because the Tuskegee idea is that
always you are living in the present, not in the future. This is true for
both students and teachers. In our Phelps Hall Bible Training School
we seek to train Christian workers, not ministers. Our students go out
into the country and teach Sunday school, visit the sick and destitute,
organize various community clubs, plant gardens, teach the people to
whitewash and to clean up. If they wish to pursue courses looking to
the ministry afterward, that is all right. Tuskegee's idea is that whether
they go further or not, this kind of training they will always need.

Our Y. M. C. A. and our Y. W. C. A. are schools in which our
boys and girls gain valuable experience for this uplift work. Both of
these organizations have student cabinets, and committees, which are
responsible for religious service, socials, athletics, and much of the de-
portment of students.

In this work, as in all other work of the school, Tuskegee says to
the student, "The school is yours. The teachers are your guides only.
Live now. Learn by doing." With allowance for youth and individ-
ual shortcomings, this idea is very well carried out. If the teacher is
absent in the blacksmith shop, in the kitchen, in the arithmetic class, the
students take hold and shoe the horse, serve the meal, or solve the
problem as the case may be. In this way we teach him to lend an in-
fluence that is positive and aggressive rather than negative. This Tus-
kegee is trying to make a habit with him before he leaves her doors.

While Tuskegee continuously drives home this ideal of service to
others, she also lays strong emphasis on beginning with self. Nothing
is quite so convincing in the Tuskegee scheme as the outstanding, con-
crete example. If a student would convince people that land owning and
property owning are a desirable asset of a good citizen, he must blaze the
way by owning property himself. If he would teach that a beautiful
home, flowers in the yard, a happy family are the ideals of citizenship,
then he must set the example by having these himself. In all this, how-
ever, he or she must be simple and modest; the clothes, the home, the
speech, must all exhibit the quiet, unassuming worker, not the man of
vanity and show.

This is the ideal as Tuskegee tries to impart it to her students.
Through pamphlets, through agents, through gatherings at the Insti-
tute, she seeks constantly to reenforce this. Through the kindness of a
friend, Mr. Julius Rosenwald of Chicago, she has tried to bring home
this ideal to the colored people in rural communities, by building a
model school building. In many cases the effect has been almost instant,
in that farmers have put up better homes or improved on those already
built. Once or twice a year the school issues pamphlets telling farmers
what to plant in a given season, how to care for cows, pigs, poultry and
the like. These leaflets are usually the work of Prof. George W. Car-
ver, of the Agricultural Department, who has contributed much during

TUSKEGEE'S IDEALS FOR THE NEGRO

his twenty years' service at Tuskegee to advance the standard of the
life of the rural colored man.

Many white men are still skeptical about negro education. Prof.
Carver's work is an example of how a serviceable act blots out the race
question and gains friends for negro education as well as personal
friends. Only a short time ago, under the direction of the Institute, he
issued a bulletin entitled "How to Live Comfortably in Winter." Now,
of course, the Southern white man as a rule would not think of taking
instruction from a Negro. It chanced that one of these pamphlets fell
into the hands of the State supervisor of canning clubs. In a letter
saying "I know you wrote this for colored farmers, but it will help
white farmers as well," this lady asked that several copies be sent to
each of her twenty-seven subordinates in the different sections of the
State. This she requested in spite of the fact that a pamphlet purport-
ing to contain the same kind of instruction had just been issued to the
white farmers of the State.

The frequent assembling of farmers and their wives and children
about the school has done untold good in keeping the people spurred on,
in giving them new ideals both of work and living. At these gatherings
the mothers learn how to cook, to care for poultry and milk, to keep
neater homes and to care for their children.

Of course, not every graduate nor every ex-student has been a con-
spicuous success in applying our ideals. Yet when we consider how new
all things in civilization are to the black man, and under what odds he
often labors we have every reason to be encouraged.

Our students have carried the Tuskegee ideal into every walk of
life into which they have gone. In some instances it is the doing of the
big things, in others it is doing the humble, little thing in a modest way;
in still others, it is doing the every-day duty in an unusual but very sat-
isfactory way.

Probably the biggest way in which Tuskegee has had her ideals
reenforced is through reproduction. Dr. Washington said, "Go forth
into the woods and barren places and build up schools." Of the number
of students who have gone out from Tuskegee during the last thirty-odd
years since its founding thirty-three have founded industrial schools.
The record of these schools, as compiled in 19 10, shows 142 teachers
employed, 62 of whom were Tuskegee graduates or former students.
Through these offshoots 4,000 students were being trained and 73,000
people were being reached by the method of extension work taught at
Tuskegee, that is, through farmers' conferences, mothers' meetings,
boys' and girls' improvement clubs and the like.

One founder of a rural school wrote some time ago, "I accept my
salary in syrup, meal, corn or anything I can use in my family." This
teacher soon discovered that he needed a mule and farm tools to teach
agriculture and gardening. To buy these he got the friends and patrons
to give 100 ears of corn apiece.

THE. MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD [January

One of the most successful of Tuskegee branch schools was
founded in Florida from the proceeds of i '!» acres of sweet potatoes;
another in South Carolina was established by a young woman who en-
tered Tuskegee almost destitute and very frail of health. She started
her institution in the upstairs of an old storehouse, borrowing chairs,
benches and other requisites of the schoolroom. This school now has a
valuation of over $60,000. Another graduate started a school in
Mississippi with only trees for a shelter. This institution to-day has
property valued at $100,000.

The same spirit of service has animated students in other walks
of life. A former student, who is farming, has also built a school, es-
tablished a farmers' conference, and in winter holds a three-days' school
for farmers. A public school teacher in one of our small cities is church
organist, superintendent of the Sunday school, a member of the deacons'
board and president of the Baptist Young People's Union. All of these
posts he has held from fifteen to twenty years.

Some years ago a young lady came to Tuskegee and learned dress-
making. Unable to remain until she could get a diploma, she went
away and set up business for herself. But she had caught the Tus-
kegee spirit. She organized a girls' industrial club. Through this
club she secured employment for 132 girls and established prizes to be
awarded to the best seamstress.

Among those who have gone out from Tuskegee none have ren-
dered finer service than our trained nurses. In one city in the North
one of our nurses asked to be allowed to work in the colored slums.
As she was the first Negro nurse to make such an application she had
endless difficulty in securing appointment. She worked five months
without salary. She went into the homes of fallen girls, corrected the
unsanitary habits of mothers and children, and even broke up gambling
resorts of the Negro men.

These, then, are some of the ideals of Tuskegee for *the Negro.
First, last and always, he will serve his fellow men in any way his abil-
ity may direct. He shall pick out a place, settle down, own property,
pay taxes and become a model citizen. His house, his dress, his life
while at work or at play shall be an example and an inspiration; they
shall inspire his own race to emulation and the white race to belief in
Negroes and in negro education.

Tuskegee has not thus far concerned herself with what is called
political rights. Her ideal has been to make the Negro deserving, to
make him show to the white rdce that he is deserving. Though many
discouraging setbacks occur, as when black men are lynched or driven
out wholesale from communities in which they have property and pay
taxes, keep the law and serve their people; yet, with that strong buoyant
hope and optimism so characteristic ol her founder, Tuskegee leels
sure that the sense of fair play in the white man and the justice of God
will finally give us our place of full citizenship in America.

A VILLAGE WHERE THE MISSIONARIES ARE WORKING IN CAMEROON, WEST AFRICA

War Experiences in West Africa

BY REV. WILLIAM M. DAGER
Missionary of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions, U. S. A.

THE German Cameroon colony in West Africa lies between British
Nigeria on one side and French Congo on the other, with diminu-
tive Spanish Guinea touching its southern border for about one
hundred miles. When war broke out two years ago, this short strip of
neutral border land was the only outlet to the outside world. Allied
war vessels controlled the sea coast, and all the other parts of the
boundary line were soon the scene of desperate fighting. The troops
on both sides were almost all Africans, but they were officered by
Europeans.

The American Presbyterian mission is in South Cameroon, where
forty-five missionaries were stationed at the outbreak of the war. Most
of them were at the coast for the annual mission meeting, and sixteen,
who had completed their three years of service, were planning to sail
for America on a German steamer in the middle of August. The ener-
vating climate of tropical Africa rendered these men and women
physically unfit to endure any added strain. The German steamer did
not sail, but God provided another way. Through the kindness of the
Germans they crossed to Fernando Po, where Spanish hospitality pro-
vided for the necessary stay, and they were able to borrow money for
passage on a Spanish boat. An English cargo boat took care of four
of the party from the Canary Islands, so that all enjoyed their much-
needed furlough, and are now back on the field. They are taking the

THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD [January

places of those who passed through the strenuous months during which
they were working with lighting on every side of them.

In July, 1914, j ust before the declaration of war, a group of
missionaries were standing on the beach at Batanga, interested in a
promiscuous assortment of boxes. These had just been carried from
the surf boat by the natives and deposited beyond the reach of the waves.
The steamer from which this surf boat was discharging its cargo was
anchored about a mile out. She was the last steamer to land cargo
before the blockade. That group of missionaries did not know the
future, but God did, and He had sent the supply just before they were
to be almost shut off from supplies for eighteen months.

The neutral Spanish border prevented an absolute blockade. En-
trance through this border was, however, roundabout, difficult and
dangerous. One man from America, who was at home on furlough,
returned to the mission that way in January, 1 9 1 5 . He came with
letters, papers, and first-hand news. There were malted milk and oat-
meal for the babies, and limited quantities of butter, milk, sugar and
flour, to be distributed among five stations.

Native foods were used by the missionaries to a large extent. Of
corn, sweet potatoes and peanuts there was no lack at any time. The
sugar cane furnished us with molasses. Bananas were not difficult to
procure. Pineapples and oranges could be had in season. Some who
had their own chickens had eggs all the time; those without could buy
them part of the time. A small amount of goats' milk was available
when it was possible to get possession of a goat. Potatoes, beans and
small onions were grown, and some other European vegetables. For
these, however, best results can only be secured with fresh seed which
has been specially prepared and packed for the tropics. Seed was sent,
but before it could reach the end of this long journey the tins were no
longer moisture-proof, and most of it failed to germinate.

Other foods not so familiar as the above to Americans were a
great help to us. The papaia and avagado pear supplied us at all
times with fruit. For vegetables we had the plantain and cassava, from
both of which we also made flour. The mikabo (known here as the
caladium or elephant ear) was a good substitute for potato, and made
a nourishing soup, and its young leaves could be cooked as greens.
There were also several other varieties of greens, and the bread-fruit
trees helped out when they were in season.

Nor were we without meats, for a native hunter brought for our
use the antelope and wild hog. In some stations the supply was ample;
at others the game was scarce enough to make the bringing in of an
animal a real treat. Four or five months without sugar, flour, butter
or milk, and eighteen months with only a very limited supply of the
same led us to appreciate those essentials as never before.

God not only cared for us during the eighteen months, but taught
us to value and use the native foods to an extent we had never done

THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD [January

before. The entire period was one in which God's mercies were new
to us each day. The absolute necessities were always provided. Quinine,
so essential to the health of the missionary, held out till the last. The
babies of the mission could not live without milk and oatmeal. There
were times when the last tin had been opened, but the new supply was
sent just when needed, and the babies were provided for by Him who
knew our extremity.

In August, 19 14, there was no missionary doctor at Elat, and the
Government doctor had been sent to another post, but in that month
of mobilization, a German surgeon was sent to the Government post
near Elat, and two of his earliest cases were operations for appendicitis
upon missionaries of our mission. In January, 19 15, when the black
water fever attacked another of our force, and his life hung in the
balance, another German Government doctor was the one able to give
the immediate attention necessary. Even though some of the stations
were without a missionary doctor, military physicians were available
for every emergency. When the Germans had gone the French came,
and very soon one of their physicians had under his care as a patient
another one of our missionaries, and in a short time effected a cure.

Even more apparent was God's care of the missionaries when the
war zone encroached upon their field of labor. On one occasion a
war vessel was steaming up the coast, firing as she came. Seaside
cottage at Batanga was in full view on a bluff facing the ocean. When
it was seen to be necessary, the neutral flag was displayed and the firing
ceased within half a mile of the house within which were four of our
missionaries. On another occasion two of the missionaries were mak-
ing a necessary journey through the German outpost. A French attack
was expected, and scouts were watching the roads. Their path should
have turned to cross a stream, but talking as they rode on their bicycles,
they missed the turn and went straight ahead. Later they learned that
they had been mistaken for Frenchmen and the scouts had retreated
to the other side of the river, taking the canoe with them, without
which a crossing was not possible. When the missionaries returned
and called for the canoe they were recognized by the natives. God had
led them out of their way for their protection.

The time came when the battle lines drew nearer to our stations
and work. Two of our missionaries were in a native village with one
hundred and fifty evangelists and teachers, who had with them their
wives and children. On sloping ground they all crouched behind stumps
and trees, where the missionaries waited while the Germans retreated
and the French advanced. The bullets flew overhead and a stray bullet
found its victim in the next village, but not one of our people was
touched.

There were critical situations in those first days of occupation by
the Allies. The missionaries were not known to them, so that a strange
white man could be easily mistaken for a German. This did happen

WAR EXPERIENCES IN WEST AFRICA

in four widely separated places. Guns were pointed at them, and for
a time they were prisoners, but through it all no one of them experi-
enced the slightest bodily harm.

SOME RESULTS OF THE MISSIONARY'S WORK IN WEST AFRICA
Girls' school at MacLean Station, Lolodorf. Mrs. W. S. Lehman in the rear.

Looking after refugees took the missionary through the German
lines one hour before the French forced them to retreat. His three-
mile run on the bicycle occurred in a lull of the firing during which new
positions were being occupied. Who else timed that journey but God,
who was answering the prayers of those at home who were remember-
ing the missionaries shut up in Cameroon?

MISSIONARY WORK IN WAR TIMES

And God was not unmindful of His work. The story of sickness,
starvation, suffering, temptation, sorrow and death, which came to
natives through the war, can never be fully told. With war on every
side it was certainly only of God that the educational and evangelistic
work of the mission could be maintained for eighteen months with but
little interruption, and then go on practically undisturbed through a
transfer from German to French control of the colony. We have only
the reports from three of the shut-in stations, but these report 1,880
additions by confession of faith in 19 15, and contributions aggregating
to $8,901, which is just about double what was contributed in any
previous year. Evangelists and school teachers remained loyally at
their posts, even when the missionaries were removed, because they
were not permitted to remain within the war zone. "Let whatever

THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD

[January

comes find us and our people together," was the way they expressed
their desire to remain at their posts of duty.

Can wc ever forget the boy killed by deserters? At the last, when
German defeat was certain, many soldiers deserted, and with their guns
and ammunition went plundering about the country. They met two
men sent on by a by-path to our station at Metet with provisions and
mail, because the Allies were coming through Metet and the main road
was closed. The loads were stolen and plundered and the mail was
thrown into the bush. The carriers were taken as prisoners. Then a
school boy of the town, knowing how the missionaries longed for mail,
took the letters, intending somehow to get them to us. A second con-
tingent of deserters found him with the letters, and lest through him
it should be discovered who stole the boxes, they cruelly killed the boy.
The people of the town reported it at once to the advance guard of
the French, and part of the mail was recovered and the prisoners
released. Precious letters; but spattered with the life blood of the boy
who through loyalty to the mission was seeking to deliver them to us.

God also used his missionaries to bring relief to the suffering. It
is sadly true that the great bulk of suffering could not be relieved, but
much that could be done was done. The retreating Germans left in
the care of the mission two thousand refugees who had been political
war prisoners. They were to be sent back to their homes when the
Allies had finally come in. On Monday they were given to us, and the
whole mission station at Elat was turned over to them. Every dormi-
tory and small cooking shed was filled to overflowing. They camped
under the mission dwellings and slept with no shelter at all. They
were supplied with two days' rations, and more was promised on
Wednesday. But on Wednesday, when the Germans retreated and the
French' came in, we had only about ten bushels of corn to feed them.
But God proved that He can and does supply every need. When wild
sweet potatoes and all else we had to give them was gone, on Saturday
the people for miles around, feeling that they must make a peaceful
approach to their new masters, brought food in such quantities that it
sufficed for the invading army and for the refugees as well. The next
day the refugees were sent to their homes.

Then, with the country wasted with war, came hunger and dysen-
tery and death. At least four of the missionaries were taken with
dysentery — one of the by-products of the war. We could not even
estimate how many of those heavy-laden carriers were taken with it,
sleeping where they could, drinking water from polluted streams, and
unable to buy (even when they had the money) food sufficient to nourish
them. Many were left unburied by the roadside. At all the mission
stations health and succor were given to many. Some beyond help were
given a decent burial. Christians entered heartily into the work, and
when one missionary adopted the plan of asking in church each Sunday
how many had helped any of the refugees during the week, it was

igi/] TUSKEGEE'S IDEALS FOR THE NEGRO 51

gratifying to see about two-thirds or four-fifths of the audience of from
five hundred to six hundred rise to their feet.

God's ordering of affairs was clearly illustrated in the return of
a doctor and a minister. They were home on furlough, and in June,

19 1 5, a request was made by the mission that these two be sent to the
relief of the over-burdened, shut-in force in Cameroon. But they did
not come when we expected. Had they come then they would have
met the German refugees fleeing before the advance of the Allies, and
the overland journey through Spanish Guinea would have been very
dangerous, if not impossible. Now observe a few dates. January 19,

19 16, witnessed the retreat of the Germans beyond our last mission
station. On January 28th the Allies were in possession of the terri-
tory surrounding all of our mission stations. February 15th, the last
of the Germans withdrew across the border into Spanish Guinea and
left the Allies in full possession. On January 30th the English gen-
eral gave permission for the entrance of those of our force who had
been shut out, and on February 1st the doctor entered Cameroon, and
later in the same month the minister arrived. When they left America
the Germans were still successfully defending southern Cameroon, and
they arrived just as the blockade lifted and the colony was opened to
them.

The God who has answered prayer will answer other prayers for
these missionaries on the frontier. The transfer from German to French
control calls for new adjustments. Some who were there during the
period of war are still at their posts. Others have recently returned
to their work. They need especially the sympathy and prayers of God's
people during these days of toil and danger.

READY FOR A MISSIONARY PALAYER IN WEST AFRICA
Head man seated in chair with several of his followers seated on the ground in front o I his house

Mr. Chang of the Crystal Spring Village

BY JEAN CARTER COCHRAN, PLA1NFIELD, NEW JERSEY

A GRAY evening had settled in on the village of the Crystal Spring:
it had rained a soft drizzle all day, and even the Crystal Spring,
for which the hamlet had been called, lay deep in mud and
belied its name. There was, in fact, nothing much but mud to be seen,
from the narrow streets where the little pools of muddy water stood, to
the walls of the houses that were plainly built of no other material, and
looking out into the twilight over the fields the country also was the
same monotonous muddy brown tint.

Though the Chinese are a good deal like hens in their attitude of
mind toward water in general, and rain in particular, this evening it
had failed to keep them indoors, for had not the village schoolmaster
promised to tell them many wonderful things of the golden age of China,
when sages walked the land and were able to converse not only with hu-
man beings, but with the fairy folk?

To-night the schoolmaster looked over his little audience of men
and boys, wondering which story to tell them; they waited in a respect-
ful silence, for he had taken his degree, and the only one in the village
who did not stand in awe of him was his wife. If Mr. Chang had known
Greek his feelings would have been drawn to Socrates and his home life.

Slowly he began,* "iEons ago, almost at the dawning of our
golden age, there lived on the edge of a lotus stream a mussel contented
and happy. One spring morning, when the apricots were in bloom,
tempted by the beauty of the day, he went out on the river bank to sun
himself., A bittern passing by perceived the mussel and, with none of
those courteous ceremonies customary in polite society, pecked at the un-
watchful shell-fish. The mussel realizing that he who hesitates is lost
wasted no time but nipped the bird's beak. The bittern, surprised and
frightened, exclaimed: 'If you do not let me go to-day, if you refuse
to let me go to-morrow, there will be a dead mussel.' His would-be vic-
tim rejoined: Tf I stay indoors to-day and if I don't come out to-mor-
row, there surely will be a dead bittern!' " Suddenly, at this climax, a
wild face was thrust into the door of the schoolroom and an excited voice
shouted : "There is a foreign devil arrived at the inn, and you had bet-
ter all be quick, for we think he is going to undress!"

Magic surely cannot have disappeared from China; the speed with
which the room was emptied of all but the schoolmaster and the ne-
cromancer was simply miraculous. The necromancer felt it incumbent
on his dignity to move more slowly; the schoolmaster, who was at heart

*This fable is quoted from W. A. Cornaby's " String of Chinese Preach Stones." He claims
it is the oldest Chinese fable in existence.

iyi7j MR. CHANG OF THE CRYSTAL SPRING VILLAGE

SCENE AT A CRYSTAL SPRING VILLAGE WELL IN CHINA

a gentleman, turned toward his home; he would call with ceremony later,
when the rude villagers had left. Curiosity soon got the better of the
necromancer, however, and murmuring: "I have heard it said these
foreigners have a hole in their chest through which a stick is run by
which they are carried by coolies; I must see if it is true." He turned
and hurried to the inn.

The scene at the inn was amusing enough; every door and window
was full of heads, and those who had a few cash with which to buy tea
had even entered the house itself and were drinking, with their eyes
glued on the unfortunate foreigner. The inn was a poor place; the only
thing that could be said in its favor was that it was dry. It consisted of
one long room, where all the guests ate, dressed and slept. At one end
was a fire of stalks burning; there was no chimney to let the smoke
escape, so the foreigner sat beside the blaze, with the tears running down
his face from the suffocating smoke, trying in vain to get dry. He had
removed his coat, which was dripping, and beside him, on the floor, lay
a bicycle, covered with the prevailing mud. The man's sense of humor
had almost been washed' away, but when he saw the amazement painted
on every countenance as he started to clean his wheel he could not sup-
press a smile. He had been forced to walk a long distance on account
of the rain, and the consequence was none of the Chinese knew what the
bicycle was for, so they kept at a safe distance. As he thoughtfully spun

THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD [January

around each wheel, the eyes of the crowd grew as large as saucers; one
of them whispered: "It's a new kind of gun!" Some of them put their
fingers in their ears, expecting a loud report, others withdrew to a still
greater distance; nothing happened, however, and at that moment the
necromancer entered and speedily drew his own conclusions; this was evi-
dently some foreign magic, and it was clearly to his advantage to get in
with the foreigner and divide the profits. He went directly up to the
stranger and started conversation.

"You have come a long road to-day?"

"Yes," replied the man, "one hundred li" (about thirty miles).

The necromancer thought, "Ha! I was right; it is magic indeed;
no man could walk or be carried by coolies a distance like that in such
weather."

So he asked still another question: "Then the coolies did not carry
you by means of the pole stuck through your chest!"

The foreigner was puzzled — then he remembered the ancient ru-
mor about the foreigners and replied: "No, I rode this wheel."

The necromancer was dazed, but by this time the crowd had grown
bolder and felt like asking a few questions on their own account, so they
drew up close, and a perfect volley followed: "Where was he from?"
"What was his name?" "How did he button his collar?" "What was
his vest for?" etc., etc.

Finally, weary of answering so much unadulterated curiosity and
remembering his purpose in coming, the stranger thought it was his turn
to lead the conversation, and, turning to the necromancer, he said: "I
have come to your village to tell you about one of our sages that lived
many years ago." The people were too interested in the present, how-
ever, to stop to hear past history, and they would not listen.

Then a bright idea struck the traveler. "I see that this room is
very large; I will ride this wheel around the place for twenty minutes
and let you all see how it works if, after I have finished, you will prom-
ise to listen to me talk for twenty minutes."

This proposition appealed to his audience, and a space was quickly
cleared. Amid the "Ahs!" and "Ehs!" of the crowd, he mounted the
wheel and rode around and around for a long twenty minutes, then he
dismounted, and saying: "Now it is my turn!" he began to tell his story.
True to their bargain, the Chinese listened quietly, with only a question
now and then to help get his meaning. After he had finished, a number
bought his tracts and gospels, and one old man asked:

"How long ago did you say this good man lived?"

"Over nineteen hundred years," the foreign replied.

The old man looked very sad. "And you foreigners have known
this glad news nineteen hundred years and have only just come to tell us
about it now ! I cannot understand that."

Some of the more intelligent lingered for a few moments, but it was
growing late, and they at last said a reluctant good-by.

1917] MR. CHANG OF THE CRYSTAL SPRING VILLAGE 55

With a weary sigh the foreigner turned to undress, when he heard
a quiet voice behind him say:

"Good evening, honorable sir, may I ask your revered name?" On
looking around he beheld the village teacher, Mr. Chang, making deep
bows of greeting.

Snatching his spectacles from his eyes to show he knew the rules of
Chinese etiquette, the stranger replied, with an equally low bow: "My
humble name is Sun."

"May I also inquire your lofty longevity?" continued the teacher.

"My years are only few and small — I am only forty," replied
Mr. Sun.

SOME OF THE MISSIONARIES' EAGER LISTENERS IN A CHINESE VILLAGE

"Ah!" exclaimed the other. "I thought you were a great deal
older. Now will you kindly inform me the name of your renowned
country?"

"The name of my country is America !" was the answer.

At the name "America" Mr. Chang's face brightened visibly.
"Why, that is the country of Washington and Lincoln," he said joyfully.

Interested at once, Mr. Sun invited him to be seated, and inquired
where he had heard of Washington and Lincoln. The teacher eagerly
explained that, when he had gone to Nanking to pass his examination for
his degree, at the door of the examination hall a foreigner had sold him
a book containing the lives of Washington and Lincoln.

"They were indeed great and good men ; could you not tell me more
about them?"

Very gladly Mr. Sun did so, and finished by saying: "Washington

THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD [January

and Lincoln were true lovers of freedom and their fellow men, but their
ideas were received from a still greater teacher who taught nineteen hun-
dred years ago. Let me read you what he says," and drawing the gospel
of John from his pocket he read:

"And ye shall know the truth and the truth shall make you free."

"Yes," said the teacher, "those are wise words, that is the kind of
freedom we need in China; will it weary you too much to tell me about
this very wise man?"

Delighted at this wonderful opportunity, Mr. Sun told him about
that most perfect of all lives, and the teacher eagerly drank in every
word. At length he rose to go, saying he would return in the morning
to hear more. Sadly, Mr. Sun explained that he had to hurry on at day-
light to see a dying friend, but he gave the teacher a book of the Gos-
pels, and promised to return at some future time.

It was now late and, very softly, Mr. Chang stole through the de-
serted street and quietly opened the door of his rude home, hoping not
to disturb his sleeping spouse. The hope was vain: she had lain awake
on purpose. He was greeted with a volley: "Where in the world have
you been? A pretty hour this, to be coming in! What will the neigh-
bors say?"

"A good deal," the poor teacher thought, "if they hear you talk,"
but he wisely only said: "I have been to the inn and talked to the for-
eigner, and he told me a most wonderful thing about a sage who came to
earth to teach us to love everybody, our neighbors, and even strangers."

"Foolish words they were; why, think what a difference it would
make if I should love Wang Mah!" and turning herself scornfully in
bed she went soundly to sleep.

Difference, indeed! His wife's daily battles with Wang Mah were
the scandal and excitement of the whole village; combat was waged from
dawn to dewy eve, year in and year out.

Having assured himself that his wife was really asleep, Mr. Chang
sat down by the little flickering lamp and began to read his new book.
Thoughtfully and slowly he read, in order to take in the wonderful sfory.
Not once did he look up, until a faint streak of dawn reminded him he
must retire if he wished any peace for the next fortnight.

A very much puzzled necromancer arose that morning pondering
over the follies of foreigners in general and this one in particular; to
have perfectly good magic at one's command, and fail to make a profit
from it was worse than foolish — it was madness. Mrs. Chang, too, was
very much disturbed by the foreigner's visit; surely he had bewitched
her husband; loud was her lamenting over the wasted oil; the long day
through she could talk and think of nothing else. But all day long the
teacher did not hear her, for his thoughts were elsewhere, walking with
his new-found Master through the fields of Galilee, and ever in his ears
rang the words: "And ye shall know the truth and the truth shall make
you free."

Miracles on the Kongo"

BY CATHERINE C. MABIE, M.D., KIMPESE, KONGO BELGE

Dr. Mabie is a niece of Rev. Henry C. Mabie, and one of the missionaries of the
American Baptist Foreign Mission Society. She has recently returned to America on
furlough, but sent from West Central Africa this very interesting description of medical
work among the women of that region.

W/E are having three days' respite
* ™ from schoolroom duties following
Easter. I had planned to spend them
as well as the week-end with a congenial
friend at Thysville, three hours up the
line, but three of the students' wives
chose this particular week for birthday
parties. A new baby every other day
down in the students' quarters excels all
previous records, a girl and two boys!
With great difficulty and after a full
half-hour with no sign of life, one of
the boys was finally induced to breathe.
The suscitation of the asphyxiated babe
seemed a veritable miracle to the class
of women students who were in attend-
ance. One or two were assisting me
and I explained to all of them the meth-
ods employed and reasons for their use,
and tried to show them that when far
away from a doctor in their towns, they
themselves might follow the same meth-
ods under like circumstances. One of
the Banza Manteke women regaled them
with stories of similar miracles per-
formed during my residence there. It
all seemed too marvelous to be true,
but there was the baby, its little heart
thumping away! Appreciation of their
doctor has been rather keener than usual
the last few days.

In our next physiology hour we shall
review the case and its handling, and
I shall try further to impress upon their
minds that no miracle was wrought.
What happened was but the result of
the application of certain methods which
they may attempt to use. Infant mor-
tality from asphyxiation and other causes
is appalling in this country. Tetanus
neonatorum is a common cause of in-

fant mortality. Instructions as to its
cause and possible prevention ought to
save many little lives. All expectant
mothers coming to the dispensary are ad-
vised to invest ten cents in a little sealed
packet of antiseptic dressings for the
cord and are told the danger of tetanus
infection during baby's first week. They
are also advised to find another ten cents
for a bottle of castor-oil. Practically all
infant maladies occurring during the
nursing period are attributed to moth-
er's milk being bad, and so the mothers
always want medicine for themselves
rather than for the sick infants.

Yesterday a pcor heathen woman
came, wanting medicine to improve the
quality of her milk. She had had nine
children, all of whom had died in in-
fancy from one cause or another, chiefly
malaria, pneumonia, and other diseases ;
but she, poor thing, carried the double
sorrow of believing that she was respon-
sible for their deaths! The sorrows of
heathen motherhood are multiplied and
grievous to bear. A man puts away his
wife because she bears him no children.
He puts her away because she has born
him many children, all of whom have
died in infancy.

Their ignorance concerning their own
bodies, concerning the cause and treat-
ment of the most common ailments, is
appalling. Their slowness in apprehend-
ing our teaching concerning these vital
matters is discouraging. But they must
be taught, and I know of no better op-
portunity anywhere in Kongo than we
have here at Kimpese for imparting this
needful instruction. Our students are
picked men from all our own and the

♦From The Watchman-Examiner.

THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD [January

English Baptist stations in the Lower
Kongo, and are in residence here with
their wives and children three years.
Over and over and over again both the
men and the women are drilled in the
structure and functions of the body.
They are instructed as to the cause,
course and possible treatment, in the ab-
sence of a physician, of the more com-
mon diseases. Village hygiene, diseases
due to drinking infected water, those
transmitted by insects, source of hook-
worm and other parasitic infections are
all discussed, and practical means of
combating these evils are suggested.

In my judgment the time for the
Kongo trained nurse has not yet arrived.
Single unattached women of twenty-five
years of age are almost as rare as ice-
bergs in Kongo. Most girls marry when
from sixteen to twenty years of age. If
widowed they soon remarry. The state
of society is still too primitive for the
entry of the native trained nurse as we
know her in America, India or China.
I have come to the conclusion that the
teachers and their wives are the key to
the situation. The more intelligent they
become, the more training we can give
them in the care of the sick and in pre-
ventive measures, the better. Kimpese
offers a unique opportunity for this sort
of training, which appeals to me as more
practicable than training classes for
nurses. The Kimpese men will be the
leaders in the districts to which they re-
turn. If they and their wives can min-
ister to the physical needs of their peo-
ple it is easily conceivable that they
may more readily gain their interest
in spiritual matters. In the good times
that are coming the trained nurse will
doubtless follow in their train. But for
the present I prefer to expend my
energy in training the former, and in-
tend to do more and more along this
line.

Not only class room but clinical in-
struction extending through several years,
it may be, is possible here. A case in
point is that of the two-year-old child
of one of the new students. A couple
of months ago it had an epileptoid seiz-
ure due to improper feeding following
an acute attack of dysentery. All phe-

nomena of this kind are directly attrib-
uted to spirit interference, never to
natural or preventable causes. After
quieting their fears, I carefully explained
the immediate cause of the convulsion
and predicted another unless the mother
followed my instructions as to feeding.
I knew well enough that she did not
believe in my explanation. But after a
dozen or more times of secretly giving
the child solid food, after every one of
which the dreaded symptoms reappeared,
it finally began to sink into the father's
mind, if not the mother's, that possibly
the food really had something to do with
the symptoms, and so they began to co-
operate with me in the care of the child.
The mother told me one day that I was
quite mistaken as to the cause of the
trouble; that it was in the child's eyes,
and burning medicine should be intro-
duced in the eyes and its back should
be burned. It happened that this case
developed while the men were studying
nervous physiology and it served to dem-
onstrate many points. As there is a
history of epilepsy in the mother's im-
mediate family, the case may well be an
instructive one to watch during the re-
maining two years of its residence here.
All such practical excursions into the
mysterious realms hitherto sacred to
spirits is one way of convincing these
people that back of every such phenom-
enon is a natural and often preventable
cause and not an evil, vengeful spirit.
I often think that instruction in physiol-
ogy and allied subjects may be even more
potent than Biblical exposition in freeing
them from the fear and domination of
spiritism, their evil heritage from count-
less generations of fetish worshipers.
The healing of the sick is but a part of
a medical missionary's duty in lands of
ignorance and superstition.

The months while school is not in ses-
sion here are the busiest months in the
medical department. I have quite as
large a dispensary practise here as I had
at Banza Manteke, and so I usually find
it difficult to get away from the station
for any length of time. I would like
also to get my physiology lectures into
text-book form and mimeograph them for
next session's use.

Woman's Federation Bulletin

EDITED BY MRS. HENRY W. PEABODY, BEVERLY, MASSACHUSETTS

THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE
FEDERATION OF WOMAN'S BOARDS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS OF NORTH AMERICA

President — Mrs. William A. Montgomery, no Harvard St., Rochester, N. Y.
Vice-President — Miss Margaret Hodge, 319 So. 41st St., Philadelphia, Pa.
Secretary — Mrs. William H. Farmer, 8 Draper Terrace, Montclair, N. J.
Treasurer — Miss O. H. Lawrence, 25 East 22nd St., N. Y.

CHAIRMEN OF COMMITTEES

Methods of Work — Mrs. Anne R. Atwater, College of Missions Buildings, Indianapolis, Ind.
Summer Schools and Conferences — Mrs. Charlotte E. Vickers, 312 N. Elmwood Ave., Oak
Park, 111.

Student Work — Mrs. H. R. Steele, Sio Broadway, Nashville, Tenn.
Publications and Literature — Mrs. Henry W. Peabody, Beverly, Mass.

Christian Literature for Women and Children of Mission Lands — Miss Alice Kyle, Congregational
House, Boston, Mass.

Interdenominational Institutions on the Foreign Field — Mrs. Wm. Frazer McDowell, 15091
1 6th St., N. W., Washington, D. C.

The "Bulletin" and "The Review"

'THE Bulletin of the Federation of
Women's Boards of Foreign Mis-
sions becomes, with this issue, a part
of The Missionary Review of the
World. We hope, by this change, to
gain in two ways. Women who read
The Review will learn about the ac-
tivities of the Federation of Women's
Boards, and the rapidly growing inter-
denominational work for women in
many foreign fields.

Those who have read the Bulletin
will now have an opportunity to come
in touch with the broader field and
wider interests represented in The Re-
view each month. There are Christian
women of such limited vision that they
read no missionary periodical at all, and
so know nothing of the great world
movements of the Church of God.
Others have gained some knowledge
from their own denominational maga-
zines. Still others long to know of the
victories of the whole army of God and
eagerly seek such material as The Re-
view offers.

What could be better tin's year than
a subscription for The Missionary
Review of the World as a Christmas
present to each of our Women's Mis-
sionary Societies? Any one of us can
earn a copy by securing a club in our

church. To circulate such a magazine
as this among the men and women of
our churches is one of the most valuable
aids to missionary interests.

Some of our missionaries out on the
firing line would enjoy a subscription to
The Review more than anything you
could send them. Have you heard how
the soldiers in the trenches wait eagerly
for newspapers and letters telling of the
victories in other parts of the battle-
field? Nothing strengthens and heart-
ens the lonely missionary stations in
Asia and Africa like news from those
who, like themselves, are separated from
the great army. They need the inspira-
tion and strength that will come through
the pages of The Review. They will
thank you twelve times a year if you
will give them this proof of your care
for them.

If the members of your Missionary
Society will contribute five or ten cents
each, you could send one subscription
to the missionary and give one to your
own pastor. His missionary sermons
would take on a new flavor with the in-
spiration of The Review. It has al-
ready proved invaluable to many.

Miss Leavis, whom many of the
women have learned to know through
her association with the Central Com-
mittee on the United Study of Foreign

THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD

[ January

Missions, has a capital plan in her "Two
Hire! Cluh." She will tell you how to
secure The Review without any ex-
pense, if you will write to her at West
Med ford, Mass.

This month we bring you an intro-
duction to the Federation with its many
interesting lines of work. Next month
other activities will be presented, show-
ing the work of various committees
affiliated with the Federation.

The United study of Foreign Missions

HP HE organization of the Central
Committee on the United Study of
Foreign Missions preceded by twelve
years that of the Federation of Wom-
en's Boards of Foreign Missions. The
Committee came into being the year of
the Ecumenical Council, 1900, through
the thought and plan of Miss Abbie B.
Child. Miss Child, who was a member
of the World Committee, secured a place
for the discussion of the topic of united
study on the program of one of the
women's meetings of the Ecumenical
Council in New York. There it met
with cordial approval. Later a commit-
tee was formed with five members who
were appointed as representatives of as
many of the leading Women's Boards
of Missions.

The members on this first committee
were: Chairman, Miss Abbie B. Child;
Mrs. J. T. Gracey, of the Methodist
Church; Mrs. Twing, of the Protestant
Episcopal Church; Miss Ellen Parsons,
nf the Presb\ terian Hoard; and Mrs.
N. M. Watcrbury (now Mr5. H. W.
Peabody), of the Baptist Board; Miss
Clementina Butler acted as secretary
and treasurer. Eater two other boards
appointed members, the Lutheran and
Dutch Reformed, thus covering seven of
the great denominational divisions of the
Church. The members appointed by
these boards were: Mrs. A. V. Pohlman,
of the Lutheran Board, and Miss Olivia
H. Lawrence, of the Dutch Reformed.

The present membership of this com-
mittee is: Mrs. Henry W. Peabody,
Chairman; Miss E. Harriet Stanwood,
Mrs. Decatur M. Sawyer, Mrs. Frank
Mason North, Mrs. James A. Webb,
Jr., Mrs. A. V. Pohlman, Miss Olivia
H. Lawrence, and Miss Grace T. Col-
burn, Secretary and Treasurer.

For ten years the Macmillan Com-
pany published the text-books. The Com-
mittee then took the publishing business
into its own hands. It has also issued
Junior text-books for ten years and a
large amount of supplementary material,
maps, pictures, programs, charts, and
leaflets. The work of the Committee is
done in its office in West Med ford,
Mass., where Miss M. H. Leavis has
been a most valuable helper and man-
ager for the past seven years. The sale
of books during the sixteen years has
amounted to approximately a million
and a quarter.

The plan of Summer Schools for
Woman's Missionary Societies was in-
troduced by the Central Committee in
the year 1904. The first experiment
was made at Northfield. There are now-
some thirty such schools, each under its
own committee, doing effective work in
various parts of the country.

The Woman's Foreign Mission Jubi-
lee was also inaugurated by the Central
Committee, which furnished the neces-
sary machinery and organization for
such a movement. At the close of the
Jubilee in 191 1 the Committee requested
that a larger and more representative
organization be formed and that this
Committee confine its attention for the
future to publishing books, the purpose
for which it was organized. A plan of
federation was drawn up and put in
operation in 1 91 2. In January, 1915.
the plans were modified and improved
and the Federation now- has under its
general direction various lines of work,
which are presented in this issue.

1917] WOMEN'S FEDERATION BULLETIN 61

CHRISTIAN LITERATURE FOR OTHER WOMEN
AND CHILDREN

BY MISS ALICE M. KYLE, CHAIRMAN', BOSTON, MASS.

'TPHE Committee on Christian Litera-
ture for Oriental Women and Chil-
dren has been lengthening cords and
strengthening stakes during 191 6 and
laying plans for a forward movement
during the coming year. It is almost
overwhelming to face the opportunities
in the foreign field and to attempt to
meet the needs of the women and chil-
dren of all non-Christian lands for pure
and wholesome reading. Especially is
this true in Japan, where even Christian
women are tempted to read salacious
stories, translated from the lowest class
of French novels.

The work which the Committee ini-
tiated in 1 914 has been carried on vig-
orously and with success. Happy Child-
hood, the magazine for Chinese children,
published in Shanghai and edited by
Airs. Donald MacGillivray, has now a
monthly edition of over 3,000 and the
subscription list is still growing. This
little illustrated pamphlet of about six-
teen pages goes out into almost every
province of China and into Chinese
homes in Burmah and even in America.
During the past year this young but
growing child of the Committee has de-
veloped so many needs that the editor,
who serves without compensation, has
been compelled to employ a Chinese stu-
dent as helper, and a part of the salary
of this young woman has been paid by
the Committee. This is putting into
practice the thought which was early in
the minds of those who planned this
interdenominational organization — that
young women should be trained to de-
vote themselves to the preparation of
books and magazines for their own peo-
ple, and that the expenses of such a plan
should be met by the budget for Chris-
tian Literature provided by the Wom-
an's Boards of Foreign Missions of the
United States. At present the funds
are not sufficient to do more than make
this modest beginning in Shanghai of
meeting part of the salary of Mrs. Mac-
Gillivray's helper.

In addition to the work in China,
small grants have been made to Mrs.
Motte Martin, a missionary in Africa
of the Southern Presbyterian Board, to
enable her to realize a long-cherished
dream and to translate some simple
stories of child life for the little folks of
the Belgian Congo, and $50 has also
been sent to Rev. A. C. Clayton, of
Madras, India, to aid in publishing text-
books for the Tamil-speaking women in
that district.

The budget of the Committee for
1 91 6 was $1,500, and this sum has been
received and slightly exceeded during the
fiscal year. In addition to the regular
budget, a sum has been received and for-
warded for the splendid work of Miss
Laura M. White in Shanghai, China,
and has been used by her for various
books and pamphlets which are far-
reaching in their influence.

The plans of the Committee have been
correlated with the great movement in
behalf of Christian Literature on the
Mission Field, in charge of the Ameri-
can Section of the Christian Literature
Commission of the Edinburgh Confer-
ence, and Mrs. Henry W. Peabody and
Miss Alice M. Kyle have been asked to
share in its deputation work and to ar-
range for a meeting of the Woman's
Boards having headquarters in Chicago,
in order that this important branch of
the missionary work may be presented to
the women of that city.

The Christian Literature Society for
Japan, having in charge the movement
in that country, has been asked to ap-
point three women on its Committee
in order that the plans made by the
Woman's Committee in the United
States may be in line with its larger
undertakings. The same is true in In-
dia, where the Committee for Christian
Literature for India has been approached
and where as soon as practicable steps
will be taken to start a magazine for
students in that vast country, possibly
at first with syndicated material prepared

THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD

[January

in English and reproduced in the ver-
naculars by the various mission presses
according to tlieir desire and opportunity.

Nor is the crying need of South
America and her Spanish-speaking neigh-
bors lost sight of. The Woman's Com-
mittee necessarily moves slowly because
of inadequate funds for the tremendous
call which it is facing, to give to sister
women, to mothers and to children, the
printed page in something of the abun-
dance and helpfulness which is true in
our Christian homes.

During the year books and magazines
in English have been sent to mission-
aries through the agency of the Book
and Periodical Club, a branch of the
work assumed by the Woman's Com-
mittee, now in charge of Miss Lila V.
North, Bradford Academy, Bradford,
.Mass., who is also the treasuier of the
Committee.

Bulletins giving further details of this
work may be obtained for free distribu-
tion from M IE Leavis, West Medford,
Mass., or from the headquarters of the
various Woman's Boards of Foreign
Missions, also from the office of the
Foreign Missions Boards of North
America, 25 Madison Avenue, New
York. Sample copies of Happy Child-
hood will be sent on application to the
chairman.

We would urge all Christian women
of whatever communion to remember
this appealing and urgent cause and to
assist by their gifts and their prayers in
preparing and distributing helpful read-
ing matter to those Christian women
who are shut in by the customs and
prejudices of their own national life and
who are calling to us, their highly fa-
vored sisters, for instruction, for uplift-
ing and for joy-bringing influences.

SUMMER SCHOOLS AND CONFERENCES

BY CHARLOTTE . E. VICKERS

CO remarkable has been the growth of
the Mission Study Movement since
that memorable occasion when, in big-
ness of faith, the missionary women put
forth the first mission study text-book,
"Via Christi," following the Ecumenical
Council held in New York in 1900, that
it is with difficulty we realize that there
ever was a time when we attempted to
do the work of arousing an indifferent
and lethargic Church without the aid of
the missionary text-book, summer school,
normal class and lecturer. Truly God
is encouraging the women through past
successes to "expect great things from
Him and to attempt great things for
Him."

Missionary education has made great
progress, women have seen a vision, and
have made that vision practical in a
thousand ways, and have pressed for-
ward to new endeavor, urged by the
unlimited possibilities in the future.

Preparation for service — "prepared-
ness," if you will — is the demand of the
women of to-day. Summer Schools,
Winter Institutes and Extension Confer-
ences are supplying that need to a large
extent, and women are thus being pre-

pared to become leaders, teachers and
lecturers along missionary lines.

There has been a constantly increas-
ing demand all over the country for in-
formation regarding those who are
equipped to do this work. To obtain
the names of those fitted to supply the
demand, over thirty National Mission-
ary Boards have been communicated
with and a number of responses have
been received. From eleven denomina-
tions forty-six names of women who can
qualify have been registered. As soon
as possible after the annual meeting in
January, 191 7, "The Federation of
Woman's Boards of Foreign Missions of
North America" will publish a leaflet
giving all this information.

Important Notice

VX7"IEE leaders of Summer Schools of
Missions and Conferences kindly
send programs, registrations (by States
and denominations), and any other infor-
mation that would be of special interest,
and, if possible, dates for holding the
1 91 7 sessions, to Charlotte E. Vick-
ERS, Chairman, 312 N. Elmwood Ave-
nue, Oak Park, Illinois.

BEST METHODS

EDITED BY MISS BELLE M. BRAIN

■i_nju"""Ln_ru' u-ltui'

'LrLru''''',LruTj',''',LrLPU,M'

MISSIONARY METHODS IN YOUNG PEOPLE'S SOCIETIES

BY R. P. ANDERSON, 3 1 MT. VERNON STREET, BOSTON

Associate Editor of The Christian Endeavor World.

npWENTY years ago or more a great
soap manufacturing firm in England
decided to cut down its advertising.
The firm's name was a household word,
and the manager believed that, advertis-
ing or no advertising, the sales would
maintain their high level.

The advertising was curtailed and the
sales immediately began to drop. At
the end of a year the firm was adver-
tising more than ever, engaged in the
rather stiff job of trying to regain lost
trade. To sell soap they had to "talk
soap."

It is the same in the Kingdom of
God. If the Chuich were suddenly to
stop talking about missions (alas! how
many churches have already stopped, or
have never begun!) missionary interest
would die in a few years, except in the
hearts of an awakened few. People are
not born with missionary interest. Most
people do not even seek it. Such inter-
est must be thrust upon them.

The time to begin to talk missions is
in the springtime of life. If the thoughts
of the young people of our churches can
be turned upon evangelizing the world,
we shall train up a generation of mis-
sionary-minded men and women who
will give not only their substance but
also themselves to Christ's cause in other
lands.

Already work done among young peo-
ple has borne rich fruit. Many a mis-
sionary now on the field caught the first
vision of his life-work in the young peo-
ple's society. Youth is the time of
vision. It is the ideal time for enlist-
ment. The life-plans of the great ma-
jority of the members of societies are
not yet crystallized. These young folks,
more often than we imagine, are asking
themselves: What shall we do with our
lives? If Christ's call, "Whcm shall I
send ?" can be brought home to them,

the answer will in many cases be given,
"Here am I, send me."

We propose to outline some plans that
have been tried, with good effect, in va-
rious lines of missionary work in young
people's societies.

The Prayer Plan

The Master Himself tells us to "pray
the Lord of the harvest that He will
send forth laborers into His harvest,"
and Paul, himself a missionary, con-
stantly calls for the prayers of the
Church for himself and his work. Some
societies use a missionary calendar, giv-
ing the name of definite missionaries or
definite fields for daily or weekly
prayer. Usually a week is given to a
field, the names of special missionaries
being added, and a calendar covering
three or even six months prepared. Un-
less, however, vivid oral information is
also given relative to fields and mission-
aries, the calendar is not likely to be of
much use. Each week the calendar
ought to be supplemented by a four or
five minutes' talk by one of the mem-
bers, who will give some simple facts
about the missionaries for whom prayer
is to be offered during the following
week. To make sure that this is done,
it is essential to have a missionary in-
formation committee, whose duty it is to
see that these talks are given and that
the society is kept informed. Leave no
loose ends. Ask the members to pray
for definite persons and things. The
missionary boards are glad to supply ma-
terial for such talks, and the Mission-
ary Review of the World contains
just the kind of information that is
helpful.

Information by Reading

Some societies have stimulated inter-
est by a reading contest between two

THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD

[January

sides, the members reading and outlining
in the meeting some missionary books.
Where a scheme of this kind seems in-
advisable, a serial missionary biography
may be introduced. One of the mem-
bers who has the gift of narration reads
some great, stirring missionary book at
home and tells the story, chapter by
chapter, one chapter a night, in the so-
ciety. Many young people imagine that
a missionary book is dull reading until
they either read or hear read the life-
story of a great missionary. Perhaps one
of the greatest missionary books that
has been published in recent years is
".Mary Slessor of Calabar," by W. P.
Livingstone (New York: Hodder and
Stoughton), a volume that will forever
dispel the notion that missions and mis-
sionary work are vapid and colorless.
The story of this woman's amazing life,
or the story of almost any great mission-
ary's life, will stir the imagination, set
the heart on fire and create the desire
for more knowledge of a tremendously
interesting field. There can be no in-
spiration in any line without informa-
tion. Ten or fifteen minutes given in
each meeting, for a time, to missionary
biography will work wonders in any so-
ciety. A brief quiz should be held at
each meeting on that part of the story
told the preceding evening.

Classes in Competition

Mr. A. LaVerne Spafford, of Grand
Rapids, Mich., tells us of a society in
Kalamazoo, Mich., which organized one
mission-study class for boys and two
classes for girls. There were fifteen
members in the boys' class and ten in
each of the two classes for girls. The
classes were conducted along the usual
lines, but they had the stimulus of com-
petition as to the amount of knowledge
assimilated. The effect was seen in an
entirely new interest in missions in that
society, and a larger sum was raised for
missions that year than the society had
ever raised before. An interesting
feature of such a scheme would be a pub-
lic quiz, or missionary spelling-bee, on
the subject studied by the classes. We
are dealing with young people at an age
when the contest idea appeals strongly

to them. They want to pit their
strength against others, to test their
knowledge and ability. It is a part of
their very life. We may use this ten-
dency and consecrate it to the service of
the Kingdom.

The Model Missionary Meeting

Some societies, inspired with mission-
ary enthusiasm, have formed flying
squadrons to visit other societies and
present to them model missionary meet-
ings. The size of the squadrons de-
pends on the number of members that a
society can spare, say, once a month, but
five or six is the usual number. One
effective method of carrying on this
squadron work was developed in Boston.
The particular squadron I have in mind
believed that it could better hold the in-
terest of the society it was visiting if it
modified the idea of giving a model mis-
sionary meeting by getting the members
of the society to take some part. This
was done in the following way. The
squadron leader prepared some ques-
tions to which the replies could be given
in numbers. These numbers were writ-
ten on cards, and the cards were dis-
tributed among the members of the so-
cieties visited. Other questions were
prepared, the answers to which called
for a brief statement, and cards with
such statements were also handed
around. The squadron leader introduced
the subject, explaining that questions
would be asked to which answers were
supplied on the cards, and urging each
one carefully to watch and supply the
answer when he believed he had it on
his card. The leader put questions to
the other members of the squadron, who
replied to the questions and gave each
a short talk. Everybody was kept on
the lookout, when a question was
asked, to see if his or her card gave the
correct answer. Some amusing mistakes
were made, which served to increase the
interest. The method was simple, and
it proved both popular and practical.

M issionary Standards

The young people's society will find
its work greatly facilitated if, at the be-
ginning of the working year, it adopts

BEST METHODS

a definite standard for its effort. Much
of our work falls short of its full pos-
sibility because the aim is too general.
Young people take heartily to Specific
tasks, the more definite the better, and
they eagerly try to follow whatever
definite plans are suggested to carry their
tasks to completion. Many State Chris-
tian Endeavor Unions, alive to this fact,
taught by long experience, outline a se-
ries of standards, year by year, for their
members to follow.

To illustrate: the Illinois Union has
issued a series of graded policies for so-
cieties in the State. The first policy
suggests a minimum of work that any
missionary committee should be willing
to put through. Many societies will
start with the second, or even the third
policy; but the idea is to have all socie-
ties make a definite beginning, those
using the first policy this year to pass on
to the second next year, and so on to
the third. The policies follow:

POLICY no. 1

Trusting in the Lord Jesus Christ for
strength we, the members of the mis-
sionary committee, agree to attempt to
carry out the following plans during
our term:

1. An organized committee of at least
five members, to each of whom definite
duties are assigned.

2. At least six missionary meetings a
year.

3. A missionary reading-circle or a
reading-contest.

4. Seventy-five per cent of the active
members enrolled as systematic givers
to missions.

5. Annual contributions to each of our
denominational boards, direct or through
the church treasurer.

POLICY NO. 2

This is the same as the first policy,
with the addition of the following
points :

6. At least one mission-study class.

7. The use of group-impersonations
in at least two missionary meetings.

8. Conduct some missionary work in
our community, if opportunity offers.

POLICY no. 3

1. An organized committee of at least
five members, at least two of whom have
served on the previous committee, defi-
nite duties to be assigned to each.

2. At least twelve missionary meet-
ings in the year.

3. A missionary reading-circle or a
reading-contest.

4. Provision for missionary contribu-
tions in the society's budget of expenses.

5. Seventy-five per cent of the active
members enrolled as systematic givers
to missions.

6. Annual contributions to each of
our denominational boards, direct or
through the church treasurer.

7. One mission-study class at least.

8. The use of group-impersonations in
at least two of the missionary meetings.

9. Conduct some form of missionary
work in our community, as opportunity
offers.

10. The introduction of missionary-
education material into all meetings
when possible.

11. A yearly canvass of the church
for subscriptions to the denominational
papers, missionary magazines, and The
Christian Endeavor World.

12. Systematic training in Christian
stewardship and tithing.

13. The enrolment of an informal
prayer band, the members of which
agree to pray daily for missions.

Missionary work in young people's so-
cieties cannot be made interesting or suc-
cessful unless brains and time are put
into the plans. These standards are sug-
gestions. They may be altered in any
way a society chooses. The great thing
is to have definite standards, a clear and
visible goal, and then make for it with
might and main.

A Missionary Bookmark

A missionary bookmark is simply a re-
minder. It may also be used as a mis-
sionary calendar. On one side may be
printed the names of the missionaries for
whom prayer is desired, and the dates
given to each missionary. On the other
side may be printed missionary texts or
great missionary sayings, or the dates
and subjects of the society's missionary
meetings.

Tithing Week for Missions

The ideal way to secure funds for
missionary work, and, indeed, for all
church work, is to train church members
to give to God one-tenth of their in-
come, the sacred tenth, and to use du-
plex envelopes in which to place their
weekly gifts. No large number of young

people will undertake to give tithes to
the Lord without a very careful and
persistent campaign of education. Lit-
erature must be secured and distributed
every two weeks or so for a period of
not less than six months.* The sub-
ject must be talked up enthusiastically,
and the blessing of tithing shown. The
society, a majority of whose members
gives tithes, will never have trouble
about raising missionary or any other
money.

A step in the direction of tithing may
be taken by having a tithing week for
missions. This plan was tried in the
South, w-here the Endeavorers all over
the southern States set apart the week
of May 22-28 as tithing week for this
purpose. The money went into the so-
ciety's treasury and was paid, not to
Christian Endeavor, but to the various
denominational missionary boards. The
advertising was done through the local
paper, The Dixie Endeavorer, leaflets
explaining the plan were sent out, and
also special envelopes for the gifts.
Printed on these envelopes was this mes-
sage :

C E. TITHING WEEK FOR MISSIONS — MAY
22-28, 1916

I will give at least one-tenth of my
income for the week of May 22-28 to
the missionary work of my denomina-
tion through the Christian Endeavor
treasurer.

I have no regular income hut I will
earn as much as I can during the week
of May 22-28, to be given to the mis-
sionary work of my denomination
through the Christian Endeavor treas-
urer.

Sign this and return it to treasurer of
your society who will make a record of
it and return the envelope to you 'to en-
close your offering on May 28.

•Leaflets and tithing literature may be
secured from "Layman," 143 N. Wabash
Avenue, Chicago, 111. A self-addressed
envelope to him will bring full informa-
tion. See also leaflet by Robert E. Speer
from the December, 1916, Review (i cent
each).

[January

A Mission Trust Company

A young people's society in Galcsville,
Wis., hit upon the idea of a mission trust
company. Miss Ella D. Kneeland, the
missionary chairman at the time, issued
shares like the following:

No Shares

"Go Ye Into All the World"

This certifies that

is the owner of shares of capi-

tal stock of

The Galesville Christian Endeavor
Mission Trust Company

Shares twenty-five cents each

Nearly every member bought one
share and some took four shares. The
plan was adopted to help to pay a pledge
to missions, and it brought in more than
was needed. It may be added that the
missionary committee invited all the
stockholders of the company to a party
at the home of one of the members,
w here a fine social time was spent.

Macedonian Call

During a great gathering of young
people in Chicago last fall one of the
periods given to missionary instruction
was entitled "Macedonian Calls for
Life-Work Recruits." This Life-Work
Recruit movement originated, we believe,
among Endeavorers in Ohio. Believing
that many young people were ready to
promise the Master of men that they
would shape their studies and their lives
so that, if He called them, they would
be ready to obey the summons and de-
vote their full time to His work at home
or abroad, some of the leaders, a few
years ago, printed a Life-Work Recruit
pledge which has won large acceptance
in Endeavor circles. The idea has
spread all over the States and is now an
important feature of Christian Endeavor
work. The card is given by the Min-
nesota Christian Endeavor Union to
Recruits to sign and keep. The pledge
reads :

THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD

BEST METHODS

"Feeling myself ealled by the Holy
Spirit, and trusting in the Lord Jesus
Christ lor strength, I promise Him that
I will from this day strive to shape the
plans of my life so that I may give my-
self wholly to the service of Christ and
the Church."

Thousands of young people have al-
ready signed these pledges. Some of the
young folks are now on the foreign
held ; some are in home mission work ;
others are in training. In the Chicago
meeting, referred to above, the "calls '
were brought to the gathering by the
pastor's assistant of a large city church,
a worker from a slum district, a home
missionary, a Japanese student converted
to Christianity by foreign missions in
Japan, and a busy Chicago pastor. A
Life- Work Recruit meeting in a society
should form the climax of a period of
educational mission study. Information
first! Who knows but Livingstones and
Moffatts and Hudson Taylors are wait-
ing for just such a call?

The Peripatetic Missionary Meeting

The peripatetic missionary meeting
should be advertised as a personally con-
ducted tour around the world.

After a happy sing at the place of
meeting, usually the church, the com-
pany is told that it is to be taken to a
strange land, the name of which each
one must guess when he or she gets
there. The young people set forth, fol-
lowing the leader, and, preferably,
marching in twos or threes. The first
stop is made at the home of a member,
or, it may be, at some other church,
where a room has been decorated to rep-
resent a certain country, say China.
The kow-towing attendants are in cos-
tume, and pictures of the country are on
walls and tables. The pictures may be
taken from magazines. Curios are also
displayed. The host or hostess, or both,
give some facts about China, its mis-
sions, its needs, call attention to the
curios and pictures, explaining them.
One or two hymns may be sung and re-
freshments served — but that will depend
on local conditions or the program at
places of call later on.

The company again sets forth to visit
another country, where a similar pro-

gram awaits the young people- — Korea,
perhaps, this time. The customs of the
country arc shown or described, and Ko-
reans in costume are ready to give facts
about their native land. Solos and reci-
tations are, of course, in order.

So country after country is visited,
each one in a different house, and the
evening winds up with a social time at
the last house. The plan may be car-
ried out in a single church, using differ-
ent rooms for the different countries.

A Missionary Slogan

This missionary slogan was entirely
home-made. In the original the large
letters were stencilled, white on black
ground, and the small letters were
printed with a broad-pointed pen. No-
tice the motto at the bottom. This is
one that has stirred the hearts of many
young people to larger endeavor.

C. E.

MISSIONARY SLOGAN

For the Year

$60

FOR MISSIONS

Will you do your share ?
We can do it if we will.
We must do it if we can.

A Mammoth Thermometer

Mr. John Sorenson, of Council
Bluffs, Iowa, tells how the Second Pres-
byterian Society of that city constructed
a mammoth thermometer for the collec-
tion of money for missions.

A piece of smooth lumber, one inch
thick and ten feet six inches long, was
secured. The top was rounded off to
give it the appearance of a thermome-
ter, and a long, rounded groove, one-
half inch deep, was cut nearly the whole
length of the wood.

Then some glass tubes were secured —
steam-gauges were used — twelve or
more inches in length. These tubes
were placed in the groove and fixed in
position by small bands of brass, one-

THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD

[January

quarter inch broad, Laid over the joints
of the tubes and fastened to the hoard by
tacks.

If tubes cannot be procured, yet a
long strip of galvanized iron cut the
length of the groove and wide enough
to go around a one-half inch water-pipe,
leaving an open space of about one-
eighth of an inch all the way up. The
galvanized iron may be hammered into
shape, around the pipe, with a wooden
mallet. Place this galvanized iron tube
in the groove instead of the glass tubes,
and leave the opening outward so that
you may be able to see the pennies, nickels
or dimes that are put into the tube.

Pile fifty coins on top of one another
and measure carefully the space they oc-
cupy. Now mark the thermometer at
intervals of fifty coins. The figures
may be burned into the wood with a
pyrographic outfit.

For the mercury bulb at the bottom
get a three-inch wooden ball and saw
it in two. Bore a hole through the ther-
mometer at the place where the bulb is
to be fixed and fasten the one-half of
the bulb to the thermometer by means
of a screw from the back, so that the
bulb may be removed when you want to
take out the money.

The young people endeavor to fill the
tube with the coins, which are put in at
the top. They will turn over and lie
flat when they reach the bottom, and
the figures on the thermometer indicate
the amount collected.

Such a thermometer can be used many
times. It has the advantage of being
easily adapted to the needs of a contest,
and can be loaned to the Sunday School
or to other societies. Two tubes may
be placed on the thermometer instead of
one, and two sides can try to fill each
its own tube. The thermometer may
be made a permanent affair in a society
and used to collect any odd missionary
pennies the members may have with
them.

Why Study Missions?

Until one has made a study of mis-
sions one may have the idea that mis-
sions concern themselves merely with
changing the religious views of people

who are perfectly content with the be-
liefs they already have. This is the
rather shallow view opponents of mis-
sions often express. A study of missions,
however, shows that enormously more
important issues are involved. Chicago
Endeavorers recently organized 193
mission-study classes. Among the
printed matter advertising these classes
the following six replies to the ques-
tion, "What was the chief gain you de-
rived from the study of missions?" were
used. Here are the answers:

1. A clearer realization of the prob-
lems confronting the world.

2. A larger idea of what the Chris-
tian life means.

3. A wider knowledge of economic
and social conditions.

4. A new idea of the glory of a life
spent in leading others to a knowledge
of Jesus Christ.

5. A realization of the superiority
of the Christian religion.

6. A realization of unlimited oppor-
tunity in missions as a life-work.

These suggest topics that any society
may work up in preparing for mission-
study classes, or in trying to arouse in-
terest in the larger aspects of missions.

Finally

The young people's society forms one
of the finest fields for the church's mis-
sionary educational efforts. It is a field
often neglected in the local church. If
there is in the church a man or woman
whose heart is afire for missions, the
thing to do is to get into touch with the
missionary committee of the young peo-
ple's society. If its members have ideas,
help the young people to work them out.
Help by suggestion and kindly advice,
not by dictation or by doing the work.
If the young people have no ideas, sug-
gest things to them. Show them how to
make meetings interesting. Coach them.
Pray with them and for them. And
work with them. One successful mis-
sionary meeting will make them eager
for more. Confidence will rise, and in-
terest with confidence, until the whole
society catches the vision of winning the
world for Jesus Christ.

NORTH AMERIC A

The Growth of Christian Endeavor

HpHE United Society of Christian En-
deavor gives new evidence of grow-
ing strength in many directions. Dur-
ing the past twelve months nearly 3,500
new societies have been formed. The
two-year campaign for 10,000 new socie-
ties and a million new members not only
for the societies but for the churches
will probably be successful. . . .

The reports from the South are espe-
cially encouraging. In this field, which
heretofore has been backward in Chris-
tian Endeavor, over 700 new societies
have been formed within the year in
white churches.

A Sunday School Centennial

npHE American Sunday School Union
is preparing to celebrate its one hun-
dredth anniversary next year.

At present it has over 230 active mis-
sionaries at work in the United States,
their object being to establish and equip
Sunday Schools in communities which
are without religious development.
These schools are founded on union
principles, under which the people of
each community are brought together in
common worship.

The work is very frequently in unde-
veloped sections of the country, difficult
of access, and many of them, especially
in the earlier days, have experienced
hardships of almost every conceivable
kind.

During the past year nearly fifteen
hundred new Sunday Schools have been
organized, into which over seven thou-
sand teachers and over sixty-eight thou-
sand scholars have been gathered. The
society's representatives also visited and
rendered aid to 14,753 schools.

The American Sunday School Union
is undenominational. Its board of mana-
gers consists of laymen, representing
seven different denominations. A large
percentage of the Sunday Schools organ-
ized later develop into denominational
churches, all of which is governed en-

tirely by the wishes of the community
residents in each case.

Chicago Y. M. C. A. Missions

CTVE years ago the total foreign mis-
sionary budget of the Chicago
Young Men's Christian Association was
$4,000. This was devoted to the sup-
port of two secretaries in Hongkong
and to a few scattering enterprises. Last
year the total gifts from the Association
and its friends for the foreign work and
the army work in Europe reached the
splendid total of $89,811.50. This is
larger than the total cost of the conduct
of the city Association. In other words,
the time has come in the Chicago Young
Men's Christian Association when the
budget for benevolence is greater than
for current expenses. With these re-
sources the salaries of thirteen secretaries
are paid and four others are partially
supported.

A Chicago editor, commenting on
this, says: "We do not know of any
other foreign missionary program that
has been carried out within the last five
years with such astonishing gain in
financial resources and efficiency of
equipment."

The Rattle Creeli Conferences

T TNDER the presidency of Dr. James
L. Barton, Secretary of the Ameri-
can Board, and at the generous invita-
tion of Dr. J. H. Kellogg and the Battle
Creek Sanitarium, the Eighth Annual
Medical Missionary Conference, held at
Battle Creek, Mich., from November
29 to December 30, was a noteworthy
occasion. The program was made up of
unusually strong speakers from prac-
tically every mission board and all the
mission fields. The motion pictures each
evening by Rev. Sumner R. Vinton were
remarkable, and the addresses by mis-
sionaries, medical and clerical, were very
instructive. About one hundred and
sixty delegates registered, and there were,
besides, many distinguished visitors. Il-
luminating addresses were given by Dr.
John F. Goucher on "The Coming of

THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD [January

the Kingdom," by Dr. James L. Barton
on "The Disintegration of Islam," by
Rev. W. R. Stewart on "Christian Stu-
dent Movement in China," by Rev. Jo-
seph Clark on "Progress in Africa," and
by Dr. J. H. Franklin on the "Spiritual
Side of Medical Missions." The Con-
ference would have been still more ef1
fected if there had been fewer addresses
and more time for informal conference.

Sew Records iu Methodist Missions

TN spite of disturbed conditions owing
to the European War, the total re-
ceipts of the Board of Foreign Missions
of the Methodist Episcopal Church for
iqi6 were $1,933,256.31. This shows
a total increase of $232,682.51 over
1 91 5, which had held the record as a
banner year.

This statement was made at the an-
nual meeting of the Board, held in New
York in the autumn. Figures were
given for forty-three mission fields. This
has been a record year, not only in the
amount of money raised, but in the num-
ber of workers sent out. The Board has
sent out ninety-four new missionaries in
the past twelve months. Twenty-six
have gone to India, twenty-five to China,
fourteen each to Malaysia and South
America, four to Africa, three each to
Japan, Burma and Mexico, and two to
the Philippines.

New Building's for Berea College

A T the last meeting of the trustees of
Berea College, Berea, Kentucky,
plans were discussed for new buildings
and a greater endowment for the college.
It was decided to create five departments,
each presenting its own type of educa-
tion, with a grouping of buildings to re-
semble that of an English university.
The departments will be known as Col-
legiate, Vocational, Normal, Secondary,
and Foundation. The buidings are to be
of colonial architecture. It was also de-
cided to establish chairs in forestry, rural
economics and rural education.

Komiin Catholic Finances

A NOTABLE feature in the method
" by which the Roman Catholics con-
duct their missionary propaganda is that
they collect one year the money they

spend the next year. Probably this is
the only missionary society in the world
to adopt this plan. Hitherto large sup-
porters of the society have been Roman
Catholics in France, Germany and Aus-
tria. Now Roman Catholics of Amer-
ica are called upon to assume a burden
previously divided among older Roman
Catholic peoples. American Roman
Catholics gave last year some forty thou-
sand dollars more than ever before, and
made America's contribution more than
a quarter of a million dollars. The arch-
diocese of New Y'ork contributed
$191,000, an amount almost equal to
what France gives in normal times.
American contributors are singled out
for specific mention in the report because
of the notable growth of financial sup-
port given to missions in America within
the last centur)'.

An Indian Commission Urged

^JpHOSE interested in the welfare of
the American Indian find in the
platform of the annual Lake Mohonk
Conference on the Indian and Other
Dependent Peoples the most adequate
summary of the Indian situation. The
1 91 6 Conference made the following
constructive recommendation :

"A permanent, stable and developing
policy is essential. We therefore urge
the creation of a non-partisan, independ-
ent commission, permanent in its charac-
ter, which should make a careful exami-
nation of the mass of Indian legislation
on our statute books and from it develop
an Indian law, general in its provisions,
comprehensive in its policy, forward-
looking in its purpose. Such law, when
enacted by Congress, should take the
place of all existing legislation except
permanent treaties, and thereafter the
administration of this law and the appli-
cation of its principles to the varying con-
ditions of the various tribes should be
left by the Congress to the commission,
to which should be committed the entire
charge of the Indian service. We urge
tin's plan, not only to secure greater
economy and efficiency but also to pro-
mote a consistent, continuing and devel-
oping policy — a need recognized as of
the utmost importance by all workers in

NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

the Indian service. The ultimate object
of this policy should be to bring the pres-
ent abnormal condition of the Indian to
an end as speedily as possible by the in-
corporation of the Indian in the general
citizenship of the nation."

Russians in Canada

'"P HERE are now about 100,000 Rus-
sians in Canada. They have set-
tled chiefly in the west, though there are
considerable colonies in eastern towns
and cities. In the centers they are usu-
ally laborers, working on the railways
or streets or in factories. In the rural
districts many of them till their own
farms, living, however, in villages, and
clinging to the ways of the mother-coun-
try. There are Greek Orthodox
churches and priests in these colonies.
Bishops, too, have been located in east-
ern and western Canada. But, while
the Greek ritual is diligently practised,
little instruction in Bible truth is given
and the pure gospel is not proclaimed.
The Canadian churches have done little
for these newcomers. The Baptists have
a very few missionaries among them.
The Presbyterian Church confines itself
to its mission in Winnipeg.

LATIN- AMERICA

Porto Rico Christian Students

HpHE Polytechnic Institute in Porto
Rico the past June had the distinc-
tion of graduating the first class of stu-
dents from a Christian industrial insti-
tution in the 400 years' history of the
West Indies. Five boys and one girl
composed the membership of this class.

Students come to the school from all
parts of the island and San Domingo, on
foot, in ox carts, on horseback, in boats,
on trains and in automobiles, and the
spirit of co-operation and service is so
strong that rich and poor work side by
side in the most menial or hardest man-
ual labor.

There was an average of ninety-one
students enrolled last year, and the in-
come from student labor — which goes
into permanent improvement of the in-
stitute— for the year ending August 31,
1 91 6, was $4,904.20. This year 166
students are working as a unit in the up-

building of the Polytechnic Institute of
Porto Rico.

A Crowded School in Cuba

PROM the Colegios Internacionales,
Cristo, Cuba, comes an encouraging
report. The school has never been so
full as at the present time. Already they
have 123 boarders, and many have had to
be turned away for lack of accommoda-
tions. President Routledge writes to the
Baptist Home Mission Society, which
supports the school: "If we only had the
$38,000 for the new buildings which you
propose to give, we could fill those build-
ings almost at once. The work will
have to be undertaken at an early date
or the opportunity will pass on and may
not return." From the beginning this
institution has had unusual success. The
college itself is of the grade of the Cuban
provincial institutes. There is a prepara-
tory department and also a normal de-
partment, where teachers for primary
schools receive their training, and a theo-
logical department for the Baptist native
preachers. When non-Protestant parents
are willing to pay as much as twenty-five
dollars a month to send their boys and
girls to Cristo College, surely the neces-
sary room should be provided for them.
The Christian atmosphere of the school
is fine, and each year sees numbers of its
students, future leaders in Church and
State, brought to a knowledge of our
Master as their personal Lord and Sa-
viour.

An Opportunity in I'rugnay

T N Cerro, one of the suburbs of the
growing city of Montevideo, Uru-
guay, and itself a community of about
12,000 people, an earnest Sunday School
worker, Miss Estella C. Long, has re-
cently been doing some remarkable work.
When Miss Long went there, seven
months ago, she found a Sunday School
of fifteen; to-day there are 170 in the
Spanish Department and twenty in the
English Department. This Sunday
School meets in her house, which has four
rooms and two large enclosed patios. It
begins at 3.30, but as early as 1 o'clock
the children gather at the door, and they
are all there long before the school starts.

THE MISSIONARY REVIEW* OF THE WORLD

[January

In Montevideo are located two of the
great packing houses — Swift's and Mor-
ris Brothers. Over 2,000 of Swift's
workmen have formed a club, with a
night school, and Miss Long gives them
English lessons once a week. A class of
sixty women and children come once a
week for a sewing circle; two hundred
girls and women from Swift's canning
factory have asked what can be done for
them. Fifty boys and girls and young
men are gathered in the morning and
evening classes.

Til K BRITISH ISLES

War Arguments Against Alcohol

"D EPORTS come from England that
the new Lloyd George Cabinet will
favor national prohibition as a w ar meas-
ure. Not long ago there was presented
to the British Government a petition
eleven miles long, the burden of which
was a prayer for the prohibition of the
liquor traffic during the war and for six
months thereafter. Every class of citi-
zens was represented, but workingmen
are said to be in the majority. Many
soldiers and sailors put their names to the
request, and one sheet was entirely made
up of army officers of high rank. A con-
siderable proportion of the memorialists
are not total abstainers, but men who
feel that England in time of war cannot
afford to waste her vitality with alcohol.
Here are the arguments used for pro-
hibition :

It hinders the army, delays munitions,
keeps thousands of men from war work,
makes good workmen second rate.

Hampers the navy, delays transports,
places them at the mercy of submarines,
slows dow n repairs and congests docks.

Threatens the mercantile marine, ab-
sorbing during the war betw een 60,000,-
000 and 70,000,000 cubic feet of space,
and retards building of ships.

Destroys food supplies; in twenty
months of war it consumed over 2,500,-
000 tons of food, with sugar enough to
last the nation eighty days, and uses up
more sugar than the army.

Wastes our financial strength; in the
first twenty months of the war our peo-
ple spent on alcohol 300,000,000 sterling.

The Pocket Testament League at the
Front

PROBABLY no other agency is be-
ing more used of God among the
soldiers of Europe than the Pocket Tes-
tament League. Through its instrumen-
tality hundreds of thousands of men at
the front have accepted Christ. The
League is a soul-winning, Bible reading
movement, which in the eight years since
it was officially launched in Philadelphia
by Dr. J. Wilbur Chapman and Mr.
Charles M. Alexander has spread around
the world. The pledge to carry a Bible
or Testament and to read a chapter each
day has been signed by over three million
members.

Small khaki Pocket Testaments, issued
by the Pocket Testament League, have
been sent to the military training camps
of Europe as fast as the printing presses
could produce them. The result is ex-
emplified in the following incident:

A few days after the Pocket Testa-
ment League work began among the sol-
diers on Salisbury Plain, a Sergeant
came to the workers and asked for "one
of the little Books." He said, "My
squad was the worst in the whole camp,
and I could not maintain discipline and
was about to resign. This morning the
men gathered round me after drill and
said, 'Sergeant, don't we have better dis-
cipline than we used to have?' I replied,
'Yes.' 'Do you know what has done it?'
came from the men. Immediately they
all pulled out the little Testaments, say-
ing, 'It's up to you, Sergeant, to join,
too.' So I have come to sign up the
Pocket Testament League Pledge."

A United Free Church of England?

' I A H E meeting of the joint committee,
representing thirteen denominations,
to consider proposals for a United Free
Church of England, was held recently
at Mansfield College, Oxford, with
Rev. J. H. Shakespeare presiding. Eigh-
ty-two members were present, and
progress was made toward an ultimate
working program. The committee which
had in charge the basis of federation re-
ported that it felt any federation of
churches should admit communicants to
communion at all free churches alike. It

NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

was also recommended that a federal
council be created, "consisting of mem-
bers duly appointed by the assemblies or
supreme courts" of the federating
churches, and that this council should
have general advisory powers, together
with such executive and administrative
powers as the churches might give to it
later. These suggestions were adopted
by the joint committee, and special com-
mittees were appointed on faith, consti-
tution, evangelization and the ministry.
Another meeting will be held in the
spring to hear the reports of these four
committees, when the first-named body
will present a declaratory statement of
the common faith of the evangelical free
churches of England, and the committee
on constitution will outline a working
agreement.

A Sunday School Campaign

HPHE London Sunday School Union
is undertaking to raise $125,000, to
be used in an aggressive campaign for
Sunday School development, to meet the
crisis that has overtaken Europe, not only
in relation to the war, but in the decline
in Sunday School attendance reported
from all denominations as having set in
prior to the war. Of this amount, it is
planned to use $25,000 for the exten-
sion of institute work to help the soldier
boys on their return from the war;
$25,000 to develop the Continental Sun-
day School work of the Union; $25,000
for extension of Sunday School teacher-
training in India and China; $25,000 for
aiding the weak schools of local Unions,
and $25,000 for the extension of Junior
Departmental work, aiding isolated rural
district schools, assisting the Sunday
School Union Children's Convalescent
Homes, providing for teachers' training
and strengthening the general adminis-
trative funds of the Sunday School
Union.

THE CONTINENT

Appeals for Poland anil Albania

'"THOSE who are familiar with the
conditions in both Poland and Al-
bania can apparently not find words to
describe the distressing plight of the peo-
ple of both these countries. We quote

from the appeals issued by the commit-
tees which are seeking to raise funds for
their relief:

"Fourteen million Poles, including all
the children under seven years of age,
have already been wiped out of existence.
Five hundred thousand young Polish
girls have had their lives shattered by
the greatest tragedy that can come to a
woman. More than 200 towns have
completely disappeared ; 20,500 villages
have been leveled to the ground; 1,600
churches are in ruins. The loss in prop-
erty destroyed exceeds $11,000,000,000.
The whole country is but a vast cemetery.
Money reaches Poland without delay —
by way of Switzerland. The embargo
concerns only foodstuffs and raw ma-
terials."

"Of the three hundred and seventy-
five thousand Albanians made homeless
during the work of devastation and con-
quest carried on by Servia, Greece and
Montenegro in 1913, 1914 and 1915, at
least one hundred and fifty thousand have
died of starvation. The rest will die.
With them will die three or four hun-
dred thousand victims of the famine."

Malagasy Christians in Europe

TT is one of the unexpected results of
the war that French Christians
should have an opportunity of seeing the
products of missionary work in Mada-
gascar.

A number of Malagasy Christians
have come to France as sharpshooters, or
artisans, or employed in various branches
of munition work, or as cattle drivers.
The Paris Missionary Society has been
able to arrange that one of its mission-
aries, M. Parisot, should be attached to
a Malagasy regiment as hospital orderly.

At Versailles and elsewhere, Protestant
pastors have been greatly pleased to see
Malagasy attending the services ; and in
the military zone Protestant chaplains
report a similar experience. One of
these, walking through the village where
he is stationed, observed a colored man
reading the Bible in a strange tongue to
a group of fellow-countrymen ; they
proved to be Malagasy drovers. Forty
of them attended service on Sunday,
where they helped greatly in the singing.

THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD

[January

A letter from a nurse in the French
camp at Salonika tells how a little group
of Protestants, consisting of the pastor,
four French soldiers, herself and another
nurse, were cheered by the arrival of a
hundred Malagasy, and by their ad-
mirable and hearty singing of hymns in
their own language.

A Christian Nurse in Monastir

A LETTER from Miss Mary L.

Matthews, principal of the Girls'
Hoarding and High School in Monastir,
gives an idea of the steadfastness in the
midst of changes which is characteristic
of Christian missionaries. When Miss
Matthews reached Monastir, in Septem-
ber, 1 9 1 5) sne was for a time in Serbian
territory. Presently Bulgaria regained
the city, and the missionaries received no
mail after October l8 until February 5.
The school has not been interrupted
at all.

Miss Matthews writes: "Sister Hilda
(.Miss Hawley), who is in Monastir,
came in the fall, while this city was still
in Serbia, and was given charge of the
military hospital, the largest in the city.
What it meant for a young woman to
go, as the only trained nurse, into such
a place and clean up the wards and the
patients until they were free from ver-
min, can best be appreciated by one who
saw the conditions before and afterward.
When the Bulgarians came, Sister Hilda
withdrew, as she was not sure what the
new government would desire. But the
Bulgarian officials had heard of her effi-
cient service, and gave her a cordial in-
vitation and a welcome back to the hos-
pital. She has been there for months,
and has done a wonderful work. She is
giving an object lesson in real Christian-
it) which will not be forgotten."

MOSLEM LANDS

Constantinople College for Girls
'~PHF return to America of Dr. Mary
Mills Patrick, President of the Con-
stantinople College for Girls, has di-
rected attention to what has been called
"one of the miracles of the time,"
namely, that the college could pursue its
work during the wars of the last few
years and come up to the present year

with the largest enrollment in its his-
tory and a staff of instructors doing
vigorous work.

Of the 2()0 girls in the college and
preparatory departments last year there
were 63 Turks, 102 Armenians, 26 Bul-
garians, 62 Greeks, and Russians, Per-
sians, Italians, Albanians, Americans and
Jews. Among the Turkish girls were
iourteen whose tuition is being paid bv
the Turkish Government and who are
expected to become teachers. Another
Turkish student was a grand-daughter
of the late Kiamil Pasha, who was Grand
\ izier.

This year the enrollment has reached
400. Most of the girls, of course, live
in Constantinople, as conditions caused
by the war make it almost impossible
to get into the city from outside. The
college has succeeded in protecting the
Armenian girls in its student body very
effectually, and in several cases, when
Armenian families were deported from
Constantinople last year, their daughters,
students in the college, were allowed to
remain.

The trustees of the college are seek-
ing to raise $1,000,000 for additional
equipment.

S'ew Openings in Asisi Minor

D EV. ROBERT STAPLET( ).\
sailed from America on November
9 to resume his work at Erzroom, which
is now, with four other stations of the
American Board in Eastern Turkey, un-
der the Russian flag. As practically the
entire Armenian population of Erzroom
has been wiped out, Mr. Stapleton ex-
pects to work for the Russians and
Turks. There arc about 20,000 of the
latter in the city and in great need for
food and clothing. These peasant Turks
have been friendly all along, most of
them deprecating the brutality of their
government toward their Armenian
neighbors, and now they are so tender-
hearted toward our missionaries that it
should be possible to reach many of them
with the Gospel. President White, of
Marsovan, also reports that fully 80 per
cent, of the Turks of Anatolia are kindly
disposed and deeply regret the Arme-
nian atrocities. The bearing of this fact

1917]

upon the future of the work in Turkey
is highly significant. If the war should
result in taking up work for the Mos-
lems, it will be a return to the original
purpose of the missionaries when they
went out to Turkey in 1819. The doors
of opportunity are now swinging in that
direction.

V Call from Persia

DISHOP STILEMAN, of the C.

M. S., who has been at work in
Persia since 1889, writes: "We have
been eagerly awaiting the signal to ad-
vance. The preparatory work has been
satisfactorily done in Ispahan, Kerman,
Yezd and Shiraz. Our medical missions
have prepared the way. They have
seized and consolidated important strate-
gic positions. Prejudice against the re-
ligion of Christ has been, in great meas-
ure, removed. Hearts have been soft-
ened, homes have been won. Friends
have been raised up everywhere. A new-
era seems to have dawned. There is
more religious liberty than ever before,
and doors are thrown widely open in all
directions. A great demand for educa-
tion has arisen, which at present can
be met only by Christian teachers. How
are we meeting the crisis? Alas! we
have met it thus far by hauling down
our colors and retiring from Shiraz,
which had been occupied and held at
considerable sacrifice. In that city, sa-
cred to the memory of Henry Martyn,
there is no longer any Christian mission-
ary. The Stuart Memorial College in
Ispahan is awaiting completion, and
would have already been occupied had
the necessary funds been available. Two
new hospitals and the church in Ker-
man have their sites waiting for them,
but they cannot be erected until the
money is forthcoming."

INDIA. BURMA, CEYLON
The Fifty-Fifty Plan

TT will be remembered that a New
England business man last May gave
$10,000 to put fifty native pastors and
teachers in fifty hitherto unreached vil-
lages in India. The plan has been put
into operation in the Marathi and Ma-
dura Missions of the American Board,
and already the returns are coming in.

Rev. Alden H. Clark, of Ahmednagar,
writes to the donor as follows:

"I must tell you of the inspiring way
in which this campaign has opened. A
village named Chikhale has often excited
my interest and desire. Last Saturday
I learned from one of our Marathi pas-
tors that some of the people were eager
to come out as Christians and that he
had made an engagement for me to meet
them. On the way the pastor told me
many interesting things about the Ma-
hals of this village. There are twenty-
five households containing over one
hundred people and they appear far
more energetic and intelligent and far
less poverty stricken than most Mahars.
This whole community had urgently
begged the pastor to send them a Chris-
tian teacher. If we would only send
one who could instruct them and their
children in Christian things they would
come out as Christians in a body."

Bombay Women Enlist

t^OR many years there have been an-
nual meetings in Bombay for Mara-
thi-speaking Indian Christian women.
This year it was decided to use the op-
portunity to bring before the women the
evangelistic forward movement, and to
encourage them to take their share in it.
A series of addresses was given on "Our
responsibility, as women, in respect to the
evangelistic forward movement." Spe-
cial emphasis was laid on the building
up of personal spiritual life by means of
Bible study, prayer and praise, and by
service for others.

On the last day a hundred and eigh-
teen women enrolled themselves as
members of small Bible Circles, to meet
for weekly discussion on their daily
private Bible study. Sixty-six promised
to pray daily for one or more individuals
and- to seek to win them for Christ.
Twenty-eight promised to try to teach
one woman to read her Bible, within a
year. The results ought to be far-reach-
ing and full of blessing for Bombay and
even beyond it.

What It Means to ( lose a School

f\WING to the shortage of Indian
teachers, due to lack of funds, the
missionaries in the Ellore district of the

NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD [January

Telugu Country have found it imprac-
ticable to forge ahead as they would like
to do. There is no lack of openings,
and several new centers have been oc-
cupied. Rev. E. S. Tanner, of the
Church Missionary Society, writes:

"All our village schoolmasters are
also quasi-pastors ; each being in charge
of one or more congregations. He pre-
pares the candidates for baptism and
confirmation, conducts the daily prayers
and the Sunday services, and gathers the
various church collections, often given
in kind. Not only is he the quasi-pastor,
but he is also the evangelist, and it is
usually by his efforts that new village
congregations are formed. Government
pays roughly nearly half the teacher's sal-
ary ; therefore to shut up a little village
school means to rob a congregation of
their spiritual teacher, the village chil-
dren of their education, the non-Chris-
tians of their evangelist, the church
council of its financial support and the
Society of the Government grant."

The Prospects in India

T\R. WHITEHEAD, the Anglican
Bishop of Madras, declares that the
present is more hopeful for Christianity
in India than any time during his thir-
ty-two years of service there. After two
years of service, Bishop Azariah, of Dor-
nakal, has been even more successful than
was hoped, having brought to the work
of the Church elements of untold value,
and of great hope for the future. Dur-
ing the last two years the prospects of
the great movements toward Christian-
ity in India have become brighter.

Furthermore, there is a widespread
movement among the Christians to pre-
pare themselves, by prayer, training in
Bible study and voluntary personal
evangelism, to reach the non-Christians.
In all India to-day it is this arousing of
the Christians that is the most encour-
aging and promising sign. Given an
awakened Church, and the future of
India is assured. Without it no meth-
ods, meetings or men can hope to win
many or solve the problem of India's
evangelization. It is this awakening of
the Church that is the greatest hope of
India.

CHINA, MANCHURIA, MONGOLIA
Refuge in Mission Compounds

TN the opinion of Mr. Burt, a mis-
sionary in China, the work of mis-
sions has been less retarded by the war
than by the internal troubles. In Shan-
tung looting had been rife, and life and
property very insecure. Bands of brig-
ands were still roaming about — a state
of things very disadvantageous to the
work of evangelization, but not directly
antagonistic to Christianity. In the re-
cent troubles in various provinces, the
officials and the gentry sent their ladies
to take protection with the missionaries.
Whereas formerly the missionaries had
to take shelter in the official yamens, now
the missionary compound was the safest
place. Banks would remove their val-
uables at dead of night to the missionary
hospitals.

Mr. Burt believes that the general
outlook for missions was never brighter.
Access to all classes is now possible and
actual. Formerly the work of evan-
gelization had been almost entirely con-
fined to villages; the Christian Church
in China was largely a peasant commu-
nity. Now, men of business, the offi-
cials, the gentry and the students are
being touched and reached.

The Opium Fight in China

/^HINA has accomplished great things
in her fight against opium, but the
anti-opium war is not yet over. President
Yuan Shih-kai, in the last year of his
life, in order to gain money to carry out
his plans, turned to the opium traders,
and for millions of dollars agreed that
they might continue to sell in three
provinces. Some provincial governors
were not slow to follow the bad exam-
ple of the President. They, too, ar-
ranged to make money out of the so-
called "last stage of opium prohibition."

Another blow to the anti-opium cam-
paign was the action of the foreign
municipality of Shanghai, in voting for
the continuation of the sale of opium for
smoking. The opium monopoly of Can-
ton, arranged by Yuan Shih-kai's men,
was another setback.

President Li Yuan Hung has issued
an edict prohibiting the planting, smok-

NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

ing and selling of opium, and opium
burnings have been reported from Kal-
gan and Peking. There are, however,
reports of opium planting in Yunnan
and Szechuen, and a despatch states that
many opium dens have been reopened in
Szechuen.

Friends of China need to take a fresh
hold of the anti-opium crusade to offset
the plots of those who have taken ad-
vantage of China's political disturbances
to give opium a new lease of life just
when the evil was almost suppressed.

Federated Work in Nanking

*~pWO former prisoners of the Nan-
king jails were baptized on a re-
cent Sunday as the result of work con-
ducted in the prison by the federated
churches of the city. Several others of
the twenty-eight political prisoners recent-
ly released by Government order have
expressed a desire to join the Church.
After liberation they held at their hotel
a reception to the Christians in gratitude
for the kindness shown them. At an en-
tertainment which followed the Chris-
tians presented each released prisoner
with a Bible as a lasting memorial. Part
of the work of the federated churches
during the summer included distribution
of fans, tea, disinfectants and other arti-
cles which would make prison life in hot
weather more comfortable for the politi-
cal prisoners.

Chinese Christians interested in the
building of a new church at Nanking
are retelling the story of a nameplate
erected over the door of the original
Presbyterian Church. The plate bore
the title "The Society of Jesus." — The
Continent.

JAPAN

Conditions in Factories Improve

JAPAN'S new factory law marks the
*-* first step in the emancipation of
women employes in Japan. From sixty
to seventy per cent, of the factory work-
ers in the Empire are women. Raw
silk, cotton, yarn, fabrics, tea, matches,
towels and straw braids, which hold an
important position in Japan's export

trade, pass through their hands. About
a million workers will be affected by
the new regulations, which prohibit the
employment of children under the age
of twelve in any heavy and laborious
work ; and further, of boys under fif-
teen, and women of any age, more than
twelve hours a day.

A number of factories have employed
Christian matrons to look after the girl
employes. Presbyterian missionaries
have done some successful evangelistic
work in the factories, especially in the
cotton mills.

A Builder of the Kingdom in Japan

'HPHE chief of the Government rail-
ways in the province of Kyushu,
one of the few posts in the Imperial
Railways which are filled by direct ap-
pointment from the Throne, is Mr.
Nagao, who is as noteworthy for his
Christian character and for his influence
over men as for his technical skill. He
became a Christian in his college days,
and has not hidden his Christian light.
When he held a government post in For-
mosa, he was the mainstay of the pioneer
Japanese Church, and the founder of
the Young Men's Christian Association
there.

The phenomenal growth of the Asso-
ciation work among railway men is due
largely to his aid ; and the mouths of
critics are stopped when the Premier
himself pronounces the Kyushu railways
under Nagao to exhibit the finest morale
among the men and the highest efficiency
in operation of any section of the Empire.

Nagao is an ardent champion of
Church union, and since he was ap-
pointed to Kyushu, with headquarters at
Moji, he has brought about the amal-
gamation of the six weak churches in
one strong, well-equipped church. Al-
most single-handed he has raised, entirely
in Japan, enough money to buy a fine
site and put up a City Young Men's
Christian Association building in Moji.
All but $1,000 of the amount was given
by non-Christians, for they have confi-
dence in Nagao and in the kind of relig-
ion he represents.

Wise in counsel, fearless in execution,

THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD

[January

it is not strange that Nagao lias been
asked to become an official Christian
worker, but he has conscientiously de-
clined, believing he should "remain in
the vocation wherein he was called."

\FHICA

Hoys' Club in Tunis

DEV. STEPHEN TROWBRIDGE,
of Cairo, Secretary for the World's
Sunday School Association, writes of
wonderful work among the street lads
of Sfax, Tunisia. H. E. Webb, a mis-
sionary, has gathered these boys, all Mos-
lem, into a Bible Club, with many ac-
tivities. Although many of these little
fellows cannot read a single word, he has
taught them with pictures and with oral
lessons, and they are keenly interested in
what they are discovering about the Bible
from week to week. This special work
requires a great fund of patience and
grace, but there seems no reason why
the same plan might not succeed in
Cairo, Alexandria and other cities.
These lads come from wretched homes,
and many are homeless.

The Interned Missionaries

r?OURTEEN missionaries of the
" Church Missionary Society, who
have been interned in German East Af-
rica for two years, are free. They were
found by the Belgian forces at Tabora
with others who are working in connec-
tion with the Universities' Mission.

On the other hand, the Moravian
Board has received word that all the
German missionaries of their Nyasa Mis-
sion have been removed from the sta-
tions and are interned at Blantyre, Brit-
ish East Africa, south of Lake Nyasa.
They report that they are being kindly
treated, and are permitted to visit their
wives and children three hours every
day.

The Board report says: "Of our con-
gregations at the north end of that long
inland sea, we only know that they are
now left without their spiritual guides
and ministers. Humanly speaking, that
flourishing work is at a standstill. We
can but do what their missionaries are
doing with sad hearts but trustful faith
— commend them to God."

OBITUARY

Dr. Win. \. Brewster, of China

£)R. WILLIAM N. BREWSTER,
who has been a missionary of the
Methodist Board in China since 1890,
died at the Presbyterian Hospital, Chi-
cago, November 22, after a short illness.

Since the organization of the Hinghwa
Mission Conference in 1896 he has served
as its superintendent. In addition to the
work of district supervision, Dr. Brew-
ster has been principal of the Hinghwa
Biblical Training School, and has also
directed the work of the Mission Press
in that city. He served as mission treas-
urer over ten years. For some time he
was editor of The Revivalist, a paper
published in the Hinghwa colloquial dia-
lect; and into this tongue he translated
the Bible. He wrote two other Chinese
works, "A Commentary on Isaiah" and
a book on homiletics. Dr. Brewster lived
to see the native church in Hinghwa in-
creased from 1,000 to more than 10,500.

Dr. Andrew Watson, of Egypt

A T the ripe age of eighty-two, having
been born in 1834 at Oliverburn,
Perthshire, Scotland, Dr. Andrew Wat-
son went Home from Cairo on Decem-
ber nth, after fifty-five years of service
on the field. He was greatly beloved and
honored as a man and a missionary. He
was educated in America and was mar-
ried to Miss Margaret McVicar, who
survives her husband. One son is a
physician in Chicago, and another son,
Dr. Charles R. Watson, has recently
been elected president of the newly pro-
jected Cairo University. He was with
his father at the time of his death, hav-
ing just arrived in Egypt on University
business.

Dr. Andrew Watson, through his con-
nection with the Theological Seminary
in Egypt for nearly half a century, had
the privilege of a large share in the train-
ing of the entire ministry of the Synod
of the Nile. We plan to have an illus-
trated article on Dr. Watson in a later
number.

Dr. J. L. Dearing, of Japan

On December 20th the Rev. J. L.
Dearing, an honored American Baptist
missionary, died in Clifton Springs, N.Y.

THE MISSIONARY LIBRARY

■ \J~\J~\J'" • ' ' V^JTJ*

The World and the Gospel. By J.

H. Oldhaus, M.A., i2mo, 220 pp. 2s.
net. United Free Church of Scot-
land, Edinburgh. 191 6.

This is a contribution to Christian
thinking rather than a volume of in-
formation. Mr. Oldham, the secre-
tary of the Continuation Committee of
the World Missionary Conference and
Editor of the International Review of
Missions, is a writer of fine Christian
spirit and intelligence. His discussion
of the challenge of the war to the
Christian Church, the character of the
Gospel and the appeal of the world is
convincing. If this study of the theory
of missions could capture the minds and
hearts of the rising generation there
would be no lack of volunteers or of
missionary givers.

The Self-Discovery of Russia. By

Professor J. Y. Simpson. Illustrated.
8vo. 227 pp. $2.00 net. George H.
Doran, New York, 191 6.

During the summer of 191 5, Professor
Simpson of Edinburgh visited Russia,
and as a result has given us this sym-
pathetic study of the new Russia, whose
soul has been laid bare since August,
1914. The various chapters deal with
economic, social, political and religious
conditions in the empire of the Czar.
The author was permitted to visit the
Russian armies on the Galician front
and not the least valuable chapter
in the book is that which relates his
observations while with the troops.
There are also many illustrations, visu-
alizing for the reader the experiences of
war.

Professor Simpson's study of the effect
of the prohibition of vodka throws valu-
able light on the world-wide movement
to restrict the use of intoxicants. The
extent to which Russia has awakened
to the economic value of sobriety is in-
timated in the testimony of a Professor
of Economics who said to the author,
"What I have seen of the advantages of
prohibition has brought me to believe in

the absolute restriction of beer as well

as vodka If we can arrange

that for twenty or twenty-five years the
population w ill not have the opportunity
to drink, . . . Russia w ill be saved."

Professor Simpson is not as hopeful
about religion in Russia as is Stephen
Graham ; nevertheless he sees clearly
that the soul of Russia is essentially
mystic. He speaks of the poularity in
Russia of a translation of Henry Drum-
mond's book, "The Ideal Life," and
says that religious subjects are ever
uppermost in the Russian mind. Since
the proclamation of a "free Poland" the
other day, Professor Simpson's chapter
on "The Future of Poland" is particu-
larly pertinent, and no one who specu-
lates upon the changes which must come
at the close of the present war will over-
look his closing chapter on "Russia and
Constantinople."

Letters From My Home In India.

By Mrs. George Churchill. Edited
and Arranged by Grace McLeod Rog-
ers. 8vo. 305 pp. $1.35 net. George
H. Doran, New York, 191 6.

The talented author of "Stories from
the Land of Evangeline" has edited these
uniquely fascinating letters of a noble
missionary, who had the superb talent
and devotion of work, but who could
not write. The result is no dry-as-dust
tale of missionary labors. Every page
thrills one with its vibrant life and sacri-
fice. We see first' in 1 87 1 , the young girl
so naively pleased because such a great
joy has come when — a missionary has
asked her to be his wife!

To fit herself for this great work
and that she might be no whit behind
the men in this preparation, the young
woman went to the Woman's Medical
College, Philadelphia. Finding that they
had not very long purses, and money
fairly melts away even with most care-
ful expenditure, she and a friend and
room-mate canvassed for a book.

In 1873 came her wedding and the
departure for India. The mere romance

THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD [January

faded before the reality. How did they
stand it all? — the ignorance, the dirt,
the disease, the outlandish notions of
those extraordinary people who would
even try to pull apart the curtains in our
missionary's house to see what she was
doing inside.

Only a saintly character could have
borne it, but she did not rebel, even
when children and husband were taken
from her by the unhealthful climate.

A beautiful sentence comes near the
end of the book, "If a balance was struck
between our receipts of mercy and good-
ness through the past year, and what we
have repaid in love and service, what a
poor-showing statement we should have."

Her editor, Grace McLeod Rogers,
gives a perfect picture of life in India
down to the time when she came back to
Canada in 1914, with her sole surviving
child. Here she stayed long enough to
rest, and then this noble woman of sev-
enty-five, lame, yet rejoicing, returned to
India to be among the people whom she
loves so well.

Marshall Saunders.

The Unity of the Americas. By-
Robert E. Speer, i6mo. 115 pp. 25
cents. Missionary Education Move-
ment, New York, 191 6.
A wonderfully compact, well arranged
and well digested mass of information
concerning the political, commercial,
educational and religious conditions and
opportunities in Latin America. Any
one who masters the facts in this little
volume will be ready to speak intelli-
gently on Latin America at any time
and any place. There are many quota-
tions from a large number of authorities
on the subject. Dr. Speer faces the
problems fairly but hopefully. The evils
of the Roman Catholic influence are not
minimized or exaggerated but a construc-
tive Christian program is advocated.

The Religion of Power. By Harris
E. Kirk, D.D. 8vo. 317 pp. $1.50 net.
George H. Doran Company, New
York, 19 1 6.

These James Sprunt Lectures at
Union Theological Seminary, Virginia,
interpret Christianity as the religion of

power, in relation both to the world
into which the Gospel first came, and
the world of our own day. Dr. Kirk
knows Greek and Roman history and is
equally familiar with the history of
dogma; he has also the faculty of separ-
ating the essential from the accidental
in the study of great movements con-
nected with the development of Christian
doctrines. It would be difficult to find
elsewhere in so small a compass so com-
prehensive and lucid a survey of the
growth of Christianity, opposed as it
was both to and by Jewish legalism,
pagan philosophies and Eastern wisdom.
The author believes, and rightly, that
the faith which conquered these, satis-
fying the eager minds of those who were
grappling with the problems of life and
death, of sin and salvation, of duty and
destiny, has within it still, and must
forever have, the power derived alone
from God.

Light is self-evidencing. So is Chris-
tianity. Gospel creed and Gospel code
unite to make the faith once delivered
unto the saints final. The apostle of the
Christian faith is, as Dr. Kirk says in
his closing chapter, quite willing to sub-
mit the claims of his faith to the arbitra-
ment of experience.

Nationalizing America. By Edward
A. Steiner. i2mo. $1.00 net. Flem-
ing H. Revell Co., New York.
America the "melting pot" of nations
is being welded into a homogeneous mass
with national ideals and characteristics.
The war is having its influence in this
direction for America is realizing its re-
sponsibility among the family of nations.
Perhaps no one could have seen and an-
alysed this process better than the
foreign-born American, Prof. Steiner.

To be sure he calls pacifists "Molly-
Coddles," and refers to the "Educational
Chaos" of the United States and
claims that everywhere nationality has
triumphed over religion, but while we
may not agree with all of his ideas, the
reader will be interested in the illumin-
ating study of the economic, educational
and religious problems related to the
nationalization of the great North
American republic.

FACTS WORTH QUOTING

1. The people of Mongolia, all that is now left ot one of the great nations of

history, form one of the most needy of the untouched mission fields.
Lamaism is even more degrading there than it is in Tibet. (See page 93.)

2. Only a few Chinese girls can come to America to study. Ginling College, in

Nanking, is a Christian enterprise which gives to many the opportunity for
a higher education, while at the same time they keep in touch with the life
of their own people. (See page 107.)

3. The Indians of Canada have vague ideas of a Great Spirit. It is the Bible

translated into their language that has given them a true knowledge of God,
and has laid an invaluable foundation for progress. (See page 122.)

4. Pioneer Christian "Trench Work," not always appreciated but of a most con-

structive character, is being done by more than one thousand colporteurs of
the British and Foreign Bible Society in many lands.

5. The gifts of North American Christians to foreign missions in 1 91 6 were

four times as much as the amount contributed fifteen years ago. (See
page 87.)

6. Missionaries from the interior of China report an increasing tendency to

accept Christianity by families, using that word in its patriarchal sense of
several generations in one household. (See page 81.)

7. Korea is said to illustrate more nearly than any other nation the ideal of all

the church in the Sunday-school and all the Sunday-school in the church.
(See page 84.)

8. A commercial attache of the American Embassy in Peking has noted the

marked difference in the attitude toward foreigners on the part of Chinese
in cities where missionaries live and in those where they know the commer-
cial foreigners. (See page 130.)

9. American mission property in Marsovan and Talas has been seized and occu-

pied by the Turkish authorities, who have in some cases vacated Turkish
buildings for the purpose.

10. The days of martyrs and cannibals are not over in the New Hebrides. Six

Malekulan Christians have recently met death for their faith. (See
page 153.)

11. There are now more than 1,200 Chinese young men and women studying in

the United States at the expense of the indemnity fund — an unparalleled
opportunity for American Christians to influence a nation's leaders for
Christ. (See page 154.)

12. Though the Brazilian temperament is said to make co-operation difficult,

Protestant Christians in Sao Paulo united for a successful evangelistic cam-
paign. (See page 157.)

NOTABLE ANNIVERSARIES, CONVENTIONS AND OTHER COMING EVENTS

FEBRUARY, 1917

ist — Missionary Convocation, United Presbyterian Church, Pittsburgh, Pa.
2nd, 1807— Birth of Eliza Agnew of Ceylon. 110th anniversary.
4thtonth — Week of Evangelism in China. Request of the China Continuation
Committee.

4th, 1837 — Cyrus Hamlin received his appointment to Turkey. 80th anniversary.
See "My Life and Times," by Hamlin.

6th, 1812 — Ordination of Judson, Nott, Newell, Hall and Rice at Salem, Mass.
105th anniversary. See "Life of Judson," by Edward Judson.

8th — Annual Meeting of Missionary Review Publishing Company.

8th — Decennial Meeting, Laymen's Missionary Movement, Newark, N. J. H. F.
LaFlamme, 1 Madison Avenue, New York City.

9th, 1 71 7 — Corner-stone of the Church of the New Jerusalem laid at Tranquebar.
200th anniversary. See "Men of Might in India Missions," by Holcomb.

10th, 1822 — Death of Levi Parsons of Syria. 95th anniversary. See "Fifty-three

Years in Syria," by Jessup.
13th to 15th — Laymen's Missionary Movement Convention, Louisville, Ky.

14th, 1792 — Birth of William Goodell of Turkey. 125th anniversary. See "The
Encyclopedia of Missions."

15th, 1822 — Birth of Bishop Whipple of Minnesota. 95th anniversary. See "Ser-
vants of the King," by Speer.

1 8th, 1867 — Death of William Goodell of Turkey. 50th anniversary. See "The
Encyclopedia of Missions."

1 8th to 20th — Convention, Laymen's Missionary Movement, Paterson, N. J. H. F.
LaFlamme, 1 Madison Avenue, New York City.

20th to 22nd — Laymen's Missionary So. Presbyterian Convention, Lexington, Ky.

22nd, 1837 — John Anderson landed at Madras. 80th anniversary. See "Men of
Might in India Missions," by Holcomb.

24th, 1 8 1 2 — Completion of Martyn's Persian New Testament. 105th anniversary.
See "Life of Henry Martyn," by George Smith.

25th — Universal Day of Prayer for Students.

27th to March 1st — Religious Education Association. 14th General Convention,
Boston, Mass.

28th, 1797 — Birth of Mary Lyon of Persia. 120th anniversary. See "Eminent
Missionary Women," by Gracey.

MARCH

ist, 1847 — Death of Hannah Marsham of India. 70th anniversary. See "Emi-
nent Missionary Women," by Gracey.

4th, 1797 — Arrival of the Duff at Tahiti with the first missionaries. 120th anni-
versary. See "Islands of the Pacific," by Alexander.

7th, 1872 — Murder of James D. Gordon on Erromanga. 45th anniversary.

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