Missouri historical review

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The MISSOURI HISTORICAL
REVIEW

October, 1919— July, 192°

PUBLISHED BY

THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY
OF MISSOURI

VOLUME XIV

FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER, SECRETARY-EDITO

COLUMBIA, MISSOURI
1920

X

CONTENTS.

Page
Early Days on Grand River and the Mormon War, by Rollin J.

Britton .89, 233, 459

Early Exploration and Settlement of Missouri and Arkansas, by

Cardinal L. Goodwin 385

Followers of Duden, by William G. Bek 29, 217, 436

Historical Articles in Missouri Newspapers 172

Historical Notes and Comments 145, 265, 494

History of Woman Suffrage in Missouri, edited by Mary Semple Scott. . . 281
Inefficiency of Water Transportation in Missouri, by Sam T. Bratton. ... 82

Little Bonne Femme Church, by E. W. Stephens 193

Major Benjamin Holliday, by Anna Brosius Korn 16

Major Emory S. Foster, by George S. Grover 425

Missourians Abroad, Leigh C. Palmer, by J. Willard Ridings 211

Missourians in Service, by Harvey C. Clark 1

One Hundred Years of Medicine in Missouri, by H. W. Loeb 74

Osage War, by Robert A. Glenn 201

Recollections of Thomas H. Benton, by John A. Oliphant 433

Shelby's Expedition to Mexico, by John N. Edwards Ill, 246, 470

CONTRIBUTORS.

Ames, Marie B., Former National Field Director, Woman Suffrage Association,
St. Louis.

Atkinson, Mrs. Robert, First Pres.. Mo. Equal Suffrage Association, St. Louis.

Bek, William G., Professor of Languages, University of North Dakota.

Blair, Mrs. Emily Newell, Former Member, Mo. State Suffrage Board, Carthage.

Bratton, Sam T., Instructor in Geology, University of Missouri.

Britton, Rollin J., Attorney-at-Law, Kansas City.

Clarke, Mrs. Frederic Elaine, Former Extension Secretary, St. Louis Equal
Suffrage League, St. Louis.

Clark, Harvey O.f Adjutant General of Missouri, Jefferson City.

Edwards, John N ., Journalist, Kansas City.

Ess, Mrs. Henry N., President, Kansas City Woman Suffrage Association,
Kansas City.

Fordyce, Mrs. Wm. O., Former President, St. Louis Equal Suffrage League,
St. Louis.

Gellhorn, Mrs. George, President, Mo. Woman Suffrage Association, St. Louis.

Glenn, Robert A.. Journalist, St. Louis.

Goodwin, Cardinal L., Professor of History, Mills College, Oakland, Calif.

Grossman, Mrs. E. M., Former Member Executive Board, St. Louis Equal
Suffrage League, St. Louis.

Grover, George S., Attorney-at-Law, St. Louis.

Ingels, Mrs. Rosa Russell, Member, Mo. State Suffrage Board, Columbia.

Korn, Mrs Anna Lee Brosius, D. A. R., U. D. C., El Reno, Okla.

Lelghty, Mrs. John R., Former President, Mo. Woman Suffrage Association,
St. Louis.

Loeb, H. W., Doctor, St. Louis.

McBride, Mrs. Thomas, Former Executive Secretary, Kansas City Equal
Suffrage League. Kansas City.

Miller, Mrs. Walter McNab, Former President, Mo. Woman Suffrage Associa-
tion, St. Louis.

Oliphant, John A., Judge, Tulsa, Okla.

Passmore JMrs. Charles, Former Vice President, Mo. Woman Suffrage Associa-
tion, Kansas City.

Ridings, J. Willard, Assistant in Newspaper Department, The State Historical
Society of Missouri.

Runyon, Laura, Member, Mo. State Suffrage Board, Warrensburg.

Scott, Mary Semple, Former Editor The Missouri Woman, St. Louis.

Stephens, E. W., Author and Journalist, Columbia.

Weigle, Florence, President, St. Louis Woman Suffrage League, St. Louis.

(508)

THE MISSOURI HISTORICAL
REVIEW

VOL. XVI, No. 1 COLUMBIA OCTOBER, 1919

MISSOURIANS IN SERVICE.

BY HARVEY C. CLARK.

Brigadier General Harvey C. Clark, who is a native born Mis-
sourian, has served in the Missouri National Guard for thirty years in
all the grades from private to Brigadier General. His first military
training was a member of the Cadet Corps of Wentworth Military
Academy. He organized Company B, 2nd Missouri Infantry, in
1888 and became its Captain, serving with that regiment until the out-
break of the Spanish- American War, when he was commissioned
Lieutenant-Colonel of the 6th Missouri Volunteers, being the youngest
Lieutenant-Colonel in the army. His regiment went to Cuba and
served a° part of the American Army of occupation. After the
Spanis7 American War he was appointed Brigadier General and
reor1 ized the Missouri National Guard, which he has since com-
mr u,ed. He wrote the Military Code of the state, and when the
J'ense Act was under consideration in Congress in 1916, General
Clark wrote the brief maintaining the right to federalize the National
Guard which the Military Committee of the National House of Repre-
sentatives adopted and printed in their report, recommending the act
as finally passed. He commanded the Missouri troops on the Mexican
Border in 1916, patrolling 145 miles of the Laredo District, which
was regarded as the most troublesome on the Border. When the
Missouri National Guard was called into federal service in the war
with Germany, General Clark was commissioned a Brigadier General
by the President and accompanied his command to Camp Doniphan.
In December, 1917, with other National Guard brigadier generals,
he was ordered before a board of regular army surgeons for physical

2 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

examination to determine his physical qualifications for overseas
service. The board reported that as a result of an old case
of pleursy some eight years ago his lungs were affected and that his
blood pressure was too high. He was given the option of going to the
army tubercular hospital at Deming, New Mexico, or resigning. He
declined to do either and was accordingly on December 26, 1917,
honorably discharged. The Governor at once asked him to take charge
of the Adjutant General's office and the war activities of the state, and
this he did, going direct to Jefferson City from Camp Doniphan.
From that date he has given his whole time to organizing and directing
all military activities connected with the winning of the war, in
doing everything possible for the troops in the field and their relatives
at home, and in preparing for the problems of reconstruction. General
Clark is a lawyer, is married, and has one son. — Editor's note.

Since the admission to the union, Missouri has never
failed to do more than its part in every war in which the
country has engaged. When the President called for volun-
teers in 1837 to fight the Seminoles, this state sent a regi-
ment under Colonel Gentry, of Boone county. After a long
steamboat trip down the Mississippi and across the Gulf to
Florida, it rendered valiant service against the Indians in
the Everglades. In the Mexican War its sturdy volunteers
under Colonel Doniphan, of Ray county, made the long march
across the plains, the longest in history, and contributed in
the largest measure to the success of our arms. In the Civil
War its entire fighting strength was under arms on one side
or the other. In the Spanish-American War the Missouri
National Guard volunteered to a man, filling Missouri's
quota under the President's call for two hundred thousand
volunteers. When in the Mexican crisis of 1916 the Presi-
dent called out the National Guard of the United States, the
Missouri National Guard was the first to reach the Rio Grande
and for six months it patrolled 145 miles of the Mexican
border, its 5030 officers and men making a record for efficiency
which brought a special acknowledgment from the Secretary
of War.

But our climax of effort and achievement was reached in
the War with Germany. We furnished to the land forces of
the nation after the declaration of war, 128,000 civilian soldiers

MISSOURIANS IN SERVICE. 3

including all branches of the service, to the marine corps
3,400, and to the navy 6,910, a total of 138,310. Of this
number about fifty per cent were sent abroad, the remainder
serving in the various training camps on this side. The
record made by Missourians on the battle fields of Europe
has never been surpassed in the annals of warfare. To them
we must pay the supreme tribute of a grateful people. No
words can measure their heroic gallantry, the greatness
of their sacrifice. We can never sufficiently show our appre-
ciation; the ledger of our gratitude can never be balanced.
Nor must we minimize the service of those who, due to the
sudden termination of the war, were held on this side. They
made untold sacrifices ; they were taken from their homes and
means of livelihood; their careers were rendered uncertain;
their family ties severed. The world will never know the
suffering that the complexities of our social and business life
entailed in many cases when one of these boys responded to
the call. Nor must we forget that the life of a soldier in the
field, even it be a training camp, is one of hardship and danger.
In this war more American soldiers died in camp of pneu-
monia and influenza than fell in battle in France.

As a people, we are prone to look for a hero, and unfortu-
nately there is a tendency to fix our eyes upon men in high
places because we see their names most frequently mentioned.
There is a disposition too to unduly magnify the patriotism
and service of men in high political, financial, or social posi-
tion who do very ordinary things, forgetting that the very
prominence of some of these men would force them to seek
public commendation; and sometimes we find some of them
posing in comfortable berths where they can bask in the
public favor far from the scene of hardship and danger.
The service of the men in the field is quite different from that
of one who serves in a comfortable office building, surrounded
by all of the comforts of civil life. We must not of course
overlook the efforts and sacrifice of the great mass of our
civilian population, particularly those in the humbler walks
of life, the men and women who could not go but who un-

4 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

selfishly gave their time, their ability, and their substance
to every activity having to do with the winning of the war.
In one of our great cities two estates were inventoried recently
in the Probate Court on the same day. One was that of a
man who left property valued at more than a million dollars,
consisting of lands, stocks and bonds ; but not one liberty bond
was found among the assets listed, although during the progress
of the war the papers had published with flattering comment
his purchase of two hundred thousand dollars worth of such
bonds at one time. The other estate was that of a working
man. He left a modest home, a few dollars in the bank,
and five thousand dollars, the savings of a lifetime, in liberty
bonds, and among his papers were receipts for contributions
to the Red Cross and the Y. M. C. A.

In the Civil War, where the theater of operations was
large, the opportunity for initiative and strategy was un-
limited for the development of great military leaders, and,
generally speaking, these great soldiers were popular with
their men, and this rightfully meant popularity with the public.
History does not record the name of a really able soldier who
was not popular with his men. In the European War the
fact that the ground had been fought over for four years, that
every inch of it was mapped by the opposing forces, that the
zone of our operations was a limited one and that Marshal
Foch was in supreme command and planned every move,
limited the opportunity for the development of great soldiers
and magnified the responsibility and achievements of the
enlisted men and officers of comparatively low rank, who
really deserved the credit for what America accomplished in
the winning of the war. The real hero of this war is not found
among those whose names were heralded far and wide in the
press; he is the common soldier of modest rank who came from
the farm, the office, the shop, the factory, the store, the mine,
from all the walks of life and who served as an American
soldier called from civil life to defend our liberties and our
institution. He numbered approximately four million; he

MISSOURIANS IN SERVICE. 5

furnished the casualty lists; he served and suffered; he won
the war.

Under the proclamation of the President the entire Mis-
souri National Guard, consisting of 5,030 officers and men
under the command of the writer, was on duty on the Mexican
Border for some six months during the year 1916, patrolling
145 miles of the boundary between Mexico and the United
States. The last Missouri organization had just been re-
leased from federal service when war was declared against
Germany. The Governor applied to the Militia Bureau for
authority to recruit all organizations of the National Guard
to war strength and to organize all the new units which the
state would be entitled to raise under the act of Congress
approved June 3, 1916, commonly called the Defense Act,
and such authority was granted. The writer as Commanding
General of the National Guard was accordingly assigned the
task of organizing, training, and equipping in three months a
force which under the Defense Act the state was given five
years to raise. The recruitment of the old and the organiza-
tion of the new units progressed with the greatest rapidity
and on the date of the induction of the Missouri National
Guard into federal service on August 5, 1917, this state had
organized every unit authorized by the Militia Bureau. When
released from federal service on its return from the Mexican
Border in the early part of 1916, the Guard consisted of four
regiments of infantry, one battalion of field artillery, a signal
corps company, a troop of cavalry, a field hospital, and an
ambulance company aggregating 4,447 officers and men.
Between the date of the declaration of war on April 6, 1917,
and that of induction into federal service on August 5, 1917,
this force was increased to six regiments of infantry, two
regiments of field artillery, a signal corps battalion, a battalion
of engineers, two field hospitals, two ambulance companies,
a motor supply train, and a troop of cavalry with an aggregate
strength of 14,756 officers and men.

The entire National Guard was mobilized on the state
rifle range near Nevada on August 5, 1917, under my com-

6 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

mand, and remained there under the training of its own
officers for some two months. It consisted of the following
units :

1st Missouri Infantry (St. Louis).

2nd Missouri Infantry (Comprising companies from Carthage,

Butler, West Plains, Lamar, Sarcoxie,
Clinton, Jefferson City, Aurora, Webb
City, Joplin, Nevada, Peirce City,
Lebanon and Springfield).

3rd Missouri Infantry (Comprising companies from Kansas City,

Liberty and Boonville).

4th Missouri Infantry (Comprising companies from Tarkio,

Mound City, Weston, St. Joseph, Tren-
ton, Chillicothe, Carrollton, Hannibal,
Caruthersville, Bethany, Kirksville,
Columbia, Sedalia and Louisiana).

5th Missouri Infantry (St. Louis).

6th Missouri Infantry (Comprising companies from Cape Gir-

ardeau, Sikeston, Dexter, Poplar Bluff,
Kennett, Campbell, Doniphan, Cabool,
Seymour, Caruthersville, Sedalia, Rich-
mond, Lexington, St. Joseph, Willow
Springs and Carterville).

1st Missouri Field Artillery. (St. Louis and Kansas City).

2nd Missouri Field Artillery. (Kansas City and Independence;.

1st Battalion Missouri Signal Corps (Kansas City).

1st Battalion Missouri Engineers. (Kansas City).

1st Missouri Motor Supply Train. (St. Louis).

Missouri Field Hospital No. 1. (St. Joseph)

Missouri Field Hospital No. 2. (Kansas City).

Missouri Ambulance Company No. 1. (Kansas City).

Missouri Ambulance Company No. 2. (Chamois).

Troop B, Missouri Cavalry. (St. Louis).

On September 28th the troops entrained for Camp Doni-
phan, Oklahoma, and were there consolidated with the Kansas
National Guard, the combined National Guard of Missouri
and Kansas constituting the 35th Division, this state furnish-
ing about two-thirds and Kansas one-third of its strength.
Upon arrival at Camp Doniphan the 1st Missouri Infantry
and the 5th Missouri Infantry, from St. Louis, were consoli-
dated under the name of the 138th Infantry. The 4th Mis-

MISSOURIANS IN SERVICE. 7

souri Infantry, from various towns in North Missouri, was
consolidated with the 3rd Kansas and designated the 139th
Infantry. The 3d Missouri Infantry, largely of Kansas City,
and the 6th Missouri Infantry, from all sections of the state,
were consolidated as the 140th Infantry. The 2nd Missouri
Infantry, from Southwest Missouri, was disbanded and formed
into three Machine Gun Battalions, designated the 128th,
129th and 130th Machine Gun Battalions, and its head-
quarters and supply company constituted a Trench Mortar
Battery. The designation of the 1st Missouri Field Artillery,
(St. Louis), was changed to the 128th Field Artillery, and that
of the 2d Missouri Field Artillery (Kansas City), consoli-
dated with Troop B, was changed to the 129th Field Artillery.
The two Missouri Field Hospitals and two Ambulance Com-
panies were designated the 110th Sanitary Train. The
Missouri Engineers Battalion was consolidated with the
Kansas Battalion and designated the 110th Engineers. The
Missouri Supply Train became the 110th Motor Supply Train.

The training of the National Guard composing the 35th
Division at Camp Doniphan was under its own National
Guard officers, and the wonderful record it made in France is
due solely to the efforts of the citizen soldiers of Missouri
and Kansas who composed it.

The division remained at Camp Doniphan until April
12, 1918, when it moved to Camp Mills, New York, and
embarked for Europe on April 25, 1918, arriving at Liverpool
on May 7th. From England the troops were moved to France,
landing there May 17, 1918. After a brief period of training
in France, the Division was moved to the front line trenches
in the Vosges sector. After a long stay in the trenches it
was attached to the contingent of the American Army which
participated in the St. Mihiel advance, forming a part of the
reserve. Following the reduction of the St. Mihiel salient
it was moved to the Argonne and for six days participated in
the fiercest fighting of this, the greatest and decisive battle
of the war. The 35th Division was the razor edge of the
advancing American wedge; it bore the brunt, and four picked

8 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

divisions of the Prussian Guard, the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th,
were thrown in its way only to be routed. It went over the
top at 5:30 a. m., on September 26, 1918, and on October 1st,
after six days of the most desperate righting of the war, it
had captured every objective from Vanquois Hill to Exer-
mont, advancing a distance of some eleven miles over a
terrene mined and fortified with barbed wire and concrete
as strongly as Prussian ingenuity knew how to defend it.
The casualties of the Division in this engagement were 7,854,
of which number 675 Missourians were killed and 4,561
wounded. Thirty-five Missouri infantry officers of the Divi-
sion were killed and 85 wounded, a percentage of forty, which
was the largest relative loss among officers in any division in
the American Army, a mute testimonial to the bravery and
matchless gallantry of the National Guardsmen who did not
fear to lead their men where death was taking its heaviest
toll. 640 Missouri enlisted men were killed and 4,476 wound-
ed, or 35 per cent of the Missourians in the Division, con-
clusive evidence of the nature of the task assigned them and
their heroic achievement. Thus the citizen soldiery of Mis-
souri and Kansas met and defeated the professional troops of
the nation, which stands as the foremost exponent of pro-
fessional militarism. The heroic gallantry and heroism of
the Missouri and Kansas National Guardsmen who fought
at the Argonne were commended alike by friend and foe in
the strongest terms language can employ. The division
returned to the United States in the early part of May, 1919,
and was finally discharged from federal service at Camp
Funston during that month.

A letter from one of the Missouri officers to the writer
of this article, mailed after the Argonne fight, contains this
description of the conduct of the Missourians:

"When the history of our division is written, every Missourian
will be proud of the fact that he lives in a state which can furnish
such soldiers to the world. No words can tell you of the heroic
conduct of our men and of their uncomplaining cheerful suffering
and magnificent gallantry as they faced, again and again, the

MISSOURIANS IN SERVICE. 9

awful fire of the Hun machine guns and again and again charged
through the German lines and put to rout the picked troops of the
enemy. We have read of the grim courage and incomparable spirit
of Napoleon's Old Guard, but nothing could have surpassed the
matchless bravery and cool efficiency of the Missouri and Kansas
boys as they poured out their blood upon this awful field. I
thought I knew what esprit de corps was but I never quite realized
it until I witnessed the devoted comradeship of these National
Guardsmen grimly determined that the record made by the Mis-
souri National Guard in its acid test should never be equalled.
I know how you will feel when you read the casualty lists because
you will recognize the names of scores with whom you have served,
and when you receive this letter you will know that I saw many of
them go down, faithful to the last and dying with a heroism which
has never been surpassed on any battle field in the world."

Much has appeared in the press in reference to the casual-
ties of this division and the handicap under which it fought,
and it may not be amiss to mention the facts here. The
confidential report of the Inspector General, Brigadier General
Hugh A. Drumm, U. S. Army, severely criticised Major
General Peter E. Traub, U. S. Army, who commanded the
division, for absenting himself from his headquarters at the
same time his chief of staff was absent, thus losing contact
and control over the units of the division; Colonel George A.
Wieczorek, a regular army officer, Chief Signal Officer, for fail-
ure to maintain the lines of communication ; and Brigadier Gen-
eral L. G. Berry, of the U. S. Army, who commanded the artillery
brigade, for failure to co-operate with and make use of the air
service. The report further criticised the change in brigade
and regimental commanders on the eve of the battle, thus
placing in positions of the gravest responsibility officers who
were not familiar with the troops and who had no opportunity
to acquaint themselves with the terrain, plans, etc. A few
days prior to the Argonne battle, Brigadier General Charles
A. Martin, of the Kansas National Guard, who commanded
the 70th Brigade, was, without the assignment of any cause
therefor, relieved of his command and his place given Colonel
Kirby Walker, a cavalryman in the regular armyr who was
without experience in handling a large infantry command

10 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

and who had never been under fire. General Martin had
served as a Major in the 20th Kansas (Funston's regiment) , for
two years in the Philippines and made a very fine record in
the combat service of that famous regiment. He had served,
since the Spanish-American War, for more than twenty years
as an officer in the Kansas National Guard and was at the
time of his appointment by the President as Brigadier General,
the Adjutant General of Kansas. He is a man of exceptional
ability, faultless habits, fine character, and was universally
regarded as one of the very finest officers in the service. He
had organized and trained the brigade which he commanded
at Camp Doniphan, had accompanied it to France and it
was generally recognized as one of the finest combat units in
the American Army. He was the only officer in the Division
who had ever commanded a force of consequence in actual
warfare. As subsequent events disclosed, this change from
an able and experienced officer who knew and was loved by
his men and was familiar with the terrain and plan of cam-
paign to one without such experience, was most unfortunate.
The commanding officers of two of the regiments were changed
on the eve of the battle, both being replaced by cavalry officers
of the regular army. One of them took command the evening
before the battle and did not have opportunity to even become
acquainted with the officers of the regiment. The other
wandered about over the field looking for the regiment he
had been assigned to command, but not knowing its officers
or men by sight or just where it was, in the confusion of the
engagement did not find it for two or three days. All of this
of course made very difficult the efforts of our officers and men,
but notwithstanding the lack of leadership higher up, they
took every objective and were holding Exermont, the extreme
front of the American line, when they were relieved. General
Drumm's report pays them in terse military language this
tribute pregnant with meaning:

"The fighting spirit and bravery of officers and men was
excellent."

MISSOURIANS IN SERVICE. 11

One National Guard unit, the First Missouri Signal Corps
Battalion stationed at Kansas City, commanded by Major
Ruby D. Garrett, was attached to the Rainbow Division
consisting of National Guard units selected from the National
Guard of twenty-seven states. The record made by this
Division, (the 42nd), was one of the most remarkable of any
American troops in France, and the Missouri contingent was
considered one of its very best. For gallantry in action Major
Garrett was cited and promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel.

Shortly after the mobilization of the National Guard and
the regular army the government began the organization of
another great force under the provisions of the Selective
Service Act. The first contingent of drafted men from Mis-
souri was sent to Camp Funston in September, 1917, and
together with the men from Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota,
Colorado, Arizona and New Mexico were organized into the
89th Division trained by Major General Leonard Wood.
Its personnel drawn from the flower of the citizenship of the
great Middle West was the very finest. Its officers were in
large part without previous military training other than that
obtained in the excellent course given in the Officers Training
Camps which preceded the mobilization of the selective service
men, but so well did they learn the art of war that the Divi-
sion was sent across in June, 1918, its last units arriving in
France, July 10, 1918, and it became one of the very finest
fighting units in the American Expeditionary Forces. It was
at St. Mihiel and in the battle of the Argonne, in both of
which engagements it conducted itself with magnificent
gallantry, reflecting the very greatest credit upon the citizen
soldiery of the great Middle West. In the St. Mihiel offensive
it was the right division ot the 4th American Corps and ad-
vanced a distance of twenty-one kilometers capturing the
towns of Beney, Essey, Boullionville, Pannes and Xammes.
On October 7th the division was relieved in the Pannes-
Flirey-Limey sector by the 37th Division and was moved by
bus to the Recicourt area and became part of the 1st Army
Reserve. On October 12th it moved forward in the rear of

12 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

the 32nd Division as part of the 5th American Corps in the
Argonne offensive and on October 20th went into the line
just North of the Kriemhilde defense positions. It attacked
on November 1st and continued in the assault until the
armistice was signed, when it had crossed the Meuse north of
Stenay. On November 24th it began its march into Germany
as part of the army of occupation and was assigned the area
bounded by Kreise of Prum, Bitburg, Trier and Saarburg
with division headquarters at Kyllburg. During its service
it captured 5,061 prisoners, 127 pieces of artillery, 455 machine
guns and advanced thirty-six kilometers against the enemy.
Its members were awarded 8 Congressional Medals of
Honor, 119 Distinguished Service Crosses and 55 Croix de
Guerre. Its casualties were 8,813, of which 1,419 were fatali-
ties. While men from this state were in every unit in this
Division, the 354th Infantry, the 356th Infantry, the 432nd
Field Artillery, the 314th Signal Corps Battalion and the
314th Engineers contained a preponderance of Missourians,
and these were practically Missouri units. The wonderful
record made by this Division composed of officers and
men of the Micdle West, called suddenly from civil life,
explodes the old theory of the advocates of professional
militarism that the making of a soldier requires years of
training and demonstrates beyond all question the superior
worth of the civilian soldier. This division was the superior
from every standpoint of the professional soldiery of Germany
on the day it landed in Europe and the Prussian mercenaries
went down before it like grain before the reaper. The Divi-
sion returned to this country early in June, 1919, and was dis-
charged from the federal service during the same month.

Another Missouri unit which acquitted itself with great
credit was the 12th Engineers, organized largely from rail-
road men in the city of St. Louis.

Missouri was represented in practically every company,
battery, corps or contingent in the American Army, and this
state contributed its full quota to the Officers Reserve Corps,
Navy, Regular Army, Aviation Service, Marine Corps, the

MISSOURIANS IN SERVICE. 13

Engineers, Railroad Troops and Sanitary Units. Missourians
fought with the marines at Chateau Thierry; their blood was
poured out on every field in France and Belgium where Ameri-
can troops were engaged. The conduct and bearing of our
officers and men in all of these organizations were such as to
reflect the greatest credit upon the state. Hundreds of them
have been decorated for acts of conspicuous daring and gal-
lantry. Special mention has been made of the units made up
in large part of Missourians because the data as to these is
at hand, and that relating to other organizations of the army,
the navy and the marine corps is not available at this time.
For obvious reasons this must be obtained from official sources
at Washington. Later, when the official data has been com-
piled and furnished the state it will be possible to publish
in detail the service and accomplishment of all Missourians
in all the branches of the service.

The record of all these young men is the priceless heritage
of our state. They were our very best. So long as time lasts
we mill mourn for those who made the supreme sacrifice, and
the people of Missouri should never cease in their efforts to
show appreciation of the sacrifices made by those who served
in the field, at home or abroad. Let us not be content with
expressions of gratitude ; let us see to it that the material loss
of every Missourian who answered his country's call is re-
duced to the minimum. He is entitled to every consideration
as long as he lives; let us not withhold it. He must face
problems which he would not otherwise have been called
upon to meet; let us make them easy for him.

In an effort to show the appreciation of the state in a
sentimental and substantial way, the following military
legislation was enacted by the last General Assembly as an
expression of our gratitude and an indication of the purpose
to continue to do everything possible which conditions as
they develop may suggest.

Soldiers1 and Sailors' Employment Commission: An act
constituting the Adjutant General and the State' Labor Com-
missioner a commission to assist discharged Missouri soldiers,

14 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

sailors and marines in obtaining employment. Provision is
made for publishing the name of any employer who refuses to
reinstate in his former position any discharged Missouri
soldier, sailor or marine. The general office of the commission
is in the Adjutant General's office at Jefferson City. Branch
offices are maintained at St. Louis, Kansas City, St. Joseph
and elsewhere. Ten thousand dollars was appropriated for
the purpose of carrying out the act.

County Memorials: An act authorizing the County Court
in each county and the municipal body in each city in the
state to erect a suitable memorial building or monument or
to place a suitable bronze tablet in some public building at
the county seat dedicated to the memory of the soldiers,
sailors and marines furnished by the county or city in the
war with Germany. One hundred and thirty thousand dollars
was appropriated for this purpose. Under the provisions of
the act the county clerk is required to compile and preserve
in his office a complete record of each soldier, sailor or marine
who served from such county or city in the war with Germany.

Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Hall: An act dedicating
both floors of the East corridor of the new capitol building to
the purpose of a soldiers and sailors memorial hall and directing
the Adjutant General to display therein in appropriate cases
the battle flags carried by all Missouri units in the Seminole
War, the Mexican War, the Civil War, the Spanish-American
War, on the Mexican Border and in the war with Germany,
together with all war trophies and relics connected with the
service of Missourians in the various wars in which troops
from this state have served. Fifteen thousand dollars was
appropriated for this purpose.

Memorial in France: The act provides for the appoint-
ment of a commission of seven Missouri soldiers who served
with combat troops in France to locate and erect a memorial
in France to the memory of Missourians who there fell.
Twenty-five thousand dollars was appropriated for this pur-
pose.

MISSOURIANS IN SERVICE. 15

History and Biographical Record of Missouri soldiers, sail-
ors and marines who served in the war with Germany: The act
authorizes the Adjutant General to compile and publish a
record of the participation of Missouri units or units composed
in large part of Missourians in the war with Germany, together
with a biography of every Missouri soldier, sailor and marine
who served. Provision is made for the free distribution of
copies of this history and record to all libraries, public schools,
etc., in the state. It is estimated that this work will contain
about six volumes. Twenty-five thousand dollars was appro-
priated for this purpose.

Medals for Missouri soldiers, sailors and marines: The
act authorizes the Adjutant General to procure and present
to each Missouri soldier, sailor and marine who served in
the war with Germany an appropriate bronze medal as a
slight token of the gratitude of the state to its sons who served.
The act likewise authorizes the presentation of a medal to
each Missouri Volunteer who served in the war with Spain and
to each member of the Missouri National Guard who served
on the Mexican Border in 1916. Twenty-five thousand dollars
was appropriated for this purpose.

Officers and Employees of Workmen's Compensation
Commission: The act provides that all officers and employees
of the Missouri Workmen's Compensation Commission shall
be honorably discharged soldiers, sailors and marines. Pro-
vision is made for four commissioners at a salary of $4,000.00,
a secretary at $3,500.00, a surgeon, clerks, stenographers, etc.

Reorganization of the National Guard: The act revises the
military code of the state and provides for the reorganization
of the National Guard with the same status it had when in-
ducted into the federal service on August 5, 1917. Two
hundred and sixty-five thousand dollars was appropriated for
the support and maintenance of the National Guard during
the biennial period.

16 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

MAJOR BENJAMIN HOLLIDAY
1786-1859.

FOUNDER OF MISSOURI INTELLIGENCER AND BOONE's LICK

ADVERTISER.

BY ANNA LEE BROSIUS KORN.

Benjamin Holliday was born in Spottsylvania county,
Virginia, June 8, 1786. He was of English Cavalier and Scotch
descent. He was the son of Benjamin Holliday, who was a son
of Captain Joseph Holliday of the American Continental
Line, American Revolution, and Elizabeth Lewis. His
mother was Sarah Hampton of the distinguished Hampton
family of Virginia, a daughter of George Hampton and Mary
Colson, heiress.

His great-grandfather was Captain John Holliday, Sr.,
gentleman, founder of the Holliday family of Virginia, Mary-
land and North Carolina.1 His home known as Belfonte,
Spottsylvania county, contained several thousand acres of
land so that he bequeathed several hundred acres of land to
each of his nine children, namely: William, John, Daniel,

'The Hollidays are descended from Sir Walter Holliday, who was knighted
by King Edward of England, to whom arms were granted in 1470, and was
styled the "Master of Revels" to King Edward IV. He was youngest son of
last Laird of Covehead, Scotland, Chieftain of Annendale. He was succeeded
by his son Henry. Henry had four sons, viz.:

1. William of Stroud.

2. Henry of Minchen — Hampton, Gloucester, England.

3. Edward of Rodborough.

4. John of From Hall.
Thomas Holliday

and

John Holliday.

It is from him the Hollidays in states named above descend. See Geo.
McKenzie's Colonial Families in 17. JS., Heitman's Officers of the Revolution,
and Hadens Gene alogy.

MAJOR BENJAMIN HOLLIDAY. 17

Joseph, Benjamin, Elizabeth, Winnif red, Sarah, and Susanah.
He was Captain of Virginia Rangers in 1702.2

When a small boy Benjamin Holliday removed with his
parents to Clark county, Kentucky, where he grew to man-
hood. He was educated in the best schools and at the age of
eighteen taught school for several years. He was compli-
mented and rewarded for penmanship at writing school and
did public acts of service for people in his vicinity.3

His father, Benjamin Holliday, called "Gamester Ben"
because of his love for race horses and his fame for conducting
races in Kentucky in an early day, traded the present site of
Lexington, Kentucky, for a race horse called Packolet. At
the same time he purchased a fine stallion which he installed
in the Holliday stables. As this animal was considered unsafe
to be at large he gave explicit instructions to young Benjamin
on leaving the house that the stallion should not be loosed
from the barn. Upon his return, to his astonishment, the
stallion was running to and fro in the lot. Disregard for his
instructions so infuriated the parent that he struck young
Benjamin twice across the back with his riding whip as he
rebuked him for disobedience. This act young Benjamin
resented and over it left home to which he never returned in
his father's life time.4

2Captain Joseph's issue: (1) Lt. John; (2) 2nd Lieutenant Lewis; (3)
Major James ; (4) Jerminia ; (5) William, father of Ben Holliday of national fame ;
(6) Winnifred; (7) Stephen, who married Ann Hickman; (8) Benjamin, who
married Sarah Hampton ; (9) Major Joseph, who married Cousin Agnes Holliday,
daughter of Uncle Benjamin. Their son John married Nancy McOune and
represented Lafayette county, Missouri, in the General Assembly in 1858.
Was Coal Oil Inspector, Member of School Board and Real Estate firm of
Holliday and Buckley in Saint Louis. Had a son, Samuel, attorney in city.
(10) Elizabeth; and (11) Thomas Holliday.

Jerminia Holliday married Isaac Graves, connected with the Graves who
founded Chillicothe and pioneer of Columbia. Captain John's will recorded
same county in 1742.

*Will of Mrs. George Hampton recorded in Frederick county, Virginia.
See Hampton Genealogy by Dr. J. L. Miller, Thomas, West Virginia.

4Benjamin Holliday and Sarah Hampton were parents of large family.
Major Benjamin and Stephen were only ones so far known who came to Mis-
souri. Stephen was named after Uncle Stephen, son of Captain Joseph who
married Ann Hickman.

18 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

Benjamin Holliday was of an adventurous nature and a
trader. Enlisting the aid of young Cooper he built and oper-
ated a chain of flat boats between Louisville and New Orleans,
building up a lucrative business which he followed for several
years, while the Coopers, equally as adventurous, departed
for Missouri to establish homes. In 1810, at the time a
company of friends and relatives were forming to join the
Cooper's in the new Missouri territory, Benjamin Holliday
sold his boat line interests and with his sister Mary Colson
and husband Augustus Cave Davis and children, he came to
the Boone's Lick Country and with fifty families established
a settlement. After assisting in the erection of quarters for
the abode of his sister's family, the desire for navigable trade
again possessed him. Accordingly in 1811 he went to Saint
Louis, loaded his boat with supplies and proceeded to New
Orleans.5

He got as far as New Madrid, Missouri, when he found
himself in the convulsions of a great earthquake accompanied
with what seemed to be "the discharge of heavy artillery,
while every few minutes the surface of the river rose and fell."
So great were the conflicting currents, he expected each mom-
the boat would be dashed to pieces; years seemed to pass in
his moments of peril, and when at last the subterranean dis-
turbances quieted he docked for inspection and repairs,
then proceeded to New Orleans where he sold his supplies.6
On his return to Boone's Lick he found the colonists terror-
stricken because of the prevalence of hostile Indians. Hasty
preparations were begun for the erection of forts in which to
take refuge. When completed, Holliday took refuge with
his sister's family in Cooper's fort, where many frightful
experiences and hardships were shared with other occupants
of the fort while combating a common foe.7 About this time
companies of Missouri Militia were being organized to subdue

6The Cooper's, Davis, Clarks, Galloways, Colson's, Cave and Boone
families were old friends in Kentucky and many intermarried.

«These early experiences are traditional tales treasured by the descendants.
'Missouri records of 1812 are sparse and incomplete.

MAJOR BENJAMIN HOLLIDAY. 19

the Indians. Benjamin Holliday enlisted in Captain James
Galloway's Company and later became a Major in the Militia
and experienced many bloody contests from 1812 to and
including 1814. It seemed too bad this war should repress
progress and break up a settlement of colonists who were
socially united as one big family, by the indentity of their
language, interest, laws and customs, and the ties of a common
kindred; and still more by a common participation in the
vicissitudes of peril and suffering through which they passed,
yet it did — many going to other sections. Not so with
Benjamin Holliday. It could be said of him as it was of
Cavalier Bayard. He was "without fear and without re-
proach."

Having undaunted faith in the future of the new territory,
the productiveness of the soil, the scenic grandeur of her
majestic hills, beautiful valleys, fresh crystal streams, and
flowing fountains he felt nature supplied all essentials for a
home and prosperity for those willing to labor and to wait.

He and his brother-in-law, Augustus Cave Davis, and
family remained, and on the establishment of the seat of
government at Cole's fort in 1816, purchased land of the
Government known as New Madrid or Earthquake certi-
ficates of land.8

On July 19, 1818, occurred one of the early marriages of
Howard county at Old Franklin at which Benjamin Holliday
officiated as best man at the marriage of his niece, Miss
Elizabeth Davis, to Wesley Hines.9

'Augustus Cave Davis and wife had ten children: Elizabeth; Martin H.;
Simpson Owen, founder of Sulphur Springs, Texas; Sylvester Heiskell; Pleas-
ant I ; Albert Gallatin, captain in Mormon war and captain of Missouri Militia
under General John B. Clark, Howard county, 1844, founded Hamilton, Mis-
souri, 1855; Thomas Colson; Augustus Cave; Tolbert Jefferson, and Wade
Hampton Davis, all dead. See Caldwell County History, 1886.

•Marriage copied from "Early Marriages of Howard County," recorder's
office at Fayette. Judge John Hines, of Polo; Matilda, wife of Major Higgins
of Hamilton, Caldwell county; Elizabeth Beckett, of Polo; and Matison Hines,
pioneer of Forest Grove, Oregon, are children of this union.

20 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

It was in this year that the county seat was established
in Franklin. Benjamin Holliday purchased lot 49 of Abraham
Barnes and erected a frame building on half of it, for the pur-
pose of starting a newspaper. Accordingly he paid a visit to
Kentucky to induce his young brother, Stephen Holliday,
who had mastered the art of printing in Kentucky and had
had newspaper experience, to come to Franklin and assist in
the publication of the same. Giving his consent they pro-
ceeded to Louisville, where they purchased a printing outfit
including a Ramage Press and brought it to Franklin and
installed it in the new building.

Benjamin Holliday named the paper The Missouri
Intelligencer and Boone's Lick Advertiser, after the settlement
to which he came and the sheet which was to give intelligence
concerning it.10

By this means he hoped to stimulate emigration. About
this time Nathaniel Patten, a late arrival in the village, also
a printer by trade, heard of the intended publication of the
paper so he sought an interview with Benjamin Holliday and
being without employment and of limited means begged to
be allowed to buy a third interest in same on installments.

Holliday desiring to help him, for he was in poor health,
agreed to a sale of a third interest in the printing establish-
ment and household effects, for all were bachelors and cooked
and lived in the back room of the office. At the end of a year
Patten was in such financial straits that he was forced to sell

"As no history of Benjamin Holliday's achievements has heretofore been
given to the public, no censure is placed on past writers for eulogi'es given this
first paper as all they have had to go by were the files of the State Historical
Society of Missouri at Columbia. As no accurate account of the "call to
existence" of the Missouri Inteuigencer has been given to the public, the
object of this article is to stress the omissions of history and to urge that
some of the wrongs that have entered history be righted. The responsibility
for the correction of misrepresentations in history as to Nathaniel Patten being
a founder of the paper revert to the living descendants of Benjamin Holliday,
who are Mrs. Eliza Price, grand-daughter, and Mrs. Anna Brosius Korn, a
second great-niece.

MAJOR^BENJAMIN HOLLIDAY. 21

his third interest back to his benefactor as following bill of
sale^shows.11

Nathaniel Patten — Bill of Sale.

Know all by these presents that I, Nathaniel Patten of County
of Howard and Territory of Missouri for and in consideration of
the sum of four hundred and fifty dollars to me in hand paid
by Benjamin Holliday, Junior, of the County and Territory
aforesaid, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, have
this day bargained and sold to him, the said Benjamin Holliday,
Junior, all the right, title, claim, interest or demand I have in
the printing establishment of the Missouri Intelligencer published
in Franklin, including all the printing apparatus and stock now
belonging to the same, consisting of the following articles, to wit:

One printing press, 250 Ibs. puma type, 125 Ibs. of French
cannon, 81 Ibs. bourgeois type, 53 Ibs. pica type, 5 lines puma type,

4 Ibs. German text on double pica body, 2 Ibs. long Primer Flowery,
No. 7, two line of Primer horses, 6 Ibs. Columbia Black stope,
1 % Ibs. two lines of Brevier shaded, 10 feet single brass rule,

5 feet double brass rule, 3M Ibs. scab board, 3 composing sticks,
5 pair of printing copy, 3 do. stands, 5 galleys, 3 chairs, bank,
3 type boards, 1 keg of printing ink, newspaper, etc., and I do, in
consideration of the above named sum, relinquish to the said
Holliday all claims to any money that may now be owing to the
said establishment, and I do likewise, in consideration of the above
named sum of four hundred and fifty dollars, relinquish to the
said Holliday all the property and interest I have in a quantity
of household and kitchen furniture, consisting of the following
articles to wit:

"The bills of sale copied from Book G, page 388 to 391, inclusive, County
Recorder's office at Fayette, are offered proofs, together with tales current in the
family, with genealogical references.

Benjamin Holliday assumed the control and management of the paper
continuously from its founding in 1819 until he sold it July 18th, 1822.

At times during his absence John Payne and John Tread well Cleveland were
employed to assist J-jtepaen on the paper, but they at no time owned any part
in it during Holliday's ownership of it. Doubtless their names appeared on it,
much the same way as certain ones do now at the head of sporting or society
news columns in modern papers.

Mrs. Eliza Price has a leather pocket ledger which bears this inscription:
"Presented to Stephen Holliday by his friend John Tread well Cleveland! —
Oct. 1823." A note in same shows where Stephen Holliday paid a week's
board to Mrs. William Turner, January 13, 1823. Mrs. Price also has letters
written by Benjamin Holliday and old certificates of land patent, granted to
him by the Government, one in 1825 to farm on which he died.

22 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

Two tables and bed stead, blankets ^ doz., dishes Yz doz.,
knives and forks, Yz doz, 1 coffee mill, 1 coffey pot, 1 teapot, 2
ovens, 3 pots, 1 gridiron, 2 tin kettles, 1 set cups and saucers,
1 tea kettle, 2 pails, 1 looking glass, 1 pair brass candle sticks,
Yz doz. chairs. In witness thereof, I have hereunto set my hand
and seal this 12th day of June, 1820.

The word Junior, erased in second line of first page hereof,
before signing and sealing and delivered in the presence of Gray
Bynum Clerk and Hampton L. Boone.12

NATHANIEL PATTEN (Seal).

Benjamin Holliday was a man of means else he could
not have borne so great an undertaking and lived independent
of the income of his paper, paid employes and engaged in
other lines of business. He continued sole owner of the paper
until he sold the entire establishment to Nathaniel Patten,
July 18, 1822.

In May, 1822, Nathaniel Patten sought to purchase the
printing establishment and as Benjamin Holliday was going
to New Orleans he gave Stephen Holliday power of attorney
to act for him. The transaction follows:

Fayette, Missouri.
Benjamin Holliday

to
Stephen Holliday18

Power of Attorney.

Know all men by these presents that I, Benj. Holliday of
Howard County in the State of Missouri, for various good causes
and considerations, one thereunto moving, have nominated, con-
stituted and appointed my brother, Stephen Holliday, in fact for
me and in my name to transact and do the following business
to wit:

12Hampton L. Boone was grandfather of Judge Hampton Boone Watts,
of Fayette, whose daughter was Evelyne Boone, who married Benjamin Watts,
nephew of Augustus Cave Davis, who was owner of 4,000 acres of land between
Boonville and Fayette, and was killed in his park by an elk September 14, 1856.
Residence across from Central College.

13Cyrus Kurtz Holliday, founder of Topeka, Kansas, and the Santa Fe
Railroad, was a cousin to Stephen and Benjamin. Stephen Holliday returned to
Kentucky in spring of 1824 and died the following spring. William Holliday
founded Holliday sburg, Pennsylvania, and was massacred by the Indians.
A monument was erected in the place and unveiled to his memory. The
Hollidays were founders and builders.

MAJOR BENJAMIN HOLLIDAY. 23

Whereas Nathaniel Patten has made application to me to
purchase my printing establishment and the north half of lot 49
in the town of Franklin, as laid off by the Commissioners ap-
pointed to locate the "Seat of Justice" of Howard County, and
whereas, it may not be convenient for me personally to perfect
said sale and conveyance of the said property, now therefore,
I do hereby authorize and empower my said attorney, in fact for
me and in my name, to sell everything connected with it and of the
said house and lots together with the appurtenances and improve-
ments thereunto belonging upon the following conditions to wit:

If the said Nathaniel Patten should at any time on or before
the twenty-fourth day of July, next, tender and pay over to my
said attorney, in fact all such sums of money as he is now due me
which I hereby authorize him to receive and receipt for the same,
then in that case, to make the sale on a legal conveyance as afore-
said, otherwise this power of attorney to be void and of no effect.

In testimony thereof, I have hereunto set my hand and affixed
my seal this twenty-first day of May in the year of our Lord
eighteen hundred and twenty-two.

BENJAMIN HoLLDiAY.14
State of Missouri, Howard County.

Before me Augustus Storers, a Justice of the Peace aforesaid
county, on the twenty-first day of May, 1822, personally came
Benjamin Holliday who acknowledges the foregoing power of
attorney by him executed to Stephen Holliday to be his own volun-
tary act and deed for the purpose therein mentioned given under
my hand and seal the day and year stated above.

AUGUSTUS STORERS.

State of Missouri, County of Howard.

Recorded the foregoing instrument of writing on the eighteenth

day of July, eighteen hundred and twenty-two.

GRAY BYNUM, Clerk.

On July 18, 1822, the deal was closed and Nathaniel
Patten became the lawful owner of the Missouri Intelligencer.
The bill of sale follows:

14Benjamin Holliday was own cousin to Benjamin Holliday of National
fame, founder of pony express across the plains and owner of Stage Line. He
was also owner of Northern Pacific Transportation Company engaged in running
steamships between ports. He organized the Oregon Central Railroad Com-
pany of Portland in 1874. East Portland addition bears his name. He left
a million and a half dollars, which was in litigation for years, the Supreme Court
deciding in favor of Benjamin as against Joseph. He ran a "Tavern" in*Weston,
Missouri, about 1837, was Aide-de-camp to Colonel Doniphan in the Mormon
War.

24 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

Fayette Missouri, July 23rd, 1822.
Benjamin Holliday

to
Nathaniel Patten.

This indenture made this eighteenth day of July one thousand
eighteen hundred and twenty-two between Benjamin Holliday
formerly of Howard County and State of Missouri by Stephen
Holliday his legally authorized and lawfully constituted attorney, in
fact of the one part, and Nathaniel Patten of the County and
State aforesaid of the other part, that Benjamin Holliday by his
said attorney, in fact hath this day for and in consideration of the
sum of twelve hundred dollars of which one thousand dollars have
been paid down in and to his said attorney, in fact and a note for
two hundred dollars the balance of the consideration hath this day
executed to the said Benjamin Holliday by the same Nathaniel
Patten of the second part, the receipt of which sum of money and
of which note is hereby acknowledged as the full consideration
bargained, sold, aliened and conveyed by these presents, do bargain,
sell and alien and convey to the said Nathaniel Patten, his heirs,
and executors and administrators all the right, title, interest and
claim which the said Benjamin Holliday has in and to a certain
lot or parcel of ground erected lying and being in the town of
Franklin in the county and State aforesaid it being the north
half of lot 49 in the said town of Franklin which half lot or parcel
of ground the said Benjamin Holliday purchased of the Commis-
sioners to locate the seat of Justice of Howard County and the said
Benjamin Holliday doth covenant and bind himself, his heirs and
assigns to convey as good a title of the north half of lot 49 in said
town as the commissioners appointed to locate "Seat of Justice"
of Howard County, namely: William Head, David Jones, Stephen
Cole and Benjamin Estell can make to him, the said Benjamin
Holliday, by his attorney, in fact doth bind himself to make unto
tfte said Nathaniel Patten his claims which he derived from Abraham
Barnes through Herod Corwin in and to the said half lot or parcel
of ground to the said Nathaniel Patten.

This indenture and all the covenants therein contained are
expressly meant and intended to convey all the title, interest and
claim which the said Benjamin Holliday has in and to the said
half lot or parcel of groun,d in the said town, this conveyance to
be only a quit claim deed from the said Benjamin Holliday to
said Nathaniel Patten, his heirs and etc., by his attorney in fact
by and with said Nathaniel his heirs and etc., all the right, title,
claim and interest which the said Benjamin Holliday has in and
to the Printing Office of establishment of the "Missouri Intelli-

MAJOR BENJAMIN HOLLIDAY. 25

gencer" consisting in part of one printing press, font of small pica
type, one font of English type, one font of five pica lines and with
all the apparatus belonging to the said Printing Establishment.

The said Benjamin Holliday doth sell and convey all the
appurtenances to him and his heirs and etc., free from the claim
of any person claiming by or through the said Benjamin Holliday,
but the said Benjamin Holliday covenants against no claim except
those derived from himself. It is further mutually covenanted by
the said Benjamin Holliday and the said Nathaniel Patten this
conveyance shall be considered a release of all demands, notes,
bonds and obligations they may have had against each other
heretofore and also of all accounts up to this date, and it is under-
stood that the note given by the said Nathaniel Patten for two
hundred dollars part consideration to the said Benjamin Holliday
for the said half of said lot is not included in this last covenant
between them.

In testimony whereof, the said Benjamin Holliday by his
attorney, in fact Stephen Holliday has hereunto put his hand and
seal this eighteenth day of July, eighteen hundred and twenty-two.

BENJAMIN HOLLIDAY [SEAL]
By his attorney,

Stephen Holliday.
Gray Bynum, Clerk,

and
John T. Cleveland, witness.

As Benjamin Holliday declares in this bill of sale that
he covenants against no claim except those derived from him-
self, the lovers of true history are indebted to him as the
founder, financier and editor of the first American newspaper
west of Saint Louis. If there is a man who deserves to be
honored, reverenced, and lionized it is this Missouri Editor,
for without him there would be no Missouri Intelligencer
and Boone's Lick Advertiser.

Tis he with the Coopers and other colonists who blazed
the way that we might enjoy a home in peace and safety in
our imperial state.

With the passing of the paper Benjamin Holliday turned
his attention to other pursuits of life. On August 16, 1823,
at the age of thirty-seven years, Benjamin Holliday was
united in marriage to Miss Eliza Basye, at Franklin, daughter
of Captain Alfred Basye and Frances Wilton Robinson.

26 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

Captain Basye was representative from Howard county in
lower branch of the General Assembly. He was captain in
the Missouri Militia and was afterward promoted to major
and filled other positions of trust.15

His home was south of the Executive Mansion in Jefferson
City, now the property of Mrs. Lay, daughter of Rilly Boone.

In 1824 Benjamin Holliday opened up an overland trad-
ing expedition from Franklin to Santa Fe, New Mexico,
adopting the same route as had been established by William
Becknell in 1821. The following year he formed a partner-
ship with Augustus Storers and they conducted a trading
post with the Indians at Council Bluffs.16 In 1827 he moved
his family to Fayette where he became a merchant, opening
a general store from which he prospered.

During the early 30's Benjamin Holliday formed a part-
nership with Sterling Price, afterward the illustrious Con-
federate Missouri general. They bought and sold horses and
mules, marketing them in Saint Louis and New Orleans.
Price boarded in the Holliday home and while an inmate of
it vaccinated the three Holliday children. He also courted
Nancy Basye, sister of Mrs. Holliday, who later became the
wife of attorney M. Starks, of Springfield, Missouri.

Holliday and Price supported races in Fayette and had
horses on the famous Benjamin Watts track. Price's favorite
horse for speed was "Mary Bedford" and he always bet on her.

Benjamin Holliday secured the contract to carry the
mails between Glasgow and Boonville and employed George
and Wash Knox to assist in its delivery.

When Alexander Campbell conducted his first religious
revival in Fayette in 1845 Benjamin Holliday was one of his
converts, and he and his family afterwards united with the
Christian church.

16The Columbia Herald under date of April 14, 1899, in chronicling marriages
of seventy-five years ago, says :

"Married in August, 1826, in Howard county, Missouri, Major Benjamin
Holliday to Miss Eliza Basye, daughter of Captain Alfred Basye." Date
should be August 16, 1823.

"Augustus Storers was father-in-law of John Rawlins, who was a son of
John Rawlins and Nancy Holliday, daughter of Benjamin Holliday, 5th son
of Captain John Holliday.

MAJOR BENJAMIN HOLLIDAY. 27

Benjamin Holliday and wife had three children, viz:

Frances Wilton Holliday, born August 30, 1825: married
to Elias Wiliam McClanihan February 22, 1844; died May 18,
1911. Nine children were born to this union. Two survive:
Mrs. Royal Bradley, of Mexico, Missouri, and Mrs. Eliza
Price, widow of Robert McClintik Price, of Columbia,
Missouri.17

Miss Caroline Colson Holliday, born November 3, 1826;
died May 8, 1906. Her early tutorage was under private
instruction, same as sister and brother. Later as did they,
attended school under Wm. McNair, David Lucky and Carr
Pritchett. She fitted herself for a teacher and taught in
Prichett Institute and Lindenwood College, St. Charles, where
she spent much time in home of Uncle Judge Andrew King.
Left $1,000 to Christian Church.18

Junius Alonzo Holliday, attorney at law, born June 12,
1829, at Fayette. Died in Hamilton, Missouri, July 17, 1901.
Early tutorage same as sisters. Studied law at Central
College, Fayette. Later at St. Charles. Was admitted to
bar. Practiced with Judge Andrew King in Saint Louis.
Judge King was U. S. Congressman from his district in 1871.
Junius Alonzo Holliday practiced law in Fayette a while
before going to Hamilton in 1866, where he located perma-
nently, becoming the second resident attorney, through per-
suasion of his cousin Albert Gallatin Davis, founder of Hamil-
ton.19

"Elias Wm. McClanihan owned a section of land on the University road
at Columbia. He was a son of John McClanihan and Nancy Earle, of Green-
ville, South Carolina. He was a grandson of Rev. William McClanihan, whose
wife was Mary Marshal, sister of Chief Justice John Marshal, who was a daugh-
ter of Colonel Thomas Marshal.

isJVie Standard Alias of Howard County, published in 1897, page 47, shows
Caroline Holliday and J. A. Holliday to be landowners in township 48-49 N.
Range 17-18 West.

^Missouri Manual, 1915-16, page 165, mentions J. A. Holliday as Demo-
cratic delegate from Fourth District to State convention to revise the Constitu-
tion of Missouri. Junius Alonzo Holliday and Miss Caroline Holliday are
buried beside their parents, Major Benjamin Holliday and wife, in the country
graveyard on the John Q. Galloway farm, across from Davis farm. .Here are
also buried Mary Colson Holliday Davis, Augustus Cave Davis and son, Wade
Hampton Davis.

28 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

In 1875 he was a member of the Missouri Constitutional
Convention from the Fourth District. He was also clerk of
the Missouri State Senate. He was candidate for Judge of
the Fourth District in 1880 but was defeated by Judge
Broaddus. He was in Gallatin, Missouri, a year where he
assisted in straightening out the books of the Gallatin Savings
Bank. He was unmarried and left ten thousand dollars to
his sisters, Frances McClanihan and Miss Caroline Holliday.

About 1854 Benjamin Holliday moved from Fayette to
his farm near Boonesboro which he managed, assisted by his
devoted wife and faithful slaves, and lived in peace and plenty
among the haunts that fascinated him on his advent to Boone's
Lick. He died April 1, 1859, followed by his wife August 23,
1867.

Benjamin Holliday was small in stature, being five and
a half feet in height. He had black hair and blue eyes.
He was termed the little "Frenchman," because of his inate
politeness. He was well groomed and immaculate in his
toilet. A typical gentleman of the "Old South" of Democratic
politics, a fluent talker, he encouraged all matters pertaining
to the public good. His friends were among the prominent
men of his day. He was possessed of that unconquerable
heroism in man which danger can not intimidate, which ob-
stacles can not turn back, which labor can not paralyze,
which time can not weaken, which failure can not discourage,
which opposition can not disarm. He was a valiant force,
determined at all hazards on success.

His life was pure and simple, his faith calm and trusting,
his heart gentle and loving. He is an incitement to the
spirit of his times, a glory of human power to be admired
among the pioneers who illuminated the first half of the nine-
teenth century of Missouri's history.

THE FOLLOWERS OF DUDEN. 29

THE FOLLOWERS OF DUDEN.

BY WILLIAM G. BEK.
FIRST ARTICLE.

The influence of Gottfried Duden's "Report" on the
immigration of Germans to the United States and particularly
to the Mississippi Valley has frequently been referred to by
various culturo-historical writers. In comparison with the
great wave of German immigrants which landed on our shores
from 1848 to 1850, many of whom were political refugees,
the followers of Duden have received relatively little con-
sideration. Yet their services have been too meritorious and
their contributions too valuable to warrant the semi-obscurity
which now enshrouds some of their names and deeds. In
the following an attempt will be made to present, largely
from hitherto unpublished sources, the story of some of the
many men that followed the author of the famous "Report"
into the wilds of Missouri. We shall let them give the picture
of Missouri as they found it, the native population with whom
they associated, their struggle with primitive conditions, the
impression and the joy which was theirs in coming from one of
the most autocratic to one of the most liberal countries in
the world, their honest criticism of what they found and
experienced here, their honest endeavor to become in the
fullest sense, ORC with the state in which they elected to cast
their lot, their contributions, their successes and their failures.

THE STEINES FAMILY AND THEIR ASSOCIATES.

Hermann and Frederick Steines, natives of Rhenish
Prussia, Germany, were the leaders of a body of pioneers who
settled in Franklin county, Missouri. They were well edu-
cated men who, in the painstaking manner of a by-gone age,
kept diaries and wrote letters full of worth-while content,
describing their condition at home, their journey to America,

30 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

and their life as beginners in a young state of the New World.
It is these documents which engage our attention for a while.
The vast majority of these papers have hitherto remained
unpublished. A small number of letters of Hermann Steines
and one letter by Frederick Steines appeared in pamphlet
form, being edited by the brother-in-law of these two men,
Friederich Dellmann, teacher in the Progymnasium in Meurs,
Germany. The reason for publishing such a pamphlet was
the desire to distribute the information contained in the letters
among a large number of relatives and friends, since it was
manifestly impossible for the emigrants to write to all those
who were left behind. Nearly air the Steines documents are
in the German language and are here presented in translated
form.

In the foreword of the published letters Friedrich Dellmann
gives us certain information which is not only interesting but
valuable for a better understanding of the emigration enter-
prise. Among other things we read that the topic of emigra-
tion to America was then an all absorbing one among the
Germans. We read: "For some years the editor of these
letters and his relatives have had their attention fixed on
emigration to the United States of America. We were made
especially attentive to this matter by the report of an Ameri-
can journey by Mr. Duden. We were interested not because
we ourselves lived in physical want, but because of intellectual
needs. Our interest increased the more we read and heard
about America, and the more we investigated the physical
basis of existence in our home country. It did not seem wise
to trust implicitely the statements of Mr. Duden, since we
did not know the man personally, tho he seems entitled to our
confidence, especially since the publication of his second work
"Europe and Germany." Our resolve to emigrate was fixed,
provided it could be shown that Duden's "Report" was based
on fact. To determine this point, that member of our family,
best fitted to make the investigation, was sent to America
during the spring of last year. If he substantiates Duden's
"Report" we intend to migrate thither, and hope to assist

HERMANN STEINES

THE FOLLOWERS OF DUDEN. 31

many of our fellow countrymen, who are in need, to do the
same. Our representative is Hermann Steines, the brother-
in-law of the editor of these letters. With him goes also his
cousin Adolph Greef, a master tailor, and the latter's family,
consisting of his wife and five children. Hermann Steines,
who is the author of most of the letters in this collection, had
been engaged in the drug business for some ten years. His
scientific studies included Botany, Chemistry and Physics.
Aside from these his favorite study was Latin. Greek and
French attracted his interest to a smaller degree. During the
last year before his journey the English language was his
main study. In Latin, Botany and Chemistry he made
splendid progress. He is a single man who was more than
amply supplied with financial means for the journey. He
went with strict instruction to subject Duden's "Report" to
searching examination. Cincinnati on the Ohio was selected
as the place especially to be investigated. From there he was
asked to make trips of exploration, especially to the Mississippi
and the Missouri. From his letters it will be seen that he
did not find in Cincinnati what he needed and continued his
journey to St. Louis. His family is very much pleased with
this move, since in St. Louis he is so much nearer the scene
which is to be especially investigated. Since Hermann Steines
is a very conscientious, thoughtful and wide-awake young
man, and besides has the most explicit injunctions to report
only after the most searching investigation, in order that he
might not have to reproach himself if his statements brought
misfortune upon his family, therefore the reader may be
assured that his reports are based upon truth, and are the
product of the greatest care and thoughtfulness. Our
representative has been charged to procure the writings of
Duden, F. Schmidt, L. Gall, A. Muerat, Loewig, Brauns and
others and to study them most minutely and then compare
them with his own observations, whereupon the results of his
investigation are to be sent to me for distribution."

It is interesting to note how carefully the Steines family
followed many suggestions of Duden. According to Duden's

32 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

"Report" a group of prospective emigrants was urged to send
a representative to investigate conditions as they were,
— this was done by the Steines group — the season suggested
as the best to make the journey was chosen by them, and so
in many, many other things they followed Duden's directions
literally.

The translation of the documents follows :

"Bremen, April 30, 1833.
"My dear Parents:

"Perhaps you think that I am even now upon the ocean.
This might indeed have been the case, if I were alone, but,
when in company with a family, lodging and passage are not
found so easily as when one is alone. We went from one ship's
agent to the other, but nowhere could we find sufficient room
for our party, except on ships whose rates were exorbitant.
The firm of Westhoff and Meyer wanted to charge Greef
$175.00 in gold, and refused to grant the least reduction, in
spite of the fact that the ship will not sail till May 8. This
is indeed the first ship in which we could have made the
journey, since all those that sail sooner have no room left for
such a group as ours. The brothers Kochs, as you already
know, had secured passage in advance and they will sail,
at the latest, on May 6, on the ship Columbus. It is a source
of much regret that we could not secure passage on the
Columbus. These are the consequences of not having
negotiated with the ship's agents in advance. Emigrating
families or larger groups must heed this especially, for the
individual traveler who pays $30.00 in gold can find a place
at almost any time. I, for instance, could still have found
room on the Columbus, but you will understand why I acted
as I did. Greef and I have just drawn up a contract with
the ship's agent, Karl Traub, according to which contract we
shall depart during the second week in May on board the
ship Weser, Captain Hermann Graun. The Weser is a
Bremen ship and has a German crew. If our departure is
delayed, which is hardly probable, the aforesaid ship's agent

THE FOLLOWERS OF DUDEN. 33

is bound by the contract to pay for board and lodging after
May 15. It is very probable that we shall sail about May 8,
since about all the places on the ship are spoken for. The
steerage room of our ship is six feet high. On the Columbus
the steerage passengers could not stand erect. The height of
the steerage room is a matter of great importance. Greef
must now pay $145.00 and I pay the regular rate of $30.00.
In this way Greef pays only the regular rate, tho usually four
adults are considered equal to three children. For his passage,
as that also of his wife, of his daughter Ida (age 16), his son
Wilhelm (age 13) he pays $30.00 each, for the three smaller
ones $15.00, $7.50 and $3.75 respectively. I must not forget
to mention a splendid man of honor whom we met here. His
name is Ordemann, who lives in Langestrasze and is a beer
brewer by profession. He has helped us in innumerable ways.
Justly he reproached us for not having made reservations in
advance, and said that if we had applied to him, he would
have secured passage for us. If this had been done, he could
have advised us as to when to come here. The benevolence
of this man did not extend to us alone. He requested me to
write to you or any other persons contemplating this journey
to write to him without reserve, whereupon he would inform
you or others when to arrive here. Having been told that
many others from our neighborhood would follow us, he had
the enclosed cards printed in order that they might be dis-
tributed among our friends.* I had a letter of recommenda-
tion to him, and he took a lively and sympathetic interest
in my affairs. He recommends that those contemplating a
trip to America should write to him and state accurately the
number of persons in the emigrating party, the respective
ages of the persons in the party, and the date when they
should like to sail. Ample time should be given him, in
order that he may have an opportunity of making advanta-

*The card read as follows: "Nic. Ordemann, Beerbrewer in Bremen,
Langenstrasze No. 116, will gladly and promptly assist emigrants in securing
passage on ships to America, and will willingly give information regarding such
passage and conditions pertaining thereto. Passengers may secure board and
lodging at his inn during their stay here."

H— 3

34 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

geous contracts with ship owners. The emigrants may then
remain at home until Mr. Ordemann informs them concerning
the time at which the ship, on which he has secured passage
for them, will depart. One-fifth of the passage money must
be remitted in advance, in order that the agent may be
reimbursed for the expenses he has had in the event that the
passengers should fail to arrive. If the ship should not depart
immediately upon the arrival of the emigrants, Mr. Ordemann
will provide cheap and good accommodations for them in his
inn. Mr. Ordemann expressed surprise that we should have
to pay from twenty-five to twenty-nine Groten (a low German
coin, valued at four pence in English money) per day. In
case the ship is delayed for a longer time in the harbor than
was originally stipulated, the ship's agent is obliged to furnish
board and lodging for the extra time. In our case this provi-
sion would go into effect on the fifteenth of this month. Mr.
Ordemann does not take any commission for his services.
His sole interest is this, that by furnishing many passengers
to the ship owners he is able to sell much beer, of which every
ship requires a certain amount. He is an honest man, to
whom I would much rather intrust this sort of business than
to the agents who carry on this kind of enterprise solely for
their own enrichment, and often extort large sums from fami-
lies that have many children. These agents will send flatter-
ing literature into your neighborhood. I advise you to warn
the people against them. Most of them are not reliable.
To be sure, the ship owners have made contracts with these
agents stipulating the amount they are allowed for their
services, but they do not adhere to these figures. Adolph
may count himself lucky, for his charges are not excessive.
In fact he could not have gotten the passage cheaper. The
only really disagreeable thing that we have encountered is
the fact that we have to wait so long.

"Now a few things about the journey. On the twenty-
first cousin L. accompanied me as far as Stockenberg. Here
we said goodbye, and at six o'clock I was in Gelsenkirchen.
I was cordially received. On the following morning we had

THE FOLLOWERS OF DUDEN. 35

to say farewell again. The mother of the brothers Kochs
had been ill for several weeks and yet she had the strength to
bid her sons adieu without shedding a tear. Via Reckling-
hausen we went to Haltern on the Lippe. On the twenty-
third we went thru Duelmen, Appelhuelsen and Muenster
as far as Telgte where we met Adolph and his family. In
Muenster we saw the three iron cages on the wall of the tower
of St. Lamberti church, in which cages the three fanatics of
the time of the Reformation found their death. On the
twenty-fourth we went from Telgete to Glandorf, this being
the first Hanovarian village thru which we passed. Here a
revenue officer is located, but we were not required to pay duty.
On the same day we passed thru I burg and arrived at Oesede,
and on the twenty-fifth we journeyed to Osnabrueck, a long,
narrow town, situated on a hilly plain. It took us ten minutes
to go thru the small sector of the Prussian district of Minden,
after which we went thru Kappeln, Bohmte and Lempfoerde.
On the twenty-sixth, from there thru Diepholz, Drebben,
Barnstref and Twistringen ; on the twenty-seventh, from there
via Brinkum, the last Hanovarian village, where we found
another toll station. The accursed toll collector did not want
to let us thru without paying an entrance as well as an excise
duty, unless we were willing to unpack our belongings. He
charged us two Groten per hundred pounds as entrance fee
and two Groten passage fee. In my case this amounted to
eight Groten, while Greef had to pay twenty-four Groten or
one Thaler. After half an hour we reached the territory of
Bremen which we greeted with a loud hurrah. In another
half hour we were in the town itself, and I then went to see D.
I was very much disappointed. My quarters did not please
me at all. Mr. D. is not worthy of a recommendation. It
seemed to me that he sought to extort money from the emi-
grants just like every other swindler does. But we have been
on our guard in our dealing with him, as we are with all other
persons, who try to become too intimate with us.. We
strongly recommend and urge everybody to stick to their
previously designed purpose, to use their own good sense, and

36 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

to follow only the advice of unselfish and tried men. As far
as our quarters are concerned, we are now getting along fairly
well. We have a living room and two bedrooms with four
beds. Kochs, Adolph's boy and I have our room in the attic.
For breakfast we get coffee for six Groten per person, for our
dinner we pay ten Groten each, and in the evening we again
have coffee and also beer and bread and butter. In future I
shall procure bread and butter for myself, adding thereto
some sausage, whereby my living expenses will be decreased.
We pay three Groten for our bed. A Louisd'or as also a
Friedrichsd'or is worth five Thaler here. One Thaler is equal
to seventy-two Groten. The Scheidt brothers have issued me
a draft payable in Baltimore by a brother of Mr. Luermann.
Such a draft is considered absolutely safe. I get three and
three-fourths dollars for one Friedrichsd'or, that is to say
fifteen dollars for twenty Thaler in gold. Since a dollar is
worth one hundred cents, the local gold Thaler is worth
seventy-five cents. The journey to this place has cost me
about three Prussian Thaler. The cash which I shall have
on hand before my departure, I shall exchange for American
dollars (Spanish Piasters) according to the above rate of
exchange, for one loses heavily in the exchange of our
money in America. Greef will take his money partly in form
of drafts and partly in American dollars. The Kochs brothers
also have drafts on Baltimore.

"We met here so many emigrants, that it is not surprising
that we were detained so long. On our entire way, especially
from Muenster on, we found the inhabitants so occupied with
emigration projects, and so many had already emigrated,
that the erroneously entertained conception that an emigrant
is a good-for-nothing, a revolutionist, or an adventurer has
been rather successfully dispelled. These people have every
reason to migrate, for the wages of an artisan are meager and
the soil which the farmer tills is very, very poor. From
Recklinghausen on we saw scarcely anything but sandy
stretches of heath, very sparsely settled, low, humble cottages,
whose inhabitants wrested but a scant harvest from the barren

THE FOLLOWERS OF DUDEN. 37

heath. In Haltern we encountered for the first time houses
with doors that resembled the doors on our barns. These
houses are so arranged that the people live in one part of the
building while the other part is given over to the live stock.
Not only the peasants but also the burgers live thus. Only
a few build in our manner. In the homes of the peasants, as
also in those of some of the inhabitants of the city, the hearth
is in the spacious middle room of the house, and since they have
no chimneys the smoke of the burning turf permeates the
entire house and finds its way thru the great door, on which
account everything in the house, the people included, look
black. But, as I have said, here and there one finds better
living conditions. In Bremen and in some of the town and in
their environment tile stoves are found. From these stoves
pipes extend thru the walls of the rooms into the street, on
which account the streets are often filled with smoke.

"Baring a few adventures we had a great deal of fun on
our journey here. We had a splendid driver who is worthy
of the highest recommendation. Except at Oesede we found
good lodging places everywhere. At that place we were
obliged to spend the night in a genuine peasant lodging. The
ragged inn-keeper sat on the spooling wheel, and he, as also
his wife, was black with soot. The house, like most of the
houses in the country and the villages, consisted of only one
story. The meals were tolerable, but there was only one bed
room with four ragged, dirty beds. We took off our coats and
went to bed but slept only a little. We were awake at four
and soon departed. In Lempfoerde we found one hotel
filled. In another there were so many Jews that it stunk
of garlic. However, we got two rooms and the Jews vacated
their beds and themselves slept on the straw. Fortunately
we remained free of vermin.

"Now I will close, promising to inform you concerning
the day on which we sail. One thing more occurs to me.
In that untidy inn at Oesede we had a great feed bucket for
our chamber utensil. In general, however, these people
were very obliging and attentive, and they had every cause

38 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

to be so, for this lodging cost us more than any other along
the whole way. From Lempfoerde to Diepholz we saw many
storks. They make their nests on the pointed gables of the
straw covered roofs. Here in Bremen there are also some
storks.

"Now farewell. Accept my most cordial greetings and
the assurance that we are all well and happy. Tell Ed.
Ullmann that the boat Osperg crossed the ocean in safety.

Your

HERMANN."

"Bremen, May 14, 1833.
"My dear parents:

"Still in Bremen. We are getting experience, you see.
For heaven's sake make it clear to every one anxious to emi-
grate, that it is not so easy to get away from European soil,
even if money is at hand. Tell them that they must by all
means have a proper contract before they leave their homes.
I cannot understand how it is possible, in the face of so many
bitter experiences which their countrymen have had, that our
people do not yet understand that a binding contract is
absolutely necessary in order to avoid being cheated by the
ship's agents, or at least to avoid long and unpleasant delay.
I wish to call to your attention once more what I wrote you in
regard to Mr. Ordemann. From the card which I sent you
you will see that he furnishes board and lodging. I have
convinced myself that his house is very well suited to the needs
of emigrants. He has large rooms where one can sleep, and
handsome bed rooms and living rooms for families and for
those who wish to live more elegantly. Hearths are provided
for families who wish to do their own cooking. It is under-
stood that families will bring their own bedding which they
can use on the ship during the journey. He told me that he
would furnish room and lodging for twenty-four Groten per
person, if they did not ask for separate bed rooms. We,
as you know, are obliged to pay more in the inferior place

THE FOLLOWERS OF DUDEN. 39

where we are. I must admit we are treated fairly well where
we are, and have the best rooms which they have. For a
young fellow like myself this is good enough. But if you or
others who wish to live a little better should make this journey,
I must say that I cannot conscientiously recommend this
house to you.

"There are a great many emigrants in town. A week
or two ago there were almost two thousand here each day.
On the average there are a little more than a thousand a day,
so that the lodging houses for emigrants are very much
crowded. In the little inn Daubstein there are more than
thirty. Emigrants from almost every province of Germany
are seen on the streets. Most of them are on their way to
Baltimore. The Kochs brothers sailed from here on the second
of May.

"It is no wonder that the Germans are held in such low
esteem by the Americans, for by far the greater part of the
German emigrants belong to a low class of people, a circum-
stance not at all conducive of instilling a high regard of the
Germans in the minds of the Americans. But, as I have said,
there are also some very well-bred persons among them.

"I have made my stay fairly agreeable by visiting the
Reverends Krummacher and von Aschen and a certain
apothecary Kindt, as well as Mr. Ordemann, on whom I
have frequently called. On the seventh I dined with Mr.
Krummacher, and on the eleventh with Mr. von Aschen. The
latter has married a sister of the late Mr. Scheidt. The
pastor's wife attended school with you, and when I told her
that you might perhaps come this way, she asked me to tell
you to be sure to visit them during your stay here. Mr.
von Aschen has two sons in America who are farming near
Cincinnati.

"Thru the assistance of Mr. Ordemann I received a
letter from a Quaker to the Quaker Mr. Soeppler in Baltimore
who is said to be very rich. This letter contains a recom-
mendation, and Mr. Soeppler is requested to ad vise 'me as
to the best steps to take after arriving in America.

40 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

"Now a few things about the city of Bremen. It con-
sists of an old and a new town, which are separated from each
other by the larger branch of the Weser. The smaller branch
separates the new town from an island situated between the
two branches. On the island, too, there are many houses.
Over both branches of the Weser bridges are built. The one
over the smaller branch is sixty, the one over the larger branch
is one hundred and sixty paces long. The old town is built
in old fashion, having very high houses, narrow streets, most
of which are without sidewalks. On the city wall and on the
promenades it is very pretty. Most of the houses have bay-
windows, but cannot be called pretty, not as pretty, at least,
as the houses in Barmen, Duesseldorf and Crefeld. The city
hall is decorated with much sculpturing. In the wine cellar
under this city hall wines valued at a ducat per drop are
deposited. Good beer belongs to the noteworthy things of
Bremen. On the market place in front of the city hall there
is a statute of the liberator of the city of Breman, Roland, in
colossal size. The new town is more regularly built and has
many beautiful walks with linden trees on each side, but
there, too, many houses are low and poor."

"Bremen Harbor, May 17, 1833. In the morning.
"On the morning of the fifteenth we loaded our boxes on
a cart. When we were just in the act of departing fire broke
out in a distillery a few doors from Daubstein's, so that we
had great difficulty in getting thru the crowd. Since the
process of loading the boat is very slow work, it was seven in
the evening before we left Bremen. The boat in which we
departed was broad but not long, and in it seventy persons
were crowded like herrings. With many others I stayed on
deck. Later I slept on my straw mattress till midnight.
On account of the darkness we could not see Bagesack nor
Bracke, where most of the ships lie at anchor. About mid-
night the flood tide set in. The foaming waters opposed us so
much that we had to cast anchor. After a short time the

THE FOLLOWERS OF DUDEN. 41

anchors were raised again and a favorable wind conveyed us
hither, where we arrived at six a. m. We are now in the new
harbor of the city of Bremen, a region which the city has
bought from Hanover. It is called Bremerhafen. It is
about a mile ( J4 Stunden) long, and not quite as broad as the
Ruhr river, but very deep. At present ten large ships are
here. To-day our baggage will be loaded on the ship Ernst
and Gustav for the Weser which we were supposed to take is
held up for repairs. There is room enough, and the steerage
is just high enough for me to stand erect. The steerage
contains twenty-eight beds, giving accomodations for one
hundred and forty persons. I had imagined ocean vessels
to be much larger than they actually appear to be. I have
not been able to ascertain the exact size of ours as yet. It
may be larger than I think.

"Bremenhafen is only a village now, but may develop
into a city some day. The Weser river is broader here than
in Bremen. It is said to be half a mile wide in places. We
are still forty some miles from the mouth of the Weser,
seven miles from Bremen and about two miles from Bremer-
lehe.

"In the afternoon.

"Now we are on the great boat. Captain Laun of
Bremen has just arrived. When you get this letter we shall
doubtless be on the ocean, for the captain said they would
raise the anchors early to-morrow morning. As yet we have
not had anything to eat on board of ship, but I am confident
that we shall have enough when it does come.

"Now farewell, and be without anxiety on my account,
for I am very well. On board of our ship are people from
Muenster, Hanover, Wuerttemberg, Hessia and Prussia.
There are many fine people among them. All are emigrants.
Goodbye then till Baltimore.

Your loving son,

HERMANN."

42 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

CONCERNING EMIGRANTS' CONTRACT WITH SHIP OWNERS.

(From an original document among the Steines papers.)

"Conditions under which J. D. Luedering in Bremen, the
authorized ship's agent, who has been appointed by the
government to receive emigrants and to assist them to their
ships, agrees to make contracts for the passage from Bremen
to the United States of North America."

"1) For the transportation of passengers only such
ships are accepted as are provided with roomy steerage quar-
ters and whose efficiency has been duly tested and investigated
and is vouched for by the insurance company prior to the
beginning of the journey.

"2) During the journey the passengers receive their
board free, board such as it is customary to serve on board of
ship, consisting of salt beef, salt and smoked bacon, shelled
beans, green and yellow peas, groats, rice, farinaceous foods,
potatoes, etc., everything in sufficient quantity and well
prepared; in addition to this — in the morning coffee or tea,
toast, fresh water, etc. For the men a drink of brandy is
provided in the morning. In case of sickness the patients
receive appropriate food and necessary medicine, of which a
sufficient supply is on board. In order that no want may arise
during the journey, the above named supplies are taken in a
superfluous quantity, calculated sufficient for a journey of
ninety days.

"3) The ordinary traveling baggage of passengers is
conveyed free of charge. Under the term 'ordinary traveling
baggage' is meant a trunk or chest of about twenty cubic
feet content per passenger. In this matter only the size and
not the weight of the chest is taken into consideration.

"4) Passengers will find suitable beadsteads, but they
must supply their own bedding or straw mattresses, as well
as their own dishes, spoons, knives and forks.

"5) The rate of steerage passage to Baltimore, New York,
or Philadelphia is the following per individual :

THE FOLLOWERS OF DUDEN. 43

Persons over twelve years of age 40 Thaler in gold.

Children from eight to twelve years 30 Thaler in gold.

Children from four to eight years 20 Thaler in gold.

Children from one to four years 10 Thaler in gold.

Children under one year of age 5 Thaler in gold.

"Since however, according to an American law, only a
certain number of passengers may be transported on each
steamer, (for every five tons of the ship's displacement only
two passengers), and since children are estimated equal to
adults in this matter, therefore it is assumed that under the
above quoted rates for children their number will be such
proportion to the number of adults that a sufficiently large
average sum per head will be realized. The now customary
sum, required of families or parties, amounts to thirty-five
Thaler in gold per head, according to which only one child is
allowed with three adults. If there are more children than
can be apportioned according to the above scale, additional
payment must be made. Families will therefore do well to
combine with other adult persons whose fare is uniformly forty
Thaler. I myself shall endeavor to make the passage of
families as cheap as possible by securing combinations with
other adults.

"6) The age of childern must be certified to by birth
certificates, and every passenger must be provided with a
passport to the foreign country.

"7) In a few places in North America, especially in
New York and Philadelphia, the goverment demands a poor-
tax (Armen-Taxe) of immigrants upon their arrival. This
amounts to a sum ranging from one to four Spanish Thaler or
one and a half to five Thaler in gold. This fee passes under
the term of Commutation money. All passengers sailing to
any of these points must deposit this amount at the time they
pay their fare.

"8) If passengers wish to assure themselves of the trans-
portation opportunities they are obliged to deposit one-fifth
of their fare in advance, and then remit the remainder in cash
to the undersigned before going on board ship.

44 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

"9) The shipowners consider themselves bound after
the receipt of this fare to secure passage on another ship,
according to the passenger's choice, in case the ship to which
the passenger has been assigned meets with an accident while
on the Weser or in its vicinity, or they agree to annul the
contract altogether by returning the fare paid, or they will
furnish the passenger with securities for the amount of fare
which was paid before entering upon the journey.

"10) After the payment of the above named amount of
one-fifth of the fare has been made, both parties are con-
sidered obligated to one another. In due season the time is
stipulated when the passenger is to arrive in order to go on
board of ship.

"11) In case that a passenger does not arrive at the
appointed time, or in the event that he should not be able to
pay the remainder of his fare, then the preliminary payment
is lost and is applied to the defraying of expenses that have
been incurred.

"12) NOTICE: Since the places on the ships are usually
made sure of by advance reservation, it is necessary that those
who wish to secure passage at a definite time, send in their
advance payment early, and at the same time stipulate when
they should like to sail, to which port in North America, and
of how many persons their party consists. In enumerating
the persons constituting a party of travelers, care should be
taken that the first names and surnames, the place of resi-
dence and the trade, the number of men, women and children
are given, and that the ages of the children are carefully and
accurately stipulated. I shall then engage passage on good
ships which depart for the desired port at the designated time.
The date when the passengers are to be here will be desig-
nated by me. Only those passengers who are able to pay the
entire amount of fare are accepted, and everybody is hereby
warned not to come without possessing the necessary means.
Under no condition will free passage be allowed on promise to
work on board of ship, or upon promise to pay after arriving

THE FOLLOWERS OF DUDEN. 45

in America. The local government sends all those, who are
unable to pay the passage, back to their home country.

"Since it has often happened that persons who came
here without having made preliminary arrangements have
been obliged to stay here from three to four weeks at their own
expense, the local government urgently requests those who
wish to sail from Bremen to make their reservations in ad-
vance, in order to avoid great inconvenience and loss.

"Sailing opportunities to Philadelphia are infrequent,
but one is able to get to Philadelphia from Baltimore as well
as from New York in one day for three or four Thaler per
person. To New Orleans sailing opportunities are also rare,
and a higher rate is charged to that point.

"a) Passage, for adults, in the ship's cabin, costs ninety
Thaler in gold to New York or Philadelphia, and eighty Thaler
in gold to Baltimore. Cabin passengers dine at the captain's
table, but must pay extra for articles of luxury, such as wines,
etc. They must also furnish their own bedding and towels.

"b) Every cabin passenger is obliged to make an ad-
vance payment of four Louisd'or. Every steerage passenger
makes such a payment of two Louisd'or.

"c) The bedding, which every passenger is obliged to
furnish, may consist of a mattress, pillows and woolen blankets.
Mattresses and pillows filled with sea-weed can be procured
here at two and two-thirds Thaler, the same filled with straw
for one and one-third Thaler. A woolen blanket costs about
two Thaler.

"d) Passengers will find it most advantageous to ex-
change their money into Spanish Thaler or to take it in the
form of drafts, both of which can be procured here. Prussian
currency, Kronenthaler, etc., are accepted in payment of
passage and computed at the proper rate of exchange. Five
Thaler in gold are equal to one Pistole or one Louisd'or.

"e) I forward all letters to North America without extra
charge, provided they have the proper postage prepaid.

"The advantages of Bremen over ports in Holland and
France, as pertains to the opportunities of sailing, business-

46 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

like and pleasant treatment, good equipment and cheapness
of fare are so generally understood and appreciated that it
seems superfluous to discuss them here in detail.

"The purpose of the undersigned is by no means to
encourage emigration, but to assist those who have made up
their minds to emigrate and to provide for them the best and
at the same time the cheapest possible passage. This I
am enabled to do since I am always sending suitable passenger
ships to Baltimore, and also dispatch the regularly going
packet ships to New York. I shall be glad to give further
detailed information upon receipt of postage prepaid inquiries.
Passengers are under no obligation to pay me any commis-
sion.

May 9, 1833.

J. D. LUEDERING, Ship's Agent,

Langenstrasze, No. 39, Bremen."

HERMANN STEINES* FIRST AMERICAN LETTER.

"Baltimore, July 16, 1833.
"My dear Parents:

"Before T begin the account of my journey I wish to in-
form you that I, as also Adolph (Greef) and his family,
arrived in the local harbor in the afternoon of the 12th inst.,
being in good health and fine spirits. From my letter, dated
May 17th, in the Harbor of Bremen, you know that on the
18th of May we sailed from that port; but we did not reach
the North Sea until about noon of the 19th. Many passengers
were sea-sick while we were yet on the Weser river. I,
however, as well as Adolph and the remaining adults of our
party did not become sea-sick until we reached the North
Sea on the afternoon of the 19th. The children were, for the
most part, free from the illness, and in the case of the adults
improvement soon came, altho there continued to be a lack
of appetite, and there was much headache, both occasioned
by the poor food which we received. For a week, till the
first day of Pentecost, I was threatened with indigestion,

THE FOLLOWERS OF DUDEN. 47

which, however, did not trouble me so very much because I
ate almost nothing. I advised everyone not to go on board
without his own provisions, because no one, however humbly
he may be accustomed to live, can find the fare which is
served to steerage passengers palatable. Each morning from
three to five men had to attend to the cooking. These men
had to get up at five o'clock in the morning, fetch the water
from the barrels, build the fire, and make the coffee. For
one hundred and thirty-six passengers, big and little, only
eighteen and a half ounces of coffee beans were allowed.
Besides the water was so bad that I could not drink any
coffee or tea on the whole journey. In the morning we also
took a little brandy and sweetened it with sugar in a flask
in which there were some lemon peelings. This composition
was an invention of mine. This drink with some toast, a
piece of bacon weighing from two to four ounces, served
sometimes raw and sometimes cooked, constituted my morn-
ing and my evening meal. The ship's toast was made of
coarse flour and was so thoroly dried that it was sometimes
burned. At noon our cooks had to prepare soup with peas
and beans, rice, gruel made of barley, and potatoes with
salted and smoked beef and pork. The rice and the barley
were unpalatable to me and on the days when they were
served I rarely ate anything. Adolph did not fare much
better. Thank heaven, we lived thru it and our health is
unimpaired.

"After we had been on the ship for about two weeks,
Captain Laun began to take special interest in me. I received
permission to come to his cabin whenever I wished and I
drank many a glass of good wine and grog with him. After
he had heard that I took no tea in the evening, I was fre-
quently invited to take the evening meal with him. This
preferment was perhaps in part due to the fact that the two
passengers who occupied the cabin with him were stupid
fellows whom the captain could not endure.

"Now concerning the progress of our journey. 'We did
not go thru the Channel of Calias but by the northern route

48 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

around Great Britain. On the entire journey the wind varied
from northwest to southwest and was therefore advantageous
to this sort of trip. On the 21st we were at the heights of
Edinburg, on the 23rd we saw Fair Island and the Shetland
Islands. On the 24th we sailed westward between the Shet-
land and the Faroe Islands. The southwest wind prevailed
so that we could only tack in a southwesterly direction. On
the 29th we got northwest wind. During the third week in
June we saw some seaplants which were carried by the Gulf
Stream, and on the 19th of June we were at the southern
point of the great Bank of New Foundland. Here a dense
fog prevailed for several days. The captain was much con-
cerned on account of icebergs. (For the presence of icebergs
in this locality see Duden's account.) The thermometer fell
so low that we had reason to conclude that ice was near,
but we did not see any. The captain desired to avoid the
Gulf Stream by sailing southward along the American coast,
leaving the Gulf Stream to the east of us, but adverse winds
compelled him to sail east of the Stream. On the 28th of
June we were on the 36th parallel north, in the outer edge of
the Gulf Stream, but got out of it, and did not get into it
again till July the 5th when we were opposite New York.
On the evening of July 6 there was a calm. On the 7th the
wind began to blow again about noon, and in the evening we
had crossed the Gulf Stream opposite Philadelphia. On the
9th of July the sounding lead indicated bottom at a depth of
twenty fathoms. The bottom consisted of coarse sand mixed
with shells of animals. At one o'clock on the 10th of July,
the captain wakened me in order to show me the lighthouse of
Cape Henry. On the previous day a pilot had come to us.
I jumped up and, drunk with joy, gazed upon the distant scene.
I did not again retire, and with the coming dawn I beheld the
beloved land toward which our thoughts had so long been
directed. The pilot, however, had made a mistake; the land
which we saw was not the mainland but Chingateak Island,
under the thirty-eighth degree northern latitude, as the
captain had maintained it was. With Hog and Smith Islands

THE FOLLOWERS OF DUDEN. 49

in sight we sailed toward Cape Henry whose lighthouse came
into sight at 2:30 o'clock in the afternoon, and at 6:30 of that
day a gentle breeze drove us into Chesapeake Bay. At the
entrance to the bay we saw the James river. At 7:15 we
saw the mouth of the York. During the night we passed
the Rappahannock, and then on the llth the Potomac, the
Patuxent, where the customs officer visited our ship, in the
afternoon the Severn, where we saw the towers of Annapolis,
the capital city of Maryland, and at eight in the evening we
entered the Patapsco where the ship cast anchor, two miles
out of Baltimore. At 4:30 on the 12th the anchors were
again raised, but on account of contrary winds we were
obliged to tack and did not arrive in Baltimore till two o'clock
in the afternoon, where we anchored outside of the harbor
to await the physician and the custom officer. Both these
officers arrived soon and found every one in good health, and
found no one possessing too much or too little of worldly
goods. One passenger had been smuggled on shore in the
disguise of a sailor. When the physician went back to shore
the custom officer accompanied him and took the two cabin
passengers, Adolph and myself with him. At three o'clock
we set foot on land again after we had been on the ship for
eight weeks.

"If I had known in Kettwig how poorly a ship is provided
with food-stuffs, I should not have left my grip behind, but
should have filled it in part with provisions, and in part with
wearing apparel, for I find that my clothes were much too
tightly packed. On the ship I could not think of unpacking
and airing the clothes, moreover, our trunks were in the hold
of the ship among many other chests. It was impossible to
get permission to keep any trunks in the steerage room. When
I received my trunks I found them very dirty, all the iron
parts were covered with rust, and upon opening I found the
shirts that were at the bottom damp and spotted, the bind
ings of my books white with mould, the collars of my coats,
as well as my boots and shoes, mouldy.

50 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

"Many a time I wished that I had a pocket full of plums,
or a piece of bacon, or something else worth while to eat, and
how easily I could have been provided with all such things if
I had only been as well informed before I left Kettwig as I
now am.

"No question was raised concerning the amount of our
baggage nor concerning the size of our trunks. Each one of
us might have taken a thousand pounds along, tho the
announcement of the ship's agent distinctly says that the
chests must not have a content of more than twenty cubic
feet. These fellows are carrying on an accursed business.
These devils ought to be sentenced to take a trip across the
ocean under the same circumstances under which the steerage
passengers must travel. I will vouch that they would then
not make such glowing promises. During a part of our journey
we received very little drinking water. We had to cook our
own food. This was sometimes accompanied with great
difficulty on account of the violent rocking of the ship. When
the breakfast, the dinner or the tea was ready, I, or someone
else, called out the names of the passengers, and one of the
cooks filled the dishes for them. Sometimes the ship inclined
so much that no one could walk without holding on to some-
thing. The sea often washed the deck. It was very amusing
to see the people holding on to one another and carrying their
portion of food before them. Some stepped as gingerly as if
they were walking on eggs. Now and then some one fell,
or was drenched by the waves and let his food fall, then the
most uproarous laughter resounded. We should have had
a painter along to immortalize those scenes. They would
have made splendid pictures.

"Till the first day of Pentecost we had good weather,
tho it was cold in the North Sea. During the night from the
first to the second day of Pentecost a violent storm arose.
Because of the unusual movement of the ship the bed on which
I and three sturdy Wuerttembergers slept collapsed at one
o'clock. Startled by the frightful crash, I thought the ship
had been stranded. Adolph and his family soon^aroused us

THE FOLLOWERS OF DUDEN. 51

from our stupor and bewilderment, begging us to get up
in order that our boards might not fall on them. The ship's
carpenter came immediately and after an hour we were all in
bed again. The storm lasted till the afternoon of May the
23rd. During the storm the discontent was very great
among the passengers. With the return of calm their joy-
fulness asserted itself again, however. The privy on our ship
was in a dangerous and inconvenient place. It so happened
that during the rough sea a person would be wholly drenched.
During the 30th and 31st of May the sea was stormy but the
sky was clear. On the 2nd of June lice were found on several
passengers, and many a quarrel arose as to who was respon-
sible for their being there.

"The beer which Ordemann provided did splendid service,
tho we did not have enough of it and so had to be very eco-
nomical with it. My niece, Mrs. Greef, prepared a delicious
soup of flour, bread, raisins or currants for our supper during
the first week of our journey, but later she was not permitted
to do so any more. On the 6th of June, which was the day of
the Kettwig kirmess, the weather was beautiful. So it was
also on the 7th, which was my twenty-fifth birthday. In
celebrating this event we emptied several bottles. From the
10th to the 15th of June we had a heavy wind, which, blowing
favorably for us, hastened our journey very much. On the
14th the storm was so violent that we could not cook at all.
On the 17th the sea was calm once more. Till the 20th it was
so disagreeably cold that we could not stay on deck at all.
Moreover, our graments were almost always drenched. Then
it became so warm that it was very uncomfortable. On the
24th scurvy was found among the passengers. Fortunately
it did not spread. We were also tormented by fleas. Many
of us slept on deck when this was possible. Almost every
day quarrels broke out among the passengers, but Adolph
and I remained non-partisan. During the entire journey I
enjoyed the genuine respect of all the fellow travelers. Often
times I appeared in the role of peacemaker. Then I could

52 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

not refrain from remarking that *'The evils of excess of popu-
lation* pursued us even to America. On the whole I am
very well satisfied with our journey. The weather never was
quite so bad that we had to do without fresh air. Persons
who are old and who are accustomed to a comfortable mode
of living will find traveling even in a cabin disagreeable, and
during the first few weeks will indeed be very unhappy.

"As far as the Gulf Stream is concerned, I must say, that
it is not as wicked as Duden described it, for during a calm it
carried us only very slowly in a northeasterly direction. The
eye is entirely unable to distinguish it from the rest of the
ocean. Only the difference of temperature and calculations
with astronomical instruments can indicate and determine
its whereabouts. Our captain was very angry with Duden
for expressing such adverse opinions concerning captains on
ocean vessels. He made a few marginal notes in my copy
of Duden. In these he ridicules Duden's remarks concerning
whales, as also the statement that a ship could be driven
four hundred miles out of its course by the Gulf Stream. He
states that most likely the captain made Duden believe this.

"Now, dear parents, hear how we intend to proceed.
To-morrow morning, the 17th of July, I shall go to Pittsburg
by way of Chambersburg, for the railroad to Wheeling has
been finished only to a short distance beyond Frederick town.*
Adolph has just decided to remain here. This is quite agree-
able to me, for traveling with a family of children is very
irksome, even tho they are sometimes able to render small
services.

"Coming from the ship we sought out an inn. As we
entered the landlord said: Well, look here. How do you
do Mr. Steines?' Accidentally we had come upon Mr.
Reuter of Huelsen near Loehdorf, who here has married a
widow who owns an inn. He earns much money and we,

*Quoted from the introduction to Duden's 'IReport."

*This is the railroad of which Duden spoke in his "Report." All the mem-
bers of the Steines family having read the "Report," it was clear to all what
railroad the writer meant.

THE FOLLOWERS OF DUDEN. 53

who stopped with him had to pay him a round sum. But
such is the custom everywhere in American inns.

"Those who come without means fare badly in this
country. I have seen a countless number of them, who
bitterly cursed their fate. The interior of the country,
especially the state of Missouri, is in extremely bad repute.
I feel that we have already been too long in the city, and
shall be very glad when I reach Cincinnati, where I hope to
find employment. May good Providence be my guide and
give me friends with whom I can associate. I am not yet
discontented, altho all around me there are many dissatisfied
faces. The English language is of great service to me. I
can get along fairly well, and from several sources I have been
assured, that it is worth more than a thousand dollars.

"The length of this letter has induced me to write this
time to you alone. From Cincinnati I shall again write to
you and also to Fred or to Dellmann. Adolph will also write.
He and his family have found a Mr. Stein who immigrated
some years ago.

"It would be a crime to recommend emigration to this
place at this time. I feel positive, however, that the sad
aspect will change when I reach the interior. However,
I do not wish to disuade anyone from coming, until I have
gathered more data, and have had more experience. Never-
theless, I believe, that if one is well located in his native land,
he ought not to leave lightmindedly. Do not take this remark
amiss. But emigration from Europe to America means a
revolution in one's life. With sweet hopes one pictures the
future, then suddenly the dreams vanish and reality presents
itself in its crassest form to the dreamer. So it goes with
many, and on this account there are thousands and thousands
of unfortunates who either perish in wretchedness, or who
enjoy a degree of prosperity, such as they left in the old world,
only after enduring countless hardships against tremendous
odds in the new. Please do not consider this as applicable
to myself. No, in the firm trust in God, I shall journey on,

54 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

and shall pray for His assistance in my endeavors. He is
at the present time my only friend.

"Dear parents, please see to it that Fred, Peter and Dell-
mann and all the others who love me hear about my arrival
in this country and greet them for me. The documents I
shall send from Cincinnati.

"From Chambersburg I shall go on to Pittsburg in a
stage-coach. From there I shall take the steam-boat to
Cincinnati.

"Yesterday I climbed the winding stairway, (containing
two hundred and twenty-three steps) of the Washington
monument made of marble. From here I could overlook the
entire city which is laid out on a large scale. The city
extends on each side far into the surrounding forests. A part
of the city is situated on a height, the greater portion, how-
ever, is in a flat lowland.

"A moment ago Adolph came back from town, and since
he has decided not to stay here, has brought a teamster along
who is to convey us and our belongings to Pittsburg. Several
other emigrants will also make the trip, so that he has a load
of forty-five hundred weight. He charges $2. 12 for hauling a
hundred weight. Thus we are relieved of all further expense.
I shall therefore not take the stage coach, as I had previously
planned, but shall go with Adolph and the rest of the company
on foot. The teamster has requested that he be allowed two
weeks to make the journey. Adolph requests me to ask you
to tell William that he will not send a letter until he had
settled somewhere.

"Several of the emigrants have easily found work here,
but only at wages varying from four, six to eight dollars, ac-
cording to the employment they have obtained. But if
the high cost of living is taken into consideration, how much
is left in the end? A clever workman who knows the secret
of saving can lay by something, but this is not done by most
of them. A bottle of beer costs six and a fourth cents; a
glass of brandy, three cents; a glass of water with sugar and
lemon, six cents. I should say that most of the other food-

THE FOLLOWERS OF DUDEN. 55

stuffs are three times as high, or even higher, than they are
at home. Every meal, whether it be breakfast, dinner or
supper costs twenty-five cents.

"If you, my parents, or Fred, or Peter, or Dellmann, or
anyone else should really feel a desire to come here, let him
consider carefully what I have said above, and see to it that
he takes due account of his purse. I should like to see all
of you here, but I also know very well that none of you are
suffering want where you are. If plenty of money is on hand,
and the right determination and willpower accompanies it,
then come on. I am told that the enticing accounts of emi-
grants in Missouri are very much exaggerated. I trust that
my own experience in the inland will not lead me astray,
and then I shall, if God wills it, write you true reports, which,
I trust, may be good reports.

"I do not know whether Adolph will go farther than Pitts-
burg.

"Goodbye then, till I write you from Cincinnati. If it
should be necessary for you to write to me, then send your
letters under my address in care of Mr. Karthaus, Merchant,
South Gay Street, Baltimore.

"In politics a great lull seems to obtain here at the present
time.

"July 17, 1833.

"I hasten to conclude this letter in order to give it to our
captain who will depart again in a few days. We shall leave
at once, for our wagon is already loaded. Yesterday evening
I had a talk with an American who is acquainted in Cincin-
nati. He also knows Mr. Whithnall, who is said to be a
rich and very highly respected gentleman. My new ac-
quaintance does not doubt in the least but what I shall get
along very well there.

"Accept greetings from your loving son,

HERMANN."
"To Dellmann:

The English dialect in America is the same as in England,
as I am assured here. The local book stores do not have any
work on this point.

MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

"Reuter, our landlord, requests Fred to send him or to
bring some musical compositions.

H."

FROM HERMANN STEINES'S DIARY ON HIS -WAY FROM BALTI-
MORE TO PITTSBURG.

"July 19, 1833. Today we came thru Littletown, forty- two
miles from Baltimore, a town corresponding to its name;
then thru Gettysburg, fifty-two miles from Baltimore, a
pretty little city with a university and a theological semi-
nary. Today we halted for the night fifty-four miles from
Baltimore.

"July 20. Today we traveled seventeen miles. It was very
warm. In the evening Mrs. Niederhuebner gave birth to a
son in the inn-keeper's barn. Had a violent thunderstorm
to-day. Crossed the southern mountain chain.
"July 21. This morning I went ahead of the wagons, and
after walking six miles I reached Chambersburg. Upon
inquiry I soon found Mr. Scheibler. He invited me to stay
until the next day, which I did, and spent a very pleasant
day in conversation. Kremer from Kettwig lives in Williams-
port, where he is said to be doing well. — United Brethren. —
Prison. — Papermill where paper is made of straw.
"July 22. At half past seven I started on my way toward
St. Thomas, which is at the foot of the northern mountains.
Scheibler accompanied me for more than an hour. I arrived
at St. Thomas at half past ten. It is seven miles from
Chambersburg. Three miles farther, at the foot of the north-
ern mountains is Lowdentown. Here I crossed the moun-
tains, and nine miles farther in the valley I came to McConnels-
burg. — Pitiful aspect of the mountain forest. - - Poor soil
so far. — Thunder and lightning. — Met a gentleman from
Wisbaden, who was very much discontended. - - Rabble in
America. — In the mountains I overtook the wagon which
I had allowed to precede me in Chambersburg. - • The
teamster's method of driving. — Strowbridge mountains.
— Scrubridge.

THE FOLLOWERS OF DUDEN. 57

"July 23. From McConnelsburg to Licking Creek, seven
miles. - - If I speak English with the Americans the usual
question is: 'How long have you been in America, or in
this country?' And when I answer: 'Since the twelfth of
this month,' they are astonished and ask further: 'Where
did you learn English?' And when I tell them: 'In Ger-
many,' then they are very much astonished that one is able
to learn English in Germany. — Very mountainous. —
Slow journey. — Poor, sterile region. — To-day I crossed
Sidling's hill. - - The wagon with the other passengers stayed
behind two miles, while I found lodging on the summit of
the mountain, twelve miles from McConnelsburg. — Bar-
roon. - - Barkeeper. — Reception of the baggage. - - Very
hot and dry.

"July 24. After crossing Raise hill to-day we came into the
valley of the Junietta creek. This valley is very romantic
and has much in common with Wupper valley near Elberfeld
and Sonnborn. Seventeen miles on this side of McConnels-
burg we came to a covered bridge which is not yet quite com-
pleted. We are camping in this bridge which is near the
village of Bloody run. - - Found many botanical specimen.
"July 25. Eight miles from Bloodyrun we crossed the
Junietta valley and came to the city of Bedford, one hundred
and forty miles from Baltimore and one hundred from Pitts-
burg. Here we left the valley and four miles farther on we
came to the dividing of the road, one branch going to Wheeling
and the other to Pittsburg. After five more miles we came
to Schellsburg. - - This was a very rainy day. — Hospital
fees.

"July 26. To-day we crossed the Alleghany Mountains.
They begin one mile on this side of Schellsburg. For two
miles they represent very high hills, then for five miles we
were amid the real Alleghanies. Three miles from their
summit I spent the night in a hotel called George Washington,
President of the United States. Here I found a piano.
This was the first opportunity after a long journey to'eidfy
myself by playing this instrument. — The language of

58 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW. ,

German Americans and pure German. - - Abundance of
flowers in the Alleghanies. — Cholera in the United States.
— Newspapers. -- Seventy-six miles from Pittsburg.
"July 27. Over the summit of the Alleghanies -- a hilly
plateau — four miles, then five miles more of broken country
to Stoystown, which lies at the foot of Laurel Hill. This I
ascended for two miles and spent the night. - - Fifty-seven
miles from Pittsburg.

"July 28. After a march of three miles we were on the sum-
mit of Laurel Hill. Seven miles farther on we came to Legenier
and from there thru the extremely lonely valley of the Loyal-
annah Creek seven or eight miles to the village of Youngs-
town, where we spent the night. — Ten miles from Greens-
burg.

"July 29. About noon we were in Greenburg, a pretty little
town, where we took dinner which was served in fairly good
German style. Three mills farther we reached Grapeville
and after two more miles we came to Adamsburg where we
spent the night.

"July 30. To-day I completed the journey to Pittsburg after
a day's march of twenty-five miles. Four miles from Adams-
burg I reached Jacksonville, two miles farther Stewarts-
ville, seven miles from there I came into the pretty valley of
the Turtle creek, where I saw hard coal, six or seven miles
farther came Wilkinsburg, after two more miles, East Liberty,
and three miles farther, Pittsburg, which is situated in the
valley. So I have at last finished my journey on land and
now the Ohio will soon carry me to that region, the name of
which is on the lips of so many oppressed Germans. - - I
secured lodging with a German, Mr. August Fuchs, First and
Front Street, South of Market Street. Here I met the families
of Knecht and of Dings and young Hammerstein and Glaser,
who had left Soligen in March and had made the journey here
via New York, Albany and Erie. They were staying here
to await the subsiding of the cholera epidemic in the western
states. Now they have decided to undertake, at least a part
of the journey to the state of Missouri.

THE FOLLOWERS OF DUDEN. 59

"July 31. At last the wagon containing our possessions
arrived this afternoon."

LETTER OF HERMANN STEINES.

"St. Louis, Missouri,
Novembers, 1833.
"My dear Parents, Brothers and Sisters, and Friends:

"Doubtless you will think, after reading the salutation,
that this will be a long letter, and I am really concerned about
satisfying your various expectations, because some of you will
expect me to write favorably and others unfavorably concern-
ing oft-discussed subjects. Upon serious thought you must
all see that it is not becoming in me, at the present time, to
express an opinion of any kind concerning these matters.
I can only tell what I have seen and heard, and what I have
personally experienced. Whether or not the life of the settler
in the great North American forests is really as beautiful as
Duden has described it, or whether I should advise for or
against emigration you must not expect me to say in this
letter. My residence here has been too short to give advice,
my acquaintance with the life of the farmer too limited, and
my judgment, perhaps, somewhat prejudiced. I trust that
you have received my letter which was written in Baltimore,
and which was sent to Germany by Captain Laun. At that
time I was very much discontented on account of the great
number of unfortunate persons which I saw on every hand.
Their number is indeed very great in the sea-ports: Dis-
appointed speculators, adventurers, impoverished persons,
and other unfortunates, who, as you may well imagine,
attribute their misfortune to the country they are now in.

"But first let me tell you something about my journey.
After five days in Baltimore Adolph and his family, together
with several other Germans and myself departed for Pitts-
burg. On the 30th of July we reached Pittsburg. On
account of the low stand of the water, river navigation was
suspended, except for a few small boats which made irregular
trips. Cousin Adolph rented a room with a German inn-

60 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

keeper, August Fuchs, a Saxonian, and I also took board and
lodging in the same house. Here we found Peter and Daniel
Knecht from Wippe, Dings, Hammerstein and Glaser. On
the llth of August a small steam-boat, the 'Alleghenia,'
departed from Pittsburg. Adolph and the rest decided to
wait for higher water, but Daniel Knecht and I departed on
the boat. On August 25th we arrived in Cincinnati. My
goal had now been reached. We rented two rooms from W.,
and I began to look for employment. My letters of intro-
duction did not help me at all. W. is not the man that he is
reported to be in our country. He is a carpet weaver and
obliged thus to earn his living. His adjoining building is a
wretched tenement for poor people. He speaks in ugly terms
about his brother, who surely ought not to come here, if he
relies upon his rich (?) brother in Cincinnati.

"I have delivered the letter to A. Herder. In his shop
he is offering wares from Solingen for sale. He is no doing
a good business. In order to make money in that sort of
enterprise, it is necessary to have the greatest possible variety
of goods, to advertise freely, and not become discouraged if
the returns are at first not great. Much of the goods from
Solingen is entirely out of fashion here. Emigrants under-
take a great risk if they bring a stock of goods and rely on a
speculator's chance of disposing of them. Knecht and Dings
have learned this lesson. If the goods are really first-class
they will find purchasers, but even then the profit is small.
Knecht could not dispose of his goods at all, either in Pitts-
burg or in Cincinnati, and here in St. Louis he has sold them
at a slight profit. Nothing is lost in the handling of goods
that are/actually in fashion here, but even then it is not worth
the trouble.

"Duden has written truthfully about this matter on p.
338, as he has told the truth in general, even tho his descrip-
tions are sometimes too picturesque. If only prospective
emigrants would follow strictly the directions and advice
which he gives in his book!

THE FOLLOWERS OF DUDEN. 61

"Mr. W's brother lives in Woodburn near Dayton, sixty
miles from Cincinnati. I called on him but did not find him
at home. His wife read the letter and regretted very much
that her husband was not at home. So I had failed to find
my luck in this house also. I went back and visited Doctor
von Aschen at Miamisburg, where I spent the night. Dr.
von A. owns a farm and lives very contentedly but not ele-
gantly. On account of personal illness he is not able to
attend to his estate as he ought to. His younger brother,
who did not do well here, is on his way back to Bremen.

"After I returned to Cincinnati I began seriously to look
for employment. Manufacturing plants for chemicals are
found only on the Atlantic coast, and as there are no apothe-
caries here either, I was obliged to apply to druggists for a
position. Only one druggist was inclined to give me employ-
ment, and he stated that could give me only board and lodg-
ing for my work. This was too niggardly for me. Since
neither Kencht nor myself could make headway in Cincinnati,
we left on the llth of September on the steam-boat "Banner"
for St. Louis, where we arrived on the 29th of the same month.
Here I repeated my endeavors and was lucky enough to find
employment. Yesterday I closed a formal contract with
Dr. Craft, my new employer. I have agreed to stay with
him till the 31st of December, 1834, and at that time I shall
receive $100.00 in cash (in Spanish money), twenty dollars
worth of books, in addition to my board, lodging and washing.
On my part I am obliged to prepare medicines and to assist
in his medical practice. This will be of great benefit to me.
I shall now learn the secret and methods of American physi-
cians and American medicines. At the conclusion of my con-
tract I shall undertake the practice of medicine myself,
and hope then to be able to live better than a common apothe-
cary. Even now I am better paid than I was in Elberfeld,
or for that matter, any where else, and I lead a free and com-
fortable life. On Sundays the American physician practices
only in cases of emergency, and even during the week they
do not overwork. In the morning, before 8:30, and in the

62 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

evening, after 6 :30 I pursue my own studies. Thus you see I
am wanting in nothing, and I live as happily as I possibly
could in Germany. Only the thought of the great distance
between me and my dear ones makes me wish that I were back
in Meurs or in Elberfeld. I live well here, enjoy the respect
of the members of the household, and have intercourse with
cultured people. I am making rapid progress in the use of
the English language, and shall soon be able to get along very
well. My study of English while yet in Germany has given
me an inestimable advantage. Without this start I might,
perhaps, not have found employment at all.

"On the 6th of October Adolph, the brothers Kochs,
and Meyer from Remscheid arrived here. I had met the two
Kochs in Cincinnati by accident. They spoke to me on the
street and told me that they had been there for more than four
weeks. Now they are boarding and lodging with Adolph.
In addition to those mentioned above the following are here:
Wentz from Solingen, who has been ill a long time, and is now
in the act of moving to a farm which is ten miles from Duden's
place; Gottschalk from Borkhaus, who has just recovered
from a serious attack of billious fever; Wirtz from Remscheid,
Halbach from Loehdorf, A. Knecht who works in the arsenal,
the young Engels with their widowed mother from Stoecken
near Schrodtberg who also work in the arsenal, Becker
(Luengen's brother-in-law) and Becker (Deus' cousin).
Dings, Peter, Knecht, Hammerstein and Glaser are expected
to arrive any day from Pittsburg. I am not able to write you
concerning the affairs of these people in detail. So much for
this time — some are doing well while others are very wretched.
He who has no good trade or business, and no money to make
the necessary purchases has every reason to be downhearted.

"The profession of furniture makers and of joiners is at
present very lucrative, as is also the work of the shoemaker
and of the tailor. Bakers, saddlers, tanners, brewers and
many others are unable to find work. It is unwise to put one's
reliance wholly upon any profession. Each artisan ought to
have a small reserve of money, or should locate in such a

THE FOLLOWERS OF DUDEN. 63

manner that he can carry on agriculture on the side. In the
eastern cities and all along the river and canal highways
countless German artisans are found seeking work. Occasion-
ally even a German scholar is seen engaged in the humblest
sort of labor. There is no exaggeration in what I am telling
you. Those who rely entirely upon a single profession must
take things as they come. Frequently the kind of work
desired is found and the participant fares well. No one is
likely to perish, but the rough work of the unskilled laborer is
not agreeable to all. Sometimes the grave mistake is made
by immigrants to engage in business enterprises before they
have mastered the language of the country. Such endeavors
frequently end disastrously. In the last analysis, Agriculture
is the only safe basis upon which an immigrant can build his
hopes. The fact that here and there an individual has suc-
ceeded in business or in professional enterprises by no means
justifies others in predicting a like success for themselves.
Circumstances, conditions of health, and like factors play
too prominent a role in such matters. If Duden were only
more carefully read and followed fewer people would speak
disparagingly of him. It is usually those who have not heeded
his advice who come to grief here. It is true that Duden has
written rather picturesquely, but that must be attributed to
his temperament and to his manner of looking at things. I
am not familiar with all the phases of farm life, but so far as
I do know it I hardly think that it would arouse reveries in
me. Their life is very simple, and most of them, the new
settlers especially, lack those things that beautify their homes
and make them comfortable. Of food and drink they have
an abundance. Their dwellings usually consist of only one
room in which they live, cook, eat and sleep. What I have
just said pertains to the poorer settlers. The wealthier, of
course, live better, and sometimes boast of very handsome
country homes.

"Another point to be considered is that the Germans in
this country are not held together by social bonds. Thruout
the whole of North America they live scattered like the Jews

64 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

in Europe. In the large cities along the Atlantic as also in
the state of Ohio, German churches and schools are found, but
they are usually in poor condition. English has taken a firm
root in this country and is an absolute necessity for every
immigrant. Only those who are thoroly Anglicised in cus-
toms and speech can feel at home here. As long, therefore,
as Duden's plan (pp. 324 and 325)* of settling in large com-
panies, under common, competent guidance, of establishing
cities, of preserving German speech and German customs,
as long as this plan is not carried into execution, so long can
the German not feel happy on American soil, even tho he
lived in affluence. As long as conditions have not come to
the state of affairs in Europe, of which Duden speaks on page
328, namely that the citizens of Germany have to break up
their homes in order to escape total ruin, so long it is far better
that they remain in their old environment, which is, after all,
quite bearable, or that they wait, at least, till a company of
wealthy persons can be formed, which by settling as a unit,
can pursue their ideal ends in this new country. It is my
candid conviction that all persons who cannot with absolute
assurance count upon a definite amount of available capital,
after their traveling expenses have been met, a capital, which
Duden on page 237 places at 1,000 Thaler, or $666.66, should
positively desist from entertaining thoughts of emigration.
The above quoted sum is the very lowest amount with which
one can comfortably establish himself. One who has
enjoyed the comforts of a German home will find difficulty
in adjusting himself to the humble circumstances in which the
needy classes of settlers live here. When I speak of 'needy
classes' I do not mean those lacking in food, for there is
enough to eat and drink, but I mean those who have to do
without the comforts of a well established home. Almost all our
countrymen who are in St. Louis at present have spent their
money. Whether they become happy or unhappy depends
solely upon circumstances. Those whose line of work is in

*The reference to Duden's "Report" apply to the edition of this work
published at Elberfelt in 1829.

THE FOLLOWERS OF DUDEN. 65

demand will prosper. This is the case of cousin Adolph.
Really he belongs to the class which ought not to be en-
couraged to come here. After he arrived here his earnings
were all spent. Fortunately he found work at once, and
now earns from $1.25 to $3.00 per day, since he is working by
the piece. But it must be remembered that one cannot buy
as much for $2.00 in St. Louis as one can buy for $1.00 in
Solingen or any other German city. Almost all necessities
are twice as high here as abroad. Meat and vegetables are
in some instances cheaper here, or at least as cheap as at
home. But even at that they are able to save something.
Adolph's daughter Ida works at the house where I am staying
and earns five dollars a month, while his son William is an
apprentice to a furniture maker. He is obliged to work four
years for this man, and receives an annual wage of $30.00
and has an allowance of $1.50 per week for board and lodging
which he has with his own parents. During half the year his
master sends the boy to school, part of the time to the day
school and part time to the night school. In case of sickness
he receives free medical attention and at the end of his ap-
prenticeship he will get a number of tools. You will say,
That does very well,' and so it does, but what if Adolph
should become sick or should meet with some other accident
or misfortune? This very week there were two German
women here begging. Their husbands are sick and there is
want everywhere. I repeat, that I wish to discourage every
artisan from coming here, unless he is supplied with sufficient
money to buy land. Now, if it is ill-advised for a poor artisan
to come here, how much more ill-advised is it for a scholar,
who has no money, and who does not desire to take up agri-
culture? Let no one think either that he could become a
schoolmaster or preacher here. The newspapers frequently
contain the advertisements of such persons, but only rarely
do they find employment, and if they are employed their
work is not as well paid as in their native country. A young
single man is not so much to be pitied, because he can fight
his way thru for some time, but if the disappointed person

H— 5

66 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

happens to be the father of a family, then it is hard indeed.
I repeat that $666.00 is the absolute minimum with which one
should attempt to make a start here. In my opinion two
thousand Thaler is not too much. With this amount a
handsome estate can be procured and everything can be
established in first-class order. If the settler intends to
purchase one or two slaves he needs to add another thousand
Thaler. A settler thus established, if he is sound in body and
has happy family relations, and finds pleasure in farm labor,
I will grant, has found heaven on earth. Here no officer
torments him, no ruler demands his children, no state taxes
oppress him. I have seen country homes in Ohio and in
Pennsylvania as well as here, in which the inhabitants lived
a paradisaic life. If, on the other hand, one of the above
named conditions is lacking such a paradise could easily be
changed into a hell. (Compare Duden, page 298.) What
Duden says on page 296 is well to be heeded. Oh, if you could
suddenly become Americans in custom, in speech and in view-
point, and could live happliy and contented in the oak groves
of the Missouri valley! But I will not say any more on this
subject. Duden has said much on this point. Read him
carefully, and take nothing lightly. Eliminate also some of
the picturesqueness here and there from his account, and you
will have the plain truth.

"At the outset I said that I would not say anything for
or against coming here. If you should be able to find a
second Germany here, as the Britain finds a second Britany,
then much of the concern would be removed. This, however,
is not the case, and I may safely assert, that on this account
most of the German immigrants, and especially the educated
part of their number never will feel perfectly satisfied, even
if they should live in affluence and under the happiest condi-
tions. The German spirit is wanting here. Of course, we
have no cause for complaint because of our association with
the Americans, I least of all. But the cordiality, or — ,
words cannot convey the idea, a certain undefinable something
is wanting here. Surely I should like to see you here with me,

THE FOLLOWERS OF DUDEN. 67

even if we were in the dense forest, lonely and concealed, but
I want to see you happy, with rosy cheeks and bright eyes,
and not, as is frequently the case here, with downcast, gloomy
eyes. It is not enough to own a farm of eighty or more acres
with all the necessary equipment, in order to live happily.
Those who bear the germ of dissatisfaction in their breast
will certainly bring misfortune along, and amid the unavoid-
able hardships of the journey and of the new settlement will
feel this discontent augmented in a high degree. I regard it
my duty to call your attention thus plainly to these things,
for you are hardly in a position to evaluate conditions here
accurately, since you are still living in the sweet anticipation
of all the beautiful things which your imagination has pic-
tured, and while, on the other hand, you still have all those
unpleasant things about you, which your local situation bring
about. How often I have heard people say: 'If Germany
were only politically and economically constituted like the
United States, what a paradise Germany would be compared
with America!' This is not said to deter you in your plans, or
to depreciate America. No, you will and must believe me, that
I would welcome your coming here, and that I am far from
being dissatisfied. Neither do I mean to say that the evils
enumerated above would stand in your way to happiness and
success. But my one wish is to see you happy and successful,
and I am convinced, that compared with others, you live
happily where you are, and for this reason I feel it my duty
to call your attention to what is really at stake.

"If you have considered matters well, and if you are
prepared to endure all sorts of hardships, and if you have the
honest conviction that you emigrate more for the sake of
your children than for yourself, then you may undertake
the journey boldly and fearlessly, and your children will in
time be grateful to you, even tho you yourself may have but
little pleasure. But if you come, you must make up your
mind that agriculture will be your future occupation. The
European dream of an educational institution for American
Germans would vanish like every other dream. On this

68 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

account I must advise you, Dellmann, not to come, for I
know that you find more pleasure in differential and integral
calculus than in agriculture. If Duden's plan could be real-
ized, so that a second Germany could arise here, then, of course,
it would be a different matter. If one of you would be sure
to make a success here, it is you, uncle Lehberg. If you and
your family were here, blessed with your usual good health,
and had a thousand Prussian Thaler at your disposal, you
would undoubtedly life more happily than you do in Unterleh-
berg.

"No one needs to expect to get rich here. The farmers
live too far from the large cities. All their surplus produce
are bought by hucksters who scour the country and usually
buy cheaply. At the stores the farmers usually trade in their
natural products for wares. In other words trade by barter
obtains here. The American farmer has very little cash
money, but even then he lives very happily. The greatest
profit is to be expected from extensive live-stock raising.
The immigrating German must not be carried away by the
dream of acquiring great riches.

"F. Kochs and Meyer from Remscheid have been in
Duden's country. They have confirmed everything that
Duden has said about it. Duden and Eversmann are said
to be disliked by many. Many Germans have settled in
that region, among them are many of the nobility. The
brothers von Spankeren from Wald live there. Duden's
farm has not been tilled since 1830, and has therefore become
perfectly wild again.

"In St. Louis I have found many dance halls and billiard
halls.

"I have had a very hard journey. I have made it in the
cheapest possible manner. An intensity of heat such as I
have never experienced before — 30° to 32° Reaumur, bed-
bugs, mosquitoes, and many other things have made the
journey a very hard one. It will be impossible for you to
travel in the manner that I did. Until now I have used 120
Berlin Thaler, and I have lived most economically. You may

THE FOLLOWERS OF DUDEN. 69

make your own calculations on the basis of these figures. If you
come, come by way of New Orleans, even tho the seajourney
should cost a little more than to Baltimore or New York.
In the interior of North America everything is very expensive
for travelers. You will see at once that the trip via New
Orleans is less expensive in the long run, and less difficult.
The loading and unloading of the boxes and trunks, the shallow
water of the Ohio, the very toilsome journey by land, the
fact that the steamboats are so easily stranded on sand-bars,
and many other inconveniences prove that the route via New
Orleans is not only much more convenient, but I believe also
cheaper. But if you choose the New Orleans route you
must NOT come in the summer.

"The Mississippi is a little wider than the Rhine but not
as deep. The ferry charges are 12J^ cents per individual. —
During the month of October we had a number of night frosts,
but now the weather is mild and beautiful. — Cholera has
raged in all parts of America. We have gone thru highly
infected regions. — The women here are very lazy. They
nearly always sit in rocking chairs. - - It is rumored that
land is to be reduced to fifty or seventy-five cents an acre. —
If one travels second-class on a steamboat, he ought, by all
means to pay in advance the amount which will exempt him
from the burden of carrying fire-wood. I have suffered very
much under this task.* — Pittsburg is a flourishing manu-
facturing city. The market there is the cheapest of the cities
I have visited. Coal costs hardly anything. — Consider
what I have said in regard to the season in which you ought to
make the trip. You know how I fared during the four weeks
from Pittsburg here. Go by way of New Orleans for by that
route you can bring all the things you need direct from Europe.
See Duden, page 333. Everything is terribly dear here. —
Reuter in Baltimore has treated Adolph and me like a cut-

*In the early days of steam-boating on our American rivers the practice
obtained to let second-class passengers work out part of their fare by having
them carry cordwood, which was then used instead of coal, from the river's
bank on board the boat. It is this work Mr. Steines refers to above.

70 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

purse. Warn others! --On September 5, P. Kuerten and
family of Neuenhaus arrived at Cincinnati, and they are still
there, on account of sickness. The men have been obliged
to seek work on the canal. They hope to come here soon.

"Duden has written enough about everything, so that
my letter seems superfluous indeed. Read Duden carefully
for he has not written in vain. If you are really in earnest
and intend to spend your remaining years in peace, then,
brave the hardships of the journey and come here. Here it
is quiet enough, and the farmer, when he has once established
himself, has a very comfortable living.

"Now a few words to you, my mother and my sisters,
in order that you not become intimidated by my letter, for I
did not intend to do that. If you feel strong enough in
body to endure the hardships of the journey, and buoyant
enough in spirit to participate in the attempt of realizing the
fond dream of your men folks, then we shall all be happy and
greatly benefitted. The older members of our family will
not be materially benefited by coming here, but your interest
in your children must be the deciding factor if you take this
step. You women must have a clear understanding with
your men.

"I. cannot refrain from giving the following advice:
a) Germans who are accustomed to work hard and whose
mode of living makes but few demands upon luxuries should
not come to St. Louis with less than $1,000.00 in cash; b)
those accustomed to comforts and to beauty in the household
should not come with less than $2,000.00; c) those who wish
to keep slaves should not come with less than $3,000.00,
and even more. On the other hand too great an amount of
wealth is by no means to be recommended, for very rich
persons, accustomed to many servants, usually become very
unhappy here. The least semblance of aristocratic vanity is
severely ridiculed here.

"If you should come, you must be prepared not to meet
with the same consideration which you are accustomed to
over there. People will pass you by coldly, for you will be

THE FOLLOWERS OF DUDEN. 71

among strangers. When you have finally settled on your
own homestead, you must not pretend to have any special
claim upon the world, but by uprightness of action you must
acquire the respect of those around you, in which respect
alone you can be happy, and then in the narrow circle of your
families, and in the solitude and beauty of nature you must
endeavor to find the wished-for happiness.

"Wirtz who came from Remscheid has gone to his farm.
Halbach works at the arsenal. Bedkers, Deus' cousin, works
at the carpenter trade, and another one of the Beckers,
Leungen's brother-in-law, lives on the other side of the river,
in the state of Illinois, where he has established a glue factory
and a buckskin-tannery. Melchers stayed in Baltimore, and
Beunger was seen in Pittsburg.

"No one gets along so well in this country as he who is
able to do things with his own hands. For this reason do
not fail to bring Uncle Lehberg with you when you come. I
imagine he has earned enough at his loom to pay for his fare.
Have him bring his loom with him, for if he uses his head as
well as his hands here he will not lack bread. Do not sell
your belongings for a trifle, await your time, for it does not
pay to hasten too much.

"When I have served my time under my present employer,
I may go to the country, especially if you should write me
that you are coming. By the end of May, 1834, I expect a
letter from you, in which you must tell me whether you
intend to come the following winter or not. If you do come
I do not intend to enter into a new agreement with my present
employer. I am sorry enough now that I have agreed to
work here till December 31, 1834. I was really forced to do
so, for Dr. Craft wished it that way, and where else was I
to go? I am sorry that I got into this sort of business, tho
I did get into it by accident. The doctor is an empiric, or in
common terms a quack, such a one as are found in great
number among the American physicians. I was introduced
to him by a good friend . The doctor asked me a few questions,
as for instance, whether I could make pills for purifying the

72 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

blood, and also if I could make wonder balsam and healing
balsam. These articles are imported from Vienna. I
resolved at that moment to take advantage of the stupidity
of the physician in order to pull myself out of a pinch, and
answered: 'Of course!' Thereupon he asked me to move
in, and said that after a few weeks of probation we should come
to some agreement. I have made a large quantity of pills
for him, and mixed a lot of balsam, without really knowing
the exact ingredients. I must have done my work well,
for he engaged me, as you know, on November 7. I strongly
urge all apothecary helpers not to emigrate. I have visited
all the druggists without success, and if I had not found this
subterfuge, I should still be without work.

"I think, you, Dellmann and Christine, as also the rest of
you will understand why I have advised Dellmann not to
come here. It would mean ruin to his career as teacher.
I cannot understand how all of us could have been so thought-
less in October, 1832, as to try to send him here. If after
we have settled something should open up for him, then it is
time enough for him to come. In the meantime his prospects
are too bright, and the view from his own window is too pretty
to make the change. Here one sees nothing but woods,
very, very dense woods. If one earns money the new condi-
tions do not make much difference, but if one does not prosper,
discontent easily asserts itself.

"I think that you now have an account of America such
as no one else has ever written you. The letters from America
are usually too onesided. As a rule it is well to be incredulous
about superficially written letters and pamphlets.

"Without doubt it is well to be here in America, but only
under certain conditions. Even under the most favorable
conditions the immigrant will sorely miss his home surround-
ings, so long accustomed to in his fatherland. If he settles
by himself he will be lonely, even if he is an educated man.
Even among German-Americans he will not feel wholly com-
fortable unless he can speak the English language. If it
were possible, as Duden has suggested, to establish a German

THE FOLLOWERS OF DUDEN. 73

state here, then the spirit of things German could be made to
flourish, and the Americans would learn to understand that
the Germans also belong to the educated and cultured people
of Europe. In such an environment the settler would feel
more comfortable, for he would then live in a second Germany,
so to speak.

"Today is the thirteenth of November and perhaps you
may get this letter at the beginning of January, in which case
I wish you a Happy New Year.

"Countless greetings to my relatives.

HERMANN."

Note: — These diaries and letters of Steines, et al., will be
continued in the January Review. In them is revealed the Ameri-
canizing of the immigrant. A change of viewpoint takes place.
He is proud of being "a free citizen of the United States of North
America." In inviting his parents to join him, Steines writes:
''There will be inconveniences for all of us to face, but if you wish
to see our whole family living in the same country, a country where
freedom of speech obtains, where no spies are evesdropping, where
no wretched simpletons criticise your every word and seek to
detect therein a venom that might endanger the life of the state,
the church, and the home, in short, if you wish to be really happy
and independent — then come here and become farmers in the
United States. Here you will find a class of beings that think
sensibly, and that still respect the man in man. Oppressive
military systems and exorbitant taxation are foreign to this country.
Nature has blessed this land abundantly. Here one fully enjoys
what one earns, here no despots are to be feared, here the law is
respected, and honest citizens do not tolerate the least infringement
or interference by human authority." — The Editor.

74 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF MEDICINE IN MISSOURI-

BY DR. H. W. LOEB, ST. LOUIS. MO.

An Address delivered at the Missouri Centennial Cele-
bration held at Columbia, Missouri, January 8, 1918.

A theme as complex as this cannot be approached except
with a feeling of diffidence, and yet it is so worthy and so
inspiring that no member of the profession can decline such
an opportunity to glorify the hundred years work of medicine
in Missouri. Medicine is an exacting task-mistress who is
content with no less than a life devotion. And rightly so,
for she has collected together the sciences of Chemistry,
Physics, Anatomy, and Physiology for her own beneficent
purposes. Compare medicine in this regard with that mal-
eficient combination of sciences which during these hundred
years have increased and multiplied beyond the wildest
stretch of the imagination the means of death and destruc-
tion, by utilizing the exactness of mathematics, the certainty
of physics, and the inexorableness of chemistry. Harnessed
to the chariot of Mars, these sciences are as furies fraught
with woe to the world, but when Hygeia holds the reins, they
bring comfort and health to afflicted humanity.

To save and to help have been the battle cry of medicine
in all generations, and this has been handed down from time
immemorial. In this view, I could, of course, describe the
medicine of the last hundred years by pointing to the profes-
sion as it is today and say "This is its work and must there-
fore reflect its character," but if I should attempt to analyze
the picture, I fear I could only give you fragments which would
tax your own discrimination and judgment to harmonize.

Perhaps it will be best to put a few of the great figures
upon the screen, as it were, to show some of the activities
for which they were held in high regard and to attempt to
join these together to make a story more or less fitting to the
occasion.

100 YEARS OF MEDICINE IN MISSOURI. 75

The first physicians of Missouri were, as a rule, men of
good education for their times, men who would have graced
the profession in the older countries of the world, but the
spirit of adventure and the love of the open places made them
pioneers in a new land.

The one outstanding medical man of a hundred years ago
was Bernard G. Farrar, scholar, statesman, pioneer, soldier
and, above all, man of medicine. He was a potent element
in the community from the time he came to the state in 1806,
when twenty-one years of age, until he fell a victim of the
cholera epidemic in 1849. In 1818, he was at the height of
his reputation and was known far and wide for his surgical
skill. He was a worthy successor of that other great pioneer,
Dr. Antoine Francois Saugrain, who died in 1820.

Contemporaneous with him was William Carr Lane,
first Mayor of St. Louis and for nine times elected to that
office, a man of extensive acquaintance and of great personal
as well as political influence.

In 1835, an army surgeon named Wm. Beaumont was
ordered to Jefferson Barracks and from that time on became
a resident of this state, an honored citizen who left the army
rather than remove from the place that he had chosen for his
home. He had already written the wonderful account of his
experiments upon Alexis St. Martin and his reputation as a
scientist had therefore preceded him. It is doubtful, however,
if his associates ever fully appreciated what he had done for
physiology and medicine. It was left for Sir Wm. Osier and
our own lamented Jesse S. Myer to give him the place for
which he so modestly worked. He passed away in 1853,
beloved by all who knew him.

One of the most interesting men of the time was one John
Sappington, who came to Saline county, Missouri, from
Tennessee about 1820. He took up the cudgels against the
practice of bloodletting and calomel dosage for fevers and
advocated the use of Peruvian bark or quinine for the cure
of all fevers which he claimed belonged to one class. When
quite an old man he wrote a book on The Theory and Treat-

76 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

ment of Fevers, published in Arrow Rock, Missouri, which
even today excites a great deal of interest. His text is
preceded by numerous testimonials from citizens of Saline,
Cooper, and Howard county, Missouri, and from Tennessee,
Alabama, and other states accounting the value of his treat-
ment and recommending it most highly. Inasmuch as he
claims to have sold a million boxes of his pills, one might
consider him, in the light of modern day practice, unprofes-
sional. But we have the assurance of Dr. Gregory who
knew him, that he was fully accepted by the profession.
Indeed, there is no attempt made in his book to deceive,
but every effort to oppose the views of Currie and Rush by
giving the light of day to his own facts and theories.

The decade beginning 1840 was destined to become an
important period in the development of the medical pro-
fession of Missouri and of St. Louis in particular for the tide
of emigration brought into the state such men as McDowell,
Pope, J. B. Johnson, Linton, Pollak, Fallen, Gregory, Mc-
Pheeters, Brainard, Jno. S. Moore, Boisliniere, Hodgen,
Curtman, and Litton, men whose memory still bears witness
to the important place they occupied not only in Missouri
medicine but quite as much in the annals of the profession in
America.

Even to this day we cannot speak of McDowell without
corresponding mention of Pope. They were natural leaders
of men, both surgeons of wide attainments and they became
great protagonists, each with his devoted followers breaking
the profession up into two hostile camps with all the bitterness
and acrimony that could be engendered in a small city such
as St. Louis was at the time.

Joseph Nash McDowell, nephew of Ephraim McDowell,
who performed the first ovariotomy, was born in 1805. He
was trained in medicine by his brother-in-law Dr. Daniel
Drake and Samuel D. Gross, who then resided in Cincinnati,
and upon coming to St. Louis, fresh from his teaching ex-
periences in the Medical College at Cincinnati, he established
the first medical college in the state, which was then known

100 YEARS OF MEDICINE IN MISSOURI. 77

as the Kemper Medical College. He continued in the direc-
tion of the Missouri Medical College which succeeded this
institution until he espoused the cause of the Confederacy
at the beginning of the war.

Charles Alexander Pope, born in 1818, was also a student
of Daniel Drake but he received his degree from the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania and then spent two years in post-
graduate study in Paris. On coming to St. Louis in 1842,
he became identified as professor of anatomy, with the Medical
Department of St. Louis University which was established in
1842. It did not take him long to become dominant in the
school and this dominance continued until the end of the Civil
War in 1865.

Daniel Brainerd who was one of the original faculty of
the Medical School, founded by St. Louis University, was not
long a resident of Missouri. In 1843 he removed to Chicago
where he established the Rush Medical College at the end of
the year.

John T. Hodgen perhaps occupies a higher national posi-
tion than any Missouri physician during the past hundred
years. From the time he entered the profession in 1848
until his death in 1882, his life was one of continually advanc-
ing usefulness. He became Surgeon-General of the Missouri
forces during the war and thus laid the foundation for much
of the riper surgery of his later years. His great device, the
Hodgen splint, born of his experience in the Civil War, is
still justifying its great value in the present war.

M. L. Linton (1806-1872), who was of great influence as
a teacher, was the author of a book on the Outlines of Path-
ology and established the St. Louis Medical and Surgical
Journal, the first medical journal in the state, in 1843.

Louis Charles Boisliniere, born in 1816 and died in 1896,
one of the foremost obstetricians of this country, is still
remembered for his kindly spirit, his lovable attention and
help to young men entering the profession, and for his wonder-
ful ability as a teacher.

78 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

Simon Pollak, who even in his advanced age was always
on the side of the progressive in medicine, founded the first
medical clinic in the state and in 1861 established the first
Eye and Ear Clinic west of the Mississippi.

There are many more great men of these and later times
that are deserving of mention: Abram Litton who for a
half century was a teacher of chemistry; E. H. Gregory, the
kindly old man who almost as long was a teacher of surgery;
J. W. Jackson, who established the first railroad hospital in
America; W. B. Outten, who developed what might be called
the profession of railway surgery; J. W. Wood and I. N.
Ridge, pioneers of Kansas City; W. H. Duncan, who found
time in spite of his large country practice to act for so many
years as treasurer of the University of Missouri ; Charles
O. Curtmann, professor of chemistry; Henry H. Mudd, surgeon
and teacher of note; O. P. Lankford, the successor of Mc-
Dowell; Adam Hammer, talented but erratic; G. M. B.
Maughs, at one time Mayor of Kansas City, a practitioner of
note in both St. Louis and Kansas City ; Thos. F. Rumbold, said
to have been the first rhinologist in America; G. A. Moses,
father and son, both well and favorably known; the erudite
E. W. Shauffler; the pioneer ophthalmologist, John Green;
the courteous and talented C. E. Michel; A. C. Bernays,
brilliant surgeon untrammeled by convention; the handsome
J. B. Johnson, of whom it was said that he never willingly
accepted a fee; P. G. Robinson, who hailed South Carolina
as his birthplace but whose French descent was in every move
and gesture; Walter Wyman, who as surgeon-general was
responsible for much of the efficiency of the Public Health
Service; Gustav Baumgarten, one of the first practitioners of
the state to achieve modern scientific medicine; J. K. Bauduy,
whose command of language was the wonder of his friends;
Walter B. Dorsett, achieving a high position in a too short
life; Wm. G. Moore, whose words came as from lips of honey;
Jesse S. Myer, the most promising young man in the pro-
fession; Joseph C. Mulhall, easily the foremost laryngologist
of his time in this portion of America; Frank J. Lutz, always

100 YEARS OF MEDICINE IN MISSOURI. 79

in the forefront of medical organization; James Pleasant
Parker, who virtually gave up his life to establish the Annals
of Ophthalmology and Othology; C. H. Hughes, the debonnaire;
A. V. L. Vrokaw, pioneer in radiography; and W. E. Fischel,
I. N. Love, G. C. Crandall, J. P. Bryson, Hugo Summa, A. B.
Sloan, J. E. Tefft, J. W. Trader, L. Bremer, W. P. King,
T. F. Prewitt, John M. Richmond and a host of others whose
names have adorned the profession of Missouri.

I might continue this catalogue of medical men who have
brought credit to their profession during the past one hundred
years, in fact I am sure that many have been omitted who are
quite as deserving of mention as those whom I have recalled.
Furthermore, there are many belonging to this category who
cannot be included as they are still happily in the work.
As we leave them, let us study for a few moments the institu-
tions which they brought forth.

The two medical schools which were founded in the early
forties remained for a quarter of a century the only medical
colleges in the state with the exception of the Humboldt
Medical College which, after a few years, gave up its pedagogic
ghost. In 1869 a college was organized in Kansas City, and
during the twenty-five years succeeding this the founding
of a medical college was such an easy and pleasant process
that it was indulged in ad libidum. Medical college estab-
lishment followed, during these years, well-known laws of
evolution. From the old medical college tree a branch would
start another medical school, and the branchlet would follow
the same process until the parent institution could not longer
be recognized in the development of its progeny. In this
quarter of a century upward of twenty-five medical colleges
were incorporated, all private institutions. I would not have
you think that the men responsible for this remarkable fecun-
dity were recreant to their obligation as medical men or that
they had improper motives in this activity. They were, in
the main, seriously interested in their work and were enthusi-
astic and zealous in their aims and effort. And, after all,
there was not so much difference in the medical and perhaps

80 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

pedagogic ability of the professors and those who were per-
force outside of the professoriat field and who, except for the
wonderful fertility of American laws of incorporation, would
never have been able to partake of the succulent pabulum
upon which the professors were feeding. Be this as it may,
they have lived their day, have performed their earthly func-
tion, good or bad, and now, three institutions, adherent to
the universities, are called upon to train such students in
medicine as come to the State of Missouri for that purpose.

The hospitals too have been greatly changed since the
first Sister's Hospital was started nearly a hundred years
ago. The private hospital is being gradually evolved into a
public institution or at least it is doing more and more public
work and is becoming more and more dependent on public
support and direction.

Coincidently the profession of nursing has grown with
that of medicine, evidenced not only by the large number of
self-sacrificing women who have accepted the call of humanity
but also by the extension of the field of usefulness which is
widening day by day.

This brings me to the conclusion of my theme — the public
work of the physicians of Missouri for the past hundred years.
It would be vain to attempt an enumeration of what the
profession has done in this regard, for our medical men
have always been in the forefront when they were needed.
Witness their untiring devotion to the free institutions of
the state, their willing self-sacrifice in epidemics, more
especially that of cholera in 1849 when nearly 5,000 died from
this scourge and of yellow fever in 1878 and '79. Missouri
physicians served in the war of 1812 and in the Mexican War.
They were divided in their allegiance during the Civil War
but they were always on the side of humanity, whatever
flag waved over them.

And today they are again serving under the flag of their
Country and humanity. One-sixth of the entire profession
of Missouri have volunteered their services, constituting fully
one-half of those available for duty. All honor to these men

100 YEARS OF MEDICINE IN MISSOURI. 81

who are fulfilling the hundred year old traditions of the
Medical Profession of Missouri and who are risking their
lives to care for the men who have entered this terrible struggle
to make an abiding place for free men in every land.

82 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

INEFFICIENCY OF WATER TRANSPORTATION IN
MISSOURI— A GEOGRAPHICAL FACTOR IN
THE DEVELOPMENT OF RAILROADS.

BY SAM T. BRATTON.

Missouri is situated in the central part of the great in-
terior lowland of the United States, and this location places
it in a region which has a climate characterized as continental,
with hot summers and cold winters. The latter condition
has a direct relation to the problem of inefficiency of water
transportation.

The state has access to three trunk lines of drainage, the
Mississippi, the Missouri, and the Arkansas rivers. The
Mississippi flows along the entire eastern border; the Missouri
forms nearly half of the western boundary then bends abruptly
eastward and crosses the state to the Mississippi; the Arkansas
system does not reach the southern boundary of the state,
and it is only through minor tributaries that a part of the
state is drained.

On account of a lack of efficient means of local trans-
portation in the areas lying near the rivers, and a lack of
navigable tributaries from the hinterland, the Mississippi
and the Missouri furnished transportation for restricted areas
only. The Mississippi and the Missouri are mature streams
meandering through wide flood plains, therefore the providing
of local transportation in the adjacent areas was handi-
capped by the topography of the region. The adjacent bluffs
are from one hundred to two hundred feet high and at irregular
intervals short, steep valleys from the upland reach the main
streams, but, owing to their gradient, do not readily permit
roads of easy grades. Also, many of these short streams
have filled the valley of the main stream at their juncture
to such an extent that the channel of the larger stream is
forced far out into the flood plain, thus denying a landing

INEFFICIENCY OF WATER TRANSPORTATION. 83

place for river traffic. A few larger valleys reaching the
main streams from the upland provide an easy grade into the
interior, but along these streams the rough topography again
prevails, thus repeating the difficulties presented along the
main streams.

After reaching the upland from the valleys the journey
across country from one settlement to another was very diffi-
cult. One of the many troubles was high water. One party
was eleven days making the journey from Lexington, the
river port, to the northern part of Henry county, a distance
of about sixty miles. They were held for four days at Davis
Creek, and further on were forced to swim Blackwater Creek.1
"Going to mill in those days (1839-1840) when there were no
roads, no bridges, no ferry boats, was no small task where so
many rivers and treacherous streams were to be crossed.
Supplies were obtained at Harmony Mission, Bates county,
and at Boonville, seventy-five miles away."2

Another difficulty in the way of local transportation along
the valleys of the larger streams was the forest belt, some
twenty or thirty miles wide, adjacent to the streams. This
belt was general along the Mississippi throughout the entire
eastern border, and along the Missouri as far west as the
central part of the state. In some parts of the state these
forests were utilized in the building of "plank" roads, but as
permanent highways these roads were failures.

The lack of navigable tributaries from the hinterland,
the second condition, needs further consideration. From
the northern part of the State the Missouri river receives
nine streams designated as rivers, only three of which, the
Chariton, Grand, and Platte are navigable in their lower
courses and then only for keel boats and barges. Although
the Missouri Legislature declared the Grand River navigable
to the northern part of the State there is little evidence that
traffic on this stream was ever of much consequence.3 A

^History oS Henry and St. Clair counties, p. 90.

*Loc. cit., p. 892.

'Stevens, W. B., Missouri the Center State, p. 110.

84 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

record has it that in 1842 a small steamer made two trips to
the east and west forks in the western part of Livingston
county, also that a steamer landed at Chillicothe in 1865.4
but even the early fur traders considered only one of the many
tributary streams of the Missouri, the Grand, as of any im-
portance as far as their business was concerned.

From the south the Missouri received three navigable
streams, the Osage, the Gasconade, and the La Mine. The
topography of the region adjacent to these streams is also
of the mature type, hence presents difficulties in reaching
the uplands from the valleys. The most important of these
rivers is the Osage, which was navigated for a few years by
small steamers as far as Warsaw, Benton county. This was
a water distance of some two hundred miles from its mouth,
but a land distance of only about eighty miles, and in this
entire distance parts of only six counties were served. The
valley of the Osage was included in the territory of the Ameri-
can Fur Company, St. Louis, and in this valley "there were
several posts, but they are scarcely ever mentioned in the
annals of time."5 The posts here referred to were Carondelet,
Marias de Cygnes and Pomme de Terre.

Attempts to use the upper reaches of the Osage for
commercial purposes were made but were never successful.
In 1844 the steamer "Flora Jones" ascended the Osage to
Harmony Mission in Bates county.6 From accounts of the
reception given this steamer by the inhabitants of the region
it might be inferred that a second voyage was never attempted.

The Mississippi river receives six tributaries from Mis-
souri north of the Missouri river, and four south of the river,
none of which is of any commercial importance, because of
the shortness of these streams and the rough topography of
the adjacent regions. From the southern part of the state
the Arkansas receives six tributaries, only one of which, the
White river, has ever been of any commercial value, and its'

*Loc. cit.

sChittenden, H. M., History American Fur Trade of the Far West, p.

"Stevens, W. B., Missouri the Center State, p. 111.

INEFFICIENCY OF WATER TRANSPORTATION. 85

influence was altogether local. For some years a few small
steamers came up to Forsyth, Taney county, but the trip
was both hazardous and difficult. Forty miles below Forsyth
there is a series of rapids which were passed by means of a
donkey engine and winch on board, and a tow line made fast
to a tree at the top of the rapids.7 Approach to the valley
of the White river from the uplands is made difficult, as in
other parts of the state, by the mature dissection of the
adjacent regions.

Although the population of Missouri up to 1840 found
ample room along the few navigable streams, those streams
proved inadequate as transportation routes mainly because
of difficulties of navigation and the winter season. Prior to
the steamboat era, traffic on the river was by means of keel
boats, barges and rafts. These could make fair headway
down stream, but up stream the journey was extremely
hazardous and difficult. The keel boat, the chief craft in
use, was propelled by oars, and, when the wind was favorable,
by sail; but such boats were usually pulled up the river by a
rope fastened to the top of the mast and then passed through
a ring and made fast to the bow of the boat. Men on shore
walked along the bank of the stream and pulled the boat by
means of this rope. Flat boats and barges were propelled
up stream by using long setting-poles. The lower ends of
these poles were placed on the bottom of the stream and the
upper ends were held by men stationed along each side of the
boat near the bow, facing the stern. When the men thus
stationed walked along the boat's edge and pushed on the
poles the craft was moved up stream.8

With the coming of the steamboats, chiefly after 1836,
traffic on the river was somewhat easier, but the strong and
shifting currents, the snags, and the many sand bars caused
much trouble and great loss. During the steamboat period
on the Missouri, (1836-1860), the average life of a boat was

iLoc. cit., p. HJt.

8 Houck, History of Missouri, II, p. 265.

86 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

estimated at only five years.9 The log of the steamer "Omega"
from St. Louis to Fort Union in 1843 gives an excellent ex-
ample of the difficulties of river traffic even on the most famous
of Missouri's water routes.10 The boat left St. Louis on April
25th, and on May 5th had reached St. Joseph, Missouri.
During this ten days the boat stopped eight times for wood,
as the fuel need was always pressing, and in many instances
difficult to obtain, had channel troubles every day, was forced
to tie up over night eight times, was stopped by high winds
two times, ran aground three times, stuck crosswise the channel
one time and so remained all night.

The winter season coming just at the time when the
outward movement of the surplus products from the farms
and the inward movement of spring supplies were most
needed, probably offered the greatest difficulty to satis-
factory river traffic. An example of this winter tieup is
shown by the City Hotel register of Boonville, in which is
recorded the arrivals during each day in the year. The
monthly totals for 1843 were as follows :

May 50 October 48

June 57 November 32

July 49 December 11

August , 58 January 2

September 43 February 4

The record of the arrivals at the port of St. Louis of
steamers from the Missouri, over the period from 1847 to
1851, shows a corresponding loss of traffic during the winter
season.11

1847 May 63 January 0

1848 August 40 January 1

1849 April 63 January 0

1850 April 58 January 1

1851 June 48 January 0

An example of the amount of business done at St. Louis
by river traffic from the Missouri is given by the engineer of
the Pacific Railway in his report of 1851. The total freight,

9 Western Journal and Civilian, I, p. 47.

loChittenden, H. M., History American Fur Trade of the Far West.

"Western Journal and Civilian, I, p. 267.

INEFFICIENCY OF WATER TRANSPORTATION. 87

both up and down stream, was over 65,000 tons, and the
average price was 30 cents per ton. This volume of business
was carried during seven months of fair navigation, and three
months of difficult navigation. During the remaining two
months the river was considered closed.

The region lying immediately along the Missouri and
comprising some twenty-five counties had in 1850 a popula-
tion of about 225,000, while the population of the entire state
was about 680, 000. 12 This region was producing much wealth,
and had to depend upon the uncertainties of the river for
transportation to and from the large markets. The following
is a brief, partial summary of the resources of this area.13

Improved farms acres 1 , 027 , 866

Value of machinery dollars 1 ,323 , 612

Value of cattle dollars 342 ,994

Value of sheep and swine dollars 754 , 587

Wheat bushels 969,237

Corn bushels 12,196,438

Oats bushels 1,815,923

Tobacco .pounds 2,998,978

Slaughtering dollars 1,203,978

As a large part of these products was surplus and depended
on the river for means of reaching the markets, the problem of
river tariffs became important, and owing to the monopoly
enjoyed by the boat owners, these tariffs were never satis-
factory. Ruling tariffs from St. Louis to Boonville were
submitted by the engineer of the Pacific Railway in his report
of 1849, together with the proposed railroad charges, and a
comparison of the two schedules shows the advantage to be
on the side of the railroad as a carrier of both heavy and light
freights.

The period of early settlement in Missouri may be said
to cover the years from the founding of Ste. Genevieve in
1735, up to the Louisiana Purchase in 1804. The settlements
were confined to the eastern section of the state and extended
from New Madrid on the south, northward to St. Charles on
the Missouri near its mouth, and had in 1804 an aggregate

12U. S. Census, 1850.

^Report, Engineer of Pacific, 1850.

88 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

population of nearly 10,000.14 By 1821, when Missouri
was admitted as a state, the population had increased to
about 70,000 and had spread up the Missouri River to the
Boon's Lick Country. From this time until the railroad
era, beginning in the fifties, the growth of the state's popula-
tion was rapid, (population in 1850, 680,000), but the thickly
settled regions were still along the main stream valleys and
in the adjacent regions. During this era of growth the state
was largely dependent upon transportation by water, which
may be summarized as follows:

Only a few counties with a population of less than one-
third of the entire state had any water facilities.

The river counties lacked local means of getting products
to and from the river.

River traffic, when reached, was very unsatisfactory
because of difficulties offered, by the stream itself, by the
winter season, and by the freight charges.

The greater part of the state had no water transportation
whatever; the few main cross-country roads served but small
areas and were well nigh impossible during most of the year;
markets were too far from the producing areas for hauling
by wagon, or for driving live stock on foot, hence the greater
development of the state awaited the coming of railroads.

14Viles, Jonas, Population and Settlement in Missouri, Mo. Historical
Review, V, p. 190, ff.

EARLY DAYS ON GRAND RIVER AND MORMON WAR. 89

EARLY DAYS ON GRAND RIVER AND THE
MORMON WAR.

ROLLIN J. BRITTON.
FOURTH ARTICLE.
THE MORMON LEADERS AS PRISONERS.

Returning to the Mormon leaders, who were prisoners,
we quote Joseph Smith, Jr., when we say that on November 2,
1838, he, along with Sidney Rigdon, Hyrum Smith, Parley
P. Pratt, Lyman Wight, Amasa Lyman and George W.
Robinson, were started for Independence, Jackson county,
Missouri, and encamped at night on Crooked River, under a
strong guard commanded by Generals Lucas and Wilson.
(Millenial Star, Vol. 16, pp. 510, 523, 525.)
Continuing he says :

"Saturday, November 3, 1838, we continued our march and
arrived at the Missouri River, which separated us from Jackson
County, where we were hurried across the ferry when but few
troops had passed. The truth was General Clark had sent an
express from Richmond to General Lucas to have the prisoners
sent to him and thus prevent our going to Jackson County, both
armies being competitors for the honor of possessing 'the royal
prisoners.' Clark wanted the privilege of putting us to death
himself, and Lucas and his troops were desirous of exhibiting us in
the streets of Independence.

"Sunday, 4th. We were visited by some ladies and gentle-
men. One of the women came up and very candidly inquired of
the troops which of the prisoners was the Lord whom the Mormons
worshiped. One of the guards pointed to me with a^ significant
smile and said, 'This is he,' The woman then turning to me
inquired whether I professed to be the Lord and Savior. I replied
that I professed to be nothing but a man and a minister of salva-
tion, sent by Jesus Christ to preach the Gospel. This answer so
surprised the woman that she began to inquire into our doctrine,
and I preached a discourse both to her and her companions and
to the wondering soldiers, who listened with almost breathless
attention while I set forth the doctrine of faith in Jesus Christ,

90 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

and repentence, and baptism for remission of sins, with the promise
of the Holy Ghost, as recorded in the second chapter of the Acts
of the Apostles.

"The woman was satisfied and praised God in the hearing
of the soldiers, and went away praying that God would protect
and deliver us. Thus was fulfilled a prophecy which had been
spoken publicly by me a few months previous — that a sermon
should be preached in Jackson County by one of our elders before
the close of 1838.

"The troops having crossed the river about ten o'clock we
proceeded on and arrived at Independence, past noon, in the midst
of great rain and a multitude of spectators, who had assembled to
see us and hear the bugles sound a blast of triumphant joy, which
echoed through the camp as we were ushered into a vacant house
prepared for our reception, with a floor for our beds and blocks of
wood for our pillows."

PERSONAL LETTER OF JOSEPH SMITH, JR., TO HIS WIFE.

The following letter written at this date by Joseph
Smith, Jr., the original of which is now in possession of
Apostle Heman C. Smith of Lamoni, la., conflicts slightly
with this account as regards their treatment:

"Independence, Jackson Co., Missouri,

November 4, 1838.

"My dear and beloved companion of my bosom, in tribulation
and affliction: I would inform you that I am well and that we
are all of us in good spirits as regards our own fate. We have been
protected by the Jackson County boys in the most genteel manner,
and arrived here in the midst of a splended parade, a little after
noon. Instead of going to gaol we have a good house provided
for us and the kindest treatment. I have great anxiety about you
and my lovely children. My heart mourns and bleeds for the
brethren and sisters, and for the slain of the people of God. Colonel
Hinkle proved to be a traitor to the Church. He is worse than a
Hull who betrayed the army at Detroit. He decoyed us unawares.
God reward him. John Corrill told General Wilson that he was
going to leave the Church. General Wilson says he thinks much
less of him now than before. Why I mention this is to have you
careful not to trust them. If we are permitted to stay any time here
we have obtained a promise that we may have our families brought
to us. What God may do for us I do not know, but I hope for the
best always in all circumstances. Although I go into death I will

EARLY DAYS ON GRAND RIVER AND MORMON WAR. 91

trust in God. What outrages may be committed by the mob I
know not, but expect there will be but little or no restraint.

"Oh! May God have mercy on us.

"When we arrived at the river last night an express came to
General Wilson from General Clark, of Howard County, claiming
the right of command, ordering us back, where or what place,
God only knows; and there are some feelings between the officers.
I do not know where it will end. It is said by some that General
Clark is determined to exterminate. God has spared some of us
thus far, perhaps he will extend mercy in some degree toward us
yet. Some of the people of this place have told me that some of
the Mormons may settle in this county as other men do. I have
some hopes that something may turn out for good to the afflicted
saints. I want you to stay where you are until you hear from me
again. I may send for you to bring you to me. I cannot learn
much for certainty in the situation that I am in, and can only pray
for deliverance until it is meted out, and take everything as it
comes with patience and fortitude. I hope you will be faithful and
true to every trust. I can't write much in my situation. Conduct
all matters as your circumstances and necessities require. May
God give you wisdom and prudence and sobriety, which I have every
reason to believe you will. Those little children are subjects of
my mediation continually. Tell them that Father is yet alive.
God grant that he may see them again. Oh! Emma, for God's
sake do not forsake me nor the truth, but remember me. If I do
not meet you again in this life, may God grant that we may —
may we meet in heaven. I cannot express my feelings; my heart
is full. Farewell, O my kind and affectionate Emma. I am yours
forever, Your husband and true friend.

JOSEPH SMITH, JR."

CONTINUATION OF DIARY OF JOSEPH SMITH, JR.

"General Clark arrived at Far West with one thousand six
hundred men, and five hundred more were within eight miles of
the city. Thus Far West has been visited by six thousand men in
one week. When the Militia of the city (before any were taken
prisoners) amounted only to about five hundred, whose arms
having been secured, the mob continued to hunt the brethren like
wild beasts, and shot several, ravished the women, and killed one
near the city; no saint was permitted to go in or out of the city,
and they lived on parched corn.

"General Clark ordered General Lucas, who had previously
gone to Adam-ondi-Ahman with his troops, to take the whole of

92 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

the men of the Mormons prisoners and place such a guard around
them and the town as will protect the prisoners and secure them
until they can be dealt with properly, and secure all their property,
till the best means could be adopted for paying the damages the
citizens had sustained.

"Monday, 5th. We were kept under a small guard and were
treated with some degree of hospitality and politeness, while many
flocked to see us. We spent most of our time in preaching and
conversation, explanatory of our doctrines and practice, which
removed mountains of prejudice and enlisted the populace in our
favor, notwithstanding their old hatred and wickedness towards
our society.

"The brethren at Far West were ordered by General Clark
to form a line, when the names of fifty-six present were called and
made prisoners to await their trial for something they knew not.
They were kept under a close guard.

"Shortly after our arrival in Jackson County, Colonel Sterling
Price, (afterward General Price of Confederate fame) from the
army of General Clark, came with orders from General Clark,
who was Commander-in-Chief of the expedition, to have us for-
warded forthwith to Richmond. Accordingly on Thursday
morning we started with three guards only, and they had been
obtained with great difficulty, after laboring all the previous day
to get them. Between Independence and Roy's Ferry, on the
Missouri River, they all got drunk, and we got possession of their
arms and horses. It was late in the afternoon, near the setting
of the sun. We traveled about half a mile after we crossed the
river and put up for the night.

"Friday, 9th. This morning there came a number of men,
some of them armed. Their threatenings and savage appearance
were such as to make us afraid to proceed without more guards.
A messenger was therefore dispatched to Richmond to obtain them.
We started before their arrival, but had not gone far before we
met Colonel Price with a guard of about seventy-four men, and
were conducted by them to Richmond and put into an old vacant
house, and a guard set.

"Some time through the course of that day General Clark
came and and we were introduced to him. We inquired of him the
reason why we had been thus carried from our homes, and what
were the charges against us. He said that he was not then able to
determine, but would be in a short time; and with very little more
conversation, withdrew.

"Sometime after he had withdrawn Colonel Price came in with
two chains in his hands and a number of padlocks. The two

EARLY DAYS ON GRAND RIVER AND MORMON WAR. 93

chains he fastened together. He had with him ten men, armed,
who stood at the time of these operations with a thumb upon the
cock of their guns.

"They first nailed down the windows, then came and ordered
a man by the name of John Fulkinson, whom he had with him,
to chain us together with chains and padlocks, being seven in
number.

"After that he searched us, examining our pockets to see if
we had any arms. Finding nothing but pocket knives, he took
them and conveyed them off.

"Saturday, 10th. General Clark had spent his time since our
arrival in Richmond in searching the laws to find authority for
trying us by court martial. Had he not been a lawyer of eminence
I should have supposed it no very difficult task to decide that quiet,
peaceful, unoffending, and private citizens too, except as ministers
of the gospel, were not amenable to military tribunal, in a country
governed by civil laws. But be this as it may, General Clark wrote
the Governor in part as follows:

" 'Detained General White and his field officers here a day or
two, for the purpose of holding a court martial, if necessary. I
this day made out charge against the prisoners and called on Judge
King to try them as a committing court; and I am now busily
engaged in procuring witnesses and submitting facts. There are
no civil officers in Caldwell. I have to use the military to get
witnesses from there, which I do without reserve. The most of
the prisoners here I consider guilty of treason; and I believe will be
convicted; and the only difficulty in law is, can they be tried in any
county but Caldwell. If not, they cannot be there indicted, until
a change of population. In the event this latter view is taken by
the civil courts, I suggest the propriety of trying Jo Smith and those
leaders taken by General Lucas, by a court martial for mutiny.
This I am in favor of only as a dernier resort. I would have taken
this course with Smith at any rate; but it being doubtful whether
a court martial has jurisdiction or not in the present case — that is,
whether these people are to be treated as in time of war, and the
mutineers as having mutinied in time of war — and I would here
ask you to forward to me the Attorney-General's opinion on this
point. It will not do to allow these leaders to return to their
treasonable work again, on account of their not being indicted in
Caldwell. They have committed treason, murder, arson, burglary,
robbery, larceny and perjury.'

"Sunday, llth. While in Richmond we were under the charge
of Colonel Price from Chariton County, who suffered all manner
of abuse to be heaped upon us. During this time my afflictions
were great and our situation was truly painful.

94 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

"General Clark informed us that he would turn us over to the
civil authorities for trial, and so

Joseph Smith, Jr., . John T. Tanner,

Hyrum Smith, Daniel Shearer

Sidney Rigdon, Alexander McRae,

Parley P. Pratt, Elisha Edwards,

Lyman Wight, John S, Higbee,

Amasa Lyman, Ebenezer Page

George W. Robinson, Benjamin Covey,

Caleb Baldwin, Ebenezer Robinson,

Alanson Ripley, Luman Gibbs,

Washington Voorhees, Joseph W. Younger,

Sidney Turner, Henry Zabraki,

John Buchanan, Allen J. Stout,

Jacob Gates, Sheffield Daniels,

Chandler Holbrook, Silas Maynard

George W. Harris, Anthony Head,

Jesse D. Hunter, Benjamin Jones,

Andrew Whitlock, Daniel Cam,

Martin C. Allred, John T. Earl,

William Allred, Norman Shearer,

George D. Grant, James M. Henderson,

Darwin Chase, David Pettegrew,

Elijah Newman, Edward Partridge,

Alvin G. Tippets, Francis Higbee,

Zedekiah Owens, David Frampton,

Isaac Morley, George Kimball and

Thomas Beck, Daniel S. Thomas.
Moses, Clawson,

were brought before Austin A. King, at Richmond, for trial,
charged with the several crimes of high treason against the State,
murder, burglary, arson, robbery and larceny.

"Monday, 12th. The first act of this court was to send
out a body of armed men without a civil process, to obtain wit-
nesses."

PERSONAL LETTER OF JOSEPH SMITH, JR., TO HIS WIFE.

At this time Joseph Smith, Jr., wrote his wife as follows:

"Richmond, Missouri, November 12, 1838.
My dear Emma:

We are prisoners in chains and under strong guard for Christ's
sake, and for no other cause, although there have been things that
were unbeknown to us and altogether beyond our control that might

EARLY DAYS ON GRAND RIVER AND MORMON WAR. 95

seem to the mob to be a pretext for them to prosecute us; but on
examination I think that the authorities will discover our innocence
and set us free; but if this blessing cannot be obtained, I have this
consolation, that I am an innocent man, let what will befall me.
I received your letter, which I read over and over again; it was a
sweet morsel to me. O God, grant that I may have the privilege
of seeing once more my lovely family in the enjoyment of the
sweets of liberty and social life; to press them to my bosom and kiss
their lovely cheeks would fill my heart with unspeakable gratitude.
Tell the children that I am alive, and trust I shall come and see
them before long. Comfort their hearts all you can, and try to
be comforted yourself all you can. There is no possible danger
but what we shall be set at liberty if justice can be done, and that
you know as well as myself. The trial will begin today for some of
us. Lawyer Reese, and we expect Doniphan, will plead our cause.
We could get no others in time for the trial. They are able men
and will do well no doubt.

Brother Robinson is chained next to me, he has a true heart
and a firm hand. Brother Wight is next, Brother Rigdon next,
Hyrum next, Parley next, Amasa next, and thus we are bound
together in chains, as well as cords of everlasting love. We are
in good spirits and rejoice that we are counted worthy to be perse-
cuted for Christ's sake. Tell little Joseph he must be a good boy.
Father loves him with a perfect love; he is the eldest — must not
hurt those that are smaller than he, but care for them. Tell
little Frederick father loves him with all his heart; he is a lovely
boy. Julia is a lovely little girl; I love her also. She is a promising
child; tell her father wants her to remember him and be a good girl.
Tell all the rest that I think of them and pray for them all. Bro.
Babbit is waiting to carry our letters for us. Colonel Price is
inspecting them, therefore my time is short. Little Alexander is on
my mind continually. Oh, my affectionate Emma, I want you to
remember that I am a true and faithful friend to you and the chil-
dren forever. My heart is entwined around yours forever and ever.
Oh, my God, bless you all. Amen. I am your husband, and am
in bonds and tribulation, etc.,

JOSEPH SMITH, JR.
To Emma Smith:

P. S. — Write as often as you can, and if possible come and see
me, and bring the children if possible. Act according to your own
feelings and best judgment, and endeavor to be comforted if possible,
and I trust that all will turn out for the best. Yours, J. S."

96 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

CONTINUATION OF DIARY OF JOSEPH SMITH, JR.

"Tuesday, 13. We were placed at bar, Austin A. King presid-
ing and Thomas C. Burch, State's Attorney. Witnesses were
called and sworn at the point of the bayonet.

"Dr. Sampson Avard was the first brought before the court.
He had previously told Mr. Oliver Olney that if he (Olney) wished
to save himself, he must swear hard against the heads of the Church
as they were the ones this court wanted to criminate; and if he
could swear hard against them, they would not (that is, neither
court nor mob) disturb him. 'I intend to do it' said he, 'in order
to escape, for if I do not, they will take my life.'

"This introduction is sufficient to show the character of his
testimony, and he swore just according to the statement he had
made, doubtless thinking it a wise course to ingratiate himself
into the good graces of the mob."

TESTIMONY OF SAMPSON AVARD, INCLUDING THE CONSTITUTION
OF THE DANITE SOCIETY AND SIDNEY RIGDON's
PAPER AGAINST THE DISSENTERS.

The record shows that the testimony taken was in the
form of depositions. The following is the testimony of
Sampson Avard, a witness produced, sworn and examined on
behalf of the State, who deposeth, and saith:

"That about four months ago, a band called the Daughters
of Zion, since called Danite band, was formed of the members of
the Mormon Church, the original object of which was to drive from
the county of Caldwell all those who dissented from the Mormon
Church, in which they succeeded admirably, and to the satisfaction
of those concerned.

"I consider Joseph Smith, Jun., as the prime mover and organ-
izer of this Danite band.

"The officers of the band, according to their grades, were
brought before him at a school house, together with Hiram Smith
and Sidney Rigdon; the three composing the first presidency of
the whole church. Joseph Smith, Jun., blessed them, and prophe-
sied over them, declaring that they should be the means, in the
hands of God, of bringing forth the Millennial Kingdom. It was
stated by Joseph Smith, Jun., that it was necessary this band should

EARLY DAYS ON GRAND RIVER AND MORMON WAR. 97

be bound together by a Covenant, that those who revealed the
secrets of the society should be put to death.

"The covenant taken by all the Danite band was as follows,
to wit: They declared, holding up their right hands, in the name of
Jesus Christ, the son of God, 'I do solemnly obligate myself ever
to conceal and never to reveal the secret purposes of this society,
called the Daughters of Zion; should I ever do the same, I hold my
life as the forfeiture.' The Prophet, Joseph Smith, Jun., together
with his two counsellors, Hiram Smith and Sidney Rigdon, were
considered as the supreme head of the Church, and the Danite
band felt themselves as much bound to obey them, as to obey the
Supreme God.

"Instruction was given to the Danite band by Joseph Smith,
Jun., that if any of them should get into difficulty, the rest should
help him out, and that they should stand by each other, right or
wrong; and that this instruction was given at a public address
delivered at a Danite meeting. As for Joseph Smith, Junior, and
his two counsellors, the witness does not know that they ever
took the Danite oath. He knows all the rest of the defendants to
be Danites, except Sidney Tanner, Andrew Whitlock, Zedekiah
Owens, Thomas Rich, John J. Tanner, Daniel S. Thomas, David
Pettigrew, George Kemble, Anthony Head, Benjamin Jones and
Norman Shearer. At the election last August a report came to
Far West that some of the brethren in Daviess were killed. I called
for twenty volunteers to accompany me to Daviess to see into the
matter. I went, and about one hundred and twenty Mormons
accompanied me to Adam-on-di-ahman, Mr. Joseph Smith, Jun.,
in company. When we arrived there I found the report exaggerated ;
none were killed. We visited Mr. Adam Black; about one hundred
and fifty or two hundred of us armed. Joseph Smith, Jun., was
commander, and if Black had not signed the paper he did, it was
the common understanding and belief that he would have shared
the fate of the dissenters. Sidney Rigdon and Lyman Wight
were at Adam when we went to Black's, and advised the movement
of the prisoners. I do not recollect that Parley P. Pratt, Caleb
Baldwin, Washington Vories, Sidney Tanner, John Buchanan, Jacob
Gates, Chandler Holbrook, Geo. W. Harris, Jesse D. Hunter,
Andrew Whitlock, Martin C. Aired, Wm. Aired, George Grant,
Elizah Newman, Oliver L. Tiffets, Zedekiah Owens, Isaac Morley,
Thos, Rich, Moses Clawson, John J. Tanner, Daniel Shearer,
Daniel S. Thomas, Elisha Edwards, John S. Higby, Ebenezer
Page, Benjamin Covey, Luman Gibbs, James M. Henderson, David
Pettigrew, Edward Partridge, David Frampton, George Kemble,
Jos. W. Younger, Henry Zabrisky, Allen J. Stout, Sheffield Daniels,

H— 7

98 MISSOURI HISTORICAL"REVIEW.

Silas Manard, Anthony Head, Benjamin Jones, Daniel Carn,
John T. Bare and Norman Shearer, were with us on the Expedition
to Daviess County.

"As regards the affair at DeWitt, I know little personally;
but I heard Mr. Sidney Rigdon say they had gone down to DeWitt,
where it was said a mob had collected to wage war upon the Mor-
mons residing in Carroll County, and that Joseph Smith, Junior,
with his friends, went down to DeWitt, to give aid and help to his
brethren. The Company was armed, as I presume. Hiram Smith
was one in the Company, and Geo. W. Robertson also. Amaza
Lyman went to see what was going on. I heard the above named
persons say they were in Henkle's Camp at DeWitt several days,
except Amaza Lyman. I know not that he was at DeWitt. When
the Mormons returned from DeWitt, it was rumored that a mob
was collecting in Daviess. Joseph Smith, Jun., the Sunday before
the late affair in Daviess, at a church meeting, gave notice that he
wished the whole county collected on the next Monday at Far
West, where he said (or the Sunday before, I don't recollect which,)
that all who did not take up arms in defense of the Mormons of
Daviess should be considered as tories, and should take their
exit from the county. At the meeting on Monday, where persons
met from all parts of Caldwell County, Joseph Smith, Jun., took
the pulpit, and delivered an address, in which he said, that we
had been an injured people, driven violently from Jackson County;
that we had appealed to the governor, magistrates, judges, and even
to the President of the United States, and that there had been no
redress for us ; and that now a mob was about to destroy the rights
of our brethren in Daviess County; and that it was high time that
we should take measures to defend our rights. In this address he
related an anecdote about a captain who applied to a Dutchman to
purchase potatoes, who refused to sell. The Captain charged his
company several different times, not to touch the Dutchman's
potatoes. In the morning the Dutchman had not a potato left
in his patch. This was in reference to our touching no property
on our expedition to Daviess that did not belong to us; but he told
us that the children of God did not go to war at their own expense.

"A vote was taken whether the brethren should then embody
and go out to Daviess to attack the mob. This question was put
by the Prophet, Joe Smith, and passed unanimously, with a few
exceptions.

"Captains Patton and Branson were appointed Commanders
of the Mormons, by Joseph Smith, Jun., to go to Daviess. He
frequently called these men Generals. I once had a Command as
an officer, but he, Joseph Smith, Jun., removed me from it, and I

EARLY DAYS ON GRAND RIVER AND MORMON WAR. 99

asked him the reason, and he assigned that he had another office
for me. Afterwards Mr. Rigdon told me I was to fill the office of
surgeon, to attend to the sick and wounded. After we arrived at
Diahmond, in Daviess, a council was held at night, composed of
Joseph Smith, Jun., Geo. W. Robertson, Hiram Smith, Captains
Patton and Branson, Lyman Wight, Present R. Cahoon, P. P.
Pratt and myself, and perhaps Mr. Kemble. President Rigdon
was not present; a correspondence was kept up between him and
Joseph Smith, Jun. I heard Rigdon read one of the letters from
Smith, which, as I remember, was about as follows: That he knew,
from prophecy and from the revelation of Jesus Christ, that the
enemies of the kingdom were in their hands, and that they should
succeed. Rigdon on reading the letter said it gave him great
consolation to have such authority that the kingdom of God was
rolling on.

"In the above-referred- to council, Mr. Smith spoke of the
grievances we had suffered in Jackson, Clay, Kirtland and other
places; declared that, in future, we must stand up for our rights as
citizens of the United States, and as Saints of the Most High God;
and that it was the will of God we should do so, and that we should
do so; and that we should be free and independent; and that, as
the State of Missouri and the United States would not protect us,
it was time that we should rise, as the Saints of the Most High
God, and protect ourselves, and take the kingdom; and Lyman
Wight observed that before the winter was over, he thought we would
be in St. Louis and take it.

"Smith charged them that they should be united in supporting
each other. Smith said, on some occasion, that one should chase
a thousand, and two put ten thousand to flight; that he considered
the United States rotten. He compared the Mormon Church to
the little stone spoken of by the prophet Daniel, and that the dis-
senters, first, was part of the image, and the State next, that should
be destroyed by this little stone. The council was called on to
vote the above measures, and were unanimous in favor of them.

"On the next day, Captain Patton, who was called by the
Prophet, Captain Fearnought, took command of a body of armed
men, about one hundred, and told them he had a job for them to do,
and that the work of the Lord was rolling on, and that they must
be united. He then led his troops to Gallatin, saying, he was
going to attack the mob there. He made a rush into Gallatin,
dispersed the few men there, and took the goods out of Stollings
store, and took them to Diahmond; and I afterwards saw the store-
house on fire, when we returned to Diahmond, the goods were
deposited in the Lord's store house, under the care of Bishop

100 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

Vincent Knight. Orders were given that all the goods should be put
in the Lord's store house. Joseph Smith, Junior, was at Diahmond,
giving directions about things in general connected with the war.
When Patton returned from Gallatin, to Adam-ondi-Ahmend,
the goods were divided, or apportioned out amongst those engaged;
and these affairs were conducted under the superintendency of the
First Presidency. A part of the goods was brought to Far West,
under the care of Captain Fearnaught. On their arrival, Presi-
dent Rigdon and others shouted the hosannas to the victory.
On the day Patton went to Gallatin, Col. Wight went to Mill
Port, as I understood. I saw a great many cattle, beds, furniture,
etc., brought into our camps. After we returned to Far West, the
troops were constantly kept in motion, and there was a council
held at President Rigdon's house to determine who should be chiefs.
It was determined that Col. Wight should be commander-in-chief
at Diahmond; Branson, Captain of the flying horse of Daviess;
Col. Henckle should be commander-in-chief of the Far West
troops; Captain Patton, of the Cavalry of the flying horse; and that
the Prophet, Joseph Smith, Jun., should be commander-in-chief
of the whole kingdom. The council was composed of Joseph
Smith, Jun., Captain Fearnaught, alias Patton, Henckle, and Col.
Wight and President Rigdon.

"The object of that council was, in furtherance of the scheme
proposed in Council in Daviess county, referred to above.

"After the Council, Fearnaught disputed as to the Chief
Command of the Far West troops, and had a small altercation
about it with Henckle; but Smith proposed that they agree to
disagree, and go on for the good of the kingdom. The troops were
kept together until the militia came out lately. There were about
from five to eight hundred men, as I suppose, under arms. It was
about the time the militia came out lately to Far West under Gen.
Lucas, that our Prophet assembled the troops together at Far West,
into a hollow square and addressed them; and stated to them that
the kingdom of God should be set up, and should never fall, and for
every one that we lacked in number in amount of those who came
against us, the Lord would send angels who would fight for us,
and we should be victorious. After the militia had been near Far
West a while, in an address Smith said that those troops wrere
militia, and that we were militia too, and both sides clever fellows;
and that he advised them to know nothing of what had passed;
to say nothing, and to keep dark; that he, Smith, had forgotten
more than he then knew. After it was ascertained that the militia
had arrived, intelligence was immediately sent to Diahmond, to
Col. Wight. Next morning, Col. Wight arrived in Far West with

EARLY DAYS ON GRAND RIVER AND MORMON WAR. 101

about one hundred mounted and armed men. The troops were
constantly kept prepared, and in a situation to repel attack.
The evening the militia arrived near Far West, it was the general
understanding in the Mormon camp that they were militia legally
called out; and, indeed, previous to the arrival of the militia, it
was ascertained that there were militia on their way to Far West.
Some months ago, I received orders to destroy the papers concern-
ing the Danite Society, which order was issued by the First Presi-
dency, and which paper, being the constitution for the Government
of the Danite Society, was in my custody, but which I did not
destroy; it is now in Gen. Clark's possession. I gave the paper up
to Gen. Clark after I was taken prisoner. I found it in my house,
where I had previously deposited it, and I believe it had never
been in any person's possession after I first received it. This
paper was taken into President Rigdon's house, and read to the
first presidency, Hiram Smith being absent, and was unanimously
adopted by them as their rule and guide in future. After it was
thus adopted, I was instructed by the council to destroy it, as if it
should be discovered, it would be considered treasonable. This
constitution after it was approved of by the First Presidency, was
read article by article, to the Danite band, and unanimously adopted
by them. This paper was drawn up about the time that the Danite
band was formed. Since the drawing of the paper against the
dissenters, it was, that this constitution of the Danite band was
drafted; but I have no minutes of the time, as we were directed
not to keep written minutes; which constitution above referred to,
is as follows:

"Whereas, in all bodies, laws are necessary for the permancy,
safety and well being of the society. We, the members of the So-
ciety of the Daughters of Zion, do agree to regulate themselves
under such laws as, in righteousness, shall be deemed necessary for
the preservation of our holy religion and of our most sacred rights
and the rights of our wives and children.

"But to be explicit on the subject, it is especially, our object
to support and defend the rights conferred on us by our venerable
sires, who purchased them with the pledges of their lives, their
fortunes and sacred honors; and now, to prove ourselves worthy
of liberty conferred on us by them in the providence of God, we
do agree to be governed by such laws as shall perpetuate these
high privileges, of which we know ourselves to be the rightful
possessors, and of which privileges, wicked and designing men have
tried to deprive us by all manner of evil, and that purely in conse-
quence of the tenacity we have manifested in the discharge of our
duty towards our God, who had given us those rights and privi-

102 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

leges, and a right in common with others, to dwell on this land.
But we, not having the privileges of others allowed unto us, have
determined, like unto our fathers, to resist tyranny — whether it
be in kings or in people, it is all alike unto us, our rights we must
have, and our rights we shall have, in the name of Israel's God.

'Article 1. All power belongs, originally and legitimately,
to the people, and they have a right to dispose of it as they shall
deem fit. But, as it is inconvenient and impossible to convene the
people in all cases, the legislative powers have been given by them,
from time to time, into the hands of a representation, composed of
delegates from the people themselves. This is, and has been the
law, both in civil and religious bodies, and is the true principal.

'Article 2. The Executive power shall be vested in the
President of the whole church, and his counsellors.

'Article 3. The legislative powers shall reside in the Presi-
dent and his counsellors, together, and with the generals and
colonels of the society. By them, all laws shall be made, regulating
the society.

'Article 4. All officers shall be, during life and good behavior,
or to be regulated by the law of God.

"Article 5. The society reserves the power of electing all its
officers, with the exception of the aids and clerks, which the officers
may need, in their various stations. The nominations to go from
the Presidency to his second, and from the second, to the third in
rank, and so down through all the various grades; each branch,
or department, retains the power of electing its own particular
officers.

'Article 6. Punishments shall be administered to the guilty,
in accordance to the offense, and no member shall be punished
without law, or by any others than those appointed by law for that
purpose. The legislature shall have power to make such laws,
regulating punishments, as in their judgments shall be wisdom
and righteousness.

'Article 7. There shall be a secretary, whose business it shall
be to keep all the legislative records of the society, and also to keep
a register of the name of every member of the society; also, the
rank of the officers. He shall also communicate the laws to the
generals, as directed by laws made for the regulation of such busi-
ness by the legislature.

"Article 8. All officers shall be subject to the commands of
the Captain-General, given through the Secretary of War; and
so, all officers shall be subject to their superiors in rank, according
to laws made for that purpose

EARLY DAYS ON GRAND RIVER AND MORMON WAR. 103

"In connection with the grand scheme of the Prophet, his
preachers and apostles were instructed to preach, and to instruct
their followers (who are estimated in Europe and America, at about
40,000) that it was their duty to come up to the stake, called Far
West, and to possess the kingdom; that it was the will of God that
they should do so, and that the Lord would give them power to
possess the kingdom. There was another writing, drawn up in
June last, which had for its object to get rid of the dissenters, and
which had the desired effect. Since that time, and since the intro-
duction of this scheme of the Prophet, made known in the above
constitution. I have heard the Prophet say that it was a fortunate
thing that we got rid of the dissenters, as they would have en-
dangered the rolling on of the kingdom of God, as introduced, and
to be carried into effect, by the Danite band; that they (the dis-
senters) were great obstacles in the way; and that, unless they
were removed, the aforesaid kingdom of God could not roll on.
This paper against the dissenters was drafted by Sidney Rigdon,
and is as follows :

'Far West, June — , 1838.
To Oliver Cowdery, David Whitmer, John Whitmer, William W.

Phelps and Lyman E. Johnson, greeting:

'Whereas, the citizens of Caldwell county have borne with the
abuse received from you, at different times and on different occa-
sions, until it is no longer to be endured, neither will they endure
it any longer, having exhausted all the patience they have, and
conceive that to bear any longer is a vice instead of a virtue; we
have borne long and suffered incredibly, but we will neither bear
nor suffer any longer and the decree has gone forth, from our hearts,
and shall not return to us void; neither think, gentlemen, that in
so saying we are trifling with either you or ourselves, for we are
not. There are no threats from you — no fear of losing our lives
by you, or by anything you can say or do, will restrain us; for out
of the country you shall go, and no power shall save you; and you
shall have three days, after you receive this, our communication
to you, including twenty-four hours in each day, for you to depart,
with your families, peaceably; which you may do, undisturbed by
any person; but, in that time, if you do not depart, we will use the
means in our power to cause you to depart; for go you shall; we
will have no more promises to reform, as you have already done,
and in every instance violated your promise, and regarded not the
covenant which you had made, but put both it and us at defiance.
We have solemnly warned you, and that in the most determined
manner, that if you did not cease that course of wanton a'buse of
the citizens of this county, that vengence would overtake you,

104 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

sooner or later, and that when it did come, it would be as furious
as the mountain torrent, and as terrible as the beating tempest —
but you have affected to despise our warnings, and passed them off
with a sneer, or a grin, or a threat, and pursued your former course
and vengence sleeps not, neither does it slumber, and unless you
heed us this time, and attend to our request, it will overtake you at
an hour when you do not expect, and at a day when you do not
look for it; and for you there shall be no escape for there is but one
decree for you, which is, depart, depart, or else a more fatal calam-
ity shall befall you.

'After Oliver Cowdery had been taken by a States warrant for
stealing, and the stolen property found concealed in the house of
William W. Phelps, in which nefarious transaction John Whitmer
had also participation, Oliver Cowdery stole the property, conveyed
it to John Whitmer, and John Whitmer to William W. Phelps, and
there the officers of the law found it. While in the hands of the
officer, and under an arrest for this vile transaction, and, if possible,
to hide your shame from the world, like criminals, which indeed you
were, you appealed to our beloved President, Joseph Smith, Jun.,
and Sidney Rigdon; men whose characters you had endeavored to
destroy by every artifice you could invent, not even the basest
lying excepted; and did you find them revengeful? No, but not-
withstanding all your scandalous attacks, still such was the noble-
ness of their character, that even vile enemies could not appeal to
them in vain. They enlisted, as you well know, their influence to
save you from your just fate, and they, by their influence, delivered
you out of the hand of the officer. While you were pleading with
them you promised reformation — you bound yourselves by the most
solemn promises, that you would never be employed again, in
abusing any of the citizens of Caldwell; and by such condescensions
did you attempt to escape the workhouse. But now, for the sequal.
Did you practice the promised reformation? You know you did
not! but, by secret efforts continued to practice your iniquity,
and secretly to injure their characters, notwithstanding their
kindness to you. Are such things to be borne? You, yourselves,
would answer that they are insufferable, if you were to answer
according to the feelings of your own hearts. As we design this
paper to be published to the world, we will give an epitome of your
scandalous conduct and treachery for the last two years. We wish
to remind you that Oliver Cowdery and David Whitmer were
among the principal of those who were the means of gathering us to
this place, by their testimony which they gave concerning the
plates of the Book of Mormon — that they were shown to them by
an angel, which testimony we believe now, as much as before you

EARLY DAYS ON GRAND RIVER AND MORMON WAR. 105

had so scandalously disgraced it, you commenced your wickedness
by heading a party to disturb the worship of the saints in the first
day of the week, and made the House of the Lord, in Kirtland, to
be a scene of abuse and slander, to destroy the reputation of those
whom the church had appointed to be their teachers, and for no
other cause, only that you were not the persons. The Saints in
Kirtland, having elected Oliver Cowdery to be a justice of the
peace, he used the power of his office to take their most sacred
rights from them, and that contrary to law. He supported a
parcel of black-legs, in disturbing the worship of the Saints, and
when the men whom the Church had chosen to preside over their
meetings, endeavored to put the house to order, he helped — and
by the authority of his Justices office too — those wretches to con-
tinue their confusion, and threatened the church with a prosecution
for trying to put them out of the house, and issued writs against the
Saints for endeavoring to sustain their rights, and bound them,
under heavy bonds, to appear before his honor, and required bonds
which were both inhuman and unlawful; and one of those was the
venerable father who had been appointed by the church to preside
— a man of upwards of seventy years of age, and notorious for his
peaceable habits. Oliver Cowdery, David Whitmer and Lyman E.
Johnson, united with a gang of counterfeiters, thieves, liars and
black-legs of the deepest dye, to deceive, cheat and defraud the
Saints of their property, by every act and stratagem which wicked-
ness could invent; using the influence of the vilest persecutors, to
bring vexatious law suits, villianous prosecutions, and even stealing
not excepted. In the midst of this career, for fear that the Saints
would seek redress at their hands, they breathed out threatenings
of mobs, and actually made attempts with their gang to bring mobs
upon them. Oliver Cowdery and his gang, such of them as be-
longed to the church, were called to an account by the church for
their iniquity. They confessed repentance, and were again re-
stored to the church. But the very first opportunity, they were
again practicing their former course. While this wickedness was
going on in Kirtland, Cowdery and his company were writing letters
to Far West, in order to destroy the character of every person that
they thought were standing in their way; and John Whitmer and
William W. Phelps were assisting to prepare the way to throw con-
fusion among the Saints of Far West. During the full career of
Oliver Cowdery and David Whitmer's bogus money business,
information got abroad into the world that they were engaged in
it, and several gentlemen were preparing to commence a prosecu-
tion against Cowdery. He finding it out, took with him-, Lyman
E. Johnson and fled to Far West with their families, Cowdery

106 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

stealing a property, and bringing it with him, which has, within a
few weeks past, been obtained by the owner, by means of a search
warrant, and he was saved from the penitentiary by the influence
of two influential men of the place. He also brought notes with
him, upon which he had received pay, and had promised to destroy
them, and made an attempt to sell them to Mr. Arthur of Clay
county. And Lyman E. Johnson, on his arrival reported that he
had a note of one thousand dollars against a principal man in this
church, when it is a fact that it was a palpable falsehood, and he
had no such thing, and he did it for the purpose of injuring his
character. Shortly after Cowdery and Johnson left Kirtland for
Far West, they were followed by David Whitmer, on whose arrival
a general system of slander and abuse was commenced by you all,
for the purpose of destroying the characters of certain individuals,
whose influence, and strict regard for righteousness, you dreaded,
and not only yourselves, but your wives and children, led by
yourselves, were busily engaged in it. Neither were you content
with slandering and vilifying here, but you kept up continual
correspondence with your gang of marauders in Kirtland, encourag-
ing them to go on with their iniquity, which they did to perfection,
but swearing false, to injure the characters and property of inno-
cent men; stealing, cheating, lying, instituting vexatious lawsuits,
selling bogus money, and also stones and sand for bogus; in which
nefarious business, Oliver Cowdery, David Whitmer, and Lyman
E. Johnson were engaged while you were there. Since you arrived
here, you have commenced a general system of the same kind of
conduct in this place. You set up a nasty, dirty, pettifoggers
office, pretending to be judges of the law; when it is a notorious
fact that you are profoundly ignorant of it, and of every other
thing which is calculated to do mankind good; or if you know it,
you take good care never to practice it; and in order to bring your-
selves into notice, you began to interfere with all the business of
the place, trying to destroy the character of our merchants, and
bring their creditors upon them and break them up. In addition
to this, you stirred up men of a weak mind to prosecute one another,
for the vile purpose of getting a fee for a pettifogger from them.

" 'You have also been threatening, continually, to enter into a
general system of prosecuting; determined, as you said, to pick a
flaw in the titles of those who have bought city lots and built upon
them, not that you can do anything but cause vexatious law suits.
And amongst the most monstrous of all your abominations, we
have evidence, which when called upon we can produce, that letters
sent to the postoffice, in this place, have been opened, read and
destroyed, and the persons to whom they were sent never ob-

EARLY DAYS ON GRAND RIVER AND MORMON WAR. 107

tained them; thus ruining the business of the place. We have
evidence of a very strong character, that you are at this very time
engaged with a gang of counterfeiters and coiners, and black-legs,
as some of those characters have lately visited our city from Kirt-
land, and told what they had come for, and we know assuredly,
that if we suffer you to continue, we may expect, and that speedily,
to find a general system of stealing, counterfeiting, cheating and
burning of property, as in Kirtland, for so are your associates carry-
ing on there at this time, and that encouraged by you, by means
of the letters you send continually to them; and to crown the whole,
you have had the audacity to threaten us, that if we offered to
disturb you, you would get up a mob from Clay and Ray counties.
For this insult, if nothing else, and your threatening to shoot us,
if we offered to molest you, we will put you from the county of
Caldwell — so help us God!'

(The above was signed by some eighty-four Mormons.)-

"About the time the dissenters fled, President Rigdon preached
a sermon from the text: 'Ye are the salt of the earth; but if the
salt have lost its savor, wherewithal shall it be salted, etc.* com-
monly called 'The Salt Sermon,' in which the dissenters were called
the salt which had lost its savor, and that they should be trampled
upon and driven out by the Saints, which was well understood by
the Danites as a part of their duty to do. When General Lucas's
men marched up to Far West, Smith told me (as I understood him)
that he had said to one of the militia captains not to come any
farther, as he might get into danger, Smith, after erecting his
bulwark, asked me if I did not think him pretty much of a general?
I answered in the affirmative. We were advised, all the time, to
fight valiantly, and that the angels of the Lord would appear in
our defense, and fight our battles.

"In reference to Bogart's battle, I know but little personally.
As to the start of troops to fight Bogart, I was called upon to go
along with the company, which was commanded by Patton as
surgeon; this was about midnight, but as I thought a little sleep
would do me more good than fighting, I remained at home. On
the morning of the fight, about six o'clock, I was called upon by a
Mr. Emmet, who informed me that Captain Fearnought was
wounded mortally, I went to Patton, about three miles, as I under-
stood, from the battle ground, where I found Joseph Smith, Jun.,
present, laying hands on the wounded, and blessing them, to heal
them. A Mr. O. Bannion was also there, mortally wounded. I
heard the following of the prisoners say he was in the fight, to wit,
Norman Shearer.

"I never heard Hiram Smith make any inflammatory remarks,
but I have looked on him as one composing the first presidency;

108

MISSOURI HISTORICAL RL< VIEW.

acting in concert with Joseph Smith, Jun. ; approving by his presence,
acts, and conversations, the unlawful schemes of the presidency.
I never saw Edward Partridge and Isaac Morley, two of the
defendants, take any active part in the above massacres testified
to by me; and I have heard Joseph Smith, Junior, say he considered
Partridge a coward, and backward, and ought to be forced out.
I was continually in the society or company of the presidency,
receiving instructions from them as to the teachings of the Danite
band; and I continually informed them of my teachings; and they
were well apprised of my course and teachings in the Danite so-
ciety.

"The following of the defendants were in the last expedition
to Daviess county:

Joseph Smith, Jun.,
Hiram Smith,
P. P. Pratt,
Lyman Wight,
George W. Robertson,
Alison Ripley,
Washington Vories,
Jacob Gates,
George Grant,
Darwen Chase,
Maurice Phelps,

And further this deponent saith not.

(Signed)

Moses Clawson,

Alexander McKay,

John S. Higby,

Ebenezer Page,

James M. Henderson,

Edward Partridge,

Francis Higbey,

Joseph W. Younger,

Henry Sabriskey (doubtful),

James H. Rawlins,

James Newberry (doubtful).

SAMPSON AVARD."

CONTINUATION OF DIARY OF JOSEPH SMITH, JR.

"The following witnesses were examined in behalf of the State,
many of whom, if we may judge from their testimony, sworn upon
the same principle as Avard, namely:

Wyatt Cravens,
Captain Samuel Bogart,
John Corrill,
George Walton,
James C. Owens,
Abner Scovell,
Reed Peck,
Wilborn Splawn,
John Raglin,
Jeremiah Myers,
Freeborn H. Gardner,
Elisha Camron,

Nehemiah Sale,

Morris Phelps,

Robert Snodgrass,

George M. Hinkle,

Nathaniel Carr,

John Cleminson,

James C. Owens, re-examined,

Thomas M. Odle,

Allen Rathburn,

Andrew F. Job,

Burr Riggs,

Charles Bleakley,

EARLY DAYS ON GRAND RIVER AND MORMON WAR. 109

James Cobb, Jesse Kelly,

Addison Price, Samuel Kimball,

William W. Phelps, John Whitmer,

James B. Turner, George W. Worthington,

Joseph H. McGee, John Lockhart,

Porter Yale, Benjamin Slade,

Eyra Williams, Addison Green,

John Taylor, Timothy Lewis.

Patrick Lynch,

"We were called upon for our witnesses, and we gave the
names of some forty or fifty. Captain Bogart was dispatched with
a company of militia to procure them. Arrested all he could find,
thrust them into prison, and we were not allowed to see them.

"We were again called upon most tauntingly for witnesses.
We gave the names of some others, and they were also thrust into
prison, so many as were to be found.

"In the meantime, Malinda Porter, Delia F. Pine, Nancy
Rigdon, Jonathan W. Barlow, Thoret Parsons, Ezra Chipman
and Arza Judd, Jr., volunteered and were sworn on the defense,
but were prevented by threats from telling the truth as much as
possible.

"We saw a man at the window by the name of Allen, and
beckoned him to come in and had him sworn; but when he did not
testify to please the court, several rushed upon him with their
bayonets and he fled the place, and three men took after him with
loaded guns, and he barely escaped with his life. It was of no use
to get any more witnesses if we could have done it. Thus the mock
investigation continued from day to day, till Saturday, when
several of the brethren were discharged by Judge King, as follows:

"Defendants against whom nothing is proven, viz, :
Amasa Lyman, John Buchanan,

Andrew Whitlock, Alvah L. Tippets,

Jedediah Owens, Isaac Morley,

John T. Tanner, Daniel S. Thomas,

Elisha Edwards, Benjamin Covey,

David Frampton, Henry Zabriski,

Allen J. Stout, Sheffield Daniels,

Silas Maynard, Anthony Head,

John T. Earl, Ebenezer Brown,

James Newberry, Sylvester Hulet,

Chandler Holbrook, Martin Allred.

William Allred,

"The above defendants were discharged by me, there being no
evidence against them.

AUSTIN A. KING, Judge, etc."

110 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

November 24, 1838.

"Our church organization was converted by the testimony
of the appostates into a temporal kingdom which was to fill the
whole earth and subdue all other kingdoms.

"Much was inquired by the Judge (who by the by, was a
Methodist) concerning the prophecy of Daniel, 'In the days of these
kings shall the God of heaven set up a kingdom which shall break
in pieces all other kingdoms, and stand forever,' etc. ; 'and the king-
dom and the greatness of the kingdom, under the whole heavens,
shall be given to the saints of the Most High,' etc., just as though it
was treason to believe the Bible.

"The remaining prisoners were all released, or admitted to
bail, except:

Lyman Wight, Caleb Baldwin,

Hyrum Smith, Alexander McRae,

Sidney Rigdon and myself, (Joseph Smith, Jr.),

who were sent to Liberty, Clay county, to jail, to stand our trial
for treason and murder — the treason for having whipped the mob
out of Daviess county and taking their cannon from them; and the
murder for the man killed in the Bogart battle; also
Parley P. Pratt, Morris Phelps,

Laman Gibbs, Darwin Chase,

Norman Shearer,

who were put into Richmond jail to stand their trial for the same
crimes.

"During the investigation, we were mostly confined in chains
and received much abuse.

"The matter of driving away witnesses, or casting them into
prison, or chasing them out of the country, was carried to such a
length that our lawyers, General Doniphan and Amos Reese
told us not to bring our witnesses there at all; for if we did there
would not be one of them left for final trial; for no sooner would
Bogart and his men know who they were than they would put
them out of the country.

"As to making any impression on King, if a cohort of angels
were to come down and declare we were clear, Doniphan said it
would be all the same; for he (King) had determined from the
beginning to cast us into prison.

"We never got the privilege of introducing our witnesses at
all; if we had, we could have disproved all they swore." (Millenial
Star, Vol. 16, pp. 539, 556, 558, 565).

SHELBY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO. Ill

SHELBY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO; AN
UNWRITTEN LEAF OF THE WAR.*

BY JOHN N. EDWARDS.

AUTHOR OF '/SHELBY AND HIS MEN," ETC.
FIRST ARTICLE. (REPRINT.)

In the military annals of Missouri two expeditions are
unique: Doniphan's Expedition to Mexico in the '40's and
Shelby's Expedition to Mexico in the '60's. Both consisted
of the same people, Missourians; both were directed against
the same people, Mexicans. The leaders of both expeditions
were Kentuckians by nativity and Missourians by adoption.
Thousands of miles of desert wastes and mountain fastnesses
were traversed by each, fighting grimly against half savage
foe and nature's weapons, starvation and sickness. In-
vaders they were but never exploiters. Feared rather than
hated were these American men, for none denied them cour-
age, honesty, and straight-dealing. Fighters every one, no
odds appalled them on noon-day field or in midnight ambus-
cade. Fortunate were both expeditions in their annalists.
John F. Hughes was the historian of Doniphan's force,
John N. Edwards was the recorder of the deeds of Shelby's
men. Edwards was a journalist par excellence, no Missouri
writer has surpassed him in vivid descriptions. His account
of Shelby's Expedition to Mexico has been long out of print.
It is regarded by many as his best work. It is reported to
have been written about 1866 while Major Edwards was with
General Shelby in Mexico. Both author and subject, as
well as the rarity and value of the book, have induced us to
reproduce this work. — The Editor.

*Published at "Kansas City, Mo.: Kansas City Times Steam Book and
Job Printing House. 1872."

112 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

SHELBY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO.

AN UNWRITTEN LEAF OF THE WAR.
CHAPTER I.

They rode a troop of bearded men,

Rode two and two out from the town,

And some were blonde and some were brown,

And all as brave as Sioux; but when

From San Bennetto south the line

That bound them to the haunts of men

Was passed, and peace stood mute behind

And streamed a banner to the wind

The world knew not, there was a sign

Of awe, of silence, rear and van.

Men thought who never thought before;

I heard the clang and clash of steel,

From sword at hand or spur at heel,

And iron fefet, but mothing more.

Some thought of Texas, some of Maine,

But more of rugged Tennessee —

Of scenes in Southern vales of wine,

And scenes in Northern hills of pine,

As scenes they might not meet again;

And one of Avon thought, and one

Thought of an isle beneath the sun,

And one of Rowley, on the Rhine,

And one turned sadly to the Spree.

JOAQUIN MILLER.

What follows may read like a romance, it was the saddest
reality this life could offer to many a poor fellow who now
sleeps in a foreign and forgotten grave somewhere in the
tropics — somewhere between the waters of the Rio Grande
and the Pacific Ocean.

The American has ever been a wayward and a truant
race. There are passions which seem to belong to them by
some strange fatality of birth or blood. In every port, under
all flags, upon every island, shipwrecked and stranded upon
the barren or golden shores of adventure, Americans can be
found, taking fate as it comes — a devil-may-care, reckless,

SHELBY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO. 113

good-natured, thrifty and yet thriftless race, loving nothing
so well as their country except an enterprise full of wonder
and peril. Board a merchant vessel in mid-ocean, and there
is an American at the wheel. Steer clear of a lean, lank,
rankish looking craft beating up from the windward towards
Yucatan, and overboard as a greeting comes the full roll of
an Anglo-Saxon voice, half-familiar and half-piratical. The
angular features peer out from -under sombreros, bronzed and
brown though they may be, telling of faces seen somewhere
about the cities — eager, questioning faces, a little sad at times,
yet always stern enough for broil or battle. They cruise
in the foreign rivers and rob on the foreign shores. Whatever
is uppermost finds ready hands. No guerrillas are more
daring than American guerrillas; the Church has no more
remorseless despoilers; the women no more ardent and faith-
less lovers; the haciendas no more sturdy defenders; the wine
cup no more devoted proselytes; the stranger armies no more
heroic soldiers; and the stormy waves of restless emigration
no more sinister waifs, tossed hither and thither, swearing in
all tongues — rude, boisterous, dangersous in drink, ugly at
cards, learning revolver-craft quickest and surest, and dying,
as they love to die, game to the last.

Of such a race came all who had preceded the one thou-
sand Confederates led by Shelby into Mexico. He found
many of them there. Some he hung and some he recruited,
the last possibly not the best.

The war in the Trans-Mississippi Department had
been a holiday parade for some; a ceaseless battle and raid
for others. Shelby's division of Missourians was the flower
of this army. He had formed and fashioned it upon an ideal
of his own. He had a maxim, borrowed from Napoleon
without knowing it, which was: "Young men for war."
Hence all that long list of boy heroes who died before maturity
from Pocahontas, Arkansas, to Newtonia, Missouri — died
in that last march of 1864 — the stupidest, wildest, wantonest,
wickedest march ever made by a General who had a voice
like a lion and a spring like a guinea pig. Shelby did the

114 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

fighting, or, rather, what he could of it. After Westport,
eight hundred of these Missourians were buried in a night.
The sun that set at Mine Creek set as well upon a torn and
decimated division, bleeding at every step, but resolute and
undaunted. That night the dead were not buried.

Newtonia came after — the last battle west of the Mis-
sissippi river. It was a prairie fight, stern, unforgiving,
bloody beyond all comparison for the stakes at issue, fought
far into the night, and won by him who had won so many
before that he had forgotten to count them. Gen. Blunt is
rich, alive, and a brave man and a happy man over in Kansas.
He will bear testimony again, as he has often done before,
that Shelby's fighting at Newtonia surpassed any he had ever
seen. Blunt was a grim fighter himself, be it remembered,
surpassed by none who ever held the border for the Union.

The retreat southward from Newtonia was a famine.
The flour first gave out; then the meal, then the meat, then
the medicines. The recruits suffered more in spirit than in
flesh, and fell out by the wayside to die. The old soldiers
cheered them all they could and tightened their own sabre
belts. Hunger was part of their rations. The third day be-
yond the Arkansas river, hunger found an ally — small-pox.
In cities and among civilized beings, this is fearful. Among
soldiers, and, therefore, machines, it is but another name for
death. They faced it as they would a line of battle, waiting
for the word. That came in this wise: Shelby took every
wagon he could lay his hands upon, took every blanket the
dead men left, and improvised a hospital. While life lasted
in him, a soldier was never abandoned. There was no
shrinking; each detachment in detail mounted guard over the
terrible cortege — protected it, camped with it, waited upon
it, took its chances as it took its rest. Discipline and humanity
fraternized. The weak hands on one were intertwined with
the bronze hands of the other. Even amid the pestilence
there was poetry.

The gaps made in the ranks were ghastly. Many whom
the bullets had scarred and spared were buried far from sol-

SHELBY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO. 115

dierly bivouacs or battle-fields. War has these species of
attacks, all the more overwhelming because of their inglorious
tactics. Fever cannot be fought, nor that hideous leprosy
which kills after it has defaced.

One day the end came, after much suffering, and heroism
and devotion. A picture like this, however, is only painted
that one may understand the superb organization of that
division which was soon to be a tradition, a memory, a grim
war spirit, a thing of gray and glory forevermore.

After the ill-starred expedition made to Missouri in 1864,
the trans-Mississippi army went to sleep. It numbered
about fifty-thousand soldiers, rank and file, and had French
muskets, French cannon, French medicines, French ammuni-
tion, and French gold. Matamoras, Mexico, was a port the
Government could not or did not blockade, and from one side
of the river there came to it all manner of supplies, and from
the other side all kinds and grades of cotton. This dethroned
king had transferred its empire from the Carolinas to the Gulf,
from the Tombigbee to the Rio Grande. It was a fugitive
king, however, with a broken sceptre and a meretricious
crown. Afterwards it was guillotined.

Gen. E. Kirby Smith was the Commander-in-Chief of
this Department, who had under him as lieutenants, Generals
John B. Magruder and Simon B. Buckner. Smith was a
soldier turned exhorter. It is not known that he preached;
he prayed, however, and his prayers, like the prayers of the
wicked, availed nothing. Other generals in other parts of
the army prayed, too, notably Stonewall Jackson, but between
the two there was this difference: The first trusted to his
prayers alone; the last to his prayers and his battalions.
Faith is a fine thing in the parlor, but it never yet put grape-
shot in an empty caisson, and pontoon bridges over a full-fed
river.

As I have said, while the last act in the terrible drama was
being performed east of the Mississippi river, all west of the
Mississippi was asleep. Lee's surrender at Appomattox
Court House awoke them. Months, however, before the

116 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

last march Price had made into Missouri, Shelby had an
interview with Smith. They talked of many things, but
chiefly of the war. Said Smith:

"What would you do in this emergency, Shelby?"

"I would," was the quiet reply, "march every single
soldier of my command into Missouri — infantry, artillery,
cavalry, all; I would fight there and stay there. Do not
deceive yourself. Lee is overpowered; Johnson is giving up
county after county, full of our corn and wheat fields; Atlanta
is in danger, and Atlanta furnishes the powder; the end
approaches ; a supreme effort is necessary ; the eyes of the East
are upon the West, and with fifty thousand soldiers such as
yours you can seize St. Louis, hold it, fortify it, and cross over
into Illinois. It would be a diversion, expanding into a
campaign — a blow that had destiny in it."

Smith listened, smiled, felt a momentary enthusiasm,
ended the interview, and, later, sent eight thousand cavalry
under a leader who marched twelve miles a day and had a
wagon train as long as the tail of Plantamour's comet.

With the news of Lee's surrender there came a great
paralysis. What had before been only indifference was now
death. The army was scattered throughout Texas, Arkansas
and Louisiana, but in the presence of such a calamity it
concentrated as if by intuition. Men have this feeling in
common with animals, that imminent danger brings the first
into masses, the last into herds. Buffalo fight in a circle;
soldiers form square. Smith came up from Shreveport,
Louisiana, to Marshall, Texas. Shelby went from Fulton,
Arkansas, to the same place. Hither came also other Generals
of note, such as Hawthorne, Buckner, Preston and Walker.
Magruder tarried at Galveston, watching with quiet eyes a
Federal fleet beating in from the Gulf. In addition to this
fleet there were also transports blue with uniforms and black
with soldiers. A wave of negro troops was about to inundate
the department.

Some little re-action had begun to be manifested since
the news of Appomattox. The soldiers, breaking away from

SHELBY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO. 117

the iron bands of a rigid discipline, had held meetings pleading
against surrender. They knew Jefferson Davis was a fugi-
tive, westward bound, and they knew Texas was rilled to
overflowing with all kinds of supplies and war munitions.
In their simple hero faith they believed that the struggle could
still be maintained. Thomas C. Reynolds was Governor of
Missouri, and a truer and braver one never followed the
funeral of a dead nation his commonwealth had revered and
respected.

This Marshall Conference had a two-fold object: First,
to ascertain the imminence of the danger, and, second, to
provide against it. Strange things were done there. The
old heads came to the young one; the infantry yielded its
precedence to the cavalry; the Major-General asked advice
of the Brigadier. There was no rank beyond that of daring
and genius. A meeting was held, at which all were present
except Gen. Smith. The night was a Southern one, full of
balm, starlight and flower-odor. The bronzed men were
gathered quietly and sat awhile, as Indians do who wish
to smoke and go upon war-path. The most chivalrous scalp-
lock that night was worn by Buckner. He seemed a real
Red Jack in his war-paint and feathers. Alas! why was his
tomahawk dug up at all? Before the ashes were cold about
the embers of the council-fire, it was buried.

Shelby was called on to speak first, and if his speech
astonisned his auditors, they made no sign :

"The army has no confidence in Gen. Smith," he said,
slowly and deliberately, "and for the movements proposed
there must be chosen a leader whom they adore. We should
concentrate everything upon the Brazos river. We must
fight more and make fewer speeches. Fugitives from Lee
and Johnson will join us by thousands; Mr. Davis is on his
way here; he alone has the right to treat of surrender; our
intercourse with the French is perfect, and fifty thousand men
with arms in their hands have overthrown, ere now, a dynasty,
and established a kingdom. Every step to the Rio Grande
must be fought over, and when the last blow has been struck

118 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

that can be struck, we will march into Mexico and reinstate
Juarez or espouse Maximilan. General Preston should go
at once to Marshal Bazaine and learn from him whether it
is peace or war. Surrender is a word neither myself nor my
division understand."

This bold speech had its effect.

"Who will lead us?" The listerners demanded.

"Who else but Buckner," answered Shelby. "He has
rank, reputation, the confidence of the army, ambition, is a
soldier of fortune, and will take his chances like the rest of us.
Which one of us can read the future and tell the kind of an
empire our swords may carve out?"

Buckner assented to the plan, so did Hawthorne, Walker,
Preston and Reynolds. The compact was sealed with soldierly
alacrity, each General answering for his command. But who
was to inform General Smith of this sudden resolution — this
semi-mutiny in the very whirl of the vortex?

Again it was Shelby, the daring and impetuous.

"Since there is some sorrow about this thing, gentlemen,"
he said, "and since men who mean business must have bold-
ness, I will ask the honor of presenting this ultimatum to
General Smith. It is some good leagues to the Brazos, and
we must needs make haste. I shall march tomorrow to the
nearest enemy and attack him. Have no fear. If I do not
overthrow him I will keep him long enough at bay to give
time for the movement southward."

Immediately after the separation, Gen. Shelby called
upon Gen. Smith. There were scant words between them.

"The army has lost confidence in you, Gen. Smith."

"I know it."

"They do not wish to surrender."

"Nor do I. What would the army have?"

"Your withdrawl as its direct commander, the appoint-
ment of Gen. Buckner as its chief, its concentration upon the
Brazos river, and war to the knife, Gen. Smith."

The astonished man rested his head upon his hands in
mute surprise. A shadow of pain passed rapidly over his

SHELBY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO. 119

face, and he gazed out through the night as one who was
seeking a star or beacon for a guidance. Then he arose as
if in pain and came some steps nearer the young conspirator,
whose cold, calm eyes had never wavered through it all.

"What do you advise, Gen. Shelby?"

"Instant acquiescence."

The order was written, the command of the army was
given to Buckner, Gen. Smith returned to Shreveport, each
officer galloped off to his troops, and the first act in the revolu-
tion had been finished. The next was played before a different
audience and in another theatre.

CHAPTER II.

Gen. Simon Bolivar Buckner was a soldier handsome
enough to have been Murat. His uniform was resplendent.
Silver stars glittered upon his coat, his gold lace shone as if
it had been washed by the dew and wiped with the sunshine,
his sword was equaled only in brightness by the brightness of
its scabbard, and when upon the streets women turned to
look at him, saying, "That is a hero with a form like a war-
god." Gen. Buckner also wrote poetry. Some of his sonnets
were set to music in scanty Confederate fashion, and when the
red June roses were all ablow, and the night at peace with
bloom and blossom, they would float out from open casements
as the songs of ministrel or troubadour. Sir Philip Sidney was
also a poet who saved the English army at Gravelines, and
though mortally wounded and dying of thirst, he bade his
esquire give to a suffering comrade the water brought to cool
his own parched lips. From all of which it was argued that
the march to the Brazos would be but as the calm before the
hurricane — that in the crisis the American poet would have
devotion equal to the English poet. From the Marshall
Conference to the present time, however, the sky has been
without a war cloud, the lazy cattle have multiplied by all

120 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

the water-course, and from pink to white the cotton has
bloomed, and blown, and been harvested.

Before Shelby reached his division away up on the
prairies about Kaufman, news came that Smith had resumed
command of the army, and that a flag of truce boat was
ascending Red river to Shreveport. This meant surrender.
Men whose rendezvous has been agreed upon, and whose
campaigns have been marked out, had no business with
flags of truce. By the end of the next day's march Smith's
order of surrender came. It was very brief and very compre-
hensive. The soldiers were to be concentrated at Shreve-
port, were to surrender their arms and munitions of war,
were to take paroles and transportation wherever the good
Federal diety in command happened to think appropriate.

What of Buckner with his solemn promises, his recent
conferred authority, his elegant new uniform, his burnished
sword with its burnished scabbard, his sweet little sonnets,
luscious as strawberries, his swart, soldierly face, handsome
enough again for Murat? Thinking of his Chicago property,
and contemplating the mournful fact of having been chosen
to surrender the first and the last army of the Confederacy.

Smith's heart failed him when the crisis came. Buckner's
heart was never fired at all. All their hearts failed them except
the Missouri Governor's and the Missouri General's, and so
the Brazos ran on to the sea without having watered a cavalry
steed or reflected the gleam of a burnished bayonet. In
the meantime, however, Preston was well on his way to
Mexico. Later, it will be seen how Bazaine received him,
and what manner of a conversation he had with the Emperor
Maximilan touching Shelby's scheme at the Marshall Con-
ference.

Two plans presented themselves to Shelby the instant
the news came of Smith's surrender. The first was to throw
his division upon Shreveport by forced marches, seize the
government, appeal to the army, and then carry out the origi-
nal order of concentration. The second was to make all
surrender impossible by attacking the Federal forces, wherever

SHELBY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO. 121

and whenever he could find them. To resolve with him was
to execute. He wrote a proclamation destined for the soldiers,
and for want of better material, had it printed upon wall
paper. It was a variegated thing, all blue, and black and
red, and unique as a circus advertisement.

"Soldiers, you have been betrayed. The generals whom
you trusted have refused to lead you. Let us begin the battle
again by a revolution. Lift up the flag that has been cast
down dishonored. Unsheath the sword that it may remain
unsullied and victorious. If you desire it, I will lead; if you
demand it, I will follow. We are the army and the cause.
To talk of surrender is to be a traitor. Let us seize the
traitors and attack the enemy. Forward, for the South and
Liberty!"

Man proposes and God disposes. A rain came out of the
sky that was an inundation even for Texas. All the bridges
in the west were swept away in a night. The swamps that
had been dry land rose against the saddle girths. There were
no roads, nor any spot of earth for miles and miles dry enough
for a bivouac. Sleepless and undismayed, the brown-bearded,
bronzed Missourian toiled on, his restless eyes fixed on Shreve-
port. There the drama was being enacted he had struggled
like a giant to prevent; there division after division marched
in, stacked their arms, took their paroles, and were disbanded.
When, by superhuman exertions, his command had forced
itself through from Kaufman to Corsicana, the fugitives began
to arrive. Smith had again surrendered to Buckner, and
Buckner in turn had surrendered to the United States. It
was useless to go forward. If you attack the Federals, they
pleaded, you will imperil our unarmed soldiers. It was not
their fault. Do not hold them responsible for the sins of
their officers. They were faithful to the last, and even in
their betrayal they were true to their colors.

Against such appeals there was no answer. The hour
for a coupe d'etat had passed, and from a revolutionist Shelby
was about to become an exile. Even in the bitterness of his
overthrow he was grand. He had been talking to uniformed

122 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

things, full of glitter, and varnish, and gold lace, and measured
intonations of speech that sounded like the talk stately
heroes have, but they were all clay and carpet-knights.
Smith faltered, Buckner faltered, other Generals, not so gay
and gaudy, faltered; they all faltered. If war had been a
woman, winning as Cleopatra, with kingdoms for caresses,
the lips that sang sonnets would never have kissed her.
After the smoke cleared away, only Shelby and Reynolds
stood still in the desert — the past a Dead Sea behind them,
the future, what — the dark?

One more duty remained to be done. The sun shone,
the waters had subsided, the grasses were green and undulat-
ing, and Shelby's Missouri Cavalry Division came forth from
its bivouac for the last time. A call ran down its ranks for
volunteers for Mexico. One thousand bronzed soldiers rode
fair to the front, over them the old barred banner, worn now,
and torn, and well nigh abandoned. Two and two they
ranged themselves behind their leader, waiting.

The good-byes and the partings followed. There is no
need to record them here. Peace and war have no road in
common. Along the pathway of one there are roses and
thorns ; along the pathway of the other there are many thorns,
with a sprig or two of laurel when all is done. Shelby chose
the last and marched away with his one thousand men behind
him. That night he camped over beyond Corsicana, for
some certain preparations had to be made, and some valuable
war munitions had to be gathered in.

Texas was as a vast arsenal. Magnificent batteries of
French artillery stood abandoned upon the prairies. Those
who surrendered them took the horses but left the guns.
Imported muskets were in all the towns, and to fixed ammu-
nition there was no limit. Ten beautiful Napoleon guns were
brought into camp and appropriated. Each gun had six
magnificent horses, and six hundred rounds of shell and canis-
ter. Those who were about to encounter the unknown began
by preparing for giants. A complete organization was next
effected. An election was held in due and formal manner,

SHELBY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO. 123

and Shelby was chosen Colonel with a shout. He had received
every vote in the regiment except his own. Misfortunes at
least make men unanimous. The election of the companies
came next. Some who had been majors came down to
corporals, and more who had been lieutenants went up to
majors. Rank had only this rivalry there, the rivalry of
self-sacrifice. From the colonel to the rearmost men in the
rearmost file, it was a forest of Sharp's carbines. Each carbine
had, in addition to the forty rounds the soldiers carried, three
hundred rounds more in the wagon train. Four Colt's
pistols each, dragoon size, and a heavy regulation sabre,
completed the equipment. For the revolvers there were ten
thousand rounds apiece. Nor was this all. In the wagons
there were powder, lead, bullet-moulds, and six thousand
elegant new Enfields just landed from England, with the brand
of the Queen's arms still upon them. Recruits were expected,
and nothing pleases a recruit so well as a bright new musket,
good for a thousand yards.

For all these heavy war materials much transportation
was necessary. It could be had for the asking. Gen. Smith's
dissolving army, under the terms of the surrender, was to
give up everything. And so they did, right willingly. Shelby
took it back again, or at least what was needed. The march
would be long, and he meant to make it honorable, and there-
fore, in addition to the horses, the mules, the cannon, the
wagons, the fixed ammunition, and the muskets, Shelby
took flour and bacon. The quantities were limited entirely
by the anticipated demand, and for the first time in its history
the Confederacy was lavish of its commissary stores.

When all these things were done and well done — these
preparations — these tearings down and buildings up — these
re-organizations and re-habilitations — this last supreme resto-
ration of the equilibrium of rank and position, a council of
war was called. The old ardor of battle was not yet subdued
in the breast of the leader. Playfully calling his old soldiers
young recruits, he wanted as a kind of purifying process, to
carry them into battle.

124 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

The council fire was no larger than an Indian's and
around it were grouped Elliot, Gordon, Slayback, Williams,
Collins, Langhorne, Crisp, Jackman, Blackwell, and a host
of others who had discussed weighty questions before upon
eve of battle — questions that had men's lives in them as thick
as sentences in a school book.

"Before we march southward," said Shelby, "I thought
we might try the range of our new Napoleons."

No answer, save that quiet look one soldier gives to
another when the firing begins on the skirmish line.

"There is a great gathering of Federals at Shreveport,
and a good blow in that direction might clear up the military
horizon amazingly."

No answer yet. They all knew what was coming, how-
ever.

"We might find hands, too," and here his voice was
wistful and pleading; "We might find hands for our six
thousand bright new Enfields. What do you say, com-
rades?"

They consulted some little time together and then took
a vote upon the proposition whether, in view of the fact that
there were a large number of unarmed Confederates at
Shreveport awaiting transportation, it would be better to
attack or not to attack. It was decided against the proposi-
tion, and without further discussion, the enterprise was
abandoned. These last days of the division were its best.
For a week it remained preparing for the long and perilous
march — a week full of the last generous rites brave men could
pay to a dead cause. Some returning and disbanded soldiers
were tempted at times to levy contributions upon the country
through which they passed, and at times to do some. cowardly
work under cover of darkness and drink. Shelby's stern
orders arrested them in the act, and his swift punishment
left a shield over the neighborhood that needed only its
shadow to ensure safety. The women blessed him for his
many good deeds done in those last dark days — deeds that
shine out yet from the black wreck of things — a star.

SHELBY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO. 125

This kind of occupation ended at last, however, and the
column marched away southward. One man alone knew
French and they were going to a land filled full of Frenchmen.
One man alone knew Spanish, and they were going to the land
of the Spaniards. The first only knew the French of the
schools which was no French; and the last had been bitten
by a tawny tarantula of a senorita somewhere up in Sonora,
and was worthless and valueless when most needed in the
ranks that had guarded and protected him.

Before reaching Austin a terrible tragedy was enacted —
one of those sudden and bloody things so thoroughly in keeping
with the desperate nature of the men who witnessed it. Two
officers — one a Captain and one a Lieutenant — quarreled
about a woman, a fair young thing enough, lissome and light
of love. She was the Captain's by right of discovery, the
Lieutenant's by right of conquest. At the night encampment
she abandoned the old love for the new, and in the struggle
for possession the Captain struck the Lieutenant fair in the
face.

"You have done a serious thing," some comrade said to
him.

"It will be more serious in the morning," was the quiet
reply.

"But you are in the wrong and you should apologize."

He tapped the handle of his revolver significantly, and
made answer.

"This must finish what the blow has commenced. A
woman worth kissing is worth fighting for.

I do not mention names. There are those to-day living
in Marion county whose sleep in eternity will be lighter and
sweeter if they are left in ignorance of how one fair-haired
boy died who went forth to fight battles of the South and
found a grave when her battles were ended.

The Lieutenant challenged the Captain, but the question
of its acceptance was decided even before the challenge was
received. These were the terms: At daylight the principals
were to meet one mile from the camp upon the prairie, armed

126 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

each with a revolver and a saber. They were to be mounted
and stationed twenty paces apart, back to back. At the word
they were to wheel and fire advancing if they chose or re-
maining stationary if they chose. In no event were they to
pass beyond a line two hundred yards in the rear of each
position. This space was accorded as that in which the
combatants might rein up and return again to the attack.

So secret were the preparations, and so sacred the honor
of the two men, that, although the difficulty was known to
three hundred soldiers, not one of them informed Shelby.
He would have instantly arrested the principals and forced a
compromise, as he had done once before under circumstances
as urgent but in no ways similar.

It was a beautiful morning, all balm, and bloom and
verdure. There was not wind enough to shake the sparkling
dew drops from the grass — not wind enough to lift breast
high the heavy odor of the flowers. The face of the sky was
placid and benignant. Some red like a blush shone in the
east, and some clouds, airy and gossamer, floated away to
the west. Some birds sang, too, hushed and far apart. Two
and two, and in groups, men stole away from the camp and
ranged themselves on either flank. A few rude jokes were
heard, but they died out quickly as the combatants rode up
to the dead line. Both were calm and cool, and on the
Captain's face there was a half smile. Poor fellow, there
were already the scars of three honorable wounds upon his
body. The fourth would be his death wound.

They were placed, and sat their horses like men who are
about to charge. Each head was turned a little to one side,
the feet rested lightly in the stirrups, the left hands grasped
the reins well gathered up, the right hands held the deadly
pistols, loaded fresh an hour before.

"Ready — wheel!" The trained steeds turned upon a
pivot as one steed.

"Fire!"

The Lieutenant never moved from his tracks. The
Captain dashed down upon him at a full gallop, firing as he

SHELBY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO. 127

came on. Three chambers were emptied, and three bullets
sped away over the prairie, harmless. Before the fourth
fire was given the Captain was abreast of the Lieutenant,
and aiming at him at deadly range. Too late! The Lieu-
tenant threw out his pistol until the muzzle almost touched the
Captain's hair, and fired. The mad horse dashed away
riderless, the Captain's life-blood upon his trappings and his
glossy hide. There was a face in the grass, a widowed woman
in Missouri, and a ^oul somewhere in the white hush and waste
of eternity. A great dragoon ball had gone directly through
his brain, and the Captain was dead before he touched the
ground. They buried him before the sun rose, before the
dew was dried upon the grass that grew upon his premature
and bloody grave. There was no epitaph, yet this might
have been lifted there, ere the grim soldiers marched away
again to tke South :

"Ah, soldier, to your honored rest,
Your truth and valor bearing;

The bravest are the tenderest,
The loving are the daring."

CHAPTER III.

At Houston, Texas, there was a vast depot of supplies
filled with all kinds of quartermaster and commissary stores.
Shelby desired that the women and children of true soldiers
should have such of these as would be useful or beneficial,
and so issued his orders. These were disputed by a thousand
or so refugees or renegades whose heads were beginning to
be lifted up everywhere as soon as the last mutterings of the
war storm were heard in the distance.

He called to him two Captains — James Meadow and
James Wood — two men known of old as soldiers fit for any
strife. The first is a farmer now in Jackson — the last a farmer
in Pettis — both young, brave, worthy of all good luck or
fortune.

128 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

They came speedily — they saluted and waited for orders.

Shelby said:

"Take one hundred men and march quickly to Houston.
Gallop oftener than you trot. Proclaim to the Confederate
women that on a certain day you will distribute to them
whatever of cloth, flour, bacon, medicines, clothing, or other
supplies they may need, or that are in store. Hold the town
until that day, and then obey my orders to the letter."

"But if we are attacked?"

"Don't wait for that. Attack first."

"And fire ball cartridges?"

"And fire nothing else. Bullets first — speeches after-
wards."

They galloped away to Houston. Two thousand greedy
and clamorous ruffians were besieging the warehouses. They
had not fought for Texas and not one dollar's worth of Texas
property should they have. Wood and Meadow drew up
in front of them.

"Disperse!" they ordered.

Wild, vicious eyes glared out upon them from the mass,
red and swollen by drink. They had rifled an arsenal, too,
and all had muskets and cartridges.

"After we have seen what's inside this building, and
taken what's best for us to take," the leader answered, "we
will disperse. The war's over, young fellows, and the strong-
est party takes the plunder. Do you understand our logic?"

"Perfectly," replied Wood, as cool as a grenadier, "and
it's bad logic, if you were a Confederate, good logic if you are
a thief. Let me talk a little. We are Missourians, we are
leaving Texas, we have no homes, but we have our orders
and our honor. Not so much as one percussion cap shall
you take from this house until you bring a written order
from Jo. Shelby, and one of Shelby's men along with you to
prove that you did not forge that order. Do you understand
my logic?"

They understood him well, and they understood better
the one hundred stern soldiers drawn up ten paces to the

SHELBY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO. 129

rear, with eyes to the front and revolvers drawn. Shrill
voices from the outside of the crowd urged those nearest to
the detachment to fire, but no weapon was presented. Such
was the terror of Shelby's name, and such the reputation of
his men for prowess, that not a robber stirred. By and by,
from the rear, they began to drop away one by one, then in
squads of tens and twenties, until, before an hour, the streets
of Houston were as quiet and as peaceful as the cattle upon
the prairies. These two determined young officers obeyed
their instructions and rejoined their general.

Similar scenes were enacted at Tyler and Waxahatchie.
At the first of these places was an arsenal guarded by Colonel
Blackwell, and a small detachment consisting of squads
under Captain Ward, Cordell, Rudd, Kirtley and Neale.
They were surrounded in the night time by a furious crowd
of mountain plunderers and shirking conscrips — men who
had dodged both armies or deserted both. They wanted
guns to begin the war on their neighbors after the real war
was over.

"You can't have any," said Blackwell.

"We will take them."

"Come and do it. These are Shelby's soldiers, and they
don't know what being taken means. Pray teach it to us."

This irony was had in the darkness, be it remembered,
and in the midst of seven hundred desperate deer-hunters
and marauders who had baffled all the efforts of the regular
authorities to capture them. Blackwell's detachment num-
bered thirty-eight. And now a deed was done that terrified
the boldest in all that band grouped together in the darkness,
and waiting to spring upon the little handful of devoted
soldiers, true to that country which no longer had either thanks
or praise to bestow. James Kirtley, James Rudd, Samuel
Downing and Albert Jeffries seized each a keg of powder and
advanced in front of the arsenal some fifty paces, leaving
behind them from the entrance a dark and ominous train.
Where the halt was had a little heap of powder was placed
upon the ground, and upon each heap was placed a keg,

H— 9

130 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

the hole downwards, or connected with the heap upon the
ground. The mass of marauders surged back as if the earth
had opened at their very feet.

"What do you mean?" they yelled.

"To blow you into hell," was Kirtley's quiet reply,
"if you're within range while we are eating our supper. We
have ridden thirty miles, we have good consciences, and there-
fore we are hungry. Goodnight!" And the reckless soldiers
went back singing. One spark would have half demolished
the town. A great awe fell upon the clamoring hundreds,
and they precipitatedly fled from the deadly spot, not a skulker
among them remaining until daylight.

At Waxahatchie it was worse. Here Maurice Langhorne
kept guard. Langhorne was a Methodist turned soldier.
He publishes a paper now in Independence, harder work,
perhaps, than soldiering. Far be it from the author to say
that the young Captain ever fell from grace. His oaths were
few and far between, and not the great strapping oaths of
the Baptists or the Presbyterians. They adorned them-
selves with black kids and white neckties, and sometimes fell
upon their knees. Yet Langhorne was always orthodox.
His pistol practice was superb. During his whole five years'
service he never missed his man.

He held Waxahatchie with such soldiers as John Kritzer,
Martin Kritzer, Jim Crow Childs, Bud Pitcher, Cochran,
and a dozen others. He was surrounded by a furious mob
who clamored for admittance into the building where the
stores were.

"Go away," said Langhorne mildly. His voice was soft
enough for a preacher's, his looks bad enough for a back-
slider.

They fired on him a close, hot volley. Wild work fol-
lowed, for with such men how could it be otherwise? No
matter who fell nor the number of the dead and dying, Lang-
horne held the town that night, the day following, and the
next night. There was no more mob. A deep peace came to
the neighborhood, and as he rode away there were many

SHELBY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO. 131

true brave Confederates who came to his little band and
blessed them for what had been done. In such guise did
these last acts of Shelby array themselves. Scorning all who
in the name of soldiers plundered the soldiers, he left a record
behind him which, even to this day, has men and women
to rise up and call it noble.

After Houston, and Tyler, and Waxahatchie, came Austin.
The march had become to be an ovation. Citizens thronged
the roads, bringing with them refreshments and good cheer.
No soldier could pay for anything. Those who had begun
by condemning Shelby's stern treatment of the mob, ended
by upholding him.

Governor Murrah, of Texas, still remained at the capital
of his State. He had been dying for a year. All those in-
sidious and deceptive approaches of consumption were seen
in the hectic cheeks, the large, mournful eyes, the tall, bent
frame that quivered as it moved. Murrah was a gifted and
brilliant man, but his heart was broken. In his life there
was the. memory of an unblessed and an unhallowed love,
too deep for human sympathy, too sad and passionate for
tears. He knew death was near to him, yet he put on his
old gray uniform, and mounted his old, tried war-horse, and
rode away dying to Mexico. Later, in Monterey, the red
in his cheeks had burned itself out. The crimson had turned
to ashen gray. He was dead with his uniform around him.

The Confederate government had a sub-treasury in
Austin, in the vaults of which were three hundred thousand
dollars in gold and silver. Operating about the city was a
company of notorious guerillas, led by a Captain Rabb,
half ranchero and half freebooter. It was pleasant pasturage
over beyond the Colorado River, and thither the Regiment
went, for it had marched far, and it was weary. Loitering
late for wine and wassail, many soldiers halted in the streets
and tarried till the night came — a misty, cloudy, ominous
night, full of darkness and dashes of rain.

Suddenly a tremendous battering arose from the iron
doors of the vaults in the State House where the money was

132 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

kept. Silent horsemen galloped to and fro through the gloom ;
the bells of the churches were rung furiously; a home guard
company mustered at their armory to the beat of the long
roll and from beyond the Colorado there arose on the night
air the full, resonant blare of Shelby's bugle sounding the well-
known rallying call. In some few brief moments more the
head of a solid column, four deep, galloped into the Square,
reporting for duty to the Mayor of the city — a maimed soldier
of Lee's army. Ward led them.

"They are battering down the treasury doors," said the
Mayor.

"I should think so," replied Ward. "Iron and steel
must soon give way before such blows. What would you
have?"

"The safety of the treasure."

"Forward, men!" and the detachment went off at a trot
and in through the great gate leading to the Capitol. It was
surrounded. The blows continued. Lights shone through
all the windows; there were men inside gorging themselves
with gold. No questions were asked. A sudden, pitiless jet
of flame spurted out from two score of Sharps' carbines;
there was the sound of falling men on the echoing floor, and
then a great darkness. From out the smoke, and gloom, and
shivered glass, and scattered eagles, they dragged the victims
forth — dying, bleeding, dead. One among the rest, a great-
framed, giant man, had a king's ransom about his person. He
had taken off his pantaloons, tied a string around each leg
at the bottom and had filled them. An epicure even in death,
he had discarded the silver. These white heaps, like a wave,
had inundated the room, more precious to fugitive men than
food or raiment. Not a dollar was touched, and a stern
guard took his post, as immutable as fate, by the silver heaps
and the blood puddles. In walking his beat this blood
splashed him to the knees.

Now this money was money of the Confederacy, it be-
longed to her soldiers, they should have taken it and divided

SHELBY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO. 133

it per capita. They did not do this because of this remark.
Said Shelby when they appealed to him to take it as a right:

"I went into the war with clean hands, and by God's
blessing, I will go out of the war with clean hands."

After that they would have starved before touching a
silver picayune.

Ere marching the next morning, however, Murrah came
to Shelby and insisted that as his command was the last
organized body of Confederates in Texas, that as they were
on the eve of abandoning the country, he should take this
Confederate property just as he had taken the cannon and
the muskets. The temptation was strong, and the arguments
were strong, but he never wavered. He knew what the world
would say, and he dreaded its malice. Not for himself, how-
ever, but for the sake of the nation he had loved and fought
so hard to establish.

"We are the last of the race," he said, a little regretfully,
"but let us be the best as well."

And so he turned his back upon the treasury and its
gold, penniless. His soldiers were ragged, without money,
exiles, and yet at his bidding they set their faces as iron against
the heaps of silver, and the broken doors of the treasury vaults,
and rode on into the South.

When the line of demarkation was so clearly drawn
between what was supposed, and what was intended — when,
indeed, Shelby's line of march was so straight and so steadfast
as to no longer leave his destination in doubt, fugitives began
to seek shelter uder his flag and within the grim ranks of his
veterans. Ex-Governor and Ex-Senator Trusten Polk was
one of these. He, like the rest, was homeless and penniless,
and joined his fortune to the fortunes of those who had just
left three hundred thousand dollars in specie in Austin.
From all of which Trusten Polk might have argued :

"These fellows will carry me through, but they will find
for me no gold or silver mines."

Somewhere in the State were other fugitives straggling
to reach Shelby — fugitive Generals, Governors, Congressmen

134 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

Cabinet officers, men who imagined that the whole power of
the United States Government was bent upon their capture.
Smith was making his way to Mexico, so was Magruder,
Reynolds, Parsons, Standish, Conrow, General Lyon of Ken-
tucky, Flournoy, Terrell, Clark and Snead of Texas; General
John B. Clark, Sr., General Prevost of Louisiana; Governor
Henry W. Allen, Commodore M. F. Maury, General Bee,
General Oscar Watkins, Colonel Wm. M. Broadwell, Colonel
Peter B. Wilks, and a host of others, equally determined on
flight and equally out at elbows. Of money they had scarcely
fifty dollars to the man. Magruder brought his superb
spirits and his soldierly heart for every fate; Reynolds, his
elegant cultivation and his cool, indomitable courage; Smith,
his useless repinings and his rigid West Point courtesy;
Allen, his electric enthusiasm and his abounding belief in
providence; Maury, his learning and his foreign decorations;
Clark, his inimitable drollery and his broad Southern humor;
Prevost, his French gallantry and wit; Broadwell, his gener-
osity and his speculative views of the future; Bee, his theories
of isothermal lines and cotton planting; and Parsons, and
Standish and Conrow the shadow of a great darkness that was
soon to envelop them as in a cloud — the darkness of bloody
and premature graves.

The command was within three days' march of San
Antonio. As it approached Mexico, the grass gave place to
mesquite — the wide, undulating prairies to matted and
impenetrable stretches of chapparal. All the rigid require-
ments of war had been carried out — the picquet guard, the
camp guard, the advanced posts, and the outlying scouts,
aimless and objectless, apparently, but full of daring, cunning
and guile.

Pasturage was scarce this night, and from water to grass
was two good miles. The artillery and commissary teams
needed to be fed, and so a strong guard was sent with them
to the grazing place. They were magnificent animals all,
fat and fine enough to put bad thoughts in the fierce natures
of the cow-boys — an indigenous Texas growth — and the
unruly borderers.

SHELBY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO. 135

They had been gone an hour, and the sad roll of tattoo
had floated away on the night air. A scout — Martin Kritzer —
rode rapidly up to Shelby and dismounted.

He was dusty and tired, and had ridden far and fast.
As a soldier, he was all iron ; as a scout, all intelligence ; as a
sentinel, unacquainted with sleep.

"Well, Martin," his General said.

"They are after the horses," was the sententious reply.

"What horses?"

"Those of the artillery."

"Why do they want them?"

The cavalry soldier looked at his General in surprise.
It was the first time in his life he had ever lost confidence in
him. Such a question from such a source was more than he
could well understand. He repeated slowly, a look of honest
credulity on his bronzed face:

"Why do they want them — Well, because they are fine,
fat, trained in the harness, scarce to find, and worth half
their weight in gold. Are these reasons enough?"

Shelby did not reply. He ordered Langhorne to report
to him. He came up as he always came, smiling.

"Take fifty men," were the curt instructions, "and station
them a good half mile in front of the pasturing place. There
must be no bullets dropping in among our stock, and they
must have plenty of grass room. You were on duty last
night, I believe."

"Yes, General."

"And did not sleep?"

"No, General."

"Nor will you sleep to-night. Station the men, I say,
and then station yourself at the head of them. You will
hear a noise in the night — late in the night — and presently
a dark body of horsemen will march up, fair to see between
the grass and the sky-line. You need not halt them. When
the range gets good fire and charge. Do you understand?"

"Perfectly."

136 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

In an hour Langhorne was at his post, silent as fate and
terrible, couching there in his lair, with fifty good carbines
behind him. About midnight a low lote like thunder sprang
up from towards San Antonio. The keen ear of the practiced
soldier took in its meaning, as a sailor might the speech of the
sea.

"Get ready — they are coming."

The indolent forms lifted themselves up from the great
shadow of the earth. When they were still again they were
mounted.

The thunder grew louder. What had before been noises
was now shape and substance. Seventy-eight border men
were riding down to raid the herders.

"Are you all loaded?" Asked Langhorne.

"All. Have been for four years."

From the mass in front plain figures evolved themselves.
Under the stars their gun-barrels shone.

"They have guns" sneered Langhorne, "but no scouts in
front. What would Old Joe say to that?"

"He would dismount them and send them to the in-
fantry," laughed John Kritzer.

The leading files were within fifty yards-— near enough for
a volley. They had not heard this grim by-play, rendered
under the night and to the ears of an unseen death crouching
in the prairie grass.

"Make ready!" Langhorne's voice had a gentleness in
it, soft as a caress. The Methodist had turned lover.

Fifty dark muzzles crept out to the front, and waited
there, gaping.

"Take aim!" The softest things are said in whispers.
The Methodist was about to deliver the benediction.

"Fire!"

A red cleft in the heart of the midnight — a murky shroud
of dun and dark that smelt of sulphur — a sudden uprearing of
staggering steeds and staggering riders — a wild, pitiful panic
of spectres who had encountered the unknown — and fifty
terrible men dashed down to the charge. Why follow the

137

deadly work under the sky and the stars. It was providence
fulfilling a vow — fate restoring the equilibrium of justice —
justice vindicating the supremacy of its immortal logic.
Those who came to rob had been a scourge more dreaded
than the pestilence — more insatiate than a famine. Defying
alike civil and martial law, they had preyed alternately upon
the people and the soldiers. They were desperadoes and
marauders of the worst type, feared and hated or both.
Beyond a few scattering shots, fired by the boldest of them in
retreat, they made no fight. The dead were not buried.
As the regiment moved on toward San Antonio, thirty-nine
could have been counted lying out in the grass — booted
and spurred, and awaiting the Judgment Day.

CHAPTER IV.

San Antonio, in the full drift of the tide which flowed in
from Mexico, was first an island and afterwards an oasis.
To the hungry and war-worn soldiers of SHELBY'S expedition
it was a Paradise. Mingo, the unparalleled host of Mingo's
Hotel, was the guardian angel, but there was no terror in his
looks, not any flaming sword in his hand. Here, everything
that European markets could afford, was found in abundance.
Cotton, magnificent even in its overthrow, had chosen this
last spot as the city of its refuge and its caresses. Fugitive
Generals had gathered here, and fugitive Senators, and fugi-
tive Governors, and fugitive desperadoes, as well, men senten-
tious of speech and quick of pistol practice. These last had
taken immediate possession of the city, and were rioting in
the old royal fashion, sitting in the laps of courtesans and
drinking wines fresh through the blockade from France.
Those passers-by who jeered at them as they went to and fro
received a fusillade for their folly. Seven even had been
killed — seven good Texas soldiers — and a great fear had
fallen upon the place, this antique, half-Mexican city which
had been Fannin's new Thermopylae, and the black Spanish

138 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

death-flag wind itself up into the Alamo. When the smoke
had cleared away and the powder-pall had been lifted, the
black had become crimson.

First a speck and then a vulture, until the streets had be-
come dangerous with desperadoes. They had plundered a
dozen stores, had sacked and burnt a commissary train, had
levied a prestamo upon the citizens, and had gone one night
to "smoke out Tom Hindman," in their rough border dialect.
Less fortunate than Putnam, they found the wolf's den, and
the wolf was within, but he showed his teeth and made fight.
They hammered at his door furiously. A soft, musical
voice called out:

"What do you want?"

Hindman was a small man, having the will and the
courage of a Highlander. Eloquent of speech, cool, a collo-
quial swordsman whose steel had poison on it from point to
hilt, audacious in plot, imperturbable in finesse, grayeyed,
proud at times to isolation, unsuccessful in the field, and in-
comparable in the cabinet, it was this manner of a man who
had called out from behind his barricade.

The leader of 'the attacking party answered him :

"It is said that you have dealt in cotton, that you have
gold, that you are leaving the country. We have come
for the gold— that is all."

"Indeed!" and the soft voice was strangely harsh and
guttural now. "Then, since you have come for the gold,
suppose you take the gold. In the absence of all law, might
makes right."

He spoke to them not another word that night, but no
man advanced to the attack upon the building, and when the
daylight came, Shelby was in possession of the city. A
deputation of citizens had traveled twenty miles that day to
his camp, and besought him to hasten forward, that their
lives and their property might be saved. The camp was in
deep sleep, for the soldiers had traveled far, but they mustered
to the shrill bugle call, and rode on through the long night
afterwards, for honor and for duty.

SHELBY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO. 139

Discipline is a stern, chaste queen — beautiful at times as
Semiramis, ferocious as Medea. Her hands are those of the
priest and the executioner. They excommunicate, which is
a bandage over the eyes and a platoon of musketry ; they make
the sign of the cross, which is the acquittal of a drum-head
court-martial. Most generally the excommunications out-
number the genuflections.

D. A. Williams did provost duty on one side of the river,
A. W. Slayback upon the other. What slipped through the
hands of the first fell into those of the last. What escaped
both, fell into the water. Some men are born to be shot, some
to be hung, and some to be drowned. Even desperadoes have
this fatality in common with the Christians, and thus in the
ranks of the plunderers there is predestination. Peace
came upon the city as the balm of a southeast trade-wind,
and after the occupation there was an ovation. Women
walked forth as if to a festival. The Plaza transformed itself
into a parterre. Roses bloomed in the manes of the horses —
these were exotic ; roses bloomed in the faces of the maidens —
these were divine. After Cannae there was Capua. Shelby
had read of Hannibal, and Carthagenian, and had seen
Hannibal the elephant, and so in his mind there was no more
comparison between the battle and the town than there was
between the man and the animal. He would rest a ittle,
much, many glad and sunshiny days, filled full of dalliance,
and dancing, and music.

Mingo's Hotel from a cloister had become to be a can-
tonment. It was noisy like a hive, vocal like a morning in
May. Serenading parties improvised themselves. Jake
Connor lead them, an artillery officer, who sang like Mario
and fought like Victor Emmanuel. In his extremes he was
Italian. On the edge of all this languor and love, discipline,
like a fringe, arrayed itself. Patrols paraded the streets,
made time, and in the midst of a flood of defeat, disaster,
greed, overthrow, and rending asunder, there was 'one ark
which floated hither and thither, armed in a fashion unknown
to Noah, bearing a strange barred banner at the fore — the

140 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

Banner of the Bars. When its Ararat was found there was
no longer any more Ark.

On the evening of the second day of occupation, an
ambulance drew up in front of the Mingo House. Besides
the driver, there alighted an old man, aged, bent, spent with
fatigue, and dusty as a foot soldier. Shelby sat in the balcony
watching him, a light of recognition in his calm eyes. The
old man entered, approached the register, and wrote his name.
One having curiosity enough to look over his shoulder might
have read:

"WILLIAM THOMPSON."

Fair enough name and honest. The old man went to
his room and locked his door. The windows of his room
looked out upon the plaza. In a few moments it was noticed
that the blinds were drawn, and the curtains down. Old
men need air and sunlight; they do not commence hibernating
in June.

When he had drawn his blinds, Shelby called up Connor.

"Get your band together, Lieutenant," was the order.

"For what, General?"

"For a serenade."

"A serenade to whom?"

"No matter, but a serenade just the same. Order, also,
as you go out by headquarters, that all the men not on duty,
get under arms immediately and parade in front of the
balcony."

The assembly blew a moment afterwards, and as the sun
set a serried mass of soldiers, standing shoulder to shoulder,
were in line, waiting. Afterwards the band marched into
the open place reserved for it, Connor leading.

Shelby pointed up to the old man's window, smiling.

"Play Hail to the Chief," he said.

It was done. No answering signals at the window. The
blinds from a look of silence had put on one of selfishness.

Shelby spoke again :

"Try 'Dixie,' boys. If the old man were dead it would
bring him to life again."

SHELBY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO. 141

The sweet, familiar strains rose up, rapid and exultant,
filling all the air with life and all the pulses with blood. When
they had died with the sunset, there was still no answer.

Shelby sopke again:

"That old man up there is Kirby Smith ; I would know him
among a thousand. Shout for him until you are hoarse."

A great roar burst forth like a tempest, shaking the house,
and in the full torrent of the tide, and borne aloft as an
awakening cry, could be heard the name of "Smith! Smith!"

The blinds flew open. The curtains were rolled up, and
in plain view of this last remnant of his magnificent army of
fifty thousand men, Gen. E. Kirby Smith came forth un-
disguised, a look full of eagerness and wonderment on his
weary and saddened face. He did not understand the greeting,
the music, the armed men, the eyes that had penetrated his
disguise, the shouts that had invaded his retreat. Threatened
with death by roving and predatory bands from Shreveport
to San Antonio, he knew not whether one friend remained to
him of all the regiments he had fed, clothed, flattered, and
left unfought.

Shelby rose up in his place, a great respect and tender-
ness at work in his heart for this desolate and abandoned
man who lived the military life that was in him, and who — a
stranger in a land filled full of his soldiers — had not so much
as a broken flag staff to lean upon. Given not overmuch to
speaking, and brief of logic and rhetoric, he won the exile
when he said to him:

"General Smith, you are the ranking officer in the Trans-
Mississippi Department. These are your soldiers, and we
are here to report to you. Command, and we obey; lead us
and we will follow. In this public manner, and before all San
Antonio, with music and with banners, we come to proclaim
your arrival in the midst of that little band which knows
neither dishonor nor surrender. You were seeking conceal-
ment, and you have found a noontide of soldierly obedience
and devotion. You were seeking the night and the obscurity
of self-appointed banishment and exile, and you have found

142 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

guards to attend you, and the steadfast light of patriotism
to make your pathway plain. We bid you good morning
instead of good night, and await, as of old, your further
orders."

Shouts arose upon shouts, triumphal music filled all the
air again. Thrice Smith essayed to speak, and thrice his
tears mastered him. In an hour he was in the ranks of his
happy soldiers, as safe and as full of confidence as a king upon
his throne.

There came also to San Antonio, before the march was
resumed, an Englishman who was a mystery and an enigma.
Some said he was crazy, and he might have been, for the line
of demarkation is so narrow and so fine between the sound
and unsound mind, that analysis, however acute, fails often
to ascertain where the first ends and the last begins. This
Englishman, however, was different from most insane people
in this — that he was an elegant and accomplished linguist,
and extensive traveler, a soldier who had seen service in
Algeria with the French, and in the Crimea with the British,
and a hunter who had known Jules Girard and Gordon
Cumming. His views upon suicide were as novel as they were
logically presented. His knowledge of chemistry, and the
intricate yet fascinating science of toxicology, surprised all
who conversed with him. He was a man of the middle age,
seemingly rich, refined in all his habits and tastes, and singu-
larly winning and fascinating in his intercourse with the men.
Dudjey, that eminent Kentucky physician, known of most men
in America, declared, after the observations of a long life,
that every man born of a woman was crazy upon some one
subject. This Englishman, therefore, if he was crazy at all,
was crazy upon the subject of Railroad Accidents. He had a
feverish desire to see one, be in one, enjoy one, and run the
risk of being killed by one. He had traveled, he said, over
two continents, pursuing a phantom which always eluded
him. Now before and now behind him, and then again upon
the route he had just passed over, he had never so much as
seen an engine ditched. As for a real, first-class collision,

SHELBY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO. 143

he had long ago despaired of its enjoyment. His talk never
ended of wrecked cars and shattered locomotives. With a
sigh he abandoned his hopes of a luxury so peculiar and
unnatural, and came as a private to an expedition which was
taking him away from the land of railroads. Later, this
strange Englishman, this traveler, linguist, soldier, philosopher,
chemist — this monomaniac, too, if you will — was foremost in
the battle of the Salinas, fighting splendidly, and well to the
front. A musket ball killed his horse. He mounted another
and continued to press forward. The second bullet shattered
his left leg from the knee to the ankle. It was not known that
he was struck until a third ball, entering the breast fairly,
knocked him clear and clean from the saddle, dying. He
lived until the sun went down — an hour and more. Before
he died, however, the strangest part of his life was to come —
that of his confession. When related, in its proper sequence,
it will be found how prone the best of us are to forget that it
is the heart which is oftener diseased than the head. He had
suffered much in his stormy lifetime, had sinned not a little,
and had died as a hunted wolf dies, victoriously and at bay.
At San Antonio, also Governor Reynolds and Gen.
Magruder joined the expedition. The first was a man whose
character had to be tried in the fiery crucible of military strife
and disaster, that it might stand out grand, massive and
indomitable. He was a statesman and a soldier. Much
residence abroad had made him an accomplished diplomatist.
He spoke three foreign languages fluently. To the acute
analysis of a cultivated and expanded mind, he had added the
exacting logic of the law. Poetry, and all the natural and
outward forms of beauty affected him like other imaginative
men, but in his philosophy he discarded the ornate for the
strong, the Oriental architecture for the Corinthian. Revolu-
tion stood revealed before him, stripped of all its glare and
tinsel. As a skilled physician, he laid his hand upon the
pulse of the war and told the fluctuations of the disease from
the symptoms of the patient. He knew the condition of the
Confederacy better than its President, and worked like a

144 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

giant to avert the catastrophe. Shams fled before him as
shadows before the sun. He heard no voice but of patriotism,
knew no word but devotion, had no ambition but for his
country, blessed no generals without victorious battle-fields,
and exiled himself before he would surrender. His faith was
spotless in the sight of that God of battles in whom he put his
trust, and his record shone out through all the long, dark days
as a light that was set upon a hill.

Magruder was a born soldier, dead now and gone to
heaven. He had a figure like a Mars divested of immortality.
He would fight all day and dance all night. He wrote love
songs and sang them, and won an heiress rich beyond com-
parison. The wittiest man in the old army, Gen. Scott,
adored him. His speech had a lisp that was attractive, inas-
much as it lingered over its puns and caressed its rhetoric.
Six feet in height, and straight as Tecumseh, Magruder, in
full regimentals, was the handsomest soldier in the Con-
federacy. Not the fair, blonde beauty of the city, odorous of
perfume and faultless in tailor-fashion, but a great, bronzed
Ajax, mighty thewed, and as strong of hand as strong of
digestion. He loved women, too, and was beloved by them.
After Galveston, with blood upon his garments, a bullet
wound upon his body, and victory upon his standards, he
danced until there was daybreak in the sky and sunlight upon
the earth. From the fight to the frolic it had been fifty-
eight hours since he had slept. A boy of sixty-four, penniless,
with a family in Europe, homeless, bereft of an avocation
he had grown gray in following, having no country and no
calling, he, too, had come to his favorite officer to choose his
bivouac and receive his protection. The ranks opened eagerly
for this wonderful recruit, who carried in his old-young
head so many memories of the land towards which all were
journeying.

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS. 145

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS.

Readers of the Review will find much to interest them in
this issue. Containing seven contributions on current and
past history of the State, not including the departments on
Notes and Newspapers, this number is indicative of the work
being attempted by the Review. To enlist the cooperation of
all students of Missouri history and to diffuse information on
that subject, are the purposes underlying this magazine.

Adjutant General Clark's article on Missourians in
Service is an invaluable resume on this important subject by
a trained authority. Much has been written along this line,
but no account met with is so commendable in its regard for
accuracy, in its absence of mere laudatory phrases, and in
its succinct brevity of statements. A pen picture of Mis-
sourians in Service is presented in this article. The high
military position occupied by General Clark, his long career
in military affairs, his leadership of men in camp and on the
field, make this article a distinct contribution to the Review.

Mrs. Anna Brosius Korn's article on Major Benjamin
Holliday will be of special interest to those familiar with
Missouri journalism. Mrs. Korn's position regarding the
founding of "Missouri's First Country Newspaper" is worthy
of close examination. Documents of unquestioned authenti-
city are presented by Mrs. Korn to support her contention.
No one can deny that the names of both Patten and Holliday
appear as owners on the early issues of the Intelligencer.
Patten sold his interest, later bought back and finally became
sole owner and publisher until 1835. Holliday bought
Patten's interest in 1820, became sole owner and publisher,
and finally sold out in 1822. For decades Patten has been
regarded as the real founder of the paper: Mrs. Korn takes
the position that Holliday was the real founder. The best
account of Patten's association with the paper is Nathaniel
Patten, Pioneer Editor, by Dr. F. F. Stephens, (Mo, Hist,

146 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

Rev., Vol. 9, pp. 139ff.). The best account of Holliday's
association is the present one by Mrs. Korn.

Readers of the Review need no introduction to the writings
of Prof. William G. Bek. The present series of articles on
The Followers of Duden will be found even more enjoyable and
instructive than was the excellent translation of Duden's
Report. For years Dr. Bek has been collecting material for
the present contributions. Missouri history has been greatly
strengthened by the reserach work of this distinguished
scholar.

One Hundred Years of Medicine in Missouri, by Dr.
H. W. Loeb, of St. Louis, is a reproduction of the address
delivered by the author at the Missouri Centennial Banquet
held in Columbia on January 8, 1918. Dr. Loeb is an eminent
member of his profession and has always been deeply inter-
ested in the history of medicine. His account of Missouri's
contributions to this field of knowledge contains much that
is not familiar even to students of local history. It will,
therefore, be of great interest to all readers of the Review.

Prof. Sam T. Bratton's article on the Inefficiency of Water
Transportation in Missouri — A Geographical Factor in the
Development of Railroads is a distinct contribution. One
wishes that the author had made his paper longer. This new
viewpoint of Prof. Bratton's is pregnant with meaning.
Students of the pre-war history period of the State must take
cognizance of this. So much has been written lauding the
old river traffic, that the modern historian has usually for-
gotten to mention the shortcomings of that traffic.

COMMENTS.

Among the letters of appreciation received, these have
been selected for reproduction:

"I want to confide in you that I desire to do everything on
earth that I can for The State Historical Society because of my
confidence in you and my feeling that every dollar will be well

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS. 147

spent. You have been a great aid to me in the last two year's by
furnishing me valuable information from time to time."
HON. FREDERICK D. GARDNER,

Governor of the State of Missouri,
Jefferson City, Missouri,
May 29, 1919.

"Permit me to congratulate you on the work you are doing for
The State Historical Society of Missouri, which seems to me, not
only very commendable, but very important. Wishing you even
greater success, I am

FRANCIS H. SISSON, Vice-Pres.,

Guaranty Trust Company of New York,
New York City,
July 14, 1919.

"I appreciate the fact fully that the world is a very busy one
and that the ordinary man, even though he be a thinking man, does
not quite appreciate the importance of preserving the things which
in future years become valuable. I find in this office some of the
reports made right after the Civil War are missing and many old
records which are now priceless were doubtless thrown away years
ago. It is a great satisfaction to me to know that we have your
society to protect us from ourselves and particularly that you are
devoted to the work in hand. I feel a great interest in these things
myself. The early history of our state has always had a fascina-
tion for me and I am always intensely interested in preserving
everything having to do with the long ago."
H. C. CLARK,

Adjutant General of the State of Missouri
Jefferson City, Missouri,
June 28, 1919.

"I wish also to thank you for having placed and retained my
paper on the exchange list of the Missouri Historical Review.
No paper or periodical comes to my office that affords me more
genuine pleasure than it does. You have accomplished and are
still doing a great work and benefit in behalf of those who are
interested in the history of this State."
E. M. ZEVELY,

Editor Unterrified Democrat,
Linn, Missouri,
June 29, 1919.

"Thanks to the diligence of the secretary of the Missouri State
Historical Society in collecting data concerning the great war, we

148 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

have the information as to Missouri's total casualties up until
June 1. The total reached 11,009, of which 10,560 were in the
Army. The Missourians of the army and marines who died in
battle numbered 1,270, while 493 in the same branches died of
wounds. The total deaths in all branches from all causes were
3,483, to which may be added some of the 286 missing on land or
sea. The severely wounded number 2,824. When the activity
of the Missouri divisions is considered, there is cause for surprise
in the fact that only 195 of all the forces engaged on land and sea
were taken prisoners. While the figures made public at Columbia
do not deal with the results of the fighting, it is known that many
times this number of prisoners were taken by Missourians.

"The distribution of decorations and the number of citations
of Missouri troops eloquently attest to their valor. The Mis-
sourians have maintained in Europe the fighting reputation estab-
lished at New Orleans while this was still a territory and kept
lustrous in every war since. The total runs 198, embracing the
highest military honors conferred by the United States, France,
Italy and Great Britain. The number will grow, for many other
soldiers have been recommended. Descriptions of the gallantry
of Missourians, which brought astonishment to officers who had
seen superb displays of dauntless valor ever since the war began,
are in a part of our contemporary literature, as they must become a
part of our permanent history.

"The State Historical Society has never had a greater duty than
the gathering and preserving of the record of Missourians in this
war. When it has been gathered, arranged and the cold official
accounts have been supplemented with vivid testimony of eye-
witnesses, some genius will have the material for an epic. Artistic
reproduction of some of the scenes in which Missourians gave their
all for America should form a feature of whatever memorials the
state and the several cities and counties erect."

Editorial in the St. Louis Globe-Democrat,
June 18, 1919.

"I am in receipt of your very courteous letter of June 27th, in
which you answer in very full and satisfactory manner my inquiry
as to the age and priority claims of the Arkansas Gazette. We have
in our archives practically a complete set of files of the Arkansas
Gazette. The first issue appeared November 20, 1818. The date
above mentioned according to your statement, which statement
I shall accept as final, makes the Arkansas Gazette the fifth oldest
paper published west of the Mississippi river.

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS. 149

"I propose to present the fact with regard to this matter in
such a manner, I trust, as to settle for all time the tradition which
assumes that the Arkansas Gazette is the second oldest paper of
the Mississippi."

DALLAS T. HERNDON,

Secretary Arkansas Historical Association
Little Rock, Arkansas,
July 1, 1918.

"There is no one making a greater effort to preserve the history
of Missouri for her people than the State Historical Society."
Miss ELIZABETH AUSTIN,
Genealogist,

Kansas City, Missouri,
November 21, 1918.

"I am proud of the good showing our Society is making in the
way of growth. The field of the historical society is a big one which
always needs cultivation of the most advanced kind. Of the
Historical Societies of other states of which I have knowledge, I
find none more advanced than we really are, and none with sounder
ideas of what is required of an historical society that it may live
and grow and not merely vegetate as do most of them. The fact
that we are keeping up with the procession and progressing in
addition is due very largely to you and to your efforts, and I want
therefore to compliment you on your showing of results."
WM. CLARK BRECKENRIDGE,

Historian and Bibliographer,
St. Louis, Missouri,
June 12, 1919.

AN ACTIVE MEMBER AND A PUBLIC SPIRITED CITIZEN.

Mr. A. F. McCray of Cowgill, Missouri, is a dealer in
real estate, an auctioneer, and a banker in farm loans. He is
also a dealer in hay, grain and seeds. These are his vocations.
His avocation is Missouri history. Mr. McCray has been a
member of this Society and a subscriber to The Missouri
Historical Review for several years. As the Review increased
in interest, Mr. McCray desired to see it more widely distrib-
uted. He has voluntarily obtained nine new subscribers
for the Review and writes under recent date, "will get a good

150 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

many more in the near future." Mr. McCray says, "three
of these new members are my children and I want each of
them to become familiar with Missouri history."

The public spirited example of Mr. McCray is worthy of
note. It is not difficult to find reason for Mr. McCray 's
own deep interest in Missouri history, since he is a veteran
of the Civil War in the State, a survivor of the memorable
battle of Lone Jack, and a man who sees beyond his township
line. He appreciates the value of history, both State and
National. He hopes to impart this appreciation to his chil-
dren and his fellow citizens. There was never a time in the
annals of this republic when education along broad lines was
more important, not alone for individuals but over all for the
State and Nation.

An appreciation of history and the science of government
are today fundamental in that education. Without enlighten-
ment on these subjects, the citizenry of a nation increases its
chances for unrest and radicalism, and decreases its capacity
for permanent progress.

No man can read the story of his people's efforts without
loving his fellow man. He will find no epoch perfect, no
period a Paradise, no governmental machinery infallible,
but he will find both reason for imperfections and postive
proof of progress. And, he will love and honor his native
land more for knowing these things. The progress being
made by man today will be conditioned by his regard for the
experiences of the past. The wise son profits by his father's
life, an enlightened posterity by the annals of ancestors.
Many radical movements would die still-born if their support-
ers drew more on history and less on hysteria. Many re-
reactionary positions would be abandoned if their defenders
knew more of precedents and less of prejudice. Progress in
social life is just as subject to general laws as is progress in
arts and science. Respect and regard for the history of a
people is only in conformity with conservative common sense.
The millennium is met with in the annals of no land, but
the nearest approach to widespread liberalism and economic

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS. 151

democracy will be found in the history of American common-
wealths, among which Missouri stands high.

AUTOGRAPHS.

Autographs of the world's great and rare editions of
eminent authors, are studies that concern not only anti-
quarians, and book-men, but also millionaires, librarians, and
collectors in civilized countries. Bibliographies for guidance
of buyers and sellers have been compiled on these subjects
and the amount of money expended yearly runs high. Con-
trary to common belief, age is only one of the factors, and a
minor one, in giving value. The economic law of commodities,
supply and demand, seem in full force in disposing of or
obtaining a "Breeches Version Bible" in the same way as in
selling or buying a piece of Missouri land. The old theory
of marginal cost and marginal utility seems to have little
application. An excellent, up-to-date, finely bound edition
of a complete set of the works of Eugene Field may be ob-
tained today direct from the publisher for $30.00; the original,
poorly printed, cheaply put-together simple volume of
Field's Denver Primer would cost from $250 to $500, and the
supply is so low that one would probably wait months before
he found even an opportunity to bid. Many books are high
because they are rare and valuable. On being reprinted,
it frequently happens that even the original editions become
cheap. In many cases, however, the contrary holds true.
The larger the number of cheap editions issued of some works,
the more popular their author becomes, and the more highly
prized are his first and original editions. Even theft receive s
its reward here. "Pirated" editions of some authors sell
higher in almost geometrical progression as the lawful editions
sell lower. Some of Mark Twain's books "pirated" in Canada
have a much higher value than the most artistic editions of
his lawful publications in that country.

Rule and reason seem even more useless as guides in
valuing autographs. The signatures of Queen Anne and her

152 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

well known Secretary of State, Viscount Bolingbroke, may be
purchased for $2.62, according to a recent catalog of a leading
English book-seller, but he values a one page letter of the
English author, Matthew Arnold, at $4.37, a four page letter
of the poetess, Elizabeth P. Browning, at $4.68, and a single
page letter of Robert Browning, written only forty years ago,
is priced at $10.68. Royalty may reign and rule, but not in
the book marts of the world. Carlyle's autograph is valued
higher than the seal of a sovereign. A letter of his written
"in a very shaky hand" in 1876 is priced at $10.00, a letter of
Edward VII inviting a lady and her husband to dinner,
"on headed notepaper, with crest," etc., is worth only $4.37.
The autograph of the American novelist Cooper is even higher,
being listed at $5.00. The scientist also has his glory, for
Charles Darwin's signature is today worth $16.25 — six times
as "high" as the seal of an English queen. Dickens could
easily make a larger income today signing his name than he
did writing his famous novels seventy-five years ago, if all
his autographs sold at over $10.00 — the present list price.

German royalty is getting rare. Their autographs are
not, however, raising in value. The signature of Frederick
II ("The Great"), written in 1777, brings only $3.75; the hand
of the great Jewish statesman of England, Benjamin Dirsaeli,
is more than twice as high, bringing $8.75, and a short letter
of the remarkable English novelist, George Eliot, slandered
and attacked during her own life, now commands $11.25.
The seal of Thomas Hutchison, once Governor of Massachu-
setts, is worth $15.00, a single page in the hand of Washington
Irving brings $20.

The initials of the philosopher John Locke, "with some
quotations in Latin" and a few words in French — forty lines
in all — are priced at $17.50. Justice, tho sometimes slow in
decision, decrees her awards fairly. The letters of the world
famed nurse and humanitarian, Florence Nightingale, are
prized highly. Twelve letters, six in pen and six in pencil,
are valued at $27.50. Altho this great and good woman
associated with those of highest and lowest ranks, she mentions

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS.

153

in these letters only one woman of the nobility but "in num-
bered paragraphs" she describes and names a number of
persons in the humblest circumstances. A letter of Dr.
Benjamin Rush, a signer of the Declaration of Independence,
commands $20.00 and the letters of two other signers are
valued at $5.00. A single page letter of the famous actress,
Sarah Siddons, brings $22.50, altho a two page epistle from
Wordsworth commands only $10.00.

The popularity of the war conqueror seems to fade even
faster than the pomp of heraldry. The lowest price for any
sovereign's seal is $2.50, while thirty-eight valuable letters of
length of the great Duke of Wellington, the deliverer of Europe
and the hero of England, bring only $32.50, an average of
86 cents! How old Dr. Samuel Johnson, the father of 'The
Dictionary of the English Language," would chuckle in his
haughty, domineering, cynical way if he knew that a single
page of his own writing is today worth $37.50 — more in fact
than he realized from some of his most finished literary pro-
ductions. The half-blind, half-deaf, dropsical old literary
lion would probably turn to his worshipper, Boswell, and
calmly remark that the world must be advancing a little to
have even this slight appreciation of worth and value.

Thackery, the great wit and novelist, would probably
not be surprised to find his autograph selling either highest
or lowest. He could find humor in either sale. This short
note, revealing Thackery's fondness of getting fun out of the
cockneyisms of the day, is priced at $40 — one dollar a word :

"My dear F., if you please I musn't come. I shant be
ready I fear. If you have your work done I wonder whether
you'll come to a drumkin (dance) here to-night. There will
be some pooty gals. Yours, W. M. T."

BINGHAMS ENGRAVINGS.

Thru the public spirited efforts of Prof. John S. Ankeny,
Professor of Art, University of Missouri, and the citizens of

154 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

Columbia, large steel-engravings of two of the paintings of
George C. Bingham, "The Missouri Artist," were purchased
and presented in August to The State Historical Society of
Missouri. The pictures were reproductions of "The Stump
Speaker" and "The County Election," two of Bingham's
most famous works. The engravings were owned by Miss
L. C. Crumbaugh, of Columbia, who generously made possible
their purchase at a very reasonable figure in order that the
Society might come into possession of them.

HANNIBAL BOY, YOUNGEST GUNNER IN A. E. F.

Hannibal, Missouri, has the distinction of being the home
of the youngest gunner in the A. E. F., James E. Willerton.
He inlisted at the age of fourteen, altho recruiting officers were
forbidden to take boys of that age. Young Willerton first
attempted to enlist in April, 1917. He gave his true age and
was rejected. He returned in a few days and stated to the
sergeant in charge that he was a brother of the young man who
had just applied. He said that he was nineteen. After
producing an affidavit, supposedly from his younger brother,
he was admitted into the army. Willerton enlisted with the
coast artillery, but later was transferred to the 26th Field
Artillery and reached France in January, 1918. He fought
with the 2d Division at Chateau Thierry, Soissons, Cham-
paigne, St. Mihiel and the Argonne. He was wounded in
the battle at Champaigne. He returned to his home in Han-
nibal this August.

AN INTERESTING OLD LETTER.

By courtesy of Mr. Ben L. Emmons, of St. Charles,
Missouri, the Review is permitted to reproduce the following
letter, which was written to Mr. Emmons' father by Jno. A.
Richey, both natives of St. Charles.

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS. 155

Sacromento City, Oct. 3, '50.
Friend Emmons:

We all arrived here the 26th Sept., well and mutch fatiegued
of Traveling my health has improved Since I left St. Charles.
James Gallaher had a severe attact of Chollora the 1st July. We
lay up with him 9 days Since he recovered of that he has improved
mutch in health to what it was previous. We were verry fortunate
got through this most of our Stock and boath Waggons and had
sufficient provisions to last us through by allowancing ourselves
the last 10 days. I presume there were near Five Thousand
Emigrants Died of Chollora and Diahre — between St. Lo. Mo.,
and the Serrenavada Mountain, the Most of the Sickness was
between the former place and South Poss. We crossed the Mo.
River the 22d May at Council Bluffs and took the North Side of
Platt as far as Fort Laromie and was not among the Sickness untill
we got here. There has been a grate deal of Suffering among the
Emigrants and I fear it is not over with yet as there is a large por-
tion on the road yet. Some of them loosing there entire Outfit —
and others getting out of Provisions Not starting with sufficient
Supply Expecting they would find persons with a surpelious that
they could buy from. We found Grass verry Scarce many places
nonoe where the Emigrants last Season found it in abundance.
I suppose there was up to the time we passed the junction of the
Orrigon Road near 1000 persons changed there Coarse for Orrigon
who started for this Golden Region Scared of by Sickness and
Scarcity of Grass, James G. Dr. G. and Parker came falling victoms
to the Epidemic as the Callifornians termed it. The Trip has
been verry Manottenous to me generally So I have no curiossity
in trying the Plains again. I see snow from 15th July to 25th
Sept. nearly every day on Points of Mountains from 1 to 25 miles
distant and the 2 days we were crossing the Serrenevada Mn.,
Snow Banks each side the Road from 5 to 20 feet deep. We
seen verry little game on the way the Company only killed 3
Boffalows and 5 or 6 Antelopes.

They expect the raining Season to set in here about the 10th
next month, the weather is verry warm here now. It is quite
healthy there has been no Chollera this side the Serrenevada Mn.
There is Hundreds of Emigrants takeing Shipping for home as
soon as they get here not finding the Country as they had Pictured
it out. As for my part I intend to give it a fare trial before I take
Shipping. I have not been to the Mines yet but contemplate
going in a few days and try my luck and when I write to you again
I will be sufficiently informed to give you the particulars about
Gold Diging and the Contry generally.

156 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

I have seen John S. Shaw he is here and well Mouse makes it
his home here have not seen him he is out of the city at this time.
Dorsey Patterson, McCausland, Glendy, Ben Wardlow is at the
Mines. Alex and Aug. C. Chauvin has a Ranch 25 miles from
here Yosti is trading in the Mines. Ben Orrick is at San Francisco
Fulkerson is keeping store here Moses Mallarson is here and of the
New Californians Garriott White, Call and Bond is at the mines
Col. Cunningham's Company part of them at the Mines and part
here Redmon and Beddo got here the 1st Inst., and are encamped
here with us. Hilberts Company is here Glilers Company is here
Keithlys are here Dr. Diffenderfer is here, Wm. Loveck is here
Andrews is at tne Mines Richard Overall is here In fact I believe
all the St. Charldians has got in Sam Machett is at Salt Lake and
contemplates returning back home.

I presume you will hear before this reaches you the Death of
Lee Overall he died at Weavertown the day he got in of Inflimation
of the Lungs he was Sick some 2 or 3 weeks. For fear you do not I
will mention the deaths. Mrs. Diffenderfer died on the Humbolt
River near the Sente. Tom Williams formerly of the Point Died
on the Humbolt Dessert — Ham Orrick Died at Fort Korkey about
the time we passed.

Sacramento City numbers about as many buildings as St.
Charles and as much Scattered they are principally Frame. There
is 2 or 3 brick only nearly finished and the place is 10 or 15 times
more densly populated, there is 4 churches, 1 Catholic 1 Presby-
terian and 2 Methodist — North & South. I attended the Dedica-
tion of the Methodist Church South last Sunday there was about
100 Males and 10 or 15 feemales there this number I understand
is a large church assembly here Sunday is as busy a day as any
during the week but few of the business Houses suspend on account
of Sunday and the Streets is crouded with Teams and Stocks. The
Gambling Houses are in full Blast and persons betting hundreds on
a Single Card. These Houses nearly all have a Band of Music
besides a Pianno Setting near there principal Table and is the finiest
finished houses in the City and you will see Spanish and American
Wimmen dealing Monta Farrow &c in all of them at all hours I
suppose you have an Idea how matters are conducted here in this
line so I will forbear entering into particulars.

I Expected when I arrived here to get a letter from you But
was disappointed I am verry anctious to hear from you and Our
old friends and hope to receive one Soon. Present my compli-
ments to Miss Chauvins, Miss Charlotte and Miss Machatts and
also to Miss Bell Parks and tell her that we feasted on the Fruit-
Cake the 4th July on Platt River 1400 miles from St. Charles and

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS. 157

it was verry Delicious we saved J/£ gal. of 4th Proof Brandy for the
occasion. Tell Miss Caroline Chauvin that I drempt that her and
Wm. Jenstell was married and awoke with a throbing hart — the
26th Sept. on the Summitt of the Serrenevada Mountain the only
night we camped upon the Summitt. If you see E. C. Cunningham
read this letter to him all except this page and tell him I will write
in a few days. Remember me to all enquiring friends and see that
my interesets is well represented.

Yours Respectfully

(Signed) JNO. A. RICHEY.

P. S. In looking over I see that Redman and Beddo name is
only mentioned I will say Redman is well had 2 attacks of Chollora
on the Road and likes the Country purty well, Beddo looks like
he was undergoing the change frome a Human Being to a Smoked
or dryed Herring and is well, they boath contemplate going to the
Mines tell Caroline and Leas not to be oneasy about John and
Lenard, if you think propper.

(Signed) J. A. RICHEY.

REUNION OF FOUR CONSTITUTION MAKERS.

(From the St. Louis Republic.)

Macon, Mo., July 28. — While here with Gov. Gardner's
party Saturday, Harry C. Turner, president of the Old Settlers'
Reunion Association of Montgomery county, invited Maj. B. R.
Dysart, member of the constitutional convention of 1875, to
attend the annual meeting at New Florence, Saturday, August 2.
Turner has also invited the other survivors of the memorable
assembly. As Major Dysart recollects them the other two are
Y. F. Cottey, of Knox county, and D. C. Allen of Clay county.
Gov. Gardner remarked that another member, Judge Shields of the
St. Louis Circuit Bench, was also in the land of the living. Turner
hopes to have all four gentlemen present at his reunion. If he
succeeds it will be the first time they have met in many years,
and it would doubtless make a rather impressive occasion. Major
B. R. Dysart is president and oldest member of the Macon Bar
Association. The Major, now a few years past 80, was one of the
youngest members of the Missouri Constitutional Convention in
1875.

" Talking about tinkering with the Constitution again, I see.
Some fellows looking for a job. I reckon. Well, if they'll take it
as cheap as we did, I won't have any kick coming," said Maj.

158 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

B. R. Dysart. 'That was a time when patriotism meant personal
economy. We received «j>5 a day, and out of that we paid our
hotel bills and all other expenses. There were no bells to ring for
stenographers. Each man did his own writing, using a quill pen.
In signing the final draft each member affixed his name with a quill.

STRONG ECONOMICAL CODE.

"The men of the Constitutional Convention were ardent in
their ambition to give the State a code that would stand the
test and that could be economically administered. Economy
was a hobby with them. They were headset on not squandering
any of the State's money needlessly. There were even objec-
tions to employing a chaplain, on the ground of expense. But
Judge Thomas P. Gantt solved that question. He said William
Priest of Marion county was a good old 'Hardshell' Baptist preacher,
who didn't believe in salaries for preaching, and that he could do
as fine job of chaplaining as any man on a regular wage, and
that he'd come and pray for us. So Brother Priest was elected,
and he made Judge Gantt's words good.

"When the matter of placing the word 'Creator' in the Consti-
tution came up, Judge Gantt opposed it, because he didn't believe
it was wise to drag the Deity into public affairs. He wanted church
and state affairs kept separate, he said. He was outvoted on this,
however, and the very first three lines of the preamble reads:

" 'We, the people of Missouri, with profound reverence for
the Supreme Ruler of the Universe,' and so on."

BOUGHT THEIR OWN NEWSPAPERS.

"To show how strong the spirit of economy was abroad
among public servants in those days, the matter of the conven-
tion's purchasing and paying for the daily papers, so as to keep tab
on the proceedings, was long and earnestly discussed, and it was
finally decreed that this expense should not be borne by the public
funds, but by each member going down into his individual pocket
and producing the cash for the paper.

"That convention made a radical change in trials for murder.
Until then, if a man were convicted of murder or some degree of
manslaughter, appealed and got a new trial, he could not be tried
for a higher degree than the jury's verdict at the first trial. The
change in the Constitution provided that the second trial should be
conducted regardless of the jury's verdict the first time. There
have been cases since where men were tried for murder, con-

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS. 159

victed in the second degree, appealed, got a new trial and were
then convicted in the first degree.

NEWSPAPER HAS GOLDEN JUBILEE.

The Buffalo Reflex, published by Phil A. Bennett, cele-
brated in August the fiftieth anniversary of its founding. The
Reflex is said to be the oldest business institution today in
Dallas county, having been established in 1869, just a week
before the oldest store now in business there opened its
doors.

TWO ST. LOUIS ESTATES.

(From the St. Louis Republic.)

An inventory of the personal estate of John T. Milliken, who
died January 31 last, was filed yesterday. It shows:

Notes— $11,620.39.

Accounts — $4,942.81.

Corporation Stocks — $7,100,200.

Cash— $15,908.69.

Chattels— $15,993.

Memberships — $450.

Claims— $6,114.36.

LIBERTY BONDS— NONE.

WAR SAVINGS STAMPS— NONE.

On February 2, 1919, the inventory of the estate of another
St. Louisian was filed, that of one Owen Miller by name. It
showed:

Cash— $1,800.

Chattels — $87 . 50.

LIBERTY BONDS— $5,000.

WAR SAVINGS STAMPS— $100.

Miller, who was head of the Musicians' Union and a labor
leader of prominence, served on the District Draft Board at a
personal loss, made Liberty Bond speeches and otherwise interested
himself in War work.

John T. Milliken made chemicals for the Government at a
large profit.

160 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

AN INVENTORY AND AN INVOCATION.

(From the Omaha News.)

Uncle Sam has become the world's greatest captain of industry.
Here are the figures:

We have 6 per cent of the world's population.

We own 7 per cent of the world's land.

But we produce 70 per cent of the world's copper.

We produce 66 per cent of the world's oil.

We raise 60 per cent of all cotton raised.

We produce 33 per cent of the world's silver.

We dig 52 per cent of all coal used.

We mine 40 per cent of iron and steel, 20 per cent of the world's
gold.

We manufacture 85 per cent of all motor cars manufactured,
and operate 40 per cent of the world's railroads.

We grow 25 per cent of the world's wheat.

Before the war England was, on the surface, the richest nation
in the world. At that time the United States owed 4 billion dollars
to Europe.

Now Europe owes the United States 10 billion dollars.

In two years we shall have passed England as a shipbuilder.

All we have to do to go to the wall is to become a junker nation,
with no other than material ambitions. He whom the gods would
destroy they first make mad.

But let's not do that. Let's be sensible and decent and
thankful that we are so fortunately situated. And let's try to
make the best use of our combined wealth so that everybody will
be prosperous and educated and comfortable and happy.

JUST MISSOURIANS.

(By Miss Nellie Sneed, Exchange Department, Kansas City Star.)
A newcomer to this fair commonwealth writes us his impres-
sions. We gather that he regards us as different from the people
with whom he was brought up in the East. Very likely. Who
wants to be monotonous?

Missourians are an incredulous folk. But their "show me"
carried them through at Chateau Thierry and the Argonne. Mis-
souri meerschaums are lightly spoken of by strangers, yet in this
state they are tenderly laid on the ledge of the kitchen window the
last thing at night and taken up the first thing in the morning.

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS. 161

Natives have to protest that hound dogs and mules are not the
only live stock that the state produces. Like the Bostonian, a
shibboleth, marks them. Their sons and daughters pronounce
"Missouri" with a distinct "Ah" on the last syllable. Our neigh-
bors give the word a long lazy inflection — in keeping with their
idea of us — "Missouree," and the dictionaries uphold them.
Outside the state all our shortcomings are summed up and ac-
counted for under that one word, "Missourian." Yet that title
convicts of nothing in the eyes of the law, and at times it has
ventured into the presence of kings and walked away decorated
with crosses and honors.

The old time neighbors say that it is when they are away from
home they have felt the criticism. Go into Chicago and announce
that you are from Missouri; your hearers exchange significant but
harmless glances; in Philadelphia they take a deep breath and talk
about the weather; in Boston they look you over carefully and
leave the room. Many Missourians say confidentially that they
learn a strange hesitancy about mentioning their native state.
One man admitted that when registering at a hotel he rolled the
curves of that noble abbreviation, "Mo.," into something that
looked like "Ohio" or could not be read at all. However, a kind
old gentleman met him in the lobby and frankly asked him where
he lived. He confessed. Clearly the old gentleman was disap-
pointed, but he brightened up a little, however, and remarked,
"At least you are not from Arkansas."

Yet every one of Missouri's sons and daughters loves the old
state and only the uninitiated can hold such views.

Politically Missouri has a most advantageous situation. An
enthusiasm for Dixie or a reverence for a Grand Army post will
not cost a political plum. You may express the warmest admira-
tion for the old South and be sure of the sincerest sympathy of
your hearers. This same audience will cheer a performance of
"Uncle Tom's Cabin" with equal sincerity. Missourians are not
fickle — they are not dishonest. By right of birth they have broad
sympathies and real associations for both sides of the question.
If you live beside them you must have a ready sympathy one way
or the other and express it. Missourians do not care which side
you choose, but they do insist that you show your colors. For
forty years Republicans cheerfully voted and lost their candidates,
but not the respect of their neighbors. Now the Democrats are
giving up their prestige. It all comes about like a neighborhood
wedding.

"Flowers to the living," is a Missouri sentiment. In'proof of
it Missourians showered them on Mark Twain and they intend to
H— 11

162 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

see that Sara Teasdale, Fanny Hurst and the rest get a few blossoms
while they are still on earth. Laclede is only expressing an affec-
tionate loyalty when she points out seven domiciles all claiming
the honor and title of "the birthplace of our John Pershing."
General Price and Colonel Doniphan, Carl Schurz and Frank Blair
all have places in our annals. "We are queer folks and we are
proud of it," said a famous Missourian in explaining himself to a
Kansas celebrity.

In spite of all the gaff and near slander that has clouded, or
shall we not say in some cases haloed, the fair title of "Missourian,"
there is a time when he comes into his own. Positively he is the
only prophet "that has honor in his own country." The new resi-
dents of the community come expecting to find curious reports
true. Strangers meet new neighbors with no marked enthusiasm —
rather with a curiosity which says: "Are you a 'Shepherd of the
Hills' character or one of the transplanted 'First Families of Vir-
ginia?' ' Thank you, we have thousands of both.

Living within the borders of the state the stranger finds many
foibles "true as reported," among a people who practice every day
kindness with a simplicity of manner and a sincerity of good will.
Without boasting the Missourians may say of their new neighbors,
' ' Those who came to scoff remained to pray. " It is a great common-
wealth, largely inhabited by those who are proud of the title,
"just Missourians."

MISSOURI ON THE MEXICAN BORDER.

Under the auspices of the Adjutant General's depart-
ment of the State of Missouri, the following valuable work has
been published, The Service of Missouri National Guard on
the Mexican Border, Under the President's Order June 18, 1916.
This is the first of a series of Missouri Military Reports, a
publication sponsored by Adjutant General H. C. Clark, of
Jefferson City. The work has been carefully planned and is
most creditable to its author. Following a historical intro-
duction, is a roster of the National Guard of Missouri in
service on the Mexican Border in 1916. The work contains
531 pages, of which forty-three are devoted to a careful index
of men listed in the roster. Missouri is about to make amends
for her past neglect in not having published the records of

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS. 163

her men who served on the field of battle. Adjutant General
Clark is responsible for the awakening of interest on these
lines. He is planning to cover the field in a similar manner
relating to the war of 1812, the Spanish -American War, and
the service of Missouri boys in the recent struggle. When this
has been accomplished Missourians will then be able to obtain
accurate information relating to the men who have served in
defense of the Nation.

HOW MISSOURI SECURED HER COAT OF ARMS AND WHERE
IT WAS FOR YEARS.

(From the Kansas City Post.)

Not many persons know just where Missouri secured her coat
of arms or that it was designed in Howard county. When Mis-
souri was admitted into the Union the powers were then required to
select a man — "an honest man, a man of great learning" — to get
up a device and motto for the state of Missouri.

George Burckhartt was chosen for that work. He was chosen
because he was honest, because he was wise and because he was
learned, he being one of the best educated men of our then infant
state. Mr. Burckhartt took the matter under advisement, and
after spending much time and labor, produced the device of the
crescent, the bears and the bee-hive, with the motto, "Salus
Populi Suprema Lex Esto." And it was adopted as the official
state seal.

It was made into a great seal and the original was supposed to
have been lost for years. When Claiborne F. Jackson was governor
he issued a proclamation declaring Missouri out of the union, left
the state capital to escape capture by federal troops and took with
him the great seal. That was the original, not the facsimile used
in the press to stamp public documents. It had been kept under
lock and key in the office of the secretary of state. Governor
Jackson died in 1862 and was succeeded by Thomas C. Reynolds,
the lieutenant governor. Four years after the close of the war the
seal came to light. It was in possession of Governor Reynolds,
then a resident of St. Louis. It was suggested to him that he
should return it to the state.

"I will return it," replied the governor, "whenever Missouri
has a governor legally elected at the polls." No persuasion could
move him. When Joseph W. McClurg, Republican, was elected

164 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

governor in 1868, defeating John S. Phelps, the Democratic
nominee, Governor Reynolds decided to return the great seal.
The seal has been in use ever since and is now in charge of John L.
Sullivan, secretary of State.

George Burckhartt, designer of the Missouri coat of arms, was
the father of Judge Burckhartt, formerly circuit judge of the Ninth
Judicial Circuit, which then comprised the counties of Randolph,
Howard, Boone and Callaway. He was also a brother to Nicholas
S. Burckhartt, who was the first sheriff of Howard county, and a
great uncle of Mrs. Talbot, wife of Col. John Talbot, a prominent
citizen of Fayette. He was also a great uncle of Henry T. Burck-
hartt, formerly editor and owner of the Fayette Advertiser. Silas
Burckhartt was sheriff in 1816, when Howard, the mother of coun-
ties, extended to Saint Charles. The handwriting of the pioneer
sheriff is plainly readable on the records preserved in the court-
house at Fayette today.

VARIED INDUSTRIES OF ST. LOUIS.

(From St. Louis Globe-Democrat.)

Anyone who may feel pessimistic as to the business future of
St. Louis and is not convinced by the signs of activity and demon-
strations of optimism about him, should ponder the portion of the
annual statement of St. Louis trade and commerce prepared for
the Merchants' Exchange which deals with our varied industries.
War restrictions on fuel, raw material, labor and shipping handi-
capped a few of the industries, but the volume of business in nearly
all lines in 1918 was larger than ever before, both in quantity and
value. Anyone inclined to think this a city of one or two industries
should survey the report. In many respects St. Louis leads the
world, and it captured new honors in 1918. Its only large industry
to suffer was brewing, and the manufacture of soft drinks will
mitigate that. Some of the smaller industries, originally dependent
on brewing, have already found new customers.

St. Louis leads the world in the manufacture and distribution
of shoes, making a better grade and a greater quantity than ever
before, and 75 per cent of all handled here were made here. The
employes number 100,000 and the business amounted to $130,000,-
000. As the largest manufacturing point for tobacco and cigars
a business of $110,000,000 was done. As the chief city in manu-
facturing of railroad and street cars, St. Louis built $25,000,000
worth of freight cars for the United States and $5,000,000 for
France. As the world's first manufacturing and wholesale drug

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS. 165

center, with the largest wholesale drug house in the world, and
several internationally famed chemists, a business of $37,500,000
was done in drugs and chemicals. With the largest hardware
house in the world and lively competitors, the sales of "straight
hardware" amounted to $93,250,000. With an identical situation
as to woodenware, the business amounted to $33,000,000. As
the largest fur market in the world, a business of $20,000,000 was
done. Cast iron and foundry products for the year amounted to
$75,000,000, while the meat packing business was $40,000,000.
Horse-drawn vehicles to the value of over $20,000,000 were sold
here, this being the center of manufacture. The city also leads the
world in the manufacture of stoves and ranges, with a business of
$16,000,000 last year. St. Louis is headquarters of the world's
largest candy company, and the confectionery business amounted
to $10,000,000 in spite of Mr. Hoover. St. Louis is rapidly estab-
lishing a reputation for the manufacture of men's clothing and hats
and caps. The hat and cap business here last year amounted to
over $10,000,000. The trunk and valise and the carpet and rug
business each approximated that record.

The wholesale dry goods record stands at the top, compared
with other lines or with its own past, with a total of $200,000,000.
Millinery, in spite of the national campaign for economy and con-
servation and the quiet war styles, sold to the amount of $17,500,-
000. The growth in these lines is significant, for it is common
knowledge that one great wholesale house draws another, just as
it is the tendency of industries to flock. Recent reports from this
industrial district of new enterprises illustrates this. St. Louis is
very fortunate, consequently, in already leading in such a great
variety of industries and in the demonstration of their prosperity.
It points to an expansion of their business and to the coming of new
concerns. What we did in 1918 ought to be more than duplicated
this year, and the growth of the city's population and prosperity
should be at an unprecedented rate.

PALMYRA CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION.

Beginning on July 21st and lasting six days, the city
of Palmyra, Missouri, observed her One Hundredth Birthday
with a week of celebration exercises. The first day of "Home
Coming Week" was called "Get-Together Day;" the second
was "Pageant Day;" the other days were "Carnival Day,"

166 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

"Military Day," "Old Settlers' Day and Old-Fashioned Basket
Picnic Day," and "Automobile Day." Distinguished citizens
of the State delivered addresses to the thousands of visitors.
The Centennial Committee was composed of: F. W. Smith,
Chairman; Mrs. H. Clay Heather and Miss Alma Lane.
During the week a subscription list was started to build a
memorial hall in honor of the Marion county lads who fought
overseas.

PERSHING GIVEN OXFORD HONORARY DEGREE.

General John J. Pershing was honored on June 25th by
Oxford University, England, with a degree of Doctor of Civil
Law. The other representative of the United States to be
so honored was Herbert C. Hoover.

AMERICAN RANK OF GENERAL.

(From St. Louis Globe-Democrat.)

The permanent rank of general of the army in the United
States is a rare distinction, considered as the highest honor in
the gift of Congress. In usual times the chief of staff is the highest
military authority under the President and the Secretary of War.
Major Generals Pershing, Bliss and March were made generals
during the war, not in accordance with tradition, but in order that
they might be less embarrassed in relations with the commanders
of the associate armies, bearing high rank. But the House has
authorized the appointment of Gen. Pershing to the permanent rank
of general, and the Senate speedily concurred.

When there was prospect of a war with France in the adminis-
tration of John Adams the President asked Washington to head an
army. He consented, with the condition that Hamilton and
Knox, in that order, should be his immediate subordinates. The
preference given Hamilton incensed some of Washington's old
generals, who commanded forces while Hamilton was aid-de-camp.
But Washington had his way and the rank of lieutenant general
was created for him May 28, 1798, and on July 3 following the
Senate unanimously consented to Washington's appointment,
made in a special message from President Adams. But on the day

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS. 167

before adjournment of the short session of the same Congress,
March 3, 1799, the office and title of lieutenant general were
abolished and the rank of general of the armies of the United
States created. Washington died within a few days after the
next regular session of Congress met, and there has been much
dispute as to whether he was ever technically a general.

Winfield Scott was made a brevet lieutenant general under a
resolution of Congress, passed February 15, 1855. He drew only
a major general's pay and commanded only under special assign-
ment by the President. The rank and title of lieutenant general
were revived in the civil war and conferred on Grant, March 2,
1864. It was not until after the war, on July 25, 1866, that the
grade of general was created and conferred by Congress on Grant.
Sherman at the same time was made lieutenant general and
assigned to command of the Department of the Missouri. Grant
scorned the proposal to abolish the rank of general during his term
as President, so that it might be revived and conferred upon him
again after his retirement. He insisted that Sherman merited the
grade. Sherman was thereafter a general until his death, with
Sheridan as lieutenant general. Sheridan was made general under
the act of Congress, June 1, 1888. He was the last general in
peace times. Nelson A. Miles was the last lieutenant general
in peace times.

How chary Congress has been in conferring such ranks may
be inferred from the fact that after General Garfield went to Con-
gress from the army he opposed making Grant lieutenant general,
in spite of his great abilities. General Pershing of Missouri,
consequently, has received the highest distinction known to his
profession in this country.

PERSONAL.

Hon. W. J. Fleming: Born in Ireland in 1871; died at
Monett, Missouri, June 13, 1919. He came to America when
seventeen years of age and settled at St. Louis. In 1878 he
moved to Monett and was there engaged in various businesses.
He was a member of the Democratic State Committee and a
former mayor of Monett.

George W. Fuller: Born in Henderson county, Illinois,
in 1846; died at Kansas City, Missouri, May 10, 19i9. His
early life was spent on the farm and in April, 1864, he enlisted

168 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

in the 139th Illinois Infantry and served until October, 1865.
He came to Kansas City in 1869 and became interested in
various business enterprises. He was one of the organizers of
the Fidelity Trust Company and at the time of his death was
vice-president of the Fidelity Savings Trust Company. He
was prominent in the civic affairs of Kansas City and was at
various times a member of the park board, trustee of the
Y. M. C. A. and a director of the Helping Hand Institute.
He was one of the nine organizers of the old Commercial Club,
now known as the Chamber of Commerce, and served as
president of the organization in 1894-5.

Judge Turner A. Gill : Born in Bath county, Kentucky,
in 1841; died at Los Angeles, California, July 18, 1919. He
moved with his parents to Missouri in 1854. He was attend-
ing the University of Missouri at the outbreak of the Civil
War and left school to enlist in the Confederate Army. At
the close of the war he entered the University of Kentucky
and was graduated from that institution in 1868. The follow-
ing year he came to Kansas City and was admitted to the bar.
In 1875 he was elected mayor of Kansas City and served
until 1877. He was city counselor from 1879 to 1880. In
July, 1880, he was appointed judge of the 24th judicial circuit
and was elected to that position the following November
and re-elected in 1886. Two years later he became a judge
of the Kansas City Court of Appeals. In 1901 he retired and,
after a few years of private practice, moved to California.

Prof. James Hutchison Kerr: Born at Chambersburg,
Pennsylvania, August 30, 1837; died at Colorado Springs,
June 9, 1919. Prof. Kerr began his teaching career at the age
of fourteen in the local rural school at Chambersburg. At
nineteen he was assistant engineer of the Pennyslvania Rail-
road and even before he entered Yale University, from which
institution he was graduated in 1865, he had obtained a
practical knowledge of geology which ranked him among the
foremost geologists of his day. He came to Missouri in 1865,
and was made principal of Jackson Academy, then one of the
most important schools in the west. He established the

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS. 169

Fruitland Normal College and later was prominent in organ-
izing and managing more than two hundred teachers institutes
between St. Louis and the Gulf of Mexico. He went to Colo-
rado for his health in 1875 and there became president of
Colorado College and later a member of the faculty. He
traveled all over the world as a consulting geologist and won
many high honors and distinctions.

Hon. A. L. Kirby: Born in Howard county, Missouri,
June 21, 1863; died at Fayette, Missouri, May 8, 1919. He
was educated in the public schools of Howard county and for
several years taught school. He represented Howard county
in the State Legislature four years, was deputy recorder of
Howard county for eight years and recorder for eight years.
He was enrolling clerk of the senate during the last general
assembly.

J. A. Leach: Born in Negah, Ireland, May 8, 1843;
died at Denver, Colorado, June 26, 1919. He came with his
parents to America when only three months old and grew into
young manhood in New York City. He enlisted in the
Union Army at the age of eighteen at the outbreak of the
Civil War and served throughout the war. In December, 1873,
Mr. Leach conceived the idea of the organization of the
Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen. He and eleven other
men accomplished this organization which today has grown
to 116,000 members.

Thomas J. Lingle: Born in Benton county, Missouri,
January 8, 1846; died at Clinton, Missouri, May 30, 1919.
He learned the printing trade as a boy and in August,
1864, with a brother as partner, established the Sedalia
Advertiser, the first regularly issued paper in that city. This
paper was sold and in 1866 they began the publication of the
Independent Press, which was destroyed by fire in 1867.
After several years of farm life, he and his brother again
entered the newspaper field, this time at Windsor, calling
the paper the Windsor Courier. Later in life he was connected
with the Sedalia Democrat, Clinton, Henry County Democrat,
Clinton Tribune and the Sedalia Sentinel.

170 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

Hon. John F. Morton: Born at New Orleans, Louisiana,
March 6, 1862; died at Excelsior Springs, Missouri, August
19, 1919. He entered politics in Ray county in 1881 and held
successively the offices of deputy circuit clerk, city attorney
of Richmond and secretary of the Democratic Congressional
Committee. He was elected to the State Legislature in 1887
from Ray county, re-elected in 1889 and became speaker pro
tern of the house. In 1894 he was elected State Senator
from the eighth senatorial district and was later re-elected for
two succeeding terms. In 1914 he was elected for a fourth
term as senator.

Hon. Edward T. Orear: Born at St. Charles, Missouri,
in 1855; died at Sweet Springs, Missouri, June 22, 1919.
Early in life he moved to Saline county where his father and
grandfather founded the town of Orearville, near Marshall.
He was educated in the public schools at Marshall and the
University of Missouri. He began his political career by
serving two terms as circuit clerk of Saline county and was
later chief clerk for seven years in the office of State Treasurer
Lon V. Stephens. From 1900 to 1905 he was state insurance
commissioner. He was one of the founders of the Gate
City Bank in Kansas City in 1909, and was later closely
identified with other large business ventures in that city.
He was comptroller of Kansas City at the time of his death.

Mason Talbutt: Born at Greenfield, Missouri, October
6, 1847; died at Greenfield, June 26, 1919. He was educated
in Greenfield and before he reached his eighteenth year en-
listed in the Union Army and served until the end of the war.
Soon after the war he bought the Greenfield Vedette, succeeding
John W. Davis as its editor. He sold this paper and in 1877
founded the Dade County Advocate, of which he was editor and
publisher until 1888. He was elected presiding judge of the
Dade County Court in 1882 and served four years. Upon
his retirement from this office he devoted his time to the
practice of law.

Hon. Clark Wix: Born in Bates county, Missouri,
February 5, 1850; died at Kansas City, Missouri, June 29,

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS. 171

1919. He grew to manhood in Bates county and became an
active, progressive citizen. He was postmaster at Butler for
several years and served one term as county judge. He
represented the sixteenth senatorial district in the Fiftieth
General Assembly.

172

MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI
NEWSPAPERS.

AUGUST, 1918-APRIL, 1919, INCLUSIVE.

Adair County. Brashear, News

Jan. 24. Missouri's first newspaper — Short history of Missouri In-
telligencer; reprinted from the Kansas City Star.
Kirksville, Journal.

Sept. 12. Sketch of the life of Dr. A. P. Williard, pioneer physician.

Atchison County. Rock Port, Atchison County Mail

Sept. 13. Sketch of the life of H. F. Stapel, pioneer newspaper man and
former State legislator. See also Tarkio Avalanche, Sep-
tember 13; Rock Port, Atchison County Journal, September
13; Fairfax Forum, September 20.

Audrain County. Mexico, Weekly Intelligencer

March 6. Mexico old settler recalls day when city issued money.

Weekly Ledger

August 19.

Sept.
Oct.

19.
3.

Oct. 17.

Oct.
Oct.

24.
31.

Sketch of the life of A. B. Cluster, pioneer lawyer and former
county official.

Descendant of Daniel Boone tells story of early days.

Sketch of the life of George Kabrich, pioneer merchant of
Mexico.

Sketch of the life of W. C. Drake, Confederate veteran. See
also Mexico Weekly Intelligencer for Oct. 17.

Sketch of the life of William I. Paul, Confederate veteran.

In memory of a famous land mark familiar to many, now
gone — Reminiscences of Hickman's Mill at Florida, Mis-
souri.

-, Missouri Message

Aug. 29. Sketch of the life of A. B. Cluster, pioneer citizen and former
county official.

Vandalia, Leader

Aug.

9. Missouri's history a story of strength — historical sketch by

Rev. Aimer Pennewell.

Nov. 15. Reminiscent — Two well-known Audrain County men recall
other days.

Mail

Dec. 12. Sketch of General John J. Pershing.

Bates County. Butler, Bates County Democrat

Sept. 12. Old time war letter, written by a Confederate soldier serving
in Georgia in 1864 to brother serving in Mississippi,

HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS.

173

Jan. 23.

Feb.
April

27.
17.

Oak Hill Cemetery — A brief history of Butler's beautiful
burial ground.

Missouri's great seal — some historical incidents.

The Kansas Redlegs — A story of the year (1874) when Mis-
souri was visited by grasshoppers.

Republican Press

Feb. 28.

Only picture of old Butler Academy, destroyed by fire in
1900.

Bellinger County. Lutesville, Banner

Aug. 8. The old military road, a few facts about Jackson-Greenville
road.

Boone County. Centralia, Fireside Guard

March 14. Our first railroad; an account of the building of the old North

Missouri Railroad in Boone County in 1853-58.
March 21. Early railroads — the Louisiana and Missouri River Route

project of 1868.
March 28. Early railroads — History of Centralia-Columbia branch.

Columbia, Evening Missourian

Nov. 22. Bogus program carries old grad back to '73. Some reminis-
cences of University life at that time.
Nov. 30. University rules more strict in days of yore.
Dec. 13. Finds old volumes on Missouri literature. A review of old

publication on Missouri's Famous Sons.
Dec. 23. About the man who made selective draft possible. A sketch

of Enoch H. Crowder; reprinted from Detroit News.
Jan. 11. Sketch of the life of Roswell M. Field, Missouri author.

Sketch of the life of Dr. W. T. Lenoir, pioneer physician of

Boone County.
Jan. 15. West's first newspaper — sketch of the Missouri Intelligencer.

Reprinted from the Kansas City Star.
Jan. 28. Seventy years a Columbian — an extensive review of the life

of E. W. Stephens. See also the Evening Missourian for

January 29, and the Columbia Tribune for January 28 and

29.
Feb. 1. Food Administration at end in Missouri — a summary of the

Administration's war work.
Feb. 6. Do you know people of fame in Missouri? Facts about

Missourians as related in Shoemaker's "Missouri's Hall of

Fame."
March 18. Council records show many freak ordinances; sidelights on

city council's problems in former days.

, Herald-Statesman

Jan. 2. Crowder and the draft. A character sketch of the general,

reprinted from the Detroit News.
Feb. 13. Old Gordon Mansion is 100 years old — a short sketch. See

also the Evening Missourian for February 14.
Feb. 20. Traces history of Capitol; a review of an article by Dr. Jonas

Viles in the Missouri Historical Review. See also the

Evening Missourian for February 17.
March 17. Sketch of the life of Judge John F. Phillips. See also the

Evening Missourian for March 14.

174

MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

Buchanan County. St. Joseph, Gazette

Dec.
Jan.

Jan.

5.

March 2.

March 9.
March 16.

March 18.

March 23.

April 6.
April 13.

April
April

20.
27.

Dec. 24.

Jan. 22.
March 24.
April 18.

Aug. 10.

March 1.

March 22.

Christian Church dedication today; with some historical data.

Industrial and general review of St. Joseph, 1918.

Old time printers and printing in St. Joseph.

General Pershing lives simple life; a description of his daily
life in France.

Gazette ads of pioneer days mirror St. Joe of past; miscel-
laneous announcements from Gazette files of 1851.

St. Joe as she was back in 1848 — random reminiscences.

Will be third welcome to victorious sons; St. Joseph's part in
Mexican, Civil, Spanish and Great Wars.

Sketch of the life of Hon. Truman S. Powell, state legislator
and original of "Shepherd of the Hills."

What do you know about Joe Robidoux? Story of city's
founder, with photograph.

Our historic courthouse; sketch of Buchanan County court-
house.

General Jeff Thompson, the "Swamp Fox;" sketch of noted
Civil War figure, with photograph.

First county fair here an epoch — held in 1854.

A fragrant romance of the past; a love story of 1861.

News Press

Good old days gone; St. Joseph man relates story of "Wild
Bill" Hickok, town marshal at Abilene, Kansas, in the '70's.

Sketch of the life of Obadiah Craig, pioneer business man.

Sketch of the life of Eugene H. Spratt, former county official.

Sketch of the life of Louis Strekebein, pioneer citizen and
Union veteran.

Observer

"Make a road that will stand 50 years" — Recollections of

Mark Twain and Missouri railroads of 60 years ago, by

John Pierson.
Sketch of the life of W. T. Davis, pioneer citizen and Union

veteran.
Sketch of the life of Judge John F. Philips, late federal judge

for the western district of Missouri.

Callaway County. Fulton, Telegraph

Sept. 27. Descendant of Daniel Boone — stories of pioneer as related by

great grandson.

Jan. 10. Sketch of the life of Judge Robert McPheeters, pioneer lawyer
and former county official. See also Fulton Gazette for
January 9.

Aug. 29.

Jan. 30.
March 13.

, Gaz'ette

Church nearly century old — Some statistics concerning

Miller's Creek Methodist Church in Callaway County.
History of Callaway County courthouse.
Fulton man an Indian trader; F. O. Collins tells how he ran
trading post at Nohart, Nebraska, about thirty years ago.

Cape Girardeau County. Cape Girardeau, Southeast Missourian

Aug. 2. John Pershing — Native Missourian. A sketch by A. A.
Jeffrey. Reprinted from the Missouri Ruralist.

HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS.

175

Weekly Tribune

Nov. 22. Judge Schaefer was once hazed by General Pershing. A side-
light on Pershing's life at West Point.
Dec. 6. Giboney Mansion a century old — some facts.
March 21. "He was a true Missourian;" sketch of Judge John F. Philips.

Jackson, Missouri Cash-Book

Jan. 16. Back to the early days. Historical notes from copy of
Jackson, Independent Patriot, of date August 11, 1821,
Volume 1, Number 38.

Carroll County. Carrollton, Democrat

Sept. 27. Sketch of the life of A. H. Cooley, Union veteran.

Dec. 27. Sketch of the life of E. J. Rea, Confederate veteran and

pioneer banker. See also Carrollton Republican Record for

December 26.
April 18. Sketch of the life of Judge Frank P. Divelbiss, judge of the

Seventh Judicial Circuit of Missouri.

Dec.

Feb.
Feb.

5.

13.

20.

March 27.

, Republican Record

Picturesque pioneer character gone. Reminiscences of

Edward L. Fisher of DeWitt, Missouri, Union veteran.
"Proud of courthouse" — A short sketch, with photograph.
Deserted villages; early town sites of Carroll County.
Carrollton's first postofflce; photo of log structure which

housed first postoffice.
Republican-Record is 51 years old; a short history of paper.

Cass County. Harrisonville, Cass County Democrat

Nov. 21. He saw the Isaacs hanging — tragedy of Harrisonville in 1879.
Letter of Civil War times — written from an army camp by
Thomas R. Patton, to his wife, Mrs. Helen M. Patton, under
date of April 16, 1865.

Nov. 21.

Cass County Leader

Sketch of the life of Thomas J. Coulter, former county official
and Confederate veteran.

Pleasant Hill, Times

Aug. 16. 56 years today — The story of the battle of Lone Jack, a minor

struggle of the Civil War.

Oct. 25. Sketch of the life of Benjamin Jones, Union veteran.
Nov. 22. Sketch of the life of William Miller, Union veteran.
Jan. 31. Colonel H. M. Bledsoe. Something of the career of the noted

Missouri atrilleryman.
April 4. Early Cass County criminals; continued in issues of April

18 and 25.
April 11. Some Lee's Summit history.

Chariton County. Salisbury, Press-Spectator

Nov. 8. A scrap of early history. A description of a Salisbury town-
ship school in 1857.
March 7. History of great seal of the State of Missouri.

176

MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

Christian County. Ozark, Christian County Republican

Sept. 13. Sketch of the life of Henry F. Davis, pioneer citizen, Union
veteran and former county official.

Clark County. Kahoka, Clark County Courier

Oct. 4. Chapters of Clark County history — notes on Clark County in

an early day.

Nov. 22. Chapters of Clark County history — Kandom reminiscences.
Jan. 10. Comparative census figures, 1840 to date.

-, Gazette-Herald

Aug.

Nov.

Jan. 31.
Feb. 7.
Feb. 14.

March 7.

March 14.
March 21.
March 28.

April 4.
April 11.

April 18.
April 25.

Chapters of Clark County history — Historical notes on Clark
County. Continued in issues of August 9, 16, 30; Sep-
tember 6, 13, 20 and October 25.

Chapters of Clark County History — Random reminiscences of
early days in Clark County. See also issues of November
8, 22, 29; December 6, 13, 2j, 27; January 3, 10, 17, 24, 31.

Jenkins writes of former days in Clark County.

Chapters of Clark County history — Decline of river traffic.

Schools of 50 years ago.

Jenkins writes of old St. Francisville.

History of Athens, Clark County.

Jenkins writes of former days; random reminiscences of
pioneer life.

Editor Murphy writes of Athens.

Peril of navigation on the Mississippi in early days.

Early ideas about draining the flood plain of the Des Moines
and the Mississippi.

Coming from Knox County to Clark County in 1861.

Local scenes around Kahoka in 1861.

Anniversary of "East Mail Day" in west; historical notes.

Life in Clay Township in 1861-62.

A year on the prairies of Clay Township (1861).

Clay County. Liberty, Advance

Jan. 17. Clay County Volunteers — a list of men who have been in

military service whose names do not appear on record of

local draft board.
April 18. Sketch of the Life of Judge Frank P. Divelbiss. See also

Liberty Tribune for April 18.

Tribune

Aug. 16. Recalls Barry murder — Recollections of speech delivered by

Col. A. W. Doniphan in defense of one Marshall, charged

with murder.
Jan. 3. Clay County Indian trails; article by Edgar Archer on early

habitation of the county by red men.
Feb. 22. Constitution of 1875. Partial roll of members of convention

and some notes of earlier conventions.
April 1 1 . The Senator Vest dog case ; story of the suit and the speech.

Clinton County. Plattsburg, Leader

Aug. 9. Some Baptist history — Data concerning the Baptist Churches
of Clinton County, by Rev. G. A. Puckett.

HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS.

177

Cole County. Jefferson City, Cole County Rustler

April 18. Tells of navigation on the Osage River during the *60's.

Sept. 1918.

Oct. 1918.
Nov. 1918.

Dec. 1918.

Jan. 1919.

Feb. 1919.
Mar. 1919.
April 1919,

Nov. 1.

Cooper County.
Aug. 2.

March 7.
March 14.

Aug. 22.
April 24.

-, Missouri School Journal

The Significance of Missouri in Our National History, by

Prof. E. M. Violette of the Northeast Missouri Teachers

College.

The Colonial Period of Missouri History, by Prof. Violette.
Missouri's Struggle for Statehood, by Floyd C. Shoemaker,

Secretary of the State Historical Society of Missouri.
Books Easily Available for the Study of the History of

Missouri, by Miss Lucy Simmons of the Northeast Missouri

State Teachers College.
Missouri politics from 1820 to 1860, by Prof. H. C. McClure

of the Central Missouri State Teachers College.
Missouri's Constitution of 1875; wherein it is out-of-date,

by Floyd C. Shoemaker.
Economic conditions in Missouri from 1821 to 1861, by Prof.

F. F. Stephens of the University of Missouri.
Political history of Missouri, 1860-65, by Prof. Jonas Viles of

the University of Missouri.
The significance of certain military operations in Missouri

during the Civil War, by Prof. R. S. Douglas of the South-
east Missouri State Teachers College.

, Mosby's Missouri Message.

Missourians you have known. Anecdotes of famous Mis-
sourians. See all succeeding issues.

Boonville, Weekly Advertiser
Sketch of the life of Col. J. A. Howard, Confederate veteran

who served under General Sterling Price.
Civil War reminiscences — Capture of Col. Alexander and his

recruits on Black water in 1861.
Shaft for pioneer paper; historical notes on the Missouri

Intelligencer.

Central Missourian Republican

A Missourian in Philadelphia — With some Civil War recollec-
tions of Charles C. Bell.

County records now over a century old — Record dated April
12, 1819, representing the authority for the first recorder
of Cooper County for holding office.

Feb.

7.

Bunceton, Eagle

Cooper County history, by Frank R. Chambers,
in issues of February 21, 28 and April 4.

Continued

Dade County. Greenfield, Bade County Advocate

Aug. l. William R. Bowles, the man — Character sketch of the former
publisher of the Dade County Advocate.

Oct. 25.

Lockwood, Luminary

Sketch of the life of George Dodd, Union veteran.

178

MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

Dallas County. Buffalo, Record

Sketch of the life of Hon. J. P. O'Bannon, former county
official and State senator. See also the Buffalo Reflex for
April 17.

Daviess County. Gallatin, Democrat

Oct. 16. Grand River College went up in smoke — With a short his-
torical sketch.
Feb. 20. Mormon history and settlement, by E. H. Dunlap.

Winston, Sentinel

March 20. Old frontiersman and new.

DeKalb County. Maysville, Pilot

April 30. Sketch of the life of W. H. Harrison, Missouri editor for 17
years.

Stewartsville, Record

Feb. 20. 63 years ago; account of a visit to Stewartsville in 1856.

Dunklin County. Kennett, Dunklin Democrat

Sept. 13. Tells of Clarkton's old church and schoolhouse.
April 25. Former newspaper man writes of olden days. See also the
Dunklin County News for April 25.

Franklin County. New Haven, Leader

Nov. 21. Postmasters of Franklin County in 1868.

Sullivan, News

Some prices in 1846; report of an auction sale held in Macon
County, Missouri; reprinted from the Kansas City Star.

Union, Franklin County Tribune

Nov. 29. Evangelical Luthern Church; organization from 1843 to 1918.

-, Republican Headlight

Sept. 6. Sketch of the life of Richard T. Booth, former county and

State official.
Dec. 6. First hundred years of Franklin County. Some historical

data.

Washington, Citizen

Sketch of the life of Robert Hoffman, former county official
and first mayor of Washington.

Gasconade County. Bland, Courier

Oct. 18. Sketch of the life of Charles McDonald Matthews, former
county and State official and Union veteran. See also
Hermann Advertiser-Courier Oct. 9; Owensville Gasconade
County Republican October 11.

Sept.

4.

Hermann, Advertiser-Courier

Sketch of the life of Balthasar Schindler, Union veteran.

HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS.

179

Owensville, Gasconade County Republican

Jan. 31. History of Co. E, 352nd Inft., A. E. P., by Private George W.
Tappmeyer.

Gentry County. Albany, Capital

Sept. 12. Sketch of the life of James E. Monger, Union veteran.
Sept. 19. Sketch of the life of Edward Miles McLeod, Union veteran.

King City, Chronicle

Sketch of the life of Benjamin L. Ramey, Union veteran.

Greene County. Springfield, Leader

Nov. 24. Sketch of the life of Thomas A. Sherwood, former judge of

the Supreme Court of Missouri. See also issue of Novem-
ber 27.
Dec. 8. Greene County's notable part in great struggle. A brief

summary of war activities.
Dec. 12. Welcome for Pershing recalls old incident. Recollection of

the reception accorded to Col. Alexander Doniphan upon

his return from Mexico in 1847.
Dec. 20. Old copper mines in Missouri will be worked again — with

some history.
Dec. 24. Col. S. W. Fordyce, who has lived history. Recollections of

Civil War, Senator Vest, President McKinley, etc.
Jan. 19. Dr. Samuel S. Laws — A sketch of former president of State

University.
Jan. 28. Personal recollections of the battle of Springfield, January 8,

1863, by Dr. M. T. Chastain of Marshall.
March 13. Sketch of the life of Judge John F. Philips. See also issues of

March 15 and 17.

March 15. Recalls great plague of the 17-year locust in 1854.
April 27. Anniversary (108th) of Presbyterianism to be observed.

Early history of church.

Jan.

Jan. 19.

-, Republican

Greene County's centennial — Some history. Continued in

issue of January 7.
Osage Indians, one time inhabitants of Ozark region, described

in detail by E. M. Shepard.

Harrison County. Cainesville, News

Feb. 20. Why Oxfords quit business; short history of one of oldest
business houses in Harrison County — founded in 1874.

Henry County.
Nov. 21.

Windsor, Review
Sketch of the life of Wm. H.
in 1876.

Walker, founder of the Review

Holt County. Oregon, Holt County Sentinel

July 26. Holt County Pioneers — Short biography of Gideon Kunkel,

Sr., with good description of pioneer conditions. •
Aug. 23. Sketch of the life of Phillip Killmer, Union veteran.
Nov. 8. Sketch of the life of J. H. Nies, Union veteran.

180 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

Howard County. Glasgow, Missourian

Nov. 21. Glasgow's historic bronze cannon; some facts of historical
interest concerning relic of Civil War.

Fayette, Advertiser

Aug. 14. Says Patton did not found first newspaper — Some data

presented by Mrs. Frank M. Korn of El Reno, Oklahoma,

in attempt to establish that Benjamin Holliday, and not

Nathaniel Patton, established the first weekly newspaper

west of St. Louis.
Jan. 16. Missouri's first paper founded in Howard County; an account

of the Missouri Intelligencer reprinted from the Kansas

City Star.
Feb. 13. It was Nathaniel Patton — Facts concerning founding of the

Missouri Intelligencer.

Ho well County. West Plains, Howell County Gazette

Dec. 19. A rich copper strike — with history of Joseph Slater mine,

1830-65.
March 20. Sketch of the life of Philip S. Deimick, scout under General

Custer in the Indian wars.

Jackson County. Kansas City, Star

Aug. 6. When a court judged North Missouri's soil — Story of a law-
suit filed by contractors against the Santa Fe railroad which

showed that the soil was not hardpan.
Aug. 11. Called him a wizard — Story of the old "yarb doctor" of Chari-

ton County"
When Pershing was teacher in school for negroes — Picture

with short caption
Sept. 15. Quantrill's ride to doom — Allen Palmer of Eldorado, Texas,

last comrade to see Quantrill alive, tells story
Oct. 6. He moved troops in '61 — Civil War recollections of Col.

William Harvey.
Nov. 2. Twain's home a hospital. Includes a humorous story of

Twain and a burglar.
Nov. 3. A drillmaster in three wars. Sketch of Major J. B. Sansom,

U. S. A., retired, of Chillicothe, Missouri.
Nov. 19. Peace jubilee in 1869 a precedent for today. An account of

the great peace jubilee held in Boston in 1869.
Nov. 29. Interior Missoiiri first explored 200 years ago. Story of

explorations in upper Louisiana by Charles Claude Du

Tisne in 1718.
Dec. 18. W. H. Chick died at 92. Sketch of the life of man who lived

in first home built in Kansas City, with descriptions of

early settlement.

Dec. 23. How the war of 1812 was waged in Missouri.
Dec. 24. Saved from Indians by a Christmas tree. Tale of pioneer

days in what is now the State of Iowa.

Dec. 26. Three fought 1,500 Sioux. Story of pioneer life in Montana.
Dec. 29. New Year's in the '80's. Old customs told of.
Jan. 5. Old South still lives. Kansas City sailor tells of dinner with

one of Lee's staff.

Jan. 12. Missouri's first paper — Missouri Intelligencer.
Jan. 19. Gene's brother "Rose." A sketch of the life of Roswell

Field.

HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS.

181

Jan. 26. Lords of 211,000 acres. An account of Fred and Thomas
Scully, largest farm landlords in the United States, who own
117,000 acres in Missouri.

Feb. 7. Sketch of the life of Lieut.-Gen. John C. Bates, former Chief
of Staff of the U. S. Army.

Feb. 15. Pioneer traditions center about Van Bibber tavern ; story and
photo of historic tavern at Mineola, Missouri.

Feb. 25. A Prussian King's lawsuit in Missouri; story of suit brought
in Missouri court by Frederick William IV of Prussia.

March 2. "Rubber" Wallace's rise ; sketch of Hugh C. Wallace of Lexing-
ton, new ambassador to France.

March 3. Sketch of the life of Thomas M. Johnson of Osceola, called
the "Sage of the Osage."

March 23. High cost of living back in 1846 — old Missouri auction prices.

April 19. When the boys came home in 1865. Story of grand review of
troops of Sherman and Meade in Washington, D. C., in
May, 1865.

-, Times

Aug. 27. Battles not in history — Story of battle which took place in

the Pryor Mountains in Montana on June 24, 1875, between

three prospectors and 1,500 Sioux Indians.
Sept. 7. General Crowder, the Maker of History, from Missouri; by

E. M. Violette. Reprinted from the Missouri Historical

Review.
Sept. 9. Sketch of the life of Joseph T. Bird, pioneer merchant of

Kansas City.
Sept. 13. General Pershing is 58 — With characterization of him as a

boy by George N. Elliott, former teacher of Pershing.
Oct. 21. On the Overland Route — Some types of the overland stage

drivers of the '60's.
Nov. 27. Fort Dearborn in the war of 1812. Reprinted from the

Chicago Tribune.
Dec. 11. When an American hero was crowned with laurel. Account

of the reception of Col. Alexander Doniphan upon his

return from Mexico in June, 1847.
Jan. 11. The immortal Harris of A Tramp Abroad. Sketch of Rev.

Joseph H. Twichell, original of Mark Twain's "Harris."
Feb. 12. Lincoln as a young man achieved success ; short sketch of his

early life.

Feb. 22. Sketch of the life of Congressman W. P. Borland.
March 14. Sketch of the life of Judge John F. Philips.
April 14. Sketch of the life of Judge Frank P. Divelbiss.

Feb. 27.

Lee's Summit, Journal

Sketch of the life of the late Congressman W. P. Borland.

Jasper County. Carthage, Press

Oct. 3. Sketch of the life of S. B. Griswold, pioneer merchant and

Union veteran.

Nov. 28. Sketch of the life of Henry Bowman, Union veteran.
Feb. 6. Sketch of the life of N. D. Wolaver, Union veteran.
Feb. 13. Sketch of the life of James M. Cravens, pioneer citizen and

former State representative.

182 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

Joplin, Globe

Nov. 29. Missouri ranks high in war work. A short summary of State's

war activities.
Dec. 22. Sketch of the life of John F. Reinmiller, Union veteran.

-, News-Herald

Nov. 24. Roll of honor — Joplin boys who lost lives in service; also war
honors.

Jefferson County. Hillsboro, Jefferson County Record

Sept. 26. "Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen — " Some reminis-
cences of Jefferson County 70 years ago.

Fiftieth Anniversary— Short sketch of Evangelical St. Martin's
Church of High Ridge, Missouri.

Johnson County. Warrensburg, Standard-Herald

March 28. Sketch of the life or Mel P. Moody, Missouri editor.

-, Star-Journal

March 21. Sketch of the life of Dr. R. D. Shannon, former State Superin-
tendent of Schools.

April 8. The Kansas Redlegs; story of the year (1874) when Missouri
was visited by grasshoppers.

Lafayette County. Higginsville, Advance

Feb. 7. The Advance has a birthday; a few historical facts.

Lexington, Intelligencer

Nov. 8. Sketch of the life of W. G. McCausland, former county official

and Confederate veteran. See also Lexington News for

December 12.
Dec. 13. Sketch of the life of Samuel A. Andrew, former county official

and Confederate veteran. See also Lexington News for

December 12.

-, News

Aug. 1. Sketch of the life of John P. Ardinger, Confederate veteran.
Sept. 12. Sketch of the life of Col. Hunter Ben Jenkins, pioneer river
man.

Feb. 27. Founding of pioneer paper was romantic; sketch of the

founding of the Missouri Intelligencer in 1819.
A printer for 70 years, with incidental description of pioneer
days.

Odessa, Democrat

March 28. When West was wild; a pioneer Missourian tella of experience

with Indians in 1852.

April 18. Sketch of the life of A. W. Stevens, Confederate veteran.
April 25. Erected in pioneer days; description of farm house built in

1843.

Wellington, News

Oct. 10. Pershing's boyhood index to his career — Sketch of Pershing
as a youth.

HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS.

183

Lawrence County. Aurora, Advertiser

Sept. 5. Sketch of the life of George W. Rinker, pioneer citizen and
former county and State official.

Lewis County. Monticello, Lewis County Journal
Nov. 8. A brief history of the Journal

Lincoln County. Elsberry Democrat.

Sept. 13. Sketch of the life of Joseph A. Stephens, Union veteran.
Dec. 13. Recalls Louisville battle; reprinted from Bowling Green Times.
March 7. Sold papers in Civil War, remembrances of William Thompson

who was paper boy in 1864. Reprinted from the St. Louis

Republic.
March 14. River tragedy recalled; sinking of towboat Dictator on the

Mississippi on April 2, 1876.

April 4. Sketch of the life of Columbus Eastin, pioneer citizen.
April 25. The Lincoln-Douglas debate; a comparison of it with the

Lodge-Howell debate on the League of Nations.

April

Troy, Free Press

Sketch of the life of Andrew Perkins (colored), Union veteran.

Linn County. Brookfield, Gazette

Aug. 3. A watchful waiting — Civil War recollections ; continued under
various headings in issues of August 10, 17, 24, 31; Sep-
tember 7, 14, 21, 28; October 5, 12, 19, 26.

Nov. 16. Fighting Americans — Some comparisons with Civil War days.

Dec. 7. Nearing the border. Canteen work in the Civil War.

Dec. 21. On the battle line. Civil war reminiscences.

April 12. Sketch of the life of Henry C. Bargar, Union veteran.

March 6.

Browning, Leader-Record

Pioneer days in Linn County ; reminiscences of life in 1834.

Bucklin, Herald

April 25. A sale of 70 years ago — Items and prices of 1846. Reprinted
from St. Louis Republic.

— Laclede, Blade

Sept. 3. The Pershing family tree — Some data regarding the ancestry
of General Pershing.

Linneus, Bulletin

Aug. 1. Sketch of the life of T. D. Evans, pioneer citizen and former

county and State official.

Dec. 19. Will be 85 on Christmas day. A sketch of the life of Thomas
Benton Bowyer, the first white child born in Linn County.

Feb. 28.

-, Linn County News

Civil War tragedy; an incident of 1864 at Brookfleld. See
also Chillicothe Weekly Constitution for March 6. •

Livingston County. Chillicothe, Weekly Tribune

March 5. When land was cheap in Missouri — Prices of 1898.

184 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

Macon County. Bevier, Appeal

Aug. 16. Sketch of the life of I. S. Keith, Union veteran.

Macon, Republican

Jan. 10. When Bob Steward build the "Jo" road. How Governor
Stewart boosted the Hannibal and St. Joe railroad into a
successful existence. Reprinted from Utica, N. Y.,
Globe.

Feb. 28. Four constitutional conventions held; data concerning various

conventions by J. R. Letcher.

The oldest justice in Macon County; with sketch of Mercy-
ville, "lost town" of Macon County.

Madison County. Fredericktown, Democrat-News

April 17. An old newspaper; contents of the Fredericktown Conservator
for May 29, 1868.

Marion County. Hannibal, Courier-Post

Oct. 12. Marion County man is made Brigadier-General. Short
sketch of Wm. Payne Jackson, with photo.

Palmyra, Marion County Herald

Nov. 27. An old time mill — Description of pioneer days.

Spectator

Oct. 9. An incident of the Civil War.

Feb. 26. Constitution's makers in 1875. Reprinted from Macon

Republican.
April 2. The story of Old Bethel, a communistic colony founded in

Shelby County in 1845. Reprinted from Shelbyville

Herald.
Missouri's coat of arms; a short history. Reprinted from

Fayette Advertiser.
April 30. Mark Twain on "Female Suffrage."

Mercer County. Princeton, Telegraph

March 5. Mormon history and settlement, by E.H. Dunlap. Reprinted
From Gallatin Democrat.

Miller County. Tuscumbia, Miller County Autogram
April 17. Miller County 98 years ago.

Mississippi County. Potosi, Journal

Sept. 11. Mine La Motte closed — With some historical data.

Oct. 2. A more correct history — Sketch of the life of John Evens,

1797-1878.

Oct. 23. Sketch of the life of David R. Buckley, pioneer citizen and
county official.

Moniteau County. California, Democrat

March 6. Organized 74 years ago; some historical notes concerning

Moniteau County.
April 10. Old attorneys at the Moniteau County bar; reminiscences of

Judge Hicks and of Philips, Vest and Hicks.

HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS. 185

-, Moniteau County Herald

March 6. Attorney Wood, Moniteau County's historian, talks. Stones
of early days in Moniteau County.

Monroe County. Paris, Mercury

Nov. 8. An old time Monroe County mill; reprinted from the Mexico

Intilli gencer.
Feb. 28. Some Paris history; sketch of the Glenn House, Paris' oldest

hotel, built in 1857.
March 21. The story of Old Bethel (Shelby County).

Monroe County Appeal

Sept. 6. Battles not in history — Stories of Indian fighting in Montana.
Reprinted from the Kansas City Times.

Monroe City, News

March 7. City is 62 years old; short historical sketch of Monroe City.
March 18. Used "Gott Mit Uns" as a slogan long ago. Sketch of the

communistic settlement of Old Bethel in 1845. An unusual

chapter in Shelby County history.

Montgomery County. Montgomery City, Montgomery Standard

Aug. 2. Champ Clark's race for Congress. Reprinted from Clark's
autobiography in Hearst's Magazine.

Morgan County. Versailles, Statesman

Aug. 15. Sketch of the life of John Raines, Union veteran.
March 27. Boyler's mill sold; with short sketch of Morgan County land-
mark.

Newton County. Neosho, Times

Feb. 13. Old time darky melodies.

Pemiscot County. Caruthersville, Democrat

Nov. 19. Sketch of the life of Dr. Q. A. Tipton, Confederate veteran.

Perry County. Perryville, Perry County Republican.

April 17. Sketch of the life of Emile P. Colin, Union veteran.

Pettis County. Sedalia, Capital

Oct. 30. Sketch of the life of Frank C. Hayman, former State senator.

Nov. 1. A little patriot in the Civil War. An incident of '61.

Nov. 11. Is U. S. Hero, born in Missouri. A sketch of Col. John
Henry Parker of California, Missouri.

Nov. 12. After Civil War. Coincidence in celebration of peace in
1918 and 1865 at Fulton.

Nov. 14. Sketch of the life of Prof. C. W. Robbins, founder and presi-
dent of Central Business College at Sed'alia.

Nov. 18. Pershing of Missouri — an editorial tribute. Reprinted from
St. Louis Globe-Democrat.

Dec. 21. Sketch of the life of N. H. Rogers, Union veteran and former
State senator.

Democrat

March 13. Sketch of the life of Judge John F. Philips. See also Sedalia
Capit J for March 14.

186

MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

Pike County. Bowling Green, Times

Aug. 1. Times history column — The Slicker War. Aug. 8, Courts
and forms of government in early days. August 15,
Battle at Ashley. Imprisonment for debt inPike County.
August 22, Supreme Court Judges from Pike County.
Missouri governors who committed suicide. Early news-
papers of Pike County. August 29, Governor Merriwether
Lewis, his love life with Theodosia Burr, her father's
acquittal of treason, his murder or suicide, which? Con-
tinued in issue of September 5. September 12, Evening
Star Lodge No. 243, Independent Order of Good Tem-
plars— historical sketch. September 19, George Rogers
Clark, a short sketch. Continued in issue of September 26 .
October 10, Pleasant memories — of pioneers of Pike County.
October 17, a Pike County prairie fire. October 24,
Missouri's war with the United States — some Civil War
history. October 31, The Battle of Ashley.

Aug. 8. Baptist Church history.

Nov. 7. Duels of early Missouri days. Account of the one between
Senator Benton and Charles Lucas.

Nov. 14. The Ashley battle — a Civil War incident. See also issue of
January 23.

Nov. 21. An account of the Rector-Barton duel and the Leonard-
Berry duel.

Nov. 28. Bowling Green at the time of the Civil War. Continued in
issues of December 19 and January 30.

Dec. 5. The Copenhaver battle, November, 1862.

Dec. 12. State Capitols.

Dec. 26. Interesting facts of early Pike County.

Jan. 2. Rambling reminiscences of early days.

Jan. 9. Camp Meeting at Antioch. Reprinted from the Cumberland
Presbyterian of September 25, 1902.

Feb. 13. Old pioneers of Pike County; a list of citizens of 1822-24.

Feb. 20. History of American land titles prior to Revolutionary War.
Continued in issue of March 13.

Feb. 27. First meeting of Athenaeum Society at Watson Seminary 35
years ago.

March 6. An old program; Pike Academy, July 3, 1866.

March 20. History of a pioneer settler — James Chamberlain.

March 27. Reminiscences of Pike County.

April 3. History of the Great Seal of Missouri. Reprinted from the
Butler Democrat.

April 17. Sketch of Michael J. Noyes, editor of Pike County's first
newspaper (Salt River Journal) and former county official.

Louisiana, Press-Journal

Jan. 16. Sketch of the life of Francis Thornton Meriwether, Con-
federate veteran.

March 27. Sketch of the life of Dr. R. F. Shannon, former State official.
April 3. History of the Great Seal of Missouri; reprinted from the

Butler Democrat.

April 17. 59 years in ministry; reminiscences of early day churches in
Missouri, by Elder E. J. Lampton.

HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS.

187

Platte County. Edgerton, Journal

Feb. 21. Sketch of the life of A. M. I. Handley, Confederate veteran.
April 25. A letter written 63 years ago. Gives good description of
pioneer conditions in rural Missouri, together with prices
of staple products in 1856.

Platte City, Platte County Argus

Sept. 12. Well remembered address by R. P. C. Wilson — Memories of

the 100th anniversary of Thomas Jones, who died October

1, 1888, aged 104.
April 24. Incidents in the life of Mrs. Missouri Norton; reminiscences

of early days in Missouri.

Putnam County. Unionville, Republican

Dec. 11. Sketch of the life of Myron Smith Towne, Union veteran.
See also Unionville, Putnam County Journal of December 13.

Rails County. New London, Rails County Record

March 14. Lost town still platted; short history of Jonesburg, Monroe
County. Reprinted from Paris Mercury.

Perry, Enterprise

Aug. 1. Reminiscences by W. R. Poage — of various places and events

during early days in Rails County.
March 6. Some Paris history; sketch of the Glenn House at Paris.

Reprinted from the Paris Mercury.

Randolph County. Huntsville, Herald

Aug. 16. Recalls wedding of 1860 — Marriage of Rev. and Mrs. J. T.

Lingo.
Aug. 30. Missouri soldier 100 years ago; reprinted from the Missouri

Historical Review.
April 4. Old timer's reminiscences; A. F. Benton recalls early days in

Randolph County.

Ray County. Lawson, Review

March 20. Schools (near Lawson) of 40 years ago.

Richmond, Conservator

March 20. History of the Great Seal of Missouri; reprinted from the

Butler Democrat.

April 17. History of the life of Judge Divelbiss.
Aug. 1. Account of the unveiling of the Doniphan statue, together

with photograph of statue and complete address of Governor

Gardner delivered upon the occasion.

St. Charles County. St. Charles, Banner-News

Oct. 3. St. John's Church founded in 1868 — Historical data. See also
St. Charles Cosmos-Monitor for October 2.

Sept.
Feb.

4.

-, Cosmos-Monitor

Historical sketch of First Presbyterian Church of St.' Charles,

founded August 29, 1818.
5. Sketch of the life of Lieut.-Gen. John Coalter Bates.

188

MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

St. Glair County. Appleton City, Journal

Jan. 30. Sketch of the life of James M. Mock, Union veteran.
Feb. 3. Sketch of the life of Robert N. Burns, pioneer business man
and former city official.

Osceola, St. Clair County Democrat

Sept. 12. Election notice regarding compromise of railroad bonded
debt of St. Clair County (Teby & Neosho Railroad Com-
pany, 1860).

March 6. Sketch of the life of Thomas Moore Johnson, eminent philoso-
pher and student. See also Osecola St. Clair County Re-
publican for March 6.

St. Louis County. Clayton, Argus

Jan. 31. Sketch of the life of Philander P. Lewis, State official.

St. Louis City. Church Progress

Dec. 19. Special edition commemorating the 100th anniversary of

the Archdiocese of St. Louis. History of the church, its

activities and leaders during the century.
March 13. Quaint Sainte Genevieve, a colonial town of Missouri — a

historical sketch, continued in issue of March 20.
April 10. A Palm Sunday sermon of almost a hundred years ago;

delivered by Rev. Francis Niel in 1824 at the Cathedral of

Bishop du Bourg.

Globe-Democrat

Nov. 3. Mississippi River barge line recalls time when stream was
shining social and business highway to the gulf. Stories of
river activities of 60 years ago.

Nov. 11. "Gatling-Gun" Parker, newest U. S. war hero, is native Mis-
sourian. Story of heroism of Col. J. H. Parker of Cali-
fornia, Missouri.

Nov. 25. Sketch of the life of Thomas A. Sherwood, judge of the Mis-
souri Supreme Court for 30 years.

Dec. 1. Pershing always knew best melon patch. Boyhood character-
ization of the General.

Dec. 20. Sketch of the life of Charles H. McKee, president and editor
of the Globe-Democrat. See also the Republic for December
20.

Dec. 25. Pershing like Martel in crushing German evil, General Bliss
says. Remarks of General Bliss in presenting D. S. M.,
awarded to General Pershing by President Wilson.

Dec. 29. Mercantile Library 73 years old; with short sketch of institu-
tion.

Jan. 5. Loretto Academy at Florissant is destroyed by fire — with
some historical data.

Jan. 19. Prince of Wales on visit to St. Louis 58 years ago.

April 20. Presbyterianism began in St. Louis in 1811 when city was
trading post; historical facts concerning church in St.
Louis.

Post-Dispatch

Sept. 8. When St. Louis spent $37 entertaining Lafayette.
Dec. 1. Motor car fatalities in St. Louis.

HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS.

189

Dec. 5. Missouri lands for soldier farmers. Some description of

reclaimed swamp lands in Southeast Missouri.

Jan. 19. How St. Louis and Missouri doctors served in the war.
Jan. 26. Work of a St. Louis missionary. Rev. W. J. Stanton, S. J.,

given signal recognition.
Feb. 3. Clark, in eulogy of Stone, relates some interesting bits of

Missouri history.
March 13. Sketch of the life of Judge John F. Philips. See also St. Louis

Republic for March 14; Globe-Democrat for March 14;

Star for March 13.

March 16. Stories told of Judge Philips.

April 20. Ann Rutledge's sister tells of Lincoln's first love.
April 27. Father Brennan tells of his 50 years as priest in St. Louis.

Republic

Dec. 29. (Missouri) Historical Society gets gold phonograph record of
Pershing's message.

Jan. 12. Dr. Samuel S. Laws, whose career reads like fiction, is a hard
worker of 95. A reminiscent sketch of Missouri educator.

Jan. 24. Sketch of the life of "Mat" Hastings, pioneer artist of Mis-
souri. See also Post-Dispatch for January 24 and Globe-
Democrat for January 24.

Feb. 5. Sketch of the life of Lieut-Gen. J. C. Bates.

Feb. 16. "The foe," first mid-west link of trans-continental rails, 60
years old and full of romance. Sketch of Hannibal &
St. Joseph Railroad of 60 years ago, by Win. Nichols.

March 1. Selling the Republic on trains in Civil War was real sport;
reminiscences of Wm. S. Thompson.

March 16. Sol Franklin Smith, printer, editor and lawyer; sketch of his
life.

Sept.

9.

Oct. 16.

Jan.
Feb.

17.
26.

Star

Sketch of the life of Col. Hunter B. Jenkins, pioneer river

captain. See also Globe-Democrat September 10.
Sketch of the life of Jacob E. Meeker, United States Congress-

man. See also Post-Dispatch October 16, Globe-Democrat

October 17, Republic October 17.
History of long fight of drys to capture State.
First suffrage league in world was founded in St. Louis 52

years ago.

Saline County. Arrow Rock, Statesman

Jan. 24. Sketch of the life of Bascom Diggs, editor of the Statesman.

Marshall, Democrat-News

Sept. 19. One hundred years old — Some historical data regarding Good

Hope Baptist Church.
Feb. 6. The fiftieth anniversary — Some historical data concerning

Baptist Church in Marshall.
Two memorable days; some Civil War reminiscences.

Slater, News

Sept. 23. History of Good Hope Baptist Church.

190

MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

Aug.
Nov.

16.
1.

-, Rustler

Sketch of the life of P. C. Storts, Confederate veteran.
Historical sketch of Richardson store, Gilliam.

Schuyler County. Lancaster, Excelsior

Nov. 28. Sketch of the life of Winfred Melvin, editor of the Excelsior

Scott County. Sikeston, Standard

Sept. 17. Pershing tells men of negro playmate — reprinted from the
Star and Stripes.

Dec. 13. Early days in Missouri — Stories of early explorations.

Jan. 7. How the war of 1812 was waged in Missouri. Reprinted from
the Kansas City Star.

Jan. 17. Royalty visited America. Account of the visit of the Prince
of Wales to the United States and Missouri in 1860. Re-
printed from the Kansas City Star.

Shannon County. Eminence, Current Wave

Jan. 16. The Eminence, or old Slater mine — Some history. Reprinted
from the Current Wave for January 11, 1900.

Shelby County. Clarence, Courier

Feb. 19. Pershing and the bully; an incident in the school days of
General Pershing. Reprinted from the Dallas (Texas)
News.

Jan.
Feb.

22.
26.

March 26.

Oct. 11.

Shelbina, Democrat

The good old times of yore — Life in pioneer days.

60th Anniversary of Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad;

some historical notes. See also the Shelbina Shelby County

News for February 14.
Shelby County's Alsace-Lorraine; an incident, in the early

history of Monroe and Shelby Counties.

, Torchlight

Baptist Church was dedicated — With short history of church

in Shelbina.

Stone County. Galena, Stone County Oracle

Sept. 18. Memories of long ago — Pioneer life in the '50's.

Texas County. Houston, Herald

Jan. 2. Sketch of the life of George W. Gross, Confederate veteran.

Warren County. Warrenton, Banner

Aug. 16. Sketch of the life of Dr. August Henry Rickoff, former county

and State official.
March 28. Sketch of the life of W. L. Morsey, former county official

and prominent politician.

Worth County. Grant City, Star

Aug. 22. Sketch of the life of Joseph H. Gates, Union veteran. See
also Sheridan Advance August 22, and Grant City Woith
County Times, August 22.

tf/

THE

MISSOURI HISTORICAL
REVIEW

Vol. XIV January, 1920 No. 2

CONTENTS FOR JANUARY

Page
Little Bonne Femme Church 193

E. W. STEPHENS.
The Osage War 201

ROBERT A. GLENN.
Missourians Abroad — Leigh C. Palmer 211

J. WILLABD RIDINGS.
The Followers of Duden 217

WILLIAM G. BEK.
Early Days on Grand River and the Mormon War 233

ROLLIN J. BRITTON.
Shelby's Expedition to Mexico 246

JOHN N. EDWARDS.
Historical Notes and Comments . . 265

FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER, Editor

The Missouri Historical Review is published quarterly. The sub-
scription price is $1.00 a year. A complete set of the REVIEW is
still obtainable — Vols. 1-13, bound, $^2.00; unbound, $28.00. Prices
of separate volumes given on request. All communications should be
addressed to Floyd C. Shoemaker, Secretary The State Historical Society
of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.

"Entered as second-class matter at the postofflce at Columbia,
Missouri, under the Act of Congress, Oct. 3, 1917, Sec. MX." '

CONTRIBTUTORS.

E. W. STEPHENS, journalist, author and historian, is already
well known to the readers of this magazine. As moderator of the
Baptist General Association of Missouri and as president of the
General Baptist Convention of North America, he is, perhaps,
the greatest Baptist layman in this country.

ROBERT A. GLENN is in charge of war history and records in the
office of the adjutant-general of Missouri.

J. WILLARD RIDINGS is in charge of the newspaper department
of The State Historical Society of Missouri.

WILLIAM G. BEK, a native Missourian, is head of the department
of Germanic languages in the University of North Dakota. His
contributions, brochures and translations relating to German
settlements in the United States place him among the highest
authorities in this line of historical research. His translation of
"Duden's Report," lately published in the REVIEW is regarded by
scholars as one of the most important contributions to western
history that has appeared in recent years.

ROLLIN J. BRITTON, a lawyer of Kansas City, is a recognized
authority on Mormonism in Missouri. During his residence in
Daviess county be began his researches in this field. The fruit of
his many years of labor is presented to the readers of the RE-
VIEW.

JOHN N. EDWARDS (deceased), one of the most widely known
journalists of Missouri, was a member of Shelby's expedition to
Mexico. He is regarded by somp competent authorities as having
been the greatest master of journalistic writing that the State has
produced.

f?}

THE MISSOURI HISTORICAL
REVIEW

VOL. XIV, No. 2 COLUMBIA JANUARY, 1920

LITTLE BONNE FEMME CHURCH

BOONE COUNTY, MISSOURI

ADDRESS BY E. W. STEPHENS AT ITS CENTENNIAL,
AUGUST 28, 1919

The history of Bonne Femme Baptist Church is one of
the most unique and interesting in the annals of Missouri.
Its beautiful name recalls the earliest chapter in the history
of the state.

The first exploration by white men of what was then
known as the Louisiana Territory was made by the French
in 1707. They ascended that year the Missouri River and
named most of the streams and many points for nearly two
hundred miles into the interior.

Among other names were the Loutre, Femme Osage, Cote
San dessein, Roche Percee, Moniteau, Chariton, Lamine, Aux
Vasse, Petite Saline and Grand and Petite Bonne Femme,
meaning "Little Good Woman." This church acquired its
name from the stream on which it stands.

It is not improbable that the above names were French
translations from the Indian language. "Little Good Woman"
sounds very like Indian.

It was organized at the house of Anderson Woods on the
first Sunday in December, 1819. Its constituent members
were: David Doyle, Anderson Woods, Elizabeth Woods,

(193)

194 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

James Harris, Mourning Harris, Polly Harris, Elizabeth Ken-
non, John Maupin, Elias Elston, Matthew Haley, Jane Tuttle,
Lazarus Wilcox, Lucy Wilcox, James Wiseman, Thomas S.
Tuttle, Nancy Tuttle.

Lazarus Wilcox was the first clerk and held the position
until his death, some sixteen years afterward. He and
Anderson Woods were the first deacons. They were also two
of the first members of the Boone County Court. Overton
Harris, one among the first members of the church, was the
first sheriff of the county, and Warren Woodson, first county
clerk, was a staunch brother-in-law, having married a daughter
of Col. James McClelland, one of the first members. Elias
Elston, another constituent member, was one of the first
members of the Missouri Legislature. James Harris was
Justice of Peace of Moniteau township of Howard County
comprising present limits of Boone County. These facts are
indicative of the strength of the Baptists among the early
settlers.

The only other Baptist churches in existence in this sec-
tion at that time were Mount Zion, Mount Pleasant, Bethel
and Concord.

Bonne Femme was the second church organized within
the bounjds of what is now Boone County, Bethel having been
organized June 28, 1817, in Thrall's Prairie in the western
part of the county, where the first settlement of what is now
Boone County was made. Among those who organized Bethel
were Anderson Woods, Overton and James Harris and others
who about 1818 or 1819 moved to the Two Mile prairie
where was gathering a population marked for its high order.
These two sections of the county were among its most fertile
and attractive and were the first occupied.

At that time Boone County had not been organized and
Columbia was not laid out until sixteen months afterwards.
Smith ton, which preceded Columbia, was laid out that year.
Missouri was not a state.

Among its early preachers, were William Thorp, Peter
Woods, Ebenezer Rogers, Thomas Campbell, Robert Dale,
Edward Turner, Luke Williams. David Doyle was the first

LITTLE BONNE FEMME CHURCH. 195

pastor and filled that office longer and oftener than any other
minister, occupying the place as pastor at different times
until 1844.

The church met at the residences of Overton Harris,
James Harris, Thomas S. Tuttle and others until it had a
building of its own. A log building was begun upon the
present site about 1820, but was not finished and seated for
six or seven years. It was twenty feet square, with a fireplace,
one door, one window and puncheon floor.

In 1822 Col. James McClelland donated the ground upon
which the church has stood since that time.

Anderson Woods was licensed to exhort in 1823, was or-
dained a few months afterward, and preached often to the
church until he was dismissed by letter in 1828. In 1835 he
removed to Monroe County.

In 1823 Dr. William Jewell, who was a member of the
church, became involved in a controversy with Mason Moss
and Col. James McClelland and got out a handbill in which
he denounced them as quack doctors who claimed to have
supernatural gifts and magic arts. He was brought before
the church and acknowledged his error, but repeated the
offense afterwards. The church, however, agreed to "look
over" it, but he withdrew from the church in November,
1823, and with eleven others organized the Columbia church.
The following also withdrew in order to co-operate with him
in organizing the Columbia church on November 22, 1823:
Charles Hardin and wife, Harriet Goodloe, William Ridgway
and Henry Cave. The following were sent to aid in organizing
the Columbia church: David Doyle, Anderson Woods, Laz-
arus Wilcox, Mason Moss and James Harris.

The church had frequent cases of discipline. The prin-
cipal offenses seem to have been dancing, fighting, and trouble
between husbands and wives, who usually made up before the
church had time to act. There were many negroes among the
members and they were in frequent evidence in matters of
discipline.

Ministers were not paid any salaries until about 1835,
when a movement was made in that direction.

196 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

Dr. Robert S. Thomas, who came in the early thirties to
take charge of Bonne Femme Academy, preached for the
church at intervals for ten years.

In May, 1839, while Dr. Thomas was pastor, a movement
was started to build a brick meeting house to be 30x50 feet
with an entrance on each side of the pulpit, which was in the
east of the building, and two aisles extending to banisters
which separated whites from the colored people.

On account of differences on the subject of missions in
1838 the church withdrew from Salem Association and in 1839
Little Bonne Femme Association was organized at Brick
Providence Church, Callaway County. First delegates from
Bonne Femme were Thomas Beazley, Littleton Victor and
Overton Harris.

The next year the association was held at Bonne Femme
and the organization completed. It is an interesting fact
that the preliminary meeting of the General Association of
Missouri was held at Providence, but its organization also was
completed the next year at Bonne Femme, which thus was
the church in which both associations were fully organized.

It was not until 1842 that the movement to erect the
brick building was formally inaugurated. Thomas Beazley,
Gilpin S. Tuttle and Overton Harris were appointed building
committee. The structure was finished in about 1845.

In 1842 Rev. S. H. Ford presented license as preacher,
and was ordained that year in the church and preached at
times afterward to the congregation. He was a man of genius
and became afterwards distinguished as editor, author and
preacher.

It is the oldest Church in Little Bonne Femme Association
and among the oldest in the state. It is beautifully located
and in one of the most intelligent and progressive communities
in the state. Its building, its surroundings and its history
render it an ideal country church. In 1844 it had a member-
ship of 256 members.

Many churches have grown out of it. Among them have
been Cedar in 1821, Columbia in 1823, New Salem in 1828,
Nashville, Union and others. It has been indeed the mother

LITTLE BONNE FEMME CHURCH. 197

of churches and from it have gone forth many of the finest
men and women in this and other states.

Among its ministers have been the following: David
Doyle, Anderson Woods, Luke Williams, James Suggett,
Robert S. Thomas, Peter Woods, S. H. Ford, Noah Flood,
M. Modisett, Tyre C. Harris, J. M. Robinson, J. T. Williams,
J. M. McGuire, G. L. Black, N. S. Johnston, J. T. M. John-
ston, S. H. Pollard, T. W. Barrett, J. E. Chambliss, J. R.
Pentuff, J. S. Conner, G. W. Hatcher, S. F. Taylor and perhaps
others. Nearly every prominent Baptist minister in the first
fifty years of the history of the church in this state at some time
filled its pulpit.

Among the clerks of the church have been Lazarus Wilcox,
Waller S. Woolfolk, David H. Hickman, Thomas H. Hickman,
Thomas S. Tuttle, and others.

Among these one of those longest in service was David H.
Hickman, who held the place from 1842 until 1869, a short
time before his death, a period of twenty-seven years, rarely
missing a meeting although he was in control of large financial
interests and was one of the most active and influential
citizens the county has ever had. In Columbia was another
man who, likewise, was eminent in the history of the state,
William Jewell, who was clerk of that church for about the
same length of time that David H. Hickman served Bonne
Femme, from 1823 to 1849.

The records of both churches during that period are
models of neatness and are an evidence of how men who are
effective in secular life can apply similar methods to church
service.

Thomas H. Hickman, brother of David H. Hickman,
held the position of clerk from 1869 until 1911, when he died,
having been longer in official service of the church than any
other member.

BONNE FEMME ACADEMY

The community in which Bonne Femme Church is
located has always been marked for its intelligence, its pros-
perity and its culture. Many of the finest citizens of Virginia,

198 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

Tennessee and Kentucky sought the fertile country that sur-
rounded it in those pioneer days and proceeded to develop
a social life very akin to that of the famous Blue Grass region
of Kentucky.

It is not strange, therefore, that in addition to a deep
religious spirit they manifested a profound interest in educa-
tion of the higher order. They were the forerunners of the
period which brought the State University to the county and
they planted the first seed for higher education in this county
when they organized an academy and erected a building on
the ground upon which the church stands.

The first session opened in May, 1829, with Warren
Woodson as teacher. He was a kinsman of Judge Warren
Woodson who for forty years was clerk of the Boone County
Court.

The first trustees of the Academy were Mason Moss,
William Shields, Robert S. Barr, Andrew McPheters and
Sinclair Kirtley. The building was of brick with two rooms,
each 22 feet square. It was located about 200 feet east of
the church building. The school was coeducational. The
sessions comprised two terms of five and one-half months
each and the tuition fees were for the two terms $8.00 for
reading, writing and arithmetic; $12.00 for grammar, geogra-
phy and the higher mathematics, and $18.00 for Latin. Board
was $1.13 per week.

Think of it ! In these days of high cost of living, $1.13 per
week, and such board as it was, in those days when canned
goods and cold storage were unknown, and when the tables
groaned with the opulent products of the virgin soil. Game
of all kinds formed a part of the menu and all was prepared
by that original and greatest of all kitchen artists, the old
Virginia or Kentucky negro cook. Slavery had its evils, but
it had its blessings also in a rural domestic life. All of which
recalls the names of many of the fine old families resident in
this section, the Hickmans, the Basses, the Woolfolks, the
Bradfords, the Jenkinses, the Mosses, the Johnstons, the
Ellises, the Courtrights, and McClellands, the Fishers, the Rob-

LITTLE BONNE FEMME CHURCH. 199

netts, the Harrises, the Hadens, and many others, some of
whom remain unto this day.

No wonder the bright young men and women sought
Bonne Femme when they knew that even its Pierian founts
of education or its sources of Divine grace were scarcely more
attractive than was its social life at $1.13 per week. For,
added to the bounties of the kitchen and the table, there were
attractions in the parlor, a wealth of beauty and a social life
that has had few counterparts in the history of this or any
other state.

In about 1830 Rev. R. S. Thomas, a Baptist minister
and educator of high accomplishments, was chosen principal
instructor. He was the first President of William Jewell
College and a close friend of Dr. Jewell. It is altogether
probable that this academy through Dr. Thomas led to the
establishment of the college named in honor of Dr. Jewell,
as it undoubtedly wrought a distinct influence in bringing the
State University and the two women's colleges to Columbia.
It started the first ball thereto in motion.

Dr. Thomas added rhetoric, natural and moral philosophy,
chemistry, astronomy and Greek to the course of study and
the academy at once became noted as an institution of high
class and to it came many young men and women from the
best families of this and other counties.

Among these students may be recalled the following:
Charles H. Hardin, afterwards Governor, and Miss Mary B.
Jenkins, whom he married; Silas Brent, distinguished in
public life ; John T. Hughes, famous in Doniphan's expedition
to Mexico, and afterward as its historian; Bela M. Hughes,
one of the founders of Denver; Mrs. James S. Rollins; Elders
Winthrop Hobson and William H. Robinson, afterwards
eminent preachers of the Christian Church; Gen. Odon
Guitar, Col. James H. Moss, David H. Hickman, Ex-Governor
Thomas C. Reynolds (governor during rebellion); Judge
Robert B. Todd, Miss Elizabeth Moss, afterwards Mrs.
Senator John J. Crittenden of Kentucky; Miss Mary Moss,
afterwards Mrs. Judge Logan Hunton of St. Louis; Robert
L. Todd, Col. James R. Shields, Prof. William C. Shields,

200 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

Judge James Harris, and many others who afterwards became
eminent in the history of this and other states.

The trustees in 1837 were William Shields, David M.
Hickman, Theoderick Jenkins, John H. Field. Afterwards
Gilpin S. Tuttle, David S. Lamme, William P. Crocker,
Waller L. Woolfolk and Austin Bradford became trustees.

After the retirement of Dr. Thomas, Oliver Cunningham,
Joseph Bowers, Prof. John Roche and Prof. George C. Pratt
became teachers.

In the Columbia Patriot of October 16, 1841, is an account
of an exhibition and examination in which is a report of an
address in Latin by John T. Hughes, of readings in Greek
by J. J. Harvey of Saline and Miss Mary B. Jenkins, and of
essays by Miss Laura Shields, Franklin Hughes and others.

The academy passed out of existence not many years
after the opening of the State University in Columbia in 1841,
but its influence for a higher social life and its stimulus to a
nobler culture has been a marked inheritance of this com-
munity and county.

Thus the glory of Bonne Femme, which places it in a class
to itself among the pioneer churches of Missouri, has been
that in those early days of limited facilities in both education
and religion it had a high ideal, a vision of greater things and
in both church and state it lighted fires that will never be
extinguished.

THE OSAGE WAR. 201

THE OSAGE WAR

BY ROBERT A. GLENN

The Osage War might be called Missouri's forgotten war
so far as historians have given it notice.* Several explanations
may be made. In 1837 the capitol building in Jefferson City
burned, and with it, undoubtedly, were destroyed many of
the records of the state military of that time. The Osage
War was not a sanguinary conflict, and it was more or less
overshadowed by the Seminole expedition which was under-
taken at the same time — the fall of 1837. But the Osage
War was none the less significant — for it marked the final
determined effort of the people of Missouri to rid the state
forever of the Red Man, and to make it safe for the thousands
upon thousands of white settlers who were pouring into the
state at a rate that doubled the population every ten years.
The Osage War did this, and modern Missouri history might
well date from this event.

In 1808 there were in Missouri in excess of 20,000 Indians,
it is estimated, made up of tribes of Osages, Missouris, lowas,
Sacs, Foxes, Kickapoos, Shawnees, and Delawares. In this
year, the United States government effected an important
treaty with these tribes, whereby they renounced their claims
to land in the state, with the exception of a small strip in
the extreme western portion. They agreed to migrate west
of a line drawn from Ft. Osage, now Sibley, south to the

*John C. McCoy, the pioneer of Jackson county and seller of town lots
in the once famous Westport, is the historian of the Osage War of 1836. In
1871, he said: "This little war has been overlooked for the last 30 years.
It was a military raid from the border against the Osage Indians. Some of
the ruthless savages committed murder upon several hogs belonging to settlers
near Westport. The command numbered 560 officers and men, consisting of
one major general, two brigadiers, four colonels, besides lieutenant colonels,
majors, captains, lieutenants, chaplains, surgeons, etc., ad innnitumr, being 98
officers to command 432 privates. It is needless to say the expedition was a
success. Old Girard's squaws, papooses and other savages, if still living, have
a sorrowful recollection that the way of the transgressor is hard." Walter
B. Stevens, Missouri The Center State, Vol. II, p. 707.

202 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

Arkansas river — the line roughly dissecting the western tier
of Missouri counties. The Osages were particularly populous
in what are now Bates and Vernon counties, having a large
village seven miles northeast of Nevada and another three
miles north of Ball town. Despite the treaty a number of
them remained in Benton county as late as 1835, and until
1837 there were repeated hunting incursions in the splendid
hunting grounds to be found in Benton, Henry, St. Clair and
Polk counties. In 1824 they relinquished in title the narrow
strip they held along the Kansas border, but, as was to be
seen, the agreement was punctured with frequent forays into
the white settlements, attended by plundering, pillaging,
thieving of all descriptions, and frequently murder. This
harassing situation is set forth in the following memorial of
the General Assembly of Missouri of 1841, asking the Federal
government to reimburse the state for the cost of the Osage
War, the state holding that the condition which made the
war necessary was one created by the national government :

A MEMORIAL TO CONGRESS.

Requesting a reimbursement of money paid by this State in
repelling an incursion of the Osage Indians

To the Congress of the United States:

"Your memorialists, the General Assembly of the State of
Missouri, respectfully represent that the policy of the general
government has, during a course of many years, placed upon the
borders of Missouri and Arkansas an immense number of Indians,
nearly equal by actual computation to the effective population
of these two states. This policy, which yearly receives the sanction
and adoption on the part of the Federal government, has exposed
our frontier to great and imminent peril, a peril from which the
few forces of the United States upon our line are utterly unable
to protect our citizens. From a painful experience we have learned
that whenever a year of scarcity occurs among the Indians, the
settlements of the whites become the theatres of their predatory
excursions, and the retaliation which is thus provoked leads to a
murderous warfare.

"In the year 1837, an incursion was made of this character on
the part of the Osages into the Southwestern portion of our state,
which it became necessary for the military authorities of this state

THE OS AGE WAR. 203

to repel. Under the known rule of Indian warfare, which consists
of a sudden and unexpected inroad, an exterminating massacre and
a precipitate retreat, the military force of the United States, at
that period in our state, could not be summoned in time to meet
the danger, and our only resource for defence and expulsion was
in our state militia. In the prosecution, however, of this expedition
the State of Missouri was compelled to sustain and liquidate all
the costs of the forces thus raised to defend the frontier, and protect
its citizens, which costs amounted to the sum of ($21,146.92)
twenty-one thousand, one hundred forty-six dollars and ninety-
two cents. Your memorialists, in presenting to Congress this
statement of facts, respectfully ask that Congress will relieve the
State of Missouri from payment of this burden. They scarcely
think it necessary to remind your honorable body of the selfish
and cruel policy of accumulating thousands of savages on our line
and leaving us to defend ourselves, as best we may, against the
inroads and incursions with which our frontier is yearly threatened.
It must present itself to every mind, as partial, oppressive to our
citizens, and ruinous to the best interests of our state. If the
wisdom of Congress has placed these savages on our line, it should
equally, by the strictest justice and the letter of the Constitution
have protected us against their invasion. But if the general
government, from the suddenness of the Indian's attacks, or the
small force which is stationed on our border, is unable to protect
us from such an invasion, and it becomes necessary for this state
to guard its own interests, then, as your memorialists respectfully
suggest, an obligation under the Constitution arises upon the part
of the general government to indemnify this state for any loss
which it may thus have sustained. Any construction to the con-
trary would, by operating as a constant drain upon our public
resources, drive us to the necessity of high taxation, or an enormous
debt, or would compel us to seize the first outrage of the Indians
as opportunity for an exterminating war.

"Your memorialists close this petition with a request that
Congress pass a law relieving the state of this debt, and providing
for the reimbursing the amount which has been paid to the troops
called into the service of the state as before mentioned, and as in
duty, etc.'!

Approved Feb. 11, 1841.
LAWS OF MISSOURI, 1838-1840.

While the Osage War was directed chiefly toward the
tribes bearing that name it was by no means confined t6 them.
In the early part of the nineteenth century there were nu-
merous tribes of Shawnee and Delaware Indians in Perry and

204 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

Cape Girardeau counties in the southeastern portion of the
state. By 1823 they had migrated westward into Christian
and Stone counties, and in 1830 they were induced by the
Federal government to move into Kansas. But like the Osages
they continued from time to time to return and annoy the
white pioneers.

Missouri's Indian problem was made more complex by
the policy of the Federal government in the late Twenties and
early Thirties in moving all Indian tribes east of the Mississippi
to the West. Missouri was the gateway in this movement,
and to her already large Indian population, it is estimated
30,000 more were added in this period.

In 1837, Hon. Lilburn W. Boggs was governor. He was
a St. Louisan who had accumulated wealth in trading with
the Indians, and was conversed in their ways. He had been
lieutenant-governor previous to his election, and was regarded
as a firm executive, and a man of action likely to settle the
Indian problem. Wherefore in September, 1837, when he
received word of depredations by the Osages in western Mis-
souri, he decided to call out the militia. The mission was
charged to Major General Samuel D. Lucas, commanding
the Fourth Division, Missouri Militia. His report of the
expedition, from the original on file in the office of the adjutant
general in Jefferson City, is as follows:

"His Excellency L. W. Boggs,

Commander in Chief,
Missouri Militia.
Sir:

"You will receive herewith the returns of the volunteers of
the 4th Division, Missouri Militia, ordered out the 16th of Septem-
ber, 1837, together with the returns of the Divisional Quarter-
master. The troops rendezvous'd on Grand river fifty miles south
of Independence on the 24th of October, 1837. On the evening of
the same day, before the men were mustered into service, I received
information that a party of Indians had been seen that day on
Deer Creek about three miles from our encampment. Upon re-
ceiving this information I ordered out a detachment of one hundred
men to go in pursuit of them, which I divided into two parties,
to one of which I assigned Brig. Gen. M. G. Wilson to command,
with orders to scout the north side of said creek and to meet the

THE OSAGE WAR. 205

other party at a bridge on said creek about five miles above where
the old Harmony Mission Trace crosses. I took command of the
other part of the detachment and crossed said creek at the old
trace and scoured the country on the south side up to said bridge.
In our search we took one Indian prisoner from whom we ascer-
tained the direction of their main camp. The detachment aganf
got together at the bridge aforesaid, where we took up our line io
march for the camp of the main body of Indians, using the prisoner
as a guide. We found their camp about 6 or 8 miles west of the
bridge on Deer creek, containing about 30 Indians. They evinced
considerable signs of hostility when we first approached, each
warrior taking a tree with his gun and implements of war about
him and one of them cocked his gun and raised it to fire, but upon
his seeing some 15 or 20 guns presented in the direction he was,
he took it down and the whole party surrendered. We marched
them into camp about 10:00 at night on the 29th of October.
"The men being mustered into service and the troops organized
I took up the line of march for the Marmitaw River,* previous to
the main army's marching on said morning. I sent a detachment
of three companies under the command of Brig. Gen. Wm. B.
Almond in pursuit of a band of Indians that I was told had been
committing depredations on Mound Branch Creek east of the
Harmony Road. I kept out from two to three detachments every
day and scoured the whole country on each side of the Harmony
Mission Road for from 10 to 20 miles. Every detachment that
I sent out brought in more or less prisoners and all reported fresh
Indian signs in the country and judging from the signs that there
was a large body of Indians within our borders. The 29th of
October we arrived at Harmony Mission House. On that day I
sent Brig. Gen. Wilson to Deepwater country with a detachment
of four companies after a party of Indians that it was reported to
me were then committing depredations in that section of the coun-
try. We found a good deal of excitement amongst the French and
half-breed Indians in the vicinity of Harmony, and from observa-
tion and information, believe that they sent runners all through
the country to inform the Indians of our approach and to advise
them to leave the country or to elude our search. The day we
left Harmony the smoke from their fire appeared to be receding,
which confirmed our belief in the part the French and the half-
breeds had taken. The second day after leaving the Meridecinef

*Marmitaw River, one of the headwater streams of the Osage River, rising
in Kansas and flowing through the present county of Vernon, Missouri.

tMarais de Cygnes River, one of the headwater streams of the Osage
River, arising in Kansas and flowing through what is now Bates County,
Missouri. General Lucas was inclined to spell these French named streams
phonetically.

206 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

we reached the Marmitaw River where I made my headquarters.
I kept detachments out every day whilst we remained and scoured
the whole country as far as Dry wood Creek, some 30 miles southeast
of our encampment on Marmitaw. We captured 101 Indians from
Grand River to the Marmitaw River and during our stay there I
have no doubt from the best information but what there was at
the least calculation 1,000 Indians committing depredations on
the settlers within the limits of the state when the troops reached
the rendezvous on Grand River, and believe that if a small force
of 150 or 200 men had been sent out against them that they would
have had to have fought before they could have removed them.
I received information from Mr. Papin, trader amongst the Osages
(through Dr. Dodge) of their hostile threats and requesting me by
all means to order out a large force that the Indians were more
impudent in their threats than they ever had been before and that
they intended to bring at least from 400 to 500 warriors with them.
The Indians having heretofore committed depredations on the
southern citizens for 8 or 9 years with impunity they naturally
came to the conclusion that the whites were afraid of them and
that when they sent their menacing threats through Mr. Papin
that it would have the effect to frighten the whites to a quiet
gait and they could commit depredations as formerly, but when
they heard of and saw our army of 500 Mounted Riflemen marching
to the assistance of their injured countrymen they took the alarm
and fled from the country as fast as possible.

"While at the Marmitaw I received information that there was
a large party of Indians in the Spring River country committing
depredations on that settlement. I sent a detachment of three
companies under the command of Brig. Gen. Almond to scour that
section of the country. He captured 200 Indians and put them
outside of the state line. We captured in all 301 Indians, which
were removed without the limits of the state after some explana-
tions through an interpreter of the laws of the country on the sub-
ject of acting as they had been doing and what they might expect
provided the men were called out again to remove them.

"The Indians expressed great astonishment at the number of
white men and said they did not believe before that there could
be as many men raised within the State of Missouri. The main
body of the army was only out fifteen days, but owing to our
strength I was able to keep out and send out detachments all the
time and in every direction. I left no part of the country unex-
amined neither on our advance march to the frontier nor during
our stay at the Marmitaw River and did not leave until we were
well satisfied on that point. It would have required a force of
200 men at least six weeks or two months to have performed the
same service, and in all probability they would have been com-

THE OSAGE WAR. 207

pelled to have resorted to arms before the object of the expedition
could have been accomplished. The citizens of our southwestern
frontier have been badly treated. We found as respectable people
living on the frontier aforesaid as any in Missouri. Men of ex-
emplary habits and good moral character, and a remarkable fact
is they are all, or mostly so, temperance men, who discountenance
the use and traffic in Ardent Spirits. Such a class of citizens are
worthy of and entitled to protection and the general government
is bound to afford it, and not any longer disregard their exposed
situation. The Dragoons* heretofore, they say, have afforded them
no protection whatever and that their only dependence is upon
the state authorities."

I have the honor to be, with high respect your obd't svt.,
SAM'L D. LUCAS,

Maj. Gen., 4th Div., M. M.
To His Excellency L. W. Boggs,
Commander in Chief,
Missouri Militia.

A few weeks later Governor Boggs received reports of
Indian depredations from the extreme southwestern portion
of the state. He decided to extend the war to this section.
This mission was entrusted to the Seventh Division, Missouri
Militia, Major General Joseph Powell, commanding. It oper-
ated from Springfield, the seat of Greene county.

One operation was entrusted to Col. Charles S. Yancey
of the Greene county militia. Accompanied by Lieut. Col.
Chesley Cannefax, Captain Henry Fulbright, and a company
of a hundred men, Col. Yancey proceeded into the Stone
Creek country, where he came on a large band of Indians,
squaws and their young. They were ordered to move, but
pleaded good behavior if allowed to remain. Col. Yancey
returned to Springfield, but the fears of the white settlers in
the vicinity of the Indian camp were not allayed, and on
their pleas the removal of the Indians was ordered. Winter
had advanced, and considerable suffering and hardship was

*The Dragoons were the Federal troops. The Missouri General Assembly
importuned the Federal government to replace the obsolete forts on the old
Indian frontier in Illinois with a chain of forts along the Kansas- Missouri
border. This was not done, but the chastising given the Indians and the show
of force of the Missourians constituted a lesson which did much to mitigate
the gravity of the border situation.

208 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

experienced by the Indians, as they were led to the border
of Arkansas and told to keep out of Missouri and observe
their treaty agreements.

That the operations extended to Barry county is indi-
cated by the following original documents on file in the office
of the adjutant general in Jefferson City:

Order of Gov. Lilburn W. Boggs, to Adjutant General B. M. Lisle,
Organizing the 83d Regiment of Barry County.
Executive Department,

City of Jefferson, Nov. 29, 1837.
To B. M. Lisle, Esq.,
Adjutant Gen'l.

Sir: — I have been informed by an express from Barry county
that the militia of that county has not as yet been organized.
You will therefore issue an order to Major General Powell, com-
manding the 7th Division, Mo. Militia, to cause a regiment to be
organized in said county by dividing the same into proper number
of companies and by the election of field and company officers.
You will at the same time furnish him with the number of the
regiment and direct the returns of the elections to be made im-
mediately.

You will likewise direct Gen'l Powell to cause to be raised in
the County of Barry a company of mounted volunteers, not ex-
ceeding one hundred men, to be armed and equipped according to
law for the purpose of ranging on the frontier of that county until
superseded by the troops of the United States for the purpose of
removing any Indians found hunting or roaming within the limits
of the state and for the protection of that portion of our frontier
from Indian depredations.

The express will return tomorrow by whom you will please
forward the foregoing orders.

Respectfully, yr obdt serv't, &.

Lilburn W. Boggs

Com-in-Chief.

Report of Major I. T. Shanks, brigade inspector, 1st Brigade,
7th* Division, Missouri Militia, in mustering in a company of
volunteers of Barry County, with endorsements.

I do hereby certify that agreeable to an order of Gen'l N. R.
Smith, commander of the First Brigade, Seventh Division, M. M.
I traveled to Mount Pleasant, the county seat of Barry County
from Springfield, the county seat of Greene County, a distance of
fifty miles in the going and fifty miles in the returning, for the
purpose of mustering into the service a hundred volunteers and

THE OSAGE WAR. 209

approving their horses by order of the Commander-in-chief, M. M.,
to Gen'l Joseph Powell, commander of the 7th Division, M. M.,
and that I served four days in discharging that duty in December,
1837. I further certify that the above is correct upon the honor of
an officer.

I. T. Shanks, Brigade Inspector,

1st Brigade, 7th Div., M. M.

Upon the honor of an officer, having examined the above
return, I certify it to be correct.

N. R. Smith, Com.,

1st Brig., 7th Div., M. M.

Upon the honor of an officer, having examined the above
return, I certify it to be correct.

Joseph Powell, Maj. Gen.,

7th Div., M. M.
Approved by G. S. Parsons,

for B. M. Lisle, Adj. Gen., M. M.

This militia company was organized evidently on report
of Brig. Gen. A. F. Nail, who commanded an expedition that
marched through Barry county to its seat at Sarcoxie, now
in Jasper county, and thence north and eastward to Bolivar,
in Polk county, where the troops were mustered out of service.
Gen. Nail's report and muster rolls furnish the only record
of the names of men who served in the Indian campaigns of
1837, the muster rolls of General Lucas presumably being
lost in the fire that destroyed the capitol. The following is
the report:

"By order of Major General Powell, commanding the
7th Division, Missouri Militia, a portion of the Second Brigade
of said Division was mustered into the service of the State
on the 14th day of November, 1837, when they were dis-
charged in the town of Bolivar in Polk county, by order of
Major General Joseph Powell, commanding 7th Division,
Missouri Militia.

"The following is a list of the names and grades of officers
and the names of the privates of the Second Brigade, 7th
Division, Missouri Militia, mustered into service of the State
of Missouri as aforesaid and continued in the service 18 days
as mounted volunteers and discharged as aforesaid." The
general's staff was listed as follows :

210 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

Brigadier General A. F. Nail,

Aide-de-camp Nicholas Munn,

Brigade Inspector William Jamison,

Brigade Judge Advocate William Henry,

Brigade Quartermaster S. H. Bunch,

Brigade Paymaster John Shannon,

Brigade Issuing Commissary E. M. Campbell,

Brigade Surgeon Louis Polk.

Under General Nail was Col. T. J. Shannon and staff,
as follows: Adjutant J. W. Davis, Lieut. Col. J. L. Young,
Major Levi A. Williams, Judge Advocate C. Luttrill, Quarter-
master Sergeant William Owens, Color Bearer Mart Morgan,
Trumpeter William Jones, Quartermaster Hugh Boyd, Sergt.
Major William R. Hill, Paymaster Winfry Owens. The
companies were officered as follows:

Capt. A. Morgan's company: Lieut. J. W. Jamison, En-
sign J. H. Smallman.

Capt. Richard Sage's company: Lieut. James R. Allsup,
Ensign Davis Fields and Sergeant James Appleby.

Capt. Gran C. Clark's company: Lieut. William Odell,
Ensign Samuel W. Davis, 2nd Lieut. John McBroom, Sergt.
William K. Latham.

Capt. Michael Randleman's company: Lieut. Elijah
Benton, Ensign Sion S. Pritchett, 1st Sergt. Elias Parrott.

Capt. Levi A. Williams' company: Lieut. M. G. Campbell,
Ensign A. Looney, Sergt. Alex Morgan.

LEIGH C. PALMER

U. S. Navy.

211

MISSOURIANS ABROAD — NO. 8. 211

MISSOURIANS ABROAD— No. 8

REAR ADMIRAL LEIGH C. PALMER, U. S. N.
BY J. WILLARD RIDINGS.

It was during the Spanish-American war; the Merrimac
was to be sunk in Santiago harbor and two young naval
officers were chosen as rival candidates for the honor. Rich-
mond Pearson Hobson won the distinction; the other officer
was Leigh C. Palmer.

In preparation for Hobson's undertaking, Palmer was
sent to inspect the enemy's guns, with orders to go no nearer
than 500 yards. He was absent quite a while and succeeded
in getting within 200 yards of the hostile ordnance. On his
return he was taken to task for disobeying orders. His reply
might be chosen as the motto of his whole life. "I did my
duty," he said, "and a little more."

Leigh C. Palmer was born in St. Louis, Missouri, on
January 11, 1873.* He received his education at the Stod-
dard School, the Polytechnic Institute and the old Central
High School in that city.

At high school he is remembered for his distinguished
bearing and good appearance. There were no athletics at
the Central High School in those days, but it is said that he
always carried himself erectly and almost always walked back
and forth to school from his home on Twenty-seventh street.
He took a prominent part in debating and oratory and his
ardor as an orator won him the nickname of "Spartacus,"
from his fiery delivery of that gladiator's defiance to Rome.
He was a member of the Boys' Debating Club, an important

*In a letter to this Society, Admiral Palmer states, "I was actually born In
St. Louis, Missouri, on January 11, 1873, though I have noted some articles
that stated In error that I was born in Ohio."

The author is especially indebted for material for this article to a biograph-
ical sketch of Rear Admiral Palmer which appeared in the St. Louis Post-
Dispatch on June 30, 1918.

212 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

organization of that day, later succeeded by the Boys' Literary
Society.

Schoolmates remember that he possessed a remarkable
memory and that he was especially gifted in the acquirement
of languages. It is said that today he speaks fluently eight
different tongues. It is also recalled of him that he kept good
hours and was seldom away from home after the curfew rang
at 9 o'clock at night.

After his graduation from high school he worked for a
year and a half in the Third National Bank of St. Louis.
Concerning his connection with that institution, Mr. J. R.
Cooke, cashier, writes:

"About the year 1891 Leigh Palmer, a lad of 18, entered
the services of the Third National Bank of St. Louis, just
after finishing his course of studies at the St. Louis High School.

"His manner, address and bearing would impress any
one who came in contact with him, and the interest he took
in fulfilling the duties assigned to him would mark him as a
young man who would make a success in life, no matter what
course he pursued.

"Leigh, being many years my junior, I never came in
contact with him outside of the bank. I only knew him in
a business way, but from the close association I had with
him while he was connected with the bank I could only
speak of him as a young man of marked refinement, a thorough
gentleman, and a young man sure of success.

"He had one habit that is rarely found in a boy of his
age, i. e., wearing gloves. My recollection of him is that he
was never seen on the street without his hands being covered,
and I understand that this trait has been carried out by him
even to this date. I have been told by parties who are con-
nected with the navy that he is called by those who are under
his command 'the kid glove officer.'

"I remember well the day he came to me and told me
he was going to try and enter Annapolis. I did not hesitate
to encourage him, knowing that he would not only be suc-
cessful in his attempt, but further, he would distinguish him-
self in the service of his country."

MISSOURIANS ABROAD — NO. 8. 213

Following the Spanish-American War, Admiral Palmer
had one continuous cruise of sea duty for almost thirteen
years. During that time he was special Naval representative
at the wedding of King Alfonso of Spain, was Naval Aid
to Secretary of State Root when that statesman visited South
America, and was Naval Aid to President Taft. Also during
Taft's administration he held the position of Director of
Target Practice in the Navy. Admiral Palmer was one of
the early proponents of long range firing in the open sea under
actual battle conditions. He has commanded a destroyer
division of the Atlantic Fleet, served as executive officer of
the battleship New York, and was Chief of Staff to the
Commander of the battleship force when assigned to the
important post in which he served during the late war —
Chief of the Bureau of Navigation.

Upon the entrance of the United States into the war
there immediately developed in the Navy Department a job
for a big man. This comprised a nation-wide recruiting cam-
paign by which the personnel of the navy was expanded from
56,000 to nearly half a million. It included the rapid and
intensive training of this raw material for urgent service at
sea.

The extraordinary record made in recruiting the United
States Navy up to its war standard was accomplished under
the immediate direction of Rear Admiral Palmer. No other
officer in the navy has ever had so large a force under his
command. His first task was to put the recruiting forces
on an efficient basis. He divided the country into four great
divisions which were pitted against one another in friendly
rivalry. A great campaign of publicity was inaugurated,
enlisting artists, newspapers, billboards, theaters and moving
picture houses.

An especial and successful effort was made to interest
parents, to whom were pointed out the advantages in educa-
tion and travel offered by the navy. Committees of state
and city officials were organized to aid, and patriotic societies
all over the country gave their assistance. The result was
that at the end of the first year of war there was an increase

214 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

in the enlisted personnel of nearly 250,000 men, all of whom
were volunteers.

At the outbreak of the war the naval training stations
could accommodate only about 6,000 men. The Bureau of
Navigation took upon itself the responsibility for going ahead
with buildings at the various stations, so that barracks would
be ready to house the recruits that were being brought in.
In addition many schools and colleges provided training for
special ratings in branches wherein these schools were best
equipped to give instruction.

Concerning the accomplishments of his bureau in training
men for the navy, Rear Admiral Palmer himself issued the
following statement at the time the work was at its height:

"The regular naval schools have been expanded and
cover a large number of trades in addition to the regular work
required, including schools for drivers, electricians, radio men,
carpenters, machinists, blacksmiths, coppersmiths, bakers,
hospital corps men, fuel oil men, camoufleurs, helmsmen,
gyro-compass men, lookouts, armed gun crews, men for sub-
marine work, aviation mechanics, etc.

'Training was also started in the battle fleet, and, under
the supervision of the Commander-in-Chief, every vessel at
home and abroad is now an active unit for both officers and
men, in addition to carrying out its main mission of immediate
readiness for battle.

"Just before the war, or on January 1, 1917, the navy
had in full commission a total of 176 vessels of all classes.
Since that time the Bureau of Navigation has put into com-
mission hundreds of vessels of all types, transports, hospital
ships, patrol vessels, mine layers, mine sweepers, converted
yachts, gunboats, etc., so that the end of the first year of
the war finds us with 1,345 vessels fully commissioned with
regular naval personnel.

"The bureau has been able, without delay, not only to
furnish full complements of officers and men for all vessels
that the department has wished to commission and for all
other activities, including aviation and construction work at
home and abroad, but it has anticipated the needs for the

MISSOURIANS ABROAD — NO. 8. 215

future and is fully prepared to provide an efficient personnel
for all new vessels and for all future operations of the navy.

"Particular attention has been paid to the welfare of the
recruits. Naval officers on every ship and at every station
have arranged valuable courses of instruction to add to the
efficiency of the men. They have carefully studied the sub-
ject of contentment and happiness on ships and in camps and
have provided amusements and recreation of all kinds.
Assistance and advice are given in matters which add to the
health and comfort of the men and they are encouraged to
seek advancement. The general aim has been to produce a
patriotic and efficient body of man o' war's men, prepared
and eager for decisive action with the enemy."

As Chief of the Bureau of Navigation, Admiral Palmer
had many other duties than those connected with recruiting
and training of men. Among his varied duties were super-
vision of the establishing of complements of ships of the Navy ;
of the appointment and commissioning of officers; of the
keeping of records; the issuing of orders; supervision of
ceremonies; uniform regulations; pay estimates, and the like.
Under his jurisdiction also were the Naval Militia and the
Naval Reserves, the Naval Academy, Naval Observatory,
Hydrographic Office, the Naval Examining Board, and the
personnel of the Radio and Aeronautic Services.

Much is disclosed of the true character of a man by what
his subordinates think of him. During 1918 the officers of
the Bureau of Navigation in Washington gave a dinner to
Rear Admiral Palmer. It was a delightful shipmates' gather-
ing, without formalities. A junior officer gave imitations of
the Chief talking over a telephone, and the Chief told stories
of his days at sea. The officers under him gave him, as a
souvenir of the occasion, a vellum bound menu, adorned and
autographed, and it bore this legend:

"As a small tribute to the He-Man qualities of the Ad-
miral."

Just before the close of the war Rear-Admiral Palmer
accepted assignment as a Captain in order to be able to go
to sea on active duty in the war zone. At present he is as-

216 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

signed to the command of the U. S. S. Georgia in Pacific
waters.

On his recent visit to San Francisco, King Albert of
Belgium conferred on Captain Palmer the Order of Leopold,
for naval work accomplished during the war in behalf of the
allied forces.

ADOLPH GREEF

217

THE FOLLOWERS OF DUDEN. 217

THE FOLLOWERS OF DUDEN

BY WILLIAM G. BEK
SECOND ARTICLE
LETTER OF ADOLPH GREEF

"St. Louis, December 16, 1833.
"Dear Relatives:—

"Having finally arrived at our destination, I shall tell
you about the important happenings of our journey and about

our present circumstances. All of us except two of

our children suffered from seasickness, but when we left the
ship we were in better health than when we started on our

journey. We had a great deal of diversion on the boat.

There were musicians, satirical preachers, and jesters of all
sorts on board, and when the sea was calm many interesting

things happened on deck. The water of the Ohio was

so low that only small boats could be used. Cousin Hermann
left for Cincinnati on one of these small boats, but the rest
of us decided to wait for higher water. On the 22nd of
September the Meiers and we left direct for St. Louis, where

we arrived on the 6th of October. One can scarcely

imagine what a rush of Germans there is to the State of

Missouri. In Pittsburg I bought a joiner's bench and

upon our arrival here set to work to make our bedsteads,
cupboards, tables, etc. I had to buy an entirely new set of
tools which were very expensive. I just had to have them
for the German tools were a constant source of ridicule on

the part of the other workmen. If God wills, I shall

stay in this line of work only a few years. Then I shall buy
an improved farm, and as farmer I shall provide a comfortable
living for us. —Deer, rabbits, ducks, geese, in fact all

sorts of game are here in great abundance. In spite

of the fact that the men here wear no caps but only hats,
a fellow traveler who happened to be a maker of hats was

218 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

unable to get work. Many hats are imported from England.
Saddlers, too, have difficulty in getting work. Efficient car-
penters, blacksmiths, shoemakers and tailors do a flourishing
business, as does also a baker if he chances to locate in a good
neighborhood. At present most of the housewives do their
own baking. My wife bakes bread every day in an iron pot
which is made especially for this purpose. The bread is
similar to, tho better than the white bread which the peasants

bake at home. 1 can buy two hind quarters of venison,

which weigh about thirty pounds, for a quarter of a dollar.
Such an opportunity does not come only occasionally, but
daily. I can buy four wild ducks for twenty-five cents, and
a wild turkey for from twelve to twenty-five cents. Hunting
and fishing are absolutely free. Several times I have been

lucky enough to catch catfish weighing fifty pounds.

St. Louis is only in its infancy. At present it has a population
of 12,000 souls, but it has no street illumination, nor regular
sidewalks. Cows, swine and horses are allowed to run at
large. I never go out in the evening without a lantern, in

order not to fall over sleeping cows or hogs. The

English language is the prevailing tongue, tho a number of

Frenchmen live here. The land in the vicinity of St.

Louis is being bought up rapidly. For a distance of fifty
or sixty miles around the city almost everything is private

property. Immigrants ought to choose the route via

New Orleans and then come to St. Louis by steamboat.

This route will, in the long run, be found the cheaper.

If immigrants come here with the fixed purpose of benefiting
the lot of their children, if they have one of the trades I have
enumerated above, and if they command a sufficient amount
of money to make a successful beginning, they will be happy

here. Ignorance of the English language is the greatest

difficulty and hindrance an immigrant has to contend with.

America is no place for immigrating scholars. The

farmers and artisans represent the successfully educated
classes here.

With greetings to all. Adolph."

THE FOLLOWERS OF DUDEN. 219

Postscript by H. Steines.

"My dear ones: —

All of us who emigrated from Bremen are getting along
well in the New World, in fact we are doing better than in
Germany. But there are many Germans who pass thru a
period of misery during their first year of American residence.
If the English language has been thoroly mastered then
America can afford more pleasures than Germany. I wish
to repeat here that German immigrants who come without
having at least $500.00 to $1,000.00 upon their arrival in
St. Louis deserve whatever hardships may be in store for

them. You deserve to be called rascals if, upon receipt

of this letter, you do not instanter write to the free citizens
of the United States of North America, Hermann Steines and
Adolph Greef and family."

SECOND LETTER OF HERMANN STEINES.

"St. Louis, February 17, 1834.
"My dear Dellmann: —

"This morning I received the two letters which Fred wrote
in August and September of last year.

"We are still getting along nicely, indeed better than we
ever did in Germany. This fact inspires us with the hope
that when once this new country shall have become a new
fatherland to us, we may indeed be able to fully value and
appreciate all the benefits which a loving Creator has so
lavishly bestowed upon the inhabitants of this fortunate
continent. Both of my former letters contain much that
upon riper experience would not have come from my pen.
The journey with its many unpleasant incidents, the foreign
language, the strange customs, and so many other things
distort one's judgment, even in spite of the firm resolve to
speak without prejudice. I venture you will have the -same
experience. Moreover, the emigrant forgets all too easily the
oppressive conditions from which he has escaped, and thinks
only of the things good and beautiful which he has left behind.

220 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

These conditions are usually augmented when the emigrant's
money has been spent, when misfortune befalls him, or when
dreams and hopes of speculation come to naught. America
is no Elysium, but it is a blessed country nevertheless. But
imperfect human beings inhabit it and on this account many
human institutions might be better than they now are.

"Since both you and Fred, schoolmasters that you are,
entertain the hope of coming to America, let me tell you my
impression of the position which science and learning in general
occupies here. Of course the truly scientific man cannot be
made at Universities and Technical High Schools but must
be born with these gifts. In Germany many a wrong is
committed under the cloak of science, but the protection
which the German state gives to science and learning encour-
ages the real genius and inspires him to pursue right paths.
Here little or no protection is given the priests of learning.
The laws of the land grant equal rights to all citizens. They
permit every advocate of the law, every divine, every scientist
to make his own clothes and carry on trade, and in like manner
they permit every shoemaker or merchant to preach the gospel,
practice medicine or law, to teach school, or do whatever his
heart may desire. This new Republic permits no special
privileges or prerogatives. Since the higher callings, here as
in Germany, are more remunerative and more comfortable
than many of the trades, a great number of quacks are found
in all the higher professions in America.

"In theology the situation is very bad. Pietism takes
the place of reasonable Christianity. Except in the Presby-
terian, the Episcopal, and the Unitarian churches, the clergy
is self-taught. A countless number of sects is found, that do
not believe in the confirmation of the children. Repentance,
conversion and faith are the common themes of their sermons.
Baptism is often postponed to a mature age, while in some
churches it is entirely neglected. If a person is convinced
that this or that church is the genuine and true one, he appears
before the church council and expresses his conviction, hears
the articles of faith read and if he affirms that he is willing
to accept these teachings his name is inscribed in the church

THE FOLLOWERS OF DUDEN. 221

record and he is called a member of such and such a church.
Since the members must defray the expenses of the pastor
and of the church, it behooves the pastor to convert as many
as possible to his particular faith. Religious newspapers and
tracts find their way to the remotest parts of the Union.
The Unitarians, who look at Christianity from a rational
standpoint, are by all the others condemned to eternal damna-
tion. It is often very interesting to read their religious
quarrels in the church papers. Even the atheists have their
own paper. Thus you see that extremes face extremes here.
Everything seems to be in a struggle. To me it all appears
chaotic.

"In the medical profession conditions are equally bad.
The people do not question the preparation of a physician
but only enquire as to his success as a practitioner. For this
reason young men aspiring to be doctors of medicine do not
feel it necessary to acquire thoro training at the medical
schools. The opportunity to get a sound training in medicine
is available to the real student of this profession, but the
quack, who is only looking for an opportunity of making
money, simply hears a few lectures, in order to be able to
speak at least secundam artem, and then assumes the title
of doctor of medicine. Then he sallies forth either to kill
or cure, just as chance or fate may decree. The American
physicians compound their own medicines. The apothecary
simply supplies them with the ingredients. Since the doctors
are not taught in pharmaceutics, and since the desire is to
make as much as possible out of the sale of medicines, they
prepare but few kinds of medicine and then make use of the
cheapest and strongest ingredients. Calomel, tartar emitic
and a few other remedies, and a lance for the purpose of
bleeding usually constitute the whole apothecary shop of an
American physician. Calomel, which German physicians
usually prescribe in doses of one-half to three grains, consider-
ing a dose of twenty grains as an absolute maximum, is here
administered by the tea-spoon full, indeed even by the table-
spoon full. It is true this does not kill the patient on the
spot, but makes him much worse than he was, and leaves

222 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

bad effects for life. At first I was inclined to consider state-
ments concerning such heroic cures as unfounded, but I have
had opportunity to convince myself of their truthfulness.
In the matter of bleeding the physicians are extremely free.
But at last the people have begun to see the absurdity and
wrong of such procedure, and have raised their voice in protest.
As a consequence there has arisen a class of empirics, commonly
called Botanical Physicians, who banish every kind of
poison from their practice, among them mercury, arsenic,
saltpeter, and opium, and claim to use only vegetable medi-
cines. Altho the work of an empiric, Thomas in Boston, is
doubtless erroneous in many respects, it will undoubtedly
direct the attention of the medical faculties to the flora of
North America, the study of which has been almost entirely
neglected.

"During the last twenty years some plants with unusual
medicinal properties have been discovered in America, among
them lobelia in flata, which is a vegetable emetic, asclepias
tuberosa and syriaca, polygala segena and aristolochia ser-
pentaria, eupatorium perfoliatum and many others. The flora
of the United States is very rich, and in time I shall collect
a fine herbarium.

"My present employer is a so-called Botanical doctor.
Since Botanical studies are my specialty I feel that I am
fortunate in obtaining employment with him.

"In the legal profession matters stand very much as in
the other higher callings. The people choose that attorney
who is the best talker, without troubling their minds much
as to whether the jurist is able to read the Latin law books or
not.

"The ancient languages have fallen into disfavor. The
people want everything in the English language in order to
be able to read and judge for themselves. Law books,
pharmacopeias, and works on theology are all in English.

"In the east, it is true, one finds some few splendidly
arranged apothecary shops, but most of them, and especially
in the west, are chaotic in their arrangement. Medicines
are stored away with a thousand other things. The most

THE FOLLOWERS OF DUDEN. 223

dangerous poisons are often stored away with other medicines.
The one aim of everybody is to make money. It does not
make any difference as to how a business is carried on, just
so it is making money. Of course, I am speaking of general
conditions, for, as I have already stated, there are notable
exceptions. It is but natural that this state of affairs should
obtain, since there is no higher authority to control the whole
by salutary laws.

"The teaching profession also has many drawbacks. If
the teachers are capable men, endowed with the gift to make
themselves liked by their patrons, they do well, especially in
the cities. However, they are employed for only short terms,
for a half year or a year, and receive no fixed salary but the
uncertain amount obtained from tuition fees.

"In the eastern states, especially in Pennsylvania and
Ohio there are many German teachers, but they are usually
obliged to give also instruction in the English language.
German teachers usually fare even worse than the English,
since the Germans are even more penurious in the matter of
salaries than the English.

"As far as I know, German institutions of higher educa-
tion do not exist in America, and probably never will come into
existence, for the reason that the Germans, who are scattered
thru all parts of the United States are inclined more and
more to accept the customs and language of the Anglo-
Americans.

"Special branches of instruction, such as music, languages
and so forth might perhaps afford a better income. To under-
take this sort of work, however, the instructor must be an
absolute master of his work, and in the second place he must
have perfect command of the English language.

"To reiterate: the doctor, lawyer, teacher or preacher
who does not understand and speak the English language is
just as efficient in America as a cipher before a digit. A
German scholar can feel comfortable only in German environ-
ment, for this reason only those should leave German soil,
who have in advance secured definite employment in this
country.

224 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

"Since receiving your letter I feel certain that you will
undertake the journey. I will therefore add a few words
that might be helpful to you on the trip. If a number of
families, which are on friendly terms, decide to travel on the
same ship they may charter the steerage to mutual advantage.
The fourteen families of which Fred wrote might very well
travel thus. On the Bremen ships the steerage passengers
have sailor's fare, which would not agree with even the
humblest of you. It will therefor be wise for you to provide
yourself with such articles of food as you are fond of. I think
that the route via Rotterdam would be more comfortable for
you. The poorest kinds of clothes must be worn by steerage
passengers for one is likely to come in contact with tar at
any time. A few light chairs without backs will be very
convenient. Neither should a good strong lantern which can
be closed be forgotten. Before going on board the ship you
must assure yourself that a sufficient amount of fresh water
is on hand. You may take as much baggage as you wish,
but for the sake of convenience only small boxes should be
taken, and these should not be packed too tight. The
clothing for the journey must be put in separate boxes. On
our ship all the large boxes and superfluous bedding was
stored in the ship's hold, where it was put away in such a
manner, that most of us had great difficulty in finding and
handling our belongings. Many passengers found upon their
arrival in Baltimore that part of their bedding had actually
rotted. In case you should decide to bring a piano along,
you must protect the strings against rust, and pack it most
carefully to withstand rough handling. A small alcohol lamp
and a tin kettle will be found convenient to prepare coffee or
tea, as the hearth in the steerage is not at the disposal of
individual travelers. You will do well to buy drafts, but
you will do still better if you can exchange your money for
five franc pieces. Do not accept bank notes unless they be
on the Bank of the United States. Many bank notes are
valid only in the state in which they were issued. Moreover,
there are many imitations, which are, of course invalid. If
you can bring a selected library of German classics, good

THE FOLLOWERS OF DUDEN. 225

theological works, sermons, entertaining and humorous works
and novels, you will do well, for your mouth will often water
for them here. Bring me a German medical book, one
written in popular style, designed to be a family reference
book in medicine. Bring me also a dozen cheap Crefeld
pipes, for I cannot quit smoking and cigars are much more
expensive here than in Germany. Ordinary smoking tobacco
is not to be had, or at least it is very bad. Smokers are
obliged to use the tobacco leaves which are dried but untreated.
Since the weather ranges from extreme heat to extreme cold
during the course of the year, you had better provide yourself
with overcoats as well as with summer clothing, tho the latter
can be bought cheaply here.

"In July and August the weather sometimes reached
ninety-six to one hundred and four degrees of Fahrenheit in
the shade. On the first of January the temperature suddenly
dropped, and on the second the Mississippi was full of floating
ice. On the seventh the cold was intense, more intense than
I had ever felt in Germany, twenty degrees below zero Reau-
mur. The Mississippi was frozen over solid so that teams and
wagons could cross it. On the twenty-third of January several
of us crossed the Mississippi on foot to visit Mr. Becker in
Illinoistown. He lives in a log house, and his buckskin tan-
nery promises well. On the seventh of February the river
was free of ice. Since then we have had splendid weather
with occasional cold spells. On the evening of February 14
we had a violent thunderstorm.

"I wish you would bring the seeds of plums, pears and
cherries with you. It would be better still if you could bring
small trees instead of seeds. Our apples are of excellent
quality.

"If, in spite of what I have said, you decide to come to
America, Dellmann, I shall be very happy, but you must
not try to teach but to go to the country and become a farmer.
I am convinced that it will be best for all of us if we go to
the country. The hardships of the journey and the inconven-
iences of the first months of American residence put one out
of tune with his surroundings, and if one is not master of the

226 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

English language the Americans seem to have such repulsive
characteristics, that it seems wisest to avoid direct contact
with them by going to the country. In the country the immi-
grant has his own hearth and is independent as a farmer and
can there gradually become adjusted to his new environment.
On the whole the Americans are a very sociable people,
especially those that live in the country, modest, friendly and
polite. On the steamboats and among the teamsters you will
find a class of fellows that is more repulsive than the lowest
class in Europe.

"In order to get the greatest pleasure out of your residence
in America, you ought, by all means, to settle in one place
together and preserve your old bonds of relationship and
friendship. But I entertain fears in this regard. It is a
common source of ridicule that so few German emigration
companies stick together and settle in the same locality, and
that they are so quarrelsome.

"Daniel Knecht, Florenz and William Kochs, Matthias
Wahl from Aachen, and Wirth from Remscheid have all bought
land. This land is located thirty- two miles from here on the
Tavern Creek.* It is on the south side of Missouri and one
and one-fourth miles from that river. On the eleventh of
this month I went to the Tavern Creek myself. I was
accompanied by Adolph Greef and Peter Knecht. Adolph
Greef has now also bought land on the Tavern Creek.

*Captain Clark of the Lewis and Clark Expedition makes mention of

The Tavern in his "Journal," Vol. I, p. 27. We read: " we passed a

large cave on the Lbd side (called by the French The Tavern) — about 120 ft.
wide, 40 ft. deep and 20 ft. high. Many different images are painted on the
rock at this place. The Indians and French pay homage. Many names are
written on the rock. Stopped about one mile above for Captain Lewis who
had ascended the cliff which is at the said cave 300 ft. high, hanging over the

The "Journals" of both Floyd and Whitehouse, members of the above
expedition, mention the Tavern Cave under their entries of May 23, 1804.
Floyd says that a mile beyond the cave they came to a creek called the Tavern
Creek.

In Thwaites' "Early Western Travels," Vol. 6, p. 35, is found the "Journal
of a Voyage up the River Missouri, performed 1811" by H. M. Brackenridge.
There we read: "The bluffs disappear on the N. E. side and are seen on the
S. W. for the first time since our leaving St. Charles. They rise about two
hundred feet and are faced with rock, in masses separated by soil and vegetation.
These are called the Tavern rocks; from the circumstance of a cave in one of

THE FOLLOWERS OF DUDEN. 227

"On the twelfth we arrived at the Tavern Creek. The
valley of this creek is wide, and is surrounded by high hills
which extend along the Missouri River. On the thirteenth
I saw the Missouri for the first time, and then beheld for the
first time the far-famed oak forests of its great valley. The
river is as broad as the Rhine there. Its banks are but sparsely
settled altho the soil is extremely rich. At the mouth of the
Tavern two farms have been laid out, on which a large tract
has been cleared, where, as I am told, a town is to be laid out.

"All the above named men bought so called improve-
ments.' For a definition of the term 'improvement' see
Duden, p. 226, new edition, p. 250.f They all intend to

them affording a stopping place for voyagers ascending, or on returning to
their homes after a long absence. The Indians seem to have some veneration
for the spot, as it is tolerably well scratched over with their rude attempts at
representing birds and beasts."

The Steines brothers frequently refer to then* Anglo-Saxon neighbors.
In this connection a part of a footnote appended to p. 27, Vol. I of Clark's
"Journal," is interesting in that we lean? something of the age etc. of this settle-
ment. We read: "The American settlement just below the place (The
Tavern) was the Kentucky colony recently founded on Femme Osage river,
about six miles above its mouth; among these settlers was Daniel Boone, who
in 1798 had obtained a grant of land then from the Spanish authorities, whereon
he remained until 1804."

t Duden tells us that an "improvement" is a tract of land which a person
has settled on without obtaining, or seeking to obtain a legal title for, on which
such settler, a "squatter," makes a clearing and improves the land and builds
the most necessary buildings, thus obtaining the benefit accruing from the land
and so forth, and hoping for financial returns from the one legally entering such
land.

Mr. E. E. Steines, recalling scenes from his youth, furnished me the fol-
lowing interesting description of a squatter's "improvement:" "The country
was an almost unbroken forest when our colonists bought land here. Here
and there American 'squatters' had settled near a spring and made what
was called an improvement. This 'improvement' consisted of a hut built
of rough unhewn logs, the cracks 'chinked' with small blocks of wood and then
'daubed' with mud. A huge fireplace of stone, about six feet high was built
on one side of the hut. Above this fireplace was the chimney, made of split
oak slabs laid crosswise, and daubed on the inside with mud. The door (there
was but one) was hung on homemade wooden hinges, and had no lock, nothing
but a latch. The floor, when there was any, was made of 'puncheon,' that
is logs that were split in two, and the split side roughly hewn with an axe.
The room was just high enough for a man to stand upright in, and when the
building reached that height, the builders used poles instead of logs and 'drew
them In' to make the 'pitch of the roof.' A double row of clapboards waa
laid on these poles, and another pole laid over the clapboards and pinned down
with wooden pins to the poles below to hold them on. Of course, these roofs
did not shed the rain perfectly. Not a nail was used in the construction of these
buildings. The other part of the 'improvement' was a 'lot' which was a

228 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

enter regularly at the land office the various tracts of forty
acres for which they have made settlement with the 'squat-
ters/ Adolph Greef s forty is all situated in the valley where
the soil is from six to seven feet thick. On two sides his land
is surrounded by high stony hills and on the other two sides
other farms adjoin his. Adolph will pay the owner of his
'improvement' $20.00. A dwelling house consisting of one
room, a smoke house, a corn crib, and an enclosure about the
well, all made of logs, seven acres of cleared land, which has
been tilled for seven years, constitute the entire 'improve-
ment.' The fencing in of the land will cost Adolph about
$15.00, so that the entire price of the land will amount to
something like $85.00. Since Adolph does not intend to live
there at present, he has agreed to let Peter Knecht who is
in straightened circumstances live on his farm. Knecht will
buy his own live stock and implements.

"A good horse is worth about $30.00, a brood sow with
five to ten pigs from $1.50 to $3.00, a fresh cow with her calf
$10.00, chickens, ducks, geese, turkeys, etc., cost a few dollars
per pair. It is therefore seen that one is able to settle ef-
fectively for $150.00, but the comforts of a dwelling house are
still lacking.

"The German immigrants are heartily welcomed in the
country, and the American neighbors are always willing to
lend a helping hand where they see that help and advice is
needed.

"While in the Tavern Creek Valley we spent the night
with a farmer. He lives in a log house, but his beds and meals
were very good. I like the Tavern Creek country very much.

small area enclosed with fence-rails, into which the oxen, cows and hogs were
put when wanted, and where they stood without any shelter, even hi whiter.
Then there was a 'clearing' which was a small piece of land, from two to five
acres extent, made by deadening the timber by cutting around the trees through
the 'sap-wood,' and then cutiing off the hazel and other small underbrush and
burning it on the ground. No grubbing was done. Here the squatters raised
some corn, potatoes, pumpkins, squashes and turnips. They lived mainly by
hunting and fishing. Their wants were few, and easily supplied. Money was
very scarce with them, and wherever a 'green Dutchman' came into the
country, they were glad to sell their 'claims' for from ten to fifteen dollars,
according to the size of the "improvement." Then they moved on farther
west and made another 'improvement' in a few weeks."

THE FOLLOWERS OF DUDEN. 229

In many respects it reminded me of the Ruhr river country.
The land is thickly wooded in the valley or bottoms. On
the hills the forest does not compare favorably with the wooded
highlands of Germany. The soil on the hills that I visited
was yellow but in places was covered by a thin layer of humus
earth. Along the creeks great layers of lime stone are ex-
posed.

"It is asserted by some that the state of Illinois offers
greater advantages to the settler than Missouri does. But
it is generally admitted that Missouri is more healthful.
Many Germans are going to the state of Ohio, and I must
admit that the valley of the Miami, thru which I passed on
the canal, seemed very attractive to me. But there the well
located land is already very dear. In the vicinity of Cin-
cinnati and Pittsburg land is valued at from $15.00 to $20.00
an acre, even tho there are no improvements on the land.

"I am delighted to hear that you were so fortunate in
the sale of your real estate. So if you are ready, and your
resolution to face the hardship that is in store for you is
firmly fixed, then do not hesitate any longer. I shall look
for you in May, and hope I shall find you cheerful and in good
health.

"You must not think that America is a country that
abounds in scenic beauty. If you want that you must stay
in Germany or go to Italy. But if you come you will find a
good country. Here the farmer who has established himself
lives in an almost unbounded wilderness, happy and contented
like Adam in the Garden of Eden. Our skies are almost
always cloudless and therefore cheering. Art, of course, is
wanting, but nature supplies a thousand beauties.

"The von Spankeren brothers, on the north side of the
Missouri, are tired of country life. They wish to sell their
farm and then go to Mexico. F. Krekel lives some fifteen
miles farther west than the von Spankeren. He bought an
improvement from the government, but drove the squat-
ter who had made the improvement from the land without
paying him for his work. For this reason Krekel is hated by
his neighbors.

230 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

"In Krekel's neighborhood a man was caught stealing
some corn from one of his neighbors. He was brought before
the justice. After the hearing it was decided that the thief
should be given twenty-five blows with a rawhide. After
this punishment the man disappeared from the neighborhood.

"If Professor Dellmann comes with you he must go to
the country with us, and must not try to teach till he has
mastered the English language. There will be inconveniences
for all of us to face, but if you wish to see our whole family
living in the same country, a country where freedom of speech
obtains, where no spies are eavesdropping, where no wretched
simpletons criticise your every word and seek to detect
therein a venom that might endanger the life of the state,
the church, and the home, in short, if you wish to be really
happy and independent then come here and become farmers
in the United States. Here you will find a class of beings
that think sensibly, and that still respect the man in man.
Oppressive military systems and exorbitant taxation are foreign
to this country. Nature has blessed this land abundantly.
Here one fully enjoys what one earns, here no despots are to
be feared, here the law is respected, and honest citizens do
not tolerate the least infringement or interference by human
authority.

"In regard to your proposed scheme of bringing a stock
of goods here for the purpose of selling them, I must say that
I very much disapprove of such an undertaking. The mer-
chant here must be prepared to accept the products of the
farm, such as tobacco, corn, cotton, etc., in the place of money,
in payment for his goods. To make this sort of barter pay,
it is necessary to have experience. To enter into speculation
without knowing local conditions would mean to invite failure.
It is much better to bring money than wares. Solingen
manufactures cannot compete with the cheap English hard-
ware used here. Then, too, the stores in the west carry only
a small stock of goods. At this very time Peter Knecht is
vainly trying to sell a dozen or more of scissors, tho he is
offering them at a greatly reduced price.

"You good people, who lay so much value on my writing,

THE FOLLOWERS OF DUDEN. 231

remember that I am no divine oracle but only a human being,
and therefore subject to error. Read my letters and compare
them with other writings, take council with your five senses,
abstain from prejudices and judge sensibly.

"*You want to know something of the condition of free-
masonry in these United States. All what I am able to tell
you of it is, that some people like it and some people do not.
There are a great many freemasons in this country, and my
very employer is one of them. Many books are published
against them and against secret societies in general, and the
American people is generally not much in friendship with
mysteries.

"With many greetings, etc.

Hermann Steines."
"P.S.

"A short time ago a German Evangelical congregation was
formed in St. Louis. Its membership is still very small, due
largely to the fact that for most of the immigrants this city
is only a temporary stopping place. The primary purpose
of founding the church was, of course, to have services in the
German language. Its organization was hastened, however,
by the arrival of a young theologian who came to America
with a company of his countrymen from Hessen-Darmstadt.
This rather large company of Germans had planned to settle
on the Missouri, and he was to serve as their pastor and
teacher. Before arriving on American soil, however, they
disagreed, and upon their arrival scattered in many direc-
tions. The above mentioned clergyman was helpless, without
position, without means, and his wife enceinte. At first he
sold what of their personal belongings that they could spare,
and then he worked at common labor, The Germans of St.
Louis circulated a petition in his behalf and have thus obtained

*Thls paragraph is written in English in the original document. It is
here given verbatim as it appears there.

Steines' statement in regard to freemasonry is interesting because it shows
that his friends in Germany were wide awake to an issue which rose to the
importance of national significance. I refer to the Anti Masonic movement in
1832. The followers of Duden were keenly awake to every movement of im-
portance in the United States. Many of them were college men.

232 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

a sum of money sufficient to give the necessary relief for at
least a year. The pastor's name is Korndoerfer.

"While walking in the country last week we met an
oxdriver who was on horseback. When he saw us on foot,
he cried out in a disdainful voice : v You are always walking,
you Dutch!' 'Dutchman' is the common term applied to a
German.

"Bring a sufficient number of musical instruments along
for our edification. Also bring German song-books, musical
compositions, Dinter's Bible for school teachers, philosophical
writings, etc., etc. Bring me an anatomy text written in
popular style, and dictionaries of Pathology and Thera-
peutics. A work on veterinary science would be very valuable
here.

"*Mr. Conrector Koening will excuse me for not having
kept my promise with regard to the English language. As
far as I am acquainted with it, I don't believe, that there is
any difference in the pronounciation of an American or
Englishman, who speak their language well. The vulgar
pronounciation differs somewhat, and also differently in dif-
ferent countries, but not so much, as it is really the case with
the German language. However, Honoured Sir, accept previ-
ously the thanks of a grateful scholar, who by Your goodness
became able, to be useful to himself and to others. I had
some difficulty, when I first came in this country, but now
I get pretty well ready. (The word 'pretty' is generally
pronounced 'puddy'.) I beseech you, H. Sir, to salute all
my former fellow-scholars from their most humble brother
Hermann Steines. Your pronunciation, Sir, is according to
my experience most correct. Walker is the standard of pro-
nunciation in this country too. Salute your wife and children
and be yourself saluted by your most humble and obedient
American citizen H. Steines."

*This paragraph found in the English in the original is here given ver-
batim.

EARLY DAYS ON GRAND RIVER AND MORMON WAR. 233

EARLY DAYS ON GRAND RIVER AND THE
MORMON WAR.

ROLLIN J. BRITTON.
FIFTH ARTICLE.

On November 30th the prisoners were started from
Richmond for Liberty, as ordered in the following mittemus:

"State of Missouri, Ray County.
To the Keeper of the Jail of Clay County, Greeting:

Whereas, Joseph Smith, Jr., Hyrum Smith, Lyman Wight,
Alexander McRae, and Caleb Baldwin, as also Sidney Rigdon
have been brought before me, Austin A. King, judge of the fifth
judicial circuit in the State of Missouri, and charged with the
offense of treason against the State of Missouri, and the said de-
fendants, on their examination before me, being held to answer
further to said charge, the said Joseph Smith, Jr., Hyrum Smith,
Lyman Wight, Alexander McRae and Caleb Baldwin to answer
in the County of Daviess, and the said Sydney Rigdon to answer
further in the county of Caldwell, for said charge of treason, and
there being no jail in said counties: These are therefore to com-
mand that you receive the said Joseph Smith, Jr., Hyrum Smith,
Lyman Wight, Alexander McRae, Caleb Baldwin, and Sidney
Rigdon into your custody in the jail of the said county of Clay,
there to remain until they be delivered therefrom by due course
of law.

Given under my hand and seal the 29th day of November,
1838,

Austin A. King.

State of Missouri, County of Clay,

I, Samuel Hadley, Sheriff of Clay County, do hereby certify
that the above is a true copy of the mittimus to me, directed in
the cases therein named.

Samuel Hadley, Jailer,
By, Samuel Tillery, Deputy Jailer,
Clay County, Missouri." (Millenial Star, vol. 16, p. 566.)

234 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

LYMAN WIGHT'S JOURNAL.

Lyman Wight's account as recorded in his journal is as
follows :

"November 1st. This morning we were ordered by General
Wilson to make ready to go to Jackson County, and informed by
him that we were delivered into his charge, that he had three
hundred good soldiers, and that he would guarantee that we should
be well treated; which promise he fulfilled to the very letter. We
were then placed in a wagon, marched seventeen miles to Crooked
River, and camped for the night.

"2nd. Today we marched on and crossed the Missouri River
at William's Ferry and camped on the other side for the night.

"3rd. We now found ourselves in Jackson County, from which
we were driven in 1833, about thirteen miles from Independence.
Several times in the course of the day we were exhibited as a public
show, having been carried in a covered wagon. But I have it to
say that with one exception we were treated in the most genteel
manner. We landed at Independence about three o'clock P. M.
and were placed in a huge log house on the north side of the public
square, with a small guard about us. We had many respectable
visitors this evening, together with some few of the offscouring
of the earth. We had food prepared for and brought to us. We
rested very comfortably through the night.

"4th. This day we were at liberty to go where we pleased
about through the town. We walked down to the Temple Lot,
in company with a gentleman by the name of Collins. He said
he presumed the place did not look as it would had we been per-
mitted to have remained in this County. We spent (the day)
in walking about, retired in the evening to the same place and
tarried for night.

"5th. This day we were invited to dine with General Wilson,
by the request of his wife and family, where we were treated in
the most genteel style. When the blessing was asked at the table,
his wife shed tears freely. We retired after dinner to our place
of residence for the night.

"November 6th. This morning General Wilson ordered us
to be moved to Knowlton's Hotel, where we were treated in a gen-
teel manner. We spent the day walking about through town, and
traded some and returned to Knowlton's for the night.

7th. On this day we were invited to dine at a hotel in the
lower part of the town. We returned to Knowlton's in the evening,
and were introduced to Colonel Price, who gave us to understand
that he had been sent by General Clark, who had just arrived in

EARLY DAYS ON GRAND RIVER AND MORMON WAR. 235

Richmond with five thousand troops, and who, by the order of
the Governor, was Commander in Chief of all the mob militia in
the State, ordered us forthwith to Richmond for a new trial, as
he claims the highest authority of martial law on the occasion. He
also informed us that General Clark had with him an express order
from the Governor, to either exterminate or drive from the State
every Mormon within its borders. We now returned to rest and
to wait the result of another day.

8th. This morning we made every necessary preparation to
repair to Richmond as quick as possible. Colonel Arnat and two
other men attended us as guards. We started and crossed the
Missouri River fifteen miles from this place about the setting of
the sun, and camped in an old house on the opposite bank.

"9th. This morning, about ten miles from Richmond, we
were met by about fifty men, who guarded us into Richmond,
where we were thrust into an old log house. Some little provisions
were brought in, which we took in our hands and ate. We were
strongly guarded through the night. This evening we were in-
formed that General Clark had been to Far West and had dis-
armed every Mormon that he could find, and had taken about
sixty prisoners and brought them to this place, and placed them in
the court house about twenty rods from where we now are, which
has neither floor nor door-shutter, and the weather is very incle-
ment. The remainder of the Mormons he said could remain until
the opening of the spring season; but if they should then be found
attempting to put in a crop or stay longer, they should most as-
suredly be exterminated without mercy.

"General Clark came in between the hours of seven and eight
o'clock this evening, who, on being interrogated, what our crimes
were, said he would inform us in the morning, and with a frown
passed out of the room. After receiving many insults and much
abuse from the people, we were left to await the result of the
morning.

"10th. This morning General Clark came and with a look
of awe and disdain said: Gentlemen, you are charged with having
committed treason, murder, arson, burglary, larceny, and stealing,
and various other crimes, too numerous to mention, and in great
haste left the room. He had not more than passed the door when
Colonel Price with sixteen men stepped in at the door, each having
his gun presented with his thumb on the cock. They were quickly
followed by a Mr. Fulkerson, the overseer of the penitentiary,
with three trace chains and seven padlocks in his hands, and com-
menced chaining us by our legs, one by one, until we were all
chained together about two feet apart. We were then informed
that we were delivered over to the civil law, and that General Clark,
after arriving at this place, had held a court martial and sentenced

236 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

us to be shot, but fearing this might not be correct he had sent to
Fort Leavenworth to the United States officer, whose answer, on
the subject was that it would be nothing more nor nothing less
than cold-blooded murder (Colonel Richard B. Mason, First
Dragoon, made this reply).

"During this whole time there had not been a process served
on us, neither civil or uncivil. We spent this day in chains for
the first time, ruminating from present prospects to what the future
might be. You may well calculate the day passed off with gloomy
aspect.

"llth. A. King, Circuit Judge of the Fifth Judicial Circuit,
called for us at the court house (at Richmond) today, and informed
us that we were put on trial for the above mentioned charges,
stated by General Clark. (This was of course merely a preliminary
hearing.) Court was called and adjourned for want of testimony.
We retired to our chains and couches of straw and spent the night.

"November 12th. Court opened this morning and Samson
Avard was sworn. He was a man whose character was perfectly
run down in all classes of society, and he being a stranger palmed
himself upon the Mormon Church, and in order to raise himself
in the estimation of the church invented schemes and plans to go
against mobocracy, which were perfectly derogatory to the laws
of this State and of the United States, and frequently endeavored
to enforce them upon members of the church, and when repulsed
by Joseph Smith he would frequently become chagrined. At one
time he told me that the reason why he could not carry his plans
into effect was that the First Presidency of the Church feared that
he would have too much influence, and gain the honor which the
First Presidency desired for themselves. At one time he said to
me that he would be damned if he did not carry his plans through.
More than once did he raise a conspiracy against them (the Presi-
dency) in order to take their lives, thinking that he might then rule
the church. Now when he was brought before the court he swore,
that all these treasonable purposes (which he had sworn in his
heart to perform) originated with us."

p. P. PRATT'S ACCOUNT.

P. P. Pratt writes concerning their treatment at Inde-
pendence :

"We were soon at liberty to walk the streets without a guard;
and soon we were removed from our house of confinement to a
hotel, where we were entertained in the best style of which the
place was capable, which was lodging on the floor and a block of
wood for a pillow. We had no longer any guard — we went out

EARLY DAYS ON GRAND RIVER AND MORMON WAR. 237

and came in when we pleased. A certain keeper being appointed
merely to look to us; with him we walked out of town and visited
the desolate lands which belonged to our society, and the place
which seven years before, we had dedicated and consecrated for
the building of a temple, it being a beautiful rise of ground about
half a mile west of Independence. When we saw it last it was a
wilderness, but now our enemies had robbed it of every stick of
timber and it presented a beautiful rolling field of pasture being
covered with grass.

"Oh, how many feelings did this spot awaken in our bosoms!
Here we had often bowed the knee in prayer to Jehovah in bygone
years; and here we had assembled with hundreds of happy saints,
in the solemn meeting, and offered our prayers, and songs, and
sacraments, in our humble dwellings; but now all was solemn and
lonely desolation; not a vestige remained to mark the place where
stood our former dwellings; they had long since been consumed by
fire, or removed to the village and converted to the use of our en-
emies. While at Independence we were once or twice invited to
dine with General Wilson, and others, which we did with much
apparent politeness and attention on their part, and much cheer-
fulness on our own.

"After about a week spent in this way, during which I was
at one time alone in the wilderness more than a mile from town,
we were at length (after repeated demands) sent to General Clark,
at Richmond. This place was on the same side of Missouri that
Far West was, and about thirty miles distant.

"Generals Lucas and Wilson had tried in vain to get a guard
to accompany us; none would volunteer, and when drafted they
would not obey orders; for in truth, they wished us to go at liberty.

"At last a Colonel and two or three officers started with us,
with their swords and pistols, which was more to protect us than
to keep us from escaping. On this journey some of us rode in car-
riages and some on horseback. Sometimes we were sixty or
eighty rods in front or rear of our guard, who, by the by, were three
sheets in the wind in the whiskey line, having a bottle in their
pockets; but knowing we were not guilty of any crime we did not
wish to escape by flight. At night having crossed the ferry, we
put up at a private house. Here our guards all went to bed and
to sleep, leaving us their pistols to defend ourselves in case of
any attack from without, as we were in a very hostile neighbor-
hood." (Persecutions of the Saints, pp. 92-95.)

One touching incident we relate here as given by Mr.
Pratt, as occurring at the preliminary at Richmond :

"The Court of inquiry now commenced before Judge A. A.

238 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

King. This continued from the llth to the 28th of November,
during which we were kept most of the time in chains, and our
brethren, some fifty in number, were penned up in the open, un-
finished court house.

"It was a very severe spell of snow and winter weather, and
we suffered much. During this time Elder Rigdon was taken very
sick from hardship and exposure, and finally lost his reason; but
still he was kept in a miserable, noisy, and cold room, and compelled
to sleep on the floor with a chain and padlock round his ankle, and
fastened to six others; and here he endured the constant noise and
confusion of an unruly guard who were changed every few hours,
and who were frequently composed of the most noisy, foul-mouthed,
vulgar, disgraceful, indecent rabble that ever defiled the earth.
While we lay in this situation, his son-in-law, George Robinson,
the only male member of his numerous family, was chained by
his side; and thus Mrs. Rigdon and her daughters were left entirely
destitute and unprotected. One of his daughters, Mrs. Robinson,
a young and delicate female, with her little infant, came down to
see her husband and to comfort and take care of her father in his
sickness. When she first entered the room, amid the clank of
chains and the bristle of weapons, and cast her eyes on her sick
and dejected parent and sorrow-worn husband, she was speechless,
and only gave vent to her feelings in a flood of tears. This faithful
lady with her little infant continued by the bed of her father till
he recovered from his sickness and till his fevered and disordered
mind assumed its wonted powers of intellect.

"In this mock court of inquiry the judge could not be pre-
vailed on to examine the conduct of the murderers, robbers, and
plunderers, who had desolated our society. Nor would he receive
testimony except against us. And by the dissenters and apostates
who wished to save their own lives and secure their property at
the expense of others; and by those who had murdered and plun-
dered us from time to time, he obtained abundance of testimony,
much of which was entirely false." (Persecution oj the Saints,
pp. 102-104.)

FOUR OF THE MORMON LEADERS SENT AS PRISONERS TO
BOONE COUNTY.

Of the prisoners left at Richmond when Joseph and his
companions were taken to Liberty, all were finally released
but four, and they were sent to Columbia, in Boone County.
Of this, Mr. Pratt writes as follows:

"On the 24th day of April our cases were laid before the grand

EARLY DAYS ON GRAND RIVER AND MORMON WAR. 239

jury of the County of Ray; and Darwin Chase and Norman
Shearer were dismissed after being imprisoned near six months.
This release happened just as Mr. Shearer came to visit his son
for the last time before he left the country. He came into the
prison to see us, and not knowing of the intended release, he took
an affectionate leave of us and of his son, who seemed to weep with
heartbroken anguish. But while he yet lingered in town, his son
was called before the court, and with Mr. Chase was told that
they might go at liberty. The father and son then embraced
each other almost overcome with joy, and departed. At the same
time, my brother Orson Pratt, whom I had not before seen for a
year, came from Illinois to see me, but was only permitted to visit
me for a few moments, and then was ordered to depart. Mrs.
Phelps, who had waited in prison for some days in hopes that the
court would release her husband, now parted without him, over-
whelmed with sorrow and tears, and with her infant moved slowly
away to remove to Illinois and leave her husband behind. Thus
our families wander in a strange land, without our protection,
being robbed of house and home. Oh, God, who can endure the
thought! Come out in justice, O, Lord, and restore us to our
mourning families!

"Our number in prison were reduced to four, one having been
added about the middle of April. His name was King Follet; he
was dragged from his distressed family just as they were leaving
the state. Thus of all the prisoners which were taken at an
expense of two hundred thousand dollars, only two of the original
ones, who belonged to the church, now remained. Mr. Gibbs,
having denied the faith, to try to save his life. These were Morris
Phelps and myself. All who were let to bail were banished from
the State, together with those who bailed them. Thus none are
like to have a trial by law except ourselves, and we are without
friends or witnesses in the State. After the grand jury had found
a bill against us for defending ourselves in the battle with Bogart's
Company, we were kept in prison at Richmond for about a month.
We then took a change of venue and were ordered to be sent to
Columbia, Boone County, for trial.

"On the 22nd day of May we were handcuffed together, two
and two with irons round the wrist of each and in this fix we were
taken from prison and placed in a carriage.

"The people of Richmond gathered around to see us depart;
but none seemed to feel for us except two persons. One of these
(General Park's lady) bowed to us through the window, and. looked
as if touched with pity.

"The other was a Mr. Huggins, merchant of Richmond, who
bowed with some feeling as we passed. We now took leave of

240 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

Richmond, accompanied by Sheriff Brown, and four guards with
drawn pistols, and moved on towards Columbia. No tongue can
describe our sensations as we came forth from a most filthy dungeon,
where we had been confined for near seven months, and began to
breathe the free air, and to change the scenery and look abroad
upon the face of the earth. There was a sweetness in the air and
a perfume from the earth which none could fully realize except such
as have been for a long time confined in tainted air. It had been
thundering and raining for some days and the thunderstorm lasted
with but short cessations from the time we started till we arrived
at the place of destination, which was five days.

"The small streams were swollen so as to be very difficult
crossing them. On the second day we came to a creek which was
several rods over, with a strong current, and very deep. It was
towards evening and far from any house, and we had received
no refreshment through the day. Here we halted, and knew not
what to do. We waited awhile for the water to fall but it fell
slowly. All hands were hungry and impatient, and a lowery night
seemed to threaten that the creek would rise before morning by
the falling of additional rains. In this dilemma some counseled
one thing and some another. Some said, go back some miles to
a house and tarry till morning. Others said, camp here for the
night. Others said, swim the river and leave the carriage and
baggage till morning; and some advised to attempt to drive some
miles around the head of the stream. At last I proposed to the
Sheriff that if he would take off my irons I would go into the water
to bathe and by that means ascertain the depth and bottom; this
he consented to do, after some hesitation. I then plunged into
the stream and swam across, and attempted to wade back; I
found it to be a hard bottom, and the water about up to my chin;
but a very stiff current. After this, Mr. Brown, the sheriff,
undertook to cross on his horse; but just as his horse neared the
opposite shore he sprang sidewise to gain a bank, and Mr. Brown
was thrown off his horse and buried in the stream. He could
not swim, but sprang out, hollowing and flouncing in a manner
that caused much merriment to the company. This accident
decided the fate of the day. Being now completely wet, he re-
solved to effect the crossing of the whole company, bag and baggage.
Accordingly, several stripped off their clothes and mounted on the
barebacks of the horses; and, taking their clothing, saddles, and
arms, together with our trunk and bedding upon their shoulders,
they bore them across in safety, without wetting.

"This was done by riding backwards and forwards across the
stream several times. In this sport and labor, prisoners, guards,
and all mingled in mutual exertion. All was now safe but the car-
riage. Mr. Phelps then proposed to swim that across by hitching

EARLY DAYS ON GRAND RIVER AND MORMON WAR. 241

two horses before it; and he mounted on one of their backs, while
myself and one of the guards swam by the side of the carriage to
keep it from upsetting by the force of the current. And thus,
Paul like, we all got safe to land. Everything was soon replaced
and ourselves in the carriage, and the suite on horseback, we moved
swiftly on, and at dark arrived at a house of entertainment, amid
a terrible thunderstorm. Next morning we proceeded on and in
a few miles came to another swimming stream; but after some
consultation it was thought best to go around the head of the
stream. We accordingly took our back track for a half mile,
and then striking to the north in the open prairie, without any
track, we rode some seven miles around, crossed the head of the
stream, and returned to the road which we had left; this day we
crossed the Missouri at a place called Arrow Rock, being named
from the circumstance of the natives coming there from all quarters
to get a kind of hard rock from the bluff to make arrow points.
In this journey we had slept each night on our backs on the floor,
being all four of us bound together, with hand and ankle irons
made for the purpose.

"This being done, the windows and doors were all fastened,
and then five guards with their loaded pistols staid in the room,
and one at a time sat up and watched during the night. This
cruelty was inflicted on us more to gratify a wicked disposition than
anything else; for it was in vain for us to have tried to escape,
without any irons being put on us; and had we wished to escape,
we had a tolerable good opportunity at the creek.

"When we arrived within four miles of Columbia, the bridge
had been destroyed from over a large and rapid river; and here we
were some hours in crossing over in a tottlish canoe, having to
leave our carriage together with our bedding, clothing, our trunk
of clothing, books, papers, etc., but all came to us in safety after
two days.

"After we had crossed the river, our guards having swam their
horses, mounted them, and we proceeded toward Columbia, the
prisoners walking on foot, two being fastened together two and
two by the wrists.

"After walking two or three miles, Mr. Brown hired a carriage,
and we rode into Columbia. It was about sunset on Sunday
evening, and as the carriage and our armed attendants drove
through the streets we were gazed upon with astonishment by
hundreds of spectators, who thronged the streets and looked out
at the windows, doors, etc., anxious to get a glimpse of the strange
beings called Mormons. On our arrival we were immediately
hurried to the prison without going to a tavern for refreshment,
although we had traveled a long distance without anything to eat.

242 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

When unloosened from our fetters we were ushered immediately
from the carriage into the jail, and the next moment a huge trap
door was opened, and down we went into a most dismal dungeon,
which was full of cobwebs and filth above, below, and all around
the walls, having stood empty for near two years. Here was
neither beds, nor chairs, nor water, nor food, nor friends, nor anyone
whom we might call, even for a drink of cold water; for Brown and
all others had withdrawn to go where they could refresh themselves.
When thrust into this dungeon, we were nearly ready to faint with
hunger, and thirst, and weariness. We walked the room for a
few moments, and then sank down upon the floor in despondency,
and wished to die, for, like Elijah of old, if the Lord had inquired,
'What dost thou here?' we could have replied, 'Lord, they have
killed the prophets, and thrown down thine altars, and have driven
out all thy saints from the land, and we only are left to tell thee;
and they seek our lives, to take them away; and now, therefore,
let us die.'

"Our feelings were the more melancholy because here we had
hoped to see our families from Illinois or some kind friend from
thence, as we had not heard from them for some time and were
now within one hundred miles of them: but we neither saw nor
heard of any one who knew us or cared for us. We now sent to
the post office, but got no letters. Our families and friends, it
seemed, had even neglected to write us — this seemed the more
unaccountable, as they had long expected us at Columbia. When
we had been in the dungeon for some time, our new jailer handed
down some provisions, but by this time I was too faint to eat;
I tasted a few mouthfuls, and then suddenly the trap door opened,
and some chairs were handed to us, and the new sheriff, Mr.
Martin, and his deputy, Mr. Hamilton, entered our dungeon and
talked so kindly to us that our spirits again revived in some measure.
This night we slept cold and uncomfortable; having but little
bedding. Next morning, we were suffered to come out of the
dungeon, and the liberty of the upper room was given us through
the day ever afterwards." (Persecution of the Saints, pp. 114-124.)

ESCAPE OF THE MORMONS FROM THE BOONE COUNTY JAIL.

P. P. Pratt and Morris Phelps escaped from the Boone
County jail on July 4, 1839, and finally made their way to
their families in Illinois. Mr. Follet broke jail with them,
but was recaptured. Mr. Luman Gibbs, the other one of
the four, apostatized, and was acquitted on trial. Mr. Follet
was retained several months and dismissed.

EARLY DAYS ON GRAND RIVER AND MORMON WAR. 243

The following is Mr. Pratt's account of their thrilling
escape :

"The author of the foregoing narrative is now at liberty and
some account of his narrow escape from prison and from the State
of Missouri is due to the public. On the 1st of July the special
term of the court was held at Columbia for our trials but was
adjourned for nearly three months because all our witnesses were
banished from the state. Under these circumstances we were un-
willing to be tried in a state where all law and justice were at an
end. We accordingly thought it justifiable to make our escape.
In the meantime we were visited by Mrs. Phelps, the wife of one
of the prisoners, and also by my brother, Orson Pratt, and Mrs.
Phelps' brother.

"These all came from Illinois or Iowa on horseback, and visited
with us for several days. On the 4th of July we felt desirous as
usual to celebrate an anniversary of American liberty. We ac-
cordingly manufactured a white flag consisting of the half of a
shirt, on which we inscribed the word 'Liberty' in large letters,
and also a large American eagle was put on in red. We then
obtained a pole from our jailer, and on the morning of the 4th
this flag was suspended from the front window of our prison, over-
hanging the public square, and floating triumphantly in the air
to the full view of the citizens who assembled by hundreds to
celebrate the National jubilee. With this the citizens seemed
highly pleased, and sent a portion of the public dinner to us and
our friends, who partook with us in prison with merry hearts, as
we intended to gain our liberties or be in paradise before the close
of that eventful day. While we were thus employed in prison,
the town was alive with troops parading, guns firing, and shouts
of joy, resounding on every side. In the meantime we wrote the
following toast, which was read at their public dinner, with many
and long cheers:

'The patriotic and hospitable citizens of Boone
County; opposed to tyranny and oppression, and firm
to the original principles of republican liberty — may they
in common with every part of our wide-spreading country,
long enjoy the blessings which flow from the fountain
of American Independence.'

"Our dinner being ended, our two brethren took leave of us
and started for Illinois (leaving Mrs. Phelps to still visit with her
husband). They had proceeded a mile or two on the- road and
then took into the woods, and finally placed their three horses
in a thicket within one-third of a mile of the prison, and there
they waited in anxious suspense till sundown. In the meantime

244 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

we put on our coats and hats and waited for the setting sun, with
prayer and supplication for deliverance from this long and tedious
bondage; and for a restoration to the society of our friends and
families, we then sang the following lines:

'Lord cause their foolish plans to fail,

And let them faint or die,
Our souls would quit this loathsome jail,
And fly to Illinois,

'To join with the embodied saints,

Who are with freedom blessed,
That only bliss for which we pant,
With them awhile to rest.

'Give joy for grief — give ease for pain,

Take all our foes away,
But let us find our friends again,

In this eventful day.'

"This ended the celebration of our National liberty, but the
gaining of our own was the grand achievement now before us.

"In the meantime the sun was setting. The moment arrived,
the footsteps of the jailer were heard on the stairs. Every man
flew to his feet, and stood near the door. The great door was
opened, and our supper handed in through a small hole in the
inner door, which still remained locked; but at length the key was
turned in order to hand in the pot of coffee. No sooner was the
key turned than the door was jerked open, and in a moment all
three of us were out and rushing down the stairs. The foremost,
Mr. Phelps, was clinched by the jailer; both tumbled down the
stairs, through the entry and out into the dooryard, when Phelps
cleared himself without injuring the jailer, and all of us leaped
several fences, ran through the fields towards the thicket, where
we expected to find our friends and horses. In the meantime the
town was alarmed and many were seen rushing after us, some on
horseback and some on foot, prepared with dogs, guns, and what-
ever came to hand. But the flag of liberty with its eagle still
floated on high in the distance and under its banner our nerves
seemed to strengthen at every step. We gained the horses,
mounted, and dashed into the wilderness, each his own way.
After a few jumps of my horse I was hailed by an armed man at
pistol shot distance, crying, 'D n you, stop, or I'll shoot you.'

"I rushed onward deeper in the forest, while the cry was

repeated in close pursuit, crying, 'D n you, stop, or I'll shoot

you,' at every step, till at length it died away in the distance.

"I plunged a mile into the forest, came to a halt, tied my
horse in a thicket, went a distance and climbed a tree to await

EARLY DAYS ON GRAND RIVER AND MORMON WAR. 245

the approaching darkness. Being so little used to exercise, I
fainted through over-exertion, and remained so faint for nearly
an hour that I could not get down from the tree. But, calling on
the Lord, he strengthened me, and I came down from the tree.
But, my horse had got loose and gone. I then made my way on
foot for several days and nights, principally without food, and
scarcely suffering myself to be seen. After five days of dreadful
suffering with fatigue and hunger, I crossed the Mississippi and
found myself once more in a land of freedom. Hundreds of my
friends crowded around me, and many of the citizens of Illinois,
although strangers to me, received and welcomed me as one who
had escaped from a persecution almost unparalelled in modern
history.

"I was everywhere invited to preach the Gospel and gave
many public addresses, but no attempt has been made to retake
myself and fellow prisoners." (Persecution oj the Saints, pp.
164-169.)

246 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

SHELBY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO, AN
UNWRITTEN LEAF OF THE WAR.

BY JOHN N. EDWARDS.

SECOND ARTICLE (Reprint).

CHAPTER V.

From San Antonio to Eagle Pass was a long march made
dreary by mesquite and chapparal. In the latter war laggards
abounded, sleeping by day and devouring by night. These
hung upon the flanks and upon the rear of the column, relying
more upon force than stratagem — more upon surprises for
capture, than sabre work or pistol practice. Returning late
one night from extra duty, D. A. Williams with ten men,
met a certain Captain Bradford with thirty-two. Williams
had seven mules that Bradford wanted, and to get them it
was necessary to take them. This he tried from an ambush,
carefully sought and cunningly planned — an ambush all the
more deadly because the superb soldier Williams was riding
campward under the moon, thinking more of women than of
war.

In front, and back from the road upon the right, was a
clump of mesquite too thick almost for a centipede to crawl
through. When there was water, a stream bounded one edge
of this undergrowth; when there was no water, the bed of
this stream was a great ditch. When the ambushment was
bad, instead of water there was sand. On guard, however,
more from the force of habit than from the sense of danger,
Williams had sent a young soldier forward to reconnoitre,
and to stay forward, watching well upon the right hand and
upon the left. George R. Cruzen was his name, and braver
and better never awoke to the sound of the reveille. Cruzen
had passed the mesquite, passed beyond the line of its shadows,

SHELBY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO. 247

passed out into the glare of a full harvest moon, when a
stallion neighed fiercely to the right of him. He halted by
instinct, and drew himself together, listening. Thanks to the
sand, his horse's feet had made no noise; thanks to the stallion,
he had stopped before the open jaws of the defile had closed
upon their prey. He rode slowly back into the chapparal,
dismounted, tied his horse, and advanced on foot to the brink
of the ravine just where it skirted the edge of the brush. As
he held his breath he counted thirty stalwart men crouching
in the moonlight. Two he did not see. These were on guard
where the road crossed the dry bed of the creek. Cruzen's
duty was plain before him. Regaining his horse speedily, he
galloped back to where Williams had halted for a bit of rest.
"Short greeting serves in time of strife," and Cruzen stated
the case so plainly that Williams could almost see the men as
they waited there for his little band. He bade his soldiers
dismount, take a pistol in each hand, and follow him. Before
doing this the horses and the led mules were securely fastened.

Stealing round the point of the chapparal noiselessly
as the flight of birds through the air, he came upon the left
flank of the marauders, upon that flank which had been left
unprotected and unguarded. He was within five paces of
them before he was discovered. They fired a point blank
volley full in his face, but his detachment fell forward and
escaped untouched. As they arose they charged. The melee
was close and suffocating. Three of William's soldiers died
in the ravine, two scrambled out wounded to the death, one
carries yet a bullet in his body. But he triumphed. Never
was there a fight so small, so rapid and so desperate. Cruzen
killed three, Cam. Boucher three, Williams four, Ras. Woods
five with one pistol, a heavy English dragoon, and other
soldiers of the ten two apiece. Out of the thirty-two, twenty-
seven lay dead in a space three blankets might have covered.
Shelby heard the firing, and sent swift succor back, but the
terrible work was done. Williams rarely left a fight half-
finished. His deeds that night were the talk of the -camp for
many long marches thereafter.

The next day at noon, while halting for dinner, two scouts

248 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

from the rear — James Kirtley and James Rudd — galloped in
with the news that a Federal force, three thousand strong,
with a six gun battery, was marching to overtake the column.

"Who commands?" asked Shelby.

"Col. Johnson," replied Rudd.

"How far in the rear did you see him?"

"About seventeen miles."

"Mount your horse again, Rudd, you and Kirtley, and
await further orders."

Shelby then called one who had been his ordnance master,
Maj. Jos. Moreland. Moreland came, polite, versatile, clothed
all in red and gold lace. Fit for any errand, keen for any
frolic, fond of any adventure so only there were wine and
shooting in it, Moreland reported:

"I believe," said Shelby, "you can turn the prettiest
period, make the grandest bow, pay the handsomest compli-
ment, and drink the pleasantest toast of any man in my com-
mand. Take these two soldiers with you, ride to the rear
seventeen miles, seek an interview with Colonel Johnson, and
give him this."

It was a note which he handed him — a note which read
as follows:

"Colonel: My scouts inform me that you have about
three thousand men, and that you are looking for me. I have
only one thousand men, and yet I should like to make your
acquaintance. I will probably march from my present camp
about ten miles further today, halting on the high road between
San Antonio and Eagle Pass. Should you desire to pay me
a visit, you will find me at home until day after tomorrow."

Moreland took the message and bore it speedily to its
destination. Amid many profound bows, and a multitude
of graceful and complimentary words, he delivered it. John-
son was a gentleman, and dismissed the embassy with many
promises to be present. He did not come. That night he
went into camp five miles to the rear, and rested there all
the next day. True to his word, Shelby waited for him pa-
tiently, and made every preparation for a stubborn fight.
Once afterward Col. Johnson came near enough to indicate

SHELBY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO. 249

business, but he halted again at the eleventh hour and refused
to pick up the gage of battle. Perhaps he was nearer right
than his antagonist. The war was over, and the lives of
several hundred men were in his keeping. He could afford to
be lenient in this, the last act of the drama, and he was.
Whatever his motives, the challenge remained unaccepted.
As for Shelby, he absolutely prayed for a meeting. The old
ardor of battle broke out like a hidden fire, and burnt up every
other consideration. He would have staked all and risked
all upon the issue of the fight — one man against three.

The march went rapidly on. But one adventure occurred
after Williams' brief battle, and that happened in this wise:
Some stores belonging to the families of Confederate soldiers
had been robbed by renegades and deserters a few hours
previous to Shelby's arrival in the neighborhood. A delega-
tion of women came to his camp. seeking restitution. He gave
them retribution. Eleven miles from the plundered habita-
tions was a rugged range of hills, inaccessable to most soldiers
who had ridden and raided about its vicinity. Here, as
another Rob Roy, the leader of the robber band had his
rendezvous. This band numbered, all told, nearly three hun-
dred, and a motley band it was, composed of Mexicans,
deserters from both armies, Indians, men from Arizona and
California, and desperate fugitives from justice, whose names
were changed, and whose habitations had been forgotten.
To these hills the property had been taken, and to these hills
went Slayback with two hundred men. He found the goods
piled up breast high, and in front of them, to defend them,
were about two hundred robbers. They scarcely waited for
a fire. Slayback charged them with a great rush, and with
the revolver solely. The nature of the ground alone pre-
vented the attack from becoming an extermination. Slayback
finished his work, as he always did, thoroughly and well, and
returned to the command without the loss of a man.

About this time three men came to Shelby and represented
themselves as soldiers of Lee's army who were abandoning
the country, and who wished to go with him to Mexico.
They were enrolled at once and assigned to a company. In

250 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

a day or two some suspicions were aroused from the fact of
their being well acquainted with the Spanish language, speak-
ing it fluently upon every occasion when an opportunity
offered. Now, Lee's soldiers had but scant time for the
acquirement of such accomplishments, and it became at last
a question of some doubt as to the truth of the statements
of these three men. To expose them fully it cost one of them
his arm, the other two their lives, together with the lives of
thirteen Mexicans, who guiltless in the intention, yet sinned
in the act.

When within three days' journey of the Rio Grande,
Gen. Smith expressed a desire to precede the regiment into
Mexico, and asked for an escort. This was cheerfully fur-
nished, and Langhorne received his orders to guard the com-
mander-in-chief of the Trans-Mississippi Department safely
to the river, and as far beyond as the need might be, if it
were to the Pacific ocean. There was not a drop of the
miser's blood in Shelby's veins. In everything he was
prodigal — of his money, when he had any, of his courage,
of his blood, of his men, of his succor, of his influence, of his
good deeds to his comrades and his superior officers, and of
his charities to others not so strong and so dauntless as himself.
With Smith, there went also, Magruder, Prevost, Wilcox, Bee,
and a score of other officers, who had business with certain
French and Mexican officers at Piedras Negras, and who were
tired of the trained marching and the regular encampments
of the disciplined soldiers.

Langhorne did his duty well. Rigid in all etiquette, punctil-
ious in the performance of every obligation, as careful of his
charge as he could have been of a post of honor in the front
of battle, Smith said to him, when he bade him good-bye:

"With an army of such soldiers as Shelby has, and this
last sad act in the drama of exile would have been left un-
recorded."

SHELBY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO. 251

CHAPTER VI.

Eagle Pass is on one side of the Rio Grande river, Piedras
Negras upon the other. The names indicate the countries.
Wherever there is an American there is always an eagle.
Two thousand Mexican soldiers held Piedras Negras — fol-
lowers of Juarez — quaint of costume and piratical of aspect.
They saw the head of Shelby's column debouching from the
plateau above the river — they saw the artillery planted and
commanding the town — they saw the trained soldiers form
up rapidly to the right and left, and they wondered greatly
thereat. No boats would come over. Not a skiff ventured
beyond the shade of the Mexican shore, and not a sign of
life, except the waving of a blanket at intervals, or the glitter
of a sombrero through the streets, and the low, squat adobes.

How to get over was the question. The river was high
and rapid.

"Who can speak Spanish?" asked Shelby.

Only one man answered — him of the senorita of Senora —
a recruit who had joined at Corsicana, and who had neither
name nor lineage.

"Can you swim?" asked Shelby.

"Well."

"Suppose you try for a skiff, that we may open negotia-
tions with the town."

"I dare not. I am afraid to go over alone."

Shelby opened his eyes. For the first time in his life
such answer had been made by a soldier. He scarcely knew
what the man was saying.

"Afraid^ This with a kind of half pity. "Then stand
aside." This with a cold contempt. Afterwards his voice
rang out with its old authority.

"Volunteers for the venture — swimmers to the front."
Fifty stalwart men dashed down to the water, dismounted —
waiting. He chose but two — Dick Berry and George Winship
—two dauntless young hearts fit for any forlorn hope beneath
the sun. The stream was wide, but they plunged in. No

252 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

matter for the drowning. They took their chances as they
took the waves. It was only one more hazard of battle.
Before starting, Shelby had spoken to Collins :

"Load with canister. If a hair of their heads is hurt,
not one stone upon another shall be left in Piedras Negras."

The current was strong and beat the men down, but they
mastered it, and laid hands upon a skiff whose owner did not
come to claim it. In an hour a flag of truce was carried into
the town, borne by Col. Frank Gordon, having at his back
twenty-five men with sidearms alone.

Governor Biesca, of the State of Coahuila, half soldier
and half civilian, was in command — a most polished and
elegant man, who quoted his smiles and italicised his gestures.
Surrounded by a glittering staff, he dashed into the Plaza
and received Gordon with much of pomp and circumstance.
Further on in the day Shelby came over, when a long and
confidential interview was held between the American and
the Mexican — -between the General and the Governor — one
blunt, abrupt, a little haughty and suspicious — the other
suave, voluble, gracious in promises, and magnificent in offers
and inducements.

Many good days before this interview — before the terrible
tragedy at that Washington theatre where a President fell
dying in the midst of his army and his capital — Abraham
Lincoln had made an important revelation, indirectly, to some
certain Confederate chieftains. This came through General
Frank B. Blair to Shelby, and was to this effect: The struggle
will soon be over. Overwhelmed by the immense resources
of the United States, the Southern government is on the eve
of an utter collapse. There will be a million of men dis-
banded who have been inured to the license and the passions
of war, and who may be troublesome, if nothing more. An
open road will be left through Texas for all who wish to enter
Mexico. The Confederates can take with them a portion or
all of the arms and war munitions now held by them, and
when the days of their enlistment are over, such Federal
soldiers as may desire shall also be permitted to join the
Confederates across the Rio Grande, uniting afterwards in

SHELBY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO. 253

an effort to drive out the French and re-establish Juarez and
the Republic. Such guarantees had Shelby received, and
while on the march from Corsicana to Eagle Pass, a multitude
of messages overtook him from Federal regiments and brigades,
begging him to await their arrival — a period made dependent
upon their disbandment. They wished above all things to
take service with him, and to begin again a war upon im-
perialism after the war upon slavery.

Governor Biesca exhibited his authority as Governor of
Coahuila, and as Commander-in-Chief of Coahuila, Tamau-
lipas and New Leon, and offered Shelby the military control
of these three states, retaining to himself only the civil. He
required of him but one thing, a full, free and energetic support
of Benito Jaurez. He suggested, also, that Shelby should
remain for several months at Piedras Negras, recruiting his
regiment up to a division, and that when he felt himself
sufficiently strong to advance, he should move against Mon-
terey, held by General Jeanningros, of the Third French
Zouaves, and some two thousand soldiers of the Foreign
Legion.

The picture, as painted by this fervid Mexican, was a
most attractive one, and to a man like Shelby, so ambitious
of military fame, and so filled with the romance and the ad-
venture of his situation, it was doubly so. At least he was a
devout Liberal. Having but little respect for Mexican
promises or Mexican civilization, he yet knew that a corps
of twenty thousand Americans could be easily recruited, and
that after he once got a foothold in the country, he could
preserve it for all time. His ideas were all of conquest. If
he dreamed at all, his dreams were of Cortez. He saw the
golden gates of Sonora rolled back at his approach, and in
his visions, perhaps, there were glimpses of those wonderful
mines guarded even now as the Persians guarded the sacred
fire of their gods.

The destiny of the Expedition was in this interview.
Looking back now through the placid vista of the peaceless
years, there are but few of all that rugged band who would speak
out today as they did about the council board on the morrow

254 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

after the American and the Mexican had shaken hands and
went their separate ways.

This council was long, and earnest, and resolute. Men
made brief speeches, but they counted as so much gold in
the scales that had the weighing of the future. If Shelby
was more elaborate and more eloquent, that was his wont,
be sure there were sights his fervid fancy saw that to others
were unrevealed, and that evolving itself from the darkness
and the doubts of the struggle ahead was the fair form of a
new empire, made precious by knightly deeds, and gracious
with romantic perils and achievements.

Shelby spoke thus to his followers, when silence had
fallen, and men were face to face with the future:

"If you are all of my mind, boys, and will take your chances
along with me, it is Juarez and the Republic from this on
until we die here, one by one, or win a kingdom. We have
the nucleus of a fine army — we have cannon, muskets, ammu-
nition, some good prospects for recruits, a way open to Sonora,
and according to the faith that is in us will be the measure
of our loss or victory. Determine for yourselves. You know
Biesca's offer. What he fails to perform we will perform for
ourselves, so that when the game is played out there will be
scant laughter over any Americans trapped or slain by treach-
ery."

There were other speeches made, briefer than this one
by the leader, and some little of whispering apart and in
eagerness. At last Elliott stood up — the spokesman. He had
been a fighting Colonel of the Old Brigade, he had been
wounded four times, he was very stern and very true, and so
the lot fell to him to make answer.

"General, if you order it, we will follow you into the
Pacific Ocean; but we are all Imperialists, and would prefer
service under Maximilian,"

"Is this your answer, men?" and Shelby's voice had come
back to its old cheery tones.

"It is."

"Final?"

"As the grave."

SHELBY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO. 255

"Then it is mine, too. Henceforth we will fight under
Maximilian. Tomorrow, at four o'clock in the afternoon, the
march shall commence for Monterey. Let no man repine.
You have chosen the Empire, and, perhaps, it is well, but bad
or good, your fate shall be my fate, and your fortune my
fortune."

The comrade spoke then. The soldier had spoken at
Marshall, at Corsicana, at San Antonio, and in the long inter-
view held with Biesca. Time has revealed many things since
that meeting in June, 1865 — many things that might have
been done and well done, had the frank speech of Elliott
remained unspoken — had the keen feeling of sympathy be-
tween the French and the Confederates been less romantic.
Shelby was wiser then than any man who followed him, and
strong enough to have forced them in the pathway that lay
before his eyes so well revealed, but he would not for the
richest province in Mexico. And as the conference closed,
he said, in passing out:

"Poor, proud fellows — it is principle with them, and they
had rather starve under the Empire than feast in a Republic.
Lucky, indeed, for many of them if to famine there is not added
a fusillade."

Governor Biesca's bland face blankly fell when Shelby
announced to him the next morning the decision of the con-
ference. He had slept upon the happiness of a coup d'etat;
when he awoke it was a phantasy. No further arguments
availed him, and he made none. When a Mexican runs his
race, and comes face to face with the inevitable, he is the
most indifferent man in the world. A muttered bueana, a
folded cigarrito, a bow to the invisible, and he has made his
peace with his conscience and his God, and lies or sighs in
the days that come after as the humor of the fancy takes
him.

Biesca had all of his nation's nonchalance, and so, when
for his master's service he could not get men, he tried for
munitions of war. Negotiations for the purchase of the arms,
the artillery, and the ammunition were begun at once. A
prestamo was levied. Familiarity with this custom had made

256 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

him an adept. Being a part of the national education, it was
not expected that one so high in rank as a Governor would
be ignorant of its rudiments.

Between Piedras Negras and Monterey the country was
almost a wilderness. A kind of debatable ground — the rob-
bers had raided it, the Liberals had plundered it, and the
French had desolated it. As Shelby was to pass over it, he
could not carry with him his teams, his wagons, his artillery,
and his supply trains. Besides, he had no money to buy
food, even if food was to be had, and as it had been decided
to abandon Juarez, it was no longer necessary to retain the
war material. Hence the prestamo. A list of the merchants
was made; the amount assessed to each was placed opposite
his name; an adjutant with a file of soldiers, called upon the
interested party; bowed to him; wished him happiness and
high fortune; pointed to the ominous figures, and waited.
Generally they did not wait long. As between the silver and
the guardhouse, the merchant chose the former, paid his toll,
cursed the Yankees, made the sign of the cross, and went to
sleep.

By dint of much threatening, and much mild persuasive-
ness— such persuasiveness as bayonets give — sixteen thousand
dollars were got together, and, for safety, were deposited in
the custom house. On the morrow they were to be paid out.

The day was almost a tropical one. No air blew about
the streets, and a white glare came over the sands and settled
as a cloud upon the houses and upon the water. The men
scattered in every direction, careless of consequences, and
indifferent as to results. The cafes were full. Wine and
women abounded. Beside the bronzed faces of the soldiers
were the tawny faces of the senoritas. In the passage of the
drinking-horns the men kissed the women. Great American
oaths came out from the tiendas, harsh at times, and resonant
at times. Even in their wickedness they were national.

A tragedy was making head, however, in spite of the
white glare of the sun, and the fervid kisses under the rose.
The three men, soldiers of Lee's army ostensibly — men who
had been fed and sheltered — were tempting providence be-

SHELBY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO. 257

yond the prudent point. Having the hearts of sheep, they
were dealing with lions. To their treachery, they were about
to add bravado — to the magazine they were about to apply
the torch.

There is a universal Mexican law which makes a brand
a bible. From its truth there is no appeal. Every horse in
the country is branded, and every brand is entered of record,
just as a deed or legal conveyance. Some of these brands are
intricate, some unique, some as fantastic as a jester's cap,
some a single letter of the alphabet, but all legal and lawful
brands just the same, and good to pass muster anywhere so
only there are alcaldes and sandalled soldiers about. Their
logic is extremely simple, too. You prove the brand and take
the horse, no matter who rides him, nor how great the need
for whip and spur.

In Shelby's command there were a dozen magnificent
horses, fit for a king's race, who wore a brand of an unusual
fashion — many-lined and intricate as a column of Arabesque.
They had been obtained somewhere above San Antonio, and
had been dealt with as only cavalry soldiers know how to deal
with horses. These the three men wanted. With their knowl-
edge of Spanish, they had gone among the Mexican soldiers,
poisoning their minds with tales of American rapine and
slaughter, depicting, with not a little of attractive rhetoric,
the long and weary march they had made with these marauders
that their beloved steeds might not be taken entirely away
from them.

The Mexicans listened, not from generosity, but from
greed, and swore a great oath by the Virgin that the gringos
should deliver up every branded horse across the Rio Grande.

Ike and Dick Berry rode each a branded horse, and so did
Armistead, Kirtley, Winship, Henry Chiles, John Rudd,
Yowell, and two-score more, perhaps, equally fearless, and
equally ignorant of any other law besides the law of pos-
session.

The afternoon drill was over. The hot glare was still
upon the earth and the sky. If anything, the noise from the
cafes came louder and merrier. Where the musical voices

258 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

were the sweetest, were the places where the women abounded
with disheveled hair, and eyes of tropical dusk.

Ike Berry had ridden one of these branded horses into
the street, running by regimental headquarters, and sat with
one leg crossed upon the saddle, lazily smoking. He was a low,
squat Hercules, free of speech and frank of nature. In the
battle he always laughed; only when eating was he serious,
What reverence he had came from the appetite. The crumbs
that fell from his long, yellow beard were his benediction.

Other branded horses were hitched about, easy of access
and unnoted of owner. The three men came into the street,
behind them a young Mexican Captain handsome as Adonis.
This Captain led thirty-five soldiers, with eyes to the front
and guns at a trail.

Jim Wood lounged to the door of a cafe and remarked
them as they filed by. As he returned, he spoke to Martin
Kritzer, toying with an Indian girl, beaded and beautiful:

"They are in skirmishing order. Old Joe has delivered
the arms; it may be we shall take them back again."

One of the men went straight up to Ike Berry, as he sat
cross-legged upon his horse, and laid his hand upon the horse's
bridle.

Ike knew him and spoke to him cheerily:

"How now, comrade?"

Short answer, and curt:

"This is my horse; he wears my brand; I have followed
him to Mexico. Dismount!"

A long white wreath of smoke curled up from Ike's
meerschaum in surprise. Even the pipe entered a protest.
The old battle-smile came back to his face, and those who were
nearest and knew him best, knew that a dead man would soon
lay upon the street. He knocked the ashes from his pipe
musingly; he put the disengaged foot back gently in the
stirrup; he rose up all of a sudden the very incarnation of
murder; there was a white gleam in the air; a heavy saber
that lifted itself up and circled, and when it fell a stalwart
arm was shredded away, as a girl might sever a silken chain
or the tendrils of a vine. The ghastly stump, not over four

SHELBY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO. 259

inches from the shoulder, spouted blood at every heart throb.
The man fell as one paralyzed. A shout arose. The Mexicans
spread out like a fan, and when the fan closed it had surrounded
Berry, and Williams, and Kirtley, and Collins, and Armistead,
and Langhorne, and Henry Chiles, and Jim Wood, and Rudd,
and Moreland, and Boswell, and McDougall, and the brothers
Kritzer. Yowell alone broke through the cordon and rushed
to Shelby.

Shelby was sitting in a saloon discussing cognac and
Catalan with the Englishman. On the face of the last there
was a look of sorrow. Could it have been possible that the
sombre shadows of the Salinas were already beginning to
gather about his brow?

A glance convinced Shelby that Yowell was in trouble.

"What is it?" he asked.

'They are after the horses."

"What horses?"

"The branded horses; those obtained from the Rosser
ranch."

"Ah! and after we have delivered the arms, too, Mexican
like — Mexican like."

He arose as he spoke and looked out upon the street.
Some revolvers were being fired. These, in the white heat
of the afternoon, sounded as the tapping of woodpeckers.
Afterwards a steady roar of rifles told how the battle went.

"The rally! the rally!— sound the rally!" Shelby cried
to his bugler, as he dashed down to where the Mexicans were
swarming about Berry and the few men nearest to him.
"We have eaten of their salt, and they have betrayed us;
we have come to them as friends, and they would strip us
like barbarians. It is war again — war to the knife!"

At this moment the wild, piercing notes of an American
bugle were heard — clear, penetrating, defiant — notes that told
of sore stress among comrades, and pressing need of succor.

The laughter died in the cafes as a night wind when the
morning comes. The bugle sobered all who were drunk with
drink or dalliance. Its voice told of danger near and im-
minent— of a field needing harvesters who knew how to die.

260 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

The men swarmed out of every doorway — poured from
under every portal — flushed, furious, ravenous for blood.
They saw the Mexicans in the square, the peril of Berry and
those nearest to him, and they asked no further questions.
A sudden crash of revolvers came first, close and deadly; a
yell, a shout, a then and fierce, hot charge. Ras. Woods, with
a short Enfield rifle in his hand, stood fair in the street looking
up at the young Mexican Captain with his cold gray eyes
that had in them never a light of pity. As the press gathered
about him, the rifle crept straight to the front and rested
there a moment, fixed as fate. It looked as if he was aiming
at a flower — the dark olive beauty of the Spaniard was so
superb.

"Spare him!" shouted a dozen reckless soldiers in a
breath, "he is too young and too handsome to die."

In vain! A sharp, sudden ring was the response; the
Captain tossed his arms high in the air, leaped up suddenly
as if to catch something above his head, and fell forward
upon his face, a corpse. A wail of women arose upon the
sultry evening — such as may have been heard in David's
household when back from the tangled brushwood they
brought the beautiful Absalom.

"The life upon his yellow hair,
But not within his eyes."

The work that followed was quick enough and deadly
enough to appal the stoutest. Seventeen Mexicans were
killed, including the Captain, together with the two Americans
who had caused the encounter. The third, strange to say,
recovered from his ghastly wound, and can tell to this day,
if he still lives, of the terrible prowess of that American
soldier who shredded his arm away as a scythe blade might
a handful of summer wheat.

A dreadful commotion fell upon Piedras Negras after the
battle in the street had been finished. The long roll was
beaten, and the Mexican garrison rushed to arms. Shelby's
men were infuriated beyond all immediate control, and
mounted their horses without orders for a further battle.
One detachment, led by Williams, swept down to where the

SHELBY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO. 261

artillery and ammunition wagons were packed and dispersed
the guard after a rattling broadside. Langhorne laid hands
upon the Custom-house and huddled its sentinels in a room
as so many boys that needed punishment. Separate parties
under Fell, Winship, Henry Chiles, Kirtley, Jim Wood and
Martin Kirtzer seized upon the skiffs and the boats at the
wharf. They meant to pillage and sack the town, and burn
it afterward. Women went wailing through the streets; the
church bells rang furiously; windows were darkened and bar-
ricaded; and over all the din and turmoil — the galloping of
horses, and the clanking of steel — arose the harsh, gathering
cry of the Mexican long roll — sullen, hoarse discordant.
Shelby stormed at his men, and threatened. For the first
and last time in his career, they had passed beyond his keeping.
At a critical juncture Governor Biesca rushed down into the
square, pale, his hat off pleading in impassioned Spanish,
apologizing in all the soft vowels known to that soft and
sounding language.

Shelby would bow to him in great gravity, understanding
not one word, conversing in English when the tide of Spanish
had run itself out:

"It's mostly Greek to me, Governor, but the devil is in
the boys, for all that."

Discipline triumphed at last, however, and one by one
the men came back to their duty and their obedience. They
formed a solid, ominous looking column in front of head-
quarters, dragging with them the cannon that had been sold
and the cannon they had captured from the enemy.

"We want to sleep tonight," they said, in their grim
soldier humor, "and for fear of Vesuvius, we have brought the
crater with us."

As the night deepened, a sudden calm fell upon the city.
Biesca had sent his own troops to barracks, and had sworn
by every saint in the calendar that for the hair of every
American hurt he would sacrifice a hetacomb of Mexicans.
He feared and not without cause, the now thoroughly aroused
and desperate men who were inflamed by drink, and who had
good reason for much ill-will and hatred. To Shelby's as-

262 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

surances of safety he offered a multitude of bows, each one
more profound and more lowly than the other, until at last,
from the game of war, the two chiefs had become to play a
game of diplomacy. Biesca wanted his cannon back, and
Shelby wanted his money for them. In the end both were
satisfied.

The men had gone to quarters, and supper was being
cooked. To the feeling of revenge had been added at last
one of forgiveness. Laughter and songs issued again from
the wine-shops. At this moment a yell was heard — a yell
that was a cross between an Indian war-whoop and a Mexican
cattle-call. A crowd of soldiers gathered hastily in the street.
Again the yell was repeated, this time nearer, clearer, shriller
than before. Much wonderment ensued. The day had been
one of surprises. To a f usilade there was to be added a frolic.
Up the street leading from the river, two men approached
slowly, having a third man between them. When near enough,
the two first were recognized as the soldiers, Joseph Moreland
and William Fell. The other man, despite the swarthy hue
of his countenance, was ghastly pale. He had to be dragged
rather than led along. Fell had his sabre drawn, Moreland
his revolver. The first was fierce enough to perform amputa-
tion; the last suave enough to administer chloroform.

When Moreland reached the edge of the crowd he shouted:

"Make way, Missourians, and therefore barbarians, for
the only living and animated specimen of the genus Polyglott
now upon the North American continent. Look at him, you
heathens, and uncover yourselves. Draw nigh to him, you
savages, and fall upon your knees. Touch him you blood-
drinkers, and make the sign of the cross."

"What did you call him?" asked Armistead.

"A Polyglott, you Fejee Islander; a living dictionary; a
human mausoleum with the bones of fifty languages; a lusus
naturae in a land of garlic, stilettos, and straw hats."

The man himself was indeed a curiosity. Born of Creole
parents in New Orleans, he had been everywhere and had seen
everything. When captured, he was a clerk in the Custom-
house. French, Spanish, English, Italian, German, modern

SHELBY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO. 263

Greek, Gumbo French, Arabic, Indian dialects without num-
ber, and two score or so of patois rolled off from his tongue
in harsh or horried accents accordingly as the vowels or the
consonants were uppermost. He charmed Shelby from the
beginning. When he felt that he was free his blood began to
circulate again like quicksilver. Invited to supper, he re-
mained late over his wine, singing songs in all manner of
languages, and boasting in all manner of tongues. When he
bowed himself out, his voice had in it the benediction that
follows prayer.

That night he stole two thousand dollars.

The money for the arms and the ammunition had been
stored in the Custom-house and he had the key. The next
morning a sack was missing. Biesca swore, Shelby seemed
incredulous, the Polyglott only smiled. Between the oath and
and the smile there was this difference: the first came from
empty pockets, the last from more money than the pockets
could hold. Master of many languages, he ended by being
master of the situation.

In the full flow of the Polyglott's eloquence, however,
Shelby forgot his loss, and yielded himself again to the in-
vincible charms of his conversation. When they parted for
the last time Shelby had actually given him a splendid pistol,
ivory-handled, and wrought about the barrel with gold and
figure work. So much for erudition. Even in the desert
there are date and palm trees.

The formal terms of the transfer were concluded at last.
Biesca received his arms, paid his money, buried the dead
soldiers, and blessed all who came into Piedras Negras and
went out from it. His last blessings were his best. They
came from his heart, and from the happy consciousness that
the Americans were about to depart forever from the midst
of his post of honor and his possessions.

Marching southward from the town, the column had
reached the rising ground that overlooked the bold sweep
of the rapid river, the green shores of Texas beyond, the fort
on the hill, from which a battered Confederate flag yet hung,
and a halt was called. Rear and van the men were silent.

264 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

All eyes were turned behind them. Some memories of home
and kindred may have come then as dreams come in the night,
some placid past may have outlined itself as a mirage against
the clear sky of the distant north, some voice may have spoken
even then to ears that heard and heeded, but the men made
no sign. The bronzed faces never softened. As the ranks
close up, waiting, a swift horseman galloped up from the
town — a messenger. He sought the leader and found him by
instinct.

"Amiga," he said, giving his hand to Shelby.

"Friend, yes. It is a good name. Would you go with
us?"

"No."

"What will you have?"

"One last word at parting. Once upon a time in Texas
an American was kind to me. Maybe he saved my life. I
would believe so, because I want a reason for what is done
between us."

"Speak out fairly, man. If you need help, tell me."

"No help, Senor, no money, no horses, no friendship —
none of these. Only a few last words."

"What are they?"

"Beware of the Salinas!1'

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS. 265

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

In commemoration of the centennial of the signing of
the Missouri Enabling Act by President Monroe on March 6,
1820, the annual meeting of The State Historical Society of
Missouri will be held on March 6, 1920. The regular business
meeting for the election of officers and trustees will be held
in the rooms of the Society in the Library Building in Colum-
bia. Following the meeting a dinner will be given at the
Daniel Boone Tavern. Speakers of state-wide prominence
will be present to deliver addresses on Missouri history. Of
special interest to all will be the reading of a paper on "Mis-
souri Taverns" by Walter B. Stevens, president of the State
Historical Society.

COMMENTS.

"Permit me to acknowledge receipt of the Missouri Historical
Review for July. I have just read your excellent contribution on
'Missouri and the War' and enjoyed it very much. It is the best
summary I have seen."

Hon. Frederick D. Gardner,

Governor of the State of Missouri,

Jefferson City, Missouri,

August 27, 1919.

"I have in my library the recent issues of the Missouri His-
torical Review. I have been re-reading the Duden letters. They
certainly are fine."

J. N. Stonebraker, President

Missouri Press Association,

Carrollton, Missouri,

August 22, 1919.

"I find the Missouri Historical Review a constant source of
interest and information. No magazine that comes to my desk
is more warmly welcomed or more truly enjoyed."
Mrs. Ardella Dockery Still,
President Missouri Federation of Woman's

Clubs,

Kirksville, Missouri,
October 9, 1919.

266 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

"I have read with interest your sixth article 'Missouri and the
War,' published by the State Historical Society of Missouri, and
the narration of what was accomplished at home while our boys
were turning the tide in the great World's war abroad is most
interestingly set forth."

Edward J. Smith, General Solicitor

Southwestern Region,

United States Railroad Administration,

St. Louis, Missouri,

September 13, 1919.

"I want to thank you for your sixth article on 'Missouri and
the War.' I received it this morning and I appreciate it very
much. You have done a wonderfully good work and published
a valuable work which all members of the Society and all who
are interested should read."

J. B. White, President

Missouri Valley Historical Society,

Kansas City, Missouri,

September 12, 1919.

4 'Will you permit me to express my appreciation of the trans-
lation of Gottfried Duden's 'Report' of his experiences in Missouri
in 1824-1827. I have read it with much pleasure, and believe it
to be a valuable source for the understanding of our western settle-
ment."

Prof. C. H. Hull,
Professor of American History,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York,
November 10, 1919.

"The last number of the Review for October, 1919, is the best
one issued yet."

Judge T. R. R. Ely,
Kennett, Missouri,
November 12, 1919.

"I want to say that I appreciated the return of the series of
historical articles in Missouri newspapers."

David W. Eaton,
U. S. Surveyor,
Federal Building,
Helena, Montana,
November 15, 1919.

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS. 267

"One of the interesting features of the current number of the
Missouri Historical Review, published quarterly by the State
Historical Society of Missouri at Columbia, is a compilation of
historical articles appearing in the newspapers of the state relating
to Missouri, its early development, tales of its pioneers, its in-
dustrial expansion, romantic episodes of its history and human
interest stories of its native sons and daughters. The title of
each article, the newspaper in which it was originally published
and the date of publication are given, and the period covered runs
from September, 1917, to July, 1918. In this compilation The
Kansas City Star heads the list, being credited with fifty original
articles covering Missouri historical features, and in many of the
articles taken from other papers of the state credit is given for
their original appearance in The Star."

Editorial in the Kansas City Star,

August 25, 1919.

"Your last number of our Missouri Historical Review which
came recently is full of meat, and I want to compliment you on the
excellent bill of fare you are providing."

William Clark Breckenridge,

Historian and Bibliographer,

St. Louis, Missouri,

September 4, 1919.

"Upon recommendation of G. A. Mahan, I recently became a
member of this society and I have just received my first copy of
the Missouri Historical Review. I find it so interesting I want it
to go to my son, and recommend him for membership."

T. G. Dulany,
Hannibal, Missouri,
August 30, 1919.

"I have my regular copy of the July Review. It is full of
very valuable information. Your sixth article on 'Missouri and
the War' is especially instructive, shows a wonderful amount of
work, pains-taking detail and preserves for Missourians much very
valuable information. The Missouri Historical Review should go
into every home in the State."

Geo. A. Mahan,
Hannibal, Missouri,
August 26, 1919.

268 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

KANSAS CITY THE HEART OF AMERICA.

Two and a half million dollars for a Liberty Memorial
Building is Kansas City's tribute to her dead and her honor
to her living service men. The campaign for funds was
started on October 25th with a great parade in which every
element that had to do with victory was represented. More
than 7,000 persons were in the line of march.

A commemoration monument was first planned, but this
idea gave way to a greater one — in the words of R. A. Long,
who had charge of the campaign:

"At once we visualize this beautiful memorial as the
nucleus of a great art center, with art gallery, museum, music
auditorium and building, a grand opera house, and other
structures of that character — a magnificent group in a splendid
setting/'

The gifts ranged in amount from 25 cents to $80,000 and
the subscribers numbered 100,000. The drive for funds lasted
ten days, from October 27th to November 6th.

Two and a half million dollars in ten days! Most persons
would have said that it simply could not be done. But there
were a few men who knew the real stuff of which Kansas
City is made. They knew the Kansas City Spirit which had
successfully completed enterprises just as great in years past.
They believed the people would get the vision of what a
worthy memorial would mean to the city. That belief was
justified.

Congratulations are due the committee of two hundred
and fifty who conceived the idea and planned the drive for
funds. Unstinted praise belongs to Chairman R. A. Long,
who was in direct charge of the campaign, and his five generals,
George S. Hovey, Z. T. Briggs, Charles L. Scott, S. J. Whit-
more and Homer B. Mann, with Mrs. Howard McCutcheon
in charge of the women's committee and Dr. T. C. Un thank in
charge of the negro solicitation.

Once again the Kansas City Spirit, perhaps better known
in its commercial phase, has shown itself equal to the task

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS. 269

at hand, and this time in an enterprise largely idealistic. Kan"
sas City saw the vision and heeded the call. With a better
understanding, with a greater meaning, Kansas City may
truly be called the Heart of America.

A MISSOURIAN HOLDS HIGHEST OFFICE IN NAVY.

Rear Admiral Robert E. Coontz today holds the highest
office in the United States Navy. In October, 1919, Rear
Admiral Coontz was appointed Chief of the Naval Operations.
His elevation to that rank gives to Missourians two of the
highest positions in Uncle Sam's war forces. The rise of
Admiral Coontz has been unusually rapid. He is only fifty-
five years old, and is one of the youngest men ever to hold
the place of Chief of Naval Operations. A little more than
a year ago he was a Captain, ranking 74th in line of precedence
in the naval register. He was made a Rear Admiral in
January, 1918, being one of twelve captains to be awarded
that rank at the time. This Missourian is accounted one
of the best executives in the Navy and his future holds promise
of highest success. Rear Admiral Coontz's mother still lives
in Hannibal and he pays his old home one or more visits each
year.

THE MISSOURI WOMAN'S CLUB OF NEW YORK CITY.

The Missouri Woman's Club of New York City cele-
brated the Armistice Anniversary on November llth with
a ball at Hotel Waldorf-Astoria Roof-Garden. General
Pershing was the guest of honor, and distinguished repre-
sentatives from the Army, Navy and Civil life were present.
The Missouri Woman's Club of New York City has been
prominent in War Camp Community service work during the
past year. The officers of the club are: Mrs. Frank M.
Swacker, president; Mrs. Wm. Baldwin Smith and Mrs. Edw.
T. Herbert, vice-presidents; Mrs. Ernest Bell, recording secre-
tary; Mrs. E. L. Bartlett, corresponding secretary; Mrs. Wm.

270 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

F. Meyer, Treasurer; Mrs. Geo. W. Hooks, auditor; Mrs.
Edward H. Vradenburgh, registrar; Mrs. Adolph Krisner,
historian; Mrs. L. G. Camp, Mrs. Reynolds Whitney, and
Mrs. F. Harren, directors.

HARMONY MISSION.

(Extract from the address of Hon. W. O. Atkeson, of
Butler, Missouri, delivered at the Bates County Old Settlers
Reunion on September 3, 1919.)

"Now I come to the serious purpose of this talk. Scarcely
a thing now remains to mark the precise location of Harmony
Mission. Only one little undressed sandstone with only three
letters on it, and no date, now marks the resting place of a
number of this consecrated and devoted missionary family.
This band of missionaries arrived upon Bates county soil just
three days before Missouri became a member of the sisterhood
of states, and just three days after that epochal event in our
history, the chiefs and warriors of the Grand Osages in a
solemn meeting, dignified by both Christian and heathen
ceremony, designated and marked off the beautiful tract of
land to be owned and occupied as the home of the Mis-
sionaries.

"So that the one hundredth anniversary of the State and
this Mission come practically together on the 10th of August,
1921. I propose that the people of Bates county, by popular
subscription or otherwise, shall purchase the 30 acres upon
which the missionaries builded their log cabins, their school-
house, digged their great well, and made other improvements;
that the log cabins be rebuilt historically correct, the well
be cleaned out and restored, and the whole be made into a
well-ordered public park, as nearly as may be a replica of
the place when inhabited by the missionaries; and that a
suitable monument of granite or marble, or of native stone
be erected thereon to commemorate their great work for Chris-
tian civilization and to perpetuate the names and sacrifices
of the heroes and heroines of that consecrated band forever.

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS. 271

It will only cost a few thousand to do this, and we owe it to
our past and to our future to do it, and it should be begun
now and finished in time, so that a great unveiling and re-
ligious celebration could be held on the premises on August 10,
1921; and thus make the occasion our celebration of the
centennial year, as a State, a joint celebration.

"If private enterprise will do its part I have little doubt
that the legislature will appropriate sufficient money to take
it over and thus preserve to future generations the memory
of those who so largely planted and shaped the progress of
Christian civilization in all Southwest Missouri.

"I urge this matter upon the attention of you Old Set-
tlers, at this time — upon the attention of all our people;
because time is now precious — it will not be long until August
10, 1921, rolls around, and we should be up and doing soon.
It would be fit and proper when all this is accomplished, for
this Old Settlers Association to have and hold its annual
meeting a little earlier than usual that year — on August 10,
1921 — in connection with the general celebration of our State
centennial. It would doubtless be an enjoyable occasion, one
creditable to the thrift and public spirit of our people, and a
glorious consummation of a thing worth while to this plendid
county and this great Commonwealth. Who will make the
motion?"

MISSOURI'S CENTENNIAL.

A most suggestive and valuable article on Missouri's
Centennial is found in the September, 1919, issue of The
Rural School Messenger, published by the Division of Rural
Education in the State Teachers College at Kirksville, Mis-
souri. The "author is a well known Missouri historian and
author, Professor E. M. Violette, of the Northeast Missouri
State Teachers College. Copies of this article can be obtained
from that institution. Many valuable suggestions are con-
tained in it relating to the practical preparation for local
celebrations on the part of local committees. These sugges-
tions will be found helpful to community organizers and to

272 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

teachers. Professor Violette wisely advises against com-
mercializing local centennial exercises by permitting shows
and street fairs to be given at the same time. The author also
wisely advises communities to not only commemorate the
best achievements of the State, but also to realize the State's
needs in those things necessary to keep pace with modern
advancement. "For example, it will not do to close our eyes
to the present situation in our educational system and prate
about our glorious schools as though they had reached the
acme of perfection." Professor Violette's position, which is
well taken, proposes that local centennial celebrations should
not only awaken in the people of Missouri the desire to com-
memorate the commonwealth's achievements, but should also
awaken a desire to achieve better things in the years to come.

THE WAR WITH GERMANY.

Thanks to the energy and enterprise of Colonel Leonard
P. Ayres, chief of the Statistics Branch of the General Staff,
U. S. War Department, the American Nation has been pre-
sented with a concise and interesting summary of the part
taken by it in the late war. This is contained in Colonel
Ayres' work The War With Germany. (Washington, Govt.
Prtg. Office, 1919.) The book was compiled on the request
of the Secretary of War, and is now available for free dis-
tribution.

In some respects the work is almost unique compared to
other Government publications. It is interesting, brief, and
well written. Its array of figures invite rather than repel
consideration. The salient points of America's participation
in the world conflict are set forth in well-selected generaliza-
tions. All important data is presented in the most popular
manner. Ninety-eight maps, diagrams, and tables, are used
to illustrate the 149 pages of text, and a carefully prepared
index is also included. The subjects considered are: "Four
million men," "Six months of training," "Transporting 10,000
men a day," "Food, clothing, and equipment," "Springfields,

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS. 273

Enfields, and Brownings," "Two thousand guns on the firing
line," "Airplanes, motors, and balloons," "Two hundred days
of battle," "Health and casualties," "A million dollars a day,"
and "Some international comparisons." Every public library
should request a copy of this work for its readers. It is a
valuable book and has been published at an opportune hour.

CONGRESSIONAL MEDAL OF HONOR AWARDED SIX
MISSOURIANS.

First Class Private Charles D. Barger of Stotts City,
Missouri, upon learning that two daylight patrols had been
caught out in No Man's Land and were unable to return,
in company with another stretcher bearer, upon their own
initiative, made two trips 500 yards beyond the American
lines, under constant machine gun fire, and rescued two
wounded officers. "And," as Private Barger wrote in a letter
to his uncle at Stotts City, "without receiving a scratch."

Barger is an orphan, his parents having died when he
was two years of age. He was drafted into the service in
April, 1918, and went overseas as a member of Company L,
354th Infantry, 89th Division. The act of bravery for which
he was decorated occurred near Bois de Bantheville, France,
October 31, 1918.

Pvt. John L. Barkley, of Blairstown, Missouri, who won
the Congressional Medal of Honor for a "conspicuous act of
gallantry in action" on the Argonne front, in a letter to his
parents tells the following story of how he enabled the Ameri-
can troops "to gain and hold Hill 253."

"The fiercest battle I was in on the western front was
the battle of Verdun on the Argonne front where we sure had
some fight for 27 days. Here is where I pulled a stunt that
I know you will think sounds fishy, but nevertheless it is
absolutely true.

"When our regiment was shot up and could not hold
its position with a smoke screen, I planted a captured German
machine gun in a French tank which had been blown up and

274 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

disabled, and when the Dutch made their attack I swept them
down like hay in front of a sickle, and no one was with me to
help feed the gun. The water cooler boiled dry from the
rapid firing of the gun and I emptied my canteen of water
into the cooler to start her again. I fired 10,000 rounds of
German ammunition of their own steel at them. The Ger-
mans called for a special barrage for that tank and more
than 200 six-inch shells were dropped at the tank for my full
benefit. Some came almost getting this 'Big Creeker,' for
they plowed the ground up and made regular ponds where
they hit, but not one got me. If I get the Congressional
Medal I think I'll be sitting on the world!"

Sergt. Michael B. Ellis, a St. Louis member of the First
Division, "Pershing's Own," was awarded the Congressional
Medal of Honor for the single-handed capture of 11 machine
guns and their crews, four Germans being killed. The official
citation lists 44 men as captured in 7 of the machine gun nests,
but does not state how many men were included in the
remaining 4 nests that Sergt. Ellis took. Sergt. Ellis has
been a member of the regular army for seven years and as he
wrote, "Ran the entire gauntlet of battles in which the First
Division participated, including my own little battle, without
a wound."

For holding at bay more than 50 German soldiers who
were manning an enemy outpost with six machine guns,
Sergeant Arthur Forrest of Hannibal was awarded the highest
honor which the United States confers upon a soldier. When
the advance of the 354th infantry near Remonville, France,
was held up by a terrific fire from a nest of six enemy machine
guns, Sergt. Forrest worked his way within 50 yards of the
nest and single-handed charged the guns.

"They were the same enemy who had killed some of my
beloved pals," he wrote to his father, which was probably one
of the reasons for his entire disregard of his own safety. He
succeeded in driving away all of the gunners excepting one,
whom he killed with a butt stroke of his rifle, thereby saving
the advancing platoon of his company from destruction.

The night of November 8, 1918, found the battalion of

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS. 275

which Sergt. M. W. Hatler was a member wedged in on three
sides by the Germans. A patrol was sent to reconnoiter the
banks of the Meuse River, of which all means of crossing had
been destroyed.

"Six men went on the same mission (to get information
concerning the enemy) that night," Sergt. Hatler wrote last
December. "Two of them lost their lives and only two of us
returned with the required information."

Sergt. Hatler and another soldier volunteered to swim
across the Meuse, though the opposite bank was held in force
by the enemy. His companion was seized by a cramp, caused
by the cold water, and drowned, but Sergt. Hatler continued
on and, after securing the information desired, swam back
and made his report. Sergt. Hatler's home is in Neosho,
Missouri.

Capt. Alexander R. Skinker of St. Louis sacrificed himself
to save his men. Details of the heroic charge for which he
was posthumously decorated, as related in a letter from Major
Norman B. Comfort of the 138th Infantry to Captain Skinker's
father, were printed in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Extracts
from the letter follow :

"At this particular point in the line, the road into Cheppy
(which was the only possible means of entrance) crossed a
little stone bridge spanning a creek. The Boche positions
were thoroughly concealed with natural growth, trees, hedges,
bush and camouflage.

"Probaby a hundred machine guns opened on our line
simultaneously with the lifting of the fog. Apparently Alec
thought he had located an enemy nest, and set out with two
men in advance of his company to silence this nest. The trio
consisted of an automatic rifleman, a carrier and Alec. First
the carrier (loader) was killed.

"Alec picked up his ammunition pans, continuing on
toward the bridge with the rifle functioning — soon both Alec
and the rifleman drew a bullet and that is the story. Alec's
work was true to his principles of other days. Instead of
ordering his men forward to clear the bridge, he decided to
clear the bridge for his men."

276 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

SENATOR THOMAS H. BENTON'S LAST CAMPAIGN.
(From the St. Louis Republic.)

Major B. R. Dysart, chairman of the Macon County Bar and
oldest member, and one other living Macon county man, Joel H.
Wright, heard United States Senator Thomas H. Benton the last
time he visited North Missouri, in 1856. Senator Benton delivered
his Macon county address at old Bloomington, which was then
the county seat of Macon. There are only one or two of the old-
time buildings yet standing in Bloomington. The old bank is
there, boarded up and empty, and one or two churches and a
couple of warehouses, are about all that is left of the once thrifty
county seat. This spring Major Dysart, who was a member of
the Macon Historical Society, went to old Bloomington to locate
the grove where Benton spoke. Changed as all things were, yet
something in the atmosphere, the quiet scene, the whisper of forms
long dead, brought memory back.

"Benton arrived on the stage from the East," said Maj.
Dysart, indicating the road. "He came on what was known as
the Overland Trail, and got out at A. T. Parker's Hotel — that was
over there near the bank building. Soon as he stepped out of
the stage, Benton was surrounded by a crowd which had waited
for him a long time. Saddle horses and teams were tied all around
the square. Some of the young fellows — myself among the num-
ber— tried to get in front to see the distinguished man, and he
was quick to notice it.

" 'Stand back, you men,' he said peremptorily, 'and give these
boys a chance. It will be something for their posterity to say they
had shook hands with Benton.'

"While the wonderful influence of the dominating fighter was
still felt, yet a large part of the crowd was decidedly hostile to him.
He knew that, and he glared around at the men about him like a
gladiator at bay. Had they come at him with guns, he wouldn't
have given away an inch.

THE WILMOT PROVISO.

"One tall fellow from upstate, undaunted by the Senator's
threatening aspect, pushed forward.

' 'Senator Benton,' he shouted, 'the people up my way want
to know if you voted for the Wilmot proviso I And they told me
to bring back a straight answer — yes or nol'

"The crowd cheered.

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS. 277

"The Wilmot proviso, introduced by David Wilmot of Penn-
sylvania, stipulated that slavery should not exist, except for crime,
in any territory acquired by the United States from Mexico. At
that time most of the Missouri plantations were worked by slaves,
and naturally the planters were friendly to the system.

" 'You want an answer as to how Benton voted on the Wilmot
proviso, and you shall have it!' roared the Senator in tones that
made the other's voice seem gentle. 'Benton was not in the
Senate when the measure was taken up, but he left a speech to be
read there, sir, and that speech was read, and it killed the proviso.'

"This created immense applause, and the crowd began to veer
to the Senator's side again.

"Benton spoke in the afternoon over there to the Southeast.
There was a beautiful grove there then, and his great voice seemed
to reach easily to the edge of the crowd, great as it was.

"It seems a man named Lamb from Hannibal, had been
camping on Benton's trail. The Senator referred to this that day.

" 'You've heard some bleating from a Lamb out this way,
I take it,' he said. 'Says he's anti-Benton! Thank God! Anti-
Benton! Citizens, you who've read the Bible have heard of the
Scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites — anti-Christ! The tribe is still
with us!

"Nobody introduced Benton. He said he didn't need to be
introduced to Missouri Citizens.

"It was Benton's last campaign. He had made many enemies,
and was the old guard at Waterloo. They got him at last, but
I've always esteemed myself as fortunate to have heard him in
his final battle. The crowd seemed with him that day, while he
was here, but I guess the feeling against him must have been pretty
strong, for soon afterward a merchant tacked over his door here,
'Anti-Benton Store.' It had been a red-letter day in old Bloom-
ing ton."

PERSONAL.

Dr. J. A. B. Adcock: Born in Miller County, Missouri,
August 20, 1851; died at Warrensburg, Missouri, August 19,
1919. He was graduated from a medical college in Cincinnati,
Ohio, in 1877 and began the practice of his profession in Miller
County, Missouri. Later he practiced at Knobnoster, Kansas
City and Warrensburg, in the meantime doing research work
in New York, Chicago and St. Louis. Dr. Adcock was a
member of the State Board of Health thirteen years, under

278 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

Folk, Hadley and Major, and was for a part of that time
Secretary of the Board.

Chief Justice Henry W. Bond: Born near Brownsville,
Tennessee, January 27, 1848; died at Jefferson City, Missouri,
September 28, 1919. He was educated in the public schools
of Tennessee and at Harvard University. He was admitted
to the bar in Tennessee and practiced law there until 1879,
when he moved to St. Louis. He was elected to the Missouri
Legislature in 1885 and later to a 12-year term as judge of
the St. Louis Court of Appeals, beginning January 1, 1893.
He resigned in 1901 to enter a law partnership with his son.
In April, 1911, he was appointed Supreme Court Commis-
sioner and in 1912 was elected to the Supreme Bench for a
term of 10 years.

Samuel W. Fordyce: Born in Guernsey County, Ohio,
February 7, 1840; died at Atlantic City, New Jersey, August 3,
1919. He began his business life as a railroad station agent
on the Central Ohio Railway in 1860. He enlisted at the
beginning of the Civil War in the First Ohio Cavalry Volun-
teers and served throughout the war, at the close of which
he was Captain and Inspector General of Cavalry of the
Army of the Cumberland. At the close of the war he estab-
lished the banking house of Fordyce and Rison at Huntsville,
Albama. He moved to Arkansas in 1876 and became active
as a railroad promoter and became an extensive holder of
railroad properties over the entire country. He was one of
the founders and developers of Hot Springs, Arkansas, as a
health resort. He served as Democratic National Committee-
man from both Alabama and Arkansas.

Frederick N. Judson: Born at St. Marys, Georgia,
October 7, 1845; died at St. Louis, Missouri, October 18, 1919.
He was graduated from Yale University in 1866 and from the
law department of Washington University in 1871. He was
private secretary to B. Gratz Brown from 1871 to 1873 and
was admitted to the Missouri Bar in 1873. He thereafter
took a prominent part in various State and National affairs
of importance. He was a member of the Board of Freeholders
which framed the present city charter of St. Louis and was

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS. 279

twice elected a member of the Board of Education of that
city. In 1908-09 he was president of the Missouri Bar
Association. During the late war he was a prominent member
of the National War Labor Bureau. He was also state chair-
man of the Missouri branch of the League to Enforce Peace.

Rev. James Wideman Lee : Born at Rockbridge, Georgia,
November 28, 1849; died at St. Louis, Missouri, October 4,
1919. He was graduated from Emory College, Georgia, in
1874 and was ordained a minister of the M. E. Church, South,
in 1876. He was at various times pastor of the M. E. Church,
South, in Carrollton, Dal ton, Rome, Trinity Church and Park
Street Church, Atlanta, all in Georgia, and of St. John's
Church in St. Louis. From 1897 to 1901 he was presiding
elder of the St. Louis district and later served in that capacity
a second and third time. He was quite an extensive writer
on religious subjects and a staunch supporter of Barnes
Hospital in St. Louis.

Hon. Elijah Miller: Born in Buchanan County, Missouri,
in 1839; died at Denver, Missouri, August 15, 1919. As a
young man he emigrated to California and at the outbreak of
the Civil War he enlisted in the Fourth California Infantry
and served three years under General Banks in the South-
western states. After the war he returned to Missouri and
settled in Worth County, engaging in business at Denver.
In 1878 he was admitted to the bar in Missouri and began
the practice of his profession. In 1888 and again in 1892
he was elected to the State Legislature as Representative
from Worth County. In 1896 he was elected State Senator
from the First District.

Judge James T. Neville: Born in Miller County, Mis-
souri, October 30, 1860; died at Springfield, Missouri, August
8, 1919. He was a graduate of Marionville College, the
University of Missouri and Washington University. He be-
gan the practice of law at Bolivar and served one term as
prosecuting attorney of Polk County. He went to Springfield
in 1889 and later served as circuit judge for 18 years. For
a number of years prior to his death Judge Neville was a

280 MISSOURI HISTORIAL REVIEW.

law partner with O. E. Gorman in the firm of Neville & Gor-
man.

Caleb Perry Organ: Born in Salem, Missouri, January 3,
1877; died at Salem, August 11, 1919. He was educated in
the Salem public schools and on his graduation therefrom
entered the office of the Salem Monitor, which was owned by
his father. Upon the death of his father, in 1915, he assumed
charge of the Monitor and was editor of the paper at the time
of his death.

Hon. Joseph Weinhold: Born at Frohna, Missouri,
October 3, 1844; died at Wittenberg, Missouri, September 21,
1919. In 1865 he organized a milling company at Wittenberg,
known as the Estel, Weinhold Company, and was actively
engaged in the milling business until 1915, when he retired.
He served six years as county judge of Perry County and was
a member of the Missouri General Assembly as Representative
from Perry County during the sessions of 1891, 1893, 1895 and
1901.

V

(Lit

THE

MISSOURI HISTORICAL
REVIEW

Vol. XIV April-July, 1920 Nos. 3-4

CONTENTS.

Page.
History of Woman Suffrage in Missouri 281

Edited by MARY SEMPLE SCOTT
Early Exploration and Settlement of Missouri and

Arkansas 385

CARDINAL L. GOODWIN
Major Emory S. Foster 425

GEORGE S. GHOVER
Recollections of Thomas H. Benton 433

JOHN A. OLIPHANT
The Followers of Duden 436

WILLIAM G. BEK
Early Days on Grand River and Mormon War.. 459

ROLLIN J. BRITTON
Shelby's Expedition to Mexico A 474

JOHN N. EDWARDS
Historical Notes and Comments. . . 494

FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER, Editor

The Missouri Historical Review is published quarterly. The sub-
scription price is $1.00 a year. A complete set of the REVIEW is
still obtainable— Vols. 1-13, bound, $42.00; unbound, $28.00. Prices
of separate volumes given on request. All communications should be
addressed to Floyd C. Shoemaker, Secretary The State Historical Society
of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.

"Entered as second-class matter at the postofflce at Columbia,
Missouri, under the Act of Congress, Oct. 3, 1917, Sec. 442."

CONTRIBUTORS.

MART SEMPLE SCOTT et al. See pages 282ff.

CARDINAL L. GOODWIN, author and teacher, is a native of
Arkansas. He received his Ph. D. from the University of
California and now holds The Phoebe Apperson Hearst Chair
of American History in Mills College, Oakland, Calif. The
present scholarly contribution is from Dr. Goodwin's forth-
coming work, The Trans-Mississippi West, which will appear
in 1921.

GEORGE S. GROVER, a lawyer of St. Louis, has contributed
to the Review from time to time articles of value on the Civil
War in Missouri. A native of Indiana, he was reared in
Warrensburg, Missouri. He served in the Union army in
Missouri, participating in a number of battles, and rose to the
rank of captain under Major Emory S. Foster. Captain
Grover has been engaged in railroad work, journalism, and
law. For thirty-one years he was connected with the legal
department of the Wabash Railroad, for several years he was
on the staff of the St. Louis Journal and the St. Louis Times,
and since 1906 he has practiced law in St. Louis.

JOHN A. OLIPHANT, lawyer and judge, is on the Oklahoma
Bench. He formerly lived in Warrensburg, Missouri.

WILLIAM G. BEK, a native Missourian, is head of the de-
partment of Germanic languages in the University of North
Dakota. His contributions, brochures and translations re-
lating to German settlements in the United States place him
among the highest authorities in this line of historical re-
search. His translation of "Duden's Report," lately pub-
lished in the REVIEW, is regarded by scholars as one of the
most important contributions to western history that has
appeared in recent years.

ROLLIN J. BRITTON, a lawyer of Kansas City, is a recog-
nized authority on Mormonism in Missouri. During his
residence in Daviess county he began his researches in this
field. The fruit of his many years of labor is presented to
the readers of the REVIEW.

JOHN N. EDWARDS (deceased), one of the most widely
known journalists of Missouri, was a member of Shelby's ex-
pedition to Mexico. He is regarded by some competent au-
thorities as having been the greatest master of journalistic
writing that the State has produced.

THE MISSOURI HISTORICAL
REVIEW

VOL. XIV, Nos. 3-4

COLUMBIA

APRIL-JULY, 1920

History of the Woman Suffrage Movement in Missouri.

Edited by Miss Mary Semple Scott.

STATE PRESIDENTS.

Mrs. Robert Atkinson, 1910-12.

Mrs. George Gellhorn, 1912-13.

Mrs. W. W. Boyd, June to July, 1913.

Mrs. Walter McNab Miller, 1913-16.

Mrs. John R. Leighty, 1916-17.

Mrs. Walter McNab Miller, 1917-18.

Mrs. David N. O'Neil, Oct., 1918— March, 1919,

Vice-President and Acting President.
Mrs. George Gellhorn, 1919.

INDEX.

Foreword Mrs.

Early Beginnings Mrs.

"Middle Ages" Mrs.

Part of the St. Louis League Mrs.

Part of the Kansas City League. . . . Mrs.

Making Suffrage Sentiment Mrs.

Presidential Suffrage Bill Miss

State Work, 1916-17 Mrs.

Ratification, Schools, and League of

Women Voters Mrs.

"Carry On, St. Louis" Mrs.

Congressional Work Mrs.

The Missouri Woman Miss

Emily Newell Blair.
Win. C. Fordyce.
Robert Atkinson.
E. M. Grossman.
Thomas McBride.
Walter McNab Miller.
Marie B. Ames.
John R. Leighty.

George Gellhorn.
Frederic Elaine Clarke.
Charles Passmore.
Mary Semple Scott.

LEAGUES:

Kansas City Susan B. Anthony

League Mrs. Henry N. Ess.

Warrensburg Mis Laura Runyon.

Columbia Mrs. Rosa Russell Ingels.

St. Louis Business Women's League. . Miss Florence Weigle.

282 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

CONTRIBUTORS.

MRS. EMILY NEWELL BLAIR, member State Suffrage Board; chairman of
Press for State Association during 1914; first editor of the Missouri Woman,
1915-16; served on Bureau of Publicity under George Creel during the war.

MRS. WM. C. FORDYCE, president St. Louis Equal Suffrage League, 1916-17;
first Citizenship School held under her administration; grand-daughter of Mrs.
Beverly Allen, and daughter of Mrs. John C. Orrick, both prominent in the first
St. Louis suffrage organization, 1867.

MRS. ROBERT ATKINSON, first president of the Missouri Equal Suffrage
Association, 1910-12; a leader in the 1910 suffrage movement.

MRS. E. M. GROSSMAN, member executive board of the St. Louis Equal
Suffrage League and of the Missouri Woman Suffrage Association ; noted for her
constructive work in passage of suffrage legislation.

MRS. THOMAS MCBRIDE, executive secretary for Kansas City and Jackson
County in suffrage work, 1917.

MRS. WALTER McNAB MILLER, twice president of the Missouri Woman
Suffrage Association; first vice-president National Woman Suffrage Association;
organizer and president first woman's club in state of Nevada; prominent in
General Federation of Women's Clubs; chairman Pure Food Commission in
Missouri, 1904-08; member Governor's Commission on Tuberculosis, 1910-11;
chairman Public Health Commission and member executive board Missouri
State Conference of Charities; chairman Hoover registration Missouri Woman's
Committee Council National Defense.

Miss MARIE B. AMES, sent to Missouri as National Field Director by the
National American Woman Suffrage Association to assist in passing of the
Missouri Presidential Suffrage Bill in the 1919 Legislature. Since March, 1919,
has orgnized and conducted Citizenship Schools in Missouri cities and towns. Is
Regional Citizenship Director for Missouri, Arkansas, Kansas, Oklahoma,
Iowa, and Texas.

MRS. JOHN R. LEIOHTY, President of the Missouri Woman Suffrage Associa-
tion 1916-17; chairman of the Organization, 1918-19; president Mississippi
Valley Suffrage Conference, 1917-18.

MRS. GEORGB GELLHORN, twice president of the Missouri Woman Suffrage
Association; former president of the St. Louis League; chairman of Food Con-
servation on the Missouri Women's Division, Council of National Defense, dur-
ing the war; chairman St. Louis Central Committee on Food Conservation;
member Board of Directors of the National American Woman Suffrage Associa-
tion.

MRS. FREDERICK BLAINE CLARKE, extension secretary St. Louis Equal
Suffrage League, 1918; conducted Citizenship Schools; lecturer on sufirage;
in charge of publicity work. Formerly active in suffrage work in Indiana.

MRS. CHARLES PAssMORE.vice-chairman Referendum Suffrage Campaign
in Kansas City, 1914; vice-president Missouri Woman Suffrage Association,
1915-18; Congressional chairman for Missouri of the National American Woman
SuffragQ Association, 1916-18.

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 283

Miss MART SEMPLE SCOTT, editor The Missouri Woman, 1916-19; member
St. Louis Suffrage City Central Committee and State Board; during the war was
ward chairman St. Louis Women's Division, Council National Defense for
Registration of Women.

MRS. DAVID N. O' NEILL, president St. Louis League, 1912-16; member
Legislative Committee, 1912-19; first vice-president State Association; acting
president State Association 1918-19; member Executive Committee of National
American Suffrage Association ; first woman appointed National Democratic
Committee woman for Missouri, 1919.

Miss MARYE. BULKLEY, member executive board of St. Louis League and
State Association; authoress "An Aid to the Woman Voter in Missouri;" out-
lined the lectures in government for Citizenship Schools used throughout the
State.

MRS. HENRY N. Ess, prominent organizer and officer in Kansas City club
and suffrage work; first president Kansas City Woman Suffrage Association,
1911 and of the Susan B. Anthony Suffrage League, 1914; also leader in move-
ment for prison reform in Missouri.

Miss LAURA RUNYON, organizer of the suffrage movement in Warrensburg,
1911; Congressional chairman for Johnson County, 1916-19; member State
Board; one of the three women to draft the constitution of the Missouri League
of Women Voters, October, 1919.

MRS. ROSA RUSSELL INOELS, prominent in club work since 1892; author
suffrage articles; made the first public talk on woman suffrage in Columbia,
1912; president Columbia Equal Suffrage Association, 1913; member State
Board, 1917-18; active in war work; regent Columbia chapter D. A. R. ; speaker
Citizenship Schools. .

Miss FLORENCE WEIOLB, St. Louis lawyer; president St. Louis Woman's
Suffrage League.

284 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

FOREWORD.
BY MRS. EMILY NEWELL BLAIR.

Unique in the history of this or any nation has been the
seventy-year campaign waged by the women of America tor
the right of suffrage. As many women have been engaged,
first to last, in this great movement as there have ever been
soldiers in any war waged for liberty and justice. When the
final roll of workers is called, a mighty army will answer,
embracing the forward-looking women of many generations.
Since the campaign was started, the geographical arrangement,
the political complexion, the industrial organization of the
world, has greatly changed. America has grown from a self-
contained agricultural community to a great world power,
and modern science and invention have changed not only
the face of our landscape but the texture of our family and
economic life. In nothing have such changes been wrought
as in the status of women. When a few valiant souls first
presented for consideration the principle that women should
be entitled to the same civil and social rights as men, the
status of woman everywhere was that of a chattel, at best of
a ward. Besides having no political rights, she had few civil
rights, no property rights, no parental rights, practically no
economic freedom, since professions, trades and business were
closed to her.

Today, in professional, industrial and business life, she
plays a large and important part, although she is still in many
states discriminated against in respect to her property and
parental rights. The removal of these discriminations against
women and of the limitations to her so-called sphere, may be
said to be in large measure, by-products of the campaign
waged for her political freedom.

For half a century this campaign has been waged over
every state in the union. At last victory seems assured. So
far as the electors of Missouri are concerned, the campaign

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 285

is ended. The Fiftieth General Assembly has not only passed
the Presidential Suffrage bill giving to Missouri women the
right to vote for Presidential electors, but in a special session,
July, 1919, it ratified the Susan B. Anthony Amendment to
the Federal Constitution which declares that the right to
vote shall not be denied to anyone because of sex. That this
amendment yet waits for the ratification of other state legis-
latures cannot be charged against Missouri voters. It is
fitting, therefore, that the State Historical Society of Missouri
should chronicle the part played in this campaign by Missouri
men and women, thereby placing this commonwealth first
in the nation in presenting a state history of woman's suffrage.

From the first, the objective of this movement was the
emancipation of all the women of America. But it was recog-
nized early that there were two ways to this end. One was
by amendment to the basic law of the land, the Federal Con-
stitution. The other was by securing one by one amendments
to the Constitutions of the various states until the entire
forty-eight had acted. Both ways were tried. Thus, at the
same time that the Susan B. Anthony amendment was in-
troduced into Congress and congressmen besought to send
it to the states for ratification, the state legislatures were
urged to take action towards granting the women of their
own states full suffrage. The story, therefore, of Missouri's
part in this movement includes both the efforts of Missouri
women to secure an amendment to the State Constitution
and Missouri's share in the passage and the ratification of
the Federal amendment.

Missouri women entered this campaign early. They
have remained almost until the end. One by one they saw
the states west of their own present the ballot to their women,
their eastern neighbor give to its women all the franchise
in the gift of a state legislature, the state upon the southern
boundary admit its women to the legal primaries. But to
them came no measure of success. No wonder that there
came times when they almost believed the dire 'prophecy
that Missouri would be the last state in the union to recognize
its women politically. Yet it was not true. At last their work

286 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

bore fruit and they proudly beheld Missouri the eleventh
state to grant Presidential suffrage to its women and the
eleventh state to ratify the Federal Amendment.

Many are the reasons why the history of this campaign
is worthy of a place in the annals of the State Historical
Society of Missouri. This campaign for civil equality has
been the single issue longest before Missouri men; its final
victory is an epochal event. Any change in the electorate
of a democracy may affect the whole structure of its govern-
ment. The elevation of almost half the population of a
country from a position of political serfdom to that of equal
authority, the admission of another sex into party councils
and its votes into the ballot box, makes possible, at least,
great changes in both parties and government.

The tactics by which this cause won its victory must
challenge the interest of all those who believe that tomorrow
is built upon today and the type of today's citizenship de-
termines the future welfare of our country. For them this
story of the courage displayed by the Missouri women of
this generation, their loyalty to their principles, their faith
in the ultimate outcome in spite of all set-backs, the ability
with which they planned and the skill with which they ex-
ecuted their plans, together with the fair and open methods
they employed, has a special value. To those who believe
that an acquaintance with the makers of history, as revealed
in their estimates of themselves, is necessary to the philo-
sophical writer of history, this autobiography of the Missouri
Equal Suffrage Association comes as a historical document.

Most valuable of all is this history of the great campaign
for political liberty as a practical demonstration of the prin-
ciples of democracy. In the story of the enactment into law
of the ideal of the equality of women, presented away back
in 1842 by a few intrepid women to a public to whom it
seemed revolutionary, wicked, and designed to ruin home,
church and state, we have the perfect example of the way
in which minorities, through the exercise of free speech and
the courage to stand scorn, become majorities. It is a slow
and tedious way. As the ideal passes through the period in

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 287

which it is feared, in which it is ridiculed, courage is needed
and then infinite patience as it gains a hearing and slowly,
oh so slowly, gathers the timid, the weak, the slow of thought
and dim of vision to its standard. Sometimes those with
the far-seeing vision grow a little bitter at the delay but
after all, this is a sure and safe way. And when victory
at last does come and the ideal is woven into the warp and
woof of that country's life it is to the people not a halter
forced upon them, nor yet a torch they are made to carry —
for a torch may be as great a burden as a hoe if one cares not
for light or the road ahead — but something they have built
themselves which they love as all creators love their own
handiwork.

Last but far from least this stirring incident in the con-
stitutional history of Missouri should be interesting to the
heirs of those who won the heritage; the women who will
profit from it. They and their daughters' daughters should
know the tale of how their political liberty was won. Many
of them who have done their part will discover with surprise
how long the battle had waged before they came upon the
scene. Here they will see the campaign, as it stretches
through forty years. They will realize how small and easy
has been the part of those who celebrate the victory. Count-
ing their debt, the women who fought and the women who
received, to those whose sacrifices made this victory possible
they will resolve by their type of citizenship to repay to the
uttermost farthing. Yet, as a matter of fact, all these workers,
past and present, have reaped their own reward, for to have
had even a tiny part in this great cause, to have been lowest
among the noble host of women who have dreamed the dream
of women standing by their men in the making our democracy
an expression of their common ideals is to have tasted the
deepest joy that this life can give to the aspiring soul. To
have worked for the great ideals of human justice and free-
dom is, to adapt the words of our great leader, Dr. Anna
Howard Shaw, to have a spiritual force transforming our
lives. Each and every one of Missouri's suffragists should
be able to echo these words of the same leader — "Neither the

288 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

world nor the cause is indebted to me — but from the depth
of a full and grateful heart I acknowledge my lasting in-
debtedness to both."

EARLY BEGINNINGS
BY CHRISTINE ORRICK FORDYCE

(Mrs. Wm. C. Fordyce. )

In the history of the early struggle for woman suffrage
in Missouri there is nothing so striking as the strength of
character and intellect that marked the men and women
who had this movement most at heart.

The fact that the Civil War was just over, and that the
ideals of self-sacrifice and noble purpose still existed in the
hearts of the unusual men and women of that time, counted
for much. The fight for the unity of the nation and for the
freedom of the colored race had roused people to fever heat,
and they were ready to work with fervor for this other cause
which meant to them the emancipation of another class —
that of women — from the conventions that kept them from
self-development and participation in the government.

An interesting phase of this subject is the peace move-
ment that seems to have begun at this time. The women
thought, and doubtless some of the men too, that through
women's influence in the state, the horrors of war which
they had just realized so vividly might be avoided. When
Mrs. Julia Ward Howe was in St. Louis in 1872 for one of the
suffrage conventions, the daily papers of that date gave an
account of a recent visit she had made to London. There
she had tried to establish peace societies and had found,
much to her surprise, that her meetings were crowded, so
she felt that a nucleus had been formed which would result
in the calling of a peace congress in the future. She said
her appeal was to the women, to the mothers whose sons
had been sacrificed in war, to create a public sentiment that
would eventually produce a peace congress.

*Mrs. Fordyce had begun to write a history of suffrage in Missouri before
she met her untimely death, April 15, 1919. She had gathered information from
data left by her grandmother, Mrs. Beverly Allen, and by Mrs. Rebecca N.
Hazard. The above is given with slight additions, as she wrote it.

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 289

It is a matter of history now that women like Julia
Ward Howe, though side by side with sympathetic, splendid
men, failed to obtain the right to vote. They were women
with the courage of their convictions, as everything they did
proved; for we must not forget that in those days it was no
pleasant pastime to be a woman suffragist. Most people
considered it a crime to believe in women's rights, and those
brave women who did were hooted and jeered at in the streets.
Just as Susan B. Anthony fought a legal fight to cast her
vote in Massachusetts, so did Mrs. Francis Minor in Missouri.
Mrs. Minor fought for her right to vote under the XIV and
XV Amendments. Mr. Francis Minor, her husband, was her
lawyer, and even took the case up to the Supreme Court,
but to no avail. However, in spite of their failure to gain
suffrage, their work was fruitful in good results. Their many
visits to the State Legislature of Missouri resulted in so many
good laws for the protection of women that recently one man
was led to say that the women of Missouri were better pro-
tected than the men.

Still, even if they could not obtain the right to vote in
Missouri, indirectly they were responsible for the enfran-
chisement of the women of Wyoming. Mr. J. A. Campbell,
during a winter spent in St. Louis, became, through their
influence, an earnest advocate of woman suffrage, and, when
he afterward became Governor of Wyoming, he signed the
bill, which had been passed half in jest, that gave Wyoming
the distinction of being the first state to have equal suffrage
for men and women.

An association for suffrage was formed in St. Louis,
May 8, 1867. This was the first organization in the world
having for its sole object the political enfranchisement of women.
Most of the early woman's rights societies included other
reforms. The first meeting was held in the directors' room at
the Mercantile Library; Mrs. Alfred Clapp in the chair,
and Mrs. George D. Hall acting as secretary. At the next
meeting a constitution was adopted and rooms in. the Pick-
wick Theater building were engaged for headquarters.

290 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

In October of that year many notable persons gathered
in St. Louis to hold a Woman Suffrage Convention. Susan
B. Anthony, destined to become one of the greatest forces
in this great movement, and Julia Ward Howe, already
famous for her "Battle Hymn of the Republic," and Mary A.
Livermore, so well known at that time for her efficient ser-
vices in the Sanitary Department during the Civil War,
were present. It is recorded that there was a large attendance
at the opening meeting on the evening of October 7th, and
strong arguments in favor of woman's rights were presented
by Judge Waite of Chicago, E. W. Decker and Miss Phebe
Cozzins of St. Louis, and Marion Cole of Ohio.

At the next session, however, the attendance was small
and the time was taken up reading letters from distinguished
persons who had sympathized with them and hoped that they
would obtain equality before the law. A letter was read from
Wm. Lloyd Garrison, heartily approving of the object of
the convention and expressing gratification that the cause
was making progress on both sides of the Atlantic. One
from Wendell Phillips read: "Be sure that my zeal for the
negro does not exceed that for women. I have worked in
the cause of woman suffrage for thirty years. I yield to
none in full conviction, earnest desire, and strenuous, un-
ceasing effort for woman's rights. My whole heart is with
you and I join you in fervent wishes for immediate success
everywhere."

In addressing this meeting Mrs. Mary A. Livermore
said: "I do not care for politics one way or the other. I do
not know that we owe anything to the Republican or the
Democratic party. This woman suffrage question is not a
political party movement but a great moral movement."

Miss Lilly Peckham spoke briefly on the influence of
the ballot on woman's work and wages, maintaining "that the
proximate cause of woman's insufficient wages is excessive
competition in the fields in which women labor; that for an
increase of wages there must be an increase of employments;
that it is not now fashionable for women to earn their bread,
and if they must earn it, they must work in woman's sphere.

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 291

The demand for the ballot is not a mere form; it means a
new theory of her life; it is an assertion of her own indi-
viduality, her own queenship; an assertion that the whole
green earth, with its honorable work and pay, is hers."

At a meeting of suffragists, May 26, 1871, to form an
organization for St. Louis county, Major Lucien Eaton called
the meeting to order, and asked Judge John M. Krum to
preside. In his preliminary remarks Judge Krum unquali-
fiedly endorsed the principle of "votes for women," and said
in part:

"We think, too, that we are secure in the enjoyment of
life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness because the ballot,
which is regarded as the safeguard against corruption, wrong
and oppression, is in the hands of the people. Granted;
and I concede the great power of the ballot. In a representa-
tive government it is the great conservative power, and cannot
be too highly estimated by any people. But the inquiry
springs up, and it addresses itself to us with irresistible force:
to whose hands is this power of the ballot entrusted? How
happens it that only one-half of our adult population have
the privilege of the ballot? Is it because the excluded por-
tion are less intelligent, less patriotic, less virtuous, or that
that they have no interests to guard, no stake in the commu-
nity? I shall not stop to refute what is implied against our
countrywomen by the restricted and unjust ballot system
now in practice. This restriction, in my humble judgment,
is fundamentally wrong."

At this meeting a constitution for the county organiza-
tion was adopted and permanent officers were elected as fol-
lows: president, Wayman Crow; vice-presidents, Jas. E.
Yeatman, Francis Minor, Chas. Luedeking, Albert Todd,
T. G. C. Davis, Mrs. Alfred Clapp, Mrs. Stephen Ridgley,
Mrs. A. C. George, Mrs. Giles F. Filley and Mrs. Rose Titt-
man; secretary, Miss Mary Beedy; treasurer, Mrs. Isaac H.
Sturgeon.

A national suffrage convention was held in St. Louis
November 21, 1872, Lucy Stone presiding. Julia Ward Howe
was present. A report of the meeting records: "The audience

292 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

was distinguished for its intelligence and respectability, and
gentility was evident in appearance and bearing. There
were about an equal number of men and women."

At that time Mrs. Rebecca N. Hazard of Kirkwood. who
was prominent in the local suffrage movement, and later was
president of the American Suffrage Association, received
many letters from distinguished persons pertaining to this
convention. Henry Ward Beecher wrote:

"I should be glad to meet you in St. Louis, and to add
my testimony to that of the noble band who, after so long
a conflict for another step in the advance of humanity, seems
on the eve of seeing their wishes fulfilled.1"

Gerritt Smith wrote at the same time: "Let woman be
of good cheer. She will not have to wait for the ballot much
longer."

J. A. Campbell, the Governor of Wyoming who had
signed the first bill to enfranchise any group of women in
the United States, wrote: "There are palpable evidences of
the growth of your ideas, so plain that all who run may read,
appreciable to sceptics and believers alike. There are other
signs of 'triumph in the air,' which will occur to you, but
which I have not time to enumerate, the admission of women
to the pulpit, to the bar, the jury box, the editorial chair and
other wider fields of usefulness and honor which have been
so long virtually closed to her. Courage, then! Your ultimate
triumph is assured. A work so nobly begun is already more
than half accomplished."

The Unitarian Church of St. Louis, Dr. D. M. Eliot,
pastor, was the center of much of the advanced thinking of
that time; and Dr. Nicchols, pastor of the Second Presby-
terian Church, was among the leaders. Mrs. Beverly Allen
and her three daughters, Mrs. George D. Hall, Mrs. John C.
Orrick and Mrs. Isaac H. Sturgeon, were members of the
first organization. Others among the early suffragists were
Miss Phebe Cozzins, a bright and beautiful woman, and Mrs.
Elizabeth Avery Merriweather. However, Mrs. Virginia L.
Minor must always be recognized as one of the most pro-
gressive and courageous in that pioneer band.

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 293

At the November .election of 1872 in St. Louis Mrs.
Minor offered her vote under the XIV Amendment to the
Federal Constitution which provides that "No state shall
make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or
immunities of citizens of the United States." Mr. Francis
Minor, her husband and an eminent lawyer, believed that this
amendment entitled women to vote. Nevertheless, her vote
was refused, and she brought suit against the inspector for
the purpose of making a test case. After an adverse decision
by the lower courts, the case was carried to the Supreme Court
of the United States and argued before that tribunal by Mr.
Minor. It is not too much to say that no constitutional
lawyer in the country could have improved upon his argument
in its array of authority, its keen logic and its impressive
plea for justice. The decision was delivered March 29, 1875,
and was adverse. This put an end to the hope of women
obtaining national suffrage without a new amendment to
the Federal Constitution.

From 1870, Missouri women went to the State Legis-
lature every session petitioning for suffrage. An account
of one of these ventures, dated March 7, 1870, and entitled
"Lively Times," reads as follows:

"At the House of Representatives tonight an immense
number of ladies and gentlemen had congregated, and the
seats were well filled by members. Ladies filled the lobby
seats and the men stood in the aisles.

"Mr. Davis, of Andrew, one of the silent members, felt
his spirit move on this subject, and asserted that there was
nothing in the Bible against woman's voting in the State of
Missouri or in the United States. He was opposed to in-
definite postponement and in favor of submitting the question
to the people.

"Mr. Baker, of Schuyler, next advocated the measure
and opposed indefinite postponement. Mr. Baker is the
talking kind, and talked exceedingly well in support of the
suffrage idea.

"Mr. Leeper, of Wayne, a nice man with very gray hair
and whiskers of altogether a blacker hue than they presented

294 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

on Saturday, was in favor of woman, but opposed to giving
her the ballot because she was woman and his friend. As an
illustration he said that it was an insult to the rest of the
hens for one to attempt to crow — crowing belonged to the
roosters.

"Mr. Bennett, of Perry, read a paper in support of
woman's rights, drawing his conclusions from the Declara-
tion of Independence.

"Mr. McMichael, of Clinton, also read a paper but it
was in opposition to woman suffrage. He would prefer
bearing 'the ills he had rather than fly to those he knew not
of.'

"Mr. Lawson, of Carter, ancient as to years but of a
progressive turn of mind, proposed to elevate the political
arena from the 'whirlpool of degradation' by putting into it
the lantern of woman suffrage. It was the cardinal hope,
the sheet-anchor of security."

Another account of proceedings before the Legislature
was published in the Woman's Journal in 1879: It follows:

"The readers of the Woman's Journal will be interested
to hear the result of a recent visit of a delegation from the
Missouri Woman Suffrage Association to the Legislature.
We knew but one member of the Legislature who favored
our cause. To this one we sent our memorial. Time was
when our friend in the Legislature could with difficulty get
our memorials referred to the proper committees. Motions
would be made to refer them to the Committee on 'Swamp
Lands,' or to that on 'Lunatic Asylums,' but this was referred
without a word to the Committee on Constitutional Amend-
ments, composed of seven members, who voted unanimously
to give our delegation a hearing whenever we should desire.

"The afternoon of Thursday the 20th inst, was fixed
for the purpose. The delegation was received with great
courtesy by Judge Dryden, chairman of the committee. A
number of spectators had dropped in, attracted by interest
or curiosity.

"Mrs. Hazard first addressed the committee on behalf
of the delegation. She said: 'In presenting this petition we

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 295

beg to assure you that we do so with earnest convictions that
what we seek is right. Year after year our plea has come up
before the law-making power of Missouri, with small success
indeed, but with a persistency that ought to convince our
countrymen that we are in earnest. Both God and man
are pledged to aid those who persevere in a good undertaking.
We are sure, therefore, of final success. Ten years ago we
came here asking for women in the land of freedom the small
boon of citizenship. Our request, which was just and reason-
able, should have been granted then. It is equally just and
reasonable now, and no time should be lost in making amends
for the injustice of the long delay.'

"Mrs. Hazard also said: 'To those who view the ques-
tion from our standpoint, it is surprising that it should be a
question at all. That American women, taking in the breath
of freedom from their cradles, proud of their flag, familiar
with the history and constitution of a government which
guarantees liberty and equality to all, should desire to par-
ticipate in the duties and privileges of their government
seemed almost natural, and that they should be denied these
privileges is a surprising paradox in the history of American
history.'

"Mrs. A. E. Dickinson followed, stating many objec-
tions which are commonly offered against the enfranchisement
of women, and then setting them aside by clear and effective
argument. She maintained that the influence of woman was
needed on our State Board of Charities, in our prisons, and
on our school boards. She spoke of the excellent workings
of the woman's prison at Indianapolis.

"Mrs. H. E. Starrett, in rising to address the committee,
said she never attempted to convince those who were opposed
to woman suffrage without some hesitation, remembering
how long she herself had doubted before embracing the
doctrine. Here Judge Dryden politely interrupted her saying
he begged that she would not assume that the committee
were opposed to woman suffrage. She proceeded ' to show
the methods by which she had become convinced that woman
must be a political equal in the higher civilization of all na-

296 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

tions. Much has been said about immigrant wagons passing
through Missouri to Kansas. She thought the fact that
Kansas was dotted with schoolhouses, and that women vote
on educational matters in that state, might explain the matter.
This statement was greeted with applause by the spectators.

"At the conclusion of the hearing Judge Dryden assured
the ladies that the matter would have the most earnest con-
sideration of the committee. It was suggested by someone
present that a bill should be prepared as the committee could
not act upon a memorial. Three gentlemen from among the
spectators, all lawyers, came forward and volunteered to
draft the bill at once. One of them was the son of Judge
Dryden, a manly young fellow, who said he was not ashamed
to say he was in favor of woman suffrage. Another, Hon.
J. C. McGinness, was one of our strongest opponents ten years
ago. He alluded to his opposition then, and said he had
changed his mind. The third gentleman, Col. Bland, has
long been an advocate of our cause. A somewhat singular
fact is that each of these gentlemen held a different political
faith: they represented the Democratic, Republican and
Greenback parties.

"The delegation had asked for the use of the Hall of
Representatives for the evening of the 20th. Mr. Henry T.
Mudd, who with Judge Dryden had kindly consented to pro-
cure the favor, assured us that the hall would be tendered
but we need not expect an audience, as the very best lecturer
this winter had failed to draw an audience of more than 20
or 30 people. Judge of our surprise then, upon arriving at
an early hour, to find the large hall filled. Mrs. Starrett
delivered her well-known lecture: 'What shall we do with
our daughters?' Mrs. A. E. Dickinson followed with a
stirring appeal for woman suffrage. Both ladies were re-
ceived with an appreciation bordering on enthusiasm.

"After the meeting the members crowded about them
with kind words and congratulations. The members who had
aided us said such an audience had not been seen in Jefferson
City this winter. The next morning our bill, asking for a
constitutional amendment granting suffrage to the women

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 297

of Missouri, was offered in the House by a member who we
were told was a leader of the Democratic party. This gen-
tleman had been present at the hearing though not a member
of the committee. He afterward said to me: Though per-
haps not altogether converted, I'll say that the arguments
are all on your side.'

"Some of our friends think the bill will pass. If so,
we shall rejoice heartily. But in any event we shall remember
with pleasure this visit to the Missouri Legislature."

Of course the bill did not pass. During the forty years
between 1879 and 1919 suffragists learned to their sorrow
that senators and representatives, session after session of
them, particularly enjoyed dashing to the ground any hopes
for suffrage bills which in their desire to be pleasant as in-
dividuals they might have raised. Yet, throughout the
decade that followed 1879, the same faithful band of brave
pioneers carried their petitions to Jefferson City every odd-
numbered year.

On February 8, 9, 1892, an interstate woman suffrage
convention was held in Kansas City, Mrs. Laura M. Johns,
president of the Kansas association in the chair. Mrs. Minor
Mrs. Beverly Allen and Mrs. Rebecca N. Hazard were made
honorary presidents and Mrs. Virginia Hedges was elected
president. Addresses were given by Mrs. Clara C. Hoffman,
the Rev. Anna Howard Shaw, Mrs. Mary Seymour Howell
of New York, and Miss Florence Balgarnie of England. A
club was formed in Kansas City with Mrs. Sarah Chandler
Coates as president.

During the next few years the state association co-op-
erated with other societies in public and legislative work.
Mrs. Minor passed away in 1894, an irreparable loss to the
cause of woman suffrage.

In May, 1895, the Mississippi Valley Congress was called
at St. Louis under the auspices of the Woman's Christian
Temperance Union, and various other organizations par-
ticipated. Miss Anthony and Miss Shaw, president and
vice-president-at-large of the National Association, stopped
on their way to California and made addresses. Just before

298 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

Miss Anthony began her address, seventy- five children, some
of them colored, passed before her and each laid a rose in
her lap, in honor of her seventy-five years.

The preceding spring the National Association had sent
Mrs. Anna R. Simmons of South Dakota into Missouri to
lecture for two months and reunite the scattered forces. A
State Suffrage Convention followed the congress and Mrs.
Addie M. Johnson was elected president. At its close a
banquet was given in the Mercantile Club, with Miss Anthony
as the great guest of honor. A local society of nearly 100
members was formed in St. Louis.

On June 15, 16, 1896, the annual convention took place
in St. Louis with delegates from seventeen clubs. Addresses
were made by Mrs. Carrie Catt, chairman of the national
organization committee, Henry B. Blackwell, editor of the
Woman's Journal, Mrs. Mary C. C. Bradford of Colorado,
and others who were in the city trying to obtain some recog-
nition for women from the National Republican Convention.
Miss Ella Harrison was elected president. Public meetings
were called for November 12, 13, in Kansas City because it
was then possible to have the presence of Miss Anthony,
Miss Shaw and Mrs. Catt on their return from the suffrage
amendment campaign in California.

In January, 1897, Mrs. Bradford spent three weeks lec-
turing in the state and the president devoted a month to this
purpose during the autumn. The annual meeting convened
in Bethany, Dec. 7-9, Mrs. Johns and Mrs. Hoffman being
the principal speakers.

The convention of 1898 was held in St. Joseph, Oct.
17-19, with Miss Anthony and Mrs. Catt in attendance.

In the fall of 1899 a series of conferences, planned by the
national organization committee, was held in twenty counties,
which was managed by Mrs. Addie M. Johnson and Miss Ella
Moffatt and addressed by Miss Lena Morrow of Illinois and
Mrs. Mary Waldo Calkins. These ended with a state con-
vention in Chillicothe in October.

In 1900 the annual meeting was held in St. Joseph, and
in 1901 in Kansas City with sixteen counties represented.

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 299

But from that time on enthusiasm for equal suffrage was on
the wane in Missouri. Miss Louise L. Werth and Mrs.
Alice C. Mulkey were, in the order named, presidents of the
State Association, but there were no conventions held, and
the small number of suffragists who remained faithful devoted
their time to encouraging good legislation.

"MIDDLE AGES" OF EQUAL SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI.
BY FLORENCE ATKINSON

(Mrs. Robert Atkinson. )

The history of equal suffrage in Missouri may be divided
into four periods: The Dark Ages, Middle Ages, Renaissance
and Modern Times. The history of the Dark Ages has
been written; and, compared with the struggle of the early
workers to lighten the darkness, the second period is less
interesting. The situation at first was at least dramatic.
The women of the Dark Ages were starting a revolution, and
Missouri dignified their uprising by bitter opposition. When
the women of the second period entered the field, the tumult
and the shouting had ceased, and this generation found them-
selves confronted by that deadliest of attitudes, utter in-
difference. Equal Suffrage was a dead issue.

But dark as it looked, there were smouldering embers of
interest in the hearts of a small group of women who had
either inherited suffrage ideas from their pioneer mothers
or who had been born with ideas of their own about the
principles of the cause. Suddenly there was an awakening
and the embers began to glow. The fire that had broken out
in England had reached America, and had spread far enough
inland to fan even Missouri embers into a faint flame.

The suffragists of the second period had no information
upon which to build. The first society was only a memory,
and the later women required an entirely new impetus to
make them attempt to form a second organization. That
impetus came in 1910 when the great suffragette • leader
Emmelin Pankhurst was making her first tour in America.
Mrs. Pankhurst's visit bad one good result if no more, for

300 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

out of an effort on the part of a few women to bring her to
this city, the St. Louis Equal Suffrage League was organized.
By chance, members of the Wednesday Club were deploring
the fact that Mrs. Pankhurst had not been invited to come
as far west as St. Louis. They spoke of their great desire
to hear about the uprising of women in England at first hand,
and decided to find out if there might be others who shared
this desire and who would unite with them in trying to give
the distinguished lecturer a hearing.

The word "Suffragette" was not even whispered in polite
society at that time, and it was like throwing a bomb in con-
servative St. Louis to repeat the new slogan ''Votes for
Women!" Nevertheless, ten brave souls agreed to meet and
make preparations for the dangerous undertaking. They
were Mrs. Robert Atkinson, Miss Marie Garesche, Mrs. E. M.
Grossman, Miss Lillian Hetzell, Miss Jennie A. M. Jones,
Mrs. D. W. Knefler, Miss Bertha Rombauer, Mrs. Russell,
Mrs. Florence Wyman Richardson and her daughter, now
Mrs. Roland Usher.

The meeting place was in the parlor of Miss Marie
Garesche, one of the ten, and it is amusing now to recall the
solemnity of that occasion. The women felt something of the
responsibility that the historic group in Seneca Falls ex-
perienced when they made their famous call for the first
Woman's Rights Convention. Like conspirators, they knew
that they must hang together or hang separately. They
were even startled when they heard a knock at the door; at
any rate they were relieved when their hostess opened it
and found only a friend standing there who had come to
return a borrowed book. The hostess herself could not have
been very timid for she called out cheerfully "Won't you
come in? We are holding a Suffrage meeting!" The horrified
visitor backed away from the door exclaiming, "A Suffrage
meeting! Oh dear me, No!" After due consideration it
was unanimously decided to ask Mrs. Pankhurst to give a
lecture in St. Louis on a certain date, and lest their courage
should fail them the venturesome women telegraphed the
message before they separated. However, sad to relate,

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 301

after all this bravery the whole undertaking failed. Mrs.
Pankhurst accepted the invitation, but just as all the ar-
rangements for her visit were progressing smoothly, she was
called back to England and was compelled to cancel her en-
gagement.

This was a great disappointment, but strange as it may
appear, out of this seeming failure grew great results. In
advertising the lecture the women who had made the attempt
found that they were not alone in this wish to know more
about the great woman's movement that was beginning to
stir the world, nor were they alone in being friendly to the
cause. Suffrage sentiment was discovered in unexpected
places, and it was decided to test the strength of the feeling.

A call was sent out asking all who were interested in
equal suffrage to meet on a certain day to consider the ad-
visability of organizing a society. Fifty women responded
to the call, and on April 10th, 1910, this number met and united
in forming the St. Louis Equal Suffrage League, when one
of the ten charter members, Mrs. Florence Wyman Richard-
son, was elected president. The League began at once to
try to increase its membership. The new list was not made
up entirely of women's names, for among the first to enroll
were prominent ministers of different denominations, leading
lawyers, physicians, and business men of the city. The or-
ganizers of the club felt that much of their success was due
to the advice that these men friends of Suffrage had given
them. The object of the League was stated in the simple
article of agreement, "To bring together men and women
who are willing to consider the question of Equal Suffrage
and by earnest co-operation to secure its establishment."
To quiet the fears of any timid souls who might be expecting
"agitation," it was clearly explained that the purpose of the
club was entirely educational.

Activities were started by bringing prominent suffrage
speakers to the city who could call out large audiences and
attract press reports. The list included Miss Ethel Arnold
and the Honorable and Mrs. Philip Snowden of England,
Mrs. Lucia Ames Mead of Boston, Prof. Schmidt of Cornell,

302 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

Prof. Frances Squire Potter of Chicago, and Prof. Earl Barnes
of Philadelphia, while other woman's organizations in the city
gave opportunity to hear Miss Sylvia Pankhurst and Miss
Agnes Repplier. Later on Mrs. Pankhurst was heard.
Branch organizations were established in the different public
library centers of the city, all following the educational lines
of the parent society, and at the annual meeting held at the
close of the first year, the League reported a membership
of 250 men and women, and a record of hard work with good
results.

In the meantime, other clubs were being formed in other
parts of Missouri. Following a lecture by Sylvia Pankhurst,
Kansas City organized a Suffrage League with seventy
members and Mrs. Henry Ess for its president. Warrens-
burg was next in order with a club of fifty members and Miss
Laura Runyon, president. This club was the means of an
untold amount of suffrage propaganda through the pupils
of the State Normal School in Warrensburg. These pupils
carried suffrage gospel to all parts of the state. A third club
was formed in Webster Groves with 25 members, when Mrs.
Lee Rosborough was elected president. Missouri now had
three clubs, the requisite number for uniting with the Na-
tional Association.

In the spring of 1911 a convention of the three clubs was
called, and the Missouri Equal Suffrage Association was
formally organized. A constitution was adopted, State
officers were elected with Mrs. Robert Atkinson of St. Louis
president. The state was divided into nine districts to cor-
respond to the districts into which the Missouri Federation
of Woman's Clubs was divided.

The Association was at first little more than a name,
but that name was at once honored and brought into notice
by having its vice-president-at-large, Mrs. Bernice Morrison
Fuller, appointed a delegate to the International Suffrage
Convention that was to be held in Stockholm the following
spring. A further recognition of the state organization was
given when its three delegates, Mrs. Robert Atkinson, Mrs.
W. W. Boyd and Mrs. John Lowes were sent to the Conven-

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 303

tion of the National Association that was held in Louisville,
Kentucky. There was great rejoicing among the members
of the convention that Missouri had really come into the fold.

There were many capable and willing speakers in the
new organization, but lack of funds prevented much traveling
and state propaganda was largely confined to the distribution
of literature, correspondence, and the co-operation which
the press and public libraries could give. As many newspapers
as possible were secured to use the National Press Bureau
reports, and this part of the work was for some time under
the able direction of the state corresponding secretary, Mrs.
W. W. Boyd.

Alter a year of faithful service Mrs. Florence Richardson
resigned from the office of president of the St. Louis Equal
Suffrage League and was succeeded by Mrs. David O'Neil.
A year later a change was made in the state organization. In
September, 1912, a State Convention was held in Sedalia
when, upon the resignation of Mrs. Robert Atkinson, Mrs.
George Gellhorn was elected state president.

During the three years of this second period of suffrage
in Missouri, the clubs of the state had exhausted every means
of attracting attention to the cause. All the great speakers
had been heard, and in St. Louis plays had been acted, teas
and other functions had been given, and women old and young
had made speeches in every public or private place where
they could find admittance. A Business Woman's League
was formed which started business on the very day of its
birth. It laid siege to a Milliner's Convention that was
meeting in St. Louis and supplied the visiting delegates with
suffrage ideas as well as hats to distribute through all the
towns of Missouri. St. Louis women held street meetings,
and once out in the open, they visited the County Fair in
a body, and made stirring speeches from gaily decorated
automobiles.

At the opening of the year 1913, the state had eleven
clubs, and many were in the act of organizing. Three of the
clubs were in St. Louis, the others in Kansas City, Warrens-
burg, Sedalia, Springfield, Clayton, Webster Groves, Joplin,

204 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

Carthage and St. Joseph; Columbia had two clubs, one of
which had for its president an ex-president of the State
University.

That public opinion had changed was indicated by the
fact that many organizations such as the Farmers' Alliance,
State Teachers' Association, Prohibitionists and Single Taxers
were seeking -co-operation with, and actually working for the
cause of Equal Suffrage. The leading papers of St. Louis
and Kansas City were giving material support with their
columns of news, editorials and telling cartoons. There
were also several weekly papers advocating suffrage.

The most important public recognition came in the form
of a proposition by the managers of a Merchants and Manu-
facturers Street Exposition to assist the Suffragists in con-
ducting a street parade. The proposition was eagerly ac-
cepted. It was the one thing that the St. Louis women had
been trying to get strength enough to undertake. The 30th
of September was the time set for the parade, and all the
suffrage sympathizers of St. Louis were called on to make it
a gala day. On this eventful occasion thirty automobiles
were in line. An auto truck led the procession carrying a
band playing patriotic airs. Another car followed bearing
the purple banner of the Missouri Suffrage League which had
been used in the New York parade. Next in order came
the reception committee of the merchants, and these men
were followed by the long line of automobiles filled with
members of the Suffrage societies. From all the machines
waved bright yellow pennants, which had on them in big
black letters the slogan "Votes for Women!"

As the procession passed through the down-town streets,
the crowds on the pavement looked on in respectful silence.
Occasionally a hat was raised in greeting or handkerchiefs
were waved from shop windows, but not a jeering word was
heard. The women who were taking part in the procession
may have been a trifle disappointed in not being called upon
to show their courage on the contrary, they seemed to be
doing only a natural and pleasant thing in thus proclaiming
their faith to the world. After passing through a number

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 305

of streets, the parade disbanded. Then came the real event.
The women left their protecting cars, formed in line and
actually marched in the middle of the street behind a band.

The climax of the performance was reached when they
arrived at the headquarters that had been prepared for them
on Franklin Avenue. There two or three women mounted
soap boxes and made speeches to the crowds that had come
to see the Fair. To their honor be it stated that six men
were seen riding with their wives and daughters in the pro-
cession. While the women were more than gratified at this
show of interest in the cause for which they were struggling,
there is one name that will go down in Suffrage history. At
the very end of the little company one man walked all alone
closing up the line of march. That man's name is George
Blackman.

The leaders of the Middle Ages of Suffrage history left
no brilliant record, but they succeeded in carrying out the
purpose with which they had started. They aroused the
people of Missouri out of their state of apathy, attracted
their attention, and to a certain extent educated them in the
principles of the woman's cause. Their work was a prepara-
tion for the generation that was to follow.

This generation started with the spirit of the Renaissance
and at once laid their plans for more definite action. They
decided that the time had come to open a state-wide cam-
paign, to make an appeal to the legislature to add Missouri
to the ten other states that had enfranchised their women.
A finance committee was appointed to raise funds to carry
on this great undertaking. For this purpose a luncheon was
given when amid great enthusiasm personal pledges were given,
totaling one thousand dollars which sum was turned over to
the treasurer, Mrs. B. B. Graham. Equal Suffrage head-
quarters were established in the Syndicate Trust Building in
St. Louis where the campaign manager, Mrs. D. W. Knefler
with able assistants was in charge.

That Missouri had really started a campaign was an
epoch that called for an impressive announcement. This
announcement was made by what the Clubs called "Suffrage

306 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

Day." Fola La Follette was imported for the occasion, and
this brilliant lecturer opened the program by addressing a
large evening audience. While she spoke again the following
day at the Men's City Club, other local speakers were talking
between acts at the different theatres of the city. The streets
were brilliant with pennants, waving from automobiles and
trucks, teas were given in private houses and public halls,
and before the day was over St. Louis had learned the latest
slogan — "Suffrage in Missouri in 1914."

The result of this campaign, like the others that followed
belonged to the fourth period of Equal Suffrage in Missouri.
That may be called the history of Modern Times, and one
who helped to make that history will be the historian.

THE PART OF THE ST. Louis EQUAL SUFFRAGE LEAGUE IN
THE CAMPAIGN FOR EQUAL SUFFRAGE.

BY ALTHEA SOMERVILLE GROSSMAN
(Mrs. E. M. Grossman. )

The St. Louis Suffrage Organization, formed in 1910,
had grown by 1911 until it had two subsidiary groups, one
called Crunden Center under the chairmanship of Miss
Cecilia Razovsky, and one called the Barr Center with Mrs.
Atlanta Hecker as chairman. Mrs. David N. O'Neil was the
president of the St. Louis Equal Suffrage League, which held
monthly meetings at the Cabanne Branch Library to which
the Crunden Center and Barr Center sent representatives.

In 1911 the St. Louis Organization, together with what
suffrage strength existed in the state backed a Constitutional
Amendment, introduced into the State Legislature of that year.
This resolution was very carefully drawn, the best legal ser-
vice existing in the state was given us gratis, but when we
have acknowledged the strength of this measure, in the eyes
of the law, we have described all the strength it had. I look
back in astonishment at our surprise because the measure
died in the Senate Committee. So far as St. Louis went
our suffrage league's membership was so small that in pub-
lishing our year book we printed our list of members, and it
was a very short list! The importance of this measure was

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 307

that it formed, after many sleeping years, the rebirth of polit-
ical activity to obtain the franchise for Missouri, and fol-
lowing its failure women began a systematic campaign for
signers to a petition to the Legislature to submit an amend-
ment to popular vote under the Initiative and Referendum
law. In this same year the first suffrage league headquarters
were opened in St. Louis. The first parade took place during
this year, and the first street speaking was done.

Be it said to the credit of the suffrage movement in St.
Louis, that even in those days of small numbers, it had in
its membership leaders of the Trade Union movement among
the women, the leaders of the society debutantes and many
from all the groups between. Mrs. D. W. Knefler, who was the
treasurer, and later the executive secretary of the League,
was president of the St. Louis Woman's Trade Union League.
Miss Ann Drew, now Mrs. Herbert Platt, was the president
of the Junior Equal Suffrage League and was the leader of
the debutantes of that year. Miss Jessie Lansing Moller
was the able and eloquent president of the Business Woman's
Equal Suffrage League.

After a great deal of hard work, we secured 6,000 sig-
natures from St. Louis petitioning the 1913 General Assembly
to submit to the voters of the state the question of the polit-
ical enfranchisement of women. We did not think that we
were strong enough to ask the Legislature to enact a suffrage
law, but we did think that a petition signed by a large number
of their constituents simply asking them to submit to the
voters of the state the question of political enfranchisement
of women might pass. We wrote to the members of the Legis-
lature telling them that their support of this resolution
would not mean that they favored suffrage or would it bind
them in any fashion to vote for the same at the general elec-
tion in 1914. Following this letter we received a few favor-
able replies, but most of the politicians in those days would
answer, saying that the matter would receive their consider-
ation, or more commonly still, they would not answer at all.
Nevertheless 6,000 names from St. Louis and 14,000 all

308 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

together from the state seemed like an over-powering number
of names to use and we were certain of favorable action.

During the second week of the session the resolution was
introduced in the House by Mr. Roney of Jasper county, and
in the Senate by Senator Craig of Nodaway. It was, of
course, referred to the respective House and Senate Com-
mittees on Constitutional Amendments and a joint hearing
for both House and Senate Committees was set for February
6th. An unbelievable number of women from all over the
state appeared before these committees. The result was a
unanimous and enthusiastic report from the Senate Com-
mittee and just one vote against a favorable report from
the House Committee. Only a week later this resolution
was engrossed in both houses. In the Senate there were five
dissenting votes, in the House the "ayes" were overwhelming.
According to regular routine the suffrage measure was now
ready to be passed or killed. For about a month the suffrage
resolution rested quietly, moving a little closer to the top of
the calendar each day. Then on the 13th of March the
motion was made that the Senate reconsider its action of
weeks before in endorsing the suffrage resolution. This
motion carried. It was then moved that the resolution be
sent back to the Committee. There was then only one week
of the Legislative session left. Those of us who were in
Jefferson City returned home a sadder, but wiser crowd.

Immediately after our defeat the suffragist exhibited a
trait of character that has remained by them all these years
and instead of maligning our enemies we gathered together
around our St. Louis president, Mrs. David N. O'Neil, and our
state president, Mrs. Walter McNab Miller, outside the
Senate Chamber and made immediate plans for collecting
23,000 names on Initiative petitions to submit to the people
in 1914 the question of woman suffrage.

During that summer of 1913 a good deal of work was
done in St. Louis, the newspapers for the first time giving us
regular space and, although suffrage press work often had to
be camouflaged and sandwiched in between recipes and fash-
ions, nevertheless, through constant efforts of Miss Clara

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 309

Somerville, the question of suffrage in general and our Ini-
tiative Petitions in particular were kept before the public.

In October of that fall Mrs. John Livingston Lowes was
elected president of the St. Louis Equal Suffrage League.
Mrs. O'Neil had given up the presidency from sheer exhaus-
tion and by January of 1914 Mrs. Lowes had impaired her
health and asked for a leave of absence from the duties of
president. At the time of Mrs. Lowes' election as president,
Miss Florence Wyman Richardson, now Mrs. Roland Usher,
was elected secretary and Mrs. Geo. Gellhorn held her ac-
customed position as chairman of finance.

One of the very most difficult tasks that we had was to
secure sufficient funds to keep our organization alive. The
minutes of October 9th, 1913, show a report by the treasurer,
Miss Leona Robinson, now Mrs. Herbert Morgan, of a balance
of $1.26. The dues in those days were 50c and yet much
more than 50c worth of energy was spent in collecting each
membership fee. Beside the question of money raising, we
were then discussing at each meeting reports of progress in
different Congressional Districts of the state and often Mrs.
Walter McNab Miller would be in the city and would give
us her reports of the constantly increasing suffrage sentiment
over the state. It was about this time that we had our first
suffrage booth at a show, at the "Made in St. Louis Show"
at the Coliseum, and we were vastly pleased to be recog-
nized as an element of the public life of the city.

Our down- town office work was mostly done by volun-
teers. We discussed often whether or not we could afford
one-half time of a stenographer. On October 27th, 1913,
the treasurer's report showed a balance of 6c and a motion
made by Mrs. E. W. Stix at that same meeting ran to the
effect that "we accept Mr. O'Dell's offer to speak and get a
hall for nothing." By December of that year we had gathered
6,000 names and the subject constantly up for discussion was
whether or not we should ally ourselves with either of the
political parties. Several of our hardest working members
left the organization when it was decided that we would
adopt a non-partisan policy.

310 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

Early in 1914 there began to be serious discussion as to
whether or not we were ready for ward and precinct organi-
zation. During this period we grew very rapidly. The reports
of the treasurer showed a much bigger income than formerly
and an equally unusual outgo and a deficit for the first time
in our history. Another material indication of our increasing
size was found in the fact that in February of that year we
took up to the Secretary of State at Jefferson City from St.
Louis, petitions signed by 10,000 St. Louisans in the needed
district apportionment. Only 8,000 names were necessary,
but with great labor we had secured 2,000 additional. From
then on until the vote on November 3rd we campaigned for
"Suffrage for Missouri in 1914." In the spring of that year
the Times newspaper gave us a special edition entirely de-
voted to suffrage news and propaganda. All of us worked
hard for that edition.

At the same time there was a great deal of work being
done by the National Suffrage Organization toward the pas-
sage of the Susan B. Anthony Amendment. May 2nd was
set as National Suffrage Day and 1,000 cities and towns
over the United States passed a resolution to be sent to
President Wilson and Congress to pass the Federal Amend-
ment. We had a big parade with speeches at the four corners
of the Court House, and in front of the Jefferson Memorial.
Mrs. W. W. Boyd, Jr., was the manager of this celebration,
and for the first time moving pictures were made of the
suffragists. A little later on in that same year Inez Mil-
holland Boissevain, the "Suffrage Beauty," who later gave up
her life to the cause came to St. Louis and made street speeches
and had an Odeon meeting — from which we derived a profit —
to help us in our campaign.

We were being constantly urged on by Mrs. Wm. C.
Fordyce to make every effort to organize St. Louis on a ward
and precinct basis and a list of the ward chairmen for that
June shows what Mrs. Fordyce's hard work had accomplished.
We were beginning to make progress. One fine indication of
our progress was the formation of a Men's League that fall,
and also the fact that the National Association thought that

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 311

we were sufficiently important to spare to St. Louis and Mis-
souri for three days the wonderful eloquence of Dr. Anna
Howard Shaw. By the month previous to the election we
had gathered sufficient money and strength to open ground
headquarters which were located on the southeast corner of
8th and Locust streets. We tacked across the windows of
our headquarters big yellow streamers having printed on them
in bold black letters the command "Vote for Constitutional
Amendment No. 13." Ours looked like a very busy place
with Miss Charlotte Rumbold, director of publicity depart-
ment, Miss Genevieve Tierney, assisted by Mrs. R. L. San-
ford, in charge of the business end of the campaign, and Mrs.
Alice Curtice Moyer-Wing in charge of the speakers' bureau.
This was in the early days of the European war and in order
to prevent a slump in the cotton market the slogan of "Buy
a Bale" was adopted, and we suffragists as always taking
advantage of our opportunity, bought a bale and used it
to speak from in front of our headquarters.

Then on November 3rd came the vote at the polls when
the suffrage amendment in common with all the rest of the
amendments before the people went down to defeat.

Less than two weeks afterwards the St. Louis Equal
Suffrage League held a business meeting at which, instead
of bemoaning our fate, we rejoiced at the large results we had
obtained from the small expenditure of money and super-
human expenditure of energy. The first part of the question
of "Shall we go on and how?" was answered by an unanimous
"yes." The second part produced discussion with this result,
determination to keep the organization alive and to promote
to the utmost ward organization before another campaign.
We determined further to put the work on a paying basis in
place of begging funds, and seriously discussed the establish-
ment of a lunch-room. In spite of our courage, suffrage reached
very low ebb in December of 1914. The office was closed
and our files were stored at the home of Mrs. R. L. Sandford.
But the persistent idea of Mrs. Fordyce that ward arid pre-
cinct organization must go on gained ground. We heard of

312 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

"Flying Squadrons" being used elsewhere and we tried that
plan. We would gather together at some meeting place a
number of ardent suffrage workers, sometimes in automobiles
sometimes on foot, and we would drive or walk off in groups
to cover by house-to-house canvass a certain territory. We
did not have strength enough just to use the suffragists in their
own neighborhoods, and so adopted this scheme of importing
workers into certain districts.

As the belief became fixed that a membership from all
parts of the city was necessary to success, there grew up
naturally the plan to reorganize the League along political
lines. So in the spring of 1916 the Board of Governors was
abolished, and, in its place, there was elected a City Central
Committee of twenty-eight and a few others who were chair-
men of standing committees appointed by the chair. At the
time of this reorganization Mrs. Wm. C. Fordyce was unan-
imously elected chairman.

Still greater suffrage activity grew up with the prospect
of the meeting of the Democratic National Convention in
St. Louis in June, 1916, and with the plan of the National
Suffrage Association to try to get a suffrage plank into the
National Democratic platform. Many very clever schemes
to impress the Democratic delegates were thought of and
carried out. A huge demonstration, called the Golden Lane,
was staged along ten blocks of Locust Street between the Jef-
ferson Hotel and the Coliseum from 10 A. M. till noon on
June 14th, the opening day of the Democratic Convention.
For weeks, and even months before, the suffragists enlisted
recruits for this "Walkless, talkless parade." "One woman
in line is worth ten petitions in the waste-basket," was one
plea. And there were about 7,000 women in line, all holding
yellow parasols and in white dresses with yellow streamers
or sashes for decoration. The line was double, the front
row sitting, the back row standing, and an exchange of po-
sitions prevented over-fatigue. To quote from a poem ap-
pearing in the press the next morning:

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 313

"Citizen and Democrat
Marching down the Golden Lane,
Marching out to nominate
Wilson for a candidate.
How the Democrats did hate
Marching down the Golden Lane.

"Silence! My, but it did talk
Marching down the Golden Lane.
Fast the delegates did walk,
Marching down the Golden Lane!
But they couldn't get away
From the "Women's Votes" display.

They'll all recall for many a day
Marching down the Golden Lane."

Another appeal to the Democrats was made from the
steps of the old Art Museum, 18th and Locust streets. A
striking tableau, called "Up to Liberty" was staged there
continuously for two impressive hours. Miss Virginia
Stevenson managed this tableau, and it was beautiful and
impressive to a degree. Under a canopy of gold cloth there
stood at the top of the steps "Liberty," posed by Mrs. David
N. O'Neil. Ranged about her were thirteen women dressed
in white representing the twelve enfranchised states and
Alaska. Farther down the steps were the states in which
only partial franchise had been granted, impersonated by
women dressed in gray. And manacled figures in black
representing the states in which women were wholly un-
enfranchised, extended their chained arms in supplication
to Liberty, As the Democratic delegates passed by these
women would shake the golden chains on their arms out-
stretched to "Liberty." That same night there was street
speaking for two hours on about every prominent down-
town corner. They were wonderfully enthusiastic crowds
and wonderfully enthusiastic speakers.

The result?

A suffrage plank — but so general and vague and non-
committal that no one of the ardent, clear-headed women
thought that it really promised anything.

314 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

The next year, 1917, the suffragists had introduced in
the Legislature a bill to grant Presidential suffrage to the
women of Missouri. Again success in the House was gained
only to be followed by defeat in the Senate. Two special
incidents of that year were the speech of Mrs. Wm. C. For-
dyce, our St. Louis president, at the Legislature, and the
song "Old Black Mo." that sprang from the ashes of our
defeat into great popularity. Mrs. Fordyce said in part:

"Gentlemen, fifty years ago my grandmother came before
the Missouri Legislature and asked for the enfranchisement
of women ; twenty-five years ago my mother came to make the
same request; tonight I am asking for the ballot for women.
Are you going to make it necessary for my daughter to appear
in her turn?"

The song ran:

OLD BLACK Mo.

(WITH APOLOGIES TO THE SHADE OP STEPHENS POSTER.)

Dark are the days, tho' they hadn't ought to be,
Suffrage is coming and coming rapidly;
The map is growin' white, the East begins to glow,
But on this map we still are seeing Old Black Mo.

Chorus :

It's coming! It's coming! See how the white spots grow!
We hear our happy sisters calling Old Black Mo.

That's why we weep and our hearts are full of pain.
Cold-hearted politicians have knocked us out again.
The Federal Amendment is so infernal slow
And on the map we still are seeing Old Black Mo.

Chorus :
It's coming! etc.

When two years pass, once more we'll try it on.
Some who opposed us will certainly be gone.
We'll be good and ready and then perhaps we'll show
A spot of white instead of Old Black Mo.

Chorus:

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 315

Then in April came the United States entrance into the
world war. At a business meeting held April 10, the League
passed this resolution: "That the St. Louis Equal Suffrage
League offer its services to the Federal Food Board to assist
in every way the regulation of the retail prices of food."
Before sending off to Washington this telegram telling of
our desire to co-operate, there was discussion as to what was
this Federal Food Board and how should we address our tele-
gram. One member remembered newspaper mention of a
Mr. Hoover — whose name had not yet become famous —
and off went our telegram to him.

On April 22, 1917, Mrs. Ernest W. Stix was elected
chairman, and her task was the extremely difficult one of
keeping alive the suffrage organization in spite of the general
feeling that one should forget everything except the war.
We were confirmed in our position that the enfranchisement
of women was part of the fundamental principle of democracy,
and that to fight consistently for democracy abroad, we must
fight for it at home. We were confirmed in this tenet by the
declaration for woman suffrage by England, Canada and
Russia, and in the United States by the enfranchisement of
women in New York, the state greatest in population, and
in Texas, the state greatest in area.

The St. Louis League's Year Book for 1917-1918 lists
first the activities of the League, "For the Passage of the
Federal Suffrage Amendment," and then there follows another
list headed "Other War Work and Government Service."
This second list makes evident the leading part in all war work
that was taken by the Suffrage organization; briefly and in
part: Large assistance in Liberty Loan drives; sales of War
Savings Stamps; service and gift of coffee-service-machine
to Soldiers and Sailors Club; maintenance of Red Cross and
Knitting Units; volunteer stenographic service for the 14th
District Exemption Board; funds raised for Women's Over-
seas Hospital; and great assistance through our ward or-
ganizations in food conservation work.

Moreover, the energy of the suffrage workers, aside from
their participation in direct war work, was largely expended

316 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

in urging in every possible way the passage of the Federal
Suffrage Amendment. This policy of working for federal
instead of state suffrage was instituted by the National
Suffrage Association. To this end we accomplished:

1. A symposium on the Federal Suffrage Amendment
by leading lawyers, business and labor men, educators,
editors and clergymen from all over the state, published in
book form and distributed broadcast.

2. Nov. 16, Federal Amendment Day — calls made by
six women from each ward on their respective congressmen
to urge them to vote for the amendment.

3. Federal Amendment petitions containing names of
7,000 women presented to the St. Louis delegation in Wash-
ington.

4. Numerous letters from prominent men sent to Wash-
ington delegation, urging passage of the amendment.

5. Endorsement of the amendment secured from the
Republican National Committee, meeting in St. Louis.

These and other accomplishments perhaps did much to
bring about the Missouri vote on the amendment: The
House, January 10th, 14 ayes, 1 no.

One more action taken by the League intended to assist
in the securing of Federal Suffrage was our protest, in common
with the protest of other organizations, against the picketing
of the White House by the members of the Congressional
Union — the United States Militant Suffragists.

Of a less "suffragistic" nature but nevertheless of as-
sistance in the growth of suffrage sentiment, the League, as
was always its practice, shared prominently in much civic
work affecting women and children. Important activities
of this nature were the sending of letters of protest to St.
Louis Congressmen when the repeal of the Federal Child
Labor Law was threatened as a war emergency; investigation
of the high cost of milk measures to relieve the crises; reor-
ganization of the police women system; protest against the
employment of young girls in messenger service by tele-
graph companies; and an appeal to the Board of Estimate

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 317

and Apportionment to increase appropriations for public
health work.

Of note especially during this year of 1917-1918 was the
formation of a Men's Advisory Committee, composed of 147
well known St. Louisans organized under the sponsorship of
the following: Messrs. Jackson Johnson, N. A. McMillan,
Ernest W. Stix, Joseph Woracek, Edward F. Goltra, E. M.
Grossman, Benjamin Gratz, and J. L. Babler; and a Teachers'
Division, going well into the hundreds in its membership.

During this year, too, was formed the Joint Conference
of Suffrage Leagues of St. Louis, composed of four delegates
from the Business Women's Suffrage League, four from the
Wage Earners' Suffrage League, and four from the Equal
Suffrage League, which met twice a month. The appoint-
ment of Mrs. David N. O'Neil, member of the League's
City Central Committee, as representative on the Women's
Advisory Committee of the National Democratic Committee
showed the growing interest in us that political organizations
were acquiring. The membership of the League by the end
of 1918 had grown to 8,086. The executive secretary, Mrs.
Lucille B. Lowenstein, did superhuman work to achieve
these results. Most wonderful of all, and thanks to Mrs.
Ernest W. Stix's efforts, a complete budget for the year was
raised.

Before the end of 1918 Mrs. Stix was forced by illness to
resign and Mrs. Lowenstein left the office of executive secre-
tary to work in that capacity on the Missouri Children's
Code Commission. Mrs. George Gellhorn, most prominently
identified with suffrage hard work in the state and city for
a decade, was elected chairman. Mrs. Frederic Blaine
Clarke, who combined the rare qualifications of organizing
ability, eloquence as a speaker, and skill as a publicity
woman, became executive secretary.

Because everything was so well organized in the St.
Louis League, it could extend to the National American
Woman Suffrage Association an invitation to hold -its con-
vention in St. Louis.

318 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

This unprecedented convention was held March 23-29,
inclusive, 1919, at the Statler Hotel with two great overflow
evening mass meetings at the Odeon. It was the most con-
structive and widely handled suffrage propaganda ever ac-
complished in St. Louis. It was said by Mrs. Catt "to be
the best convention ever held anywhere," and delegates
from all over the United States took back to their homes the
story of the efficiency and cordiality of St. Louis. A large
local group of women worked indefatigably for weeks before-
hand for the success of the great undertaking, but to Mrs.
George Gellhorn must go the honor of planning and directing
this force.

The high points of the convention were: the powerful
address of the National President, Mrs. Carrie Chapman
Catt, "The Nation Calls," and "The Inquiry Dinner," when
1,200 people were seated in the ballroom of the Statler Hotel,
and brilliant women responded to toasts under the general
caption: "What is the Matter with U. S.?" One averred
that "the women wanted it;" another that "the men wanted
it;" still others that "Congress wanted it;" that "the legis-
latures wanted it;" that "the press wanted it;" and finally
came the answer when Mrs. Henrietta Livermore of New
York explained that the trouble was with the recalcitrant
senators who had voted down the Federal Suffrage Amend-
ment.

A most interesting feature of this convention was the
Jubilee anniversary, "Then and Now— 1869-1919," and the
presentation to the convention of the descendants of the
original St. Louis suffragists. The crowning achievement
was the formation of a League of Women Voters and adop-
tion by the convention of Mrs. Catt's Ten Points, which were:

1. Compulsory education for all children between the
ages of 6 and 16, with school attendance provided for nine
months of each year.

2. Education of illiterate adults in common school sub-
jects and English by extension courses in the public schools.

3. Stricter provisions for naturalization, the character

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 319

of which must be determined by co-operation with other
organizations.

4. Votes for women to be given only to those who are
naturalized in their own person or through the naturalization
of their father, mother or husband after a residence of five
years in this country.

5. Naturalization for married women shall be based on
their own qualifications.

6. English to be the language of all public and private
schools teaching general subjects.

7. Compulsory publication of lessons in citizenship in
foreign language newspapers.

8. An oath of allegiance to the United States as quali-
fication of the vote for all citizens, native and foreign born.

9. Schools of citizenship to be established in every
rural school district and city ward in conjunction with the
public schools.

10. An educational qualification for every voter in the
United States after a definite date to be determined.

As during 1917-18, much work continued to be done
when 1919 came along for the passage of the Federal Suffrage
Amendment. The suffragists began on a candidate as soon
as he had filed for the primaries and they did not stop until
they had pledged the successful candidates to vote for the
Federal Amendment. If a candidate did not pledge easily
he was gradually placed in a position where an exact self-
written statement of his position was in the League's files.
Both the Democratic and Republican state conventions were
induced by suffrage delegations, with strong St. Louis League
representation, to incorporate in their platforms satisfactory
suffrage planks. On the two primary days, women from the
League covered most of the precinct polling places in the
city and secured many thousand signatures petitioning the
State Legislature to ratify the Federal Amendment. When
it became apparent that its often repeated, almost unbeliev-
able defeat was impending in the Senate, plans were made
for the introduction in the Fiftieth Missouri Assembly of a
Presidential Suffrage Bill. The story of the final passage of

320 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

this bill, and the story of the special session of the Legis-
lature, held July 2, will follow by another narrator.

Before leaving the field clear for the political activities,
it must be said that in spite of the tremendous amount of
work involved in being hostesses to a national convention,
in passing a Presidential Suffrage Bill, and in obtaining an
extra session of the Legislature, reconstruction work continued
to be done without stint. Very, very often the ward chair-
men of the war and reconstruction organizations were our
suffrage ward chairmen, taking on additional chairmanships
as the call came. Preparation for citizenship was continued
by participation in many lines of civic work. The greatest
single contribution made in preparation for citizenship was
the publication by Miss Mary E. Buckley, long the mentor
of the League, of a book: ''An Aid to the Woman Voter in
Missouri," a complete guide to the woman — or man — who
wishes to use the franchise intelligently. The suffragists
practiced preparedness and had this manual ready to sell at
15c a copy to enfranchised Missouri women sixty seconds
after their enfranchisement was granted. In a larger sense
the women are following the doctrine of preparedness and
through the League of Women Voters are equipping women
to secure their political desires.

THE PART OF THE KANSAS CITY EQUAL SUFFRAGE LEAGUE

IN THE CAMPAIGN FOR EQUAL SUFFRAGE.

BY MRS. THOMAS McBRIDE

The first woman suffrage association in Kansas City
was formed at the Congregational Church, at Second and
McGee, in 1892, with Mrs. Kersey Coates as president. The
name of the association was the Equal Suffrage Association
of Kansas City. The meetings were held monthly. The
association did efficient work in assisting to improve the condi-
tion of the indigent poor and insane in our county and state.
It also aided in securing a police matron, and in defeating
the Social Evil Bill.

Mrs. Coates served two years as president of the Asso-
ciation. In 1894 Mrs. Frances Jenkins was chosen president

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 321

and Mrs. Emma Jenkins, secretary. These officers served
for two years. Mrs. G. B. Longan was elected president in
the fall of 1896 and re-elected in 1897. During this period
Mrs. Kathryn Lutz was recording secretary and Miss Almira
Hays, corresponding secretary.

In March, 1897, it was decided to study citizenship
and, with Miss Hays as teacher, the following books were
studied: Mill, "Subjection of Women;" Pick, "Civil Gov-
ernment;" and Swift, "Solution of American Questions."

Mrs. M. P. Coleman was elected to succeed Mrs. Longan,
and as she moved from the city the activities lapsed in her
absence.

It was not until 1910, however, that there developed a
general movement for suffrage. In the early fall of 1910
the D. A. R. chapters had as their guest Miss Elizabeth
Pankhurst of England. Following her address the suffragists
were again alert to begin work.

On Saturday, February 4, 1911, Mrs. H. B. Leavens,
Dr. Dora Greene and Miss Helen Osborne called a meeting
at the Y. W. C. A. More than a hundred and seventy-five
women were present, all but three of whom gave their names
for membership in the new organization. Mrs. G. B. Longan,
Dr. Dora Greene and Mrs. Henry N. Ess were named a
committee to draft the constitution. On February 24, 1911,
the new organization met and elected Mrs. Henry N. Ess,
president; Miss Helen Osborn, secretary, and Mrs. Clara
Cramer Leavens, treasurer. The name of the organization
was the Kansas City Woman Suffrage Association.

As time passed other groups organized, and much ac-
tivity was developed. In the early fall of 1912 an Emerson
Class on the south side had a speaker, Mr. Earl Barnes, who
fired an awakening gun on the Woman's movement. It was
as effective as it was sudden and unexpected. Later Cora
G. Lewis, a member of the Educational Commission of Kan-
sas, and a close friend of Mrs. Leavens', gave a most interest-
ing and persuasive talk to the club. With her assistance,
the South Side Equal Suffrage League was formed. Mrs.
Cora Cramer Leavens was elected president and Cora Best

322 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

Jewell, secretary. The Men's League for Equal Suffrage
was also formed to lend its support to the local and national
leaders. Dr. D. J. Haff was chosen president and David
Proctor, secretary. The Kansas City Woman's League was
formed in 1914 to aid the Missouri Suffrage Association in
having an amendment for woman suffrage placed on the
ticket at the coming election by means of initiative petitions.
Miss Annette Moore was president.

On November 17, 1914 the equal suffrage leagues of
Kansas City met at the Y. W. C. A. to form an organization
to work for the initiative petitions for a suffrage amendment
and to work for the passage of the amendment if placed on
the ballot. Mrs. G. B. Longan called the meeting to order
and Mrs. Henry N. Ess was elected temporary chairman.
A committee composed of Miss Ann Gilday, Mrs. T. F. Eng-
lish and Mrs. Elizabeth Platt, was named to draft a consti-
tution. On November 24th the constitution was adopted.
The following officers were elected: Mrs. Henry N. Ess,
president; Mrs. Raph Swafford and Mrs. Murat Boyle, vice-
presidents; Mrs. A. Y. Persinger, recording secretary; Mrs.
Nettie Huff, corresponding secretary; Mrs. George Curtis,
treasurer; Mrs. Milton Payne, auditor. The association was
called the Central Suffrage Association. In 1915 the Central
Suffrage Association, under the leadership of Gladys Nathan,
Mrs. J. J. Riley and Mrs. S. E. Pendegrass conducted a suc-
cessful campaign for funds at three different theatres. An
excursion to Leavenworth was also a feature.

In November, 1915, Mrs. Ess was re-elected president;
Mrs. Mazie Jones Ragan and Mrs. J. J. Riley, vice-presidents;
Mrs. Dean Smith, recording secretary; Mrs. George Collins,
corresponding secretary; Mrs. George Curtis, treasurer; Mrs.
Payne, auditor. Mrs. Edwin Knapp was the chairman of
initiative petitions. Mrs. Knapp and Mrs. Mazie Jones
Reagan published a suffrage edition of the Kansas City Post.
A Research and Filing Bureau was established with Mrs.
L. T. Herndon as chairman. Clippings, magazines and
papers were kept at headquarters for reference and informa-
tion. Miss Almira Hays presented the early history of Kansas

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 323

City in suffrage to the Bureau. In March a banquet was
given to L. G. A. Capleyat for his faithful and efficient work
in securing one thousand signatures for the suffrage initiative
petition. Among the speakers were Mr. Allen P. Prewitt of
Independence; Mr. Frank Wilkerson, Mr. Copley and Mr.
Walter Jobe.

In 1916 a lecture was given by Edward Howard Griggs
at the Grand Avenue Temple. The fall campaign of that
year was opened by a picnic at Fairmount Park in charge
of Mrs. J. J. Riley. The function was well advertised.
Handbills were distributed everywhere over the county and
were posted in street cars. The first feature was a parade
by women representing the full suffrage states — at that time
twelve in number. Mrs. George Davis came last in line,
dressed in black to represent Missouri. After the parade
the president and the twelve representatives were taken to
a platform and as each was presented, gave a short account
of the history of suffrage in her respective state. Mrs.
George W. Davis gave an original poem upon the status of
women in Missouri. A city suffrage committee was named
at this time of which Mrs. John R. Leigh ty was chairman.
Mrs. Leighty was also the state president at this time.

Suffrage headquarters were established at the Grand
Avenue Temple where each day a speaker's program was
conducted and suffrage literature kept on file. The 1916
campaign to place the Missouri Suffrage Amendment in the
state constitution was carried by Jackson county. A speak-
er's bureau was one of the features of the suffrage work.
Mi(ss Margaret DeWitt opened a school to train women to
speak effectively. The school opened with ten and closed
with sixty- five members.*

In November, 1917, Missouri organized her suffrage
forces for petition work to prepare for the ratification of the
federal suffrage amendment when it should be passed by Con-

*The Seventh Ward Suffrage club was an important factor in that section
of the city. It was organized by Mrs. Theodore William Schaefer. Mrs. J. A.
Wright was chairman at one time during the illness of Dr. Schaefer. The ward
was polled on not only the suffrage amendment but on the prohibition amend-
ments.

324 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

gress. A chairman was elected for each congressional district
and each county. In Kansas City, where the county and
congressional district are one, the chairman selected was
over all the work. Mrs. J. B. White was named chairman;
Mrs. George Hoxie Moffet, chairman at large; Mrs. Hugh
Ward, vice-president; Mrs. O. P. Mossman, second vice-
president; Mrs. Jules Rosenberger, corresponding secretary;
Mrs. Thomas McBride, executive secretary; Mrs. E. R.
Weeks, chairman of registration and Miss Alice Hurley,
treasurer.** The wards were organized, and the two hun-
dred and forty-eight precincts, sixteen small towns, and forty
community groups in the townships, were visited to prepare
the workers and the community for effective results. These
visits were supplemented by letters and literature. More
than a thousand letters were written to individuals to enlist
their influence for congressional action.

In June, 1918, the committee voted to become a per-
manent organization with the same officers as those named
to direct the committee. The name chosen was the Jackson
County Suffrage Association. The purpose was to secure
our quota of names on petitions and to do educational work
to prepare for citizenship. Mayor Cowgill declared August
6-8 Suffrage Amendment Days. The drive resulted in
47,382 names on the women's petition and 12,583 names on
that of the men's.

An advisory committee of men aided materially in our
financial problems. Dr. D. J. Haff was chairman of the com-
mittee of one hundred men, and Mr. J. W. Perry was chair-
man of the local finance committee. The State Association
apportioned three thousand dollars for Kansas City to con-

**The township chairmen were as follows: Mrs. John Paxton of Blue
township, Mrs. J. H. Wallace of Vanburen township, Mrs. Ben Yankee of
Prairie township, Mrs. O. W. Mclntire of Brooking township, Mrs. Chase Hen-
thorn of Fort Osage township, and Mrs. B. F. Brainard of Washington township.

Other leaders in the work were Mrs. Sarah Greene, Mrs. Fanny Taylor,
Miss Zerlin Reefer, Miss Emma Shelton, Mrs. Ross Latshaw, Miss Maud
Meyers, Mrs. Henry Cohen, Mrs. F. C. Edwards, Mrs. Edwin R. Weeks, Mrs.
A. L. Brunner, Mrs. Julius Erickson, Mrs. E. J. Corpenny, Mrs. Theodore
William Schaefer, Mrs. Alexander Schaefer, Mrs. Edith Greene, Mrs. Sarah
Pendegrass and Mrs. James Peterson.

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 325

tribute to state work and this was sent almost a month before
the final payment was due.

Miss Josephine Casey and Miss Marie Ames were here
from national headquarters to lend advice in perfecting work.
Mrs. Beatrice Forbes- Robertson Hale spoke on the political
recognition which had been granted to the women in the allied
countries. In July Miss Myra Edgerly, the famous portrait
painter, addressed the members of the association. In De-
cember, 1918, Mrs. Katrina Ely Tiffany, chairman of Manhat-
ten Borough in New York, spoke at a mass meeting at the
Grand Avenue Temple on "Reconstruction After the War."
Mrs. Tiffany also spoke to the guests at a dinner at the Muhle-
bach upon the subject "Suffragists in the War Work." In
February Miss Helen Fraser, the only woman member of the
Treasury Department in England at the outbreak of the war,
addressed the members of the Jackson County Suffrage As-
sociation and their friends at a luncheon at the Muehlbach.
Five hundred women were present.

In March seven members attended the National Con-
vention and the State Convention at St. Louis. Generous
sums were pledged by the delegation to the state and na-
tional funds. Mrs. Rosenberger, Mrs. Hugh Ward, Miss
Margaret DeWitt, and Mrs. John B. White were made
members of the State Board of Directors.

Mrs. Louis Slade of New York, spoke on the subject of
"Human Suffrage" at a luncheon at the Hotel Baltimore in
April. Two hundred and twenty-five women members were
present. Through the Suffrage Association Dr. Anna How-
ard Shaw came as a guest of Mrs. J. B. White and addressed
the Council of Women's Clubs at a mass meeting at the Grand
Avenue Temple. She also spoke to the women of the Ad-
ministrative School at a dinner at the Muehlebach. The
theme of her message was to free women from inferiority.
Dr. Shaw was a guest of the executive members of the Jack-
son County Suffrage Association at a luncheon at the Woman's
City Club. While there Miss Reineke made an 'excellent
picture of Dr. Shaw. This picture is considered a favorite

326 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

of Dr. Shaw's, and is being sent by national headquarters
to whose who ask for her picture.

In honor of the passage of the Presidential Suffrage Bill
a victory dinner was given at the Hotel Muehlebach on May
3rd. The State Board was in session all day and twenty-two
of the members were guests at the dinner. Mrs. J. B. White,
president of the Jackson County Suffrage Association, pre-
sided. Mrs. Walter McNab Miller, honorary president,
was toastmistress. Mrs. Charles Brooks of Wichita, chair-
man of the National League of Women Voters, was one of
the speakers. Mrs. George Gellhorn, state president, gave
a splendid and inspiring address on "Every Woman a Voter
in 1920." Judge Latshaw, Judge Paxton and Judge Porter-
field represented the Democratic party while the Republican
party was represented by Mr. Piatt and Mr. Thomas R.
Marks.

A citizenship school was held at the Public Library
June 2 to 6, inclusive. One hundred members attended the
very interesting and valuable course of ten lectures given by
Professor Isidor Loeb of the University of Missouri.

On June 16th a mass meeting was held at the Grand
Avenue Temple to recognize the passage of the federal suffrage
amendment and to work for the calling of a special session
of the Missouri Legislature to ratify the amendment. All
parties were represented and spoke for the issue and many
prominent suffragists gave voice to the work of the past and
the hope of the future.

At the Independence Fair, held in August, a booth was
maintained in the Art Building to interest the visitors to
vote in 1920. Classes have been held in Buckner, Independ-
ence and in many of the wards. Many speakers have been
sent to clubs and organizations to present the study course
as outlined by the state association, using the "Aid to the
Woman Voter in Missouri" by Miss Mary Buckley as a
text book.

With presidential suffrage granted and the federal
amendment passed by Congress and ratified by our Missouri
Legislature, it is now the purpose of the Jackson County

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 327

Suffrage Association to perfect the educational program
planned in the past.

MAKING SUFFRAGE SENTIMENT IN MISSOURI.
BY HELEN GUTHRIE MILLER

(Mrs. Walter McNab Miller).

Looking back from these victorious days it is difficult
to realize that in 1913 Missouri was practically opposed to
suffrage. Following the Mississippi Valley Conference, held
in St. Louis, June, 1913, Mrs. W. W. Boyd was elected
president of the Missouri Equal Suffrage Association with a
campaign to initiate a vote on suffrage by means of petitions.
These petitions were printed and work begun in the city,
when Mrs. Boyd went to Europe and Mrs. D. W. Knefler,
one of the strong suffragists and best workers, moved to
California, leaving the organization much crippled.

Before leaving for California, Mrs. Knefler had come to
Columbia to urge me to undertake the carrying out of this
campaign, the members of the Association feeling it necessary
to secure someone acquainted in the state. The idea seemed
impossible, and so I told her. But later I was overpersuaded
by a remarkable group of women who had already done so
much for suffrage in St. Louis. On a hot summer evening in
August, this group met at the home of Mrs. George Gellhorn,
and together we mapped out the campaign.

The latter part of August saw me out on the road, armed
with a bundle of petitions to try out the temper of the people
and to find workers for the campaign in the state. On a dusty,
broiling day, early in September, I landed in Kahoka, Clark
county, finding the town filled with strangers attending the
County Fair. Thinking I knew no one in the town, I made
the round from store to store around the square of the town,
meeting with good-natured jeers, smiles, and in some places
scant courtesy, until by good fortune I met a Missouri Uni-
versity girl who found for me a few people interested in suff-
rage.

Today with Clark county one of the strong suffrage
counties, it is interesting to remember that the majority of

328 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

the people asked to sign the petition refused, one young clerk
of probably twenty-one, going so far as to say that he didn't
"think women knew enough to vote." Early next day, I
took my first ride on a freight train, and finding the brake-
man and some traveling men friendly, persuaded them to
sign petitions from their home county. And here may I
register my appreciation of the traveling men. Then and
throughout the whole campaign they were ever helpful —
telling me of extra trains; where a weary soul could find a
comfortable bed; and the best places in the towns to find
something to eat; and brightening many an hour with their
jolly stories.

Crossing the state, from one county to another, stopping
at every little town, Sullivan county was finally reached.

Doubling back to Kirksville, I met for the first time
with a cordial reception. There, as in all the college towns,
more friends were found for suffrage than in any other part
of the state — a strong argument for a liberal education,
from the viewpoint of the suffragists.

After six weeks of constant travel I reached the office in
Columbia with only a little over a thousand names, and sat
down almost in despair wondering how the twenty-three
thousand names needed to put the measure on the ballot
were ever to be obtained. In the whole state there were
only two live organizations — St. Louis and Kansas City-
two paper organizations and a few committees ; with petitions
to be circulated in two-thirds of the Congressional Districts,
the outlook seemed anything but rosy.

After another conference in St. Louis, it was decided
not to attempt any permanent organization but to try to get
volunteers from other women's organizations, who in the
different counties would secure the requisite amount of names.
The W. C. T. U. was the only woman's organization in the
state at that time, save our own, that had endorsed suffrage,
and their president, Mrs. Nelle Burger, and many of the
county presidents, helped in every way possible and circulated
petitions for us in many parts of the state.

Miss Laura Runyon of Warrensburg, chairman of the

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 329

Sixth Congressional District, made herself responsible for the
names from that district, and Miss Bertha Rombauer took
another whole district and secured the names from that.

Mrs. Emily Newell Blair, Mrs. Richard Taafe, Mrs.
Cosgrove and Mrs. White turned in the requisite signatures
from the 15th district, and Mrs. W. R. Haight and Mrs.
W. W. Martin from the 14th district. The Kansas City
League looked after the 5th district, while the St. Louis
League made themselves responsible for the three most
difficult districts of the state— the 10th, llth and 12th.

The 7th, 8th and 13th were the other districts chosen,
and for the next six months the small band of suffragists in
the state worked overtime trying to secure the necessary
number. The interest roused thru the circulation of the pe-
titions made some organization possible, and the first state
meeting with regular elected delegates, was held in Columbia
in May, 1914, at which time it was found, to our great dis-
may, that we were short several thousand names of the re-
quired number with only a few weeks left in which to secure
them.

Shortly afterward, Rosalie Jones, called the "Little
General," came to St. Louis to speak, and Mrs. David O'Neil,
always on the job, wired to know if we could not use her for
securing the last number of petitions. A return wire brought
Mrs. O'Neil, "General Jones," Zoe Akins and Mary Mac-
Dearmon to meet me in Hannibal. And without a moment's
delay we started out, two by two, to cover the town. A
day and a half of ceaseless work gave us almost enough
names to put the first district on the map.

Being anxious to win friends for suffrage in Hannibal —
where sentiment was anything but favorable — it was decided
to hold a meeting the second evening. So we made for the
nearest newspaper to get out dodgers and secure publicity.
Here we found John A. Knott, who though not a suffragist,
was so thoroughly a host that he made himself responsible
for the success of the meeting, secured the court house, ad-
vertised, and with less than twenty-four hours' notice had

330 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

a crowded house to greet the "Little General." Here the
first collection for suffrage, outside the cities, netted us the
sum of $11.40 — a huge sum for those days.

While in Hannibal arrangements were made by long-
distance with Palmyra and Kirksville for "General" Rosalie
Jones to speak in both places, and in these towns we met the
same courteous treatment as in Hannibal. In Palmyra, Mr.
and Mrs. Head opened their home to the "General" and
myself, worked up a meeting and then loaned their auto-
mobile for the first street speech ever made by a woman in
that part of the country. There as in Hannibal, the "Gen-
eral" won many friends for suffrage, and later in Kirksville,
where she spoke from the court house steps, she was a great
success.

Best of all, at the end of a long, hot day in Kirksville
where Miss Jones, little Miss Baxter, Mrs. Geo. Still and
myself had circulated petitions, we found the number of
names required by law to put our measure on the ballot had
been completed. The joyous news was wired to St. Louis
and plans were rapidly made for a representation from each
Congressional District to come to Jefferson City for the pre-
sentation of the petitions to the Secretary of State.

Never will the suffragists who took part in that little
demonstration forget the day. Each district had its petitions
wrapped in white tissue paper and tied with yellow ribbon,
ready to present. The Secretary of the State stood at the
head of a long table in his room and the officials and clerks
from the other offices crowded in to see the sight. The re-
porters, too, were on hand, but many who came to laugh went
away sobered by the earnestness and dignity of the little cere-
mony, and convinced that when a group of women were
willing to work as hard for a principle as had the little group
there assembled the victory would surely be won.

In presenting the petitions the fact was emphasized
that the argument most strongly used against suffrage,
namely: that the women of Missouri did not want it, was
answered by these petitions. In the city, on the farm,
circulated by school teachers, housekeepers, college girls,

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 331

by women of all ages and ranks, just for the love of the
cause, these petitions proved the contrary to be true.

Mr. Cornelius Roach, the Secretary of State, received
the petitions in a most friendly manner, saying that he hoped
that this work which had been done at such great cost would
bring with it the desired reward.

The group then had the first suffrage picture taken in
Jefferson City and went home rejoicing to begin the big fight
trying to convert a majority of the Missouri men to vote for
suffrage between July and November. And now began the
busiest six months in the history of the Missouri Association.

With practically no money in the treasury, with no paid
organizers in the field, no trained workers, with only a hand-
ful of earnest, hard-working suffragists, the task seemed
hopeless. But our courage brought some outside help — Mrs.
Medill McCormick sent an organizer into the state and paid
all her expenses for four months. She also paid the traveling
expenses of a Washington suffragist who with Mrs. Wm. R.
Haight of Brandesville, went down through the 14th district
and won many votes for suffrage. About $1,800.00 came in
from friends outside the state and an equal sum was raised
in various ways in the state — most of it from St. Louis, and
an equal amount was spent in St. Louis. Dr. Shaw sent a
Missouri girl — Jane Thompson — to help us in St. Joseph for
a month, and better still came herself for four speeches. In
her autobiography she speaks affectionately of the time she
spent in Missouri and of the interesting time she had in Bowl-
ing Green with Mrs. Champ Clark. In Louisiana she spoke
from an automobile, and then went to Hannibal where she
made one of the most wonderful speeches I ever heard her
give.

Jane Addams, too, gave us three days, one of which was
at Columbia. It is worthy of note that as late as October,
1914, the prejudice was still so strong against suffrage that
the University authorities were afraid to have Miss Addams
speak in the University Auditorium and the town Opera
House had to be hurriedly secured. There she spoke to an
overflow house, and again at a State Baptist Convention,

332 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

then in session, and at both meetings spoke most convinc-
ingly.

The following day she went to St. Louis and on down to
Cape Girardeau where we had our banner meetings. The
auditorium of the Normal School was crowded to over-
flowing at the afternoon meeting, the Court House was
jammed for the second and the moving picture show overrun
for the third. Another noted guest who helped in the Mis-
souri campaign was Mrs. Desha Breckinridge of Kentucky,
who visited Carthage, Joplin and Willow Springs and with
her silver-tongued oratory and logic made many converts.
Helen Todd, too, came for a flying visit. Mrs. McCormick
spoke in Kansas City and local speakers helped us every-
where.

The Board having decided to cover the State Fair, the
Fair directors gave the Suffrage Association a goodly space.
This, Miss Engel and I decorated to the best of our ability
and from there distributed literature to all whom we could
inveigle into stopping for a few moments.

Miss Laura Runyon, Dr. Dora Green Wilson, Mrs.
B. F. Burch and other suffragists came to the Fair for a day
at a time and helped in the booth, as did a few local suffra-
gists, and Miss Engle, who was a gift from Mrs. McCormick,
was a host in herself.

Covering the county fairs was another means of propa-
ganda. Three tents were bought and Miss Rumbold ar-
ranged for groups of St. Louis business women to take charge
of these, set them up and distribute literature in various
points in the state. This caused much interest, as such
methods were then novel in Missouri.

Among many speeches one was made that will ever be
memorable. Happening to be in Springfield at a time when
Senator Reed was to speak there, and visiting the family
of the Democratic county chairman, it was an easy matter
to arrange for a place on the program. Knowing, of course,
how delighted Mr. Reed would be to have a suffragist speak
on the same platform with him, nothing was said about it
until just before the meeting. We all filed onto the stage,

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 333

took our seats, and when the curtain rose, imagine the sur-
prise of the audience to see seated near the orator of the
occasion, a suffragist. The evening went off fairly well,
and Mr. Reed was courteous.

The following morning the telephone rang and a pleasant
voice over the 'phone said, "you do not know who I am but
I just called up to tell you how very much obliged I am to
you for looking so like a lady last night." This little story is
indicative of the feeling that even personal friends had re-
garding the activities of the suffragists and shows how difficult
work was in those days.

The press and publicity work was done by Emily Newell
Blair and to her more than to any other one person is due the
cordial support we had from the press, which as a whole was
most friendly and won over communities to the cause. For
her whole work, office, stenographers, printing, postage,
plate and news service, all — she had less than $1,800.00, and
I think no press chairman ever made so much headway with
so little capital. Our treasurer, too, Miss Buckley, was a
wonder and under her careful management our little campaign
fund stretched like the "widow's cruse of oil."

At last came election day and when it was all over the
general verdict was that we had lost. But did we? When
the vote came up in Congress the next winter for the first
time, eleven of the sixteen Missouri Congressmen voted for
the Federal Amendment. Sentiment in the state had so
changed that organization was possible and the passing
months, which had seemed to bring only defeat in their train,
had been building a sound foundation for a later victory.

At the first board meeting after the November defeat,
it was decided to attempt the passage by the Legislature of
a Joint and Concurrent Resolution, re-submitting the ques-
tion of suffrage at the election in 1916. The Resolution,
written by Judge Walker, now Chief Justice of Missouri,
was introduced in the Senate by Senator Craig of Maysville,
and in the House by Mr. Roney of Joplin. It finally passed
the House by a vote of 88 for to 2 against, but failed to come
to a vote in the Senate. In the Senate the bill would never

334 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

have come out of Committee had it not been that Jasper
county had carried for suffrage and Col. Wm. Phelps, Senator
from that district, happened to be chairman of the Elections
Committee and the Committee on Constitutional Amend-
ments, and the constant pressure from his constituents finally
convinced him that there was a real reason for reporting the
bill out. He said one day, a little impatiently, "my con-
stituents have spent enough money on telegrams to feed all
the Belgian babies," and knowing as he did, that constituents
were not fond of spending money in that way, he wisely per-
suaded the Committee — most of whom were violently op-
posed to suffrage — to allow the bill to be reported out, but
it died on the calendar.

By this time, however, the bad effect upon the Federal
Amendment of the loss of a campaign in the state was recog-
nized very clearly, and the National Board asked officers
of each State Association to refrain from entering into a
campaign. This request created consternation in Missouri
as time and money had been spent in securing a large number
of petitions and as the campaign was a joint one in which
the W. C. T. U. had most unselfishly given itself, the decision
presented many difficulties.

At the state meeting in Springfield in May, 1916, how-
ever, it was decided that in loyalty to the National Organiza-
tion, the campaign should be given up, so, with the consent
of the officers of the W. C. T. U., and with much reluctance
the petitions were carefully put away for future reference.
At this state meeting in Springfield in May, 1916, Mrs. John
Leighty, a most competent organizer and effective worker,
was elected president, and for the next year National work
took all of the time.

In 1917, as Mrs. Leighty declined re-election, the state
work again fell to my share, but the war made it most diffi-
cult. Everywhere the suffragists were leading in war work
and many felt that to do suffrage work at such a time was
almost disloyal. For this reason what work we did was done
as an aside to the war work, and perhaps greater headway
was made than would have been possible in any other way,

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 335

as audiences were not composed of suffragists only, but of
Americans of every type.

In working with the Food Administration there were
many opportunities of saying a good word for suffrage, and
as all the war workers used judgment in the way they pre-
sented the suffrage questions, the war work was rather
strengthened than harmed by the joining of the two pleas for
democracy.

With the closing of the war and the new urge toward
democracy given by the women's work, the National Board
asked all the state organizations to put in a bill for Presiden-
tial Suffrage, feeling that in this way the pressure upon the
National parties coming from many women in many states
having the right to vote for the next President would result
in the passage of the Federal Amendment. So Missouri
for a second time tried her fate on a Presidential bill.

Early in May the board decided it would be wise to
move headquarters from Columbia to St. Louis, that the
St. Louis and state offices might be united in the petition
work, which was to be undertaken in the state. The petition
work this time was to the legislators asking them to ratify
the Federal Amendment should it be passed by Congress.
The organization of the state was still so incomplete that it
was with difficulty that the petitions were secured, but when
about seventy-five thousand names were ready active legis-
lative work was begun.

Before the primaries, letters were sent to all candidates
asking first, their stand on suffrage, and second, if they would
vote for the Federal Amendment should it be passed by
Congress. Needless to say, very few answers were received
before the primaries ; after the primaries a second letter was
sent to the successful candidates on each side and their
answers filed. After the election in November, a third letter
was sent to the successful candidates congratulating them
on their election and asking once more for a pledge on the
question of the ratification.

Another piece of work for the summer was the inter-
viewing of the members of both state committees*as well as

336 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

the candidates for office, with a view to getting a plank in
the party platforms. As the state conventions met on the
same day, Mrs. O'Neil, Mrs. Stix and I went to Jefferson
City to attend the Democratic Convention, leaving Mrs.
Gellhorn and Mrs. Grossman and Miss Mary Semple Scott
to look after the Republican Convention in St. Louis. At
both conventions the advance work that had been done
brought its reward and the Republicans put a very good
plank in their platform, and called on Mrs. Gellhorn for
a talk, while the Democrats in Jefferson City gave us every
consideration and invited me to speak in the beautiful new
capitol. As it was the first time a woman had ever spoken
in a party convention in Missouri and the first convention
held in the new capitol, it secured a happy augury of days
to come when men and women should meet there together.

After the state conventions, as the records showed a
much larger proportion of men favoring suffrage in the lower
House than in the Senate, two of the national organizers,
Miss Marie B. Ames and Miss Alma Sasse, were sent out to
visit the senatorial districts, interview the senators and find
the strong people in each district upon whom reliance could
be placed to exert influence in case of need. This proved a
very wise move as there were times when the fate of our bill
hung in the balance and nothing but friendly pressure from
home held some of the senators in line.

The opening of the legislative session found a number
of women at the capitol, four of them ready to stay through
a session if need be, to secure successful action from the
Legislature. As the Federal Amendment had not passed
Congress and there seemed no immediate prospect of its
getting through, it was decided to present a presidential
and municipal suffrage bill. As Jasper county had been one
of the few counties to carry for suffrage in the early days, its
representative, Mr. Walter Bailey, a Republican, was asked
to look after our bill in the House, and Senator James Mc-
Knight, a Democrat, who had been a constant supporter of
suffrage for women, to do the same in the Senate.

The story of the passage of this bill will be told by Miss

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 337

Ames who was on the ground throughout the session of the
Legislature which put Missouri on the map as a partial
suffrage state. The excitement of those days can scarcely
be described. At one time there were on the calendar of the
Senate four bills dealing with woman suffrage — a most un-
heard of condition, and one calculated to bring about disaster,
because even our friends were at times uncertain as to what
we really desired.

In every possible way, by interviews with individuals
and groups, by letters and telegrams from home, the lobby-
ists in Jefferson City endeavored to clear up the situation,
but at the time of the National Suffrage Convention in St.
Louis the four measures were still on the calendar and the
tension was great. But, in the end, the Presidential Suffrage
Bill was passed. We, who had left the convention in St.
Louis after hurried greetings to the distinguished guests
who had gathered there, rushed back again from Jefferson
City. And, oh, the joy of the celebration of the final victory
with suffragists from all over the United States! The time
and the occasion were fitting for celebration of the victory,
and no other could ever be so thrilling as the one following
this first bit of suffrage given Missouri women.

Later the Senate Bill was passed by the House. To
know how strong suffrage sentiment in the House really was,
one must remember that the House was Republican, the
Senate Democratic; that the House had early passed a very
liberal bill with the hope that their bill would be passed
by the Senate and the women given municipal as well as Presi-
dential suffrage. Instead of that their bill had been left on
the calendar and the Senate Bill hurried through for passage
and now they were asked to substitute the Senate measure
for their own.

There was a strong temptation to play party politics,
but as the speaker said in a caucus held in his room at noon
to decide what should be done with the bill, "Boys, we can't
play politics with the Missouri women," and his words
voicing the will of the majority, the Senate bill was passed
in record time, sent back to the Senate for final signature,

338 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

and then to the Governor, thus closing one of the most in-
teresting legislative experiences that any group of lobbyists
ever experienced.

Too much cannot be said for the support given us by
the real suffragists in both Senate and House and for the
cordial co-operation of the presidents of two other great
state organizations — Mrs. Nelle Burger, president of the
W. C. T. U., and Mrs. George Still, president of the Federa-
tion of Women's Clubs. They, together with the men and
women from all over the state stood behind the suffragists
who headed the fight, and by letters, telegrams and constant
support made possible the passage of the Presidential Suffrage
Bill. The Governor and his wife were sympathetic and help-
ful in every way, and it should not be forgotten that the first
suffrage meeting ever held in the Executive Mansion was
arranged by Mrs. Gardner for two envoys from a neighboring
state enroute to Washington City to work for the Federal
Amendment. The beautiful luncheon she gave these guests
and the enthusiasm which was roused through her efforts,
gave an impetus to the cause of suffrage in Cole county
which materially aided in the legislative work.

HISTORY OF THE PRESIDENTIAL SUFFRAGE BILL IN
MISSOURI.

BY MISS MARIE B. AMES

It is a most significant event in the history of Missouri
that the Presidential Suffrage Bill passed by the 50th General
Assembly should be the first bill introduced in the new
State Capitol. In keeping with the motto over the main
entrance to this magnificent building, "Salus populi suprema
lex esto," the representatives of the people, both in the
House and Senate, felt it most appropriate to introduce as
Bill Number One a bill giving the women of Missouri a
supreme voice in the making of the laws.

The history of the Presidential Suffrage Bill is a most
interesting one. The success of the bill is due to the un-
tiring efforts of four women who spent a large part of their
time at the State Capitol: Mrs. Walter McNab Miller,

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 339

president of the Missouri Woman Suffrage Association,
who saw the work of past years culminate in the passage of
this bill; Mrs. David O'Neil, vice-president of the State Asso-
ciation, whose efforts, especially among Democratic legis-
lators was most successful; Mrs. Wm. R. Haight, correspond-
ing secretary, whose unfailing tact with the Republican mem-
bers weathered many a critical situation; and Miss Marie
B. Ames, field director of the National American Woman
Suffrage Association and of the Missouri Suffrage Associa-
tion, who was in charge of the legislative work.

Immediately after the 50th General Assembly con-
vened January 8th in Jefferson City, and after Governor
Gardner in his message had recommended the passage of
such suffrage legislation as the women might desire, our
Presidential Suffrage Bill was introduced in both the House
and Senate. Thru the courtesy of Hon. Wallace Crossley,
President of the Senate, and Hon. S. F. O'Fallon, Speaker
of the House, our bill was made Bill Number One. This bill
was introduced in the House by Representative Walter E.
Bailey, Republican, of Jasper county, and in the Senate by
Senator James McKnight, Democrat, of Gentry county,
two men of the highest standing in their respective parties.

The first great victory was scored on February sixth in
the Senate when our bill was put on the calendar over the ad-
verse report of the Elections Committee. Immediately fol-
lowing the report of this committee it was moved by Senator
McKnight, author of the Senate Bill, that Bill Number One
be put on the calendar over the adverse report of the com-
mittee. To place a bill on the calendar over the adverse
report of a committee is almost without precedent in the
Missouri Legislature. The fate of presidential suffrage for
the women of Missouri rested upon the result of this motion.

For three hours was waged a bitter war of words. Fearing
an attempt might be made to persuade several of those
senators mildly favorable to the bill to leave the senate
chamber just previous to the taking of the vote, three suffrage
guards (Miss Marie Ames, Mrs. Wm. Haight and Miss Alma
Sasse), were stationed at the exits to the Senate chamber to

340 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

request all senators favorable to the bill to return to their
seats. As there was not one vote to spare a great respons-
ibility rested upon these guards who were on duty from ten
o'clock in the morning until one o'clock at noon when the
roll call was taken on the motion to place the bill on the
calendar. Finally, the vote was taken eighteen to fifteen
in favor of placing the bill on the calendar over the adverse
report of the Election Committee. The first fight for presi-
dential suffrage was won.

Our second victory occurred on Tuesday, February
eleventh, when the House passed the House Bill by a vote
of 122 to 8. For three hours a tribute was paid to the
women of Missouri by many members of the House known
for their eloquence and oratory. For the first time in the
session of the 50th General Assembly, Speaker O' Fallen left
his chair and, on the floor of the House, delivered a powerful
address in favor of the Presidential Suffrage Bill. Hon.
Frank Farris also made a speech of great brilliancy. The
final vote, almost unanimous, was a real tribute from the
House to the Missouri women.

Two days after, on Thursday, February thirteenth, our
bill was passed in the Senate for engrossment. At this time
an attempt was made to "kill" the bill by an amendment to
refer the bill to the general election in 1920. This amend-
ment was defeated. Two other amendments offered by Sen-
ator Howard Gray, a staunch supporter of suffrage, were
carried. These provided for a separate ballot and separate
registration for women.

Not having succeeded thus far in defeating the Presi-
dential Suffrage Bill in the Senate a final attempt was made
by the opposition. This time methods of delay were used
to prevent the bill being brought before the Senate for the
third and final passage. Several attempts were also made
to "persuade" favorable senators to vote against the bill on
final passage.

From February thirteenth until the last week of March
it was impossible to be sure of eighteen votes — the number
necessary for the final passage of the bill.

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 341

During the last week of March the National American
Woman Suffrage Associaton held its 50th annual convention
in St. Louis. It was felt at this time that, with the dele-
gates from all over the United States to lend their moral
support, an attempt should be made to secure the final
passage of our bill thru the Senate. It was finally decided
that the bill must be brought up for final passage on Friday,
March twenty-eighth. During this week two senators favor-
ing the bill were absent, Senator Stark was at his home in
West Line and Senator Gray had been called to Caruthers-
ville.

On Thursday afternoon, March twenty-seventh, Mrs.
Walter McNab Miller, Mrs. David O'Neil, Mrs. Wm. Haight,
and Miss Marie B. Ames met for a final consultation. Sen-
ator Stark responded to a long-distance telephone call and
promised to be in his seat the next morning ready to vote
"aye." After consulting time-tables it was found impossible
for Senator Gray to arrive in time for the final vote. At
this stage when the four members of the suffrage lobby were
in despair, Hon. Edward F. Goltra, committeeman from Mis-
souri on the Democratic National Committee, asked to be
permitted to contribute a special train from St. Louis to
Jefferson City in order to enable Senator Gray, a Republican
to arrive in time. This offer was gladly accepted and Sen-
ator Gray left Caruthersville that night.

Early on the morning of the twenty-eighth the women
hastened to the capitol to see that everything was in readi-
ness for the final passage of the Senate Bill. Telegrams began
to arrive reporting the progress of the "Suffrage Special" on
its way to Jefferson City. Exactly at 10:10 A. M., Hon.
Wallace Crossley, President of the Senate, called that body
together. Altho only a few senators knew that the bill was
to be called up that morning, an air of expectation pervaded
the Senate chamber. Senator Stark arrived during the night
and was present at the opening of the session. After prayer
by the Chaplain and the reading of the minutes of the pre-
ceeding day, Senator McKnight presented a telegram from
the National American Woman Suffrage Association asking

342

MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

for the immediate passage of the Presidential Suffrage Bill.
As this was being read, Senator Gray, supposed by the oppo-
sition to be safely in Caruthersville, walked into the Senate
chamber. A dead silence fell upon the room. Gloom was
upon the countenance of those who had hoped to send the bill
to its defeat. In the battle of wits the side of right and
justice triumphed. Without one further word of opposition
the Senate Bill granting presidential suffrage to the women
of Missouri was passed by a vote of twenty-one to twelve.

The pen used by President Crossley of the Senate in
signing the Senate Bill was presented to Miss Marie B. Ames.

Under ordinary circumstances, at the final passage of
the bill in the Senate, the House bill would have been sub-
stituted for the Senate bill, thereby saving the necessity of
further action by the House. Because this would have
necessitated several extra roll calls, which the suffragists
did not care to risk, the Senate bill was sent over to the
House. The following week the House, in a great spirit of
magnanimity passed the Senate bill. The pen used by
Speaker O'Fallon on this occasion was presented to Mrs.
Wm. R. Haight.

On Saturday afternoon, April fifth, in the presence of
members of the State Board of the Missouri Woman Suffrage
Association Governor Frederick D. Gardner in his private
office at the capitol signed this bill, and presidential suffrage
for women became a law of the state. The pen used by
Governor Gardner in signing the bill was later presented
by Mrs. George Gellhorn to the Missouri Historical Society.

Thus the members of the 50th General Assembly proved
faithful to the voice of the people and the new state capitol
witnessed, in the signing of the Presidential Suffrage Bill,
one of the greatest events that has ever taken place in the
history of Missouri.

Missouri women may now vote in November, 1920, for
the next President of the United States.

Solus populi supremo, lex esto!

go o o

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 343

SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI FOR THE YEARS 1916-1917.
BY AGNES I. LEIGHTY

(Mrs. John R. Leighty)

In considering the history of woman suffrage in Missouri,
account must be taken of the great concerted movement
toward developing public sentiment on the subject through-
out the entire United States. In other words, the National
program as carried out elsewhere reacted upon the state.

The year 1916-1917 was rich in experience for those
elected to head the Missouri State Board at the Springfield
convention in May, 1916. The first work that was presented
to me as State Chairman was propaganda in the interest of
the two monster demonstrations that were being organized
to accentuate our appeal for Suffrage planks in the National
platforms of both the Democratic and Republican parties.
The conventions were held in St. Louis and Chicago, respect-
ively, and thousands of women from all parts of the country
were willing to join in these programs to visualize to the dele-
gates the sentiment for suffrage in every state in the Union.

At that time, it was not easy to arouse the women of
Missouri to see the need of giving personal service. Outside
of Kansas City and St. Louis, only twenty attended the Na-
tional Suffrage Convention at Chicago, which held its ses-
sions simultaneously with the Republican National Con-
vention, and closed its deliberations with the second great
march for the cause of woman's enfranchisement. Though
it was the month of June, the weather was of the March
variety. However, though the elements took sides against
us, the effect was a reaction in our favor, for ten thousand
women marching in that storm, for a principle of justice,
made an impression that took shape in a plank supporting
that principle in the National Republican platform.

The logic of the position taken by those marching was
exemplified in a discussion which took place when plans for
the demonstration were being made. Someone remembering

5

344 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

the excentricities of Chicago weather asked whether they
would march if it rained. A little woman exercising a woman's
paerogative of answering one question by asking another said,
"Wouldn't we vote if it rained?" It was evidently this
indomitable spirit that gained us a friend in one of the main
doorkeepers at the Coliseum which was the objective of our
march, as the Resolution Committee was in session there,
and the reasons for and against our proposal were being
presented to them at that time.

Though the public were not expected at this hearing,
some friend opened the door and when the head of the
column of marchers reached the building, we passed quietly
inside. After several thousand of us had made a group about
the platform where the deliberations were being conducted,
we were edified to hear the National Chairman for the Anti-
Suffragists tell the Committee that the women "really did
not want the vote." I leave it to you to judge what the
sentiment was on the question of at least the ten thousand
present, and so was suffrage history made for Missouri.

The thrill planned to impress the delegates of the Demo-
cratic Convention in St. Louis was described as a "Walkless
Parade or Golden Lane." The story of that enterprise will
be told by a representative of the St. Louis League, but I
would like to mention some of the points that helped win
recognition of the principle involved by another great polit-
ical group.

Though a minority report was submitted against the
endorsement of the plank it failed of its purpose — as the final
wedge was driven home to the delegates, when Senator Walsh
of Montana, in presenting the majority report, pointed out
that the states where women voted controlled 93 electoral
votes, and that these women had been largely instru-
mental in sending Democratic Congressmen to Washington.
He asked the delegates if they wished to turn those 93 elec-
toral votes over the Republicans. That clinched the
argument and many doubting Thomases came straight into
the fold.

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 345

The happy result of the peronsal appeal from the women
of the state to their delegates was illustrated in the instance
of Tennessee. The representatives of that state came to the
convention without a single "aye" vote for our plank in their
pockets but after the delegation had been canvassed up one
side and down the other by Mrs. Guilford Dudley, of the
State Suffrage Association, they voted "yes" to a man on
the resolution. To show her appreciation, and incidentally
to make it quite plain to them that she was still "sitting on
their doorstep," so to speak, when they gave proof of their
good intentions by recording this affirmative vote ,she re-
sponded by giving the "Rebel Yell" from her seat in the gal-
lery. This was greeted by arousing shouts from those on
the floor of the convention. And so was suffrage history
made in Missouri.

The women of the state who had participated in these
stirring events went back to their homes with a new purpose
and determination. The state work was a hard, long pull,
for we had little money, and the awakening consciences of
the women took concrete form in questions that required
letters, letters, letters in reply. We had no time to keep
an account of literature and letters sent, for the state chair-
man was also literature chairman and chief.

One of the interesting instances of the summer's work
was a visit to Marshall, where a suffrage program was given
from the "Susan B. Anthony Balcony" built on the lawn of
the beautiful home of Mrs. Dotia Trigg Cooney. Though
we could not claim that Saline county was wildly enthusiastic
over suffrage, the presence of about two hundred guests, a
hot night in August, proved that they were being impressed
with the determination of the women of the state, as repre-
sented by Mrs. Cooney, to carry it through. The Director
of Publicity for the National Association told the delegates
attending the convention at Atlantic City that this Balcony
was one of the most interesting bits of publicity for suffrage
in the United States. And so was suffrage history passed
upon outside of Missouri.

346 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

In August we went to Jefferson City to the conventions
of the Democratic and Republican parties to ask that they
place a plank for suffrage in their state platforms but our
faith failed the test of removing the mountain of antagonism
to the woman movement in Missouri and disappointment
was our reward.

On September 6th, ten women from the state went as
delegates to the National Suffrage Convention at Atlantic City.
Never before had any gathering of women excited so much
interest as was made manifest at this time. The press,
politicians, laymen and even the clergy, believed that we
were worth watching, at least. The great event of this
convention was the visit of President Wilson, as chief speaker
at an evening session, where he announced to the whole
world, that he had "come to work with us." This definite en-
dorsement set the stamp of approval of the government
upon our movement. And so was suffrage history set for-
ward in Missouri.

The outstanding feature of the deliberations of this
convention was the discussion of a resolution that would
pledge our efforts to Federal Amendment work entirely and
abandon active campaigns in the states. The adoption of
this plan, as seeking expression only through the Federal
Amendment, was looked upon as a tacit recognition of a
definite Republican principle. The active state work, win-
ning success by state referendum campaigns, a like recogni-
tion of a Democratic principle. Pledging ourselves to one
plan or the other was looked upon by those interested in
politics as an endorsement of the policy of one party or the
other, and, as a consequence, the press gallery was always
full of reporters and "front page" was our portion, in the
world of publicity. So you see what I mean when I say that
we were considered worth watching. The masterly debate
was thrilling as the brainiest women of the country par-
ticipated. In the end, a resolution was adopted endorsing
a more active program in Washington for the Federal Amend-
ment and a continuation of the State Referendum Campaigns.
This standardized the work of the states and we brought

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 347

back to Missouri a definite understanding of our needs for
Congressional co-operation.

The St. Louis Equal Suffrage League subscribed five
hundred dollars to carry on this work in our state and Mrs.
Charles Passmore of St. Louis was made chairman of the
Congressional Committee. The result of this action is told
in another article. To prove our case as to the new birth
many leagues that had ceased to function came to life and
took part in this activity and progressive sentiment was shown
in the willingness to spend real money for telegrams to our
Congressmen and postage for many letters.

This being a legislative year, it gave us an opportunity
to present to the State Legislature a bill for Presidential
Suffrage. We opened headquarters in Jefferson City with
Miss Geraldine Buchanan of California, Missouri, in charge;
with some members of the State Board present during the
session. We distributed literature and information from
headquarters and upon one occasion gave a tea to which
we invited the members of the Senate and the House and
their wives, as well as social leaders. It was a great success
owing to the efforts of the women of Jefferson City. Though
the Legislature of Illinois had passed such a bill and its
constitutionality had been established by the Illinois Supreme
Court, the lawyers of this state were slow to agree with this
decision and their lack of faith delayed its presentation to
our Legislature for several weeks. Mr. Percy Werner of
St. Louis agreed to settle its legal status before the Senate
and House Committees and the last of January it was intro-
duced in the Senate by Senator Mitchell of Aurora and in the
House by Representative Nick Cave of Fulton.

The more progressive tendencies of the House were well
known, though they could feel quite safe on any proposition
as to its ultimate outcome. The Senate would look after
that. In consequence of this, the bill was reported upon
favorably by the House Committee, without opposition, but
when we came to the Senate hearing we found a represen-
tation of the Anti-Suffrage forces, Miss Bronson, National
Secretary, ready to present their viewpoint. She made

348 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

herself so interesting by telling funny stories uncomplimentary
to women that a joint meeting was arranged for the House
and Senate meeting, at nine o'clock the next morning. We
learned of this after most of our Committee had gone to their
trains, and were in bed. We proceeded to bring them back
to the hotel and when the Legislature convened the next
morning we were there in full force much to Miss Bronson's
chagrin.

We insisted on presenting our side if she did hers, and
though she sat with packed baggage all day hoping we
would give up and go home, we remained and at five o'clock
they capitulated to us and we took thirty minutes of her time.
We were represented by Mrs. Wm. C. Fordyce of St. Louis,
whose mother and grandmother had been before the Legis-
lature in the interest of suffrage and who represented all that
generations of southern ancestors can give. At the close of
the session a Senator was heard to remark that Mrs. Fordyce
represented to him all that he had imagined the anti-suffragists
to be and Miss Bronson all that he had conceived a suffragist
to be.

As the bill languished in the hands of the Senate Com-
mittee, we pulled every wire to secure a report on it. One
morning the members of the House and Senate came to the
session to find yellow blotters with a map of the United
States showing the growth of suffrage and some interesting
statistics, upon their desks. As fast as one disappeared, a
new one took its place. Another time when they opened
the St. Louis paper they found a large paid "ad" conspicuously
displayed stating the position taken by the St. Louis members
of House and Senate on the subject.

Through the good offices of the National Suffrage Asso-
ciation in Washington, we succeeded in having sent by Hon.
Champ Clark, then Speaker of the House, to the Senator
from his home district, a letter asking his support of the
measure. After due season we learned that it was on its way,
whereupon I called upon him to ask that he show it to the
members on the floor of the Senate who would be most in-
fluenced by it. He asked me how I knew he had received

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 349

it, when I told him we had been angling for it tor about three
weeks. He laughed and said, 'The Legislature might just
as well give you women what you want, first as last."

The peregrinations of the bill were as various as can
come to a measure which has some strength but is eventually
doomed to defeat. Pressure forced it out of Committee, but
with an objectional ' 'rider . ' ' Believing in preparedness we saw
many friendly senators as soon as this fact was made known
to us late one night. So that in case it should be taken up
out of order in the morning, a surprise attack would not
disconcert our friends. In the end we went down to defeat
with the Workman's Compensation and some Children's
Code bills.

The State Convention which convened in Kansas City
in May, 1917, was the largest arid most successful ever held
up to that time, which showed that the sentiment was in-
creasing in an ever widening circle. Already the war clouds
were growing very ominous. Our time was being pledged
for service, and as during the period of the Civil conflict,
suffrage for women was laid aside for preparations for war,
and thus was suffrage history halted in Missouri.

RATIFICATION, SCHOOLS, AND LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS

BY EDNA FISCHEL GELLHORN
(Mrs. Geo. Gellhorn)

"While Europe' s eye is fixed on mighty things,
The fate oj Emperors and the fall oj Kings,
While quacks oj state must each produce his plan.
And even children lisp the Right oj Man,
Amid this mighty jus s just let me mention,
The Rights oj Women merit some attention."

—Robert Burns, Nov. 26, 1792.

Presidential Suffrage had been won, the National Ameri-
can Woman Suffrage Association in convention assembled
had celebrated the winning of this victory with a monster
mass meeting on the night of March 29, 1919. A dramatic
chapter was finished.

What next?

Missouri held its State Convention on March 30th, 1919.

350 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

The next step was obviously the organization and education
of the newly enfranchised voters. At a meeting held in
Kansas City on May 3, 1919, a budget system for the state
was adopted and the counties of the state were given quotas
to raise the amount needed to finance the state work. Kan-
sas City raised $3,000 at a magnificent banquet held on the
night of May 4th at the Muehlebach Hotel; Mrs. J. B.
White presided. St. Louis having paid an equal amount
during the year 1918-1919, gladly accepted its quota of six
thousand dollars to be paid in during the next fiscal year.
Six thousand dollars was prorated throughout the remaining
districts of the state giving a working capital of fifteen
thousand dollars.

On May 21, 1919 the House of Representatives passed
the Susan B. Anthony Amendment to the National Constitu-
tion by a vote of 304 to 89. On June 4th the Senate passed
the Susan B. Anthony Amendment by a vote of 56 for,
25 against. Every Missouri Congressman in the House
voted in favor of the Federal Suffrage Amendment, one
Missouri Senator voted in favor, and one against. The
Susan B. Anthony Amendment, 'The Right of Citizens of the
United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the
United States or by any state on account of sex," was signed
in the absence of President Wilson, by Vice- President Mar-
shall, June 6th.

A new crisis had arisen. The Sixty-fifth Congress had
delayed passage of the suffrage amendment so that when the
Sixty-sixth Congress should have passed the amendment the
legislatures of practically all but nine of the forty-one states
whose legislatures had been meeting during the winter of
1919 had adjourned. On May 24th the following bulletin
was received from Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt:

"As you are aware the Suffrage Amendment is through
the House and is assured early passage by the Senate. What
then?

"Is it impossible to recur to our aim of 1918 — 'All women
enfranchised before the next presidential election?'

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 351

"What can be done? Secure ratification in SPECIAL
SESSIONS of the Legislatures!

"Will you and your board co-operate in a 'Finish the
Fight' campaign?"

For a moment it seemed impossible that the Missouri
Legislature which had adjourned after its one-hundred-and-
twenty-day session should be summoned by Governor Gard-
ner to ratify the Federal Suffrage Amendment, but Missouri
women had never stopped at a task because it seemed difficult.
They started eagerly on the task of securing the consent of
the Governor to call an extra session of the Legislature.

Jubilee celebrations over the passage of the Susan B.
Anthony Amendment were held in the largest centers of the
state. The ones in St. Louis, Kansas City and Sedalia were
the most spectacular. In St. Louis a large delegation waited
upon the Mayor, the President of the Board of Aldermen,
and other city officials, and escorted them in gaily decorated
automobiles preceded by a band, to the steps of the Post
Office, on Ninth and Olive streets. There Mayor H. W.
Kiel, who had for years been a good friend of suffrage, made
a rousing address. Addresses were also delivered by Mrs.
Walter McNab Miller, Mrs. Geo. Gellhorn and Hon. Chas.
M. Hay. Bombs were exploded in various parts of the city
announcing to all that the Amendment had passed, and that
Missouri was glad. In Kansas City a similar meeting- was
held in one of the large theatres. Representatives of both
major political parties took part in the celebration and Miss
Marie Ames made the principal address on this occasion.
The meeting in Sedalia was similarly planned and carried to
success by the local organization of which Mrs. J. Rudd Van
Dyne was chairman.

Thus the first step had been taken toward approaching
the Governor. The press notices had assured him, and all
other Missouri men, that Missouri women wished that the
long fight for the full enfranchisement of the women of the
United States might end through rapid ratification of the
Suffrage Amendment by thirty-six Legislatures. A delega-
tion of women waited upon Governor Gardner. Governor

352 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

Gardner had proved himself throughout his term of office a
loyal friend to the women who were working for enfranchise-
ment. The advice and aid of Mr. Edward F. Goltra, National
Democratic Committeeman for Missouri were solicited.
Mr. Ben Neal of Greenfield, State Democratic Chairman, was
asked for help in securing a special session ; Mr. Jacob Babler,
Republican National Committee, and Mr. W. L. Cole, Re-
publican State Chairman, Mayor Kiel and many other polit-
ical friends helped in placing before Governor Gardner the
urgency of calling a special session. The organized women
of the state added their influence. The members of the
General Assembly were most generous in offering to pay their
own expenses in some instances, and in proclaiming their
willingness to give up whatever else they might be doing to
answer the call for an extra session. Finally on June 9th
word came over the wire that Governor Gardner had agreed
to call a special session. There was no time for the rejoicing
which suffragists felt in their hearts at this moment. Beyond
a few brief expressions of special appreciation to the Governor
for what he had done, they stopped for nothing, but set to
work immediately to get in touch with every member of the
Legislature to be sure that when the Legislature was called
to order on July 2nd there would be an overwhelming number
of votes cast in favor of ratification. The Suffrage Organiza-
tions throughout the State of Missouri assisted by the Feder-
ated Clubs and by the W. C. T. U. got into action. Visits
were paid to Representatives and Senators by their con-
stituents. Letters were written and telegrams sent so that
there was no doubt in the minds of any State Representative
or Senator as to what he was expected to do when he arrived
in Jefferson City.

On July 1st the suffragists gathered at noon in Jefferson
City and started the State Board meeting with a luncheon at
the New Central Hotel. This was thrown open to all who
wished to attend. The program of the Board meeting was
carried out with much enthusiasm. Mr. E. F. Goltra,
Mr. W. L. Cole and Mrs. Nelle Burger of the W. C. T. U.,
carried off the honors as speech-makers on this occasion.

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 353

Everyone was on edge with excitement. At seven o'clock
the Ratification Dinner took place. The members of the
Legislature were the invited guests of the State Suffrage As-
sociation. Every inch of space in the dining hall, ante-rooms,
and lobby of the New Central Hotel was filled with tables
and chairs. Never had so many people sat down to a ban-
quet in so limited a space before. The Governor was es-
corted to the hall by Mrs. Hugh C. Ward of Kansas City,
Mrs. Fred L. English of St. Louis, Mrs. Claude Clark of
Jefferson City, Mrs. J. Rudd Van Dyne of Sedalia, and other
members of the Reception Committee. Lieut. Governor
and Mrs. Wallace Crossley were escorted by Mrs. Morrison-
Fuller and Mrs. Geo. Warren Brown of St. Louis, Mrs. J. B.
McBride of Kansas City and Mrs. W. E. Harshe of Columbia.
The Jefferson City Committee in charge of local arrangements
had left no stone unturned, nothing was lacking that had
needed doing. The banquet was brilliant and delicious.
The program follows:

PROGRAM

Ratification Dinner

Tuesday, July 1, 1919.

New Central Hotel

7:30 o'clock
"* * * At last the victory dawneth!

Yea, mine eyes

See, and my foot is on the mountain's brow."

— Euripides.

Mrs. George Gellhorn, Presiding

Reasons for an extra session Governor Frederick D. Gardner

As soon as we can start Lieut. Gov. Wallace Crossley

There's none to vote against it ... Speaker S. F. O'Fallon
Interesting Interlude —

Mr. J. I. Babler, Mrs. Hugh Ward, Mr. E. F. Goltra

Finish the fight Senator J. N. McKnight

Intensely Sanguine Representative Walter E. Bailey

Co-operation that co-operates .... Mrs. Nelle Burger

After all Mrs. Berenice Morrison-Fuller

Teaching Tactics Miss Marie Ames

In Passing Mrs. F. B. Clarke

Over the Top Mrs. Walter McNab Miller

Now, let's adjourn Mrs. George Gellhorn

354 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

Governor Gardner spoke with eloquence and strong
appeal. Lieut. Governor Crossley, always an orator, was
at his best. Terms of appreciation of what the women of
Missouri would bring to the betterment of conditions in their
state formed the backbone of all speeches. The place rang
and re-echoed with applause, it interrupted the speeches of
men and women alike. Mrs. Morrison-Fuller raised over
three hundred dollars for the future work of the Jefferson
City League, Governor Gardner starting the gifts with his
pledge of one hundred dollars. The evening closed with great-
est enthusiasm and good fellowship, and everyone knew what
the vote would be when the session was called to order the
following morning.

At ten o'clock, July 2nd, 1919 a spontaneous procession
of women was formed from the New Central Hotel to the
beautiful capitol building. The historic Missouri Parasols
which had figured in every suffrage celebration beginning
with the Republican National Convention in Chicago and
the Golden Lane at the time of the National Democratic
Convention in St. Louis in 1916, were in evidence, and yellow
banners, ribbons and flowers gave the dominant note of color
as the women filed into the capitol. The galleries of the
Senate chamber and the House were filled. Senator Mc-
Knight introduced the ratifying result in the Senate, and
Representative Walter E. Bailey introduced it in the House.
The House voted in favor of ratification by a vote of 125 to
4 and the Senate by a vote of 29 to 3.

The Missouri women will forever be grateful to the
Fiftieth General Assembly. It had done for the women of
the state all that was possible for it to do. It had memorial-
ized Congress urging the passage of the Federal Suffrage
Amendment in January. It had passed the Presidential
Suffrage Bill in March. It had ratified the Federal Suffrage
Amendment in July.

Governor Gardner signed the Ratification Bill in his
office at three o'clock on the afternoon of July 3rd. The offi-
cials appended the seals and the document was put into the
mail before the Board of Suffrage Organization left Jefferson

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HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 355

City, and thus ended this chapter of the legislative struggle
for suffrage for the women in Missouri.

One great sorrow came in the midst of the rejoicing.
Dr. Anna Howard Shaw died a few hours before the Missouri
Senate ratified. In a very quiet and impressive meeting
resolutions were passed in memory of Dr. Shaw and sent
to the National Suffrage Association. The Senate and the
House passed resolutions and sent them. Most of the mem-
bers of the Assembly had known and heard Dr. Shaw when
she had spoken for the suffrage bill before the 1913 Legis-
lature.

The State Board left Jefferson City intent upon the next
step. Citizenship schools were to be the method of education
and the slogan, "Every Missouri Woman an Intelligent
Voter in 1920," was cheerfully adopted. Under the direction
of Mrs. Olive B. Swan, large preparatory meetings and citi-
zenship schools have been arranged throughout the state
and a successful program of education has been carried on
in every one of the sixteen Congressional Districts of Missouri.

Miss Marie B. Ames and Miss Lutie Stearns have been
the two experts who have traveled through Missouri holding
meetings and conducting schools. Mrs. John R. Leighty,
Mrs. R. L. Sanford, Mrs. A. Bushman have assisted, and
Mrs. Frederic Blaine Clarke has conducted all St. Louis
schools. The University of Missouri has been most generous
in rendering assistance, Dean Isidor Loeb giving tirelessly
of himself, his advice, and his assistance in the department.

After a Citizenship School has been held, the local league
has continued the work of the school by forming itself into
a group to study more in detail the problems and machinery
of government. Miss Mary Bulkley's book, "An Aid to the
Woman Voter in Missouri" has been taken as the guide for
this work; current topics, or the newer phrase, "World Prob-
lems" form the program for future meetings. The work of
the nine committees of the League of Women Voters created
much of interest for those who are doing the work and for
those who are privileged to hear of it through league meetings .
It is the duty of the State office to keep in touch with all local

356 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

organizations and to aid them in planning these programs
and furnishing material or speakers as requested.

Between July 1st, 1919, and January 1st, 1920, twenty-
one Citizenship Schools have been held in Missouri and num-
erous meetings arranged by the Central office throughout
the state.

At the Golden Jubilee Convention of the National
American Woman Suffrage Association held in St. Louis in
March, 1919, the League of Women Voters was organized.
Missouri having won Presidential Suffrage was part of this
League, but was not permitted to change the name of the
Suffrage Organization and adopt the more forward-looking
caption. After the Legislature had ratified, however, Mis-
souri was given permission by Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt,
National President, to call a state convention and change the
name of its organization. Therefore, on October 16, 17, 18,
1919, a called convention of the Missouri Suffrage Association
was held and the old organization merged into the new under
the name of the Missouri League of Women Voters.

The St. Louis Committee on local arrangements had pre-
pared for every detail of the convention. Therefore, it seemed
more like a national than a state meeting., There was a
note of strength and devotion to large ideals throughout the
meetings. The chairman of the organization had made a
report of one hundred and twenty active leagues in the state
and not one district of the state had failed to send a goodly dele-
gation. There were 122 delegates present and the ballroom
of the Statler Hotel was filled to capacity at every session.
A new constitution which had been written by Miss Laura
Runyon of Warrensburg, Miss Myrtle Wood of St. Louis and
Mrs. Elmer McKay of Springfield was adopted. Article II
reads:

"The aims of this League shall be to increase the
effectiveness of women's vote in furthering better
government. The League, as an organization, shall
be strictly non-partisan. Its officers and members
are free to join the party of their choice."

There is much misunderstanding of the object and pur-
pose of the League of Women Voters. Both major parties

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 357

are a bit suspicious and very watchful lest the League of
Women Voters should interfere in any plans they may have
for organizing the women. This misapprehension will dis-
appear in time and the political parties will be grateful to
the League of Women Voters for the part it will play in the
education of the electorate of the state and in the effect it
will have in defeating the prime enemy of advance, apathy.
Leaflets are being circulated throughout the State of Missouri
stating the aims and purposes of the League of Women Voters.
These same aims and purposes are being explained at all
Citizenship Schools and gradually men and women alike
are realizing that it may become a great force for good.

THE MISSOURI LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS.

What is it?

A group of enfranchised women, who want not merely
to vote but to vote for something. The vote is only a tool
with which to work and for years they have struggled and
sacrificed to secure it. Now, they want to build a better
world for their neighbors and their posterity. They are
women skilled in organization, propaganda, and political
work. They have won the vote for themselves against
great odds and now they propose to unite once more and to
bring their experience, their training, and their enthusiasm
to bear upon other problems.

What problems?

Illiteracy, too easy qualifications for the vote, too un-
certain dissemination of knowledge concerning citizenship
and its duties and kindred topics.

How is the work to be done?

By creating so widespread a demand for the needed
correction of these ills that each political party will adopt
the movement and make these aims a part of its platform
and its campaign.

358 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

Is it political?

Certainly, but not partisan. Its members are as free as
other women to join and vote with the party of their choice.
They make no pledge otherwise in joining the League of
Women Voters. Their only obligation is to support the pro-
gram which aims to bring the laws and the practices of every
state up to the standard of the best law and best practice
of any state.

Is it opposed to existing parties?

No, it is all-partisan. It is not the intention of the
League of Women Voters, as such to endorse or to oppose
parties, not to dissolve any present organization, but to unite
all existing organizations of women who believe in its prin-
ciples. It is not to lure women from partisanship, but to
combine them in an effort for legislation which will protect
coming movements which we cannot foretell, from suffering
the untoward conditions which have hindered for so long
the coming of equal suffrage.

What will the program be?

All programs will be worked out by committees composed
of experts on the subject treated, and will then be adopted,
amended or rejected by the League of Women Voters in open
discussion at its annual convention. There will be no secret
support of or opposition to any measure. All members of
the League and the public may know the exact objective of
the League at any time.

How will the program be carried out?

The League of Women Voters authorizes the following
committees :

1. American Citizenship.

2. Protection of Women in Industry.

3. Child Welfare.

4. Improvement in Election Laws and Methods.

5. Social Hygiene.

6. Unification of Laws Concerning the Civil Status of
Women.

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 359

7. Food Supply and Demand.

8. Research.

9. State Dependents.

What are the aims of the League of Women Voters?

To complete the full enfranchisement of women in this
country. Ten aims with the view to securing the more in-
telligent citizenship, more efficient elections and higher
political ideals, together with seven aims with the view to
protecting women in industry, have been adopted and nothing
further can be added until the next meeting in February,
1920.

Meanwhile, what?

Organization, education, understanding, study, investi-
gation and legal work. Later, what? A nation redeemed
from the charges of ignorance and corruption; a nation glori-
fied by a democracy safe for the world.

Can women accomplish this alone?

No, women and men will work together. There is no
war, no conflict, no misunderstanding between the sexes. There
are men and women with a vision of better things and men
and women with no vision. The League of Women Voters
makes its call to the brave, the intelligent, the forward-
looking. No others will be interested. Its program is so
patriotic, so sound, so obviously needed; its motives are so
unselfish and impersonal; its aims so certainly for the "bene-
fit and good of mankind" that its success is assured.

Our purpose.

A country in which all voters speak English, read their
own ballots and honor the American Flag.

The following resolutions were passed at the Convention :

Be it Resolved, That

1. We favor the passage of the Smith-Towner Bill now
before Congress providing for the creation of a Department
of Education in the National Government.

360 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

2. We urge an investigation into the status of women's
place in civil service with a view to removing widespread
discriminations against women, first by legislation when neces-
sary; second, a change of rules by the civil service commission
and third, by a change in practice.

3. We urge that the National and State Committees of
the different political parties authorize and require that
women voters of Missouri shall be permitted to participate
in all matters connected with the choice of delegates to the
forthcoming National Conventions of their respective parties.

4 We favor the calling of a state convention for the
purpose of providing a new Constitution for the State of Mis-
souri.

5. We favor a Budget System for National, State and
City Governments.

6. We favor a reform in the system of state taxation.

7. We urge the placing of women upon school boards
and boards of public institutions.

It is impossible in a mere recounting of incidents even
is as rich a year as the one drawing to a close to give any im-
pression of the efforts that have gone into the accomplishing
of these incidents. Only those who have striven for accomp-
lishment can judge of the self-sacrifices for work that
often seemed to have been dropped into a bottomless abyss;
of the efforts connected with visiting those who are not always
too eager to be visited; of the money raising, of the details
of creating an organization; of the endless heart-burns that
accompany legislative effort when the task seems all but
finished and at the last moment some prop on which one had
counted gives way and the planning must begin again. But
all this is forgotten in the joy of final accomplishment.
Today much that was difficult is easy; the effective chairman
of publicity declares that the press is eager to take news;
speakers are happy of an audience before groups of voting
women; and leaders in every party are friendly.

In 1871 the Rev. Dr. Eliot, the first Chancellor of Wash-
ington University, wrote: "Women will make their mistakes
as men have done and are doing. They can hardly make

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. | 361

greater or worse. But as a general thing we may safely
look for their influence in all social and national interests,
to be thrown upon the tide of morality, religion, temperance
and good order. I regard the right of suffrage a duty to be
imposed upon women as upon men, the discharge of which
is not generally pleasant, nor desirable for its own sake,
but which involves the most sacred obligation of every good
citizen for individual protection and for the general welfare."

If singleness and integrity of purpose and devotion to
accomplish results can presage success, then the dream of
three generations of Missourians will be realized in the elec-
tions of 1920 when the women of the state will join with the
forward-looking men of the state and cast their votes for the
right as they see it. Missouri women take up the challenge.
They are awake. They have faith in themselves, in their
state, and their nation. What is good shall grow better,
what is wrong shall be righted, as men and women together
take up the problem of Peace.

"We are entering a struggle in which constitutional
and political methods of evolution are in conflict with direct
methods of revolution. This is not time for neutrality.
Those who believe in evolution rather than revolution should
be up and doing. Are the women of the United States big
enough to see their opportunity?" is the challenge voiced
by Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt.

"CARRY ON, ST. Louis"

BY MADELEINE LIGGETT CLARKE

(Mrs. Frederic Elaine Clarke.)

The National American Women Suffrage Convention
closed the last day of March, 1919. April dawned upon an
exultant but weary group of St. Louis women. It seemed
singularly appropriate after the successful pre-convention
teas and the great convention; after the year of fruitful
word done by the St. Louis League; after the triumph of
winning presidential suffrage; that the election should be
celebrated by a "Victory Tea."

6

362 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

Senator James W. McKnight and Rep. Walter B. Bailey —
"The men who changed us on the map from 'Old Black Mo.' '
— were asked to be the speakers. A charming program of
music with the presentation to Mrs. O'Neil for her long
and faithful service of the illumined testimonial from the
St. Louis League made the afternoon a memorable one.

The election was under the direction of Mrs. J. P. Hig-
gins, who had arranged with the elections commissioner for
a complete election paraphernalia and who conducted the
election as if it were a regular city election. The ticket was
headed by Mrs. Fred L. English, who was unanimously
chosen president. She is the youngest woman who has ever
been president of the St. Louis League and she entered upon
a year of tremendous responsibility and ardent work. Bring-
ing to the office youth, a charming personality, earnest con-
viction, indefatigable industry and administrative ability,
she has naturally been successful. Mrs. Frederic Blaine
Clarke continued as executive secretary. Upon these two
falls naturally the brunt of the work. But the co-operation
of officers, heads of standing committees and ward chairmen,
has made success possible.

The women of Missouri having been granted the Presi-
dential vote were clamoring for information. Mrs. Clarke
had long cherished a desire to hold a school for voters. She
knew the hour had struck. The demand and the desire had
fused. As chairman of the School Committee with the as-
sistance of Mrs. English, a number of committees, and the
co-operation of distinguished St. Louisans, the school was
arranged and put through. The Y. W. C. A. allowed the
League the use of its auditorium and assisted the committees
most generously in every way. Three sessions a day were
held for five days, with evening classes for business women.
Over 450 women paid their admission to the school. Many
of the day pupils were women with families who got up at
five o'clock to make their household adjustments and leave
their children provided for during their absence. The women
who came to the night classes after a day's work in offices

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 363

or school rooms made like sacrifices. This is the spirit that
wins and augurs well for the new citizen.

The course included classes in Citizenship (five Presi-
dential Suffrage lectures) organization: Public Speaking,
Suffrage History and Argument, Parliamentary Law, Use
of Literature and Publicity.

An offer was made to women desiring to apply for paid
organizing positions, of three weeks' preliminary work under
the direction of the organization chairman, Mrs. Clarke.
From this group a limited number were to be selected to go
on salaries, and of these a half dozen women have done
splendid work; Mrs. Charles T. Shewell, Mrs. Laura S. Ed-
wards, Mrs. A. R. Robi, Miss Ida B. Winter, Mrs. Daisy
Erion.

Through the long, hot days of July and August these
organizers canvassed the city. It has always been said
that "no one worked in St. Louis in summer," but the Suffrage
League proved that no season was impossible. Ward chair-
men were found who felt the significance of their position and
wished a part in this great awakening of their sisters. Pre-
cinct captains were discovered who wished to do their part
in this organization work. Meetings were held in homes,
halls, churches, parks, wherever men and women wanted to
hear of the "New Citizenship."

The response to this call makes those who are engaged
in this work realize that women indeed wish to utilize the
great privilege that has been so long in coming.

Citizenship Schools were resumed in September. It was
decided to hold them by wards. Some wards grouped them-
selves and held joint schools. Others needed more than one
school for a single ward, the geographical extent and street
car facilities determining the school boundaries. In three
months half of the wards in the city have been covered.
Women have come eager, earnest, and the results have been
most gratifying. A new plan is being worked out of having
free schools, beginning in 1920. Schools were also established
for women who are newcomers to our country, women to
whom opportunities of education have been denied or limited,

364

MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

yet whose vote is as significant as any cast, but who must be
approached in a simpler way. Little plays showing scenes
in naturalization offices, voters' drills, appeals to the eye
and information, were presented attractively and succinctly.

From the woman who wishes to know about "propor-
tional representation," to the woman who sees how her vote
and her garbage pails are connected, we must be prepared to
answer all calls. The schools have been supplemented by
classes given to clubs and organizations. They furnish the
audiences, we furnished the course. Thousands of women
have been reached.

In order to make the history of the schools a continual
recital it has extended over the time when many other events
were transpiring. The passage of the Susan B. Anthony
Amendment by Congress on June 4th, was celebrated two
days later in St. Louis. After the Missouri Legislature had
ratified the Susan B. Anthony Amendment at the special
session July 3rd, St. Louis felt that the significance of the
occasion demanded a celebration both joyous and beautiful.
A picnic supper was given in Forest Park. After this, the
picknickers adjourned to the Municipal Theatre where a
large block of seats had been reserved for them.

The suffragists requested Park Commissioner Cunliffe to
allow them a few minutes between Act I and II to voice their
gratitude for the ratification of their amendment. This per-
mission was most graciously granted. The vast audience of
over 6,000 people was literally sprinkled with yellow. As
soon as the lights were off, after the first act, the women
assembled on the stage, where under the direction of Miss
Alice Martin, they were grouped in an effective tableau.
The ward chairmen and organizers, to the number of sixty,
were massed on either side, all wearing white with yellow
sashes and carrying the famous yellow parasols. The ten
women in the center group represented the states where the
Amendment has been ratified. As the lights went up a great
wave of applause swept over the audience and as it subsided
Mrs. Walter McNab Miller, honorary president of Missouri
Woman Suffrage Association, stepped forward and in a dig-

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 365

nified speech told the audience of the great meaning of the
occasion, and gave to Mrs. Fred L. English, president of the
Equal Suffrage League of St. Louis, the banner of Missouri,
the eleventh state and at that time the last state to ratify.
The orchestra played a triumphant march and the lights
went down as the audience cheered their delight.

The next large event in the League's history was the
State Convention held at the Statler Hotel, October 16, 17
and 18. This was an historic occasion as the Missouri
Woman Suffrage Association was to be re-christened "The
Missouri League of Women Voters." The St. Louis League
as the hostess organization had much preparation to make
and how efficiently it was done under the leadership of Mrs.
English is testified to by the best state convention ever held
in Missouri. A large group of committees worked inde-
fatigably and everything went smoothly and happily. The
crowning event of the Convention for St. Louis was the
Finance Dinner given by the League on the evening of Oc-
tober 16th in the Statler Hotel ball room. Over 500 men
and women attended, and the picture presented by the huge
dining room was a beautiful one.

Mrs. Charles Brooks, chairman of the National League
of Women Voters, was the toast mis tress. Mrs. Margaret
Hill McCarter of the National Republican Women's Ex-
ecutive Committee, spoke on "Why You Should Be a Re-
publican," Mrs. Antoinette Funk chairman of the Education
Committee of the National Democratic Committee told
"Why You Should Be a Democrat." Mrs. Gellhorn re-
ceived an ovation when she arose to speak on "The League
of Women Voters" and at the end of her speech appealed
for funds for the year's work. Over $7,000 was pledged then
which has been further supplemented until now pledges
from $11,000 to $12,000 have been received. This will
undoubtedly be increased until the budget of $16,000 is
completed.

On November 13 at a meeting of the Equal Suffrage
League of St. Louis, the draft of the new constitution, copies
of which had been mailed to the members ten days previously,

366 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

was adopted after discussion and minor changes. By this
the Equal Suffrage League of St. Louis was changed to the
League of Women Voters of St. Louis. Thus an organization
which had survived and triumphed was re-named to fulfill its
new function, its great task of acting as a clearing house and
leavening influence to the vast new group of women voters.
Organization is the test of strength of a society and by this
test the St. Louis League has proved that it is a living, growing
unit of earnest women, looking toward the future in which
they are to have a part as full citizens.

In a report of this sort it is impossible to mention the
names of all the men and women who have served the cause
of suffrage and citizenship so nobly. The ward chairmen
who are the strong links of the organization, the members of
the executive committee, the officers, the heads of standing
committees, the women who respond so cheerfully to special
calls should have their names emblazoned in gold, but:
"Their joy is the gladness of those who feel they are helping
the whole."

In "'The Story of a Pioneer" Dr. Shaw tells how Miss
Anthony on the last afternoon of her life, when she had
lain quiet for hours, suddenly began to utter the names of
the women who had worked with her, as if in a final roll call.
Many of them had preceded her into the next world; others
were still splendidly active in the work she was laying down.
But young or old, living or dead, they all seemed to file
past her dying eyes that day in an endless, shadowy review,
and as they went by she spoke to each of them.

"Not all the names she mentioned were known in suffrage
ranks; some of these women lived only in the heart of Susan
B. Anthony, and now, for the last time, she was thanking
them for what they had done. Here was one who, at a mo-
ment of special need, had given her small savings; written
a strong editorial; that one had made a stirring speech. In
these final hours it seemed that not a single sacrifice or service,
however small, had been forgotten by the dying leader.
She said, 'They are still passing before me, face after face,
hundreds and hundreds of them, representing all the efforts

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 367

of fifty years. I know how hard they have worked. I
know the sacrifices they have made. But it has all been
worth while.' "

And so to the thousands of women of St. Louis who by
their unselfish efforts have made suffrage possible, to the
added thousands who are striving toward a better citizen-
ship, say, "It has all been worth while!"

CONGRESSIONAL WORK

BY BERTHA K. PASSMORE

(Mrs. Charl.es Passmore)

Early in 1916, in February, Mrs. Catt called a congres-
sional conference at Saint Louis which was attended by
delegates from almost every one of the 16 congressional
districts of Missouri. At this conference, Mrs. Catt pre-
sented the organization plan which the National Suffrage
Organization had adopted and which called for organization
and work along strictly political division, that is by con-
gressional districts, with a State Congressional Chairman and
sixteen congressional district chairmen in charge of the
political work. My informal appointment as State Congres-
sional Chairman followed and in April the following district
chairmen were appointed, whose appointment, as well as my
own, was confirmed by the State Board at its meeting at Saint
Louis in June, 1916:

District No. 1. Mrs. Otho Mathews, Macon, Macon
county.

District No. 2. Miss Alma B. Sasse, Brunswick, Chari-
ton county.

District No. 3. Miss Myrtle B. Fields, Hamilton, Cald-
well county.

District No. 5. Mrs. Geo. E. Curtis, Kansas City, Jack-
son county.

District No. 6. Miss Laura Runyon, Warrensbu^g,
Johnson county.

District No. 7. Miss Hattie Guild, Sedalia, Pettis
county.

368 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

District No. 8. Mrs. Walter McNab Miller, Columbia,
Boone county.

District No. 9. Mrs. James Johnson, Mexico, Audrain
county.

Districts Nos. 10, 11, 12. Mrs. Charles L. Passmore, St.
Louis (until some one could be found for these three
districts).

District No. 13. Mrs. Alice Curtis Moyer-Wing, Wills,
Wayne county; and Mrs H. H. Hammond, Bonne Terre, St.
Francois county.

During March and April, on an organizing trip which took
me through the second, third, fourth and fifth congressional
districts, I went to Excelsior Springs, accompanied by a dele-
gation of Kansas City suffrage officials and workers, where
we presented resolutions to the Republican State Com-
mittee, asking them to endorse a plank for women suffrage
in the Republican National platform. The Committee lis-
tened respectfully and just as respectfully declined to endorse
such a resolution.

Prior to the National Republican Convention which was
held at Chicago and the National Democratic Convention
which was held at Saint Louis in June, 1916, we sent letters
and telegrams from every congressional district to the Mis-
souri electors urging them to support the suffrage plank
which we hoped would be inserted in the platform, and as
soon as we learned that Senator Stone was to be chairman of
the Democratic committee on resolutions, he was bombarded
with hundreds of telegrams urging him to support the suffrage
plank which the National Suffrage Association had offered.
This plank, however, was defeated 25 to 23 and President
Wilson's plank urging suffrage by states, was adopted 25 to
20. The minority report signed by four delegates, headed
by Governor Ferguson of Texas, was defeated 888 J^ to
181 Ji

August, 1916, saw us at Jefferson City at the State Con-
mittee meetings of both Republicans and Democrats, and after
some effort I obtained a hearing for us before both committees.
We offered suffrage planks for their consideration which were

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 369

simply an affirmation of the planks indorsed by the National
Conventions, but met with no success.

Mrs. Catt thought the time ripe for consideration of the
Federal Amendment as a means of obtaining our enfranchise-
ment, and beginning with September, 1916, we started cir-
culating petitions urging consideration of the Federal Amend-
ment and an early vote on it in Congress. Petitions were
sent from every congressional district where we had an
organization, and national organizers were sent into several
of the districts in order to effect the establishment of leagues.
Letters were sent to the Missouri delegation in Congress
and of the sixteen Congressmen fourteen replied, twelve
declaring themselves in favor of the amendment, one was
non-committal and one voted "No."

Mrs. Catt urged us to try for limited suffrage during
the 1917 session of the Legislature at Jefferson City. We
obtained the opinion of several lawyers both at St. Louis and
Kansas City on the constitutionality of a bill granting women
presidential suffrage. Every opinion was negative except
that of Mr. Percy Werner of Saint Louis, who held that a
measure asking for presidential suffrage by legislative action
was sound constitutionally. Hence, armed with the draft
of our bill, we presented ourselves at Jefferson City on Feb-
ruary 5, 1917, and on February 6, 1917, Senator Robert
Mitchell of Verona, and Representative Nick T. Cave of
Fulton, presented the following bill:

Senate No. 478 and House 792:

An Act to amend article II of chapter 43 of the Revised Stat-
utes of Missouri of 1909, by adding thereto a section to be known
as section 5800a, extending the right of suffrage to women in certain

cases.

Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Missouri, as
follows:

Section 1. Any person, whether male or female, but in all
respects except sex qualified to vote for members of the most numer-
ous body of the state legislature, may vote for electors for president
and vice-president of the United States and for all officers other
than those provided for in and required by the state Constitution.

370 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

The bill passed the House on March 14, 1917, by a vote
of 84 to 36 and this constituted the first definite accomplish-
ment for suffrage in Missouri. The Senate Committee re-
ported the bill unfavorably 4-2, but in spite of this it was
placed on the calendar by a Senate vote of 18-10. It died
on the Senate Calendar although we took advantage of a
ruling by which bills which had passed one House were to take
precedence over similar bills pending in the other House.
During the various polls which we took during the time the
fight for the bills was on, we found sentiment decidedly
changing in our favor. Had the session lasted but one day
longer we could have gotten the bill through the Senate, as
we had twenty of the thirty-four state senators pledged to
vote "yes."

During 1917 my work centered in the drive for the Federal
Amendment. Most of the petitions were sent to the con-
gressional district chairmen direct from the office of the
National Association, and when we met in Senator Stone's
office at Washington during the National Suffrage Conven-
tion on December 12, 1917 if or a hearing before the Missouri
Delegation in Congress on the Federal Amendment, the two
large bundles of petitions, one from the state and one from St.
Louis, looked very impressive. The Congressmen present
could not help but feel that the wish of their constituents
"back home" for a submissal and vote on the Federal Amend-
ment, was very earnest indeed.

Late in 1917, the National Association urged the for-
mation of a House Committee on Woman Suffrage Committee
and the Missouri members on the Rules Committee were
showered with letters and telegrams urging them to do their
best to secure a favorable report. After the committee had
reported the resolution favorably, we turned to the Missouri
delegation in Congress. Our men did well — ten voting
"aye," two "no;" three did not vote. We are greatly in-
debted to Speaker Champ Clark for the great help he gave
us in getting our delegation lined up and in generally further-
ing the standing committee.

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 371

Even after the Federal petitions had been presented to
the Missouri Delegation our workers kept up a constant
stream of telegrams and letters and the Missouri men were
not permitted to forget what their constituents expected of
them. On January 10, 1918 the great day came when the
Susan B. Anthony Federal Suffrage Amendment came to
a vote in the House and passed with two votes to spare.
Fifteen of our Congressmen voted for the amendment, only
one vote was cast against it.

This definitely completed one phase of the work of the
State Congressional Chairman. During the months fol-
lowing, war legislation relegated to the background any but
war measures, and the Senate held the Federal Amendment
in Committee, although hopes ran high that the 65th Con-
gress would pass it.

In the meantime the state organization was busily
sending letters and questionnaires to the successful candi-
dates at the state primaries urging them to vote for the
Susan B. Anthony Amendment when it should come up for
ratification.

Suffrage delegations appeared both before the Democratic
and Republican State Conventions which were held in August,
1918, the former at Jefferson City and the latter at Saint
Louis, and urged the adoption of suffrage planks which were
incorporated in both platforms. The National American
Woman Suffrage Association's plans for the Federal Amend-
ment ratification included the circulating of petitions among
the members of the Fiftieth General Assembly for Missouri,
and thousands of signatures were secured for presentation
to the members.

A large number of letters and telegrams were sent, es-
pecially to Senators Reed and Stone, although Senator
Stone, and after his death, Senator Wilfley were pledged to
vote for the Federal Amendment. After the November
elections in 1918, Senator Spencer succeeded Senator Wilfley;
Senator Spencer was a strong suffragist and cast his vote
for the amendment when it was finally permitted to be voted
upon in the Senate on February 10, 1919, just a year and a

372 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

month after it had passed the House. It was defeated in
the Senate by one vote and lost in the 65th Congress.

Work was immediately taken up with the new members
of Congress in order to line them up for ratification when the
Susan B. Anthony Amendment should come up for ratification
in the 66th Congress. Letters and telegrams were sent to
the members; they were interviewed by delegations of their
constituents, both men and women, and everything possible
was done to obtain a solid Missouri vote on the amendment.
When the House voted on May 26, 1919 Missouri's 16 Con-
gressmen went over the top; the vote in the House was 308
"ayes" to 91 "noes." The Senate voted upon and passed
the Federal suffrage amendment on June 4, 1919 by a vote
of 56 "ayes" to 25 "noes;" 15 being paired.

"THE MISSOURI WOMAN"

BY MISS MARY SEMPLE SCOTT

From the beginning of the second period of suffrage
history in 1910, there was great difficulty in getting space in
the papers for suffrage news. The suffragists were continually
obliged to do something spectacular in order to be mentioned.
This was felt to be a great drawback to the cause; moreover
the leaders were women who abhorred the sensational. The
St. Louis Post- Dispatch, through the influence of its pro-
gressive editor, George C. Johns, had proved more advanced
in this respect than other papers. Often letters from suffra-
gists were printed in its "column for the people," and, when
occasion warranted, strong pro-suffrage editorials would
appear on its editorial page. This paper, however, for a
long time was an exception.

By 1913 other leading dailies in St. Louis and Kansas
City were giving their support to suffrage as well as several
weeklies, and in the spring of 1914 the St. Louis Times
allowed the women to get out a special suffrage edition of
the Times which we sold from automobiles on all the promi-
nent downtown street corners. At this time also a suffrage
edition of the Warrensburg Daily Star and one of the Kansas

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 373

City Post were gotten out by the women. During the
1914 Initiative campaign Miss Clara Somerville for St. Louis
and Mrs. Emily Newell Blair for the state, handled suffrage
publicity so well that a great advance in popularity with
editors was made. Still, the sort of constructive propaganda
that would constantly make sentiment for suffrage was al-
most entirely barred, and we were sadly in need of better and
more frequent publicity when, in 1915, an offer was made
by a newspaper man in Monett, Mo., to publish a suffrage
magazine. He agreed to print it monthly; the suffragists
agreed to furnish material for its columns, and to work up
the subscription lists. It was to be called THE MISSOURI
WOMAN.

The first edition resembled a newspaper more than a
magazine. It was printed on newsprint, 11x15 inches in
size, and the pages were five columns wide. However, it
was greeted with great enthusiasm by all who were active
in suffrage work because they understood the great value
of such a publication. All went well for a few months. The
circulation reached about eight hundred. Then the pub-
lisher failed.

Mrs. Emily Newell Blair of Carthage, first editor of the
MISSOURI WOMAN, Miss Mary E. Bulkley, its moving
spirit, and Mrs. Walter McNab Miller, president of the
Missouri Equal Suffrage Association, the three most con-
cerned in starting the magazine, were in despair. However,
after a brief period, through the efforts of Miss Bulkley and
Mr. Percy Werner, Mr. Flint Garrison of St. Louis became
interested. Mr. Garrison was the president of the Garrison-
Wagner Printing Company, and president and editor-in-
chief of a flourishing publication called "The Drygoodsman."
He was also an ardent suffragist. He saw at once the possi-
bilities of such a magazine as the MISSOURI WOMAN,
and agreed to undertake its publication for a limited time
to try out the idea.

In December, 1915, the first number of volume 2 of the
MISSOURI WOMAN, with the picture of Mrs. Elliott
Major, then the first lady of Missouri, on its cover, came off

374 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

the press. It consisted of twenty pages, 9x13 inches and
carried articles by some of the cleverest women in the state.
The contributing editors of the magazine were: Elizabeth
Waddell, Rosa Rusell Ingels, Mary E. Bulkley, F. Pearle
Mitchell, Martha Taaffe, Laura Runyon, Carolyn Sproul,
Mary Asbury McKay, Alice Curtice Moyer-Wing, Katherine
Lincoln Motley, Helen L. Million, Mabel Miller, Mrs. C. W.
Greene, Mrs. Edwin Knapp, Mrs. L. T. Herndon, Mrs. W. W.
Martin, Mrs. Frank P. Hays.

Knowing the advisability of getting suffrage news before
the club women, and knowing that they were considering
starting a paper of their own, Mrs. Miller, Mrs. Blair and Miss
Bulkley, all prominent club women themselves, induced the
the Missouri Federation of Women's Clubs to adopt the
MISSOURI WOMAN as their official organ. Later, the
Missouri Branch of the National Congress of Mothers' and
Parent-Teachers' Associations endorsed the magazine. This
gave the MISSOURI WOMAN the backing of three import-
ant women's organizations, and its Advisory Board con-
sisted of the presidents of these organizations, who were,
that first year: Mrs. Walter McNab Miller, Mrs. Wm. R.
Chiwis, Mrs. J. M. McBride.

Although Mrs. Emily Newell Blair continued to be the
editor, she found it increasingly difficult to perform this work
efficiently from her home in Carthage when the magazine
was being published in St. Louis. Therefore, in April, 1916,
when one of the St. Louis suffragists, Mary Semple Scott,
came forward with an offer to help, Mrs. Blair urged that Miss
Scott be installed as editor with a desk in the printing com-
pany's office, and she sent in her resignation. At the annual
State Convention held in Springfield the next, Mrs. Blair
introduced Miss Scott as her successor, and the latter re-
turned to St. Louis to continue as editor of the magazine
throughout the remainder of its useful existence.

Because of the National Democratic Convention, held
in St. Louis in June, 1916, Miss Scott made a big effort to
produce an issue of the magazine which would impress the
public. Wm. Byrnes, a well-known artist on the Post-

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 375

Dispatch, designed a cover which attracted the attention
of suffrage sympathizers all over the country, and Margue-
rite Martin, also noted as a Post-Dispatch writer and artist,
illustrated in her inimitable way a story by Emily Newell
Blair. The editors of the St. Louis dailies contributed edi-
torials so that a most impressive symposium on the inevitable-
ness of suffrage by Lewis B. Ely, Gasper Yost, Paul W.
Brown, as well as a charming article by Wm. Marion Reedy
of Reedy's Mirror, delighted the reader. An edition of 10,000
was sold at the book stalls and by volunteers who acted as
' 'newsies" during the convention. The St. Louis department
stores advertised generously in this number, and, for the first
time, the MISSOURI WOMAN earned enough to pay its
printing bill.

During the summer months the magazine showed signs
of becoming popular so that it was deemed advisable to put
it on a permanent business basis. In September, 1916, a
stock company was formed under the name, The Missouri
Woman Co., with Flint Garrison as president, Mary Semple
Scott, vice-president and secretary, and George M.Wagner,
treasurer. This company was incorporated for $5,000. Half
the stock was taken up by the officers above mentioned, prin-
cipally by Mr. Garrison, and the remainder was sold in small
blocks to women and men interested in suffrage.

The circulation having reached the coveted five-thousand
mark late in the fall of 1916, an effort was made to secure
the endorsement of the St. Louis Retailers' Association, so that
advertising could be solicited from individual retailers, and
this was obtained in December, just one year after the first
issue came from the St. Louis office. At this time Mrs.
Julia Shipley Carroll was added to the staff as business
manager, and, during the next six months, she brought the
advertising up to the point of almost paying the expense
of publication.

When the United States entered the war and a Missouri
Women's Division of the Council of National Defense' was
formed, the editor of the MISSOURI WOMAN offered a de-
partment in the magazine for the use of that organization, and

7

376 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

asked Mrs. B. F. Bush, its president, to become a member of
the Advisory Board of the magazine. Throughout the entire
period of the war the MISSOURI WOMAN devoted from
two to five pages to Council of Defense propaganda and
news, and it donated another page to war advertising, the
copy for which was received from the Department of Ad-
vertising of the Council of National Defense.

March, 1919, brought to St. Louis the National American
Woman Suffrage Convention to celebrate its golden jubilee.
It was during this convention that the Presidential Suffrage
Bill was passed by the Missouri Senate; and the Legislative
Committee, having left the "Inquiry Dinner" Tuesday
night for Jefferson City to see the measure through, returned
dramatically on Friday to join in the victory mass meeting
at the Odeon. It was then that the MISSOURI WOMAN
received full credit for the sentiment it had created for suffrage
throughout the state; for the friends it had made for the
cause; for the good work it had done in keeping members
of the Legislature reminded month by month of the in-
creasing desire of their constituents that the women of Mis-
souri be enfranchised. At this convention, too, the MIS-
SOURI WOMAN was recognized by the National American
Woman Suffrage Association through the editor of its own
official organ, Miss Rose Young, who highly commended its
work and who allowed it to be sold in combination with the
WOMAN CITIZEN.

Following upon the passage of the Presidential Suffrage
Bill came the special session of the State Legislature, July 3,
to ratify the Federal Suffrage Amendment. The July issue
of the MISSOURI WOMAN chronicled this great event and
used on its front cover the photograph of Governor Gardner
signing the Ratification measure surrounded by a group of
suffragists.

But this seemed to mark the high-tide of usefulness of the
MISSOURI WOMAN. At the State Board meeting of the
Missouri Equal Suffrage Association in August the opinion
was expressed that the great need for an official suffrage organ

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 377

had passed ; that the need of the future lay in wider publicity
through the daily and weekly press.

The State Convention in October proved more con-
vincingly than ever that this was true. Whereas in the old
days it had been impossible to get our news into the papers,
at this time it was impossible to keep it out. Reporters
listened eagerly to every word of our opinions; our leaders
were accurately photographed; everything we did was
featured — and not on the Woman's Page, but in the general
news.

The climax seemed logical and natural.

The stockholders of the MISSOURI WOMAN voted to
discontinue publication; not to consider selling to any other
publication, but to give its subscription lists, and to transfer
its advertising as far as possible to the WOMAN CITIZEN
the official organ of the National American Woman Suffrage
Association — a publication whose aims and purpose are the
same as our own.

The announcement of the merger of the MISSOURI
WOMAN with the WOMAN CITIZEN was made by the
editor at the State Convention in October, 1919, which was
held to transform the old Suffrage Association into the Mis-
souri League of Women Voters. At this convention plans
were being laid to educate the electorate through citizenship
schools. The days when we were mere women struggling for the
ballot had passed; we were then voters striving to learn to
use the ballot for the betterment of mankind. This change
for the magazine came at a time when many other changes
were coming to all women, and, in bringing about these
changes, the MISSOURI WOMAN had played no small part.

SUSAN B. ANTHONY SUFFRAGE LEAGUE OF KANSAS CITY

BY MRS. HENRY N. ESS

The Susan B. Anthony Suffrage League was formed in
the autumn of 1914, with the following officers: Mrs. Henry
N. Ess, president; Mrs. Massie Jones Ragan, first vice:presi-
dent; Mrs. Julia M. Johnson, second vice-president; Mrs.
George B. Collins, recording secretary; Mrs. E. T. B. Platt,
treasurer; and Mrs. M. J. Payne, auditor. From the very

378

MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

first this organization seemed to be imbued with the spirit
of the peerless leader for whom it was named.

The membership of the League was largely made up of
mature women trained by long activity in club organization.
The first step was a program for good citizenship, the subject
so popular today, the whole year's meeting being devoted to a
study of municipal government. Speakers of expert knowl-
edge in the various departments of the city government ap-
peared on the program from time to time.

In 1914 the Susan B. Anthony League made application
for membership in the State Federation of Women's Clubs,
the same being presented by its President, who for years had
been a member of the State Board. Up to this time the
Missouri State Federation had never discussed nor considered
woman's suffrage, it being construed to be in direct violation
of the by-laws which barred all questions of a political or
religious nature. The application was made at a Board
meeting held in Farmington. At that time very few mem-
bers of the Board of Managers of the State Federation were
avowed suffragists, consequently it required considerable
courage to champion an unpopular cause, but after much dis-
cussion, the sense of justice and fairness, which is character-
istic of club women generally, prevailed, and the Susan B.
Anthony League went on record as the first suffrage organiza-
tion in the state to be admitted to membership in the State
Federation of Women's Clubs. From that time on, the door
was open to other suffrage clubs.

The most important work undertaken by the club was
the movement for the reform of our Missouri Penitentiary.
In the early part of the fall of 1916, many reports from the
penitentiary revealed a condition most revolting; a system
of management more in harmony with the spirit of the Middle
Ages than that of the progressive age in which we live. Cer-
tainly the hour had struck for the beginning of this move-
ment. A committee was formed of delegates from Kansas
City organizations as follows: City Club, Mr. Osborne;
Rotary Club, Mr. Fred Dickey; Commercial Club, Mr. E.
M. Clendenning; Social Workers' Conference, Mr. Frank

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 379

Lauder; Board of Public Welfare, Miss Eva Marquis; Athe-
neum, Mrs. W. L. Plattenburg; Woman's Trade Union
League, Mrs. Louise Dohler; Council of Jewish Women, Mrs.
George Cohen ; Church Federation, Mrs. Nat Spencer; Young
Men's Hebrew Association, Mr. Jacob Billikopf; Ministers'
Alliance, Dr. Wylie; Collegiate Alumnae, Mrs. Alfred Hem-
ingway; W. C. T. U., Mrs. Fannie Taylor; Catholic Women's
League, Mrs. McClintock; First Congregational Church,
Mrs. Doane; Westminster Church, Mrs. Hal Whitehead;
Mrs. H. N. Ess, Mrs. M. J. Ragan, Mrs. M. H. DeVault,
Mrs. C. C. Clarke and Mrs. M. J. Payne from the Susan B.
Anthony League. The organization of the Committee re-
sulted in the election of the following officers: Mrs. H. N.
Ess, president; Mrs. Nat Spencer, first vice-president; Dr.
J. M. Wylie, second vice-president; Mr. Frank Lauder, third
vice-president; Mrs. C. C. Clarke, secretary; and Mrs. M. J.
Payne, treasurer.

This being the year for the election of a new governor,
an active campaign was started to line up every county in
the state in behalf of the reform movement. The hearty
co-operation from every city and town in the state evidenced
the fact that the time had come for a change in the manage-
ment of our colossal state prison. Thousands of leaflets
were sent out with the slogan "The Contract System Must
Go!" Each candidate for governor was interviewed and asked
to take a stand on the question. The Prison Reform League
insisted that reform of prison was not a political question,
asserting that the penitentiary problem should be taken in
a non-partisan spirit.

Immediately after the election of Governor Gardner to
office, the following committee of women: Mrs. M. L. Plat-
tenburg, Mrs. Hal Whitehead, Mrs. Masie Jones Ragan,
Mrs. Charles Clarke, Mrs. Doane and Mrs. Henry N. Ess,
also Mrs. Phillip W. Moore, president of the General Federa-
tion of Women's Clubs, and Mrs. G. A. V. Meachum, -presi-
dent of the Council of Clubs of St. Louis, joined this party
in St. Louis to have a conference with him, before taking
office — a most unusual occurrence, a body of women inter-

380 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

viewing the Governor concerning his future policy on an
important matter. He was most cordial in his reception of
the women, and assured them that he would make the reform
of the penitentiary his chief aim. He at once called together
representatives from all parts of the state to meet in St.
Louis the 25th of November, 1916, to counsel together on
the needed program to present to the legislature when it
convened in January. The women managed to have Colonel
Tom Lynan, warden of the Colorado Penitentiary, a famous
prison expert, to come to St. Louis to speak to the con-
ference the very first morning. The deliberations of this
meeting crystallized into a sane, definite program to be
brought to the Legislature for action.

Governor Gardner was a strong champion of the move-
ment through all of its days of discussion in the body of the
Legislature. The work done by the committee of legislators
appointed at the conference in St. Louis will ever mark a
turn in the history of the lawmakers of Missouri in behalf
of a reform in prison management. Some splendid laws
were placed on our statute books, the chief being the law
to create a Board of Control of three members. This board
was to have the sole control of the management of the peni-
tentiary.

Many changes have been made in the management of
the penitentiary in the last two years; a good beginning has
been made; but the Susan B. Anthony League is still active
in behalf of social conditions.

WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN WARRENSBURG

BY MISS LAURA L. RUNYON

In the fall of 1911, Miss Laura L. Runyon, teacher of
History in the State Normal School, finding several other
women interested in Woman Suffrage, organized the Political
Equality Club of Warrensburg. This club has met con-
tinuously since that time, during the months of October to
June, sometimes twice a month, sometimes monthly. The
meetings have usually been held at the home of Mrs. J. D.
Eads, except the June meeting, which was usually of a social

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 381

nature, and held at the home of Mrs. Virginia Hedges. The
meetings have been of a civic, literary and social nature. The
Club undertook to secure the signatures to petitions asked
for from time to time, to do work of an educational character
thru the town and county. From time to time they secured
noted speakers to address the club and the town, throwing
these meetings open freely to the town. Miss Laura Gregg
and Dr. Anna Howard Shaw and Mrs. Walter McNab Miller
were among the speakers.

From the beginning men were admitted as honorary
members, and many men paid their dues and assisted the club
in various ways. Last spring, with the assistance of Miss
Marie B. Ames, a Men's Advisory Club was formed. The
club got out two editions — suffrage editions — of the War-
rensburg Daily Star, held mass meetings and a great parade,
and in various ways "advertised" Suffrage.

In the fall of 1919 a School of Citizenship was held, under
Miss Mary A. Kennedy, which proved a great success. On
October 4th, at the close of the school, the Political Equality
Club was merged in the League of Women Voters.

WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN COLUMBIA

BY MBS. BOSA BUSSELL INGELS

Suffrage for women held an important place in the
thought and conversation on many Columbians long before
there was any movement toward organization. The first
formal meeting was held in the Athens Hotel, November 16,
1912, with Prof. Manly O. Hudson acting chairman and
Mrs. Walter McNab Miller presenting the subject. At this
meeting officers were elected and a constitution and by-laws
drafted. This early league was not confined to women, as is
evidenced by the historic fact that the first president and
three members of the executive committee were men.

In any movement it is instructive to considjer the kind
of people who are behind it. That was a proud company
which started woman suffrage in Columbia and their names
are an honor to the cause. The first president was Dr.
R. H. Jesse, former president of the University, the first

382 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

vice-president was Mrs. Luella Wilcox St. Clair, president
of Christian College, and the first chairman of the executive
committee was Mrs. Walter McNab Miller. This committee
included two women at that time members of the State Board
of the Missouri Fe'djsration of Women's Clubs, also the state
regent of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Other
members of the group were departmental deans of the Uni-
versity, teachers and business men.

Public programs were given thru the years 1913 and 1914.
As a part of the propaganda work, a suffrage talk was gven
before every woman's organization in Columbia. However,
the very first public presentation of the subject to the women
of Columbia was given by Mrs. Rosa Russell Ingels, before
the Tuesday Club, in March, 1912. Perhaps the best re-
membered early program was one arranged by Dr. Max Myer
of the psychology department of the University, when ten
well-known men and women entertained and enlightened a
"big house" by telling them "Why I Believe in Woman
Suffrage." At this stage of the movement, a favorite method
of presentation and argument was this of telling from the
platform "Why I Believe In" or "Why I Am for Woman
Suffrage."

Another never-to-be-forgotten evening was when Miss
Anne Martin of Nevada, and Mrs. Desha Breckenridge of
Kentucky spoke to a great audience in April, 1913. Miss
Martin's instructive and historic facts, and Mrs. Brecken-
ridge's "burning words of moving eloquence" mark a mile-
stone in Columbia's suffrage history. Other distinguished
women who spoke for the Columbia group, about this time,
were Dorothy Dix and Jane Addams.

During two successive summers, open-air meetings were
held by University women. At the first in 1913, Dean
Charters presided and Miss Louise Narc$in madie the addjress;
on the second occasion Dr. Max Myer presided and the
speakers were Dr. Eva Johnson and Mrs. F. F. Stephens.
Again, during the campaign of 1914, a great mass meeting
was held in the University auditorium with several short,
strong speeches.

HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN MISSOURI. 383

A number of notable dinners and luncheons were given
on occasions when distinguished suffrage leaders were guests
in Columbia. Their functions brought together our best
men arid women, both town and gown, making brilliant
social occasions where eloquent speakers spread suffrage
propaganda.

Columbia suffragists of that early day who visited the
Missouri Legislature on behalf of woman suffrage were Dr.
Jesse, Mrs. St. Clair Moss, Mrs. F. F. Stephens, Miss Pearl
Mitchell, Mrs. W. P. Dysart, Mrs. W. E. Harshe and Mrs.
Rosa Russell Ingels. In the campaign of 1914, the women of
Columbia, led by Mrs. Walter McNab Miller, worked
heroically over the petitions and at the polls. In the cam-
paign of 1916, suffrage speakers were sent to political meetings
throughout the country. In October, 1918, a number of
Columbia women sent telegrams to Senator Wilfley re-
questing him to vote for the Federal Amendment.

Suffrage in Columbia, just now, concerns itself with
Citizenship schools and courses of lectures on the principles
of government and political history and methods. In July
1919, the first lecture which was given at Read Hall and
planned for thirty women, was attended by sixty women.
Among the women who belonged to the first active group and
are working in the Citizenship schools today are Miss Ella
V. Dobbs, Mrs. F. F. Stephens, Mrs. Luella St. Clair Moss
and Mrs. Rosa Russell Ingels. Suggestive of the modern
citizenship school was a study class which was organized and
active during the presidency of Mrs. W. E. Harshe.

During the last eight years, many able men and women
have served the cause of woman suffrage in Columbia. The
Columbia League has given to the work one state president
and has always been represented on the State Board. The
present active chairmen are: County chairman, Mrs. J. J.
Phillips; Columbia League chairman, Mrs. J. E. Wrench;
chairman of Citizenship schools, Miss Ella V. Dobbs, with
subchairmen, Mrs. Guy L. Noyes, Mrs. J. P. McBaine and
Mrs. C. C. Bowling.

384

MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

ST. Louis BUSINESS WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE LEAGUE

BY MISS FLORENCE E. WEIGLE

On April 16, 1912, about sixty business women, interested
in the suffrage question, met at a luncheon at Vandervoort's
to discuss the organization of a business women's suffrage club
which should have for its object the securing of suffrage for the
women in Missouri. Mrs. D. W. Knefler presided at this
meeting and Miss Sophia M. Rombauer acted as secretary.
A committee was appointed to prepare a constitution and by-
laws. A second meeting was called for a week later, at which
the proposed constitution and by-laws were adopted. At
the third meeting, held on May 7, 1912, the following officers
were elected for the first year: president, Miss Mary Ma-
guire; vice-president, Miss Jessie Moller; secretary, Miss Rena
Huber; treasurer, Miss Mary McDearmon. An executive
board was selected a couple of weeks later, as follows: Misses
Razovsky, Tierney, Cranmer and Phillips, and Dr. Stephens.

With its organization completed, the Business Women's
Equal Suffrage League was launched on its career of usefulness.
Much is due to the earnest endeavors of the women who
worked so faithfully during the early years of the League,
among them being: the Misses Rombauer, Charlotte Rumbold,
Margaret Burke, Jessie Moller, Dr. Stevens, Alberta Allen,
Alma Gibson Robb, Cecelia Razovsky, Genevieve Tierney,
Mathilda and Bertha Meinhardt.

The League since its organization has carried out a two-
fold program: one of its regular meetings is a dinner, at which
some interesting speaker discusses a live topic of general
interest; the other of its bi-weekly meetings is devoted to the
study of politics and this meeting is open to the public gen-
erally.

The name has recently been changed to ' 'Business and
Professional League of Women Voters."

SETTLEMENTS OF MISSOURI AND ARKANSAS. 385

Early Explorations and Settlements of Mis-
souri and Arkansas, 1803-1822

BY CARDINAL L. GOODWIN

Thomas Jefferson was the first great American to become
thoroughly interested in the country west of the Mississippi.
As early as November 26, 1782, after speaking in a letter to
Mr. Steptoe of the probability of obtaining some big bones,
he suggested various inquiries which it might be profitable
to make. "Descriptions of animals, vegetables, minerals, or
other curious things; notes as to the Indians' information of
the country between the Mississippi and the South Sea, etc.,
etc., will strike your mind as worthy of being communicated.
I wish you had more time to pay attention to them."1

While sitting in the Confederate Congress at Annap-
olis a year later — December 4, 1783 — Jefferson wrote to
George Rogers Clark, again mentioning the teeth, tusks,
and bones of the mammoth which that intrepid westerner had
promised to secure for him, but finally coming to what one
writer terms "so far as is known, the first definite suggestion
of an American expedition to the Pacific by an overland
route."2 "I find," he wrote, "they have subscribed a very
large sum of money in England for exploring the country
from the Mississippi to California. They pretend it is only
to promote knowledge. I am afraid they have thoughts of colon-
izing into that quarter. Some of us have been talking here
in a feeble way of making the attempt to search that country,
but I doubt whether we have enough of that kind of spirit to
raise the money. How would you like to lead such a party?
tho I am afraid the prospect is not worth asking the question."8

'Ford, Paul L. (Editor) The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, 10 vols., N. Y.'
1892-99. Vol. Ill, 62.

'Schafer, Joseph, The Pacific Slope and Alaska, Vol. X in The History of
North America, 41.

3Reuben Gold Thwaites (ed.) Original Journals of the Lewis and Clark
Expedition, 180^-1806. In 7 vols., each volume divided into two parts and each
part bound separately. Dodd, Mead & Co., N. Y., 1904-1905. Vol. VII, Part
I, p. 193.

386 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

Three years later in Paris Jefferson was encouraging
Ledyard to go to Kamtchatka by land, thence to cross "to
the western side of America and penetrate through the conti-
nent to our side of it, or to go to Kentucky and thence pene-
trate westwardly to the South sea."4 The attempt failed
despite Ledyard's conscientious efforts to prosecute it, because
the Russian government interfered. In 1790 Captain John
Armstrong of Louisville, at the suggestion of the Secretary
of War, General Knox, undertook to cross the continent by
way of the Missouri, but he was turned back a short distance
above St. Louis by reports of disturbances among the Indians.
Two years later Andre Michaux, a French botanist, proposed
an expedition to the Pacific, the same to be conducted under
the auspices of the American Philosophical Society. Jefferson
gave the proposal his hearty support, but Michaux became
entangled in Genet's plans for conquering Spanish Louisiana,
and the former's western project terminated with the events
of 1794 which brought the Genet mission to such a sudden
end.8

But these abortive schemes for exploring the Trans-
Mississippi West, while discouraging, were not sufficiently
so to cause Jefferson to abandon the project. After he was
elected President his attempts were more successful. On
January 18, 1803, he proposed an expedition and outlined plans
for it in a confidential message to Congress. "An intelligent
officer, with ten or twelve chosen men, fit for the enterprise
and willing to undertake it, taken from our posts where they
may be spared without inconvenience, might explore the whole
line, even to the Western Ocean, have conferences with the
natives on the subject of commercial intercourse, get admission
among them for our traders as others are admitted, agree on
convenient deposits for an interchange of articles, and return
with the information acquired in the course of two summers.
Their arms and accoutrements, some instruments of observa-
tion, and light and cheap presents for the Indians would be

«Ford (Ed.) The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, Vol. IV, 298, 447-48, and
Vol. V, 75.

'Schafer, The Pacific Slope and Alaska, 43-44.

SETTLEMENTS OF MISSOURI AND ARKANSAS. 387

all the apparatus they could carry, and with an expectation
of a soldier's portion of land on their return would constitute
the whole expense. Their pay would be going on whether
here or there. While other civilized nations have encoun-
tered great expense to enlarge the boundaries of knowledge
by undertaking voyages of discovery. . . in various parts and
directions, our nation seems to owe it to the same object, as
well as to its own interests, to explore this the only line of
communication across the continent, and so directly traversing
our own part of it. ... The appropriation of $2,500 'for the
purpose of extending the external commerce of the United
States,' while understood and considered by the Executive as
giving the legislative sanction, would cover the undertaking
from notice and prevent the obstructions which interested
individuals might otherwise previously prepare in its way."6
Congress passed a bill complying with Jefferson's recom-
mendations for sending out an exploring expedition into the
newly acquired territory, and Captain Meriwether Lewis, a
young man under thirty years old, was selected to head the
enterprise. Lewis was Jefferson's private secretary. He was
born in Albemarle County, Virginia, in the vicinity of the
Blue Ridge, and had inherited sterling qualities from a race
of worthy patriots and vigorous pioneers. His father and
uncle had served in the Revolutionary War, and he himself
had been accustomed to the life of the hunter and woodsman,
and had rendered military service in the Northwest under the
leadership of Mad Anthony Wayne. Jefferson considered him
a man of exceptional courage, "possessing a firmness and
perseverance of purpose which nothing but impossibilities
could divert from its direction; careful as a father of those
committed to his charge, yet steady in the maintenance of
order and discipline; intimate with the Indian character,
customs, and principles; habituated to the hunting life;
guarded by exact observations of the vegetables and animals
of his own country against losing time in the descriptions of
objects already possessed; honest, disinterested, liberal, of

•Richardson, James D., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the
Presidents, 1 789-1897. Published by authority of Congress, 1900. Vol. I, 353-54.

388 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

sound understanding, and a fidelity to truth so scrupulous
that whatever he should report would be as certain as if seen
by ourselves — with all these qualifications, as if selected and
implanted by Nature in one body for this express purpose,
I could have no hesitation in confiding the enterprise to him."7
But in order to acquire additional technical training in botany
and astronomy, which an expedition such as he was to lead
demanded, he went to Philadelphia and studied under the
direction of some of the learned members of the Philosophical
Society. While there he also directed the manufacture of
arms for his party in the arsenal at Lancaster.

Complying with the suggestion made by Lewis the offi-
cials at Washington decided to associate with him another
officer of equal authority, so that the party could operate
effectually in two divisions, if the occasion should require it.
He was permitted to select his own companion and chose
William Clark of Louisville, the younger brother of George
Rogers Clark. William Clark, like Lewis, was an army
officer who had seen trying service against the Indians of the
Northwest. He had traveled extensively in the country,
having on several occasions crossed the Mississippi. He was
in every respect admirably suited to share with Lewis the
responsibilities and labors of such an undertaking as the
government had decided upon. Lewis ranked as a captain
while Clark's commission gave him the rank of second lieu-
tenant of artillery, but the former insisted on regarding the
latter as his official equal, both being styled as captain by all
who were connected with the expedition. During the three
strenuous years of western explorations their respect for each
other deepened and their friendship strengthened.

The object of the expedition was outlined by Jefferson
in his instructions to Lewis dated May and June, 1803.
Not only was the Missouri River to be explored, but "such
principal streams of it, as, by its course and communication
with the waters of the Pacific Ocean, whether the Columbia,
Oregon, or Colorado, or any other river, may offer the most

^Original Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, 180^-1806, Vol. I.
Part I, pp. 25-26.

SETTLEMENTS OF MISSOURI AND ARKANSAS. 389

direct and practical water communication across the continent
for the purpose of commerce." The party was to take
observation^ fixing the latitude and longitude of all important
places along the rivers traversed, and of all the portages
between their headwaters. The leaders were ordered to keep
careful notes, and other members of the expedition were
encouraged to keep diaries. The names and numbers of the
various Indian tribes were to be learned, and all conditions
tending to promote trade and harmony between them and the
Americans were to be noted. Careful observations were to
be made of the soils, animal and vegetable life, minerals,
geological remains, and of the geography of the region. Should
they reach the Pacific Ocean they were to determine "whether
the furs of those parts may not be collected as advantageously
at the head of the Missouri. . . as at Nootka Sound or any
other point of that coast; and that trade be consequently
conducted through the Missouri and the United States more
beneficially than by the circumnavigation now practised."
Furthermore Lewis was to try to find some vessel by which
he could send back by two members of his party the information
collected. Or, if he thought it advisable, the entire party
might return by sea, in which case Lewis was to make use of
an open letter of credit, furnished by Jefferson, pledging the
the faith of the United States for the repayment of such sums
as might be advanced to the explorers. The safety of the
party was not to be endangered, however, for the sake of
collecting information.8

Lewis left Washington for Pittsburg about the middle
of the summer of 1803, and on the last day of August began
the descent of the Ohio. Volunteers were enlisted at several
military stations along the Ohio and the Mississippi. When
completed the party contained a total of thirty- two people,
and sixteen others were employed to accompany the expedition
as far as the Mandan villages. The winter was spent in
quarters on a little stream, the Dubois or Wood River, which
empties into the Mississippi from the east side. Here the men

, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, VIII, 194fl.

390 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

were drilled and trained for the arduous experiences which
they were about to undergo.

On the fourteenth of May, 1804, the expedition entered
the Missouri and began the long voyage up that river. The
difficulties and dangers of the journey were recognized by all
who were connected with it from the beginning, but they
believed also that it would confer high honors on them and on
the nation if it were carried out successfully. The importance
of the expedition was likewise realized by the people living
along the Missouri. The people of St. Louis and of St.
Charles, and many others who recently had migrated thither
from east of the Mississippi manifested a deep interest in the
small company as it made its way up the tortuous stream.
On the twenty-fifth of May the party passed the extreme
western settlement. This was La Charette, a little village
of seven houses, near which Daniel Boone lived.9 Thence
the journey was through the Indian country; and occasionally
during the early stage of their passage up the Missouri they
met traders who were bringing down boatloads of furs from
the Kansas, the Platte, and the Sioux. Near the present
town of Sibley, Missouri, a fort was erected and named Fort
Clark in honor of one of the leaders of the expedition.10 Con-
tinuing up the river they came to a place named by them
Council Bluff where they held a great conference with several
Indian tribes. They passed the present site of Sioux City on
the twentieth of August, where they experienced their only
loss by death, and at the end of October they reached the
Mandan villages. They spent the winter at this place.

Here, near the present town of Bismarck, North Dakota,
Fort Mandan was erected from cottonwood logs found growing
along the river banks. Five months were spent hunting,

•The village had disappeared when Bradbury was there in 1811, because of
the encroachments of the river. It was near the preent town of Marthasville.
in Warren County. See Bradbury, John, Travels in the Interior of America in
the Years 1809, 1810, and 1811, etc. (Vol. V in Thwaites' Early Western Travels)
42, note 15.

"McDougal, H. C., "Historical Sketch of Kansas City from the Beginning
to 1909." In the Missouri Historical Review for October, 1909, 12-13.

In 1808 the name Fort Clark was changed to Fort Osage in honor of the
Indian tribe of that name. For another account of this Fort see Thwaites'
Eflr/j/ Western Travels, V. 61, note 31.

SETTLEMENTS OF MISSOURI AND ARKANSAS. 391

preparing reports and collecting information to be sent back
to the President in the spring, cultivating friendly relations
with the Indians, and completing preparations for the west-
ward movement. Early in April, 1805, the river having be-
come clear of ice, a boat was sent downstream bearing dis-
patches for the officials at Washington while the main party
headed their expedition up the Missouri. Toward the end of
the month they reached the mouth of the Yellowstone.
From the natives of that section they collected information
on the source, direction, and length of the river, and the
character of the country through which it flowed. Game was
found in greater abundance than they had before experienced,
and the large number of beaver in the vicinity led them to
suggest that some spot near the junction of the two rivers
would be a desirable location for a trading post. The Falls
of the Missouri were reached in June, and on the twenty-fifth
of that month they arrived at the three forks of the same river.
The three rivers were explored and named after the three
great statesmen of that day — Jefferson, Madison, and Gallatin.
Up the Jefferson they toiled, weary, footsore, and some of them
almost exhausted, finally reaching the mountains on the last
of August. Horses were procured from the Shoshone Indians,
parties of whom were found in the vicinity, and they pushed
onward toward the navigable waters of the Columbia system .
They reached this by following the Lola trail to the Clear-
water, after three weeks of toilsome marching through dense
woods and shady defiles, and over what must have seemed to
them to be numberless obstructions of rock and fallen timber.
From the Clearwater they made their way to the Snake
River, down that to the Columbia, past the Great Falls, the
Dalles, and the Cascades to the tide water. On the seventh
of November, 1805, the party reached the Pacific.

Here they spent the winter in the most humid section of
the Oregon coast where the supply of game was not abundant,
but the members of the expedition continued to enjoy good
health. Early in the spring of 1806 they began moving
eastward, and on the twenty-third of September following the
entire party entered St. Louis. They had recrossed the

392 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

mountains by the same general route but had made more
extensive explorations of considerable importance off the gen-
eral trail. They had opened a practical route across the
continent, they had established a strong claim for the valley
of the Columbia, and they had become the pioneers of a west-
ward movement which ultimately was to carry the customs
and institutions of the United States across the great plains
and over the rocky plateau until it gave the nation a frontage
on the Pacific slope similar to the one it had already on the
Atlantic coast.

Before these intrepid frontiersmen had begun their trans-
continental explorations, however, settlers from the United
States had crossed to the west side of the Mississippi and
occupied land among the French and Spanish who had pre-
ceded them. Some of the earliest of the Franco-Spanish
settlements have been noted already. One of the oldest, in
fact the oldest within the present state of Missouri, was Ste.
Genevieve, established as early as 1735. In 1803 it comprised
a district bounded on the north by the Meramec River and
on the south by Apple Creek, which forms the present southern
boundary of Perry County. At the time of the Louisiana
Purchase settlements had been made in the district along the
Mississippi, in the valleys of the St. Francois and the Big
rivers, and in the mining district.11

In 1801, following his inauguration as president, Jefferson
appointed William C. C. Claiborne, governor of the Missis-
sippi Territory. Claiborne made the trip from Nashville by
boat down the Cumberland, Ohio, and Mississippi rivers.
Upon his arrival at Natchez in November, he wrote Madison
regarding the country through which he had passed. "On
the western or Spanish shore," he said, " there are but three
petty settlements between the mouth of the Ohio and the
post of Concord, opposite this place, an interval of some
eight hundred miles. Seventy miles below the junction of
the Ohio is the village of New Madrid, with a small Spanish
garrison. Here I halted for an hour and paid my respects

"Viles, Jonas, "Population an<J Extent of Settlement in Missouri before
1804" in the Missouri Historical Review, 1910-1911 (Vol. V), 187-213.

SETTLEMENTS OF MISSOURI AND ARKANSAS! 393

to the commandant, who received me with much courtesy.
The fort has been recently burned. There are probably
fifty houses occupied chiefly by people of French extraction.
I was informed that, a few miles in the interior, there was
a compact and prosperous settlement, the inhabitants for
the most part, from the United States." Down the river
from New Madrid, a distance of thirty- five miles, was a small
village of twenty houses, and one hundred and fifty miles
below New Madrid, opposite the lower Chickasaw Bluff, was
a small block house garrisoned by a sergeant and twelve
men. This was the Spanish post of Esperanza.12

Soon after 1780 Canadian hunters and fur traders had
made their headquarters at L'Ainse a la Graise, the present
site of New Madrid, and by 1787 a few had established
permanent settlements there. Two years later General
Morgan made elaborate provisions for the establishment of an
American colony at the same place, but the scheme failed
largely through the interference of Wilkinson. Ultimately
however, a number of Americans came into the country as a
result of Morgan's work at this time. The location of the
earliest settlements was determined by the facilities for
hunting and for trading with the Indians, but after the ap-
pearance of the American farmer the character of the soil
and the convenience for communication were the determin-
ing factors. In 1804, with one exception, the settlers of the
New Madrid district were within a few miles of the Missis-
sippi between New Madrid and Little Prairie, or at the present
town of Caruthersville, in the southeastern part of Missouri,
with an outlying trading station on the St. Francois, the
present village of Portageville. Between New Madrid and

"Claiborne, J. F. H., Mississippi as a Province, Territory and State, with
Biographical Notices of Eminent Citizens, Jackson, Mississippi, 1880, 221-22.
In this same letter Governor Claiborne suggests that the government should
build additional forts along the river on the American side. "Our western com-
merce is now valuable and is rapidly increasing. On this great river navigation
is dangerous. Boats are often stranded or sunk, or disabled by the illness of
their crews, and except at Fort Pickering there are no stations where relief can
be obtained. The immigrants, too, are greatly exposed. A few posts, to render
aid, in such cases, with hospital stores for the sick, would greatly promote the
commerce and the peopling of this remote iterrtory. The humanizing effect on
the Indians of such stations would soon be felt." Ibid., 222.

394 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

the mouth of the Ohio the banks of the Mississippi were
subject to overflow. At Bird's Point just across from the
junction of the Ohio and the Mississippi, and at Tywappity
bottom just beyond, Americans had taken up scattering
farms about ten or fifteen miles from the Mississippi. The
important inland settlement in 1808 was on Big Prairie, "a
long, narrow and very slightly elevated ridge stretching
northward from the village of New Madrid as far as the present
Sikeston in Scott county."13

Between New Madrid and Ste. Genevieve was the dis-
trict of Cape Girardeau. The most prominent figure in the
early history of this district was the Indian trader Louis
Lorimier. He had moved into the country as early as
1792, and remained there throughout the Spanish period.
The settlements established under the Spanish regime were
located for the most part in the White River valley, chiefly
within the eastern part and within the present boundaries
of Cape Girardeau county, or in the alluvial districts south
of there. Here the American settlers began to make their
appearance in 1795. Their chief occupations were hunting,
stock raising and farming. They lived, for the most part,
in a compact territory about ten or twelve miles in width
extending northward through the center of the present
county "to the rougher country of Apple Creek and including
the valleys of the Randall, Hubble, Cane and Byrd creeks,
all in the White Water watershed."14 Along the White
Water proper, farther west, from the northern part of Scott
county and particularly in the west central part of Cape
Girardeau, lived a large number of Germans and German
Swiss. At Zalma on the Castor and at Patterson on the St.
Francois, sixty miles from the Mississippi, in the present
county of Wayne, there were small groups of settlers. These
were probably German.

North of the settlements indicated were the two districts
of St. Louis and St. Charles. St. Louis was founded in

13Viles, "Population and Extent of Settlement in Missouri before 1804," in
Missouri Historical Review, 1910-1911 (Vol. V), 187-213.
"Ibid., 198.

SETTLEMENTS OF MISSOURI AND ARKANSAS. 395

February or March, 1764, by Pierre Liguest Laclede as a
trading station for the Missouri River fur trade. It became
a flourishing village after 1765 or 1766, when the French
crossed over from the "American Bottom," the territory
on the east bank of the Mississippi having been surrendered
to the English. Just a little later a smaller village sprang
up near the present Florissant, about twelve miles toward
the northwest, and another on the Mississippi toward the
south at Carondelet which is now within the city limits.
While the boundaries of the district in 1804 were formed by
the Mississippi, the Missouri, and the Meramec, the settled
area was confined to the present county of St. Louis. That
part of the county fronting on the Missouri was occupied
for some distance back from the river. There were also
numerous settlers located in the forks of the Mississippi and
Missouri rivers, and farther south the Meramec valley was
occupied. Farther west on the Missouri there were outlying
settlements at the present town of Washington and in the
vicinity of Marthasville. The outlying settlements were
American.

St. Charles contained the smallest population of any of
the districts in Upper Louisiana, but it covered a greater
extent of territory than any other. All of the provinces
north of the Missouri River were included in it, even the
Spanish grants at Prairie du Chien. Very few Americans
had settled in the village by 1804. There were a great many
in the outlying districts, however. They were particularly
numerous along the Dardenne, a stream which flows parallel
to the Missouri. There were also a few Americans on Per-
ruque Creek, just north of the Dardenne, and a larger number
some distance inland on the Cuivre River, on the northern
boundary of the present county of St. Charles.

To summarize, settlers were to be found along the Mis-
sissippi from the present southeast corner of the state to New
Madrid, and from the mouth of the Ohio northward to Cape
Girardeau. In the lowlands between these points the only
settled area of importance was the long, narrow ridge stretching
north from New Madrid. In the town and along the river

396 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

to the southward Americans and French lived side by side;
the other settlements were largely American. The strip
along the river from Cape Girardeau nearly to the Meramec
was settled only at the mouth of the creeks and along their
courses and in the bottoms at Ste. Genevieve and Bois Brule
within the boundaries of the county of Perry. Except on
the northern creeks the settlers were mostly French. In
the rolling uplands of Cape Girardeau and Perry counties
there were settlements which differed little from typical
American settlements in Kentucky and Tennessee. The
lower Meramec was an American district, and between the
Meramec and Missouri settlements had sprung up wherever
there were water and timber. The Americans dominated
on the Meramec and on the upper Missouri, but the French
were in the rnajority in St. Louis. The two races mingled
more or less over the rest of the district, the French usually
outnumbering the Americans in the hamlets. In the section
north of the Missouri the French were located in the vil-
lages of St. Charles and Portage des Sioux, and the Americans
settled on the creeks flowing into the Mississippi and Missouri.

At this time, however, with the notable exception of
New Madrid, the Americans were living in small groups on
detached farms, and commerce and industry were almost
entirely in the hands of the French. The French also dom-
inated government and politics. The Americanization of
Upper Louisiana had hardly begun despite the fact that the
majority of the settlers were of American origin.15

There had been no particularly great increase in the
number of settlers in this vicinity when Pike began his ex-
plorations of the Trans-Mississippi West in 1806. Commis-
sioned by General Wilkinson to explore the sources of the
Red River, Pike left St. Louis on July 15th with a company
of twenty men. He made his way up the Missouri and Osage
rivers to the Pawnee villages. In the mean tine news of his
expedition reached the Spanish officials, and Lieutenant
Malgares was sent out from Santa Fe to intercept him.
The Spaniards had come first to the Pawnee villages, and when

"Ibid.

SETTLEMENTS OF MISSOURI AND ARKANSAS. 397

Pike arrived there, they had already turned back. Despite
the great superiority of the Spanish forces the American
commander determined to follow them, hoping thereby to
reach the Red River. He came to Pawnee Rock on the
Great Bend of the Arkansas and rode up that stream through
droves of buffalo, deer, elk and wild horses until he finally
reached the mountains. Near the present town of Pueblo,
Colorado, he erected fortifications and explored the country.
After a vain attempt to reach Pike's Peak, he began to search
for the source of the Red River. The months of December
and January spent in this way were most severe. The passes
were filled with snow, game was scarce, guns burst with cold,
the horses were exhausted, and the men were becoming
mutinous, but Pike refused to abandon the quest. On Grape
Creek at the foot of the Grand Canon of the Arkansas he
decided to build a blockhouse, and there leave two of the
men to look after the horses and luggage while with the main
party he should cross the Sangre de Christo Range. In this
desperate venture nine of his men had their feet frozen. The
food supply which they carried with them was soon ex-
hausted and game seemed to have left the country. The
party was saved from starvation, after having been four
days without food, when Pike managed to shoot a stray
buffalo. Three of the men gave out and were left on the
trail with a small supply of meat while the others struggled
on. Finally having reached the summit of the range, they
came to a brook which flowed west through a pass down into
the San Louis valley. At last, Pike thought, he had reached
the source of the Red River. He was instead on the head-
waters of the Rio Grande, having become a trespasser on
Spanish territory as soon as he crossed the Sangre de Christo
Range. He did not know this at the time, however, and
built a stockade on the west bank of the Rio Grande five
miles above its junction with the Rio Conejos. While Pike
with four soldiers remained at the stockade, a small detach-
ment was sent back over their route to bring up the men and
baggage left behind.

398 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

On the fifteenth of February, 1807, Pike was visited in
his stockade by two Spaniards who reported his presence to
the Spanish officials. Ten days later Captain Salteo appeared
with one hundred mounted men and took the Americans to
Santa Fe. After being examined there by Governor Allen-
caster, they were sent on to Chihuahua where they underwent
another examination. The matter was finally settled by
Salcedo determining to deport the Americans by way of
Texas. A detachment of cavalry escorted the party south-
ward around the Bolsom de Mapini, thence northeast over
the "Grand Road" to San Antonio by way of the Presidio
Rio Grande.16

The travels of Bradbury and Brackenridge covered a
part of the territory which had been explored already by
Lewis and Clark, and therefore may be omitted here.

Another adventurer who explored farther south about
this time and whose work has been given but passing notice is
Colonel John Shaw. Colonel Shaw was one of the early
pioneers of Wisconsin, and a man whose integrity and honesty
have been vouched for by some of his fellow countrymen.
The editor of the Wisconsin Historical Society Collections,
Dr. Draper, through whose hands Colonel Shaw's narrative
passed, tells us that it may be considered substantially
correct. Colonel Shaw's account was written from memory
when he was an old man, and therefore allowance must be
made for dates. But the internal evidence of that part of
his narrative outlined here will indicate that his explorations
were made not only before the war of 1812, but pretty near
the time he claims to have made them.

Colonel Shaw says that he spent the winter of 1808 in
St. Louis and its vicinity. During the following spring,
accompanied by Peter Spear and William Miller, he set
out from the extreme western settlement of Cape Girardeau
county on the headwaters of the St. Francois River for the
Pacific Ocean. His route, he thinks, was very near the thirty-

"Coues, Elliott, (Ed.) The Expeditions of Zebulon Montgomery Pike, 3 vols.,
Francis P. Harper, 1895. Vol. II.

"Col. John Shaw, "Personal Narrative" in the Wisconsin Historical Society
Collections, II, 197-232.

SETTLEMENTS OF MISSOURI AND ARKANSAS. 399

seventh parallel, or perhaps a half degree south of it. He
crossed a branch of the White River which he claims to have
named the Current. Proceeding westward he came to the
Black, afterwards called the Spring, which stream he followed
to its source. Crossing to the main fork of the White River
he then made his way to the prairie country. He continued
westward, he believed, beyond the headwaters of all the trib-
utaries of the Mississippi except the Missouri and Arkansas
rivers, a distance of about eight hundred miles or more.
When within the vicinity of the Rocky Mountains he met
three traders who were the survivors of a company of fifteen
that had been trading among the Indians. Convinced that
discretion was the better part of valor he then decided to
retrace his steps.

The autumn of 1809, the year 1810, and the winter of
1810 to 1811, Shaw spent hunting in eastern Kansas and
western Missouri and Arkansas. During this period he
collected "fifty beaver and otter skins, three hundred bear
skins, and eight hundred gallons of bear oil." These were
carried to the headwaters of the White River, transported
in rudely constructed boats down that stream to the Mis-
sissippi and thence to New Orleans. He thought that these
products would have brought him between two and three
thousand dollars if he had been able to ship them to Europe.
The "Embargo"18 was in force, he said, and he was com-
pelled to sell his commodities for thirty-six dollars.

On his return he passed through the Chickasaw and the
Choctaw country to Colbert's Ferry on the Tennessee, thence
to Vincennes, and finally to St. Louis. He was in the vicinity
of New Madrid when the earthquakes occurred there, he
claims, on December fourteenth, 1811, and February seventh,
1812. Soon after this he went to Prairie du Chien and made
Wisconsin his home during the remainder of a long and
useful life.

While Pike, Brackenridge, Shaw, and other American
traders were exploring and opening fur trading posts in the
country west of the Mississippi, the American settlements

"This was of course impossible if we accept the dates which he has given.

400 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

were moving slowly up the Missouri and its tributaries. There
were two families living on the Gasconade in 1808. Two
years later the Captain of the Militia in this district had two
hundred and fifty on his muster roll.19 The first settlement
had been made at Loutre Island in 1807, and by 1811 a com-
pact settlement had been established there and several
families had moved out into the country west of the island.
Cote sans Dessein, near the mouth of the Osage River, was
settled in 1808; three years later a number of settlements
had been formed at that point. The extreme western settle-
ment of consequence on the Missouri in 1811, however, was
in the territory known as the Boonslick area, a strip of country
along the north side of the river, which derived its name
from the salt factories operated in the district by the sons
of Daniel Boone. The region was first occupied probably in
1810, but at the end of a year more than seventy-five families
had moved into the territory. Kit Carson's father was
among the early occupants of this part of the Missouri valley.
Still further west, in the vicinity of Fort Osage, one settler
had opened a farm before the War of 1812, and this continued
to mark the extreme edge of western settlement even down
to 1819.20

In the southern part of the Missouri territory, which
later became the territory of Arkansas, the growth of settle-
ment was not so rapid during the years preceding the second
war for independence. There was, however, an annual in-
crease of American immigrants beginning with the purchase
of Louisiana by the United States. They occupied the
fertile lands along the Mississippi, the Arkansas, and the White
River valleys. The settlement along the lower valley of the
Arkansas was somewhat impeded during this period on
account of the difficulty the immigrant experienced in pro-
curing land. The land south of the river was owned by the
Quapaw Indians who could not sell; while that north of the
same stream, extending from Arkansas Post to Argenta, was

i»B*ackenridge, Journal (in Thwaites' Western Travels), 22.

2°Houck, Louis, History of Missouri from the Earliest Explorations and Settle-
ments until the Admission of the State into the Union, 3 vols., Chicago, 1908.
Vol. Ill, 145-50.

SETTLEMENTS OF MISSOURI AND ARKANSAS. 401

claimed by Elisha and Gabriel Winter, and Joseph Stilwell.
These men had won the favor of Spanish officials and in 1798,
as a reward for having introduced manufacturing at New
Orleans it is said, they were given one million arpens of land.
This they were willing to sell but the immigrants were afraid
that the grantors could not give legal title to the soil. Yet
this difficulty did not delay westward migration for any great
length of time. The early frontiersmen were usually accus-
tomed to occupy available lands and discuss their right of
occupancy later. The result was that although many re-
fused to buy from Winters and Stilwell, they did not hesitate
to settle on soil claimed by these favorites of the Spanish
regime. Later the judgment of these contenders was con-
firmed by the United States government when the legality
of the Spanish grant was denied.21

The exploration and settlement of the West were checked
temporarily as a result of the War of 1812, but immediately
following that event both were renewed with vigor. From
thirty to fifty wagons crossed the river at St. Louis daily,
the majority of them coming from Tennessee and Kentucky.
In 1814 the Indian title to land in the Boonslick country
was extinguished, and in 1816 the country north and west
of the Osage River was named Howard county. Franklin
became the county seat in 1817. The rapid growth of this
town resembled that of many others on the frontier. Within
a year after it was laid out it contained one hundred and
fifty houses and a population of eight hundred or a thousand
people. The price of lots rose from fifty to six hundred
dollars. The few people living in what became Cooper
county had crossed the river during the war to seek the pro-
tection of forts there, but when peace was concluded they
returned to the south bank of the Missouri, and with new
immigrants formed extensive settlements in that section. The
thirty families residing on the left bank of the Missouri
above Cote sans Dessein, a settlement two miles below the
mouth of the Osage River, increased to eight hundred by the
arrival of immigrants during the next three years. In 1817

«J. H. Shinn, Pioneers and Makers of Arkansas, 27.

402

MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

Chariton did not exist ; two years later it was a community
of five hundred people. Even farther west into Carroll and
Clay counties immigrants pushed their way and opened up
farms.

While the frontiersmen were building homes along the
Missouri still others were following up some of the tributaries
of that stream and occupying the valleys and uplands in other
parts of the territory. Settlers had moved south and indus-
tries had been established along the Gasconade when Long
made his expedition in 1819. The country included within
the boundaries of the present county of Maries was occupied.
Immigrants came up the White River from Arkansas Terri-
tory and built houses near Springfield. Modern Forsyth, a
little farther south, had been occupied when the Springfield
settlers came. Still other home-seekers established iliem
selves in the vicinity of Van Buren in Carter county during
this same period. While these settlements multiplied in
numbers the farms grew in size and became more prosperous.
By 1820 cornfields of several hundred acres might be found
growing in sections that had been practically unoccupied
three or four years earlier.22

In the territory of Arkansas the comparative increase
in population was even greater. The census of Missouri in
1810 shows a population of twenty thousand, eight hundred
and forty-five. It increased to sixty-six thousand, five
hundred and eighty-six during the next ten years, or a total
addition of forty-five thousand, seven hundred and forty-one
during the decade ending in 1820. Or to put it another way,
more than twice as many people came to Missouri during
the decade ending in 1820 as were found there at the begin-
ning of that period. The total population in Arkansas
in 1810 was one thousand and sixty-two.23 Ten years later
it had increased to fourteen thousand, two hundred and
seventy-three. That is, the population of the territory had

2«Houck, History of the Missouri, III, 150-60.

»J. M. Lucey, "History of Immigration to Arkansas" in Arkansas Historical
Association Reports, III, 201-2. All other returns given above may be found in
the U. S. Census Reports.

SETTLEMENTS OF MISSOURI AND ARKANSAS. 403

increased more than twelve times during the decade ending
in 1820.

These early and widely scattered settlements were made
in the fertile valleys of the streams in various parts of the
territory. Some of the settlers from Kentucky came down
the Ohio and the Mississippi to the mouth of the White
and up that stream to Poke Bayou, later Batesville, in In-
dependence county, while others drove herds of cattle
overland to the same place as early as 1810. During
the preceding year near the present site of Arkadelphia,
on the bank of the Ouachita, emigrants had blazed their
way and erected homes. Descendants of Daniel Boone,
the children of Flanders Callaway and Gemima Boone,
came to this same place in 1816. Blakleytown, the early
name for Arkadelphia, thus became one of the earliest
settlements in that part of the state. The manufacture
salt in the vicinity as early as 1812 added to the attractive-
ness of the site, and by that same year boats were running
between Blakleytown and New Orleans. The people had
settled in sufficient numbers to justify the formation of Clark
county in 1819. By the following year it is said that seven
hundred and thirty-two miles of post roads existed in the
territory and that the mails were carried over five hundred
and eighty-two miles of these roads. A newspaper, the Ar-
kansas Weekly Gazette, began publication in 1819. Home-
seekers had moved into the southeastern part of Arkansas,
a section included in Hempstead county as formed in 1818,
before the year 1810, but the settlements were few and widely
scattered.24

Extensive explorations of the Trans-Mississippi did not
begin for some time after the War of 1812, but this was not
due to a lack of interest in that section. Before the expira-
tion of his term, Madison appointed a committee consisting

"The articles in the Arkansas Historical Association, Reports, from which
the above is taken are the following: Charles H. Brough, "The Industrial
History of Arkansas," I; Laura S. Butler, "History of Clark County," I; J. H.
Shinn, "Early Arkansas Newspapers," I; A. H. Carrigan, "Reminiscences of
Hempstead County," II ; Nathan B. Williams, "The Post Offices in Early Arkan-
sas," III; Robert Neil, "Reminiscences of Independence County," III.

404 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

of four Americans and a distinguished French engineer,
General Bernard, to examine the coast and the inland frontier
for the purpose of determining the needs of both. During
the summer of 1817 an exploring expedition under the direc-
tion of Major Stephen H. Long ascended the Mississippi to
sketch the course of that stream and select places for forts.
He recommended three sites as desirable locations for military
posts : one at the lower end of Lake Pepin, a second south of the
St. Croix, and a third just above the mouth of the St. Peter's.
It was the last of these that Calhoun determined to fortify,
and in the summer of 1818 preparations were begun. The
post, according to the Secretary of War, "from its remoteness
from our settlements, its proximity to Lord Selkirk's estab-
lishment on Red River of Lake Winnipeg, and from its
neighborhood to the powerful nations of the Sioux, ought to
be made very strong."25

For the purpose of executing Calhoun's plans the War
Department issued orders to Major-General Jacob Brown,
the commander of the division in the north, which were
transmitted by him to his subordinates on April 13th follow-
ing, to concentrate the fifth regiment of infantry at Detroit,
preparatory to putting Calhoun's plans into execution.
The necessary transportation was to be ready by the first
of May. Under the command of Colonel Henry Leaven-
worth the troops proceeded by way of Green Bay and Fort
Howard to Prairie du Chien, arriving at the last named
place on June 30th. Here they were joined by Major Thomas
Forsyth, an Indian agent from St. Louis, who was to ac-
company the expedition. He carried with him about two
thousand dollars' worth of merchandise which he was to
distribute among the Sioux Indians.

On August 8th the expedition, consisting of ninety-eight
soldiers and about twenty boatmen, fourteen bateaux, two
large boats loaded with provisions and merchandise, and a
barge occupied by Colonel Leavenworth, left Prairie du Chien
for the upper Mississippi. Frequent stops were made at
Indian villages along the route when Forsyth delivered

"American Historical Association, Annual Report, 1899, II, 148.

SETTLEMENTS OF MISSOURI AND ARKANSAS. 405

speeches to various tribes, warning them against British
influence and distributing presents among them. On the
twenty-fourth the expedition arrived at the mouth of the
St. Peter's. A few days later they were joined by one hun-
dred and twenty additional soldiers, and temporary quarters
were constructed on the south side of the river. On account
of a flood during the spring of 1820, it is reported, the troops
were moved across the river to Camp Coldwater. Here the
foundations for a permanent camp were laid during the late
summer or early fall. The work was done almost entirely
by the soldiers, and by the fall of 1822 the structure was ready
for occupancy. It was called Fort St. Anthony at first but
later, upon the recommendation of General Winfield Scott,
who visited the post in 1824, the name was changed to Fort
Snelling in honor of Colonel Josiah Snelling who had suc-
ceeded Colonel Leavenworth during the winter of 1820-1821. 26

Protected by this military post the efficient Indian agent,
Lawrence Taliaferro, did a great deal toward destroying
British influence among the tribes of the upper Mississippi
and toward establishing American authority there.

There are indications that an attempt had been made
to initiate plans for building a military post on the Missouri
at the mouth of the Yellowstone before the expedition to the
upper Mississippi was undertaken. These had been suggested
by Monroe during the brief period that he occupied the chief
position in the War Department, but the opposition of John
Floyd of Virginia, of John Cocke of Tennessee, and of Henry
Clay of Kentucky had prevented their execution. In 1817
Monroe became president, and during the summer of that
year he made a tour of the north for the purpose of examining
the military defenses. On this trip he went as far west as
Detroit. In the fall of 1817, Calhoun became Secretary of
War, and began the following March to make active arrange-
ments for establishing a military post at the mouth of the
Yellowstone. By August, 1818, however, he had concluded

"This was all a part of the so called Yellowstone Expedition, for a more
complete account of which see Cardinal Goodwin, "A Larger View of the Yellow-
stone Expedition, 1819-20," in the Mississippi Valley Historical Review for
December, 1917.

406 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

that the principal post should be at the Mandan villages,
because that was the point on the Missouri nearest the
British post on the Red River, "and the best calculated to
counteract their hostilities against us. ... "27

But the summer of 1818 passed and little was accom-
plished. Finally Colonel Atkinson was selected to command
the enterprise and on March 27, 1819, Calhoun wrote him a
letter of instructions. The "two great objects" of the ex-
pedition, the Secretary of War asserted, were "the enlargement
and protection of our fur trade, and permanent peace of our
North Western frontier by the establishment of a decided
control over the various tribes of Indians in that quarter."
Of the two the latter was considered the more important.
As long as American fur traders were obeying regulations
they were to be protected. Foreigners were to be treated
discreetly until the military posts were well established,
then notice should be given that after a fixed period foreign
trade would be rigidly excluded. Particularly was Atkinson
to avoid hostility with the Indians if possible. If hostilities
should occur and additional forces were necessary, he was
informed that troops at the mouth of the St. Peter's River
might be called to his command.

On December 2, 1818, the government made a contract
with Colonel James Johnson to transport the troops and
provisions up the Missouri. He provided five steamboats
for the purpose, two of which, Chittenden says, probably
never entered the river, a third abandoned the trip thirty
miles below Franklin, and the other two wintered at Cow
Island a little below the mouth of the Kansas and returned to
St. Louis in the spring. Despite the delays occasioned by the
government's attempt to use steamboats instead of the more
practical keel-boats, Atkinson succeeded by September, 1819,
in getting his troops as far as Council Bluffs, where they ex-
perienced a disastrous winter from an attack of scurvy.

In the meantime the scientific branch of the expedition
under the command of Major Stephen H. Long was experienc-
ing less difficulty. A special boat had been constructed for

"American Historical Association, Annual Reports, 1899, II, 134-36.

SETTLEMENTS OF MISSOURI AND ARKANSAS. 407

the members of this division which proved to be more practical
than the vessels provided by Colonel Johnson. The wheels
had been placed in the stern and the boat drew only nineteen
inches of water. Even the "absurd attempts at ornamenta-
tion" served the purpose intended. Not only the Indians but
the frontier settlers themselves were profoundly impressed
with this "apparent monster" bearing "a painted vessel on
his back, the sides gaping with portholes and bristling with
guns."28.

Aboard this vessel Long and his party found themselves
the center of interest in every settlement through which they
passed. At Franklin where a stop of a week was made the
people of the community entertained the members of the
expedition in a most elaborate manner. Despite the delay
occasioned by this, Long's boat, which had left St. Louis in
June, sometime after the other vessels, passed them all and was
the only one to arrive at Council Bluffs, reaching there in
September, 1819. Major Long remained a short time and
then returned to Washington.

Here opposition to the entire expedition was soon to
develop. December 21, 1819, on motion of Representative
John Cocke of Tennessee, the Committee on Military Affairs
was ordered to find out what the expedition had already cost
the government, what sums would be required in order to
accomplish the objects intended; and what those objects were.
It was in response to these demands that several papers were
submitted to Congress on January 3, 1820, by Chairman
Smyth of that committee, among them Calhoun's report on
the Yellowstone Expedition. The report was tabled. On
January 24th following, Cocke submitted another resolution
directing that the Secretary of War be ordered to report to the
House an itemized statement of the money paid Colonel
Johnson and of the amount claimed by him under the contract
of December 2, 1818. The attempt to table the resolution
failed after Cocke had spoken at some length on the subject
and had declared that the former report by the Secretary of
War had been unsatisfactory. Calhoun submitted the data

"Chittenden, The American Fur Trade in the Far West, II, 571.
9

408 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

required on February 3rd, and it was referred to the committee
on Military Affairs."29

Four days later, February 7, 1820, the Secretary of War
wrote to Colonel Atkinson. Among other things Calhoun
commended the leader for his management of the expedition
and approved his plans for connecting posts on the frontier
by opening roads between them. While the use of steamboats
for transporting troops and provisions was left to the judgment
of Colonel Atkinson, the Secretary thought that it would add
dignity to the expedition and that it might serve to impress
the British and the Indians with the power of the United States
if such vessels could be used.

While Calhoun encouraged Atkinson to give eclat to the
enterprise, members of Congress were planning to stop it en-
tirely. The Quartermaster-General asked Congress for $500,-
000 to meet the expenses of his department for the year 1820.
When this item in the appropriation bill was under discussion
on March 10th of that year, Cocke asked what part of the
sum was intended to meet the expenses of the expedition up
the Missouri. He wanted to reduce the appropriation to that
extent. The following day his suggestion was adopted by
the House and the sum of $50,000 was stricken from the
total of $500,000 requested by the Quartermaster-General.
But when the appropriation bill came before the Senate on
March 20th, thjat body amended it by substituting $500,000
for the $450,000 which the House had appropriated. This
change was made in order to enable the War Department to
send troops up the Missouri to the mouth of the Yellowstone
River. The return of the bill to the House with the Senate
amendment produced a heated discussion in that body on
April 5th, and the majority of the members refused to accept
the amendment. This prevented the appropriation of funds
necessary to carry out the original plans for establishing posts
at the Mandan villages. As a "half-hearted apology to the
public for its failure/' says Chittenden, "a small side show was
organized for the season of 1820 in the form of an expedition

"Annals of Congress, 16th Congress, 1st Sess., I, 1047; American State
Papers; Military Affairs, II, 68, 69.

SETTLEMENTS OF MISSOURI AND ARKANSAS. 409

to the Rocky Mountains." The equipment of the latter was
as insufficient as that of the former had been lavish. In this
change in the character of the expedition at the head of which
he had been placed, may be found psychological reasons for the
wholesale condemnation of the far western country by Major
Long.30

The reorganized company, consisting ot twenty men, left
the Missouri at Council Bluffs on the sixth of June, 1820. At
the Pawnee village on the Loup River they visited the Indians
and employed two Frenchmen as guides and interpreters.
Two days were spent among the Indians before the party
resumed its westward journey. From the vicinity of Grand
Island the route followed the north bank of the Platte to the
forks whence it crossed to the south bank of the South Fork.

The company had left the Indian villages on the thirteenth
of June. On the thirtieth of that month they came within
sight of the Rockies. They had hoped to celebrate the fourth
of July in the mountains, but in this they were disappointed.
On the fifth they camped on the site of the present city of
Denver, and on the sixth directly in front of the chasm through
which issues the South Platte. Two days were spent here
while a vain attempt was made to cross the first range and
reach the Platte on the other side. However they did succeed
in reaching an elevation from which they could distinguish
the two forks of that river. On the twelfth of July the camp
was made a few miles south of Colorado Springs. From here
James, the chronicler of the expedition, accompanied by two
men, ascended Pike's Peak. This was probably the first time
the top was reached by white men, and Long called the moun-
tain James's Peak in honor of the achievement, but this name
has not been accepted. The height of the mountain above the
plain was properly estimated by Lieutenant Swift, but the
height of the basal plains above sea level was inaccurately
made so that an error of nearly three thousand feet in the
determination of the summit above sea level was the result.

"Goodwin, "A Larger View of the Yellowstone Expedition, 1819-1820," in
Mississippi Valley Historical Review, December, 1917.

410 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

The observations for longitude and latitude here as elsewhere
were erroneous.

The party broke camp on July sixteenth and moved
southwest to the Arkansas, coming to that stream twelve or
fifteen miles above the present city of Pueblo. On the follow-
ing day four members of the party went up the river to the
entrance of the Royal Gorge at Canon City, but they were
turned back, baffled again by what seemed to them to be im-
passable barriers. Two days later, on the nineteenth, the
whole expedition moved down the Arkansas. At the end of
another two days camp was made a few miles above the later
site of La Junta, Colorado. Following instructions from the
War Department the party was divided in two, and prepara-
tions were made for exploring the courses of both the Arkansas
ari;d the Red. Long accompanied the more important of the
two divisions down the latter stream, while the former, hav-
ing been examined already by Pike, was explored by Captain
Bell and his division.

Major Long's division left the Arkansas on July twenty-
fourth, crossed Purgatory Creek and the upper waters of the
Cimmaron River, and after six days came to a small tributary
of the Canadian River. Nearly a week later they came to
the last named stream near the present boundary of Texas and
New Mexico. The members of the party believed that they
had reached the Red River, and naturally, because they came
upon the Canadian in the region where the Red was supposed
to rise. But the stream deviated from the course which the
Red was supposed to follow, and the party became doubtful.
They were not convinced of their error, however, until they
arrived at the junction of the Arkansas and Canadian rivers.
The journey down the latter stream had been made amidst
almost constant suffering which had been caused by exposure
to violent storms and excessive heat, by lack of an adequate
supply of food and water, by annoying attacks of wood ticks,
and by occasional encounters with blinds of unfriendly Kaskas-
kia and Comanche Indians. But despite these obstacles the
party arrived at Fort Smith on the thirteenth of September.
This was the meeting place which had been previously deter-

SETTLEMENTS OF MISSOURI AND ARKANSAS. 411

mined upon, and Long found Bell's division awaiting him upon
his arrival.

The commander of the Arkansas expedition had ex-
perienced difficulties and hardships scarcely less trying than
those encountered by Long. On a night in August (the
thirteenth) three soldiers deserted, taking with them all the
manuscripts which had been prepared by Dr. Say and Lieuten-
ant Swift since leaving the Missouri. These contained notes
on the animals which had been examined, a journal of the
expedition, considerable topographical data, besides informa-
tion on the customs, manners, history, and languages of the
Indian. To add to their discouragement they went astray.
This occurred soon after crossing the Great Bend when they
mistook the Ne-Ne-Scah for the Negracka or Salt Fork of the
Arkansas. Other similar errors added to their bewilderment
and for some time they did not know just how to reach the
appointed rendezvous. But finally they met a band of friend-
ly Osage Indians near the Verdigris River on September first
who were able to give them information, and they reached
Fort Smith on the ninth of the same month.

The entire expedition descended the river to the Cherokee
towns on Illinois Creek in Pope County, Arkansas. From
here they proceeded overland to Cape Girardeau in Missouri.
Two members of the party went from the Cherokee towns to
Hot Springs, Arkansas, and returned to the Arkansas River
at Little Rock, whence they also crossed the country to Cape
Girardeau. Here all members of the expedition met on
October twelfth, 1820, and a little later they were disbanded.31

While Long and his party were exploring the country
west of the Missouri, another expedition was sent out from
Council Bluffs in the opposite direction for the purpose of open-
ing a road between that place and the military post on the
Mississippi at the mouth of the St. Peter's River. This was
led by Captain Magee of the rifle regiment. Accompanying
the party were Lieutenant Colonel Morgan and Captain

"Edwin James, "An Account of an Expedition from Pittsburg to the Rocky
Mountains, 1819-20," in Thwaites, Early Western Travels, 1748-1840, Cleveland,
1905. Vols., 14, 15, 16, 17.

412 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

Kearny. It is to the latter that we are indebted for our
knowledge of the undertaking.32

The party required twenty- three days to make the trip.
Leaving Camp Missouri on July 2, 1820, they followed a route
leading in a general northeasterly direction, veering occasion-
ally to the east or to the north, finally arriving at Camp Cold
Water on July 25th. "Our circuitous and wavering route
(which is to be attributed to the guide's advice . . .)," noted
Kearny, "the immense prairies we have crossed; the want of
timber which we for several days at a time experienced; the
little water that in some parts was to be found; the high and
precipitous mountains and hills which we climbed over, render
that road impracticable and almost impassable for more than
very small bodies."33

Before this an unofficial exploration of a part ot the South-
west had been made by the botanist, Thomas Nuttall. Nuttall
was born in England but had come to the United States in
1808 when twenty- two years old. He spent several years
making and studying botanical collections in the country east
of the Mississippi and had established his reputation as a
scholar before he undertook his Trans-Mississippi investiga-
tions. If the Journal of the latter expedition, which had been
planned long before it was carried out, had been confined
entirely to a description of the plant life of the country
through which Nuttall traveled, it would have had little or
no interest for the student of western history. But this is
not the case. It is true that the volume is primarily of interest
to the scientist, but it has value for the historian as well.
The historical statements are not always accurate, but his
general observations frequently give vivid descriptions of the
settled area of the Arkansas country in 1819. His observa-
tions of the Indians are also very valuable.

Nuttall left Philadelphia on the second of October, 1818.
Crossing to the headwaters of the Ohio he descended that
stream and the Mississippi by boat, and on January second

*2"Journal of Stephen Watts Kearny," edited by Valentine M Porter, in
Missouri Historical. Society, Collections, III, 8 flf. A map of the route which
Magee followed will be found in* this] volume.
Ibid.

SETTLEMENTS OF MISSOURI AND ARKANSAS. 413

following, having made his way by boat up the White River
and through a connecting bayou, sometimes referred as the
"White River cut off," came to Arkansas Post. Here he
received a cordial reception from one of the leading settlers
of the Post, an old Canadian by the name of Bougie or Bogy.
The settlement consisted of thirty of forty houses, and the
place was a center for the trade of the Arkansas arid White
river valleys. As already indicated, the settlement of the
region did not proceed so rapidly as otherwise it probably
would have done because of the uncertain titles to the land
in the vicinity. The same thing interfered with the improve-
ment of the land by settlers who were there. Most of the
large grants were invalidated by Congress (1847-1848), among
them the Winter's grant.34

A few weeks were spent in and around the Post, and dur-
ing the last of February Nuttall again resumed his westward
journey. He was told that the country to the Cadron, a dis-
tance of about three hundred miles by water, was pretty well
settled, particularly along the northern shore of the river. The
greatest uninhabited area was said not to exceed thirty miles
in distance. By March twelfth he had reached the site of the
present city of Pine Bluff. On the morning of that same day
he passed white men who were descending the river with
cargoes of furs which they had collected among the Osage
Indians. Eight days later he was in the vicinity of Little
Rock. Fairly well defined roads extended from the neighbor-
hood of Little Rock to St. Louis in one direction and to Natch-
itoches in another. Continuing u'p the river and passing
many homesteads along its banks, Nuttall came to the little
settlement of Cadron, about thirty-eight miles above Little
Rock, on the twenty-seventh of March. Although an attempt
was made to build a town on the site, and the place became the
seat of justice of Pulaski County in 1820, Nuttall estimated the
possibilities for development accurately when he wrote, "I
greatly doubt whether a town of any consequence on the

"Nuttall, Thomas, "A Journal of Travel into the Arkansas Territory dur-
ing the year 1819, with Occasional Observations on the Manners of the Aborig-
gines," Thomas H. Palmer, Philadelphia, 1821. In Thwaites, Early Western
Travels, Vol. XIII, 106-107 and 112.

414 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

Arkansas will ever be chosen on this site." The place has
entirely disappeared35 although at one time it was on one of
the main routes of travel from St. Louis and the settlements
on the White River to Hot Springs and to the Red River
settlements.

United States surveyors were at work in the vicinity
while Nuttall was there. One of them was "laying out the
lands contiguous to the Cadron into sections," while another
was on the "Great Prairie" near Arkansas Post and was work-
ing toward the Cadron settlement. Settlers at that time
were not attracted by the rolling lands which were located
back from the river, but some of the surveys extended as far
north as the banks of the White River, Nuttall's comments
on the character of the soil and on some phases of the settle-
ment of this section are worth quoting: "These fine cotton
lands have not altogether escaped the view of speculators,
although there is yet left ample room for the settlement of
thousands of families on lands which, except the few pre-
emption rights, will be sold by the impartial hand of the nation
at a price as reasonable as the public welfare shall admit of,
which has heretofore been at the rate of two dollars the acre,
and as no lands on this river are now surveyed and offered for
sale, but such as are considered to be of the first and second rate,
there can consequently be no room left for imposition, and
though there is, indeed, a considerable portion of inundated
land unavoidably included, yet in general, as I understand
from the surveyor, there will be in almost every section a
great portion of elevated soils.

"The preemption rights, as they are called, are a certain
species of reward or indemnification for injuries sustained in
the late war, and afforded to such individuals only as had made
improvements in, the interior of the territories prior to the
year 1813. Such individuals, if able to pay, are entitled to
one or more quarter sections, as the line of their improvements
may happen to extend into the public lines when surveyed,
of one or more such plots or fractional sections of land. These
rights have been bought (116) up by speculators, at from 4

«Ibid., 156, n. 133 and pp. 157-58.

SETTLEMENTS OF MISSOURI AND ARKANSAS. 415

or 500 to 1000 dollars, or at the positive rate of from 3 to 10
dollars the acre, including the price of two dollars per acre to
the United States; a certain proof of the growing importance of
this country, where lands, previous to the existence of any
positive title, have brought a price equal to that of the best
lands on the banks of the Ohio, not immediately contiguous
to any town. The hilly lands, which have not been thought
worthy of a survey, will afford an invaluable common range
for all kinds of cattle, while the alluvial tracts are employed
in producing maize, cotton, tobacco, or rice. I must, here,
however, remark by the way, that there exists a considerable
difference in the nature of these soils. They are all loamy,
never cold or argillaceous, but often rather light and sandy;
such lands, however, though inferior for maize, are still well
adapted for cotton. The richest lands here produce from 60
to 80 bushels of maize per acre. The inundated lands, when
properly banked so as to exclude and introduce the water at
pleasure by sluices, might be well employed for rice, but the
experiment on this grain has not yet been made, on an exten-
sive scale, by any individual in the territory, although its suc-
cess, in a small way, has been satisfactorily ascertained.
Indigo is occasionally raised for domestic use, but would re-
quire more skill in its preparation for the market. Indeed,
as yet, the sum of industry calculated to afford any satisfac-
tory experiment in agriculture or domestic economy has not
been exercised by the settlers of the Arkansa,s who, with half
the resolution of the German farmers of Pennsylvania, would
assure to themselves and their families comfort and af-
fluence."35

From the Cadron country Nuttall continued his west-
ward journey up the Arkansas through the Dardenelle settle-
ment and through the Cherokee country to the post at Fort
Smith, arriving there on the twenty-fourth of April. The
fort consisted of two blockhouses and lines of cabins which
accommodated seventy men, and was located on an elevation
of fifty feet at the junction of the Poteau with the Arkansas.
More than two weeks were spent in exploring the surround -

»«Ibid., 165-67.

416 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

ing country. It was at the season when wild flowers were to
be found in profusion and Nuttall fairly reveled in these
numerous excursions which familiarized him with the flora of
the country.

On the sixteenth of May, Major Bradford conducted a
company of soldiers across country to the junction of the
Kiamichi and Red rivers. The government had ordered that
the whites living west of the Kiamichi be moved to the east
of that stream, the former territory being reserved to the Osage
Indians. The purpose of Major Bradford's expedition was
to execute this order, and Nuttall was permitted to accomapny
the party. Proceeding in a general southwestern direction
the members of the expedition reached their destination on
the Red River fifteen miles above the mouth of the Kiamichi
on the twenty-fourth of May. Here Bradford spent two days
carrying out his orders, and on the twenty-sixth began the
return journey. Nuttall accompanied the party for a short
distance but became lost when he lingered behind to collect
some new and curious plants which he found scattered over
the "enchanting prairies." His intense interest in his botani-
cal pursuits, and the rich fields of new varieties of flowers
which he found made him almost forget his situation, "cast
away as I was amidst the refuse of society." "These people,"
he continued in his characterization of the settlers, "as well as
the generality of those who, till lately, inhabited the banks of
the Arkansas, bear the worst moral character imaginable,
being many of them renegades from justice, and such as have
forfeited the esteem of civilized society."37 It is only fair to
say. however, that Nuttall did not intend to class all the people
living in that section as "renegades from justice." He spoke
in the highest terms of his host and hostess, and declared that
he would never forget the "sincere kindness and unfeigned
hospitality" which he experienced from these "poor and honest
people."38

Finally, on the fourteenth of June Nuttall found three men
who were apparently trustworthy and who were leaving the

"Ibid., 221-22.

"Ibid., 218 and 221-22 and 23.

SETTLEMENTS OF MISSOURI AND ARKANSAS. 417

Red River settlement for the purpose of recovering some stolen
horses from the Cherokees. This afforded him the opportu-
nity he had been seeking and he joined them. The return
journey was a tedious one but the little party made good time
and Nuttall reached Fort Smith on the twenty-first. He
remained there until July sixth. On that day he secured pass-
age on board a boat which was leaving for a trading post
situated near the mouth of the Verdigris, about one hundred
and thirty miles up the Arkansas River. The expedition
arrived at the latter point on the fourteenth. Nuttall spent a
few weeks exploring the surrounding country, and he gives
considerable space in his Journal to a description of this and
of the Osage Indians who inhabited the region. He thought
the ' 'irresistible tide of western emigration" would ultimately
lead to the establishment of a town near the confluence of the
Verdigris, Grand, and Arkansas rivers — a prediction which
has been fulfilled by the growth of Fort Gibson in that vicinity.
The final stage of Nuttall's journey began on August
eleventh. He left the trading post at the mouth of the Ver-
digris with a hunter by the name of Lee for a guide, his objec-
tive being the Cimmaron River. He could not have realized
the difficulties which such a trip necessarily entailed at that
season of the year. The streams were stagnant, the heat was
intense, the water was foul, the food was poor, and the night
dews were exceedingly disagreeable. Nuttall soon contracted
a fever which nearly proved fatal. Then, too, the Indians
were a source of annoyance and danger. The guide suggested
that they return to the Verdigris, but his chief refused to turn
back. When they at last reached the Cimmaron Nuttall's
fever had improved and an attempt was made to ascend the
river, but he was compelled to abandon the scheme when he
lost one of his two horses. A canoe was then built in which
the guide started down stream while Nuttall rode the remain-
ing horse. It was found, however that the horse could not
keep up with the canoe, and they then decided to separate
despite the greater danger from Indians which they were sure
to experience alone. Nuttall arrived at the mouth of the
Verdigris on the fifteenth of September physically exhausted.

418 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

He remained there a week and proceeded to Fort Smith where
another forced halt was made. Finally, on October the six-
teenth, he started down the Arkansas and arrived at New
Orleans on the eighteenth of February, 1820.

Among the early accounts of explorations in the Trans-
Mississippi West there are few more curious and interesting
narratives than the Journal of Jacob Fowler. The capitaliza-
tion, punctuation, spelling, and grammar are indeed amusingly
crude, but his story is straightforward and intelligible. The
editor says rightly that Fowler "never loses the thread of his
discourse, never tangles it into an irrelevant skein, and holds
himself well in hand through all the asperities he experienced."
He was a keener and a more accurate observer than the
majority of the men who have left accounts of the West.39

Fowler left Fort Smith on the Arkansas the sixth of
September, 1821. His route was along the Arkansas River,
exceot a short cut-off by way of the Verdigris trail. He expe-
rienced no difficulty from the Indians until he came to Walnut
Creek. A horse was stolen from the party there and the
Iridians appeared "more unfriendly and talk Sasy and bad to
us but this Is to be Exspected as the(y) Come from the other
vileges."40 Fowler continued his journey up the Arkansas
River to Pueblo, Colorado. A member of his party killed by
a bear near the mouth of the Purgatory or Las Animas River
was probably the first American to be buried in Colorado soil.
Dr. Coues thinks that Fowler built "the first habitable and
inhabited house" within the limits of the present city of
Pueblo. From the latter place, on the thirtieth of January,
1822, Fowler led his men toward the Spanish setttlements in
New Mexico. On the preceding day he heard that the Mex-
ican province had declared its independence and wished to
open trade relations with the United States. This doubtless
encouraged him to enter that country as soon as possible.

He crossed the Sangre de Christo Range between Sheep
and Veta mountains on February the fourth, and four days
later came to the pueblo of Taos. The people of the village

"Elliott Coues (Ed.), The Journal of Jacob Fowler, etc., N. Y., 1898.
"Ibid., 1718.

SETTLEMENTS OF MISSOURI AND ARKANSAS. 419

were wretchedly poor and Fowler found it impossible to get
supplies for his company. The inhabitants said that their
crops had been destroyed by grasshoppers during the two
preceding years, which made it necessary for them to trans-
port grain for their bread a distance of more than one hundred
miles. Meat was also scarce among them, so much so that
they attempted to purchase some from Fowler, but he declined
to sell because he had nothing but meat for his own men and
not too much of that. But these conditions did not prevent
the people from enjoying themselves. On the evening follow-
ing Fowler's arrival, the men and women of the village came to
his house where a fandango was held.

Dissatisfied with the place and unable to secure necessary
supplies Fowler left Taos on February 12, 1822, with his men.
They proceeded west to the Rio Grande and ascended the river,
occasionally trapping for beaver as they moved northward.
Game was scarce and the men soon began to suffer from hunger
of which "Taylor and Pall (a negro who accompanied the
expedition) Began to Complain," the former "growing black
in the face" and the latter "getting White with the Same Com-
plaint and the(y) both thaught the Hors Shold be killed."
Jacob and Robert Fowler consented to this finally, but both
decided to hunt while other members of the party made ready
the horseflesh. The hunters returned to camp with two deer
while the men were skinning the horse. The carcass of the
latter was thrown away and the party soon had "Suntious
(sumptuous) feest and much Pleasntness . . . Round the fiier
tho We lamented the fate of the Poor Hors." More game was
killed and by the end of February the men found themselves
temporarily well supplied with provisions.

Fowler spent the spring months hunting and trapping on
the upper Rio Grande. On the first of June, 1822, he joined
the James and McKnight expedition from Santa Fe41 for the
return trip to the States. Crossing the mountains eastward
by the Taos Pass the party started for home by a different
route from that over which they had come to Taos. They
left the watershed of the Rio Grande for that of the Arkansas,
crossing the New Mexico line into Colorado at the point where

420 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

later the Denver, Texas Fort Worth railroad was to cross
it, about longitude 103° 50' west and latitude 37° north. Upon
reaching the vicinity of the extreme western end of the Mesa
de Maya in Las Animas County, Colorado, they followed
probably an approximately straight line to Coolidge, Kansas,
situated on the Arkansas river near the boundary line between
Colorado and Kansas. They then came down the Arkansas
taking a short cut-off in the vicinity of Ford, Kansas, to the
neighborhood of Raymond in Rice County.

Near this place the party left the Arkansas River and
started across the country toward the east. On the twenty-
first of June members of James' expedition were sighted mak-
ing their way down the Arkansas. Fowler and his companions
passed through the northern part of Harvey and Butler
counties, crossing the northern boundary of the latter into
Chase County near Thurman. Passing the headwaters of
the Verdigris, they struck the Neosho about eight miles a
little south of east of the present city of Emporia, Kansas.
Here Fowler said was one of the best tracts of land for settle-
ment that he had seen. Not only was there plenty of fertile
land, but the supply of water and timber was ample. Thence
the party moved in a general northeastern direction passing
close to or through modern Lyndon in Osage County. Con-
tinuing through or passing near the present cities of Baldwin
and Olathe, Kansas, the company crossed the Missouri-Kansas
boundary a little south of Kansas City and came to Fort
Osage on July 5, 182242. After a short rest they preceeded
down the Missouri River in canoes to St. Louis. At the latter
place the men separated and Fowler returned by steamboat
to his home in Kentucky, arriving there on July 27th, after an
absence of "thirteen months and thirteen days."

Among those who have traveled through the Southwest
and have left accounts of their experiences few have been given
less consideration by modern students than John H. Fonda.

«Ibid., 143, note 25.

<*Coues says that Fort Osage, sometimes called Fort Clark, was built in
1808. Ibid., 172.

SETTLEMENTS OF MISSOURI AND ARKANSAS. 421

Yet Fonda deserves a place among those early pioneers who
have contributed to our knowledge of the Great West.43

It was probably in the spring or early summer of 1819
that Fonda joined a company that was leaving Watervliet in
Albany County, New York, for Texas. They proceeded to
Buffalo and from there they went by boat to Cleveland.
Thence the company journeyed south through Ohio to Cin-
cinnati, from which place they floated down the Ohio and
Mississippi rivers on flatboats to Natchez. Here the boats
were traded for horses, a covered wagon, and a team of mules.
Having provided themselves with a complete outfit and
buried one of the members of the party who had died from an
attack of yellow fever, they were ferried across the Mississippi
by an old trader "who charged an exorbitant price for his
services — so much so, that I remember the company went on
without paying him."

If they traveled directly west from Natchez as Fonda
claims, they reached the Red River southeast of Natchitoches,
and must have passed the latter on their way up that stream.
They ascended the Red River to Fort Towson, in the south-
eastern part of the present state of Oklahoma. Here they
camped near a small stream which Fonda says was called Le
Bontte Run (Gates Creek), and the emigrants utilized the time
to rest and to perfect their plans. They finally determined
"to settle on the prairie land near what they called the Cross
Timbers, a tract of country watered by numerous streams,
well timbered, and with soil of the richest qualities." And
continuing Fonda says: "But the novelty of the journey, prom-
ised at the start, had been sobered down to a stern reality
during the last six months, and instead of accompanying the
party into the then Mexican territory, I remained with a
Scotchman who had taken a Cho°taw squaw for a wife, and
kept a trading post on the headwaters of the Sabine River.
With this Scotchman I stayed during the winter of 1819, and
in the spring of 1820, went down to New Orleans, with five

"Goodwin, Cardinal, "John H. Fonda's Explorations in the Southwest" in
The Southwestern Historical Quarterly for July, 1919. See Fonda's account of
his explorations in the Wisconsin Historical Society, Collections, V, 205-284.

422 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

voyageurs, to get a keelboat load of goods for the Scotch
trader, who had intrusted me with the business, for he took a
liking to me, and knew no other person in whom he could put
as much confidence."

Here Fonda spent "eight or ten weeks" collecting mer-
chandise and trying to keep the French voyageurs out of trouble.
He returned to the Fort in September.

Throughout the fall and winter of 1820 he clerked for the
Scotchman but had very few opportunities to sell goods on
his own account. His employer had been an engage of the
Hudson Bay Fur Company, and was exceedingly grasping,
and would not let him buy fur on private account anywhere
near the trading post. In order to find a market where he
could carry on trade with the Indians without coming into
direct competition with his employer, he made several excur-
sions among the Shawnee and Osage tribes, from whom he
got a few packs of valuable fur. "But, though there was an
excitement about a trader's life that had a charm for me, yet
often, when camped by a sheltered spring, ambition would
whisper, 'You have another mission to fulfill'."

Following these whisperings of ambition occurs a leap of
two years in the narrative. In the spring of 1823, "soon after
the grass was well up," Fonda left for Santa Fe, "along with
two fellows who had come up from New Orleans." He rode
a "mustang colt" and placed his "trappings on board an old
pack-mule." They traveled west "to the source of the Red
River, through the Comanche country, north to the forks of
the Canadian River where we took the old Santa Fe trail,
which led us over and through the southern spur of the Rocky
Mountains, to Santa Fe, where we arrived without any of
those thrilling adventures, or Indian fights, that form the
burden of many travelers' stories."

They saw no Indians at all except a party of "Kioways"
with whom Fonda tried to carry on trade.

The exact route which Fonda took from the source of the
Red River to Santa Fe is difficult to determine. Of course he
did not reach the forks of the Canadian if he went to the
source of the Red River and there turned north. The forks

SETTLEMENTS OF MISSOURI AND ARKANSAS. 423

of the Canadian are almost north of Fort Towson, the point
from which he started. He is probably referring to the forks
made by the union of the Mustang Creek with the Canadian
River in northwestern Texas. It is equally certain that he
did not strike the Santa Fe trail at the point where it crossed
the Canadian River. He doubtless reached the Canadian
River when he turned north from the Red at the mouth of
Mustang Creek, as already indicated, or at the mouth of Major
Long's Creek. Here he probably came upon "the much fre-
quented Indian trail crossing the creek, from the west and fol-
lowing down along the east bank,"44 to which Long refers.
This he probably thought was the Santa Fe trail. If he took
the route thus indicated he went west along the Canadian
finally reaching the San Miguel, whence he followed the Santa
Fe trail to Santa Fe.

Soon after arriving in Santa Fe, Fonda lost track of his
traveling companions. He then went to Taos, where he
spent the winter of 1823 and 1824. Here he found a village
in which the "houses were all one-story high, and built of clay
or large gray brick." The inhabitants were Spaniards,
Mexicans, "Indians, a mixed breed," and a few trappers. The
town was a "lively wintering place, and many were the fan-
dangoes, frolics, and fights which came off" during the winter.
By May, 1824, Fonda had become thoroughly disgusted
with Taos and its inhabitants, "for the latter were a lazy,
dirty, ignorant set, and, as a whole, possessed less honor than
the beggarly Winnebagoes about Prairie du Chien, at the
present time" (1858).

Leaving Toas Fonda returned to Santa Fe where he found
a company of traders who were preparing to cross the plains to
Missouri. He soon became acquainted with a men by the
name of Campbell, who was a merchant from St. Louis. The
latter engaged the explorer "to oversee the loading and un-
loading of his three wagons, whenever it was necessary to
cross a stream, which frequently happened."

"James, Edwin (Compiler), Account of an Expedition from Pittsburg to the
Rocky Mountains, Performed in the Years 1819 and 1820, by Order of the Hon. J. C.
Calhoun, Secretary of War, Under the Command of Major Stephen H. Long. 2 vols.,
Philadelphia, 1823. Vol. II, 94.

424 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

The trip from Santa Fe to St. Louis proved to be "a hard
journey," and one that Fonda never cared to repeat. The
"caravan of wagons, cattle, oxen, horses and mules left Santa
Fe in good condition," but many of them died before the com-
pany reached the Missouri River — the animals from thirst
and exhaustion, and the men from sickness and disease. The
survivors reached St. Louis in October, "which place I saw
for the first time, and Campbell having no further need of
my services paid me in hard Mexican dollars, and I left him."

It is evident, then, that in the early years of the nine-
teenth century Missouri territory was an important center
from which numerous exploring expeditions were conducted
into the Far West. The two principal waterways which
drain this remote western country, the Missouri and the
Arkansas, empty into the Mississippi within this region.
These facilitated exploration, and their fertile valleys tempted
the settler. In 1803 the entire area under consideration con-
tained less than ten thousand people.45 By 1820 there were
74,859. By the end of the year 1822 it is safe to say that
several thousand more had erected homes within the present
boundaries of Missouri and Arkansas.

«5Viles, Jonas, "Population and Extent of Settlement in Missouri before
1804," in the Missouri Historical Review, 1910-1911 (Vol. V), 212-13.

MAJOR EMORYS FOSTER. 425

Major Emory S. Foster

BY GEO. S. GBOVER.

Emory Stallsworth Foster was born in Greene county,
Missouri, near Springfield, on November 5, 1839. His father,
Robert Alexander Foster, was a native of Georgia, of pure
English lineage, and was a Methodist minister of the gospel.
His mother, Jane Louise Foster, nee Headlee, was of Scotch
Irish lineage. Emory Foster, their second son, was educated
in the common schools of that time, but early in life learned
the printers' trade.

In 1860, his father removed with his family to Warrens-
burg, .in Johnson county, Missouri. There Emory Foster
and his older brother, Marshall M. Foster, established and
conducted a weekly newspaper, called the Warrensburg
Missourian. It was a Democratic paper, but also fearlessly
independent in all its views. In 1861 the Foster brothers
were unconditional Union men and supported the United
States Government against secession in their paper with great
zeal and ability, and thus rendered effective and powerful
service to the Union cause in Missouri.

In February, 1861, a State Convention was called in
Missouri to meet, in that month, to determine whether or not
Missouri would secede. The Union delegates were elected in
Missouri, in that month, by a majority of 80,000. That Con-
vention not only kept Missouri in the Union but also abolished
slavery in the State forever. Johnson county, Missouri, elected
a Union delegate to that Convention by a decisive majority.

While voting at the polls in February, 1861, for the
Union candidate, Marshall M. Foster was shot in the back and
killed by two of his political opponents in Warrensburg. In
his death, the Union cause lost a great leader. Foster's assas-
sins escaped, but never thereafter served the secession cause
with any credit, and never returned to Warrensburg.

426 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

In March, 1861, Emory Foster recruited a company of
volunteers in Warrensburg, and joined with them as their
captain. The 29th Missouri Infantry (mounted) was then
being organized by Col. Benjamin W. Grover for the Union
army. There were no uniforms to be had at that time, so the
boys wore red shirts and black trousers, and were known as
the "Red Shirt Company." At that time Francis M. Cock-
rell, afterwards a Confederate general and United States
senator from Missouri, was recruiting a company for the 5th
Regiment, Confederate Army, in Warrensburg. Cockrell was
captain of that company. Afterwards, in March, 1861, at
Captain Cockrell's request, Foster's and Cockrell's companies
drilled together on alternate days in Warrensburg in perfect
harmony. This is the only instance of that kind known to
the writer in the Civil War. Foster's company, the "Red
Shirts," became Company C, 27th Missouri Infantry
(mounted) Union, in March, 1861, and then entered the Mili-
tary service of the United States. Their captain, Emory S.
Foster, was elected major of that regiment at that time.
Emory S. Foster soon became a gallant and heroic soldier in
that regiment, and led many a daring scout with it in western
Missouri between the Osage and Missouri rivers in this state.

In August, 1861, the regiment was ordered to Jefferson
City, Missouri. Major Foster marched one squadron over-
land from Warrensburg, and in a sharp fight near Centertown,
in Cole county, Missouri, attacked and routed a large band of
guerrillas, killing ten of them. Upon the arrival of the reg-
iment at Jefferson City, Col. U. S. Grant, 21st Illinois Infantry,
afterwards the immortal commander of the Union armies, who
was then in command of that military post, detailed Major
Foster to take command of a picked squadron of the 29th
regiment, known as the Fremont Scouts. With this detach-
ment Major Foster rendered distinguished service in the
remaining months of 1861. On one occasion with ten men of
his command he captured a Confederate colonel, Lewis, with
his body guard, at Holden, Johnson county, Missouri.

On another occasion his command with one company of
the 1st Missouri Cavalry, Union, under Major W. J. Striclin,

MAJOR EMORY S. FOSTER.

MAJOR EMORYS FOSTER. 427

attacked and routed a large band of guerillas ten miles south of
Warrensburg, Missouri, and rescued a government supply
train drawn by 1200 oxen. Majors Foster and Striclin escort-
ed this long train to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, a distance of
more than 100 miles, and there delivered to the United States
Quartermaster 144 work oxen, in fine condition, and the entire
train.

In January, 1862, out of 1000 men who joined the 29th
regiment, 2nd Infantry (mounted), in March, 1861, only 469
men were left with the colors. The rest had been killed and
wounded in their arduous service. Therefore, it was decided
to muster that regiment out of the military service. This was
done at St. Louis, Missouri, on January 27th, 1862. Col.
William T. Sherman, who afterwards "marched through
Georgia," was the officer who mustered out that regiment.

Major Foster immediately after his muster out of the 27th
regiment commenced making arrangements to re-enter the
military service of the United States. In March, 1862, Major
Foster recruited a squadron, three full companies, from the
survivors of the 27th regiment for the 7th Cavalry, Missouri
State Militia, a regiment of which Jno. F. Phillips was the
gallant colonel, and T. T. Crittenden, afterwards Governor of
this State, was the brave lieutenant colonel.

While recruiting this squadron for the 7th Cavalry at
Warrensburg, Missouri, in March, 1862, Major Foster was
attacked near that place by a large band of guerrillas. In the
sharp fight that ensued, the guerrillas were defeated and driven
off. Major Foster was wounded in the arm in this fight, but
remained in it, cheering his men with the cool determination
he always exhibited on such occasions. From March to Aug-
ust, 1862, Major Foster was constantly in the field with his
squadron of the 7th Cavalry; engaged in almost daily fighting,
sometimes at heavy odds with various bands of guerillas in
Western Missouri.

On August 16, 1862, at Lone Jack in Jackson county,
Missouri, Major Foster, with 740 men, fought a Confederate
force-of 3000 one entire day. It was one of the most desperate
fights at close range of the Civil War. In the afternoon Major

428 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

Foster was shot through the body, and his heroic brother,
Morris Foster, carried the Major out of the firing line, receiving
a bullet through his right lung, a wound from which he never
recovered. After the Major fell, his successor in command
retreated to Lexington, while the Confederates retreated to
Arkansas. Major Foster lost 240 men, killed and wounded
in this fight. The Confederate commanders conceded that,
but for his disabling wound, Major Foster would have won the
battle.

Major Foster never recovered from the wound he received
at Lone Jack. He suffered from it continuously until he died.
After the battle the surgeon of the 7th Cavalry, Dr. T. J.
Montgomery of Sedalia, advised Major Foster to prepare for
death. The Major refused to do so, and announced that he
intended to recover and rejoin his regiment in the ensuing
spring. This he did in March, 1863, to the astonishment of
the doctors, while the regiment was stationed at Marshfield
in Wright county, Missouri. There the officers of the 7th
regiment presented Major Foster with the saber, revolvers
and spurs, now in possession of The State Historical Society at
Columbia, Missouri. The eloquent presentation speech was
made by Col. Jno. F. Philips.

The year 1863, until October, was spent by Major Foster
in the field in active service with the 7th Regiment in South-
west Missouri. In October, 1863, that brave Confederate
General, Joe Shelby, invaded Missouri from Arkansas in that
famous expedition of his, which is known in history as the
"Shelby Raid." When Shelby reached the Osage River, at
Warsaw, in his northward march, Major Foster was with the
7th Regiment at Osceola, Missouri. He was started in pursuit
of Shelby by Gen. Brown, the Union commander then in the
field, to prevent the capture of Sedalia by Shelby. Major
Foster rode all night at the head of his squadron, attacked
Shelby's squadron south of Sedalia, and thereby drove the
gallant Confederate away from Sedalia, as he supposed Foster's
force was the advance guard of Gen. Brown's entire brigade.
For this important service the people of Sedalia gave Major
Foster a saddle, bridle and all equipment for his war horse, as

MAJOR EMORYS FOSTER. 429

a slight token of their gratitude. Shelby was then pursued by
General Brown with the 7th Regiment, led, by their brave
Colonel Philips and other commands until Shelby was overtaken
at Marshall, Missouri, on October 12, 1863, where he was
defeated, his force cut in two and chased out of the State.

The plan of the battle of Marshall, and Shelby's subse-
quent pursuit, was devised and carried out by Major Foster,
who was Chief of Staff for Gen. Brown in this campaign.
Major Foster then remained with the 7th Regiment on active
duty until June, 1864, when his wound received at Lone Jack
broke out afresh and he was, thereby forced to resign. Major
Foster then returned to Warrensburg, Missouri where he
remained until September, 1864.

Than came the invasion of Missouri from Arkansas by the
Confederate General, Sterling Price, with a large force. Gen.
Brown was then at Warrensburg, and was ordered to march
with his brigade to Jefferson City to aid in the defense of that
place. Warrensburg . was then the western terminus of the
Missouri Pacific Railroad in this State, and was an important
military point. Gen. Brown had collected there a large
amount of military stores, which he could not take with him.
So he sent for Major Foster, and asked him to re-enlist and
hold the place and save the stores. The General then marched
with his command to Jefferson City.

There was at that time at Warrensburg a number of
Union soldiers whose terms of service had expired. In four
days Major Foster recruited and mounted four companies of
cavalry. Gen. Brown caused them to be mustered into the
military service and appointed Major Foster to command
them with the rank of major of volunteers, cavalry. With
this force Major Foster held the town, and increased by forag-
ing the stores on hand.

On October 16, Major Foster was ordered to proceed
west until he met Gen. Blunt, who was moving east with a
division of Kansas volunteers. Major Foster moved promptly
met Gen. Blunt at Plesant Hill, and returned with him to Hoi-
den. There, Major Foster's wound again disabled him so that
he was compelled to divide his battalion and return with part

430 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

of it to Warrensburg. The remainder of the battalion he left
at Holden under the command of Gen. Blunt. That part of
Major's Foster's battalion, under its senior Captain, served in
the field with Gen. Blunt for 40 days and nights, and was with
him in the subsequent battles in which Gen. Price was defeated
and driven from the State. For this service Major Foster
and his battalion received honorable mention in the military
records of that time.

In 1865, Major Foster was elected public printer for the
State for a term of four years. He removed to Jefferson City
and served with distinction in that office for four years. After
his term of office expired he then removed to a fruit farm in
Jefferson county, Missouri, and remained there two years.

He was then appointed managing editor of the St. Louis
Journal, an evening paper, and removed to St. Louis. Shortly
thereafter the good people of Rockford, Illinois, concluded to
hold a County Fair, and they invited Jefferson Davis, ex-
president of the Southern Confederacy, to attend it, as an
advertising scheme. The editorial comment in the St. Louis
Journal of Major Foster's, on this act, was so severe and was
followed in such hearty spirit by the Chicago papers that the
invitation was withdrawn, although Mr. Davis declined it after
considering it. The ex-Confederates in St. Louis, who resented
Mr. Davis' treatment of General Joe Johnston, an able Con-
federate general, in removing him from command at Atlanta,
Georgia in 1864, rather enjoyed this incident. Not so, as to
many southern sympathizers then in St. Louis, who had not
served in the army in the Civil War. A Roman historian
writing of the Civil Wars of Rome long ago, fully described
these St. Louisians in his maxim, "After the Civil War it was
impossible to restrain the fury of the non-combatants."

At that time the St. Louis Times, then a morning paper,
was ably edited by Major John N. Edwards, a gallant Con-
federate soldier, who had served as Chief of Staff for Gen.J oe
Shelby. He (Major Edwards) was so besieged by the "non-
combatants," that he demanded a retraction from Major
Foster. Major Foster promptly refused it. Major Edwards
then challenged Major Foster. Major Foster accepted, and

MAJOR EMORYS FOSTER. 431

named Rockford, Illiniois, as the place of meeting. The two
majors met there and exchanged shots, fortunately missing
each other. They were always personal friends after that duel.

While editing the St. Louis Journal, Major Foster at-
tacked the "Whiskey Ring," then a powerful organization in
St. Louis, with such success as to cause its prosecution and
conviction.

About 1881, Major Foster was appointed secretary of the
Board of Public Improvements in St. Louis. He held that
office for twenty consecutive years, until 1901, when his
health failed and he was compelled to resign. He always
performed the duties of that important place with strict and
impartial fidelity to the public interest.

With the hope of regaining his health, which was then
much impaired, Major Foster went to California in 1902. He
died in Oakland, California, in December of that year. He is
buried in the lot owned by the Grand Army of the Republic in
Oakland, California, a spot of surpassing beauty, and there his
body awaits with confidence its final resurrection. In the
meantime his steadfast and earnest soul is reunited in Heaven
with his kinsmen and comrades, who have "gone before."

On January 18, 1864, Major Foster was married in Sharon,
Beaver county, Pennsylvania, to Miss Jessie Elizabeth Beall.
This accomplished lady and devoted wife and mother lives in
California. One child, a daughter, Jessie, was born to this
couple in Warrensburg, Missouri, on January 13, 1865. This
daughter, a girl of rare beauty and intellectual gifts, grew to
womanhood, the delight of all her people. She died in Cal-
ifornia after her father's decease. She is buried hear him, and
is now with him in Heaven.

As a soldier, Major Foster was the peer of any one who
ever served in any war. Of rare judgment, dauntless courage
and skill in the military science he had few equals, and no
superiors. As a citizen his public spirit and impartiality in
the public service, rare zeal, and uniting ability and persever-
ance for the public good, rendered him always a natural leader
among men. As a husband and father he was, beyond com-
parison, one of the best of men and to those whose privilege

432 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

it was to know him in life, and who now survive him, our
final salutation to his choice spirit, as we never cease to mourn
his loss, can only be, Hail and Farewell.

RECOLLECTIONS OF THOMAS H. BENTON. 433

Recollections of Thomas H. Benton

BY JUDGE JOHN A. OLIPHANT

In the late summer of 1856, a political meeting was to be
held at Warrensburg, at which Thomas H. Benton was to
discuss the issues of the day. He had been the most popular
man in the State, having served in the United States Senate
thirty years, two years in Congress, and was then a candidate
for governor. Many great questions were involved, some of
them were national. This proved to be the greatest and the
most interesting campaign of his life, and all of his resources
were mustered for the contest. His iriends were in line and
ready to go, and his enemies were bending all their energies to
defeat him and thereby overthrow Bentonism. He had been
so strong in the State that political parties had almost dis-
appeared and the campaigns were fought out on the issue,
Benton and Anti-Benton.

While so long in the Senate and being such a pos-
itive character, always contending for what he thought
was right regardless of whom it opposed or concerned,
he had made many lasting enemies, who sought every
opportunity to oppose and defeat his plans. President
Jackson's opposition to the National Banks, was opposed by
Clay, Webster and Calhoun, three leaders in the Senate, and
they made a combination that was thought all powerful, but
Mr. Benton came to Jackson's rescue and in the greatest con-
test ever waged in that body, won out and beat the great
combine, which caused these statesmen never to forgive him.
Benton was strong for the Union and constitutional govern-
ment, and when Calhoun presented his resolution to disrupt
the Union, Benton opposed it with all the eloquence he pos-
sessed and said "Such a course was treason," so that all the
influence of Calhoun and his friends afterwards both in and out
of the State, was mustered to defeat him. The Missourians
who afterwards favored secession were against Benton and

434 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

on account of a third party candidate, which drew away some
of his party friends, he was defeated.

His was a charmed life, such as no other man has held
before or since. I can see him now as he stood on that plat-
form in front of the old Court House at Warrensburg, looking
over the many thousands who had come to hear the most
eloquent and powerful statesman that had ever lived in that
State, and served the people as he had done. Some were
there who had loved and honored him in former days but were
then for some reason, either real or imaginary, against him.
His friends and foes were all there and those who were not for
him wished they were long before he was through. His
majestic form was attired in a handsome tailor-made suit of
broadcloth, looking the picture of a crowned king. His eyes
sparkled at every angle and his face was all aglow with that
dazzling brilliancy which charmed the hearts of all who saw
and heard him. The sun was hot that day, but those N.'is-
sourians stood with bared heads for two hours, listening and
shouting for Benton and never thought the sun was shining.
His wit and sarcasm, interspersed with irony and story that so
fully illustrated his ideas and punished his enemies, made him
the supreme master and conquerer of the situation, so that
none could oppose him.

Mr. Benton also spoke for James Buchanan, who was
running for President on the same ticket, and, regarding
Buchanan's opponent said, "years before a man consulted him
as a lawyer, wanting to know how a man could steal a girl
under age and elope with and marry her without having com-
mitted a crime, as it was then under the law, and he told him
to let the girl steal the man, and a short time after, his daughter
Jessie then under fifteen years, mounted her sorrel horse and
quietly rode over to the Fremont home and John C. Fremont
also mounted the horse behind her and she went to the par-
son's and they were married. This nearly broke his heart at
first, but soon afterwards they came home and asked to be
taken in and he did so. This young man, John C. Fremont his
then much beloved and admired son-in-law, was the candidate
on the Republican ticket for President against the man he was

RECOLLECTIONS OF THOMAS H. BENIGN. 435

supporting for that high office." He said that while Fremont
was a brilliant and highly honored man and could fill the po-
sition acceptably, yet he was for Buchanan, who would be
elected. He also said that if the Democratic party did not
get together on the great Union National issues, favored by
his old friend John Bull of Tennessee and Stephen A. Douglas
of Illinois, Mr. Fremont's party in the near future would
come into power and rule the country for a life time, and
would finally free the slaves and make all men free. Benton
stated that he had started in that direction when in the Leg-
islature of Tennessee in his early youth, he had passed a law
allowing the slaves to have a jury trial the same as the whites,
which he said was right as the negro was entitled to much
more and would secure it. Four years after this Lincoln was
elected President by the same Republican party. This proph-
ecy of Benton's was as true as holy writ and it was well timed
and his party utterly failed to grasp its truth and was driven
from power for a life time.

Two years after this great meeting Mr. Benton died and
his funeral at his home in St. Louis was attended by more than
forty thousand people, who desired to honor Missouri's most
beloved and greatest statesman, who not only believed in true
democracy but practiced it throughout his whole career.
Strong men and lovely women wept like children when, los-
ing their most cherished friend, they took the last look of that
friend, gentleman, and statesman. Mr. Benton stood high in
the social world. He was aristocratic in character and con-
duct, yet he was on the level with the common people and
mixed and mingled alike with all classes and kinds. He was
against the spoils system and opposed crime and wrong-doing
in friend and foe aliike. He died proclaiming all powers for
the people, for whom he had lived. His life was filled with
sunshine, clouds and storms, but "he finished his course and
kept the faith."

436 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

The Followers of Duden

BY WILLIAM G. BEK
THIRD ARTICLE

Selections From Herman Steines' Diary

"May 22, 1834. This morning, after we had taken our
breakfast, Glaser and I started on our journey. It is my pur-
pose to find suitable land on which my friends and relatives
who are coming from Germany may settle. I also wish to
collect information and data that may be useful to us. We
went thru Manchester and then to the home of Mr. George
King, where we spent the night, after having marched a dis-
tance of twenty-one miles. The country between St. Louis
and Manchester is unattractive. The soil is only of average
value, and the woods are of poor quality.

"May 23. From Mr. King's we went toward the Wild
Horse Creek. We ate dinner with old Mr. McKennon at the
horse-mill. In the afternoon we arrived at Mr. Wirth's on
the Wild Horse Creek. Here we met Florenz Kochs.

"May 24. In company with Florenz we visited Terril
on the Tavern Creek this morning. Then we looked at the
farms that Kochs, Wahl and Greef have bought, after which
we went to the farms of Nathan Bacon and Will Hancock.
Bacon's farm contains 365 acres, of which 100 acres are cleared.
He asks $3000.00 for this farm. Hancock has 170 acres,
forty cleared, and asks $4.00 an acre. Hancock has a good
stone house on his farm. Fielding Bacon has 154 acres, 28
cleared, and asks $900.00. Several others, in fact, I think,
every American there would sell his farm. The land is very
good; the water excellent; the forest is average; the general
aspect of the country is hilly; the farms are located in the
valleys; the roads are bad, and there are no connecting roads
as yet. Toward evening we went back to Mr. Wirth's.

THE FOLLOWERS OF DUDEN. 437

"May 25. Sunday. Mr. Wirth and Florenz Kochs
accompanied us as far as William Bacon's place on the Mis-
souri River. Here we saw a Missouri River catfish which
had been caught the night before. Wirth and Kochs went
back home from here, and we were taken across the river in a
boat that was made of a hollowed-out log. I must confess I
was a little timid about crossing the Missouri in this uncer-
tain craft. We had good luck for the water was quiet. In
case of a high wind such an undertaking is dangerous, however.
We each paid the man 25c and then climbed up the steep,
caved-in bank of the river. Now we were in the level bottom
land. We then continued our journey thru the majestic
Missouri valley. We came thru Missouritown, which num-
bers five or six log houses, and about noon reached a very
pretty farm with a substantial house on it. We stopped and
asked for a glass of milk, but were not able to get it. We were
invited ro stay for dinner, which invitation we gladly accepted.
After enjoying a splendid meal we stayed till three o'clock,
conversing with the owner. His farm contains about 400 acres
of which about 100 acres are cleared. He has a fine orchard,
the land is of excellent quality, and all the part that is fenced
in is level. The price is $3200.00. The present owner bought
it some years ago for $1600.00, but since then he has made
some important improvements. The owner's name is Gouth-
ridge. He comes from the neighborhood of the city of Wash-
ington in the District of Columbia. Mrs. Gouthridge was
very accommodating and friendly. From the Gouthridge place
we went further thru the valley in order to visit Mr. von
Spankeren. We came to a pretty farm and I was just about
to ask the way to von Span^keren's place, when I saw him, for
he chanced to be visiting there that day. He at once took us
to his house. Since he is a single man and his house is just
large enough to accommodate him and his two men, we could
not spend the night there, but upon von Spankeren's suggestion
we went to a neighbor whose name is Allkeyer, a German-
American from Virginia, who received us hospitably. The
farms of Mr. Allkeyer and of Mr. von Spankeren lie close to
the river. Von Spankerern is about to start a tannery. A

438 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

German by the name of Streit is boarding with Mr. Allkeyer.
This Streit was formerly an officer in the army of the Elector
of Hessia. Since he was not at home we did not have the
opportunity of meeting him.

"May 26. After breakfast we again paid Mr. von Span-
keren a visit. After leaving his place we soon got out of the
Missouri bottoms and into the hills beyond. We soon came
uopn the road that goes from St. Charles to Marthasville.
This road we followed and visited the German settlers who
live along this highway. We passed Mr. Krekel's place with-
out being aware of it. About noon we came to the farm of
Mr. Bock* who came from Braunschweig. In company with
his son-in-law Mr. Radsche he has begun a whisky distillery.
Mr. Bock has a large farm and lives in a brick house. He
intends to carry on the distilling business on a large scale.
He is a wealthy man. We were cordially received and invited
to stay for dinner, which we gladly did. The kindly features,
the charming voice, and the cheerfulness of old Mr. Bock
made a deep impression on me. One of the rooms in his house

*Mr. von Bock and his associates were men who had gotten their education
in German gymnasia, where they had received thoro instruction in Latin and
Greek. On this account their settlement was often called the "Latin settle-
ment." The epithet, "Latin farmers," has commonly been applied to these
scholarly German settlers." Cf. Faust's, The German Element in the United
States, I, p. 442.

In Gustav Koerner's Das deutsche Element in den Vereinigten Staaten von
Nordamerika, pp. 299 and 300, we read concerning Mr. von Bock: "Enticed
by the favorable reports of Duden and hoping to find the richest kind of land
under a Neapolitan sky, a number of highly cultured families and settled near
the forsaken estate of Duden, as early as 1832. We mention here only the
family von Bock. The head of this household was a most charming and jovial,
tho eccentric gentleman. A short time after settling he laid out the town of
Dutzow. On the 18th of Mey, 1834, the Germans of this community formed a
German Society whose chief purpose was to foster sociability."

In Gert Goebel's Laenger als ein Menschenleben in Missouri, pp. 7 and 8,
we read about these "Latin farmers:" "The old Americans viewed the activ-
ity of aristocratic people with dumb astonishment but the Germas who did
not belong to the clique, laughed at them, for the formality and rather strict
etiquette of their society contrasted strangely with the simple customs of their
neighbors. One of these men was old Mr. Bock, a strange, original old gentle-
man. In Germany he had been owner of an estate (Rittergut), and is said to
have had great wealth when he settled on Lake Creek. On his land he laid out
a town, to which he gave the name of his former estate "Dutzow." We read
further that Mr. Bock was very hospitable, that this hospitality was much
abused; that hunting parties constituted some of his diversions; that Mr. Bock
planned any projects the execution of which would have required millions of
capital.

THE FOLLOWERS OF DUDEN. 439

is adorned by a good library and a piano-forte. On this piano
I played, it being the first time I had touched a piano since my
trip across the Allegheny mountains, where I had the pleasure
of finding such an instrument at an inn . About three o'clock we
left Mr. Bock and visited Dr. Simons on his farm. There we
met two of Mr. Krekel's sons. From there we went to the
adjoining farm of Gottfried Duden, full of a certain yearning
and with beating hearts, (the cause of which agitation is known
to everyone in the Duchy of Berg). Now we were at this
historic spot. Now we saw the hut in which he (Duden) had
lived, the half finished log house, the shaded walk to the spring,
Lake Creek, the courtyard, the field and finally the forest so
fantastically described in the "Report." Everything was very
much neglected. The fence had decayed and in great part
had fallen down. The field was full of weeds, and a garden
was nowhere to be seen. After Duden's departure the place
was occupied by a renter, who met with a terrible misfortune.
One day while the adults were away from the house one of the
children playing alone around the hearth was pitifully burned
to death. This sad occurrence was the cause of the family's
leaving at once. Since that time the house has been occupied
only occasionally by Germans. The field and all that belongs
to the place had been sadly neglected. At present a German
shoemaker, whose name is Piersteacher, lives there. He
mended Glaser's shoes while we waited. This shoemaker, too,
will soon leave. No one wants to live there, because no one
wants to make the necessary repairs, and no one wants to pay
the rent. Many a German has been at that place during the
last six years in order to see where and how that one lived, who
with magic power has lured hordes of the sons of Germany
from their dearly beloved but oppressed and mistreated father-
land, who with magic pen has clothed this wilderness with
such a pleasing and attractive garment, and who has banished
the fear of those who thought that this was a country of In-
dians and wild beasts. How various are the feelings of those
who followed his suggestions! The sensible person who has
read Duden's book with normal imagination and with cool
blood, and has read it entirely thru, and read it intelligently,
11

440 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

and has understood and then has acted accordingly, such a
person will not have cause to blame the author. He will say
that those things which he finds to be different from what
Duden has described them, to have been subjected to the laws
of change, which are more active here than in most places.

"If the emigrant hopes to succeed he must be endowed
with love for steady and sometimes hard work, he must have
a sound brain and a sound body, and he must possess
a small sum of money. But many of those who immi-
grated into this country and had read Duden's book,
believed that they would find a paradise here and
could get rich with but little work. They imagine that
the people of the United States are angels, and they consider
the Constitution of this country to be, in itselj, a source
of inestimable good fortune. But how disappointed they are
here! Often accustomed to intoxicating pleasures, and given
over to an easy-going, often indolent life, they find here noth-
ing that corresponds to what they have been accustomed to.
Constant work, a simple and frugal mode of living, and the
all pervading solitude are simply horrifying to them. They
find a strange language, different customs and manners,
deceptive people, as in every other land. They find that the
absolute condition of success, prosperity and contentment is
hard work. They miss so many things which they were able
to enjoy at home, and therefore feel justified in expressing
their discontent and displeasure at one (Duden) who had the
welfare of his countrymen so much at heart. It is true
that the German who comes here loses much, even under the
most favorable circumstances, and such loss must grieve him
sorely, and he ought not to be criticised because he deplores
this loss. The greatest loss which he sustains is the loss of
Deutschtum, in the fullest sense of the word. This loss is
especially painful during the first few years of American resi-
dence. I believe that adults feel it to a certain extent all their
life long.

"After we had sampled some of the water of Duden's
spring and also tasted the water the oft-mentioned Lake Creek,
we went into the hut and read a few of Duden's letters, a copy

THE FOLLOWERS OF DUDEN. 441

of which I carried with me. Then we went to the other side
where Louis Eversmann's farm adjoins the old Duden place.
Eversmann was plowing in the field, but his wife, one son and
two daughters were at home. In the evening Eversmann
came home and received us very politely and hospitably. We
accompanied him to his brother-in-law, Mr. Bluemle, who had
asked him to alter some calves for him. We spent the night
with the Eversmanns. Eversmann's farm embraces more
than 400 acres. He owns a man slave and a woman slave and
a negro child. He has a large herd of cattle, many hogs and
some horses. He, as also his slaves, work very hard. His wife,
an American woman, was spinning flax when we arrived.
Eversmann has become very much Americanized. His chil-
dren speak English and do not understand any German,
because their parents speak only English with them. In one
thing this man, however, has not been Americanized; he still
smokes his long, German pipe. We talked about all sorts of
things but especially about the affairs of our relatives whom we
are expecting to come. Eversmann gave me much good
advice, which I deeply appreciated. This former companion
of Dr. Duden entertains the same views in regard to this man
and his work that I do. The price of land in this vicinity is
high, from eight to ten dollars an acre, and the soil is not
of the best variety at that.

"May 27. This morning we inspected the neighboring
farms. We also visited the old economist, Jacob Haun, who
lived here before Duden came, and whom the latter mentions
in his book. He was sitting in a chair and taking care of a
grandchild.

After dinner we took leave of our kind hosts, the Evers-
manns. Since I am obliged to be back in St. Louis by the 31st
of this month, I cannot continue my journey. Upon the
advice of Eversmann and von Spankeren we decided to cross
the Missouri and visit the little town of Washington on the
south side of the river. In our endeavor to get to the riyer we
became lost in the woods. After much wandering we finally
came to William Hancock's farm which is four miles from
Eversmann's place, on the river. At Hancock's we met a

442 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

German physician, Dr. Humbert, who crossed the Missouri
with us. In Washington we stopped with a Mr. Eberius, a
German who has a store. He has a German clerk named
Menges. There is also a German saddler, Mr. Fricke, in
Washington. The town, which was but recently begun, has
at the most, ten scattered houses. It is prettily located on
a hill which here comes close to the bank of the river. The
natural landing for steamboats is very good.

"May 28. Today we looked at some pretty farms about
five or six miles south of Washington. There, two brothers
named Richardson own farms of 120J^ and 240 acres, respec-
tively. Both have 40 acres cleared. One of them asks
$700.00, the other $1200.00. The farm of their old mother can
probably, also be bought for about $5.00 an acre. Several
other farms are for sale there. The soil is very good, the
location healthful and the water excellent. The adjoining
timber land is also good. Two Germans have bought farms
here and seem to be well pleased. The roads are good and
there is a mill in the neighborhood.

"May 29. Today we left Washington and went to the
Dubois Creek, to Point Labadie, and thence to Tavern Creek,
and Wild Horse Creek. The nearer we came to St. Louis the
wilder and more inhospitable did we find the country to be.
We again stopped at Terril, where we saw some strawberries.

"May 30. This morning we went to Florenz Kochs' and
then to Wirth, from where we went to Mrs. Bacon's farm.
Later we visited the brothers Kayser. In the Bonhomme
bottom we visited Hermann Heinrich Honnem, who, in good
old-fasioned manner met us at the gate and welcomed us
most cordially, and altho we were not especially well acquainted
he offered us a beaker of punch. He and his good wife are
simple, obliging and hospitable countryfolk.

"May 31. We did not succeed in finding Dr. Kueckel-
hahn, who lives in Honnem's neighborhood, at home, but we
were fortunate enough to meet him on the road. We passed
thru the little town of Chesterfield, an insignificant place, and
then went on and on thru poor timber and deforested land

THE FOLLOWERS OF DUDEN. 443

back to St. Louis. Tired out, we finally arrived at Greef's
house at eight o'clock in the evening.

"June 17. This evening a company of immigrants from
Westphalia under the guidance of Dr. Pulte arrived on the
steamboat Clayborne. They came via New Orleans. Five
of their number had died on their way here. During the 1st
few days the rumor had again found currency that the cholera
has appeared once more. It is said that several cases of death
by this plague have occurred.

"June 19. I helped several immigrants to find boarding
houses. They plan to go to the country soon.

"June 23. Today the steamboat Chester brought Ger-
man immigrants from Hessen-Darmstadt. I helped to find
dwellings for them.

"June 25. Received a letter from father. Letter was
written in Fredericktown, Maryland. All immigrants in his
party are well and happy.

(Here the diary is interrupted. The company just spoken
of, coming under the guidance of Hermann Steines' brother,
Frederick Steines, arrived in St. Louis. The cholera soon
visited the poor immigrants. In a later account of Frederick
Steines the ravages of this plague will be treated in detail.
Later on Hermann Steines took up his diary again. In the
following some interesting items are given. They reflect
some phases of the life of the early Missourian, and are in-
serted here, rather than later on in our story, because they
conclude Hermann Steines' contribution to our account, his
brother Frederick furnishing the data for its conclusion).

"January 25, 1837. Today I went to the horsemill at
the Harris place and ground two bushels of wheat. Every
man who came had to use his own horses to run the mill.

"January 29. This morning I rode over to Mr. McKen-
non's to fetch him some hog brains to be used in the prepara-
tion of buck-skin leather.

"February 8. Early this morning I left for St. Louis.
On account of the morass which was supposed to be a road, I
could not get farther than Harrison's, thirteen miles on this
side of St. Louis.

444 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

"February 9. I arrived in St. Louis at noon. At the city
market I sold my produce, namely: ten pounds of fresh butter
at 31i cents a pound, 12 pounds of old butter at 25 cents a
pound, and four dozens of eggs at 25 cents a dozen.

"February 11. Ball and Kincaid are planning to plot
sites for two towns. One of these is to be named St. Albans.

"February 15. Hammerstein came after his venison
today.

"March 2. Dr. Kincaid came back from St. Louis. He
showed us a plan for the site of the proposed town of St.
Albans. The plan was made by Kayser.

"March 4. This evening I got my buckskin breeches
from Mr. Farmer.

"March 6. I rode to St. Louis today carrying twenty-
two dozens of eggs and eleven pounds of butter on my horse.

"March 22. Ordered a new wagon from the wainwright
near the jail. It will cost me $150.00.

"March 26. On the Wild Horse Creek, Johnson, Han-
cock, and B. and Ruben Bacon have sold their farms to Ger-
mans.

"April 4. The snow lay 1}^ feet deep this morning.

"April 7. We could not work outside today because of
the cold. So we camped around the hearth all day.

"April 15. Sowed oats today and dragged them in with
a branch of a tree.

"May 5. The assessor of St. Louis, Mr. Patterson, was
here today. Assessed me as follows: two horses, $50.00, six
head of cattle, $72.00, one watch, $5.00. Total state taxes are
52j/£ cents, of which 37J^ are for poll tax.

"May 20. Went to the log rolling at Mr. Halbach's.

"May 29. Squirrels are destroying the corn crop. Birds
and raccoons are also very destructive to the fields.

"July 11. Mr. Farmer cradled my wheat today, and
mother and I bound it.

"July 14. Mother and I cut our rye with a scythe.

"July 16. Rode to Harris this morning to get the news-
papers. The heavy rain had caused all the creeks and rivers
to flood the low lands, so the mail carrier was not able to make

THE FOLLOWERS OF DUDEN. 445

the trip from Jefferson City since July 10. The Missouri and
Meramec are flooding the low lands and are doing much
damage.

"July 28. With my two horses I helped Gross and
Paffrath trample out their wheat.

"August 5. Threshed our peas at home after having
hauled them in with my ox team.

"August 10. Mr. Bornefeld made me a lot of cigars from
home-grown tobacco.

"August 14. Got the threshing ground ready.

"August 19. Gross and Paffrath helped trample out our
grain.

"August 20. Threshed or rather hulled clover. Mother
and I filled the matresses with fresh straw.

"August 23. Greef came after our threshing flail.

"August 26. Winnowed the oats. Got twenty- four
bushels of which I put thirteen bushels into a "gum," that is
a piece of hollowed out tree.

"August 31. The mail carrier failed to come on the last
two mail days. Harrison who had contracted to carry the
mail from St. Louis to Jefferson City for $500.00 a year, has
become bankrupt. They say we shall not get any papers and
letters till a new contract is made for carrying the mail.

"September 3. We are drying peaches and apples.

"September 5. I chinked and daubed with mud the
cracks in the walls of my house.

"September 9. Hung tobacco in the barn to dry.

"October 10. Rode to Engels' place to a house raising.
Halbach, Pfaffrath, Gross, Ragip, Nathan Bacon, Tippet,
Farnur, Ferrir, Gaw, Lowe, Brown and Engels took part in
the work. We finished before the rain ad were home in good
time.

"October 21. At our house raising today we laid up five
logs on each of the long sides and four on each of the short
sides of the building. Gross and Greef were the corner men.

Jacob Ridenhour was here and he agreed to split 1000

fence rails for me at five bits a hundred. He will take his pay
in wool at 37}/£ cents a pound.

446 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

"October 26. At Mr. Harris' place there was a meeting
at which a Baptist preacher, Mr. Green, spoke.

"October 27. Today we got four gallons of honey from
our bee hives.

"October 29. Greef went to Union to take the oath as
American citizen.

"November 3. Judge Evans of St. Francois County was
three and a half days late for session of the court.

"December 1. Went to a meeting at Brawly's house
where Mr. Rennick preached on : 'The salvation of the repent-
ant sinner and the damnation of the wicked.'

"December 9. A Frenchman by the name of LeBaux
has bought the Belloux section on which Brueggerhof is living.

"December 10. Went to a meeting at Mr. Bacon's house.
Neighbor Brawly preached, using the text: 'I am not ashamed
of the gospel of Christ.'

"November 13, 1833. Volunteers are coming back from
the Mormon affair."

THE STORY OF THE FIRST GERMAN SCHOOLMASTER WEST OF
THE MISSISSIPPI.

Among those who were induced to seek their fortune in
America, after Gottfried Duden's "Bericht" had pointed the
way to the trans-Mississippi country, was Frederick Steines,
the head of the so-called Solingen Emigration Society. He
was a brother of Hermann Steines whose letters and diaries
have previously been considered in this publication. Frederick
Steines left an immense amount of letters and other writings
which are full of historic facts. Almost all these documents
are in the German language. They are here translated and
printed for the first time.

We are fortunate to have the autobiography of this excel-
lent man up to his twenty-seventh year, in his own hand-
writing. A note appended to the document makes it clear
that this sketch was prepared for a gathering of teachers in
Neu Loehdorf , Germany. This note has the added interest of
showing that the profession of teacher had many unpleasant
phases connected with it. It further is interesting since un-

THE FOLLOWERS OF DUDEN. 447

deniable injustice on the part of school and military authorities
was the main cause that induced Steines to leave his ardently
beloved fatherland.

FREDERICK STEINES AUTOBIOGRAPHY.

"I was born on December 4, 1802, at Kettwig on the Ruhr
river. My parents, who are still living, are the master shoe-
maker, Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Steines and Anna Catharine
Steines, nee Unterlehberg. Of my early childhood I do not
remember much that had any bearing of the development of
my character. Once when I thought that my mother had
done me a wrong, I decided to run away. I carried out my
plan and it was late at night when some good-hearted persons
took me home again. I liked to play with other children,
and took a lively interest in our games, but I could not bear
to be imposed upon. In such an extremity I either took the
measure of the other fellow, or I left the game.

"When I was not yet five years old I was sent to the
village school. But when soon thereafter Mr. Birkmann, the
present inspector of the seminary at Soest, became the teacher
of the parish school, I was sent to this school, because Mr.
Birkmann was a dear friend of my father. In this school I
studied the common branches and under private instructions
I studied drawing, geography, piano and organ. At home my
father insisted upon regular study periods. Since he was not
wholly without knowledge of the higher branches of education,
he was able to guide me and guard against slipshod work.

"During the summer months I was often obliged to work
in the fields where my strength was often put to severe tests.
Attendance at school, however, was rarely interrupted by such
outside duties. During the long winter evenings all of us
children (there were seven of us), sat about a long table in
father's workshop and prepared our lessons. It was an attrac-
tive sight to see each one busy with his own task, one studying
French, another his catechism, a third writing a composition
and so down the line, my father stopping his work now and
then to give assistance and to preserve order.

448 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

"The hours of play afforded me great delight. Having
escaped the severity of parental supervision, I enjoyed the
blessings of freedom to the fullest, romping with other boys,
wandering thru fields and woods, or rowing in small boats on
the beloved Ruhr river.

"Thus passed the first ten years of my life. Up to this
time the yoke of French tyranny had rested heavily upon my
Fatherland. In Kettwig it had been almost unbearable.
Therefore the rejoicing was very great when the hour of
deliverance had struck and when Kettwig again came under
Prussian control.

"To the impressions and experiences of my youth, while
my home was suffering under the galling oppression of France,
I must attribute a certain trait of my character which makes
it impossible for me to endure any act of injustice, especially
when it is committed by one in power, just because he happens
to have authority over me.

"My religious instruction I received from the Reverend
Deegen in Kettwig, who taught me the beauties of liberal views
concerning such matters. On the twentieth of May, 1816, I
was confirmed. I was at that time only thirteen and a half
years old, but because of my ability, and especially since the
Reverend Deegen knew that I wished to devote myself to the
calling of a teacher, I was admitted to confirmation.

"In the following September I became subordinate
teacher in Barmen under Mr. Muentmann. My position was
an unpleasant one, chiefly on account of the wife of my
superior, and I rejoiced when my disagreeable connection with
this position ended.

"On the 14th of February, 1817, I entered Professor
Pabst's Normal School at Elberfeld where my older brother
was engaged as subordinate teacher. How eagerly I embraced
the opportunity that this excellent school afforded. The
German language itself became the subject of most ardent
study. The resolve to become absolute master of my mother
tongue was made on an occasion when on the playground a
younger fellow student corrected a sentence in which I had incor-
rectly used a dative for an accusative. To improve my style

THE FOLLOWERS OF DUDEN. 449

I began to write letters to a friend at home. These letters
were of a scholarly content and were submitted to my teacher
for criticism. Occasionally, however, the letters were not all
submitted, for they sometimes contained passages, now in
prose and then again in poetry, which glorified a little sweet-
heart I had left behind. This incident of my life I should not
mention at all, if I did not attribute to it the fact that I did
acquire a tolerably good style of writing, and because of the
fact that I consider this the very best exercise in composition
since heart and head were always vieing with one another.

"Unfortunately I was not able to stay with Professor
Pabst long, since he presently left Elberfeld. My brother,
having been called as teacher to Hassels, took me with him.
After a short time I became subordinate teacher in Urdenbach.
When in 1818 my brother was called to Loehdorf, I was called
to Hassels to succeed him. I was then but fifteen and a half
years old. I took the state examination and received a strong
recommendation.

" During my free hours I was much in the open studying
nature at first hand. I tried my hand at original poesie.
Under the direction of Mr. Birkmann I studied logic, meeting
with this gentleman twice a week to discuss my work. With
the Vicar Bonrath I studied Latin. This language pleased me
immensely so that I was reading Cornelius Nepos during the
second year. I also undertook the study of Greek but got
only as far as the declensions. Once each week I met with
Mr. Dorp, a teacher, to discuss French works with him. My
correspondence was kept up, and so the most perfect balance
of intellect and heart was established.

"Into these, my happiest days, suddenly came great
bereavement. My brother, the teacher at Loehdorf, died, so
did two other brothers and a sister, so did my friend with whom
I had carried on such a live correspondence, so did my little
sweetheart. These blows seemed unbearable indeed.

"In the eighteenth year of my life I was elected to the
position of teacher in Loehdorf, where my late brother had
done such excellent work. Here I found an immense amount

450 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

of work to do and this it was that helped to heal the awful
wounds which fate had just struck in me.

"After two years of work in Loehdorf I spent a year in the
service of my king. This was indeed a year rich in experiences.
Perhaps at no time in my life did I gain so much knowledge of
mankind as during this period of military service. My inborn
feeling of justice was often greviously hurt, but the stern rules
of military service always forced me to submit again to the
restraint they impose, tho I always felt as if I were incar-
cerated.

"My period of military training having ended, I returned
to my former station at Loehdorf, where my brother Peter
had filled my place as teacher during my absence. With
lofty ideals and firm resolutions I began again to teach, at the
same time resolved not to neglect my own private study.

"In the meantime I had become acquainted with my
present wife, whom I married on October 7, 1824. Our life
has been a very happy one, and our union has been blessed
with two healthy, happy children.

"On the whole, life in Loehdorf is very agreable, but as
everywhere else, so here too, the pleasant is mixed with the
unpleasant. There is much that oppresses me. It is especially
disagreeable to me to see that certain authorities fail to
oppose and remove certain things and conditions which they
could very easily correct. However, I will not lose hope for
and trust in our cause.

"This then is my biography. In reality it is only a frag-
ment of the same. For good reason I have not given a com-
plete picture of my life. I say, without reserve, that I should
not have hesitated to do so if in our conference there did not
prevail such a despisable spirit. Here brotherly love ought to
bring us together and with its tender bonds should unite us all,
here the greatest confidence ought to obtain, here we ought to
feel true recreation after so many unpleasant experiences
which we have. Instead of that, however, we often have here
the very saddest experiences. There is indeed great need that
under the present oppressive conditions the teachers should
mutually lighten their load by close fraternal co-operation,

THE FOLLOWERS OF DUDEN. 451

but instead of that, the one regards the other with hostility.
Oh, my brothers, think about it! Formerly it was different.
Shall conditions remain as they now are? May God forbid!

Frederick Steines, Teacher."
New Lohdorf, October 2, 1830.

Among the Steines papers there are also found the two
original communications of the school boards informing the
young teacher of his election to the positions at Hassels and at
Loehdorf. Some of the conditions therein set forth are in-
teresting, and since they aid in a better understanding of
Steines' later action they are here given.

Each document begins with the pious, once commonly
used expression "In the Name of God. Amen!" Among
other things we read in the communication from Hassels,
which was dated July 2, 1818, "we expect that you will !m-
struct the children, put under your charge, in spelling, reading,
writing, arithmetic, singing, and in all those things which they

ought to know. It is also expected of you that you will,

from time to time, instruct the children in church songs, so

that they shall gain proficiency in rendering such songs.

On Wednesdays and Saturdays you are to hear their assign-
ments in the catechism. On Saturday afternoons you

will have no school. In case of a funeral in your district,

you are, upon request, obliged to attend with the school chil-
dren and lead them in singing. For each such occasion you are

entitled to a fee of forty cents. As compensation for your

services as teacher you shall have the use of the school house
and of a garden, which garden you may rent out with the con-
sent of the directors. Moreover, free board shall be provided
you in the homes of members of the Reformed Church, which
home shall be assigned to you by the proper officers. Further-
more, you will receive a fixed salary of fifteen Thaler, in the
currency of the Duchy of Berg. You will also be permitted to
make an annual circuit of the community to collect voluntary
contributions, on which tour one of the directors will accom-
pany you. During the six summer months, "from May 1

to September 1, you will also receive from each pupil a monthly
tuition fee of 16 cents, and during the winter months a fee of

452 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

20 cents. —The fuel, which you must buy, will be delivered
free of charge. — From every pupil which studies arith-
metic, you will receive a monthly fee of 23 cents for the summer
months and 32 cents for the winter months. For private
instruction you will be allowed to charge as you please."

The communication of the board at Loehdorf reads, in
part, as follows: "The subjects for instruction are: Reading,
according to *correct pronunciation, penmanship and spelling,
written and oral arithmetic, singing and sight reading of music,
suitable drill for the development of the powers of reasoning,
and exercises to teach correct expression of thought, natural
history and general history. The most suitable method of
presenting these matters is left to your judgment.

"You will be required to give your pupils instruction in
Bible history to prepare them for their religious training. By
your regular attendance at the church services, and by a blame-
less life you are to serve your charge as an example.

"You are to devote all your time to the duties of the
school, and not participate in any other trade or business.
But the purchase and sale on your part of the necessary school
supplies shall not be interfered with.

"Since it is customary to accompany all public funeral
processions with a choir of singers, it shall be your duty, at the
request of the mourners, to lead the singing on the way to the
cemetery. Your remuneration for such service will depend
upon the voluntary contributions of the mourners.

"If the Community Club of your district should meet in
the school house, it shall be your duty to keep the minutes of
the proceedings, without extra compensation.

"As compensation for your services as teacher we abide
by the following:

(a) You shall be allowed a tuition fee of 8 cents per
pupil for each month. From those whom you supply with
writing pens you shall be allowed to collect ten cents per
month. It shall be optional on the part of parents, however,

*This provision was necessary because of the presence of so many different
dialects that obtain in Germany.

THE FOLLOWERS OF DUDEN. 453

to supply their children with pens themselves. In such cases
you shall collect only eight cents.

(b) You shall receive the earnings of a fund of $425.00
which amounts to $20.20. It is the wish of the donors of this
fund, however, that the teacher shall instruct, free of charge,
such children of poor parents who have made proper applica-
tion to the board of directors.

(c) You will receive an annual fixed salary of 250 francs
from the communal treasury, and also 60 francs for fuel. For
the payment of a properly certificated assistant teacher 150
francs have been set aside.

(d) We turn over to your use the dwelling of the teacher
together with 87 square rods of land for your own use. If you
desire, you may rent the land to some reliable persons and col-
lect the rent. You will have to provide your own furniture.
If, at any future time any profit should be derived from a
tract of uncultivated land, which has become the property of
the school, you shall also have the benefit of this income.

(e) You have our permission to make a circuit of the
school district between Christmas and New Year to collect
voluntary donations. You will be allowed an assistant on
this tour. If you should not like to make this circuit in person,
the directors will provide two suitable persons for this pur-
pose."

Mr. Steines held the position as teacher in Loehdorf from
1820 to 1834, that is, to the time of his departure to America.
He was a progressive in many ways and could not brook the
many delays and the imperfections of a poorly organized
government. He frequently took it upon himself to make
suggestions to the officials. These suggestions were not
always as kindly received as they were sincerely given. Among
the papers preserved by Mr. Steines is a questionaire submitted
by the Inspector of Schools in the Duchy of Berg. The third
question deals with the matter of tuition and other money
received: (a) Regularly; (b) By coercive means; (c) From
poor fund; (d) Not collectable. The answer to this 'question
runs thus: "(a) From 32 of my pupils (that is to say from
32 out of 267), I receive the monthly tuition regularly, (b) As

454 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

a rule the collector of the community collects from 80 to 90
Thaler annually, which are paid to me usually half a year after
the time it is due. (c) From the poor fund about 80 Thaler
are received annually, which are usually paid from one to two
or three years after payment has become due, and then general-
ly with great reductions, (d) For the period beginning with
October, 1826, to the end of July, 1830, the uncollectable
tuition amounts to a little more than 67 Thaler, of which
amount I have received nothing, in spite of the complaint
which I have registered with the local and the communal
authorities, and twice even with the state government. The
uncollectable tuition for the fiscal year 1830 to 1831 amounts
to nearly 40 Thaler, which I presumably shall also have to
record in the great credit book."

"It is a lamentable fact that the school authorities do not
recognize that the tuition system is a great hindrance to the
development of our schools. The consequence of such a
system of paying tuition are as follows: (1) It brings about
impoverishment of the teacher. This prevents his further
development, since not only the means for acquiring the neces-
sary aids are wanting, but, worse still, the inclination is lacking.
This impoverishment brings the teacher into a thousand em-
barrassing situations, and instead of his thinking solely about
the advancement of his own work, his mind is harassed by
thoughts as to how he can make both ends meet. (2) It
creates disrespect for the teacher. He works a whole month
for a paltry sum, and then is obliged to play the humble servant
to collect this pittance, and must be constantly on his guard
for fear of offending one or the other of his tardy patrons, for
that might be an expensive business for him indeed. (3)
Countless vexatious scenes arise between teacher and pupils,
as well as between teacher and parents. (4) The discipline
of the school is undermined.

"I shall not enumerate other points. It would lead to
prolixity, which I detest. After all, what do all these com-
plaints accomplish? As a rule nothing. At least my exper-
ience has taught me to doubt it.

"The government does not take hold effectively in this

THE FOLLOWERS OF DUDEN. 455

matter. If it did so, things would go better. The authorities
admit that the teacher is entitled to his dues. Why then do
they not have the people pay their taxes to those officers to
whom they would pay them, for to the teacher they will not.

"The King and the officials of the government may think
that the teachers in the Duchy of Berg are well situated. I
assert that this is not true. The school system of the Duchy
of Berg is poorly organized, because the teachers are not able
to live carefree enough, not because they do not earn enough,
but because they are not able to collect what they earn."

Ambitious and progressive as Mr. Steines was, he submit-
ted to the proper authorities a plan for the laying out of a
tree nursery. This plan was sanctioned by the authorities,
and Mr. Steines proceeded to lay out the plot, prepare the
soil and plant the trees. He cared for the same for years. In
the end the government refused to pay the amount originally
allowed, and, as far as can be ascertained from the correspond-
ence, etc., the Prussian government remained Mr. Steines'
debtor to the amount of about 50 Thaler. This provoked a
good deal of spirited correspondence. The manifest injustice
vexed Steines very greatly, so that, even in his old age, he
could not speak of these matters without feeling.

Another bit of injustice to which Mr. Steines was subjected
came in connection with his military duties. In a communica-
tion addressed to the king himself Steines begins thus: "When
I, being convinced of Your Majesty's love of justice, wrote the
poems which are contained in the booklet, entitled : 'The third
of August, or the Celebration of the Birthday of our King
Friedrich Wilhelm III' (Solingen 1831), where I spoke so en-
thusiastically of the advantages and the well-being of the
Prussian state, it was impossible for me to suspect that so
soon I should be placed in a position where I should have to
plead for this same love of justice for my own protection
against the hostile charges of one of Your Majesty's own
officers, who has grievously attacked my honor, the highest
possession a man has."

Briefly stated, Mr. Steines' complaint was as follows.
After having completed his one year's military service, from

456 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

which he was honorably discharged in December 1822, he was
put among the reserves who were subject to the first summons.
This obligation he faithfully fulfilled. After December 1831,
as the law provided, he was subject to second summons.
However, the military authorities, without cause, insisted upon
keeping his name on the list subject to the first summons.
Upon his complaint he was arrested and tried. At the time
of his arrest his wife was in an advanced stage of pregnancy,
whom he had to leave with three small children unprovided for.
He had no time either to make provision for a substitute in
his school. The trial was a farce, but later on the commandant
of the battalion recited Steines' case before the militiamen of
four towns in Steines' neighborhood, as a warning and an
example. We read: "Thus I have come into disrepute far
and wide, and so it will be impossible for me to remain in this
country any longer unless my good name is restored. This
sort of thing is incompatible with my official postition." The
petitioner then prays that the king should cause the papers to
be submitted to himself and after an investigation of the just-
ness of the complaint publicly cause the proper amends to be
made known. This letter to the king was written on Novem-
ber 2, 1833.

On the 23rd of January, 1834 the commandant at Cologne
replied to this communication, stating in the first sentence
that Steines' case was declared unfounded, but in the second
sentence stating that the matter was dismissed and that the
.office who had caused the trouble was to be duly reprimanded
for failure to transfer Steines to the second reserves. This
unsatisfactory and most ambiguous reply quickly matured the
plan of emigration long entertained by the Steines family.

They re-read Duden's book and resolved to cast their lot
with many others in the hope of finding better conditions in
the virgin forests of Missouri. Duden's farm near the present
site of Dutzow in Warren County became the Mecca of the
prospective emigrants. Before starting on the long journey,
Frederick Steines had the good judgment to visit Dr. Duden
in order to interview him personally in regard to the prospects
in Missouri. Duden is said to have advised him that it would

THE FOLLOWERS OF DUDEN. 457

be better not to settle on the north side of the Missouri, as he
had done, but to choose land in either St. Louis or Franklin
counties, on the south of the river. He is said to have argued
that St. Charles on the north side of the Missouri would never
be a great city, while St. Louis surely would, and pointed
out the important fact, that residence south of the great stream
would afford better communication with the market of the
latter city. Upon the further advice of Dr. Duden, it was
resolved to send some one of the prospective emigrants to the
new country to look the situation over and report their findings
to the rest who were still in Germany. The choice, as we
already know from previous letters, fell upon Hermann
Steines, whose letters are familiar to the reader. The first
letters written by him in the fall of 1833 were very enthusiastic.
Other communications in a less encouraging tone did not reach
his kin on German soil, for early in the winter of 1834 the
Steines family and others with them had resolved to migrate
to America.

On the second of January, 1834, Frederick Steines sub-
mitted his resignation to his school authorities. The following
statement is taken from this document. "Since the year 1820
I have been teacher of the school here. Now the hour has
come when I must sever the bonds that have officially bound
me. As citizen and in my official and military relations to
the state I have had so many bitter experiences, which in my
opinion an upright citizen of the Prussian state ought not to
have been subjected to, that I find myself compelled to make a
change. Since I see no opportunity for a betterment of condi-
tions here, I have resolved to migrate to North America. To
Your Excellency I therefore submit the declaration that I
herewith resign my position as teacher in Neu Loehdorf, and
that at the end of the coming month of February, I shall cease
to impart instruction."

When it became known that the Steines family intended
to migrate to America, a number of families, mostly from
Solingen, joined them, so that the so-called Solingen Emigra-
tion Society numbered in all 153 persons, men, women and
children. Frederick Steines was the leader of this group,

458

MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

which chartered the ship "Jefferson," under Captain Mar-
steller. They sailed from Rotterdam on April 17, 1834.

The details of the journey are given in Frederick Steines'
letters which are here translated.

EARLY DAYS ON GRAND RIVER AND MORMON WAR. 459

Early Days on Grand River and the
Mormon War

ROLLIN J. BRITTON
SIXTH ARTICLE.

Returning to Joseph Smith, Jun, and his companions, we
find that they reached Liberty jail on December 1, 1838,
where they were visited by their families and numerous friends,
including General Doniphan, during the month of December.

On January 16, 1839, Mr. Turner from the joint select
committee, introduced a bill in the Missouri Senate to provide
for the investigation of the late disturbances in this State.
This bill provided for a joint committee to investigate the
causes of the disturbances between the people called Mormons
and other inhabitants of this State, and conduct of the mili-
tary operations in repressing them, which committee shall
consist of two senators to be elected by the Senate and of three
representatives to be elected by the House of Representatives.
The bill further provided that the committee should meet
at Richmond, Ray County, on the first Monday in May
and thereafter at such times and places as they should ap-
point, and made provision for organization, and clothed the
committee with the power of a court. This bill was passed
by the Senate on January 31; but on February 4, the House
laid it on the table until July 4, 1839, which made it too late
to benefit the Mormons.

On Thursday, January 24, 1839, Joseph Smith wrote a
letter as follows :

"To the Honorable the Legislature of Missouri:

Your memorialists, having a few days since solicited your
attention to the same subject, would now respectfully submit to
your honorable body a few additional facts in support of their
prayer.

They are now imprisoned under a charge of treason against the
State of Missouri and their lives and fortunes and characters being

460 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

suspended upon the result of the criminal charges preferred against
them.

Your honorable body will excuse them for manifesting the
deep concern they feel in relation to their trials for a crime so
enormous as that of treason.

It is not our object to complain — to asperse anyone. All we
ask is a fair and impartial trial. We ask the sympathies of no one.
We ask sheer justice; 'tis all we expect, and all we merit, but we
merit that. We know the people of no county in this state to
which we would ask our final trials to be sent are prejudiced in our
favor. But they believe that the state of excitement existing in
most of the upper counties is such that a jury would be im-
properly influenced by it. But that excitement and the prejudice
against us in the counties comprising the fifth judicial Circuit are
not the only obstacles we are compelled to meet. We know that
much of that prejudice against us is not so much to be attributed
to a want of honest motives amongst the citizens as it is to wrong
information.

But it is a difficult task to change opinions once formed. The
other obstacle which we candidly consider one of the most weighty
is the feeling which we believe is entertained by the Hon. A. A. King
against us, and the consequent incapacity to do us impartial
justice. It is from no disposition to speak disrespectfully of that
high officer that we lay before your honorable body the facts we
do; but simply that the legislature may be apprised of our real
conditions. We look upon Judge King as like all other mere men,
liable to be influenced by his feelings, his prejudices, and his pre-
viously formed opinions. We consider his reputation as being
partially if not entirely committed against us. He has written
much upon the subject of our late difficulties, in which he has
placed us in the wrong. These letters have been published to the
world.

He has also presided at an excited public meeting, as chairman,
and no doubt sanctioned all the proceedings. We do not com-
plain of the citizens who held that meeting, they were entitled to
that privilege. But for the judge before whom the very men were
to be tried for a capital offense to participate in an expression of
condemnation of these same individuals is to us at least apparently
wrong; and we cannot think that we should after such a course on
the part of the Judge, have the same chance of a fair and impartial
trial as all admit we ought to have.

We believe that the foundation of the feeling against us which
we have reason to think Judge King entertains may be traced to
the unfortunate troubles which occurred in Jackson County some
few years ago. In a battle between the "Mormons" and a portion

EARLY DAYS ON GRAND RIVER AND MORMON WAR. 461

of the citizens of that county, Mr. Brazeale, the brother-in-olaw
of Judge King, was killed.

It is natural that the Judge should have some feeling against
us, whether we were right or wrong in that controversy.

We mention these facts, not to disparage Judge King; we
believe that from the relations he bears to us he would himself pre-
fer that our trials should be had in a different circuit and before a
different court. Many other reasons we might mention, but we
forbear."

The letter was directed to James M. Hughes, Esq., Member of
the House of Representatives, Jefferson City.

(Millenial Star, Vol. 16, pp. 7709-11.)

On Saturday, January 26, 1839, the Mormon citizens of
Caldwell County met at Far West and appointed a committee
of seven, to- wit: John Taylor, Alanson Ripley, Brigham
Young, Theodore Turley, H. C. Kimball, John Smith, and
D. C. Smith to draft resolutions respecting their removal from
the State according to the Governor's order, and to devise
means for removing the destitute. This Committee reported
to the reassembled meeting on the 29th, when John Taylor, as
chairman, read the following covenant which was adopted,
to- wit:

"We, whose names are hereunder written, do for ourselves,
individually, hereby covenant to stand by and assist each other to
the utmost of our abilities in removing from the State in compliance
with the authority of the State, and we do hereby acknowledge
ourselves firmly bound to the extent of all our available property,
to be disposed of by a committee who shall be appointed for that
purpose, for providing means for the removing of the poor and
destitute who shall be considered worthy from this county till
there shall not be one left who desires to remove from the State;
with this proviso, that no individual shall be deprived of the right
of the disposal of his own property for the above purpose, or of
having the control of it, or so much of it as shall be necessary for
the removing of his own family, and to be entitled to the overplus,
after the work is effected; and furthermore, said committee shall
give receipts for all property, and an account of the expenditure of
the same." (Millenial Star, Vol. 16, p. 730.)

The committee on removal provided for were: William
Huntington, Charles Bird, Alanson Ripley, Theodore Turley,
Daniel Shearer, Shadrach Roundy, and J. H. Hale, the first
named being chairman. The above covenant was then signed

462 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

by two hundred and fourteen persons — later on February 1st,
the Committee on removal was increased to eleven by adding
the names of: Elias Smith, Erastus Bingham, Stephen Mark-
ham, and James Newberry ; Daniel Shearer became treasurer,
and Elias Smith, clerk of this Committee.

On January 31, 1839, the bill of Mr. Turner, heretofore
referred to, passed the State Senate but it was laid on the table
of the House on February 4th, till July 4th, by a majority of
seven and therefore availed the Mormons nothing.

Charles Bird was sent in advance to buy ajid store corn
on the way, and to make contracts for ferriage across the
Mississippi River.

On January 22nd a writ was served on the prisoners and
they were taken to the Clay County Court House and their
preliminary trial set for the 25th. The court convened on this
latter date but this cause was continued till the 26th, and then
adjourned until Monday, January 28th, 1839; by noon of that
date the evidence was all in. This hearing was before Judge
Turnham. A day and a half was devoted to the argument, the
State being represented by a lawyer by the name of Wood,
while speeches for the defense were made by Alexander W.
Doniphan, Sidney Rigdon, Joseph Smith, Hyrum Smith, Ly-
man Wight and Calib Baldwin. The result of it all was that
Sidney Rigdon was admitted to bail and the others were all
remanded to jail without bail. Rigdon gave bail and was
released from jail on February 5th.

On February 7th, Alanson Ripley, David Holman, Watson
Barlow, William Huntington, Jr., Erastus Snow and Cyrus
Daniels were visitors at the jail and they remained till supper
time. As Cyrus Daniels was being let out by the jailer
Hyrum Smith made an effort to slip out behind Daniels but
the jailer caught him and returned him to the jail, where the
five remaining visitors were also locked in with the prisoners,
and charged with being accessory to an attempted jail break.
Erastus Snow was acquitted of the charge but the other four
were held to bail in the sum of one hundred and fifty dollars
each. They were kept in jail till the 13th on which day they
gave bail and were permitted to go home.

EARLY DAYS ON GRAND RIVER AND MORMON WAR. 463

On March 1st the prisoners made an ineffectual attempt
to bore holes through the walls of the log jail — just how they
obtained augers for the purpose does not appear, but the logs
were too hard for them and this effort to make a breach failed.
On March 15th the prisoners prepared petitions to the Su-
preme Court praying writs of habeas corpus. These petitions
were carried to Jefferson City, but it does not appear that any
action was taken on them.

On April 6, 1839, Judge Austin A. King ordered the
prisoners taken to Daviess County and they left jail at Liberty
under a guard of about ten men commanded by Samuel Tillery,
deputy jailer of Clay County. On Monday, April 8th, the
party reached a point in Daviess County about a mile from
Gallatin, where the prisoners were delivered into the hands of
William Morgan, sheriff of Daviess County. The grand jury
was in session in Daviess County at that time, it being the
regular April term of Circuit Court and that day the said
grand jury returned a true bill for treason against all of the
prisoners along with many others. The text of the indict-
ment being as follows :

"In Daviess Circuit Court, April Term,

Eighteen hundred and thirty-nine.
State of Missouri,
County of Daviess.

Daviess County, towit:

The Grand Jurors, for the State of Missouri, for the body of
the County of Daviess, aforesaid, upon their oath, present that
Jacob Gales, Hiram Smith, Thomas Rich, Joseph Smith, Jr.,
Lyman Wight, E. Robertson, William Whiteman, Lemuel Bent,
Joseph W. Younger, David Petigrew, Edward Patridge, George
W. Robertson, Washington Voorhies, Jesse D. Hunter, James H.
Rollins, Sidney Tanner, David Cams, Alonson Ripley, James
Worthington, George W. Harris, Alexander McCrary, Tenor
Brunston, Thomas D. March, James Durphy, Perry Durhpy,
George Hinkle, Arthur Morrison, Chas. Higby, Parley P. Pratt,
Reynolds Calhoon, Vincent Knight, George Morry, Daniel Cams,
Caleb Baldwin, Ebenezer Page, Parley Page, Roswell Stephens,
Jabes Durphy, Moses Daily, Benj. Durphee, James Whitaker, late
of the County of — — being citizens of our said state, not having
the fear of God in their hearts nor weighing their allegiance, but
being moved and seduced by the instigation of the devil as false

464 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

traitors against the laws of our said state, and wholly withdrawing
the cordial love and true and due obedience which every true and
faithful citizen of our said state should and ofright ought to bear
towards the laws of our said state and contriving with all their
strength intending traitorously, to break and disturb the peace and
common tranquility of this said State of Missouri, and to stir and
move and excite insurrection, rebellion and war against our said
State within this State and to subvert and alter the legislature,
rule, and government now duly and happily established in this
state on the — — day of — — in the year of our Lord, eighteen
hundred and thirty-eight, and on divers other days and times as
well as before as after at the county of Daviess, aforesaid. Mali-
ciously, with force and arms and of their malice and aforethought
did amongst themselves and with divers other false traitors whose
names are to the said Jurors unknown, conspire, compass, imagine,
and intend to stir up and excite insurrection, rebellion and war
against our said state within this state of Missouri to subvert and
alter the legislature, rule and government now duly and happily
established within this state, and to fulfil, perfect and bring to
effect their most evil and wicked treason and treasonable compass-
ings and imaginations aforesaid the said defendants as such false
traitors as aforesaid with force and arms on the said — — day of

in the year of our Lord, eighteen hundred and thirty-eight,

and on divers and other days and times as well before as after, at
the County of Daviess, aforesaid, maliciously and traitorously did
meet, conspire, consult and agree among themselves and together
with divers other false traitors whose names are to the said Jurors
unknown, to cause and procure a convention and meeting of divers
citizens of this state to be assembled and held within this state
with intent and in order that the persons to be assembled at such
meeting should and might wickedly and traitorously without
authority and in defiance of the laws of this state, levy war against
our said state and subvert and cause to be subverted and altered
the legislature, rule and government of this state now duly and
happily established in this state. And further, to fulfil, perfect and
bring to effect their most evil and wicked treason and treasonable
compassings and imaginations aforesaid and in order the more
readily and effectually to assemble such convention and meeting
as aforesaid for the traitorous purposes aforesaid and thereby to
acomplish the said purposes, the said defendants as such false
traitors as aforesaid, together with divers false traitors whose
names are to the Jurors aforesaid unknown, the said defendants as

such false traitors as aforesaid with force and arms on the day

of - - in the year of our Lord, eighteen hundred and thirty-
eight, and on divers other days and times as well before as after at
the County of Daviess, aforesaid, maliciously and traitorously did

EARLY DAYS ON GRAND RIVER AND MORMON WAR. 465

compose and write and did then and there, maliciously and traitor-
ously cause to be composed and written, divers pamphlets, letters,
instructions, resolutions, orders, declarations, addresses and wrti-
ings and did there and then, maliciously and traitorously publish
and did there and then maliciously and traitorously cause to be
published, divers other pamphlets, letters, instructions, resolutions,
orders, declarations, addresses and writings, the said pamphlet*,
letters, instructions, resolutions, orders, declarations, addresses
and writings so respectively composed, written, published and
caused to be composed, written and published, purporting and
containing therein among other things, incitements, encourage-
ments and exortations, to move, induce and pursuade the citizens
of our said state to levy war against our said state and to adhere,
to the enemies of our said state and to give them aid and comfort
in time of w#r and further fulfil, perfect and bring to effect their
most evil and wicked treason and treasonable compassings and
imaginations aforesaid and in order the more readily and effectually
to assemble such convention and meeting as aforesaid for the
traitorous purposes aforesaid and thereby to accomplish the same
purpose the said defendants as such false traitors as aforesaid, on
the — — day of - — in the year of our Lord, eighteen hundred
and thirty-eight, aforesaid and on divers other days and times as
well before as after, with force and arms at the County of Daviess,
aforesaid, did meet, consult and deliberate among themselves and
together with other false traitors whose names are to Jurors
aforesaid unknown of and concerning the calling and assem-
bling such convention and meeting as aforesaid for the trait-
orous purposes aforesaid and how, when and where such con-
vention and meeting should be assembled and held and by
what means the citizens of our said state should and might be in-
duced and moved to convene and meet in said convention and
meeting. And further to fulfil — perfect and bring to effect their
most evil and wicked treason and treasonable compassings and
imaginations aforesaid and in order the more readily and effectually
to assemble such convention and meeting as aforesaid for the traitor-
ous purposes aforesaid, and thereby to accomplish the same pur-
poses, the said defendants as such false traitors as aforesaid, together
with divers other false traitors whose names are to the said Jurors
unknown on the said — — day of — — in the year of our Lord,
eighteen hundred and thirty-eight and on divers other days and
times as well before as after with force and arms, at the County of
Daviess, aforesaid, maliciously and traitorously did consent and
co-operate among themselves and together with divers other false
traitors whose names are to the said Jurors unknown for and to-
wards the calling and assembling such convention and meeting as
aforesaid for the traitorous purposes of aforesaid. And further, to

466 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

fulfil, perfect, bring to effect their most evil and wicked treason
and treasonable practices compassings and imaginations aforesaid
the said defendants as such false traitors as aforesaid, together
with divers other false traitors whose names are to the said Jurors
unknown on the said — — day of — — in the year of our Lord
eighteen hundred and thirty-eight, with force and arms, at the
County of Daviess, aforesaid, maliciously and traitorously did
cause and procure to be made and provided and did then and
there, maliciously and traitorously consent and agree to the mak-
ing and providing of divers arms and offensive weapons — towit : guns,
muskets, pikes and axes for the purposes of arming divers citizens of
our said state in order and to the intent that same citizens should
and might unlawfully, forcibly and traitorously oppose and with-
stand the officers of our said state in the due and lawful exercise of
their power and authority in the due execution of the laws and
statutes of this state and should and might unlawfully, forcibly
and traitorously subvert, and alter and aid and assist in subvert-
ing and altering, without and in defiance of authority and against
the will of the people of this state, the legislature, rule and govern-
ment now duly and happily established in this state. And to
fulfil, perfect and bring to effect their most evil and wicked treason
and treasonable compassings and imaginations aforesaid, the said
defendants as such false traitors as aforesaid, with force and arms
on the said first day of November in the year of our Lord, eighteen
hundred and thirty-eight, and on divers other days and times as
well as before as after, at the County of Daviess, aforesaid,
maliciously did meet, conspire, consult and agree among themselves
and with divers other false traitors whose names are to the said
Jurors unknown, to raise and levy and make insurrection, rebellion
and war within this state against our said State of Missouri. And
further, to fulfil, perfect and bring to effect, their most evil and
wicked treason and treasonable compassings and imaginations
aforesaid, the said defendants as such false traitors as aforesaid,

on the said day of in the year of our Lord, eighteen

hundred and thirty-eight, and on divers other days and times, as
well before as after, at the County of Daviess aforesaid, with force
and arms, maliciously and traitorously did meet, conspire, consult
and agree together amongst themselves and together with divers
other false traitors whose names to the Jurors aforesaid unknown,
unlawfully, wicked and traitorously to subvert and alter and cause
to be subverted and altered, the legislature, rule and government
now duly and happily established in this state of Missouri. And
further to fulfil, perfect and bring to effect their most evil and
wicked treason and treasonable compassings and imaginations as
aforesaid and in order the more readily and effectually to bring
such subversion and alteration last aforesaid, the said defendants

EARLY DAYS ON GRAND RIVER AND MORMON WAR. 467

as such false traitors as aforesaid, together with divers other false
traitors, whose names are to the said Jurors unknown on the said
— day of — — in the year of our Lord, eighteen hundred and
thirty-eight, and on divers days and times as well before as after,
with force and arms, at the county aforesaid, maliciously and
traitorously did prepare and compose and did then and there
maliciously and traitorously cause to be prepared and composed
divers books, pamphlets, letters, declarations, instructions, resolu-
tions, orders, addresses and writings and did then and there mali-
ciously and traitorously publish and disperse and did then and
there, maliciously and traitorously cause and procure to be pub-
lished and dispersed, divers other books, pamphlets, letters,
declarations, instructions, resolutions, orders, addresses, and writ-
ings so respectively prepared, composed, published dispersed as
last aforesaid, purporting and containing therein amongst other
things, incitements, encouragements and exhortations to move,
induce and persuade the citizens of our said state of Missouri to
aid and assist in carrying into effect such traitorous subversion
and alteration as last aforesaid and also containing therein, amongst
other things, information, instructions and directions to the citi-
zens of our said state, how, when and upon what occasion the
traitorous purpose last aforesaid should and might be carried into
effect. And further, to fulfil, perfect and bring to effect their
most wicked treason and treasonable compassings and imaginations
aforesaid, the said defendants as such false traitors, as aforesaid,
together with divers other false traitors whose names are to the

said Jurors unknown, on the day of in the year of our Lord,

eighteen hundred and thirty-eight and on divers other days and
times as well before as after at the county of Daviess, aforesaid,
with force and arms maliciously and traitorously aid, procure and
provide and did and then and there, maliciously and traitorously
did cause and procure to be provided and did then and there,
maliciously and traitorously consent and agree to the procuring
and providing arms and offensive weapons, to wit: guns, muskets,
pikes and axes, therewith to levy war, insurrection and rebellion
against our said state within this State of Missouri, against the
duty of the allegiance of the said defendants and further, to fulfil,
perfect and bring to effect their most wicked treason and treason-
able compassings and imaginations aforesaid. The said defendant
as such false traitors, as aforesaid, on the first day of November,
the year of our Lord, eighteen hundred and thirty-eight, and on
divers other days and times as well before as after, at the county
aforesaid, with force and arms, maliciously and traitorously did
meet and collect and together armed with guns, muskets, pikes and
axes and did then and there agree amongst themselves and together
with divers other false traitors, whose names are to the said Jurors

468 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

unknown, wickedly and traitorously, to subvert and alter and
cause to be subverted and altered the laws, legislature, rule and
government of our said state now duly and happily established
in this state did meet and converse and collect together a large
armed force and then and there did levy war against our said state
and did then and there levy war against the people of this state —
against the allegiance of the said defendants — against form of the
statute in such case made and provided and against the peace and
dignity of the state.

J. A. CLARK, Circuit Attorney.

On which was indorsed the following:

State

vs.
Joseph Smith

Treason.

Lyman Wight

Hiram Smith

Caleb Baldwin and others.

A true bill.

Robert P. Peniston,

Foreman of the Grand Jury.
Witnesses :

Sampson Avard
Waterman Philips
Adam Blaxer
Josiah Morin
John Corril
J. L. Rodgers
Francis McGuire
Labum Morrin
Henry McHenry
John Edwards
John Brown
Robert McGaw
John B. Comer
Jackson Job
Ira Glaze."

There were numerous other indictments returned by this
Grand Jury against the said Joseph Smith, Jr., Lyman Wight,
Alexander McRae, Caleb Baldwin and Hiram Smith, charging
murder, treason, burglary, larceny, theft and receiving stolen
goods, one of the other indictments being as follows :

EARLY DAYS ON GRAND RIVER AND MORMON WAR. 469

"State of Missouri In the Circuit Court

County of Daviess. J ss. April Term, 1839.

Daviess County, to wit:

The Grand Jurors for the State of Missouri for the body of the
county aforesaid, upon their oaths present that Joseph Smith, Jr.,
late of said county, on the first day of October in the year of our
Lord 1838, with force and arms, at the county aforesaid, of and from
one Cornelius P. Lott, one saddle of the value of twenty dollars of
the goods and chattels of George Worthington feloniously did
receive and have, he, the said Joseph Smith, Jr., then and there well
knowing the said saddle to have been taken, stolen and carried
away, against the form of the statute in such case made and pro-
vided and against the peace and dignity of the state.

J. A. Clark, Circuit Attorney.

(Endorsements on back.)

State

vs.
Joseph Smith, Jr.

Receiving Stolen Goods.
A True Bill.

Robert P. Peniston,

Foreman of Grand Jury.
Witnesses :
Sampson Avard."

The prisoners were arraigned before the Honorable
Thomas C. Burch, Judge of Circuit Court of Daviess County
and pleaded not guilty. The prisoners then took a change of
venue from the Circuit Court of Daviess County on the ground
that the Judge had been of counsel in the cause — and the
court sent the various causes to the Circuit Court of Boone
County, Missouri, and commanded the removal of the prison-
ers to the jail of said Boone County.

The proceedings are fully set out in the order made in the
cause for receiving stolen goods heretofore cited, which order,
with the sheriff's return thereon, made after the prisoners had
escaped from him, while being transferred from Daviess
County to Boone County, being as follows:

"At the April Term, 1839, of the Circuit Court held at and for
the County of Daviess, in the State of Missouri, on the eighth day
of April, 1839, at the house of Elisha B. Creekmore in said county,

470 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

being the temporary place of holding the court for said county.
Present the Honorable Thomas C. Burch, Judge, the following
proceedings were had, to wit:
The State of Missouri,

vs.

Joseph Smith, Jr.,
Lyman Wight and others,

Indictment for Larceny.

The judge of this court having been counsel in this cause and
the parties therein not consenting to a trial thereof in this court,
but the said defendants Joseph Smith, Jr. and Lyman Wight object-
ing thereto for the reasons that the judge of this court has been of
counsel in this cause, it is ordered by the court here that said cause
as to the said Joseph Smith, Jr. and Lyman Wight be removed to
the Circuit Court of the County of Boone in the Second Judicial
Circuit in this state. It is further ordered by the court here that the
Sheriff of the county of Daviess do and he is commanded to remove
the bodies of Joseph Smith, Jr. and Lyman Wight to the jail of the
County of Boone and there deliver them to the keeper of said jail,
together with the warrant or process by which they are imprisoned
and held.

State of Missouri, 1

ess. }

County of Daviess.

I, Robert Wilson, Clerk of the Circuit Court within and for the
county of Daviess aforesaid, do certify that the foregoing is a true,
full and perfect copy from the records of said court in the above
cause.

In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and affixed
my private seal, there being no official seal provided at office llth
day of April, 1839.

Robert Wilson, Clerk.

This is to certify that I executed the within order by taking the
bodies of the within names Joseph Smith, Jr. and Lyman Wight
into my custody and that I summoned a guard of four men, to wit:
William Bowman, Wilson McKinney, John Brassfield and John
Page to assist me in taking the Smith, Wight and others from E. B.
Creekmore's, the place of holding court in the county of Daviess,
to the town of Columbia in the county of Boone, State of Missouri,
as commanded by said order and that on the way from E. B. Creek-
more's in the county of Daviess aforesaid on the 16th day of April,
1839, the said Smith and others made their escape without the
connivance, consent or negligence of myself or said guard.

July 6th, 1839.

William Morgan,

Sheriff of Daviess County."

EARLY DAYS ON GRAND RIVER AND MORMON WAR. 471

It was the 15th day of April, 1839, that William Morgan
with his four guards started from Daviess County with the
prisoners, Joseph Smith, Caleb Baldwin, Hyrum Smith,
Lyman Wight and Alexander McRae, to deliver the said
prisoners into the care and custody of the sheriff of Boone
County, Missouri, at Columbia. That night they staid with
a man by the name of Cox, and on the 16th they traveled about,
twenty miles and camped ; that night all the prisoners escaped
and the sheriff and guard returned to Gallatin and made the
return heretofore shown. Major Joseph H. McGee in refer-
ring to the matter in his "Memoirs" says:

"One of the guard, John Brassfield, owned the horses on which
the prisoners were conveyed ; as he was on duty the night they made
their escape, and his horses were missing in the morning, it was
always thought he got pay for his horses as well as allowing them
to escape. Morgan, the Sheriff, left the country shortly after. Wm.
Bowman, another one of the guards, was treated to a ride through
the streets of Gallatin by the infuriated citizens of the county on a
bar of steel, which probably caused his death. He never recovered
from the shock and died shortly after."

Another account of this escape is told in the Mormon pub-
lication, "Joseph Smith the Prophet and His Progenitors,"
page 264, where it quotes Hyrum Smith as testifying before
the Municipal Court of Nauvoo, as follows:

"There we bought a jug of whiskey, with which we treated the
company, and while the Sheriff showed us the mittimus before
referred to, without date or signature, and said Judge Burch told
him never to carry us to Boone County and never to show thec
mittimus; and said he, "I shall take a good drink of grog and go
to bed; you can do as you have a mind to." Three others of the
guard drank pretty freely of whiskey, sweetened with honey; they
also went to bed, and were soon asleep, and the other guard went
along with us and helped to saddle the horses. Two of us mounted
the horses, and the other three started on foot, and we took our
change of venue for the State of Illinois; and in the course of nine
or ten days we arrived in Quincy, Adams County, Illinois, where
we found our families in a state of poverty, although in good health
they having been driven out of the State previously by the murder-
ous militia, under the exterminating order of the Executive of
Missouri."

In his summary of expenditures, Joseph Smith states:

13

472 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

"Before leaving Missouri I had paid the lawhers at Richmond
thirty-four thousand dollars in cash, lands, etc., one lot which I let
them have, in Jackson County, for seven thousand dollars they were
were soon offered ten thousnad dollars for it, but would not accept
it, For other vexatious suits which I had to contend against the
few months I was in the State, I paid lawyers' fees to the amount of
about sixteen thousand dollars, making in all about fifty thousand
dollars, for which I received very little in return; for sometimesthey
were afraid to act on account of the mob, and sometimes they were
so drunk as to incapacitate them for business. But there were few
honorable exceptions."

A FINAL WORD.

Practically all of the surviving followers of Joseph Smith,
Jr., succeeded, after many hardships, in reaching Illinois before
the close of the Spring of 1839, where more tribulations were
awaiting them, but here our story should end, though we feel
it incumbent to gaze once more over the site of Adam-ondi-
Ahman.

The same beautiful green bluff, surmounted by some of
the same great trees overlook the same Grand River at the same
spot still. The log cabin of Lyman Wight alone remains of all
the buildings that once occupied the townsite. Above where
stood the village is the same picturesque elevation warmed b y
the strata of linestone that compose it, adown the sides ot
which grow the wild cactus luxuriant, with its beautiful yellow
bloom, and on the top of which stands a giant hackberry, at
the foot of which is a little pile of limestone, loosened in the
making of a shallow excavation in the top of the hill.

It was of this elevation surmounted by the great forest
tree and limestone rock that Joseph Smith, Jr., made reference
when he wrote:

"We arrived at Tower Hill (a name I gave it in conse-
quence of the remains of an old Nephite altar or tower)," and
out of this has grown a legend cherished by thousands of
people, most of whom are not friendly to the Mormons, the pur-
port of which is that Joseph Smith, Jr., declared that particular
spot to be the burial place of Adam. Joseph Smith, Jr., never
made such an utterance, no follower of his cherishes such a

EARLY DAYS ON GRAND RIVER AND MORMON WAR. 473

notion. What Joseph Smith, Jr., did say about Adam-ondi-
Ahman, was said with reference to his visit to the spot on
Friday, May 18, 1838, of which he wrote:

"In the afternoon, I went up the river about half a mile to
Wight's Ferry, accompanied by President Rigdon and my clerk
George W. Robinson for the purpose of selecting and laying claim
to a city plat near said ferry in Daviess County, Township 60,
Ranges 27 and 28 and Sections 25, 36, 31 and 30, which the brethren
called Spring Hill; but by the mouth oj the Lord it was named Adam-
ondi-Ahman, because said he, it is the place where Adam shall come
to visit his people, or the Ancient o/ Days shall sit, as spoken oj by
Daniel the Prophet."

That spot will always be a Mecca for Mormon Mission-
aries and tourists.

—The End.

474 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

Shelby's Expedition to Mexico, An Unwritten
Leaf of the War.

JOHN N. EDWARDS

THIRD ARTICLE (Reprint).

CHAPTER VII.

The Salinas was a river, and why should one beware of it?
Its water was cool, the shade of its trees grateful, its pasturage
abundant, and why then should the command not rest some
happy days upon its further banks, sleeping and dreaming?
Because of the ambush.

Where the stream crossed the high, hard road leading
down to Monterey, it presented on either side rough edges of
rock, slippery and uncertain. To the left some falls appeared.
In the mad vortex of water, ragged pinnacles reared themselves
up, hoary with the white spray of the breakers — grim cut-
throats in ambush in midriver.

Below these falls there were yet other crossings, and above
them only two. Beyond the fords no living thing could make
a passage sure. Quicksands and precipices abounded, and
even in its solitude the river had fortified itself. Tower, and
moat, and citadel all were there, and when the flood-time came
the Salinas was no longer a river — it was a barrier that was
impassable.

All the country round about was desolate. What the
French had spared the guerrillas had finished. To be sure
that no human habitation was left, a powerful war party of
Lipan Indians came after the guerrillas, spearing the cattle and
demolishing the farming implements. These Lipans were a
cruel and ferocious tribe, dwelling in the mountains of Sonora,
and descending to the plains to slaughter and desolate. Fleetly
mounted, brave at an advantage, shooting golden bullets

SHELLEY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO. 475

oftener than leaden ones, crafty as all Indians are, superior to
all Mexicans, served by women whom they had captured and
enslaved, they were crouched in ambush upon the further side
of the Salinas, four hundred strong.

The weaker robber when in presence of the stronger is
always the most blood-thirsty. The lion will strike down, but
the jackal devours. The Lipans butchered and scalped, but
the Mexicans mutilated the dead and tortured the living.

With the Lipans, therefore, there were three hundred
native Mexicans, skilled in all the intricacies of the chapparal
— keen upon all the scents which told of human prey or plunder.
As ghastly skirmishers upon the outposts of the ambushment,
these had come a day's march from the river to where a little
village was at peace and undefended. As Shelby marched
through there was such handiwork visible of tiger prowess,
that he turned to Elliott, that grim Saul who never smiled,
and said to him curtly:

"Should the worst come to the worst, keep one pistol ball
for yourself, Colonel. Better suicide than a fate like this."

The spectacle was horrible beyond comparison. Men
hung suspended from door-facings lit erally flayed alive. Huge
strips of skin dangled from them as tattered garments might
hang. Under some a slow fire had been kindled, until strangu-
lation came as a tardy mercy for relief. There were the bodies
of some children among the slain, and one beautiful woman,
not yet attacked by the elements, seemed only asleep. The
men hushed their rough voices as they rode by her, and more
than one face lit up with a strange pity that had in it the light
of a terrible vengeance.

The village with its dead was left behind, and a deep
silence fell upon the column, rear and van. The mood of the
stranger Englishman grew sterner and sadder, and when the
night and the camp came, he looked more keenly to his arms
than was his wont, and seemed to take a deeper interest in his
horse.

Gen. Magruder rode that day with the men — the' third of
July. "Tomorrow will be the Fourth, boys," he said, when
dismounting, "and perhaps we shall have fireworks."

476 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

Two deserters — two Austrians from the Foreign Legion
under Jeannigros at Monterey— straggled into the picket lines
before tattoo and were brought directly to Shelby. They
believed death to be certain and so they told the truth:

"Where do you go?" asked Shelby.

'To Texas."

"And why to Texas?"

"For a home; for any life other than a dog's life; for free-
dom, for a country."

"You are soldiers, and yet you desert?"

"We were soldiers, and yet they made robbers of us. We
do not hate the Mexicans. They never harmed Austria, our
country."

"Where did you cross the Salinas?"

"At the ford upon the main road."

"Who were there and what saw you?"

"No living thing, General. Nothing but trees, rocks,
and water."

They spoke simple truth. Safer back from an Indian
jungle might these men have come, than from a passage over
the Salinas with a Lipan and Mexican ambushment near at
hand.

It was early in the afternoon of the Fourth of July, 1865
when the column approached the Salinas river. The march
had been long, hot and dusty. The men were in a vicious
humor, and in excellent fighting condition. They knew noth-
ing of the ambushment, and had congratulated themselves
upon plentiful grass and refreshing water.

Shelby called a halt and ordered forward twenty men
under command of Williams to reconnoitre. As they were
being told off for the duty, the commander spoke to his sub-
ordinate :

"It may be child's play or warrior's work, but whatever
it is, let me know quickly."

Williams' blue eyes flashed. He had caught some glimpses
of the truth, and he knew there was danger ahead.

"Any further orders, General?" he asked, as he galloped
away.

SHELLEY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO. 477

"None. Try the ford and penetrate the brush beyond.
If you find one rifle barrel among the trees, be sure there are
five hundred close at hand. Murderers love to mass them-
selves."

Williams had ridden forward with his detachment some
five minutes' space, when the column was again put in motion.
From the halt to the river's bank was an hour's ride. Before
commencing the ride, however, Shelby had grouped together
his officers, and thus addressed them :

"You know as well as I do what is waiting for us at the
river, which knowledge is simply nothing at all. This side
Piedras Negras, a friendly Mexican spoke some words at part-
ing, full of warning and doubtless sincere. He at least believed
in danger, and so do I. Williams has gone forward to flush
the game, if game there be, and here before separating I wish
to make the rest plain to you. Listen all, above and below the
main road, the road we are now upon, there are fords where
men might cross at ease and horses find safe and certain foot-
ing. I shall try none of them. When the battle opens, and
the bugle call is heard, you will form your men in fours and
follow me. The question is to gain the further bank, and
after that we shall see."

Here something of the old battle ardor came back to his
face, and his eyes caught the eyes of his officers. Like his
own, they were full of fire and high resolve.

"One thing more," he said, "before we march. Come here
Elliott."

The scarred man came, quiet as the great horse he rode.

"You will lead the forlorn hope. It will take ten men to
form it. That is enough to give up of my precious ones. Call
for volunteers — for men to take the water first, and draw the
first merciless fire. After that, we will all be in at the death."

Ten were called for, two hundred responded. They had
but scant knowledge of what was needed, and scantier care.
In the ranks of the ten, however, there were those who were
fit to fight for a kingdom. They were Maurice Lajighorne,
James Wood, George Winship, William Fell, Ras. Woods,

478 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

James Kirtley, McDougall, James Rudd, James Chiles and
James Cundiff.

Cundiff is staid, and happy, and an editor sans peur et
sans reproche today in St. Joseph. He will remember, amid
all the multifarious work of his hands — his locals, his editorials,
his type-setting, his ledger, his long nights of toil and worry—
and to his last day, that terrible charge across the Salinas.
Water to the saddle-girths, and seven hundred muskets pour-
ing forth an unseen and infernal fire.

The march went on, and there was no news of Williams.
It was three o'clock in the afternoon. The sun's rays seemed
to penetrate the very flesh. Great clouds of dust arose, and
as there was no wind to carry it away, it settled about the men
and the horses as a garment that was oppressive.

Elliott kept right onward, peering straight to the front,
watching. Between the advance and the column some two
hundred paces intervened. When the ambush was struck this
distance had decreased to one hundred paces — when the work
was over the two bodies had become one. Elliott was wounded
and under his dead horse, Cundiff was wounded, Langhorne
was wounded, Winship was wounded, and Wood, and Mc-
Dougall, and Fell. Some of the dead were never seen again.
The falls below the ford received them and the falls buried
them. Until the judgment day, perhaps, will they keep their
precious sepulchres.

Over beyond the yellow dust a long green line arose
against the horizon. This was the further edge of the Salinas,
dense with trees, and cool in the distance. The column had
reached its shadow at last. Then a short, sharp volley came
from the front, and then a great stillness. One bugle note
followed the volley. The column, moved by a viewless and
spontaneous impulse, formed into fours and galloped on to the
river — Elliott leading, and keeping his distance well.

The volley which came from the front had been poured
suddenly into the face of Williams. It halted him. His
orders were to uncover the ambush, not to attack it, and the
trained soldier knew as well the number waiting beyond the
river by the ringing of their muskets as most men would have

SHELLEY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO. 479

known after the crouching forms had been seen and counted.

He retreated beyond range and waited.

Elliott passed on beyond and formed his little band — ten
dauntless volunteers who were anxious to go first and who
were not afraid to die.

Shelby halted the main column still further beyond rifle
range and galloped straight up to Williams :

"You found them, it seems."

"Yes, General."

"How many?"

"Eight hundred at the least."

"How armed?"

"With muskets."

"Good enough. Take your place in the front ranks. I
shall lead the column."

Turning to Elliott, he continued:

"Advance instantly, Colonel. The sooner over the sooner
to sleep. Take the water as you find it, and ride straight
forward. Williams says there are eight hundred, and Williams
is rarely mistaken. Forward!"

Elliott placed himself at the head of his forlorn hope and
drew his sabre. With those who knew him, this meant grim
work somewhere. Cundiff spoke to Langhorne upon his right:

"Have you said your prayers, Captain?"

"Too late now. Those who pray best pray first."

From a walk the horses moved into a trot. Elliott threw
his eyes backward over his men and cried out:

"Keep your pistols dry. It will be hot work on the other
side."

As they struck the water some Indian skirmishers in
front of the ambush opened fire. The bullets threw the
white foam up in front of the leading files, but did no damage.
By and by the stray shots deepened into a volley.

Elliott spoke again, and no more after until the battle was
finished :

"Steady men!"

Vain warning! The rocks were not surer and firmer.
In the rear the column, four deep and well in hand, thundered

480 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

after the advance. Struggling through the deep water,
Elliott gained the bank unscathed. Then the fight grew
desperate. The skirmishers were driven in pell-mell, the ten
men pressing on silently. As yet no American had fired a
pistol. A yell rose from the woods, long, wild, piercing — a
yell that had exultation and murder in it. Wildly shrill and
defiant, Shelby's bugle answered it. Then the woods in a
moment started into infernal life. Seven hundred muskets
flashed out from the gloom. A powder pall enveloped the
advance, and when the smoke lifted Elliott was under his
dead horse, badly wounded; Cundiff's left arm was dripping
blood; Langhorne, and Winship, and McDougall were down
and bleeding; Fell, shot through the thigh, still kept his seat,
and Wood, his left wrist disabled, pressed on with the bridle
in his teeth, and his right arm using his unerring revolver.
Kirtley, and Rudd, and Chiles, and Ras. Woods, alone of the
ten were untouched, and they stood over their fallen comrades
fighting desperately.

This terrible volley had reached the column in the river,
and a dozen saddles were emptied. The dead the falls
received; the wounded were caught up by their comrades and
saved from death by drowning. Shelby pressed right onward.
At intervals the stern notes of the bugle rang out, and at inter-
vals a great hearty cheer came from the ranks of the Amer-
icans. Some horses fell in the stream never to rise again, for
the bullets plowed up the column and made stark work on
every side. None faltered. Pouring up from the river as a
great tide the men galloped into line on the right and left of
the road and waited under fire until the last man had made
his landing sure. The Englishman rode by Shelby's side, a
battle-light on his fair face — a face that was, alas, too soon to
be wan and gray, and drawn with agony.

The attack was a hurricane. Thereafter no man knew
how the killing went on. The battle was a massacre. The
Mexicans first broke, and after them the Indians. No quarter
was shown. "Kill," "kill," resounded from the woods, and
the roar of the revolver volleys told how the Americans were
at work. The Englishman's horse was killed. He seized

SHELLEY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO. 481

another and mounted it. Fighting on the right of the road,
he went ahead even of his commander. The mania of battle
seemed to have taken possession of his brain. A musket ball
shattered his left leg from the ankle to the knee. He turned
deadly pale, but he did not halt. Fifty paces further, and
another ball, striking him fair in the breast, knocked him clear
from the saddle. This time he did not rise. The blood that
stained all his garments crimson was his life's blood. He saw
death creeping slowly towards him with outstretched skeleton
hands, and he faced him with a smile. The rough, bearded
men took him up tenderly and bore him backward to the
river's edge. His wounds were dressed and a soft bed of
blankets made for him. In vain. Beyond human care or
skill, he lay in the full glory of the summer sunset, waiting for
something he had tried long and anxiously to gain.

The sounds of the strife died away. While pursuit was
worth victims, the pursuit went on — merciless, vengeful, un-
relenting. The dead were neither counted nor buried. Over
two hunderd fell in the chapparal and died there. The im-
penetrable nature of the undergrowth alone saved the re-
mainder of the fugitives. Hundreds abandoned their horse
and threw away their guns. Not a prisoner remained to tell
of the ambush or the number of the foe. The victory was
dearly bought, however. Thirty-seven wounded on the part
of Shelby needed care ; nineteen of his dead were buried before
the sun went down; and eight the waters of the river closed
over until the jugment day.

An hour before sunset the Englishman was still alive.

"Would you have a priest?" Shelby asked of him, as he
bent low over the wounded man, great marks of pain on his
fair, stern face.

"None. No word nor prayer can avail me now. I shall
die as I have lived."

"Is there any message you would leave behind? Any
token to those who may watch and wait long for your coming?
Any farewell to those beyond the sea, who know and love you?

His eyes softened just a little, and the old hunted look
died out from his features.

482 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

"Who among you speaks French?" he asked.

"Governor Reynolds," was the reply.

"Send him to me, please."

It was done. Governor Reynolds came to the man's bed-
side, and with him a crowd of soldiers. He motioned them
away. His last words on earth were for the ears of one man
alone, and this is his confession, a free translation of which was
given the author by Governor Reynolds, the original being
placed in the hands of the British Minister in Mexico, Sir
James Scarlett:

"I was the youngest son of an English Baron, born, per-
haps, to bad luck, and certainly to ideas of life that were
crude and unsatisfactory. The army was opened to me, and
I entered it. A lieutenant at twenty-two in the Fourth
Royals, I had but one ambition, that to rise in my profession
and take rank among the great soldiers of the nation. I
studied hard, and soon mastered the intricacies of the art, but
promotion was not easy, and there was no war.

"In barracks the life is an idle one with the officers, and
at times they grow impatient and fit for much that is repre-
hensible and unsoldierly. We were quartered at Tyrone, in
Ireland, where a young girl lived who was faultlessly fair and
beautiful. She was the toast of the regiment. Other officers
older and colder than myself admired her and flattered her;
I praised her and worshipped her. Perhaps it was an infatua-
tion; to me at least it was immortality and religion.

"One day, I remember it yet, for men are apt to remember
those things which change the whole current of the blood, I
sought her out and told her of my love. Whether at my
vehemence or my desperation, I know not, but she turned pale
and would have left me without an answer. The suspense
was unbearable, and I pressed the poor thing harder and
harder. At last she turned at bay, flushed, wild, tremulous,
and declared through her tears that she did not and could not
love me. The rest was plain. A young cornet in the same
regiment, taller by a head than I, and blonde and boyish, had
baffled us all, and had taken from me what, in my bitter
selfishness, I could not see that I never had.

SHELLEY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO. 483

"Maybe, my brain has not been always clear. Sometimes
I have thought that a cloud would come between the past
and the present, and that I could not see plainly what had
taken place in all the desolate days of my valueless life. Some-
times I have prayed, too. I believe even the devils pray, no
matter how impious or useless such prayers may be.

"I need not detail all the ways a baffled lover has to over-
throw the lover who is successful. I pursued the cornet with
insults and bitter words, and yet he avoided me. One day I
struck him, and such was the indignation exhibited by his
comrades that he no longer considered. A challenge followed
the blow, and then a meeting. Good people say that the devil
helps his own. Caring very little for God or devil, I fought
him at daylight and killed him. Since then I have been an
outcast and a wanderer. Tried by a military commission
and disgraced from all rank, I went first to India and sought
desperate service wherever it was to be found. Wounded
often and scorched by fever, I could not die. In Crimea the
old , hard fortune followed me, and it was .the same struggle
with bullets that always gave pain without pain's antidote.
No rest anywhere. Perhaps I lived the life that was in me.
Who knows? Let him who is guiltless cast the first stone.
There is much blood upon my hands, and here and there a
good deed that will atone a little, it may be, in the end. 'Of
my life in America it is needless to talk. Aimless, objectless,
miserable, I am here dying today as a man dies who has
neither fear nor hope. I thank you very much for your
patience, and for all these good men would have done for me,
but the hour has come. Good-bye.' '

He lifted himself up an4 turned his face fair to the west.
Some beams of the setting sun, like a benediction, rested upon
the long blonde hair, and upon the white set lips, drawn now
and gray with agony. No man spoke in all the rugged band,
flushed with victory and weary with killing. In the trees a
little breeze lingered, and some birds flittered and sang, though
far apart.

For a few moments the Englishman lay as one asleep.
Suddenly he roused himself and spoke :

484 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

"It is so dreary to die in the night. One likes to have
sunlight for this."

Gov. Reynolds stooped low as if to listen, drew back, and
whispered a prayer. The man was dead !

CHAPTER VIII.

Evil tidings have wings and fly as a bird. Through some
process, no matter what, and over some roads, no matter
where, the news was carried to Gen. Jeanningros, holding
outermost watch at Monterey, that Shelby had sold all his
cannon and muskets, all his ammunition and war supplies, to
Gov. Biesca, a loyal follower of Benito Juarez. Straightway
the Frenchman flew into a passion and made some vows that
were illy kept.

"Let me but get my hands upon these Americans," he
said, "these canaille, and after that we shall see."

He did get his hands upon them, but in lieu of the sword
they bore the olive branch.

The march into the interior from the Salinas river was
slow and toilsome. Very weak and sore, the wounded had to
be waited for and tenderly carried along. To leave them
would have been to murder them, for all the country was up
in arms, seeking for some advantage which never came to gain
the mastery over the Americans. At night and from afar the
outlying guerillas would make great show of attack, discharg-
ing platoons of musketry at intervals, and charging upon the
picquets at intervals, but never coming seriously to blows.
This kind of warfare, however, while it was not dangerous was
annoying. It interfered with the sleep of the soldiers and
kept them constantly on the alert. They grew sullen in
some instances and threatened reprisals. Shelby's unceas-
ing vigilance detected the plot before it had culminated, and
one morning before reaching Lampasas, he ordered the column
under arms that he might talk to the men.

"There are some signs among you of bad discipline," he
said, "and I have called you out that you may be told of it.
What have you to complain about? Those who follow on
your track to kill you? Very well, complain of them if you

SHELLEY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO. 485

choose and fight them to your heart's content, but lift not a
single hand against the Mexicans who are at home and the non-
combatants. We are invaders, it is true, but we are not
murderers. Those who follow me are incapable of this; those
who are not shall not follow me. From this moment forward
I regard you all as soldiers, and if I am mistaken in my esti-
mate, and if amid the ranks of those who have obeyed me for
four years some marauders have crept in, I order now that
upon these a soldier's work be done. Watch them well. He
who robs, he who insults women, he who oppresses the un-
armed and the aged, is an outcast to all the good fellowship of
this command and shall be driven forth as an enemy to us all.
Hereafter be as you have ever been, brave, true and honorable."

There was no longer any more mutiny. The less disa-
ciplined felt the moral pressure of their comrades and behaved
themselves. The more unscrupulous set the Mexicans on
one side and the Americans on the other, and elected to remain
peaceably in the ranks which alone could shelter and protect
them. The marches became shorter and the bivouacs less
pleasant and agreeable. Although it was not yet time for the
rainy season, some rain fell in the more elevated mountain
ranges, and chilling nights made comfort impossible. Now
and then some days of camping, too, were requisite — days in
which arms were cleaned and ammunition inspected jealously.
The American horses were undergoing acclimatization, and in
the inevitable fever which develops itself, the affectionate
cavalryman sits by his horse night and day until the crisis is
passed. Well nursed, this fever is not dangerous. At the
crisis, however, woe to the steed who loses his blanket, and woe
to the rider who sleeps while the cold night air is driving in
death through every pore. Accordingly as the perspiration
is checked or encouraged is the balance for or against the life
of the horse. There, horses were gold, and hence the almost
paternal solicitude.

Dr. John S. Tisdale, the lord of many patients and pill-
boxes today in Platte, was the veterinary surgeon, and from
the healer of men he had become to the healer of horses.
Shaggy-headed and wide of forehead in the regions of ideality,

486 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

he had a new name for every disease, and a new remedy
for every symptom. An excellent appetite had given him a
hearty laugh. During all the long night watches he moved
about as a Samaritan, his kindly face set in its frame-work of
gray — his fifty years resting as lightly upon him as the night
air upon the mountains of San Juan de Aguilar. He prayeth
well who smoketh well, and the good Doctor's supplications
went up all true and rugged many a time from his ancient
pipe when the hoar frosts fell and deep sleep came down upon
the camp as a silent angel to scatter sweet dreams of home and
native land.

Good nursing triumphed. The crisis of the climate
passed away, and from the last tedious camp the column
moved rapidly on toward Lampasas. Dangers thickened.
Content to keep the guerrillas at bay, Shelby had permitted
no scouting parties and forbidden all pursuit.

"Let them alone," he would say to those eager for adven-
ture, "and husband your strength. In a land of probable
giants we have no need to hunt possible chimeras."

These guerrillas, however, became emboldened. On the
trail of a timid or wounded thing they are veritable wolves.
Their long gallop can never tire. In the night they are superb.
Upon the flanks, in the front or rear, it is one eternal ambush
— one incessant rattle of musketry which harms nothing, but
which yet annoys like the singing of mosquitoes. At last they
brought about a swift reckoning — one of those sudden things
which leave little behind save a trail of blood and a moment of
savage killing.

The column had reached to within two days' journey of
Lampasas. Some spurs of the mountain ran down to the
road, and some clusters of palm trees grouped themselves at
intervals by the wayside. The palm is a pensive tree, having
a voice in the wind that is sadder than the pine — a sober,
solemn voice, a voice like the sound of ruffled cerements when
the corpse is given to the coffin. Even in the sunlight they
are dark; even in the tropics no vine clings to them, no blossom
is born to them, no bird is housed by them, and no flutter of
wings makes music for them. Strange and shapely, and coldly

SHELLEY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO. 487

chaste, they seem like human and desolate things, standing
all alone in the midst of luxurious nature, unblessed of the soil,
and unloved of the dew and the sunshine.

In a grove of these the column halted for the night. Be-
yond them was a pass guarded by crosses. In that treacherous
land these are a growth indigenous to the soil. They flourish
nowhere else in abundance. Wherever a deed of violence is
done, a cross is planted; wherever a traveler is left upon his
face in a pool of blood, a cross is reared; wherever a grave is
made wherein lies the murdered one, there is seen a cross. No
matter who does the deed — whether Indian, or don, or com-
mandante — a cross must dark the spot, and as the pious way-
farer journeys by he lays all reverently a stone at the feet of
the sacred symbol, breathing a pious prayer and telling a bead
or two for the soul's salvation.

On the left a wooded bluff ran down abruptly to a stream.
Beyond the stream and near the palms, a grassy bottom
spread itself out, soft and grateful. Here the blankets were
spread, and here the horses grazed their fill. A young moon,
clear and white, hung low in the west, not sullen nor red, but
a tender moon full of the beams that lovers seek and full of the
voiceless imagery which gives passion to the songs of the night,
and pathos to deserted and dejected swains.

As the moon set the horses were gathered together and
tethered in amid the palms. Then a deep silence fell upon the
camp, for the sentinels were beyond its confines, and all within
side slept the sleep of the tired and healthy.

It may have been midnight; it certainly was cold and
dark. The fires had gone out, and there was a white mist like
a shroud creeping up the stream and settling upon the faces oi
the sleepers. On the far right a single pistol shot arose, clear
and resonant. Shelby, who slumbered like a bird, lifted him-
self up from his blankets and spoke in an undertone to Thrail-
kill:

"Who has the post at the mouth of the pass?'

"Jo Macey."

"Then something is stirring. Macey never fired at a
shadow in his life."

488 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

The two men listened. One a grim guerrilla himself,
with the physique of a Cossack and the hearing of a Comanche.
The other having in his hands the lives of all the silent and
inert sleepers lying still and grotesque under the white shroud
of the mountain mist.

Nothing was heard for an hour. The two men went to
sleep again, but not to dream. Of a sudden and unseen the
mist was lifted, and in its place a sheet of flame so near to the
faces of the men that it might have scorched them. Two
hundred Mexicans had crept down the mountains, and to the
edge of the stream, and had fired point blank into the camp.
It seemed a miracle, but not a man was touched. Lying flat
upon the ground and wrapped up in their blankets, the whole
volley, meant to be murderous, had swept over them.

Shelby was the first upon his feet. His voice rang out
clear and faultless, and without a tremor:

"Give them the revolver. Charge!"

Men awakened from deep sleep grapple with spectres
slowly. These Mexicans were spectres. Beyond the stream
and in amid the sombre shadows of the palms, they were
invisible. Only the powder-pall was on the water where the
mist had been.

Unclad, barefooted, heavy with sleep the men went
straight for the mountain, a revolver in each hand, Shelby
leading. From spectres the Mexicans had become to be bandits.
No quarter was given or asked. The rush lasted until the
game was flushed, the pursuit until the top of the mountain
was gained. Over ragged rock, and cactus, and dagger-
trees the hurricane poured. The roar of the revolvers was
deafening. Men died and made no moan, and the wounded
were recognized only by their voices. When it was over the
Americans had lost in killed eleven and in wounded seven teen,
most of the latter slightly, thanks to the darkness and the
impetuosity of the attack. In crawling upon the camp, the
Mexicans had tethered their horses upon the further side of
the mountain. The most of these fell into Shelby's hands, to-
gether with the bodies of the two leaders, Juan Anselmo, a
renegade priest, and Antonio Flores, a young Cuban who had

SHELLEY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO. 489

sold his sister to a wealthy haciendaro and turned robber,
and sixty-nine of their followers.

It was noon the next day before the march was resumed
— noon with the sun shining upon the fresh graves of eleven
dauntless Americans sleeping their last sleep, amid the palms
and the crosses, until the resurrection day.

There was a grand fandango at Lampasas when the
column reached the city. The bronzed, foreign faces of the
strangers attracted much curiosity and more of comment;
but no notes in the music jarred, no halt in the flying feet of
the dancers could be discovered. Shelby camped just beyond
the suburbs, unwilling to trust his men to the blandishments
of so much beauty, and to the perils of so much nakedness.

Stern camp guards soon sentinelled the soldiers, but as
the night deepened their devices increased, until a good com-
pany had escaped all vigilance and made a refuge sure with
the sweet and swarthy senoritas singing :

"O ven! ama!
Eres alma,
Soy corazon."

There were three men who stole out together in mere wan-
tonness and exuberance of life — obedient, soldierly men — who
were to bring back with them a tragedy without a counter-
part in all their history. None saw Boswell, Walker and
Crockett depart — the whole command saw them return again,
Boswell slashed from chin to waist, Walker almost dumb from
a bullet through cheeks and tongue, and Crockett, sober and
unhurt, yet having over him the sombre light of as wild a deed
as any that stands out from all the lawless past of that lawless
land.

These men, when reaching Lampasas, floated into the
flood tide of the fandango, and danced until the red lights
shone with an unnatural brilliancy — until the fiery Catalan
consumed what little of discretion the dancing had left. They
sallied out late at night, flushed with drink, and having over
them the glamour of enchanting women. They walked on
apace in the direction of the camp, singing snatches of Bac-

490 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

chanal songs, and laughing boisterously under the moonlight
which flooded the streets with gold. In the doorway of a house
a young Mexican girl stood, her dark face looking out coquet-
tishly from her fringe of dark hair. The men spoke to her,
and she, in her simple, girlish fashion, spoke to the men. In
Mexico this meant nothing. They halted, however, and
Crockett advanced from the rest and laid his hand upon the
girl's shoulder. Around her head and shoulders she wore a
rebosa. This garment answers at the same time for bonnet and
bodice. When removed the head is uncovered and the bosom
is exposed. Crockett meant no real harm, although he asked
her for a kiss. Before she had replied to him, he attempted
to take it.

The hot Southern blood flared up all of a sudden at this,
and her dark eyes grew furious in a momenit. As she drew
back from him in proud scorn, the rebosa came off, leaving
all her bosom bare, the long, luxuriant hair falling down upon
and over it as a cloud that would hide its purity and innocence.
Then she uttered a low, feminine cry as a signal, followed
instantly by a rush of men who drew knives and pistols as
they came on. The Americans had no weapons. Not dream-
ing of danger, and being within sight almost of camp, they had
left their revolvers behind. Boswell was stabbed three times,
though not seriously, for he was a powerful man, and fought
his assailants off. Walker was shot through his tongue and
both cheeks, and Crockett, the cause of the who.e melee,
escaped unhurt. No pursuit was attempted after the first swift
work was over. Wary of reprisals, the Mexicans hid them-
selves as suddenly as they had sallied out. There was a
young man, however, who walked close to Crockett — a young
Mexican who spoke no word, and who yet kept pace with the
American step by step. At first he was not noticed. Before
the camp guards were reached, Crockett, now completely
sobered, turned upon him and asked:

"Why do you follow me?"

"That you may lead me to your General."

"What do you wish with my General?"

"Satisfaction."

SHELLEY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO. 491

At the firing in the city a patrol guard had been thrown
out, who arrested the whole party and carried it straight to
Shelby. He was encamped upon a wide margin of bottom
land, having a river upon one side, and some low mountain
ridges upon the other. The ground where the blankets were
spread was velvety with grass. There was a bright moon; the
air blowing from the grape gardens and the apricot orchards of
Lampasas, was fragrant and delicious, and the soldiers were
not sleeping.

Under the solace of such surroundings Shelby had relaxed
a little of that grim severity he always manifested toward
those guilty of unsoldierly conduct, and spoke not harshly to
the three men. When made acquainted with their hurts, he
dismissed them instantly to the care of Dr. Tisdale.

Crockett and the Mexican still lingered, and a crowd of
some fifty or sixty had gathered around. The first told his
story of the melee, and told it truthfully. The man was too
brave to lie. As an Indian listening to the approaching foot-
steps of one whom he intends to scalp, the Mexican listened as
a granite pillar vitalized to the whole recital. When it was
finished he went up close to Shelby, and said to him, pointing
his finger at Crockett:

"That man has outraged my sister. 1 could have killed
him, but I did not. You Americans are brave, I know; will
you be generous as well, and give me satisfaction?"

Shelby looked at Crockett, whose bronzed face, made
sterner in the moonlight, had upon it a look of curiosity. He
at least did not understand what was coming.

"Does the Mexican speak the truth, Crockett?" was the
question asked by the commander of his soldier.

"Partly; but I meant no harm to the woman. I am in-
capable of that. Drunk I know T was, and reckless, but not
wilfully guilty, General."

Shelby regarded him coldly. His voice was so stern when
he spoke again that the brave soldier hung his head:

"What business had you to lay your hands upon her at
all?" How often must I repeat to you that the man who does

492 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

these things is no follower of mine? Will you give her brother
satisfaction?"

He drew his revolver almost joyfully and stood proudly
up, facing his accuser.

"No! no! not the pistol! cried the Mexican;" I do not
understand the pistol. The knife, Senor General; is the
American afraid of the knife?"

He displayed, as he spoke a keen, glittering krife and held
it up in the moonlight. It was white, and lithe, and shone in
contrast with the dusky hand which grasped it.

Not a muscle of Crockett's face moved. He spoke almost
gently as he turned to his General :

"The knife, ah! well, so be it. Will some*of|you give me
a knife?"

A knife was handed him and a ring was made. About
four hundred soldiers formed the outside circle of this ring.
These, bearing torches in their hands cast a red glare of light
upon the arena. The ground under foot was as velvet. The
moon, not yet full, and the sky without a cloud, rose over all,
calm and peaceful in the summer night. A hush as of expect-
ancy, fell upon the camp. Those who were asleep, slept on ;
those who were awake seemed as under the influence of an
intangible dream.

Shelby did not forbid the fight. He knew it was a duel
to the death, and some of the desperate spirit of the com-
batants passed into his own. He merely spoke to an aide:

"Go for Tisdale. When the steel has finished the surgeon
may begin."

Both men stepped fearlessly into the arena. A third
form was there, unseen, invisible, and even in his presence the
traits of the two nations were uppermost. The Mexican made
the sign of the cross, the American tightened his sabre belt.
Both may have prayed, neither, however, audibly.

They had no seconds — perhaps none were needed. The
Mexican took his stand about midway the arena and waited.
Crockett grasped his knife firmly and advanced upon him.
Of the two, he was taller by a head and physically the strongest.
Constant familiarity with danger for four years had given him

SHELLEY'S EXPEDITION TO MEXICO. 493

a confidence the Mexican may not have felt. He had been
wounded three times, one of which wounds was scarcely
healed. This took none of his manhood from him, however.

Neither spoke. The torches flared a little in the night
wind, now beginning to rise, and the long grass rustled curtly
under foot. Afterwards its green had become crimson.

Between them some twelve inches of space now intervened.
The men had fallen back upon the right and the left for the
commander to see, and he stood looking fixedly at the two as
he would upon a line of battle. Never before had he gazed
upon so strange a sight. That great circle of bronzed faces
eager and fierce in the flare of torches, had something mon-
strous yet grotesque about it. The civilization of the century
had been rolled back, and they were in a Roman circus, look-
ing down upon the arena, crowded with gladiators and jubilant
with that strangest of war cries : Morituri te salutant !-

The attack was the lightning's flash. The Mexican
lowered his head, set his teeth, and struck fairly at Crockett's
breast. The American made a half face to the right, threw
his left arm forward as a shield, gathered the deadly steel in
his shoulder to the hilt and struck home. How pitiful!

A great stream of blood spurted in his face. The tense
form of the Mexican, bent as a willow wand in the wind, swayed
helplessly, and fell backward lifeless, the knife rising up as a
terrible protest above the corpse. The man's heart was found.

Cover him up from sight. No need of Dr. Tisdale here.
There was a wail of women on the still night air, a shudder of
regret among the soldiers, a dead man on the grass, a sister
broken-hearted and alone forevermore, and a freed spirit
somewhere out in eternity with the unknown and the infinite.

494 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

Historical Notes and Comments.

The October (1920) issue of the Review will be a Missouri
centennial number. Twenty worthwhile contributions by
that number of eminent authors and public men will depict
the story of the State during the one hundred years of common-
wealth history. Art, education, agriculture, banking, com-
merce, mining, transportation, journalism, church progress,
labor and industry, literature, politics, social customs and
usages, social reform, Missouri in 1820, Missouri in 1920, the
travail of Missouri for statehood, and a model centennial pro-
gram for local celebrations, will be some of the subjects con-
sidered. In short an attempt will be made in the July Review
to survey briefly the social, economic, aesthetic and historical
changes in Missouri during the last century. It will be an
invoice of our assets and liabilities, of our successes and failures.
Such an inventory should be worthwhile to all enlightened
citizens of the State. It will surprise the majority of even
well informed men and women to learn what changes have
taken place in old Missouri. And it will be, on the whole, a
most grateful and pleasing surprise.

The October Review should do much to stimulate interest
in Missouri's centennial years, 1920 and 1921. In conjunction
with such works as Houck, Shoemaker, Stevens and Violette,
there is little excuse for each county in Missouri not holding
some form of commemorative exercises. Initial organization
for this purpose was effected in 113 counties and the City of
St. Louis four years ago. These local county centennial com-
mittees should easily obtain the co-operation of other bodies
in their communities. Local initiative will find a responsive
public spirit. As in all historical matter, The State Histori-
cal Society of Missouri stands ready to render every possible
assistance.

Owing to the size of the October, 1920, Review and
the greatly increased size of the October, 1919, and the

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS. 495

April, 1920, issues, it will not be possible for the Society to
print a large number of extra copies of the Centennial number.
All persons desiring extra copies of the October Review must,
therefore, make order accompanied with check or money order
in advance by June 1st. The cost will be fifty cents a copy.

COMMENTS.

"The Missouri Historical Review is invaluable to me in my
National Old Trails Road work and I could not get along without it."
Mrs. John Van Brunt, Chairman
National Old Trails Road Committee,
National Society of the Daughters of American

Revolution,
Belton, Missouri,
November 17, 1919.

"I have read with great interest the numbers of the Review,
and no doubt this publication will find favor with all who care to
inform themselves in regard to the history of the great State."

Rev. H. Hussmann,

St. Louis, Missouri,

November 26, 1919.

"I like your policy of limiting the scope of the activities of
your Society to matters clearly appertaining to your state history.
As your know, abuse of the more general course is vicious and not
uncommon."

Dr. Albert Watkins,

State Historian,

Nebraska State Historical Society,

Lincoln, Nebraska,

December 11, 1919.

"I am glad to see the Review growing larger and better. So
far as I have ascertained, The Missouri Historical Review ranks with
the very best of historical magazines published in America."

W. L. Skaggs,

Pocahontas, Arkansas,

January 2, 1920.

"The copy of the October Review has been received, for which
please accept my thanks. It is very interesting, indeed, and has
been an inspiration to me."

Mrs. M. Conlan,

Oklahoma Historical Society,

Oklahoma City, Oklahoma,

December 2, 1919.

496 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

"I have read with very great interest the translation of the
Duden Reports, which have been appearing in the Review."

Hon. Richard Bartholdt,
St. Louis, Missouri,
December 1, 1919.

"I wish to thank you for the October number of The Missouri
Historical Review. It is a mighty interesting and readable publica-
tion. Will you please add my name to the subscription list."

Dr. Richard L. Button,
Kansas City, Missouri,
December 8, 1919.

"I have just finished reading the October, 1919, issue of The
Missouri Historical Review, and I am greatly pleased with it."

Winfield S. Thompson,
Springfield, Missouri,
January 19, 1920.

" The Missouri Historical Review means much to me. I have
read all of the numbers since I became a member and feel like con-
gratulating you on your large contribution to Missouri history."

Prof. I. N. Evrard,
Dean, Missouri Valley College,
Marshall, Missouri,
September 22, 1919.

"I have read with a great deal of interest the information
regarding the proposed publication of the history of the woman
suffrage movement in Missouri in The Missouri Historical Review.
After carefully consulting the literature on this subject, I find that
this is the first instance of its kind in America, and I consider it
very significant. In fact, I think the whole suffrage situation in
Missouri is perhaps more remarkable than in any other state, and
no doubt this is largely due to its excellent leaders. Not only
historical societies, but the writers of history, have largely ignored
women and almost wholly ignored woman suffrage. I sincerely
hope that this progressive act of The State Historical Society of
Missouri will inspire others to follow its example. Missouri is
indeed fortunate in having the honor of publishing the first com-
plete history of woman suffrage in an American commonwealth."

Mrs. Ida Husted Harper, Editor
History of Woman Suffrage in America,
New York City, N. Y.
January 15, 1920.

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS. 497

A MESSAGE TO MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY.

The addition during the last year of two hundred names to
the membership roll of the Society is indicative of appreciation.
The new members were obtained largely thru the personal
initiative of old members. As examples, picked at ramdom, of
what active members can do to disseminate knowledge of Mis-
souri history thru calling the attention of others to the Review,
Prof. C. H. McClure, of the Central State Teachers' College
at Warrensburg, Mo., obtained twenty- two members; Prof.
E. M. Violette, of the Northeast State Teachers' College, at
Kirksville, Mo., obtained ten; Mrs. Elizabeth P. Milbank, of
Chillicothe, Mo., obtained eight; Mr. Geo. A. Mahan, of Han-
nibal, Mo., obtained ten, and Mr. O. G. Boisseau, of Holden,
Mo., obtained six. It is obvious that the character and size
of the Review warrants a much larger investment than the
dollar membership fee. Including the proposed centennial
number of the Oct. (1920) Review, Volume XV will contain
over 700 pages of solid printed matter! In book form, this
historical material would cost at least five dollars.

The Society is not, therefore, seeking members with the
sole end in view of obtaining a membership fee. It does desire
however, to see a wider dissemination of knowledge relating to
Missouri history. The Society has advanced from tenth to
fourth rank in the Mississippi Valley in its membership during
the last four years. It can easily have first rank this year with
the co-operation of its members. If each member of this
Society will obtain at least one riew member, The State His-
torical Society of Missouri will take first rank in the number
of members among the historical organizations west of the
Alleghanies. This is a matter of State pride, for certainly
a Missourian would be proud to point to it as an evidence
of culture, education and patriotism. This is a matter of
State progress, for certainly Missourians are aided' by read-
ing the historic contributions that appear in these pages.

498 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

DONATIONS.

The public spirit of Missourians is finely shown in their
co-operation to preserve the past and present records for pos-
terity. Unselfishness and even sacrifice here finds favor. In
fact the library and collections of the Society are largely the
offerings of the people laid on the ajtar of state history. The
gifts to this Society of such a man as Wm. Clark Breckenridge,
of St. Louis, have alone added hundreds of the rarest books
and pamphlets to its library. Thousands of books and pamph-
lets are donated each year for the present and future history
reading public. Among donations of rare value recently
received, these are especially worthy of mention.

Mrs. D. V. Bogie, of Richmond, Missouri, donated twelve
bound volumes of Missouri neswpapers, formerly edited by
her husband: Huntsville, North Missouri Herald (3 vols.)
1870-1872; Keytesville Herald (1 vol.) 1872-1873; Carthage,
Jasper County Democrat (1 vol.) 1884-1885, and the Richmond
Democrat (7 vols.) 1879-1888.

Through the courtesy of Mr. Homer A. Danford, of the
St. Louis Globe-Democrat, a complete file of The Handclasp
Across the Sea (1918-1919) has been donated to The State
Historical Society. The Handclasp was issued by the St.
Louis Globe- Democrat Composing Room. It was primarily
intended for recording the records and news of the Globe-
Democrat boys in service, but it was not confined to these.
It is one ot those publications issued from time to time that is
full of deepest human interest. Unfortunately publications
of this kind are usually so ephemeral that even public institu-
tions are unable to obtain complete sets. The Society is in-
deed fortunate in having one set preserved.

An interesting work by Clarence F. Piesbergen, of the
St. Louis Globe- Democrat, on Overseas With An Aero Squadron
has been recently donated to the Society by the author. This
publication is a record of the services of the 86th Aero Squad-
ron of the United States Air Service. The book is most

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS. 499

attractively made up and not only gives an accou.nt of the 86th
Aero Squadron, but does this in a most interesting manner.
In a way the 86th was Missourian, since a larger number of
its members hailed from this State than from any other.

Capt. Geo. S. Grover, of St. Louis, obtained from Mrs.
Emory S. Foster, of California, the gift to the Society of the
saber, revolvers and spurs of the noted Missouri Union leader,
Major Emory S. Foster.

The Missouri Council of Defense has placed its official
correspondence files, containing thousands of letters, in the
custody of the Society. These files will be placed in metal
cases for permanent preservation.

TWO MlSSOURIANS IN THE CABINET.

Hon. Joshua W. Alexander: If President Wilson's ad-
ministration put the South in the saddle, as some affirm, it put
Missouri on the saddle-horn. Never since the days of Lincoln
has the State exerted such an influence in National affairs,
when Edwards Bates was Secretary of War, Frank P. Blair, Jr.,
was Lincoln's "Colonel House" of the West, U. S. Grant, of St.
Louis, was leading the boys in blue to victory over the boys in
gray, and John Henderson was drafting the Thirteenth Amend-
ment. The last eight years of Democratic rule in Washington
have witnessed a Missourian, Champ Clark, Speaker of the
House of Representatives; another Missourian, the late
William J. Stone, chairman of the most important committee
in Congress in time of war, the Foreign Relations Committee;
another son, Breckenridge Long, in the State Department;
another, Alexander M. Dockery, in the Post Office Depart-
ment; another, David F. Houston, head of the Department of
Agriculture and recently head of the Treasury Department;
another, George Creel, head of the Bureau of Public Informa-
ion; two more, David R. Francis and Hugh C. Wallace,
ambassadors respectively to Russia and France; a full dozen
in charge of the army and navy, and, since December, 1919,
another son, Joshua W. Alexander, Secretary of Commerce.

"The President wants you to become Secretary of Com-
merce," was the manner of tendering the cabinet portfolio to

500 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

Secretary Alexander on December 3, 1919. No previous
intimation of the honor was known either to the recipient or
his friends. The appointment came as a surprise to all, for
the "Judge," as his Missouri friends call him, had never been
mentioned for the office and was not a candidate. It was
purely a personal selection embodying the President's confi-
dence in his friend's ability and integrity and recognition of
meritorious congressional work.

Secretary Alexander has represented the Third Missouri
Congressional District since 1907. He became chairmen of the
Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries when the
Democrats gained control of Congress in 1910. He drafted
many laws of importance. Among them are the war risk
insurance act, the soldier and sailors insurance law, the origi-
nal act controlling wireless telegraphy, the ship purchase act
which was defeated in the Senate, and the law (drafted by him
in part) now operating to restore the American merchant
marine.

Born in Ohio on January 22, 1852, Secretary Alexander
was reared and educated in Missouri. By profession he is a
lawyer. For forty-four years he has been in public life. In
his home town of Gallatin, Missouri, he has served as both
city and county official. He has also served in the State
Legislature and, as circuit judge, on the State Bench. In
1913-14 he was chairman of the United States Commission to
the International Conference on Safety of Life at Sea, which
met in London.

Hon. David F. Houston: There was a unique fitness in
President Wilson's appointment of David F. Houston to the
office of Secretary of Agriculture on March 6, 1913. The first
man to hold that position was another adopted Missourian,
Norman J. Colman, whose life of patriotic service to the Nation
and especially to the rural world, will never be forgotten.
Equally noteworthy has been the record of David F. Houston.
No member of the cabinet contributed more to the success of
American arms during the World war than this St. Louis
citizen and educator. Truth and not mere eulogy impels the
statement that no single class of persons performed their work

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS. 501

so well, accomplished the results requested so soon, and
united in labor so patriotically, as the American farmer. The
leader and director of the 40,000,000 American agricultural
population, representing an invested capital of $40,000,000,000
was David F. Houston.

Born in North Carolina on February 17, 1866, he received
his collegiate education in South Carolina College and Har-
vard University. His work until 1913 was along purely
scholastic lines. He taught in the public schools of the South,
was a tutor in ancient languages in a college, professor of
political science in Harvard, president of the Agricultural
College of Texas, president of the University of Texas, and
Chancellor of Washington University, in St. Louis. In recog-
nition of his educational work the honorary degree of Doctor
of Laws was conferred on him by Tulane University, the
Universities of Missouri, Wisconsin, Yale and Harvard.

His entrance into official public life began with his ap-
pointment to the office of Secretary of Agriculture. Leave of
absence was granted him by Washington University until he
requested that his resignation be accepted in 1917. Secretary
Houston held his new position until January, 1920, when he
was transferred by President Wilson from the Agriculture
Department to the Treasury Department, being ajppointed to
the headship of the latter. This last appointment was made
in recognition of Secretary Houston's ability as an organizer
and financial authority. Not only did this educator win com-
mendation for his work as Secretary of Agriculture, but he also
gained approbation for his quick grasp of banking and finan-
cial economics in his tour of the country several years ago to
help determine the boundary lines and centers of the Federal
Reserve Bank districts, of which two were located in Missouri,
— at Kansas City and St. Louis.

A MISSOURI INSTITUTION PASSES.

One hundred and eleven years ago on July 12, 1808, there
was founded in the town of St. Louis the first newspaper west
of the Mississippi. It was called the Missouri Gazette', it
became the St. Louis Republic with all that the latter name has

502 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

implied for decades. The nineteenth centenarian in American
journalism marked "30" on its copy of December 4, 1919, and
a Missouri institution, an institution of the American Great
West, passed away. Not alone was there regret and sadness
among the old readers of "1808" but among all students of
State history.

PERSONAL.

Emil Boehl: Born in Calvoerde Dukedom, Brunswick,
October 27, 1839; died at St. Louis December 12, 1919. He
came to St. Louis in 1854 and became interested in the general
mercantile business. At the outbreak of the Civil War he
joined the Fourth Regiment of Home Guards and later served
in the Enrolled Missouri Militia. In 1864 he established a
photographic gallery in St. Louis and continued in the business
until May, 1919. He was the owner of an especially fine col-
lection of historical photographs, some of them dating as far
back as 1840.

Hon. Arthur W. Brewster: Born in Kansas in 1865; died
at Kansas City, October 5, 1919. He received his education
at Washburn College, Topeka, Kansas, and then located in
St. Joseph. There he practiced law for fourteen years, serv-
ing a term in the State Senate and holding the position of
postmaster of St. Joseph during the administration of Roose-
velt. Later he moved to Kansas City and there continued the
practice of his profession.

Rev. E. H. Foster: Born in 1840; died at Jefferson City,
Missouri, October 22, 1919. For many years he served as
pastor of the Baptist Church at Salem, Missouri. He served
as Chaplain of the Senate in the 49th General Assembly and
as Representative from Dent county in the 50th.

Hon. William Ellsworth Fowler: Born at Beverly, Ohio,
May 19, 1863; died at Kansas City, September 28, 1919.
Upon the completion of his law education in Ohio and at
Annapolis, Maryland, he came to Excelsior Springs, Missouri.
In 1890 he was elected judge of the probate court of Clay
county, which office he filled continuously until 1902. In
1913 he was Democratic presidential elector-at-large.

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS. 503

James Gurney: Born in England in 1842; died at St.
Louis January 15, 1920. As a youth he became a member of
the staff of the Royal Garden in London, and when he came to
St. Louis he became chief gardener to Henry Shaw and devel-
oped the famous Tower Grove Park. He also laid out and
planned the Missouri Botanical Garden, known as Shaw's Gar-
den.

Estill Rhodes Myers: Born at Vandalia, Missouri,
August 15, 1879; died at Kansas City, October 29, 1919.
After the completion of his public school education he became
connected with the Mexico Intelligencer and served it in vari-
ous capacities until 1917. During his last three years on the
paper he was editor and general manager. Later he was
advertising manager of the Miami, Oklahoma, Record-Herald
and at the time of his death was office manager of the Hays
and Hayman Walker Company of Kansas City, publishers of
the Poland China Journal and the Hereford Journal.

Everett W. Pattison: Born at Waterville, Maine, Feb-
ruary 22, 1839; died at St. Louis November 14, 1919. He was
graduated from Waterville (now Colby) College in 1858 and
three years later enlisted as a private in the 2nd Massachusetts
Infantry. He was discharged in 1865 as a captain. After the
war he came to St. Louis and began the practice of law. For
the past thirty years he had devoted much of his time to the
writing of law books. In his later years he was best known
through his Digest of Missouri Decisions, said to be the best
work of its kind on Missouri law. He also wrote works on
Missouri Code Pleadings and on Criminal Instructions. He
contributed many articles to encyclopedias and law journals.

Wesley L. Robertson: Born at South Coventry, Con-
necticut, June 30, 1850; died at Gallatin, Missouri, December
23, 1919. He came with his mother to Missouri in 1865 and
in 1872 purchased the Princeton Advance, which paper he con-
ducted until 1881. Later he was for a short time publisher of
the Broad Axe at Bethany, Missouri; the New Century at
Unionville, Missouri; the Democrat at Gallatin, Missouri; the
Jeffersonian at Plattsburg, Missouri; and the Gazelle at West
Plains, Missouri. In 1898 he again purchased the Gallatin

15

504 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

Democrat and remained publisher of this paper until his death.
Mr. Robertson was president of the Missouri Press Association
in 1900-01 and was the first president of the Northwest Mis-
souri Press Association.

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