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ae HopsEs, near London-Bridge ; J. Newzery, in St, Paul’s Church- Yard; B, Contins;
And S, CRowpDER and He _Woopcats, in Pater-nofter-Row. :

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To th Ricgut HONOURABLE

The Earl of NORTHUMBERLAND.

My LORD,

FT omit the other additions with which your name fhould
ftand accompanied, ’tis becaufe I addrefs you under a
greater; PATRON OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE: nor fhall I

{top there, fince I may add that higheft of all human titles,
FATHER OF THE Distressep. To have raifed a little hofpi-
tal to the full ufe and purpofe of the moft eftablifhed charities,
is more than to have amaffed the total ftores of knowledge; or
to have received all the diftinGtions in the power of Kings.

DE D 176 42 TO" N-

To {peak of your LorDsHIP, as.is the cuftom on thefe oc-
cafions, would appear with a new air; for to you, the lan-
guage of dedications would be truth: yet though it were no
more than ecchoing the univerfal voice, I know ’twould be un-
plealing ; for all applaufe founds to a delicate ear like flattery.

Though I fhall not crowd the page addrefled immediately Po
“your LorpsHir’s eye with praife; or tranferibe their wonder
‘who fee greatnefs fo joined with affability, and knowledge fo
united to politenefs; one thing -I fhall fay, and tis with pride
and pleafure I thall fpeak it, that in this age, unfavourable as
it is to literature, the leaft attempt toward. rendering knowledgg.
ufeful is not without its patron, When England fhall be abje
to produce a Linnaus, he will not. want a CLIFFORD.

Though I can by this addrefs add nothing to that great opi-
nion the world juftly entertain of your Lorpsutp’s virtues, I
am con{cious that I fhall, in publifhing it, do myfelf the higheft
honour it is poflible I fhould obtain. Science can boaft no
greater glory, than to receive the patronage of Virtue.

I have the honour to be,

With the greateft refpect,

My LORD,

Your LorpsHIP’s moft obedient,

and moft humble fervant,

JOHN HILL: *

2B Rr Myre 68

. EE ae

eceaseegcoescaseusescseeneseusonNeeseseceseseceaas

VELA Ssh

Plants whofe flower confifts of stverat reTais*, with NUMEROUS THREADS

are few, large, and plain.

in the centre, and is followed by a clufter of NAKED SEEDS,
ASHIS is a clafs diftinguifhed by natural and obvious charagters ; and is proper for the”
We ftudent’s firft confideration, becaufe the flowers and feeds are confpicuous, and the parts

» Mr. Ray eftablifhed it'as a clafs; and the regard he has fhewn to the order of nature,
” in keeping thefe plants together, is a proof that his method, tho’ plain and fimple, is in

fome inftances, better founded than thofe built upon fmaller parts, and nicer diftinGtions.

Nature has joined no plants fo plainly together as thofe which conftitute this clafs: yet Morifon,
Tournefort, and. others, have diftributed them in various parts of their works; and Linneus has
united the greater part of them with many other plants not properly ally’d to them, under the
denomination of polyandria; a clafs altogether artificial, having but a miftaken foundation in

‘nature.

This author in the feventh fection includes, among what he calls polyandria polygynia, the crow-
Foot, which bears its feeds naked, and the hellebore, which has them included in pods,
“Nature feparates thefe plants, tho’ Linnaeus joins them. ‘

9 RT

By ede

Natives of BRITAIN.

HIS feries includes all thofe genera, of

which one or more fpecies are natives of

eur country. The fecond comprehends thofe
only of which we have none naturally wild.

To prevent the feparation of thofe plants

which nature has joined in form, tho’ divided

in their place of growth, we fhall, under each

of the Britith genera, after defcribing thofe fpe-
cies which are natives here, add fuch as, for their
ufe or beauty, have obtained a place in our gar-
dens. But to prevent confufion or error, we

fhall there arrange the fpecies diftinétly under two,

divifions, as we have here diftributed the generay
native, and foreign, under two /eries. .

® The leaves which compofe a flower are called petals,

Ned,

B GENUS.

Th BRITISH HERBAL

STRAWBERRY.
FRAGARITA.

MP HE frawberry has three leaves on each footftalk; the flower confifts of five petals, and its
is divided into ten unequal fegments. ; : :
The flethy fabftance of the fruit is no character of this genus, for fome fpecies have it not. He
Linneus feparates this with fome others from the reft of the clafs, arranging it among his
icofandria, and placing it next the rofe and bramble. : Y :
CO EL Meecates might lead us to fuppofe there was an alliance between the fruit of the
Strawberry and bramble; and little genius’s might cavil at the placing it here among plants with
naked feeds: but the diftinétions of nature are fufficiently correct if men will properly regard
them: the bramble will then be found a berry-bearing fhrub 3 the frrawherry a naked feeded plant.
‘A berry is a fruit which has the feed furrounded by a juicy matter, and enclofed ina fkin. Eaoh
grain of the blackberry is therefore fuch ; but in the Strawberry the feeds are difpofed quite otherwife :
They are neither furrounded by juice, nor covered with a fkin: they ftick naked on the outfide of
the fruit. ay ; :
In all the plants of this clafs the feeds adhere to fome fubftance at their bafe ; and in the prefent
inftance that fubftance fometimes {wells out, and becomes flefhy : but the feeds are ftill naked, the fruit

is no berry, and the plant belongs to this clafs.

DeTgVaele sel: OS Nek

x. Barren Strawberry.
Fragaria frerilis.

The root is thick, hard, covered with a brown-
ith bark with a tinge of red, and edged with
fibres. h

The leaves ftand three on each footftalk ; and
are of an oval figure, notched round the edges,
and of a pale green: they are covered with a
fhort, foft hair, and lie fpread on the ground,
Their footftalk is two inches long, and has a
couple of fmall membranes at its bafe.

The ftalks are lender, fhort, and weak: they
are hairy, and have each a leaf or two on them
divided into three parts.

Ufually there ftands but one flower on cach
footftalk, and this is large, white, and ‘beautiful,
Jj is compofed of five broad leaves, dented at the
ends ; and has inits centre a tuft of fhort threads.
It ftands in a fmall cup divided into ten parts at
the edge.

When the flower falls the feeds ripen in a little
clufter. They are fmall, and have no pulpy mat-
ter about them; but five of the divifions of the
cup clofe over and defend them.

It is very common in dry paftures and on ditch
banks ; and flowers in April.

The bark of the root, dried and powdered, rs
excellent in diarrhoeas: a fcrupleisa dofe. This
I write from experience ; others feem not to have
confidered it as a medicine.

DIVISION

Te aga O

3. Shrubby Strawberry.
Fragaria frutefcens.

The rootis long, woody, and edged with fibres,

The leaves {tand on footftalks, three upon
each, as in the common Strawbderry, and are large,
oblong, and confiderably hairy.

The ftalk rifes from the centre of the root,
among the leaves, and is woody, firm, and two
foot high. ‘Toward the top it divides into two or

BRT T'S WS .P ECL p.S,

J: Bauhine calls this {pecies Fragaria non fru-
Sifera vel non vefca. CC. Bauhine, Fragaria
Srerilis.

2. Common Strawberry.
Frogaria vulgaris. :

The root is long, thick, of a reddifh brown,
and edged with many fibres,

The footftalks are three or four inches long ;
and each fupports three leaves. Thefe are ob-~
long and broad, and ferrated; of a dark green
on the upper fide, and whitith underneath.

The ftalks are four or five inches high: they
divide at the top, and fupport feveral flowers.

Thefe are large and white: each confifts of five
leaves, and has in its centre a great tuft of threads
with yellow buttons. ;

The fruit follows, and is a flefhy receptacle for
the feeds : it is large, pulpy, and pleafant. The
feeds are numerous, fmall, and tharp-pointed ;
and they are fluck in the fides of the fruit,

It is common in woods, and thence brought in-
to gardens, where culture has made it affume va-
rious forms. It alfo naturally differs in the fize
of the fruit in different countries.

The moft confiderable of thefe varieties are two:
1. The plum-fruited frawberry 2 and, 2. The
great-fruited firawberry of Chili, with Selby leaves.

C. Bauhine has defcribed the firft, and Dillenius
the latter of thefe as diftin&t fpecies ; but they are
accidental variations.

REIGN SPECIES,

three parts, and {preads intoaround head: There
are leaves like thofe which rife. from the root, at
the infertions of thefe branches; and upon their
tops ftand the flowers. \

Thefe are {mall and greenifh, much of the fame
colour with the leaves, but of the form of the
common firawberry flower.

The. fruit is conic in fhape, and is partly red,
partly green. The hairs that rife from the feeds
are very rough, and alfo greenith,

Th BRITISH HERBAL. 3

Tt is a native of Italy, and flowers and bears its
fruit there fomewhat earlier than our /trawberry.

Zanoni calls this Fragaria arborea flore herbaceo:
Morifon, Frogaria major vefca flore herbaceo.

The fruit of the garden ftrawberry is cooling

and when eaten in any quantity, wine and fugar
are proper additions.

Ci iii Be coo

The leaves are cooling and diuretick, An in
fufion of them is good in ftranguries ; and, when
made ftronger, in the jaundice. Powdered, they
are ufeful in dyfenteries ; anda decoétion of them
fweetened with honey, is an excellent gargle for
fore throats. . They have the credit alfo, of being
a cofmetick ; but for that there is no great
authority.

Us Sycallege

CINQUEFOIL.
POE N, Fi AePi BODE UML

Inquefoil has five leaves on every footftalk, and five petals in each flower. The feeds ftand

in a fmall button; and the cup is divided into ten unequal fegments.
Linnzus places this among his icofandria polyginia s the threads being about twenty in each flower,
and growing to the infide of the cup or the petals ; and the ftyles, from the rudiments of the feeds,

numerous.

D PVE § VON CL “CB RY et sete Sub eb Galabes,

1. Common Cinquefoil.
Pentaphyllum vulgare.

The root is long, thick, and brown.

The leaves ftand five on each footftalk, and are
oblong, hairy, and of a dufky green, ferrated at
the edges, and rounded or blunt at the ends: the
footftalks are flender, and three inches long.

The main ftalks of the plant are long, very
weak, and creeping. From the bottoms of the
leaves rife flender pedicles, each fuftaining a
fingle flower. This is large, of a bright yellow,
compofed of roundifh leaves, heart-fafhioned at
the ends, with a great clufter of fhort threads
in the centre, and it ftands in a cup formed of
one leaf and divided into ten parts at the edge.

When the flower is fallen the feeds ripen in
a little clufter, which is defended by five fegments
of the cup clofing about it; the fame five clofe
about the flower while in the bud.

The long creeping ftalks take root at the joints,
whence leaves alfo arife, and the plant thus pro-
pagates itfelf abundantly.

Je is frequent by way fides, and flowers in June.

The’ root is aftringent: its outer rind is the
moft valuable part, and it is beft given in pow-
der, twelve grains for a dofe. It thus ftops purg-
ings, and is good’ in hemorrhages of all kinds,
particularly the overflowings of the menfes, and
{pitting of blood.

Ina larger dofe it will often cure intermittent
Fevers,

A ftrong decoétion of it is alfo good for fore
mouths.

J. Bavhine calls this Pentaphyllum vulgare repens.
C. Bauhine, Quinquefolium majus repens.

2. Silver-leaved Cinquefoil.
Pentaphylium ereétum foliis fubtus argenteis.

The root is large, thick, and woody, brown
en the outfide, and white within: it divides into
many heads, and has feveral fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, firm, upright, hairy,
and fix inches high.

The leayes ftand alternately: they have longifh

footftalks, at the bafe of which there is a little
appendage furrounding the ftalk: they are deeply

divided at the edges into five large, but irregular’

parts, and are of a dufky green above, and white
underneath,

The flowers are fmall, and of a bright yellow:
‘They are compofed each of five petals, with a
large tuft of threads in the centre.

The feed is ripened in fmall clufters, Five of
the ten fegments of the cup in this, as the others,
furround firft the bud of the flower, and after-
wards the clufter of feeds. ,

Itis commen in dry barren places, and flowers
in June.

Its virtues have not been try’d, they are pro-

bably the fame with thofe of the other, but in a
lefs degree.

J. Bauhine calls this Pentaphyllum erefium foliis
profunde feétis fubtus argenteis flore luteo. C. Bau-
hine, Quinquefolium foho argenteo.

3. Little rough Cinquefoil,

Pentaphyllum parvum birfutrum:

The root is long, thick, and black.
The leaves that rife from it are fmall, five on

each footftalk, and hairy: they are of a dufky _

green, and deeply ferrated : the footitalks that
bear them are about two inches long.

The main ftalks rife among thefe. They are
flender, hairy, and of a redifh colour, and lic
fcattered on the ground.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches,
and are large, and of a beautiful yellow.

Tt grows in dry paftures, but is not frequent:
I have feen it near Loughborough. It flowers in
June.

J. Bauhine calls this Pentaphyllum parvum bir-
futunm. C.Bauhine, Quinguefolium minus repens
aureum.

4. Three-fingered Cinquefoil.
Pentaphyllum minus repens foliis tripartitis.

The root is fmall and long; it is brown on the
outfide, and has many fibres.

The leaves ftand on footftalks, which are flen-
der, weak, and redifh, They have three principal
divifions, and two fmaller ; appearing to be com-
pofed of five leaves thus irregular in their fize.

The ftalks run upon the ground and root at
the joints, as in the common cinquefoil.

The

fk ey The BER ALT SEE PEERS RUB: Aah:

The flowers are very beautiful, moderately
large, and of a gold yellow, with a tuft of threads
in the centre. j

The feeds ftand in a little clufter.

It isa fcarce plant, 1 have feen it in Charlton
foreft in Suffex, where it flowers in September.

Plukenet defcribes this, Alm. p. 285.

5. Silky Cinquefoil.
Pentaphyllum pumilum folis fericets.

The root is oblong, fmall, brown, woody, and
edged with fibres. >

The leaves rifing from it are fmall, and ftand
upon very flender footftalks. They are irregu-
larly divided into five parts; three principal,
which. are forward, and two lefler toward the

DI:V-1SA0 Nagi

1. Upright Cinquefoil.
Pentaphyllum recium majus.

The root is long and thick, of a redifh
brown on the outfide, paler within, and edged
with fibres.

The leaves which rife from it are placed on
fhort footftalks, and deeply divided into five
parts 5 fometimes into more, often into lefs;
and frequently the firft leaves are fcarce divided
at all. Thefe divifions or feparate leaves are ob-
long, narrow, and deeply indented.

The flalk is two or three feet high, firm, hard,
round, redifh, and a little hairy, with leaves ir-
regularly placed, refembling the other, but with
fewer divifions.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches,
into which the upper part of the ftalk divides ;
and are large, of a fine gold yellow, and fweet
{cented.

The feeds ftand naked in a little clufter, de-
fended by the cup.

Jt is a native of Italy and the fouth of France,
and flowers in June.

The flowers-are fometimes white.

C. Bauhine calls it Quinquefolium reéium Iu-
teum.

2. White flowered Cinquefoil..
Pentaphyllum majus flore albo..
“ The root is long, flender, brown, and fur-
nifhed with fibres: ~

The footftalks of the leaves are two or three
inches long, flender, weak, and hairy. Five
leaves ftand on each ; and they are oblong, broad,
pointed at the ends, and hollowed. They are of
a deep green, and fmooth on the upper fide, and
hairy and white underneath.

GF. -N

ftalk. Thefe laft are always fmall, and often

‘wanting ; and they, as well as the others, are

notched at the tops. Their colour is a whitifh:
green, and they feel filky. Tate

The ftalks are numerous, fhort, and fpread
upon the ground. The leaves on them are like
thofe from the root, but ufually they have only
the three divifions. :

The flowers are fmall and yellow.

The feeds ftand in a little naked head.

It is not common in England, but frequent in
the hilly parts of Scotland.

Sibbald calls it Fragarie fylueftri affinis planta
flore luteo. Plukenet, Pentaphyllum fruticofum
minimum procumbens flore luteo foliis fericeis fraga-
ria ternis.

REIGN. SPECIES.

The ftalks are fix or eight inches high, but
weak and flender. They have numerous leaves
ftanding irregularly on them, and divide toward
the top into branches.

The flowers ftand on footftalks fingly towards
their tops, and are large and white, with yellow
threads in the centre. They much refemble thofe
of the ftrawberry.

The feeds are fmall, and ftand in a clutter.

It is a native of Hungary, and many other
parts of Europe, and flowers in June.

J. Bauhine calls this Pextaphyllum album. C.
Bauhine Quinquefolium album majus. :

3. Yellow alpine Cinquefoil.
Pentaphyllum minus aureum.

The root is long and flender, of a dufky
brown, and furnifhed with fibres.

The leaves that rife immediately from it
ftand on long flender pedicles, five on each ; and
they are oblong, broad, ferrated, and pointed at
the ends: They are of a fhining green, but have
a few fcattered hairs upon them.

The ftalks are weak, and hardly ftand upright.
They have feveral leaves on them, placed irre-
gularly ; and thofe toward the upper part are
divided into three, rather than five fegments.

The flowers ftand on long footftalks; and are
large, of a bright yellow, with a great tuft of
deeper yellow threads in the midft.

When thefe are fallen, the feed appears in fmall
clufters naked.

It is a native of Italy and Germany, and flowers
in June. The virtues have not been tried.

C. Bauhine calls this Quinguefolium minus repens

alpinum aureum.

U Sur

BASTARD CINQUEFOIL.
PENTAPHYLLOIDES.

T HE flowers and feeds of this are like thofe of cinguefoil; but the leaves are more numerous
and ftand in two rows, with an odd one at the end. Linnaeus places this among his icofandria
polygynia; the threads rifing from the cup or petals, and the rudiments of the feeds being numerous.

DIvt:

The :

DIVISION I.

1. Strawberry Cinquefoil.
Pentaphylloides fragiferum.

The root is large, redifh, and woody. It is
divided at the top into feveral heads, and has a
few fibres.

The footftalks of the leaves are four inches
long, tender, and hairy. The leayes on each
are five or feven. Three larger ftand at the ex-
tremity, and are broad, oblong, hairy, ferrated,
and not unlike thofe of ftrawberry, but lefs. Be-
low thefe there are two or four fmaller; fo that
the whole leaf is of the winged kind, not fingered
as in the right cinguefoils. :

The ftalk is round, firm, ereét, and two feet
and ahalf high. It is hairy, and divided at the
top into branches.

The leaves on this are few, and placed irregu-
larly. They confift ufually of five leaves on the
under part, and only three higher up. Some-
thing like this is feen alfo in the right cinquefoils,
in which, though the radical leaves have always
five, thefe have in fome fpecies only three di-
vifions. Thefe leaves are of the fhape of the
others, but fmaller.

The flowers are numerous, large, and white.
They ftand at the tops of the branches, and are
fucceeded each by a head or clufter of feeds, in
fome degree refembling a ftrawberry.

It grows wild in Wales, and fcarce’ elfewhere
in Britain. It flowers in May and June.

J. Bauhine calls it Pentaphyllum erettum, and
C. Bauhine Quinquefolium fraguferum.

2. Purple Marfh-Cinquefoil.
Pentaphyllum palujtre rubrum:

The root is long, blackifh, and woody. It
fpreads a great way under the ground, and fends
out many large fibres, which are white or redith.

The foot{talks of the leaves are three or fout
inches long. On each ftand five or feven leaves
in two or three pairs, with an odd one at the
end. Thefe are oblong, narrow, and fharply
Yerrated. ‘Their colour is a bluifh green on the
upper fide, and whitifh underneath.

The ftalks are a foot and a half long; but weak,
and not very upright. They are often redifh,
and are in part covered with a kind of fcabbards
from the leaves.

The leaves ftand alternately on them: they
ufually have only two pairs of wings, and an odd
one ; and are in fhape and colour like the others.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches,
and are large and beautiful, but of a fingu-
lar ftruéture, There are five, broad, and
pointed fegments of the cup, which are purple
within, and themfelves refemble a flower. In
thefe there ftand five proper petals of the
flower, which are alfo of a deep purple; but
they are fmall, and the leaves of the cup are
much more confpicuous. In the centre there is
a clufter of purple threads.

When the flower is fallen, there comes a
button or head of feeds, in form refembling a
{mall ftrawberry.

. It grows in muddy places in the north of Eng-
land, but not frequently. Some plants of this
NS: :

’

BRITISH

-of the ftalks ; sand they are large

SPECIES, ioe

have Beet fet in one of the bogs on Hampftead
‘heath; but they do not thrive,
It flowers in June. ‘ ;
C. Bauhine calls it Quinquefolinm paluftre rus
brum. J. Bauhine,
flore rubro.

3. Thick-leaved marth Cinguefoil.

Pentaphyllum palustre rubrum craffis foliis.

The root is flender, long, and {preading, blaclé
on the outfide, and reddith within.

The leaves that rife from it are very like thofe of
the laft defcribed {pecies ; but they grow with lefs
regularity. Ufually there are three pairs on a
ftalk, with an odd one at the end ; fometimes only
two pairs, and not unfrequently there rifes a ingle
one near the place where the footftalk adheres to
the root. Thefe footftalks are weak and hairy,
and the leaves thick and flefhy ; fo that they are
well fupported. ‘They are of a pale green, and
are much more haity than thofe of the former 3
though in thefe it is but moderate.

The ftalks are low, weak, and fhort, round,
and ufually redifh toward the bottom.

The leaves on them are fmall, and in fhape and
colour like the divifions of the others, and ftand
in an uncertain number and irregular manner.

The flowers ftand at the tops of their divifions,
which being fmall and weak are fcarce able to
fupport them. They are large, and of a deep
purple, with a clufter of threads in the middle.

The feeds ripen after in’a little clufter.

Tt is common in Ireland, and in the notth of
England, as about Carlifle, and in fome parts of
Vorbihine It flowers in July. :

Plukenet calls it Pentaphylloides paluftre rubrum
craffis & villofis foliis fuccicm Hibernicum.

4. Shrubby Cinquefoil.
Pentaphylloides fruticofum
The root is compofed of a fmall head, with a

Pentaphyllum Ae ha

BRITISH HERBAL a

large number of thick fibres, and fpreads greatly.

The ftalk is round, firm, upright, woody,
and of a brown colour; and towards the top it
divides into feveral branclies.

The leaves ftand on fhort footftalks, rifing al-
ternately from different fides of the main ftalk.
They are oblong, and of a pale green on the up-
per-fide, and fmooth; on the under-fide they:
ate whitifh and woolly. Seven of tliefe gene-
rally ftand on each footftalk, and they are di-
vided as it were into four and three. Sometimes
there are only five.

The flowers grow on the tops of the divifions
and yellow.
They confift each of five leaves, with a tuft of
threads in the middle.

They quickly fall off, and the feeds follow in
a fmall button; but nature has lefs regard to the
ripening of thefe, becaufe the plant is well pro-
pagated by the root.

The ftalk of this plant throws off its bark fre-
quently, fo that it is commonly ragged.

It isa native of the northern parts of Hag-
Jand, and flowers in June and July. About
Thorpe and Eggleftone abbey in Yorkfhire it is
common.

Ray calls it Pentapkylloides Sruticofum.

Cc DI

6 ; The? B Rel Sve ELEY ReBeA “D,

Davis TON AL

1. Many-leaved Pentaphylloides,
Pentaphylloides fupinum potentille facie.

The root is long and blackifh. It is divided
into many heads, and fpreads under the furface.

The leaves are very numerous. They ftand on
footftalks two inches long, and are compofed of
three or more pairs of fmaller leaves, with an odd
one at the end, Thefe are oblong, narrow,
fharply ferrated, and of a pale green.

The ftalks are a foot and a half long, but
weak and yellow. They are divided into many
branches toward the top, and have the fame kind
of leaves with thofe from the root, but fmaller
and fewer ona footftalk.

The flowers are moderately large, and yellow.
They confift each of five leaves, and have a tuft
of threads in the middle. :

When thefe are fallen the feed fucceeds in a
little naked clufter.

Tt is a native of Germany, and flowers in
July.

J, Bauhine calls it Pentaphylloides Supinum.
C. Bauhine, Quinguefolio Sragifero affinis, from
the fmall heads of feed fomewhat refembling an
unripe ftrawberry ;. but this is lefs than in many
others, where it is not obferved.

2. Silver-leaved ftrawbery Cinquefoil.
Pentaphylloides argentum fragiferum.

The root is long, thick, blackifh, and woody,
and is well furnithed with fibres.

The leaves are numerous. ‘Their foot-
ftalks are an inch and a half long; and they are
compofed each of nine parts, or divided into
nine fegments, fo deep that they appear feparate.

CGE NG cas US

HLOVR hy 1G Ne S°P EC Bes;

Thefe are placed in four pairs, with an odd one
at the end; and are narrow, longifh, and fer-
rated very fharply. They are of a pale green,
and hairy. In the fhape and difpofition of the di-
vifions they much refemble the leaves of the com-
mon filverweed.

The ftalks are numerous, very fmall, and flen-
der: They do not exceed four inches in length.
They trail on the ground, and have the fame
kind of leaves irregularly placed on them as thofe
at the root. Toward the top they divide into
little branches, and others rife from the bottoms
of the leaves. :

The flowers are fmall, but of a beautiful gold
yellow. ‘They confift each of five leaves, and
have a tuft of threads in the middle.

The feeds ripen in a fmall head, and are co-
vered in part by five of the fegments of the cup.

This is frequent in Switzerland, and flowers
in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Quinguefolio fimilis enneaphyl-
Jos, and Parkinfon Exneaphyllon ; from its having
nine leaves on a foottftalk.

All thefe {pecies of pentaphyllcides, and thole of
cinquefoil, agree in virtues as they do in their
characters with the common cinquefoil of our fields.
This their tafte manifefts. They have not been,
feverally tried ; but there is not’one whofe root
does not poffefs a ftrong aftringency. Perhaps
in this, as in many other cafes, we do wrong
in confining our trials to fome one {pecies. Others
may have greater virtues in the fame way than
that commonly ufed. We fee this in mint; only
one {pecies of which was regarded in medicine of
a long time, but another has fince been introdu-
ced; and many others deferye to be fo.

Iv,

SILVERWEED.
“ARGENTINA

EIE leaves of filverweed are pinnated, and the ftalks creep and take root at the joints. The

flowers and feeds agree with thofe of cinquefoil.

nus; that author ranking this plant,
potentilla,

Of this genus there is but one known fpecies,

Common Silverweed.
Argentina vulgaris.

The root confifts of a {mall head, and a vaft
multitude of fibres. It is of a deep brown, and
has an auftere tafte.

The leaves rife in great numbers. They ftand
on fhort pedicles, and are very beautifully pin-
nated, each confifting of feven or eight pairs of
fmall leaves on a ftalk, and an odd one at the
end. Thefe are oblong, narrow, deeply ferrated
at the edges, and obtufe at the ends.

The ftalks refemble thofe of cinquefoil. They
arélong, weak, red, and lie upon the ground,
» taking root at the joints. From thefe places rife
alfo new clufters of leaves,

The flowers ftand on long naked footftalks ri-
fing from the bofoms of the leaves ; and they are

Cinquefoil, and pentaphylloides,

This is one of the icofandria polyandria of Lin-
together under the name of

and that is a common wild plant.

very large and beautiful.

They are compofed
each of five petals,

of a roundith figure, not
dented at the tops: and are of a moft beautiful .
fhining yellow : in the middle of each there is a
tuft of threads, with yellow buttons; but fmaller
than in cinquefoil, and of a paler yellow.

The feeds are {mall ; they grow in a roundifh
head, and are defended by five of the ten feg-
ments of the cup which clo over them. Thefe
are hairy, and pointed. Nature in this, as in
other plants that run fo quick at the ftalk, takes
lefs care in ripening the feed,

It is frequent in barren Places, and flowers in
June.

The root poffeffes the Sreateft virtue, and it de-
fetves to be much more known in medicine than
it is.

+
+.

8 Tie “PORE ao a Le RBA

and alittle hairy : they are of a fine green colour,
and fharply ferrated.

The ftalks rife in the centre of thefe, four
or five from each head of the root. They are
Jong, flender, redifh, and run upon the ground
in the manner of thofe of cinquefoil, and fend
roots at every joint downwards, and tufts of
leaves, and often new ftalks upwards.

The flowers are moderately large, and of a
beautiful yellow, with a little tuft of paler threads
in the middle: They confift each of four petals,
whence it is plain the plant is a sormentill, not
a cinquefoil. :

When thefe are fallen, the feeds ripen in a
fmall oval ¢lufters

Gre Es Neu Ss

It is not common. Plot and Morifon found it
in Oxfordfhire. I have feen it on the edge of
Charlton foreft in Suffex,

Its virtues are probably of the fame kind with
thofe of the former, but in a lefs degree,

Morifon calls it Pentaphyllum minus viride flore
auveo tetrapetalo radiculos in terram ad genicula dé-
mittens. Plot, Pentaphyllum reptans aureum foliis
profundius ferratis. :

Bauhine and others defcribe a larger kind of
tormentill with a fweet-fcented root; but this is
an accidental variety, not a diftin&t {pecies.

VI.

ACV EUN-S,
CARYOPHYIYLLATA,.

ELE flower of avens confitts of five petals, with a tuft of threads in the centre.

The feeds have

long and crooked hairs growing to them; and the leaves are pinnated. i
Linnaeus ranks this among the icofandria polginia ; and taking away its antient and proper name,

calls it geum,

This laft is a name ufually underftood to be long to a very different plant. This is therefore one

of thofe inftances in which he has brought in needlefs confufion.

The antient name, caryophyllata,

3s very proper; the root of this plant having a fragrant and aromatick fmell, refembling that of

the clove fpice, caryophyllus.

D WNVIgS ION 1)

1. Common Avens.
Caryophyllata vulgaris.
The root is thick, and of an irregular figure, and

ufually lies obliquely in the ground. It is of a
redifh colour, an auftere tafte, and a very light,

pleafant, aromatick fmell; and has many thick

fibres. :

The leaves rife in a little clufter fix or eight
together and are of a very pretty fhape. They
are pinnated, but ina fingular manner, the feve-
ral pairs of {mall leaves on the fides bearing no
proportion to the odd one at the end, which is
large and rounded. There are three or four of
thefe pairs, and they are fmall, broad, and ob-
tule. The colour of the whole leaf is a pale
green, and it is fomewhat hairy.

The ftalk is round, firm, hard, upright, and
branched. There ftand irregularly on it feveral
leaves. They have a couple of broad, fhort
fegments at the flakk; and at the extremity
are divided into three parts, and are deeply
ferrated,

The flowers are fmall and yellow, and ‘have
threads of a paler colour in the centre.

The feeds ftand in a large button, naked, and
furnifhed with hooked points.

It is common in paftures and under hedges ;
and flowers in June,

Authors deferibe j
Phyllata vulgaris ,
and herb bennet.

t under the name of caryo-
in Englith we call it avens

Tt poffefles the virtues of the tormentill, but is
more a cordial, and fudorifick with lef aftrin-
gency. The root in powder, is good in fevers
attended with diarrheas. ‘Ten grains is a dofe.
‘An infufion made by pouring a pint of boiling

BRUT PS SB c PR's:

water on half an ounce of it cut to flices, is an
excellent fudorifick. The powder of the root in
a dofe of half a dram, repeated in the manner
of the bark, will frequently cure agues, where
the bark irfelf, through ill management, has
failed,

The phyfician often meets with patients who
are'fo averfe to the bark that they will not touch
it: thefe home-produced remedies thould then be
tried, for they will generally fucceed.

2. Purple Avens,
Caryophyllata flore purpurea.

The root is oblong, irregularly fhaped, and
lies obliquely under the farface : it is black on
the outfide, paler within, and has many thick
black fibres. Its tafte is auftere and bitterith.

The leaves rife in little clufters, and ftand on
fhort pedicles, They are compofed each of fe-
veral pairs of {mall pinnee, and a large rounded
leaf at the end. They are notched rudely and
irregularly at the edges, and are a little hairy.
At firft they are of a pale, afterwards of a brown-
ifh green; and in fome places, but not in all,
they have a pleafant finell: this variation is per-
ceived alfo in the roots of the other kind, which
are very fragrant in fome places, and little fo in
others.

The ftalks are numerous, round, hairy, and
robuft: they are a foot or more in height, and
divide into many branches, Their leaves are fmall,
notched, hairy, and difpofed irregularly,

The flowers are fmall, ftriated, and purple.
They grow in a pendent manner on the tops of
the branches, or on little bending, hairy footftalks
tifing from them toward the top. They feldom
open perfectly. Their colour isa deep purple on

the

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The

BRITISH HERBAL eee

the outfide, and paler within; and they have a
pleafant fell. They confift each of five petals,
and have a tuft of threads with yellow buttons in
the centre: and they ftand in a fpreading, purple
kind of cup, very beautiful. This is formed of
five leaves of the entire cup of the flower, ‘which,
as in the others before defcribed, confifts of five
larger, and five fmaller.

The feeds grow in a naked head, and this
ftands on a longifh pedicle. They have hairs
hanging from them in the fame manner as the
others,

Tt is anative of Britain; butnotcommon. It
has been found about Settle in Yorkthire, and on
Snowden hill in Wales, and, as is faid, in Effex.
It is by fome called mountain avens, and by others
water avens, its place being naturally in bogs on
the tops of hills.

C. Bauhine calls it Caryophyllata aquatica nutante
fore, and J. Bauhine Caryephyllata aquatica flore
frriato. Others, Caryophyllata montana purpurea.

35 Avens with a fingle white flower.
Caryophyllata flore albo folitario.

The root is long, brownifh, with a tinge of
red, and of a woody fubftance. It fpreads under
the furface, and fends up leaves in many places,
in feparate tufts.

Thefe ftand on. long and flender footftalks ;
and are oblong, of a deep green, and so uae at
the ends.

The ftalks are hard, woody, and lie upon the
gtound. They are four or five inches long, and
have the fame fort of leaves on them, but fmaller.
They are harfh to the touch, and white under-
neath; as are alfo thofe from the root.

The flowers are large, white, and very beauti- |

ful. They refemble thofe of the common ftraw-

DIVISION IL

1. Avens with upright fingle flowers.
_ Caryophyllata flore eretto folitario.
The root is oblong, thick, and of an irregular
fhape. It runs obliquely under the furface, and
is edged with fibres. Its colour is black, and its
fmell aromatick.
The leaves rife four or five together, and ftand
_ on fhort footftalks. They confift each of three
or four pairs of fhort, blunt pinne, and a large
leaf. at the end. . This is divided grofsly into
three j parts. Upon the whole, it has a rounded
thape, and it is irregularly notched. The whole

leaf is of a fhining green; and, the footftalk is

hairy.

The ftalks are round, upright, green, and a
little hairy. Their leaves are hairy, more di-
vided and notched than thofe at the bottom ; and
they ftand irregularly.

The flowers ftand fingly on long, flender foot-
ftalks; and are yellow, large, and beautiful.
They are bigger than the flowers of cinquefoil
and have a tuft of threads in the centre.

The feeds ripen in a fmall clufter, and have
threads hanging from them ; but thefe are much

fofter.and finer than the threads of the other
kinds,

berry, but that they are larger. They ftand
fingly on long, flender, hairy footttalks, and
have a tuft of threads in the middle.

The feeds ftand in naked heads, futnifhed with
long and feathery filaments; fo that they refemble
thofe of the pafqueflower.

Tt is not uncommon in Ireland, particularly in
Galway. It flowers in June.

Morifon calls it Caryophyllata alpina chamaedryos
folio. C.Bauhine, Chamedrys alpina cifti flore.

4. Cinquefoil avens.
Carophyllata pentaphylled.

The root is a tuft of numerous, brown, thick.
fibres rifing from a fmall head: of a. fragrant
fmell, and aromatick tafte.

The leaves arifing from it, ftand on long; hairy
footftalks. They are divided deeply into five
parts, fometimes into feven, in the manner of
the tormentill leaves; and. are of a pale green

and hairy. The feveral fegments are narrow,

pointed at the ends, and notched at the edges.

The ftalk is round, hairy, and a foot high.

The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and’ are di+
vided into five parts, in the manner of thofe at
the bottom. Thefe fegments are narrow, hairy,
and ferrated. ;

The flowers are fmall and yellow. They con-
fift each of five leaves, with a tuft of threads in
the centre; and ftand on the tops of the branches.

The feeds follow ina naked, fmall head, and
have hairs hanging to them like thofeof the coms
mon avens, but more tender and foft.

It is found in fome parts of Scotland ; and
flowers in May.

J. Bauhine calls it Caryophyllata pentapbyled,
C. Bauhine, -Caryophyllata alpine quinguefolia.

POREIGN SPECIES.

magno luteo.
lutea.

It feems to poffefs the virtues of the common
‘avens in a very powerful degree.

C. Bauhine, Conpsilaia alpina

2. Creeping Avens with finely divided leaves;
Caryophyllata foliis incifis caule repente.

The root is long, brown, flender, divided in-
to branches, and befet with fibres.

The leaves ftand on fhort footftalks: are di-
vided into a number of fmall parts, which are ©
obtufe, fhort, and notched at the edges.

The ftalks are weak and low ; they are a little
hairy, and ufually lie upon the ground. They
have about four leaves on them, and thefe fmaller
than thofe from the root; otherwife alike, except
that the divifions are finer.

On the tops of the ftalks ftand the flowers.

They are large, yellow, and very beautiful. One”
ufually ftands on the top of each ftalk. “They.
are compofed of an uncertain number of leavesy
and have a tuft of threads in the centre. = i

The feeds ftand in a fmall, naked head; but
they have fine and foft hairs growing from them.

It is a native of the cold mountainous parts of
Switzerland, and other parts of Europe: It

J: Bathing calls this Caryophyllata montana flore | fowger in June.
Neg

The

BER’! “Tt StH HB Re BrA LE,

Barrilier calls it Caryophyllata alpina tennui folia
incana fore luteo longius radicata. C, Bauhine,
Caryophyllata alpina apii folio.

Io The

The virtues are probably the fame with thofe
of the others: but it ftands particularly recom-
mended as a vulnerary.

GBI Niet, US Bcc! VER
PASQUEFLOWER,
PULSATILLA.

"THE flower confifts of fix petals; and the feeds are furnifhed with downy threads. There is a kind
of leafy cup which ftands remote, but belongs to the flower. :

This is one of the polyandria polygynia of Linneus; but it is properly of the fame clafs with the pre.
cedent: nature has joined it to them by plain charaéters, tho” Linnzus feparates it upon {mall varia~
tions. In this clafs it properly conneéts the avens and anemone; its feeds being furnifhed with a
hairy or thready matter, tho finer and more delicate than that of thofe robuft plants. :

We hall only interpofe between this and the anemone, a genus nearly allyed to it, that of
the clematis, which, tho’ very different in the fubftance of the ftalks and manner of growing, yet
perfectly refembles it in the feathered feeds. : : :
"Linnaeus, in his Genera Plantarum, allows the pulfatilla to be a diftin& genus; but in his Species.
Plantarum, fince publifhed, he makes it'only a fpecies of anemone. We fee here a fecond inftance of
what was before obferved, that the fondnefs for making new diftinctions gets the better of this au-
thor’s earlier knowledge. The particular remote cup, we have mentioned in the charaéters of this
genus, diftinguithes ic fufficiently, as fuch, fromthe anemone; and this author himfelf once thought
fo: At prefent, he not only includes this, but among the hepatica alfo, the fpecies of anemone:
thus, taking away the ufé of thofe antient and univerfally received names, and calling the plants by

that of the anemone, from which they are fufficiently diftinguithed.
OF the fpecies of pa/queflower there is but one a native of Britain,

DIVISION fF,

Pafqueflower.
Pulfatilia,

The root is large, long, and thick; it is fre-
quently divided into feveral heads, and they are
tufted with the remains of decayed foot{talks of
leaves. The colour is blackifh, and the tafte
bitter and acrid.

The leaves ftand on footftalks of four inches
long, and are beautifully divided into a number
of {mall parts. Thefe footftalks are redith at the
bottom, hairy, and moderately thick. ‘The
leaves alfo are hairy, and of a thick fubftance.

The ftalk is round, hairy, hollow, and weak.
While it fupports the flower it is about fix inches
in height ; but when that is fallen, it thoots up
toa foot. This feems a provifion of nature for
feattering of the feeds, the wind having more
power upon them, as they ftand higher.. There

are no leaves on this ftalk except one, which

we have there called a fort of cup to the flower.
This ftands always in one certain place, which is

DIVISION

1, Pinnate-leaved Pafqueflower.
Pulfatilla foliis pinnatis.
The root is long, black, large, and divided
into many heads.
The leaves ftand on footftalks of four inches
long, and are compofed of feveral pairs of obtufe
pinnz: divided deeply at the edges. They are
-of a firm, hard fubftance, a pale green colour,
and hairy.

- The ftalk is five inches high, hollow, weak,
and hairy. The flower is remarkably large, and
- ttauds fingle at the top, each ftalk bearing but
sone. It is compofed of fix long and ‘broad pe-

BRITISH SPECIES,

alittle below the flower ; and is divided into ma-
ny fimall parts, and is very hairy. This leaf
furrounds the ftalk at its bafe, and is there of one
entire piece, its divifions beginning at a little dif-
tance above.

The flower ftands on the top of the ftalk, and
each ftalk has only one. - It is large, purple, hairy
without, and fmooth within ; and is compofed
of fix petals, which are pointed at theends. It
has little fmell, but that is very agreeable. In
the centre ftands a tuft of threads with yellow
heads, furrounding a button, which afterwards
becomes the head of feeds, covered with long,
filvery hairs. When the plant is in feed the leaf
which ferved as a cup, ftand on the middle of the
ftalk ; for the ftalk grows in length only in the
upper part,

It is found wild on Gogmagog hills in Cam-
bridgefhire, and in fome parts of Lincolnhhire,
and Yorkthire ; and flowers in April.

J. Bauhine calls it Pulfatilla purpurea cerulea,
C. Bauhine, Pulfatilla folio craffore et majore flore.

REIGN SPECT s

tals, and has a great tuft of threads in the centre.
Under it there ftands fuch a fingular leaf, as in
the common pa/queflower, forming a kind of cup.

The flower ftands ere@; but is uncertain in
colour, It is moft ufually of a pale yellow :
fometimes it is of a deeper yellow, and fomes
times white. ‘Thefe are lef remarkable variati-
ons; for we fee many flowers changing, according
to the culture or natural accidents, from a very
deep colour, through (all ‘the Stadations of the
fame colour into white : ‘but what is fingular in
ea 7 that the flower is fometimes alfo purple.
the whole plant remaining in i
adtly the festa’ : is

Z Tr

genres,

) The

‘BRITISH HERBAL!

It is a native of Switzerland, and fome parts
of Germany, where it lives in the moft barren
forefts ; but the flower is not fo confiderable there
as in our gardens. It flowers in fpring.

(G Bauhine calls it Pulfatilla apii this vernalis
flore majore.

2. Small-flowered Pafqueflower,
Pulfatilla flore minore violaceo.

The root is long, thick, dark coloured, acrid
to the tafte, and furnifhed with large fibres.

The leaves ftand on fhort footftalks, and are
divided into numerous very long and very nar-
row fegments. Their colour is a faint green ;
and their footftalks, towards the bottom, are

purplith,

The ftalks are numerous, and each fuftaing 4
fingle flower. They are hairy, and altogether
without leaves except one at the upper part,
which, as in the other fpecies, furrounds the ftalk
at its bottom; and upwards dividing into nume-
rous, fine fegments; ftands-as a leat of cup to
the flower.

The flower itfelf is {mall, aia hangs down-
ward. It is compofed ‘of fix oblong. narrow
pointed leaves, whofe tops turn.up. . Its colour
is a deep violet blue, almoft black.

The feeds follow in a clufter, and are covered
with fine filvery down.

It is a native of the northern parts of Europe,
and flowers in April.

J Bauhine calls it Pulfatilla fore caruleo claufo,
and C, Bauhine Pulfatilla flore minore nigircante.

GE ANG Uso VILL
CLIMBER.
COP AMEN ATT Bea a “

HE flower of clematis confifts of four petals, and has no cup:

dages refembling feathers.

ce the feeds have long Aapperis

Linneus places this among the polyandria palygynia, uniting with it, under the ‘fame name, thé
flammula and viticella ; although, according to his own account, they differ plainly; the flammula
in the number of thofe parts, he makes effential to the generical character ; thofe he calls clematis hav-
ing a great number of piftils, and the fammula but eight.

DIVISION I.

1. Travellers joy.
Viarna,

The root is browns. thick, and full of bres.

The firft leaves are fmall and flightly divided.

The {talks are thick, hard, woody, of an an-
‘gular fhape, and the younger ones hairy, and
often redifh. The others have a white rind; and
they are very tough, and formed for twifting
round every thing they come near.

The leaves ftand two at a joint, and are pin-
nated; each confifting of two pairs of f{maller
leaves, and an odd one at the end of the ftalk.

Thefe are oval, flightly ferrated, and pointed
at the end. Their colour is a pale green, and
their fubftance firm. :

The flowers are white. They ftand in
tufts, and are fmall: each is compofed of four
leaves, whitifh, and of a fweet fmell. In the

DIVISION UW.

1. Spanifh Viorna.
Clematis Beatica,

The root is long, not thick, woody, brown,
and of an acrid tafte.

The firft leaves are fimple, and undivided,
They much refemble thofe of the pear-tree, only
they are indented at the edge.

The ftalks. are very flender, and of a vatt
length, whitifh, woody, and with an uneven rind.

The leaves ftand three, four, five, or more, ata
joint. They are of an oval fhape, and dented
at the edges; and each has its feparate, longitfh,
and flender pedicle.
flance, and fhining green.

At the fame joints where thefe ftand, there
grow conftantly two tendrils; one parts cach

FOREIGN

They are of a firm fub-

BRITISH SPECIES:

centre is a tuft of threads; and, when the feed
ripens, it ftands in a naked clufter, bearded with
fine long filvery hairs.

[tis frequent in our hedges, and | aah Go in
July.

J. Bauhine calls it Clematis latifolia, five atra”
gene quibufdam. C. Bauhine, Clematitis dyvefiris
latifolia.

Authors have defcribed two or three accidental

varieties of this plant, under the name of diftin® —

fpecies,

We fee the laives ciate sethas undivided, aol
fometimes broader than is ufual. The Clematitis
Slvefris latifolia, and Clematitis latifolia inte-

gra, of C. Bauhine, are only two of thefe vatie-

ties. Thefe are not unfrequent in our hedges
among the common kind: but we have only this
one Britith fpecies.

§. PB CG. de BS

way from the ftalk ; and they are very firm and
tough, Thefe lay hold of any thing to fupport
the plant, and the leaves feem to rife from their
bofom.

The flowers are fmall and whitifh, and the
feeds have a long beard of filvery down.

It isa native of Spaia, and other warm parts

of Europe, “where it covers whole trees, It

flowers in June, and its feeds ripen in Auguft.
J. Bauhine calls it Clematis Betica clsfii and

C. Bauhine Clematis peregrina foliis pyri incifis.

The foreign and Britith clematis agree in their
nature and qualities as well as form. They are
acrid, and too fharp for internal ufe; but an oil
made of the leaves, infufed in oil of olives, is

efteemed good in the {ciatica.
GENUS

12 LH EgBR IT}

SH HERBAL,

G EON

Uneeds IX.

WINDEFLOWER.
ANEMONE.

HIE Rower of the anemone is large, and confifts of an uncertain number of petals with a great

tuft of fhort threads in the centre,

There is not that fingle and particular leaf at fome dif-

tance under the flower, which is feen in the pulfatilla; but the leaves naturally ftand in a regular

order about the middle of the ftalk, three rifing together. ; ‘
Linnzus places this among the polyandria polygynia. In his Genera Plantarum it ftands feparate fro

the pulfatilla; but in his fucceeding works he has joined them, as we have obferved, under that

article,

The Englifh name of this genus is wind-flower ; but it is difwfed, and we have adopted the Latin .

word entirely.
DIVISION JI,

1. White Wood-Anemone:
Anemone nemorum alba.

The root is thick, oblong, and creeps irregu-
larly under the furface. While young, it is yel-
Jowifh ; when older, of a redith brown ; whitith
within, furnifhed with many fibres, and of an
auftere and very acrid tate.

The leaves that rife immediately from the root
ftand on long flender footftalks, and are large
and beautifully divided. The footftalk is pur-
plith, and fomewhat hairy, and the divifions of
the leaf large and indented.

The ftalk is flender, weak, round, and eight
inches high. . It is purplifh at the bottom, and
green upwards,

The leaves grow with regularity upon it.
‘They are three : they all rife from the fame place,
and ftand on moderately long footftalks, They
are beautifully divided, and their footftalks are
redifh, and fomewhat hairy. The place of thefe
is a little higher than the middle of the ftalk ;
and from this it is again naked to the top.

The flower ftands fingle on the top of the ftalk.
It confifts of fix oblong and large leaves, _and has
a tuft of threads with yellow heads in the centre,
Its colour is ufually white, often redifh, or with
more or lefs of a purplifh tinge,

The feeds follow in a button or little clufter,
‘which is rough, each’ feed having a hooked

“fhort beard.

woods. It flowers in April.

J. Bauhine calls it Ranunculus phragmites albus
& purpureus vernus. C. Bauhine, Anemone nemo-
rofa flore majore,

Its virtues are unknown ; but there is fuch an
acrid tafte in every ‘part of it, that it would feem
unfafe to try it internally.

A {mall winged infe& is apt to depofit its egos

on the underpart of the leaves of this {pecies ;
and they fomewhat refemble the round dots in
which the feeds of fern-are lodged. A leaf of it
thus decorated is unluckily reprefented in a figure
in the laft edition of Ray’s Synopfis, The form,
fubftance, and difpofition of thefe dots ought to
have informed the botanift they were not feeds,
At is a juftice we owe the memory of Mr. Ray to

Tt is a native of England, and common in

BAR eT 1 SoH ee Seb. b.C.lgp. ss

; obferve, that although this error ftands in a work
authorifed-by his name, it is not to be charged
to his account. The defcription p, 124. and fi-
gure, tab. 3. of that work, are both added by the
late Dr. Dellenius, botanical profeflor at Oxford,
who faw the plant under the name of a fern in
the collection of Bobart. He therefore was the
perfon firft impofed upon: The plant was given
him, whether ignorantly or in wantonnefs, by a
perfon whom he calls the Conjurer of. Chal-
grave,

2. Large-leaved Wood-Anemone.
Anemone foliis majoribus flore violaceo.

The root is long, flender, irregularly fhaped,
and {preads under the-furface ; the colour is a deep
brown, and the tafte more fiery and acid than
the laft,

The leaves ftand on footftalks two inches
long, and refemble thofe of the common qwood-
anemone in form, fize, and divifion. The foot-
ftalks are purple at the bottom, and the leaves of
a fhining green;

The ftalk is five inches high, round, flender,
purple toward the bottom, and weak.

The leaves on the ftalk are three. They all
grow from the fame fpot, aud have fearce any
footftalk. They are large, and of a beautiful
green. They are divided into three large parts,
and then deeply into feveral {maller.

The flower ftands fingly at the top of the
ftalk, and has no cup. Its colour is a deep vio-
let blue; and it has a great tuft of yellow threads
in the centre. The petals are oblong, and ob-
tufe at the end. Their number is uncertain, frona
fix to twelve or fifteen; in which later cafe they
are very narrow. :

This is a fort of doubling of the flower, but
it is natural to it often without culture, and alfo
to the common white wood kind.

The feeds ftand in a fmall rough clufter.

It is a native of moft of the cold parts of Eu-
rope. I have found it in Charleton foreft, and
in one of the places mentioned in Mr. Ray’s Sy-
nopfis, in Surry. ‘

Mentzelius calls it Ranunculus mumerofus Store
ceruleo foliis majoribus Apenini montes,

DIVI.

~~ The PRT SER Ee eA

DIVISION IL

1. Fine-leaved red Anemone.:
Anemone tenuifolia flore rubente.

The root is large, thick, and of an irregular
form. :

The leaves are numerous: they rife from
feveral heads of the fame root, a clufter from
each; and have footftalks of two or three inches
in length. ‘They are large, and in the whole of
a fomewhat triangular form. Each is divided
into. three principal parts, two at the bottom,
and one at the end; and thefe are again deeply
indented.

The ftalk is robuft, purplifh near the bot-
tom, and ten inches high.

Toward its middle there ftand three leaves,
all growing from one place ; and they are fmall,
“and have no footftalks. They refemble the tepa-

"rate divifions of the lower leaves. .

The flower is fingle, large, and of a pale red:
not rarely it is white, or very faintly tinged :
but red is the natural colour. It is compofed of
fix leaves, and has a large tuft of threads in the
middle... ‘

The feeds ftand in a fmall naked button.

It is a native. of the Eaft, and flowers in the
fpring. :

C. Bauhine calls it Asemone tenuifolio fimplici
"We had it originally from Conftantinople ; and

it is raifed to great beauty, and with great va-
riety in our gardens, by being made double, and

G7 EA aly

FOREIGN SPECIES:

of a variety of colours; from the deepeft red with
a purple tinge, to the paleft fefh colour,
2. \Trifoliate Anemone.
Anemone trifolia.

The root is long and flender, ‘and {preads un:
der the furface of the ground, dividing into fe=
vera] parts, and fending up leaves from many
heads. Its colour is brown, its tafte acrid, and
it has many fibres.

The leaves ftand three on each footftalk ; and
are of an oval figure, pointed, ferrated, and
without feparate footftalks; adhering by their
bafe to the top of the ftalk rifing from the
root, which is three inches long, flender, and
purplifh.

The ftalk is fix inches high, round, weak, and
purplith.
~ The leaves are three on this ftalk. They all
rife from the fame point, and have long foor-
ftalks, each confifting of three other diftin@
leaves, and in all refpeéts refembling thofe that
rife immediately from the root.

The flower is large and beautiful. It is white,
with a blufh of purple, and refembles the Aower -
of the common wood-anemone. It is compofed of:
fix petals, with a tuft of threads in the centre.

The feeds follow in a naked head. ‘

It is a native of France, and fome other parts
of Europe, and flowers in fpring.

C. Bauhine calls it Anemone trifolia flore albos

DG: 4 te
PLEASANT EYE.
ADONIS.

HE flower of the adonis confifts of an uncertain number of petals, with a tuft of extremely thort
ai threads in the centre: the feeds ftand naked in a longifh head; and the leaves are divided
into fine fegments.

Linnzus places it among the polyendria polyeynia ; and he very juftly reduces to this genus that
plant commonly known by the name of jive-leaved black bellebore. That is indeed a fpecies of adonis
and they were guilty of introducing confufion into the fcience who called it by the name of another
genus, to which it by no means belongs. Linnzus deferves praife, that he calls this a fpecies of
adonis; and it were to be wifhed he had not admitted the real black hellebores into the fame clafs.

BD Te Vel Sa ON oa

1. Common Adonis.
Adonis radice annua.

: The root is long, flender, whitifh, and fur-
nifhed with large fibres. :

‘The firft leaves are large, divided into a great
number of fmall and. fine fegments, and placed
6n footftalks of two inches long. They are of a
pale green colour, and tender fubftance.

The ftalks are round, ftriated,. green, anda
foot and half high. They divide into many
branches, and ftand tolerably upright.

The leaves grow on them irregularly, and are
like thofe which rife from the foot, but fmaller,

The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches :
they are moderately large, and of a beautiful fcar-

let colour; and are compofed of an uncertain
Ne Ti,

BURST 1s JF eS) PAB. (Gplest oo.

numiber of petals, with a bundle of threads, ha¥-
ing deep putple heads, in the centre. 2
The feeds ftand naked in a longifh clutter.
It is common in fome parts of England in
corn-fields, and flowers in Auguft ; it is no where

} fo frequent as in Kent and Siffex. :

C. Bauhine calls it Flos adonis vulgo aliis eran.
themum ; others Adonis, and Flos adonis.

The flower is fometimes of a purplifh colour, and
the leaves are fometimes longer than in the eom-
mon ftate of the plant. Thefe are varieties only 3
but they have been defcribed as feparate fpecies.

It has not been any where much uféd in me-
dicine. Some recommend an infufion of the
flowers in wine for cholicks ; but there are many
better remedies; and this wants the authority of
more experience, y

DEVAL=

The

BRKETIS HM HERBAL

D EVA Ss cOEN eI

1. Perennial-rooted Adonis.
Adonis radice perenni.

The root is compofed of a {mall head, divided
into feveral parts, and furnifhed with a great
number of thick fibres. It is of a deep blackifh
brown colour, and a bitterifh and acrimonious
tafte,

The firft leaves are two inches long, and com-
poled of a great number of very flender fine feg-
ments. They ftand on fhort footftalks, and are
of a dufky green colour. :

The ftalks are numerous, ftriated, flender,
and eight inches high.

‘The leaves ftand irregularly on them, and they
refemble thofe from the root; but they are
fmaller, They have a bitterifh tafle, and when
rubbed an unpleafant finell.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks ; and
are large, beautiful, and yellow. They confit
each of fixteen ftriated petals, indented, and of-
ten turning back at the points.

The feeds ftand in an oblong clufter, large,
and naked.

It is a native of Bohemia, and other parts of
Europe, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Helleborus niger tenuifolins
Japhthalmi flore,

The root refembles that of black hellebore in
afpect; whence the plant, though altogether un-

Go Ba Nee Ue S

ROR ET GIN “S:PiE-C WB S:

like, obtained that name. It is acrid and poifon-
ous: it has fometimes been fold in the ftead of
black hellebore, or mixed among black hellebore,
and, it is faid, with fatal confequences.

It has the fharpnefs of the moft violent of the
crow-foots, and its juice will eat away warts.

2. Great flowered Adonis.
Adonis flore maximo.

The root is compofed of a fmall head, and
a vaft number of long and thick fibres. It is
black, and of an acrid and difagreeable tafte.

The firft leaves are fmall: they have very fhort
foorftalks, and are divided into a few flender long
fegments, Their colour is a pale green, and
they are of an acrid tafte,

The ftalks are fhort, thick, and flefhy: they
have large joints, and at each one leaf divided
into very narrow, but not numerous fegments.

The flower is yellow, very large for the bignefs
of the plant, and ftands at the top of the ftalk.
It is compofed of feveral petals, and has a large
tuft of paler yellow threads in the centre.

The feeds ftand in a naked oval head. It is
found in fome parts of Germany, and flowers in
July and Auguft,

Mentzelius calls it Helleborus niger ferulaceus,
feu Pfeudobelleborus caule geniculato flore maga in-
Star tulipe.

Its virtues are unknown,

MOUSE Pa I'L,
MYOSUWUROS.

HE. flower conlifts of five fmall petals, and is

placed in a five-leaved cup. The feeds ftand

naked in a long head; and the leaves are grafly. :
Linnzus places this among the pentandria polygynia, feparating it, by many claffes, from the ranun-

eulus, adonis, and other of the plants belonging to this,

allied to them *.

This may fhew the imperfeétion of his method, even upoa his own confeffion.

although he acknowledges it is very nearly

The reafon

of his feparating this plant from the others, is that there are in them great tufts of threads in the middle

of the flower ; and in this only five.

though, from its having five filaments,

Let us appeal to nature, whether this plant, which agrees with the
others of the prefent clafs in the form and ftru@ure of its flower,
arrangement of its feeds, fhould be taken from among them,
becaufe the filaments or threads in the flower are in a fmaller number,
againft this ; nor is there the juft authority of obfervation for placing it in any other,

and in the fingular difpofition and
and placed in a far diftant clafs, only
Reafon declares utterly
This author,

he has ranked it among the pentandria; yet is obliged to con-

fels, that the number of thofe threads is fubject in this genus to great variation +,
This acknowledgment not only fhews he has put the prefent plant out of its place, but fhakes the

very foundation of his method: for it depends upon the numbering of thefe filaments.

the arrangement we have made of thefe feveral genera, the moufetail appears plainly to belong to them
and to have its proper place. We have given the difpofition of the feeds in a naked head, as the

great character of the clafs; and in fome that head is fhorter,

nera firft named here it is round ;
we place next, it is long and thin,
Of this genus there is but one known fpecies,

in others longer. In moft of the ge-

in the adonis it is oblong and thick; and in the moufetail, which
There is no more difference,

and that is a native of England,

* Myofuri fumma eft affinitas cum-fanunculo,

+ Numerus aminam in hoc genere valde variat. Linn. Gen. Plant. Bir.

/ Moufera.

m4
a die

The BRUT LS Hy HE Ron pe” 15
Moufetail. alfo, which though fmall are fomewhat larger thant
Myofuros. the flower. ‘In the centre ftand feveral threads in

The root is compofed of a great number of
whitifh fibres,

The leaves are very numerous. They rife in
a thick tuft, and refemble the fhoots of grafs.
They are three inches long, extremely narrow,
and fmalleft toward the bottom, for they grow
fomewhat broader toward the end: they are of
a freth green, and foft.

The ftalks are numerous alfo: they rife from
the centre of the tuft of leaves, and are round,
flender, naked, and of a pale green.

_ At the top of each ftandsa fingle fower; which
is fmall and greenith, compofed of five little pe-
tals, and ftanding in a cup compofed of five leaves

Gi ak

Ny Ue:

an uncertain number, and on their tops are placed
oblong buttons.

When the flower is fallen, the feeds appear
placed with great regularity ina long and flen-
der head, the whole refembling the tail of a
moufe ; whence the plant has been named.

It.is not uncommon in dry places: about Pad.
dington we have it in abundance, ;

It flowers in May. Authors call it Myofurus;
and Cauda muris.

The tafte of the whole plant is fiery and acrid
in this alfo it agrees with the crowfoot kind,
Its virtues are not known ; but it appears one of
thofe plants which are not to be given internally.

XII,

CROWFOOT,
Revd iN UNC GE ts)

He flower confifts of five petals, with a tuft of fhort threads in the centre, and ftands in a cup

compofed of five leaves :

the feeds ftand naked, and in roundifh cluftets

Linneus places this genus among the polyandria polygymia, and fpeaks with great warmth of the
confufion and uncertainty to. which it was liable, till he difcovered the neétarium of the flower. It
appears to me, on the contrary, that this, though an ingenious and curious obfervation, is not of
reat ufe ; that the genus is fafficiently difting without it, and little liable to any other confufion than

fuch as may arife from learned trifling, t

The parts of fructification in this genus, Linnaeus obferves, are always inconftant and uncertain :
He means that the filaments in the middle of the flower are fo. This is not fingular in crowfoot +

we have juft fhewn it is fo in moufetail, and fhall thew the fame in many othets.

If any thing is to

be inferred from this, it is, that thefe, though the foundation of that author’s fyftem, are, upon hig
own confeffion, unfit for fuch a purpofe. The charaéters we eltablith from the flower in general,
and the feed, are not fubje to this inconftancy or irregularity ; and therefore they are tore proper.
~. The nectarium which that author here calls in to the affiftance of his diftinétions, is a little Hollow,

N fometimes open, fometimes clofed up, in the bottom of every petal of the Aower,
We fhall fee by this, and numerous other inftances, that a method founded more on the obvious parts
of plants is lefs liable to uncertainty, and more agreeable to the diftintions made by nature.

Dev 1S O2Nee I:

1. Round-rooted Crowfoot.
Ranunculus radice rotunda.

The toot is a {mall round head, with fome
whitith fibres. Its colour is whitifh or redith,
and its tafte infufferably acrid.

The leaves that rife from the root ate large,
broad, and divided into three parts, each of which
is again deeply notched: they ftand on long
footftalks, and are of a pale green.

The ftalks are round, upright, and branched.

The leaves that grow on thefe are {mall and
divided into a few deep fegments. ‘

‘The flowers are large, and of a beautiful yel-
tow. They are compofed cach of five rounded
petals, and have a tuft of threads in the centre.

The feeds ftand naked in a {mall head.

It is common in our paftures, and flowers in
May.

C. Bauhine calls it Ranunculus pratenfis radice
verticilli modo rotunda. J. Bauhine, Ranunculus
tuberofus major,

2. Common creeping Crowfoot.
Renunculus pratenfis repens tulgaris.

The root is compofed of a great tuft of whitifh
fibres Hanging from a very {mall head.

BRITISH SPECIES.

The leaves that rife from it are large, deeply
divided at the edges, and often fpotted. Each
is compofed as it were of three diftin& parts.
The colour is a dead green, and they aré fome-
what hairy: they ftand on long hollowed foot-
ftalks,

The ftalks are Mender and weak: fome run
upon the ground, ahd take toot at the joints ;
others are more ereét, and fupport thé flowers,

The leaves on thefe are fmall, and deeply di-
vided. ‘ é

The flowers are large and yellow.

The feeds follow in naked heads. '

Tt is common in meadows, and flowérs in
May.

C. Bauhine calls it Ranunctlus pratenfis repens
birfutus.

3. Pale-leaved Crowfoot.
Ranunculus foliis pallidioribus birfutis.

The root is compofed of fibres.

The leaves ftand on long hollow footftalks,
and are divided into three parts, and each deeply
indented : they are large, hairy, and of a pale
green.

The ftalk is two feet high, upright, firrn, and

3 of

16 The BRIT MSH HER BeA TL.

a pale green. The leaves on it are fmall, and
deeply divided.

The flowers are Jarge, and of a fine glofly yel-
low, and have tufts of yellow threads in the
middle. :

The feeds ftand naked in a ‘fmall roundith
clufter.

This greatly refembles the common creeping
crowfoot , but its ftalks are all erect, and it does
not root at the joints. The leaves alfo are
paler and more hairy, and the flowers larger
than in that fpecies.

It is frequent in wet places near the fea, and
flowers in May. ;

J. Bauhine calls it Ranunculus reétus foliis palli-
dioribus birfutus,

4. Tall Crowfoot.
Ranunculus erefius foliis multifidis.

The root confifts of fibres, thick, numerous,

and whitifh,

The leaves that rife from it are large, and of
a pale green: they ftand on very long foot-

ftalks, and are each deeply divided, not into,

three parts, as thofe of the three preceding fpe-
cies, but into five, feven, or more; and thefe are

again deeply indented. The whole leaf has a fi-

gure nearly rounded.

The ftalk is round, firm, upright, and three

feet high.
The leaves on it are divided into fmaller parts,
and fewer than thofe from, «1: root.
The flowers are numerous, moderately large,
and yellow. Z ‘
The feeds ftand in fimall roundifh naked heads,
It is common in paftures, and flowers in June.
C. Bauhine calls it Ranunculus pratenfis ereétus
acris ; and moft others have followed him.

5. Little flowered Crowfoot.
Ranunculus hirfutus annus flore minimo.

The root is a tuft of fmall fibres rifing from a
little head.

The leaves which rife from it are fmall, hairy,
and of a pale green. They ftand on footftalks an
inch and a half long, and are cut deeply into three
parts, though not down to the ftalk. Thefe di-
vifions are alfo notched at the edges.

The ftalks are numerous, flender, weak, and
hairy : they lie upon the ground,,or rife but
weakly from it.

The leaves on them ftand irregularly, and are
altogether like thofe from the root, but fmaller,

The flowers are very fmall, and of a faint yel-
low, and the leaves of the cup frequently appear
between them: there is a little tuft of threads
in the centre. The flowers are feldom feen en-

“tire, the petals adhering but weakly at their
bafe.

The feeds are fmall, and ftand in a little
clufter.

Tt is common on dry banks, and flowers in
June.

Plakenet calls it Ranunculus hirfutus annus flore
minimo. Nlorifon, Ranunculus arvenfis hirfutus
annuus flore omnium minimo.

Linneus thinks this the fame with the third
foreign fpecies 5 but it is quite difting,

vaticus folio rotundo.

6. Wood-Crowfoot,
Ranunculus nemorofus foliis fubrotundis.

In many of the crowfoots the leaves which grow
on the ftalk differ greatly from thofe that rife
from the root ; but in none fo much as this,

The root is a tuft of long flender whitifh fibres,
of a lefs acrid tafte than the others.

The leaves that rife from it ftand on very long
footftalks . they are of a roundifh figure, often
entire, fometimes divided more or lefs deeply into
five or more parts, and always notched at the edge,

The ftalks are tolerably upright, round, weak,
and a foot and a half high: they are divided into
many branches, and fupport many flowers.

The leaves on them are cut fo deeply, that each
appears compofed of five or more long and nar-
row ones, Thefe are of a pale green, and not
indented,

The flowers are moderately large, and of a
bright yellow.

The feeds follow in a {mall longifh clufter.

The flower in this plant is rarely feen entire,
for the petals hang very loofe, and often one falls
before the reft are difclofed.

“It is common in fhady places, and flowers in ~

June.
C. Bauhine calls it Ranunculys nemorofus vel fyl-

bao J. Bauhine, Ranunculus
rotundifolius vernus fylvaticus.

7. Corn-Crowfoor.
Ranunculus feminibus afperis.

The root is compofed of many whitifh fibres.

The leaves that rife from it are fmall, and very
deeply divided : they ftand on long footftalks,
and are of a pale green.

The ftalk is thick, firm, upright, and two feet
high. '

The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and are very
deeply divided into numerous, flender, pointed
fegments,

The flowers ftand on the tops of the branches :
and are of a bright yellow, moderately large. and
have a tuft of threads in the centre, 4

The feeds ftand in a fmall head
large, and prickly, :

It is common in corn fields, and flow:

C. Bauhine calls ir Ranunculus ay
natus ; and he is followed by moft ot

3 and are flat,

ers.in July,
venfis echin
hers, . I

8. Small flowered Water-Crowfoor.
Ranunculus agquaticus Sloribus minimis

a oe is a thick tuft of whitith fibres
€ leaves rifing from it are fy ‘
flefhy footftalks. T hey are Aichi game
divided into three or five Parts, and osha
the edges. They are perfeétly fmooth and loft
and their colour is a pale yellowith green Se
The flalk is very thick, flethy, repnd and
divided into many branches. toward the co.
The leaves on it are divided into narrower feg-
ments than thofe at the bottom : they. are al
{mooth, and of a pale green. ser
The flowers are very fmall:
tops of the branches,- and ar
The feeds are numer
ftand in longifh heads,

they ftand on the
© of a pale yellow.
ous and fmall, and they

ay Sracelirady ’

<A Fl Fae: :

——
——=

Spars

2 a 4 —— TAY i) = aN 3 oS
i Bie Tnfoluale a MOE — Common Milontd : uN NY
1/ a 3 Jerermual rooted Mlentid WloiseTu
rede Nnemone

ANG iw 2, fon
‘rooted (Honfoa (or we Vf ung

(LO OW? OGL Sealivle ¢ cul

Lia Z

f
,
v

fore

Saas

The

BRITISH HERBAL

It is‘common in watery places, and flowers in
june.

C. Bauhine calls it Ranunculus paluftris apii-
folio levis. J. Bauhine, Ranunculus paluftris flore
minimo.

g. Great Spearwort.
Ranunculus latifolius five flammeus major.

The root is a clufter of thick, whitifh fibres.

The leaves rifing from it are a foot long, an
inch and half broad, of a pale green, and Pon
fcarce any footftalks.

high.

The leaves ftand alternatély, and are eight or |

ten inches long, and an inch broad, {mooth, even
at the edges, and pointed at the ends.

The flowers are very large, and of a beautiful .

yellow. They ftand at,the tops of the branches,

and have a tuft of pale yellow threads in the

middle.

‘The feeds follow in Jarge, naked clufters. It
grows in fhallow, muddy waters,in theifle of Ely
‘and fome otherr places ; but is not common.

+ C. Bauhine calls it Ranunculus longifolius pa-
‘luftris major. J. Bauhine, Ranunculus folio longo
maximus. Lingua Plinii.

dcis avery ftately and beautiful fpecies.

10. Leffler Spearwort.
Ranunculus angufifolius Sive flammeus minor.

The root is compofed of many thick, whitifh
fibres.

The leaves rifing*from it are long and-narrow ;
and they ftand on long footftalks.

The ftalks are numerous, flefhy, branched, and
not altogether ereét.

The jeayes ftand irregularly on them ; and are
-eblong, narrow, -even-at the edges, and pointed
atthe end.

The flowersiftand at'the ‘tops of the ‘branches,
and are fmall, ‘but of .a’bright-yellow.

The feedsif{tand intlittle, naked -clufters.

It is ‘common about -waters; -and flowers .in
June.

°C.Bauhine’calls it Ranunculus 'longifelius pa-
hiftris minor. ‘C.Bauhine, ‘Ranunculus: longifolius
aliis lammula.

The leaves-of this {pecies areifometimes. notch-
-ed at the edges:;,in»which condition it!hasibeen
-defcribed by many asa diftinét fpecies, undenthe
name of ‘Ranunculus flammeus ferratus ; but itis
only-an accidental variety.

11, ivysleaved ‘Water.Crowfoot.
Ranunculus aquaticus hedere folio.

The root is a tuft of white,. thick. fbres.

The leaves rifing from it are roundifh, but
dented .in three,.or four, placesat, the;edges, and
of a pale green.

The ftalks rife in the centre of this tuft of
‘leaves, sand “fpread’themfelves on the‘ furface of
the water. ‘They:arenumerous, .weak, irregular
sin :their/thape, sand jointed. iFrom every joint
there:grow«fibres@f »new: roots; {fo ; that -the ori-
cginal root and sits Jeaves:are-prefently loft ; ;and
‘the plant propagates itfelf at large, /fpreading
¢every-way, -and-roeting: everywhere.

The ftalk is thick, Alefhy, erect, and three foot

~ments.

The leaves rife coal Ane Joints of the fall, and
ftand on long footftalks. They are of a trian-
gular fisutes but obtufe at the corners, anda
little dented; fo that they refemble the leaves of
ivy. They float on the water or lie upon the
mud; and commonly have a black fpot in the
middle.

The flowers are fmall and white. They grow
on feotftalks -oppofite the leaves; and confitt
each of five :petals, with a.tuft-of threads in the
centre.

The feeds follow in a sole compact, {mall,
round thead.

It is common in fhallow waters; and Powers
in May.

J. Bauhine calls 4 it Ranunculus hederaceus rivu-
Jorum fe extendens atra macula notatus. Others
Ranunculus aquaticus bederaceus.

12. Various-leaved Water Crowfoot.
Ranunculus aquaticus foliis rotundis et capillaceis.

The root is.a tuft of Jong and thick fibres,
which penetrate deep into the.mud, or other bot-
tom of the water.

The firft leaves from ent are fmall, and ae
vided into a few long fegments.; ;but thefe wither
when the ftalks grow up.

The ftalks are long, hollow, :thick, but weak,
and divided into many branches. They are
jointed at diftances; and they float along ,the
“Water.

The leaves are of two diftin& kinds. hofe
which are under water are.of a dark green colour,
and.are divided into numerous very: fine fegments.
Thofe that lie upon the furface are entire, and
roundifh, but deeply notched. Thefe ftand alfo
on long footftalks.

The t flowers are large and white. They ftand
on long ftalks, which rife oppofite to thofe of
the leaves, and are compofed each of five petals,
with a tuft.of :threads with, sysllosrs vbuttons in the
middle. .

The feed is fmall, and ftands in a round head.

It is common in fhallow waters; and flowers |

in June.

J.Bauhine calls it Renuncylus aquoticus tenii-

foliis. \C. Bauhine, Ranunculus . aguaticus folio
rhoundo ; et. ssapillante. Others, Ranunculus foliis
variis.

13. Fine-leaved* Water Crowfoot.
‘Ranunculus aquaticus foliis majoribus, capillaceis.

- The root is a-tuft of long and tough ‘fibres.
The firft leaves are long, and divided into

very narrow fegments ; fo that-they much re-
femble-thofe on the ftalks of ‘fennell.

The ftalk is two foot or more in length ;-round,

“thick, -but weak 5 and-very much‘ branched.

The leaves ‘ftand irregularly, and are large,
but divided into multitudes of fine, narrow feg_
Their colour is a deep green ; and there
areno others. ‘The plant is commonly immerfed
altogether under water ; but if any-part of it ap-
pear above, ‘the leaves are-the fame with : thofe
below; not various, .as in the preceding fpecies.

The flowers are {mall and white, and have a .
tuft of threads in the centre with yellow buttons.

The; feeds ftand in, little, round jheads, . fmaller
alfo.than:the former. ;

THE BRITISH HERBAL.

It is common in running, as well as ftanding
waters; and flowers in June.

Linnzus confiders this only as a variety of the
former ; but their difference is effential. No one
will doubt it who fees them growing together.
This never has any of thofe entire, rounded leaves
that float on the furface in the other; and the
flowers are always much fmaller. .

J. Bauhine calls it Ranunculus aquaticus omnino
tenuifolius. C. Bauhine, Millefolium aquaticum ra-
nunculi flore et capitulo,

14. Tender-leaved Water Crowfoot.
Ranunculus aquaticus foliis minoribus capillaceis.

_ The root is a tuft of fmall, but long, blackifh
fibres.

The firft leaves are broad, fhort, and placed
on long footftalks, and they are divided into mi-
nute and narrow parts. ay

The ftalk rifes in the midft, and thefe leaves
foon after wither. Tis is a foot or more in
height, very flender and weak, and has leaves fet
alternately in a confiderable number, and they are
very beautiful : they ftand on fhort footftalks, and
are compofed of a multitude of very narrow parts,
which are fo placed that the whole leaf is of a
rounded figure.

The flowers ftand on long footftalks, and they
are large and white, with a tuft of yellow buttons
fupported on fhort threads in the middle,

The feeds are fmall, and ftand in a little round
clutter. J

It is common in fhallow, -ftanding waters that
have a muddy bottom, and is ufually altogether
under water.

DIVISION I.
1. White-flowered tall Crowfoot.
Ranunculus aconiti folio lore albo.

The root is compofed of a multitude-of thick
and long fibres, growing from a fmall head.

The firft leaves ftand on footftalks four or five
inches long, and are of a pale green colour When
they firft rife, but dufkier afterwards. They are
large, and deeply divided into three or five parts.
Thefe are broad, oblong, pointed and ferrated at
the edges. :

The ftalk is round, thick, flefhy, firm, and
three foot high.

The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and are like
thofe: from the root; but fmaller, of a dufky
green, pointed and ferrated. :

The flowers ftand at the tops of numerous
branches, into which the ftalk divides in the up-
per part. They are large and white.

The feeds ftand in little, roundifh, naked heads.

The leaves of this plant have not the firey
fharpnefs to the tafte of many others.

Tt is a native of the Alps and other moun-
tainous parts of Europe, and flowers in June.

Clufius calls it Ranunculus montanus. Others,
Ranunculus montanus aconiti folio lore albo.

2. Purple Crowfoot.
Ranunculus hirfutus flore purpureo.

The root is compofed of a great tuft of
fibres; they are very long, white, and firm.

FOREIGN

C. Bauhine calls it Millefolium aquaticum cornu-
tum. Plukenet, Ranunculus aquaticus albus circi-
natis tenuiffime divifis foliis.

15. Fennel-leaved Water Crowfoot.
Ranunculus aquaticus foliis longiffimis.

The root is a large tuft of thick, tough, and
extremely long fibres.

The firft leaves are very large, of a dark green,
and divided into numerous narrow fegments.

The ftalks are numerous; they rife in the
centre of thefe leaves, which foon after wither.
They are very long, tender, weak, round, di-
vided into. branches, and jointed. They follow
the courfe of the water, and run with it to a great
length.

The leaves are very large, and of a dark
green. They are long, and divided into many
long fegments. They refemble thofe on the ftalks
of fennel; but they are longer, and the divifions
not fo numerous.

The flowers are large and white, with a tuft of
yellow buttons, fupported on fhort threads, in the
centre.

The feeds are fmall, and ftand in a little, round,
naked head.

This is diftinguifhed at fight, from all the pre-
ceding kinds, by. the leaves being divided into
much fewer, and thofe vaftly longer fegments.

It is common in Jarge rivers; and flowers in
June. : :

C. Bauhine call it Millefolium aquaticum foliis
feniculi, Ranunculi flore et,capitulo. Others, ranun-
culus aquaticus foliis feniculaceis.

SP EsCor Biss.

The firft leaves ftand on long, hairy footftalks,
They are large, of a rounded form, but divided
deeply into five, feven, or nine fegments. They
are hairy, of a pale green, and ferrated.

The ftalk is a foot and half high ; and is weak
and flender ; hairy, and of a pale green.

Towards its top there ftands a leaf of a parti-
cular form furrounding it, without a footftalk,
and divided into feveral, narrow, ferrated feg-
ments, pale and hairy.

From this part the ftalk divides into three or
four branches, which are fhort, and flender, and
each furnithed with a little leaf or two, and with
a very beautiful flower on its top, which is large,
and in part purple, in part of a fhow white.

The feeds ftand in little naked clufters,

It is a native of Germany, and flowers in
June.

C. Bauhine calls it Ranunculus montanus, bir-
futus purpurafcente flore,

3. Low Crowfoot with prickly feeds.
Ranunculus annuus femine echinato.

The root is compofed of a great clufter of
flender fibres connected to a fmall head.

The leaves rifing from it are fupported on
flender footftalks, hollowed at the bottom : they
are, {mall, of a figure between rounded and tri-
angulate, and divided deeply into three parts.
They are alfo notched all about the edges,

S The

<s-de

“The Bo Tat see eee

The ftalks are round, weak, jointed, and ten
inches or a foot long.

The leaves grow irregularly on them, and re-
femble thofe from the root.

The flowers are fmall, and yellow, with a tuft
of pale threads.

The feeds ftand in a slitele naked head ; and are
large and prickly.

It isa native of the warm parts of Europe,
and the eaft; and loves damp ground.

J. Bauhine calls it Ranunculus paluftris echinatus.
Others Ranunculus echinatus creticus.

4. Broad nervous-leaved Crowfoot.
Ranunclus lato et nervofe folio.

The root is compofed of a clufter of very
thick fibres.

The firft leaves are five inches long, two broad,
perfectly entire, and blunt at the end, with the
ribs running lengthwife; fo that in all refpects
they refemble thofe of plantain.

The ftalk is fingle, round, firm, and a foot
high.

“The leaves ftand alternately upon it, and fur-
round it at the bafe. They refemble thofe from
the root in all refpeéts, but that they are fmaller.

Toward the top the ftalk divides into two or
three branches, and on the fummit of each is a

flower. This is very large, of a fnow white, and |

has a tuft of yellow threads in the centre,

The feeds are fmall, and ftand naked in alittle
clufter.

It is a native of the Fyeieaa mountains ; and
flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Ranunculus montanus foliis
plantagineis. C. Bauhine, Ranunculus Pyreneus
foliis fublongis non lacinatis flore albo.

3. Broad-leaved Crowfoot.
Ranunculus latifolius radicibus craffis:

The root is compofed of a great many long,
‘thick pieces, which form a large tuft.

The leaves that rife frorh it ftand on thick,
flefhy footftalks, three inches long, and are broad,
divided deeply into five or more parts, and fer-
rated round the edges.

The ftalk is thick, round, flefhy; and a foot
or more in height.

The leaves ftand irregularly on it, ha are di- |

vided into many narrow, indented fegments,
- The flowers are large, and yellow; and they
have a tuft of yellow threads in the centre.

The feed follows in a al head, and is large
and naked.

It is a native of the eaft, and flourifhes parti-
cularly in Crete. It flowers in July.

C, Bauhine calls it Ranunculus afphodeli radice
Creticus. Clufius, Ranunculus Creticus latifolius.

This ranunculus whofe root approaches to {the
tuberous kind, naturally leads us to that which
has a regularly tuberous root, and which makes
fuch a fine appearance in our gardens.

6: Scarlet Crowfoot:

Ranunculus foliis divifis flore rubente, radice tuberofa,

This is a beautiful flower in its plain, natural
Appearance; and when cultivated, it fhews an

amazing variety, the flower becoming double;
and having all the degrees of colour from the
deepeft to the paleft red, and to white and yellow.

The root is regularly tuberous. It is compoféd
of feveral oblong or oval, thick pieces, intermixed
with fibres ; or fometimes wholly without them:

The leaves that rife from it are fupported on

long footftalks; and ate, fomeof them thore, fome _

of them léfs, divided. The firft that appear are
commonly oblong, and only indented deeply at
the edge. The fucceeding ones aré divided riiore
or lefs deeply into three parts; and thofe feg-
ments aré notched and pointed;

The ftalk is round, firm; and a foot high 3
fometimes it rifes fingle and continues the whole
way fo: at other times itis branched.

The leaves that ftand on it aré formed of three
parts, two difpofed in the manner of wings, and
one placed at the end; and each of thefe parts is
again divided into three fegments and notched
round the edges. _

At the top of the ftalk ftands a fingle flower,
compofed of five leaves, rounded, and very large
and beautiful: The ufual colour of this is a
bright fcarlet; but fometimes it is yellow or
white. We owe to the art of gardening thé
other humerous variations. :

It is a native of Afia, where it covers whole
fields wild, and flowers in fpring.

C. Bauhine calls it Ranunculus radice grumofa
ramofus. Others, Ranuiculus Afiaticus radicé
grumofa.

Mott of the botanical writers have divided this

- according to the colour of the flower, and other

dosent into feveral kinds; but they are acci=
dental varieties, the plant in every one Pi thefe
appearances being the farie.

The crowfoots in genetal ate acrid and cautticle
Some of them are lefs fo than others ; and there
are fome that experience has fhewn to be poifon-
ous. The greater and leffer fpearwort are of this
laft kind, as alfo the round-leaved {mall flowered
kind: as to the others, they have béen banifhed
from any ufe on the aecount of thefe : but we fhall
fee in this an inftance#how rafhly we condemn
fome plants, as well as negligently overlook
others;

The acrid quality of the crowfoots it in general re-
fides in their juice. Some; as has been obferved,
have little of it; and thefe may be taken inter-
nally as frefh gathered; and many of the others
becoming mild when dried. A tinéture may alfo
be made from fome of the common fpecies that
has no bad qualities,

In the firft ftate, the roots and leaves of the
round rooted kind may be ufed outwardly with
fuccefs on many occafions.

Their juice takes away warts,

The roots and leaves bruifed together, and ap-
plied to fwellings, will act as a cauftick, and make
way for the inftruments of furgery:

In violent headachs, when the pain is confined
to one fpot; they have the greateft effect i imagi-
nable. A plaifter is to be laid on, with a hole in
the middle, A {mall quantity of the herb and
root bruifed, and wet with the juice, is to be laid
on the baré places and this is to be covered with
a larger plaifter. In this manner of application
a few leaves will do the bufinefs. Care muft be

taken

20 The ~ BRT “Pet S "Hee ERB eA EE:

taken not to let it come near the eyes, for it will The beggars frequently make fores on their
" caufe violent inflammations. | legs with this plant, to promote commiferation 5
Inthe gout the bruifed leaves and roots have been | and it is ealy to know that what could do this
ufed with great fuccefs. We have alfo accounts | might be applied ufefully on fome etal ae
of cures by them in the plague, by raifing blifters An infufion of the leaves of the ivy-leaved
with them, and keeping them open in the manner | water-crowfoot in wine, with alder-tops and fage,
of iffues near buboes in the groin, or elfewhere. | is recommended ftrongly by fome in the dropfy,
The diftilled water of the roots, and a tincture | and other diforders arifing from obftruétions of
made from them in wine, are recommended alfo | the vifcera, and in the feurvy. }
in the plague internally.

Gee Pin Nie Ue" S XUII.
PILEWORT.
CHELIDONIUM MINUS.

HE flower is ‘compofed ‘of feveral petals, “and has a three-leaved cup, which falls with it.
The feeds ftand in a fmall naked clufter ; and the leaves are roundith, and heart-fafhioned.

Linnzus places this among the polyandria polyrynia, and makes it a fpecies of crowfoot. He calls

it crowfoot, with beart-fafbioned, angulated, and petiolated leaves; but the cup confifting of three leaves,
diftinguifhes it from the crowfoot, whofe ‘cup has five; not to mention the greater number of pe-
tals in the flower. Tt is a-plant alfo of confiderable virtues, which are recorded of it under the
names of piléwort and chelidonium minus: wherefore there is ufe in preferving the diftinétion.
~ “What ‘is called greater celandine, is a plant of an altogether different ‘clafs, as will’be feen here-
after.
*‘Linneus, who makes this a {pecies ‘of ranunculus, Gives for the firft charater of that genus, a
cup compofed of ‘five leaves : ‘therefore, according to his original eftablifhment of the genus, this
plant does not belong to it. He gives, by way of an exception at the end, this among others;
and there eftablifhes ‘the effential ‘character of the genus to be the neCtarium of the flower ; the
reft of the parts being all inconftant.

Let us examine this conduct in the eye of reafon, and take this as an example of the foundation
there is for that fafhionable fyftem.

Linnzus gives a defcription of ‘the feveral’parts of the cup, flower, and fruit, of the ranunculus ;
which defcription he calls the generical charaéter :_ then among the ‘fpecies of ranunculus ‘he places
pilewort, which does ‘not agree ‘with that character. Indeed ‘it contradi&s the two moft abfolute
and »obvious varticles.. Ele fays the ranunculus has a cup compofed of ‘five leaves, and a flower
compofed of five petals; but pilewort hasa cup of three leaves, anda flower of more numerous petals
Tt is:thus diftinguifhed by nature, and it has always been diftinguifhed by name; and ‘has difting
virtues. Why therefore fhould it be thus confounded with ‘crowfoot? ‘Linneeus ‘perceives after-
wards, ‘that.pilewort does not agree with his charaéters of that.genus: then he:makes an obferyation,
which is, that all the parts are inconftant, except that there is a -ne@tarium about ithe unguis of each’
petal. This, he fays, isthe effential mark. if fo, his whole. generical characteris -fet afide, He him.
felfacknowledges it to be ufelefs; why then:is it continued? We_-have fhewn.it.to be falfe :
fore it ought-to be rejected.

__ Befide thefe obvious things in which the pilewort differs from his eftablifhed charaéter of ranuncu-
dus, ‘there are others, as the pointed’ ends of ‘its petals, and -the -like lefer articles, Thefe \I do not
name, the'former being fo evident. ‘I have-been the more particular on this head, «as
“all ‘refpects for'an inftance of the wrong management brought into the {eience by'this:

There is'but'one known’ fpecies of :pilewort, ‘and that is-a native of ‘Britain.

there_

itrmay ftand in
new: method.

‘Comm*n Pilewort. they have numerous Jeaves on the lower part, and
Chitin ree rl fend up 'long fender naked ‘footftalks’ for the
owers.

Theroot is compofed of a gteat many little seek ari:
tuberous pieces, of the’bignefs of ‘a barley-corn, yee Ds fe Bae bang pest ‘fed
with fibres among them: ‘they are brownith, |/o¢ 4 ‘great number’ of natrow. thar i et
Whitifh, or redifh ‘on the outfide, “and white |:tals in a three-leaved cup, and has. ‘avn of
within, “| threads in the centre. : a
The leaves ftand’on Jong 'footftalks ; and are The feeds’ ftand naked in-a fmall cluft
“of a‘roundith form, ‘fome ‘more fome ‘lefs cor- ‘Tt is ‘common under heds Hed Q
nered or angulated, but all'indénted in'the'man- | March. Pee Te
ner of a heart, ‘for the reception of the footftalk: —
Thofe which ‘rife ‘frft are rounder, the ‘others
more cornered. They ‘ate “Of ‘a fine ‘green, ‘and -
aoe oe fpot of whitith or'blackifhin dine. Sometimes it grows much larger in leaves
the middle, and ‘flowers, imes' the’

The {talks ate’ fhott, and lie-upon' the ground ; rally: double, ce peo it ie Rag eels:

: feribed

CG: Bauhine calls it Chelidonia rotundifolia mi-
nor ; others in-general, Chelidonium minys.
We call it Feqwort, Pilewort, and Small celan-

oe
Small flewerid waler Cronffoor, : pion ES
; ' SMe i a EE Wey, aS Am ;

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4 : Cy, ii ues & aan ; W/L pes
[WUE e1WOAIF ED : parvo bat EE I RL Et Perherls faile-
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The BR I T.1S.H cH RBA oe

feribed as different fpecies by authors; but they
are only accidental varieties.

The roots of pilewort are cooling and foften-
ing. They are an excellent remedy in the pain of
the piles; bruifed, and applied to the part: hence
they obtained the name. A decoétion of them
in red wine is alfo excellent in the fame diforder
when they bleed too much.

A cataplafm made of the roots and leaves
bruifed, and laid on fcrophulous tumors, has
been known to do great fervice:

Inwardly a ftrong decoction is good in the
jaundice.

Having thus feen the form and virtues of this

GB» Nea

plant, the reader will be able to pafs a more per-
fet judgment on that method, which propofes
making it a fpecies of crowfoot.

Here is an herb different in form, fhape, and
virtues, from crowfoot, and diftinguithed by the
moft obvious and effential parts, on a nearer in-
fpeétion. Can it be reafonable, therefore, when
the flower and its cup fhew a-manifett difference,
we fhould look fora hole in the bottom of the pe-
tals, to unite this and the crowfoot? Orcan it be
proper to join together a plant with a cooling root,
and a whole feries of others which are of a burn-
ing and cauftick nature? This is confounding
what Nature has widely feparated; and we fee
fhe has given marks enough of that diftinétion:

S XIV.

ARROWHEAD.
SAGITTARIA

PYNHE flower confifts of three ‘petals; and has a three-leaved cup: the feeds ftand ina round |

naked clufter: the leaves have long footftalks, and are fhaped like the bearded head of an arrow.

There are two forts of flowers on this plant, male and female.

The male ftand uppermoft on the

ftalks. Their general form is alike; but in the centre of the male Mowers there are only threads topp’d

with buttons: in the female, none of !thefe but the rudiments of the future feeds, with
dages, a kind of filaments for the reception of the duft from the buttons.

h their appen-

Linnzus places this among the Monecia Polyandria, feparating it far from the other naked-feeded
plants; and joining it with the oak, hazel, and walnut tree. ‘The reafon of this is, that there are

the different male and female flowers, His explanation of the clas of Monecia is this: It confifts of

plants, in which he males and females live in the fame boufe, but Sleep in different beds * ; that is, there

are male and female flowers on the fame plant.

This is an inftance how unnatural the method of that-author is,

To our plain courfe, in this part

marked out by Mr. Ray, the arrowhead is joined to thofe plants to which its dowers and feeds fhew
it naturally belongs; and the mentioning the feparate flowers in the account is fufficient:

Dev eS 1 O2N 2 1,

1. Common Arrowhead: »
Sagittaria vulgaris.

The root is large, thick, white, and hung
with long fibres.

The firft leaves are long, natrow, and graffy ;
and thefe, till better known, were miftaken for
a feparate plant; and called the great-rooted wa-
ter grafs.

The following leaves are thofe which charac-
terife the plant. They are placed.on very Jong
footftalks, reaching from the bottom to the fur-
face often where there is a great depth: thefe are
thick, foft, fpungy, and of an obtufely angulated
form. The leaves are large, and formed. like the
bearded head of an arrow, tolerably fharp atthe
point, and at the two beards. They are of a
gloffy furface, and fine green, sont tan

The ftalks rife two or three together from the
centre of the clufter of leaves: they are naked
two, three, or four feet high, thick, and fpungy,
and of a fmooth furface.

The flowers ftand on long footftalks, - and are
large and white: they grow three or four from
the fame place, furrounding the ftalk. . :

The feeds follow the female, which are the

* Mares habitant cum feeminibus in eadem domo, fed diverfo' thalamo.

Ne Ii,

BR TT dS Ho 3S Pek 1 Bs!

lower flowers, and: ftand in large roundifh naked
clufters. SS
It is common in waters, and flowers in July.
Allauthors call it Sagit¢asand Sagittaria aquatica;

but they idly divide.it-into a larger. and finaller

kind, from the difference of fize in the leaves :
there is alfo another variety, which they defcribe
as a diftingt fpecies; under the name of ‘the nar-
row-leaved finaller arrowhead. All.thefe grow
promifcuoufly together, and are no more than
accidental changes but there is onefuiall {pecies,
the form of whofe leaves and flowers fhews it to
be diftine: ih
2. Little Arrowhead, with pointed leaves, and
es large flowers. en

Sagitiaria minor foliis acutioribus flore majore. ,
The root confifts of a great clufter of whitith
fibres. k f «

The leaves that rife firft are narrow, hort, and
deeply, ribbed.» “They havé no footftalks, and
are in fome degree grafly. idve

The leaves that follow: thefe rife’ in a little
clufter : their footftalks are, fmall and‘ firm ; and
they are very narrow, and very fharp-pointed, of
a pale green, and highly ribbed.

G The

22 Thi BRA TUS 'H HERBAL.

The ftalk is naked and flender. } England, and has been found on the Thames .

The flowers are large, ‘white, and beautiful: fhore by Lambeth. It flowers in Augatt:

The feeds ftand naked in a little round but- Plokenet calls it Sagitta aquatica ommium mi-
ton. hima, i

It is common in fhallow waters in the north of

DE Vel Ser OONS AT: FORE IG Ng PE CIES.

1. Blunt-leayed Arrowhead. The leaves ftand on long, thick, and fpungy
Sagittaria aquatica foliis obtufis frutiu parvo. footftalks, three on each: they are: very long,

narrow, and of a pale green, but of the true ar-
rowhead form. i
The ftalks are long, weak, {pungy, obtufely '
angulated, and naked.
They are furnifhed toward the tops with large
and beautiful flowers.

The root confifts of a large, irregular lump,
with a great number of long fibres.

The leaves ftand on long footftalks, are of the
arrowhead fhape, but very broad at the bafe, and
blunt at the end.

he flowers areilargeand whife, The feeds follow in fmall naked heads.

‘The feeds ftand naked in a {mall round clufter.

It is a native of Afia, and flowers in Auguft. & het eae ol ching Bit as Ealt Indica .
Rheede calls it after the Afiatick name, Culita Petiver calls it Sagittaria Chinensfs Solits ternis
>

mara. Plukenet, Sagittarie folits planta frudiu longiffimis.

Slomorato monopyrene. The commen arrowhead is cooling; but we

ones icular account of its virtues,
9{.Trifoliate Arrowhead, have no particula account of its virtues

Sagittaria foliis ternatis,

The root confifts of a great number of fibres
about a flefhy head.

C3 Rompe Nieto 38 XV.
» - WATER PLANTAIN,
\PLANTAGO AQUATICA’

THE ower is compofed of three petals, and has a three-leaved - cub,
it is fallen. The feeds ftand together in a little naked head, and th
loofe.

Linnzeus places this among the Hexandria polygynia, and calls it alifma. In this genus he joins
with ic the plant called ftarry-headed water Plantain ; which, though commonly called by the fame
general name, is properly, feparated, as having the feeds fucceeding each Aower contained in fix abfo-
Jute capfules; and the alifna of Dillenius, in which the feeds are contained in humerous {mall
and obtufe capfules, me :

which remains after
eir outer coyering is

DIVISION 1. BRITISH SPECIRS,

1. Narrow-leaved ‘Water Plantain,

| 26 Broad-leaved Water Plantain.
Plantago aquatica anguftifolia,

Llantago aquatica latifolia.
The root. is a great thick tuft of fibres,
The leaves rife in a large.clufter, and are very |

long and narrow : they ftand on footftalks of four: ||

or five inches long; they are pointed at the
end, diftinguithed by three large ribs running
aan 5 Suecanes of the plantain; and The leaves ftand on thefe ten eilies jms as

are of a fine bright green. long, hollowed, WE aoa ie A
The ftalks rife from the centre of thele leaves ; large, broad, and oblone, bly BR ey et rt arg

. 3 > Nt at ¢) -
oe CMS seat weak, and a foot high, and: have divided ‘‘at the edges and ofa ier eae
no leaves onthem. 5 ; 3 abo

‘ and frefl our... Wi sats “
The flowers ftand: about ‘the tops; andvare nine fahbelite sean att Tange obits roa}
fmall and white, each compofed of three! petals, roe : ree Tannen of Sennen plan.
with a few threads in the centre, : Th 5 +!
: e ftalk i
The feeds follow in round; fmall, rough heads, , ora

feet high: there grow a m
Ic is common in ftanding waters,’ and flowers | from it in
in June. : : :

The root confifts of 4 great tuft of fibres, from
which there rife’ a clufter of ftalks to fuppore
the leaves: ‘the bottoms of ‘thefe being broad
and clofé' compatted, forma kind of round head ;
| whence the‘fibres grow. rE, 2

; fmooth, and three
ultitude of branches
- a regular order; fo that: it has from
gate : the middle upwards a kind of conic fhape.

ic Bauhine calls it Plantago aquatica angufti- The flowers ftand' on the:tops of the footfall

folia. J. Bauhine, Plantago aquatica minor, that rife from feveral Parts of thefe: Ba ie

fmall

The

BRITISH HERBAL.

fmall and white; and they are extremely nume-
rous.

The feeds ftand three together, in a little head
. after every Hower.

It is common in waters, and flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Plantago aquatica latifolia,
Qthers, Plantago aquatica major.

DIVISION If. FO

1. Blunt-leaved water Plantaini
Plantago aquatica foliis obtujis.

‘The root is compofed of numerous fibres.

The leaves ftand on confiderably long foot-
ftalks; and are large, broad, and-of a fine frefh
green. They are divided at the ftalk in a heart-
like manner, and are blunt at the end.

The ftalks are thick, weak, and branched.

The flowers are {mall and white, and aré each
compofed of three blunt ended peta's.

Ge ER erm

Secale)

The leaves of this are cooling, and, asi it is
faid, repellent. ‘They are good in the piles, and
are ufed to lay on womens breafts, to dry up the
milk. Two varieties of this plant have been de-
{cribed as diftiné&t fpecies; the one with long and
narrow, the other with very large and broad
leaves.

RET GN 2 SPE Capes,

The feeds ftand naked in a {mall head.

Tt isa native of Virginia, and flowers in au-
tumn.

Vaillant calls it Damafonium ramofum folio cor-
diformi. Mborrifon, Sagittaria Virginiana obtufiore
latofolio floribus minoribus albis.

It does indeed partly refemble the fagitaria, and
partly the water plantain; but the fmall knob of
feeds refers it to this genus.

XVI.

MEADOWSWEET.

OULMARIA.
x

HE, flower confifts of five petals, and ftands ina cup conipofed of a fingle leaf divided ‘into five

parts.

The feeds are feven after each flower, and are twifted.

Linnaus places this among the icofendria pohgynia;: and in his eatlier works makes it a fpecies of
filipendula or dropwort:. in. his later, he deftroys this genus, ase makes both the dropwort and

meadow/weet fpecies of fpiraea.

They are diftinét in nature from fpirea, and mutually from one another.

Bis new method there-

fore, which was intended to render Realy: diftint, we fee; increafes the perplexity that atcended it,

and creates confufion.

Spiraa does not belong even to'the fame natural clafs with thefe two genera ; for its feeds are con-.

tained in capfules, whore thofe.of dropwort:and meadowfweet are naked.

Therefore, although they

are joined in a method, the clafies of which are eftabliflied upon the number of Mate in the flower,

they are far feparated by nature in the fructification.
Their difference one from another is not fo ftriking, ‘but it is fufficient :

the diftintions of ge-

nera are fubordinate to thofe. into claffes, and fhould be founded on leffer particularities.
The meadowfweet has feven twifted: feeds after every flower, and has the leaves irregularly pin-
nated. ‘The dropwort has twelve feéds'aftéer every flower, and they are not twifted, andiits leaves are

regularly pinnated: thefe. are fuffitient diftinctions.

therefore he fhould have ufed them.

Thefe Linnzus knew, for he has named them; —

Thus on many other occafions-this author ‘may be convicted out

of his own words, of knowing that his method! was defective and erroneous.

There is‘only one fpecies of meadow/weet-a native of: Britain.

DST Ve leSel Ou Nae |

Meadowfweet.
Ulmaria vulgaris. ‘

The root confifts of a vaft quantity of hard,
tough, long fibres, of a redifh colour, rifing from
a {mall longith head,

The leaves ftand on moderately long: footftalks,
and they are very beautiful in fhape and colour:
they are pinnated: each compofed of three or
four pairs of pinnze, with a large, irregular leaf
at the end. They are notched at the edges:
their colour is a bright green on the xpper
fide, a greyifh or whinths Erde edeach : and they
are hard to the touch.

The ftalk is firm, redifh, upright,

and

oe oe SPECIES.

branched. It grows to four or more feet in
height, and is ftrongly ftriated,

The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and are like
thofe’at the bottom, but have fewer pinna,

The flowers are {mall and white, and ftand in
long, irregular tufts at the tops of the ftalks.

The feeds are greenifh, twifted, and ftriated.
It is common by waters, and flowers in June.

J. Bauhine calls it U/maria. C. Bauhine, Bar-
ba capra floribus compaétis. Some, Regina prati.

Tt is celebrated: extreamly as a wound herb;
and by:fome is’ recommended internally as a fu-
dorifick. The flowers give a pleafant flavour to
liquor..> Mixt with mead they give it the tafte of
the Greek wines,

DIVISION

' The BRITISH HERBAL.

DPV 1ISt ON? I.

Trifoliata Meadowfweet.
Ulmaria trifoliata.

The root is a great tuft of fibres rifing from
a fmall head.

The firft leaves ftand on long, redifh foot-
flalks, and are large, of a pale green colour,
and firm ftruéture. They in fome degree re-
femble thofe leaves of the common meadow/weet
that grow on the upper part of the ftalk. They
are compofed of three parts or three feparate leaves,

Gogg E a Naas

FOREIGN: SPECIES...

which may be called oné pair of pinne, and an
end leaf.: : 5

The ftalk is firm, upright, and five foot high.
Tts leaves refemble thofe from the root, but they
are fmaller.

The flowers are large, and white.

The feeds are twifted:

It is a native of North America.

Morifon calls it Uluaria Virginiana trifoliata
floribus candidis amplis longis et acutis. Others,
Ulmaria major trifoliata Virginiana,

poise a. QA b

DaRGO. RaW O [Ratt

PILI PE NoD Uskicd,

\HE flower is compofed of five petals, and ftands in a cup divided into five parts. The feeds
T following each flower are twelve in number, and are erect. Linnaeus, we have juft fhewn, joins
this and meadowfeet with the {piraea among his icofandria polygynia.

There is but one known fpecies of dropwort, and that is a native of Britain.

Dropwort.
Filipendula vulgaris.

The root confifts of a vaft tuft of fibres, to
which there are conneéted in many places large
flefhy lumps: thefe are of a dufky colour on the
outfide, and white within.

From the head of this clufter rife ten or a dozen
leaves of a very beautiful and regular form. They
have very fhort footftalks, and are regularly pin-
nated, each having fix, feven, or more pairs of
pinne, with an odd leaf at the end, all uniform,
oblong, and regularly dented round the edges.

The ftalk rifes in the midft of thefe, and is
upright, round, firm, and two or three foot high,

The leaves ftand irregularly on it,: and are like
thofe at the bottom.

!The flowers are white, and have a large tuft
of yellowith threads in the middle.

The feeds ftand in a little, naked head.

It is not uncommon in dry paftures, and fow-
ers in autumn.

C. Bauhine calls it Filipendula vulgaris. J. Bau-
hine, Filipendula. We, Dropwort. All, names

GitaiiNe Ur 56
MALLOW.

taken from the tuberous parts of the root, which
refemble fo many great drops, and hang by
threads. :

The root of dropwort is attenuant.in the vit.
cera; but has a flight aftringency in the bowels.
It works by urine, and brings away gravel. For
this ufe it is beft taken’ in decodtion, :

Tt is good in epilepfies and other nervous com-
plaints. To this purpofe a tinéture made of it
in wine is the beft form of giving it; and it
fhould be made with three ounces of the dried
root toa quart of the liquor.

It has alfo been found ferviceable againft the
fluor albus ; and for this is bett given in powder.
In this form fifteen grains is a proper dofe.

In repeated dofes in this laft form it is faid to
have cured dyfenteries. It is one of thofe' reme-
dies of which our fore-fathers were very fond ;
and which we have very unreafonably neglected

C.Bauhine and: éthers ‘have defcribed whag
they call a leffér fpeciessof dropwort; but accord=
ing to.their own accounts, this differs in little but
fize, and is evidently a variety.

XVII,

MALYD A.

HE flower is compofed of five petals, which
cup: the outer of thefe compofed of three le

five parts, and both remain with the feeds.
the outer covering loofe.

Thus far the charaéter of the genus comprehends with the feveral
To diftinguifh the mallow from thefe

marfo mallow and vervain mallow.
are entire, of a roundith figure, and green.

The reafon of this addition to the character of
vervain mallow have the fame flowers and feeds ;
and white: and in the vervain mallow they. are d

Join together at the bafe; and flands in'a double
‘aves; the inner one,
Thele are gathered into a

of a fingle leaf divided into
round, flat head, and have

kinds of mallow, thofe of
'» We are to add, the leaves

the genus is, that the althea, and alcea, marfo, and
but the leaves in the marfo mallow kinds are oblong,

2 eeply divided. They are yer
included among the mouadelphia polyandria by Linnzeus,

y nearly allied, and are

DIVISION

The /ByR 111 6H (ye Rees

DaAVelIes LONG Ie

1. Common Mallow.

Malva vulgaris.

The root is long, large, white, and furnifhed
with many fibres. 4

The leaves rifing from it ftand on long foot-
ftalks, and are of a roundith’ form, but deeply
waved, or finuated and notched.

The ftalk is round, firm, upright, and a yard
high: the leaves on it refemble thofe from the
root, but are fmaller and more waved.

The flowers are large, and of a beautiful red,
They ftand in great numbers at the tops of the
ftalk and its branches. y

The feeds are collected into a round, flat clutter,
and preferved by the cup.

It is common in all wafte places, and flowers
throughout the fummer.

C. Bauhine calls it Malva filveftris folio finuato.
Others, Malva vulgaris.

2. Little white-Aowered Mallow.
Malva pumila flore albo.

The root is long, and white, and has many
fibres.

The leaves rife in a tuft or clufter, and have
moderately long footftalks. They are of a
roundifh figure, and pale green colour, and are
lefs finuated than thofe of the common mallow.

The ftalks are numerous, and they lie upon
"the ground, though fufficiently thick, and firm.

The leaves on them are like thofe at the bot-
tom, but fmaller.

The flowers ftand on fhert footftalks, and are
large, and of a pale whitifh colour, fometimes
with a few ftreaks of purplifh, and fometimes a
faint tinge of the fame colour throughout.

The feeds ftand in little round clufters.

It is common by way fides, and flowers all
fummer.

C. Bauhine calls it Malva flveftris folio rotundo.

DivVIstoON i” nO

1. Curled Mallow.
Malva foliis crifpis flove albido.

The root is long, white, and thick.

The leaves rifing from it ftand on Jong foot-
ftalks, and are large, rounded, but a little ob-
long, and very beautifully curled about the edges.
If this were the fole diftin€tion from the common
kind, we fhould fay culture or accident gave it,
and fheuld make it a variety ; but there are others
that fhew it to be a diftiné f{pecies.

The ftalk is firm, upright, and fix, feven, or
eight foot high, thick enough to fupport itfelf very
erect ; but not nearly fo thick as in the ¢ree mallow.

‘The leaves on it are fomewhat more oblong
than thofe from the root. ‘e

The flowers ftand in clutters about the inferti-
ons of the footflalks of of leaves: they have very

fhort pedicles, and are of a pale whitifh colour.
Noes

]

BRITISH SPECIES.

3. Small purple-foweted rough-feeded Mallow.
Malva flore minore purpureo feminibus rigofis.

The root is long, white, and hung round with
many fibres.

The leaves ftand on long, flender footftalks,
and are little, of a roundifh figare, but deeply
finuated, and of a dufky green.

The ftalk is thick, tolerably ere, and about

a foot high.

Its leaves are altogether like thof from the
root, but fmaller, and on fhorter footftalks,

The flowers are numerous, very fmall, arid of
a blueifh purple.

The feeds follow in a fmall, rounded, flat
clufter, and-are rough to the touch.

It is not common with us, but grows in Kent

and Suffex, and fome other places’ in barren

ground. It flowers in June.:

Boerhaave calls it Malva Silveftris foliis finuatis

minoribus flofculis minimis Anglica. Ray, Malva
minor flore parvo cerulio.

4. Tree Mallow.
Malva arborea.

The root is very large, woody, white, long, ;

and full of fibres, ‘

The leaves that rife from it ftand on long
footftalks, and are of a rounded figure, deeply
finuated and notched ; and of a pale green colour,
and velvety foftnefs to the touch.

The ftalk rifes in the midft of the clufter of
them, and they prefently after fadeand wither away,

This is fix or feven foot high, and very thick,
firm, and woody.

The leaves ftand irregularly on it on long foot-
ftalks, and are fo much finuated that they fre-
quently appear in fome degree curled.

The flowers are fmall, and whitifh, with a
pale blufh of purple. .

The feeds ftand in round, flat clufters. -

It is not unfrequent about our fea-coafts, and
flowers in July.

Merret calls it Malva arborea marina noftras.

R.Eal Go Noge S$ PuB GUIs S:

The feeds ftand in a rounded, flat head.

It is a native of the fouth of France, whence
we have brought it into our gardens. It Alowerg
in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Malva foliiscrifpis. J. Bau-
hine, Malva crifpa.

2. The Hollyhock.
Malva rofea,

The root is tong, white, thick, and hard, and

has about it a vaft quantity of fibres. :

The firft leaves are roundifh, and curled about
the edges. They are of a pale green, fomewhat
hairy, and ftand on long footftalks.

The ftalk is feven or eight feet high: the leaves
ftand irregularly on it, and are large, and placed
on long foorftalks. They are of a more oblong

figure

Tela soehs co enh Sond bit Bets HERBAL.

figure than thofe at the root, and of the fame
pale colour. :

The flowers have fhort footftalks, and grow
all up the ftalks from the middle upwards : they
are very large, and naturally of a pale red colour,
confifting of five fegments, joined at the bafe, as
in the common mallow.

The feeds follow in large, round clufters alfo
as in the mallow.

Tt is a native of Spain, and has thence been
brought into our gardens, where culture has
changed the colour and form of the flowers,
rendering them double, and otherwife very va-
rious.

C. Bauhine calls it Malva rofea folio fubrotundo.
J. Bauhine, Malva rofea five bortenjis.

3. Fig-leaved Hollyhock.
Malva rofea foliis digitatis.

The root is long, thick; white, and bufhy,
with 4 multitude of fibres.

The leaves rifing from it ftand on long, green,
hairy, tender, footftalks: they aré very large, of
a pale green, and deeply divided into five, feven,
or more parts. Their whole figure is oblong,
but approaching to round, arid the fegments are
cut in very deep.

The ftall rifes in the midft of thefe, and is
round, firm, upright, thick, and branched. Its
leaves iefeinble thofe from the root, but they are
morte deeply divided, commotily down to thé
middle rib, or very néar it.

The flowers grow on fhort footftalks on the
upper part of the ftalks and branches. They are
very large, and ufually of a pale yellow: but
in the colour thete is the faitie variations as in the
other ; the art of the gardener rendering it deeper
and paler, and making the flower fingle or
doubie. :

Git Bee ON = (Us 8

The feeds ftand in round, flatted clufters, and
are large and compreffed.

It is a native of Spain and other warm parts of
Europe, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Malva rofea folio ficus.

Various-leaved Mallow.
Malva folius rotundus et angulatis.

The root is fmall, long, and white, and has a
great many fine fibres.

The leaves rife from it in a fmall tuft, and are
of a roundifh figure, a little dented at the ftalk,
and come to a fmall point at the end. They
ftand on long, tender, hairy footftalks, and are
of a’ pale green above, and white underneath,
and ferrated round the edges.

The ftalk rifes in the midft of this tuft, and is
flender, weak, hairy, of a pale green, and a foot
and half high, with numerous branches.

The leaves ftanding on it are oblong, broad at
the bafe, fharp pointed, and often divided into
three parts.

The flowers are large, and of a deep purple;
and they ftand on the tops of the branches,
The feed comes after in round, flat heads.

It is a native of Spain, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Malwa folio vario. J. Bau-
hibe, Malva trimeftris flore cum unguibus purpureis.

The common mallow is cooling and diuretick :
it partakes of the virtue of the mar/b mallow, tobe
next defcribed, but in an inferior degrees and
the feveral other fpecies here defcribed poffefs the
fame qualities, but they are of lefs value,

It is foftening in cataplafms, and is a good
ingredient in clyfters. The frefh root ufed in a
{trong decoétion is excellent in ftranguries, and
heat of urine, and the gravel. The root of the
little white flowered kind makes a pleafanter drink
for this purpofe, and has much the fame virtues.

XIX,

MARSHMALLOW,

ALTHEA.

qe flower is compofed of five fegments, joined at the bafe, and ftands in a double
feeds follow in a round, flatted clufter. The leaves are oblong, white;

cup. The
and foft to the touch.

This is one of the monadelpbia polyandria of Linnaus, as the former and fucceeding genus.

DIVISION 1.

Marfhmallow.

Althea vulgaris.

The roots are long, white, and furnifhed with
very large fibres,

The firft leaves are {mall, and of an oval figure 5
a little notched about the edges : they ftand on
long footftalks, and are of a pale green, and very
foft.

The flalks rife feveral together in the midft of
the clufter, and are very ftrong, upright, ‘hard
and firm. The leaves ‘that rife from the ingot
fade at their appearance, and-are foon gone,

BRITISH

‘thers fimply, Althea,

SPECIES,

The leaves ftand irregularly on the ftalks, and
are large, oblong, of a figure approaching to
triangular ; white, and foft to the touch,

The flowers ‘are large and white, with the fame
faint blufh of purplith.

The feeds ftand in fmall, round ‘heads.

It is common about fa
flowers in June.

The markets are fupplied with it fr

om the'gar-.
dens about London, where it grows in ae
abundance, and perfectly well. .

J. Bauhine calls it thea Jive bifinalva,

or Althea vulgaris,

It water rivers, and

O-

& The

Th BRITISH HERBAL.

The virtues of mar/hmallow are the fame with
thofe of the common mallow, but it has them ina

greater degree. ‘The root is pleafant, and gives
' water a thick mucilaginous confiftence, with an
agreeable foftnefs: wherefore the decoétion or
infufion are the beft forms of giving it.
, Itis emollient and diuretick, Taken in the
way of tea it is excellent againft the gravel: or
in a ftronger decottion, in the worft complaints
of that kind. :

Outwardly ufed it is emollient and difcutient.
A fyrup and an ointment are kept in the fhops
in which mar/hmallow root is a great ingredient,
and which have their name from it; but a com-
mon infufion has more virtue by far than the. fy-
rup; and generally a pultice of the freth root,
white bread and milk, will do better outwardly
than the ointment.»

DLV I Sel ON alts

Great-flowered Marfhmallow.
Althea flore magno.

- The root is compofed of a large head, and a
vaft quantity of white, thick fibres,
The firft leaves are large, broad, obtufe, and
approaching to round, but finuated at the edges,
and terminating in a kind of broad, blunt point.

They ftand on fhort footftalks, and are of a’

whitifh green.

The ftalks are numerous, thick, firm, and five
foot high: they rife from the centre of the tuft
of leaves, and are of a whitith green, and divided
into many branches.

Gea Bigg No U.

FOREIGN

Befide thefe, which are its virtues moft regard:
ed, it is excellent in afthmas and againtt tickling
coughs ; and alfo in erofions of the bowels and
dyfenteries. In both thefe cafes it aéts upon the
fame principle, foftening and blunting the acri-
mony of the humours by its foft mucilaginous
Juice.

A decottion of marfhmallow root alone, is ex- ;
cellent againft the heat of urine attending go-
norrheas.

We have obferved that the firft leaves of
the marfomallow are rounder than thofe on the
ftalks: fometimes the whole have that appear.
ance, and this principally from too wet a fitua-
tion. In this condition the plant. has been confi-
dered by Plukenet as a diftinét fpecies. He calls
it Althea vulgari fimilis folio retufo brevi : but this
is nothing more than a variety,

SP BGsbE Ss,

The leaves on thefe are broad and oblong, fer-
rated at the edges, and {harp at the points,
They ftand on long footftalks, and have a velvety
foftnefs.

The flowers ftand at the extremities of the
branches, and are very large and beautiful. They
very much refemble hollyhock flowers, and are
naturally of a pale fleth colour, but vary by cul-
ture, and become of a deeper red. ' :

The feeds ftand in a round, flat, naked head.

It isa native of Africa, and flowers in July.

Cornutus calls ic Althea rofea peregrina, and
mott others follow him,

Ne 2.0.

VERVAIN MALLOW.

ALC A.

TIE flower confifts of five large fegments joined at the bafe. The feeds ftand in a rounded, flat

“ clufter. The leaves are deeply divided.

The alcea is one of the monadelphia polyandria of Linnzus.

Its difference from the marfh and

common mallow is principally in the leaves ; but it is a diftinction fo long preferved and fo familiarly

known that it may be retained.

DIV: ES FON: T,

Vervain Mallow.
Alcea vulgaris.

The root is long, large, woody, perennial, and
white.

The leaves that rife from it are of a rounded
form, deeply finuated at the edges, but not di-
vided into {mall fegments as the others. Thefe
rife in a clufter: they are fupported on moderately
long footftalks, and are of a beautiful green.

The ftalks rife among thefe: they are nume-
rous, round, firm, upright, and of a:pale green:
they are well furnifhed with leaves, and thofe ex.
treamly beautiful. They keep the rounded ge-
neral form of thofe from the root, ‘but they are

BRITISH SPECIES:

divided deeply into fmall and elegant fegments/
Thefe are of a paler colour than thofe from the
root.

The flowers are very large, and of a beautiful
pale red.

The feeds ftand in rounded and flat heads.

It is common in paftures, and flowers in May.

C. Bauhine calls it Alcea vulgaris major. J.
Bauhine, Alcea vulgaris.

The leaves of this plant are frequently curled
at the.edges. This happens efpecially when it
grows in very dry places; and it has been de-
{cribed in this condition as if a diftin& fpecies,
under the name of Alcea texuifolia crifpa.

DIVI-

28 * * Thee Be Role Tel SH 1H aE yRAB cAy

DUEVeAT/S*1 O- Natl

1, Finger’d-leaved Vervain-Mallow.
Alcea foliis digitatis.

The root is large, thick, white, and fpread-
ing.

The leaves that’ rife from it are large, of a
roundifh form, but deeply cut in five places: they

~ ftand on long foot{talks, and are of a pale green.

The ftalks are* numerous, firm, and woody :
they rife to fix feet in height, and are of a yel-
lowifh green, and rough to the touch,

The leaves on thefe are numerous, and very
beautifully divided into five parts, in a fingered
manner : they ftand on rough footftalks, and are
of a pale green.

The flowers are numerous and large, and are
of a very beautiful bright red: the feeds ftand
in rounded fat clufters.

It is a native of Italy, and flowers in Augutt.

C. Bauhine calls it Alcea cannabina, J. Bau-
hine, Alcea pentaphylli folio five cannabina.

2. Hairy Vervain Mallow.
Alcea bir futa.

The root is long, white, and thick, and has
many fibres,

Si EieyR 1

FOREIGN

SPECIES

The leaves that rife from it are rounded, but

‘have three vifible indentings : they ftand on long

footftalks, and are of a pale green, and hairy.

The ftalks are numerous: they rife from the
centre of this clufter of leaves; and are round,
yellowifh, weak, and ten inches high.

The leaves ftand irregularly on them, and are
divided each into three parts, and of a pale green,
and hairy.

The flowers are moderately large, and of a
bright red; and they ftand in a rough hairy cup.

The feeds follow in a flat rounded head. —

It is a native of France and Italy, and flowers
in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Alcea hirfuta. J. Bauhine,

| Alcea villofa.

The virtues of the vervain mallow are the fame
with thofe of the common mallow, but in an infe-
rior degree.

There are feveral other plants allied to the ma/-
Jow kind in their general appearance, but produ-
cing their feeds in capfules: thefe are diftinguifhed
by modern writers under the names of fda, €e.
and will be treated of in the next clafs.

PLOPLOLGHOVIH LS HORA L OSL LLG SLSR VGH HGH

Be Ss cooTh

Thofe of which there are no fpecies natives of BRITAIN.

Serer ge Nl

UieeS I,

NOBLE LIVER WO Ro.

HEP Ate Ouw

"THE flower is compofed of three petals, or of feveral ranges of petals, three in each ; and has

three-leaved cup. The feeds ftand in a naked clufter; and are numerous, oblong, pointed ee
each end, and lightly hairy. When the flower is fingle, there ftands’a tuft of numerous filaments in
the centre: in the double flowers thefe are lefs diftinétly feen.

Linnzus places this among the polyandria polygynia.

In his firft works he makes it a feparate ge-

nus; in his latter he confounds it with the anemone; but their difference is very obvious and

certain, the anemone having no cup to the fower. There is properly only one fpecies of

this plant ;

but culture has raifed a multitude of varieties of it; fome of which that appea itti
5 > th
. from the reft, have been defcribed by authors as if diftin® fpecies. ge

Single Blue Hepatica.
Hepatica flore fimplici cer uleo.

The root is compofed of a large flefhy head,
and a vaft quantity of fibres: thefe laft fo cover
the tuberous part on all fides, that it appears,
on taking out of the ground, to be only a tuft
of fibres.

From feveral parts of. this root rife firft naked
ftalks fupporting the flowers, and afterwards the
leaves. As nature has inverted the general order
in the growth of this plant, it is proper, in the
defcription, we follow her courfe.

The footftalks which fupport the flowers are
fhort, and very flender :; one flower ftands on each
and this is compofed naturally of three, fix. or
nine petals; for in the wild plant there is found
all that variety. When the petals are only three
they ftand in a regular order; when fix, there is
a fecond range of three over the firft; and when
nine, a third range over that, In the centre there
1s a great tuft of fibres; and under the flower
there is a three-leaved cup, which temains when
me is fallen. The common colour of the flower
is blue in its natural ftate i
Cece ee te, fometimes red, and

The

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diblle W\ white
BW Uflomeri allow

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I
Lillypook

Worvian We.

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ge SY \y

|
finger leit’ |
Vetiiuntlidblow 7 (hs

Ss
KZgh, SS
Wide feober \ t fatighe: OMT? €

The BRET LH JE Bi RE BEALE ey

The feeds follow in a {mall roundifh head.

The footftalks of the leaves are longer than
thofe of the flowers, and are flender and weak :
each fupports a fingle leaf: this is divided into
three parts; but the divifion does not run down
to the ftalk: the colour on the upper-fide is a
dufky green, and on the under-fide it is paler.

Jt is a native of Germany, and many other
parts of Europe, and flowers early in fpring.

GG. BN

LEOPARD’S

C. Bauhine calls it Trifolium hepaticum flore fim-
plicit ; others, Hepatica nobilis, or Noble liver-
wort. : :

It is recommended as an agelutinant, bal-
famick, and vulnerary. It has been efteemed
alfo greatly in diforders of the liver; but it is not
fo much regarded here,. as abroad.

Us Ss Il.

BANE.

THO OReA

THE flower confifts of five petals, with a tuft of threads in the centre : the feeds ftand in a {mall
naked clufter : the root is tuberous ; and the leaves are roundifh, and entire.

Linnzus places this among the polyandria polyeynia, making it a fpecies of ranunculus, not a dif-
tinét genus, with its peculiar and proper name. The flowers and feeds agree with thofe of the ranun-
culus: but the whole afpect of the plant is different from any kind of crowfoot; and the generical
character, taking in the leaves and root, is quite difting.

There may appear the lefs inconvenience in joining this plant with the ranunclus ;

the form of the flower and feeds is the fame,

becaufe not only

but the plant agrees in its qualities in fome degree with

the crowfoots. But as there is an antient diftinét name for it, and there are grounds in nature for

fupporting the diftinction, I have preferved it.

There is properly but one fpecies of thora known.

Round-leaved Leopard’s Bane,
Thora valdenfis,

The root is compofed of a number of oblong
thick pieces, hanging from one head.

The leaves that rife from it ftand on Jong foot-
ftalks, and are nearly round. The’ ftalle is in-
ferted at the middle, where there is a little dent ;
and they are finely ferrated about the edges,

Among thefe rifes a fingle ftalk of eight inches

_in height, flender, round, and upright“ not
branched, but dividing fometimes into two, fomie=
times into three twigs at the top,

Near the bottom of this ftand two or three
leaves, refembling thofe from the root, or fome-
times a little dented at the end oppofite the ftalk ;
in fome plants alfo they are doubly dented, fo as
to give the idea of a divifion into three parts.

Toward the top of the ftalk ftand feveral
leaves of a very different figure ; they are narrow,
longifh, and have no footftalks, and are fmall,
and not divided at the edge.

NeesUs 2s

On the top of the ftalk ftands a fingle flower,
when it is not divided; when it is, one on each di-
vifion.

Thefe are moderately large, and of a very
beautiful yellow, compofed of five broad petals,
and placed in a cup of five narrow leaves. :

The feeds fland in a naked clutter.

It isa native of the mountains in Switzerland,
and other parts of Europe; and flowers in May.

J. Bauhine calls it Thora folio cyclaminis , others,
Thora, and Thora valdenfis. Moft authors de-
{cribe a fmaller fpecies; but it is no more than
a variety of this. What’ we have given, is the
plantin its utmoft perfeCtion: where it is ftarved,
the leaves are lefs and more dented; and there
are only two or three of the narrow ones, and a
fingle fower on the ftalk : but this which is called
the /efer thora, being brought into a garden, be~
comes the fame with the greater.

It is accounted poifonous. 3

Ill.

CLIMBER.
wierd IR “AG she Neen.

ae flower is compofed of twelve petals, and has a cup compofed of four leaves: the feeds
ftand in a naked clufter, and have long downy filaments.
Linnzeus places this among the polyandria polygynia, It refembles the clematitis in the feeds, but

-differs-greatly in the flower. }

Trifoliate Atragene.
Atragene foliis pinnatis, trifoliatis:
The root is long, woody, and creeping.

The firft leaves are broad, and ftand on long
aN 253%

footftalks, only three on each, and thofe not
deeply ferrated.

The ftalks are numerous, woody, weak, and
flender: they are four or five feet long, and di-
vided into numerous branches.

I he

THE BRITISH HERBAL.

The leaves ftand on long footftalks, and are
of a particular form: they have a pinnated afpect,
and confift each of nine leaves, difpofed in three
parcels ; one parcel at the end of the footftalk ;
the other two at the fides, in the’ manner of wings.
Thefe are of an oblong form, and beautifully di-
vided ; and are ferrated round the edges.

The flowers ftand on long footftalks, and are
of a beautiful purple colour, fometimes deeper,
fometimes paler. g

The feeds ftand in a round head, with long
and beautiful downy threads.

It is frequent in fome parts of Germany, and
flowers in June, _

Th END of the

MG
ree)

ma EDS
Da es

C. Bauhine calls it Clematis alpina geranifolia.

Haller, in the new method, makes this fhrub 2
fpecies of anemone. He calls it Anemone tubis
caudatis pinnis latiffimis. He adds the word ¢e-
trapetala, confidering the cup as the flower.

It is of a hot and pungent tafte. The bark of
the root has been ufed in outward applications
againft pains, and is faid to have taken great ef-
fect againft the fciatica. Some have ufed it alfo in
the gout, under the violence of a fit in their feet,
but without fuccefs.

FOIGReSiTeag Coby ASS,

ahd i

THE

BRITISH HERBAL.

RABAT ee ee ee Doee eeesDaa aD e ae De a SeDeaeDcBe Ra eee ae DSH Dee CB aR cPe

‘

GLA’ Ss SAL
Plants whofe flower is compofed of severat PETALS, with NUMEROUS THREADS
in the centre, and whofe feeds are contained in sivERAL PODS.

which it confifts have been feparated from one another, and joined with fuch as are unlike
them, bythe fafhionable form of this fcience: Mr. Ray, who followed nature carefully, has
kept thefe together, as the preceding. He calls them berbe multifilique, five corniculate.

"To like the former, is a clafs perfectly diftinguifhed by nature; although the plants of

The plants of this clafs are fewer than in many othetss and we fee how regularly, naturally,
and obvionfly they are connected together ; yet Linnzeus has difperfed thern over all his works. We
join them, becaufe feveral feparate feed-vefiels follow every flower. This character they all have, and
this no other have ; it is therefore a very plain and perfect mark for their diftinction + that author fepa-
rates them, becaufe though all have feveral threads in the centre; yet fome havea greater, fome a
fmaller number. Becaufe' hellebore has twenty or more of thefe threads, he places that, and, for
the fame reafon, columbine and larkfpur, among his polyandria polygynia, joining them with the
plants of our laft clafs. Becaufe in the greater houfeleek thefe threads are twelve, and in the leffer fpe-
cies ten, thofe plants are feparated from the preceding, and from one another, and placed in two dif-
tinét clafles; the former among his dodecandria, and the other among his decandria. The flowering
rufh, for bearing but nine threads in every flower, is fent into a clafs different from all the others,
among his exweandria : and the periwinkle, having but five threads in each flower, is joined with ivy,
currants, and the vine, whofe fruits are berries, under the claf$ of pentandria.

Thus we fee the plants of which this clafs is compofed, and: which are fo perfectly allied to
one another, diftributed by this author throughout every part of his fyftem'; fcarce any two of them
are to be found together.

The queftion:here is, whether a number of plants are to be treated of together, becaufe they all have
their feeds placed in feveral capfules after every flower, a character no others enjoy in common with
them; or whether they are to be feparated into different claffés, becaufe one has ten, and another has
but nine:threads in the centre? Such is the fyftem of Linnaeus. Novelty made it pleafe, and its

“obfcurity rendered it admired; but it cannot be lafting.

Tournefort judged better in this cafe: erroneous as he has been with refpeé&t to the plants of the
preceding clafs, he determined rightly of thefe. ‘The fingular character of feveral feparate capfules
after every flower, could not efcape him; though eamens: who knew, would not obferve it.
Tournefort keeps them together, as Mr. Ray has done, under that character. The inftances we have
given of Linnzus’s unnaturally feparating thefe plants from one another, and unnaturally joining
them with others, are from the Englifh wild kinds. We fhall thew greater force put upon nature,
when we come to foreign genera; if there can be greater than joining the periwinkle and the vine, one
having for its fruit a berry, the other feveral feparate dry pods; becaufe in each the flower has five
threads i in the centre,

§ E-

The? BaR el hel Soh Hob eReB eA I

Secbree Rood Be Sie Fs
Natives off BRITAIN.

Thofe of which one or more fpecies, are naturally wild in this country.

ING AU Sian
HEL LE Bor §

GE
BLACK
HELLEBORUS NIGER.

Lack hellebore hag finpered leaves; and large flowers, compofed of five roundifh petals: and thefe

have no cup. In the centre ftand numerous threads, with upright flatted buttons, and the ru-

diments of feveral capfules, which when ripe are large, and comprefled, and contain roundifh feeds,
It is one of the polyandria polyeynia of Linnaeus.

Dal eval’ Sele Oe Nea F,

1. Small wild Hellebore,
” Helleborafter niger flore viridi.

~The root is a tuft of thick, numerous, black
fibres. ;

The firft leaves ftand on Jong footftalks; and
are large, of adeep green, and divided into feveral
parts, in the manner of ‘fingers: thefe are each
of them long, narrow, fharp-pointed, and deeply
ferrated at the edges. }

The ftalks are numerous, and about 2 foot
high: they are round, green, firm, and upright.

The leaves on thefe are few: they refemble
thofe from the root; but are fmaller, and have
fhort footftalks ; often none, .

The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches,
and very large and fingular: they have no cup:
they are green, but paler than the leaves; and
they have a great number of threads, with white
buttons in their centre.

The feed-vefiels appear among thefe, and after-
wards ripen; the flower not falling, but. remain-
ing with them. :

Some have hence faid that it is properly a cup,
and that this plant has no flower, It is true, that
the flower of ‘this plant does not agree with their
definitions of a ower, which fay that it muft: be
compofed of leaves differently coloured from thofe
of the plant, and that they mutt fall off before the
feed ripens ; but nature is thore certain than their
characters. The flower of the wild hellebore is truly
fuch ; and all we learn by their nice diftinGions is,
that their definition is imperfe& : that fhould be
altered ; not this {truck out of the lift of flowers,

The pods, when ripened, are large, flatted,
and tough 5 and each contains feveral feeds.

Tc is a fearce plant. It has been found in woods
in Kent and Suffex, and in Buckingham hire, Tt
‘flowers early in fpring.

Tt has the virtues of ‘Black bellebore, but in an
inferior dégree.” ees :

Our country-people give a little of the pow-
dered root to their children againft worms; but
it is too rough a medicine. The leaves dried and

-powdered are taken for the fame purpofe ; and
an infufion of the flowers is faid to be a prefer-

iB Rely iyly Sabu SePePaCulabes:

vative againft contagious difeafes. It isa very
harfh medicine, and fhould be given with caution.

C. Bauhine calls this Helleborafter niger borten«
Jis flore viridis others, Helleborafrum,

2. Great wild Hellebore.
Helleborafter maximus. J

The root is long, large, and furnithed with
many: fibres. :

The leaves are numerous, large, and’ beautié
ful: they ftand on long footftalks, and are di-
vided deep, in the manner of fingers: there are
nine or more of the on each ftalk, or compofing
each compleat leaf; They are of a bluifh green
colour, ‘and glofly ;°and are very narrow, fharp-
pointed, notched at the edges, and often turn in-
ward at the ends,

The'ftalk is a yard high :
very thick, and full of leaves. :

Thefe have their long’ footftalks like thofé
from the root. Thofé on the lower part refemblé
thofe of the root in form 3 but thofe near the top
are fimple, not fingered; they are only divided inté
two or three. irresular parts at the end. The
flowers are very numerous, but not fo large as in
the preceding : they are green, with a bluth of
purple, principally on the outfide 3 and they have
numerous threads, with whitebuttons in the centre,

The feed yeflels jare many, ‘andthe feed is
roundith, r

It.is\ wild in fome parts of. Kent and Suffex,
but is not common:
{pring,

it is green, round,

The roots are a violent purge, and too harfh
for inward ufe.

The country-people .put Pieces. of them into
holes cut in the ears, or other parts of their cattle,
in many diforders 3,and they produce a difcharge,
which often is ferviceable : they call thefe Setters,
and the plant has thence been named among them
JSetterwort, : :

C. Bauhine calls it Helleborus niger fetidus en.
neaphyllon Plinii; others, Helleborafter maximus.

Both this and the former, as they are fcarce in
their wild ftate; are kept by our country-people in
gardens, where they call them both Lear’ s-foot.

DIVI-

lt flowers very eat gi *

Th BRITISH HERBAL.

DL V-1:S: TORN: wii

True black Hellebore.
Helleborus niger flore rofeo.

The root confifts of avaft quantity of thick,
tough, long, and black fibres; fometimes faftened
toa {mall head, fometimes without any.

The leaves rife in a clufter, and are large and
beautiful: they are of the fingered kind, and of a

pale green colour, and fiefhytexture. They ftand .

on footftalks three or four inches long, thick,
flethy, redith, ‘but feldom quite erect; and each
leaf is compofed of about feven ‘parts, fometimes
lefs : thefe are broad, fhort, ferrated at the edges,
and pointed at the ends.

Among ‘thefe rife the ftalks which fupport the
flowers.

Thefe are fhorter than the footftalks of the

leaves, and, like them, thick, flefhy, and often |
redifh : each fuftains a fingle flower, and each |
has a kind of little leaf on it placed about its |
_ middle, and altogether unlike the others.
The flower is very large, and very beautiful ; |
it is white, with a bluth of redih, and is as big |
as a fmall fingle rofe: there are numerous threads |

in the centre, with white buttons.

The feed-veffels are numerous, flatted, and
full of a roundifh feed.

It is a native of Germany, and is frequent on

(ee oN

FOREIGN

SPECIES,

the Apenine mountains. It flowers in the dead
of winter; whence it has obtained among our
pardeners the name of (Chbriftmas flower.

C. Bauhine calls it Helleborus niger flore rofeo 5
others, Helleborus niger verus.

This is the -dlack bellebore {o celebrated among
the antients for its virtues. It was efteemed a fo-
vereign cure for madnefs.

It is an excellent deobftruent, and is good in
nervous and hyfterick cafes. The principal vir-
tue is in the outer bark of the root, the reit being
infipid.

It may be given in powder, or in tin¢ture 3
but the beft method is the latter. It is a coarfe,
rough medicine; and there fhould always be gi-
ven with it ‘cloves, cardamoms, ‘or fome other
fpice.

Jt operates as a cathartick, but very uncer-
tainly. Its beft ufe is in obftinate obftru@tions.

| Thave known inveterate complaints in the head

cured by a continued ufe of a tinGture of ellebore
and cloves, thirty drops for a dofé. :

The tinéture for this purpofe fhould be made
with an ounce of bellebore-root, a dram anda half
of cloves, and a quart of proof fpirit, without heat.
Great care muft ‘be taken that the root be frefh,
foritis often damaged by keeping.

all.

GLOBE-FLOWER.

TROLLIVUS.

HE leaves are fingered: the flower confifts of numerous petals; the outer ones are fhorter 3
and the inner, which are larger, bend toward one another ; fo that the flower is globular: the

capfules of feeds are numerous.

Linnzeus, in his Genera Plantarum, makes this a fpecies of hellebore ftom which it differs in that
effential and obvious character, the number, form, and difpofition of the petals which compofe the
flower. He was not ignorant of this plain diftinétion : but the fondnefs for his fyftem would not then
let him feparate a plant he faw fo perfectly diftin&t. He acknowledges that the number and figure of
the feveral. parts of the flower vary ; but he fays the effential character of the genus confifts in the nec.
tarium. This is the fhift to which we have feen this great author before reduced in the crow-
foot kind. Nature difclaims that fyftem, which will force, under one imaginary genus plants the
form, number, and fituation of the feveral parts of whofe flowers are unlike; becaufe in each
there isa little glandule in the lower part of the petal, that is, fomewhat alike in one and in the other,

In his Species Plantarum this, author has given them as feparate genera.

‘ DEV ise Oona.
a
: Common Globe- flower.
Trollius vulgaris.

The root is a tuft of long thick fibres, con-
nected to a very fmall head.

The leaves rife in a clufter, and each is fup-
ported on a long and moderately thick foorftalk :
they are in the whole of a roundifh circumference,
but are divided down to. the ftalk into five, fe-
ven, or more parts; and each of thefe is alfo to-
ward its extremity divided more flightly into fe-
veral others, and all the way notched at the
edges. i

The flalk is round, thick, upright, two feet

Nelv,

BRITISH SPECTLES:

high; of a pale green, and fcarce at all divided
into branches. 5

Its leaves are few, and placed irregularly: there
are one or two towards the bottom, and one only
near the tops the lower ones have fthort foot-
ftalks, the upper none: they refemble thofe which
rife from the root in their divifion and colour,
which is a.dufky and unpleafant green.

The flower is large, yellow, fingular, and
beautiful: it: never perfeétly opens. The outer

‘petals-or leaves are fhort, the inner much larger ;

and they nearly clofe at their points, leaving only
a very {mall opening into the body of the flower:
the fhape of which is therefore globular. There

K ‘ ftand

34 The

ByRVEEE S bse Hoe -ReBMA YE:

ftand within it a vaft number of very fhort fila-
ments, and among them the rudiments of nume-
rous capfules. Toward the bottom of each petal
there is a gland which opens in a labiated manner,
the lip being undivided.

The feeds are contained in numerous capfules.

It is a native of Wales, and of fome of the
northern counties of England. It flowers in
June.

DIV ISH-O NIL

Small Globe-flower.

Trollius humilis flore croceo.

The root is a tuft of long, thick fibres.

‘The leaves rifing from the root are deeply di-
vided in the manner of thofe of the other; but
they ftand on fhorter footftalks, and are of a pale
green. ‘

The ftalk is round, tolerably upright, and
about ten inches high.

Its leaves are few; and they are deeply di-
vided, and have the divifions ferrated at the edge
as the others: they are of a paler green, and
ftand very irregularly.

The flowers are very large, and very beautiful :
their colour is a deep yellow, with a tinge
of orange ; and they at firft have the figure of
thofe of the common globe-flower s but when they

G EY N

We keep it in gardens for the fingularity of
the flower.

The virtues have not been tried.

Moft authors have called this planta Ranun-
culus, not obferving the feed-veifel.

C. Bauhine calls it Ranunculus montanus aconiti
folio flore globofo: others, Ranunculus globofus.

F OP RAE ICG Ne Sp Pr BC Ap E3Ss

have ftood ‘fome time, they open: they have a
great number of threads within, and are fucceeded
by many fhort and flat pods.

What is very fingular in the ftru€ture of the
flower in this fpecies is, that the glandules we
have defcribed at the bottoms of the petals in the
common globe-flower, are in this very long, and
give a very particular afpect to the whole.

This fpecies is a native of many parts of the
world, but not of England. Tournefort found
it in the Greek iflands, and Amman in Siberia:
they both defcribe it as a fpecies of hellebore.

Tournefort calls it Helleborus niger orientalis ra-
aunculi folio flore nequaquam globofo. Amman,
Helleborus aconiti folio flore glebofo croceo.

Linnaeus defcribes the firft as a fpecies of
hellebore, in his Flore laponica.

U 44S Ill. ,

MARSH MARYGOLD.

CRAG Tia Has A:

HE leaves are undivided : the flower is compofed of five large petals, and has no cup. In the

centre there are numerous filaments, with erect, obtufe, compreffed buttons.
are numerous, fhort, and pointed; and the feeds roundith.

The capfules »,

Linnzus places this among the polyandria polygynia, next to the crowfoot 3 fuppofing, in his ufual
manner, that they are of the fame clafs, becaufe both have numerous filaments in the centre of the
flower; though the feeds of the crowfoot ftand naked, and the feeds of the marfe marygold are enclofed

in capfules.

Of this genus there is but one known fpecies, and that is a native of Britain,

Common Marfh Marygold.
Caltha paluftris.

The root is compofed of a vaft number of long,
thick, whitifh fibres, which run under the fur-
face to a great diftance.

The leaves rifing from it ftand on long, green,
thick, and flefhy footftalks: they are of a roun-
dith figure, but indented where they receive the
ftaik, and very lightly notched about the edges.

The ftalks are thick, round, flefhy, upright,
of a pale green, and a foor and a half high: they
have few branches, and their leaves ftand irregu-
larly; thofe toward the lower part have footftalks,
thofe higher up have not; and they are all of the
fame fhape, though fomewhat finuated and
pointed, and of the fame fine green colour.

The flowers are very large, and of a beautiful

and very common.

yellow: they have a great tuft of fhort threads
in the centre.

The feeds are contained in a clufter of fhort
pods.

It is frequent in our meadows, and flowers in
April.

C. Bauhine calls it Calva palufiris flore fimplici :
others, Caltha paluftris, eae

Authors have defcribed, and even figured,
What they.call the /mall marfo marygold, as if a
diftinct fpecies ; but it is only an accidental ya-
riety. ;

The flowers of this plant are fometimes found
naturally double: this alfo has by fome been
figured as a diftin& {pecies; but thefe are the
moft common and trivial of all varieties,

Its virtues have not been tried,

GENUS

Th BRITISH HERBAL

(Gy E 2 N

Us IV.

FLOWERING RUSH.
BUITOMUS.

Tes leaves are long and narrow. The flowers are difpofed in a kind ‘of umbel which has a
three-leaved cup. Each confifts of fix petals, three larger within, and three {maller without,

and fix capfules for the feeds follow the flower.

Linnzus places this among his Enneandria, becaufe its flower has nine filaments in the centre; fepa«

rating it by feveral claffes from the globe-flower an

veffels fhew it manifeftly belongs.

d marth marygold, to which its flowers and feed-.

There is but one known fpecies of this genus, and that is a native of Britain.
We fee this clafs not only comprehends fewer genera than many others, but that feveral of thofe

have but a fingle fpecies: 4

The Flowering Ruth.
Buiomus,

The root confifts of a multitude of long, flen-
der and tough fibres joined to a fmall head: ma-
ny of thefe heads grow together, fo that one
clufter of the roots will be extreamly large.

From thefe rife together the leaves and ftalks’
thefe form a kind of bulbous bottom, and the
leaves furround one another, as well as the ftalk,
to fome height ; after this they feparate; and they
are long and narrow: they are not flat, but of a
three cornered fhape, and are thick, and full of a
light, loofe pith. Their colour is a bluith green,
and they are fharp at the points.

he ftalk is tall and naked. It rifes from the
centre of a clufter of leaves, and is three or four
foot high. It is round, {mooth, thick, and full
of pith, :

The flowers ftand in a large tuft at the top,

Ge EN

and thefe are moderately large, and very beauti-
ful. They confift each of fix fhort, obtufe, and
roundifh petals, and are of a delicate pale red
colour. They have two fets of threads in the
centre, fix which ftand outward, and three with-
in them; and on thefe are buttons, formed each
of two lamella or plates. In the centre of thefe
are fix rudiments, which, after the fower is fallen
become the fruit.

Thefe capfules are oblong, erect, and open in-
wards. They are each compofed of a fingle piece,
whereas thofe of the others ufually are of two,
The feeds are oblong and obtufe.

It is’ not uncommon with us in waters ;
flowering in June. '

J. Bauhine calls it Juncus floridus. C, Bau-
hine, Funcus floridus major.

We have no account of its virtues,

U, aeSasitinVe

STARRY WATER PLANTAIN,.
DAMASONIU™.

HE flowers confift of three petals. The feeds are contained in capfules, feveral of which fuc-

ceed every flower.

Linneus places this among the hexandria polygynia, making it a fpecies of water plantain, under

the name ali/ina.

This was an early error, and we are to call the name water Plantain a very impro-

per one, though the addition of f2arry makes a plain diftin@ion.

We have been ufed to wonder that the common Englifh writers named this as a {pecies of that genus ;
but our furprife muft be greater when we {ee this writer fall into the fame confufion. Its feed-veftels
plainly diftinguith it from the water plantains properly fo called, and refer it se this clafs, to which

they do not belong.

There is but one known fpecies of this genus, and that is a nativegly Baia.
Pee

Starry Water Plantain.

Damafonium.

The root confifts of numerous long and flender
fibres.

The leaves are numerous. They ftand on
footftalks of three or four inches in length, and
are oblong, broad, and often fplit at the ends.

The ftalks rife in the centre of the tuft, and
are eight or ten inches in length, irregular in their
growth, much branched, and not very upright.
They are round, thick, and flefhy.

The flowers ftand in clufters at their tops, and
in other parts: they have each along flender pe-
dicle, and are {mall and white.

The feeds follow enclofed in capfules fix after
every flower. .Thefe are difpofed in a radiated
manner, fo as to refemble the figure of a ftar;
and thence the plant had its name ffarry 3 as it
had that of water plantain from fome refemblance
of the leaves to thofe of that plant. :

It is common in fhallow muddy waters and
about ditch fides. The leaves fometimes float
upon the water, at other times they ftand dry.

It flowers in July, and the feed-veffels foon
follow. :

J. Bauhine calls it Damafonium feellatum dalef-
campii. C. Bauhine and moft others, Plantago
aquatica fiellata.

We have no account of its virtues,

GENUS

en The BRITISH HERBAL
GVIE 2@NUUS @ VE
: ORPINE.

TELEPHIUM.

HE flowers confift each of five petals, and ftand in akindof umbel. The leaves are flefhy and flat.

Linnzus places this among his decandria pentagynia,

making it a fpecies of fedum or houfe-

leek. The flowers and feed-veffels indeed are very likes but orpine in its general form and figure, is
fiticientl? diftin® ; and having been called by a feparate name, and endowed with particular virtues,

we preferve the diftinétion.

There is the more ufe in this becaufe the fpecies of houfeleek are in themfelyes very numerous ; fo
that the leffening the number is rendering the knowledge of them lefs perplexed and more familiar.

Del Vel Stl OPN! = I

x. Common Orpine,
Telephium vulgare.

The root is compofed of a great number of
tuberous pieces irregularly joined together, and
having many fibres between them.

The firft leaves are {mall and inconfiderable;
they are oblong, blunt at the ends, and have
no footftalks. They prefently grow yellow and
decay.

The ftalks are numerous, round, thick, flefhy,
upright, and two foot high.

The leaves ftand thick upon the ftalks, two, or
three fometimes rifing from the fame fpot: they
are broad, oblong, flat, blunt at the ends, and
flightly ferrated at the edges. Their colour is a
freth and beautiful green.

The flowers ftand in clufters at the tops of the
' ftalks: they are fmall, but of a delicate red.

Each is compofed of five {mall, radiated, pointed
leaves, with ten threads, and the rudiments of the
’ feed veffels in the centre.

The flower being fallen thefe rudiments ripen
into capfules five after every flower, in which are
‘contained very {mall and numerous feeds,

It is common in our paftares, and flowers in

uly.

The whole plant is fucculent and flefhy, and
will preferve its form and colour a long time
when cut from the root, efpecially if refrethed
with water.

C. Bauhine calls it Telephium vulgare. J. Bau-
hine, Anacampferos vulgo faba crafja.

We fometimes fee it with a white fower, In
this condition it has been defcribed by fomeas a dif
tinct fpecies. There are alfo fome other varieties
in the breadth and difpofition of the leaves, from
which there have been made many imaginary fpe-
cies, fuch as the broad-leaved orpine, and the like ;
bur thefe, when more nicely examined, will be
found not to, differ in any thing effential from this
common kind, : :

Orpine is famous as a vulnerary, It is ftyptick

DIVISION I,

'1. Oval-leaved Orpine,
Telephium foliis ovatis.

The root is white, long, irregular in fhape, and
creeps under the furface, with numerous fibres,

BRITISH

SePah)Celibes:

and fubaftringent. The root contains the prin-
cipal virtue, and it is excellent in dyfenteries,
and in diarrhzeas that erode the inteftines. It is
alfo ufed externally in burns. The bett Way of
giving the root is carefully dried and reduced to
powder ; five and twenty grains for a dofe.

2. Roofe-root.
Telephiun rofeym.

The root is large, thick, and of an irregular
form, oblong, and tuberous, and full of fibres ;
it is brown on the outfide and white within, and
is brittle, and of a very pleafant fmell. There is
plainly the {cent of the damafk rofe in it, but it
is\very flight; and the fame flavour is perceived
in tafting it,

The firft leaves are oblong, narrow, and with-
out footftalks :’ they quickly fade.

The ftalks are numerous, and rife in ‘little
clufters from different parts of the roots, They
are flender, round, and about a foot high.

The leaves are very numerous, and they ftand
irregularly on the ftalks : they, have no footftalks.
They are oblong, narrow, fharp-pointed, and
fharply ferrated at the edges, They are of a
yellowith green, and ufually have @ purplith tinge
at the point,

The flowers ftand j

n clufters at the tops of the
ftalks, es

They are fmall, and of a pale red,
olow in feparate capfules, which
are longifh and bent like horns,
Tt is frequent on the mountains
in Yorkthire. It flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Rhodig radix; and Motifon
telephium rofeum, '

in Wales and

The root is Tecommended by fome againft the
gravel. It is aperient by. urine, but invlome de-
gree aftringent in the bowels; and poffefies in
common with orpine, the virtue of blunting the
acrimony of fharp humours that erode the intef.
tines. Againtt diarrhzeas and dyfenteries it thould
be given in powder; and as a diuretick, in de-
Ccoction, :

FOREIGN §PECIES

The firtt leaves have thort pedicles, and are
oblong, narrow, obtufe and ferrated, and. of a
pale green. Thefe fade quickly, {6 that there is
No remain of them about the ftalk, me

3 The

y
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Sta ; WUE

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N o Him wile N 4 J
N Lone f? eg SF wef,

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Ydlow Stone rope white blunt Le

ie ae es 3 She Crop

lon a ple fllarsle
ti Ne a She .
Soba fae | oF ; |

Al
tag
4
ae.
Detis,
4
ae

Th BRITISH HER BA DL,

The ftalk is round, thick, flefhy, of a pale
green, two foot high, but not very erect. The
weight of the top is too much for it towards the
bottom, and it ufually bends or drops. :

The leaves are numerous, of an oval figure,
and with only the rudiments of a footftalk: they
are {malleft at the bottom, broadeft at the top,
and ferrated at the edges; the extremity termi-
nating alfo in'a fmall point,

The ftalk frequently fends out branches to-
ward the top, and on the fummit of thefe ftand
the flowers.

They are fmall but numerous, placed in a
clufter in the manner of common orpine, but of a
deeper purple.

The feeds are contained in feveral {mall pods.

It is a native of Italy, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Telepbium purpureum majus.
J. Bauhine, Auacampferos purpurea.

Its virtues are the fame with thofe of common
orpine..

Some who have feen the error of multiplying
the varieties of the common kind into fpecies,
have fuppofed this, which is a diftin& fpecies, to
be only a variety: this is an error on the other
fide; it is plainly diftinguithed as a fpecies by
the oval form of the leaves and the fmallnefs of
the flowers.

2. Short-leaved Orpine.
Lelephium repens foliis brevibus.

The root is not tuberous or large, as in the
common orpine, but compofed only of fibres. The
leaves that rife from it are few and fade quickly,
but there are always feen a great number of
young fhoots, which are full of little leaves.

Thefe rife by degrees into ftalks: they are

G E

N. Uses

round, flefhy, weak, and a foot or more long»
but they are only a part of that length in height;
for they Jie on the ground toward the bottom,
and frequently take root there, creeping and
fpreading ; fo that the tufts of this plant are
commonly large.

The leaves are very numerous on thefe ftalks

while young, but when they grow to a height, and
approach toward flowering, they fall off; fo that
while the young fhoots are very thick fet with
them, the flowering ftalks are almoft naked.

Thefe leaves are fhort, broad, ‘of a bluith
green colour and a glofly appearance, and are not
all indented at the edges,

The flowers ftand on the tops of the ftalks in
a fingle, large tuft; for the main ftalk feldom —
divides, or fends out any branches. Thefe are
larger than the flowers of the common orpine, and
of a bright pale red, fometimes white. There
ftand in the centre of each fower ten threads with
yellow buttons, which make a pretty variety in
the colour ; and among them are five rudiments
of capfules. Z

The flowers being fallen thefe grow larger,
and contain a very fmall, pale brown feed in great
plenty.

It is a native of the Apennines, and flowers in

June.

The leaves remain on the young ftalks all the
winter. s :
_.C. Bauhine calls it Telephium repens folio deciduo.
Others, Telephium femper virens. ;
Thefe two names feem contradictory, but Bau-
hine alludes to the droping of the leaves from the
flowering ftalks ; the other to thofe on the young
fhoots, being green all the winter.

’ The leaves are cooling, and are ufed in oint-

ments, where the plant is common,

VII.

STONECROP.

SEDUM.

PPHE flower confifts of five petals, and ftands in a cup compofed of a fingle leaf divided into
five fegments: in the centre of each flower are feveral threads furrounding five rudiments, which

afterwards become fo many capfules, ‘containing {mall numerous feeds.
in the flower each has a nectarium or little gland near its bafe.
Linnzus places this genus among the decandria pentagynia.

While thefe rudiments are

It is nearly allied to the orpine, but its

{pecies are fuficiently numerous without including thofe of that genus, fo long known by that name,
and fo diftinét in figure and in their manner of growing. :

DIVISION IL

1. Yellow Stonecrop.

Sedum minus hematodes,

The root is fmall, fibrous, and creeping.

The firft branches that rife from this, for
there are no fingle leaves rifing from it, are flen-
der, weak, and lie upon the furface. They are
three inches long, and fet very thick with leaves,
which are commonly of a blood red colour. This
gave origin to the Latin name of the plant,
which exactly tranflated fignifies bloody.

N°? 4.

BRED Ss “=S Pepe 1 ES

The ftalks which bear the flowers are fix or
eight inches high: they are, like the others,
round, thick, flefhy, with a firm core, and are
ufually of a redith colour.

The leaves ftand as thick on thefe as on the
others, and are of the fame kind. They are ob-
long, thick, flefhy, rounded in circumference,
but a little flat on one fide; and are of a pale
green at firft, but become red afterwards; and
they terminate in a kind of weak prickle.

The flowers ftand in a tuft in the manner of

thofe

lH ESR RI Tf 1S HH ERB AL.

thofe of orpine, and are of a beautiful yellow co-
Jour. ‘Each is compofed of fix leaves, and in
the centre there are many fhort threads fur-
rounding feveral rudiments of capfules.

TVhele ripen when the flowers- are fallen, and
are full of fmall feeds: |

It is common on old walls and the tops of
houfes, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Sedum minus luteum folio
acuto. J. Bauhine, Seduim minus flore luteo..

2. Scorpion Stonecrop.

. Sedum minus feorpioides.

The roots are flender, and edged with a few
fibres.

From thefe rife numerous ftalks, furnifhed with
abundance of leaves, which lie in a clufter about
the root, but never rife up to flowers.' Thefe are
two or three inches long, full of leaves in every
part, but particularly about the tops.

Among thefe rife ‘the ftalks which fupport the
flowers. They are thick, and compofed of a
flefhy outfide, with a flicky core. They are ten
inches high, of a pale colour, and full of leaves
at firft, but thefe turn red, and foon after drop
off about the roots.

They are oblong, thick, flefhy, and pointed ;
they have no footftalks; and till they loofe their
firft colour are of a beautiful green.

The flowers grow in clufters on the top of the
ftalk, and are large, and yellow; they ftand on
little branches, which, before they open, turn
round inward like a f{corpion’s tail.

The feeds are contained in capfules, feveral of
which follow every flower.

It is common on old walls, and flowers in the
middle of fummer.

C. Bauhine calls it Sedum minus luteum ramulis
refiexis, Others, Sedum {corpioides.

It has been accounted by many but a variety
of the common yellow kind, but it is a’ diftiné
fpecies, the flowers are larger; and the leaves
longer.

3. White blunt-leaved Stonecrop.
Sedum album felis obtufis,

The root is fmall, flender, and furnifhed with
numerous fibres.

The ftalks that firft rife from it are fhort,
thick, and branched : thefe lie upon the ground,
and have a great number of oblong, flefhy, pale
green leaves on them.

The ftalks which bear the flowers rife amone
thefe : they are flender, upright, and a foot high.

The leaves itand irregularly on thefe, and in a
confiderable number : they are larger than thofe
on the firft fhoots that lie upon tne ground, other-
wife like them, | They are of a pale green, round-
ed, oblong, and blunt at the ends.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks in
bunches, but not fo numerous or thick fet toge-
ther as in the yellow kind: they confift of five
‘leaves each, and are moderately large, and white.

The feeds are contained in fmall capfules, fe-
veral of which fucceed every flower,

It is not uncommon onthe tops of old houfes,
and flowers in autumn.

C. Bauhine calls it Sedum minus teretifolium
album. Ochers, Sedum minus album,

‘mouth ; fpitting it out when ufed.

This is cooling and aftringent. Its juice with
plantain water makes a good gargle for a fore
The two pre-
ceding fpecies have the fame virtues, but ina
lefs degree.

4. Clufter-leaved Stonecrop.
Sedum foliis fiipatis.

The roots are fibrous and fmall.

There rife from thefe numerous fhort branched
ftalks, that lie upon the ground, and are very
thick covered with flefhy, oblong leaves.

Among thefe rife flender ftalks, which are up-
right, redifh, four iaches high, and not branched :
thefe fuftain the flowers. ‘The leaves are oblong,
flefhy, andendina point. They ftandina very
confufed and thick cluftered manner upon thefe,
and often become red.

The flowers grow at the tops in fmall tufts, and
are little, and of a bright yellow.

The feed-veflels are narrow capfules, feveral come
after every flower, and they are full of fall feeds.

It is common on the mountains in Wales, and
has been found on Saint Vincent’s rock near Brif-
tol. It flowers in July.

Pitiver calls it Sedum minus Vincentii; and Mer-
ret, Sedum minus erupe divi Vincentii.

5. Rounded-leaved Stonecrop.
Sedum minus circinnato folie.

The roots are {mall and fibrous.

The leaves ftand very clofe upon the firft
fhoots, ‘which lie upon the ground, and are ‘thick,
fhort, flefhy, and of a pale green.

Among thefe rife the ftalks that bear the fow-
ers: they are weak, flender, and four or five
inches long.

The leaves on thefe are numerous, fhort,
blunt, and of an oval form; fometimes divided
at the end.

The flowers do not ftand in tufts as in the pre-
ceding, but feparately on different parts of the
ftalk ; and they are large and white.

Thefe are followed by feveral capfules full of
very {mall feeds. :

Its leaves grow very irregularly on the ftalks,
fometimes two, fometimes four from the fame
fpot ; and thofe on the fhort fhoots that rife from
the root and f{pread upon the ground are often
difpofed in a rounded manner at their ends,

It is found in Yorkfhire and fome other of the
northern parts of England.

C. Bauhine calls it Sedum minus circinnato folio.
Others, aizoon dafyphyllon.

6. Sharp yellow Stonecrop.
Seduin minus acre flore luteo.

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
many fibres.

The firft thoots are fhort, branched, and cluf-
tered with leaves. They lie upon the furface,
and are of a frefh and beautiful green.

The larger ftalks which bear the flowers rife
among thefe, and are perfectly like them. They
are flender, and their weight, from the number
and thicknefs of the leaves, is fuch that they can-
not ftand upright, but lie on the ground like the
others. They are five or fix inches long, and
commonly are divided into branches, They are

naked,

The BRT T 1S He He oR Bea

=a53

naked, and whitifh toward the bottom, but on
the upper part are altogether covered by thick
cluftered leaves; fo that they have a kind of
fcaly appearance.

Thefe leaves are fhort, thick, flefhy, broad at the
bottom, fharp at the point, and of a bright green.

At, the tops of the branches ftand numerous
large and beautiful yellow flowers, each compofed
of five pointed petals.

The feeds are contained in fmall capfules, feve-
ral of which follow every flower.

It is very common on walls; and in barren
chalky foils will fometimes grow upon the ground.

T have obferved on the chalk hills near Grave
fend in great abundance. It flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Sempervivum minus vermicu-
Tatum acre. J. Bauhine, Sedum parvum acre flore
luteo. : t

It is an excellent antifcorbutick, and is beft
given in form of an infufion. Se

A decoétion of it is good in fore mouths arif-
ing from fcorbutick habits. The frefh leaves
bruifed and applied to the fkin raife blifters, and
are excellent in paralytick contractions or weak-
nefs of the limbs.

7. Little white Stonecrop.
Sedum parvum mite flore albido.

The root is long, flender, and fibrous.

The flalks that firft rife have clufters of little’
leaves on them, and they are half upright half
drooping.

Among thefe rife others more robuift, ere&,
and intended to bear the flowers.

Thefe are two or three inches high, round,
thick, upright, and of a pale green, fometimes
of a redith colour.

The leaves are very fmall: they ftand irregu-
larly, but at diftances, not cluftered, but having
fpaces between them. They are fhort, broadith
at the bottom, and pointed at the ends.

Toward the top the ftalk commonly divides
into two or three branches, and on the fummit of
thefe ftand the flowers,

DI VTS 1.0O°N’ IE FO

1. Branched Stonecrop.

Sedum ramofum.

The root is long, flender, and has many fibres,

The firft leaves are numerous, fhort, flefhy,:and
not unlike thofe of purflane: they are of a pale
green, and as they fade grow yellowifh.

The ftalks are numerous, round, weak, and
eight or ten inches long. They lie in part upon
the ground, and in part ftand up. They are
shick fet with leaves, and divided into numerous
branches.

The leaves ftand irregularly,
flethy, of a pale green,
without footttalks,

The flowers are very numerous, fmall, and

white. They ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and

of the numerous branches. Each confifts of five,

little, pointed petals, and has in its centre ten

threads furrounding the rudiments of five capfules,
2

and are oblong,
blunt at the points, and

They are large, white, with a mixture of ted-
ith, and very beautiful. Each confifts of five
narrow, fharp pointed petals; and has\ fome -
threads and rudiments of capfules in the centre.’

The flower being fallen thefe capfules ripen,
and each contains many {mall feeds. ?

It is frequent in the north of England on old
walls and houfes, and on the ground in barren
places. It flowers in April.

Pitiver calls it MWecebra alba mitis. Merret,
Sedum minimum flore mixto ex albo &8 rubro.

8. Purple Marfh Stonecrop.

Sedum purpureum pratenfe.

This is a fingular and extreamly pretty plant.

The root is compofed of numerous fibres, fhort
and very flender, rifing from a fma'] head.

The firft fhoots from this are fhort, flender,
and thick fet with narrow leaves, which ftand in
a kind of clufters or buttons at their tops.

Among thefe rifes ufually a fingle ftalk to fuf-
tain the flowers. This is feven or eight inches
high, tender, juicy, round, and ufually redifh.

The leaves are numerous, fmall, thick, and
flefhy : they are a little hairy, and have much the |
refemblance of thofe of the common Jtonecrop, but
that they are fatter.

Toward the top the ftalk divides irregularly
into four or five branches, on the fummits of
which, and of their fubdivifions, ftand the flowers.

Thefe are very beautiful,’ of a pale purple co-
lour, moderately large, and compoted of five fharp
pointed petals, with a few threads and the rudi-’
ments of fome capfules in the centre,

When the flower is fallen thefe ripen. They
are five in number, and they become pale, The —
feed is very fmall. '

It is frequent in the northern parts of England,
where it grows on the wet parts of hills. It
flowers in April and May.

C.Bauhine calls it Sedum pratenfe Jubbirfutum
purpuream. J.Bauhine, Sedum porpureum pra-
tenfe.

Rema G?N = SeP By ienas:

When the flowers are fallen thefe ripen, and
contain fmall feeds.

It is frequent in the fouth of France, and
flowers in May.

Morifon calls it Sedum annuum album oblonga
portulace minoris folio. C. Bauhine, and others,
after Mithiolus, Cepea.

2. Large- flowered Stonecrop.
Sedum pumilum floribus majeribus flavis,

~ This is a fmall but very pretty plant.

The rootis flender, white, and has feveral fibres,

The firft thoots from this fpread about the fur-
face, and often take freth root as they lie; fo that
the plant is generally feen in very large tufts:
thefe are thick fet with leaves, efpecially toward
their extremities ; and thefe are fmal], flefhy, ob-
long, and tharp pointed, :

The ftalks that bear the flowers rife among
thefe.. They are round, fimall, fefhy, and ufually

redifh,

“The A BURC EEA SUE EEE RB A

fonecrop, and have ten threads, and the rudi-
iments of fix capfules in their centre.

When the flowers are fallen thefe ripen, and
are full of very {mall feeds.

It is frequent about the Apenines and in other
mountainous places, and flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Sedum minus luteum folio
acuto. Others, Sedum rupeftre.

4.0

redifh : they are three of four inches high, and
have leaves on.them, but thofe not cluftered as
in the preceding fhoots.
Thefe leaves are fhort, flefhy, and tharp pointed.
~ At the top of the ftalk ftand the flowers in a’
little clufter, five or fix together. They are large
in proportion to the plant, and yellow. They
confift of fix petals each, as the common Englifh

Git. eames 10'S
\HOUSELEEK,

VHE

SEMPERVIVU™.

HE leaves naturally difpofe themfelves in round clufters. The flower is compofed of twelve petals
6 it ftands in a cup divided into twelve fegments, and is followed by a clufter of twelve capfules,
Linnzus places this among his dodecandria polygynia, the threads in the flower, and the rudiments
of the fruit in general, anfwering to the number of divifions in the cup and of the petals in the flower ;
but this is uncertain. It is upon this exaét number of twelve ftamina that Linneeus has placed it in
his dodecandria clafs ; but nature fhews, and himfelf in fome degree acknowledges, that thisnumber of
the threads, or {tamina, is not certain: fometimes we fee them fewer, fometimes more.

_Itis not proper, therefore, to remove a plant from among thofe to which it plainly belongs, for the fake
of the particular number of threads in the flower, efpecially when that number is not conftant or certain ;
and this is the misfortune of that fafhonable method, not in this alone, but in numerous other inftances.

The fempervivum and the fedum, houfeleck and fionecrep are plainly allied to one another ; info:
much that many have diftinguithed them only by the names of greater and lefer: we have, in our
natural method, placed them next after one another ; and this, becaufe the Mower in each confifts of feve-
ral petals, and the feeds are contained in feveral capfules: but Linnzeus, becaufe thefe houfeleeks have

twelve threads in each flower, and the ftonecrops haye but ten, has feparated them into diftin® claffes,

They evidently belong to the fame: their diftin@ion in the number of

petals, and of capfules

is a proper mark for a feparate genus, but nothing more: it has no right to place them in different

claffes ; much lefs has the number of thofe lefler parts, which we fee

thofe more obvious and confiderable.

It is according to thefe laft nature has claffed plants together, and we thould follo
the obfervation in this cafe that the filaments agree in number with the petals in one
the other of the fame clafs, was pretty; and an attention to their number and fi

accompany in their variations

w her fteps ;
genus, and in
tuation in other

plants, is not always frivolous ; but it was a weak imagination that prompted Linnaeus to believe thefe
were the proper characterifticks of what we call claffes, and what nature has made'families of plants,

They are always diftinguifhed by greater characters

DA Ve lor OeN: aly

Great Houfeleck.

Sempervivum majus,

The root. is compofed of a great number of
long, thick fibres.

The leaves rife in a regular manner, forming a
round clufter, and there are continually offsets
produced from thefe firft clufters, the leaves of
which are difpofed in the fame manner ; fo that we
commonly fee a great number of thefe fhoots toge-
ther, which make a very beautiful appearance.

The leaves are broad at the bottom, fharp
at the point, and even at the edges. They are of
a pleafant green, very thick, and flefhy ; and the
larger being placed outward, and the leffer all the
way inward, in feveral feries, they give the idea
of an eye. :

From the centre of thefe clufters rifes the ftalk,
which, when in flower, is of equal beauty with
the leaves. It is a foot or more in height, and at
the bottom as thick as a man’s thumb; it gradu-
ally grows {maller all the way up, and is from
top to bottom covered with leaves, which lie like
{cales, or like tiles of a houfe, one over another.

Thefe refemble the bottom leaves in their flethy
ftructure, and in fome degree in their form; but

BeRal Sor

SPECIES,

they are longer in Proportion to their breadth :
they are fharp pointed, and of a pale colour, ufu-
ally with a tinge of red.

The flowers ftand in great numbers on the
branches, into which the main ftalk divides at
the top, and they are large, and of a fine red.

The capfules are fmall, and contain very mi-
nute feeds. ?

It is common on walls and on th
old houfes, and flowers in July. Beng

C. Bauhine calls it Sedum’ m

ajus vulgare,
thers, Sempervivum majus,

O-

Its virtues are the fame with thofe of orpi
but it poffefles them in a fuperior degree. ites
he ud aftringenr, Outwardly it is excel-
ent for fore eyes, the jui i
and mixed wher open aaieaes

It is alfo a famous remedy for corns, weting
them well with the juice, and then coverings them
with a piece of the fkin of the leaf. sj

Internally it is cooling in fevers, and is particu
larly good in thofe attended with fharp diartheeas.

A cooling ointment may be made of the bruifed
leaves boiled in lard, which will anfwer all the’
purpoles of the unguentum populneum,

- DIVL

The BRITISH HERBAL,

DIVISION I,

Tree Houfeleek.
Sempervivum arborefcens.

This is not. improperly ‘diftinguifhed by the
name of ‘tree houfeleek: it has more-the afpect of
a fhrub, ‘though @ very fingular one, than an
herb, j

The root is large, thick, fpreading, and full

of \fibres. >
’ . Thetrunk, ‘for it ‘is more ‘properly fo Called
than the ‘ftalk, is five or fix feet high, ‘of the
thicknefs of a man’s arm, and of a pale green co-
Jour‘on the furface: from this foot branches of
the thicknefs of one’s thumb; and thefe fometimes
are fhort and fimple, fometimes longer, and di-
vided into leffer ramifications.

At the extremity of each ftands a clufter of
leaves, formed into circle, in the manner of thofe
of the common boufeleek, but very different in
fhape: they are oblong, and broad, fimalleft at
the bafe, largeft at the extremity, and there of-
ten dented in the heart-fathioned manner: they
are very tender and fucculent; and, when nicely
examined, are found to have fome indentings at
the edges. bs :

A Ee Giber Sia

FOREIGN SPECIES.

The flowers ftand upon peculiar falls rifing
from the upper part of the plant: thefe are ten--
der, and covered with leaves difpofed in the mari-
ner of the common boufeleek leaves on its ftalk,
but of the fame form with thofe which ftand in
clufters. 4

The flowers are extremely humerous, fiall,
and of a pale, but pretty yellow: they confift
each of twelve pointed petalsy and have twelve
threads, and the rudiments of twelve capfules in
the centre,

When the flowers ate fallen, thefe ripen, and
contain a quantity of very {mall feed. :

It is a native of the Greek iflands, and, as fome
fay, of the warmer parts of Europe. It rarely
flowers with us; and, when it does, it is at the
end of fummer. :

J. Bauhine calls it Sedum majus arbérefcens.
Clufius, and others, Sedum majus legitimum, and
Sedum arboreutn.

Its virtues are the fame with thofe oF the com-.
mon boufeleek. :

16 a

COLUMBINE
AQUILEGIA

HE leaves are divided into numerous parts + the flower confifts of Bvé petals, atid five glands
| or nectaria ftanding alternately between them } thefé are of along cornicullited Forth : the feeds
are contained in feparate capfules, five of which follow every flower.

Linnaus places this among his polyandria polyeynia, feparating, it from the plants to which it is

moft allied.

While we blame that author for his condué in this refpi
him the right underftanding of the ftru€ture of this flower.

ect, we are to acknowledge chat we owe to
The nectaria in moft flowers are fmall,

and it is very rarely they are confpicuous: they are glandules placed deep in the centre of them,

in moft cafes, and deftined for the reception of a honey-juice.
beautiful, confpicuous, and form the moft confiderable part of the flower.

In this fingular plant they are large,
What thefe horns of the

columbine were, was not difcovered till Linnzeus fhewed it: but they aré truly what he calls them. It
is thus in many inftances, which we fhall have occafion to name: it were hard to fay; whether moft

praife be due to him for his difcerning genius, or his ufwearied application.

*Tis with pleafure I

pay this juft tribute of applaufe to an author whofe fyftem I am obliged fo frequently to cenfure.
"This is but one of a thoufand inftances that they will be long obliged to Linnaeus for his obfervations

who fhall decline his method:

OF this genus there is but One {pecies a native of Britain.

DIVISION If.

Wild Columbine,
Aquilegia fylveftris,

The root is long, large, and often divided into
two or three parts 5 furnifhed with fibres, and of
a brownifh colour.

The leaves are numerous, and of a bluifh
green: they ftand on long footftalks, which are
of a redifh colour, and a little hairy. Each leaf
is compofed of three parts, and each of thefe parts
of three divifions: each divifion may be looked

DY, Sadi add

BRITISH SPECIES,

upon as a feparate leaf ; and thé whole will
then be compofed of nine fuch: thefe are diyi- -
ded at the edges, fomewhat in the manner of an
oak leaf.

In the centre of the tuft rifes the ftalk, which
is. flender, upright, jointed, redifh or bluifh,
and a little hairy § and; toward the top, divides
into many branches,

The leaves ftand irregularly on it: they are -
few, and like thofe from the root, but fmaller,
and with fewer divifions.

The

4:2» The

BRITISH HERBAL.

The flowers ftand at the tops of thefe, and are
large, and of aibeauriful blue. 6

The feed-veflels follow, five to each flower,
and contain large black feeds.

It is wild in the woods of Yorkthire, and other
northern counties, and flowers in May.
: C. Bauhine calls it Aquilegia fylveftris.
hine, Aquilegia flore fimpliti.

J. Bau-

The feeds of columbine are famous againft thé
jaundice. Matthiolus prefcribes them with faf-
fron; and there is no better way of giving them :
they open obftruétions of the vifcera, and operate
by fweat and urine.

It is alfo excellent alone in fevers, and in the
fmall-pox and meafles, to throw out the puftules.

A decoétion of the roots and feeds makes a
very good gargarifm againft fore throats.

Dsinveal Sole OeNeeell

1. Great-flowered Columbine.
Aquilegia magno flore foliis majus divifis.

The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with
many fibres.

The leaves ftand on long footftalks, and are
divided into many fegments: but thefe are not
broad, as in the common kind; but narrow, of
a pale green, and fharp-pointed,

The ftalks are two feet high, upright, redifh,
branched, and firm. i

Their leaves are few, and ftand at diftances.

The flowers are in all refpects like thofe of the
common columbine, but that they are much larger :
their. colour. is a beautiful blue.

“The feeds are contained in capfules, five fol-
lowing each flower.
-¢ It is common. in the fouth of France, and
flowers in June,
C, Bauhine calls it Aguilegia montana magno

Sore.

Gt vats oN.

FOREIGN

For all thefe purpofes the wild\ cclumbine is
preferable to any of ‘the garden kinds: and this
is the cafe throughout all nature, the cultivated
fpecies having the moft beauty, but the plain na-
tural plant the moft virtue. _

This plant has been taken out of the woods
into our gardens, and culture has given it a gréat
variety of forms and appearances, which fome
have confidered as diftinét fpecies.. The common
garden columbine, with large fingle flowers, the
double inverted columbine, and the rofe columbine,
as alfo the degenerate great columbine, have been
called fo many diftiné&t'plants ; but they are no-
thing more than varieties raifed from this ftock
by various culture.

There are other fpecies, though lefs common ;
and thefe deferve to be diftinguifhed,

SPECTES.

2. Red Virginian Columbine.
Aquilegia precox rubra.

The root is long, thick, divided: into feveral
parts, and edged with fibres.

The leaves are numerous, and ftand upon long
feotftalks : they are divided into fmall fegments,
notched at the edges, and of a very pale green.

The ftalks rife in the centre of this tuft; and
are flender, weak, and but fix or feven inches high.

They have a few {mall leaves on them, divided
like thofe from the root, but into narrower feg-
ments.

The flowers are large, and of a bright red on
the outfide, and yellowith at the mouth within:
the horns or neétaria are not crooked, as in the
common kind, but rigid and ftrait.

The feeds are contained in fender capfules.

It is a native of North America: We have it
in fome curious gardens; where it varies from the
natural fize, but preferves the character.

Cornutus calls it Aquilegia pumila precox Cana:
denfis. Others, Aquilegia Virginiana rubra.

Ursus xX,

LARKSPUR.

DELPHINIU™M.

HE flower confifts of five petals, one of which runs out behind into a long fpur: the (ee are
contained in capfules ; three of thefe naturally fucceed each flower; but in fome fpecies they

unite, and together form but one.

Linnzus places this genus among his polyandria trigynia ; the filaments in each flower being nume-

rous; and the rudiments of the fruit three naturally,

one, when the capfule is to be fingle,

and moft frequently; though fometimes only

This plant fhews how difficult it muft be to form the charaéters of a genus, or larger divifion, up-
on any one part; there being fpecies of Jark/pur in which the feed-veflel-is fingle.

DIVISION 1,
Common Larkfpur.
Delphinium vulgare ceruleum,

The root is long, flender, whitith, fimple, and
has but few fibres,

BRITISH SPECIES,

The firft leaves are’ {mall : they ftand upon
fhort footftalks, and are divided into a few feg-
ments. They are of a pale green colour, and
foon fade and wither.

The ftalk is round, firm, and of a pale green,
: divided

The

BERSIED TiSsbia (Hh EB Re By Astk?

divided into numerous branches; and not more
than fix inches high.

The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and are di-
vided into many longifh and narrow. fegments:
thofe on the lower parts of the ftalk are largeft,
and ftand on footftalks ; thofe toward the upper
part have no footttalks, and have but few divi-
fions.

The flowers ftand on the tops of the branches :
they are large, and have a long heel: their co-
lour is a dead blue, ,

There follows each flower only a fingle capfule
for the feeds; but it is eafy to fee that it is com-
pofed of three, united, one with another. This
perfectly fhews how the fingle capfule happens in
the other fpecies.

Tt is common in the corn-fields in fome parts of
England, and flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Confolida regalis arvenfis flore

1. Great fennel-leaved Larkfpur.
Delphinium foliis feniculi.
This is a large and very beautiful fpecies. The

root is long, fimple, white, and. tufted with,

fibres.

The leaves that rife from it are long, large,
and divided into a multitude of flender, long feg-
ments; fo that they have fome refemblance of
‘thofe of fennel; and they are of a dark green.

The ftalk is robuft, erect, and four feet high :
it divides toward the top into many branches, and

* on thefe ftand long fpikes of flowers.

The leaves on the ftalk refemble thofe from the
root in their divifion and colour: they ftand al-
ternate, and are of a fine frefh green:
ments are numerous, and very flender.

The flowers are large, and of the form of thofe
of the common larkfpur, but of a deeper and more
beautiful blue. ‘This is their natural, but not

their conftant colour; for they are fometimes

‘red, and fometimes white.

It is a native of Spain, and is brought into our
gardens ; where it has all the advantages of cul-
ture, and all the varieties attending it.

C. Bauhine calls it Confolida regalis bortenfis
Slore majore fimplici.

2. Broad-leaved hairy Larkfpur.
Delphinium hirfutum latifolium.

The root is thick, and has few fibres.

The leaves that rife from it ftand on long foot-
ftalks ; and are large, hairy, and of a pale green:
they are divided into many portions; but that not
in the manner of the others, into narrow, grafly
fegments ; but into about five broad parts, which
are each fubdivided towaid the ends by deep
cuts, and are notched round the edges.

The ftalk is thick, robuft, erect, purplifh, a
little hairy, and three feet high ; and is not much
branched ; often none at all.

The leaves‘are numerous on it, but ftand ir-
regularly : they refemble thofe from the root,
but are fmaller.

The flowers are large, with a long fpyr, and

their feg- |

FOREIGN

| parvo flore,

ceruleo.
ruleo.

From this inconfiderable plant rife all the
common varieties of the garden larkfpurs. There
are diftinct fpecies to be named hereafter ; but
the common, tall, and double larkfpurs rife only
from this ftock by culture

Others, Delpbinium fegetum flore ce

Tt is agolutinant, and vulnerary. The con-
ferve of the flowers is good in thofe purgings to
which children are fubject, attended with fharp
humours.

The juice of the flowers is good againft difor-
ders of the eyes; and the whole hérb made into
an infufion, againft cholicks.

Some have difputed thefe virtues of the lark
pur ; but they tried the garden kind: that from
the’ field is the right,

SiP2Ec@sishese

of a very beautiful blue:
fpike.

The feed-veffels ioe: three aft each flower ;
and the feed is large, and dark coloured.

It is a native of the northern parts of Europe,
whence it is brought into our gardens ; where,
from the leaves differing from the other lark/purs,
and in fome degree refembling thofe of the aco-
nites, it is commonly called tall. wolfs-bane:
Authors have alfo led themfelyes into this error,
by not fufficiently confidering that the flower is
the part from which the reference to a genus is
to be taken.

C. Bauhine calls it Lp ne mp! UUs feet
flore confolide regalis.

a ftand in a long ;

3- Smooth broad-leaved Larkfpur.
Delphinium latifolium glabrum

The root is long, white, fplit into Pranches,
and hung round with fibres.

‘The faves that rife from it are large, broad,
and deeply divided’; but not at all like thofe of
the common kind oF larkf{pur, or even like the
laft kind: thofe are divided fomewhat in the fin-
gered manner, their feveral broad fegments run-
ning from the fame point which is the top of the
footftalk ; but thefe have rather the divifion of
the pinnated kind; for their feveral broad feg-
ments, which are about equal in number, ftand
in pairs, though they are not cut in to the centre,
with an odd one atthe end. They are of a dufky
green, and not atall hairy.

The ftalk-is round, upright, and two feet and
a half high.

The fea ves.{tand irregularly, andare like thofe
from the root, divided into three or four pairs of
deep fegments, with an odd one at the end... <

The flowers ftand in. {pikes at the tops of the
branches, and are {mall and red. :

The feeds follow in a fingle capfule ; 5 but, like
the common lark{pur, a canfute made. up; of three.

It is a native of the Greek iflands, an | of. the
warmer parts of Europe; and flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Confolida regalis latifolia

4 “GE-

44. The

BRIT IIS: HiEMR! BoA L.

Gee, ON eh te GS

Xi.

STAVESACRE,
SF AVPOH TSA “GOR TOA.

HE leaves are thick, palmated, or divided into broad fegments from their footftalk, and in

the whole of a rounded figure.

The flowers confift of ‘five petals; the upper one of which

is obtufe in the-fore part, and runs behind into a fpur: the feeds are contained in capfules, three

fucceeding every flower.

Linnzus places this among the polyandria trigynia, and makes it a'fpecies of larkfpur.

The flower indeed differs little from that of the larkfpur, but the'leaves fufficiently,

Stavefacre has been called ‘by that diftin& name among the antients, and has peculiar virtues, —
which are not found in larkfpur: wherefore, in works intended for utility, the diftin@ion fhould
be preferved and fupported, fo far as nature gives foundation. ; ¢

Stri@tly, that digitated larkfpur defcribed laft but.one, might be called a kind of Stavefacte. The

authors who have named it, we fee know not well to what genus to refer it;
this, a genus diftinguifhed froin larkfpur by broad digitated leaves ;
T have not named that larkfpur a Stavefacre; that is,

have not called /ravefacre a lark{pur,
has not the qualities of favefacre.

and it beft belongs to
but for the fame reafon that I
becaufe it

The confiderate reader will fee in this inftance how far the ftri@nefs of method is to be indulged in
works of this kind, and where it is to be _made free with. There is no way befides to write at once

{cientifically and ufefully.
Of this genus therefore, thus diftinguithed,
tain, except in gardens.

Stavefacre.
Staphifagria.'
The root is long, thick, woody, and furnifhed

with many fibres.
The leaves that rife from it are fupported on

Jong, thick, pale, and fomewhat hairy foot- |

flalks: they are large, of a deep unpleafant
green, and divided down to the ftalk, into five,
fix, or more broad indented fegments,

The ftalk is round, thick, upright, two feet
and a half high, and very much branched.

Its leaves ftand irregularly, and in fhape re-
femble thofe from the root.

The flowers ftand in long fpikes at the tops
of the branches; and are large, and of a dufky
blue. They much refemble the flowers of the
larkfpur; but they are larger.

The feeds are contained in capfules, three of
which ufually, and fometimes four, follow every
flower.

Gis k

Noi JUS

there is but one fpecies, which is not known in Bri-

They are large, hard, and rough.

It is common in the Levant, and in many of
the warmer parts of Europe, and thrives very
well in our gardens.

Linneus calls it Delpbivinm nefariis diphyll;s
Soliis palmatis lobis integris. C. Bauhine, and:
others, from the days-of Theophraftus, Staphis-

agria.

The druggifts keep the feeds of Stavefacre :
they haye been given in {mall dofes as a purge in
dropfies, and other defperate diforders 3 but they
are very rough.

Some chew them in the tooth-ach, in which
cafe they bring a great deal of water into the
mouth, and fometimes are of fervice ; but their
greateft ufe is among the vulgar, for deftroying
vermin in their childrens heads 3 for this purpofe
they have the feeds coarfely powdered, and ftrew
them on; and this never fails, :

XIL e.

WHITE -DITT any.
FRAXINELELA

HE flower confifts of five petals, three of which turn upwards,
it ftands in a fmall five-leaved cup. The feeds are contained in capfules ;

every flower, and grow together.

Linnzeus places. this among the decandria monogynia,

others ;
and which we fhall defcribe in its place :
ticus ; and they know nothing elfe by that name.
fufion ; wherefore it was wholly difufed. ‘This

that a fpecies of origanum,

but he takes away its ufual and antient name Sraxinella, and calls it di,
Wrong, in that it introduces at the fame time confufion
the druggifts and apothecaries as the name of another plant,

this they call from the place of its g¥oWch,

and two or three fideways ; and
five of which follow

and allows it to be a genus diftin& from al}
! tamnus, This is doubly
DiGamnus is underftood among
the leaves of which are ufed in medicine,
Difamuus Cre. -

and error.

There were fome at one ti ho called th
~of fraxinella, diffamnus albus but the leaves ofthe other dittany being alfo white Melt toe

> this.created con-

wh : author, in the too violent {pirit of ref i ;
brought itin again; and with refpect to the other plait called dittany, cons CUM
/ ‘ Ley ~

the diffamnus Creticus, he makes

All

4 Great
WE) Hocseleck

i. Y >
- N Ces <<

Rs: antl Great" Feynet-
Conon arkd pur havi Larkspur

Great Purple Monkshood

Broadleavithaiy arkaputr

Tittle Blue Monkshood

Who haa alae kshoow |

Benning ter

The BRITISH HERBAL er
* All the Latin writers from the earlieft time call this plant fraxinella; and if this. modern improver
was difpleafed with that name, he might have changed it without taking that of diéfamnus: it would
certainly have been more juftifiable to have called it ¢ragium, that being the name by which it is called
in the earlieft Greek writers: the other however being univerfally received, is .much fitter for the
purpofe; the Italian and Spanith frafinelli, and moft other of the European names, being formed

upon that word;

dens.

White Dittany-
Fraxinella.

The root confifts of a great’ number of thick,

Jong, and tough fibres.
oThe leaves rifing from it are very large, and
beautifully pinnated ? they confift each. of about
» five pair of fmaller, and a fingle one at the end ;
and ftaiid on fhort footftalks.’ They’ are of a
pale green colour, broad, oblong, pointed at the
efids, and fearce at all ferrated ‘av’ the edges’; ‘and
they refemble in fome degree the leaves’ of the
afh-tree, in miniature. ef

AThe ftalks rifé amidft thefe leaves, which foon.

after fade and perifh.

They are robuft, firm, branched, and two or

three feet high.
“Their leaves ftand alternately ; and are altoge-
ther like thofe from the root, but fomething
{maller. ‘

The flowers are of a beautiful pale red, often
white; and have each ten long threads, which
2dd to their beauty, ‘
feeds follow in five flatted pods,

The tops of this plant have a redifh hairinefs,
and there is a refinous matter about them which

this

rib ge Soret eae
MONKS-HOOD.

Of this genus there is but one knowa fpecies; and this is not feen in Britain, except in gar-

\
fticks to the fingers on touching them, and has
a very fragrant fmell. ig F

This refin is fo inflammable, that if a lighted
candle be brought near the ftalk of the plant, fo
that the flame touch any of the refin, the whole
takes fire in an inftant, and goes off with fa re-»
markable explofion. The plant will not be de-
ftroyed by this, but will recover its refinous ntat-
ter again in a few days; and the experiment may
be repeated with fuccefs. : oe

It is a native of Italy and France, but ftands -
very well in our gardens, a

Its univerfal name among authors is fraxinella:
it obtained this from the refemblance of its leaves

} to thofe of the afh. ®

The bark of the root contains the principal

virtue of the plant; and our-druggifts keep it: but

they often fell it old and decayed, and no root
lofes its virtue fooner. It is a cordial and fudo-
rifick when frefh dried. The antients.efteemed
it a fovereign remedy againft poifons. and -vene-
mous bites : it is: in ‘efteem-in fome places as a
diuretick and deobftruent, arid. againft worms.
if we had ic more frequently frefh, and pof-
fefléd of «its full: virtues, we fhould value it
highlys”

XII.

ACONITUM.

‘ea

HE flower confifts of five petals, and has no cup: the petals of the flower are of a fingular
. form and fituation’: one ftands uppermoft, two are placed fideways, and two below; the upper

onié.is‘hooded ; the fide petals are broad, roundifh, and ftand inclining to one another ; and the two
lower are longer, and droop downwards :. within the flower there alfo ftand two glandules or nec-»
taria on little pedicles, and with crooked tails; ‘The feeds are in capfules, three after every flower.
‘oLinneus places this among the polyandria trigynia: the flower is ‘fo extremely fingular, that it is:
wonderful it did not keep the genus diftin&,. and the fpecies together in all authors. We muft be
furprifed to fee larkfpurs brought into it, the flower in this genus not having that great characteriftick

of the larkfpur, the fpur or tail.

_ 1. Blue Monks-Hood:
" Aconitum cerulenm vulgare.
- The ‘root is long, thick, hard, divided into

feveral parts, and furnifhed-with numerous fibres.
“The leaves rifing from it are very large, of a

beautiful green, and divided into ‘numerous, nar- |

row, long fegments:

The ftalk is robuft, ereét, and five feet hich,

~The leaves ftand irregularly, and in form re-

femble thofe from the root ; but they are fmaller.
They are placed on long footftalks, and are di-

vided-to the ftalk, into fix or more long, narrow.
N° s

fegments, which are again deeply notched at the
edges, and often fubdivided into others. -Thefé
are of a deep, but pleafant green, and havea line ©
running along their centre. ‘

The flowers are numerous, and of -a_ beautiful
blue : they ftand in long fpikes on the tops of the
branches, and are large, and of a fine full.colour,

They are followed by capfules, three after every
flower; in whichare large rough feeds. ”

It isa native of Germany, and ‘many of the
northern parts of Europe; and flowers in July.

. J. Bauhine calls it Aconitum. ceruleum, five Na-
peLius. Lobel, Napellus verus; and moft others
fimply Napellus. ’

BN: >. It

46 | The “B-R.I T 1S Hy BW E+RabeAgis,

It isa poifonous plant. Dodonzeus gives an
account of five perfons who eat the root of it,
through a miftake, in their food at Antwerp, and
all died. ‘There have been other inftances of the
fame kind; and it is faid to deftroy fuch wild
beafts as tafte or eat it. There is*a tradition,
how true we know not, that wolves tear up the
root of fome plants in winter for their food, and
fometimes miftaking this, perifh by its poifon:
hence it has obtained the name of wolf/bane.
Ic is faid, that, when kept in gardens, it is lefs
fatal than wild; which is probable: all plants
having their faculties, of whatever kind, more
ftrong in their wild ftate than when brought into
culture, (

2. Great purple Monks-Hood.

Aconitum purpureum maximum.

The root is long, large, and furnifhed with
abundance of fibres.

The firft leaves are large, broad, and divided
into a few great fegments.

' The ftalk rifes to five feet in height, and is ro-
buit, firm, and very little branched.

The leaves ftand alternately, and are like thofe
from the root: they are divided down to the
footftalk, into five principal parts, the middle
one of which is largeft. ‘They are of a pale green,
and deeply ferrated.

The flowers ftand in long {pikes at the tops of
the branches; and are very large, and of a beau-
tiful deep purple : but they vary in this refpect,
being fometimes red or flefh coloured.

The feed-vefféls follow as in the other fpecies,
but the number is not certain ; ufually there are
three, fometimes four.

Tt is common in the mountains of Germany,
and flowers in Augutt, : i

J. Bauhine calls it Aconitum lycoétonum flore
maximo. C. Bauhine, Aconitum caeruleo purpureo

fore maximo, five Napellus quartus.

3. Yellow Monks-Hood.

Aconitum flore luteo.

. The root.is compofed of a multitude of thick
entangled fibres. /

‘TEhe firft leaves are large, broad, and in a
manner rounded in their general form, but di-
vided deeply into about five. parts,

The ftalk is robuft, firm, erect, aad four feet
high.

The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and have
long footftalks : they are like thofe from the root,
divided deeply into five parts; and thofe are
fharp at the points, and ferrated at the edges.

The flowers:are fmaller than thofe of the com-
mon monks-hood, and of a beautiful yellow.

The feeds follow in capfules, three after every
flower. ,

-Itisa native of many parts of Europe, and
flowers in July,

The flowers are fometimes. of a deep yellow,
fometimes ftraw-coloured, or whitith,

C. Bauhine calls it Aconitum Lycoctonum luteum,
J. Bauhine, Aconitum Solio platani- flore Iuteo pal.
lefcente.

4. Little, blue, flowered Monks-Hood.
Aconitum ceruleum mimes.
The root is compofed of a vaft number of fibres

interwoven with one another.
The firft leaves ftand on Jong footftalks ; and

“are broad, and indented deeply, rather than di-

vided into fegments.

The ftalk is flender, purplifh, and about two
feet and a half high, but not very firmly ereét.

The leaves ftand irregularly on it: they are
fupported on footftalks, and are divided fome-
what deeper than thofe from the root, but not fo
deeply as in moft of the other fpecies: the divi-
fion is into three principal parts, fometimes inte
five; and thefe are cut deeply at the edges.

The flowers are large, and of a deep and beau-
tiful blue: they ftand in a particular manner,
not in long {pikes, as thofe of the others, but
fingly at the tops of flender ftalks rifing from the
main ftem,

' Icis a native of Italy, and flowers in May:

C. Bauhine calls ‘ic Aconitum ceruleum Mints,
Jive Napellus minor. Dodonzeus, Aconitum pare
vum ceruleum.

All thefe fpecies partake of the poifonous na-
ture of the firft kind ; but there is one refembling
them in form, and of the fame genus that is.
falutary, and is efteemed an antidote in particular
againft their poifon.

5. Wholefome Monks-Hood.
Anthora,

The root is compofed of many irregular, thick,
and tuberous pieces. '

The firft leaves are fupported on long foot-
ftalks, and are divided to the bottom into five
fegments: thefe are broad, and notched at the
edges.

The leaves on it ftand irregularly, and ‘are di-
vided into numerous, narrow, plain fegments :
they are of a pale green on the upper-fide, and
whitifh underneath.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks and
branches, and are like of the other monks-hood in
form ; of a beautiful yellow colour 3 and of a plea-
fant, though flight fmell.

The feeds follaw: in capfules, three, four, or
five after each: ower. The number of thefe is
uncertain, but five isthe moft common. It isa
native of Germany, and flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Aconitum Jalutiferum, five
Anthora, Others,” Anthora, and Antithora,

The root is kept in the druggitts fhops, and
was once much ufed as a cordial and fudorifick ;
there have been miftakes about the kind, and
they have been. fatal. When frefh dried, this
Foot purges. vehemently ; but that quality goes
off in. keeping. This is not particular to this
plant: but it is a very fufficient reafon why it
never fhould be ufed; becau it will be impoffible
for the phyfician who prefcribes it to know its
ftrength.

The <BAR WP SoH HR OR BADE

Gk Noy Storie
WINTER WOLFSBANE,
CAMMARUM.

THE flower ftands in the centre of the leaf, and has no other’ cup; it is compofed of fix pe-
tals: the feeds are contained in capfules, in an uncertain number, properly fix, but more
frequently only four or five, after every flower. ; Ay

No plant has been called by fo many names, or referred to fo many different genera, as this; and
all improperly, The error has been in the authors not perceiving that it was a plant fui generis, and
belonged to none. }

Linnzeus places it among his polyandria polygyniay making it a fpecies of hellebore: but it has fix
petals to the fower; whereas the hellebores have but five. This is a very effential diftinétion. E

C. Bauhine calls it an aconite ; but the aconites have only five petals in the flower, and thofe dif-
pofed in a particular manner: whereas in this there are fix; and they are equal, and ftand regu-
larly.

J. Bauhine makes it a ranunculus, forgetting that the renunculi have naked feeds, and this plant
capfules. By fome it is called bulbus unifolius,; a very uncertain name, and alfo improper; the root
being not bulbous, but tuberous: and by others it is called an elleborine 3 a genus from which it
differs in form and characters more than from all.

In this uncertainty and impropriety of a name, I have given it a new one, diftin& as the plant it-
felf from all the other genera: this is cammarum, from an old Greek word xopeeo, ufed by Dio-
{corides and others as a diftinétion to fome of their aconites ; though, from their fhortnefs, it is not
eafy to fay which. In Diofcorides it feems to mean the fame with his pardalianches, but in others it
rather appears to point at this plant; which there is alfo reafon to believe is the real and proper
aconite of Theophraftus, and the earlier Greeks. I have however preferved its common Englith
name.

We fee, though commonly called: by the name of wolffhane, it is a plant altogether different fron

that genus, and properly conftitutes one of its own; I have therefore called it by 4 new one. But
as the plant is fo perfectly known by its old Englith name, and by the Latin one, of which that:
is a tranflation, aconitum hyemale, and is one which, from its power of doing harm, fhould not be
rendered liable to be miftaken, great danger, as well as the lofs of great good, being neceffarily to be
guarded againft in the confideration of changing of names, I have preferved its common with its new
one; and wifh, in cafes of this kind, the fame practice may be followed by others.

Of this fingular genus there is but one known fpecies, which is very common in our gardens,

Winter Wolffbane. The flower grows in the centre of the leaf,
Cammarun, and is large and yellow. It confifts of fix pe-
Bees 4 tals, with a great tuft of threads in the middle,
The root is thick, tuberous, and large; black | and among them the rudiments of feveral cap=
on the outfide, white within, and of a violently | fyles,
acrid and. burning tafte. It has a few fibres;
and, when it has ftaod fome time on the ground,
has other tuberous pieces growing from it.

The leaf and plant are one thing, for there is
no other ftalk.

Many footftalks rife from different parts of the
root, each of which has at its top one leaf. The
footftalk is inferted at the centre; and the leaf is
of a rounded figure, but very deeply divided into
narrow. fegments.

When the flower falls, thefe ripen, and cons
tain feveral yellowith, rounded, and flat feeds,

It is a native.of Germany, and flowers in the
depth of winter.

The root is a violent cathartick in a very
{mall dofe ; and in any thing a larger quantity it
is to be confidered as a fatal poifon.

Gi. at Nie S XV.
PIONY.
P@ON?TS

Sind leaves are divided into many parts. The flowers are large, and confift of five petals: they
ftand ina five-leaved cup, and are fucceeded by large capfules, two after every flower: The
roots are tuberous.

Linneus places this among his polyandria digynia, there being numerous filaments, and the ru-
diments of the two capfules in the centre of every flower. In this, however, he acknowledges there
is no certainty; for, inftead of two, thefe rudiments are in fome fpecies three, four, or five, to each

flower.

The) BR Til SoH» HE SReBA Lt

flower. This thews the weaknefs of eftablifhing a method on fuch parts of plants. There are enough
that are determinate and certain ; thefe are frequently precarious and inconftant: the others alfo, as
well as more certain, are larger, and more confpicuous.

1. Male Piony.
C
Peonia folio nigricante.

:The root is'Jarge, and irregularly tuberous: it

naturally confifts of a thick, long, main body, to
which there are frequently long tuberous pieces
connected.
- The leaves rifing from it ftand on thick and
robuft footitalks: they are very large, divided
into many parts, or rather compofed of many
fmaller, fet upon a divided rib; and are of a
blackifh green.

The ftalk is robuft, round, upright, and three

feet high. ;
» Tes leaves ftand irregularly, and are like thofe
from the root, but fmaller: they are divided in
the fame manner; and the feparate parts are
broad, oblong, and pointed.

The: flower is very large, and ftands upon
the top of the ftalk : it is compofed of five
broad, obtufe petals: they are of a very pale,
whitith colour, with a tinge of: purplifh, and
with purple veins:: they have numerous Short
threads in the centre, on which ftand .deep. yel-
low buttons.

, The feed-veffels are large, whitifh, and fhaped)

like horns :, they vary in’)number; fometimes
there are only two, but oftener three or five.
It is a/native of the dark woods of Switzerland,
and fome other parts of Europe, and flowers in
C. Baubine calls it Pwonia folio nigricante fplen-
dido gine mas. Others, Pwonia.mas.

2, Female Piony.

Peonia foliis longioribus..

“The root is compofed of a great number of
longifh, thick, tuberous pieces, “conneéted by
lender tough fibres to a {mall head. :

- Phe leaves are numerois: they ftand on long

footftalks, andvare divided -into many parts, as’

ia the male; but thefe feparate are larger and
narrower, as is the whole leaf; -and the colour
is not the deep black hue of the other, but a
pale, though not unpleafant green, on the upper
fide} and they are whitith and mealy ‘under-
neath. "

The ftatk is robuft, frm, round, and upright ;
it is two feet in height, and branched. It is ge-
nerally redifh at the places whence the leaves pro-
ceed, elfewhere green. ‘

The leaves ftand irregularly onvit, and ‘are like
thofe from the root, compofed of long parts, and
irregularly divided. :

The flowers are large, but not fo large as in
the preceding fpecies: they are of a deep colour,
and -have in the fame manner humerous threads,
with ‘yellow buttons in the centre,

The feed-veffels are fometimes only two, fome-
times! more ;.and in’ this, as in the other, when
they, {plit open, and the feeds are ripe, they make
a beautifel appearance. ;

Abas a native of the northern parts of Europe

in thick forefts, and flowers in the beginning of
June. é

It is more common in our gardens than the
male; though the male is efteemed to have moft
virtue; and it is from this fpecies that our fine,
large, double ponies are raifed by culture.

C, Bauhine calls it Paonia commmunis, vel femi-
na. Others, Pmonia. vulgaris, and Pwonia fo-
mina.

3. Dwarf Piony.
Peonia pumila foliis radicalibus digitatis,

The root is compofed of a long and large
body, and has: feveral. great irregular tuberous
pieces hanging to it, we

The leaves that rife from it ftand on Jong foot-'
ftalks: they are not formed of feveral fmaller,
placed upon a divided rib, but.are of a palmated
form, cut, down’ to. the ftalk into nine or more
long and flender divifions.

The ftalk is fmall, round, weak, whitith, and
a foot and’a half high. ; 4

The leaves are placed alternately.on it ; and tho’.
thofe from the root are only digitated, thefe. are

| branched : they;jare compofed of three principal

parts, and each of thefe of feveral narrow.and.
long fegments.,
. The flower ftands on the top of the ftalk; and:
is large, ofa. deep red, and beautiful : it. natu-
rally has only five petals; but we {ée it in gar-
dens with eight or more, and often double.

The feeds. are ;preferved..in, three or more
capfules. ;

This is a native of Spain, and the warmer

| parts of Europe’ and flowers'in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Peouia tenuius laciniata Jub-
tus pubefcens flore purpureo, Others, Paonia fa-
mina pumila. Fi hee

The roots of piony are celebrated, and: with
great reafon, again{t difeafes of the head an@
nerves. Thofe of the male piony are beft. The
common practice of thofe who fell herbs and

' roots in our markets, is to bring the roots of the

female in their place; but the difference will be
known: by the defcriptions here given. The!
male piony, as the lefs beautiful, is the leaft culti-

| vated; but in thofe places where the Foots are
propagated for the purpofes of medicine, no other

fhould have admittance.

Befide being good in nervous cafes, it is ex-
cellent in obftruétions of the liver ; and there
are very confiderable cures recorded to have been
performed by it.

The belt way of giving it is in the powder of
the root, frefh dried : twelve grains is a dofe,
and will do great fervice in all nervous. com-
plaints, headachs, and convulfions,

_itwill alone cure that difagreeable diforder, the,
night-mare.

- There is an opinion, that being hung about the
neck of children, it will prevent the convulfive

. diforders to which they are liable in cutting their

teeth ;

,»the sBeRel 7 T-Shi AE SRaB A Ts

teeth ; and hence-arofe the practice of anodyne
necklaces, The opinion, however flightly founded,
is as old as Galen: he names a gitl who was kept
free from the epilepfy eight months by wearing
a piony root about her neck, and immediately
feized with the difeafe on droping it.

Gao ke

Nijasa Uris

There are other grave authors who confirm the
fame account: but whatever may be its virtue
in this manner of application, this I know from
experience, that taken inwardly it is a very great
and excellent medicine, and deferves to be brought
more into ufe.

XVL

INDIAN MALLOW,

ABUL TE O Ns

rPHE owe is compofed of five petals: the feeds are contained in capfules, a great number of

which follow every flower.

The leaves are undivided.

Linnzus places this among his monadelpbia decandria, and joins it with fome others not allied to it,
under the name of fda: others have joined it with the mallows, which is a much greater error; thofe
plants belonging to a former clafs, as having their feeds naked, whereas the abutilon has them

enclofed in capfules, as the reft of this clafs.

1. Yellow Indian Mallow.
Abutilon flore flavo.

The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with
many ftrong fibres.

The Jeaves that rife from it ftand on long foot-
ftalks : they are large, and of a heart-fafhioned
fhape, indented at the ftalk, and pointed at the
end. They are of a whitith colour, foft to the
touch, and a little notched at the edges.

The ftalk is robuft, firm, upright, branched,
and three foot high: it is whitifh and woody:
The outer rind eafily flips off, and there is a
woody fubftance within.

The leaves ftand irregularly on it: they have
flender footftalks, and aré of the fame form with
thofe from the root, and of the fame foftnefs.

The flowers are moderately large, and of a
beautiful ftrong yellow, ftriated, and full of
threads, with their buttons in the centre,

The capfules which follow each flower are nu-
merous, ten, twelve, or more. They are con-
‘nected at their tops; fo that they form a large
head. :

It is a native of the Eaft, and of fome parts
of Europe. It flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Wthea Theophrafti flore luteo.
Others, Abutilon.

2. White Indian Mallow.
Abutilon album.

The root is a fmall, long body, producing a
great number of thick and large fibres.

The fitft leaves are large, oblong, fharp point-
ed, and ftand on flender footftalks: they are of
a pale green, and fomewhat hairy, but have not
the foftnefs of the others.

The ftalk is round, upright, firm, hairy, and
very little branched: the leaves hang irregularly
upon it, drooping down. ‘They are of the fame
form with thofe from the root, but fina ler,

The flowers ftand on long footftalks, and are
white, or nearly fo, with a deep yellownefs in the
centre, '

The feed-veffels are numerous, and form a
large head. :

It is frequent in Afia, and flowers in June.

J. Bauhine calls it Abutilon Indicum.

The virtues of thefe plants are not known ih
our part of the worlely but in the Eaft they are
famous in the gravel, and fuppreffions of urine.
They are of the mallow kind, as the tafting of
their roots will fhew any one accuftomed to thefe
refearches ; but they are not fo mucilaginous as
our European fpecies, fo that they have probably
lefs virtue.

They are alfo commended in fevers, but we
know not if with reafon.

Gib No Ui aseobevait
SWEETBEARD.
BAR BA ‘CAPR A:

HE flower is {fmall, and confifts of five petals. It ftands in a {mall cup divided into five feg-
T ments, and is followed by three fmall, feparate capfules. The flowers ftand in long tufts,
and the leaves are winged.

There are male and female plants in this genus, but they differ only in this, that on the male
plants the flowers have only threads, and in the female only the rudiments of the capfules in the
centre.

‘ Linneug, in his Genera Plantarum, places this among the diecia polyandria ; for this reafon making
it a difting genus, under the name of aruncus 3 but in his Species Plantarum itis removed from that
clafs. It there ftands among the icofandria pentagynia, and is made a fpecies of fpiraa.

A (0) ZT can

50 T HB PBR WE IPS Hl AE ARSB OAL.

I can without much cenfure reconcile this contradi&ion: there are plants of the darba capre that have
flowers with both the threads, and rudiments of the capfules in them; though there are others that have
only male, and others that have only fernale fowers. This is the languages6f the modern botanifts ;
and according to thé fame dialect, thofe fowers which have both the threads and rudiments of capfules
are called hermaphrodites : thefe led Linnzeus to place the plant among his ico/endria, againit his
former judgment. He had truth on his fide in both cafes; for it is nature varies: but we have hence
this leffon, Thofe accidents are unfit for the claffical diftinGtions of plants, which are not conftant and
certain; this is not the only genus in which there are fometimes male flowers on one plant and fe-
male on another, though there are alfo in fome plants of this kind hermaphrodite flowers: it is a
proof added to the many we have had occafion to mention before, and which will be ftrengthened by
many others hereafter, that this method was taken up too haftily, and that upon better knowledge
of nature, men will be obliged to lay it down.

Of this genus there is but one known fpecies. . It has much the afpect of the common mea-
dowfweet, except in the difpofition of the flowers. Moft authors have joined it with that plant ;
and indeed it comes very near its nature. The feeds of meadowfweet are covered, as we have fhewn,
with a kind of cruft; and in this plant they have but very rude capfules. However, the diftinétion
is preferved: nature on all occafions goes off gradually from one clafs to another: this would have
been feen if men had regarded the greater and more diftinétive parts of plants with that attention
they have ill beftowéd upon the more minute and frivolous. It is here the gentle ftep is made from
the herbs with feveral naked feeds after every flower, to thofe in which each flower is followed by fe-
veral capfules.

Sweetbeard. C. Bauhine calls it Barba capre floribus oblongis,
Barba Capra. J. Bauhine, Barba capri. We in Englith fome-
; times tranflating the Latin name, call it goats-
The root is large, thick, long, and furnifhed beard; but as that is with us the name of another
with many fibres. It has a redifh bark, a woody | plant, I have taken the liberty of varying it a
fubftance within that, and in the central part a little, preferving the word beard, and addin,
fpungy pith. for its farther charaéter, its fragrant {cent ; mane

The leaves rife in a great tuft, but commonly | of the common writers have called it ulmaria m, y
wither when the ftalk. gets ftrength. They are Jor, the greater meadowfweet. i:
placed on long footftalks, and are compofed of
three principal parts, each of which confifts of The flowers are efteemed cordial and fudorifick
about five fmaller leaves, difpofed in the pinnated The bark of the root alfo poffefies the fine
manner in two pairs, with an odd one at the | virtue, with a mixture of aftringency. This re-
end: thefe are oblong, ferrated, and pointed at | commends it among the country practifers where
the ends. common, in fevers attended with diarthoeas

The ftalks are four feet high, round, ftriated, Thefe are the plants properly and diftingl
erect, and but little branched. They have the | belonging to the prefent clafs; from which nd
fame kind of leaves on them, and at their tops | are to advance to another, which is very com-
bear numerous flowers in long ftrings, feveral | prehenfive, containing the plants, with a lowes
connected toward the bottom, or rifing fo near confifting of one petal, and fucceeded by a fine]
one another that they form a ‘tuft refembling a | capfule: but in our way we are to regard an a
long, white beard. termediate genus, which happily connects thefe
_ The flowers are white, little, and of a flight | two, or according to the cuftom of nature.
but agreeable fmell. : often remarked, makes the Progreffion eaf; ;

It is a native of the warmer parts of Europe, /,
and flowers in July. :

here

Th END of the SECOND CLASS.

THE cad /

BRITISH HERBAL.

lank

SBesMaeDostea Dee ee decease ela Beas essa edie e ea ead ea a PHN Ten a Se

CTA Ss an

Plants whofe flower confifis of a sincie reTaL, and is fucceeded by saverat
CAPSULES.

moft determinate, and moft diftinét manner. Jt contains only a few genera, but it ferves very

happily in forming a natural method, and it is wonderful men of fcience have overlooked
it: not that Linnzus has, for his attention has been wholly bent on the lefler, fo that he muft natu-
rally lofe fight of thefe greater objects; but that Ray in particular fhould not obferve it is ftrange.

It is here the firft inftance occurs of the neceffity there is, ina work of this kind, after confulting
the beft authors, to examine nature; and where they are defective, to compleat the fyftem from her
ftores.

We have begun with plants whofe flower confifting cf feveral petals is followed by many naked
feeds ; we have given in the fecond clafs plants whofe flower confift8, as in thofe in the firft, of feve-
ral petals, and is followed by feveral capfules containing the feeds: from thefe, following our method
in thofe plants whofe flowers are largeft, plaineft, and moft confpicuous, we fhould be led, if the
fyftems of others only were our guides, to thofe plants whofe flower confifts of a fingle petal, and is
followed by a fingle capfule ; but obferving nature, we perceive that fhe has placed between thefe an
intermediate clafs: this confifts of thofe plants which have a flower formed of a fingle leaf, and
- followed by more than one capfule. Thefe are the plants we comprife in our prefent new efta-
blithed-clafs, placing it between the fecond and fourth ; between thofe plants whofe flower confifts of
feveral petals, and is followed by feveral capfules, and thofe which haye it of one petal, followed by
one capfule. Thus we fhall trace nature in her own path; and view her as fhe makes her regular
progrefs and her gradual defcent with no greater gap between.

Certainly in all other fyftems there was an interruption here; but this fmall arrangement fills up the
fpace, and makes all regular. :

Linneeus fcatters the few plants belonging to this clafs over his works, and Tournefort, and Ray,
not attending to the diftinction, great and obvious as it is, of plants with a flower compofed of many
petals, and fuch as have it confifting but of one, place thefe confufedly among others.

ae is a clafs not diftinguifhed by any author, though eftablifhed by nature in the plainett,

Bees cece seo so ese se oso ie Bo ese De espe i Das So oo so eo Ro 2 oe Be oD Seo a I sas

OE SR Ala eo.

NvA Tol VES) opie BeRSl TeA Glen,

Goo GaN Ae. UaeRg I,
NAVELWORT.
CO LY, LBD uN

"HE flower confifts of a fingle petal ; this is of a tubulated form, and divided into feveral feoments
at the edge. The feeds are contained in capfules, five of which follow every flower.

Linneus places this among his decandria pentagynia, between woodforrel, which has its feeds in a fingle
capfule, and ftonecrop, which has numerous petals in the ower. There are indeed in this ten threads
in the centre of each flower, and five rudiments of capfules among them; this, in the fyftem pro-

3 poled

52 The

BaRe iil. SoH Je RRB ASE:

poted by that author, juftifies the placing it in that clafs; buc when we oe _ a ea pas
: on At Gea / m, nature has not
fingle petal, and that its fruit is a clufter of five capfules, we may fay with freedom, t

placed it between ftonecrop and waodforrel.
There is a plant ufually confounded with the

houfeleck that will naturally follow it, though in a

is i i i i i alliance.
feparate genus ; and this is the only one with which nature has given it any allian

DT VeES: NOUN pat.

Wall Pennywort.
Cotyledon radice tuberofa.

The root is roundifh, tuberous, and furnifhed
with many fibres from the bottom.

The leaves are numerous, and rife in a thick,
regular clufter. They are fupported on foot-
ftalks of three inches long, afd thefe are inferted,
not at one fide, but in the centre, the leaf
fpreading every way into roundnefs from: them.
Thete leaves are of a bluith green, prettily nozch-
ed round the edges, and of a watery tafte.

The ftalk is eight inches high, and is round,
and tolerably firm, Toward the top it divides
into two or three branches, and on thefe hang
numerous flowers in long fpikes.

DIVISION IL. FO

Yellow Navelwort.
Cotyledon flore aureo.

' The root is thick, and often tuberous, and has
numerous fibres.

The firft leaves rife in a large clufter, and are
of an oval figure, broadeft at the top, and dented
at the edges. ‘They are of a bluith green colour,
of a flethy fubftance, and of an infipid tafte.

The ftalk is round, fmooth, greenifh or
purplifh, erect, and but little branched.

Its leaves ftand irregularly: they have no foot-
ftalks, but join the ftalk by a broad bafe: they
are of the fame fhape with thofe from the root,
but fomewhat narrower and more indented.

The flowers are very numerous and beautiful.
They ftand in clufters on flender footftalks,
and are tubular, divided into four fharp feg-
ments at the edge, and of a beautiful yellow.

The capfulesare fmall, and pointed. As the feg-
ments of the flower are four, thefe alfo are four ;

GE SN

Tey Sahe = Si Pe ESCt leks:

They are fmall, greenith, and dented at the
rim.

The capfules are oblong, fwelled, and pointed ;
and they contain numerous fmall feeds.

Itis a native of England, but not common.
I have feen it on walls near Shepon Mallet in So-
merfetthire. :

C. Bauhine calls it Cotyledon major. J. Bau-
hine, Cotyledon vera radice tuberofa, In Englith
we call it kidneywort, navelwort, and frorn its
growing on walls and the roundnefs of its leaves,
which are fuppofed to refemble pieces of money,
wallpennywort.

It is cooling and diuretick, but is not much
ufed.

ReEPL.GsNz*S-P Bi CAB IS:

and the threads, which are ten in the common
Kind, are only eight in this. Linnzus, how-
ever, ranks it in the fame genus with the other,
acknowledging this variation. It is a proof that,
however he has taught others to confider the
number of threads conftituting the claffical, as
well as generical characters of plants, himfeif knew
very well they, were not fufficiently determinate
for that purpofe.

Thofe who love needlefs diftin@ions may make
two genera of thefe two fpecies, and givea new
name to the laft; but they who ftudy plants
for ufe will hold fuch diftin€tions. very lightly.
fas fpecies is a native of Egypt and the Eatt
ndies.

Van Royen calls it Cotyledon foliis laciniatj
vibus quadrifidis. j Dagens

They ufe it in Egypt as a diuretick

“hey , » giving
the juice ina large quantity againft the &

gravel,

UES I,

PERIWINKLE.

PERIVINCA

HE flower confifts of a fingle petal which is of a tubu
upwards, and at the rim is divided into five fegments,

two of which follow every flower.

Linnzus places this among the pentandria monogynia,
and but a fingle filament from two rudiments of capfules.
His general rule for the arrangement of plants according to thefe

the ftyles, or number rifing from the rudiments,
the duft from the buttons on the threads,
fingle indeed, but the rudiments,
two ; therefore, as himfelf acknowledges,

which he calls germina ;
and to convey it to the rudiments,
which are the effential Parts, that being but

this genus more juftly belongs to th

lar form in the lower part, o

rowing wide.
The feeds are contained in long anus

becaufe there are in each flower five threads
>

Parts, is from the divifion of
this ftyle ferves to receive
The ftyle in periwinkle is
fubfervient to them, are
¢ digynia, or thofe which

have

The BIRT 1S H HiERRGBA MS © 63"

have the female parts double. One fhould fmile at the perplexity that rifes from this unfubftantial,
method, but that it has mifled fo many. Whatisan author to do, who has fet up a fyftem dependent
on complex, as well as minute parts, when one portion of the fame objeét, as in this inftance, deter-
mines the plant to one affortment, and another to another. It is to this we owe thofe frequent ex-

ceptions the author has himfelf made to his generical characters ; and the many others, thofe who fhall

obferve nature heedfully, muft make for him.

DIVISION I. B Role FS oHe #SoPe EC danse

Small Periwinkle.

Pervinca minor.

The root is long, tough, flender, and full of
fibres.

The ftalks are long, but weak. They are
tough, but want firmnefs; fo that they lie upon
the ground, and frequently take root at the joints :
hence, when the plant has ftood any time we
commonly fee a thick tuft of it.

The leaves ftand in pairs: they are oblong,
broad, even at the edges, pointed at the ends, and

have no footftalks. They are of a firm ftub-
ftance, and deep green colour, -

The flowers ftand on long footftalks, which rife
from'the bofoms of the leaves: they are large,
and of a beautiful blue.

The feed-veflels are tharp-pointed, two follow
every flower, and there are in them many large,
oblong feeds.

It is a native of our woods, but not common,
It flowers in June. ‘

C. Bauhine calls it Clematis daphnoides minor.

Others, fimply, Clematis daphnoides, or Vinca
pervinca.

DivVilS 1.0:Ne 1: TiO R E'L-GN: S\P EYColzEs:

Great Periwinkle.

Pervinca major.

The root is a great tuft of fibres, —

The ftalks are numerous, firm, woody, and
tolerably erect.

The leaves ftand in pairs, and are placed on
fhort footftalks; they are broader than thofe of
the fmall kind in proportion to their length, and
are more of an oval figure ; they are even at the
edges, and broad at the bafe, and pointed at the
ends. |

The flowers ftand on long footftalks, rifing
from the bofoms of the leaves, and are large
and blue. /

The feeds follow in two long cap’
at the-ends. _

It is frequent in the woods of Germany, and
flowers in July. :

C. Bauhine calls it Clematis daphnoides major.
Others, Vinca pervinca major.

Some have fuppofed this a variety of the pre-
ceding fpecies, imagining that it only differed
in fize; but they fhould have obferved the foot-
ftalks and form of the leaves, and they would
have found that the fize of the plants, though
the moft obvious, is not the moft effential mark
of their diftin&tion.

fules, pointed

Gi Bee NS. Ue Sto TT.

SENGREEN.

AIZOON.

HE flower is large, and confifts of a fingle petal flightly divided into ten fegments. The feeds
are contained in capfules, a great number of which fucceed every fower. The leaves grow in
round clufters in the manner of thefe of houfeleek ; which the plant in its general form greatly re.

fembles.

No author has feparated this, perfectly fingular as it is, or allowed it a diftiné genus: it has been
univerfally ranked as a fpecies of houfeleek, though it belongs to a feparate clafs,

Linnazus makes it a fpecies of fempervivum , though he has eftablifhed, in the generical character,

that fempervivum has a flower confifting of twelve petals, whereas the fower of this plant has but
one. This refers it plainly and neceffarily to the prefent clafs, and renders a new name necef-
fary for it; but, to avoid perplexity, I have given it one that has always been. fuppofed to belong,
though in an undetermined manner, to the houfeleek kind: it is very well applicable to this plant ;

the leaves continuing all the year frefh and green,

Of this genus there is but one known fpecies,

Sengreen.
Aizoon.

The root is long, flender, and edged with
fibres.
The leaves that rife from it are flefhy, oblong,

and pointed : they grow in natural clufters, butina
N° VI

very fingular manner. The clufters are of a roundifh
form, asin the common houfeleek, but have not
that open divifion: they are rather globular. In
winter they are of a greyifh green, and ftand fe-
parate, as in other plants of this kind; but to-
ward fpring they affume another form: they have
a multitude of long, fine, and flender hairs grow-

19 ing

yar

“ing among thems and thefe, connecting their
tops, form a variety of angular figures, fo that
the whole tuft of the plant appears as if wrought
about with cobwebs.

From the centre of the larger of thefe tufts,

“rifes a flalk of a foot high, round, thick, flefhy :
toward the lower part it is covered with leaves,
but in a manner naked higher up; the leaves
there ftanding feparate and diftant. :

Thefe are of the fhape of the lower leaves,
but narrower : they are flethy, and they, as well
as the ftalk, ufually are redith.

At the top there fpring two or three little

“THE BRITISH HERBAL.

branches, which fpread out and fupport the
flowers.

Thefe are very large, and of a beauiful red,
They are not like thofe of the houfeleek, com-
pofed of twelve petals; but formed of one only,
and that divided but into ten fegments.

The feeds are contained in capfules, feveral of
which fucceed every flower.

dt is a common plant on the Alps, and in
many parts of Switzerland ; where it roots among
the moft naked rocks, and when in flower makes
a beautiful appearance. ‘

C. Bauhine calls it Sedtm montanum tementofum.

Th END of te THIRD CLAS§,

THE

Dail &

BRITISH HE ® Bex 1,
SOLERO STDP DECIRE OOOO OOOO R eRe ResEOReEEOce

CLAS SIM

Plants with the fower formed of a sincie eval, plain, and of a regular

form, and fucceeded by a sINGLE CAPSULE,

dern methods in botany do not preferve it.

The plants which compofe it are very numerous: they are the moft plainly and evidently
connected together by nature, perhaps of any in the whole vegetable kingdom; yet Linnzus fcatters
and feparates them throughout his works; and Mr. Ray, who has collected and preferved them to-
gether, includes among them thofe of our fifth or next fucceeding clafs, which have the petal
though fingle, yet far from plain. : :

He diftributes thefe by a fubdivifion, under two heads; but they properly conftitute two clafies,

T= is a clafs of nature’s forming, and is perfectly diftinct from all the others: yet the mo-

Bindweed and the bell-flower are naturally allied by the fhape of their flower, and belong to the fame

clafs; but bindweed and toadflax, though they agree in having a fingle capfule after every flower,
and their fower compofed of one petal only ; yet are fo palpably and evidently different by the form
of that petal, that they are naturally feparated,

Be elee ck ac cP saeco sea ses eset Be eo Bese cee se Boe Be os as a eae ee

SEF Riek) E Sei

NAP D°V Bos) o Fo BoRVRT ACreN

GPE Ns I.
HENBANE.
HroscraMtUs.

HE flower confifts of a fingle petal, and is tubular, and divided lightly into four fegments at

the rim: thefe are all obtufe, but one is larger than the others. The feed-veffel is a fingle
capfule, covered at the top, and divided into two parts within.
Linneus places this among the pentandria monogynia; the threads in the flower being five in num-
ber, and the rudiments of the fruit fingle.

De leViel SLO eNgerl, BRUT SH SP EB Cr Ese
pointed at the ends, and very deeply notched at
the edges. Their colour is a greyifh green, and
they have a very ill fmell.

The root is very long, tough, white, woody, The flowers are numerous, fingular, and not
-and furnifhed with many fibres. without beauty when examined nearly: they are

Common. Henbane.

Hyofcyamus vulgaris.

The ftalks are round, hard, woody, tough,
and varioufly and irregularly branched.

The leaves ftand irregularly : they furround the
-ftalk at their bafe; and are long, narrowifh,

large, and open at the top, of a greyifh dutky

colour, a tinét very uncommon in flowers, and
full of veins.

The feed-veffels follow one after every flower ,

8 and

hy,

The Benet iy Taso HERBAL.

and they are large, and contain a great quantity

of feeds: thefe are brown, rough, and of an ir-

regular figure. ‘
It is common in wafte places, and flowers. in

July.
DIYPSTION IL.

1. White Henbane.
Eyofcyamus albus.

The root is long, thick, white, and furnifhed .

with numerous fibres. /

The leaves that rife from it ftand on long hol-
lowed foot!talks; fo that in the firft appearance it
differs greatly from the other, whofe radical
leaves rife without any ftalk from the ground :
thefe are large, broad at the bafe, bluntly pointed,
and deeply finuated at the edges.

The ftalk is round, firm, hairy, and- three
feet high: it is more ereét, and lefs branched,
than the other.

The leaves ftand irregularly: they have long
footftalks, and are like thofe from the root.

The flowers grow fingly in the bofoms of the
leaves, and they have fhort footftalks, and are
large and white. The whole plant is thickly
hairy.

It is a native of the warmer parts of Europe,
and flowers in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Hyofcyamus albus major.

Others, Hyofcyamus albus.

Thofe who, following C. Bauhine, call this’

the greater white henbane, defcribe a variety of
it under the name of the fivaller white henbane.

This differs from the other in nothing, but
that it has grown on a barren foil, and is ftarved
and ftunted. ;

2. Golden Henbane.

Fyofeyamus aureus.

The root is. long, thick, woody, white, and
furnifhed with fibres.

The leaves that rife from it are broad, fhort,
deeply dented, and fupported on jong footftalks :
they are of a whitifh green, and foft to the
touch.

The ftalks are numerous, weak, whitifh, and
a foot and a half high.

The leaves ftand irregularly on them, and have
long footftalks : they in all things refemble thofe
from the root.

The flowers are moderately large, and of a
beautiful gold yellow: they are more deeply. di-
vided than thofe of the common henbane, and
have longith footftalks: they ftand partly at
the top of the plant, and partly in the bofoms of
the leaves. !

A fingle feed-veffel follows each flower, con-
taining numerous feeds.

It is a native of the Greek iflands and of
Egypt, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Hyofeyamus Creticus luteus 5
but he, without much reafon, divides it into
two fpecies, a greater and leffer:
varieties.

Alpinus calls it Hyofeyamus aureus,

thefe are only

FOREIGN

C. Bauhine calls it Hyo/cyamus vulgaris et niger.
Others, Hyofcymus niger. A

This is the only fpecies of benbane that is a na-
tive of Britain, and it is poifonous in its qua-
lities.

Se Pe iOots tS:

3. Little Henbane.
Hyofcyamus pufillus.

The root is white, fmall, and longifh, and. has
a few fibres. :

The leaves rife in a little clufter of five or fix
together, and are fupported on long, flender
footftalks : they are oblong, broadeft in the
middle, and deeply indented at the edge.

The ftalk rifes among thefe; and is round,
flender, upright, not at all branched, and eight
or ten inches high. 5

The leaves ftand at diftances alternately : they
are of the fame form with thofe from the root,
but fimaller, and not at all indented at the edge:
they are alfo blunter at the point.

The flowers are moderately large, and of a

beautiful yellow; one ftands ufually in the bo-

fom of each leaf from top to bottom ; and fre-
quently there are little tufts of young leaves rife

With them.

The feeds are large, and are contained in a
fingle capfule,

It is a native of many parts of America, and
flowers in July. ;

Plukenet calls it Hyo/eyamus pufillus aureus ame-
nianus antirrbini foliis glabris.

All the Zenbanes are powerfully foporifick, in-
fomuch that many of the fpecies are accounted
poifonous: none fo much as the common Eng-
lith benbane: but the apothecaries have evi-
dence that the charge is not altogether well
grounded. What they are ordered to ufe in fome
compofitions, is the feed of the qwhite henbane ;
but thofe of the black being more readily at hand,
are too often fold to them by the druggitts in
their place.

This feed however is more violent in its opera-
tions, and fhould be excluded the fhops, the others
having all the good qualities without the danger.

The feed of the white benbane is the beft of all:
it is cooling, emollient, ‘and excellent againtt
pain; it alfo moderately and quietly produces
fleep, without difturbing the head in the manner
of the black.

It is excellent in coughs, it abates the pain in
cholicks, and is of great virtue againtt {pitting of
blood, profluvia of the menfes, and all other he-
morrhages

The leaves boiled in milk and water, and ap-
plied as a'pultice, are excellent in the fciatica
The Toot has the fame virtue with the feeds in an
inferior degree; and is hung about childrens
necks in fome places, as the piony root is in
others, in order ‘to their cutting their teeth
without pain. In many parts they make neck-
laces, with pieces of hendane and pieces of the
piony root interchangeably, and relate wonder-
ful things concerning their effe@s, Of this we
have fpoken before, under the article Piony,

GE-

Plate Va.

(ile

— Vellow Tuli a Wiss
> ~ ad Male

A) ¥ :
oy 2, M pfilane Mel ony

.' ‘i
Fuel (heard

Duirtyileduiids lie. |

The

BRITISH HERBAL,

G EN

Ure oS ied

BIN DW EE D.

GrOnN anor EV UTE OSS.

"THE flower is large, and confifts of a fingle petal, fpread open, rarely indented, and often
folded :. the feeds are numerous, and are contained in a fingle capfule: the cup is formed of a
fingle leaf, divided into five parts ; and remains with the capfule when the flower is fallen.

Linnzeus places this among the pentandria monogynia, there being five threads in every flower,

a fingle rudiment of a fruit or capfule.

DIV LS JOAN got.

1. Great Bindweed.

Convolvulus major.

The root is long, white, flender, and creep-
ing.
orhe ftalks are numerous, round, flender,
weak, and very long: they are fmooth, of a yel-
lowifh colour; and tough, and will climb about
bufhes till they reach ten or fifteen feet in
height.

The leaves ftand ‘irregularly, and have Jong
footftalks: they are large, broad, cut off as it
‘were behind at the ftalk, not going to tharp
points, as in the leffer kind, and fharp at the
end: they are thin, fmooth, undivided at the
edges, and of a pale green. ;

The flowers rife from the bofom of the leaves,
and ftand fingly on long footftalks : they are very
large and white.

The feed-veffel is large, and the feeds are nu-
merous.

It is common in hedges, and flowers all fum-
mer. ane
C. Bauhine calls it Convolvulus major albus.
Others, Convelvulus major. Our common people
call it Bearbind.

2. Common little Bindweed.

Convolvulus minor vulgaris.

The root is flender, and has many fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, round, green, weak,
and almoft a foot long: the plant is not able to fup-
port itfelf; but it does not climb among bufhes as
the great Lindweed, but ftraggles upon the ground.

The leaves ftand irregularly, and are nume-
rous: they are broad, fhort, of a pale green, un-
divided at the edges, pointed at the end, and
running into two points alfo at the ftalk, in the
manner of an arrow head.

The flowers rife from the bofoms of the leaves :
they ftand on footftalks ; and are large, and of a
pale red, fometimes white.

The feed follows in a large capfule.

It is common by way-fides, and flowers in
May, and during the reft of the fummer.

C. Bauhine calls it Convoluulus minor arvenfis.
Others, Convolvulus minor.

This and the preceding both poffe(s the fame

virtues: they are rough purges ; and, to thofe con-

, ftitutions that can bear fuch medicines, are good
N° 6,

BRI TLS HS Pek CYT Bs,

in dropfies, and other diforders from obftru€tions
of the vifcera. The roots poffefs the principal
virtue, and they are beft freth. The country
method is to prefs out the juice, and give it with
{trong beer. The root of the great bindweed is
what they commonly ufe on this occafion.
fingular, that hogs eat this root often in confi-
derable quantity, without any manifeft effect,

It may be ufeful in the country, where peoples
conftitutions are rough, and milder medicines are
not to be had; but it is not worth bringing into

the fhops.

3. Narrow-leaved Bindweed.
' Convolvulus pufillus anguftifolius,

and °

It ig

The root is long and flender, and has a few -

fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, round, weak, and
fix inches long: they lie upon the ground, and
their leaves grow principally on one fide.

Thefe ftand fingly at fmall diftances, and are
very narrow, and of a confiderable length : they
hoop round the footftalks, which are fhort and
flender, in the manner of the head of an arrow,
but the heads are more rounded ; the edges are
not at all indented, and they end in a fharp
point.

The flowers have long, flender footftalks,
and commonly ftand oppofite to the leaves, tho?

not fo numerous: they are fall, and of a pale ©

flefh colour.

The capfule of the feed is alfo fmall.

It is a native of our corn-fields, but not com-
mon. It flowers in June.

Plukenet calls it Convolvulus anguftifino folio
noftras cum auriculis.

4. Little Bindweed, with a deep divided flower,
Convoluulus pufillus flore profunde [eéto.

The root is long, flender, and brown:

The ftalks are round, weak, numerous, and
five or fix inches long.

The leaves are numerous, fhort, broad, and
of a pale green,

The flowers are fmall, of a faint red colour;
and are compofed of fingle petals as the others,
but they are deeply divided into five parts.

The feeds are contained in fhort capfules.

It grows with us in barren places, Mr, Rand,

Q. who

The BRA TF GS -H: “HAESR: BALL.

who firft found it in Kent, called it Convolvulus flore
minimo ad unguem fere fetto 5 and under this name
it is placed in Dillenius’s edition of the Synapjfis
of Britifh plants.

5. Sea Bindweed.
Soldanella vulgaris.
Y

The root is long, flender, and creeping.

The ftalks are round, ftriated, weak, and
ufually of a purplifh colour: they grow to a foot
or more in length, and lean upon the ground.

The leaves ftand irregularly: they have long
footftalks, and are of a rounded figure, rather
broader than long, and have a kind of ears at
the ftalk.

The flowers are Jatge, and of a beautiful deep
red: they have long footftalks, and rife fingly
from the bofoms of the leaves. The feed-veffel
is fhort.

The ftalk is tough, the leaves are of a flefhy
thick fubfance, and the plant abounds with a
milky juice.

It is common on our fea-coafts, and flowers in
June.

DIVISION I.

1, Syrian Scammony.
Convolvulus foliis fagittatis pedunculis bifloris.
\

The root is very long, large, and thick, an
furnifhed with many fibres. | :

The ftalks are numerous and weak, like thofe
of our common great bindweed: they climb upon
bufhes in the fame manner, and run to eight feet
in length.

The leaves ftand irregularly, and have long
footftalks: they are large, oblong, and of the
arrowhead fhape ; they are fharp at the point,
and.as it were cut off with a nick at the two ends
behind the ftalk.

The flowers are large, hollow, undivided, and
of a beautiful purple: they ftand two upon each
footftalk ; but only one of them blows at a time.

The feed-veffel is fingle, and roundifh, the
feeds large and black.

It is a native of Syria, and flowers in June.

J. Bauhine calls it Scammonea Syriaca flore ma-
jore convoluuli, Others, Scammonea Syriaca.

The drug known by the name of Scammony at
» the druggifts, is the hardened juice of the root of
this plant: it is a ftrong cathartick. We have
feen that the roots of moft of the dindweeds are
purging, and this poffeffes that quality in the
flrongeft degree of all. The juice which we know
by the name of /cammony, though an excellent,
isa rough medicine, and is never to be given
without correctives,

2, Cretick Scammony.

Convolvulus radice longiffiima.

The root és flender, brown, and of a vatt
length.

The ftalks are numerous, flender, weak, and
three or four feet high.

The leaves ftand in Pairs ; and are large, and

C. Bauhine calls it Seldanella maritima minor:
Others, Soldanella vulgaris.

We have no othe fpecies of /oldanella a na-
tive of this country.

The roots and leaves of this fpecies are a very
violent purge : they are much more fharp in their
operation than thofe of the common bindweed ; but
for conftitutions that can bear them, they may
be ufeful. There have been inftances of great
good done by this plant in dropfies.

Some upon the fea-coafts pickle the young
tops in the manner of fampire; and even in this
way they purge very brifky. In this form they
are a popular remedy againft the {curvy ; whence
the plant has obtained the name of /curvygra/s
among the common people; that name of right
belonging to a quite different plant.

The beft way of giving it is, to dry and pow-
der the root ; but even in this ftate it will work
very violently. Its proper correétives are ginger
and annifeeds ; and, with right management, it
may thus be made very ferviceable in fome ftub-
born complaints,

OUR “Bele GeNi eS Paps © 1B is:

of a beautiful green: they have long, flender
footftalks, and are heart-fafhioned at the bafe,
narrow in proportion to their length, aud pointed
at the ends, :

The flowers are large, and of a beautiful
purple: they ftand fingly at the tops of the
branches, and are irregularly dented at the
edges.

The feed-veffel is fhort and thick, and the
feeds are black.

It is a native of the ifland of Crete, and flowers
in July.

Alpinus calls it Scammonea macrorbizos,
Others, Scammonea Cretica.

The root abounds with a fharp juice, of the
fame nature with that of the Syrian fcammony.
Tt is prepared in the fame manner, by dry-
ing, and ufed for the fame purpofes ; but it is
milder than the other.

3. Silver Bindweed.
Convolvulus althea Soliis argenteus,

The root is long, flender, and fpreading.

The ftalks are numerous, and weak ; they trail
upon the ground, and are of a pale green colour.
hairy, and tough. :

The leaves ftand irrecularly. ah
footftalks, which are fo nea See
droop: they are of a beautiful fhape and colour :
they are oblong, heart-fafhioned at the bafe.
and pointed at the end; but toward the hate
they are alfo deeply indented or divided in the
palmated manner; and they are notched all the
way along the edges,

The flowers ufually grow two on a footftalk
fometimes fingly. Each has its own feparate
seat and they are large, and of a beautiful
Ted.

The feed-veffel is fhort and thick,

The

BRUTUSH HERD 2D

59.

The whole plant is of a fine whitith filvery
hue, and when broken does not afford a milky
juice, as moft dindweeds do.

It is a native of Italy, and flowers in June: —

C. Bauhine calls it Convolvulus argenteus folio
althee. J. Bauhine, Convolvulus peregrinus pul-
cher folio Betonica,

4. Little blue Bindweed.

Convolvulus ceruleus minor.

The root is long, flender, brown, and hung
with many fibres.

The ftalks are weak, round, hairy, of a pale
green colour, and a foot high.

The leaves ftand irregularly, and in a confide-
rable number: they have no footftalks: they
are of a pale green, long, narrow, and pointed
at the ends: the edges are not at all dented, and
they are but a little hairy.

The flowers ftand fingly on long, fender foot-
ftalks, rifing from the bofoms of the leaves :
they are large, and of a beautiful blue.

The feed-veffel is fhort and thick.

It is a native of Africa and of fome of the
warmer parts of Europe, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Conveluulus peregrinus ceru-
leus folio oblongo, Others, Convolvulus c.eruleus
minor,

5. Small-leaved Bindweed.

Convolvulus ramofus folio parvo. .

The root is fmall, fibrous, and brown.

The ftalks are numerous, round, of a pale
green, and tolerably firm: they divide into
many branches; and frequently ftand upright.
They are fix or eight inches high. :

The leaves are fmall, oblong, and rounded at
the ends. They fometimes ftand in pairs, but
oftener fingly.

The branches rife from the bofoms of thefe,
and are long, flender, and often divided into
others. The leaves on thefe are very {mall and
numerous ; and they ftand altogether irregularly.

The flowers are large, and of a bright red:
they grow towards the tops of the branches,
and have very fhort footftalks.

The feed-veffel is fhort and thick.

It is a native of Italy, and flowers in June.

Morifon calls it Convolvulus ramofus minor.
Pona, Helxine ciffampelos ramofa Cretica; for it
is alfo a native of that IMand.

6. Many-leaved Bindweed.
Convoluulus foliis numerofis anguftis.

The root is long, woody, brown, and furnifh-
ed with many fibres. The leaves that rife from
it are very narrow, longifh, pointed at the endss
and of a pale green: they ftand on long foot-
ftalks, and fade when the ftalks rife.

Thefe are numerous, flender, tough, of a pale
green, fix or feven inches long, and confiderably
branched.

The leaves are numerous, and ftand thick:
they are narrow, pale, undivided at the edges,
pointed at the ends, and have fcarce any foot-
ftalks. ; :

The flowers are numerous, moderately large,

of a beautiful pale red ; and they generally grow
two together. They are divided at the rim into
five, pointed fegments.

The feed-veffel is fmall.

It is a native of Italy, and flowers in June. »

C.Bauhine calls it Convolvulus linarie folio:
Others, Convolvulus Jpice foliis.

7. Oak-leaved Bindweed.

Convolvulus quercus folio.

The root is flender, fibrous, and brown.

The firft leaves rife in a thick tuft: they are
of a deep green colour, of a flethy fubftance, and
ftand on long footftalks: they have fome ride
refemblance of oak leaves in miniature, only they
are lefs indented toward the point, and blunter at
the ends.

The ftalks are numerous, tough, round, red-
ifh, and two foot high: they ftand more ereé&t
than moft of the other dindweeds, but not per-
fectly fo.

The leaves ftand alternately : they refemble
thofé at the root, but they are fmaller, and not
fo flefhy. v4:

The flowers grow finely from the bofoms of
the leaves, and have long, flender footftalks:
they are large, undivided at the edge, and of a
dufky purplith colour.

The feed-veffel is large, and full of dark co-
loured feeds.

It is a native of the fea-coafts of Italy, but not
common,

Imperatus calls it Soldanelle maritime congener.

8. Cretick Bindweed, called Dorycnium.

Convolvulus multifiorus fericeus.

The root is long, thick, and has but few
fibres.

The firft leaves ate long, narrow, undivided,
and have no footftalks: they are of a filvery
whitenefs, and foft to the touch. :

The ftalks are numerous, round, firm, and
woody : they do not lie upon the ground, as in
moft of the others, but ftand erect.

The leaves on them are narrow, long, and
blunt at the end, and have the fame filky afpect
with thofe from the root: they are numerous,
and ftand irregularly, with young tufts frequently
in their bofoms.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, fix

or eight together, and they are large, and of a __

beautiful red, though ‘fometimes white.

The feed-veffel is fhort and thick.

It is a native of the Greek iflands, and flowers
in July.

Morifon calls it Convolvulus major reétus Creti-
cus argenteus. Others, Dorycnium, and Cn orum.
C. Bauhine, Cneorum ‘album folio ole argenteo
mollt.

Linnzeus fuppofes this, and the laft but one,
varieties of the fame fpecies; but they are truly
difting.

g: Ivy-leaved Bindweed.
Convoloulus foliis trilobis.

The root is fmall, fibrous, and brown.
The firft leaves are large, numerous, and form
a thick tuft. They are placed on long footftalks,
and

The BRI EITS:H «HER B Ack

and are formed as it were of three fmaller joined
together,

The {talks are numerous, flender, and branched.
They. are too weak to fupport themfelves with-
out help, but will climb to the height of ten feet.

The leaves ftand irregularly, and are of the
fame form with thofe from the root: they have
three points, or are formed of three parts, and
are of a pale green.

The flowers ftand on long footftalks, and are
large, and of a beautiful blue; they are divided
into five pointed feements at the edge.

The feed-veffel js large, and the feeds are
blackith.

It is a native of the Eaft, and Aowers in July
and Auguft. The flowers open principally in an
evening, and fade when the fun has power.

C. Bauhine calls it Convoloulus cerulens hede-
receo, angulofo folio.

10, Feather-leaved Bindweed.
Convelvulus foliis pennatis.

The root is finall, divided into two or three
parts, and furnifhed with long, f{preading fibres.

The firft leaves are numerous, and extreamly
beautiful: they fland on long, purplith foot-
ftalks, and are large, of a fine deep green,
and compofed of ten or twelve pairs of long feg-
ments, extreamly narrow, and placed nearly op-
pofite to one another, with an odd one, ufually
forked, at the end; together with thefe, there

Geb N

rife a couple of broad, plain, hard leaves from
the feed, which remain a long time; and fome-
times the ftalk rifes immediately between thefe,
without any other radical leaves.

The ftalks are flender, tough, and weak : they
climb on any thing to the height of feveral feet :
the leaves fland irregularly on them, and have
long, tender footftalks: they in all things re-
femble thofe ‘from the root; and are extreamly
beautiful. 2

The flowers are large, and of a very bright
red: they grow in little clufters, and are di-
vided into five fegments at the edge: they have
fomething of the afpeét of the flowers of jeflamy,
and have thence given, among fome writers, a
name to the plant.

The feeds are contained in fhort capfules, one
after every flower,

. Itis a native of the Eaft Indies, and of fome
parts of South America.

Columna calls it Convolvulus Pennatus exoticus
rarior, _ C. Bauhine, Sofminum millifolii folio.
Many call it quameclit, an Indian name. Lin-
nus feparates this and fome others fiom the reft
of the dindweeds, under the name of Lpomea,
but with fo little foundation in Nature, that when
he has given the characters, he adds, < thefe
plants are really fpecies of Convolvulus.” Why
therefore did he permit the other nominal genus
toremain? He has alfo feparated thefe, under
the name of ipomea, in his Species Plantarum, his
Jaft publifhed work.

Ups HI.

GENTIAN.

GENTIAN 4,

rudiment of the fruit, though fi
the body of the rudiment, rathe

nature. This would then have been placed amon
and giving the firft notice of the
origin. }

This author includes {mall centaury in this genus :

though the flowers are nearly the fame.

Det Vales le OnN. 31.

1. Marth-gentian.
Gentiana paluftris anguftifolia.

The root confifts of feveral thick, long fibres,
with other fmaller ones growing tothem. The
large fibres are yellow, tough, and of a bitter
taftes fometimes they grow to a fmall head,
fometimes they are only joined at the top to one
another, .

The ftalk is flender, firm,
altogether ftrait,
joint.

The leaves are long, narrow,
green: they grow two at a j

f upright, but not
frequently bowing from joint to

and of a dufky
oint oppofite to

which is of a tubular fhape,
formed of a fingle leaf divided in

BRST Tel soy

_and divided into fegments at
to five parts: the feeds are

but they differ fufficiently in many refpedts,

SPE C.LE-s.

one another, and have’ no foot! :
undivided at the edge, and harass as

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks
and are very large and beautiful : they are long,
hollow, irregularly divided into five fegments at
the edge, and of a very deep blue.

The feed- vere] is long and flender, and the
feeds aré fmall.

It is found in man
bogey Stound, and flo

C. Bauhine calls it
ia. Others call it Py
lith, Marfb-gentian,
laft is an antiquated a;

Y parts of England on
Wwers in Auguft,

Gentiana Daluftris anguftifo-
eumonanthe, We, in Eng-
or Calathian violer. This
ind improper name.

2. Woolly-

The, BiRa © 18 Hoe Ewan he

2, Woolly-flowered Gentian.
Gentiana flore lanuginofo.

The root is fmall, woody, and divided into
feveral parts: it is of a brownifh colour, and
bitter tafte: there are long fibres produced from
jt about the head, which creep under the fur-
face, and fpread every way.

The ftalk is flender, round, ftriated, ereét, and
five or fix inches high, fometimes more, fometimes
much lefs; for the plant varies greatly in fize.

The leaves are long and narrow, but not alto-
gether fo narrow as thofe of the preceding. They
are of a frefh green, and ftand in pairs without
footftalks.

The flowers are large, and of a deep blue.
They are divided into four fegments at the edge,
andthereis adownynefs of a purplifh colour within.

The feed-veflel is long, flender, and pointed ;
and the feeds are very {mall.

It is found in barren, chalky foils, but not
common. It flowers in September.

C. Bauhine calls it Gentiana pratenfis flore la-
nuginofo, With us it does not grow in mea-
dows, as that name feems to exprefs, When
this plant grows larger from a good foil, the
leaves acquire more breadth, and in this form it
is defcribed by fome authors asa different fpe-
cies, under the name of Gentianella fugax autum-
nalis elalior centaurii minoris foliis; but this is
merely a variety from more nourifhment.

3. Little Spring Gentian.
Gentianella pumila precox.

The ont Is fmall, long, brown, and divided,
and has a bitter tafte.

DIVISION IL.

‘1. Great-flowered Gentian.

Gentiana latifolia magno flore.

The root is fmall, yellowifh, divided into many
parts, and furnifhed with fibres: itis of a bitter
tafte, and firm texture.

_ The leaves are broad and fhort: a tuft of
them rife without footftalks from the root early
in fpring, and foon after, the ftalks appear.

Thefe are round, firm, brownifh, and five or
fix inches high.

They have numerous leaves ftanding in pairs,
‘of the fame fhape, colour, and fubftance with
thofe from the root: they are nervous, and of
a brownifh green.

The flower ftands at the tops of the ftalk, and
is very large, and of a beautiful fky blue; it is
tubular, and divided into five fegments at the
edge, with white lines down their fides.

The feed-veffel is long, and large, and fplits
into two at the top. The feeds are fmall.

It is frequent in Germany, and flowers in
April.

C. Bauhine calls it Gentiana alpina verna major:

Others call it Hippion. We, Great-flowered £en-
tian.

Ne 6,

The ftalks are numerous, and of a brownifh
colour, rigid, firm, upright, but little branched,
and from three to eight or ten inches in heights
according to the degree of nourifhment they
find,

The leaves ftand in pairs pretty near to one
another: they are oblong, broad, pointed at the
ends, of a dufky green colour, and have no
footftalks.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks,
fometimes fingly, fometimes two or three toge-
ther: they are large, and blue, and are divided
into five fegments at the edge.

The feed-veffel is thick, and oblong, and the:

feeds fmall and brown.

It is common in hilly paftures, and flowers in
April.

This, like the former, varying in fize, has
been divided, from that accident alone, into feve-
ral imaginary fpecies.

Columna calls it Gentianella purpurea mitima.
Ray, Gentianella fugax verna five precox.

Thefe three are the only fpecies of gentian
we have native in Britain. They and the next
to be defcribed are called by many gextianelle,
from their fmallnefs in comparifon of the gentian
ufed in medicine. $

They are all good ftomachicks, but inferior
to that great kind. The country people make a
very good bitter tincture from any of thefe, and
orange peel fteeped in white wine,

FOREIGN SPECIES.

2. Great Gentian. |
Getiana major lutea:

The root is long and large, divided into feve.
ral parts, and covered with a rough fkin. It ig
brown on the outfide, yellow within, of a frm
fubftance, atid very bitter tafte,

The leaves that firft rife from it are large,
oblong, broadeft in the middle, pointed at the
ends, and without footftalks: they are of a
deep green colour, and firm fubftance ; and have
five large ribs running lengthwife of them, and
no others of any note. ‘This is a particular
mark, as it makes them refemble the leaves of
plantain or white hellebore; the generality of
plants having only one long and large rib in the
leaf, and the others running obliquely from it.

The ftalk rifes in the midft of this tuft of
leaves, and is round, thick, fein upright, and
three or four feet high.

The leaves are numerous, and ftand in ahd
in aline over one another; they are of the fame
fhape and fubftance with thofe at the root, and
having no footftalks, they furround the ftalk
at the bafe.

The flowers are very numerous, and yellow.
They ftand in great tufts furrounding the ftalk,
with a pair of leaves under every tuft: they are

placed

They

62 Th BRITISH HERBAL,

placed in a fall cup, and are divided into five
long and narrow fegments.

The feed-veflels are long, fwelled at the bot-
tom, and fplit a little at the top.

It is a native of Germany and other parts of
the north of ‘Europe; and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Gentiana major lutea.» Ca-
merarius and others, fimply, Gewtiana; and fome,
from the fegments ‘of the-lower being fpread like
the rays of a ftar, Afterias. }

This is the fpecies whofe root is the true and
proper gentian kept by the druggifts.

It is an excellent ftomachick, and is the prin-
cipal ingredient in bitter tinétures. It (trengthens
the ftomach, promotes an appetite, and affifts di-
geftion. This root, orange-peel, and cardamom
feed infufed in wine or water, either way, make
an excellent family bitter.

This is its common ufe; but befides this, it
ftands recommended againft malignant fevers, and
diforders rifing from obftruétions in the vifcera:
-and it is alfo good againft worms, and in. in:
termittent fevers. j
| The beft tincture of it is that in white wine.

cy Crofs-leaved Gentian.
entiana foliis cruciatim difpofitis.
IP

The root is long, thick, and divided into fe-
veral parts.

The firft leaves are long and broad; they rife
in large tufts, and have no footftalks.

The flalks are numerous, round, firm, up-
right, and eight inches high.

The leaves are placed in pairs without foot-
ftalks, and furround the ftalk at their bafe : they
are broad, nervous, of a deep green, and “fharp-
pointed; and the pairs ufually are placed crofswife
of one another.

The flowers ftand in a thick clufter at the tops

of the ftalks, and are fmall and blue: they are
tubular, and divided into four fhort fegments.

The feed-vefie! is oblong, flender, and fplit at
the top, and the feeds are fmall.

It is common in the northern parts of Europe,
and flowers in July. :

C. Bauhine calls it Gentiana cruciata. Came-
rarius, Gentiana minor.

The root has the fame tafte, and probably the
fame virtues, with the common gentian. It is
greatly recommended in peftilential fevers.

4. Great blue Gentian

Gentiana major flore ceruleo.
N

The root is long, large, and divided into fe«
veral parts.

The leaves that rife from it are long and broad:
they have no footftalks : they are of a deep green
colour, and firm fubftance, undivided at the
edges, and fharp-pointed.

The ftalks rife in the centre of this tuft, and
are firm, upright, and two feet high.

The leaves are long and large; they refemble
thofe from the root, but are of a paler green
and of a fofter fubftance : they have no footftalks, -
and they are ribbed lengthwife, like thofe of. the
&reat gentian: they ftand in pairs, and enclofe
the ftalk at the bottom.

The flowers grow from the bofoms of the
leaves, from the middle to the top, and not un-
frequently from the root up to the top, generally
two upon each footftalk : they are large, and of
a beautiful blue, tubular, and divided into five
parts at the edge,

The feed-veffel is long and flender, and con-
tains a great quantity of fmall feeds.

It is a native of Germany, and flowers in
June. :

C. Bauhine calls it Gentiana afclepiadis folio:

GEN) Ue oe ae
COPING TT AUTRE Yo

CENTAURIUM.

HE flower is {mall, and confifts of a fingle petal, which is of a tubular form,
into feveral :fegments at the edge. The feed-veffel is lender, oblong,

and leaves are tender.

Linneus places this among his pentandria digynia,
tobe adifting genus. But, though it agrees with gentian in the ftru€ture of
ciently in its whole form and fubftance ; the {talks of the gentians being
tough and nervous; whereas thofé of the centaury are tender, he

Many authors call this genus centaurinm minus,

DIVIST:ON 4

1. Little Centaury.
Centaurium minus vulgare.
The root is {mall, long, divided into many

parts, and furnifhed with numerous fibres.
The firfl leaves rife in a tuft: they are oblong,

Small centaury, havin
taury to a plant altogether unlike it, and of a diftin& clafs,

and is divided -
and fingle. The ftalks
making it a fpecies, of gentian, not allowing it
the flower, itdiffers fui.
hard and rigid, and their leaves
as in the generality of other plants.

ig given the name of great cen-

BRITISH SPECIES.

broad, fmooth,
no footftalks,
The ftalks rife among thefe, and are numerous,

fender, upright, eight inches high, and of a
yellowith colour.

The leaves ftand in pairs on them,

of a pale green colour, and have

and have
no

i} la VYVOW loa vid

tandwee

Small he Hil

Bindweed

Sittle

Gentian ;

Spring

\Aelic Scam jG
meng
4

4)?

ey Seam Oe

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Oak Be a Cetic Bendweed
Bindweed calld Y, bitin

Sse

Genlia MD
‘ Se ;

W 2 \\
Grea Gen lian

ww &

Crofs teariil

Shu.

eee

iy, —Atlicr Bindueed ®

;
> |
4 My 1
. Ay
7 NY

Sry

Aeindwud induced

| Lie
MNindweed

SLA
Ls wil A Hie falher “bead:

‘

Ana a
G veal B ler
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as Yortian

aR RNY

The

BRIT1SiH | H ER Ave

63.

no footftalks: they ate like thofe from, the root,
but fhorter, of a frefher green, and more pointed :
they are undivided at the edges, and tend up-
wards.

Toward the top the ftalk dividés into feveral
branches, commonly, but not conftantly, by two
and two: thefe have fmaller and narrower’ leaves
on them, and at their tops tufts of flowers; and
all joining, there is formed by the whole, a very
large clufter. :

The flowers are fmall, but of a bright and
beautiful red: they are flender, hollow, and fpread
toward the rim, where they are divided into five
fegments.

The feed-véfiel is fimple, {mall and long, and
the feeds are numerous and very minute.

It is common in dry paftures, and flowers in
July.

C. Bauhine calls it Centaurium minus. J. Bau-
hine, Centaurium minus flore purpureo et albo;
the flowers being fometimes white; but this is an
uncommon variety. :

Tt is an excellent ftomachick: its tafte is bit-
ter, but not unpleafant, and it promotes an appe-
tite, ftrengthens the ftomach, and affifts digeftion.

It may be called the Englifh gentian,

“Tt is excellent in’ obftruétions of the vifcera,
in. the jaundice, and againft worms. The beft
way of giving itis in infufion, to which may be
added lemon-peel and cardamoms.

2, Little yellow Marfh-centaury.

Centaurium paluftre luteum minimum..

The root is long, flender, and divided into
many parts.

‘The firft leaves are fhort,.and obtufe at the
end: they have no foottftalks, and they quickly
grow yellow and fade.

The ftalks are numerous, flender, and very
much branched: they are four or five inches
high, and full of leaves : thefe ftand in. pairs,
and are fmall, obtufe, and undivided at the
edges, :

DIVISTON IL

Alternate-leaved Centaury.
Centaurium foliis alternis.

This differs from aJ] the others in an obvious
and ftriking particular: their leaves grow in
pairs ; thofe of this fpecies fingly.

Its root is long, thick, yellowifh, divided into
feveral parts, and furnifhed with many fibres.

The leaves that rife from it are oblong; broad,
even at the edges, fharp at the points, and have
no footftalks : they rife in a little tuft, and are
of a pale green; and they foon grow pale, and
wither when the ftalks rife.

The ftalks are numerous, round, upright,
very much branched, and of a pale yellowith co-
Jour: they divide generally in a forked manner,
or, as botanifts call it, dichotomoufly, but not
univerfally.

The flowers ftand at the tons of the ftalks and
branches, and are little, and of a dufky yellow.

The feed-veffels are ‘long, flender, and full of
very {mall feeds.

It‘is found on boggy grounds in fome parts of
England, but is not common. It flowers in
June.

Ray calls it Centaurium paluftre luteum minimum
nofiras. Jt has the fame bitter tafte with the
other.

3. Perfoliate yellow Centaury.
os i)

Centaurium luteum perfoliatum.

The root is fmall, oblong, and divided into
feveral parts.

The ftalk is round, flender, upright, and a
foot and half high; it is {carce at all branched,
and of a pale yellowith green.

The leaves are very fingular ; ‘they feem to be
compofed each of a pair of broad and fhort
ones, perfectly jointed at their bafes; fo that
they form one oblong, hollow leaf, of the fhape
of a boat, through the centre of which the main
ftalk paffes. No plant is fo perfeSly perfoliate.
Thefe fingular leaves are tender, of a deep green,
and fmail, obtufe at the points, and not at all
indented at the edges: they are finaller toward
the lower part. of the ftalk, largeft fomewhat
above the middle, and thence fmaller again to-
ward the top. .

The flowers fland in a loofe clufter at the top
of the ftalk, each on a flender pedicle: they are
ofa beautiful yellow: they have a tubular bot-
tom, and are divided at the rim into eight feg-
ments;.fo deeply that at firft fight they feem to
confift of fo many petals.

The feed-yeffel is oblong and flender, and the
feed fmall.

It grows in drys. barren, chalky, places, but
not very common. It varies extreamly in fize;
whence fome have divided it into a larger and
{mallerfpecies. It flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls, ic Centaurium luteum perfoli-

atum.

FF OARBESESS NES SEP Eee Es!

The leaves ftand alternately, and are of a pale
green: they are not very numerous, and they
vary greatly in fhape. Thofe toward the bot-
tom of the ftalk are like fuch as rife from the root;
thofe higher up are longer and narrower; and
there are tufts alfo of very fmall and narrow onés
in their bofoms, and toward the tops of the
branches.

The flowers are fimall, and white: they do not
ftand in clufters at the tops of the ftalks, as in the
other fpecies, but all the way up in a kind of ir-
regular fpikes.

Its feed-veffels are fmall and cylindrical, and
the feeds very {mall and numerous.

It is a native of France and Italy, and fowers
in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Centaurium minus fpicatum
album. Others, Centaurium minus album.

GY N:Uss

64 Phe <BR Te WSih PER Re BVASL:
Gaisehas ayING | Ui ba38 Vv.
1,0)O;, SpE, 1S) RAP oR.

ETS Ma A C AOA,

HE flower confifts of a fingle petal, which is divided into five fegments at the edge : the feeds
are contained in a fingle capfule, which is round and large: the plant is ereét and tall.
Linnzus places this among the pentandria monogynia; there being five threads in the centre of the
flower, and the rudiment of the capfule being fingle. -
It is a genus extremely diftinét, and plainly characterifed. We have been accuftomed to call this,
and feveral other very different genera, by the common name of willow herb, the leaves of fome of
them refembling thofe of the willow. Thofe of this genus are much lefs like them than the leaves of
fome of the others; wherefore we have changed that name for another /oo/e rife, by which it is alfo

comn only known ; retaining that of willow herb, for the other genus, which has more right to that

appellation.

Di1:Ve1 Sil O Ni --T.

1. Common yellow Loofe Strife.
Lyfimachia lutea vulgaris.

The roots are numerous, long, flender, and
creeping.

The firft leaves are large, oblong, broad, even
at the edges, and pointed at the ends : they are of
a beautiful green; they rife in a thick tuft, and
have no footftalks.

The ftalk is firm, upright, hard, and four feet
high, and toward the top it fends out many
branches.

The leaves grow two, three, or more, at a
joint without footftalks: they are large, broadeft
at the middle, and jointed at the end, and of a
beautiful green,

The flowers are very numerous, confiderably
large, and of a beautiful gold yellow: they feem
compofed of five petals, and have pointed but-
tons on the threads.

The feed-veffel is round and large.

This is fo beautiful a plant in its ere¢t ftature, .

regular growth, and elegant flowers, that it is
very worthy to be taken into our gardens. It is
wild by water-fides not unfrequently, and flowers
from May to Augutt.

C. Bauhine calls’ it Ly/imachia lutea major.
Others, Lyfimachia lutea vulgaris,

2. Globofe Loofe Strife.
Lyfimachia flore globofo.

The root is long, flender, jointed, and fur-
nifhed with abundance of fibres.

The firft leaves rife only two or three together
from different parts of the root: they aré long,
narrow, and.of a deep green; and they have no

DeEVit SE.O NI.

1. Red-flowered Loofe Strife.
Lyfimachia flore rubente.
The root is compofed of many thick, long,
and whitith fibres.
The firft leaves are long, narrow, and of a
bright green, and have no footftalks: they rife
3

B Riva hs A

S°PLE CLE!

footftalks: they are undivided at the edges, and
fharp at the point.

The ftalk is firm, upright, not branched, and
a foot and a half high.

The leaves ftand in pairs: they are long, fome-
what broad, undivided at the edges, and have no
footftalks: they are fmalleft toward the bottom
and top of the plant, and largeft in the middle.

The flowers ftand in roundith heads : thefe are
fupported by long, flender footftalks, and rife
from the bofoms of the leaves, principally abour
the middle of the plant; they are fmall, and
yellow. : =

The feed-veffel is fingle, roundith, and fmall.

It is found in wet places, but not common,

C. Bauhine calls it Ly/imachia bifelia flore luteo
Slobofo. Others, Lyfimachia lutea globofa,

3. Hairy thort-leaved Loofe Strife,
Lyfimachia foliis brevibus hirfutis.

The root is long, flender, creeping, and full of
fibres. ;

The ftalks are numerous, and three feet high ;
they are firm, upright, not much branched, and
of a pale yellowith colour.

The leaves ftand in an irregular manner as in
the common kind, two, three, or four at a joint :
they are fhort, blunt, of a pale green, and hairy.

The flowers are large, and of a beautiful yel-
low: they ftand in clufters at the tops of the
branches.

The feed-veffels are large and round.

Tt is not uncommon in damp paftures, and
flowers in June.

Ray calls it Ly/imachia lutea olii: jori
obtufis floribus in fummitate conge pos

FOREIGN sPECIEs.

in large tufts, but fade and difappear when the
ftalks come up.

The ftalks are numerous, round, firm, ereét,

and two feet and a half high,

‘ The leaves are long and narrow: they ftand
in pairs, and have no footftalks, ~
The flowers ftand in long fpikes at the tops of

the

had

The BIRT 1S) GH poe Beat

a sea

the ftalks and their branches: they are large, and
placed diftin& 5 they confift each of a fingle petal,
divided into five fegments in the manner of the
common yellow kind, and are of a beautiful red.

The feed-veffel is fmall and round.

It is a native of Italy, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Ephenerum Matbiol.

2. Spotted yellow Loofe Strife:
Lyfimachia flava pedunculis unifloris,

The root is long, flender, jointed, and creep-
ing.

Fhe ftalk is round, firm, upright, fmooth,
and two feet high.

The leaves are long and narrow ; their broadeft
part is in the middle: they are fharp pointed,
and undivided at the edges, and have no foot-

ftalks. They ftand irrégularly ; on fome parts of
the ftalk fingly; and on others four at a joint.
. Their colour is a deep green,-and they are com-
thonly fpotted on the back. '

The flowers are large, beautiful, and yellow :
they ftand on fhort footftalks rifing from the bo-
foms of the leaves, one flower on each.

The feed-veffel is roundifh, but fomewhat ob-
long.

It is frequent in'Flanders, and in fome parts of
Italy. It fowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Lyfimachia lutea minor foliis

nigris punctis notatis. Clufius, Lyfimachia lutea fe-
canda. :

Loofe frife has the credit of being an excellent
vulnerary ; but it is not regarded in the prefent
practice. 3

GioBe Nw tUcte Ss
MONEYWORT,:
NUM IMU EAR Pe

VI.

HE flower confifts of a fingle petal, and is divided into five fegiments: the feed-veffel is large
and round, and the ftalks are weak and trailing.

‘Linnzeus places this among his peniandria monogynia, the threads in each fower being five in num
ber, and the rudiment of the capfule fingle. But he does not allow this a diftin& genus ; he makes
it the fame with lyfimachia, and calls its fpecies by that name;

We are averfe to abolifhing received and eftablifhed names, becaufe we would render the ftudy
of botany familiar, not load it with difficulties: therefore we have feparated thefe plants, retained
the name zummularia, and eftablifhed it as a genus. It is true, that the flowers of this plant, and thofe
of lyfimachia are of a like ftructure; but all the fpecies of lyfimachia are ere&t and tall, and all thofe
of nummularia weak, low, and trailing. This is an obvious, and, for all ufeful purpofes, a fuffi-

cient diftinction.
Dal Va 1cSelcOsNe I:

1. Yellow Moneywort.

Nummutlaria flore flavo.

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
many fibres. ’

The ftalks are numerous, flender, round,
weak, and trailing: they naturally lie upon the
ground, and fpread every way; and they are
fimple, and not branched.

The leaves are very beautiful in fhape and dif-
pofition: they ftand two at a. joint, and grow
flatwife, and the diftances between them are
{mall ,; fo that as the plant lies {pread on the
ground, they make a very beautiful appearance :
they are neatly round in fhape, and of a fine
frefh green colour. The plant had its name from
their refembling pieces of money.

The flowers are large, and of a fine gold yel-
low: they ftand on fingle footftalks rifing from
the bofoms of the leaves almoft the whole length
of the plant.

The feed-veffels are round and large.

Tt is common in meadows, and flowers in
June. A

C, Bauhine calls it Nummularia major lutea.
Others, Nummularia vulgaris. We, Moueywort,
and Pennywort, or Herb twopence.

Ne VIL.

BYR PR eSeH = SePabG@x1. ES:

2. Purple Moneywort.
Nummularia flore purpurafcente.

This is a fmall, but very pretty plant.

The root is long, and furnifhed with nume-
rous tough fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, flender, weak,
crooked, and fpreading: they lie upon the fur-
face, or rife very little, and very irregularly
from it.

The leaves are fmall, roundifh, but a little
pointed, of a frefh green, and placed in pairs on
fhort footftalks.

The flowers are moderately large, and of a
beautiful red: they ftand fingly on long and
very flender footftalks rifing from the bofoms of
the leaves, and are divided into five fegments, fo
deeply that they feem compofed of fo many
petals.

The feed-veffel is fmall and oval; the feeds
are numerous, and very fmall.

It is not uncommon in boggy places, and
flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Nummularia minor flore pur-
purafcente, J. Bauhine, Nummularia rubra,

Ss 3. Money-

. 2
66 THE BRITISH HERBAL,

3. Moneywort with pointed leaves, bluntly asin that, they here end ina fharp point:

The flowers ftand fingly on long, flender foot-
: _ | falks, which rife from the bofoms of the leaves,
The root is long, flender, and furnithed with and they are of a beautiful yellow.

> Nuimmularia foliis acutis.

many fibres. The feed-veffels are {mall and round,
The ftalks are numerous, very flender, weak, It is frequent in woods, and flowers in July,
and eight or ten inches long. C. Bauhine calls ic Anagallis lutea nemorun,

The leaves ftand in pairs, and have no footftalks: | J. Bauhine, Anagallis lutea numimularie Similis,
they are broad and fhort, and refemble verymuch | We, Yellow wood pimpernell; but J. Bauhine’s
the leaves of the common kind in colour as well | name comes neareft to truth, for it is in reality a
as difpofition ; but that inftead of terminating ! kind of moneywort.

DIVISION IL FOREIGN SPECIEs,

1. Steliate-leaved Moneywort. Petiver calls it Auagallis marina lutea foliis latis
Nummularia foliis ftellatis. Srellatis.

The root is fall, flender, long, and full of Thefe feveral fpecies, as they refemble the com-
fibres. 7] mon moneywort in form, are of the fame nature

The ftalks are numerous, weak, flender, and | and qualities: it is a plant of very confiderable
feven or eight inches long. virtues, which loofe ftrife does not poffefs, ar

The leaves are broad, and fhort: they ftand | leaft not in an equal degree, and is therefore very
four together : they have fhort footftalks, and are neceffarily feparated and preferved under its pro-
fharp-pointed. per and peculiar name.

From the bofom of every leaf rifes the pedicle The common moneywort is cooling and aftrin-
of a flower, therefore there are four of them alfo gents it is excellent againft fpitting of blood,
at every joint: they are of a beautiful yellow, and | and in dyfenteries : for thefe purpofes the beft way

are deeply divided into five fegments, of giving it is dried and powdered.
The feed-veffel is fmall and oval. The juice of it isa known remedy for over-
It is a native of Virginia, principally about the | fowings of the menfes, and the roots powdered
coaft ; and flowers in July. are good in diarrhceas,
@

eh Noes VII.
ROUND PIMPERNELL,
SAMOLUsS,

HE flower confifts of a fingle hollow petal, Widening to the mouth, and divided into five cb.
“le tufe fegments : the feed-veffel is of an oval figure, and the cup remains with it.

Linneus places this among the pentandria monogynia; the threads being five in the centre of each
flower, and the rudiment of the fruit fingle. j

OF this genus there is but one known fpecies,

Round-leaved Pimpernell. that they are not fo lengthened at the bafe : they
F are broad, obtufe, and rounded at the end.
The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalk and
branches, and are {mall and white,
The feed-veffel is fmall, and the feeds nume-
rous and minute. :
It is not uncommon in wet places, and flowers
in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Anagallis aquatica folio ro.
tundo non crenato. Ak Bauhine, Samolus vale-
randi, ; é

Samolus.

The root is a thick tuft of long, flender fibres.
The leaves that rife from it are numerous, ob-
long, and without footftalks : they ftand in a re-
gular tuft, and are of a beautiful green. They
are narrow, and lengthened in manner of a ftalk
toward the bafe, but at the top oval, undivided
at the edges, and obtufe.
The ftalk is round, firm, upright, and a foot
igh. Its juice is an excellent antj i
_ The leaves fland irregularly on it, and are of | with ee of Seville een ae
the fame figure with thofe from the Toot, except quantity of white wine

GENUS

Th BRITKSH MERBA LD 9 690

Give GaN UL as VIIL
PIMPERNELIL,
ANAGALLIS,

MPHE flowér confitts of a fingle petal; divided fo deeply into five fegments, that there remains no

tubular part, and the fegments adhere to one another only at their bafes: the cup is formed of

a fingle leaf, divided into five hollowed fegments : the feed-veffel is round, and the feeds are numerous
and fmall.

Linnzus places this among his pentandria monogynia ; the threads being Give in every gene anc

the rudiment of the fruit fingle.

DIVISION 4, BRA 1:6:H 1-S.P, 8.018 s.

“1: Red Pimpernel]. The leaves are long, narrow; and of a pale
green : they grow two, or as often three, at a!
| joint, and have no footftalks : they are broadeft
The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with | at the bafe, narrower all the way to the point, and
many fibres. not at all indented at the edges. ;
The ftalks are numerous, weak, and fpread- The flowers aré large; and of a beautiful blue:
ing: they are fix or eight inches long, but lie ] they fand fingly on long footftalks rifing from
fcattered upon the ground, or rife but very im- | the bofoms of the leaves, and are very numerous

Anagallis flore pheniceo.

perfectly. on the whole length of the ftalks,

The leaves are fhort, broad, and of a fine The feed-veffel is large, and the feeds are nu-
bright green : they ftand in pairs, and have no | merous and finall.
footflalks : they are broadeft at the bafé, and nar- We have it in otit corn-fields, but not com-
rower all the way to the point, and are undivided | mon. It flowers in June.
at the edges: they ftand at moderate diftances C. Bauhine calls it Asagallis ceruleo fore.
from pair to pair, and ‘the’ plant has a regular | Others, Anagallis famina, Female pimpernell. :
and pretty afpect. There are two varieties of the common red pim-

The flowers are fmall, but very confpicuous | pernell, which are treated by too many writers as °
from their colour, which is a bright fearlet : they | diftin& fpecies ; the one Has white flowers, and’
ftand on long, pale-green footftalks rifing from | the other three leaves at a Joint, as the blue has,
the bofoms of the leaves all the way up the | inftead of two: this isthe mere work of chance ;

ftalk. the plants all rife from the fame feeds; and are
The feed-veffel is large, and the feeds are nu- by no means to be confidered as a diftin& fpe- °
merous. cies.
Tc is common in corn-fields, and flowers in

May. Pimpernell is a celebrated cordial and fudoti- ;
C. Bauhine calls it Avagallis flore pheniceo, \ fick ; and the red-flowered, or common kind has |
Others calls it Avagallis mas. Our common | mott virtue.

people, Pimpernell. An infufion of the freth plant is excellent in
j flight feverifh indifpofitions ; never; or very
2. Blue Pimpernel. rarely, failing to promote perfpiration, and throw

off thé complaint:
The whole plant dried and powdered; is good
The root is long, divided, and fibrous: againft the epilepfy. There are well authenti-
The ftalks are numerous and firm: they do | cated accounts of this terrible difeate abfolutely
hot lie {catered on the ground, as in the preced- | cured by it.
ing fpecies, but ftand tolerably upright ; and are A decoétion of it is much uféd in fome places
little branched, and fix inches high, in the firft ftages of confumptions.

Anagallis ceruleo flore.

DAVIS 10 N “i: F OIE EGN "S PSEC opis:

re Jagged-leaved Pimpernell. The flowers are large, and of a deep red.

Anagallis foliié oblonei “5, It is a native of Afia, and flowers in {pring:
nagallis fol oblongis finuatis Petiver calls it duagallis purpurea burfe pafteris

The root is long and brown. Solis minoribus.

The leaves that firft grow from it are long and
natrow 3 and they lie fpread in a round. form 2. Blue Pimpernell, with fhort leaves:
upon the ground : they ate of adufky green, and Anagallis cerulea foliis brevibus
deeply finuated. ;

The ftalks are round, firm, and upright ; and The root is long, flender, divided, and hung
their leaves refemble thofe of the root, but they | with fibres. ‘
are fhorter, and more deeply indented. ' The ftalks are numerous, and tolerably firm.

7 The

Thee BER 1. Di, S. A HERBAL. .

The leaves ftand in pairs, and are of a cordated
or heart-fathioned fhape: they are of a deep
green; they have no footftalks, and they fur-
round the ftalk at their bafe. The feveral pairs
do not ftand in the fame line, but oppolite; and-
fometimes, asin our common kind, there grow
three leaves or more at a joint, inftead of two.

Go Ba IN

‘Pye Real ML

! maximo flore.

The flowers ftand on flender footftalks, and
are of a beautiful blue.
"The feed veffel is round, and the feeds are
fmall.
ft is a native of Spain, and flowers in Auguft.
-Tournefort calls ic Avagallis Hifpanica latifolia
Others, Cruciata montana cerulea.

UP) IX.

R O'S #

PRIMULA.

HE flower confitts of a fingle petal ina long cup; the tube of the petal is of the length of the
cup, and its edge is divided into five fegments, which are obtufe, and dented in the middle :

the feed-veffel is fingle and long 5 and the flower ftands fingle upon a naked footftalk. :
Linnaeus places this among his pentandria monogynia, the threads in the flower being five, and the
rudiment of the fruit fingle : but he includes the cowflip and auricula under this name, making them

all one genus.

This is not neceffary nor convenient. The cowflip. has its particular name and peculiar virtues,
and it is faffiiently diftinguifhed by having feveral flowers upon a ftalk, whereas in the primerofe
thereis but one; nor does the auricula want its marks of diftinétion from both,

Dav 1.SiOgny al.

Common Primrofe.

Primula vulgaris.

The root isa fhort, thick head, furnifhed with
a great number of long and large fibres.

The leaves rife in a great tuft; and are large,
oblong, and without footftalks : they are rough,
of a deep, but pleafant green, and not dented at
the edges.

The flowers rife among thefe on fingle foot-
flalks : thefe are flender, naked, hairy, whitith,
and each fuftains one flower.

This is large, and white, or yellowifh, deeply
divided into five fegments, which are broadeft
at the end, and indented there in a heart fafhioned
manner.

DuLV 1IS,;1,0.N; II.

Purple Primrofe.

Primula purpurea folio brevi.

The root confifts of a fmall head, and a vaft
quantity of fhort fibres.

The leaves are numerous, and form a thick
tuft: they are fhort and broad, irregularly and
flightly finuated at the edges, and pointed at the
ends.

The ftalk which fupports the flower is three
inches high, whitifh, naked, and flender.

The flower ftands at th¢ top, fingle and large:
it has a green hufk, ribbed in five places, and

Gr She N

FOREIGN

BeR IT t-S tr “Sebo bac Shs:

The feed-veffel is Iongifh, flender, and co-.
vered; and the feeds ate numerous and roundifh.

It is. common in woods and thickets, and
flowers in fpring.

C. Bauhine calls it Verba/culum fylvaticum majus
Jingulari flore.

The roots of the common primrofe are ufed as
1a fternutatory againft difeafes of the head. The
beft way is to bruife them, and prefs out the
juice, which is to be fnuffed up. It occafions vio-
lent fneezing, and brings away a great deal of
water, but without danger. :

Dried and powdered, the roots are good in
nervous diforders ; but the dofe muft be fmall-
It is reported to be a cure in the night-mare.

SePeh.C Ese

is itfelf divided into five fegments; theft

broad, and heart-fafhioned at the ends : he o
lour is a beautiful purple, except in the centre
where there is a yellow ftar. ;

The feed-veffel is long, and the feeds are nu-
merous and fmall.

It is a native of Turky, and flowers in fpring.
Cornutus calls it Primula veris Conftantinopo-
litana. Others, Primula purpurea,

The Turks call it Carchichec: they oi
: they give the
roots dried and powdered in diforders of ee fto-
mach, and, as is faid, with great fuccefs,

U_ Ss a

COWSLIP,

PARALY STs.

HE flower confifts of a fingle petal, tubu'ar in the lower

~ fegments, obtufe, and dented in the middle :
ftand upon one naked ftalk,

part, and at the edge divided {nto five

the feed-veffel is fingle and oblong : feveral flowers

Tinnzus

Pu Lies WUON are

founled lied

aca AS (YUL

The BRUIT LS HY H ER B AYE,

265

Linnzeus joins this and the preceding under one common genus, with the name Primula; but the

difpofition of the flowers is a fufficient diftinétion.

4. Common Cowflip,
Paralyfis vulgaris,

The root is compofed of many fibres, con-
nected to a fmall head.

The leaves are numerous and broad : they are
of adark green on the upper fide, and whitith,
and fomewhat hairy on the under; rough on the
furface, fomewhat uneven at the edges, and ob-
tufely pointed.

The ftalks rife in the centre of thefe tufts : they
are round, thick, firm, upright, pale-coloured,
and a little hairy.

On the top of each ftand ten ora dozen
flowers ; thefe-are fmall and yellow: they ftand
in long, hollow, ribbed cups, and are fucceeded
by long, flender feed-veffels.

It is common in our paftures, and flowers in
May.

C. Bauhine calls it Verbafculum pratenfe odora-
tum. Others, Paralyfis vulgaris.

It is good againft diforders of the nerves. The
root has the principal virtue : the country-people
boil this in ale, and give it in giddineffes of the ,
head with fuccefs.

“The juice of it, mixed with vinegar, is alfo ufed
to fnuff up the nofe, againft headachs: it is lefs
violent than the juice of the primrofe root, but
very well anfwers its purpofe.

The flowers of the cowy/lip are of a gently nar-
cotick quality : they are made into conferve and
fyrup for this purpofe, and may be given where
other medicines of the fame quality would be
dangerous: they mitigate pain, promote perfpi-
ration, and difpofe gently to fleep. The juice of
cowflip leaves and milk drank every day for a
fortnight, and afterwards every other day for a
month, is a remedy for inveterate headachs.

2. The Oxlip.
Pavalyfis flore majore.

The root confifts of a large, oblong head,
from which there-run a vaft many long and thick
fibres. ; ‘

The leaves are numerous, large, oblong, and
rough : they are of a dufky green, and obtufe.

In the centre of thefe rifes the ftalk, which is

_ thick, round, firm, upright, of a pale colour,
and five inches high.

The flowers ftand in a clufter at the top of this
ftalk, in the manner of cowflip flowers, but in
every refpect larger : they are from eight or ten
to twenty in number : they have long and flender
footftalks; and they are much broader, and of a
paler colour, than the cowflip flower : they have
very much the afpeét of a parcel of {mall prim-
rofes fixed upon a cow/lip ftalk : their colour is a
whitith yellow, and they have very little fmell.

Tt is common in our paftures, flowering
with the others.

C. Bauhine calls this fpecies Verbafculum fylva-

N°».

. fion properly underftand what varieties are :

tucumn vel pratenfe inedorum. Jj. Bauhine, Primula
veris caulifera pallido Hlore inodoro aut vix cdoro.

We call it the Great comflip, or oxlip,

Linnzus makes the Primrofe, cow/lip, and ox.
lip, all the fame fpecies of plant. He defcribes the
cowflip, and introduces the two others under the
name of varieties. Let the reader on this occa.
they
are thofe changes of appearance feen in the fame
{pecies of. plant under different ftates of nourifh-
ment, and other accidents. The old writers,
when they faw a plant whole flower was natu-
rally blue or red, with a white one, which is a
common accident, called it another {pecies : this
was an error, for that is only a variety,

_In the fame manner, when a plant was ftarved
and finall, they often defcribed it as another {pe-
cies: this alfo was erroneous: all changes in
plants made by ftarving, and the more nume=
Tous ones by culture, are varieties ; but no acci-
dent of this kind could make a cowflip root pro-
duce a primrofe.. I have had the cowfip, oxlip,
and primrofe, brought into a garden, where
they continue year after year the fame, and their
feeds produce the fame difting kinds, and-no
other. Thefe are the tefts whereto we bring
plants, in which there is a doubt whether there
be diftin& fpecies or varieties called fo, and they
are conclufive.

The oxlip feeming an intermediate plant be-
tween the:cow/iip and primrofe; naturally led Lin-
neus into this error; but there are thefe gtada- —
tions in nature every where, though not enough
tegarded. She travels always by regular and
even fteps: there are no gaps between.

The world is indebted to Linnzus Sreatly for
rejecting many imaginary fpecies, which he has
Properly fet down only as varieties; but in this,
and fome other inftances, he has carried that
POint too far. So penetrating a genius is rarely
united with a ftrict and chafte judgment.

3+ Birds Eye, -
Paralyfis flore rubeute,

The root is compofed of numerous, thick, and
long fibres, . :

The leaves rife in a little tuft, and are long
and narrow : they are {mooth, of a pale green,
and fharply ferrated at the edges. :

They fpread themfelves every
ground, and have no footttalks, c

The ftalk is round and firm, upright, and four
inches high, i

On its top ftand many flowers, as in the
cowflip, but more ereét, and in general more
numerous: they are fmall, of a beautiful pale
red; and each ftands feparately on a long, flen-
der footftalk, all rifing from the fame point on
the main ftalk,

The feed-veffels are {mall and oblong,
the feeds numerous and very minute. ~

The flowers in this plant differ in more than
colour from the cowflip ; for the fegments are nor
heart-fafhioned or dented at the ends, but plain.

a Tc

Way on the

and

70 The BRIT 1S H H'EPR BAL.

It is not uncommon in the northern counties The auricula would “pieand mnie ie
of England, and flowers in May. as there is no fpecies of t a P Sa a i he Ene:

As ‘the oxlip conneéts the cowylip and primrofe, land, we are obliged, byt ee hed a oa
this plant connects the cowflip and auricula. blifhed divifions, to refer t at to ee eco ee

C. Bauhine calls it Verbafculum umbellatum al- | ries of this clafs, comprehending the genera:
pinum minus. J. Bauhine, Primula veris minor \ which there are none natives of Britain,
purpurafcens.

GP BieeN a) YS XI.
BELLEFLOWER.
CAMPANULA.

rTHE flower confifts of a fingle petal, and is broad, deep, hollow, and divided into five fegments
at the edge: it ftands in a cup formed of one leaf, divided into five fegments ; and is followed

by a fingle capfule, which is of an oval figure, fmooth, and divided into three cells. z
Linnaus places this among his pentandria monogynia, the threads in each flower being five, ani the
rudiment of the fruit fingle; but he confounds three genera under this name, including as. {pecies

i lium, and {peculum Veneris. : f :
rece os Huy alone are fufficiently numerous ; fo that there is the greater impropriety
in his encreafing them by the addition of thofe two other genera. Thefe are both abundantly
diftinguifhed by nature; the feed-veflel being of a different form in each; and that in a manner fo
determinate, that it properly and fully may eftablifh a generical mark. In the campanula, properly
and diftin@tly fo called, we have feen it is oval, and divided into three cells, and is Snooth 5 in the
grachelium it is, in the fame manner, divided into three cells within 3, but it is rough or hairy on the
outfide: and in the /peculum Veneris it is long, of a cornered fhape, and divided into five cells.
Mr. Ray, who keeps up this diftinétion, calls that genus to which the name of campanula is here

appropriated, rapunculus.

Linnzeus feparates fome of thefe, placing them among his /ingenefa poleygamia monogamia; under

the name of Jodelia.

DLE VedSal OpNiack BRITESH S PE'CYH'S:

i. Various-leaved Bellflower.
Campanula foliis variis.

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
many fibres.

The leaves that rife immediately from it are al-
together different from thofe on the ftalk: they
ftand in a {mall tuft, and are fupported on long,
flender footftalks : they are of a roundith figure,
but pointed.

The ftalks are numerous, round, flender, and
ten inches high.

The leaves ftand irregularly on them, and are
long, narrow, and without footttalks.

The flowers are very large and blue: they
ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and on flender
pedicles rifing from the bofoms of the upper
leaves: they are hollow, wide, open, and divi-
ded pretty deeply into five fharp-pointed fec-
ments.

The feed-veffel is oval, fmall, and divided
into three cells, in which are numerous little
feeds.

It is common in dry hilly paftures, and flowers
in June.

C, Bauhine calls it Campanula minor rotundi-
folia vulgaris. J, Bauhine, Campanula parva an-
guillara.

2. Little various-leaved Bellflower.
Campanula foliis variis minor.

The root is very flender, divided, and fu'l of
fibres.

The leaves that. rife from it are numerous,
fmall, and beautiful: they, ftand on fhort pe-
dicles, and are nearly round: they have no point
at the end, but area little indented for the re-
ception of the pedicle.

Among thefe rife feveral flender, round, weak
ftalks, five inches high, and {carce at all branched.

The leaves on thefe are narrow, longith, and
without footftalks.

The flower is large, and there ufually is only
one on the fummit ‘of each ftalk: it is wider
and fhallower than that-of the preceding fpecies,
and divided more flightly at the edge: its colour
is a pale, but pretty blue. :

The feed-veffel is oval, and the feed fmall.

It is common on the mountains in Wales, and.
has been met with in fome parts of England,

C. Bauhine calls it Campanula minor rotundi-
folia alpina, The flower is fometimes of a {how
white, ‘

3. Wild Rampion.
Campanula foliis anguptis obtufis,

The root is long, thick, and has few fibres.
The leaves that'rife from it are numerous, ob-
long, of a bright green, undivided at the edges,
° obtufe at the points, and without footftalks,
The ftalk is firm, upright, ftraic, ftriated, and
two feet anda half high.
The leaves ftand irregularly on it: they are

long, narrow, and obtufe, and are very lightly
ferrated, :

Toward the top of the ftalk there rife many
6 little

The \BRETIS Hina RBA

little branches from the bofoms of the leaves, and
on thefe ftand the flowers.

They are large, blue, ftreaked with purple,
and deeply divided into five fegments.

The feed-veffel is oval and fmooth, and the
feeds are numerous and fmall. }

It is wild in many places on the edges of corn-
fields ; but it is alfo kept in gardens for the fake
of the root, which fome people eat. i
~C. Bauhine calls it Rapunculus efculentus. J.
Bauhine, Rapunculus vulgaris campanulatus.

The whole plant is full of a milky juice.

4. Ivy-leaved Bellflower.

Campanula cymbalaria foliis.

The root is fmall, thready, and divided.

The firft leaves are fmall, tender, angulated,
and of a beautiful green: they ftand on long
foorftalks, and form a pretty tuft.

Among thefe rife numerous ftalks, which fpread
upon the ground: they are three or four inches
long, extremely tender, and ufually of a redith
colour.

The leaves ftand irregularly on thefe, and re-
femble thofe from the root, but that they are
fmaller: they are angulated and broad; the cor-
ners and the point are fharp, and they are of a
frefh and pleafant green.

The flowers are fmall, and of a pale blue; they
ftand on long and extremely flender footftalks 3
and are deep, and cut in at the edge into five feg-
ments.

The feed-veffel is {mall, oval, and fmooth.

It is more frequent in Devonfhire and Corn-
wal than in the reft of England, and flowers in
May. It loves damp and thady places.

C. Bauhine calls it Campanula cymbalarie foliis.
J. Bauhine, Campanula folio bederaceo fpecies Can-
tabrice anguillare.

5. Horned Rampions.

Campanula corniculata montana.

The root is long, thick, white, and furnifhed
with numerous fibres.

The leaves that firft rife from it are fhort, and
almoft round, but pointed at the end, and fome
few of them at times oval, or fomewhat oblong ;
they are placed on long footftalks, and ferrated
at the edges.

The ftalk is tender, ftriated, hollow, and a
foot high,

The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and are al-
together unlike thofe from the root : they are
long, narrow, and fharp pointed, ferrated at the
edges, and of a pale green; thofe toward the
bottom have long foorftalks, thofe toward the
upper patt have none, d

The flowers ftand at the top of the flalk ina
round, thick head: they are fmall and purple ;
but are placed clofe together, and are diftin-
guithed by the length of the ftyle that grows
from the rudiment of the capfule ; this turns
in the manner of a horn; whence the plant has
the name of horned rampions. :

The feed-veffel is fhort and fmooth.

It is a perennial plant, and not uncommon in
the hilly paftures of Kent and Sufféx. It flowers
in Augut, ,

C. Bauhine calls it Rapunculus folio oblongo {pica
orbiculari.. Others, Rapunculus corniculatus mon-
tanus, and Rapunculus corniculatus orbicularis,

6. Scabious-headed Rampion.
Rapunculus feabiofe capitulo.

The root is long, white, woody, divided into
feveral parts, and furnifhed with many fibres.

The firft leaves are numerous, narrow, fer-
rated, fharp-pointed, of a pale green, and with-
out footftalks.

In the midft of thefe rife the ftalks : they are
numerous, flender, divided, and branched, and
not perfeétly erect; they are a foot or more in
height.

The leaves ftand irregularly on thefe, and are
like thofe from the root, fmall, oblong, narrow,
ferrated, hairy, and fharp pointed.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches
in round buttons: they are of a pale blue, and
very numerous, horned inthe manner of the

‘former fpecies, and have a kind of cup under

the whole’ head. ;
Each flower is divided into five fegments, and

fucceeded by a feparate capfule, which’ is fhort

and fmall, and full of minute feeds,

It is common in dry paftures, and flowers in
July. .

C. Bauhine calls it Rapunculus feabiofe capitulo
ceruleo. Others, Scabiofa minima birfura.

DIV IS Osan Ih RORELGN SPE CLES,

1. Cretic Rampion.
Rapunculus foliis pinnatis.

The root is long, thick, white, and furnithed
with fibres.

The firft leaves are fimple, roundith, and un-
divided, and refemble thofe of the various-leaved
beliflower. After thefe rife others, which are
pinnated ; each compofed of three pairs of fmaller
leaves fet on a rib, with an odd one at the end,
which is divided into three parts: thele are of an
oval figure, fharp at the points, and ferrated at
the edges ; and are of a, pale, but pleafant green,

The ftalk is round, eret, firm, and two foot
or more in height: it has a few leaves on it of
the fame pinnated form, and toward the top a
fpike of flowers.

Thefe are of a beautiful purple, and ftand
very thick; they are deeply divided into five
narrow fegments, and they quickly fade.

The feed-veflel is oval, and the feeds are {mall,

It is a native of Crete, and flowers in May,
after which the whole plant dies down to the
root, which fends up new leaves in Oétober, and
thefe remain green all winter,

C.Bauhine calls it Rapunculus Creticus fou py-

ramidalis

-nect the ¢

The, B’R Ir Pil Stee tHE Ri BY A CL.

ramidalis altera. Others, Petromarula, and Lac-
tuca petrea. The whole plant is full of a milky

juice,

2. Yellow Bellflower.
Campanula lutea Linifolia.

The root is long, thick, and divided into fe-
veral parts. i

The firit leaves are fhort, narrow, pointed, and
without footttalks : they rife in thick tufts, and
ftand nearly upright, only with the points turn-
ing a little outwards,
he ftalks rife from the centre of thefe tufts»
and are round, flender, weak, and about feven
inches high: they are not at all branched, and
are {carce able to fupport themfelves perfectly erect.

The leaves are numerous, and ftand irregu-
larly; they are longifh, narrow, fharp-pointed,

and without footftalks: they much refemble thofe

of flax.

The flowers are extreamly large, and very
beautiful: they ftand fingly, one on each ftalk
moft commonly, though fometimes there are
more; and they are an inch long, of a very fine
orange yellow, deep, and even at the edge.

The cup is divided into five parts, and re-
mains with the feed-veffel, which is oval, fmooth,
large, and full of {mall feeds.

It is not uncommon in France and Italy, and
flowers in June. :

J. Bauhine calls it Linifolia campanula lutea.
Lobel, Campanula linifolia lutea moutis lupi flore
volubilis, “The flower is indeed very like fome of
the bindweed kinds, particularly the fea bindweed,
but the genera are diftin@, and this is rue cam-
panula.

Linneus feparates this plant from among the
bellflowers, and ranks it as a fpecies of flax: he
calls ic Linum campanulatum. C, Bauhine, we
have feen, calls it alfo by fuch a name; but Lin-
neus fhould not follow his authority againft_na-
ture: we fhall fee that it is againft his own
fyftem alfo. Leet us refer to his generical cha-
racter of flax, /iaum, and we fhall fee that its
flower, according to his own defcription, has five
petals: how then can this plant be a fpecies of
that genus, when its flower confifts of one, and
that not fo much as divided into fegments at the
rim? There are other particulars in which it
differs from his genericai chara@ter of linums but
this is fufficient: he owns he never faw it grow-
ing. It feems a plant intended by nature to con-
lvulus and campanula kinds,

3. Pearch-leaved Bellflower.
Campanula perficee foliis.

The root is long, thick, divided into fevera]
parts, and furnifhed with fibres in great abun-
dance.

The firft leaves rifein a tuft, and are long,
narrow, undivided at the edges, and of a bright
green. ‘

The ftalk is round, upright, firm, ftriated,
and two feet and a half high.

The leaves are numerous, and ftand irregularly
upon it: they are long, narrow, undivided, of
a beautiful green, and without footftalks ; there

frequently rife tufts of young leaves in the bo-
foms of the old.

The flowers are very large and beautiful: they
ftand in a kind of irregular fpike from the middle
of the ftalk to the top: they have long footftalks,
and are of a beautiful blue, fometimes white ;
they are broad and fhallow, and divided into five
pointed fegments at the edge.

The feed-veffel is large, oval, fmooth, and
divided into three cells within.

It is frequently wild in France and Germany.
It flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Rapunculys petfice felis
magno flore. J. Bauhine, Campanula anguftifolia
caerulea et alba.

4. Pyramidal Bellflower.
Campanula pyramidalis folio lato.

The root is long, thick, and divided into many
parts,

The firft leaves are few: they are fhort and
broad, a little indented at the edges, pointed at
the end, and placed on long footftalks.

The ftalks are round, thick, firm, upright,
and four foot high,

The leaves ftand irregularly on them, and are
like thofe from the root, but longer in proporti-
on to.their breadth, and more ferrated: the
are placed in the fame manner on long footftalks,;
and are of a pleafant green.

The flowers ftand from the middle to the top
in a long fpike of a pyramidal form : they are,
large, blue, and wide open at the mouth, where
they are divided into five fegments,

The feed-veffel is oval, fmooth, and large,

It is a native of Spain, and flowers in July. .

C. Bauhine calls it Rapunculus bortenfis latiore
folio feu pyramidalis. Others, Campanula la&e/-
cens pyramidalis,

. Lefiér pyramidal Bellfower,

Campanula pyramidalis minor.

The root is large, long, thick, and divided,

The leaves that rife from it are very numerous:
they ftand on fhort footftalks, and are oblong
broad, tharply ferrated at the edges, and tharp.
pointed.
The ftalk is round, ereét, firm, and five fee
high.

The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and are of
the fhape of thofe from the root, but without
footftalks,

The flowers are large, numerous, and of a
pale blue, fomeimes white, as in the other {pe-
cies: they are deeply divided into five fegments ;
and they grow feveral together upon very long
and flender footftalks, nifing from the bofom of
the leaves, as well as at the top of the main ftalk:
the pedicles which fupport them are {o weak thag
they commonly droop,

The feed-veffel is fin
vided into three cells,
of fmall feed.
_ [tis a. native of the warmer parts of Europe
in damp places; and flowers in June,

Alpinus calls it Campanula pyramidalis minor,

all, oval, fmooth, and di-
wherein is a Sreat quantity

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6. Rock Rampion.

Campanula petrea foliis wariis.

The root is long, thick, fingle, and has few
fibres.

The firft leaves ftand on long, flender foot-
ftalks, and are of a cordated form, indented at
the bafé, and fharp-pointed: they are undivided:
atthe edges, and of a dufky green.

The ftalks are numerous, fix or eight inches
high, round, fmooth, and firm.

The leaves ftand irregularly on thefe, and are
altogether unlike thofe from the root: they are
Jong, narrow, and fharp-pointed, not at all indent-
ed at the bafe, and undivided at the edges.

The flowers are fmall, and of a bright blue:
they ftand in fmall oval heads : one of thefe heads
terminates each ftalk, and confifts of a vaft mul-
titude of flowers.

The feed-veftel is oval, fmall, and’ fmooth.

It grows among rocks in Germany and Italy.

‘Alpinus calls it Repunculus petraens, and others
follow him exactly.

7. Serrated Rampion.
Campanula foliis anguftis profunde ferratis.

The root is long, thick, white, and undivided,

"The leaves which firft rife from it are fhort,
fomewhat broad, deeply ferrated, and without
foorftalks.

There follow thefe another fet of leaves, which
are alfo without footftalks; but they are longer
and narrower, and more deeply ferrated.

In the centre of thefe rifes the ftalk, which is
round, firm, upright, ‘and two foot and a half
high.

The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and are
like the fecond from the root, very narrow, long,
and deeply ferrated, and without footftalks.

The flowers ftand at the top of the ftalk, and
on Jong footftalks rifing from the bofoms of the
upper leaves : they are large and blue, deeply
divided into five fegments, and open.

The feed-veffel is oval and fmall.

It is not uncommon in the woods of Germany,
and flowers in June. x

C. Bauhine calls it Rapunculus nemorofus anguf-
tifolius major majore flore.

8, Oval-leaved Bellflower.

Campanula foliis ovatis ferratis.

The root is long; flender, and white.

The firft leaves are roundith and ferrated : they
ftand on long footftalks, and are not very nume-
rous.

The ftalk rifes in the centre of the tuft, and
is round; ereét, and but little branched.

The leaves ftand alternately on long footftalks,
and are of an oval figure, pointed at the ends,
and fharply ferrated. Thofe toward the lower
part are broader and fhorter, thofe toward the

Ne VI.

upper, narrower and longer; and juft at the top
there are a few of a different form, oblong, with-
out footftalks, and not ferrated. ‘

The flowers are large, and of a pale blue:
they ftand on long and flender footftalks about
the top of the plant, and are not very numerous.

The feed-veffel is oval and fmooth.

It is frequent in the Harts foreft.

C. Bauhine calls it Campanula foliis fubrotundis.
When it grows, on barren ground the flowers are
often white,

g. Broad-leaved cluftered Bellflower.

Campanula latifolia floribus confertis.

The root is long, flender, white, and hung with
many fibres. :

The firft leaves are oblong, broad, and placed
on long, redifh footftalks: they are not dented at
the bafe, but are broadeft there, and gradually
narrower to the point; and they are a litle hairy.

The ftalk rifes in the centre, and is round,
flender, not,at all branched, pale coloured, and.
fomewhat hairy.: it is about ten inches high. :

The leaves, ftand. irregularly, on it: they are
like thofe from the root, but narrower, fharp-
pointed, not dented. at the edges, but a little
hairy: thofe on the lower part, have fhort foor-
ftalks, the others none.

The flowers ftand, in a thick clufter at the top
of the ftalk; they. are fmall, and of a beautiful
blue,, deep, and divided into five fegments at the
edge.

The feed-veffel is oval, fmooth, and divided
into three parts and full of fmall feed.

It is a native of France and moft other parts
of Europe. :

C. Bauhine calls it Repunculys latifolius umbel-
latus. In Englifh it is commonly called Umbel-
lated rampiou.

Moft of the fpecies of Zel/flower are efculent
plants, particularly the principal of the zampions.
The roots of feveral of thefe are eaten in {pring,
in the manner of radifhes, raw or boiled, and they
are kept in fome gardens for that purpofe; they

' are tender, full of a milky juice, and well tafted.

They are faid to increafe milk in the breafts of

| nurfes, but that is an idle conceit, grounded only

on the milky look of their own juice.
The common various-leaved bellflower is cele-
brated in fome places as a cure for the fcurvy :

| they take the juice in fpring, with that of

cleavers, water crefs, and brooklime. When fo
many things of known virtue are ufed together
it is not eafy to fay whether fuch an addition
has much efficacy.

The root of any of the rampion kinds, if eaten

in due quantity, operate by urine; and they ‘are

fuppofed to create an appetite. We do not ufe
them much in England, but they are in great
efteem in France and Italy. They cut them into
thin flices, and eat them with oil and vinegar.

U GENUS

74. The

BRITRISHIA ERS AL:

Gut “Noast

S XIE.

Jab RO, As Taw i O°R: L?
TALECHIU™.

HE flower confifts of a fingle petal, hollow, and divided into five fegments at the edge: the
'E cup is formed of a fingle leaf, divided alfo into five fegments; and the feed-veffel is rough and
hairy on the outfide, and is divided into three cells within.

Linnzus places this among the péitandria mon
feed-veff-l, makes it the fame genus with campanula.

DAV Wes ON 1

1. Great Throatwort.
Trachelium foliis longioribus ferratis.

. The root is compofed of a number of long,
flender parts, which fpread under the furface,
and have many great fibres.

The firft leaves are very large: they rife in a
great tuft, and ftand upon long footftalks : they
are very large, foblong, broadeft in the middle,

- fharply ferrated, and pointed,

In the centre of this tuft rife the ftalks, which
are round, firm, thick, upright, not much
branched, and four feet high. |

The leaves on them are numerous, and of the
fame form with thofe from the root : they fre-
quently grow two, three, ot four from the fame
point, but without any great regularity.

The flowers are very numerous, large, and of
a purplifh colour, of different tinés and degrees ;
fométimes they are of a deep blue, fometimes
redifh, and fometimes white. ;

The feed-veffel is very large, hairy, and di-
vided into three cells within; it has the fame
fhort footftalk which fupported the flower, and
generally hangs downward.

It grows not uncommonly on the mountains in
Wales, and in Yorkthire and fome other parts of
England ; and flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Campanula maxima foliis
latiffimis. Others; Trachelinm kiganteum; and
our Englifh gardeners, Giant throatwort.

2. Nettle-leaved Throatwort.

Trachelium foliis urtice.

The root is long, thick, and {preading.

The firft leaves exaétly refemble thofe of the
common ftinging nettle; they are few, and of
a dufky green, and hairy, broad at the bafe, tharp
at the point, ferrated, and fupported on long
footftalks.

The ftalks are numerous, firm, upright, hairy,
fitiated, purplith, anda yard high,

The leaves ftand irregularly on them, and
have long footftalks : they are of the fame fhape
as thofe from the root, but fmaller.

The flowers ftand at the top of the ftalks, and |

on fhort pedicles tifing from the bofoms of the
upper leaves: they are very large, and of a beau-
tiful blue, deep, open, and cut into five fegments
at the edges.

‘parts of Eneland,

| wort.

egynia and, not regarding the difference of the:

BURP Te Sates SsBebs@eln cc:

The feed-veffel is large, rough, and divided
into three cells.

It is common in Kent, Suffex, and many other
countries, and flowers in Auguft. Its common
place of growth is by road fides.

C. Bauhine calls it Campanula vulgatior foliis
urtice major et afperior, Others, Trachelium ma-
jus, or Great throatwort. :

3. Clufter-Aowered Throatwort,
Trachelinm floribis glomeratis.

The root is Jong, large, fpreading, and fur-
nifhed with many fibres. : *

The firft leaves are few and large: they are
oblong, broad at the bafe, and {maller to the
point 5, and they ftand on thort footftalks,

The ftalks are numerous, round, firm, redifh,
erect, and two foot high.

The leaves ftand irregularly on them, and re-
femble thofe from the root: thofe on the lower
part have thort footftalks, thofe on the upper part
have none,

The flowers are large and blue; fometimes
redifh, and not unfrequently white : they ftand
in thick clufters at the tops of the ftalks, and of
the branches rifing from the bofoms of the leaves.

The feed-vefiels are large and rough.

It is not uncommon in dry paftures in many
efpecially where the foil is
chalk. It flowers in July.

C.Bauhine calls it Crachelium Jive campanula
pratenfis flore glomerato. Others, Trachelium mi-
aus. We, in Englith, ufually, Littl throat

The root of the great throatwort is aftringent.
A decoétion of it in water, and with a little red
wine, is excellent againft the falling down of the
uvula, and is a very good gargarifm in many
diforders of the throat: ‘it thence obtained its
name.

Dried and powdered it a@s as an aftringent in
the bowels, and is good againft diartheas, efpeci-
ally fuch as are attended with bloody ftools.

An infufion of the root of the nettle-leaved
throatwort, fweetened with honey, is a good
garglé for fore mouths. Tn general all the fpecies
have the fame virtue: the great throatwort in the
principal degree, and this nettle-leaved kind next,

DIVI-

:
F

The BRITISH HERBAL.

DLV. 1 S10, Nasa

1, Narrow-leaved Throatwort.
Lrachelium foliis anguftis.

The fost is long, thick, and fpreading.

The fir leaves are very large : they are oblong,
narrow, ferrated, and often curled at the edges :
they are of a dufky green colour, and have no
footftalks,

The ftalk is round, upright, firm, redifh, and
a little hairy.

The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and re-
femble thofe from the root: they are of a pale
green, and have no fooftalks,

The flowers are very large and beautiful: their
moft natural colour is a fine deep blue, but they
are fometimes redifh or white : they are deép,
long, and divided into five fegments at the edge.

The feed-veffel is large and rough,

It is a native of Spain, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Campanula hortenfis folio et
Hlore oblongo. Others, Viola mariana; and our
gardeners Coventry bells,

2. Rough-leaved Threadwort:
Trachelium foliis anguftis ferratis villofis,

The root is long, thick, white, and furnithed
with a few fibres.

The leaves that rife from it are numerous, ob-
long, narrow, of a brownifh green, hairy, rough’

to the touch, fharply ferrated, and without foot-
talks. : :

The ftalk rifes in the centre, and ig round,
firm, upright, and a foot high} it is tough. to
the touch, and often redifh.
~ The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and are not
very numerous: they are narrow, and have no
footftalks,

FOREIGN SPECIES,

Gr Bist 78 XIV.

The flowers are large, of a beautiful blue, and
hairy at the edge, and fland on the top of the
ftalk, and on long, flender footftalks rifing from
the bofoms of the upper leaves, d

The feed-vefel is rough and oval,

Tt gtows in Switzerland, and flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Campanula folii echii floribus
villofs: Others; Tracheliun) Soltis echii. ;

Bu White Throatwort,

Trachelium album,

Several kinds of throatwort have the flowers

| accidentally white; but thof of this plant are na-

turally fo; the others are only varieties of the {e-
veral {pecies to Which they belong, but this is
altogether difting., ; : :

The root is long, thick, dividea into feveral
parts, and of a redith brown.

The leaves rife in a round tuft: they are
little; thort, Pointed, and fomewhat hairy.

The ftalks rife in the centre of thefe : they are
numerous, upright, flriated, and a foot and a
half high, ‘

The leaves ftand irregularly on them, ahd are
moderately large, oblong, undivided at the edge,
and hairy; ;

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks in
thick” tufts : they are white, moderately large,
and deeply divided into three feameits, a

The feed-veffel is oval, rough, ahd divided
into three cells) | ;

Tt is a native 6F the mountainous parts of
Switzerland, Germany, aiid Italy ; and fowers in
Auguft. : ‘

C. Bauhine calls it Campanula alpina [pheroce-
phalos. J. Bauhine, Trachelium majus petreums

VENUS LOOKING-GLasg,

SPECULUM VENE RIS.

HE flower confifts of a fingle petal divided into five fe

gments at the edge. The feed-velfel is

long, fingle, of a cornered fhape, and is divided into three cells within.

Lianzus places this among his pentandria monogynia, the threads of t

rudiment of the fruit fingle ; but he joi

we fee it manifeftly differs in the form of the feed-

DIV TS TON T
x. Great Venus? Looking-glafs;
Speculum Veneris major:
The toot is fmall, long, woody, white, and
furnifhed with many fibres.
The ftalks are numerous, weak, véry much

‘branched, and about {even or eight inches high :
they do not ftand erect, but lean and bend.

he flower being five, and the

ns it, as of the fame genus, with the campanula, from which
veffel, as well as in its general afpect:

- BRITISH SPERCIDS,

The leaves are fhort and broad : they are of a
deep green colour, placed irregularly, often, as it
wete in pairs in many parts, in others alternately
and diftant: they are fharply ferrated at the edges;
pointed at the ends, and broadeft in the tiddle 3
and they have ho footftalks:

The flowers ftand on the tops of the ftalks
and branches: they are fmall, ‘of a deep purple,

6 and

76 The

BRITISH HERBAL

and divided into five fegments; thefe, toward
evening, clofe, and the fower has the look of a
“ jittle arrow head of a pentagonal form: from
this fhape and its colour fome have called this the
pentagonal violet.

The feed-veffel is long, and has fharp edges:
the feeds are numerous and {mall.

It is common in the corn-fields of the north of
Ireland, but not in England. It flowers in July.

C, Bauhine calls it Oxobrychis arvenfis five cam-
panula arvenfis ercfia. J. Bauhine, Avicularia
Sylvii.

2. Little Venus’ Looking-glafs.
Speculum Veneris minus.

The root is {mall, long, white, woody, and
furnifhed with numerous fibres.

The ftalk is hollow, tender, ftriated, and com-
monly three or four inches only in height, but in
places where it is well nourifhed it will rife to a

DPV ES TON. I-

1. Great flowered Venus’ Looking-glafs.
Speculum Veneris magno flore.

The root is fmall, white, long, and woody.

The ftalks are numerous, weak, branched, and
five or fix inches high.

The leaves are numerous, oblong, and with-
out footftalks: thofe toward the lower part of the
ftalk are longer and more obtufe ; thofe toward
the upper part, fmaller and fharper at the point.

The flowers are very large, and of a beautiful
pale purple, with a white eye in the centre,
and fome blue about it: they are divided into
five fegments, and are hollow.

The feed-veffel is long and angulated; and the

_ feeds are large, fhining and brown.

It is a native of Thrace, and flowers in June.

Ray calls it Speculum Veneris flore ampliffimo
Thracicum.

2. Perfoliate Venus’ Looking-elafs,

Speculum Veneris perfoliatum.

The root is long, lender, fibrous, and white.
The ftalks are numerous, and tolerably ere¢t :

Greek

iF awa N ontpds

foot; fo that, although called the leffer fpecies,
it is in this cafe taller than the other, but it is
{carce at all branched.

The leaves are little, and have no footftalks :
they are fhort and broad, obtufe at the ends, and
waved, or, as it were, curled at the edges.

The flowers ftand at the top of the ftalk, and
on fhort footftalks rifing from the bofoms of the
leaves, one flower on each.

They are fmall, of a bright purple colour,
and ftand upon the rudiment of the pod or feed-
veffel.

When they are fallen this fwells and lengthens,
and becomes a long capfule, refembling a pod,
ridged, and fharp at the edges, and contains a
great deal of minute feeds.

Ray calls it Campanula arvenfis erefta vel fpecu-
lum Veneris minus:

It is not uncommon in our corn-fields in Suf-
fex and fome other counties; and flowers in
June.

BLO RE LEGN SPE CLE St

they are round, thick, of a whitifh colour, and
a little hoary.

The leaves are broad and fhort: they ftand
irregularly, and furround the ftalk at the bafe ;
fo that it feems to grow through them.

The flowers are large, and of a pale but
beautiful red: they are deeply divided into five
fegments, and they ftand on the tops of the ftalks,
and on fhort pedicles rifing from the bofoms of
the leaves.

The feed-veffel is long, and angulated ; and
the feed moderately large, and of a glofly furface.

It is a native of Virginia, and flowers in June,

Morifon calls it Campanula pentagonia perfoliata.

The Venus looking-glafs agrees with the bell-
flowers and rampions in its qualities.

The larger kind, which is very common in the
corn-fields of France, is one of their favourite
fallad herbs. They gather the firft leaves and
eat them in the fpring. The common fallading,
known among them by the name of queue de
Pevefque, is the firft fhoot of this plant: befide
its agreeable tafte, it is fuppofed to be a good
antifcorbutick,

XIV.

BT NON Bey,

HE flower confifts of a fingle petal, hollow, open, divided i
refembling the Campanula: the fruit. is of an oval form,
with its peculiar Cup : it is ina manner of the berry kind, but n
The cup is double; there is one for the fruit juft named, a

the fruit is compofed of four leaves,
fits of a fingle leaf, divided into five fegments,

Gronoyius eftablithed this genus, and named it in

character be new, the reft is familiarly known.
defcribed by Bauhine, Gerard, Parkinfon,

two of which are taller than the others,
Tuit. : ;

two of which are fmaller, two larger:

and the feeds being covered: there is

nto five feoments at the edge, and
divided into two cells, and covered
Ot juicy. ;

nd another for the flower: the cup of
the cup of the flower con-

honour of Linnzus; but though the name and

There is but one fpecies of it; and that is the plant

and the reft, under the n f -
Linnzeus. places the genus among his diyyamia angi sine wane

Lflower.
é flower,
one only in each

ofpermias; there being four threads in th

x Linnga.

The root is long, flender, divided, and fut-’

nifhed with fibres. —

The ftalks are numerous, flender, round, and
commonly redifh : they lie upon the ground, and
take root at different places, thus fpreading into
large tufts.

The leaves are fhort, broad, ferrated, and
fharp-pointed: they ftand.in pairs, and have no
footftalks.

The flowers are moderately large, of a pale

rife from the bofoms of the leaves.

The feed-veffel is oval, fmall, and fmooth.,

It is a native of Ireland; but is not found
wild in England. It flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Campanulo ferpyllifolia; a
name that does not very well exprefs the plant 5
but moft other writers have copied ic,

Nise) seers XV.

BUCKBEAN.

ME N Grd IN: THES:

HIE flower confifts of a fingle petal, divided into five fegments, which are hairy: the fruit is a
fingle capfule, of an oval figure, and undivided within: this ftands furrounded with the cup,

‘on a ftalk.

’ which is formed of a fingle leaf, divided into five fegments, and hairy within: the leaves ftand three

Linnzus places this among the pentandria monogynia, the threads in each flower being five, and the

rudiment of the fruit fingle.

This author joins in this genus with the duckbean, properly called menyanthes, the little water-lilly
but they are plants altogether differing in fhape and qualities, though their flowers are alike: ‘The
difpofition of the leaves, which is by threes in this plant, and fingly in the other, is a fufficient and

obvious mark of diftinétion. |

Where nature happens to have given flowers of the fame form to plants very different in form and
qualities, we are not to confound the genera fhe has eftablifhed, by joining them together under one
name, but to feek in the reft of the plant thofe particulars which may keep them feparate.

Of this genus there is but one known fpecies, ' which is a common wild plant among us.

Common Buckbean.
Menyanthes vulgare.

The root is long, thick, jointed, redifh on the
outfide, white within, and runs obliquely under
the furface.

The firft leaves ftand three on each footftalk ;
and thefe footftalks are thick, and redifh at the
bottom.

The leaves are large, oblong, of a frefh green
colour, and of a thick, flefhy fubftance: they
are broadeft in the middle, pointed at the end,
and undivided at the edges.

The ftalk is thick, round, ten inches high,
ahd not at all branched : it is redifh at the bot-
tom, and is there generally enveloped by the
broad bottoms of footftalks of feveral leaves that
rife with it, and furround it to fome height.

Thefe are like thofe from the root, but fmaller ;
and there are no others on the ftalk.

The flowers ftand at the top in a thick, fhort
fpike ; and are large, and very beautiful: their
colour is whitifh, but with a faint blufh of red,
and they are hairy or rough on the infide.

: , Geet

‘The feed-veffel is large and oval.”

It is common in damp paftures, and on boggy
grounds, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Trifolium paluftre. ‘Tourne-
fort, Menyanthes paluftre triphyllum.

It is a plant defervedly celebrated for its vir-
tues: it is diuretick and deobftruent in a great
degree, and has a bitternefs extremely ferviceable
to the ftomach.

It is good in dropfies, the jaundice, the fcurvy,
the rheumatifm, and in intermittent fevers.

For dropfies the beft method of giving it is to
exprefs the juice after bruifing the’plant, with a
little white wine. BR

In the fcurvy, a ftrong infufion taken twice a-
day for a continuance, is of great effect: there
are not wanting thofe who give it in the gout in
the fame manner. i

For intermittent fevers, it fhould be dried care-
fully, and powdered ; half a dram is a dofe; and -
I have known it fucceed where the bark has
failed.

N 4 W238 XVI.

F RUNGE DoW, AduE AR etter,

NYMPHOIDES,

rPHE flower confifts of a fingle petal, divided deeply into five fegments, which are cut or fringed
at the edges: the feed-veffel is large, and fimple in its ftru@ture: the leaves ftand fingly, one '

on each foorftalk,
N°8.

x Linneus,

78 The

BRI F1 SiH (HE RB APE:

-Linnzus, as we have feen, properly places this among his pentandria monogynia, the threads’ in
each flower being five, and the rudiments of the fruit fingle; but improperly confounds it under the
fame generical name with buckbean, the general form and the virtues being different.

1. Yellow-fringed Water Lilly.
Nymphoides flava.

The root isa tuft of thick, black fibres.

From this, which is buried in the mud, rife
many weak, trailing ftalks, which take root
again at certain diftances, and fpread the plant
far and wide.

The leaves ftand on long footftalks: thefe
ufually rife to the furface of the water, on which
the leaves naturally float: they are of a freth
green, thick, and fmooth,

The ftalks are thick, foft, round, fpungy,
and jointed.

The flowers are large and yellow: they ftand
on thick footftalks, and are beautifully notched
and jagged, in the manner of a fringe, about the
edges.

The feed-veffel is long and large, and contains
a great number of feeds.

GC; ieBic gui Ne oh Wo oo¢8

It is not uncommon in fhallow waters; we
have it abundantly about Brentford. . It flowers
in July. :

C. Bauhine calls it Nymphea lutea minor flore
Jimbriato ; a name moft others have copied.

The leaves are cooling: their juice, mixed with
honey, is good for fore mouths. The country-
people give it alfo in overflowings of the menfes
with wine. We fee by this that it partakes of
the qualities of the common water lilly, and is by no
means to be confounded with buckbean, whofe
virtues it has not, nor any qualities at all like

them.

The common kinds of water lilly, though they
refemble this plant in their manner of growth,
differ extremely in their flowers, and are to be
treated of among plants that have feveral petals,
not with thefe which have only one.

XVII.

WeA TOE ROOV 1 OL EMT.
HOTTONIA.

HE flower confifts of a fingle petal, divided into five fegments :

the fruit is a finele capfule,

with only one cell, of a round fhape, but terminating ina point, and is placed on the cup,
which is formed of a fingle leaf, divided into five parts.
Linnaus ranges this among his pentandria monogynia, the threads being five in each flower, and the

rudiment of the fruit fingle,

Of this genus there is but one known fpecies, and that is a common plant in our ditches and fhal-

low ponds.

Water Violet.
Hottonia.

The root is a tuft of black, long, and flender
fibres : thefe penetrate deep into the mud.

The leaves are long, large, and very beauti-
fully pinnated : they confift each of ten, twelve,

or more pairs of long and narrow fegments, |

regularly difpofed, and an odd one at the end.
From the bafe of this clufter of leaves there ge-
nerally are propagated fome long, flender ftalks,
which take root again as they run upon the fur-
face of the'mud, and in thefe places fend up freth
clufters of leaves.
In the centre of thefe leaves rifes the ftalk,

Gee Na

which is to fupport the flowers : this is tall, up-
right, round, flender, and naked.

The flowers ftand in little clufters at and near
the top: they are moderately large, very pretty>
and of a whitifh colour, tinged with red,

The feed-veffel is fingle and {mall.

Tt is frequent in fhallow waters that have
muddy bottoms, and flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Milifolium aquaticum, fer
Viola aquatica caude nudo. Boerhaave, Hottonia 3
a name ufed now generally for ir,

The leaves are cooling, externally applied ; but

they are more ufed by country people than by
phyficians, :

§ XVII.

SALTWORT,
Gob AUX

ig Bi flower confifts of a fingle pétal, divided into five obtufe fegments :
capfule, having only one cell, and containing five feeds.
have called the flower a cup, and faid the plant has no flower.

the feed-veffel is a fingle
There is no cup; wherefore fome
This is a cuftom with many writers,

when the flower remains with the fruit ; but it is unnatural, and therefore improper.
Linnzus places this among his pentandria monogynia ; the threads being five in each fower, and”

the rudiment of the fruit fingle.

OF this genus there is but one known fpecies,

coatts.

and that is a common wild plant about our fea-

Black

Th BRITISH HERBAL, 19

Black Saltwort.

Glaux maritima.

The root is compofed of a clufter of flender
fib¥es. .

The ftalks are numerous, and thofe which fhoot
firft generally lie upon the ground, -and take root
again at little diftances.

The fucceeding ftalks rife in the centre of
thefe, and are round, flender, five or fix inches
high, and tolerably ereét.

The leaves ftand in pairs at fmall diftances :
they are oblong, fmall, and of an inverted oval
figure ; the part where they grow to the ftalk be.
ing narroweft, and the leaf growing broader to
the end.

Grebe oN

The flowers are fmall and redifh; they ftand
without footftalks, clofe in the bofoms of the
leaves, and are very pretty.

The feed-veffel follows, and is large in pro-
portion to the plant.

It is common on our falt-marfhes, and elfe-
where about the fea-coaft, and flowers all fum-
mer.

C. Bauhine calls it Glaux maritima. Others,
Glaux exigua maritima. We, Saltwort, and Sea
Milkwort, from a notion of its encreafing the
milk in the breafts of nurfes.

This is all the virtue or ufe attributed to it;

and this feems to ftand upon a very precarious
foundation.

URS Sis) CERT

GREEK VALERIAN.
POLEMONIU™M.

pee flower confifts of a fingle petal, which is tubular in the lower part, and divided into five,

broad fegments at the rim: the fruit is a fingle capfule, of an oval form, with three rifing-
edges, and it contains three cells: the cup is compofed of a fingle leaf, divided into five fegments,

Linnzus places this among the pemtandria monogynia; the threads in each flower being five, and

the rudiment of the fruit fingle.

It would be well if this genus had a better name. Its Englith one, which is the tranflation of the

vulgar Latin name, it received from the refemblance of the leaves in the common kind to thofe of
fome of the valerians ; plants from which it is altogether different in charaéter, and therefore ill
confounded in name: the Latin one we give here, which is that ufed by the more accurate writers,
founds too like that of poleymountain ; a plant from it as different, and with which it would be as

erroneous in the ftudent to confound it as with valerian.

DIVISION+-I

Common Greck Valerian.

Polemonium vulgare.

The root is compofed of numerous, thick, and
long fibres.

The leaves rife in a large tuft, and are ex-
tremely beautiful: they are of the pinnated kind,
and each is compofed of a great many pairs of
pinne: or fmaller leaves, difpofed with great re-
gularity along a middle rib, with an odd one at
the end: they are of a beautiful green.

The ftalks rife in the centre of this tuft of
leaves ; and are green, hollow, thick, ftriated,
upright, and two feet high.

The leaves ftand alternately on them, and are
like thofe of the root, pinnated in the fame elegant
manner, but fmaller.

DIVISION I.

Large-flowered Greek Valerian.
Polemonium flore magno.

_ The root is compofed of numerous long fibres.

The firft leaves are large, and of the pinnated
kind; the pinna are oblong, and very nume-
rous, and are terminated by an odd leaf.

The ftalk is erect, ftriated, and firm.

The leaves are like thofe from the root, but
fmaller, and paler coloured: they are placed alter-
nately, and at confiderable diftances.

BRIT YS H SPE Cres;

The. flowers ftand in large clufters at the tops
of the ftalks, and of fmall branches, rifing fron
the bofoms of the leaves: they are large, and of
a beautiful blue, fometimes white.

The feed-veffels are large and light, and the
feeds numerous.

It is not uncommon wild in damp places in
Yorkfhire, and the other northern counties; and
its beauty has brought it into frequent ufe in our
gardens.

C. Bauhine calls it Valeriana cerulea. J. Bau-
hine, Valeriana Greca quibufdam colore ceruleo &P
aloo. Tournefort, Pol.monium vulgare caru-
leum.

Its virtues are not known.

F O RoE GIN, OS:PcE- CAE. S,

The flowers are large, and of a bright red:
they ftand in a kind of thick clufters at the tops
of the ftalks and branches.

The feed-veffel is large, and has three ribs
very plain and firm.

It is a native of Carolina.

Dillenius calls it Quamocht pinnatum. erettum
Sloribus in Thyrfum difpofitis ; bur it is properly a
polemonium.

GENUS

Tha BR ETI S By Bob RB AL.

Gian hs! aN USS 7S
WOOD SORREL.

Kix,

OVX | BertS.

PHE flower confifts of a fingle petal, very deeply divided into five fegments 5 fo that they adhere
only at the bafe: the fruit is a fingle capfule, of a five-cornered fhape, divided into five cells
within, and contains numerous feeds, which leap out with violence when the capfule burfts open :
the cup is very fmall; it is formed of a fingle leaf, divided into five fegments, and remains with the
-veflel. i :
Seine 3 places this among the decandria pentagynia; the threads in each flower being ten, ‘and the
ftyles rifing from the rudiment of the capfule five. He calls it oxalis, a word many of the botani-
cal writers have alfo ufed; but oxys is the more univerfally received : the alteration. is trifling;
and, while it can dono good, may breed confufion, the common forrel being called by many writers

by that name.

D.LV.1 S*&OQ.N,. I.

Wood Sorrel.
Oxys vulgaris.

The root is flender, irregularly notched, and
creeping, and has numerous fibres.

The leaves rife in many little clufters, and
from their colour and manner of growing have
a very beautiful appearance.

The footftalks are long, tender, weak, and
redifh ; and they rife ten, twelve, or more, from
the fame head: at the top of each ftand three
leaves ; thefe are of a heart-fafhioned fhape, the
point being the end at which they join the ftalk ;
from this they grow broader all the way, and are
indented at the middle of the large end.

The flowers are moderately large, and white,
with a blufhof ted : they ftand on fhort and flen-
der footftalksrifing immediately from the root, and

DEV" SE ON” It

1. Yellow Wood Sorrel.
Oxys lutea.

The root is long, flender, divided into feveral
parts, and furnifhed with many fibres.

The firft leaves are fmall, and ftand on naked
pedicles or foorftalks, three on each, in the man-
ner of the common wood forrel, but fmaller, and
paler, and the ftalk is fhorter.

Among thefe rife numerous ftalks: they are
eight or ten inches long, round, tender, very
much branched ; and they lie upon the ground,
taking root at the joints. ;

The leaves on thefe ftand irregularly, and in
all refpects refemble thofe from the roots: they
have long, flender footftalks, and three ftand on
each: thefe are narrow, and of a heart-fafhioned
fhape, the point growing to the ftalk, and the
other end’ being deeply dented.

The flowers ftand on fhort footftalks, two or
more together, and are {mall and yellow.

The feed-veffel is long and edged.

It is common in damp and_ fhady places in
Italy, and flowers in May, ;

C. Bauhine calls it Trifolium acetofum cornicu-
latum, Others, Oxys lutea, and Oxys Luteo
fore. es ;

Beko lah 1 SET

S_P EE Gal bas:

feem compofed each of five petals: the divifion
is fo. deep, that thefe parts join only at the bafé.

The feed-veffel is longifh and, when the feeds
are ripe, it burfts with violence. on the leaft
touch, or with the wind, and fcatters the feeds.

It is common in woods, and flowers in March.

This is the only fpecies we have native of
England; but when it grows in drier places, it is
fmaller, and flowers later. This has by fome
been defcribed as a diftinét {pecies ; but there is no
more difference than what the common accidents
of foil and fituation give, :

It is a pleafant, cooling, and ufeful plant. A
conferve is made of it, which allays the burning
heat of the mouth in fevers. :

It is alfo good againft obftructions of the vif-
cera: to this purpofe the juice fhould be taken.

POR EIGN 8 PE C.ILE'S,

2. Upright American Wood Sorrel.

Oxys Americana ere&a,

The root is long, flender, and divided into
many parts.

The firft leaves are numerous, and ftand on
long footftalks: they rife in a thick tuft, and
on each footftalk there are three ; they are broad,
heart-fafhioned, and of a pale green. .

The ftalk rifes in the midft of thefe, and is hol-
low, ftriated, pale, and a foot and half high.

The leaves ftand irregularly on this, and re-
femble thofe from the root: they have long foot:
ftalks, and grow three on each, and are heart-
fafhioned.

The flowers grow alfo on the tops of long,
flender footftalks, many in-a clufter: they are
{mall, and of a pale yellow, and quickly fall off,

The feed-veffel is long, pointed, and edged,
and the cup remains with it. x

This is frequent in Virginia, and other parts
of North America, and flowers in May.

Tournefort calls it Oxys Americana ereGior.

3. Purple

Venus
7

/ bohing
mall ter

wa aii os
Tmall lea va :
Mood Sorrel

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BIN
A 2

. Ter) lia Fir
Mourevl VW cow

Jorrel i

4 \

— x | F
\ Looking Glafi Vy
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Lovking Glapi

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INS \

H|
ia

Greatly

Lae

Mlb Eee ls

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Yellow MoodSo

| 7 yv
Mmncrvtcanr . ,

Vy2,/ Aoryel Turple bulbous

Mood dorrvel Voodde /

| rag =m Yow
Le } Jez y
ba ‘ay -#.
NF Ee IY AE yr eehhes,
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a j WA rt ~_ bs \y
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: 8

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The BRITISH HERBAL.

3. Purple bulbous Wood Sorrel.
Oxys purpurea bulbofa.

The root is a little, bulb, compofed of feverdl
‘parts, in the manner of that of a lilly, and has a
tuft of tender fibres growing from its bottom.

The leaves ftand three on a footftalk, as in the
‘common kind, and are of the heart-fafhioned
fhape: the footftalk is flender, weak; and re-
difh.

‘The flowers ftand fevetal together on the top
of a naked ftalk: this is taller and more ro-
buft than the footftalks of the leaves, but not at
all branched ; nor-are there any leaves on it.

The flowers are large, and of a_ beautiful
purple.

The feed-veffel is long, edged, and angulated.

It is a native of Virginia, and flowers in

April.

Plukenet calls it Oxys purpurea Virginiana ra-

dice lillii more nucleata.

4. Small-leaved Wood Sorrel.
Oxys foliis minioribus ramofa.
The root is roundith, large, and inade up of
feveral heads, like the lilly-root.

The firft leaves are fmall, and very numerous:
they rife in a little clufter, without any vifible

footftalk ; three ftand together, and they are

fall, fharp+pointed, and yellowith.

In the centre of thefe rifes the ftalk, and they

foon after wither ; fo that there does not remain
the leaft matk there ever were any. —

The ftalk is upright, firm, branched, and four
or five’inches high.

The:leaves ftand thick upon it from top to
bottom: they grow three together without any
footftalk, and are fhort and pointed.

G E

Nii WetS

From the bofoms of the uppet leaves rife fmall
and flender footftalks of 4 confiderable length ;
on each of which there is 4 fingle flower: this is
large, and of a beautiful purple.

The feed-veffel is long, ridged, and pointed.

It is a native of fEthiopia, and flowers in
May.

Burman Calls it Oxalis bulbofa foliis angiftis ter
nis hirtis lore purpureo. -

5. Great-flowered Wood Sotrel;.

Oxys flore maximo,

The root is long and flender : it runs obliquely
under the furface; and has freqiient little bulbous
heads growing to it, and numerous clifters of
fibres.

The leaves aré numerous, and not unlike thofe
of our common wood Sorrel: they ftand three to-
gether on long, tender footftalks, and are heart-
fafhioned, and of a pale green.

Among thefe rife feveral tenders naked ftalks..
taller than thofe of many of the leaves; and on
each of thefe ftands 4 fingle flower.

This is of a:pale purple, very large, and very
beautiful ; and confifts, like the others, of a
fingle petal; fo deeply cut into five fegments, that
they feem abfolutely difting,

The {eed-veffel is long and pointed.

It.is a native of Aithiopia, and flowers in May,

Commelin calls it Oxys dulbofa Atthiopica minor
folio:cordato, Others, Great-flowered oxys.

The leaves of all thefe foreign kinds have the
fame four tafte with thofe of the common OXYS,
fome in a.greater, fome in a leffer degree ; but
not one of them excels our own, They pro-
bably have all the fame virtues, »differing only in
Proportion to the.degree of acidity we perceive in
their .taftes.

XXII.

MILKWORT.

P.O LY GALA,

6 Bee flower confifts of ‘a fingle ‘pétal; divided to the bottom into four parts; fo that it appears to
be formed of fo many diftiné& petals: the feed-veffel is a capfule of a compreffed, heart- fafhioned
fhape : the/cup is compofed of three leaves; itwo of which ftand below, -and the other three above the

flower.

This .is .a perplexing «plant to -moft.of the fyftem-makers.

Its flower is very fingular in form;

therefore it has béen.called an irregular one, and mioft have fuppofed the fegments fo many diftiné

petals.

Linnaus places it among his diadelpbia oftandria, the threads)inithe flower ‘being eight; and col-
le€ted into two clufters; as if. they rofe from two heads:

Ray has ranged it better than any: he found that the fegments ;united:at the bottom, and the
flower truly confifted of ‘4 fingle petal, and thatithe feed-veffel was fingle; he therefore juftly made

it one of his Herbe fratiu ficco fingulari flore monopetala.

DIVISION 1.

i. Blue-Aowered Milkwort.
Polygala vulgaris.

The root is long, flender, divided into many
\parts, fpreading, and -furnifhed with numerous
fibres.

Nr 8.

BaR T Pel SH YS) PebeGaic ens:

The :firft Jeaves are numerous, broad, and
fhort :,they.grow.in little clufters upon the young
fhoots, and have no footftalks.

The ftalks rife among thefe, and often thofe
fhoots themfelves lengthen : into ‘ftalks : ‘they are
numerous, weak, procumbent, and of a -pale

2¢ green ;

‘

‘ THE! BRITIS:H iH ER BeAlL.

green: they are extremely branched: and as
they grow in length, the fhort firt leaves drop
off: they grow to eight or nine inches long ;
but far the greateft part of it lie upon the ground,
few of them ftanding up farther than the fpike of
flowers, ,

The leaves ftand irregularly on thefe ftalks,
and are unlike the firft: thefe are longifh,’ nar-
row, and pointed. 5 ;

‘The flowers ftand in long loofe fpikes, and are
of a pale blue.

The feed-veffel is at and large: the feeds are
numerous, and fall.

It is common in dry paftures, and flowers in
July. ‘ ‘

C. Bauhine calls it Polygala vulgaris. Others,
Polygala minor.

No plant varies more than this in its afpeét and
manner of growth, according to the accidents of
place and nourifhment.

The flowers, though naturally blue, are often
redifh, and often white ftriated more or lef
with blue or red, fometimes white altogether.. In
this condition, fome authors have defcribed it as
a different fpecies, or made one or two more,
all fuppofed different.

We have obferved that the firtt leaves are {mall
and fhort, and that thefe ufually fall off; but
fometimes there grow no others, thefe being con-
tinued upon the ftalks their whole length! in this
cafe the ftalks generally lie altogether upon the
ground, and the plant has been deferibed as a
diftinét fpecies under the name of Polygala myrti-
folia paluftris humilis ramotior.

Mr. Ray himfelf is not without thefe flips: *tis
commonly on damp, poor ground it affumes this
form. :

In all thefe conditions the fpecies is the fame,
and, under proper advantages of fun and nou-
rifhment, would at any time put. on its pro-
per face again. Some few years fince, I faw a
very remarkable inftance of this, There grows
a great deal of milkwort on the edge of a {mall

bog on Hampftead heath’: this, while the bog
was wet, to the top, was full of fhort, broad
leaves, and fpread upon the ground in nume-
rous branches: afterwards, fome flight trenches
were cut through the bog, which drained it a

D. LV. U.S 1,.O-Noc iI, FO

1, Crefted Milkwort,
Polygala criftata.

The root is long, flender, and fimple.
The flalks are numerous, round, hard, and
- firs part lie upon the ground, and part’ ftand
erect among them. e

The leaves grow often in pairs, but not cer-
tainly or regularly fo: they are {mall, fhort, ob-
tufe, moderately broad, of a dead green, and
very rough to the touch,

The flowers ftand in long crefted feries on the
tops of the ftalks, fometimes in a fingle, fome-
times a double feries ; and they are fmall, and
purplith or white.

The feed-veffel is minute, and very flat, the
feeds are very {mall and yellow.

' fame ftrong uniform red.

It is a native of Ethiopia, and flowers in June.

little; and then the milkwort grew more erect,

and had fewer branches, and long, narrow

leaves. ret
Thefe trenches are now filled up again in a

_ great meafure by the {welling of the boggy earth

at their fides, as all trenches in fuch ground will,
if not frequently cleaned ; and that part of the
milkwort which grows loweft is {preading on the
ground, and getting into the myrtle-leaved ftate
again. ?

Experience here fhews ftrongly what we have
occafion often to affért with equal truth, though
lefs authenticated by evidence, that plants which
appear very different, are only varieties of one
and the fame fpecies. Few imagine what is in
the power of accidents in the place of growth.

2. Upright red Milkwort.
Polygala purpurea ereGa.

We have feen what changes the difference -of
foil make in the common milkwort ; but we here
treat of a fpecies altogether diftin@. No change
of place, or accidents of any kind, could reduce
this plant to the condition of the common
milkwort, or raife that to the ftate of this : its
own feeds produce it, and no other.

The root is long, flender, and divided into
many parts. ;

The leaves on the firft fhoots are fmall, but
not broad: they are nurnerous, fhort, and fharp-
pointed. :

The flalks are firm, rigid, erect, and ten
inches high.

The leaves are numerous, and ftand irregu-
larly : they are narrow, of a deep green, fharp-
pointed, and {mooth.

The flowers ftand upon the tops of the ftalks
in a fhort fpike : they are large and purple.

The feed-veffel is flat, large, and full of mi-
nute feeds:

It is common in hilly paftures,
July.

C. Bauhine calls it Polygala major.
hine, Polygala vulgaris major.

I have never feen any variation in the colour
of the flower in this fpecies : it is always of the

and flowers in

J. Bau-

REIGN SPECIES:

Plukenet calls ‘it Pohgala Athiopica anguftis
hirfutis foliis lore obfolete purpureo 5 but the flowers
are oftener white than purple,

2. Feathered Milkwort.
Polygala criftis fimbriatis,
: The root is woody, long, divided, and fpread-
ing. ;
The ftem is woody; and divided into many
branches, :

The leaves ftand irre
narrow, of a pale green,
and pointed at the ends,

The flowers are large, and very beautiful :
they fland in long fpikes, and each has its fepa-
rate long’ and flender footftalk ; they are de-
fended by a broad covering, compofed of three

ularly ; and are long,
undivided at the edges,

** leaves,

The BR IT: 1 § H }H-B R B ALL,

leaves, as the cup in the common kind is; and
have at.the top a double creft that has a feather-
ed afpeét: the colour of the flower is a lively
purple.

It is a native of Ethiopia, and flowers in
May. :

Burman calls it Polygala fruétefcens foliis linea-
vibus flore majore purpureo.

There are feveral {pecies of polygala that are
abfolute fhrubs and trees: thefe we thall treat of
in their place: this. approaches to them, and
may ferve as the laft of the others, and to fhew
the gradation.

3. The Sennekka Rattle-fnake Plant.
Polygala radice marginata.

The root is long, flender, and divided into
feveral parts: it fpreads irregularly under, the
furface, and is of a brown colour: it is very
fingular in that there runs an edge or margin of
a membranaceous fubftance on each fide all the
way along it.

The firft fhoots are numerous and full of
leaves: thefe are fhort, narrow, and fharp-
pointed.

The ftalks are a foot high: they are round,
weak, and of a pale green.

The leaves ftand irregularly on them,. and are

Nos U.S

oblong, narrow, of a pale green, and pointed af
thejenda 4 ~ :

The flowers ftand in a long, loofe fpike, and
are white or bluith.

The feed-veffel is flat, and the feeds ate nume-
tous, yellowifh, and {mall,

At is a native of North America, and has been
of late introduced into medicine, under the name
of radix fenekka, or the rattle fuake root.

The knowledge of its virtues was fiéft owing
to the Indians, who have recourfe to it againft
venomous bites, that of the rattle-fnake not ex-
cepted, from which it took its name, ;

Tt is excellent in pleurefies and quinzies, and
all other diforders of that kind. lt has had the
fate of many good things, to be talked too high |

- at firft. . Dr. Tennent, who introduced it here,

recommended it with the warmth natural to the
inventor of a new method of cure ; and from
his faying too much in its praife people came to
fuppofe it deferved lefs than it really does, Ir is
truly a great medicine, though now fallen into
difufe.

The common milkwort is a purge. A handful
of the leaves boiled in ale is a dofe fora ftrong:
man: it works brifkly, and without any ill effect,

The root dried and powdered is a fudorifick ;
ten grains is a dofe,

. XXIL

DODDER;
CUTS C20" BMA,

HE flower confifts of a fingle petal, tubular at the bafe, and divided into four fegments at the
edge: the feed-veffel is a fingle, roundith capfille, containing two feeds: the cup is divided

into four fegments.

Linnzus places this among his tetrandria digynia; there being four threads in every flower, and
the rudiment of the capfule giving origin to two ftyles.

That author, in his Genera Plantarum, improperly joins the dafélla with this genus: the da/el/a hav-
ing, as himfelf acknowledges, a fingle feed after every flower, not, contained in any capfule, but fur=
rounded in the lower part by a fucculent cup: neither do the other charaéters of cufeuta agree witli

this plant.

In his Species Plantarum he places them feparate, making the Ja/élla, as it properly is, one of his
pentandria trigynia; for in that genus the threads are only five, and the ftylesthree. Of this Linneus
was fenfible, when he ranked it with cu/cwta, whofe threads are only four, and whofe ftyles two.

We have given fufficient inftances, that this method of claffing plants is frivolous; heré is a proof

its author thought it fo: why therefore d
felf found infufficient ?

id he endeavour,to recommend to others what he had him-

We have obferved that the feed of ba/élla ftands in a flefhy cup, otherwife uncovered, - ‘The reader
will therefore fee plainly why we do not add it to the genus)of cu/cuta: it is not fo much as of this

clafs, for it-has no capfule.

iD. [sVad STsOuN 2 L

Common Dodder.
Cufcuta vulgaris.
This ftrange plant confifts only of filaments,

or long, tough threads, winding themfelves about
other herbs, and here and there ornamented

with flowers: it has no leaves, and has been fup-.

pofed to have no root; but better obfervation
will fhew that to be an error.

Its firft appearance, though little regarded, is
on the ground,

BR UTebSd: $ Pb 61k ¢,

Its root confifts of a few fender, long, and
branched, redifh fibres. bh 2ir

From thefe rife ten or twelve ftalks, in form of
fmall red threads. - r oig =

Thefe rifing in height, lay hold of fome plant
that is near them, and climb-up on it : if there is
none ‘near, they pine, and; the root. dies with
them; fo the plant fading while fmall, is not at
all regarded. - When there is a plant in the way,
which is ufually the cafe, the young fhoots rifing
from feeds dropped from the old herb as it hangs

among

84 The BRiTISH'HE RB alt.
among the branches: thefe flender ftalks grow 1 epurtica, and by:a variety of other names of thé
quickly where they find themfelves fuppotted; || fame kind. Among thefe none is fo famous as
and entangle among one another, and among the | epithyman, that is the dedder which grows on gar-
fhoots of the plant, to which they have faftened | den thyme, from which it has been fuppofed to im-
themfelves in a ftrange manner. bibe peculiar virtues but the epithymum or dodder
When they have got well eftablifhed there the | of thyme is no way different from, nor any bet-
root dies, the ftalks that rofe from the ground | ter than the dodder of the nettle when both grow
wither, and the plant lives only among the | in England: there is indeed a difference in that
branches of thé other, taking its nourifhment fold at the druggifts from our conmimmon kind,
from them. but this is not owing to its having grown on
In this its full ftate of perfection, the threads || thyme, but to its having grown in Crete, where
are purple, and as thick as a {mall twine: and-|! the fun being warmer, raifes it to more virtue.
they foon after flower. C. Bauhine calls it Cufcuta major. Others,
The flowers are produced in round clufters on |) Cu/cuta.

one fide of the ftalks; and are of a pale purplifh é
colour, little and flefhy. The feeds ripen in the Dedder is a brifk purge, and is good in obftruc-

fame heads, and are large. tions of the vifcera, in the fcurvy, and the {ci-
It is common in our fields and gardens, grow- | atica. In a fmaller dofe it works by urine.
ing upon flax, nettles, heath, or any thing in its The beft way of giving it is in infufion, ar

way, and often plaguing the gardener among his | ounce of the dodder to a’ pint ‘of ‘water.

pot herbs: fome have fuppofed the fpecies of Outwardly the frefh ‘herb bruifed is excellent
dodder differed according to the plant on which | againft ftrumous fwellings,

it grew, and have thence called it épilinum and

DIVISION H - FOREIGN SPECIES,

Procumbent Dodder. fpreading fibres, brown, ‘tough, and ill-tafted.

Cufcuta bunilis. The ftalks are numerous, and ‘grow to a vatt

; length: they are purple, round, and very tough.

The common dodder fpreads itfelf only over They have no leaves, but are ornamented with

plants, this frequently lies upon the ground; | a vaft quantity of flowers: thefe are of a pale

though it will alfo run toa vaft height upwards | purple, and ftand on-footftalks.

when there are trees or bufhes in the way to fup- It is a native of the American iflands.

port it. Gronovius calls it Cufcuta caule aphyllo volubili.
- The root is a clufter of thick, very long and | repente. We, American dodder.

2] os Boats: os ABeoo: KEL,
MUDWEED.
PLANTAGINELLA.

PHE flower confifts of a fingle petal divided deeply into five fegments: the fruit is a capfule of
an oval figure, half covered with the cup: it has only one‘cell, in which are nume
feeds : the cup is formed of a fingle leaf, and is divided at the rim into five feements: the k Tous
grow fingly, one on each footftalk, as do alfo the Howers. = 2 eaves
Linnzus places this among the didyiamia angiofpermia, becaufe of the four threads that are in
flower two are longer and:two fhorter,; and the feeds are inclofed in a capfule: -he has he ae,
known name plantaginella into limofella. We are not fond of thofe.diminutive names deriv: Ei its
thofe of other plants of different genera; but they are not needful to be changed witho fo, Pay
ther reafon. ut fome far-
Of this genus there is but one known {pecies, ,and that is‘a native of Britain;
very pretty plant. Bee of Britains a very fingular, and

Mudweed. ; water-plantain leaves, whence it had its name:

Plantaginella. ‘| they are of a palegréen, broad, fhort, and a :

Si 3 cba eh bias proaching to oval. ; x
e root'is a tuft of ‘little, fender ‘fibres. ; The flowers {tand on -fe

From this rife together ‘a ‘number of trailing || ftalks, not half fo high Prats ne

| r the

fhoots for propagation. leaves; thefe are very {mall ant
3 mall and white.

Thefe are procumbent: they run‘every way, The! feed-veffel eicee and fullof ‘ed
‘and take root at little diftances, fending’ up nu- It is common inithe-dry »parts df hallow fith.
merous tufts of leaves. ‘5:0 || ponds: about Hounflow itgrows in almoft-ey. ’

: he tee in clufters of tenioritwelveto- | puddle. Je fowers.in July. aed
gether: each is fupported on‘a long, 'flender foot- C. Bavhine callsit‘Plantagi

ay 5 : “Plantaginella: is. -Plu~

flalk s'and they are of the fhape of the great | kenet, Aline Palusteaaesen site stich os

8
GEN Ws

The BRITISH HERS At. 85

Go hy NG ay

S XXIV.

WINTERGREEN.,

edge: OMe As

HE ‘flower confifts of a fingle petal divided to the bottom into five or nisore fegments 5 there is
no tubular part, but thefé refembling fo many diftinét'petals, join only ‘at the bafes: the fruit
is a fingle capfule after every flower ; this ‘is roundifh, deprefiéd, and flightly marked with ‘ridges?
the cup is very fmall, it is divided into five fegments, and remains with the capfule.
Linnaus places this among his decandria monogynia, the threads in the centre of the flower being
ten, and the ftyle rifing from the rudiment of the fruit fingle ; but he feparates fomne of the fpecies,

DIV 1S LON) 1.

1. Round-leaved Wintergreen.
Pyrola foliis rotundis.

The toot is long, flender, and furnifhied with
numerous fibres.

The leaves rife in a clufter, and are very fingu-
Jar and pretty : they have long, flender foorftalks,
and are of a roundifh figure, fomewhat approach-
ing to oval, of a thick fubftance, and a freth
green colour: they are perfectly {mooth, and di-
vided at the edges: they in fomé degree refemble
the leaves of the pear-tree, but are {maller, and
hence the genus had its Latin name; this being
the firlt known kind; and that namie is continued
to the others, though their leaves have nothing of
that form.

In the centre of this tuft of leaves rifes a fingle
ftalk: this is rouiid, firm, upright, and ten inches
high: it has no leaves on it, except a few narrow
membranes be called by that namie; and at its
top fuftains a fpike of flowers. ‘ :

Thefe are large, white, and very béautifal :
they have numerous threads in the centre, and a
long point, which is the ftyle, rifés among them.

The feed-veffél is large, and the feeds ate nu-
merous and fmall.

It is not unfrequent ih the woods of our not-
thern counties, and flowers in Auguft. We iéet
with it fometimes in thofe parts of bogey héaths
which are deep covered with mofs.

C. Bauhine callsit Pyrola major. Others, Pyréla.

Our name of wintergreen is given it ftom! the
frefh appearance of the leaves at the moft dead
feafons of the year, but it is a very indeterminate
one, and has led to errors and confufion: ‘The late
lord Petre, defirous to have this plant, wrote into
Yorkthire for its feeds, and received what were
called fuch; they were nurfed with great care,
and produced wintercre/s Barbarea. Such judges
are gardeners of the Englifh plants!

This fpecies is greatly recommended as a vul-
“nerary. They ufe it im Germany in all their
wound-drinks, and in many of their ointments
and plaifters. With us the better knowledge of
chirurgery has put thefe vulnerary plants much
out of ule,

2. Leffer Wintergregn.
Pyrola minor,
The root is {mall, long, and furnifhed’ with

thaniy: fibres:

The leaves rife twenty or more together;' and
N° IX.

BRITISH SPECIES.

are placed on fhort and flender fodtftalks : they
are broad, of a roundifh figure, and notched
lightly on the edges.

The ftalk is upright, round, ‘and eight inches
high, and toward the top it divides into feveral
branches. : : ‘

The flowers are large and White, and they
ftand in clufters upon all the branches : they have
a tuft of threads in the centre, as the other; bug
in that they lean, in this they ftand upright, and
the middle point or ftyle is fhort; not long and
prominent as in that fpecies,

The feed-veffel is large, and the feeds are very
filmerotis and very minute.

It is common in thé northern parts of Eng-
land, and flowers in July. ;

Rivinus calls it Pyréle minor. Others, Pyrola
Staminibus reétis.

i 3. Tender Wintergreén.

Pyrola folio. mutronato Jerrato:

The root is long, flender and creeping: it ruins
obliquely under the furface, and fends out at {mall
diftances tufts of fibres.

Phe firft leaves; which rife in numerous cluftérs
from different parts of the root, are oval : they
ftand oh fhort, flender footftalks, and aré of a
deép gréeii, and not at all ferrdted.

Amotig thefe rife the flalks: they are tound,
flendet, weak, and but ill fuppott themfélves in
their hight, which is about a foot.

On the lower part of thefé there are fome of
thofe fhort, narrow, membranaceous leaves thatare
on the common wintergreen ftalk but befides thefe,
there are numerous other large and proper leaves.

The flowers grow at the top, and are large
and white: they ftand only on one fide of the
ftalk when the plant is but moderately nourifh-
ed, but whén thé root fpreads in a rich; free foil,
they are more numerous, and ftand on both fides.

It is a native of the north of England, but not
common there. }

C: Bauhine calls it Pyrola folto mucronato ferrato.
Cltifius; Pyrola fecunda tenerior ; and his name is
generally adopted by other writers. i

4. Chickweed-flowered Wintergreen:
Pyrola alfines flore Europea:

The root is compofed of numerous threads

conneéted to a fmall head.

The firft leaves are few and {mall : they. are
. Z fhort,

86 The

BR Ee Sigh ER Bs Agi

fhort, ferrated, fharp-pointed,. and have no foot-
ftalks : they are of a yellowith green at firft, and
grow yellow and wither foon after the ftalk appears.

The flalks are numerous, flender, ftriated, and
tolerably upright.

On the lower part they have feveral of thofe
fmall, fhort leaves mentioned in defcribing the
other fpecies ; but their proper leaves ftand only

at the top of each ftalk, and rife from one point. |

Thefe are broad, fhort, of a dufky green,
ferrated, and fharp-pointed: there are fix or
eight of them on the top of every ftalk, and
they have no pedicles. ;

The flowers ftand on very flender footftalks
rifing from the centre of the tuft of leaves;
fometimes there is only one flower on each foot-
flalk, fometimes there are two or more: they
are {mall and white.

The feed-veffel is large, and has feveral ridges,
and the feed is large and brown.

It is found in the north of England among
mofs and rufhes in damp grounds; and flowers
in Auguft.

C.Bauhine calls it Pyrola alfines flore Europea.
J. Bauhine, Herba trientalis. Schwenkfeldt, Alfine
alpina, alpine chickweed. ,

5- Brafilian Wintergreen.
| Pyrola alfines flore brafiliana.

The root confifts of a fmall head and a num-
ber of fhort, white fibres,

The firft leaves rife in a little tuft, and are
fmall, fhort, and without footftalks : they juft
form a defence for the tender fhoot -of the ftalk,
for which purpofe they feem to be intended by
nature ; and when that is rifen to a little height
and ftrength, they decay.

The ftalk is round, flender, not very upright,
and of a pale green.

The leaves ftand in a clufter at its top, rifing
all from one point : they are large, oblong, broad,
fharp-pointed, not at all ferrated at the edges,
and of a pale green.

The flower is fmall and white; often there is
but one on the plant, fometimes more: each is
fupported by a long, flender footftalk, and is di-
vided into five or more fegments ; for this divi-
fion is irregular.

The feed-veffel is large and fhort.

It is a native of America, but has been met with
in fome parts of England. Mr. Lawfon is re-

DT VES WOgN, IL

1, Single-flowered Wintergreen.
Pyrola uniflora.

The root is fmall, and creeps under the fur-

face, fending up tufts of leaves in fpring in many

‘places, and ftalks where they have firft rifen ;
but the leaves decay fo foon that they are rarely
feen together.

The ftalks are round, flender, weak, and not
at all branched.

The leaves grow regularly, but in a very
fingular manner: three rife from every joint, and
they all grow toward its top.

They are fmall, roundith, a little ferrated, and

FOREIGN

corded to have found it near Gifbury in Cleve-
land; and I have feen it in the hands of one who
told me he brought it from Snowden-hill.

C. Bauhine calls it Pyrola alfines flore brafiliana.

No plants have more perplexed the writers
on botany than thofe of this genus; particularly
thefe two laft : but it has been becaufe neither they
nor any of the others have fallen. frefh into the
hands of fuch as could beft have difpofed them.

Mr. Ray feparates the pyrole under two diftinét
claffes, though he preferves the ufual and received
name pyrola to all of them : thefe two laft alone
he places in the prefent clafs of plants, that have
the flower compofed of a fingle petal, and a fingle
capfule following it: the common wintergreen and
the two kinds we have defcribed after it he at=
ranges among his clafs of pentapetalous flowers.

Tam fo unwilling to imagine he has been remifs
in'that ftrictexamination which is neceffary on thefe
occafions, that I rather think nature may vary a
little in thefe tender points: the difference be-
tween a plant whofe flower confilts of five fe-
parate petals.and one where it confifts of a fingle
petal divided to the bottom, the fegments uniting
only at the tips of the bafe, is fo little, that it
may not ftrictly be obferved in the courfe of na-
ture, in which we fee greater varieties, Certainly
I have feen the flower of the common pyrola,
where the petals uniting at their bafe were anly
the divifions of one: this I have obferved re-
peatedly, and not alone; and this is evidently
the cafe in the two latter fpecies: wherefore I
have brought them here together.

As to Linnzus, he, though he regards not
the continuity or divifion of the parts of a
flower as any part of claffical character, yet for
other reafons feparates the pyrola more widely :
the three firft fpecies here treated of he keeps
together under the common name Pyrola, but
the two latter he divides from thofe, and from
one another, by feparate clafies; the European
pyrola he defcribes in a diftiné genus among. his
heptandria, calling its fruit a berry ; though, as
he allows it to have no juice, we fhall be content
to retain it here: the other he makes a {pécies
of cornus, the dogberry, placing it among the te-
trondria monogynia, calling its fruit a drupe and
not a capfule,

If alittle liberty be to be taken in refpe& to
the characters of plants, I think it fhould be,
not to feparate, but to keep thofe of the fame
general form together.

Sp bebe Calan s:

of a dark green: they have long footftalks, and
there ufually rife fome young leaves in their bo-
foms.

From the upper clufter of thefe leaves ‘rifes a
flender, upright, weak pedicle, on which ftands
the flower.

This is large, white, and fingle,
much refembles that of the
larger than the flower of any other pyrola: it
confifts of a fingle petal, fo deeply divided into
five fegments that they appear five diftiné& petals,
Joined only at their bafes, ;

The feed-veffel is large and ribbed:
are fmall.

a . Ie

and very
parnaffia, being

the feeds

Th BRITISH HERBAL

It is common in the woods of Sweden and
fome parts of Germany ; and flowers in July.

Morifon calls it Pyrola fingulari flore ampliore.
Linnzeus, Pyrola {capo uniflore.

2. Shrubby Wintergreen.
Pyrola fruticofa.

This is the moft hardy of all the Pyrole.

Its root is long, flender, and woody, and runs
under the furface, fending up tufts of leaves and
ftalks in many places: thefe, when they have
rifen to flowering, bend downward with the
weight of the leaves, and, burying themfelves in
the deep mofs among which they ufually grow,
remain, and become as it were fhrubby, fending
up young fhoots another year.

The ftalks are green, tender, and weak before
they take this turn; afterwards they become
harder, brown, and woody. - .

The leaves which rife firft are oblong, broad,
ferrated, of a brownifh green, and without foot-
ftalks: they only appear, as the firft fhoot, and
foon decay.

Thofe on the branches are of the fame form,
and they ufually ftand thick together: they are
narroweft at the bafe, broader toward the end,
and have no footftalks : they are of a pale green,
and fharply ferrated.

The ftalks terminate in long, naked pedicles,
which divide into three or four leffer at the top,
and on each of thefe ftands a fingle flower: this
is large, white, and compofed of five fesments,
uniting at the bafe only; fo that they feem five
difting: petals.

GEN, SU eS

The feed-veffel is large, fhort, and brown.

Itisa native of Germany and of many parts
of Afia and America; and flowers in Augutft.

C. Bauhine calls it Pyrola Sruticans arbuti folio,
Clufius, Pyrola tertia Srutefcens,

3- Broad-leaved Wintergreen.
Pyrola folio latiore. ”

The root is long, fender, woody, brown, and
{preading.

The firft leaves are few and broad: they
have fhort footftalks, and are not at all divided
or ferrated at the edges.

The ftalks are numerous, firm, and round,
but flender,

The leaves grow ufually three from the fame
part of the ftalk, but this not uniformly or cer-
tainly : fometimes there are two, fometimes only
one: they are large, broad, and not at all fer-
rated: they have fhort footftalks; and their co-
lour is a pale green.

The flowers are large, beautiful, and white:
they grow with the fame uncertainty as the leaves,
fometimes one, fometimes two, and fometimes
three, on the fame footftalk. Pihaels 1

The feed-veffel is large, ribbed, and depreffed.

It is common in the woods of North America,
and flowers in June. :

Gronovius calls it Pyrola petiolis apice bifloris
vel trifloris. Petiver; Pyrola marilandica minor
folio mucronata arbuti,

The virtues of thefe have not been tried, but
the tafte fhews them to be in general fubaftrin«
gent, as the common kind,

XXV.

MULLEIN,
VERBASCUM

HE flower confifts of a fingle petal, with a fhort tubular part at the bottom, and divided deeply
into five fegments, which are ufually large and broad: the fruit is a fingle capfule following every

flower ; this is of a fhort, turbinated, or conic figure,

into five fegments.

and contains two cells: the cup is divided

Linnzus places this among his pentandria monogynia; the threads being five in each fower, and the

ftyle rifing from the rudiment of the fruit fingle..

DEV TSO OLN oT:

x. White Mullein.
Verbafcum album.

This plant is named white, not from its flow-
ers, for they are yellow, but from the fingular
whitenefs of its leaves.

The root is long, large, divided, and furnifhed
‘with a vaft many fibres.

The firft leaves are very large, numerous, and
white: they have no footftalks: they are a foot
‘and half long, and half as much or nearly in
breadth.

The ftalk is firm, thick, upright, hard, and
covered with leaves.

‘Thefe are of the fame’ shape and colour with
thofe at the root, only they are fmaller,

BR ITS HS PEC CEs

The flowers ftand in a very long and thick
{pike at the top of the plant: they are not large,
but are of a beautiful yellow.

The feed veffel is large and brown.

It is common by way fides, and flowers in
July.

C, Bauhine calls it Verba/cum mas latifolium Iu
teum, Others, Verbafcum album, and Tapfus bare
batus. We call it White mullein, Cows lungwort,
and in fome places High taper.

2. Hoary white Mullein,
Verbafcum pulverulentum album,

The flowers of this are yellow, as well as thofe
of the former, and it obtains. its name in the
fame

88 The

BRIT 11'S H H E’RoB AL,

fame manner as that, from the whitenefs of its
leaves. :

The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with
many fibres. ‘

The firft leaves are long-and large: they have
fhort footftalks, and rife in a large tuft: they
are undivided at the edge, :fharp at the point, and
very white; but they differ from thofe of the
other in this, that their whitenefs is owing to a
‘hoary powder, which jis eafily wiped off.

- The ftalk rifes in thecentre, and is often eleven
foot high. 1

The leaves ftand irregularly on it, full as
thickly as in the common mullein: they are like
thofe from the root, but fmaller, and have the
fame kind of hoary, or dufty matter.on them.

The flowers are {mall and yellow: they ftand
in a thick {pike at the top of the ftalk, and they
have the fame fort of white dufty matter about
them as is on the leaves.

The feed-veffels are large, and the feeds are
very finall.

It is frequent in the weftern counties of Eng-
land, growing by road fides, as the common mul-
lein.

C. Bauhine calls it Verbafcum mas foliis angufti-
oribus floridus pallidis. J. Bauhine, Verbafcum
pulverulentum flore luteo parvo.

3. White-flowered Mulleia.
Verbafcum flore albo.

The root is long, large, and edged with many
fibres.

The firft leaves are very numerous and very.
large: they are narrower than in the common mul-
Iein, and very long; and they are on the upper
fide fmooth, and of a blackifh green; but white
and hoary underneath.

The ftalk is tall, firm, upright, and five foot
high.

The leaves ftand thick upon it, and are of the
‘fame fhape with thofe from the root, and in the
fame manner, of a dark green, and ‘fmooth on
the upper furface, and white and dufty below :
a few of the upper leaves are to be excepted,
which are white all over. -

DEHeV- TSH WOeN: air,

1. Low Cretick Mullein.

Verbafcum bumile Creticum foliis laciniatis.

The root is long, thick, and: furnifhed with
many fibres.

The firft leaves are ‘large, and they rife in a
thick tuft: they have long, hairy footftalks, and
are irregularly pinnated : they confift each of two
“pairs of {mall pinnae, and a very large, roundifh
“leafrat the end.

The ftalks rife among thefe; and are nume-
‘rous, round, not very firm, and two feet high.

The leaves ftand alternately on thefe; and are
of the fame fhape with thofe from the root, but
fmaller: fome of them have the two pair of pin-
nx, as thofe of the root, and others only one

“pair, and the odd leaf,
The ftalk divides into feveral branches toward

ferrated, and they have an ill {mell

1 that they are fmaller. ;

The flowers ftand on long branches, into which
the ftalk divides at the top; fo that there are ufu-
ally many {pikes in this, as there is commonly but
one in the other mu/ein : they are fmall and white.

The feed veffel is large, and the feeds are very
fmall.

It is common by the road-fides and in dry paf-
tures in many parts of Kent; and flowers in
Auguft,

C. Bauhine calls it Verbafcum lychnitis flore albo
parvo. J. Bauhine, Verbafcum flore albo parvo.
Others, Verbafcum lychnitis. Linnaeus: confiders
this as a variety of the former fpecies, but it is
really a diftinct plant : if the colour of the Rowers
were the only difference it would be reafonable
to join them, but the leaves and the whole herb
differ.

4. Black Mullein.
Verbafcum nigrum.

The root is long, thick, and edged with many
fibres.

The firft leaves are large and broad: they have
fhort, purplith footftalks, and are fomewhat of
the thape of the leaves of fage, but vaftly bigger :
their colour is a blackith green : they are fharply

The ftalks are round, thick, often redifh, up-
right, and four or five feet high.

The leaves ftand thick upon thefe,

and re-
femble thofe which firft ‘rife from

the root, but

Toward the top the ftalk fends out many
branches, and thefe are all terminated by fpikes
of flowers, which are moderately large, of a
beautiful gold gellow, and ornamented by purple
buttons in the centre, st

The feed-veffel is large, fmooth, and full of
{mall, brown feeds.

It is frequent in Hertfordthire and many other
counties by way fides; and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls ic Verbafeum nigrum flore ex

luteo purpurafcente. Lobel, Verbafcum nigrum
Salvifolium.

FOREIGN Se Pek Co Tp se

the top, and on thefe ftand the flowers in long
{pikes : they are large and yellow.

The feed-veffel is large, and the feeds are
fall.

It is a native of Crete,
to September.

C. Bauhine calls it Verbafcum humile Creticum
laciniatum. Columna, Verbafcum brafice folio.
Others make it a blattaria, but improperly.
This is the fpecies that fome authors have called
ardlus, aréos, and arGurus.

and flowers from June

2. Poppy-leaved. Mullein.
Verbafcum nigrum foliis papaveris.
The root is long, large, woody, and furnifhed
with numerous fibres.
The firft leayes are long, large, and hoary:
3 they

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is
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The BR IT $M {Hb RBA Ds

th@y are deeply finuated at the edges, in the
manner of many of thé poppy kinds, and are
pointed at the ends:

The ftalks are numerous, of a woody hardnefs,
round, irregular in their growth, and fpreading,

The leaves ftand at diftances on them, and
are altogether unlike thofe from the root: they
are fimple, of a cordated figure, and very white :
they furround the ftalk at the bafé, and terminate
in an obtufe point. »

The flowers are large, and of a beautiful yel-
low.

The feed-veffels are Jarge and the feeds fmall,

There is fomething in the difpofition of the
flowers in this {pecies different from moft of the
others : they ftand in a long, flender, and inter-
rupted fpike.

It is frequent in Italy, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Verbafeum nigrum foliis pa-
paveris corniculati. . J. Bauhine, Verbafcum crif-
pum et laciniatum.

Mullen is a powerful reftringent; and the coms
mon, white kind pofféfiés the virtue in a greatel
degree-than any other {pecies.

The root dried and powdered is good in dy-
fenteries : fifteen grains for a dofe. ;

The juice of the leaves, boiled into fyrup with
honey, is excellent in coughs and other diforders
of the lungs.

The juice of the root, expreffed with red wine;
is good againft overflowings of thé ménfes; dnd
alone it is a fovereign remedy in fpitting of blood.

_A pultice made of the tops and young leaves
of mullein is excellent in the piles.

There are the authority. of confiderable named’
for recommending the exprefled juice of mullein
inthe tympany. The plant deferves a tryal in
this cafe, which fo often foils the beft artift,

The other fpecies probably pofefs the famé
virtues ; but, it feems by their tafte, in a lefg
degree,

Gob wEBiai aN se 7S XXVi.
MOTH MULLEIN,.
BLAETARIA.

“HE flower confifts of a fingle petal, divided into five fegments: the feed-veflel is round, and

the cup is divided into five fharp fegments. :

Linnaeus places this among the petandria monogynia, but he does not allow it to be a diftin®:
genus: he takes away its antient name, and makes it a fpecies of verbafctum. The Englifi writers
were fenfible that it was nearly allied to mullein or verbafcum, as appears by their naming it woth mill:
lein ; but it differs evidently in the figure of the feed-veffel, which is round in this, and not in muilein,

The fpecies of each of thefe genera are numerous ; fo that there is confufion in joining them: too
many of the botanical writers have confounded thei already, callitig feveral proper fpecies of verbaf-
cum, blattaria, and thofe of blattaria, verbafcum: the effential diftin€tion of the two genera being
thus eftablifhed by the form of the capfule, I fhall here feparate them, according to that charaéter, 3

DJsV IS) © Nie BR lotcl Seo S sPab se elapes)

Moth Mullein.
Blattaria vulgaris.

The root ig long, large, divided into feveral
parts, and hung with a multitude of fibres.

The firft leaves are long, narrow, and of a
fhining green: they rife without footftalks, and
fpread circularly upon the ground. ;

The ftalk rifes in the centre, and is round,
firm, thick, upright, and two or three feet high,
_ The leaves ftand irregularly on it: they are
fmall, and of the fame fhape and colour with

DAV S WOsN 4 I.

1. Purple Moth Mullein,

_ Blattaria purpurea,

The root is long and thick, divided, and
hung with fibres.

The firft leaves are large, numerous, and of
an oval figure: they have fcarce any footftalks,
and fpread upon the ground.

The ftalks are numerous, round, thick, firm,
upright, and a foot and half high, :

N@ og, é

thofe from the root: they grow to the ftalk by a
broad bafe, and are fharply fefrated.

The flowers are very large and beautiful: they
are of a gold yellow, and have purple buttons to
the numerous threads in their centre.

The feed-veffel is large, and the feeds ara
fmall.

It is a wild plant with us, but not common:
T have obferved it near Denham in Buckingham-
fhire. It flowers in Auguft, Lak

C. Bauhine calls it Blattaria lutea folio longa
laciniato. :

FOREIGN SPECIES,

The leaves ftand irregularly on them; and are
fhort, broad, of a dark green colour, and oval:
they have no footftalks, and fometimes they are a
little dented, fometimes quite undivided at the
edges.

The flowers ftand in long fpikes, and they are
large, and purple; their colour varies from the
deepeft violet to the plaineft red; and from this;
which is altogether accidental, fome have divided
it into many diftinét fpecies.

Aa The

Che

The BRITISH HERBAL.

’ The fecd-veffel is large and round, and the
feeds are f{mall. ;
C. Bauhine calls it Blattaria purpurea. J. Bau-
chine, Blattaria flore ceruleo five purpureo.

2. Red Moth Mullein.
Blattaria flore rubente foliis ferratis.

The root is long, large, and furnifhed with
many fibres.

The firft leaves are numerous, large, and fer-
rated: they are long, moderately broad, and have
no footftalks.

The ftalk is round, thick, upright, firm, and
three feet high.

The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and are like
thofe from the root, long, large, deeply ferrated,
and fharp-pointed: they have no footftalks, and
they generally hang downward.

The flowers ftand at the top of the ftalk in a
very long and thick fpike, with fome long, nar-
row leaves intermixed among them: they are
large, and of a beautiful mixed red, not a bright,
gaudy colour, but an extreamly pleafing tin&t:
when nearly examined there is a mixture of blue
and of orange, but the red is the predominant
colour.

The feed-veffels are large and round.

It is a native of France, and flowers in Au-
tumn,

Morifon calls it Blattaria perennis flore obfo- |

keti coloris ; and others have in general copied the
fame name.

GBs Nei U:

3. Jagged Moth Mullein.
Blattaria foliis diffectis.

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
many fibres.

The firft leaves are numerous and fmall: they
rife in a tuft, and fpread on the ground like the
rays of a ftar: they have no footftalks, and they
are long, white, hoary, and deeply divided.

The ftalks are numerous, round, flender, and
about ten inches high.

The leaves ftand thick upon them, and are
hoary, white, and cut down to the middle rib in
feveral places; fo that they have a pinnated
afpect.

The flowers are fmall, and the feed-veffels alfo
fmall, but round.

It is a native of Italy, and flowers in June.

Boccone calls it Blattaria imana multifida.
thers copy the fame name.

O-

The root of the common moth mulleinis aftringent,
but in an inferior degree to that of the common
white mullein, We have no account, from any au-
thentick hand, of the virtues of the other fpecies ;
but fome of them have an acrid tafte, and feem
of different qualities. They are accounted among
the number of vulnerary plants in Germany; but
almoft every thing growing has in fome places
that character.

S XXVIE.

SPEEDWELL.

VERONICA.

HE flower confifts of a fingle petal, which is tubular in the lower
fegments at the edge: the fruit is a fingle capfule,

compreffed at the top, and containing two cells :
the fruit.

Linnzus places this among his dyandria monog ynia, the
two, and the ftyle frem the rudiment of the capfule fingle.

DELO Vere Site O tN T:

1. Little fmooth Speedwell.

Veronica glabra parva.

The root is compofed of numerous, flender,
long fibres.

The ftalks are weak, round, fmooth, and nu-
merous: they lie in part upon the ground, and
in part raife themfelves up: they take root fre-
quently where they trail upon the ground, and
thence fend up fhoots that thicken the tuft: the
part of the ftalk that is ere&t is four or five
inches high.

The leaves ftand im pairs : they are little, of
an oval figure, and of a pale but pretty green,
perfeétly fmooth, and undivided at the edges.

The flowers are fmall, and of a faint bluifh
white: they ftand on fhort footft

alks rifine: fr
the bofoms of the leaves, ate

and run up at the top

the cup is divided into four par

| every where by way-fi

part, and divided into four
of a turbinated and heartfafhioned fhape,
ts, and remains with

threads in the centre of the flower being

BRITISH SPECIES,

of the ftalks into a kin
fpike.
us feed-vefiel is {mall and flat.
t is a native of every part of Europe i
no country fo frequent as in England ee ae
des and in paftures. Ir

d of loofe, irregular

flowers in May.

C. Bauhine calls jt Veronica

( bratenfis ferpylli-
Solia. Others, Veronica Pratenfis Pe SF
med Pauli ferpylifolia. Yn Englith it is called
pagel Speedwell, fmooth Jiuellin, and Payj?s be-
ony.

There may be confufion ff
Jtuellin, becaufe it is
of a very different pla
place hereafter.

om the name of
the received Englith name
nt, to be defcribed in its

3. Little,

‘

‘Th BRITISH HERBAL

9 e

2. Little, hairy Speedwell. ©
Veronica mas Jupina et vulgatifima.

This is a fmall /peedwell, as common in our paf-
tures as the other, and like it, often called ‘by the
common but improper name of fuellin: this con-
founds it with another genus, from which it is
very diftinét; as does alfo the common way of
fpeaking, with the former, but they differ widely.

The root of this is compofed of a multitude
of flender fibres, joined to a fmall head.

The flalks that firft fhoot from it trail upon
the ground, and take root at their lower fide, by
which méans the plant preféntly fpreads into a
large tuft.

From thefé procumbent fhoots rife the ftalks
which bear the flowers, as do alfo fome from
the root.

They are flendet, weak, round, and of a pale
green, five inches long, and, ufually, in part
ere€t, and in part leaning.

The leaves grow in pairs: they are oblong;
broad, deeply ferrated, and fharp-pointed : they
have fhort footftalks, and they are of a pale

green, and flightly hairy.

The flowers ftand in long, flendet fpikes at the
tops of the branches, and are of a beautiful blue,
fmall but very confpicuous.

Under thefe fpikes there frequently grow fome
narrow leaves, unlike thofe on the reft of the ftalk.

The feed-veffel is flatted ahd heattfafhioned,
and the feeds até numerous and fhiall.

This is very common in dry paftures, and
flowers in June:

C. Bauhine calls it Verortiea mas fupina et oulga-
tffiia: J. Bauhine, Veronica wulgatior folio ro-
tundiore.

We call it Common fpeediell, male [peedwell,
and male fluellin. If we would call it dztle, hairy
fpeedwell, there would be no confufion.

There is the more reafon to afcertain this fpe-
cies by fome déterminaté Englifh name, in that
it is fuppofed to poffefs the greateft virtue of any
Speedwell. ,

There was an opinion very lately, that it was
a cure for the gout, and the leaves, picked and
dryed, fold for three or four fhillings a pound.
‘The people who deal in them adulterated them
with thofe of the gemander-leaved /peedwell, to be
defcribed hereafter, and by that means they loft
their credit, before it was found whether there
were any foundation for the opinion of this great
efficacy or not.

A decoétion of the whole plant is a powerful
diuretick and deobftruent : itis good in jaundices
and the beginning of dropfies.

A flighter tinéture of it, drawn by infufion,
is a fudorifick, and good in fevers,

Its juice, boiled into a fyrup with honey, ig excel-
lent in afthmas and other diforders of the lungs ;
and ufed outwardly, in form of an ointment, it is

_ good againft the itch and other cutaneous dif.

orders.

The decoction of it made very ftrong, and
given as a glyfter with the common additions of
oil and fugar, is of prodigious efficacy in the tor-
menting pains of the nephritick cholick.

An infufion of the leaves, drank in the man-

ner of tea, is greatly recommended as a provo-
Cative to venery, and a {trengthener : it has been
called a cure for barrennefs, taken a long time
in this manner,

To thefe virtues we are to add, that it is placed

foremoft by many writers in the clafs ef vul-
neraries. i ;

3. Germander-leaved Speedwell,

Veronica chamedryos folio,

The root is flender, and edged with fibres.

The firft leaves are long; narrow, of a pale
green, ferrated, fharp-pointed, and have no
footftalks.

The ftalks rife in the centre, and the leaves
foon after fade. d :

They are flender and weak, but tolerably up-
right, and fix or eight inches high.

The leaves ftand in pairs, and are like thofe
from the root, but fhorter and broader : they are
of a pale green, fharply ferrated, and fharp-
pointed ; and they have no footftalks,

The flowers ftand in long {pikes rifing from
the bofoms' of the leaves; and they are of a very
bright blue, large, and beautiful,

The feed-veffels are heart-fafhioned, large, and
flat.

It is common in paftures, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Chamedrys Jpuria minor ro-
tundifolia. Ray, Veronica chamadrys fylveftris
difia, Others, Chamedrys fylveftris.

Our commom péople call it Blue tinker.

They give the juice of it to children as a te-
medy for the rickets, and often with fuccefs,

4. Short-leaved Germanderlike fpeedwell.

Veronica chamedroyides foliis pediculis oblongis in-
JSidentibus.

The root is a fmall tuft of fibres. 1

From this grow many fhoots, that trail upon
the ground and take root in different places.

The ftalks which fupport the fowers rife partly
from thefe, and partly from the root: they are
flender, weak, but imperfectly ereét, and ten or
twelvé inches high.

The leaves ftand in pairs, and do not grow to
the ftalk by their bafe, as in the laft fpecies, but
ftand on moderately long footftalks; and thefe,
and the mainftalks alfo, are a little hairy: the
leaves are fhort, broad, and dentated, of a dufky
green, and a little hairy.

The flowers ftand on footftalks rifing from the
bofom of the leaves in a kind of loofe fpikes,
four, five, or fix in each fpike: they are fmall,
and of a faint blue;

The feed-veffel is broad, flat, and heart-fathion-
ed at the end. :

It is common in our woods, and flowers ia
Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Chamedrys rotundifolia Jia-
tellata., Ray, Veronica chamédrayides foliis pedi-
culis oblongis infidéntibus. Columna, Abffon.
Diofcoridis, Montanum. Our Englith writers
calh it Mountain madwort.

It is pretended that the juice is good againft
madnefs, but there is no authority for ig.

5: Ivy

= Tye; BR PTY

SH HERBAL.

5. Ivy-leaved Speedwell.

Veronica hedere folio.

The root is a clufter of fmall fibres.

The firft leaves are roundifh, but indented ifto
three, and fometimes more divifions: they rife
fix or eight together, and have fhort footftalks.

‘The ftalks ars numerous, weak, and fix or
eight inches high.

The leaves ftand alternately on them, and
have footftalks: they are divided deeply into
three parts; and in fome degree refemble the
leaves of ivy in miniature: their colour is a pale
green, and they are hairy.

The flowers ftand fingly on fhort footftalks -
rifing from the bofoms of the leaves; and they
. are fmall and bluifh.

The feed-veffels follow, and are heart-fafhion-
ed: the feeds are numerous and fmall.

It is common in corn-fields and in garden bor-
ders ; and flowers in April.

C. Bauhine calls it A/fine hederulz folio. Ray,
Veronica, flofeulis fingularibus hederule folio, In
Englith we call it Small benbit, or Ivy-leaved
chickweed.

6. Chickweed-fpeedwell with footftalks.
Veronica floribus fingularibus in oblongis pediculis.

The root is long, flender, and edged with
many fibres.

The firft leaves are fhort and broad. «

The ftalks are numerous and weak ; fome trail
upon the ground, and fome ftand ereét, and they
are five inches high.

The leaves ftand alternate, and they have
fhort footflalks : they are broad, fhort, ferrated,
and fharp-pointed, but of a dead green.

The flowers and fingly on footltalks rifing
from the bofoms of the leaves, and they are
{mall, and blue; fometimes, but more feldom,
white.

The feed-veffél is large, and heart-fafhioned,
and is flatted at the top.

It is common on walls and in dry places, and }

flowers early in fpring:
C, Bauhine calls it “fine chamadryfolia Hlofculis
pediculis oblongis infidentibus.

7. Chickweed-fpeedwell, without footftalks.

Leronica floribus fingularibus caulibus adberentibus.

The root is compofed of a multitude of fibres.

The ftalk is round, weak, and very much
branched. °

The leaves ftand in pairs without footttalks,
and are fhort and broad, of a pale green, flightly
ferrated at the edges, and a little hairy.

The flowers (tand in a long feries on the tops of
the ftalks and branches, and are fmall and blue,
ftriated on the infide, and ufually pale: thefe
have no footftalks, bue grow to the ftalk; and
under thefe there grow alternately leaves of a
different form from thofe on the reft of the plant:
‘they are thort, oval, and not at all indented, and

The feed-veffel is fat and heart-fafhioned.

It is common on walls and in dry places, where
it grows:from two to five inches in height. It
flowers in fpring. 5

C. Bauhine calls it MW/ine foliis-veronice, foliis et
flofeulis caulibus adberentibus. QOthers,. Veronica
foliis oppofitis floribus fepilibus.

8. Fingered-leaved fpeedweil.
Veronica foliis alternis digitatis:

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
a great number of fibres. : if,

The ftalks are numerous, round, thick, of a
pale green, partly erect, and in part procums
bent, and three or four inches in height. -

The leaves are numerous, and ftand irregular-
ly: they differ from thofe of all the other {pecies
in fhape, being divided in a fingered manner, fome
into three, and others into five parts. Thofe to-
ward the bottom of the ftalk are divided into five
parts, thefe are feparated down to the bafe in
the manner of fingers; and the three middle di-
vifions are longer, the two outfide ones fhorter ;
they are all narrow and pointed: the leaves on
the upper part of the ftalks are divided only into
three parts each, and thefe, of the fame form with
the others: the lower leaves often fall off as the
plant grows up; and the others only, or at leaft
principally, remaining and appearing as each ,
compofed of three feparate leaves, have. occa-
fioned many to call it ¢rifoliate fpeedwell.

The flowers are large and purple : they ftand.on
fingle footftalks rifing from the bofoms of the
leaves, and make a pretty appearance. :

The feed-veffel is large, flat, and) heart-fa-
fhioned, and contains many.fmall feeds.

It is found in fome-of our northern counties
in barren paftures and in gravel-pits; and flowers
in May. ‘

C. Bauhine calls it Veronica triphyllos cerulea,
Lobel, Aline parva regia folio alfines hederacee
ruta mode divifo. Others Alive reffa.

9. Bugle-leaved Speedwell.
Veronica bugule folio Subbirfuto,

The root is long, flender, and full of fibres.
The leaves that firft rife

Tom it are large and.
oblong: they have fhort footftalks, and grow

in atuft, eight, ten, or more together,
Among thefe rife the footftalks, which are nu-
merous, round, and fomewhat hairy, and eight
or ten inches high, -
i The leaves ftand in pairs at diftances, and. are,
like thofe from the root, oblong, broad, and
placed on fhort footftalks : they are crenated at ~
the edges, and obtufe at the end,
The flowers are large and blue:
long fpikes, fometimes One,
more. on the
nourifhment.
The feed-veffels are heart-fafhioned and flatted.
It 18a native of Wales, and flowers in July.
It is defcribed in the third edition of Ray’s

they ftand in
fometimes three or
Plant, aecording to its degree. of-

they fomewhat refemble the leaves. of garden-
thyme. 7

Synopfis under the name of Veronica fpicata
Combrobritannica bugule fubbirfuto folio.

10, Little

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STERN Ce =

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Pages

“The a BeRStTT 8 Hee ERBAL

10. Little, fpiked Speedwell.

Veronica Spicata minor.

The root is long, divided into many parts,
and edged with fibres,

The firft leaves are oblong; broad, and of a
pale green: they rife in a thick tuft, and fre-
quently remain with the plant when in flower,
whereas moft of the others fade when the ftalk

rifes.
‘The ftalk is round, flender, of a pale green,
and tolerably upright.

The leaves ftand in pairs, and are fhort, little,
and of a figure approaching to oval, but pointed
at the ends: they have no footftalks, and are of
a dead green.

The flowers are fmall and blue: they ftand at
_the tops of the ftalks in a thick, fhort fpike.

DeaeVelS COUN ls

1. Broad-leaved fpiked Speedwell.
Veronica fpicata latifolia.

The root is compofed of numerous, large, and
fpreading fibres.

The ftalk is round, upright, firm, and two
feet high.

The leaves are oblong, broad, of a deep green,
obtufe at the end, and irregularly indented at the
edges, often fo flightly that it is fcarce per-
ceptible.

The flowers are fmall, and of a pale blue, but they
are very numerous, and ftand in long, thick fpikes.

The feed-veffel is fmall and heart-fafhioned,
and the feed is very fmall and brown.

It is frequent about the borders of forefts in
Germany, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Veronica fpicata latifolia,
Others, Veronica fpicata major.

2. Narrow-leaved fpiked Speedwell.
Veronica fpicata anguftifolia.

‘The root is long, divided, and furnifhed with
many fibres,

The firft leaves are long, narrow; and have |

no footftalks: they are of a dufky green, and rife
in a thick tuft. ;

The ftalks are numerous, erect, firm, round,
and a foot high.

The leaves ftand in pairs, and are long, narrow,
of apale green, fharp-pointed, and fhatply ferrated.

The flowers are fmall, and of a beautiful blue:
they grow in long, thick {pikes at the tops of the
ftalks.

The feed-veffels are flat and heart-fafhioned:
the feeds are fmall and brown,

{t is frequent in Italy, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Veronica fpicata anguftifolia.
Others, Veronica erecia anguftifolia.

3. Many-leaved fpiked Speedwell,
Veronica {picata folits ternis quaternis aut quinis.

The root is long, divided, and full of fibres,
The ftalks are numerous, round, firm, up-
right, and four or five feet high,
Q

BY ahs

The feed-vefféls are deeply cordated, or hearts
fathioned. :

It is not frequent in England, but has beér
found on Newmarket heath, Lincoln heath, and
in fome other places:

C. Bauhine calls it Veronica fpicata minor. J.
Bauhine, Veronica fpicata reéia minor. Others,
Veronica rétia minima.

Thefe ten are all the {pecies of /peedwell that
we have native in England. The brooklimes,
of which we have three fpecies, have been ufually
ranged among thefe, and called by the fame name,
veronica ; but they have their feparate name deca-
bunga, their feparate virtues; and enough in
their characters to diftinguith them. I fhall,
therefore, arrange them diftin@lly in the next
genus, after defcribing thofe foreign /peedwells
which curiofity has introduced into our gardens:

FOREIGN SPEHCIES,

The leaves are long and confiderably broad:
they have no footftalks, and they grow in an un-
certain manner on the ftalks, three, four, or five —
together; fometimes, but more rarely, only two:
they are fharp-pointed and ferrated.

The flowers ate very numerous and white:
they ftand in a long fpike at the top of the ftallt,
and frequently on others rifing from the branches,

The feed-vefféls are heart-fafhioned, and the
feeds are fmall.

It is a native of* America,

Plukenet Calls it Veronica Virginiana procerior
Soltis ternis, quaternis et etiam quinis caulem amplex-
antibus [picis florum caudidifimis, Others, Vero-
nica altiffima Americana.

4. Narrow-leaved little Speedwell;
Veronica parva anguftifolia,

The root is long, divided into many parts,
and furnifhed with numerous fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, round, upright,
branched, and of a pale green.

The leaves ftand alternately, and at confide-
rable diftances: they ate long, narrow, of a
bright green, and grow to the ftalk without any
footftalks : they are undivided at the edges, and
pointed at the end.

The flowers are fmall and white: they grow in
the bofoms of the leaves all the way up the
ftalks, and have no pedicles.

The feed-veffel is large and heart-fathioned,
and the feeds are fmall and brown.

It is frequent in the corn-fields of France and
Italy ; and flowers in May.

Morifon calls it Veronica annua alba polygonia
folio. ‘

5. Great Germander-leaved Speedwell,

Veronica chamedryos folio maxima,

The root is long, large, woody, and divided.
~ The flalk is firm, ereé&t, of a woody hardnefs,
and two feet high.

The leaves ftand in pairs without footftalks,
and are of a very regular and beautiful fhape :

Bb they

The BRITISH HUE RB AL.

they are broadeft at the bafe, fmaller all the way
to the point, and fharply ferrated.

The flowers are fmall, and of a pale blue: they
ftand in long fpikes, rifing from the bofoms of
the leaves, and from the top of the ftalk; and
many of them ufually open together.

The feed-veffel is heart-fafhioned, ‘and not
large.

It is a native of Germany, and flowers in
July.

‘ C. Bauhine calls it Chamedrys puria major al-
‘tera five frutefcens.

6. Jagged-leaved Speedwell.
Veronica folits laciniatis.

The root is long, fingle, and furnifhed with a
few fibres.
The ftalk is firm, upright, a little hairy, a
foot high, and is divided into feveral branches.
The leaves are numerous, and they are deeply
and beautifully divided: their colour is a pale
| ‘green, and they are a little hairy.
The flowers are {mall and biue: they ftand on
fhort footftalks in a kind of loofe fpikes.
The feed-veffel is heart-fafhioned and {mall ;
and the feeds are. minute and brown.
Tt is a native of Italy and Germany, and
flowers in June.
C. Bauhine calls it Chamedrys auftriaca foliis
-tenstiffime laciniatis. Morifon, Veronica tenuiffime
laciniata.

oh Large-flowered little Speedwell.
Veronica pumila flore majore.

"The root is compofed of many long and flen-
der fibres,

Go E

Nie U

The ftalks are numerous, round, weak, and
four inches high.

The leaves ftand ufually in pairs, though fome-
times they grow irregularly on the lower part of
the ftalks: they are fmall, thort, without foot-
ftalks, and fharply ferrated.

The flowers grow at the tops of the ftalks ia
little tufts, and are large, and of a beautiful
blue. P

The feed-veftels are heart fafhioned and fmall.

It isa native of the mountainous parts of Italy.

C. Bauhine calls it Chamedrys Alpina faxatilis.
Others, eucrium petreum pumilum. Others,
Bonarota and Pederota, making it a diftin&
genus, but with little foundation in nature.

It is particular, that the leaves feem to have
ftood as the character of germander, with the
old authors, rather than the flowers; for in ger-
mander thofe are of the labiated kind,

8. Dwarf Speedwell.
Chamedrys pumila.

This is a very fingular, and very pretty {pecies,

The root is long, divided, and creeping.

The fhoots are numerous from various parts,
and they confift each of a large clufter of leaves,
fupported together on a fhort, firm ftalk.

Thefe are fmall, oval, of a beautiful green,
and finely ferrated at theedges, —

Among thefe rife the ftalks, which are minute,
flender, and have no leaves. On their tops
ftand little clufters of flowers, four or five on
each, which are large in proportion to the plant.

The feed-veffels are {mall and heartfathioried.

It is common ‘i the Pyrénean mountains, and
flowers in {pring.

C. Bauhine calls it Verchita Alpina’ Dellidis folie.

S XXVOL

BROOKLIME,
BEM COA PRN nGue tt:

ae flowers confift each of a fingle petal, tubular at the lower part,
ments at the rim, and they ftand in long fpikes rifing from the bofo
the feed-veffel is heart-fafhioned.

“the tops of the ftalks:
feaves ftand in pairs.
Linnzus places this among his diandria monog
name, making it a f{pecies of veronica.

The flowers and feed-veflels indeed agree with thofe of veronica ;
the plants from one another; and nature has given fufficient charaét

fhould therefore feek them there,

The determinations of this author, who is at prefent wich man
be confidered as fo abfolute, with refpect to joining and feparating
“gine. He frequently changes his own opinions; and to know what he h
laft works mutt be feen. Thus, in the laft fpecies but one of the fpeedw
it from the reft, and taken away its name veronica, making it a dift
bonarota, Linneeus, in his Genera Plantarum, followed this divifion,
rate genus; and, again changing the name, called it pederota :
again changed his opinion, and, deftroying that new and idly fou

ronica, We give this as an inftance, that the
as fome of his fervile followers think
the fake of utility.

There are but three known fpecies of drooklin

and divided into four feg-
ms, of the leaves, not on

The ftalks are thick and flefhy, and the

yuia; but he takes away its determinate and diftine&:

but as itis ufeful to diftinguifh
ers in the reft of the herb, we

y the oracle of botany, are not to
the genera of plants, as fome ima-
as determined at prefent his
ells, Micheli had feparated
inc genus, under that of
eftablifhed the plant as a fepa-
but in his laft publifhed work he has
inded genus, makes it a {pecies of ve=

; genera eftablithed by Linnzus are not fo irrevocable
3 and as an excufe for i ing fro
3 our fometimes departing ftom them, fox:

¢, and they are all natives of this country,

1. Common

“<

The: BREPISH AER ® AT.

5a Common Brooklime.
Becabunga vulgaris.

The root is long, flender, and creeping: i
runs among the mud, and fends out clufters of
fibres in many parts.

The fhoots that firft rife from it are weak and
flender: they often take root again as they lic
upon the wet bottom.

* The ftalks are round, thick, flefhy, of a pale
green, and terr inches high.

The leaves ftand in pairs, and have no foot-
ftalk: they are broad, fhort, and lightly dent-

» ated at the edges.

The flowers are fmall, but very numerous, and
of a beautiful blue: they ftand in long fpikes
which grow from the bofoms of the leaves; the
top of the ftalk being always terminated by a
clufter of young leaves, not by a fpike of flowers.

The feed-veffel is {mall and heart-fafhioned:
the feed minute and brown,

“Tt is frequent in fhallow waters, and flowers in
June.

C. Bauhine calls it Anagallis aquatica folio fubro-
tundo. He divides it into two fpecies, under
the name of a greater and leffer; but thefe are
only accidental varieties. Others call it Veronica
aquatica.

2. Long-leaved Brooklime.
Becabunga longifolia.

The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with
many fibres.

The ftalk is round, very thick and flefhy, up-
tight, much branched, and a foot and half high.

The leaves ftand in pairs: they are long, nar-
row, and ferrated: they have no footftalks, and
are of a pale green. |

The flowers are fmall, and of a pale purple :
they are very numerous, and ftand in long {pikes
both on the 'main-ftalk and the branches.

The feed-veffel is heart-fafhioned, and the
feeds are numerous and fmall.

It is common in fhallow waters, and about the
fides of ditches and rivers. It Howers from May
to September.

C, Bauhine calls it Avagallis aquatica minor folio

oblongo. Ray, Veronica aquatica longifolia media.
Parkinfon defcribes and figures it under the name
of the Lefer water parfnip.

3. Narrow-leaved Brooklime,
Becabunga angufifolia,

The root confifts of a few long, flender fibres;

The ftalk is round, thick, flefhy, and ten
inches high, very little branched, and of a pale
green, i 9%

The leaves ftand in pairs : they are long, nar-
tow, and not at all ferrated, tharp-pointed, of a
deep green, and without footftalks.

The flowers are few in number, of a pale
purple, often white : they ftand on long, fender
footftalks, and quickly fade.

‘The feed-veffel is heart-fafhioned, broad, and
flat.

It is not uncommon in watery
woods. It flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls ic uagallis a
folia feutellata. J, Bauhine,

places about

quatica angufti.
Anagallis angustifolia,

Thefe three fpecies have the fame virtues; but
the firft or common brooklime is poffefied of them
in fo much greater a degree, that it ought only
to be ufed,

It is an excellent antifcorbutick,
ken in fpring, is one of the firft of
ufually call fweeteners of the blood.
given either alone or mixed with t
water-crefs and of Seville orange. :

An infufion of the whole plant is an excellent
diuretick. , It alfo promotes the menfes 3 and ig
good in the jaundice, and dropfies,

A frefh and tender leaf of drooklime laid on a
flight wound heals it without any other appli-
cation.

Itis an old practice to mix brooklime leaves and
cobwebs for this purpofé; but the Zrookline does
alone.

A large quantity of this herb put into beer, ©
while brewing, gives it the virtues of an anti-
{corbutick and fweetener of the blood in a very
happy manner. :

A pultice of it, boiled tender, is excellent in
the piles,

Its juice, ta-
that clafs we
It may be
he juice of

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SUBS Rave a it.

FOR £.1,6G N Gish SNe eB Reo A;

Gisds Bites oN cp OG I,

TO, BA: €. C20,

NICOTIANA,

HE flower confifts of a fingle petal, which is tubular,
tinguifhed by five folds at the rim: the feedveffel is a fingle capfule,°

the cup is divided into five fegments,
Linneus places this among the pentandria monog ynia

marked witha line on each fide:

ftyle rifing from the rudiment of the fruit fingle.
2

divided into five fegments, and dif.
of an oval figure,
and remains with the fruit. .

3 the threads in each flower being five, and the

1. Broad-

The BR TH? Oo yee & BAL:

1. Broad-leaved Tobacco.
Nicotiana latifolia.

The root is long, thick, divided into many
parts, and furnifhed with fibres. he

The ftalk is round, thick, firm, ereét, divided
into afew branches, and fix feet high.

The leaves are very large, long, and broad:
they have ‘no pedicles, but furround the ftalk
in great part at their bafe, and are of a deep
green, and divided at the edges: they ftand irre-
gularly, and are very numerous.

The flowers grow on flender and long foot-
ftalks at the tops of the branches and of the main-
flalk: they are very large, and of a beautiful
red: they are long, tubular, and narrow at the
bottom.

The feed-veffel is large, and the feeds are nu-
merous.

It is a native of America. The Europeans
became acquainted with it about two hundred
years fince; and from that time the demand has
been fo great for the dryed leaves that it is one
of the principal articles of the traffick of that
part of the world.

C. Bauhine calls it Nicotiana major latifolia.
- Others, fimply, Nicotiana or Petum and Ta-
bacum.

2. Narrow-leaved Tobacco.
Nicotiana anguftifolia.

The root is long, thick, divided into many
parts, and furnifhed with numerous fibres,

The ftalk is round, firm, ereét, and four feet
high, very little branched, and fomewhat hairy.

The leaves ftand alternately, and have no foot-
ftalk, but in part enclofe the ftalk at the bafe:
they are very long and narrow: they are undi-
vided at the edge, and harp pointed.

The flowers are fmaller than thofe of the
former, but in themfelves confiderably large:
they are of a faint red, long, tubular, and di-
vided at the edge.

The feed :veffel is large, and the feeds are nu-
merous,

It is a native of America, as the other, and
flowers, with it, in June and July.

C. Bauhine calls it Nicotiana major angufifolia,

Gab Nn

3. Short leaved Tobacco.
Nicotiana folio brevi.

The root is long, thick, divided into many
parts, and furnifhed with numerous fibres,

The ftalk is round, thick, hairy, and three feet
high.

The leaves ftand irregularly, and are broader
and fhorter than thofe of the common kind, and
more hairy: they do not enclofe the ftalk at the
bafe, as thofe do, but ftand on pedicles, which
are alfo hairy.

The flowers ftand upon long, flender foorftalks
at the top of che ftalk and branches, and they are
fmall, and of a greenifh colour, with a tinge of
yellow.

The feed-veffel is large, and the feeds are nu-
merous. °

It is a native of South America, and flowers
in July. :

C. Bauhine calls it Nicotiana minor.

4. Dwarf Tobacco.
Nicotiana -minima.
The root is long, flender, fimple, and fur-
nifhed but with few fibres.
The leaves are numerous, oblong, broad, and

placed on long footftalks.
They are pointed at the end, and not at all

ferrated at the edges, of a flethy fubftance, and

of a dufky green.

The flowers ate fmall, but of a beautiful red:
they ftand on flender fhort footftalks rifing from
the bofoms of the leaves.

The feed-vefiel is large, and the feeds are nu-
merous.

It is a native of South America, and flowers
in July. ;

C. Bauhine calls it Nicotiana minima.

All thefe {pecies have the fame virtues, but the
firft kind has them in the greateft degree.

Atis arough and violent emetic taken internally,

The frefh leaves are greatly recommended
againft pain.
~ The ufe of them, dried in form of tobacco for
fmoaking, and fnuff for taking up the noftrils, is
grown univerfal. It might either way be of great
fervice asa medicine when required; but the fre-
quent taking of it in wantonnefs is unhealthful.

Us Il,

THORNAPPLE,

STRAMONIU™M™

(i ee flower confifts of a fingle petal, tubular, deep, and fol

figure, and contains two cells :
marked with five ribs, and divided into five fegments.

feed-veffel is of an oval

Linnaeus places this among his peutandria mon

ded in five parts at the rim: the
the cup is oblong, tubular, bellied 3

1 monog ynia 3 the threads in each fower being five, and the

ftyle rifing from the rudiment of the fruit fingl
He has, however,
1. Common Thornapple,

Stramonium vulgare.

The reot is long, large, divided into feveral
parts, and furnifhed with many fibres,

ec.
taken away the common teceived name Lramonium,

and calls the genus datura.

The ftalk is thick, firm, upright, of a pale
green, and two foot and a half high.

The leaves are large, broad, beautifully in-
dented, and placed on firm footftalks : they are
of a lively green, fharp-pointed, and broadeft

toward

’

Thes BRIDNIS HH ER B Ae

toward the bafe: they ftand iregularly, and are
of a firm texture.

The flowers grow at the divifions of the
branches, and are very large, and of a fnow
white, long, tubular, and hollow.

The feed-veffel is of'an oval figure, and of
the bignefs of a walnut: it is covered with fhort,
fharp prickles. _

The feeds are large and brown.

Many infects are fond of the flefhy part of this
feed-veftel ; fo that, when it has hung fome time
on the plant, it is not uncommon to fee it eaten
away. between the folid parts, which then re-
maining entire, bleach in the air, and fhew its
fkeleton.

It is a native of the fouthern parts of America,
and flowers in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Solanum fativum frudu fpi-
nofo oblongo flere albo. Others, Stramonium, and
Datura fruéiu ovato.

2. Round Thornapple.
Stramonium fruéiu rotunda.

The root is long, thick, divided, and fpread-

ing.

“The ftalk is round, firm, thick, and two feet
high. —

The leaves are numerous, and of a ftrong
green. 5

They ftand irregularly, and are of a heart-like
figure, only not indented: they are broadeft at
the bafe, and all the way fmaller to the point,
and they have long footftalks: they are fome-
what waved, but not indented at the edges.

‘The flowers rife from the bofoms of the leaves
and at the infertions of the branches, and they
are large, long, hollow, and white.

The fruit is round, prickly, and of the bignefs
of a chefnut.

It is a native of Africa and Afia, and flowers
in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Solanum fruéiu parvo JSpinofo
rotundo longo flore. Others, Mere,

3. Small-fruited Thornapple.

Stramonium frulu minore.
e

The root is large, divided, and {preading.

The ftalks are numerous, woody, firm, and
four yards high: they are irregular in their
growth, and very much branched,

The leaves ftand on long footftalks, and are
of a beautiful green: they are oblong, and very

, deeply divided into a kind of broad, fharp-
pointetl fegments.

The flowers aré numerous, large, and beauti-
ful: they rife from the ftalks near the infertions
of the leaves, and have fhort pedicles: they are
purplith on the outfide, white as fnow within,
and divided at the edge into feements, which ter-
minate in a kind of tails.

The fruit is round, and of the bignefs of a
cobnut : it is fometimes covered with flight, foft
prickles, and fometimes only rough on the fur-
face. The flower alfo is frequently double.

It is a native of Egypt and fome parts of the
eaft; and flowers in Autumn.
C. Bauhine calls it Sclanum fatidum fructu
JSpinofo rotundo femine pallido.

The leaves have an ill fmell; but the flowers
are {weet.

Alpinus calls it Datura contrarena. Others,
Datura, the name Linnzus gives the genus.

The feeds of the common: thornapple, taken in-
wardly, difturb the brain, and bring on a kind
of madnefs.

Externally ufed, when frefh gathered and
bruifed, they are extolled greatly for the cure of
the herpes.

An ointment of the leaves is alfo cooling.

The root, dryed and powdered, may be given
as an opiate: five or fix grains fora dofe. It
alleviates pain, and procures reft,

The virtues of the plant are the fame with
thofe of opium, but it has them in'a more vio-

Be NG Cares
MOUNTAIN

lent and unmanageable degree.

III.
SPA NelaG «Lek.

CORTUSA.

HE flower confifts of a fingle petal, tubular a little way at the bottom, and divided into five
fegments at the edge: the fruit is a fingle capfule, of an oblong, oval figure, pointed, and
furrowed : the cup is very fmall, but divided into five open fegments, and remains.with the

feed-veffel.

Linnzus places this among the pentandria monogynia; the threads in the centre of
five, and the ftyle from the rudiment of the capfule fimple.

1. Alpine Cortufa.
Cortufa alpina,

The root is compofed of numerous long and
flender fibres.

The leaves rife in a thick clufter: they are
fupported on long foorftalks, and are broad,
roundith, and deeply divided into fegments,
which are again ferrated at their edges.

SLO,

the flower being

They are of a dark green on the upper and
under fide, and of an acrid tafte.

Among thefe rife feveral ftalks, which are
round, flender, redifh, naked, and fix inches
high: they are ufually redifh toward the bot-
tom, and pale at the top. ’

The flowers are moderately large, and of a
beautiful flrong red: they grow in a tuft at the
top of the ftalk, in the manner of the auricula

Ce or

TOE, Ee BR 1; 5} A OE BRP BeAr,

or cowflip, ten or twelve together, on flender,
Jong footftalks, rifing from the fame point at the
top of the main ftalk.

The feed-veffel is oblong, and furrowed length-
wife; and the feeds are numerous and {mall.

It is a native of Germany, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Sanicula montana latifolia

NU
BEE PAU Rags

The common writers, Curtufa, and
Clufius, Suniucla alpina.

lacinata.
Cortufa mathioli.

It is one of the famous wound-herbs of the
Germans ; but its virtues are not eftablithed by
any known experience.

S
EAR,

IV.

ALUPR: ICU LA:

HE flower confifts of a fingle petal, tubular in the lower part, and divided into five broad
] fegments: the feed-veflel is fingle and oblong, and the cup is very fhort, and divided into

five fegments : the leaves are flefhy.

Linnzus places this among the pentandria monogynia, the threads in the flower being five, and the
rudiment of the capfule and its ftyle fingle: but he denies it to be a particular genus. He confiders

it as a fpecies of cowflip. But from that
flefhy fubftance of the leaves.

He thus takes away its ufual and received name auricula 5
own language, though we in general pronounce it ill:

neglected,

1. Common yellow Auricula,

Auricula vulgaris lutea.

The root is compofed of a gteat many thick
fibres, which fpread every way, and penetrate
deep.

The leaves rife in a little clufter fix or eight
together.

They are broad, oblong, of a whitith colour,
lightly ferrated at the edges, and of a thick,
flefhy fubftance.

The ftalk is round, thick, four or five inches}

high, and naked.

The flowers are large, open, and beautiful:
they fland<in a little clufter at the top of the
ftalk, each having its own feparate footftalk,
Their colour is yellow; but in this there is great
variety. In nature it is of all the degrees of yel-
low, from the deepeft to the paleft, and to abfo-
lute white ; and culture introduces variegations
‘of many more kinds. f

It is a native of Switzerland, and other of the
northern parts of Europe, and flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Sanicula Alpina lutea. Ji
Bauhine, Auricula urfi Jlore luteo.

Many of the auriculas defcribed as diftin® {pe-
cies by authors, are no other than varieties of
this plant rifing from culture: but Linnzus is
rafh in making all thofe we fee of that kind.

There are three diftin& and original {pecies of
this genus; from thefe three, culture has raifed
all that amazing and beautiful variety we fee in
gardens; but not from this one.

2. Narrow-leaved red Auricula.

Auricula anguftifolia flore rubente,

The root is compofed of numerous, long, and
flender fibres.

The leaves rife in a {mall tuft ten or twelve to-
gether, and have no footftalks: they are long,
nhatrow, of a deep green, more or lefs covered

genus it palpably differs in the fhortnefs of the cup, and the

a name we have introduced into our
the proper name of this plant Zears car being

Our gardeners preferve the word auricula; but they fpeak it riculas,

with a greyifh duft, fharp-pointed, and ferrated
at the edges,

The ftalk is three inches high, thick, naked,
round, and of a pale colour.

The flowers ftand in a clufter at the top, and
are large, and of a bright red: each has its fepa-
rate long footftalk, and they ftand very up-
right.

The feed-veffel is oblong, and the feed mi-

nute.
It is a native of the Apennines. I have fpeci-
mens of it colleéted in its wild ftate there, which
thew it a perfectly diftin® fpecies; as is alfo the
next to be defcribed. There is no judging by
what one fees in gardens, where the accidents
occafioning varieties are endlefs : but in thefe col-
le&ted wild there is no error.

C. Bauhine calls this Sanicula Alpina anguftifo-
lia. J. Bauhine, Auricula unfit anguftifolia colore
rubente. We, Red auricula.

3- Round-leaved red Auricula.

Auricula foliis fubrotundis Sore rubente.

The root confifts of a {mall head, anda great
multitude of fibres.

The leaves are numerous and ere& : they
ftand ona kind of footftalks 3 but thofe are rather
a continuation of the bafe of the leaf, than any
thing regularly demanding that name: they are
fhort, broad, rounditfh, and of a pale green :
they are obtufe, and tharply ferrated, and of a-
thick, flethy fubftance.

The ftalk rifes in the centre, and is thick,
firm, upright, naked, and about four inches
high.

The flowers are large, and of a beautiful red :
they ftand in a tuft at the top of the ftalk, each
having its feparate and proper footftalk,

The feed-veffel is oblong, and the feed is
fmall,

Th BRITISH HERBAL.

It is a native of Germany and Switzerland,
and flowers in June.
C. Bauhine calls it Sanicula Alpina rotundifolia.

4, Long-leaved Auricula.
Auricula foliis oblongis integerrimis.

The root is a bunch of thick fibres, rifing from
a {mall oblong head.

The leaves are numerous, and they rife in a
thick clufter: they are long, narrow, fharp-
pointed, and undivided at the edges: they have
no footftalks : their colour is a bright-glofly green
on the upper-fide, and paler underneath.

The ftalk rifes in the centre of the tuft, and is
four inches high.

The flowers grow in a fmall tuft at the top ;
often there are but two or three, rarely more than
five: they are large, and irregularly divided into

' fegments, which are deeply cut in, and pointed
in the divifions: the cup is tubulous and ob-
tufe.

It isa native of Switzerland, and flowers in
May.

C. Bauhine calls it Sanicula Alpina rubefcens fo-
lio non ferrato. Others, Auricula longifolia.

Gar

5. Dwarf Auricula.
Auricula pumila.

The root is long, flender, and furnithed with
numerous fibres,

The leaves rife in a clufter, and are very fmall;
they have no footftalks, and they are of a very
fingular fhape, narroweft at the bottom, broadett
at the top, and there deeply indented : the outer
leaves of thefe little clufters are fmalleft, and the
inner ones longeft and largeft, and of the frethett
green.

The ftalks tife among thefe; and are round,
flender, fhort, and very minute, like the reft of ,
the plant. :

The flowers are large, and very beautiful:
they are of a fnow-white fometimes, and fome=
times they have a bluth of redith. One com-
monly ftands on each ftaik. i

The feed-veffel is oblong, and the feeds are
very minute.

It is a native of Germany, and flowers in
April.

C. Bauhine calls it Sanicula Alpina minima car-
nea. Others, Auricula urfi minima,

Ne UE V.

NAR] BE WO Ror
ANDROSACE.

is Bee flower confifts of a fingle petal, which is tubular, and of an oval form in the lower parts

and is divided into five fegments at the edge.

The feed-veffel is a fingle, round capfule, having only one cell, and opening at the top: the cup
is formed of one piece, pentangular, and divided into five fegments.
Linnaeus places this among the pentandria monogynia, the threads in the flower being five, and the

flyle from the rudiment of the capfule fingle.

1. Great Navelwort.

Androface major.

The root is long, flender, and has few fibres.

The leaves rife in a thick tuft ; and are large,
oblong, and fharply ferrated : they have no foot-
ftalks; they are of a pale green; and they are
ribbed lengthwife, in the manner of plantain
leaves.

In the centre of this tuft rife the ftalks : they
are numerous, weak, flender, naked, and about
feven inches high: commonly of a pale green,
but often purplith.

The flowers are fmall and white : they ftand at
the tops of the ftalks in little tufts, after the

manner of thofe of the cowflip or auricula, each

on its own long footftalk,

The feed-veffels follow, and are round and
large. |

At the top of the ftalk, where the flower-ftalks
rife, there is a {mall clufter of little leaves, which
may be called a general cup.

It is common in the corn-fields of Germany,
and flowers in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Aine officiis androface difta
major. Others, Androface Mathioli major.

2. Hairy Navelwort.
Androface villofa.

The root:is long, flender, tough, divided jn-
to many parts, and covered with a blackith bark,

The leaves rife in round tufts : they are nume-
rous, very fmall, and oblong they have no
footftalks: their colour is a pale green, and they
are very hairy.

The ftalks rife in the centre of thefe tufts of
leaves, one ufually from each: they are fmall, flen-
der, hairy, weak, and about three inches high,

There are no leaves on thefe, except a few at
the top, which form a kind of general cup
for the flowers. ;

from the fummit of the ftalk, where the leaves
grow, rife alfo ten or a dozen fhort pedicles, cach
fupporting a fingle flower < thefe are large for the
bignefs of the plant; and are either white, or of a
beautiful pale red,

The feed-veffel is large and round.

It is a native of the Pyrenean mountains, and
flowers in fpring.

Authorshave not wellknown where to place it;

C. Bauhine calls it Sedum Alpinum birfutum lac-
teoftore J.Bauhine, Chamejafme Alpina, Others,
Sedum Alpinum villofum.

I 3. Narrow-

The

100

BRITISH HERBAL.

3. Narrow-leaved Navelwort.
Androface anguftifolia.

The root is fmall, long, divided, and furnifhed
with a few fibres.

“The leaves are long and narrow: they rife in
clufters, feveral from one root ; fo that the firft
appearance of the plant is a complicated tuft :
they are of a pale green, fmooth on the furface,
and undivided at the edges. °

The ftalks rife from the centre of thefe tufts,
and are weak, flender, and naked; except that
they have fometimes a little membrane, fometimes
twoor more, juft where the footftalk of the fower
fprings.

The flower is large and white; fometimes there
is one grows ona ftalk, fometimes there are more.

The {eed-veffel is large and round, and the
feeds are numerous and fmall.

It is a native of the mountainous parts of Au-
ftria, and flowers in fpring. :

C. Bauhine calls it Sedum Alpinum gramineo fo-
lio laéteo flore.

4. Sharp leaved Navelwort.

Androface foliis acuminatis.

The root is long, flender, fibrous, and black.

Gee hee N
MOUNTAIN

The leaves rife in little clufters, and fpread
themfelves in a round form: they are narrow, of
a deep green, fmooth, and fharp pointed: they
are broadeft at the bafe, where they adhere to the
top of the root; they thence grow fmaller to the
point, and they have no footftalks: there rife fe-
veral long fhoots among thefe clufters of leaves,
that lie on the ground, and take root as they
fpread; and others that raife themfelves up-
wards.

The ftalk that fupports the flowers is naked ©
two or three inches high, and of a whitifh
green. ; :

The flowers are large, and of a pale ficth
colour: they are placed on fhort pedicles,
are or ten of which rife from the top of the

alk.

The feed-veffel is round and large: the feeds
are numerous, and fmall.

It isa native of Switzerland, and flowers in
May.

C.Bauhine calls it, Sedum alpinum anguftiffimo
folio flore carneo.

The virtues of thefe plants are unknown,

U.S Vi.
BINDWEED.

SOLDANELLA MONTANA.

rDHE flower confifts of a fingle petal, which is tubular at the bottom, and expanded and divided
into five deep, narrow, and, as it were, ragged fegments at the edge. s
The feed-veffel is long and pointed, and the cup is divided into five fegments.
Linnzus places this among the pentandria monogynia , the threads being five in each flower, and the

ftyle from the rudiment of the capfule fingle.

The generality of authors have joined it with the common feldanella; but it differs from that by
obvious charaéters, and plainly is a plant of its own kind, and of a peculiar genus.

I have avoided the error of confounding it with the other, but have retained its antient name, that
it may’ be known at once here. S ‘ eg

Linneus, ftudying critical exactnefs more than utility, gives the name of /oldanella to this plant
alone; making the other a fpecies of convoluulus ; and fuch it properly is. While its diftiné: ee was
given to no other plant there could arife no error from that practice; but the ftudent will not find
in this herb the virtues recorded of foldanella: he is therefore to know this only with the addition

of an epithet ; and is to undcrfland ftill, that the fingle word foldanella belongs to the other; not to

this plant. .
Of this genus there is but one known fpecies.

Mountain Bindweed.
Soldanella.

This is not the only plant called bindweed,
which has not a winding ftalk: the name was
firft given to fome of the fpecies that had; and
afterwards continued to fuch as had not.

The root of this is long and furnifhed with
many fibres: it runs obliquely under the furface,
and {preads greatly. sf

The leaves rife in a large clufter, and ftand on
long, redifh footftalks: they are fmall, roundifh,
and {mooth,

‘The ftalks rife among thefe, and are round
thick, eight inches high, and naked. :

The flowers grow at the tops in a kind of
tuft, four, five, or more together: they have
each its own feparate footftalk, and fpread out
in the manner of cowflips. 5

The feed-veffels are large and long, and the
feeds are fmall and brown.

It is a native of the Pyrenean mountains,

Its virtues are not known.

GENUS

‘
Common’ Shorn Apple /

\
. . .

€ Ina, YouitedN
& Thorn Ofple ;

SG).

Lea es
uricula se

\ , ‘ Hayy : OV) 4, selvort i, \\ :
N ‘ : Y Pas : Sharp foavil ;
Plarvow leavid Mavelwort.
Ravelwort:

Ts
\

Broad Lat Vavebvort

othe Ae

By
:

£
=
4
2

a a
ano

The BRITISH HERBAL

IOI

GUILE NU

8 VIL.

E SOWBREAD,

CY CLAM EN.

HE flower ¢onfifts of a fingle petal, formed into a rounded tube at the bottomi, and at the rin

divided into five fegments that turn upwards: the fruit is a fingle feed-veffel of a rounded

form, in fome degree refembling a large berry, but opening into five parts at the top: the cup is
‘rounded, and divided at the edge into five fegments. t

Linnzus places this among the pentandria monog ynia

‘the ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle.

Mr. Ray, who is not exempt from errors, places it among the berbe bulbofis offines

3; the threads in each flower being five, and

of which

we fhall {peak hereafter ; but the flowers and feed-veffel refer it properly to the prefent clafs.

1. Ivy-leaved Sowbread.
Cyclamen foliis hedera.

The root is a large, black, irrecularly fhaped
Jump, white within, and furnifhed with nume-
rous fibres.

The leaves rife in a confiderable number,
ftand on long, weak footftalks.

They are of an angulated form, not unlike
fome leaves of ivy; for.in thofe there is great
variety ;, they are heart-fafhioned at the bafe,
pointed at the end, and notched irregularly at the
fides ; and often are fpotted.

. The flower is large, and of a beautiful deep
blue.

It ftands on a tender, naked ftalk, about four
or five inches in height, and has a very fingular
afpect from the points running upwards.

The feed-veffel is large, and ftands ona twifted
pedicle; the upper part of the ftalk, when the
flower is fallen, turning in the manner of a cork
ferew.

It is a native of Germany and other parts of
Europe, and grows in the damp parts of foretts.
It flowers in Auguit.

C. Bauhine calls it Cyclamen hederefolio. in-
neus, Cyclamen corolla retroflera.

This author allows only this fingle fpecies of
the plant: but there are two others; the round-
leaved and the narrow flowered being abfolutely
different. Culture makes innumerable varieties
from thefe three fpecies, and the various kinds
all rife from one or other of them; but not all
from this one, as that author imagines.

and

2. Round-leaved Sow-bread.

Cyclamen rotundifolium.

The root is tuberous, large, and roundith ;
black on the outfide, white within, and fur-
nifhed with fome long fibres.

The leaves rife in little clufters from different
parts of it, and are fupported by flender and
weak footftalks: they are of a roundifh, or ra-
ther oval figure ; broad at the bafe, where they
are a little heart fafhioned, and narrower to the
point: of a deep green, fpotted ufually with
white, and purple underneath ; and not at all
notched at the edges.

The ftalks are numerous, weak, naked, redifh,
and four inches high.

The flowers ftand fingly, one on each foot

N®&, 10.

ftalk, and they are large, and of a beautiful ted;
they have a pleafant fmell,

The fegments of this flower are broader. and
fhorter than in the other fpecies, and fhew it to
be effentially different.

The feed-veffel is large and roundith,

It is frequent in the damp forefts of Switzer-
land, and flowers in September.

'C. Bauhine calls it Cyclamen -orbiculato folie in-
Serne purpurafcente. Others, Cyclamen rotundi=
Solium autumnale. i

3- Slender-flowered Sowbread.
Cyclamen floribus anguftis.

The root is large and tuberous, black on the
furface, white within, and hung with many
fibres.

The leaves ftand on long, flender footftalks,
and they are large and angulated: they are of a
deep green on the upper fide, but frequently
diftinguifhed by white {pots and white edges,
and red underneath.

The ftalks which fupport the flowers are long,
weak, and redifh: they are naked, and only one
flower ftands on each. :

This is large, and of a beautiful pale red:
the fegments turn up as in the other kinds; but
they are much narrower; and the flower, though
equal in length, is vaftly flenderer than in either
of them.

The feed-veffel is fmaller than in the others,
and round. ,
‘It isa native of Italy, and flowers in fpring,

C. Bauhine calls it Cyclamen folio angulofo. J.
Bauhine, Cyclamen flore rubro graciliore vernun.

The two other fpecies are properly autumnal :
they flower toward the end of fummer, at which

time there are no leaves on thé~plant. When.

the flowers are faded the leaves appear, and re-
main green all winter: they die off in May, and
nothing is then feen till autumn,

They all agree in virtues, being gently purga-
tive.

The root, dryed'and powdered, is beft for this
purpofe ; and the dofe is five and twenty grains.
It is good .in the jaundice and all obftru@tions of
the vifcera. “

The freth juice of the leaves is excellent againft
inflammations of the eyes. It is alfo good in
the piles.

Dd GENUS

The

BURJ TT SiHe HiE: Re BAsh

GHVE.<.No VU > St

AZALEA

WA OE A:

i ich ‘i bular,’ and divided into five fegments at
E flower confifts of a fingle petal, whichis long, tu » and sit
ie edge: the fruitis a fingle capfule, of a round figure, containing five cells; and the cup is
i ip vi ivided i fegments.
i, coloured, formed of one piece, and divided into five g i 3
ee are this among the pentandria monogynia; each flower having five threads, and the

ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit being fingle.

Authors have been perplexed where to put the feveral plants belonging to this genus: fome have
called them ciffus’s;. but the difference is very obvious, as- will be feen when we treat of ciftus, that

genus being of another clafs.

t..Procumbent Azalea.

Azalea procumbens.

The fhoots’ aré numerous, and fpread every
way-upon the ground into a very large and thick
tuft.

“The ftalks: are’ woody, and covered with a
darle coloured: rind; tough, thin, and four or
five inches long, fometimes much more.

The leaves are very numerous and very {mall :
they are of a'dark green, and they ftand in pairs :
they are oblong, flender, and fharp-pointed.

The flowers grow at the tops of the branches,
two, three, or more. together: they are large,
andof .a beautiful red.

' The feed-veffel is large, and contains many
feeds. f

It is a native of the mountains of Germany,
ahd flowers in July. — :

C. Bauhine calls it Chamaciftus ferpyllifolia flo-
ribus coccineis. Others, Cyftus ferpyllifolia: but the
leaves-are narrower than to be properly expreffed
by that name. oleae

G ook

Nong Ui, eeieS

2, Clammy Azalea:.
Azalea vifcofa.

The root is woody and {preading.

The fhoots are numerous and tough, woody,
and covered with a grey rind. } en07

The leaves are frequent, of a pale green, and
pinnated : each confifts of three or mote pairs of
large, oval pinnz, with an odd leaf much larger
than either at the end: they are hairy and not
ferrated.

The flowers ftand in little clufters at the tops
of the branches, eight or ten together : they are
long, flender, and very beautiful; and have a
fragrant fmell: they are hairy on the outfide,
and clammy to the touch.

The feed-veffel is fmall, but contains numerous
feeds.

It is a native of Virginia, where it is common
in the woods: J

Plukenet calls it Ci/tus Virginiana flore et odore
periclymeni.

Thefe plants have no known virtues.

Ix,

LEADWORT

PL UM B.A G..O.

HE flower confifts of a fingle petal, which is tubular in the lowe
than near the bottom, and divided into five fegments at the edge.
The fruit is a fingle capfule, of a rade and imperfeé& form,

formed of one piece, and is pentangular,
the rim.

‘Linneus places this among the pentandria monogynia;

from the'rudiment of the capfule being fingle.

1. Common Leadwort.
Plumbago vulgaris.

The root is long, large, and furnifhed with
many fibres.

The firft leaves rife in a thick, fmall tuft, and
are of a deep green, broad, fomewhat oval in
fhape, and without footttalks.

The ftalks rife in the centre of the tuft, and
are round, firm, upright, very much branched,
and two feet high: they are ufually of a deep
purplifh colour, often blackith.

rough on the furface, and divided into five fe

T part, narrower toward the necle

containing only one feed: the cup is
gments at

the flower having five threads, and the ftyle

The leaves ftand irregularly on them, and re-
femble thofe at the root: they are oblong, broad
and oval toward the end, but with a bastb ond
long bafe: they have no footftalks, but enclofe
the main ftalk at the bottom,

From the bofom of every leaf rifes a branch
and on the tops of thefe ftand the flowers : they
are numerous, moderately large, and purple:
they are paler at firft, and grow of a deeper
colour as they open, and decline into ared as
they fade,

The feed-veffel is a thin fkin, or little more,

enclofing

La soaps tia

The DRITISH HE REA

coat

enclofing a fingle feed of the bignefS’ of ‘4 corn
of wheat. é 2

It is a native of Italy, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Lepidium dentillaria diftumt:
Others, Plumbago Plinii.

2. Heart-leaved Leadwort.
Plumbago foliis cordatis.

The root confifts of a number of thick fibres,
brown, tough, and hot to the tafte; filling the
mouth with water when, chewed, in the manner
of pyrethrum.

The firft leaves are large, and of a deep gréen,
they rife eight or ten together: they have long
footftalks, and are oblong and broad, not dentated

x nage anal

at the edge, ‘heart-fafhioned at the bat, “and
pointed, es i ie een

The ftalk is round; fitm; upright, and two
foot high. j i

The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and res
femble thofe from the root: the lower ones have
confiderable footftalks 5 thofe on the upper part
of the ftalk and branches have none.

The: flowers are very beautiful, large, and
fnow white.

Their cup is hairy:
rough. ) OR AE
It is a native of Ceylon, bur: grows freely in
our gardens, ' i aif Li

Commelin calls it Lychnis Indica Spicata ocys

moftri folios fructibus oblongis loppaceis, radiceurente, |

the fruit is long and

‘

| Opa nh SRR. ©

LYCH NIDE A
bot OH N 1D Ex

SHE flower. confitts of afingle petal ;, the lower part is tubular, long, and bent; and the rimjs_.
divided into five broad fegments : the fruit is a fingle capfule, of an oval figure, but with ‘three

ridges, and contains threecells; the cup is formed of a fingle piece,

divided into five fegments. ,
We have yet no Englifh name for this genus.

marked with ten’ ridges, and

,, Linnzus places it among the pentandria:monogynia ; the’ threads in each fower being five, and’the

ftyle from the rudiment of the capfule fingle.

This author takes away the received name of the genus,

which it is beft known, - :

1. Narrow-leaved hairy Lychnidea. |
Lychnidea anguftifolia villofa.

The root is long,: flender and creeping,

’ The firft leaves rife in a very thick tuft: they.
are long, narrow, and of a dufky green: they
have no footftalks, and are alittle hairy.

| The: ftalks. rifein the centre, and they. are
round, firm, numerous, and a foot high: they
are very little branched, and are of a brown co-
lour, and a little hairy.

“The leaves ftand in pairs, and have no foot-
ftalks: they are long, narrow, and fharp-pointed,
hairy, not at all divided at the edges, and of a
beautiful green.

The flowers ftand in a tuft at the top of the
ftalks, and are large, and of a pale.red, fome-
times of a deeper, and fometimes white: the
cups are woolly.

The feed-veffel is large, and the feeds are nu-
merous.

; Ivis frequent ia Virginia, and flowers in July.

Ray calls it Lychnoides marilandica calyculis
Januginofis foliis avgujtis acutis... Plukenet, Lych-
nidea umbellifera blattarie accedens Virginiana major
repens pfeudomelanthii folits pilofis flore pentapeta-

lide fiftulofo.
2. Small-leaved Lychnidea.
Lychnidea foliis parvis.
The root is long, flender, and full of fibres,

The fhoots that firft fprout from it’ lie upon
the ground, :and take root in numerous places,

and calls it phlox : .we préferve that by

| The ftalk is upright, round, firm, of a pale
} green, a little hairy, and about fix inches high,

| The leaves ftand in pairs upon it: they are
very fmall, and not numerous: they are of a
dufky green, and hairy, and generally droop ;
they are narrow, oblong, and have no footftalks,
From the bofoms of thefe rife young fhoots,
which have the fame Kind of. leaves on’ them,
but in agreater numbers as have alfo thofe which
) firft come up, and which trail on the ground.

The flowers are large and very beautiful : they
have each its feparate hairy footftalk ; and they
generally rife oppofite to one another.

The feed-veffél is large, and the feeds are nu-
merous. :

It is a native of Virginia.

* Plukenet calls it Lychnidee blattarie accedens
Virginiana minor repens, hirfutis camphorate feliis,
Linnaeus, Phlox foliis fubulatis birfutis, floribus
oppofitis.

3: Narrow-leaved fmooth Lychnidea, ‘
““ Lychnidea anguftifolia glabra,

The root is long,
of fibres.

The ftalk is round, tender, of a pale green,
branched, not at all hairy, and five inches high,

The leaves are very. numerous, and of a pale |
, green: they ftand in pairs, and are extremely
narrow; but they are broadeft at the bafe where
they adhere to the ftalk;-and finaller all the way
to the point.

flender, creeping, and full

The flowers are large, and ftand fingly at the
2 tops

104

Th BRITISH HERBAL.

tops of the branches: they are of a beautiful flefh
colour ; fometimes deeper, and fometimes white.
The feed-veffel is {mall, and the feed minute.

Gee ON

It is a native of Virginia, and flowers in June.
Plukenet calls it Lychnidea blattaria accedens
Virginiana camphorata glabris foliis.

US, heli

GUINEA PEPPER.

CAPSICUM.

’ HE flower confifts of a fingle petal, which is tubular at the bottom, divided into five pointed

f fegments, and folded.

The fruit is a large capfule, formed of a thick, coloured, rind; and contains numerous feeds in

two cells.

The cup is formed of a fingle piece, divided into five fegments, and remains with the fruit.
Linnzus places this among the pentandria monogynia ; the threads being five in every flower, and

the ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle.
He calls this fruit a berry without any pulp.

x. Common Guinea Pepper.

Capficum vulgare.

The root is compofed of a great many thick
and fpreading. fibres.

The ftalk is round, thick, ftriated, very much
branched, and a foot and half high. :

The leaves are numerous, and of a very beau-
tiful green: they ftand irregularly, and have long
foorftalks. “They are large: broadeft at the bate,
fmaller to the point, and not at all ferrated at
the edges.

The flowers are large and white : they ftand in
the divifions of the branches.

The fruit is large, long, and green at firft,
but when ripe, of a beautiful red. Its high colour
and fmooth furface give it the appearance of po-
lifhed coral. ,

‘It is a native of Africa and of South America;
and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Piper indicum vulgatifinum-
Others, Capficum vulgare. ‘

2. Small-fruited Guinea Pepper. _
Capficum frugiu parvo.

‘The root is compofed of a great number of
long and thick fibres,

Gi Be N

Ua 9

Its fhape and texture fhew the contrary.

The ftalk is round, firm, upright, and a foot
high, and is not much branched.

The leaves are numerous, and ftand irregu-
larly: they are large, and of a deep green: they
ftand on long footftalks, and are broadeft toward
the middle, and terminate in a fharp point.

The flowers are fmall, and of a greenifh white :
they do not rife fingly from the divifions of the
branches, but in clufters, three or four toge-
ther, from the fides of the mainftalk, fupported
by a general pedicle, and each flower alfo by its
own. Se

The fruit is roundifh : “it is not bigger than a
cherry ; and, when ripe, it is of the fame fine
red colour and glofly furface with the common
kind. ;

It is a native of Aftica, and flowers in June.
The fruit is hot to the tafte, but not fo violently
as that of the other.

The fruit of the common kind is ufed in fauces:
when dryed and powdered, it makes what we call
Cayan: pepper. ‘That of the laft defcribed fpecies

1 is more efteemed in Africa than the other; hav-

ing lefs acrimony and a better flavour.

XII,

ROG Mi
RO Een.

THE flower confifts of a fingle petal, which is formed into a fhort tube at the bottom, and divided
into five broad fegments at the rim: the fruit is a fhort capfule, containing two cells, and
crowned with the cup; which is of a fingle piece, divided into five pointed and dehitated feg-

ments,

Linnzeus places this among the pentandria monogynia ; the threads in each flower being five, and
2

the rudiment of the fruit fingle.

Others have called thefe plants fpecies of campanula, but wrongly.

Prickly Roella.
Roella fpinofa.

The root is long,
colour.

The ftalks are woody, numerous, flender,
firm, tolerably erect, and eight or ten inches
high ; fometimes they will gtow confiderably -

fibrous, and of a brown larger.
8 .

The leaves ftand irregularly, and are {mall,
flender,

: y
‘wy
Narron leavit

Ly chnidtea

Red Guinea

Bindveedl

Pepper

Sif Sma Mbeavil
| a) '
Ay yeh maa

(\§ Roella

| Prickly

Lea

y — Aound leavi Jowtlread

Lead wort

Common

hh ,
Vlavrvow teavil

e malt Lypeten wea

Common
Cyst Claw

, flowerd JSowwlrea.

aes

The "3 RoE T-Sh Ra ee.

flender, and hairy: the whole afpect of them, The feed-veffel is very fhort, and the cup con-
at a diftance, is not unlike that of fome of the | tinues:on it enlarged.

105.

kinds of heath in their young fhoots ; but, when.| It is.2 native of Africa, and principally about _
handled; they are prickly, the-fex-coatt: :
The flowers are large and very beautiful: they Commelin calls it Campanula Africana [Pinofa

ftand fingly on the tops of the branches, and are | flore violaceo.
of a pale purple, fometimes of a deep violet co-
lour, and fometimes almoft white. fees 8 Cr viggues are not known, —

Con pL Uys
Ce ES e FLOWERING REED.
: CANN AC ORS.

HE flower confifts of a fingle petal, and is divided into fix parts irregu! larly difpofed : the fruit
is:a-fingle capfule; which’is large, rough, and ‘contains three cells’: the cup is compofed of
three leaves, which are fmall, coloured, and permanent.
Linnzus places this genus among his monandria monogynia; there being oly a fingle filament Or
thread in each flower, and the widhmene of the capfule being alfo fingle.
He reduces the old name caunacorus to a fhorter, calling it canna.

Broad-leaved Flowering Reed. © | "The lowers are large, and of a beautiful red ;
Cannacorus latifolius. long, and very fingular in their ftructure : ney

| are divided to the bafe, the feoments adhering
The root is tuberous, and of ’an irregular fi- | to one another only there; and thefe are irregu-
gure, full of thick parts, and of long and large | Jar in form, as well as difpofition : three of hens
fibres. . ftand outward, and are erect and fhorter; the

The firft leaves are very large, long, and | other three ftand inward, and are longer ; and of
broad; of a frefh and beautiful green, and placed | thefe, two are erect and one is reflex.

on hollow footftalks: they are pointed at ae The feed-veffel is large, and very rough on
end, and waved at the edges. the furface ; and the feeds are large and few.
The ftalk is:round, firm, upright, and three It is a native of Afia and Africa, and of the

or four feet high, and is covered the greateft part | warmer parts of America; and flowers in June. -

cof the way up, by the fcabbards of the leaves, C. Bauhine calls it Arundo indica latifolia. O-
The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and are, | thers, Cannacorus, and Canna,

like thofe from the root, broad, large, of a freth
green, and fharp-pointed. Its virtues are not t Known with certainty.

qt may appear, to thofe who are unacquainted with the praétice of phyfick, that the virtues
attributed to plants in this work are too few ; and the detail too short on that head.

_ La obviate this objection, it will be proper once to obferve, that the error of moft books
written ou this fubject is afcribing too much to moft plants. Whoever fhall turn over the writ=
ings of Gerard and Parkinfon, in this view, will fee that almoft every herb ts faid to be a cure
for almoft every difeafe; and the fame Sault r runs through moft others, in a Seat or & effer.
degree.

Hence, the young phyfician, unable to judge what he is to regard, and what neglect, bas in a
manner rejected all: becaufe too much has been written of the virtues of plants, too little is be-
lieved. From this, chemical medicines, made principally from minerals, have come fo generally
into ufe, and the galenical, obtained moftly from plants, bave been and are fo much negleéted.

To remedy this evil, the utmoft care has been taken, throughout the courfe of the prefent work,
to diftinguifh the real from the imaginary virtues of plants: the former have been rae
preferved; and the latter rejected.

For this reafon the catalogues of virtues will appear Shorter in this than in other books of a
like kind ; but, it 1s apprehended, it will therefore be more ufeful.

This is a point that has demanded the author's principal attention ; and deferves that of every
writer more than any other part in a work on this fubject: the refi 1s amufement, but in this
the healths and lives of mankind are concerned. |

Th END of te FOURTH CLASS.

NOX Ee : THE

BR ICP TSH ER Beane:

Poshoehoah aha Mans i a al 8 8% 0 hs oo a ar fe a he Mh DOr 8 te Me Nh le Ne MO AO Me he Mk AO AO wh 8th the A a
SOS AS HS ps Oa ON oP TA NAN as a 1 AS ASS AS ANS AS AS AS AS AS ARAN AS ASS ANAS AS OANA ARS TOS TS A ANS NA OS

Cu oA (SeSayaVs

Plants whofe flower confifls of a stncun PETAL of an irregular form, and
whofe feeds are contained in a SINGLE CAPSULE,

all others : yet, Linnaeus, who has for fome years led the botanical ftudents according to

his fancy, has difpofed the plants of which it confifts in various and very diftant parts of
his works: fome of them are feparated from others by eleven intermediate claffes, and by almoft fix
hundred genera,

They all perfeétly agree in thofe two effential and obvious charagters, that the fower confifts of
a fingle petal, and the feeds are enclofed in a fingle capfule. :

They differ from thofe of the laft clafs in that the flower is of an irregular form. As in thofe ie
is plain and regular; in thefe it is, for the moft part, of the labiated kind, or of a form nearly
approaching to that ftruéture.

Mr. Ray faw this diftinétion between the plants of the prefent, and thofe of the preceding clafs,
~ but he has arranged them only under two divifions of the fame clafs, making them effentially agree ;

this is a practice not liable to the cenfure of error; though the keeping them diftin@ is much more
ufeful,

Though the flowers in. the plants of this clafs agree, in a great meafure, with thofe of the labiated
kind, yet the diftinGtion is very greatin the difpofition of the feeds : thefe in the labiated plants, properly
fo called, ftand naked in the cup of the flower; and in thofe of this genus they have a regular capfule.

‘This is a fufficient diftin@tion in nature; yet, Linnaeus, who does not regard either the fhape of
the flower or condition of the feeds as a claffical character, but builds that divifion upon the num-
ber and difpofition of the filaments'or threads in the flower,’ places the Sreater part of thefe plants in
the fame clafs with the labiated kind 5 as.the Zinaria, pedicularis, and the reft;, and makes their
having a capfule for the feeds only a: fubordinate diftin@ion, as Mr. Ray does the peculiar thape
of the flower: others of them, as- the pinguicula and lentibularia, he places among his diandyia « tha
the gladiolus lacuftris, feparately from all the reft, among his /yygenefia monogamia, ; ;

T fave the ftudent the labour of turning to different parts of a work to feck for plants of the
fame kind ; and fhall keep them together in his memory, by placing them together in the plates,

“The intent of this work is to render the ftudy of plants familiar, As none will be fu ofed t
underftand the fcience, while the prefent fafhion lafts, who is not able to converfe Gee in ae
language of Linneus, I thall occafionally explain his terms: and as none has perplexed Ha

ftudy fo much by anew method as this author, I fhall teach the reader at once to underftand it, and
neglect it. 3

A eve like the preceding, is a clafs perfectly and obvioufly diftinguifhed by nature from

SERIES

Thé BRITT A! HERG AP

' Io7

epi BoiRar J)

No AsTiok uViciEeS

EB. Swanod,

0 FB Ril. TAL N,-

Thofe of which one or more fpecies are naturally wild in this country,

GS EsatN

Ging 2S I,

BUTTERWOR‘.

Pel NG UL Cau 7

HE flower confifts of a fingle petal, formed into two lips and a long fpur :
divided into four fegments, the lower into two,

fembles the divifions of the flower,
oval form, but compreffed at the top.

and remains with the feed-veffel :

the upper lip is
and the fpur runs out behind: the cup re-
this is a fingle capfule, , of an

Linnzus places this among the dyandria monogynia; the threads in the flower being two, and the
_tudimént of the feed-veffel and its filament or ftyle fingle.

From this number of the threads he places pinguicula in the fame genus with the jafmine, olive, and

lilac, feparating it from the pedicularis, becaufe that has four, two longer and two fhorter 3 which,

with the others, he therefore joins to other unlike plants.

DoIVeESH. O1Na

x. Common Butterwort.
Pinguicula vulgaris.

The root confifts of numerous thick fibres,
rifing from a longifh head, and fpreading irregu-
larly under the furface.

"The leaves are numerous, and rife in a. thick
clufter.

They have no footftalks: they are broadeft at
the bottom, undivided at the edge, and fharp at
the point: their colour is a pale yellowifh green,
and they are of a flefhy fubftance.

The ftalks rife in the centre, four or five to-
gether.

They are flender, naked, and undivided : each
fupports a fingle flower.

This is large, and vety beautiful: it tefembles,
in fome degree, a violet: its colour is a pale
purple, pale red, or white; for there are all thefe
variations frequent, and it has a long fpur.

The feed-veffel is large, oval, compreffed at
the end, and Without any divifion within. “The
feeds are numerous and very fmall.

It is frequent in the north of England upon
boggy ground, and flowers in June. :

C. Bauhine calls it Sanicula montana flore cal-
cari donato. Others, Pinguicula vulgaris.

2. Lefler Butterwort.

Pinguicula minor.

The root is compofed of a great clufter of
fibres, which have no other head than the bafe of
the leaves: they are very flender, black, long,
and run perpendicularly.

The leaves are numerous, oblong, and lie
{pread upon the ground.

They are narrow toward the bafe, broadeft
near the middle, and fmall again at the point :

BR: PS Sse ore ECE Ss.

their colour is a pale green, and they have red

veins: they are thin, and, asit were, naked.

The ftalks are flender, about three inchés high,
and quite fingle or undivided.

One flower ftands on the top of each, and
this is fmall, and of a pale red, or white: the
fpur in this is thicker and fhorter than in the
common kind. : :
The feed-veffel is fmall, and the feeds are very
minute, and of a dufky colour.

It is frequent in Cornwal and our other weftern
counties on bogs’; elfewhere it is rare,

Tt flowers in May. ; ;

Merret callsit Pinguicula minima flore albos that
is, butterwort with a white flower; but the
more ufual colour is red. Ray calls it Pinguicula
flore minore carneo. .

The common butterwort has confiderable virtues
both inwardly and outwardly; but they are not
much known out of the places where it grows,
becaufe it can ‘neither be well kept in our gardens
nor brought frefh to our: markets.

The whole plant, bruifed with white wine, and
the juice, expreffed, and taken thick as it comes
from fqueezing, is a rough but ufeful medicine
in dropfies. ‘

A fyrup made of the juice has the fame virtue,
but in a milder degree, It is a good purge, and
operates alfo by urine.

The people of Yorkhire make an ointment of
the leaves and hogs-lard, with which they drefs
chaps and injuries in their cows udders: this has
led them to ufe it for hurts and fores upon them-
felves; and it ftands, upon experienced report,
as an excellent vulnerary.

Thofe to whom we owe the knowledge of it
thence called the plant Yorkfbire fanicle.

_DIVI-

108

Th BRITISH HERB Aik.

Dla S-12OgN ec.

Butterwort with a fhort fpur.
Pinguicula calcari breviffimo.

The root confifts- of numerous fibres, rifing
from a {mall head: they are redifh, thick, and
irregular, and fpread under the furface.

The leaves rife in a thick clufter, ten or twelve
together.

They are long, and have no footftalks : they

FOREIGN

SPECTES.

The ftalks ate flender, naked, and three inches
high. ‘

The flowers ftand fingly, one on each, and
they are-fmall and white, and have a very fhort
fpur.

The feed-veffel is.oval and large.

It is frequent on the mountains in Germany,
and flowers in June.

Ray calls it Pinguicula flore albo minore calcart
breviffimo.

are broadeft near the bafe, narrower at the point,
and of a pale green colour and flefhy fubftance.

BOON” sarees sok
T O'AD F'L AX.

LINARIA.

rpHe flower confifts of a fingle petal, and has a labiated afpect :
with a {pur and a pair‘of lips, the fpace (hut between them. The upper lip is divided into
two parts, and turned back at the fides : the lower lipis divided into three parts, and is obtufe ; and
the piece which fhuts up the {pace between the lips, and may be called the palate, is convex: this
rifes from the lower lip. Zhe cup is formed of a fingle leaf divided into five fegments, and re-
mains when: the flower is fallen. ‘The feed-veffel is roundifh, plain, and, when ripe, divided in a
regular manner.

Linneus places this among his didynamia angiofpermia , feparating it eleven claffes from the pin-
to which it is fo evidently allied.

That plant, becaufe there are only two threads in each flower, he places among the diandria.
This has its rank with the didynamia ; becaufe it has in each flower four threads, two of which
are longer, and two fhorter: it comes under the diftin&tion’ of . anigio/permia, becaufe its feeds are
contained in.a capfule; thofe of the other divifion of that clafs ftanding naked in the cup.

Linnzus. does not allow Jinaria to conftitute a diftinét genus in this clafs; but, taking away the
anticnt and received’ name, he makes it a fpecies of amtirrhinum, calling all the kinds of toadflax
fpecies of fnapdragon. :

Antirrbinum and linaria agree, indeed, as plants of the fame clafs; each having a flower confifting
of a fingle petal; each a capfule for the feeds, and each, to follow this moft ingenious author’s more
minute refearches, four threads; two longer, and two fhorter.

This brings them all into the fame clafs; but there is diftinétion enough between them to keep
them in feparate genera; and this is the more needful to be obferved, becaufe the fpecies of each are
numerous, and the joining them all under one generical name would create difficulty, if it did not
introduce. contufion. : :

The difference between toadflax and fnapdragon is this: the flower of toadflax has a long and fharp
fpur, and the capfule of the feeds is plain, regular in fhape, and divides regularly when ripe; on
‘the contrary, the Rower of-fnapdragon has no fpur, and the capfule is irregularly and fingularly
conftruéted at the bottom, and opens unequally.

This is a very fufficient diftinétion of the genera: Linnaus knew this, for he has mentioned its
and if he had ‘not, there would be no doubt of his having obferved it; becaufe no author has ex-
amined the ftruéture of flowers fo accurately, or underftood their feveral parts fo well. His faults
ave not thofe of omiffion : his misfortune, and that of the world, has been that, having formed a
fyftem, which did him credit by its novelty, he would not depart from it in favour of even his own
obfervations. : .

This author has not only thus joined the dizaria and antirrbinum in one genus, but he comprehends
under the fame charaéter and name alfo, the cymbalaria and elatine; plants which we fhall fhew in the
facceeding genera to be fufficiently diftinét, and well entitled to their feparate names.

it is formed into an oblong tube,

guicula,

DIVE SiOgN. BIR PT WS HeaSePabsCok E.S.

1. Common Toadflax. The firft leaves are fmall, flender, pointed,
and of a yellowifh green: the ftalk foon grows
up amongft thefe, and they immediately fade.

The ftalk is round, firm, upright, and two
foot high.

Linaria vulgaris.
The root is long, flender, whitifh, hard, and_
> furnifhed with a few fibres.
It

, 5

Th BRITISH HERBAL,

“109

It is of a pale bluifh green, fometimes fimple,
and frequently divided into fevetal branches.

The leaves are nurherous, and ftand irregu-
larly: they are long, narrow, undivided at the
edges, and without footftalks.

Their colour is a pale bluifii green,

The flowers are large, numerous, and beauti-
ful: they ftand ina kind of fpikes at the tops of
the ftalks, and are in general of a very pale and
very beautiful yellow, with a deeper, or orange
yellow in fome parts.

The feed-veffel is large and round: the feeds
are {mall and brown.

It is common on dry banks, and flowers in
June. \

C. Bauhine calls it Linaria vulgaris lutea flore
majore. Others, Linaria vulgaris.

Our common people, from the mixture of a
very pale and deep yellow, call it Butter and eggs.

2. Blue, fweet Toadflax.
Linaria caeritlea odorata.

The root is long, flender, hard, whitifh, and
furnifhed with many fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, and a foot and half
high: they are round, flender, upright, and
rarely divided into branches.

The leaves are very numerous, and they ftand
thick and clofe upon the ftalk: they are of a
pale green, very narrow, and have no foot-
ftalks.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and
are of a beautiful pale blue, and ftriated.

The feed-veffels are large and rounded.

It is found in Cornwal and Devonhhire; and
flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Linaria capillaceo folio ereéta,
Slore odoro. J. Bauhine, Linaria odorata mons
peffulana.

3. Short-leaved Toadflax.
Linaria foliis brevibus.

The root is long, flender, woody, and divided,
and is hung with a few fibres.

The firft leaves rife in a fmall tuft, and are

- oblong, fomewhat broad, and of a. pale green:
they have no footftalks, and when the ftalk rifes
they quickly fade away.

The ftalk is round, upright, a foot and half
high, feldom branched, though ufually there rife
afew fhoots from the bofoms of the leaves near
the top.

The leaves are numerous, and of the. fhape of
thofe of the common toadflax, but fhorter: they

have no footftalks : their colour is a pale green:

they are undivided at the edges, fharp-pointed,
and of a flefhy fubftance.

The flowers ftand in a kind of fpikes at the
top of the ftalks and branches, and they are of
a beautiful pale blue.

The feed-veffels are large, and the feeds are
fmall and brown. 4

It is found in Surry and fome of the adjacent
sounties, in cornfields, and barren paftures, and
on walls: it flowers in July.

Robinus calls it Linaria ofjris flore cinericeo ;
but the flower is properly of a pale blue, not
ath-coloured.

N° a,

4. Small; red Toadflax,
Linaria parva rubefcens,
The toot is fmall; woody; divided, and
fpreading. ;
‘ The ftalks aré numerous, weak; routid; up-
right, and very much branched: they are eight
inches high, and of a pale green, ;
The leaves are numerous, and ftand irregu:
larly: they are narrow, long, and of a -dutky

| green.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalka,
and feparately on other parts of the plant, rifing
from the bofoms of the leaves: they are {mall,
and of a pale red.

The feed-veffel is round, and the feeds até
fmall. ;

It is common in our cornfields, and flowers in
June.

Ray calls it Linaria antirrbinum difa diftin=
guifhing it from the axtirrbinums, with whieh
others had joined it, from the fhape and ftru€turé
of the flower and feed-veffél. C. Bauhine calls it
Antirrhinum arvenfe minus. Others, Antirrbinum
arvenfe minimum : this is the more improper, as
we have wild alfo in our cornfields a fpecies of
fnapdragon, properly fo called.

The common toadflax is a plant pofiefled of
virtues too much neglected. It has its ufes both
inwardly and outwardly, and in both kinds very
worthy of notice. i

The whole frefh herb boiled in ale is 4 coun- —
try purge; it operates brifkly, and alfo promotes
urine.

The frefh herb bruifed, with fome white wine»
is a ftronger purge, and fometimes works alfo by
vomit: ‘

An infufion of the whole herb, root and all,
juft before it gets into lower, works very power-
fully by urine.

In either of thefe forms it is excellent againft
dropfies: in the beginning of that difeafe the in-
fufion is the beft method of giving it; when it
is more advanced the country decoétion in ale is.
proper; and when the difeafe is violent, and the
conftitution can bear it, the expreffed juice, in the
manner we have named, with white wine, is beft
of all. ;

The juice of the leaves is excellent againft in-
flammations of the eyes. We owe this to Tra-
gus, who reports it as confirmed from his own
long experience; and trials fince made fhew it was
true. .

The juice is alfo excellent for cleanfing old
ulcers.

A decoétion, or ftrong infufion of the tops,
taken morning and evening, cures the jaundice.

An ointment or pultice, made with the leaves
of common toadflax, is excellent in the piles.

The feveral other {pecies of toadflax, Englifh
and foreign, poffefs the fame virtues, though
moft of them in a leffer degree. The antirrbina
of fome fpecies have very different qualities, a
{ufficient reafon why they fhould be kept as na-
ture has difpofed them, diftin&, and under fe~
parate names.

Ff DIVE

The BURY T 16 Hi HIBSR(BoALL.

DIV.IS TON I

1. Yellow, trifoliate Toadflax:
Linaria trifoliata flava.

The reot is long, flender, whitifh, and fur-
nifhed with numerous fibres:

The ftalks are flender, upright, , numerous,
and a foot and half high: they are of a pale yel-
lowith green, and ufually run up fingle, without
any divifions into branches.

The leaves are numerous, broad, fhort, of a
dufky. green, and they have no footftalks.

They grow irregularly, but moft frequently
three from ane place: from this it obtained the
name of ¢rifoliate toadflax 5 but tho’ moft of the
leaves grow in this manner: there are frequently
fome that fland in pairs, and commonly a good
number that grow fingly toward the top of the
Ftalk.

The fowers are large and beautiful: they are
of a mixt yellow, and have long, ‘fharp fpurs.

The feed-veffel is round, and the feed is
blackifh.

It is a native of Spain, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Lineria triphyllos minor Iu-
tea. Others, from Clufius, Linarea valentina.

2. Four-leaved Toadflax.
Linaria quadrifolia.

The root is frnall, long, whitith, and divided :
it has many fibres, and partly by them, partly
by its own divifions, fpreads a great way under
the'furface. - :

The {talks are numerous, flender, weak, and
a foot long.

‘They lie in partupon the ground, andin part raife
themfelves, but feebly and in an irregular manner.

The leaves are numerous, and placed with
great regularity : four rife from the fame fpot al]
the way up the ftalk, and thefe’ feveral fours are
kept at pretty large diftances. 4

The leaves are feparately longith, narrow, un-
divided at the edges, fharp at the Points, without
footftalks, and of a pale green,

The flowers’ are large and ofa pale yellow,
and they ftand in clufters at the tops of the
ftalks.

The feed-veflel is large and rounded; and the
feeds are fmall and black.

It, is a native of Spain, Italy, and Germany,
and fpreads at random over a great deal of their
dty, barren grounds. It flowers iri Jane.

C. Baubine calls it Linaria quadrifolie- luton,
Columna, Lizaria tetraphylla luted miner, We,
Four-leaved toadflax.

3. Low, purple Toadfax,
Linaria purpurea procumbens,

The root is compofed of a multitude of thick,
irregular, white, and woody fibres : ‘they rife
from a fmall-head, and {pread themfelves far un-
der the furface.

The ftalks are very numerous,
rifing from the fame head of the
round, flender, 2

twenty or more
Toot: they are
weak, and of a pale colour:

Tid

on the ftalk: they are long

FO R E:L.Geune 7S PBC B Ess

they lié fpread upon the ground about a third
part of their length, and rife irregularly up the
reft,

The leaves are very finall, and very numerous:
they ftand thick, and perfectly irregularly upon
the ftalks, and are of a bluifh green: they have
no footftalks, and they are undivided at the
edges, narrow, aud pointed at the ends:

The flowers ftand in long and thick fpikes at
the tops of the ftalks and branches, and are of
a deep purple: they are fmall, but very pretty ;
fometimes they are paler and reder, fornetimes
perfectly blue ; but their molt conftant and natu-
ral colour is purple.

The feed-veflels are fmall, and the feeds are
very {mall and black.

It isa native of Spain and of fome parts of
Germany ; and flowers in Auguft. Ir is moftly
found on hills near {prings.

C. Bauhine calls it Lineria ceeruleg repens. O-
thers, Litaria purpurea, and Ofris purpuro ce-
rulea repens.

4« Stellated Toadflax.
Stellatis foliis feellatis.

The root is very fender,
nifhed with {mall fibres,

The ftalks are flender, weak, and of a pale
green, fometimes redith : they ftand but weakly
upright, and feldom are ftrait; and there general-
ly lie feveral others about the root, which fpread
on the ground, and are fuller of leavés,. though
they bear no flowers, ; ?

The leaves are longifh, narrow, undivided at
the edges, pointed at the ends, and of a pale afh’
coloured green : they grow round the ftalks, in
the manner of thofe of the ftellate plants, like
the rowels of a fpur, or the rays of a ftar, as
they are commonly reprefented.

There are ufually five Principal. leaves at a
joint, and often fome fmall ones from their bo-
foms. \

Toward the tops of the Principal ftalks which
bear the flowers they grow wi
often fingly, and fometimes th
irregularly divided,

The flowers fland at the tops of the ftalks in
long, thick fpikes: they are yellow, and like
thofe of the common toadflax, only fmaller,

The feed-vefel is large and round, the feeds
are fmall and brown. ~ . .

It is a native of Sicily, and flowers in July.

Boccone calls it Linaria frula multicaulis mole
Sinis folio. Others, Linari

aia foliis. quinisy or Zoad-
Jax with leaves five'at q Joint,

divided, and far-

th lefg regularity,
ey are in this pare

Hp Purple-mouthed Toadflax.. ;
Linaria Shore abefednte rigiy pirpureo,

The Toot is long, flender, white, hard, ‘and
hung with numerous fibres, i -
The ftalks are round, thick, firm,: upright.
but little branched, and two feet highs. A

He x
leaves are numerous, and ftand irregularly

and narrow, Tefembling
that

-or paler blue, and often white.

that» of the common toadflax, but fharper at the
point, and longer in proportion to their breadth:
their colour is a frefi green, and they have no
footftalks,

The flowers ftand in fpikes at the tops of the

ftalks, and they are large and beautiful: they are

whitifh, except the opening, which is of a beau+
tiful purple.

Tt is a native of Italy, and flowers ih July.

C. Bauhine calls it Linaria pallida viflu purpn-
reo. Dillenius, and others, Linaria flore albi-
cante,

6. Indented-leaved Toadflax,
Linaria foliis dentatis.

The root is long, and furnifhed with many
fibres. -

The firft leaves are large; they rife in a thick
tuft, and they remain when the ftalk is rifen,
which is the cafe of few others of the toadflax
kind.

They are long, broad, of a beautiful green,
and have no footftalks: they are narroweft at the
bafe, broadeft toward the end, and indented at
the edges.

The ftalk rifes in the centre of thefe, and is

‘round, firm, upright, and a foot and half high:

it is of a pale green, and fometimes branched.
The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and are not

fo numerous as on moft of the others: they are.

Jong and narrow, and they have no footftalks ;

-thofe toward the bottom of the ftalk ate like the
radical leaves, but narrower and more deeply ,

dented ; thofe higher up are much deeper divided,
and toward the top of the ftalk they confift only
of two fide-divifions and a long point,

The flowers ftand in flender {pikes at the tops
of the branches: they are fmall, and of a deeper

The feed-veffels are large and round.
“It isa native of Italy, and flowers in June.
C. Bauhine calls it Linaria bellidis folio. O-

‘thers, Linaria odorata, and Ofjris odorata purpu.

rea, or Linaria odorata purpurea. seo
7. Little, blue Toadflax.
Linaria pufilla caerulea. ,

The root is fmall and flender, and has but few
fibres. ;

Gos ee

The SBR 6 Hl Fp ipip Gy eae

Neue Ss

Tit

The firft leaves are pinnated, fmall, and beau-
tiful: they are not Very numerous: they ftand on
long footftalks, and each confifts of about three
pairs of pine, which are fmall, oval, and not
at all indented. ; 5

The ftalks. are flender, ereét; and fix or eight
inches high: they aré not at all branched, and are
of a pale yellowith green.

The leaves on them are few, and ftand alters
nately: they are long, narrow, fharp-pointed,
not at all indented at the edges, and of a pale
green: they have no footftalks, and they grow
More pointing upwards than thof of the gene-
tality of the other fpecies,

The flowers ftand in fpikes at the tops of the
ftalks, and are large and blue.

The feed-veffel is {mall and, round; and the
feeds are large and blackith.

It is a native of the fouth of France, and
flowers in May. ‘ a
Lobel calls it Linaria annua Durpuro ceruleas

Others, Linaria minor cerulea:

8. Blue trifoliate Toadflax;

Linaria trifolia cerulea,

This is a very elegant little plant, and differ.
ent from the larger trifoliate kind, not only in
the colour of the flowers, but in the whole face -
and afpedt, z

The root is long, flender,
hung with a few fibres,

The ftalks are numerous, weak,
eight or ten inches high, ;

The Jeaves are broad and fhort on the lower .
part of the ftalk, and fomewhat longer and nar-
rower upwards : they ftand by threes, and have
no footftalks: their colour is a pale green, and.
they are not at all indented at the edges,

The flowers ftand in thick, fhore {pikes at the
tops of the ftalks, and are fmall, and of a beau-
tiful blue.

The'feed-veffels are large and roundifh,

The feeds are fmall and black.

It is a native of Italy, and flowers early in
fpring.

C. Bauhine calls it. Linarig tryphylla cerulea.
Columna, Lizaria ceruleg apula. Ney Blue tri-
Soliate toadflax. 4

crooked, hard; and

and about

IY, ;

SNAPDRAGON,

ANTIRRHINU™M.

FYSHE flower confifts of a fingle petal, and has the labiated fhapeé: it is formed into a tube,
The upper lip is divided into two parts, and turned
at the edges: the lower lip is divided into three parts; and the palate is large,
between the two lips. The cup is formed of a fingle leaf; divided into five pa
the flower is fallen: the feed-vefel is a fingle capfule, of an ifregular form,
the head of a calf, whence the plant has an Englith

lips and a palate, and it has no fpur.

the feeds are ripe. ©

Linnzus places. this among his didynamia angiofpermia ; there being t
threads in the flower ; and the feeds being’contained in'a capfule.
He makes this and the /izaria the fame genus, as before

of the fpur of the flower,

‘

two
back
and fhuts up the fpace
tts, and remains when
refembling in fome degree
name, calfs fnout, and it opens obliquely when

wo longer and ‘two fhorter

obferved ; but the diftin@ion, inthe want

and the peculiar fhape of the feed-veflel, is evident,

Ir2

THE «BRA E 1.6 ot HERBAL.

Icis fingular, that a ftruéture and form in the capfule of this plant, which could ftrike the com-
mon obferver fo ftrongly as to obtain a peculiar name, expreffing an imaginary refemblance of the
head of an animal, fhould not have appeared to this curious and nice obferver of the moft minute
differences, a mark fufficient for a generical diftinétion.

DIVISION. TI.

Common, fmall Snapdragon.

Antirrhinum vulgare minus.

The root is long, Mender, white, crooked,
hard, and furnifhed with a.few fibres.

The firft leaves are long and narrow: they rife
in a {mall tuft, and have no footftalks: they are
undivided at the edges, of a pale yellowifh green,
and quickly fade when the ftalk rifes.

The ftalk is round, branched, eight or ten
inches high, and of a pale green colour.

The leaves ftand irregularly, and are not very
numerous: they have no footftalks, and they are
oblong, narrow, and of a pale green.

The flowers rife from the bofoms of the leaves

DIV ESTON= If

1. Great purple Snapdragon.

Antirrhinum purpureum majus.

The root confifts of a great tuft of fibres,
sifing from a {mall head.

The ftalks are numerous, round, fmooth, firm,
tpright, and two foot and a half high; fome-
times they are branched, fometimes fingle.

The leaves are numerous and large: they are
of a pale green, and are long and broad, not at
all divided or indented at the edges, and of a
flefhy, thick fubftance.

The flowers grow in long, loofe fpikes at the
tops of the ftalks and branches: they are very

Jarge, and of a beautiful red, fometimes white, -

and have the {pace between the two lips perfectly
filled up by a prominent palate.

The feed-vefiel is large, and the feeds are nu-
merous and fmall.

It is a native of the fouth of France. The
flowers, in the wild ftate, vary in colour from
the deepeft purple to the paleft feth colour, and
even to white.

J. Bauhine calls it Autirrbinum vulgare. C.
Bauhine, Autirrbinum majus alterum folio longiore,
Others, Antirrhinum purpureum.

2. Great-flowered yellow Snapdragon.

Antirrbinum flore magno flavo.

The root is long and large, divided into many
parts, and furnifhed with a great quantity of
fibres. 4

The ftalks are numerous, round, thick, firm,
upright, and a -yard high ; fometimes branched,
but more ufually fingle. .

The leaves are large, of a pale green, and
hairy : they are broader in proportion to their
length than in the former fpecies, and have foot-
flalks.

‘The flowers ftand at the top of the ftalk a ae

BRITISH

SPECIES.

all the way up the ftalks: they are fmall, and of
a mixed colour, part red, and part whicifh.

The feed-veffel is large; and, to a fanciful
imagination, may eafily be fuppofed to reprefent
the head of a calf.

It is common in cornfields, efpecially where
the foil is poor and fandy : It flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Antirrbinum arvenfe minus.

It is the only fpecies of /napdragon we have

_properly wild in England. We frequently fee
the great purple faapdragon upon walls; but that
is owing to feeds flying up with the wind out of
gardens: for it grows naturally in warmer climates.

This fmall frapdragon poffefies the virtues of
toadflax, but in a very inferior degree,

FOREIGN SPECIES.

thick, fhort fpike, and are very large, and of a
beautiful yellow. .

The feed-veffel is large, and the feeds are {mall
and round.

It is a native of the fouth of France, and
flowers in June.
“C, Bauhine calls it Antirrbinum Iuteo flore.
Camerarius, Antirrbinum flore luteo majori. Lin-
nzus fets this down only as a variety of the
preceding fpecies; but he errs in this. If
the colour of the flower were the’ only diffe-
rence, we fhould agree with him in making it
no more than a variety, but the leaves differ as
much as the reft of the plant, and the ex-
traordinary bignefs of the flower is an ad-
ditional circumftance: this difference of fize
would not be regarded in a flower, fingly as a
mark of a different fpecies, any more than a va-
riation in colour; but when other circumftances
eftablith the diftindtion thefe fupport it.

3. Variegated-flowered Snapdragon.

Antirrhinum floribus variegatis.

The root is fmall, crooked, and woody.

The ftalks are numerous, round, flender, and
a foot and half high : they are feldom branched,
and are of a pale whitifh green. ;

The leaves ftand irregularly, and have no foot-
flalks: they are long, narrow, fmooth, and of a
pale green, not at all indented at the edges, fharp-~
pointed, and more like the leaves of common
toadflax than any of the fuapdragons.

The flowers grow all the way up the ftalks,
rifing from the bofoms of the leaves; and they
are placed on longifh, lender footftalks: they
are very beautifully coloured ; the body of the
flower being of a fnow white, and the edges of a
gold yellow.

Tcis a native of Italy, and flowers in July.

7 Dillenius

Plate 16

JImall Pei

Oe ave wlleru orl Common oad Short tea vid

se “Se fs. Ee Tafa

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= j
oe,
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h lapile esl
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A 4 “4 1 4 4 q = \
ep J f : : ‘i ‘ eC
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a; Pere Aittle B lue
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. he Purhle .
blag lea Gommon Small De ie | GY eal Mf lo writ Ve Spc

Spud flax Snap ae Ae : Yellow Snap dng on “ uap dragon :

he BRITIS H HERBAL me

Dillenius calls it Antirrbinum flite’ albo oris

common wild kind, operating by ftool and urine s
luteis. : es oe:

but, the toadflax pofleffing their virtues in- a

fuperior degree, they have net come into ufe any

All thefe /zapdragens agree in virtues with our | where in medicine.

rey

G EL Neve ite dy
FL, U. Boge hy Like os
ELATIN E. : | Pe

VHE flower is fmall: it confifts of a fingle petal, and is of the talatedt kind: it is formed of

a tube, with its fpur, two lips, and a palate between them.

The cup is divided into five parts: the feed-veffel is roundifh; and, “when ripe, fplits regularly
the ftalks are weak and procumbent, and the leaves broad and hairy.

This is one of the didynamia angiofpermia of Linnzus ; the flower having two p. dome and two
_ fhorter threads, and the feeds being contained in a capfule. —

This author does not allow elatine to be a diftin& genus, but confounds this is the Vhthie under
- one common name and character, with the antirrbinum..
The difference between this plant and daria, in flower and feed- veflel, is much lefs than between —
the Linaria and antirrbinums and, Mr. Ray, who feparates thofe genera, and gives the characters by
which they are diftinguithed, joins this to the /inaria. However, as the elatine is fufficiently difttine
in its form and manner of growing, and has its proper and antient name, I have kept it feparate. It
has diftinct virtues, as well as a particular appearance, and I fhall always, on fuch occafions, when.
the flower or feed-veffel do not fufficiently diftinguifh the plant, have recourfe to the ftalks, leaves,

or other obvious and effential parts, for the fupporting the antient and ufeful diftin@ions.
There are but two known {pecies of this genus, and both are natives of Britain.

tr. Round-leaved Fluellin.
Elatine folio fubrotundo.

_ The root is fmall, white,-divided, and fur-
nifhed with numerous fibres,
‘The firft leaves are moderately large, and
_ nearly round, only terminating in a kind of
point :
ftalks, and are foft to the touch, and of a pale
greyifh green.
The ftalks are numerous, flender,
weak, and fix or eight inches long.
They do not ftand erect, but trail and hang
upon the ground.
The leaves are fmall, and fupported on flender
footftalks : they are of a pale green, and hairy.
Thofe toward the bottom of the ftalk are
roundifh, and refemble thofe from the root:
_ thofe toward the top are narrower, and oblong,
The flowers are fmall, and of a mixt yellowith
and dark purple colour: they refemble thofe of
toadflax, and have a long fpur.
The feed-vefiel is Gail and roundifh, and sk
feeds are very minute and brown.
We have it in cornfields, but itis not common,
It flowers in June.
C. Bauhine calls it Elatine folio fubrotundo.

Ray, Linaria elatine difta folio fubrotundo. We
call it Female fluellin,

round,

Greco: Biss

they ftand on long, flender, hairy foot-.

difia folio acuminato.

2. Cornered-leaved fluellin,
Elatine folio acuminato.

The root is fmall and inconfiderable. :

The firft leaves are numerous, finall, and
placed on long footftalks : they are dato and
fomewhat of an arrow-headed fhape, but that the
corners do not bend backwards, but ftand flat or
forward.
The ftalks are- numerous, very flender and
weak, and confiderably branched : they are hairy,
of a pale whitifh green, eight or ten inches long,
and lie upon the ground.

The Jeaves ftand irregularly, and at confides

| rable diftances: they are large, hairy, of a very

pale green, and cornered toward the bafe.

The flowers are fmall, and are of a mixt co-
Jour between yellowifh and a deep purple : they
are very pretty though {mall.

It is common:in our cornfields, and flowers
in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Elatine folio acuminato in
bofi auriculato flore luteo, Ray, Linaria elatine

Fluellin is famous as a vulnerary. |
~ The juice of it cleanfes and heals old ulcers ,
and it has:at all times been in efteem as a good
inward medicine for internal bruifes. The tops,
beaten into a canferve, are the beft way of taking
it for this purpofe; but at prefent they are nor

much ufed.

Ue $8 V.

CY MBALARI A,

HE flower confifts of a fingle petal, and is of the labiated kind: it is for med into a tube, with —

a fpur behind; two lips; and a palate clofing the {pace between them.

. The feed-veffel is {mall and round,
N° XII.

Gg The

rI4

The B Rel Pays Hs BRB A L,

The ftalks are procumbent or hanging, and the leaves are cornered and fmooth. istry

Linnzus places this among his didynamia angiofpermia ; the flower having four threads in it, two
longer, and two fhorter, and the feeds being contained in a capfule. Lok :

He does not allow it to be a diftinét genus, but makes it, as well as all the daria and ¢latine,

{pecies of antirrbinum or fnapdragon.

The flower and feed-veffel of this genus agree with thofe of the Auaria; but the manner of
growth and form of the leaves are perfectly diftinét: it has alfo an antient and received name, which
J have therefore preferved, as there is fufficient diftinction. an

If generical characters are to be taken folely from the flowers and feed-veffels of plants, this is a
fpecies of lizaria, however different it be in the general form and afpect; but there are no laws,
eftablifhed on that head, on an inviolable authority : if the leaves and other parts of plants may, when
there is occafion, be taken into the generical character, this is a perfectly diftinét genus. ;

- Nothing tends more to perplex the ftudent than multiplication of fpecies under the fame generical
name: on the other hand, nothing more facilitates the ftudy than a fufficient number of genera, I

write to make the fcience familiar.

There is but one known fpecies of this genus, and that is a native of Britain, though not very

common.

Ivy-leaved Cymbalaria.
Cymbalaria fotiis hedere.

The root is compofed of a multitude of fibres,
rifing from a fmall head,

The firft leaves are large, fhort, broad, and
cornered in two or three parts near the bafe; each
of thefe corners, and the main body of the leaf,
alfo terminate in fharp points: the whole leaf is
of a deep green colour and glofly furface, and
ftands on a lender purplith footftalk.

The ftalks are numerous and weak: they lie
upon the ground, or upon the furface of a wall :
they are a foot or more in length, not much
branched, and are of a deep purplifh colour.

The leaves ftand irregularly on them, and have
long, flender footftalks.

They are broad, cornered, and fharp-poiited,
and are of a fmooth furface, and deep, glofly
green.

The flowers are very numerous and {mall :

NY Us ues

they rife from the bofoms of the leaves all the
way up the ftalk, and are fupported on long,
flender pedicles: they refemble thofe of fuellin
in fhape, but are of an uniform pale red colour.

The feed-veffel is fmall and’ roundifh: the
feeds are numerous and black.

It isa native of our northern counties, and
flowers in June. We fee it wild on the walls of
the Thames about Batterfea, and on the walls of
the apothecaries phyfick garden in Chelfea; but
in both thefe places it has doubtlefs rifen from
feeds or parts of the plant thrown out from that
or from fome other garden.

C. Bauhine calls it Cymbalaria.
naria bederaceo folio glabro.

Others, Li-

It is cooling and aftringent.

A conferve made of the leaves is good in the
overflowing of the menfes, in {pitting of blood,
in diarrhaeas with fharp and bloody ftools, and
in the fluor albus, ;

VI.

FIGWORT.
SCROPHULARIA.

HE flower confifts of a fingle petal, and is of an irregular figure, fomewhat approaching to
the labiated kind, and open: it is formed into a large, rounded tube, and a very {mall edge :
the edge is divided into five fegments; two ftand uppermoft, and are large ; two ftand fide-ways,
and f{pread open 5 and the fifth is undermoft, and turns back. : ;
The cup is divided into five parts; and the feed-veffel is roundifh,
Linnzus places this among his didynamia angiofpermia ; the threads in each flower being four, two
longer, and two fhorter; and the feeds contained in a capfule, = ;

DIVISION J,

1. Common Figwort.

Scrophularia vulgaris.

The root is long and thick, and has a great
quantity of {mall, tuberous pieces growing to it.
The ftalk is fquare, firm, upright, and three
foot high: it is not much branched, and is
ufually of a brown colour, ;
_ The leaves ftand in pairs, and are large and
beautiful: they have long footftalks, and are
' broad, oblong, and of a deep green colour, and
very frequently brown, as is alfo the ftalk : they

BRITISH

S3PEE CG ohnas!

are broadeft toward the bafe i
and indented at the edges, : rae coe ae

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalk and
branches, and are fmall, and of a deep dufky
colour, with a mixture of greenifh: they open
wide at the mouth, and fhew the buttons on
the tops of the threads, which are of a deep
yellow.

The feed-veffel ig large, rounded, and fharp
at the top.

The feeds are numerous and fmall,

The BRI TESH Meee aT

115

It is common in woods, and in damp, fhady
places.

It Howers in July.

The whole plant has a ftrong and difagreeable
fmell, efpecially when in flower.

C.Bauhine calls it Scrophularia nodofa fetida,

from the tuberous knots about its roor, and its.

ftrong {mell. Others, Scropbularia vulgaris.

It is famous as a remedy for the evil: the
method is to take a {trong decoétion of the roots
daily for a great length of time. Thefe long and
tedious cures are lefs certainly to be judged of
than thofe performed. more fpeedily ; but there
feems great authority to believe that this is a
powerful and excellent medicine.

In fome places there is a cuftom of brewing
drink. with fome of this herb among it; and this
‘root is celebrated for its virtues againft the
fcurvy. When frefh, it gives the beer a moft
difagreeable tafte; but this is not much perceived
when ufed dry.

It is famous alfo, both inwardly and outward-
ly, againft the piles.

The fingular form of the tuberous parts about
the root led people to think of it as a remedy in
this diforder, becaufe they were fuppofed to re-
femble thofe fwellings; and, experience has
fhewn, the plant has the virtues they imagined.

A ftrong decoction of the root is good againft
all foulnefles of the fkin, the itch not excepted :
it fhould be taken inwardly, and the parts wafhed
with fome of it alfo warm.

An ointment is made in fome places of the
leaves, boiled in lard, and ufed for the fame
purpofes ; but the decoétion, or a putlice, made
from the freth root, boiled foft with bread and
milk, will anfwer the purpofe better.

2. Water figwort, called Water betony.
Scrophularia aquatica,

The root is compofed of a great number of
fibres. i ;
_ The firft leaves are large, broad, oblong, and
bluntly indented: they rife in a little tuft, and
each has its feparate long footftalk: they have
fome refemblance of the leaves of wood betony ;
they are vaftly larger, but from this the plant
has been commonly called water betony.

The ftalk is thick, firm, upright, {quare, hol-
low, and three foot high: it is alfo edged with a
kind of wings, running from the footftalks of
the leaves, and is ufually of a brown colour.

The leaves ftand in pairs, and they have long
footftalks.

They refemble thofe from the root, and are
of a pale green colour : they are oblong, bluntly
indented, and terminate in a rounded end; and

DIVISION JW,

1. Yellow-flowered Figwort.
Scrophularia flore luteo.

The root is long and thick: it runs obliquely
under the furface, and has numerous large fibres ;
but none of thofe flethy tubercles that grow to
the common kind.

fometimes there grow a coupl ;
ple of fmaller leay:
on the footftalk below their bafes. pel
The flowers are fmall, and of a deep putp
Fi 1 > _ 2 deep purple,-
is ied yellow buttons to their four. threads
The feed-veffel is large and rou ded
feeds are fmall and brown. isteat ime
j a 1s common by ditch fides and. flowers id
uly.
G: Bauhine calls it Scropbulorig aquatica inajor.
J. Bauhine, Scrophularia maxima radice fibrofa,
The common writers call it Betonica aquatica,

Tt is faid to poffefs the fame Virtues with the
former, but in a lefs degree.

“3. Small-leaved Figwort.

Scrophularia foliis minoribus,

The root is long, thick, ‘and full of little tubes
rous lumps: jit runs obliquely under the furface
. Fe the cammin Fo. 4 .
like that of the comtnon figwort, and is of a whitifh
colour, witli a tinge of rédith,

The ftalk is firm, {quare, 6f 2 yellowith green
and two foot high. Rhea.

The leaves ftand in pairs: they are broad and
fhort, lightly hairy, ‘and indented fharply at the .,
edges : they are thick, firm, and of a pale green,

The Higa: ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and
are large, and of a deep dufky colour,

Thee py : :

The feed-veffel is large and round ; and the
feeds are {mall, very numerous, and brown,

It is found on our weftern coafts ; and flowerg
in Auguft.

Ray calls it Scrophularia Scoredonie folio, from
its leaves having fome refemblance of thofe of
wood fage,

4. Green-flowered Figwort,
Scrophularia floribus virefcentibus.

The root is large, thick, long, and full of tu-
berous knobs: it runs obliquely urider the fur-
face, and is of a whitifh colour,

The, ftalk is fingle, firm, upright, fquare, of
a pale green colour, and two foot and a half
high.

The leaves are large, and ftand in pairs: they
have long footftalks, and are broadeft at the bafe
fharp at the point, and indented at the edges. :

The flowers are fmall, and of 4 greenifh co-
lour, with four yellow buttons on the threads in
the centre.

The feed-veffels are large and roundith,

It is found in Oxfordthire and the adjaceng
counties ; and flowers in June.

Ray calls it Scrophularia major foliis caulibus,
et floribus viridibus.

FOR ET G Ni S PPC, foped:

The firft leaves are large and hairy; eight or
ten of them rife from the root, and they are
fupported on long, hairy footftalks: they are
broad and fhort, of a heart fafhioned fhape, deep-
ly ferrated,:and of a dufky green.

The ftalk is fquare, firm, erect, and two feet
high; and is of a brownith green, and hairy.

The

516 The BRITIS

H HER BAE

The leaves ftand ufually in pairs, but fome-

~ times three rife from the fame point.

They are of a heart-fathioned fhape, fhort and
broad, and dented round the edges.

The flowers ftand feveral together on fhort
footftalks rifing from the bofoms of the leaves ;

they are {mall and yellow. naa

aie feed -veffel is large and roundifh; and the
feeds are numerous and fimall.

It is a native of Italy, and flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Scropbularia flore lutea.
Clufius makes it akind of dead nettle: he calls it
Lamium pannonicum fecundum.

2. Jagged yellow Figwort.
Scrophularia lutea laciniata.

The root is long, thick, oblique, and fur-
nifhed with numerous fibres. .

The leaves that rife firft from it are very large,
and deeply divided: they ftand on long foot-
flalks, and are of a beautiful green.

The ftalk is firm, ereét, brown, and two feet
and a half high.

The leaves ftand in pairs, and are Jarge, and
deeply ferrated: they have frequently two ap-
pendages or fmall leaves growing on their foot-
ftalk near the bafe, in the manner of thofe of the
common water figwort.

Thofe toward the bottom of the ftalk approach
more to the divifions of thofe from the root; and
thofe near the top are longer and narrower, and
very deeply and fharply jagged.

The flowers are large and yellow, and ftand
feveral together on footftalks rifing from the bo-
foms of the leaves.

The feed-veffels are large and roundifh; and
the feeds are numerous and fmall.

It is a native of Spain and Portugal, and
flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Scrophularia foliis laciniatis.
Others, Scropbhularia fambuci folio flore magno.

4. Nettle-leaved Figwort.
Scrophularia urtice folio,
The root is long and thick, and has many
large fibres.

* The ftalk is fquare, firm, and lightly hairy,
very much branched, and two feet high,

G. Be Ne,

The leaves ftand in pairs, and have long foot-
ftalks: they are large, and of a fhining green,
broad at the bafe, narrower to the point, and
indented fharply all the way on the edges.

The flowers are placed all the way up the ftalk
and branches, and have long footftalks ; each of
which fplits toward the top, and holds two
flowers: they are large, and of a bright red.

The feed-veflel is large, roundifh, and point-:
ed; and the feeds are numerous and fmall.

It is a native of Italy, and flowers in May.

C. Bauhine calls it Scropbularia urtice folio;
and moft others have followed him.

5. Pinnated Figwort.
Scrophularia folits pinnatis.

The root is long, thick, and hung with many
large fibres.

The leaves that rife firft from it are long, nar-
row, and deeply divided at the edges, the cuts
going almoft to the middle rib: they have no
footftalks, and-are of a fhining, deep green.

The ftalks are numerous, firm, upright, and
of adeep brown: they are {carce at all branched,
and are a foot and half high.

The leaves ftand on them in pairs, and are
deeply divided; fo that they appear pinnated
each feems compofed of about three pair of pin-
ng, with an odd one at the end, and thefe are
deeply jagged.

The flowers ftand on the tops of the ftalks,
and are very numerous, fmall, and of a dark
purple colour. ,

The feed-veffels are large, roundifh, and
pointed ; and the feeds are {mall and brown.

It a native of Italy and Germany ; and flowers
in July. iets:

C. Bauhine calls it Scrophularia ruta canina
dita. The common writers call it Ruta caning, —
and Dogs rue.

All thefe fpecies of figwort have the fame kind
of tafte, and moft of them the fame fmell
with our common wild ‘kind; and they are cele-
brated for the fame virtues, They are accounted
great medicines againft fcorbutick and other foul-
nefles; and pultices of their leaves are nade for
the piles. The common wild kind of our woods
feems to have more virtue than any of them,

though natives of warmer climates.

Ua 3S VIE.

FOX EOV.E.

DT Gerad 0 Te

4 ae flower confifts of a fingle petal, which is long
is divided into four fegments at the edge, remotely approaching t th i
upper lip is broad and divided, and the under one la he Fae ee ogD ss the

and the feed-veffe] is large, of an oval form,

and pointed at the

and hollow like the finger of a glove, and

rger: the cup is divided into five fegments ;

: s an el pees yok
. Linnzus places this among his didynamia angiofpermia ; the thre

of which are longer and two fhorter, and the fee

This diftinétion of that celebrated author com
clafs, that it fhews how nature is fimilar,
this is all that fhould have been inferred
threads in each flower being four,
vation into a larger ufe,

ads in each flower being four, two

ds contained in a capfule.

prifes fo many o

even in the finalleft parts

from the curious and jut

and two of them longer and two

and made it the foundation of a clafs, it failed hi
4

f the plants properly of our prefent
» inplants allied to one another: but
obfervation of that writer, of the
thorter: when he carried this obfer-
m, and mifled his readers.

a a
Bee.
4 yey y a = WMilip ™ ; ’ Sinadll leavil
F ; (COW id [| | j = Srl “ae Ns Pe ppuppii
Roundleapil aie | 4 : Be x OI A KAAS
KUMI, . ry, Zr" , c ¢
Hlaclle Cyubalarra. MUNN Sigal -
i Wa : , 4S ee :
; ‘
J
/ 4 oY, Jt 4 ih ey ‘e ‘ i \N q y
Vellow WE ; y NB Ne Lewd yy oem | Ae ee
GDL rior Fora GaggilUellow hig jorte Vijiiadlea Sr ee WL yyy rurT org lave he |
: e ee : 3 Std Wo y, Ye? Co ia : se é e € Pe, ET UPULG OM.
} ‘¢ ; 3 S0aglove
. fF F™ Je i tN lo
s

2D Ne A to is : A ae
Ota HOWE! aL SP fo or Wie ay
Yelle TAYE gapglove Kidye Hiyfoo
. Wales CCRL (Sludge - G
& 6 fet, ha. age 7 a a

Min So lve
3 Yi ML ¢ ee

3 my
Vy
Vai

The Be Ie Ie orl eae

We fee, that in bringing it to ferve that purpofe, the clafs formed upon it comprehends the vertici-
late plants, and thefe together s and as it in that joins genera the moft diftinét, fo it in éther cafes
feparates the pinguicula and others, which are naturally allied to the reft, and here brought together.

_ The world is indebted in the higheft degree to that moft eniinent writer for his obfervations; and
they fhould be always remembered, though ufed in a more limited degree.

DEVISTON TIT

Common Foxglove:
Digitalis purpurea.

The root is compofed of a multitude of thick
‘and tough fibres; of a pale green colour, and
bitter tafte.

The firft leaves are very large, oblong, nar-
row, of a whitifh colour, and flightly indented
at the edges.

The ftalk rifes in the centre of thefe, and is
round, thick, firm, upright, whitifh, or greyith,
and four feet high.

, The leaves on it are numerous, and ftand irre-
gularly : they are long, narrow, large, of a whit-
ith green, and indented flightly on the edges.

The flowers grow in a kind of fpike on the top
of the ftalk, and they ufually hang all on one
fide: they are large, and of a beautiful red,
with fome fpots of white and fome little touches
of black, and with yellow buttons on the four
threads within. ‘

The feed-veffel is large and oval ; and the feeds
are numerous and fmall.

It is common in barren paftures and on dry
banks, and flowers in Augutt.

C. Bauhine calls it Digitalis purpurea folio
afpero. Others, Digitalis vulgaris, and Digitalis
purpurea vulgaris,

It is a plant poffeffed of very confiderable vir-
. tues; but they are more known among the coun-
try people than in the fhops. ease

It is-a powerful emetick, and, in a fmaller

DJ IsV. 1-S-1.OsNes lle

1. Ferrugineous Foxglove.
Digitalis lore ferrugineo.

The root is compofed of numerous thick
fibres.

The firft leaves are long and large; they have
thick ribs, and are of a pale-green.

The ftalk is round, rebuft, upright, and four
feet high.

The leaves on it are numerous, and placed ir-
regularly : they are long, narrow, without foot-
ftalks, of a pale green, and very lightly hairy.

The flowers are extreamly numerous: they
ftand in long fpikes at the tops of the ftalks and
branches; and are of the fhape of the common
foxglove flowers, but that they have a very long
under lip: their colour is a ferrugineous, or
brownifh red,:and they have ftreaks of yellow,
and are in part hairy.

‘The feed-veffel is fall, and the feeds are
{mall and brown.

It is a native of the eaft. We received the
feeds from Conftantinople, but it is common in
our gardens,

@ 12.

BRITISH

FOREIGN

S..P.E. Ci PBs:

dofe, a very brifk purge: often it works both
ways, and fometimes with a very hurtful vi-
olence; but this is owing to ill management:
many excellent medicines, as they are found
tobe, inthe hands of fkilful perfons, would fall
under this cenfure if given in the fame ran-
dom manner.

The people in the weft of England ufe it moft.
They boil a handful of the leaves, or three or
four of the clufters of roots, in ale, and give it
according to the patient’s ftrength. They cure
quartan agues, and many other obftinate com-
plaints with it.

We have alfo accounts of epileptick fits of long
continuance being cured by it; but the operation
in this way is too rough for any but thole who
are very hardy.

It would be right to try the root, dryed and
powdered, in a moderate dofe, for it is very im-
proper that a medicine of fo much power fhould
be difregarded at home, while we fend to the re-
moteft parts of the earth for others of the fame
qualities. ;

An ointment made ofthe leaves is recom-
mended for cutaneous foulneffés, and in many
places they make an ointment alfo of the flowers
in May butter, which is greatly recommended in
ftrumous cafes.

The Italians are fo fond of it on thefe occafions
that they have a proverb, which fay, foxglove
cures all wounds. Many plants of lefs virtue are
more celebrated ; and there is none deferves bet-
ter a fair trial. :

SP BC Te Bas,

Tt flowers in Auguft.
C. Bauhine calls it Digitalis anguftifolia flore fer-
rugineo. Others, Digitalis ferruginea.

2. Yellow Foxglove,

Digitalis flore minore.

The root is very long and thick, aiid has a
vaft quantity of fibres.

The firft leaves rife in a great clufter, and are
long and broad; of a bright green on the upper
fide, but paler and a little inclined to hairynefs ,
below: they have no footftalks, and they are
narrow toward the bafe, and~broadeft near the
end.

The ftalk is round, upright, firm, and three
feet high.

The leaves on it are numerous, and grow ir-
regularly: they are’ long, and not very broad,
and they have no footftalks.

The flowers ftand in a long fpike on the top
of the ftalk, and are of a pale greenifh yellow.

The feed-veffel is large, roundifh, and pointed
at the top. °

Hh Ic

118 The

BRAT LS A OA PRR Aa

It is a native of Spain and Italy, and flowers
in July. ,

C, Bauhine calls it Digitalis major lutea five
pallida parvo flore.

3. Great-flowered yellow Foxglove.
Digitalis lutea magno flore.

The root is very large, and runs obliquely
under the futface, fending up from various parts
clufters of leaves, and numerous ftalks.

The leaves that rife from the root are broad,
oblong, and of a pale green, and a little dented
at the edge.

The ftalks are round, ftriated, of a pale colour,
firm, upright, and three feet high.

The leaves are numerous upon them, and ftand
irregularly, but not fo confufedly as on fome of
the other fpecies: they are broad, oblong and
without foorftalks.

The flowers ftand ina kind of fpike at the top
of the ftalk; and, they ufually hang all one way,
as in the common foxglove : they are large and yel-
Jow, and are of the thape of thofe of the com-
mon kind: their colour is pale on the outfide
and deep within, and is fometimes variegated,

It is a native of Germany, and flowers in
Auguft. f

C. Bauhine calls it Digitalis lutea magno flore.

J. Bauhine Digitalis lutea Flore majore folio
latiore.

4. Perfoliate Foxglove,
Digitalis perfoliata.

The root is large and irregularly fhaped, and
fends out many long and thick fibres.

The ftalk is round, firm, upright, and two
feet and a half high, of a pale green, and {carce
at all branched.

The leaves ftand in pairs, and the ftalk in a
manner runs through them: they are large and
long; broadeft at the bafe, and fimaller all the

Cree R eR TS

way to the point: they are fmooth, perfeétly un-
divided at the edges, and of a bright green.

The flowers ftand at the top of the ftalk, and
on long footftalks rifing from the bofoms of the
upper leaves: they are large, and extreamnly beau-
tiful: their colour is a deep violet purple: they
are hollow and long, in the manner of the com-
mon foxglove ; but they are divided into five hort
and round fegments at the edge.

The feed-veffel is oval, and terminates in a
point: the feeds are {mall and brown.

It is a native of Virginia, and flowers in July,

Morifon calls it Digitalis perfoliata lore violaceo,
Linnzeus calls this Mimulus, making it another
genus ; but that is a needlefs diftintion,

5. Shrubby Foxglove.
Digitalis frute[cens.

The root fpreads under the furface, and fends
up fhoots in various places,

The ftalks are woody, and covered with a
redifh brown bark,

The leaves ftand irregularly and in confide-
rable numbers upon thems and are very beau-
tiful: they have no footftalks, but grow to the
main ftalk by a broad, hollow bafe ; they are
long, narrow, of a bright green, and beautifully
indented on the edges : they are broadeft toward
the middle, and terminate ih a fharp point.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks in
very long fpikes: they are of a beautiful gold
yellow, and have two lips; and the four threads,
with the buttons, very apparent in them,

The feed-veffel is large and Oval; And the feeds
are numerous, fmall, and brown,

It is a native of the Canaries, and flowers in
May.

Cliffort calls it Gefiteria felis lanceolatis Ser-
ratis pedunculo terminaci lake [picato:. Com melinej
Digitalis. acanthoides canarienfis flore aureo fru-
tefcens. J

S VIL

HEDGE EINYa'SuS.@ sp)
GRATIOLA

A Phe flower confifts of a fingle petal,
the edge divided into four parts :
back ; the others are equal:
terminates in a point,

‘Linnzus places this among his diandria monogynia; th
and the filament from the rudiment of the feed-veffel be

There is, however,
clafs of the diandria is

buttons on the top: thefe, therefore,

treated of, to which it evidently belo
contained in a fingle capfule,
name, but etroneoufly ; for, though allied
ment of the plants to which it is of kin, is

* Stamina duo in flore hermaphrodito.

approaching to the labiated thape :

arts : the upper fegment is broader than the others, and turns
the cup is divided into five feoments

fome conftraint upon his fyftem in this inftance:: th

»_ that there are only two ftamina jh the flower,
fruit; * but in this plant there are really five fta

longs; having a flower confifting of a fingle pe
It is fo nearly allied to the foxglove that fome hav
» itis a ditting genus.
Hext to the foxglove, which it moft refembles,

the tube is angulaced’:
3 and the feed-vefel is oval, and

ere’ being two fertile

threads in the flower,
ing fingle.

¢ general charater of his
nina with the rudiment of the
mina in each flower: three of them have no

he calls fteril, and accounts as nothing,
Many have been puzzled to know where to place tk i

We fee how Linnzeus difpofes it; he feparates it

Ms plant.

many claffes from the reft of the genera here

tal, and the feeds
€ called it by that
Tts proper place, in’ an arrange-

Sy. Nat.
DIVISION

os vi

The BRITISH “HER Te

1719

DIVISION I.

Narrow-leaved Hedge Hyflop.
Gratiola anguftifolia.

The root is long, flender, and white: it fpreads
under the furface, and fends up numerous fhoots.

The ftalk is round, thick, upright, and eight
or ten inches high: it is not at all branched, and
is ufually of a redifh colour near the ground, and
of a pale green elfewhere.

The leaves ftand in pairs: they have no foot-
ftalks: they are oblong, ferrated at the edges,
and fharp pointed.

The flowers ftand fingly on long, flender foot-
{talks rifing from the bofoms of the leaves ; and
are of a mixed white and yellow colour.

The feed-veffel is large, oval, and pointed ;
and the feeds are numerous, fmall, and dufky.

It is a native of the north of Scotland, but
not common, It grows in places where waters
have ftagnated in winter.

It flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Gratiola centauroides. O-
thers, Gratiola vulgaris.

Ic is but lately we have the notice of its being
a native of Britain; nor have we any other fpecies
of it: that which is called the fimaller hedge byffop,
falicaria byf[opifolia by C. Bauhine, and by lefs
accurate writers gratiola anguftifolia, is properly
a fpecies of falicaria, not of this plant.

There are alfo two other plants called by the
name gratiola, which are fpecies of caffida, and
Will be found under that head.

This is fuch a fource of error to the young
ftudent, that there cannot be tod much care in
avoiding it: he is to know, that till this proper

DIVISION ft,

Blunt-leaved Hedge Hyfop,
Gratiolis foliis obtufis.

The root is flender and creeping: it is white,
tough, furnifhed with many fibres, and of a
bitter tafte.

The ftalk is round, upright, and of a pale
gteen; often redith toward the ground, as alfo at
the infertions of the leaves.

The leaves ftand in pairs, and are oblong, nar-
row, and of a dead green: they are very flightly
and irregularly notched at the edges, and obtufe
at the ends.

BRITISH SPECIES,

gratiola, which is here deferibed, was found in
Scotland, it was not known that any fpecies of
that genus. was native of Britain; and, he mutt
obferve, that the plants named by Mr. Kay with
thefe fynonyma of £ratiola are neither of them of
that kind; nor fo underftood by Mr, Ray, who

» has placed them feverally in their proper genera,

though he has added the different names by which
they have been called by other writers, and
thefe among them,

Hedge hyffop, though not known before wild in
Britain, is very common in France, and is greatly

efteemed for its medicinal virtues,

It approaches to the nature of the foxglove in
qualities as well as form. Taken in a mode-
rate dofe, it operates very brifkly by ftool; and,
in a fomewhat larger, by vomit alfo ; and in this
manner, for conftitutions that can beur it, carries
off watery humours and diflodges obftrudting
matter in a furprifing manner. {

The juice is given in dropfies : a ftrong decoc-
tion in the jaundices and in flighter cafes an
infufion. Either way itis bitter, and difagree-
able in the higheft degree, to the tafte ; but its
virtues are fo well) known among the French
péafants that it is called there poor mens phyfick.

The root; dried and powdered, is given in the
fciatica, dnd with fuaccefs, In fmall dofes it ig
alfo excellent againft worms : its extream bitter
tafte deftroys them, and by its purging quality
it takes off all that matter from the Coats of the
inteftines which ufed to harbour and ferve for
lodging of them. :

FOREIGN SP EC. Tees:

The flowers are large.

The feed-veffels are alfo large, and the feeds
are {mall and brown.

It is a native of many parts of North America,
and flowers from May to O&ober,

Gronovius calls it Gratiolo Soltis lanceolatis ob-
tufis fubdentatis.

It is very much of the fame tafte with the
common kind, and probably poffefles the fame
virtues. The Indians extol it againft poifons,

Ge Beha Ne | Wise 186 2 Bey
COXCOMB.

REP IGWU LAR TS.

HE flower confifts of a fingle petal, and approaches to the labiated kind: it is formed into a
tube, and two lips: the tube is crooked, and the lips differ from one another greatly: the up-
per lip is narrow, compreffed, dented, and galeated ; the lower lip is divided into three fegments, of
which the middle one is the natrowelt : the cup is roundifh and fwelled, and is divided into five feg-'
ments at the rim: the feed-veffel is roundifh, and pointed at the top. \

Linnzus

120

The BRITISH HERBAL

: is am ‘dynami j ia ; i r being four.
“Linneus places this among the didynamia one TP 5 Pe eae in each flowe ea i
r v al acapfule.
two longer, and two fhorter, and the feeds contained in a :
We confufedly call two genera in Englith by the name of rattle, diftinguifhng them only by

epithets taken from the colour of the flower into red and yellow rattle :
they are alfo called coxco

lowing genus the other :
oo ¢

this is one of them, the fol-

mb, and loufewort ; but both thefe names are given

in common to the two genera, and have been ufed to the fame diftin€tion by an epithet expreffing the
colour ‘of the Hower: we call them red coxcomb, and yellow coxcomby as well as rattle; and fome,

though that be not fo univerfal, red and yellow low,

ewort this difagreeable name is more confined to

ved, but not fufficiently to make it a generical term diftinét from the other. ; é : .
Ic will be feen.there is a yellow-flowered pedicularis 5 therefore another name is needful,. and we ca
this coxcomb. It will be proper for the ftudent either to ufe this conftantly, or always to call them by

their Latin names; thofe being fingle and diftinét words. ;

DLV TS'T-OeN: hk

i. Common red Coxcomb.
Pedicularis rubra vulgaris.

The root is long, thick, and divided into fe-
veral parts: it is white and bitter.

The firfl. leaves are large, broad, indented at
the edges, and pointed at the ends: they are
fo unlike thofe that follow that few would know
the plant in this ftate.

The ftalks are thick, green, weak, and not
very upright: they are eight or ten inches long,
and but little branched.

The leaves ftand on them in great numbers,
and are of a kind of pinnated form, each com-
pofed of feveral pairs of {maller, fet on a middle
rib, with an odd one at the end; and fome
of the loweft are often doubly pinnated.

The flowers ftand in a confiderable number on
the tops of the ftalks: they are large, of a bright
red, and have a great hollow cup: fometimes
they are white: their cups are long, angulated,
and fmooth.

The feed-veflel is large and roundifh ; and the
feeds are numerous and fimall.

It is common in damp places on heaths, and
flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Pedicularis pratenfis purpurea.
Dadoneus, Fiftularia. Others, Pedicularis rubra
vulgaris.

DIVISION I. F

Yellow Coxcomb.

Pedicularis foliis pinnatis lutea.

The root is compofed of a multitude of very
large and thick’ fibres, and is whitifh, tough,
and bitter.

The firft leaves are large, long, and divided
deeply to the rib in a pinnated manner: they
feem compofed of many pairs of leffér ones,
with an odd one at the end; but, nearer ex-
amined, thefe are only fegments; and they are
a deeply at the edges, and pointed at the
ends.

The ftalk is round, thick, hollow, redifh, and
- two foot high, :

The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and are
like thofe from the root, divided deeply in the
pinnated manner, and fometiines they are com-

BRITISH

SUPs ba Cals Heo.

2. Tall red Coxcomb,

Pedicularis rubra elatior.

The root is thick, large, and fpreading,
whitifh, bitter, and full of fibres.

The firft leaves are large, few in number, and
not much divided.

The flalks are round, green, thick, robutt,
upright, and a foot and half high.

The leaves are large, deeply divided in the pin-
nated manner, and of a pale green, often redifh.

The flowers are large, and ufually red, but
fometimes, as in the other fpecies, they are white.

The cups are not fo bloated as in the other fpe-
cies; and they are rough on the furface: ufually
they are divided only into two parts, inftead of
five, at the extremity ; but this is uncertain,

The feed-veffel is large, and the feeds are fmall

and brown,

It is not uncommon in wet places, and flowers
in July. .

Tragus calls it Pedicudaris campeftris prior {pe-
cies. Ray, Pedicularis rubra elatior.

The virtues of thefe plants are not certainly
known; but our farmers have an opinion that
fheep feeding on them become fubjeét to vermin,
whence the Englifh name J/oufewort: whatever
foundation there may be for this, it is an opinion
as old as Tragus ; and is not confined to Britain
for the Flemith have it as well as we. :

OREIGN SPECIES,

poundly pinnated, or the fegments themfelves
divided in the fame pinnated manner.

The flowers ftand in a tuft at the top of
the ftalk; and are large, and of a pale yellow,
and fometimes white: they make a thick, fhort
fpike, in the manner of the orchis flowers, and
the upper fegment or galea is very crooked.

The feed-veffel is large, and the feeds very
{mall and brown.

It is a native of Italy, and of many other parts
of Europe; and flowers in June.

Authors have been greatly divided as to the
genus to which it belonged, and have thence
called it by various names.

_ Barrelier calls ic Aeéforolophus montana Slore
Tusteo. C. Bauhine, Filipendula montana Slore pedi-
cularie; Others, Filipendu’a montana,

GENUS

Th BRITISH HERBAL

12i

GQ. He -N

Ue baie.

YELLOW RATTLE,

RHINANTHUS.

HIE flower confifts of a fingle petal, and approaches to the labiated kind: it is formed into 4
tube and two lips: the tub is ftrait: the lips are comprefied at the bafe ; and the upper one is flat-
ted, and of the galeated fhape: the under lip is fat, and divided into three fegments, of which the

_middle one is the longeft: the cup is roundifh, fwelled, as if blown up,

and divided into four parts ©

at the edge: the feed-veffel is rounded, and compreffed or flatteds and the feeds alfo are flatted,

Linnaeus places this among the didynamia. angiofp-rmia; the filaments or threads

in each flowet

being four, two of which are longer, and two fhorter, and the feeds contained in a capfule.
We have obferved that this genus and the pedicularis have been always called by the fame Englifi

names.

We have fhewn the impropriety of this,
from the colour of the flower are not fufficient for the feparation of the two genera;

by obferving that the epithets of diftin@ion taken

there being one

_ that is properly of the former, the flower of which is yellow: by the charaéter of the prefent genus

here given, it will appear that they are quite diftina:

I have therefore retained the namé

Réinanthus, as it is ufeful for the diftinétion, and appropriated the two Englifh narnes diftinatively,
giving that of coxcomb only to the preceding genus, and that of rattle only to this.

PIVETHON RE GE RIT ISH 5 pariogne,

3. Common yellow Rattle.
Rhinanthus vulgaris.

The root is fhort, flender, crooked, hatd,
and furnifhed with many fibres, =

The ftalk is round, firm, upright, of a yel-
lowifh green, ‘a foot high, and branched toward
the top.

The leaves ftand in pairs: they are oblong,
broad, and have no footftalks : they are broadett
at the bafe, narrower to the end, fharply in-
dented at the edges, and terminate in a point:
their colour is a dufky green, and their fubftance
firm. :

The flowers are numerous, and have a fingular
appearance : they ftand in long feries up the tops
of the ftalks, and principally on one fide: they
have a great ftriated cup, like a bladder: the
flower itfelf is fmall, and of a bright yellow.

‘The feed-veffel is large, rounded, and flatted $
and the feeds are flat and brown.

It is common in paftures, and flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls ic Pedicularis pratenfis lutea
few crifta galli. Others, Crifta galli lutea, and
Crifta galli femina, Wein Englith, Yellow rattle,
or Coxcomb.

Thofe who call this the female, diftinguith

what they call another fpecies undef the name
of the male, but it is only a variety: the pring

DT Velset Q ene SH,

Hairy yellow Rattle.
Rhinanthus foliis vilofis.

This is a fmall but fingular and pretty plant.
The root is longifh, crooked, flender, and full
“of fibres.

The {talk is round, flender, upright, of a
redifh colour, and eight inches high.

The leaves ftand in pairs, at diftance, pair from
pair: they have no footftalks, and they are nar-

N12;

cipal difference is the ftature; the male, as jt ig
called, growing in a more favourable ground,
and being taller, ores

2. Narrow-leaved yellow Rattle,
Rhinanthus foliis anguftioribus,

The root is long, flender, crooked, and furs
nifhed with a multitude of fibres,

The ftalk is round, firm, upright, and very
tmhuch branched, and is ufually of a redith colour.

The leaves are numerous: they ftand in pairs,
but at fmaller diftances by much than in the com-
mon kind: they are very narrow, and fharply _
dented at the édges ; of a pale green, and not fo
broad at the bafe as in the other.’ ij

The flowers ftand in a long feries on the upper
branches, and are beautifully variegated, though
very fmall: the top of the flower is yellow, and
the upper lip is purple.

The whole plant is two foot high, and very
robuft,

The feed-veffels are long and flat; and the
feeds are alfo flat, but fmall.

It is frequent in paftures in the north of Eng-
land; and flowers in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Criffa galli anguftifolia monx
tana. Ray, Pediculis major anguftifolia ramofifina
lore minore luteo, labello purpurea. ° :

FOREIGN SPE CTLBE-s,

row, oblong, not at all ‘indented ‘at the edges, .
and a little hairy.

‘The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and
have ftriated and {wollen cups.

The feed-veffel is flatted, but of a rounded
figure; and the feeds ate large.

It is a native of Ceylon, and flowers in May.

Burman calls it Hyfopus zeylanins renellus pre
tenfis: but it is evidently a plant of this genus.

li GENWS

122

Tho BRITISH HERBAL.

NY U's

Xi. ee)

EYEBRIGHT.

EUPHR ASI 4.

HIE flower confifts of a fingle petal, and approaches very much to the labiated thape: it is

formed into a tube and two lips 5
dented; the lower lip is divid
is compofed of a fingle piece,
and compreffed.

Linnus places this among

the tube is fhort and plain: the upper lip is hollow and in-
ed into three fegments, and thefe are equal in fize, and obtufe : the cup
divided into four unequal fegments; and the feed-vefiel is oblong, oval,

his didynamia angiofpermia s the flowers having four threads, two longer,

and two fhorter 5 and the feeds being contained in a capfule.

DIVISION I.

rt. Common Eyebright.
Euphrafia vulgaris.

‘The root is long, white, flender, and fur-
nifhed with numerous fibres.

The ftalk is round, firm, erect, of a deep
green, very much ‘branched, and eight inches
high.

The leaves ate placed in pairs, and they have
no footftalks: they ftand very thick, and they
are fhort, broad, deeply ferrated, and of a very
dark green, but of a bright and flefhy furface.

The flowers are large, and white, variegated
with a few dots: they ftand in the bofoms of the
leaves, principally toward the tops of the ftalks,
and are very.pretty ; their bright whitenefs, and
the deep green of the reft of the plant, making
a pretty contraft to one another.

The feed-veflel is oblong, and the feeds are
very final.

It is common in our hilly meadows, and
flowers in Auguft,

C. Bauhine calls it Euphrafia officinarum. O-
thers, Eupbrafia vulgaris, or, fimply, Eupbrofia.

Eyebright is famous’ againft diforders of the
eyes.

_ In common inflammations of the eyes the cuf-
ftom is to ufe the freth exprefled juice by way of
acollyrium, wathing them twice a day with it,
and wearing a piece of filk over them,

In worfe diforders the whole herb, dried and
powdered, and taken for many months, half a
dram twice a day, is recorded to have done great
fervice. There are accounts that feem well at-
tefted of people reftored to fight by it. The
diftilled water is recommended by fome for the\
fame purpofes, but that has little virtue,

2. Purple Eyebright. f
Eupbrafia flore rubro.

The root is fhort, crooked, woody, whitith,
and furnifhed with a few fibres,

The ftalk is round, firm, upright, of a
purplith colour, confiderably branched, and eight
or ten inches high.

The leaves ftand in pairs, and are very fre-
quent upon the ftalk, except toward the bottom,
where for three inches it is generally naked:
they are longifh, narrow, flarply ferrated at the

BOR TiteS) Ha oS uP sb -C 1oBss.

edges, and pointed’ at the ends: they havé no
foot(talks, and are at firft of a brownifh green
colour, and afterwards brownifh or redifh, with
very little green: the whole plant, when it hag .-
ftood fome time, frequently becomes purple... ~~

The flowers are fmall, and of a dufky red:
they are very numerous, and ftand in the bo-
foms of the leaves all the way up the ftalk.

The feed-veffel is oblong, and larger at one
end than the other: the feeds are very {mall and
brown.

It is frequent in dry paftures, and on barren
and heathy ground, It flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Euphrafia pratenfis rubra,
J. Bauhine, Eupbhrafia parvo purpurea; and the
common writers, Crateogonon eupbrofine; fup-
pofing fome refemblance in it to the cow-wheat,
to be hereafter defcribed : It is alfo called in Eng-
lifh, Eycbright cow-wheat.

3. Short-leaved Eyebright.
Euphrafia foliis brevibus.

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
numerous fibres.

The ftalk is round; upright, and hard, but
brittle: it is very much branched, and eight or
ten inches high, of a purplifh colour ufually,
fometimes of a pale green, and a little hairy.

The leaves are placed in pairs, and have no
footftalks: they are broad, fhort, and indented
fharply at the edges: their colour is an ath ot
ereyifh green, but they have a glofly fubftance
like thofe of the common eyebright. ;

The flowers are f{mall, and of a deep purple :
they grow from the bofoms of the leaves all the
way up the ftalks from the middle to the top,

The feed-veflels are oblong, and largeft at the
bafe; and the feeds are large and whitifh.

It is a native of our northern counties, but
is not common,

C. Bauhine calls it Teucrinm alp
puro cerulea,
vibus obtufs.

inn coma pur-

Ray, Eupbrafia rubra, Solis bres

4- Great-leaved Eyebright.
Euphrafia major latifolia,
_The root is long, fender, white, and’ fur-
nifhed with a few fibres,
The ftalk is round, upright, firm, and a foot
high :

Th BRITISH HERBAL,

123.

high: its colour is ufvally a pale green, fome-
times redifh; and it is lightly hairy, and very
much branched.

The leaves grow irregularly : fome toward the
lower part of the ftalk generally ftand in pairs,
but the greater part alternately: they have no
footftalks : they are broad, oblong, large, of a
dufky green, and rough furface; dented at the
edges, and pointed at the ends. if

The flowers rife fingly, from the bofoms of

Dolovel s.l-OeNe. It,

1. Narrow-leaved yellow Eyebright.
Eupbhrofia anguftifolia flava.
‘The root is fmall, long, and furnifhed with a

few fibres: it is whitifh, woody, and crooked.
The ftalk is angulated or ridged, and appears

fquare: it is flender, but firm, upright, branched, |

and a foot and half high,

‘The leaves are long, and very narrow: they
{tand in pairs without footftalks, and are of a
dufky green, dented at the edges and fharp-
pointed. 3

The flowers are very numerous: they ftand in
jong, clofe feries all up the tops of the branches,
and are {mall, and of a gold yellow.

The feed-vefiel is oval, but oblong; and the
feeds are {mall and whitifh. 4

It is frequent in Italy and Spain, and flowers
in Auguft.

€.Bauhine: calls it Euphrafia pratenfis lutea.
“Columa,: Eupbrafia lutea montana anguftifolia
altera.

2. Eyebright, with three-pointed leaves.
Eupbrafia foliis tricufpidatis.

The root is very flender, white, longifh,
erooked, and furnifhed with numerous fibres.

The ftalk is round, firm, redifh, fomewhat |.

branched, and of a purplifh colour.

The leaves ftand alternately, and have no
footftalks: they are very narrow; and undivided
‘at the edges till they come toward the end, where
they are broader than in any other part, and have
two notches oppofite to one another, which give
the tip of the leaf a three-pointed appearance.

The flowers ftand in the bofoms of the leaves
all the way up the tops of the ftalks: they are
fmall, and of a whitith red.

Ga Ee N

the leaves all the way up to the top-part of the
ftalk ; and they are large and yellow.

The feed-veffel is oblong, and the feeds are
very fmall and redith. ,

It is a native of Cormwal, and of the ifland of
Jerfey ; and flowers in July,

J. Bauhine calls it Crife galli afinis planta
Romana, feu Crifte galli major Ttalica. Ray, Eu-
pbrafia major lutea latifolia paluftris,

REIGN §PECTeE Ss

The feed-veffels are oblong, and the feeds
are fall. ;

It is a native of Italy, and flowers in Augutft.

Linnzus calls it Euphrofia foliis inearibus tricufs
pidatis.

3. Low purple Eyebright:
Euphrafia pumila flore rubra.

This is a very fmall, but fingular and pretty
fpecies.

The root is fmall, oblong, divided, and hung
about with many fibres. ‘

The ftalk is angulated, “fhort, redifh, and
fomewhat hairy: it is feldom at all branched,
and is about four inches high.

The leaves ftand in pairs, and have no foot-
ftalks: they are fhort, broad, and very deeply
indented, in fuch a manner that they refemble
the fingered leaves of thofe plants which have
them divided down to the bafe into narrow and
long fegments, :

The flowers are large for the bignefs of the
plant, and purple.

The feed-veffels are large, and the feeds whitifh.

It is a native of Italy, and flowers in May.

C. Bauhine calls it Eupbrafia pratenfis latifolia
Italica, Columna, Eupbrajfia latifolia pratenfis.

Thefe feveral. fpecies agree in virtues with the
common Englifh kind, and are in the fame de-
gree of eftimation there that ours is here,

This plant bruifed and laid upon the eyes in
cafes of inflammations is a fpeedy remedy. They
throw a large quantity of it into their wine as it is
making, and keep it for old mens drinking, to
preferve their fight. They alfo eat the young
fhoots and tops of the feveral fpecies among their -
fallading for the fame purpofe.

U = 6S XII.

COW-WHEAT,

MELAMPYRUM™

THE flower confifts of a fingle petal, and approaches to the labiated fhape: it is formed into a
tube and two lips: the tube is long and crooked: the upper lip is galeated, flatted, and niped
at the top, and turns back at the edges: the lower lip is divided into three equal blunt fegments, and

has two eminences in the middle.

The cup is tubular, and lightly divided into four fegments: the feed-veffel is oblong; flatted, and

pointed at the cop.

Linneus places this among the didynamia angiofpermia, the threads in each flower being four ; two
longer, and two fhorter: and the feeds contained in a capfule.

2 iS DIT

124,

THE BPRIGISH| HER © AD

Pe Ves ON ah

1. Comniion Cow-wheat.
Melampyrum vulgare.

' _. The root is fmall, oblong, crooked, and white,
and has a few fibres,

The ftalk is flender, weak, angulated, but
moderately upright, very much branched, and
about a foot high.

The leaves ftand in pairs, and have no foot-
ftalks. t

Thofe toward the bottom of the ftalk are ob-
long, fomewhat broad, and deeply indented to-
ward the bafe ; thofe on the upper part of the
plant are longer and narrower, and altogether
plain.

' <The flowers are large and yeilow: they grow
in loofe fpikes at the tops of the ftalks, bending
one way.

The feed-veffel is oblong and hooked at the
top: the feeds are large. .

The whole plant is of a blackifh colour.

Tt is common in woods, and flowers in June
and July.

C. Bauhine calls it Melampyrum luteum latifo-
fium. Others, Crateagonum vulgare.

2. Narrow-leaved Cow-wheat.
Melampyrum anguftifolium

The root is long, flender, white, crooked,
and full of fibres. :

The ftalk is firm, flender, and of a purplith
colour: it is erect, and not much branched.

_ The leaves ftand in pairs, and they have no
fobtftalks : they ate placed at diftances upon the
ftalk, and are very long and narrow; of a deep
green, and not at all indented, but fharp at the

oint. :

The flowers are large, and ufually of a yel-
low-colour but in this there‘ is a great deal of
variation ; we fee them fometimes white, fome-
times red, and fometimes of a mixed colour be-
tweenvall thefe. :

They ftand at the tops of the ftalks in a kind
of crefted’ heads, or fhort, thick, {quate fpikes.

The feed-veffel is oblong, and the feeds are
very large.

Tt is common in the northern counties of Eng-
Jand ; and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Melampyrum luteum angufti
folium. We in Englith, Crefted cow-wheat.

There is a very pretty variety of this plant,

DIVISION Ir

Woolly-topped Cow-wheat,
Melampyrum calycibus lanatis,

The root is long, flender, and white.

The ftalk is fquare, ereét, firm, and very
little branched: it is a foot high, and ufually is
of a greenith colour,

The leaves ftand two at a joint:
narrow, and of a deep'green.

Thofe which grow on the lower part of the
ftalk are not at all Jagged; but thee on the

_ Upper part have fome indéntings near the bafe,

they are long,

fome other ‘counties 3

Berk Lott So SPECIES,

in) which the flower is white, {potted with yel-
low... This has been defcribed by fome asa dif-
tinct fpecies, but erroneoufly. It is common
with us among, the other,

3- Purple-headed Cow-whear.

Melampyrum. purpurafcente coma.

The root is flender, woody, and furnifhed with
a few fibres. /

The ftalk is flender, fquare, tolerably upright,
of a. purplith colour, fomewhat branched, and
about a foot high.

The leaves ftand in’ pairs: they are oblong,
and . moderately broad, of a deep green, and
dented fharply and deeply at the edges.

Thofe which grow at the tops of the falks
differ from the reft: they are fhort, broad, and .
of a deep red, which gives the tops of the plant
a purple tinge, whence its name.

The flowers grow among thefe, and are large
and beautiful: they are variegated with red and
yellow.

The feed-veffel is large and oval : -the feeds are
few, large, and whitifh,

Ic is found in the cornfields in Norfolk and
but it is not a common
plant. Ic flowers in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls ic Melampyrum purpurafcente
coma. J. Bauhine, Triticum vaccinenm,

Cow-wheat is a ufeful plant for the fattening of
cattle: in places where it is'more common they
ufe it for that purpofe ; and with us it would be
very well worth the hufbandman’s while to try it
among the great number of thofe plants brought
from abroad, which are now fo fuceefsfully cul-
tivated in our fields ; as faintfoine, chiches, len-
tils, and ‘the like, This, being a native of
England, would grow more freely than any of
them, and it would not Tequire a rich foil; fo
that the trial might be made with little expence
or trouble.

It is common among the corn in Flanders, as
well as in fome counties of England ; and they
thrath ic with the grain, and let it come into
their bread ; it increafes the quantity, and does
no harm, ;

Some have faid that the bread in which it is
mixed caufes giddinefs of the head and other com-
plaints ; but this is contradicted by thofe who have
experience. It fattens cattle fafely and {peedily.

FOREIGN SPEcIRF§

The ftalks are term
fhort leaves, placed y
downy matter among
of a deep violet blue.

The flowers are |
yellow. ’

The feed-veffel js oblong, and the feeds ee
few and large,

It is a native of Ger,
and forefts,

inated by clufters of fmall,
ery thick together, with a
them; and thefe are ufually

arge, and of a beautiful golds

many, and grows in woods
C. Bauhine calls it Melampyrum coma cerulea.

GENUS

125

The BRITISH HERBAL

Gio oBia IN User 38 XII.
HQ: O8D)E..De MIT eh Ler ios it,

LENTIBULARIA,

HE flower confifts of a fingle petal, approaching to the labiated fhape: it is formed into two

lips, a palate, and a fpur: the upper lip is undivided and obtufe; the lower lip is larger, and

is alfo undivided; the palate which rifes between them is heart-fafhioned: the fpur is fmall, and
runs out behind the flower. The cup is compofed of ten little hollow leaves, and falls with the fower:

the feed-veffel is round and large.

Linnzus feparates this genus from the generality of the others, placing it, with a few more in his
fecond clafs, among the diandria monogynia , the threads being two in each flower, and the rudiment

of the capfule fingle.

He alfo takes away its ufual and received name Jentibularia, and calls it utricularia,

Ihave reftored the former and farniliar name, and joined the genus to thofe with which it is united
by nature; the number of the threads in the centre being a trivial confideration, when feen, in com-
petition with the effential characters, by which it is placed among the plants that have a flower con-
fifting of a fingle petal, and followed by a fingle capfule; this being the general diftin&ion of the

prefent clafs.
D1 Va1eSerOaN et

4. Common Hooded Millfoil.

Lentibularia vulgaris.

The root is compofed of a vat tuft of fibres.

From this grow numerous long and flender
fhoots, which fpread upon the mud at the bottom
of thofe waters in which the plant grows.

On thefe ftand the leaves: they are of a-dark
green, beautifully divided, and as they are kept
feparate by the water make a beautiful appear-

ance; but when taken out they fall together and ©

loofe their fhape.

Among thefe grow round bodies, of the big-

nefs of the leaves of duckweed: they are not a
regular part of the leaves, nor do they grow from
any diftinét place on them, but irregularly among
them, and in a great number 3 fome terminate the
fhoots, and others are difpofed loofely among the
leaves.

The ftalks rife from thefe fhoots, and are flen-
der, weak, and naked.

‘From the middle upwards grow the flowers:
thefe ftand fingly on long footftalks, and are
large and yellow: the fpur is of a conic figure.

The feed-veffel is large and round: the feeds
are numerous and fmall.

It is common in ditches, and other ftagnating
waters in the fens in Lincolnfhire, and elfe-
where; and flowers in July. :

C. Bauhine calls it Millifolium aquaticum lenti-
culatum, The common writers, Millifolium gale-
riculatum, and Hooded water millfoil.

DIVISION MIL.

1. Large-leaved Lentibularia.

Lentibularia foliis majoribus.

’ The root is compofed of numerous tong, black
fibres.
The firft fhoots fpread upon the furface, and
‘are large, and very finely divided; fo that they
_ refemble thofe of fome of the water crowfoots.
N° XII.

BRE Tl Sek Ser BS PEge4,

2. Little Hooded Millfoil,

Lentibularia minima.

This is an extreamly minute but very pretty
plant.

The roots are a few, white, long, and extreamly
finall fibres. ‘

The firft fhoots from thefe are numerous,
long, flender, and naked for the moft part; bur
fometimes there grow on them a few {mall and
finely divided leaves: whether there be leaves or
not, there are conftantly many little round bodies,
perfectly refembling thofe of the common kind.

The ftalks are minute, extreamly flender, and
naked. :

They are ufually of a yellowith colour, fome-
times redifh; and on thefe ftand the flowers.

They are large, and of a pale yellow: they”
have each a feparate, fhort footftalk; and they
grow at diftances, one above another, from the
middle of the ftalk to the top.

The feed-veffel is round and f{mall; and the
feeds are very minute.

It is common in Northamptonfhire, and in
many places where it is not much regarded,
floating upon the water.

‘Tt flowers in June.

Plukenet calls it Méllifolium paluftre galericu-
latum minus flore minore. Ray, Lentibularia minor,
Boccone, Aparine aquis innatans capreolis donata.

FP: O-RVE: PIGIN © S°P EXC TES;

Among thefe grow feveral fhoots, that fpread
likewife in the fame manner, and have leaves
on them like the firft from the root, but
fmaller. ait:

The ftalks rife, fome from thefe, and others
from the root: they are flender and yellowith:
they are not naked, as thofe of the preceding
fpecies, but have leaves of the fame Kind with

Kk thofe

126 THE BRITISH HERBAL.

The feed-veffel is very large and round; and
the feeds are fmall.

It is a native of Nerth America, and flowers
in Auguft.

Plumier calls it Linaria paluftris feniculi folio.

thofe from the root: thefe are beautifully divided,
and of a blackifh green.

The flowers grow toward the tops of the
ftalks, and are large and yellow.

GE Ee ONG eeu ee rs XIV.

WATER GLADIOLE.
DORTMANNA.

HE flower confifts of a fingle petal, and approaches in fome degree to the galeated Kind, but not
nearly fo much as the others in general of this clafs : it is formed into a fhort tube fplit in the upper
part, and two irregular lips: the upper lip confifts of two fegments, which are narrower and fmaller 5
and the lower one of three, which are broader and larger; but when the flower is perfectly open this
form is lefs obfervable: the feed-veffel is round and large; and the cup is divided into five flight:
fegments. The leaves of the plant are hollow and divided within. 2
Linnzus places this-among his /yngenafia polygamia monogamia; but he does not allow it to be a
diftin& genus: he places it among the rapuaculi, which he arranges there under the name of Jobelja.

The fhape of the feed-veffel diftinguithes it from
all other plants. None is more properly of a genus

his /obelia, and the ftru€ture of its leaves from
feparate from all others.

There is but one known fpecies of this plant, and that is a native of Britain and other parts of

the north of Europe,

Water Gladiole.
Dortmanna.

The root is a clufter of long, thick fibres,
which penetrate deep into the mud at the bottom
of thofe waters where it delights to grow.

The leaves rife in a tuft twelve or fourteen to-
gether: they are long, narrow, and of a pale
green, hollow within, and divided, in the man-
ner of a pod of fome of the wallflower kinds,
into two feparate empty fpaces, by a membrane
that runs lengthwife from the bafe to the point.

The ftalk rifes in the midft, and is yellowith
and round: it rifes to a great height when the
water is deep ; but with us, as it generally grows
in fhallow places, its length is about a foot:
fometimes it is naked, fometimes there grow on
it a leaf or two like thofe from the root.

The flowers ftand at the top, in a kind of loofe
fpike, but they hang on their footftalks, and ge-
nerally fall all on one fide: five or fix is the ufual
number: but they rarely open together: they are
of a pale purple.

Gwiebo aN 1 U

BROOM
OR OT il

HIE flower is made of a fingle petal, and approaches to the labiated form:
and two lips: the tube is crooked, thick, and fhort :
indented ; and the lower lip is divided into three unequal fe

divided lightly into four fegments
and pointed at the end.

Linneus places this among the didynamia angiofpermia ; there bein
‘which two are longer and two fhorter, and the feeds being contained

3 and the feed-veffel is of an oval figure,

The feed-veffel is large and round; and the
feeds are numerous and fmall.

It is common in waters on the hills in the
north of England; and flowers in July.

Ray led Linneus into the calling this a {pecies
of rapuntium; for he fays its flower makes it
fuch, though the feed-veffel fhews a difference :
but if the feed-veffel had been as like that of
rapuntium as the flower, ftill the whole plant is
fo perfectly unlike, and its leaves are fo extreamly
fingular, that there is. reafon enough to keep it
as a diftinét genus.

Clufius calls it Gladiolus lacuftris Dortmanni,
from the name of Dortman a German apothecary,
from whom he firft received it: but, as gladiolus
is the name of a diftin& genus, it is better to call
it, as Rudbeck does, dortmanna. C. Bauhine calls
it Leucoium paluftre flore fubceruleo. Others,
Gladiolus paluftris.

There is nothing known of the virtues of this
or of the preceding plant: they are food for
ducks and other water-fowl.

S XV.

RAPE,
NCH EF,

it confifts of a tube
the upper lip is broad, hollow, and
gments, and turns back : the cup is
but fomewhat oblong,
g four threads in the flower, of
in a capfule.

DIVI-

The BRITISHIMER BAL; tay

DIV IS TON °k

1. Common Broomrape.

Orobanche vulgaris.

This is a fingular and ftrange plants having
neither the colour of the generality of plants, nor
any thing that can properly be called leaves.

The root is thick, roundifh, and compofed of
a multitude of fcales, of a tough fubitance and
yellowifh colour, laid irregularly over one ano-
ther. : a

The ftalic is fingle, thick, upright, undivided,
and a foot and half high : its colour is yellowith,
and its fubftance light and tender.

At diftances, from the bottom to the top,
there ftand certain little membranes of a yel-
lowith brown alfo: thefe are fhort, and of an
irregular figure, and are all it has by way of
leaves:

The flowers ftand at the top of the ftalk, and,
for a great way down it, at diftances one from
another ; and each has one of thefe little mem-
branes under it.

They are large, and gape very wide open:
their colour is in part yellowifh, and in part a
dead faded purple; and their threads are white,
and have black buttons, which are as confpi-
cuous as any thing in the flower.

The feed-veflel is oblong, and large at the
bottom : the feeds are very minute.

It is common in barren paftures, and fome-
times is found in cornfields.

It grows no where fo plentifully as among }

fields of broom on barren heathy hills; in thefe
places it ufually grows to the root of the broom,
and thence ‘obtained its Englifh name of droom-
rape but they err who fuppofe it will not grow
elfewhere. It flowers in July. Pa

C. Bauhine calls it Orobanche major garyophyl- |:

lum oleus. J. Bauhine, Orobanche flore majore, O-

“thers, Orobanche vulgaris.

This fpecies fometimes has a lightly aromatick
fmell, but frequently nothing of this is to be ob-
ferved : it depends in a great meafure on the place
of growth and particular condition of the plant.

Dii-V 1.S:1-O-N ID

1. Great-flowered Broomrape.
Orobanche flore maximo.

This is a much larger plant than either of our
kinds, and the flowers are alfo remarkably larger,
even in proportion to the bignefs of the whole,

The root is an irregular knob, with fome few
ftraggling fibres: this knob is compofed of fcales,
in the manner of ours, but it is not fo large.

The ftalk is firm, upright, a yard high, and
not at all branched ; and the whole plant is of a
redifh colour.

What ftand for leaves are only a kind of {mall
membranes fticking clofe to the ftalk : there are
more of them toward the bottom, fewer toward
the top, and they are all of the fame colour with
the ftalk, except that they are at firft a little
deeper.

FOREIGN

BR beTss8\Hy ¢SeB B.C. Bes.

‘It is good againft obftru€tions, and is bef
given in a ftrong infufion, ,

The herb mutt be frefh gathered for this pur-
pofe, and the whole cut into thin flices, and hav-
ing water poured on it: this, with a little white
wine and fyrup of marfhmallows, operates pow-
erfully by urine, and is good in jaundices and
obftructions of the fpleen.

A confervé of it is alfo recommended by fome
againft hypocondriac complaints: and an oint-
ment made of it with lard againft {chirrous tu-
mours, :

2. Branched Broomrapes

Orobanche ramofa.

The root is thick, large, and tuberous ; it is
compofed of numerous irregular feales, in the
manner of the other; and there are feveral fibres
grow to it.

The ftalk is firm, erect, and vety much
branched: it is of a redifh colour, much flen-
derer than that of common broomrape, and of a
firmer fubftance,and grows fix or eight inches high.

The branches rife from it on all fides from the
bottom nearly to the top.

There aré no leaves but a few membranes,
which are of a pale yellowith, and fometimes of
-a purplith colour; and grow irregularly on the
ftalk and branches. ;

_ The flowers ftand in fpikes at the tops of the
ftalks, thickly compacted together; and they are
of a pale red, large, and confpicuous. ;

The feed-veffel is oval, and the feeds are very
minute,

This is found in cornfields in the fouthern
counties of England, but is not common,

C. Bauhine calls it Orobanche ramofa. J. Bau-
hine, Orobanche minor purpureis floribus five ra-
mofa.

The common broomrape is fometimes found with
a flower fmaller than ordinary, and in this con-
dition has been defcribed by fome as a difting
fpecies; but itis no more than a variety owing
to accident in the growth, °

5 P-EiCa ES.

The flowers ftand at the top, in a thiek, fhort:
fpike, or a large tuft ; and they are long, and of
a deep purple; and are obvioufly diftinguithed
by the buttons of the threads, which ftand out
from the mouth of the flower.

The feed-veflel is large and oblong ; and the
feeds are very minute.

It is frequent in woods in the fouth of France;
and flowers in April. ;

C. Bauhine calls it Orobanche flore majore.
J. Bauhine, Orobanche magna purpurea monfpef-

Sulana. ‘

2. Single-owered Broomrape.
Orobanche flore folitario.

The root is a fmall knot of a fcaly ftructure,
from which there run lengthwife a few fibres.
From

128 The BRIT I

SHLAA E RBA.

From this rife feveral {talks together: they are
round, weak, fender, and naked, except at the
bafe near the ground, where they have fome little
membranes in the place of leaves.

The whole plant is: not more than four inches
high; and at the top of the ftalk ftands a fingle
flower.

This is large and yellow, though the colour

Ge sEna. dN,

varies greatly, for it is fometimes purplifh or
blue.

It is a native of North America, and flowers
in April.

Ray calls it Orobanche aut helleborine affinis ma~
vilandica caule nudo unico in fummitate flore.

It isa very fingular and very beautiful fpecies.

Urey XVI.

TOOTHWORT.

ANBLATUM.

HE flower confifts of a fingle petal, and approaches to’ the labiated fhape: the whole is forinetl
into a tube, and two lips: the tube is fhort: the upper lip is long and undivided; the lower
lip is fhorter, but is alfo ftrait and undivided: thefe ftand gaping open, and, are both compreffed :

the feed-veffel is roundifh, and pointed: the cup
ments at the edge.

is {woln, flatted, and divided into four flight feg-

‘
Linnzus places this among his didynamia angiofpermia, the threads in each flower being four, of

which two are longer, two fhorter, and the fe
away its familiar and ufual name anblatum, and c
: This is his conduét in his Genera but in that

eds contained in a capfule. This author has taken
alls it /quamnaria.

later work his Species Plantarum, he has joined it

with fome others, under the common name Jathrea.
Thefe genera approach very near to one another; but the difference is fufficient on which to efta-

blifh their abfolute diftinétion.
to Britain and all the north of Europe.

Toothwort.
Anblatum.

The root is extreamly fingulat in form and
fubftance: it is thick, white, flefhy, and of a
fealy ftructure, fpreading a great way, and that
in a very irregular manner, juft under the furface,

_ One piece growing fideways from another, and a
third from that, and fo on in every difection.

The ftalks are numerous: they rife from va-
rious parts of the root, but only one from each
head: they are thick, flefhy, tender, white, or
brownifh, and fix or feven inches high: the
fkin is tender, and the interfial part full of a
watery juice.

There are properly no leaves, but a kind of

membranes, ftanding irregularly on the ftalk, in
the manner of thofe of broomrape.

There is but one known fpecies of anblatum, and that is common

: as

‘The flowers ftand in a fhort feries at the top
of the ftalk.

They are large, and of a faint purple; or
whitith, with a purple tinge. ;

The feed-veflel is very large, and the feeds are
numerous and minute. :

It is found under hedges and about the roots
of trees where the foil is loofe and crumbly, and
where there is a covering of dead leaves. It is
not very common, and it is often overlooked,

Tt flowers in April.

C. Bauhine calls it Orobanche radice dentata
major. Others, Dentaria major, dentaria mathioli, .
and anblatum. Some, Apyllon. :

It is cooling and aftringent. The root, dried
and powdered, is to be taken, a dram for E
dofe, and will have great effe&, It is recom-
mended againft ruptures, and internal bruifes,

lop)
eo
oo

If,

Plants of which there is no fpecies native of Briratn,

GEN

UP 8 i;

CLANDESTINA,

HE flower confifts of a fingle petal, and
tube and two lips: the tube is oblong,
or fwoln figure: the upper lip is hollow,
fmall, blunt fegments, and turns back :

{

approaches to the labiated kind: it is formed into 4

and the lips ftand gaping open, and are of an inflated
ei has a crooked point : the lower lip is divided into three
the cup is hollow, and divided deeply into four fi :
_and the feed-veffel is large, rounded, and terminated by a point. = EE? aagok
a: | Qree

Linnzus

7 :
: Ge a | re Y
y Common Ly cbright \a
a \ \ tgs : 4 Creatlroad leavam Yobright-
. A y Y, oN . : 4

a
MW hod?
me j) YY; :

YN
io 4 ® {

voonerape

oe
se 4 Raga Siem
chine Avs 3k
<a eae
Sit

are

The BRITISH HERBAL, 429

Linnzus places this among the didynamia angiofpermia s the feeds being contained in a capfule, and
the flower having four threads, two longer, and two fhorter. :

This author takes away its former name, and calls it Jathred. It has the name clandefina from
this circumftance, that almoft the whole plant is buried, and grows under ground, nothing appear-
ing above the furface but a {mall part of the ftalk and the fpike of flowers. x8

Purple Clandeftina.

' Clandeftina purpurea.
The root, properly and diftinétly fo called, is
only a tuft of black, fhort fibres; but if we

comprehend under that name all the part of the
plant under ground, it isto be called thick and

branched : this part, however, is properly the »

ftalk, not the root of the plant, and is to be
confidered as fuch, from its manner of growing
and office, though it take the place of the root ;
thefe black fibres alone being confidered as part
of the root.

The ftalk is five inches high, thick, and di-
vided into many branches: it is of a whitifh
colour, and full of juice, and is covered with a
kind of rudiments of leaves: thefe. are fhort,
broad, and thin; and they lie in a fealy form
upon the ftalks,

Many of thefe fhoot from the main ftem, and
grow two or three inches high all the way within
the earth, where they perifh without ever com-
ing to the air: the main, or principal ftalk only
pierces the furface of the ground, and fhews it-
felf. This is full of the buds of flowers
and rifes, in a crooked form, an inch and half
long; and in forme degree, from its fhape and
colour, refembles the comb of a cock.

The flowers foon ‘after open, and are large,
and of a deep purple, as is alfo the ftalk: and all
that appears above ground, and fometimes what
is below, though that is more ufually white.

The feed-veffél is roundith and large: the feeds
are minute. f

It is found in forefts in many parts of Gers
many,

Mentzelius calls it Orobanche radice dentata
altius radicante foliis et floribus purpureis.

Gra Bh oN Sg ap
BIRTH WORT.

ARE SOT OO BOe Ga FA

HE flower confifts of a fingle petal, and is of an irregular figure : it is formed into a tube, which
has a roundifh, folded bafe, the foldings being fix; and a wide mouth, which in the lower
part runs out into a very long and undivided tongue: the tube is flightly hexangular: it has no cups
the feed-veffel is large and roundifh, and in fome degree hexangular.
Linnzeus places this among his gynandria bexandria; the buttons being fix, and growing without

threads to the piftil.

It very plainly belongs to the reft of this clafs; the flower being compofed of one petal
of an irregular form, and followed by a fingle feed-veffel,; and it is one of the misfortunes of Lin-
nzus’s method that he feparates it from thofe to which it is allied, placing it ina difting arrange*
ment, becaufe of this little fingularity of the buttons. ,

1. Round Birthwort,
Ariftolochia rotunda.

The root is very large, tuberous, and of a
roundifh figure, with many fibres growing irre-
gularly from various parts of its furface: it is
rough on the furface, brown on the outfide, and
yellow within ; and is of a bitter and very difa-
greeable tafte.

The ftalks are numerous, weak, and fquare:
they are of a pale green colour, and are two feet
long, but not able to fupport themfelves up-
right.

The leaves are placed fingly, and at confide-
rable diftances, and have no footftalks: they are
large, and of a deep green: they are of a heart-
fafhioned fhape, encompafling the ftalk at the
bafe, and thence growing fmaller to the end,
where they terminate in an obtufe point.

The flowers ftand fingly on long footftalks
rifing from the bofoms of the leaves: they are
long and crooked, and are of a greenifh colour
on the outfide, and of a blackifh purple within.

The feed-velfel is very large, and of an oval

N° 13.

figure: it contains many feeds, with a fungous
matter between them.

It is common in the hedges of Spain and Traly,

and in the fouth of France.
C. Bauhine calls it Ariftolochia rotunda flore ex
purpura nigro, Others, only Ariftolochia rotunda.
There is a variety of this plant, with the ower
Of a whitith purple, inftead of a blackith purple:
this'has been treated of as a diftin& fpecies, but
it is nothing more than a variation from accident.

2. Long Birthwort,
Ariftolochia longa,

This is diftinguifhed at fight from the other,
though it greatly refemble it in the general form,
by its having footftalks to the leaves, the other’
having none.

The root is large, thick, and of an irreoular
oblong figure. i

The ftalks are numerous, weak, and fquare:
they are of a pale green, a foot and half long,
but not erect: they trail, and hang among any
thing that will fupport them.

L } ty eerie

130 The

BRITISH HERBAL

The leaves are rough, of a pale green, and of
a heart-fafhioned fhape, but with an obtufe point:
they ftand alternately, and have moderately long,
flender, pale green footftalks.

The flowers rife fingle from the bofoms of the
leaves, and are long, hollow, and crooked :
each has its feparate fhort footftalk ; and is of a
greenifh colour, and ftriated on the outfide, and
purple and rough within. ‘

The feed-veflel is large and oval, and contains
numerous feeds, with a pithy or fpungy white
matter between them.

It is a native of Spain and Italy ; and flowers
in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Ariftolochia longa vera. O-
thers, Ariftolochia longa bifpanica; and, fimply,
Aviftolochia longa.

3. Clinching Birthwort.
Ariftolochia clematitis.

The root is long, flender, and creeping: it
runs under the furface, and fends up a great
number of ftalks from different parts, and a mul-
titude of black fibres downward.

The ftalks are of a pale green, jointed, and
crooked, but more firm than the others, and
three feet high.

The leaves are large, and of a heart-fafhioned
fhape: they ftand alternately, and have long
footftalks.

The flowers rife from the bofoms of the leaves,
but not fingly, as in the two preceding kinds,
but in confiderable tufts together: they are long
and hollow, and of a pale greenifh white colour.

The feed-veffel is very large: when fully
grown it is as big as a wallnut ; and it contains

- many feeds, with a white fpungy matter between

‘them.

It is a native of the fouth of France; and
flowers in June. :

T have feen it in woods in Effex, but imagine
it came from. roots or pieces of the ftalks out
of lord Petre’s garden.

C. Bauhine calls it Ariftolochia clematitis refa.
Others, Ariftolochia faracenica ; and, fimply, Arif:
tolochia clematitis.

4. Small Birthwort.
Ariftolochia minor piftolochia diffa.

The root is compofed of a great many tube-
rous, long, and not very thick pieces, with ma-
ny fibres growing to them, and among them.

The ftalks are numerous, very weak, and
trailing: they are a foot long, crooked from
joint to joint, and of a pale green,

The leaves ftand on fhort footftalks, and they

are fmall, and heart-fafhioned, very lightly and |

irregularly notched at the edges, and fometimes
not at all fo, and blunt at the end.

The flowers are large, hollow, and crooked
as the othets; they rife fingly from the bofoms
of the leaves.

The feed-veffel is large, and has a white pith
in it, together with the feeds,

It is a native of France, and flowers in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it rifolocharia piftolochia
difia. Others, Ariftolechia parva; and Ariftolo-
chia polyrrbizos,

Thefe four poflefs the fame virtues, and are
warm, drying, and aperient. The round is the
beft,; the long has the next degree of virtue ;
thefe others much lefs.

It is ufed in the famous powder now in fo
great efteem for the gout, and is one of the
chief ingredients : fome have omitted it in mak-
ing that powder for female patients, and the effeét
has been greatly impaired. The reafon of omit:
ting it on thefe occafions has been its power as
a promoter of the menfes, not at that time re-
quired. : 4
Birthwort is a ftrong, but difagreeable bitter ;
this makes it lefs ufed than it deferves. It is ex-
cellent in diforders of the head, and in obftruc-
tions of the vifcera.

It is given with fuccefs againft the ftuffings
of the lungs, and obftruétions of the menfes; and
is excellent to promote the neceflary difcharges
in lying-in.

5. Snakeroot Birthwort.
Aviftolockia ferpentaria virginiana diffa.

The root confifts of a vaft quantity of long,
flender, and interwoven filaments with a fmall
head: thefe are of a pale greenifh brown colour,
and are of a fragrant fmell.

The ftalk is flender, jointed, weak, and un-
able to fupport itfelf erect: it is a foot or more
in length, and of a pale green, rarely at all
branched.

The leaves-are oblong, and of a fmooth fur-
face: they are of a pale green colour, and ftand
on flender footftalks: they approach to the heart-
fafhioned fhape, but lefs than in the other kinds.

The flowers have Jong footftalks : they rife
from the bofoms of the leaves, or naked joints
of the ftalk: they are long and hollow, like the
others,

The feed-veffel is large, and contains many
feeds, with a white pith furrounding them.

It is a native of Virginia, and of other parts
of North America; and flowers in July.

This is the plant whofe root is called at
the druggifts Serpentaria Virginiana, Plukenet
calls it Ariftolochia piftolochia, Jeu Serpentaria Vir-

Siniana caude nedofo. Others, Piftolochia Virgi
niana,

Thofe who gather the roots for exportation
are not fo careful as they fhould be in taking only
the right kind; for there are feveral other {pecies
of {mall Jirthworts common wild in the fame
places; they fancy they have all the fame vir-
tues, and therefore gather all together: but
experience fhews this, though countenanced by
fome great names, to be an error; for not: one
of the others has the fragrancy or true tafte of
ae: they fhould therefore be feparated “cares
ully,

The root of this kind is
Indians as a remed
ferpents,

celebrated among the
y againft the bites of venomous
: whence it had the name Jnakeroot ; and
with us it is found to be an excellent cordial and
fudorifick,

It is good in fevers,

in all diforders of sig
head and nerves,

and in obftrudtions of the vifcera,
It may be taken in powder or infufion, but the
ft way is in tin@ure made in brandy.

6. Spear-

The {BURT Sue? HRERABEAGID | aah

6. Spear-pointed Birthwort.
Ariftolochia foliis lanceolatis,

The root confifts of a vaft number of long,
flender filaments.

The ftalk is upright, firm, and hard; of a
pale green colour, and almoft woody fubftance.

The leaves ftand alternately, and have fhort
footftalks: they are long, narrow, and heart-
fafhioned at the bafe, but they run out from
thence into a flender, fharp point.

' The flowers are long, hollow, and of 4 dufky

colour: they have fhort footftalks, and they -
ftand fingly in the bofoms of the leaves.

The fruit is large and roundith ; and the feeds
Have a pithy fubftance about them:

It is a native of Virginia, and flowers in
Augutt:

Plukenet callé it Avoffolochia polyrrbixes auricu
latis foliis Virginiana.

Itis one of the kinds the rots of which are ufed
among thofe of the right Virginian fnakeroot;
but it is very rhuch inferior to the trué kind in
virtue,

Gy ee Neva ¢$ Hil.

GERARDIA.,

MPHE flower is made of a fingle petal, and is of the labiated form: it confifts of a tube and two-
lips: the tube is oblong and rounded: the upper lip is broad, obtufe, and emarginated : the
lower lip is divided into three fegments, and turned back: the cup is divided at the edge into five
fegments ; and the feed-veffel is of an oval form, and opens at the bafe. ; %
Linnzus places this among the didynamia angiofpermia: the threads in the flower being four, two
longer and two fhorter, and the feeds enclofed in a capfule.
Others have referred the feveral fpecies of this genus to the foxgloves, but they are abfolutely difting,
Another plant of the umbelliferous kind, and altogether different from this, has been called berba
gerardi: \et the ftudent take care the found of the name do not confound in his mind plants fo

diftinct. -

1. Narrow-leaved Gerardia.
Gerardia foliis anguftis.

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
many fibres.

The ftalk is round, firm, ereét, rarely at all
branched, and a foot high.

The leaves ftand in pairs, and have no foot-
ftalk: they are long, very narrow, and of a
pale green ; pointed at the ends, and undivided
at the edges.

The flowers rife from the bofoms of the leaves,
and are very large and beautiful: they ftand
fingly, and have fhort footftalks: they are hol-
low, deep, wide open at the mouth, and of a
beautiful red colour,

The feed-veffel is large and oval; and the
feeds are fmall, numerous, and brown.

It is a native of Virginia, and flowers in
June.

Plukenet calls it Digitalis Virginiana rubra
foliis et facie autirrhini vulgaris.

2. Jagged-leaved Gerardias
Gerardia foltis laciniatis.

The root is compofed of numerous thick
fibres,

The ftalk is round, firm, brownifh, ereét, and
a foot and a half high. — :

The leaves are placed in pairs, and have no
footftalks: they are long, narrow, and: very
deeply divided all along the edges, infomuch
that fome toward the bottom of the plant are
of a pinnated form..

The flowers are numerous, large, and beauti-
ful: they are hollow, deep, and of a gold yel-
low colour: they rife from the bofoms of the
leaves fingly on long footftalks, and one or two
of them generally terminate the ftalk. a

The feed-veffel is oval and large: the feeds
are numerous and fmall.

It is a native of Virginia, and flowers in July.

Gronovius calls it Avonymos floribus flavis {peci«
ofis digitalis equalibus.

GOR Oe NY UNS IV,
CHELONE.

HE. flower confifts of a fingle petal approaching to the labiated form: it is difpofed into 4 tube
and two lips: the tube is fhort, and the opening of the mouth is inflated and oblong: the
upper lip is obtufe and dentated at the top: the lower lip is very lightly divided into three fegments,
and there is no opening: the cup is fmall, and divided at the end into five fegments: the feed-

veffel is oval and oblong.

Linnzus places this among the didynamia angiofpermia; the threads being in éach flower four, two
longer and two fhorter, and the feeds contained in a capfule. There is ia all the fpecies 4 rudiment

of a fifth thread.

Smooth

132 Thee BRITISH HERBAL

Smooth Chelone: The flowers are Jarge and white: they ftand in
his elabri {mall clufters at the top of the ftalk and branches,
CES Sig and are of a'fingular afpect, fhort, thick, hollow,

and clofe at the mouth.
The feed-veffel is oval, and the feeds are large
and three-cornered.

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
many fibres. ;
The ftalks are numerous, round, firm, up-

right, and confiderably branched. It is a native of North America, and flowers
The leaves are long, narrow, and beautifully | in July.

ferrated at the edges: they ftand very irregu- Tournefort calls it Chelone acadienfis fore albo,

larly on the ftalks ; thofe toward the bottom al- | Ray, Digitalis| mariana perfice folio, the larger

ternately ; and thofe toward the top in pairs. leaves refembling thofe of the peach tree.

GE ING! UO se ae
TRUMPET FLOWER.
BIGNONIA.

HIE flower is made of a fingle petal, and is of the labiated form: it confifts of a tube, a hol«
low body, anda divided rim: the tube, properly fo called, is very fhort, and reaches no farther
than the cup: the body is very long and hollow; and the rinv is divided into five parts, two of which
are turned back ; thefe {tand upwards, and the other three hang downward, and fpread out: the
cup is hollow, and divided into five fegments at the rim; and the feed-veffel is formed in the man-
ner of a pod. :
Linneus places this among the didynamia angiofpermia; the threads in each flower being four.
two longer and two fhorter, and the feeds being contained in a capfule. ,

1, Ever-green Trumpetflower. 2, Finger-leaved Trumpetflower:
Pinang. [mp vir ens. Bignonia fohiis digitatis.
The root is long; thick, tough, and fpreading.
The ftalks are numerous, very long, weak,

and climbing, but of 2 woody fubftance.

The leaves ftand in pairs, and have very fhort
footftalks : they are large, oblong, and confide-

, rably broad, undivided at the edges, and fharp-

pointed.

The flowers ftand in the bofoms of the leaves,
and have fhort footftalks; two ftand together,
one in the bofom of each leaf of the pair, and
fo all the way up the ftalk : they are large and
yellow, and have a very fragrant fmell.

The root is long, fpreading, and full of fibres,

The ftem is woody, and the bark brown, with
a tinge of red.

The leaves are of a very beautiful colour and
figure: five grow on every footftalk, and are
difpofed in a digitated manner: three of the five
ftand forwards, and have long footftalks ; two
are fhorter and ftand back, and thefe have alfo
very fhort footftalks: they are of a firm fub-
ftance, and their colour is a bright green.

The flowers are very large, and white.

The feed-veffel is of a heart-fafhioned thape. The feed-veffel is long, in the manner of a

The feeds are winged. pod, and when ripe it fplits at the end,

It is a native of Virginia, and has been called | 1t is a native of Jamaica, and grows on the
by many names. ‘ banks of waters, ‘and in damp places: it flowers

Plukenet calls it Syringa velubilis Virginiana, | '° July. :
myrti majoris folio, alato femine, floribus odoratis Sir Hans Sloane has deferibed it under the

luteis. Catetby, Fafininum luteum odoratum Vir- | name of Nerio affinis filiquofa, folio palmato flore
ginianum feandens fempervirens. Ray and others | aldo.
allow it as a Bignonia.

GreEaeNy Up S:2-VBR
BEARS BREECH.
4C AN T H U,S.

HE flower confifts of a fingle petal, and approaches in fhape to the labiated kind: the whole is

: formed into two parts, a tube and a fingle lip. The tube is very fhort: there feems an upper
lip wanting ; the lower, which is its only lip, is very long, ‘and divided into four obtufe {e Pha :
the cup is of a fingular ftru€ture, as well as the flower: it confifts of fix leaves ; two ak 1 d
fideways, oppolite, and erect, and thefe are fmall; two are again placed oppofite. dl ftand He
and bottom; thefe are larger; and there are befide thefe, two other very minute BR whofe pofi ae
is alfo fideways. The feed-veffel is oval. : ai ek ber

Linnzus places this among the didynamia angiofpermia the threads in each Aower be
longer and two fhorter, and the feeds contained in a capfule,
: 4

ing four, two

1. Smooth

cpa’ ged ue! ee
r /@ AMV

Prrihly thears Porecdhe uN
CnLUI od he baller ge

‘ Vie op 4p a8 co Be lov tat’ | Kige, bani Tosanitin : eZ ve ZL Sil

PS ate
a

nee

eiaignate

‘i un

nana

2 rere t
mebaag

Tints
mye

’

_ the “BRI TTS H* HER BA.

133

1. Smooth Bears Breech:

Acanthus mollis.

The root is long, flender, white, divided into
imany parts; and furnifhed with numerous fibres.

The firft leaves are large; and extreamly beau-
tiful: they rife in clufters teh or twelve together,
and have no footftalks : they {pread as they grow
up, and fome lie upon the ground, while thofe
in the middle keep mote erect. ;

Thefe leaves are long, and confiderably broad,
deeply divided into three or four pairs of large
fegments at the edges, and they terminate in a
larger portion, of the fame form, at the point:
thefe feveral parts are all irregularly indented at
the édges, and give the leaf the afpect of thofe
of the pinnated kind, though they are not divided
nearly to the rib: the colour is a beautiful deep
green, and the furface glofly. The curious reader
will not be offended at fo long and minute a
defcription of a leaf admired fo extreamly for
its beauty among the antients, and copied into
fo many of their ornamental works.

The ftalk rifes in the centre of this clufter of
leaves, and is thick, firm, upright, and three
feet high : the leaves ftand irregularly on it, and
are large toward the bottom, and fmaller near
the top; fo that they give the whole plant a
conical figure: thofe on the upper part of the
ftalk are more divided at the edge, and thofe at
the lower part lefs.

The flowers ftand in a long, thick fpike, ter-
minating the ftalk, and are large and white.

The feed-veffels are large, and the feeds are
{mall.

It is a native of Italy, and of the Greek iflands,
and flowers in June. .

C. Bauhine calls it Acanthus fativus five mollis
Virgilii. Others, Branca urfina, and Acanthus
Jativus, and Acanthus mollis. We call it Brank
urfine, or Bears breech. It grows very well in our
gardens.

A great deal of learned nonfenfe has been put
together by criticks on the fubject of the acan-
thus of the antients: but had they been better
botanifts they would have been more in a condi-
‘tion to have underftood their authors; and would
have faved their readers much trouble.

The names acanthus and acantha occur very
frequently in the writings of the Greeks and Ro-
mans, and are often ufed for different prickly fhrubs
and plants, according to the more or lefs accurate
expreffion, or determinate meaning of their authors;
but the reader at this time is little concerned about
any except the one plant, properly, determi-
nately, and generally, called Acanthus. This
was the herb whofe leaves they have fo much
celebrated for their beauty; and which, we find,
their artifts have introduced into various kinds of
carved work, and of which the leaves in the
capital of the Corinthian order in architeGture are
formed. ‘his is the proper acaxthus, and is the
kind here defcribed and figured.

Its greateft fame is in the capital juft named,
which, we are told, Callimachus formed upon
the model of a bafket, covered with a tile, and
furrounded with the leaves of an acanthus plant,
upon whofe root it had accidentally been fet.
This bafket continues the vafe of the capital;
the leaves and ftalks are the ornaments with

N° XIV.

(| which it is covereds and the tile forms. its

abacus. <A d

Such was the original Corinthian capital; but
fculptors, even in thofe ages of chafter tafte;
had the error, fo common at this time, of fup-
pofing every thing that is laboured muft be
beautiful. Inftead of the great and noble fimi-
plicity of this natural leaf, they foon began to
decorate it with more carving: they fplit thé

edges of its feveral fegments; varioufly in- °

to three; or into five diftiné: and feparate
leaves: thefe they left plain and even at. the
edges; and, becaufe the form of the whole was
altered, they called the firft variation, where the
divifion was into three, the /aurel, and the other;
where it was into five, the olfve leaf. In both,
the proper form and beauty of the leaf are loft :
it is neither noble nor in nature: it becomes a
monftrous production of ignorant att: the wholé
is a body of dcanthus leaf bearing olive or laurel
leaves at its top and fides.

One grieves to fee this in the antique, but the

remains of many of their great works are dif-
graced by it. The leaves on the capitals of the
columns in the temple of Vefta at Rome are of
the laurel kind ; thofe of the Bafilick of Antonine
of the olive ; and there are many more inftances,
needlefs to be recounted here, both of one and the
other divifion. In the temple of Veta at Tivoli
we fee the true acantbus. Nothing refleéts more up-
on the tafte of architecture, in that time of its emi-
nent glory, fo much as this infule upon nature ; the
preferring to her great fimplity the littlenefé of art;

2. Prickly Bears Breech.

Acanthus aculeatus.

The root is long, thick, ufually fingle, but
furnifhed with many fmall fibres.

The leaves that rife from it are very large and
beautiful; but they have not the elegant fim-
plicity of thofe of the former kind: they aré
long and broad, and are divided fo deeply into
many pairs of fegments that they very much re-
femble the pinnated form, but they are not cut

to the middle rib: thefe fegments are notched at*

the edges, and the whole leaf is covered with
long, white, and fharp prickles, :

The ftalk rifes in the centre of this tuft, and
is thick, firm, upright, and two foot and a half
high.

The leaves that ftand on it are like thofe from
the root, but lefs divided, and of a paler green.

The flowers are large and white, and they
ftand in a thick {pike terminating the ftalk.

The feed-veffel is large and oblong; and the
feeds are {mall.

It is not uncommon in Italy, growing moftly in
damp fhady places about the edges of rivers and
in thickets, It flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Acanthus aculeatus. Others,
Acanthus filveftris.

This {pecies was known to the antients as fa-
miliarly as the former, but they did not much
regard it. Some ef more depraved tafte intro-
duced its figure into ornaments of carved work ;
but it makes a confufed and poor appearance.
The true acanthus leaves have an open freedom
and an eafy grace not found in any of thefe,
whether from art or nature.

Mm Befide.

134. The

BRITISH HERBAL.

Befide the variations we have named in the
Corinthian capital, where the antients cut the
ends and tops of the acamidus into laurel and
olive leaves, we are to mention that in the re-
mains of what is called the compofite orders
thefe ends are cut and fplit with the chiffel much
farther than in nature. In this ftate they are cal-
led parfley leaves; and we fee an inftance of them
in the compofite columns of the arch of Severus,
and elfewhere: but they are here more pardonable,
though no where to be commended. ‘The Ro-
mans had a right to indulge their fancy in this
compofition (for it does not deferve the name of
an order), becaufe it was of their own invention ;
but they are inexcufable in maiming the Corin-
thian, a proper and diftinét order, and the inven-
tions of their mafters the Greeks, the fathers of
{cience.

3+ Holly-leaved Acanthus.
Acanthus foliis aquifolii.

The root is long and fpreading.
The ftalks are numerous, large, woody, and

oe aes

armed with many fhort, but very fharp and fturdy
prickles: they are tough, and covered with a
pale greyith rind. k

The leaves are large, oblong, confiderably
broad, and of a bluifh green colour: they are
deeply and very irregularly divided into three or
four fegments on each fide, and thefe all end in
prickles: they terminate alfo in a fhort; irregular,
prickly point at the extremity.

The flowers grow at the tops of thie branches,
and are very large and gaping.

The feed-vefféls are large and double; and the
feéds are fmall.

Itis a native of the Eaft Indies.

Cominelin calls it Carduns aquaticus fplveftris
inodorus. Pitiver, Acanthus Malabaricus agrifolio
folio.

The root is efteemed good in the gravel. The
roots of the common acanthus have the fame vir-
tues, operating by urine, but not in a degree
worth: notice,

U a8 VII.

BUA R (Ghar alas:

HE flower confifts of a fingle petal, and approaches to the labiated kind:
tube, a body, and two lips: the tube is fhort, and is contained in the cup:

it is formed into a
the body is oblong

and {welled : the upper lip is nip’d at the end, and ftands ere&t: the under one is divided into three

fegments ; the middle one of which is juft of the figure of the entire upper lip;
into five flender fegments ; and the feed-veffel is oblong and fquare.

the cup is divided

Linnaeus places this among the didynamia angiofpermia,

1. Four-prickled Barleria,
Barleria fpinis quaternis.

The root is large, divided into many parts,
and full of fpreading fibres.

The ftem is hard, woody and covered with a
brown bark. :

There are numerous and very fharp prickles
on the branches, and they are difpofed very re-
gularly, four together, in form of a crofs.

The leaves are large and oblong: they ftand
in pairs, and have very fhort footftalks : they are

Garr

NUS

of a bright green, undivided at the edges, and
fharp-pointed.

The flowers rife from the bofoms of the leaves,
and are large and beautiful : each has its feparate
fhort footftalk, and there generally grows a tuft
of young leaves about them.

The feed-veffel is large, and fpread on the fur-
aes and the feeds are numerous, rounded, and

at.

It is a native of the Eaft Indies,
in July.

- Plukenet calls it Melampyro cognata maderos
patana fpinis horrida. The Indians, Coletsa veetla,

VIII.

OIlLY-iG R A IN,
SESAMU™M.

HE flower confifts of a fingle petal
whole is formed into a finall tube,

and contained within the cup:
into five parts,
from the reft :
oblong,
Linnzus places this,. as the others,

> and fomewhat approache: i ind:
areata aay PProaches to the labiated kind: the
the body is large and broad, deep and hollow ;
four of which are broad and equal, ‘
the cup is divided into five fmall fegments at the edge:
and fquare, and contains numerous feeds.

! among the didynamia angio [perinia
being four, two of which are longer and two thorter, f

and a divided edge: the tube is fhort,

the edge is divided
and altogether different
the feed-veffel is large,

and the fifth narrow,

3 the threads in each flower
and the feeds contained in a capfule.

1. Long-

and flowers

The BRUTY SH) Hop ih Hee

1. Long-leaved Sefamum.
Sefainum faliis oblongis.

The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with
many fibres.

The firft leaves are long and large: they rife
in a thick clufter, and have fhort footftalks; and
their colour is a pale green: they are broadeft
toward the bafe, fharp at the point, and flightly
indented at the edges,

The ftalk is thick, firm, upright, and not at
all branched : it is two foot and a half high, and
is of a pale green, and ftriated on the furface.

The leaves are numerous, and of a pale green:

‘they are perfectly like thofe from the root, only

fmaller and lefS indented, and fometimes not at
all fo. ‘

The flowers are large, and white, with a tinge
of purplith ; fometitnes altogethet red: they rife
from the bofoms of the leaves, and ftand on
fhort, flender footftalks.

The feed-veffel is long and large, and contains
a large quantity of feeds.

It is a native of Zeylon and Malabar, and is
fown in fields about Adrianople.

Burman calls it Digitalis orientalis fefamum
digta. Others, only Sefamum. The flower fome-
what refembles foxglove, whence it has obtained
the name of oriental foxglove , but the feed-veffel
is perfectly different, andmakes it another genus.

An oil is made from it in Turkey, and is
famous in many external applications. We ufed

G BON Usa

135
to have it here, but it is of late neglected én-
tirely. It is efteemed good againft headachs;
and a few drops put into ears for deafness. :

2. Various-leaved Sefamum.

Selamum foliis variis.

The root is long, large, and White: it pené~
trates deep into the ground, and has a few fibres,

The firft leaves are oblong, broad, fmall, and
of a deep green: they have fhort footftalks, and
are undivided at the edges; ’

The ftalk is round, firm,
all branched. .

The leaves grow in -pairs, but they are con-
fiderably different in form on the various parts of
the plant: thofe which grow lowermoft are di-
vided into three parts, two fhort toward the bafe,
and one long, which terthinates theth; and all
thefe are indented at the edges. The upper leaves
are oblong, narrow, and indented ; they are broad.
eft at the bafe, and fmaller all the way to the
point; arid they have long and flender foot-
ftalks. ;

The flowers grow in the bofoms of the leaves:
they are’ very large, and have feparate flender
footftalks. :

The feed-veffél is long and fquared; and the
feeds are numerous, f

It is a native of the Eaft Indies,
in July.

Plukenet calls it Sefamum alterum Solis trifidis.

upright, and not at

and flowers

IX,

n ROU Es ly at:

FIAHE flower confitts of a fingle petal, and approaches to thé labiated form : ‘it confitts of a fhort

; tube, hid within the cup; an open and drooping neck; and, above that,
five fegments : two of thefe which ftand upward are fomewhat reflex; the oth
ward, and are more ftrait: the cup is formed of a fingle leaf, divided at the e

fegments ; and the feed-vefiel is long; flender;

contained in a capfule,

an edge divided into
er three point down-
dge into five narrow

rounded, and pointed at each end,
Linnzus places this among the didynamia angiofpermia ; the threads in each flower,
the preceding fpecies, being four, two of which are longer and two fhorter ;

a8 in moft of
and the feeds being thus

The firft of thefe characters they enjoy in common with the flowers properly of the labiated kind ;

thofe having four threads, which are thus of unequal lengths :

the other is peculiar, for the feeds of

all the plants properly of the labiated kind ftand in the bottom of the cup.

This fhews, that the particular arrangement of the threads,

two long and two fhort, which is one

of the moft fingular charaéters in the method of Linnzus, is not, nor can be, the proper mark of

a clafs: though he has made it fo ;

becaufe of the numerous plants which have

the threads in this

number and order, fome have the feeds naked, others regularly contained in a capfule.
Linnzeus faw this difference, and arranged the plants under two feparate heads, though in the

fame clafs: but this is the fame errot Ray made,

flowers only a fub-diftin@ion ; whereas it is truly,

Procumbent Ruellia.
Ruellia procumbens.

The root is white, fmall, and thready.

The ftalks are numerous, round, yellowith,
flender, and five or fix inches long: they lie
every way fpread upon the ground, and fre-
quently take root at the joints.

‘The leaves ftand in pairs, and are fhort and
broad: they are fharply ferrated at the edges,

in making the regular and irregular monopetalous
and in nature, a claffical charaéter,

obtufe at the end, and of a freth green;

The flowers grow at the tops of the ftalks,
three or four in a little clufter, and are of a pale
red.

The feed-veffel is long, and the feeds are nu-
merous and fmall.

It is a native of the Eaft Indies and the Ame-

rican Iflands, and flowers in May.

Plukenet calls it Gentianella impatiens felis
agerati. In Barbadoes they call it Snapgrafs.

The END of the FIFTH CLASS,

THER

ADs Eas

BRITISH HERBAL

HoQRASRESDEOsERIegoogoeseseronsoeeooneeonneanaanens

CL A S..S... VE.

Plants whofe flower is compofed of rwo vetats, and is followed by a sincLE

CAPSULE,

> HIS is a clafs extreamly diftin& ; and characterifed by the moft plain and obvious marks, -
. i It contains but a very fmall number of plants; but one would imagine no fyftem could
err fo far from the path of nature as to add. any more to it, or to feparate thefe 5 the
characters by which they are diftinguifhed from all other plants, and allied to one another, being fo ex-
tremely fingular and ftriking: yet, in the modern methods and fyftems of botany, there is no place
appropriated to thefe ; but they ftand at random among others. : és

Linnzeus has placed the water ffarwort in his clafs of monandria, and the enchanter’s night/bade in
his clafs of diandria , becaufe there is but a fingle thread in the flower of the former, whereas theré
are two in that of the latter: on thefe minute parts is the attention of that author fo fixed, that thefe
plants, are feparated by the means of the threads; although they agree with one another in the flower
and feed-veffel ; and have in both a character which is in common with few others.

Thefe are the moft ufeful diftinctive marks: the more confpicuous fuch charaéters are, and the
fewer plants they unite, the clearer and more familiar will be the method, and the eafier and plainer.
the ftudents road to the fcience.

Mr. Ray includes thefe plants and thofe which have three petals to the flower, and a fingle
capfule for the feed, together in one clafs. He feems in this to have been influenced only by the
{mall number there are of plants belonging to each ; but this, as we have obferved, isa happinefs, or
thing to be fought, not avoided : we fhould obferve nature ftri€tly where it is found; and not confound
her diftinGtions, by joining plants where fhe has feparated them fo plainly. Mr. Ray makes the
~ number of petals a mark of diftinétion for a clafs in other cafes where the feéd-veffel is fingle; and
there is the fame caufe here. If the pentapetake vafculifere, or thofe which have five petals and a
fingle feed-veffel, be claffically diftinét from the dipetale and tripetale, thofe which have two, and
three petals and a fingle feed-veffel ; fo are thefe two kinds, the dipetale, and tripetale, from one
another : the reafon is exaétly the fame, and he who ufed the charaéter taken from the number of
petals as a claffical mark in one place, fhould not have refufed it in another,

‘

bobo aea Stam EOL LaRosa Loko bo oro Loto Lonoto ronatetotetebotato atu topatoter to yet oy

od mea \oihida Wie Naa

Natives of BRiTArn.

Thofe of which there are one or more {pecies native or wild in this kingdom.

elgg Dinan S Eaten Uae, |,
WA TOE RS fA Rw, 0 Rr
STELLA RZ.

HE flower is compofed of two petals, and has no cup: the feed-veffel is round and comprefied:
Linnzus places this among his monandria digynia ; there being only one thread in each flower,
and the ftyles, or filaments, from the rudiment of the capfule being two. .

This author takes away its ufual name ftellaria, and calls the genus corifpermum ; uniting with it,
. ball "nA: . .
under that name, the rhagrofis, a diftin& genus, as we fhall thew in its place.

DIvi-

Thea BRET Sf ee BAL

U37

DIVISION TI.

1. Common Water-Starwort.

Stellaria vulgaris.

The root is a great clufter of long and flender
fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, green, _ flender,
very weak, and a foot or two in length: they
rife to the furface of the water ufually, as the
moft common place of its growth is in fhallow
ditches.

The leaves grow in pairs all the way up the
ftalks, but at the tops in clufters: thofe on the
ftalks are longifh, narrow, and of a pale green:
they have no footftalks: they are pointed at the
ends, and undivided at the edges.

The leaves on the top form themfelves into a
kind of head: they are fmalleft in the centre,
larger all the way outwards, and fpread in the
manner of a ftar, whence the plant has its name.

The flowers are fmall: they ftand at the joints
of the ftalks, where the leaves alfo rife; and
there ufually are two of them together: they are
whitifh, and the two petals which compofe them
are hollow, and converge together: there is a
fingle yellow button to each, fupported on a
long thread.

The feed-veffel is rounded, flat, and marked
with four lines on the furface.

The feeds are numerous and fmall.

It is common in our ditches, and flowers in May.

C. Bauhine calls it Stellaria aquatica, . Others,
Stellaria aquatica vulgaris.

2. Blunt-leaved Water-Starwort.
Stellaria repens foliis obtufis.

_ The root is compofed of numerous very flen-
der fibres.

The ftalks are many and weak: they are round
and jointed: they rife but a litole height in the
water, where they are covered ; t when the
plant grows in mud, as is common, with very
little water, then they lie fpread every way upon
the furface; and, in both cafes, wherever they
touch they take root at the joints,

D.1.V40 5.1.0, N: YP

1. Alternate-flowered Water-Starwort.

Stellaria floribus alternis.

_ The root is compofed of many flender
threads, of a whitifh colour, and very tender
fubftance. ‘

The ftalks are numerous, round, and of a pale
green. 7

The keaves are long, narrow, and of a dead
green, undivided at the edges,@#and fharp at the

» points,

Nearer

BR rel sit

FOREIGN

7 mre

SORE: Cee s:

The leaves are few, and of a faint green;
they grow in ‘pairs, and have no footftalks;
they are fhort, and rounded at the end: at the
top of the ftalk there fland four, or more, in a
little clufter, byt not difpofed with thar regularity
we fee in thofe of the former {pecies.

The flowers are fmall and white: they are
placed in the bofoms of the leaves, and the petals
of which they are compofed ftand wider than in
the other.

The feed-veffel is fquare, but flatted: the feeds
are very numerous and minute,

It is common in puddles and about the edges
of fifh-ponds, and flowers in April.

C. Bauhine calls it Lenticula paluftris bifolia
frufiu tetragono, Dillenius, Stellaria minor et
repens.

3. Long leaved Water-Starwort.

Stellaria longifolia.

The root confifts of fibres, but they are
not, as in the others, long and flender; they
make a very thick head of fhort ones almoft ’
innumerable. ‘

The ftalks are numerous, weak, and a foot or
more in length,

The leaves ftand in pairs on the ftalks, and in
a ftarry tuft at the top: thofe on the ftalks are
Jong, narrow, and often curled at the edges, and
fplit at the points: the others are fharp-pointed,
and {pread upon the furface, in form of a ftar.

The flowers are very fmall, and yellowith:
each is compofed of two narrow petals, and in
the centre there rifes a fhort filament with a yel-
low button.

The feed-veffel is rounded and flat: the feeds
are very numerous and fmall.

It is common in falt-water ditches, and fome-
times in frefh. I have obferved it abundantly in
the ditches on the ifle of Shipey. y

It flowers in June.

Ray calls it Stellaria aquatica foliis longis te-
nuiffimis,

Sy PER Colebrs:

The flowers ftand alternately, and are com-
pofed each of two flatted and fomewhat hooked
petals, in the midft of which, rifes a fingle fila-
ment with a large button.

The feed-veffel is roundifh and flatted.

It is common about the fhores of the Volea;
and flowers in July. . :

Juffieu calls it Corifpermum floribus lateralibus.

Nothing is known of the virtues of thefe

" plants.

No GENUS

138

Th BRITISH HER B AE.

Ce aN

U.S 11.

ENCHANTERS NIGHTSHADE.

GOL Ry C He

HE flower is compofed of two petals, divided at the ends, and fpread open: the cup confifts
of two fmall, oval leaves, and falls with the flower: the feed-veffel is oval and rough, and

contains only two feeds.

Linnzus places this among the diandria menogynia ; there being two threads in each flower, and

the ftyle from the rudiment of the capfule fingle.

DIVISION I

Common Enchanters Nighthhade.

Circea lutetiana.

The root is large and fpreading, and is fur-
nifhed with many fibres.

The ftalk is round, firm, upright, and ten
inches high.

The leaves ftand in pairs, and have long foot-
ftalks: they are of an oval figure, and terminate
in a fharp point; they are broadeft at the bafe,
and f{maller all the way to the extremity ; their
colour is a deep beautiful green; and they are a
little indented at the edges, but it is flightly and
irregularly.

The flowers ftand in a long {pike at the top of

DTV'TS TO'N: A

4. Dwarf Enchanters Nightthade.

Circea minima,

The root is white, and fpreads under the
furface.

The ftalk is round, weak, and in part pro-
eumbent: it is four inches long, and lies half
that length upon the ground.

The leaves are broad and fhort, largeft at the
bafe, and {maller to the point, not at all indented
at the edges, and of a blackith green,

The flowers ftand in a fpike at the top of the
ftalk, and are white, with a bluth of red: the
cup is whitifh, and coloured at the edges.

The feed-veffels are fhort, and roundifh rather
than oval. :

C. Bauhine calls it Solanifolia Circea alpina.
Linnzeus, Circea caule adfcendente racemo unico.

2. Broad-leaved Circea.
Circea latifolia.

The root is long, thick, and fpreading. ’
The firft leaves are very large, and of an oval

B Rated 1 .5-H, Soba ee lebao

the ftalk : they are {mall and white; each has its
feparate footftalk ; and they ftand ina very re-
gular manner: when the plant has been any time
in the flower thefe occupy the top of the fpike,
and feed-veffels hang from their footftalks on
the lower part: befides the larger {pike which
terminates the ftalk, there are ufually fmaller from
the bofoms of the upper leaves. The two petals
of which each flower is compofed are fo fplit that
it feems to have four.

The feed-veffels are fmall and rough.

It is a native of our woods and thickets, and
flowers in April.

C. Bauhine calls it Solanifolia circea dia major.
Others, Circa lutetiana; or Simply Circe.

FOREIGN SPECIES.

figure; broad at the bafe, and obtufe at the
ends: there are only two or three of themina .
tuft; and they have fhort footftalks.

The ftalk is round, upright, firm, hairy, and
two feet high.

The leaves ftand ia pairs, and have long foot-
ftalks: they are broad and oblong, widely fer-
rated, and fharp-pointed and their colour isa
beautiful deep green.

“The flowers are white, with a tinge of purple
fometimes, but not always; they ftand in long
fpikes on the top of the ftalk, and on branches
rifing from the bofoms of the upper leaves: the
feed-veffel is large and rough.

It is a’native of North America, and flowers
in May.

Tournefort calls it Circea canadenfis latifolia
lore albo.

Nothing is certainly known of the virtues of
thefe plants.

Th END of te SIXTH CLASS,

THE

BRITISH HERBAL

‘

C. LovA. Ss. 8 vit

Plants whofe flower is compofed of tTurne rEvansy and is followed by a
SINGLE CAPSULE.

Ts clafs has all the advantages of the laft, in being clearly, familiarly, and’ obvioufly
diftinguifhed: like that alfo it comprehends only a few plants; and there is the fame
reafon for keeping them feparate from all others, the rendering the path to the fcience eafy
and plain. ’ t I

Linneus, however, feparates them into very diftant parts of his works, placing the frogdit among
his dioecia enneandria, and the ftratiotes among the polyandria hexagynia.

Mr. Ray joins the plants of this, as we before obferved, with thofe of the laft clafs; but he is
much more excufable than Linnzus in feparating them fo widely one from another. ~

SacKeuko Td) sbia$ I.
Natives of BRigTain.
‘Thofe of which one or more {pecies a8 native of this country.
: (
Ganbieehe ete. |
E-R°O3G-B 11:
HYDROCHARIS:

PPHE flower is cotnpofed of three roundifh petals, which fpread evenly open: the cup is cori-
pofed of three fmall, oval leaves: the feed-veffel is fkinny, ' toundifh, and divided into
fix cells.

Linnzus places this among his divecia enneandria ; fome plants of it having only male; and the other
only female flowers; and the ftamina in the male flowers being nine.

The difference in the male and female plants of this genus is this, that in the male three flowers
grow together, and there is a general hufk for them, befide the particular cup for each; and in the
female the flowers ftand fingle, having only their proper three-leaved cup, and are fucceeded by
acapfule, which thofe of the male plants are not. This is all the obvious difference; but, when
clofer examined, the female flowers are found to have no threads.

Of this plant there is only one known fpecies, and that is a native of Britain.

7 Common

140

he BR TT rs Ef ERB AE. :

Common Frosbit.
Hydrocharis vulgaris.

The root confifts of feveral very long and
thick fibres.

‘From thefe rife alfo clufters of leaves and
fide-fhoots : thefe laft are long and fender ; and,
as they fpread every way from the central root,
they fend up alfo tufts of leave, and, down-
wards, roots like the firft.

The leaves rife ten or twelve together, ahd are
fupported on long, thick footftalks of a {pungy
fubftance.

They are round, but indented in a_heart-
fafhioned manner at the infertion of the. ftalk,
and are thick, fmooth, and of a dead green.

The flowers are large and white: they ftand
on long, flender footftalks.

Gok

Nee Us

The feed-veffels are“large and ‘rounded; and
the feeds are numerous and fmall.

It is common in ditches {wiming on the water.

It flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Nymphea alba minima. O-
thers, The leaft waterlilly, Frogbit, andMorfus rane.

It has fometimes double flowers, and is in that
condition defcribed by fome as a diftinct fpecies :
but this is only a variety from rich and abundant
nourifhment. I obferved a whole ditch near
Thorny in the ifle of Ely covered with this
double flowered kind; the water was thick and
redith,

The country people make a pultice of the frefh
leaves boiled in milk, which they lay to fwel-
lings: but nothing is known farther of its virtues.
It is not ufed in the fhops.

WA Te EeRS- Onl DOL EGR.

STRATIOTES.

ae flower is compofed of three petals, which are broad: there are two cups, the one is a
hufk compofed of two membranes, which remains with the feed-veffel,; the other is formed
of a fingle‘leaf, divided into three fegments, and falls off with the fower: the feed-veffel is oval,
but marked with fix edges, and is divided within into fix ceils, and contains numerous feeds. ,
»Linneus places this among the polyandria bexagynia; the threads being numerous, and the ftyles
from the rudiment of the capfule fix, anfwering to the fix feparate cells or divifions in the: fruit -

the feeds are crooked.

Common Water Soldier.
Stratiotes vulgaris.

The root is compofed of feveral long, thick,
white fibres with tufted ends: they are naked
from the top to the bottom but juft at the ex-
tremity they have feveral fmall, fhort filaments,
which f{pread every way.

From this root rife numerous leaves of a fin-
gular figure: they are long and narrow, thickeft
and broadeft at the bafe, and fharp at the point :
they are flefhy, firm, of a deep green colour, and

_ armed with flight prickles along the edges.

The ftalks rife among thefe, and are naked,
round, thick, and of a pale green.

The flowers are large and white, with a tuft
of yellow threads in the centre.

The feed-veffel is large, and the feeds are long,
crooked, and, as it were, winged.

It is common in the fen countries, the ifle of
Ely, and elfewhere ; and flowers in July.

It fwims upon the water, or is fometimes half
way buried in it; and, though the roots are
confiderably long, they rarely reach the bottom,

C. Bauhine calls it Aloe paluftris. Others,
Aizoon paluftre, and Militaris aizoides, and Aloides,

Nothing is known of a certainty of its virtues ;
but the old women ufe it externally as cooling
and repellent. :

‘Th END o te SEVENTH CLASS,

4 THE

BRITISH HERBAL.
SOCERESSISGHOSSSIOG OSHS IGSSSIISSORIONSHSISOSHROOGS

Geet Ej Aa oingSous WV Uhbees

Plants whofe flower is compofed of rour vrais, and is fucceeded by @ SINGLE
REGULAR CAPSULE.

reft as thofe of the preceding clafs, fince nothing can be a plainer claffical character than
four petals in a flower, and a fingle capfule fucceeding; yet they are difperfed over feveral
parts of the works of Linnzus, and all the modern writers,

The ftudent, in this method of ours, needs only examine the number of petals and the feed-
veffel, to know to what clafs to ‘refer, or where to look for a plant of this defignation: in
thofe he will receive no information on either head from fuch an obfervation ; but muft count the
threads in the plaintain, and thofe in willow-herb, to find where to feek them in his author, and to
difcover, that one having four belongs to the clafs of tetrandia, and the other having five to that of
pentandria ; while the poppy, becaufe it has them more numerous, and fixed to the receptacle, is to
be fought for among the polyandria, in a very diftant part of the book.

Ts are plants as evidently allied to one another, and as evidently diftinguifhed. from the

The ftudent will here find all the plants which have four petals, and a fingle regular capfule,

together: but let him obferve here the diftinétion between the cap/u/e and the pod. As thefe names
are diftin& in Englifh, fo they are in other languages. The Latin writers conftantly exprefs one by
capfula, the other by /iliqua; and though both are feed-veflels, they are perfectly diftinguithed,

This is the more needful to be obferved here, becaufe there is anather great family to be diftin.
guifhed by having four petals in the flower, and a pod or Jiliqua following.

The diftinétion will be fhewn when we come to treat of that clafs. What is contained in the pre-
fent affortment is that family of plants in which the petals are four, and the feed-veflel is a capfule,
fuch as thofe of the feveral preceding claffes, and not a pod.

SPREE GRRRIIG IS PESOS H LS HSROLALS PSS SALSSSHSLSH

Si Emel “Batcerendls
Natives of BRITAIN.

Thofe of which one or more fpecies are wild in this country,

Go. ee (Us L
Pi OU cP) Pe
P’ OA «PA iis RVOR

PYSHE flower is compofed of four large, broad, petals: the cup is a hufk,- compofed of two ova}
leaves: the feed-veffel is crowned with a top, under which there are feveral {mall Openings 4,
and the feeds are numerous.

Linnzus places this among the polyandria monogynia, the filaments in the flower being. numerous,
and fixed to the receptacle, and the rudiment of the fruit fingle, and with a fingle top, without any
ftyle.

Se 14. s Oo DIVE

14.2

The BRITISH HERBAL.

DIVISION I.

x. Red Poppy.

Papaver rbaas.

The root is long, white, and flender, and has
very few fibres. é

The firt leaves, which rife immediately from:
it are large, long, of a pale green, deeply jagged,
and without footftalks.

In the centre of thefe rifes the ftalk, which is
round, weak, of a pale green, and hairy; it is
two feet high, tolerably erect, and divided into
feveral branches.

The leaves on it are placed irregularly, and re-
femble thofe from the root, but that they are more
deeply jagged, and divided at the edges: thefe
alfo are of a pale green, and hairy, and they and
the whole of the plant abound with a yellow bit-
ter juice.

The flowers are very large, and of a bright
fearlet, with numerous threads in the centre; on
‘which ftand black buttons.

The feed-veffel is {mall, oblong, and crowned
with a flat head: the feeds are very numerous.

It is common in our corn-fields, and flowers
in July. >

C. Bauhine calls it Papaver erraticum majus.
Others, Papaver erraticum, Papaver rubrum, and
Papaver rheas.

The flower is fometimes white, and fometimes
variegated. We fee this a little in nature, and
much more fo in gardens, where culture renders
it very beautiful. ‘

The reader is not to underftand by this, that
all the beautiful garden poppies are produced from
this fpecies ; for many of them, indeed the greater
part, are from the other, next to be defcribed:
the fmaller, in general, are from this, and they
are very beautiful, and very numerous.

2. Wild white Poppy.
Papaver album fylveftre.

The root is long, fimple, and white, and has
few fibres.

The ftalk is round, upright, firm, and a yard
high: the leaves ftand irregularly on it, and are
very large, and of a bluifh green.

They have no footftalks, but enclofe the ftalk
at the bafe, and from thence grow fmaller to the
point : they are notched at the edges, and
fmooth.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches,
into which the ftalk divides at the upper part;
they are very large, but of no great beauty :
their colour is white, with a faint bluth of a
deadifh purple; and they have large black fpots,
one at the bottom of each petal.

The feed-veffel is round and large, of a bluifh
green, and full of irregular, rough, white feeds.
' The whole plant is perfectly fmooth, and
throughout of the fame bluith green colour.

It is common wild in Ireland. We fee itin un-
cultivated places fometimes in England; but it
feems to have arifen from feeds fcattered from
fome garden. In Ireland it is faid to be found
far from any houfe.

BRITISH

SEP. EB CSI Bys.

g. Black Poppy.
Papaver nigrum.

The root is long, flender, and divided : it has
few fibres, and is of a whitifh colour.

The firft leaves are fmall, and inconfiderable $
they are long, narrow, divided- deeply’ at the’
edges, and have no footftalks.

Among thefe rifes the ftalk, which is round,
thick, upright, and a foot and a half high.

The leaves ftand alternately,: and differ greatly
from thofe which rife firft from the root: they
are large, and have no footftalks: their co-
lour is a blackifh green, and they are deeply
jagged.

The flower is large and there ufually, in the
wild ftate of the plant, ftands only one on the top

of the ftalk : it is of a deep colour, between blue

and black, and has a tuft of threads in the centre,
The feed-veflel is round, and moderately
large, and the feeds are numerous, fmall, and
black.
It is found wild in the northern parts of ire-
land, far from any place where the feeds could

| be fuppofed to be fcattered. It fowers in Aus

gut,

C. Bauhine calls it Papaver bortenf/e Semine ni»
gro.

Linneeus confiders this only as a variety of the
other preceding: but, however they may re-
femble one another when brought into gardens,
from the effect of culture, or the mixture per-
haps of their farina, they are, when in their
wild and natural ftate, perfectly diftin@.

Both thefe are brought into gardens for ufe
and beauty, and the varieties raifed from them
by culture are innumerable. i

The black is not much regarded as a medi-
cine; but the white poppy, we have defcribed
here in its wild ftate, is the famous plant, which
being properly affifted by culture, affords in
this country the poppy-beads, of which
rup of diacodium is made; andin Tur
other parts of the Eaft, yields opium.

The plant continues the fame in all refpects
but fize when it is thus cultivated ; and the
greateft variation in this refpeé&t is in the head
which in the wild ftate are not larger than a chef-
nut, but by culture is equal to a large apple.

The virtues of all thefe, and thofe of the fe-
veral fucceeding kinds of Poppies, are the fame;
but they enjoy them in a different degree. é
_ They are all fopofifick, and of wonderful vir-
tue againft pain.

The black poppy is fappofed to have fomething
poifonous, but altogether without reafon, We
have fhewn that it differs little from the white in
form, and it is lefs different in its virtue: how-
ever, the white is in repute, and is moft indeed
almoft only ufed. :

The flowers of the red Poppy are gently fopori-
fick, and are peculiarly good in pleurifies: they
ee ald by many as a fpecifick in that

order: they are alfo good in qui i
all diforders of the brea alas My

our fy-
key, and

Our

The .BRE Dd SiH if ER BIA

Our people are not fufficiently acquainted with
their virtues, for they are only kept in the form
of a fyrup in the fhops ; and that way cannot be
given in a proper dofe, becaufe of the quantity of
fugar. A ftrong tinéture may be drawn from
them in wine, which will better anfwer the pur-
pole, }

The family-medicine called red furfeit-water is
a tinéture of thefe flowers in fpirit, with {pices,
and other ingredients, and is much preferable to
the fhop form of a fyrup.

The heads of the garden poppy, or white poppy
cultivated, are gently foporifick, and excellent
againft pain. What is called fyrup of diacodium
is a very (rong decoétion of thefe heads boiled
up with fugar; and it contains fo much virtue,
that half an.ounce is an effective dofe.

Opium is obtained by wounding and preffing
the heads of the fame fpecies, cultivated in the |
fame manner in Turkey, and has the greateft vir-,
tues: itis the moft powerful of almoft any known N
vegetable fimple. :

It is fovereign again{t pain ; it promotes fweat,
and caufes fleep. A very fimall dofe is fufficient,
and a larger is dangerous, :

Laudanum is a tinéture of opium, and is more
ufed than thé fubftance; but either fhould be
given with great care, and rarely without the ad-
vice of a phyfician,

There are fome who accuftom themfelves to
take opium conitantly ; and, beginning with {mal]
dofes, they habituate their conftitutions to the
medicine, till they can take fuch as are aftonifh-
ing. To thefe it (erves as a cordial, enlivening
their fpirits like wine, or any other ftrong li-
quor. ‘This is a general cuftom in the Eaft.

As the three {pecies already defcribed are the
principal of the poppy kind in virtue, we have
given their ufes here; and fhall now proceed to
the account of the feveral other {pecies called by
different names, though certainly and plainly of
this kind,

4. Round rough-headed Poppy.
Papaver capitulo rotundo bifpido,

‘The root is long, flender, and white, and has
a few fibres.

The firft leaves are numerous, and beautifully
divided into fegments: they have long footftalks,
and are of a pale green, and confiderably hairy :
they are doubly pianated, as it were, each con-
fifting of feveral pairs of pinna: on a middle rib,
and each of thofe pinna: being jagged fo deeply on
each fide, that it appears pinnated again,

The ftalk rifes in the midft of this tuft, and is
round, hairy, upright, branched, and a foot and
a half high,

The leaves are numerous, and ftand irregu-
larly ; they are of the fame form with thofe from
the root, .but fmaller.

The flowers are {mall in comparifon of the pre-
ceding kinds, otherwife not little in proportion to
the plant: they are of a bright red, and confift
each of four oval petals, with numerous threads.

The feed-veffel is roundifh, and very rough,
being fet all over with a kind of briftly hairs:
the feeds are ‘numerous, finall, roundifh, and

black.

143
Tt is common in corn fields in many parts of
England, and flowers in July:
C.Bauhine calls it A-gemone capitulo breviore,
Others, Argemone vulgaris,
{

5. Long rough-headed Poppy.
Papaver capitulo bifpido longiore.

The root is long, flender, white, ufually undi-
vided, and furnifhed with a few fibres.

The firft leaves rife in a clufter: they are of a
pale green, and hairy, and have fhort footftalks ¢
they are deeply divided in the pinnated manner 3
fo that they feem compofed of feveral pairs of
pinne, or fmaller leaves, placed on a rib, with
an odd one at the end; but they are in reality
only fo many fegments,

The ftalks are numerous, round, firm, very
much branched, and a foot high. ?

The leaves on them are few: they ftand irre-

maller.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches,

and are fmall, but of a beautiful {carlet colour,
with black buttons. :

The heads are long, and covered with a kind
of foft prickles.

corn fields, and on ditch-banks, and flowers in
June. The flowers very quickly fade and fall
off in this and the preceding fpecies,

C. Bauhine calls it Argemone capitilo longiore ;
and others follow him, :

6. Long fmooth-headed yellow Poppy.
Papaver capitulo longiore glabro flore Luteo,

The root is long, flender, white, divided, and
full of fibres, ues i

The firft leaves rife in a clufter; and ate
large, and have long footftalks: they are pro-
perly of the pinnated kind, and very beautiful,

ch is comipofed of three or four pairs of pinnz,
or fmaller leaves, fet on a middle rib, with an
odd one at the end. ‘

The ftalks rife in Yhe centre of this tuft 3 and
they are round, upright, weak, anda little hairy.

Their leaves are few: and they ftand irregularly,
and are like thofe from the root, but fmaller,

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and
are large and yellow.

The feed-veflel is long, ribbed, and fmooth :
the feeds are firiall and numerous.

rocks, and about the borders of rivulets,
; % : ;
C. Bauhine calls it Papaver erraticum Jaciniq~

tum flore flavo. Others, Argemone lutea Cambroa
Britannica, g

». Long, fmall-headed red Poppy.
Papaver capitulo longiore glabro flore rubro,
The root is long, flender, white, and hung
with many fibres.
The firft leaves are numerous, long, narrow,

and deeply jagged; fo that they in fome degree
reprefent the pinnated kind.

The ftalk rifes in the centre of thefe, and is

2 round»

igual, and are like thofe from the root, bue’

It is common in many parts of England in °

It is frequent in Wales wild, upon the moift ©

144.

The ABER TH Ste HR ROBTA E:

round, firm, upright, branched, and a foot anda
half high.

The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and are like
thofe from the root, long, narrow, and deeply
jagged : fometimes they ftand fingly, fometimes
two, and fometimes three, rife from the fame
joint, and this principally at the branching of the
flalks.

The flowers are fmall, and of a pale red, fome-
times white.

Davi 1s .L,0,Ny ik

1, Naked-ftalked Poppy.

Papaver caulibus nudis.

The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with
many fibres.

The firft leaves are numerous, finall, and of a
dufky green: they have long, flender footftalks,
and are deeply divided at the edges, often quite
down to the rib; fo that they appear pinnated.

The ftalks rife among thefe; and they are
naked, weak, and round; but though they have
no leaves, they have a fhort ftiff hair covering
them, very thick.

The flowers ftand fingly, one on the top of
every ftalk; and they are large and yellow.

The feed-veffel is oblong and rough, and the
feeds are numerous and fmall.

It isa native of Switzerland, and other nor-

. thern parts of Europe, and flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Argemone Alpina coriandri
folio.

2. Prickly Poppy.
Papaver fpinofum.

The root is long and fpreading, of a white co-
Jour, and full of fibres,

(Gara es aN

The feed-veffel is long, and fmooth.

This is frequent in the corn-fields of Effex, and
flowers in June.

Morifon calls it Papaver laciniato folio capitulo
longiore’ glabro, five Argemone capitulo longiore
glabro.

The flowers of thefe feveral fpecies poffefs the
fame virtues’ with thofe of the common red poppy.
but in an inferior degree.

F.O-R E.E.G.N.» SoReE.Cale RS.

The firft leaves are very large, and of a dead
green, marked with white veins, and prickly at
the edges: they rife in a large clufter, and have
no footftalks : they are oblong, broad, and deeply
divided at the fides, and terminate in a point.

The ftalk is thick, firm, irregularly upright,
of a pale green, and alfo prickly : toward the top
it divides into two or three large branches.

The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and have
no footftalks: they are long, and jagged at the
edges, and prickly.

The flowers are large and yellow.

The feed-veffels are oblong and prickly, and
the feeds numerous and fmall. >

It isa native of South America, and flowers in
July. ;

C, Bauhine calls it Papaver Spinofum. Mori-
fon, Papaver /pinofum luteum foliis venis albis noz
tatis. ,

Both thefe are of the nature of the other pop-

pies; but their virtues have not been particularly
regarded.

Urs Il.

HORNED POPpPpy,

GLAUCIUM..

iq Pe flower is large; it ftands fingly, and confifts of four petals, w
the cup confifls of two oval leaves; and the feed-

only a fingle cell.

Linnaus places this among the polyandria monogynia ; the threads in each flower bein
and fixed to the receptacle, and the ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle.
i not allowing it to be a diftin& genus; but in this he errs.
form of the capfule is fo extremely different from that of the common poppy,
it a diftin& kind; and this, like all other well eftablithed diftinGtions,

Mr. Ray joins this to the poppy,

more familiar.

Some have diftinguithed the feveral {mall-flowered
gemone, but as there'is not in nature a fufficient found

clearing.
Linnezus, who deferves praife for dividin

which it is abfolutely diftin®, as we thall
cafes to preferve the right medium,
*

fee in the fucceeding genus,

i hich are fpread regularly open :
veflel is long, flender, fquare, and contains

numerous,

} The
that it juftifies the making
tends to render the feience

Poppies from the others, under the name of ar
ation for this diftinétion, it perplexes inftead of

g% the glaucium from the i 1
omitted to do, lays himfelf open to cenfure, by joining the g pane aah We ad

laucium with the chelidonium majusy from
So, difficult is it in thefe

DIVI.

A §

¢ 2 2a
OWS Oomimon
hye eX |

vregt Ct

5 ia } $ > a) ae
Common-Waler r |
Starwort

F Bre Cina Wale a

oot bo ha

ES
‘ 4
~

| Meares Rr le pp ed wie Bass,
| | oo ; 3 AGE ie GEG “py

‘

The BRITISH HERBAL

145

DIVISION. L

1, Yellow Horned Poppy.

Glaucium luteo flore.

The root is long, thick, fcarce at all divided,
and furnifhed with numerous fibres. ; |
The leaves that rife from it are large, and of |
a bluith green: they have no footftalks: they are
long, and confiderably broad; and are very |
deeply and irregularly indented at the edges. |

The ftalk is round, thick, fmooth, of a whitifh |
or greyifh green, and two feet high: it divides |
into many branches, and fupports itfelf very |
erect.
The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and are |
large, and like thofe from the root: they have |
no footftalk, but furround the ftalk at the bafe ; |
and they are of a pale bluifh green colour,

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and |
are large and yellow.

The feed-veffel is very long and flender, and is
crowned at the top: the feeds are numerous and
{mall. |

It is not uncommon on our fea coafts; and
‘flowers in June.

C, Bauhine calls it Papaver corniculatum luteum.
Linnzus, Chelidonium pedunculis unifloris. We,

Yellow horned poppy.

DIVAISTOWN FT.

Hairy, red flowered Horned Poppy:

Glaucium hirfutum rubrum,

The root is long, thick, and undivided, and
has very few fibres. ‘

The firft leaves rife in a great, upright tuft ;
and are long, narrow, hairy, and deeply divided
at the edges into flat, broad, obtufe fegments :
they have no footftalks, and their: colour.is-a dead
green,

The ftalk is round, naked, very much branched,

and of a pale green : this is alfo very hairy.

‘Ge k

Ne,

BRITISH SPECIRFS,

2. Purple Horned Poppy.

Glaucium flore violaceo.

The root is long; flender, white, and furnifhed
with a few fibres.

The firft leaves rife in a little tuft, and are
beautifully divided, wichout footftalks, and of a
pale green. :

The ftalk is round, flender, upright, and a
foot or more in height, and alfo of a pale green.

The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and are, like
thofe from the root, divided into numerous fine

| fegments, in a double pinnated manner.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and
are large, and of a deep blue purple, not unlike
that of the common violet:

The fced vefféls are long and flender, and the
feeds numerous and fmall.

It is found in cornfields in fome parts of Eng-
fand, but isnot common. It flowers in Auguft,:

C. Bauhine calls it Papaver corniculatum viola
coum.

We know nothing of certainty concerning the
virtues of thefe plants; but they feem to ap-
proach to the poppy in that refpect, as well as
form; their juice being of the fame acrid and
peculiar bitter tafte with theirs. }

FOREDGN SPECIES,

The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and are di-
vided more deeply than thofe from the root,

The flowers are {mall, but of a beautiful {carlet
colour: they open wide, and have fome black

‘buttons, fupported by ‘hort threads in the centre.

The feed-vetfel is long, flender, hairy, and
crowned with a top: the feeds are numerous and
fmall.

‘It is common in the fouth of France, and
flowers in July.

Clufius calls it Papaver corniculatum phaniceo
lore ; and moft others have copied the fame name.

S IIL.

CELANDINE.

CHELIDONIUM MAFUS.

HE flowers are‘fnall, ,and)ftand in. clufters: each is compofed of: four petals, and has a tuft of
threads inthe centre :.the.cupiisformed of two oval leaves, and fplits open: the feed-veffel
is long, flender, and fquare, and is crowned at the top.

Linnzus places this among his, polyandria monogynia, the threads in the flower being numerous,

and growing to the receptacles and the ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit being fingle.
This author .does. not, allow, it .a difting: genus or name; but joins it, as I have obferved be-
fore, .with the {harned poppy, under:the name of &laucium: from this it differs evidently in the fize
and difpofition of the flowers; and thefe:are: fufficient characters, in the eye of reafon, for a generical

diftinction, , where there are snot:greater.

Mr. Ray errs morein thistcafe than: Linnzus; he joins this, as well as the'laft, in one genus with

the poppy.

Of this genus there are but two known fpecies, and both are natives of Britain.

~Y N&XV,

Pp 1. Common

14.6 The

BRAT 1S Hi A EOR*B ASE,

1. Common great Celandine.

Chelidonium majus vulgare.

The root is long, thick, and full of a yellow
juice; it is frequently divided, and ufually has
many large fibres.

‘The firft leaves arife in a numerous tuft: they
are large, and beautifully pinnated: each is com-
pofed of three or four pairs of fmaller leaves,
placed on a rib, with an odd one at the end.

The ftalk is round, weak, branched, and two
feet high. ‘

The leaves on it refemble thofe from the root,
and are of a pale green.

The flowers are fimall, and of a gold yellow:
they grow feveral together on the tops of the
ftalks ; each having its own feparate tender foot-
ftalk. )

The feed-veffels are long flender pods, con-
taining numerous feeds.

The whole plant is full of a deep yellow juice.

‘It is common in wafte places, and flowers in
‘Juae.

C. Bauhine calls it Chelidonium majus vulgare ;
and the fame name is given it by moft others.
What is called Jmall celandine is a very diffe-

rent plant, defcribed in the firft clafs of this
work under its more proper name pilewort.

2. Jagged Celandine.
Chelidonium foliis laciniatis.

The root is long and thick, brown on the fur-
face and yellow within, and full of a yellow
juice.

The firft leaves are very large: they have long
footftalks, and fpread into a broad, as well as
high tuft: each is compofed of about two pairs
of fmaller, placed on their feparate footftalks, on
_a rib which has an odd one at the end.

The ftalk is round, weak, hairy, and of a
pale green: it is but moderately erect, and little
branched. :

The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and re-
femble thofe from the root; but there are ufually

G oagty aN
WILLO
I ADAL TE

THE flower is compofed of four broad petals, with a tuft of threads in the centre :
formed of four oblong, coloured leaves, and falls with the flower :
and flender, rounded and divided within into tour cells; and the feeds a:

matter.

Linnzus placed this among the ofandria mon

the ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle.

The name by which this genus is commonly diftinguifhed in Latin is
as the loofeftrife and falicaria,

» confufion. ‘That name was originally given to the yellow willowh
and defcribed in a preceding clafs: I have ther

i given by Linneus,
modern writers, for the fame diftiné: affortment of plants,

been given to feveral other genera,

diftine from this,
and for this adopted the name epilobium,

a pair of {mall leaves, at the bafe of each larger,
which feerns compleat without them: the pinnz,
or {mall leaves, compofing the larger in this fpe-
cies, are very deeply and fharply divided, and
hairy.

The flowers are fmall and yellow: the feed-
veffels are long and thick ; and the feeds are nu-
merous.

It is common in feveral parts of England on
banks, and flowers in Augutt. /

C. Bauhine calls it Chelidonium majus foliis
‘quernis. J. Bauhine, more properly, Chelidonium
majus folio laciniato, for the leaves of the com-
mon kind more refemble thofe of the oak than
thefe. :

It has been confidered by many, and by Mr.
Ray among the reft, as no more than a variety
of the laft fpecies ; but it is effentially different :
not only the leaves vary, but the flowers are
fmaller, and the pods are larger.

This and the other both poffefs the fame vir-
tues, but the other, or common great celandine, in
the greater degree.

It is an excellent medicine againft obftruc-
tions of the vifcera. It operates both by ftool
and urine; and is good in the jaundice, and
obftructions of the fpleen: the root beat up
with fugar into a conferve is the beft way of
giving it for this purpofe.

Tt is alfo a cordial and fudorifick: for this
ufe an infufion is beft. The root. fhould be
cut into flices, and boiling water poured on it;
and this fhould be drank warm in bed: it pro.
motes perfpiration, and throws out any thing to
the fkin:

The juice is famous in obftru@tions of the
liver.

The juice, ufed both outwardly and inwardly,
is alfo ftrongly recommended in diforders of the
eyes.

The root, dried and powdered, is a balfamicl
and fubaftringent : it is given againft bloody
fluxes, and in other hemorrhages: half a dram
for a dofe.

Uses IV. )
WHERB.
OBIUM.

the cup is

the feed-veffel is very long
re hung with a fine downy

ogynia ; the threads in each flower being eight, and

hfimackia, but that having
cannot be retained for this without
erb or loofeftrife, a genus altogether
efore appropriated it to that genus ;

and in ufe among moft of the

DIVI-

Th BRITISH HERBAL,

~ 147,

Del Vals. 1 Osea J:

1. Rofebay Willowherb.
Epilobium floribus fpeciofis.

This is the moft confpicuous and beautiful of all
the willowherbs, and is one of the fineft of our
wild plants.

The root is large, and {preading.

The firft leaves rife in a thick tuft, and are
long, narrow, and of a beautiful deep green on
the upper fide, and of a filvery grey underneath:
they have no footftalks: they are perfeétly even
at the edges, and terminate in a fharp point.

In‘the centre of thefe rifes the ftalk, which is
round, thick, firm, upright, and five feet high.

The leaves ftand irregularly, but very beauti-
fully upon it: they are long, narrow, and even
at the edges: they have no footftalks; and they
are alfo of a deep green on the upper fide, and a
filvery white below.

The flowers are large and beautiful: they ftand
ina long fpike, and are of a fine deep red.

The feed-veffels are long, and the feeds winged
with down,

It is common in many parts of England; and
flowers in June. Near Canewood at Hampftead
there is a hedge decorated with it for fixty yards
together. :

C. Bauhine calls it Ly/imachia chamenerion dia
latifolia, Others, Ly/fimachia fpeciofa, and Onagra
Speciofa.

2. Broad-leaved, hairy Willowherb.
- Epilobium latifolium hirfutum.

—- The foot is compofed of numerous fibres,
connected to a large head.

The firft leaves are long, and moderately
broad, indented at the edges, lightly hairy, and
of a pale green: they have no footftalks, and
rife in a large tuft.

The ftalks are numerous, round, redifh, and
four feet high.

They are thick fet with leaves, which are,
like thofe from the root, of a pale greyith green,
foft to the touch, oblong, broad, and indented :
they ftand irregularly, and adhere to the ftalk.at
their bafe.

The flowers are large, and of a pale red: they
grow a few together at the tops of the ftalks,

The pods are long, and full of fmall feeds,
with a filvery down among them.

It iscommon by waters, and flowers in June.

The tops of this plant have a light fragrancy.
The fcent has been fuppofed to refemble that of
apples in milk, and the plant is thence.called by
our-common people codlings and cream.

C. Bauhine calls it Ly/imachia filiquofa bir futa
magno flore. Others, Lyfimachia filiquofa.

3. Small-flowered, hairy Willowherb,
Epilobium birfutum parvo flore.

The root is compofed of a fmall head, from
.which run numerous large fibres.

The firft leaves are oblong, of a dead green,
and blunt at the ‘ends.

BRITISH

S'PE*C FEB’S.

The ftalk is round, ereét, robutt, confiderably
branched, and two feet or more in height,

The leaves are long, and moderately broad ;
of a dead green, hairy, not ai all indented;
and they are fixed to the ftalk by their bate.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks in
great numbers, and ate f{mall, and of 4 pale;
but lively red. ;

The feed-veffels ate long, and the feeds {mall
and yellow.

It is common in damp places; and flowers i
June.

C. Bauhine calls it Zyfimachia filigiiofa birfuta
parvo fore.

4. Great, {tooth Willowherb.
Epilobium glabrum majus.

The root confifts of a vaft quantity of large
and thick fibres fpreading every way.

“The firft leaves are-broad, fhort, indented, and
fhatp-pointed, and of a dead green.

The ftalk is firm, uprights very miuch branched,
and four feet high. — €

The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and are very
numerous: they have fhort footftalks; and are
broad, Oblchg, and fharply ferrated; {mooth,
and of a deep green, :

The flowers ftand in confiderable numbers at
the tops of the branches; and, though ‘the
plant is fo large, they are very fmall: their colour
is a bright red, and they have long, flender foot
ftalks. :

The feed-veffelg are Jong, and the’ feeds {mall;

It is common in damp paftures; and flowers in
July.

C. Bauhine calls it Ly/imachia filiquofa glabra
major. Others, Lyfimachia campeftris.

5. Narrow-leaved; finooth Willowherb:
Epilobium anguftifolium glabrum.

Fhe toot is long, flender, and creeping : it
tuns to a préat diftante under the furfacé, and is
furnifhed with many fibres. ;

The ftalks are numerous, round, firm; up-
right, two foot and a half high; and confiderably
brariched. :

The leaves are very numerous: they ftand fo
thick that they frequently cover the ftalk’for the
greateft part of its length: they are long, nar-
row, fmooth, of a deep gteen, and not ar all
indented ; but they terniinate in a fharp point.

The flowers are placed at the tops of the
brariches, and ate large, and of a beautiful
bright red. “

The feed-veffel is long, and the feeds are fur-
rounded with a great quantity of down.

It is frequent in damp meadows, under hedges,
and by the fides of brooks. It flowers in July.

C. Bauhine, calls it Lyfimachia glabro minor.
J. Bauhine; Lyfimachia levis.

7 6. Little

148 The

BRiTISACHE RS Ae

6. Little, fmooth Willowherb.

Epilobium glabrum minus.

The root is compofed of numerous fibres.

The firft leaves are long, narrow, and of a
pale green ; and they rife in a thick tuft without
footftalks.

The ftalk is fingle, upright, flender, rarely at
all branched, and a foot and half high.

The leaves are confiderably long, and very
narrow: they are of a pale glofly green, perfectly
fmooth, and undivided at the edges, and fharp-
pointed.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalk, and
are numerous, large, and of a deep red.

The feed-veffels are long and thick.

It is common by rivulets, and flowers in
June.

C. Bauhine calls it Ly/imachia glabra anguftifo-
lia. Others, Ly/fimachia glabra anguftifolia minor,

DIVISION IL. FO

Creeping Willowherb,
Epilobium repens.

The root is fmall and fibrous.

The ftalks are round, weak, and flender: they
trail upon the ground, and take root as they lie,
only part of them approaching toward an ereét
pofture: ‘

The leaves ftand regularly in pairs: they are
fhort, broad, and of an oval figure, pointed at
the ends, not at all indented at the edges, of a
deep green colour, and fmooth: thofe toward
the tops of the ftalks are fmaller and narrower.

Gin ae

7. Round-leaved Willowherb.
_Epilobium foliis fubrotundis. —

The root is {mall and creeping.

The ftalk is round, weak, eight or ten inches
high, of a purplifh colour, and fearce upright :
it is rarely at all branched. —

The leaves ftand irregularly, and are not very
numerous: they are fhort and roundifh, not un-
like thofe of the common origanum, ‘perfectly
fmooth, and of a deep fhining green.

The flowers grow at the top of the ftalks, and
are fall, of a beautiful'red, and quickly fall off.

The pods are long and thick, and too heavy
for the plant to fupport perfeétly.

The feeds are {mall and cheftnut coloured, and
the down about them is foft and filvery.

It is a native of our northern‘hills, where it
grows by waters; and flowers in Auguft.

Ray calls it Lyfimachia filiquofa glabra minor
latifolia.

REIGN SPECIES.

The flowers are little, and of a pale red.

The feed-veffels are long, flender, and have
no footftalk.

It is common on ‘the mountains of Switzer-
land, and flowers in May.

Haller'calls it Epilobium ‘foliis ellipticis obtufe
lanceolatis totum leve.

All the fpecies of epilobium have the fame vir-
tues: they are cooling and aftringent. The root
carefully dried and powdered is good againft
bloody fluxes and other hemorrhages; and the
frefh juice is of the fame virtue. ;

U S$ V.

SP UTR *G cE

RETH YM ALU S.

HE flowet is compofed of four petals, which are thick, cut irregularly, and unequal : ‘the cup
is formed of a fingle piece divided into four fegments; thefe ttand alternately mixed with the

petals, and all remain together: the feed-veflel is roundith, and contains three cells, in each of which
there is a fingle, roundifh feed. ;

Linnzzus places this among the polyandria monog ynia; the threads in each flower being numerous
and fixed to the receptacle, and the ftyle from the rudiment of the capfule fingle.

This author joins the /purge with the euphorbium plant, taking away its antient and received name
tithymalas, and calling all the fpecies eaphorbie , for he writes the generical name euphorbia.

This is extreamly wrong in two refpects; in the firft'place it is a violation of the order of nature,
no plants being more unlike than the ephorbia and many of the fpurges in their manner of growing
and, in the next place, it muft create difficulty and confufion : the fpecies of each genus, when*kept
diftinét, are very numerous, and the number is immoderate when they are thus uiiited.

; We fhall fhew, when treating of the exphorbium, that its angulated, flefhy ftalk is a ‘fufficient dif
tinétion; nor, indeed, are the flowers of that and /purge perfectly alike, though they do in many
things refemble one another. The perfon who writes for inftruétion fhould ‘endeavour to find, not
how different genera may be united by fome {mall charaéter they have in common, but by Sus, and
principally by what moft obvious marks, they are feparated from one another. ;

; St i

DIVI-

Pilate 21.

:
F
5
j

|
| ¥
q \ ” or
Common’ \ great em J \
) Colandine Broad leavil
: : | hatry lMow herd
| ae
@
é
fe sages : : i
‘ if i
z\ ? = = {yy i s |
| aImall flomera Shen hoe:
harry LIillow herb
’ Qeat ’ sanvoth
Willow hert
% Darron Veavd :
7 vinooth litllom herl .
f
Ne
ce: I Z VY
SS i ~~ . \ E os ai : y) y ee .
ri ) m d Small long leavil Shit?
Aough wailed Spurge a ( a of oe phe «
© oe, $ Vel Wao : f ~ WP ; i
Sea Spurge Sve
“Ay
i, 4 G4: sa
' | CF \ )
3 2 oe b isd ag sd 7 roundish oP Cee ¥: 4 Shurge ‘
700 e MW > - ; Se, wn s > 4 ca 2 : at Site
Y Ee Cy), a rf Spurge ‘ hier e Ye Ura : fee C ; ; eo :

ae a :
See

The

BR Ti S He HUEAR BBA TA

Dil Vals 1. O.Ne i

1. Wood Spurge.

Tithymalus characias amygdaloides:

The root is compofed of a multitude of large
fibres, which fpread every way.

The ftalks are numerous and firm: they are
thick, upright, and round, and have a redifh
bark, and under that a green one: they are a yard
‘high, and not branched, except where they fpread
at the top for flowering.

The leaves are large and numerous: they are
long, narrow, and foft to the touch: they are

_ of a deep green, and a little hairy at the upper
fide ; and of a greyifh green, and more hairy un-
derneath ; and their middle rib is red toward the
bafe.

The flowers are greenifh, fmall, and very nu-
merous: they ftand at the top of the ftalks on
fmall, divided branches, which fpread in a kind
of umbel, and which have, at their infertions and
divifions, fhorter leaves than thofe on the ftalk :
the figure, and difpofition of the petals of the
flower, form numerous crefcents; fo that the
whole top in flower has a beautiful appear-
ance.

The whole plant is full of a cauftick, milky
juice.

It is frequent in woods and on heaths, and
flowers in June. :

C. Bauhine calls it Tithymalus characias amyg-
daloides ; and almoft all who have written fince
have copied him,

2. Red French Spurge.

Tithymalus characias rubefcens.

The toot is long, thick, and divided into
feveral parts, and furnifhed with many fibres.

The ftalk is round, firm, red, upright, and
three feet high,

The leaves are long, narrow, and fharp-pointed:
they have fhort footftalks, and are fmooth, of a
dead green at firft, but afterwards red: they are
of a hard, firm fubftance, and differ as much in
that as colour from thofe of the preceding fpecies.

Toward the top the ftalk divides into a vaft
number of branches, on which ftand the flowers
in a great umbel: they are fmall, very nume-
rous, and of fo deep a purple that they appear
black,

The feed-veffel is very large: the whole plant,
when it has {tood fome time, becomes red.

It is common in France and Germany, and is
of late. found to be a native of our countty.
Dr. Plot mentions its being found wild in Staf-
fordfhire; and Mr. Ray takes notice of the place,
though he fufpected it to arife from feeds {cattered
from a garden: it has fince been found on the
mountains in the north of Ireland,

It flowers in May,

C. Bauhine calls it Tithymalus characias rubens
peregrinus. ‘The generality of later authors call

jt Tithymalus characias Monfpelienfium, from its |}

frequency about that place.

N° 15,

BRITISH SPECIES,

149

3» Rough-fruited Spurge,
. Tithymalus verrucofus.

The root is compofed of a {mall head, and a

numerous tuft of fibres, wa ‘
The ftalk is round, flende: i

all branched, and a font pee Fane

The leaves ftand irregularly, and are broad,
fhort, fharp-pointed, fmooth, of a pale green,
and not at all indented at the edges,

The flowers ftand in a {mall tuft; or umbel, att
the top of the plant; and they are little, and of
a yellowifh green, j ;

The feed veffel is roundith, large, and tough:
it is more confpicuous than in moft of the other
kinds, and has been fuppofed to refemble a wart:
the feeds are large.

It is found in the northern counties, but is not
common.

C.Bauhine calls: it Tithymalus myrfinites frufiu
verrucae fimili,

4. Sea Spurge.
Tithymalus tharitinus,

The root. is very long, and furnifhed with a

few fibres. ‘ ;
_ The ftalks are numerous, thick, round, and a
foot and half high: they are perfeétly covered
with the leaves; fo that the plant makes a very
fingular appearance. ;

The leaves are oblong, narrow, undivided at
the edges, and pointed at the ends: they ftand
upwards, and are placed, in the manner of {cales,
one over another.

The flowers ftand in a {mall umbel at the top
of the plant, and are little and greenifh, =~

The feed-veffel is large; and the feeds are alfo
large.

The whole plant is perfectly fmooth, and of a
bluifh green colour. :

It is common on our fea-coafts, and flowers in
June. :

C.Bauhine calls it Lithymalus maritimus. J.
Bauhine, Zithymalus paralius; and moft of the
fucceeding authors have taken one or other of
thefe names, é

g. Knobby-rooted Spurge,
Tithymalus radice craffa,

The root is large, thick, and tuberous; of a
brownith colour; with a tinét of red on the out-
fide, and full of a milky juice.

The ftalks are numerous, weak, round, of a
pale green, and a foot high,

The leaves are fhort, very numerous, and of
a pale green: they are not at all indented, and

“they terminate in a rounded end.

The flowers are fmall and yellowith, and form
a kind of umbel at the tops of the branches.

The feed-veffel is large, as are alfo the feeds.

It is frequent in the cornfields of Ireland; and
flowers in Augutt.

Merret calls it Tithymalus Hibernicus.

Qgq 6. Broad

The ~BURAL AH SiH 3 HB iRSBIA Le

6. Broad-leaved Spurge.
Lithymalus latifolius arvenjis.

The root is long, flender, and has.a few fibres.

The ftalk is fingle, round, upright, firm, and
a foot and half high.

The leaves are. oblong and broad, perfectly
fmooth, not at all indented at the edges, and of
aypale green.

The flowers ftand in a large clufter at the top
of the ftalk, and are {mall and green.

The feed-veffel is Jarge, as are alfo the feeds.

It is found among corn in our fouthern coun-
ties ; and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Tithymalus arvenjis latifolius

Germanicus. J. Bauhine, Tithymalus platyphyllos
fuchfii. Clufius, Tithymalus peregrinus platy-
phyllos.

7, Small long-leaved Spurge.
Tithymalus parvus longifolius.

This is an upright, pretty plant.

The root is fmall and flender, and has but
few fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, firm, upright, and
of aredifh hue. near the ground, but of a pale
green higher up.

The leaves are long, narrow, and of a yellow
green: they have no footftalks, and they are
perfectly undivided at the edges.

The flowers ftand in a loofe kind of umbel at
‘the tops of the ftalks, and on fmall branches
rifing from the bofoms of the upper leaves: they
are {mall and yellow.

The feed-veffel is fmall, and the feeds are
brown.

' It is common in the corn-fields of Kent and
fome other parts of the kingdom; and flowers
in July. °

Ray calls it Tithymalus fegetum Tongifolins.

8. Little Sea Spurge.

Tithymalus maritimus parvus,

The root is long, and furnifhed with many
fibres.

The ftalk is round, fingle, upright, and about
eight inches high.

The leaves are numerous, fmaller at the -bot-
tom, and larger all the way up the ftalk: they
have no footftalks, and hang downwards: they
are fhort, and of an inverted oval figure; broadeft
at the end, and fmaller all the way to the bafe:
they are of a whitifh green colour, undivided at
the edges, and round at the end, with a weak
prickle. ;

The flowers are numerous, and ftand in a loofe
fcattered umbel: they are {mall and yellow.

The feed-veflels are large, and fomewhat
rough,

It is found on our fea-coafts; and flowers in
June.

Ray calls it Tithymalus maritimus minor Portlan-
dicus. It was firft found by Mr. Stoneftreet near
Portland toward Devonshire.

g. Dwarf Spurge.
Lithymalus pumilus anguftifolius.

The root is {mall, oblong, and undivided, and
has a few fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, weak, round, and
of a yellowifh colour: they lie fpread every way
upon the ground, and are branched, full of
leaves, and ufually four or five inches high,
fometimes more, often much lefs,

The leaves are {mall, oblong, pointed at the
ends, and of a pale green.

The flowers ftand in a kind of feattered umbels
at the tops of the ftalks and at the bafe of thefe
there are longer and narrower leaves than the
others: the flowers themfelves are very fmall,
and yellow.

The feed-veflels are alfo fmall.

It is common in our cornfields,
Auguft. :

C. Bauhine calls it Tithymalus five efula exioy
Others, Zithymalus minimus. aie ye

and flowers in

10. Sun Spurge.
Tithymalus heliofcopius,

The root is long, flender,
a few fhort fibres.

The ftalk is round, upright, fi
branched, and ten idehephian a eceeeae

The leaves are numerous, oblong, of an in.
verted oval figure, and ferrated at the edges :
they have no footftalk; and are fmalleft at the
bafe, whence they are broader all the way to the
end.

. aS eee ftand at the top of the ftalk, ina
road, {preading umbel: ;
ae P g they are of a yellowith

The feed-veflels are large,
alfo large. i

It is common on garden bor i i
cultivated saisuitg. Gon rf say Lente

C. Bauhine calls it jh

‘ ymalus heli ed
J. Bauhine, Tithymalus Solifequins. eliofcopius,

and furnifhed with

and the feeds are

11. Little, roundith-leaved Spurge.
Tithymalus parvus foliis fubrotundis,
The root is long, flender,
many fibres.
The ftalks are round, u
and eight inches high,
The leaves are’ fhort, roundith fo}

» on the |
part of the ftalks, and fomewhat longer athe
upper part, where they refemble thofe of the
Sun purge, but that they are fmaller, and not
dented at the edges : they are of a pale gr
and have no footftalks. Sie

The flowers ftand at
kind of loofe umbels :
yellowihh green,

It is commonin gard

. garden borders, and oth -
pine: ground ; and flowers in May eat
is and the preceding are the tw;
2 € two moft com-
a kinds we have: they generally grow toge-
ther, and are diftinguithed at fight by the leaves

being dented in one, and not i
; not : thi
laft alfo is the fmaller. eee

and furnifhed with

pright, of a pale green,

the tops of the ftalks in a
‘they are fmall, and of a

C. Bau.

The "RIRAIT 16H TAL RB Ast

rei

C. Bauhine calls it Peplus, five Efula rotunda,
Ray, Tithymalus parvus annuus foliis fubrotundis
non crenatis.

12. Branched Sea-Spurge-
Tithymalus maritimus ramofis.

This is a fingular fpecies.

The root is long, flender, and undivided.

The ftalk is round, weak, fix or eight inches
high, and very much branched: a great part of
the branches ufually lie upon the ground, but the
main part of the ftalk rifes tolerably upright.

The leaves are finall, broad, fhort, numerous,

and of a yellowith green at firft; but, when the
plant has ftood fome time, they are ufually redifh :

DIVISION. I. FO

1. Tree-Spurge.

Tithymalus arboreus.

The root is large, and fpreading.

The ftem is thick, firm, and ere€t; ahd the
whole plant has very much the appearance of a
tree.

It grows to five feet in height: the trunk is
naked and from its top, which is nearly at half
the height of the entire plant, rife numerous
branches: thefe are flender, upright, and of a
redifh colour, ’

The leaves are oblong, narrow, and of ‘a pale
green, not at all divided at the edges, fharp at
the point, and without footftalks.

The flowers ftand at the tops of thefe in fmall |
umbels, and are little and yellow.

The feed-veffels are large, and the feeds brown.

It is a native of Italy, and of the Greek iflands,
and flowers in July.

C, Bauhine calls it Tithymalus myrtifolius, arbo-
veus. Others, Tithymalus arboreus.

2. Myrtle-Spurge. °
Tithymalus myrfinites.

The root is long, divided, and furnifhed with
‘many fibres.

The ftalks are round, thick, and green, or
fometimes redifh, and lie in great part upon the
ground : the flowering branches rife to eight
inches high, and make a very pretty appearance ;
they are flender, upright, and not at all divided
or branched. :

The leaves are very numerous, thick, and of a
bluith green: they have no footftalks, and they
refemble the Jeaves-of myrtle: they hang down-
wards, and they are rough at the edges, and
pointed at the end,

The flowers are fmall and green; but they
ftand in a large, regular, and beautiful umbel at
the tops of the ftalks.

The feed-veffel is ldrge, and deeply marked in
three places. -

It is a native of Italy, and the fouth of France,
and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Tithymalus myrfinites latifo-

dius. Others fimply Téthymalus myrfinites.

they are broad at the bafe, where they adheré
without any footftalk, and are obtufe at the end:

The flowers are fmall and yellowifh at firft,
but afterward they are redith : they do not grow;
as in the others, only at the top of the ftalks,
but all along thé plant, rifing with fhort foot-
ftalks from the bofoms of the leaves)

The feed-veffels are large, and’ marked with
three divifions; and the feeds are large and
brown.

It is frequent on our fea-coafts, and flowers int
May: i

C. Bauhine calls it Tithymalus maritimus folio
obtufo. Others, Peplis.

When in flower, it is ufually throughout of a
fcarlet-colour.

REIGN SPECIES,
2. Round-rootéed Spurge.

Tithymalus radice rotunda.

The root is large, and of a regular figure ; aps
proaching to round, but refembling the fhape of
a pear.

The ftalks are numerous, round, thick, and
ufually redifh: they are five or fix inches high;
and feldom perfeétly erect, but leaning or bend-
ing one way or other.

The leaves are broad; fhort, and not very nu-
merous: they have no footftalks, and they are
fmalleft at the bafe, and larger all the way tothe -
other end.

The flowers are fmall, and green; with a tingé
of yellow: they ftand in large umbels on the
tops of the ftalks.

The feed=veffel is lafge, and marked with three
divifions, and the feeds are large.

It is a native of Crete, and flowers in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Tithymalus tuberofa pyriformi
radice, Others, Apios.

4. Pine-Spurge.
Lithymalus foliis anguftis acutis:

The root is long, flenders and covered with a
redifh. bark.

The ftalk is round, firm, upright, and a foot
and a half high.

The leaves ftand irregularly, and are large;
narrow, and pointed at the end: they are of-a
bright green colour; and foft to the touch.

The flowers are {mall and greenifh: they ftand
in a large umbel at the top of the ftalk. —

The feed-veffel is large, and the feeds are
large and brown: te

It is common among the wet rocks in France,
Spain, and Italy; and flowers in Auguit.

GC. Bauhine calls it Lithymalus foliis pini forté
Diofcoridis pithyufa. Others, Pithyufa,

5. Great-fruited Spurge.
Tithymalus fruéiu magno.
The root is large and {preading.
The ftalk is round, thick, hollow, whitith,
and tinged, as it were, with brown: it.is up-
right,

152

Th BRITISH HERBAL.

right, and, like all the other {purges, full of a
milky juice.

The leaves are numerous, Jong, narrow, and
of a pale green: they have no footftalks ; they
adhere by a narrow bafe, and fland out horizon-
tally.

The top divides into feveral branches, forming
a very large umbel; and the plant, when in
flower, isa yard high.

Thefe upper branches have numerous leaves
but they are unlike the others: they are broad at
the bafe, and fmaller to the point; fo that they
are in fome degree of a triangular form.

The flowers are large and yellowifh, and the
feed-vefiels very large, and deeply ribbed.

When they are fully ripe, they burft in the
hot fun, and the feeds fly out forcibly.

It is a native of France andItaly. We keep it
frequently in gardens, It flowers in July.
C. Bauhine calls it Lathyris major.
call it Cataputia major.

and Cataputia, without the addition of major.

The reafon of calling this the greater catapu-
tia is, that fome have defcribed what they call a
fmaller fpecies ; but that differing, according to
their own accounts, in nothing but fize, isa va-
riety, and not a diftinct {pecies.

Others

6. Great Myrtle-Spurge.
Tithymalus myrtifolius perennis.

The root is thick, divided, and perennial.
The ftalks are numerous, round, hollow, thick,

G38E “EN jo Us §

Others only Lathyris .

and two feet high:
not at all branched.

The leaves are large, oblong, and fharp-
pointed, of a blackith green, and drooping.

The flowers are large, and of a greenifh yel-
low: they ftand in fmall umbels.

The feed-vefiel is large, and the feeds are
blackith.

It is a native of Germany, and flowers in Au-
guft. :

C. Bauhine calls it Tithymalus myrfinites angufti~
folius, Others, Tithymalus myrtifolius niger.

All the fpecies of tithymal, Englith and fo-
reign, agree in their qualities. They abound
with a hot and acrid juice, which applied out-
wardly eats away warts, and other excrefcences,
The bark of the root of the e/z/a, and fome other
kinds, have been at different times received in
the fhops as medicines; but they are now alto-
gether difufed.

Their operation was by vomit and ftool; and
they did both fo violently, that it is with great
reafon they are banifhed the fhops,

Some country-people have ventured to take
{mall dofes of the juice of fpurge: it operates vio.
lently, and is apt to erode and inflame the in-
teftines. If any will venture to give the ¢fula
bark, it fhould be corrected, by fteeping in vine.
gar, and afterwards dried and powdered; and
mace, and a few grains of gum tragacanth,
mixed with it.

they are perfectly ereét, and

VI.

PrbeAiN 1T.yAgtoNs
PLANT AGO.

MPHE flower confifts of four petals, joined at the bafe: the cup is formed of a fingle leaf, divided
into four parts, and remains with the fruit: the feed-veffel is of an oval form, and the feeds aré

numerous and fmall.

Linnzus places this among the tetrandria monogynia ; the threads in each flower being four, and

the ftyle from the rudiment of the capfule fingle.

This author joins under the fame name fome other genera, as they are called by too many, Al

with one exception, very juftly. They erred who made a peculiar genus of the coronopus or bucks-
horn plantain; but Linnzus is as much in the wrong, when, on the other fide, he brings in the pfl-
ium, or fleawort, into the fame genus. We fhall fhew the diftinétion when treating of p/yllium in the
fucceeding part of this clafs ; there being no fpecies of it Britifh. We fee in this, as in many other

inftances, how natural it is in avoiding an error on one fide, to commit one on the other
of prudence is to keep the moderate courfe, and to know where to ftop.

DULAVsLStleOrN sil:

1. Smooth, broad-leaved Plantain.
Plantago latifolia glabra.

The root confifts of numerous, thick fibres,
joined to a fmall head.

The leaves rife in a great clufter; and are
large, broad, and of a dead green: they are of
an oval figure, broadeft at the bafe, fmaller to
the end, where they terminate obtufely ; and they
have long, hollow footttalks.

The ribs are very large and confpicuous, and
they run lengthwife of the leaves: there are
ufually feven of them.

The mark

BURGI Ag ES He S-PE.Cs1- B.S.

The ftalks rife among thefe, and are nume-
rous, round, tough, and a foot high.
They have no leaves on them; but
bear a long, flender fpike of flowers.
The flowers are fmall and inconfiderable :
are of a greenifh white, and foon fade.
The feed-veffel is {mall and oval, and the feeds
are numerous and brown. :
C. Bauhine calls it Planta ifoli
£0 latifolia finuata,
Others, Plantago latifolia vulgaris, Wein Eng. ©
lith, Great plantain, or Waybred. 2
The leaves are ufually fmooth, and fometimes
2 lightly

at the tops

they

Ste

Th BRETISH HBR Bai

lightly finuated, often waved, and otherwife ir-
regular.

There are alfo other varieties of this plant,
which have been deferibed' and figured as parti-
cular fpecies. What is called rofe-plantain, is this
fpecies with clufters of fmall leaves growing on
the ftalk in form of a rofe, and is owing to the
punéture of an infect, which perverts the courfe
of the juice. The feveral other varieties of it, and
of the other fpecies, as the defom plantain, and
the reft, are only varieties, rifing from the fame
accident. :

2. Rough, broad-leaved Plantain.
Plantago latifolia birfuta.

The root is compofed of numerous, large fibres,
The leaves rife in athick tuft; and are broad,

‘farge, and of a whitith colour: they are of an

» oval fhape, broadeft near the bafe, growing

gradually fmaller to the end; and their ribs run
Jengthwife, and are very confpicuous. 3

The ftalks rife among the leaves in confider-
able number : they are afoot high, of a whitith
colour, hairy, and not very firm.

The flowers are fmall and whitifh, and they
ftand at the tops of the ftalks in fhort and thick
{pikes, not in long, flender ones, as im the for-
mer kind. ;

It is common in paftures, and flowers in May.

C. Bauhine calls it Plantago latifolia incana.

Others, Plantago major incana, We, Hoary
plantain, or Lambs tongue.

3. Narrow-leaved. Plantain,
Plantago anguftifolia vulgaris.

The root is thick, fhort, divided into feveral
parts, and furnifhed with many fibres.

The leaves are numerous, and.have no foot-
ftalks: they are long, narrow, and of a deep
green, broadeft toward the middle, and fharp at
the point.

Their ribs run lengthwife, as in the others, and
are very large and confpicuous.

The ftalks are numerous, tough, upright, na-
ked, ftriated, and ten inches high. 3

The flowers are fmall, and ftand at the top of
each ftalk in a. fhort, thick fpike.

The feed-veffels are. {mall and oval,: and the
feeds very minute and brown.

It is common every where by way-fides, and

» flowers all fummer.

C. Bauhine calls it Plantago major anguftifolia,
Others, Plantago quinquenervia, We, Ribwort
plantain.

It varies extremely in fize, according, to the
degree of nourifhment it receives; and hence the
common writers have defcribed a larger and
fmaller kind ; but this is only variation from ac-
cident, no diftinétion of fpecies, :

This is alfo liable to the fame accidental varia-
tions as the broad-leaved kind, from the difturbed
current of the juice; and by this its top will be
covered with leaves, or its fpike varioufly al-
tered.

Thefe are no more than varieties perfectly ac-
cidental 5 but as they are fingular in their kind,
they are reprefented in the annexed plate.

N° XVI.

aie d
4 Little, annual, broad-leaved Plantain.
Plantago latifolia annua parva.

The root confifts of a few fibres.

The leaves are numerous, and f{pread upon thé
Stound : they are broad and fhort ; they approach
to an oval figure, and have very high veins:
they are finuated at the edge, but lightly and irs
regularly, and terminate ina fharp point.

The ftalks are numerous, round, fitm, and
about three inches hight they have no leaves on
them, and are of a pale green.

The flowers ftand in long and flender fpikes at
the top of each ftalk.

The feed-veffels are large, ahd the feeds very
{mal}.

It is not uncommon in damp places on heaths

where it is generally overlooked, being confi: -

dered only as a’ ftarved plant of the common
kind, or as an accidental variety but it is truly
difting.

C. Bauhine calls it Plantago latifolia glabra mi:
wor; and moft others defcribe it under the namé
of Plantago minor but they confound with this,
which is entirely diftinét, thé accidental variety
of the common plantain, when only fmaller from
want of nourifhment.

Difference in fize alone is no mark of a difting
fpecies ; but, joined with others, ir affifts,

Authors deferibe alfo a kind of Loary plantain,
under the name of the Jinaller. Plukenet calls
it Plantago noftras latifolia minor incana trinervis 5
but this is nothing more than an accidental variety
of the common hoary plantain, all the parts being
the fame, though finaller, and the plant rifing
to its full ftation in better ground,

$+ Sea-Plantain,
Plantago marina.

The foot is long, flender, undivided, and furs
nifhed with a few fibres,

The leaves are numerous, long, and narrow 3
they rife in a thick tuft, and ftand tolerably up:
right, only a few of the outermoft lying upon thé
ground. They have no footftalks: they are broadeft
at the bafe, narrower all the way to the point,
and fometimes a little notched at the edges, but
this very irregularly,

The ftalks rife among thefe leaves in great
number: they are four or five inches high, and’
have at their top a {pike of flowers very flender,
and three or four inches in length ; fo that the
whole height is eight or ten.inches : the ftalks are
naked, and the flowers in the {pikes are very {mall,

The feed-veffels alfo are fmall, and oval $ and
the feeds very minute.

It is common in our falt-marfhes, and elfe-
where about the fea-coafts, and flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Plantago maritima major.
Others, Plantago marina vulgaris, and Coronopus
marinus. We, Sea-plantain, or Sea bucks-horn
plantain.

6. Bucks-hora Plantain,
Plantago foliis incifis.
The root is long, lender, undivided, and fur-

nifhed with many fibres.
Rr velhe

o54

The leaves are numerous, and very beautiful F
they lie upon the ground, and fpread themfelves
~ out every way from the head of the root, in form
of aftar: they are long, narrow, and deeply jag-
ged at the edges; the jaggs are fo long that they
have been fuppofed to give the leaf fome refem-
blance of the horn of a buck; whence its Eng-
lith name: they are of a pale green, and hairy.

The ftalks are numerous, round, flender, and
naked. ;

The flowers are fmall, but have confpicuous
white buttons from their centre.

The feed-vefiel is {mall and oval, and the feed
is very minute.

The flowers and feed-veffels ftand in fhort,
flender fpikes.

It is common in barren places, and flowers in
July.

C. Bauhine calls it Coronopus fylveftris birfutior.
Others, Coronopus, and Cornu cervinum, or Plan-
tago coronopus ditia. We, in Englith, Bucks-
horn plantain, and in fome places Star of the
earth: but this laft is an improper name, becaufe
it has been alfo given to a very different plant, to
be defcribed hereafter, and therefore will create
confufion.

y. Little hairy Plantain.
Plantago anguftifolia pumila incana.

The root is large, irregular, oblong, and of a
brown colour.

The leaves are few, and fmall: they rife in a

little tuft, and are tolerably upright: they have
no footftalks: they are hairy, and of a pale green,
and are broadeft in the middle, and narrower to
the point, where they terminate fharply.

The ftalk is round, weak, naked, upright, and
four inches high.

The flowers are fmall and white: they ftand in
athick, fhort tuft at the top of the ftalk, and
quickly fade.

The feed-veffels are oval, fmall, and fmooth,
and the feeds are very {mall and blackith.

It is frequent about the fea-coaft of Suffex, and
flowers in April.

Ray calls it Plantago angujtifolia minor.

This little plant is fubject, like the others, to
the variations of having a divided fpike, or a
leafy top; and they arife altogether from the
fame caufe, the bitings of infects. This is an ac-
cident that we fee produce ftrange appearances in
many plants, from the oak to this meaneft of the
plantain kind.

The various excrefcences of the oak, the galls,
oak-apples, and the like, are caufed only by the
pundture of a fly. The rofe upon the willow,
which is juft analogous to this upon the plantain,
is alfo owing to the fame caufe 5 and fo are innu-
merable others.

8. Narrow-leaved mountain Plantain.
Plantago Alpina anguftifolia.

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
a few fibres.
2

Th BRITISH HERBAL.

The leaves rife from numerous heads, into
which the root fplits at the crown 5 and are long,
narrow, and of a pale green: they /have no
footftalks ; they are broadeft in the middle, and
{mall boch at the bafe and point, where they ter-
minate fharply.

The flalks are few, and- very fmall: they are
not more than three inches high, round, flender;
and green.

The flowers are {mall, and of a greenifh white:
they fland at the tops of the ftalks in a fmall,
flender fpike.

The feed-veflels are oval, and the feeds very
fmall. F
It is common on the Welch mountains, and

flowers in April.

C. Bauhine calls it Plantago Alpina anguflifolia.

g. Hairy graffy-leaved Plantain.
Plantago foliis gramineis hirfutis.

The root is long, flender, white, and furnifhed
with a few threads.

The leaves rife in a confiderable tuft ; and are
fmall, of a greyith green, and grafly: they are
broadeft at the bafe, narrower all the way to the
point, and hairy.

The ftalks are weak, round, and naked, and
fupport little fpikes of flowers.

The flowers themfelves are very {mall and whi-
tifh, and the fpikes thick, fhort, and roundith.

The feed-veffel is roundifh, and the feeds are:
fmall.

It is common on the ifland of Sheepey, and in
other parts about the fea-coafts. It flowers in
June.

Ray calls it Plantago gramineo folio birfuto mi-
nor capitulo rotundiore brevi.

10. Single-flowered Plantain.
-Plantago monantbes.

The root is compofed of a great number of
fibres, which penetrate deep into the ground.

The leaves rife in a large tuft; and they are
narrow, long, and grafly; many lie on the
ground, and a good number ftand up.

Among thefe rife the ftalks : they are very mi-
nute, flender, brown, and naked: they are not
half an inch high; each fuftains a fingle flower,
which is very fmall and inconfiderable ; and from
this rife four very long ftamina, with large, white
buttons. ‘

The feed-veffel is fmall and oval, and the feeds
are very minute.

It is not uncommon in boggy places, though,
from its fmallnefs, little regarded. It flowers in

| June.

This little plant has a variety of long names.
Tournefort calls it Plantago paluftris gramineo folio
monanthos Parifienfis. Ray, Gramen junceum,
Jive holofteum minimum paluftre capitulis quatuor lon
gifimis faminibus donatis.

DIVI-

See ee ee ee

Yi patel a odie He tea dae

iD. Vel Ss 1-O.N Ii:

1. Thick {piked Sea-Plantain.
Plantago maritima. fpicis crafis.

The root is long and flender, and is furnifhed
with a few fibres.

The leaves are narrow, hairy, and fhort, in
comparifon of many of the formier kinds: they
are {mall near the bafe, broadeft toward the end,
and fharp-pointed.

The ftalks are numerous, round, flender, and
hairy : they are four or five inches high, and have
leaves on them.

"The flowers are placed at the tops of the ftalks
in a thick fpike.

The feed-velfel is large and oval, and the feeds
are very {mall.

It is common on the fea-coafts of Spain, and
flowers in May.

C. Bauhine calls it Holofteum birfutum albicans
majus. Others, Plantago Hifpanica {pica oblonga.

It is fometimes found very fmall for want of
nourifhment, and in that ftate has been defcribed
as a diftinét fpecies; but it is merely an acci-
dental variety.

2. Short-ftalked Plantain.
Plantago feapo brevi.

The root is long, flender, and undivided.

The leaves are numerous, of a greyifh green,
narrow, and of a grafly fhape: they are broadeft
at the bafe, and {maller all the way to the point.

The ftalks are numerous; and very fhort : they
are not of the length of the leaves, and are of
the fame greyith colour, and covered with a thick
downy hairinefs.

The flowers are fmall and whitifh: they are
placed in thick, fhort fpikes at the tops of thefe
ftalks, and feldom ftand upright, ufually droop-
ing one way or other.

The feed-vefiel is large and oval, and the feeds
are very fmall,

It is common in the Greek iflands, and flowers
in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Holofteum, five Leontop
Creticum. Clufius, Leontopodium Creticum

3. Narroweft-leaved Plantain,
Plantago foliis anguftiffimis.

The root is very thick, and divided.
The leaves are extremely numerous, and nar-

FOREIGN

SPECIES

rower thah any Other of the plantain kind : they
are long, and lie every way {pread about, and
frequently are curled, fo that they refemble
worms, or little ferpents ; whence the plant has
been named fnake-gra/s.

The ftalks are round, weak, and flender : they

have no leaves on them.
The flowers ftand at thé tops in long, flender
fpikés, and they are {mall and inconfiderable.
The feed-veffel is oval and fmall, the feeds are
minute and numerous.
It is a native of Italy; and flowers in Auguft.
C. Bauhine calls it Holofteum ftrittiffimo folio
majus. Others, Plantago ftrittiffimo folio, and
Serpentaria major.

All the fpecies of plantain poftefs the fame vir-
tues, and they aré very confiderable. None of
them is better than the common broad-leaved

kind; therefore with us it would be idle to bring -

any other into ufe,

This is aftringent, cooling, and healing. -

A water is diftilled from it; but this is of fmal]
valué, for thefe are not virtues that rife in diftil-
lation.

A decoétion of the entire plant is excellent in
diforders of the ureters.

The root, dryed and powdered, is to be given
half a dram for a dofe, and is very ferviceable
againft loofeneffes with fharp and bloody ftools,

The juice is good againft fpitting of blood, and
againft the overflowings of the menfes.

The leaves, bruifed, and ufed outwardly, cleanfe
and heal old ulcers.

Thefe are all the plants with four petals to
the flower, and a fingle regular capfule, of which
there are any fpecies native of Britain. “It muft
not appear an omiffion, that three plants, afcribed
in Mr. Ray’s Synopfis to this clafs, are omitted.
The firft, pentapterophyllon, has no feed-veffel,
but the flower is followed by four naked feeds ;
the fecond, balfamine, has five petals to the flower;
and the third, Aypopitys, has ten. By what over-
fight in Mr. Ray thefe came to be added to the
prefent clafs, I fhall not enquire : it is plain they
feverally belong to three others; and they will
be treated of accordingly in their places in the
fucceeding part of this work,

SERIES

156

The *B¢R I-T 1-s-H aati Siete

8, sabe RT

Es I.

Thofe of which there is no fpecies native of this country.

Go Ea aN

U Ss I,

RG-UROE!
Reo, ee dh

A flower is compofed of four petals, which are holfow, narrow, and ftand open, and it has a

tuft of threads in the centre:
fegments at the edge, and permanent :

the cup is fmall, formed of a fingle piece, but divided into four
the feed veffel is large and fingle, but compofed of four lobes,

and lightly divided into four partitions: the feeds are numerous and rough.

Linnaus places this among the offandria monogynia ;

the rudiment of the eapfule with its ftyle fingle.

i i iation i moft flower of rue, it having
24 ometimes a variation in the upperr
a tele wherever fo numerous,
there are alfo found ten inftead of eight threads in the
This fhews the uncertainty of any one part, much more of any fmall part
When it happens that even there is
feed-veffel fhews a difference from all other plants,

tals; but in that cafe all the reft of the flowers,
in the cafe of five petals,

generical character.

eflential part in a generical character.

1. Common’ Rue.
Ruta fylveftris.

The root is long and large, divided into many
parts, and furnifhed with numerous fibres,

The ftalk is round, and; when the plant has
ftood fome time; it grows hard and woody, and is
covered with a greyifh bark. At firft it is tender
and green, and the branches and young Shoots
continue of that texture’ and colour: it rifes' to
two or three feet’ high, fometimes more, and is
very much: brariched)

The leaves are’ very numerous, of a bluith co-
Jour, thick, cand: of a flethy fubftance : they
are, properly fpeaking, doubly pinnated, feveral
pairs: of pinnated: leaves growing on a middle
rib, and each of thefe being compofed of four or
five’ pair of finall ones' on its rib, with an odd
leaf at the end; : but they are'fo numerous, that
this difpofition is not’ much regarded:: thefe {e-
parate leaves are’ fhort, broad, and’ obtue.

The flowers ftand at’ the tops of the branches
in large tufts, and are fmall, and of a bright
yellow. :

The feed-veffel is large, and feems as if com-
pofed of four parts, and the feeds are rough.

Tt is a native of the fouthern parts of Europe,
and flowers in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Ruta hortenfis latifolia,
Others, Ruta major latifolia, And we, Common
rue, and Garden rue,

Rue is:a plant of a very ftrong tafte and fmell,
and of very powerful qualities. Rubbed upon
the fkin, it raifes an inflammation, and is ufed by
fome in this manner againft headachs.

They diftil a water from it in the fhops, which
has little virtue, for the qualities of rue are not of
that kind which rife in diftillation,

There is no better wa

y of giving it than ina
conferve made of the fr

efh tops, beaten up with

and is confiftent and unifor

the threads in each flower being eight, and
five inftead of four pe-
confift only of four each:
flower.

of a plant, to fix a
a petal too much in the flower, ftill the
m: this therefore is an

fugar. In this form itis excellent againft hyfterick
complaints arifing from fuppreffions of the men-
fes; and taken for a continuance againft the epi-
lepfy.

The juice of rue, exprefied with white wine,
and taken’ in very {mail dofes, is a remedy for
that troublefome difeafe the nightmare.

An infufion of it taken for a Continuance of
time, is greatly recommended alfo againit difor-
ders of the eyes,

The antients had an opinion of rue as a pre-
ferver of chattity, or a preventer of lewd thoughts;
but we give no medicines for diforders of the mind,

C. Bauhine defcribes another kind of rue, un-
det the name of Ruta bortenfis altera; but it is
only a variety, not a diftingt f{pecies ;

efcribed- by
authors to Be alfo Varieties: we fhall thew by

défcriptions that they are fuf-

The true botanit fhould be as

careful to
Ppreferve the really.

feparate fpecies of plants
under their prefent names, as to explode from
that number thofe which have’ been called fo»
but: are only varieties. Mott have been too la-
vifh on this head; Linnzus is too confined.
The fpecies of plants, according to the generality
of authors, taking all they have ‘fuppofed to be
diftin@, amount to about fixteen thoufand three
Linneus would reduce them to lef
than ten thoufand; but a Moderate computation
will eftablith them ‘at about twelve thoufand

four hundred, This is the neareft account of the
number of known plants.

2. Sharp-leaved Rue,
Ruta foliis acuminatis,

The root is long, th

hick, divided, and furnifhed
with numerous fibres. .

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“THEA WB Be @ TISH HERBAL

The ftem is thick, round, and firm, and, when
old, is covered with a-pale brown barks but the
young fhoots and twigs are tender and green.

‘The leaves are numerous, and are of the doubly-
pinnated kind, each compofed of two or three
pairs on a rib, and each of thefe of feveral pairs
of feparate leaves joined to their rib, with an odd
one at the end. ;

The whole plant thus far refembles common rue,
and is like it fhrubby, and three feet high, and
very much branched. :

The feparate leaves fhew a manifeft difference :
they are in the common rue fhort, and roundith or
blunt; in this fpecies they are oblong, narrow,
and fharp-pointed : their colour is a greyifh
green, and they are not fo flefhy asin the com-
mon Te.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches,
and are large and yellow. ;

The feed-veffel is large, and four-cornered,
and the feeds are large and rough.

It is a native of the Eaft, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Ruta fylveftris major. Do-
donzus, Ruta graveolens.

Go 3 higesN

3. Little five-leaved Rue,
Ruia pumila tenuifolia,

The root is long, thick, divided, and furnifhed
with numerous fibres,

The firft leaves rife feparate from the ftalk,
and lie upon the ground : they are pinnated in a
fingular manner ; each is compofed of three or
four paits of pinnae’, with an odd one at the end,
fet on a flender, naked rib; but thefe pinne are .
not compofed of fmaller leaves, as in the fpecies
before defcribed, but are deeply and irregularly
divided in a pinnated form, into long, narrow feg-
ments ; fo that the whole large leaf has a very
beautiful appearance. :

The ftalks are numerous, weak, and tough:
they are a foot and a half high, and have leaves
placed irregularly on them, refembling thofe
from the root, and of a pale green.

The flowers ftand in tufts at the tops of the
ftalks, and are fmall and yellow.

It is a native of Italy, and flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Ruta fylveftris minor. The
plant called in Latin barmala, and by many
wild rue, is of another genus, to be defcribed
hereafter. ;

Ws igS II.

EUPHORBIU™M.

HE flower confifts of four petals: the cup is divided into four fegments, and thefe are’
placed alternately between each other: the feed-veffel is roundifh, but marked with three divi-
fions, and contains three cells, in each of which there is a fingle feed: the body of the plant is

thick, flefhy, and angulated.

Linnzus places this among the polyandria monogynia, the filaments being numerous, and growing
to the receptacle, and the ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle.

He joins under this name, as we have fhewn before, the common tithymals or JSpurges: it is true,
that the flowers and feed-veffels agree ; but there is enough in the ftruéture of the plants to war-

rant a diftindtion. °

1. Common Euphorbium.
Euphorbium vulgatius.

The root is large, black, divided into many
parts, and hung with large fibres. :

The plant rifes ftom this in a fingular man-
ner, not with a ftalk and leaves, as all thofe
hitherto defcribed, but with feveral robuft, thick,
flefhy ftéms: thefe are formed into a number of
fmall faces, with fo many angles, and are of a
deep blackith green: they are as thick as a child’s
arm at the bottom, fomewhat fmaller at the top,
a foot or more in height, and artned at the edges
of all the planes or angles with extremely fharp
prickles placed two together.

This is the general face and appearance of the
plant, and is all that is with us ufually feen of
it: there never are any leaves, nor any other {tem
than thefe ftrange pieces.

When it has flowers, they burft out in various
parts at the angles or edges, and are of a yel-
lowifh green colour ; each is fucceeded by a fingle
capfule, of a roundifh form, but marked in three
places with lines, and containing three feeds.

It is a native of Africa, and flowers there in
Auguft.

N° 16,

Ifnard calls it Euphorbium polygonum Spinofum
cerei effigii, Others fimply Euphorbium,

If any part of the plant be cut or broken, there
flows out a cauftick liquor, which prefently har-
dens into a refinous fubftance, of a burning, fiery
tafte, and horrible qualities.

The hardened juice of this plant is the drug
called euphorbium. It was once given as a purge
in dropfies, and other defperate diftempers, but
a better practice has rejected it. The operation
was by vomit and ftoo!, and both in extremes ;
and it often inflamed the inteftines. We find at
prefent medicines that anfwer the fame purpofe,
without the danger of thefe terrible confe-
quences. é

Surgeons once ufed it in the cure of carious
bones ; but they found it fo ungovernable even in
that application, that it is now utterly neglected.

The plant here defcribed affords the euphor-
dium of late time brought into the thops; but it

‘ was from another of the fame genus that the

euphorbium was obtained in the times of the an-
tients: the difference of the plant is, however, no
more than that of fpecies of the fame kind 3 and
that of the drug no more than might be expected
in fuch a cafe. The euphorbium of the antients

Sf was.

158

The BRITISH HERBAL

was rather milder than that of later time; but
they are both much better banifhed than em-
ployed.

2, The Euphorbium of the Antients.

Enpborbium antiquorum.

The root is thick, white, woody, and very
long: it penetrates ftrait down into the earths
and is hung with many fibres.

From the head of this root rifes a fingle ftem,
which is triangular ufually ; but this admits va-
riation, for it is fometimes fquare: it is thick,
firm, upright, jointed, branched, and twelve
or fourteen feet high.

The angles rife high upon it, and are armed
with double thorns, which are fhort,, but very
ftrong and fharp. Thefe angles or edges do not
run ftrait, but are waved or finuated, and the
whole ftalk is fomewhat flatted: the {pines are
of a fhining brown, and the plant itfelf of a deep
green.

Toward the top it divides into feveral branches»
and from its fide there rife many others.

Thefe are large, thick, and triangular, fome-
what flatted, and of the fame fhape with the
trunk, and armed in the fame manner with
prickles. :

Toward the upper part of the plant there rife,
at the fame places with the fpines, certain fine,
fmall rudiments of leaves, if they may be fo
called; but they never expand, nor are of long
duration.

The former kind is abfolutely naked ; but thefe
are a kind of approach to leaves in this.

The flower is compofed of four petals, and the
feed-veffel contains three large feeds.

It is a native of the Eaft Indies, and flowers
in Auguft. i

Linnzus calls it Euphorbia aculeata fubrotunda
triangularis articulata ramis patentibus.

3. Five cornered Euphorbium.

Euphorbium quinguangulare.

The root is a vaft white body, fending out
‘from its bottom numerous thick fibres.

From this rife numerous naked ftems, fome-
times two or three joined in a body juft above
the root, and divided afterwards ; and not unfre-
quently a fingle ftem rifes, from which, after it has
grown up a foot or more, there burft out feveral
new, fhoots all round. There is all this variation
in the plant; nor is it exact any more than the
preceding fpecies in its number of angles or cor-
ners, but five is the moft general and natural:
the main trunk at the bottom fometimes has only
four, and the youngeft fhoots have fometimes
more than five, but the body of the plant is
quinquangular, :

The main trunk is full of flefhy tubercles, and,
when it has ftood fome time, grows whitifh, and
hard.

The fhoots rife to four or five feet high; and

are of a bright green, thick, flefhy, and armed
at all the edges, with black fhining prickles
rifing in pairs, and pointing downwards ; and
they are ufually crooked.

Tt has no leaves, nor often flowers with us,

It is a native of the Canaries, and there has
four-leaved flowers, and large feed-vefiels,

Linnzus calls it Euphorbia aculeata nuda fubquin-
quangularis aculeis geminatis,

4. Single, fpined, many-cornered Euphorbium.

Euphorbium fpinis folitariis multangulare.

The root is large, thick, white, and divided,
and towards the bottom fends out many fibres:

A fingle ftem frequently rifes from the head of
the root, and nothing more ; fometimes there are
two or three, but in this cafe they are perfectly
diftin& ; fo that each is an entire plant.

This is thick, flefhy, and divided into. a multi-
tude of faces, by rifing corners or angles, and is
of a.deep green, ufually fmaller at the bottom,
and larger to the top; but this not conftantly or
univerfally.

The edges are armed with prickles; and thefe
ftand fingly, not in pairs, as in all the former fpe-
cies; and they are brown, hard, and gloffy.

The flowers are numerous, and grow prin-
cipally toward the upper part of the plant: they
are compofed each of four petals, and fucceeded
by a large, round feed-veffels, divided within into
three cells, in each of which is a fingle feed.

It is a native of Athiopia, and flowers in
June. ;

Burnan calls it Euphorbium aphyllum angulofum

florum coma denfiffima.

5. Scaly Euphorbium.
Euphorbium Jquammatum,

The root is long, flender, creeping, and di-
vided into many parts. 4

From this rifes a large body, of the bignefs
of achild’s head, and of a woody fubftance : its
furface is covered with irregular lumps and tu-
bercles, and its colour is brown. ‘

From the head of this fingular lump rife nu-
merous ftalks: they are thick at the bottom,
fmaller all the way upward, anda foot high.

Toward the lower part they are covered with
fquare tubercles in the manner ofthe lump at
the bottom, only more diftin&: higher up thefe
tubercles grow thinner, and lie. over one another
like fcales: they are longer and narrower as they
advance more in length, and have at their bafes
certain fmall and narrow leaves: the tops of all
the ftalks are terminated alfo by thefe fore of
leaves, ~

It rarely advances farther than this ftate with’
us; but where it is perfect the Aowers are com-
pofed of four petals, ‘and the feed-veffel is roun-
difh, and divided into four cells. :

Tt is a native of Ethiopia, and flowers in
July.

Commelin calls it Planta lafaria Africana.

GENUS

ThA BRETFISRI HERG ay

rae

UNE nate g

Ii.

Fie ltatienan Won@, esa,

LENE ED IST SUB,

TH flower is compofed of four fmall oval petals, joined at their bate:
ormed of a fingle piece, and divided into five fegments at the edoe: the f i
oe: d-
anid the feeds are numerous : the ftalks are branched, and have leaves upon thet a,
Linneus places this among the tetrandria monogynia ;

the ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle.

the cup is very fmal],

the threads in each flower being four, and

He joins it, as before obferved, with the plaritain not allowing it to be a diftj
2 . . 4 4 e
Mr. Ray probably led him into this error, for he firft fell into it; but the sce ie perfectly

diftinct.

The flowers and feed veffels agree indeed in both; but the ftalks,

and manner of growing, differ

altogether : the plantains have leaves from the root only, and fimple ftalks ; the phyilliums have

branched ftalks, and leaves on them,

1. Common Fleawort.
Pyllium vulgare.

The root is long, thick, white, and furnifhed
with many fibres.

The ftalk is round, upright, very much
branched, and a foot and half high.

The leaves are numerous: they ftand alter-
nately, and are long and narrow, of a deep green :
they are not at all divided at the edges, but
pointed at the ends; and they commonly have
tufts of young ones, and rudiments of branches,
in their bofoms: fo that the whole plant has a
confufed afpect.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches
in fmall, round fpikes: they are little, and in-
confiderable.

The feed-vefiels are {mall and oval, and the
feeds are very numerous and glofly: their colour
is black, and from their fhape, fize, and fhi-
ning furface, they have been fuppofed to refemble
fleas.

It is common in the hedges of all the warmer
parts of Europe, and flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Pfyllium majus erectum.
Others, P/yllium vulgare.

The feeds are ufed for making a mucilage,
which is good in fore mouths, wafhing the mouth
well, and fpitting it out.

It has been given internally as a purge; but
there are accounts of very bad effeéts from it,
faintings,/and imminent danger of death: it is
therefore difufed.

2. Jagged Fleawort.
Phllium foliis ferratis.

The root is long, white, and flender.

The ftalk is round, upright, branched, and a
foot and half high.

The leaves ftand alternately, and are long,
narrow, and jagged, and of a pale green,

The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches,
in oblong fpikes, and “are fmall and inconfi.
derable.

The feed-veffel is oval, and the feeds are large
and black.

It is a native of the Eaft, and flowers in
Jurie. :

C. Bauhine calls it P/iium Diofcoridis, vel In-
dicum foliis crenatis.

This, and not our common kind, feems to
have been the flecwort of the antients; but they
appear fo much the fame in Virtues, that the dif-
ference is not effential.

3. Creeping Fleawort.
Pfyllium repens.

The root is long, and divided, and furnithed
with many fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, round, and of a pale
green,

They lie upon the ground for the greateft part
of their length, and only raife up thoots of ten
inches high to bear the flowers, ;

The main branches, as they lie, take root at
the joints, and the plant fpreads into very large |
tufts.

The leaves are long, narrow, of a greyifh
green, and a little hairy: they ftand alternately,
and have thick tufts of {mall leaves, and fhoots
of young branches in their bofoms.

The flowers fland in fhort tufts or fpikes, on
long footftalks rifing from the bofoms of the
leaves, and they are fmall and whitith.

The feed-veffels. are oval, and the feeds are
fmall.

Tt flowers in autumn, but the young fhoots are
frefh and green the greateft part of winter.

It is frequent in the fouth of France.

C.Bauhine calls it P/yliium majus fupinum. Lo-
bel, Pfyllium Jempervirens, Evergreen fleawort 3
and the common writers follow him.

Thefe are the plants, native and foreign, com-
monly cultivated, which have four petals in the
flower, and a fingle capfule for the feeds.

We have obferved there is a numerous family
of plants, with four petals in the flower, and a
pod, not a capfule, for the feeds: thefe, if the
number of the petals only were regarded in this
method, would follow here; but our charaéters
are eftablifhed upon the flower and feed-vefiels
together; we fhall therefore here purfue the tract

160

Th BRITISHIiIMNERBAL.

of nature in the plants with fingle plain capfules for
the feed ; and follow her fteps, as fhe allows more
and more numerous petals to the flower in plants
fo diflinguifhed by the fruit. The laft clafs having
contained thofe which have with a fingle cap-
fule four petals, the following will comprehend
thofe which have with a fingle capfule five
petals ; and from thefe we fhall advance to
the confideration of fuch as have fix, or more
than fix petals, with the fame kind of feed-
vefiel..

Thefe being defcribed, we fhall treat of thofe
which have pods with four-leaved flowers, and

Th END

of the

thofe which have pods with papilionaceous
flowers. ;

This is the method we have laid down, as
moft conformable to nature: and thus much we
have judged proper, indeed neceffary, to fay of
it here; left, as the work appears in feparate parts,
the reader, who cannot till the whole is delivered
to him, determine properly of it, fhould be mifled
by an opinion founded on parts of it only,'‘and~
led to fuppofe that through miftake omitted in:
this place, which we hope is rightly referved te
another. , ;

Eel G@GEeT H2On AsS°9,

Cc LAS §

sean HE

BRITISH- HERBAL.

sti be irs Mi he 8h Ng Na Ss Sh Ss MO, Ne Se Nh, he De St, Ma a A, Sg Se Ns Ee Se She Ne

Shee Me Nhe Me Nhe SMe Me, 8 NY MM SM hs SM
7A ASE TA ANS AS AS OS AROUND "AS TANS ANAS FAN ANS ANS AS SAS

SS RS AAS PAS ANAS "AS AIS AS AE

Se She
"ANTS TARAS ONAN AN A AN RAT TE

CL A SLSe: EX.

Plants whofe flower confifts of rive vevars regular in form and difpofition,
whofe feeds are contained ina SINGLE CAPSULE, and whofe laves grow
in pairs.

HIS is a very large and numerous clafs; nature has perfectly connected together the plants

/ it comprehends, and obvioufly diftinguifhed them from all others: yet, as in other cafes,

fo in this, the modern method, eftablifhed folely upon the’ number of threads, and their
difpofition in the flower, has feparated many of them from the reft, and placed them among others
with which they have no natural alliance. tS sane :

Nature is fo uniform, in even her fmalleft traces, that, in general, thefe minute parts are difpofed
alike in plants of the fame clafles; but not univerfally. This general conformity of the fmaller with
the larger parts led Linnzus to imagine that a method might be eftablifhed on their number and
difpofition, which would take in the larger, more obvious, and more effential parts, only as fubor-
dinate; and, as this would be fure to carry an air of novelty, it was natural to fuppofe it would
pleafe the ftudent, and do honour to the inventor. :

Had it proved true that nature was as ftriét in thefe fmaller-as in the larger parts, a method might,
as ufefully, have been founded on them as on the others : at leaft, it would have been liable to no
other objection but that of being lefs plain and familiar: but when Linnzus found that, though
many of the plants in each natural clafs thus anfwered to the characters of his artificial ones, there
were feveral that did not, he fhould then have given up the defign. ‘

That he did find this is certain; becaufe he has fet down innumerable inftances of it under the
name of exceptions to his generical charaéters ; and he will daily, in his careful attention to the
fubjeét, find more: but, probably, he had gone too far to recede, before he difcovered that thefe
exceptions were fo numerous. It appears to me that he formed his characters of the common plants
principally from Tournefort’s figures, and thofe of the more rare, in general from thofe of Plumier.
Thefe figures are excellent, and particularly accurate; but, although generally right in the minuteft
parts, yet they fometimes vary from nature in them; their authors not having been fo careful in
thefe leffer parts as they would have been, if, like Linnzus, they had intended to ‘eftablith a method
upon them. j

This feems to have been the foundation of Linneus’s fyftem: and when, ‘in examining the
plants themfelves, he found they did not exaétly anfwer thefe figures, and his charaéters eftablifhed
upon them, he has, with candour equal to his difcernment and affiduity, fet ic down in his fucceed-
ing works. StS, .

Upon this view of the Linnzan method, the reader will be able to form a proper judgment
of it; and not too difadvantageous a one of its author, whofe very faults have been’ accompanied
with excellencies. ; / *

With refpe& to the plants of the prefent clafs, all that anfwer the charaéter eftablithed in few
words, as its diftinétion, are here brought together. } :

Mr. Ray, who. forms. a clafs of the fame kind, his pentapetale vafculifere, makes it more
comprehentfive, for he includes in it all that anfwer to that name; placing their other diftinétions
as fabordinate: but, as we have fet out upon the plan of diftinguifhing the plants by as fuccin& affort-
ments as nature admits, we have of thefe made three claffes. :

N¢ 16. Tee The

162 The. B..R.1.TlS-He--HoB RR eB SACL:

The plants which have five petals in the flower, and a fingle capfule fucceeding, differ fo far,
that fome have thefe petals regular in their form and difpofition, as Saint Fobn’s wort and hebnis 5
others have them difpofed irregularly, as the violet. The form and fafhion of thefe flowers differs
fo much that they may be fafely arranged under two claffes ; and it is fo obvious that they will be
eafily known, and never miftaken: fome have alfo the leaves in all the fpecies in pairs, and fome
alternately and irregularly ; this, {though lefs abfolute, yet is an obvious diftin@tion; and, in a
ufeful fyftem, will very well ferve as a claffical character.

BT plete: tities terete tre totter mitre tote petor tore tet tet te tote Ret to tetee

Sil eBags Hs I,
Natives of BRITAIN.

Thofe of which one or more fpecies are naturally wild in this country.

Nie Qj v1.8, ge.
Po TIN
CARKFOPHTILUS.

Gay E

HE flower confifts of five petals, which are regularly difplayed, jagged at their broad ends, and
very narrow at the bafe, where they adhere to the receptacle: the cup is long, hollow, divided
into five fegments at the edge, and furrounded at the bafe with four little {cales, forming, as it
were, a fmaller cup for it: the feed-veffel is oblong, cylindrick, and covered; and fplits in four

parts at the top.

Linnzus places this among the decandria digynia; the threads in each flower being ten, and the
ftyle from the rudiment of the capfule divided into two parts.
I have obferved before, that if the author had named his diftin@tions in this refpect, from the

rudiment, rather than the ftyles rifing from it, his method would have been more natural:
would then have ftood among the monogynia, to which, beyond a doubt,

; the pink
it naturally belongs; the

capfule, which is the true effential female part, being fingle. Linneus calls this genus dianthus,

Det VTS sk ON ak

1. Maiden Pink:
Caryophyllus virgineus.

The root is fmall, white, and creeping.

The ftalks are numerous, flender, weak, ani
fpread upon the ground, :

They are full of young fhoots, and thick co-
vered with leaves: thofe ftalks which bear the
flowers rife from thefe, and grow to five or fix
inches high, or, in a favourable foil,. higher.

The leaves are very narrow, confiderably long,
and of a pale greyifh green: they are {mall at the
bafe, and pointed at the end.

The flowers are long, and of a bright red:
they ftand fometimes fingly, one only at the top
of the ftalk: but this is no certain mark; for
fometimes there grow two or thrée together.

The feed-veffel is oblong, and the feeds are
fmall, rough, and black. i

It is found wild in our northern counties, and
in fome other places; and flowers in June. It
varies extreamly in fize according to the accidents
attending its growth; fo that fome have made
out of it feveral {pecies.

Authors call it Caryophyllus Virginens,

BRITISH SPECIEs,

2. Broad-leaved Maiden Pink,
Caryophyllus foliis latioribus,

The root is long, flender, white, and undi-
vided.

The ftalks are numerous, and lie in part upon
the ground, but thofe which fupport the flowers
‘tife to four or five inches in height.

The leaves are numerous, broad, fhort, and
of a pale green: thofe which ftand toward the
upper part of the ftalks near the flowers are nar-
rower than the others, and longer; but even
thefe are broader than thofe of the preceding
fpecies.

The flowers are large, and of a beautiful red :
one ftands at the top of each ftalk.

The feed-veffel is long and roundih : the feeds
are numerous and rough. é

It is found on hills in our northern counties of
England, and flowers in June.

Ray calls it Amerie Species flore in fummo caule
Jingulari.

3: Com-

a ee

The BRUT § Hl HR RE ase

3. Common wild Pink.
Caryophyllus fylueftris vulgaris.

The root is of an irregular fhape and firm fub-
ftance; long, divided, brown, and wrinkled on
the furface.

The fhoots rife in great numbers, and have a
multitude of leaves on them: thefe are very long
and narrow, of a gteyith green, and of a firm
fubftance.

The ftalks are numerous, greyifh green, and
round: they are jointed at fmall diftances, and
branched toward the tops.

The leaves’on thofe are fhort, narrow, and
fharp-pointed: they ftand in pairs, as in all the
other fpecies, and’ are broad at the bafe, and
{maller all the way to the end.

The flowers are of a pale red, and Jagged at
the edges.

The feed-veffel is oblong, and the feeds are
large.

It is wild on the barren rocks in our northern
counties; and frequently on walls; but there it
feems to have owed its origin to fcattered feeds
from fome garden plants: in the other places it
is evidently a native.

C. Bauhine calls it Caryophyllus fimplex flore
minore pallide rubente. Many of our garden pinks
are varieties from this ftock.

4. Deptford Pink.
Caryophyllus barbatus.

The root is long, flender, divided, and hung
about with fibres.

The firft thoots are numerous, upright, and
furnifhed with feveral Pairs of leaves.

DIVISION I,

1. Clove Julyflower.
Caryophyilus flore magna.

The root is long, divided into feveral parts,
and hung with many fibres.

The fhoots are numerous, and have many long,
narrow leaves on them, of a pale green colour,
and fmooth furface.

The ftalk is round, upright, firm, fmooth,
and frequently jointed: it rifes to two feet in
height, and is branched toward the top.

The leaves on it ftand in pairs, asin the
others: they are like thofe from the root, but
broader and fhorter.

The flowers are large, and of a deep purple:
the petals are broad,. and Jagged at the edges ,
and they have a fragrant fcent, not unlike that
-of the clove {pice. ;

It is a native of Italy, and flowers in July.

The varieties that have been raifed from this
are endlefs and innumerable. This fingle flower
is the fource from which the ingenuity of gardeners
has raifed that vaft and beautiful variety of car-
nations, which they are ftill encreafing by the
fame means.

In its wild ftate it varies the colour, from the

full and rich purple of which we fee it in gar-
dens, through all the changes of red down to

FOREIGN

163

The ftalk is round, firm, upright, and of a
deep green : it is a foot and half high, and jointed
at confiderable diftances,

The leaves are long, narrow, and of a deep
green.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks,
and of numerous young fhoots rifing from the
bofoms of the leaves; and they are cluftered to-
gether in a kind of bearded hufks: they -are
fmall, and of a beautiful red,

The feed-veffel is long, and the feeds are large,
rough, and brown, .

It is common by way-fides in many parts of
England ; and flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Caryophyllus barbatus fyl-
vefiris, Others, Armeria Sylveftris. ;

5. Proliferous Pink,
Caryophyllus prolifer.

The root is long, white, woody, divided, and
furnithed with many fibres,

The ftalk is round, upright, flender, ten inches
high, and very much branched.

The leaves are very narrow, long, and fharp-
pointed 5 and they are of a pale green. i

The flowers are fmall, and of a bright red.

They grow at the tops of the ftalks in a
cluftered manner; and the feales at the bottom
of the cup exceed the body of it in length,

The feed-veffel jis longifh, and flender ; and
the feeds are rough and black.

Itis wild in fome of our weftern counties, but
not common. It flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Caryophyllus filveftris pro-
“fer; and moft others follow him,

§ PBC Es;

abfolute white ; and from this Variation in nature
the hint has probably been taken for all thofe
elegant kinds raifed by care and culture.

2. Jageed Pink,
Caryophyllus flore diffeto.

The root is long, white, divided, and fur-
nifhed with many fibres.

The firft fhoots are very numerous, and cluf-
tered thick with leaves : thefe are long, narrow,
of a greyith white, and fharp-pointed.

The ftalks are many, round, upright, jointed,
divided into feveral branches, and a foot and half
high,

The leaves ftand in pairs, and are oblong, nar-
row, and pointed.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks and
branches, and are large, and beautifully Jagged
all the way on the edges. d

The feed-veffel is long and rounded : the feeds
are large and brown.

It is a native of Italy, and flowers in July.

The flowers are commonly white, fometimes
red.

C. Bauhine calls it Caryophyllus lore tenuiffime
diffeéio.

3. Broad.

164

The BRITISH HERBAL.

3s Broad-leaved Sweetwilliam.

Caryophyllus barbatus latifolius.

The root is long, thick, white, and divided.

The ftalks are numerous, round, jointed,
ufuaily crooked from joint to joint ; and of a pale
green colour. ise

The leaves {tand two at each joint; and they
are oblong, broad, and of a frefh green: they
fometimes {tand obliquely upwards, but for the
moft part bend down.

The flowers are moderately large, and natu-
rally are white ‘or redifh but culture gives them
many variations in this: refpect: they ftand in
large tufts at the tops of the ftalks: the {cales at
the bottom of the cup are as long as its hollow
body; and the feed-veffels are oblong, and con-
tain numerous dufky feeds.

It is a native of Spain, and flowers in Augutt-

C. Bauhine calls it Caryophyllus barbatus fyl-
veftris latifolius.

4. Narrow-leaved Sweetwilliam.
Caryophyllus barbatus anguftifolius.

The root is long, white, flender, and divided.

G EON

The ftalks are numerous, round, flender, up-
right, and a foot high.

The leaves ftand in pairs, and they are long
and narrow, and of a pale green.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and
are numerous, and moderately large.

The feed-veffel is longifh, and the feeds are
numerous, rough, and black.

It is a native of Italy, and flowers in Auguft.

C, Bauhine calls it Caryophyllus bortenfis latifo-
lius barbatus, But its leaves are much narrower
than thofe of the others.

All thefe fpecies of caryophyllus have the fame
medicinal qualities, and their virtue is principally
in the flowers. Thofe of the purple kind, or
what is called the clove Fulyflower, poffefs them in
the greateft degree. They are cordial and cepha-
lick. They are good in faintings, head-achs,
and other nervous diforders. We keep a fyrup
of them in the fhops, which is not without vir-
tue, but is loaded with fugar, as is neceffary for
keeping in that form. The beft method of giv-
ing them is in a ftrong tincture in brandy.

U Ss I.

CAMPION.

Lei G SH Ne 1S.

HE flower is compofed of five petals, with long bafes, and ufually divided into two or four
| fegments at the rim: the cup is roundifh, fwelled, and divided at the edge into five fegments;
and the feed-veflel is fingle, of an oval figure covered, formed of five valves, and has only

one cell.

Linnaeus places this among the decandria pentagynia; the filaments in the flower being ten, and the

ftyles rifing from the rudiment of the fruit five,

DIVISION F

x. Common Sea Campion.

Lychnis maritima vulgaris.

This root is long, thick, and furnifhed with
many fibres.

The firft fhoots are numerous, and cluftered
with leaves: they are fhort, and of a greyifh
green, and hoary.

The ftalks are round, fmooth, of a greyifh
green, numerous, a foot and half long, but weak,
and not well able to keep themfelyes upright ;
often they all lie fpread upon the ground; fome-
times they all ftand erect.

The leaves are. oblong, broad at the bafe,
fharp at the point, and of a pale green.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks and
branches; and are large and white: their cup is
fwelled, and dented at the edge pretty deeply.

The feed-veffel is large and oval; and the
feeds are numerous and roundith.

It is common about our fea-coafts; and flowers
in July. :

C. Bauhine calls it Lychnis maritima repens.

€

BeRol T 1 Su S Poe Cay Es;

2. Common white Corn Campion.
Lychnis vulgaris alba qua Beheu album vulgo,

The root is long, white; and thick; and is
furnifhed with many thick fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, round, upright,
confiderably branched, and two feet hich,

The leaves ftand in pairs, and are iF and

_of a pale green: they are broad at the bafe, not

at all indented at the edges, and tharp-pointed.

_ The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches,
into which the ftalk divides, and of thofe fhoots
which rife from the bofoms of the upper leaves :
they are large and white.

The feed-veffel is oval, and the feeds are
large. ;

: It is common in our corn fields, and flowers
in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Lychnis ylveftris qua ben
album vulgo. Others, Beben album, and papaver
JSpumeum. In Englifh it is alfo called, from.
that Latin name, Spatling poppy, as alfo White
bottle, and White ben.

A fmall infeé is frequently found upon the
6

leaves .

site
ern

4 y
fi ges
= ye
' [

aa Shel pherbinsh Cypbebiom
A | vf Lhe Unients

Allee?
\. }

2 of iad 4 : » { N
Fee Hine leavid Common
Bue

Sharpe
| Rue

Genter ° Pie

. = “4 Small Mlou TL min
\ Broad. bavld Pink

ee. Maiden Rak

vp. faly

cr Lag
Slower Mth de}

Fink’

2 WW ! op
-COununen Wildy?”
We l nk

Buia.

rrr hig

BRT 1 Soi ER ae 165

leaves of this plant, covered with a froth of its
own raifing. This has been imagined to proceed
' from the plant, and thence it had thefe fanciful
- additions to its name; but it is in reality the
creature’s method of fecreting or preferving itfelf
from many infects, to which it would « otherwife
become an eafy prey. ay .

x Heath-leaved Seat bin, r #

Lychnis maritina erica fo Vg

The root is long, hard, wegen “and fro
with long and tough fibres.
The ftalks are numerous, round, ae Ba:

pale green, but frequently redifh. gia

they are very fingular in their ftruéture, and have
~fome remote refemblance of thofe of the com-
mon heath.

The flowers grow at the chag of the ftalks and
branches; and are large, and of a bright red.

“The feed-veflels are large and oval ; and bs
feeds are numerous and turgid.

‘It is found on fandy banks 2 fea, and
fometimes at confiderable diftances om it. ok
flowers in June. Se as

C. Bauhine calls it Poly umn maritimum 1 minus
folio ferpylli, and Parkin{fon, ‘Erica Jupina mari-
tina Anglica. Pa J

Mr, Ray very properly gulttves that its leaves
have not the leaft refemblance of thofe of ferpy/-
lum, nor its flowers of thofe of heath : “is pro-
~ perly a campion, though fo very different in its
afpect from the generality of others, that it is
~ not awonder thofe who were accuftomed to judge,
more by the general appearance of a plant than
_ by an examination of its flowers and feed- veffels,
: called i it by very different and various names.

4, Jagged. lowered Guabies
Lychuis flore laciniato, be

The root is long, thick, divided, and furnifhed
with numerous fibres,

The firft fhoots are weak | oe round, ufually
of a redifh colour: they lie upon the ground,
and fend out roots of their own, — #

The leaves that rife from thefe are f ingle, ob-
long, -broadeft in the middle, undivided at the
edges, and fharp-pointed ; and they: are com-
monly of a brown colour,

The ftalks are numerous, upright, round,

a jointed, and two feet high: they are ufually of a
- va brownifh or purplith colo ab nee are much
i : branched.

4 The leaves ftand in pairs: high: are oblong,
ie narrow, undivided at the edges, and fharp-

pointed: and they are of a deep green.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks,
fix or eight together ; and they are of a pale red,
and are cyt into numerous long and flender feg-
ments.

The feed-veffel is large and oval : the feeds are
large and roundith.

It is common in meadows, and flowers jn

June,
Ps C. Bauhine calls it Caryophyllus pratenfis -lacini-
o, ato flore fi one feu fios cucyli, Others, Lychnis
4 ¥ NX 4

_ cumbent, and jointed: they are naturally of a>

The leaves are numerous, and placed in pairs:

plumaria pratenfis. In Englith. swe call it Cackewo-
flower, Wild-Williains, and Ragged Robins.

It is fometimes found’ wild with a double
flower. Culture eafily gives it this advantages
and renders ‘it very beautiful: we have it in this
condition frequent in our pia and varying
with red and white Bowers.

5. Wild Campion, called Soapwort,
Lychuis faponaria dia,

bei thick, and fpreading bres.

The ftalks are nomerous, round, upright, and
two feet and a half hich.

They are of a pale green colour, and jointed ;
and the knobs, or Joints, are round, thick, and
white.

~The leaves are large, and of a beautiful freth
green: they ftand in pairs, and have large veins,

The flowers are large, and foinetimes: redifh:
they ftand in confiderable numbers on the tops of
the ftalks.

The feed-veffel is large and oval ; and the feeds
are numerous. .

Jt is not uncommon in many of our counties,
and thrives beft under a damp hedge. It flowers
ins Junes =

We fometimes meet with it naturally with a
double flower, in which cafe it is very beautiful,

Linnzus, who frequently perplexes the fludent*

The root is compofed of a great number of

by joining together feveral genera, which others, .

with reafon, have treated as diftint, here runs

tothe oppofite extream. He feplitéves Saponaria,

or foapwort, from the hebnis; but the diftinc-
tion is not properly that of one genus from ano-
ther, but of the feparate fpecies of the fame
genus. Ray has followed nature with more care,
whos joins this with the. cbnis sand the generality
of authors are of the fame opinion, ranking it
under this genus. We are the more careful to
follow Ray rather than Linnzeus in this article,
becaufe the latter not only feparates the feponaria
from Jychnis, but joins with it feveral other
fpecies, the vaccaria, ocymeides, and others, to be
named hereafter,

It is true that the /zpsneria has but two ftyles
upon the capfule, and the other fpecies hitherto
defcribed have five; but ic muft be fufficient to
name fuch a variation in the defcription of it as a
fpecies. We have, in the fame manner, kept

together the /ychiis's, though feparated by this

author, asin other inftances of a like kind,

After defcribing the /oapwert, we are here
alfo to mention a particular variety of that plant,
defcribed by our Englith botanifts, and preferved.
in our gardens. This, though no more than we.
have called it, a variety, yet is fo ‘fingular that
we have added its figure. The two Jeaves at the
knots frequently join into one, which furrounds
the ftalk in a particular manner; and the flowers
vaty in the fame manner as the leaves; for their
five petals unite, and the whole forms a tubular
flower,

Ic was originally found wild in a grove near
Lichbarrow in Northamptonfhire; but it is now
loft there, only the common foapwort being found °
in the place. Probably the roots were all taken
up and carried into gardens: they have been

Una there.

166

The BRI T 1S -H" HER BYA,E.

r ; lant is common
there propagated; and the plant is
peat thofe who love thefe things. It
keeps pretty conftant to its hollow-leaved con-
dition, but not with perfect regularity.

6. Wild Campion, called Cockle.
Lychnis fegetum nigellaftrum diftum.

The root is long, flender, fimple, and furnifhed
with few fibres. :

The ftalk is upright, round, hairy, fearce at
all branched, and a foot and half high.

The leaves grow two at a joint; and they are
long, narrow, hairy, not at all indented, and of
a pale green.

"The flowers ftand at the top of the ftalk, and
of fome few fhoots rifing from the bofoms of
the upper leaves: they are large, and of a fine
deep red.

The feed-veffel is large, as are alfo the feeds.

It is common in our corn-fields, and flowers
in July. re :

C. Bauhine calls it Lychnis fegetum major.
thers, Nigellaftrum, and Pfeudomelanthium.

O-

7. Common, wild, white Campion.
Lychnis fylveftris alba vulgaris.

The root is long and thick, and has few
fibres.

The firft leaves are numerous: they rife in a
large, thick, upright tuft, and are oblong, broad,
of a frefh green, not indented, and fharp-

"pointed. P

The ftalk is round, firm, upright, very much
branched toward the top, and two foot high.

The leaves ftand in pairs: they are oblong,
broad, undivided, and fharp-pointed.

The flowers are large and white; and the cups
ftriated, but not fo much {welled as thofe of the
white ben. '

The feed-veffel is large, as arealfo the feeds,

It is common in paftures and about hedges.
Jt flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Lychnis fylveftris alba fimplex.

It is fometimes found with the fower naturally
double: it frequently owes that advantage to
culture, and is thence called the double white cam-

pion ; or, in the gardeners language, white Latche- °

lors buttons.

8. Common red wild Campion.
Lychnis flore rubello.

The root is long, flender,’ and has few fibres.

The firft thoots are full of leaves ; and thofé
are long, broad, and of a deep green,

The ftalks are numerous, round, hairy, branch-
ed, and weak,

The leaves are placed two at a joint; and they
are broad and hairy, and of a freth green,

The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches;
and are large, and of a pale red.

The feed-veffels are large and oval
feeds alfo are large.

; It is common in damp hedges, and flowers in
une.

C. Bauhine calls it Lychnis flveftris five aqua-

3 and the

tica purpurea fimplex. Others, Lychuis fylucftris

rubello flore.

This fpecies is taken into gardens, and ‘ren- °

dered double by culture ; in which ftate it makes ~

a very beautiful appearance, and is called red
batchelors buttons ; or, by others, double red cam-
pion. '

g. Small flowered Corn Campion.
Lychnis arvenfis flore minimo.

The root is fmall, oblong, white, and fur-
nifhed with a few fibres.

The ftalks aré round, hairy, weak, jointed,
and of a pale green.

The leaves grow in pairs, and are oblong and
narrow: they are hairy alfo, and of a pale co-
lour. :

The flowers are very fmall, ufually white, but
fometimes redifh,

The feed-vefiél is large, as are alfo the feeds,

Ic is not uncommon in the corn-fields of Kent
and Suffex ; and flowers in July.

Ray calls it Lychnis fylueftris flore albo minimo.
Others, Lychnis arvenfis flore minimo rubente.

10. White-flowered clammy Campion.
Lychnis vifcofa flore albo.

The root is long, thick, and furnifhed’ with:

a few fibres,

The leaves that firft grow from it are oblong,
broad, and of a pale green : they rife in a con-
fiderable number, and have long footftalks,

The ftalks are’ numerous, flender, upright,
round, and jointed.

The leaves grow in pairs, and have long foot-

ftalks: they are oblong, broad, not at all in-

dented at the’ edges, and pointed at the ends.

The flowers grow at the top of the ftalk, and
on fhoots rifing from’ the bofoms of the upper
leaves: they are white, and the petals are very
deeply divided from the top: they quickly fall off,

The feed-veflél is large, and the feeds are
brown.

It is found on ditch-banké, and on Walls in
fome parts of thé kingdom, but is not com-
mon. It flowers in July,

C. Bauhine calls it Lychnis montana vifcofa alba
latifolia. .

The tops of the ftalks in this plant are clam-
my, principally juft under the flowers, and hence
has rifen the name of vi/cofa and clammy.

11. Great night-flowering Campion.
Lychnis noétiflora major.

The root is long and thick, and ig furnifhed
with many fibres,

The firft fhoots are numerous, round, firm,
and Jointed ; One or more in the middle ufually
ftands upright; and {everal ‘others trail upon
the ground all round it.

The leaves grow in pairs, and are thick, of a
deep green, hairy, not at all dented, and blunt
at the ends.

The flowers grow on the tops of the ftalks,
and of numerous branches that rife from the bo-
foms of the'leaves al] the way up the plant: they

are

The

BR WU Sib gee RP Ad:

167

are large and white, and have the petals divided
down the middle; fo that they feem compofed of
ten inftead of five. ;

The feed-veffel is large: the feeds, are fmall
and blackifh. ;

It is not uncommon in our northern counties
on rocks. 4

It flowers in July. The flowers. open. after
fun-fet : at fun-rife next morning they draw to-

gether, but after fun-fet they open again; fo that

the plant is in its full bloom only jin the night,
The ftalks of this plant, juft under the flowers,
are fometimes.a little clammy.
Ray, calls it, Lychuis major noctiflora dubrenfis
perennis. Aas

12, Red night flowering Campion.
Lychnis noétiflora flore rubello.

The root is long, flender, and has but few,

fibres.
The firft leaves are oblong, broad, of a pale

green, not at all -indented, and obtufe, at the

ends.

The ftalks are numerous, flender, jointed, and
a foot and half high,

The leaves ftand in pairs, and are oblong and
obtufe. d :

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalk and
branches, and:are fmall; and of a faint, unpleaf-
ing red: they are generally fhut and look faded
in the day-time,;, but,they open at night.

The feed-veffel is, ayal, and the feeds are fmall,
and of a dark brown.

It is found in the corn-fields of Surry, but not
common. It flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Lychuis noétiflora,
hine, Ocymcides non {peciofum..

J. Bau-

13. Red narrow-leaved clammy Camrion.
Lychnis. vifcofa. rubra. anguftifolia.

The root is long, thick, divided, and. often
hung with numerous fibres.

The firft leaves rife in tufts from feveral divi-
fions at the head; and they are long, narrow,
fharp-pointed, without footftalks, and of a deep
but unpleafant green.

The ftalk is fingle, upright, and a foot and
half high.

The leaves ftand in pairs, and are oblong, and
of a frefh and fine green: they are broadeft in
the middle, undivided at the edges, and fharp-
pointed.

The flowers ftand in a beautiful and regular ©

clufter at the top of the ftalk: they are fall,
and of a bright red.

The feed-veffel is oval and large; and the
feeds are numerous and {mall.

It is found in Scotland, and in fome of our
northern counties, on rocks and mountains. It
flowers in May.

The tops of the ftalks in this fpecies are very
clammy ; infomuch that it is common to fee flies
entangled on them: hence this and other of the
campions which have this quality are called catch-

Jiies.

C. Bauhine calls this Lychnis fylveftris vifcofa |
In England it is generally called °

anguftifolia.
German catchfly.

14, Moffy. flowered clammy Campion,
Lychuis vifcofa floribus mufcofis.

The_ root
many fibres.

The firft leaves are very numerous; and they
lie fpread upon the ground in a regular manner :
they have a kind of long footftalks, and they are
broad, fhort, undivided, and obtufe: the foot-
ftalks, though commonly called fuch, are more
properly only a continuation of the leaves, in a
narrower form, down to the root.

The ftalk is round, upright, and of a pale green,

The Jeaves ftand in pairs, and are long, and
expand into breadth at the ends: they have
young fhoots in all their bofoms; fo that the
plant appears well covered with them.

The flowers fland at the tops of the ftalks,
and are numerous, but very fmall; and of a
yellowifh green: the threads in them are very
confpicuous ; and the whole have, as C. Bauhing
exprefles it, a moffy appearance.

The, feed-veflel is oval and fmall; ‘and the
feeds are fmall. :

It is common about Newmarket, and in many
other parts of. England in gravelly foils, Ip.
flowers in June. : :

The tops of the ftalks are clammy in this, as
in the other Jaft-named fpecies.

C. Bauhine calls it Lycbnis vifcofa flore mufcofo,

_ Others, Sefamoides falamanticum magnum. J. Bau-
| hine calls ic Ocymoides belliforme five mufeipula muf>
| cofo flore. Some, Spanifb.catchfy.

is long, thick and furnifhed with

15. Dwarf mountain Campion.

Lychnis montana minima,

This is a very fingular plant; it is fcarce more
| than an inch in height, ‘but it grows in fuch
| clufters. that it is very confpicuous ; and, when
‘in flower, very beautiful: at other times it may
| be taken for a tuft of mofs,.and eafily paffed over
unregarded. i :

| .. When viewed in the clufter it appears a thick
tuft of fhort, green leaves, with numerous large,
red flowers, ftuck irregularly among them, and
| fearce feeming to belong to them: to fee the
ftructure of the plant, an entire one muft be {e-
parated from the clufter. ‘

The root is very long, thick, and irregular in
fhape: it is brown on the furface, and has
few fibres. :

The leaves rife from the head of this root, and —
are very numerous, fhort, narrow, fharp pointed,
and of a frefh green.

Tn the centre of thefe rifes the ftalk, on which
ftands a fingle Aower.

This ftalk is round, weak, of a pale green,
and often lefs than an inch in height. !

The flower is: large, and of a pale but pretty
red. , ; i

The feed-veffel is
are fmall.

It is common in Wales, and flowers in May
and June. t

Its {mallnefs.has led authors to call jt by many
names. ;

J. Bauhine calls it Mufcus Alpinus flore infigni
dilute rubente, Parkinfon, Ocymoides mufcofus

oval and large: the feeds

Alpinus. Ray and others, Lychnis Alpina minima,
4 16. Broad-

168 The BRITASH ‘HERBAL.

16. Broad leaved, fmooth, clammy Campion.
Lychnis vifcofa latifolia levis.

The root is long and flender, and has few
fibres.

The firft leaves rife in a large tuft, and are
broad, and of a pale green.

The ftalk is round, upright, thick, of a pale
green, very little branched, and a foot and half
high.

The leaves grow in pairs without footftalks:
they adhere to the main ftalk by a broad bafe,

“and are large, oblong, broadeft at the bafe,

{maller to the point, and of a pale green colour,
and fmooth furface.

* The flowers ftand in tufts, many together, at
the tops of the flalks and branches: they are
fmall, and of a beautiful red: by their number,
colour, and cluftered manner of growth, though
fmall, they make a very beautiful appearance.

The feed-veffel is little and oval; and the
feeds alfo are fmall.

It is found in the weftern counties by the
fides of rivers; and flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Lychuis vifccfa purpurea lati-
folia levis. J. Bauhine, Centaurium minus adul-
terinum, quibufdam lychnidis genus.

DTV:I S.1-0.N oI

1. Great fearlet Lychnis,
Lychnis coccinea major.

The root is compofed of feveral thick fibres,
divided, and edged with numerous finaller.

The ftalks are numerous, thick, round, jointed,
and two feet and a half high,

The leaves ftand in pairs, and they are large,
oblong, and broad: they have no footttalks :
they are fomewhat hairy, and their colour is a
yellowifh green.

The flowers ftand in thick clufters at the tops
of the ftalks, and are large, and of a beautiful
fcarlet.

The feed veffel is oval, and the feeds are fmall.

It is a native of the Eaft, and flowers in July.

We have it in gardens, where culture adds
greatly to its natural beauty.

C. Bauhine calls it Lychnis hirfuta flore coccineo
mejor. Our gardeners, Scarlet lychnis,

2. Rofe Campion,

Lychnis coronaria rubens.

The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with
many fibres.

The firft leaves are numerous, large, oblong,
and white. 4

The ftalks are numerous, round, and white
alfo; and they grow to a yard in height: they
are jointed, and very much branched.

The leaves ftand in pairs, and they are large,

white, and woolly.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks and
branches, and are numerous, and of a beautiful
red, very large and handfome.

The feed-veffel is oval, and the feeds are

brown,

17. Narrow-leaved Campion, with {woln cups.
Lychnis fylveftris anguftifolia caliculis turgidis.

The root is fmall, oblong, and white; and
has a few fibres. 4

The leaves that rife firft from it are long, nar-
row, and of a deep green; fharp-pointed, and
not ferrated at the edges.

The ftalk is round, upright, of a whitifh
green, jointed, branched toward the top, and a
foot and half high.

The leaves are placed in pairs, and they are
long, narrow, and of a pale green: they adhere to
the ftalk by a broad bafe, and are fharp-pointed,
but not divided at the edges.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks,
and are large and white; and the cups are large,
fmooth, and deeply ftriated. :

The feed-veffel is oval, and the feeds are
fmall. :

It is found in Kent and Effex, but not com-
mon. It flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Lychnis /plveftris anguftifolia
caliculis turgidis ftriatis.

FOR EVG NS.P E.C3I.E:S,

It is a native of Italy, and flowers in June,
_C. Bauhine calls it Lychnis diofcoridis fativa.

3. Cow Bafil.
Lychnis foliis perfoliatis calycibus pyramidatis.

The root is oblong, white, divided, and fur-
nifhed with a few fibres, x

The firft leaves are numerous and oblong:
they rife without footftalks, and are of a pale
green.

The ftalk rifes in the centre of thefe, and they
foon after fade.

Tt is two foot high, round, light, hollow, very
much branched, of a bluith colour, and dufty.

The leaves are large, oblong, broad at the
bafe, undivided at the edges, and pointed at the
end: they are of a pale bluith green colour.

They ftand two at a joint; and encompafs the
ftalk in fuch a manner at the bafe tha
to pafs through them.

The flowers are very numerous : they ftand at
the top of the main ftalk and branches, and are
fmall, and of a pale red.

Their cup is large and pyramidal : it has five
ribs, which are green, and the fubftance between
them whitith.

The feed-veffel is oblong: the feeds are round
and black,

It is cammon in the corn-fields of France and
Germany ; and flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Lychnis JSegetum rubra foliis
perfoliatis. Others call it Vaccaria 3 andin Eng- |
lith, Cow ba/fil, Linnzus, who diftinguifhes the
Japonaria trom the lychnis, makes this a fpecies of
the former. .

t it appears

4. Lobels

ge i) ?
tome g§ Z ommon began } Wild Cam/puon ye Liver
anyuov : L | : ,
see bs White Camnpion : fe : Jaye wer) Calli Sogrnert

as 3 | Dat: Campion

fae

ip German

i | Command Oiimin led MW, hate file wer) Mf, five
Wild Gam Alone Mhute Campin Mild Canpuon Olaminy Campuon atch fe kg Clan
ball Gochle | | : :

(oe e Mountain — opr Ue pinta) ampuon yy reat Sear ; Biss oe
: Logi lea 7) ef, RULERS Nit, aa if ee va yd Ly dnd tos é Camfuen

. (iP > . ;
Camp LOM iG li miiy is WaMu? :

a
3
son

The. BRITISH iwOR

ROB AL

4. Lobels Catchfly.
Lychnis floribus fafciculatis foliis cordatis.

The root is:long, white, woody, not much
divided, but furnifhed with many fibres. ,

The firft leaves are broad and fhort: they rife
without footftalks, and they are few, and quickly
fade.

The ftalk is round, upright, firm, and jointed:
it is a foot and half high, and is of a bluith green
colour, except toward the ground, where it is
often redifh. : :

The leaves are oblong, and very broad, and

thofe toward the top of the ftalk heart-fafhioned : °

they ftand in pairs without footftalks, and furround
the ftalk: they are fmooth, undivided at the
edges, and of a bluifh green. :

The ftalks toward the tops are clammy : it is
a vifcous juice, which exudates near the joints,
that occafions this; and flies often are caught
in it.

The flowers are fmall, and of a pale red; but
they ftand in fuch large tufts at the tops of the
ftalks that they make a very confpicuous figure.

Their cups are flender, long, ftriated, and
purple.

The feed-veffel is long, and the feeds are
blackifh. : ‘

It is a native of France and other warmer parts
of Europe; and flowers in July.

C.Bauhine calls it Lychnis vifcofa purpurea
latifolia levis. Others, mufcipila Lobelit. It is
kept in gardens, and called Lobel's catchfly.

Linnzus, who feparates many of the Jychnis’s
under the name of /ilene, places this among that
number, Others have called it Centaurium adul-
terinum.

5. Narrow-leaved branched clammy Campion.
Lychnis anguftifolia vifeofa vamofa. ;

The root is oblong, thick, divided into a
few parts, and furnifhed with fome large fibres :
it is of a bluifh colour, and rough furface.

The firft leaves are long, narrow, and of a
dufky green, often in part red: they have no
footftalks, and they ftand in a thick tuft.

The ftalk rifes in the centre of this tuft, and is

round, flender, upright, hollow, very much
"branched, jointed, and a foot and half high :
the joints are diftant, and the ftalk is clammy
toward the top.

The leaves ftand in pairs, and refemble thofe |

' from the root: they are oblong, narrow, un-
divided, and fharp pointed: they are broadett

in the middle, of a deep green colour, and of a

flefhy fubftance.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks,
and of the numerous branches: they are fmall,
and of a pale red, and have ftriated cups: they
fland on flender footftalks, and the petals are
deeply divided at the ends.

It is a native of Spain, and other warmer parts
of Europe; and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls ic Lychnis vifcofa rubya altera
flvefris. Others, Mu/cipila vulgaris; and fome
of the Englith writers, Limewort.

INDE 17.

6. Shrubby Campion,

Lychnis frutefcens.

The Toot is long, thick, not at all divided,
but furnithed with many long fibres.

The firft leaves are oblong, broad, undivided
at the edges, pointed at the ends, and of a
greyifh green,

The ftalks are numer us, hard, and woody, but
brittle, and thort: they are irregularly jointed,
and are not more than ten inches in length.

The leaves ftand in pairs, and are broad, fhort,
and without footftalks : they are undivided at
the edges, and fharp-pointed; and ‘of a pale
green, ;

The flowers are fmall, and of a pale fleth co-
lour, often white: the cups are ftriated and
whitifh.

The fced-veffel is oblong, and the feeds are
numerous and {mall.

Tt is a native of Italy, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Lychnis Srutefcens myrtifolia
Been aio fimilis.” Clafius, Ocymoidis arboreum
Jempervirens. Others, Lycknis fruticofa,

7. Campion with greenith yellow Sowers.
Lychnis fleribus favo virefcentibus.

The root is large, divided into many part’;
and furnithed with numerous fibres.

The firft leaves are numerous, oblong, broads
and rounded. toward the end, and of a pale greens

The ftalk rifes in the centre of thefe, and is
round, jointed, upright, firm, and three or four
feet high: it is very much branched, and is of a
greyifh green: toward the top it is covered with
a clammy fubftance, to which infects, and other
fmall things, ftick, )

The leaves are placed in pairs, and are oblong,
broad, not at all divided at the edges, and ob-
tufely pointed, ie 2

The flowers ftand in clufters at the tops of the
branches, and are not large or confpicuous: their

‘colour is a greenith yellow: the cup is oblong

and flender,
The feed-veffel is fmall, and the feeds are little
and blackith.
It is a native of the Eaft, and flowers in June.
C, Bauhine calls it Lychnis auriculi urfe facie ,
the leaves, before the ftalk rifes, having very
much the appearance of thofe of fome of the
auriculas. Clulius calls it Lychuis fyluofris latifolia.

8. Small-flowered Campion with bloated cups. -
Lychnis floribus minoribus calyculus inflatis.

The root is long, thick, fingle, of a blackifh
colour, and furnifhed with numerous fibres:

The firft leaves are oblong, large, broad, and
of a bluifh green: they rife in a vaft tuft, and
ftand all the winter.

The ftalks are numerous, ftout, upright, not
much jointed, and rarely at all branched; and
they are three feet high.

They are covered all the way down with a
clammy moifture; fo that flies flick to them.

‘The leaves upon the ftaiks are few and {mall :
they ftand in pairs, and are broad, oblong,
pointed, ant of a pale green.

Xx Th:

170 The

B Re eT 1'ScH . SH BR Be Aa. |

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks in a
regular and beautiful manner, and they are fmall
and yellow: they have fwoln or bloated cups.

The feed-veffel is fmall and oblong, and the
feeds are little and brown.

It is a native of Crete, and fowers in Augutt.

Alpinus calls it Vifcaria maxima Cretica ; and
others borrow the name from him.

Mr. Ray, and others fince have fufpected this
to be the fame plant with the preceding, from
the refemblance in fome points; but this is owing
only to the imperfect defcriptions. 5

The whole habit of this fpecies is different
from that, and the form of the cups diftinguifhes
them entirely. It is natural to make thefe mif-
takes from imperfeét defcriptions: but thofe who

“have feen the plant from the fpot cannot be under
any difficulty in determining it altogether fepa-
rate.

Little is known with certainty of the virtues
of this numerous genus.
The common white campion is ufed by the

Gere ON

country people in fome places to make an oint™
ment, which they commend for its virtues againft
hard fwellings,; and, elfwhere, the leaves of
the. fame fpecies, dried in an oven and powdered,
are given children again{t convulfions.

In Germany they celebrate feveral of the
common kinds as wound-herbs; and with us
the red catchfly is faid to poffefs, in common
with foapwort, a virtue of difperfing grumous
blood, and of relieving in bruifes external and
internal. :

‘The cockle is celebrated alfo as a wound-herb,
but on a different principle. It is faid to have
great virtue in ftopping blood and healing frefh
cuts.

It is alfo ufed againft cutaneous foulneffes in
fome places, in form of a decoétion to wath the
parts, or in an ointment.

The root of this fpecies, dried and powdered,
ftands recommended alfo greatly againft hemor-
rhages, and feems worth a trial: the dofe’fhould
be about fifteen grains.

U Ss Til.

€ Fir S52" US:

HEATH SUNFLOWER.

THE flower is large and fpecious ; and confifts of five broad regularly expanded petals :

the cup

is compofed of five leaves; of thefe two are fmaller than the other three ;. and it remains
with the feed-veffel : this is of a roundifh fhape, and contains numerous fimall and roundifh feeds.
Linnzus places this among his polyandria monogynia; the filaments in the Aower being nume-
rous, and growing to the receptacle; and the ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit being fingle,
Many authors have diftinguifhed two genera among the planrs properly belonging to this, calling
the one helianthemum and chameciftus, and the other ciffus; but there is not in nature any certain
and fufficient foundation for this diftin@tion ; and it is more proper to keep the plants all together, as
they evidently agree in the feveral chara€ters which are proper to eftablith a genus,
Our Englith names of heath funflower and dwarf ciftus are preferved in fome writers for the com-

mon wild kinds with us; but in general the Latin name of the genus, ciftus,

ufe, and has fuperfeded all the Englith ones.

DIVISION I.

1. Common fmall Ciftus.

Ciftus procumbens lignofus.

The root is long, flender, divided into many
parts, and furnifhed with numerous long, tough,
brown, and crooked fibres.

The ftalks are very numerous: they rife all
from one head of the root, and fpread themfelves
every way, fo as to form a great roundifh tuft.

They are brown, hard, woody, and are a foot
or more in length; but they, for the moft part,
trail upon the ground: they are frequently
branched, and of a brown colour.

The leaves are oblong and broad: they are of
a dufky green: they ftand in pairs, and are placed
very thick upon all parts of the ftalks : they fre-
quently are turned back, and they -have a light
hairynefs.

The flowers are large, beautiful, and of a
gold yellow: they ftand on naked, ftrageling,
and crooked fhoots that run up from the tops of

Ban Dera S

has got into common

Seb se Calob aS:

the ftalks, and each has its feparate, flender
pedicle: they quickly fall off.

The feed-veffel is of a roundifh form, and the
feeds are numerous, fmall, and brown.

It is common on heaths, and by road-fides,
in many parts of England; and fowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Chomeciftus vulgaris flore
luteo. Others, Helianthemuin vulgare. The
Englifh writers, Dwarf ciftus, or Sunflower.

2. Ciftus with narrow petals.

Ciftus procumbens petalis anguftis.

The root is long, flender, brown,
divided into many long,

The ftalks are numero
trailing.

The leaves ftand in pairs, and they are oblong;
alittle hairy, of a pale green on the underfide,
and of a deep green above; and they are ob-
tufe at the ends, :

3 The

woody, and
crooked parts.
us, flender, woody, and

TP HOE SB RTT 1'S?H Hi Bi Ri BY APT,

171

The flowers ftand fingly upon flender twigs
rifing from the tops of the ftalks: they are large,
and of a gold yellow, and are compofed of very
narrow petals. “ :

The feed-veffel is roundith, and the feeds are
fmall. ‘

It is a native of our heaths, particularly of
Surry; and flowers in Auguft. +

Ray calls it Helianthemum vulgare petalis florum
peranguftis: it retains this difference when raifed
from feed.

3. Hoary Dwarf Ciftus.
Ciftus pumilus pubefcens.

The root is long, brown, flender, and di-
vided.

The ftalks are numerous, firm, woody, and
fhort: fome of them trail upon the ground, and
others rife up; but they are rarely more than
three or four inches high: they are of a whitifh
colour, and fomewhat hairy.

The leaves ftand in pairs, and they are ob-
long, broad, and of a greyifh colour, whiter on
the under part than the upper, and covered with
a rough hoarynefs.

The flowers are large and yellow: they ftand
at the tops of the upright ftalks, and their bright
colour, with the contraft of the white of the
ftalks and leaves, has a very pretty effect.

The feed-veffel is oblong, and fomewhat
broad; and the feeds are numerous and fmall.

It is found in many parts of the northern
counties, and flowers in July.

' J. Bauhine calls it Helanthemum alpinum folio
pilofelle minoris Fuchfii.

4. Dwarf Ciftus with poleymountain Jeaves.
Ciftus humilis polit foliis,

The root is long, flender, divided into feveral
parts, and hung with tough fibres.

The ftalks are many, firm, erect, woody, and
very much branched.

The leaves ftand in pairs, and they are very
numerous; the young fhoots are fo covered with
them that no part of the ftalk isto be feen; on
the other and larger ftalks they are placed at
fomewhat greater diftances.

They are long, narrow, and have no foot
ftalks: they are undivided at the edges, pointed
at the ends, and of a pale greyifh colour.

The flowers ftand on flender twigs rifing from
the upper parts of branches ;' and they are large,

_and of a gold yellow.

DoLVelsseOrn: .. II:

1. White Ciftus with narrow leaves.

Ciftus albus foliis angupiis fubtus bifulcatis incanis.

' The root is long, flender, brown, and fur-
nifhed with many long, and tough fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, woody, flender, and
branched.

They partly lie upon the ground, and partly
taife themfelves up: they are from eight inches

The feed-vetiel is roundifh and fmall; and the
feeds are very fmall.

It is found on fome of our heaths, but is not
common.

Ray calls it Chamecifus montanus polti folio.

5+ Ciftus with fpotted fowers,
Ciftus flore guttato.

The root is fmall, flender, hard, oblong. un-
Civided, and furnithed with a few fibres. ;

The firft leaves are fhore, broad, of a faint
green, fomewhat hairy, and not at all divided at
the edges.

The ftalk is round, upright, of a pale green
lightly hairy, and not at all branched, till neat
the top, where there rife feveral fhoots from the
bofoms of the leaves for the fupport of the
flowers,

The leaves are hort, oblong, confiderably
broad, and of a dufky green: they ftand in
pairs: they are undivided at the edges, and
pointed at the end, anda little hairy.

The flowers are very large and beautiful + they
ftand on long footftalks, and are of a pale yel-
low; but there is on each petal a fine fpot,. of a
blood red.

The feed-veffel is fhort and fwelled : the feeds
are numerous and {mall.

It is a native of Scotland, but not com-
mon. It flowers in July,

C. Bauhine calls it Cifus fore pallido punicante
macula infignito.

It is an annual plant, and feldom rifes to more
than a foot in height, often it is not above eight
inches. 2

The feveral fpecies of Englith ciftus have all
the fame virtues; but the moft common. kind,
here firft defcribed, poflefes them in the greateft
degree. As the plant refembles the Jychnis in its
characters, it does alfo in its qualities, but it
poffeffes them in a more eminent manner,

The roots of the common ciflus, dried and
powdered, are an excellent aftringent: they may
be given in diarrhzeas attended with bloody ftools,
a fcruple for a dofe, with great fafety and fuccefs.

The expreffed juice of the leaves bruifed with.
red Port-wine is good againft {pitting of blood.

The Germans efteem it one of the moft ermi-
nent of their wound-herbs, and call it golden
confound. ;

A‘decoétion made with equal parts of the ciffus °
roots and comfrey, and taken for a continuance of
time, has been found excellent in the fuor albus.

PrOitRcKel Gin -SsPabiGsrumis:

to more than a foot in length, and are very thick
fet with leaves,

Thefe ftand in pairs, and are oblong, very nar-
row, furrowed doubly on the lower fide, and a
little hoary. :

The flowers ftand, in the manner of thofe of
our common Ci/lus, on weak, flender twigs, and
they are large and white. 2

The feed-vefiel is roundith, and the feeds are
numerous, fmall, and brown.

472 , The BRITISH HER BAL

It is a native of France, and flowers in June

C. Bauhine calls it Chameciftus folits thymi in-
canis but this is not a good name, for the leaves
are longer and narrower than thofe of thyme.

2. Short-leaved white Ciftus.
Ciftus flore albo foliis lanceolatis.

The root is long, tough, fpreading, and full
of thick fibres.

The ftalks. are numerous, firm, woody, and
molt of them ftand erect.

The leaves are not fo numerous as on the com-
mon kinds: they {tand in pairs at diftances, and
are fmall, fhort, of a figure approaching to oval,
and fharp-pointed: their colour is a yellowith
green, and they are a little hairy.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks,
and are large and white. ;

The feed-veffel is roundifh, and the feeds are
numerous, and of a dufky colour.

This is common in many parts of Germany,
and flowers in July,

Tabernamontanus calls it He%anthemum album
Germanicum; and moft of the later writers have

copied from him in this refpeét.

3 Broad-leaved fhrub Ciftus.
Ciftus frutefcens foliis latis.

The root is large and fpreading.

The ftem is woody, and covered with a brown
bark: it grows to the height of three or four
feet, and is very much branched. .

The leaves are numerous, large, and beautiful:
they ftand in pairs, and they have long foot-
ftalks: they are of a dead green in fummer,
and toward autumn they commonly grow redifh;
they are of a firm fubftance, and of a glofly fur-
face: their fhape is like that of a heart, but that
they run out into a longer point.

The flowers ftand in little clufters on ftalks
rifing from the bofoms of the upper leaves: they
are large, beautiful, and white.

The feed-veffel is fmal] and pointed; and the
feeds are numerous and minute. ‘

It is a native of Spain and Portugal; and

- flowers in Augutft.

The tops of the young fhoots have a fine fra-
grant aromatick fmell: but this goes off when
the leaves harden.

‘C. Bauhine calls it Citas ledon foliis populi nigre
major. — Clufius, Ciftus ledum latifolium Jecundum

* majus.

4. Narrow-leaved tree Ciftus,

Giftus arborefcens anguftifolius.

This is a very elegant {pecies. /

The root is large and fpreading : the ftem is
thick, woody, and branched: it grows to five
or fix feet in height, and ufually with a beautiful
regularity.

The leaves are very numerous : they ftand in
pairs, and are long, narrow, and fharp- pointed :
they are at firlt of a pale green, afterwards of a
deeper green, and ufually toward the end of
fummer purplifh,

The flowers grow on the tops of the branches,

and are very large and beautiful: they arevas big
as our wild rofe, and white; but the buttons on
the numerous threads in. the centre are yellow ;
and every petal has a dark, large fpot toward the
bafe.

The feed-veffel is large, but the feeds are {mall :
they are roundifh, and of a dufky brown.

The young fhoots of this plant are for the moft
part of fummer covered with a purple, refinous,
and fragrant juice, and may be fmelt at a great
diftance.

It is a native of Spain, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Ciflus ladanifera hifpanica
incana, Clufius, Ciffus ledan primus anguftifolius.
The. leaves are fometimes hoary, fometimes
fmooth ; and they are not unfrequently curled at
the edges: hence, fome have idly made diftinc-
tions of three different f{pecies of it.

5, Narrow-leaved, {mall-Aowered,. fhrub Ciftus:

Ciftus anguftifolius floribus minoribus.

The root is long, thick, {preading, woody,
and covered with a brown bark.

The ftem is thick, firm, woody, and four feet
high: its bark is purplith, and itis divided into
numerous branches. f

The leaves ftand in pairs, and they are long
and very narrow, a little hairy, of a pale green
colour, and marked with three large ribs.

The flowers ftand on long, flender footftalks,
at the tops of the branches.

‘They are called fmall, in comparifon of thofe
of the former fpecies; but they are large enough,
and very beautiful: they are of a pure white, and
they have gold yellow buttons on their nume-
rous threads in the centre.

The feed-veflels are fimall,
in a hairy cup.

The young fhoots of this kind are very fra-
grant.

It is a native of the fouth of France; and
flowers in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Cifus ladanifera Monspeliz

enfium. Clufius calls it Cifus ledon Quintus; and

others diftinguifh it by his name,

and are preferved

6. Common finall Ciftus.
Ciftus arboreus foliis ovatis hirfutus,

The root is laree, woody, fpreading, and di-
vided: the ftem is thick, woody, upright,
branched, and three feet high: the bark is 3 a
deep purple, and the twigs are flender: fome-
times the whole plant is erect; fometimes the
greateft part of the ftalks lie upon the ground.

The leaves are thore, broad, and of an oval
figure: they ftand in pairs: they have long foot-
ftalks ; and they are of a pale greyith green, and
uae on the upper and underfide.

€ towers are very laroe and iful :
ftand on long footitalks rifing ro ee
of the leaves; and they are white, fometimes
with veins of yellowith, and fometimes with a
tinge of yellow throughout. aoe

The feed-vefel is roundith
and a little flatted; and. th

It is a native of Italy,
of Europe,

» large, pointed,
¢ feeds are large.
and other warmer parts

C, Bau-

}

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| Frond lewd Loss

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a ee ma te Short load Mihi ea tg Sree (is tes
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(situs with Marrow. Leaves

ay, MOUwcrs

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| af Common Hmale [pitec! | Cnn (orbits :
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fied, (‘sive
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Te BRITISH Wu Rha

173.

C. Bauhine calls it Cifus famina folio falviz.
Others, Cifus femina. Our gardeners, Female
ciflus.

4. Great-flowered animal Ciftus.

Ciftus annuus flore magno.

The root is flender, long, and inconfide-
rable. :

The firft leaves are oblong, broad, and obtufe,
of a pale green, and hairy.

The ftalk is fingle, round, erect, firm, and a
foot and half high: it is hairy, and of a pale
green,

The leaves ftand in pairs at confiderable dif-
tances: they are oblong, broad, and blunt, of a
pale green, and hairy. 5

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks,
and in the bofoms of the leaves: they are large
and white.

The feed-veffel is large, as are alfo the feeds.

It is a native of Spain and Portugal. This is the
only herbaceous ci/fvs that approaches to the form
of the fhrubby kinds; but it agrees fo well with
them.as to fhew that all efforts to feparate the
Sorubby and dwarf cifius into two genera muft be
fruitlefs.

C. Bauhine calls it Cifus folio falicis.

8. White hairy long-leaved Ciftus.
Ciftus frutefcens albicans foliis oblongis birfutis.

The root is large and fpreading.

The ftems are numerous, woody, but weak ;
three or four feet long, but generally procum-
bent, and covered with a pale bark: the young
twigs are very long and flender, and they are of
a whitifh colour.

The leaves ftand in pairs: they are oblong
and narrow; of a greyifh green, and hairy.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches;
and they are large and white.”

The feed-veffels are large, as are alfo the
feeds.

It isa native of Spain, and flowers in July. ~

The young fhoots of this fpecies are covered
with a fine balfamick fragrant refin.

C. Bauhine calls it Ciftus ledon birfutum. Clu-
fius, Ciftus ledon quartus. ‘Others, Ciftus mas
hirfutus.

Gye Bw iN

9g. Common male Ciftus.
Ciftus fore magno rubente.

The root is large, fpreading, and woodys

The flem is woody, firm, upright, branched, ”

and four feet high: the branches are thick fet
with leaves, and their bark is of a pale brown.
The leaves are -oblong, but of a confiderable

breadth: they ftand in pairs without any foot--

ftalks, and they are broadeft toward the bafe,
whence they diminifh to a point; and are of a
greyith green colour, and covered with a woolly
matter: they are very foft and tender on the

young, fhoots, but hard and rigid on fuch as are.

older.

The flowers ftand on flender footftalks at the
Upper part of the branches, and are very large,
and red.

The feed-veffel. is roundith, and angulated ;
and the feeds are large.

Tt. is common in Italy, and flowers in July.

C, Bauhine calls it Cifus mas folio oblongo in-

cano. Our gardeners, Male ciflus.

The plant called hypociftis, to be defcribed
hereafter in its proper place, grows to the roots
of this fpecies, in the fame manner as the broom.
Tape grows to the roots of broom in our hilly,
barren paftures.

10. Narrow-leaved red Ciftus.
Ciftus flore rubro magno anguftifolins,

The root is woody and fpreading,

The ftem is thick, woody, branched, and four
feet high: the bark is of a pale colour, and the
wood is brittle.

The leaves ftand in pairs, and are very nu-
merous: they are Jong, narrow, and of a pale
green; fomewhat hairy, but not woolly, as thofe
of the other fpecies,

_ The flowers ftand on long footftalks .rifing
from the bofoms of the leaves, and are very
large, and of a beautiful red. ih irae

The feed-veffels are-large and ribbed; and the
feeds are large. ' i

C. Bauhine calls this Ciftus mas folio oblonga
incano.

It is frequent in the warmer parts of Europe,
and common in our gardens.

Ray fufpected this to be only a variety of the
preceding {pecies, but erroneoufly. :

Uses IV.

SAINT JOHN’s WORT.

HYPERICUM

HE flower confifts of five petals, which are equal in fize, regularly placed, and expanded: the
feed -veffél is roundifh, and the feeds are numerous: the cup is divided into five, oval, pointed

fegments, and remains when the flower is fallen.

Linnzeus places this among the polyadelpbia polyandria, the threads in the flower being divided into
feveral diftinét fets, growing together at their bafes, and growing to the receptacle.

The ftyles, which in the reft of:this author’s method make a confiderable part: of the claffical
charaéter, are here not mentioned ; for. this plain) reafon, that their number is too uncertain to be
determined. In fome fpecies of this plant there are two, in others three, in others five, and in fome

but one.

N° XVIII. Yy Thi

174 ThesBR 1. Lil SH HEARSB AME.

This fingle inftance may ferve as a proof that the ftyles are not at all fit to be received into the
number of parts from which a claffical divifion, or even a generical character, can be eftablihed :
if we thould allow them but this laft and leaft ufe, we muft here of neceffity feparate, under different
names, and in diftinét genera, plants moft evidently related to one another, as {pecies of the fame

enus. e Priest
ei obferved thefe, or other, as light and uncertain diftinctions, fo far as to feparate

Some have id ; : ;
the Saint Fobn’s worts fin this manner : hence have arifen the diftinét generical names in Latin of
‘emum, and fome others ; and in Englifh, thofe of tu:/an, Saint Peter’s wort,

hypericum, afcyrum, androfe
a eae pores all frivolous and idle diftinétions, and all tending to create confufion in the

{eience ; becaufe the plants are all truly and properly allied.

Linnxus, who is in general fond enough of eftablifhing new genera, has judged very rightly in
this refpect: he has named all thefe fubordinate and accidental variations in the ftyles of the various
kinds of Saint Fobn’s wort as variations only and has boldly and juftly kept all of them under
one name, and in one genus. At the fame time, he has feparated, under the name of a/eyrum,
and referred to a diftinét genus, fome plants, which, though they have the general afpect of Saint
Fobn’s worl, have only four petals in the flower.

While we give this author the deferved praife, for his arrangement of the Saint Fohn’s worts, we
cannot but cenfure the place he has affigned them in his work: he has feparated them from the ciftus,
and other plants before defcribed, by five intermediate claffes; and, becaufe of this accident of the
ftamina, or threads, joining in feveral little clufters, has placed them in the artificial clafs we have
named. This may well be called an artificial clafs, becaufe nothing in nature countenances it; and
it is moft evident, by the divifion of thefe plants from the others, that it violates her moft obvious
laws. They agree with the others in the having a flower compofed of five petals, and their feeds
contained in a fingle capfule : thefe are obvious reafons for joining them ; and this particular diftribu-
tion of the ftamina is but a very poor one for feparating them, and fending the ftudent to look for
plants which nature directs him to underftand as allied to one another, in the different parts of

a work,
DebvV 1S ON oak:

1. Common Saint John’s wort.

Hypericum vulgare.

The ‘root is long, flender, woody, divided,
and f{preading.

The ftalk is firm, upright, of a pale green
colour, edged, and a foot and half high: it is
fimple toward the bottom, but divides into many
branches near the top.

The leaves are oblong, broad, and of a deep
green: they ftand in pairs at fmall diftances, and
are undivided on the edges: when held up againft
the light they appear full of little holes.

The flowers are large, full of threads, and of
a beautiful gold yellow.

The feed-veffel is roundifh, and contains nu-
merous {mall feeds.

The ftyles from the rudiment of the capfule
are three in this plant; and the capfule is divided
into three cells.

The yellow threads in this flower, when
moiftened and bruifed upon the hand, ftain it
red.

It is common by way-fides, and flowers in
June.

C. Bauhine calls it Hypericum vulgare; and mot
others have followed him.

The common Saint Fobn’s wort is celebrated for
many virtues, and is not neglected in regular
practice. A decoétion of it is good to wath
ulcers; and an oil, made by infufing the flowers
in olive oil, is much recommended againft pain,
and as a balfam: the flowers give their latent red

colour very beautifully to the oil in this prepa. |

ration.

An infufion of the frefh tops of Saint Fobn’s {

wort is good in the jaundice : it operates by urine,

Bi RSD DelSsHe Sepak: Clb. S:

The exprefled juice of the frefh tops is good
againft {pitting of blood.

The powder of the tops carefully dried is re-
commended alfo againft worms, and in the gout,
and againft tertian and quartan agues.

A tinéture of the flowers, made ftrong in
white-wine, is recommended greatly by fome
againft melancholy: but of thefe qualities we
{peak with lefs certainty, though they deferve a
fair trial.

2. Small heart-leaved Saint John’s wort.

Hypericum folium cordatis. —

The root is flender, brown, and furnifhed
with a few fibres.

The ftalk is round, fmooth, . upright, and
frequently redith: it has fcarce any branches, and
is a foot or more in height.

The leaves ftand in pairs, but with great {paces
between one pair and another : they are {mall,
broad, fhort, and have no footftalks, but fur-
round the ftalk at the bafe: they are of a heart-
fafhioned fhape, but not much dented at the
broad part, and are of a deep green, and firm
fubftance.

The flowers are large, and of a bright yellow.

The feed-veffels are large, and the feeds are
brownith.

The ftyles in the flowers of this fpecies are
only three; and the feed-veftel is, in the fame
anne, divided into three cells.

_4tis common in dry paftures and b -fides ;
and flowers in July. Rie

Ityis a very pretty plant. Tragus has called

‘it thence Hypericum pulchrum; and moft have

copied him. J. Bauhine calls it Eypericum minus
erecium. y

3. Small

The BRITISH) HERE AL:

3. Small procumbent Saint John’s wort.

E]ypericum procumbens minus.

The root is flender, long, and woody.

The ftalks are numerous, and fome of them he
upon the ground ; others rife tolerably upright :
they are four or five inches high, and edged like
thofe of the common Saint Fobn’s wort, and of a
yellowith colour.

The leaves ftand in pairs, at moderate diftances
one pair from another ; and they are fmall, ob-
long, pointed, and of a faint green.

The flowers are large, and of a bright yellow :
they grow on the tops of the ftalks, and of their
branches and divifions.

The feed-veffel is fmall, and the feeds are nu-
merous and minute.

The ftyles in the flower of this fpecies are three,
and the feed-veffel is divided into three eells.

It is common in barren paftures, and flowers in
July.

; 3 : ; ne
C. Bauhine calls it Hypericum minus Jupinun,

Jive fupinum glabrum, Ne, Trailing Saint Fobu’s
wort,

4. Broad-leaved hairy Saint John’s wort.
Eypericum erecium latifolium hirfutum,

The root is long, large, woody, and {preading,

The ftalk is thick, firm, upright, very little
branched, and of a brownifh colour.

The leaves ftand'in pairs ; and they are large,
oblong, and of a brownifh green, and hairy :
they are broadeft toward the bafe, and diminifh
to a point, and they have fhort footftalks.

The flowers are numerous, large, and of a
pale yellow: they ftand at the tops of the ftalks,
and have flender pedicles.

The feed«veflel is large, and the feeds are
brown.

The ftyles are three in the flower of this fpe-
cies, and the feed-veffel is accordingly divided
into three cells.

It is common by road fides, and flowers in
Augutt.

C. Bauhine calls it Androfemum birfutum, and
J. Bauhine, Hypericum androfemum diftum. Thefe
are very improper names, for there is another
fpecies altogether different from this, properly
called tutfan and androfemum, to be defcribed
hereafter.

5- Broad-leaved, fmooth Saint John’s wort.
Hypericum latifolium glabrum.

The root is long, divided, crooked, hard, and
redith.

The ftalk is upright, fingle, not at all branched
or divided, and a foot and a half high, and of a
pale, bluifh-green colour.

The leaves ftand in pairs at confiderable dif
tances: they are very large and broad ; they have
no footftalks, their bafes join at the ftalk, and
they are of a pale bluith green,

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ‘ftalks on
fender pedicles: they are large, and of a very
beautiful yellow.

The feed-veffel alfo is large, and the feeds are
fmall and brown,

IWS

The ftyles in the flower of this fpecies are
three, and the feed-veffel is accordingly dividec
into three cells,

It is not common in England, except in the
northern counties; but there are fome plants of
it in Charlton wood, near Woolwich,

It flowers in Auguft.

C. Bavhine calls it Afiyron, five hypericum bi-
folium glabrum non perforatum. Columna, An-
drofemum campoclarente.
beautiful plant.

Linnzus makes this and the former fpecies only
varieties of the fame plant. He muft have beers
mifled by the bad figures of authors; for it is im-
poffible he fhould have faid this, if he had ever
feen this fpecies : the other is common.

The leaves in this fpecies are not full of holes,
as in the common Saint Yobn’s wort; but fre-
quently the underfide of them is beautifully dotted
with red fpots, difpofed regularly of the edge.

It is an extremely

6. Tutfan.

Hypericum maximum androfomum diétum. :

The root is hard, woody, long, redifh, and
divided into many parts.

The ftalks are numerous, firm, hard, of a
pale green, and edged: they are two feet and z
half high, and frequently are branched, though
fometimes they rife almoft fingle.

The leaves ftand in pairs, and are very large :
they are broadeft at the bafe, and terminate ob-
tufely: their colour is a dead green in the firft
part of fummer, but frequently the whole plant
turns of a blood-red toward autumn,

‘The flowers ftand in clufters at the tops of the
ftalks: they are large and yellow. :

The feed-veffel is of an oval form ; and, being
foft and juicy, has the appearance of a berry.

It is frequent in many parts of England under
fhady hedges, and flowers in Augutt.

C, Bauhine calls it Androfemum maximum fru
tefcens. Ray, Hypericum maximum androfemum
vulgare diftum.

This fpecies poffeffes the virtue of a vulne-
rary in a degree even fuperior to the common
Saint Fonn’s wort. One of the young leaves
wrapped round a cut-finger, or fpread evenly
over a deep frefh wound, will cure it without any
other application.

This I am affured by the Lady of Gen. Ogle.
thorpe, from her repeated experience,

7. Saint Peter’s wort,
Hypericum caule eretto quadrangulo afcyron difyw,

The root is long and fpreading : it creeps un-
der the furface, and has a multitude of fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, {quare, upright, fel-
dom at all branched, and about a foot high.

The leaves are placed in pairs at confiderable
diftances, and have no footftalks: they are of
an oval figure, and obtufe,

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, on

| feparate, flender pedicles, and are of a bright

yellow.
The feed-veffels are large, and the feeds mi:
nute.
The

176

The “B R*I-T 1S H*’ H E’R'BIA L.

The ftyles in the flower of this plant are three,
and the feed-veffel is accordingly divided into
three cells. :

It is common in damp ‘places, and flowers in
June.

J. Bauhine calls it Hypericum afcyrum diftum
cattle quadrangulo. Others, Afeyrum, and Afeyron
vulgare.

Its virtues are the fame with thofe of Swint
Fobn’s wort.

8. Woolly Marth Saint John’s wort.
Hypericum fupinum villofum paluftre.

This is commonly called a fpecies of Saist
Peter’s wort; but 1 have obferved before, thar
the diftin@tion of that as a genus is idle, and not
fupported in nature.

DL VeTsS leOeNne Il.

1. Spanifh Saint John’s wort.
Hypericum tomentofum calycibus ferratis.

The root is long, flender, brown, and hung
with a few fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, weak, redifh, and
feven or eight inches long: they trail upon the
ground, and are not branched.

The leaves are placed in pairs: they are of an
oval fhape, approaching to heart-fafhioned, of a
greyifh white colour, and very hoary. .

The flowers are numerous and fmall: they ftand
on long and very flender pedicles rifing from the
tops of the ftalks, ten or a dozen together, and
they are of a bright yellow : their cup is ferrated,
and glandulous.

The feed-veffel is large, and the feeds are very
fmall and brown,

This fpecies has three ftyles in the flower, and
the capfule is divided into three cells.

It is a native of Spain, and flowers in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls ic Hypericum fupinum tomento-
Jum, but he erroneoufly makes two fpecies of it,
a greater and a lefier. He had feen it larger in
Spain, and fmaller in France; but there was no
ether difference.

2. Perfoliate Saint John’s wort.
Hypericum perfoliatum,

The root is compofed of a number of thick,
black fibres.

The ftalk is round, upright, firm, and a foot
and a half high: ic is ufually red toward the
bottom, and elfewhere of a‘ pale green.

The leaves are broad, and of a fhape approach-
ing to triangular: they meet at the bafe, and the
fialk feems to pafs through them: the feveral

" pairs are placed at diftances with great regularity :
they are of a deep green, and.ofa firm fubftance ;
and, when held up to the light, they are found
full of holes, in the manner of the common Saint
Fobn’s wort, toward the bottom the leaves are
fmall; they are largeft-about- the middle of the
fialk, and grow fmaller again to the top.

The flowers ftand on long footftalks at the top

FOREIGN

The root is fmall, and fpreading. ,

The ftalks are numerous, weak, and procum-
bent: they are of a whitifh colour, and are ten
inches or a foot long.

The leaves are placed in pairs, and they are of
a’ roundifh figure: they are foft to the touch,
white, and covered with a woolly down,

The flowers ftand on flender footftalks at the
tops of the ftalks, and rife from the bofoms of
the upper leaves ; and they are large, and of a
beautiful yellow.

The feed-veffels are roundifh, and the feeds
minute and brown.

It is not uncommon on rotten, wet, and boggy
ground, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it A/cyron fupinum villofum pa-
luftre.

SPECIES

of the plant ; and they are large, and of a beauti-
ful yellow.

The feed-veffel is oval, and the feeds are mi-
nute and brown.

This fpecies has three ftyles in the flower, and
the cells of the feed-veffel are three.

It is a native of Italy, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Androfemum perforatum &
perfoliatum. Columna, Androfemum alterum
apulum.

3. Cluftered-leaved Saint John’s wort.
Hypericum foliis numerofis.

The root is long, thick, and: furnifhed with
numerous fibres.

The ftalks are hard, woody, upright, and very
thick fet with leaves: they are of a redifh colour
toward the bottom, and of a pale green toward
the top.

The leaves are oblong, and very narrow: they
do not grow in regular pairs, as in the other fpe-
cies of Saint Fobn’s wort, but feem to farround
the ftalk as thofe of the ftellate plants, like the
rays of a flar: however, they ufually grow three
together, and the reft are young fhoots from the
bofoms of thefe.

The flowers are large, and of a beautiful yel-
low: they ftand at the tops of the ftalks, on fmall,
flender pedicles.

The feed-veffel is laree and oval, and the feeds
are fmall and brown.

This fpecies has three ftyles in the flower, and
the feed-veffel has three cells.

It is a native of Italy, and flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Eypericoides coris quibufdam.
Others, Coris lutea, and Coris Mathich. Our

people call it Heath Pine, and Low Pine, fometimes
Coris.

As Moneywort leaved Saint John’s wort.
Hypericum nummularie foliis.
The root is fmall; oblong; crooked, ‘ rédifh,
and furnithed with many fibres.
The ftalks are. numerous, weak, and redifh:
4 ; they

Th BRITISH HERBAL.

179°

they are five or fix inches long, and for the moft
part trail or lie upon the ground.

_ The leaves ftand in pairs, and are of a roun-
difh figure, not unlike thofe of moneywort, but
fmaller.

The flowers are very large and beautiful : they
are numerous ; they ftand on flender footftalks at
the top of the feveral ftalks, and are of a bright
yellow ; and their feveral petals, as well as the
fegments of the cup, are ferrated. :

The feed-veflel is large, and the feeds are fmall
and brown. ;

The ftyles in the flower of this fpecies are
three, and the cells are three in the capfule:

It is an extremely elegant fpecies.

It is a native of the Pyrenzan mountains,
where it hangs among the wet rocks, It flowers
in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Hypericum nummularia folio
and others have for the moft part followed him,
the leaves {peaking the refemblance.

5. Little heath-leaved Saint John’s wort.

Hypericum parvum ericoides.

This is an extremely fingular and pretty little
plant.

The root is long, flender, redifh, and has
many fibres: they are numerous, weak, and
very fmall: they are crowned with leaves, and
they fend out many fhort and flender branches.

The leaves are narrow, longifh, and harfh to
the touch: their colour is a dufky green, and
they entirely cover the lower parts of the ftalks.

The top of each ftalk is naked, or, in other
words, there rife from the extremities of thefe
leafy ftalks flender twigs which fupport’ the
flowers.

Thefe are numerous, fmall, and of a pale
yellow.

The feed-veffel is longith and fmall; and the
feeds are very minute, and brown.

There are three ftyles in the flower, and three
cells in the capfule.

It is a native of Spain and Portugal; and
flowers in autumn.

Plukenet calls it Hypericum ericoides minimum
Solis cinereis. :

6. Large-floweerd Saint John’s wort.
Hypericum flove magno.

The root is long, flender, divided into feveral
parts, and furnifhed with many long fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, upright, brown,
hard, and bitter : they area foot high, and rarely
are at all branched.

The leaves are placed in pairs, and they ftand
at fmall diftances one pair from another.

They are of a firm fubftance and deep green
colour, and of an oval fhape; broadeft at the
bottom, where they adhere without footftalks ;
and fmaller to the end, where they terminate
obtufely.

The flowers are very large and beautiful: they
are of a fine yellow, and they ftand in confide-
rable numbers on the tops of the ftalks.

The feed-veffel is round, and the feeds are
fmall and brown.

N° 18.

The ftyles are three in this fower; and the —

cells three in the capfule.
It is a native of the Eaft, and flowers in July.
C. Bauhine calls it Afcyrum magno flore.
Wheeler, Hypericum montis Olmpi; a name
adopted by moft others. °

7. Oriental Tutfan.
Hypericum flore et theca maximis.

The root is flender, and {preads under the
furface.

The ftalks are numerous, weak, and a foot or
more in length: they never rife properly ere&,
nor do they lie upon the ground, but always
ftand ftooping.

The leaves are placed regularly in pairs, and
they are very large, of a figure refembling thofe
of the laurel, of a pale green colour, and per-
fectly even at the edges. z

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalk, and
are very confpicuous by their fize; for they are
as large as a rofe, and of a very beautiful yellow,
and full of threads of the fame yellow in the
centre.

The feed-veffel is very large, and of a pointed
form. —

The ftyles in this plant are five; and the cap-
fule is accordingly divided into five cells.

It is a native of the Faft, and of fome parts
of America.

Ray calls it ndrofemum Conftantinopolitanum
lore maximo. .

Morifon, Androfemum flore et theca quingne cap-
Julari_omnium maximis, Our gardeners call it
Tutfan, Great Saint Fobn’s wort; and fome of
them, the Ground rofe, or the Yellow rofe.

8. Stinking Saint John’s wort.
Hypericum fatidum ftaminibus longiffimis.

The root is long, thick, divided, and fpread-
ing.
The ftalk is fhrubby, hard, upright, very
much branched, covered with a brown bark, and
brittle. ; ; {

The leaves ftand in pairs: they are of a pale
green, and have no footftalks: they are broad,
oblong, and pointed at the ends.

The flowers are large and numerous: they
ftand at the extremities of the branches : they are
of a beautiful yellow; and they are diftinguithed
by a peculiar mark, which is, that the threads
are longer than the petals, and ftand in a great
bufh, in manner of a beard. :

The feed-veffél is roundith, and pointed: the
feeds are brown. :

The ftyles in this flower are five; and the
capfule is accordingly divided into five cells.

It is a native of the warmer parts of Europe,
and of the Eaft.

C. Bauhine calls it Androfemum fetidum capi-
tulis longiffimis filamentis donatis, Dillenius, Hy-
pericum fatidum frutefcens minus; and Clufius,
Tragium. Our gardeners call it Shrub Saing
John’s wort, and Stinking tutfan; and fome, from
the threads, Bearded tutfan.

Zs 9. Bay-

178

The BRIT1'S HH’ H ERB AL,

g. Bay-leaved Saint John’s wort.
Hypericum foliis laurinis feminibus alatis.

The root is long, Jarge, woody, and fpread-
ing.
The ftem is firm, woody, brittle, and very
much branched; and is covered with a pale
brown bark.

The leaves are numerous, oblong, and of a
pale green: they are delicately ferrated at the
edges, and obtufe at the ends.

The flowers ftand on flender pedicles rifing
from the extremities of the ftalks, and from the
bofoms of the upper leaves: they are large and
beautiful; and the fegments of the cup are round-
ed and ferrated.

The feed-veffels are large, and pointed at the
top: the feeds are numerons, large, winged, and
brown.

There are five ftyles in the flower of this
fpecies; and the cells in the capfule are alfo
five.

It is a native of Carolina, and flowers in
Augutt.

This fpecies has been fo much miftaken by
authors, that it has been called an Alcea. Pluke-
net has named it Alcea floridana quinque capfularis
laurinis foliis leviter crenatis; and others have
followed him in this long denomination. Later
writers have given it a peculiar name, Lafianthus :
thefe have thought the little wing that grows to
every feed a mark fufficient for eftablifhing a new
genus ; but nature abhors thefe innovations. It
is evidently an Aypericum, and agrees in flower
and feed-veffel with all thofe {pecies of this genus
which have five ftyles in the fower, as the oriental,
tutfan, and the reft.

10. Penny’s myrtle Ciftus.
Hypericum frutefcens foliis rugofis.

The root is large, woody, and fpreading.

The ftem is woody, and covered with a brown
bark: it is very much branched, brittle, and full
of a kind of warts, or rough excrefcencies, re-
fembling fcars, and the remains of injuries ; but

Ge eee Ni

they are natural, and the fame fingularity is pre’
ferved in the leaves.

Thefe ftand in pairs: they are very numerous,
of a rude green, fimall, oblong, pointed, and in
fhape refembling thofe of myrtle; and they are
full of the fame kind of irregular rifings with
thofe upon the ftalks, only fmalier.

The flowers grow at the tops of the branches,
and they are very large and beautiful: they are
of a fine bright yellow colour, and they have the
threads very long.

The feed-veffel is roundifh, but pointed; and
the feeds are large and brown.

The ftyles in the Aower of this fpecies are five ;
and the cells in the fecd-veffel are alfo five.

This is a fpecies which, like the preceding, has
troubled fome authors to find its proper place, or
generical name. The charaéters are the fame
with thofe of all the Saint Fobn’ s worts which have
five ftyles in the flower; and, accordingly, the
beft writers have placed it among them,

Magnol calls it Hypericum five a cyrum frutef-
cens magno flore. Van Royen, Hypericum floribus
pentagynis foliis et ramis verrucofs. The older
writers have followed Clufus, who places it
among the ciftus’s, and calls it Myrtociftus
Pennai, from the name of Doctor Penny, its
firft obferver; and our gardeners follow thefe
writers, and call it Penny’s ciftus.

We fee, by the effect the refemblance of the
ciftus and bypericum has had upon the earlier bota-
nifts, how extremely improper it muft be to fepa-
rate them, as Linnaeus had done, into various
parts of his writings. Thofe plants which could
be confounded with one another by the lefs ac-
curate obfervers, and which the moft juft exami-
nation fhews to be fo much allied to one another,
fhould certainly follow one another in the write
ings of thofe botanifts who form their method
upon the laws eftablifhed by nature.

Thefe foreign fpecies of Saint Yohn’s wort, in
general, poffefs the fame virtues with our own
kind. They are all efteemed vulnerary and bal-
famick.

The coris is celebrated alfo as a diuretick and
deobftruent.

U. 2S Vv.

CHICK WEED.
UTS TONE:

HE flower confifts of five petals, which are {pread out plain: the feed-veftel is of an oval fhape,

formed of fix valves, but containing only a fingle cell :

the cup is compofed of five little,

pointed leaves, and remains when the flower is fallen, furrounding the feed-veffel : the feeds are

numerous, rounded, and comprefied.

Linnzus places this among the dycandria trigynia, the filamen
flower, and the ftyles from the rudiment of the capfule three.

racters of the genus on this foundation, is obliged to
ant, certain, or regular; for that fome plants are fo
3 and that in others the threads are fo uncertain, frail,

This author, after he has eftablifhed the cha
acknowledge that they are not always contt
luxuriant as to have five ftyles inftead of three

ts or threads being ten in each

and of fhort duration, that they cannot well be numbered.

This acknowledgement of a variation in th
method ; for it mingles alfines,
ceraftiums, which he arranges amo

This author’s genera fhould be
their bills, errors excepted.

¢ number. of the ftyles trikes at the root of the author’s
which he places among the decandria trigynia, with fpergulas and
ng the decandria pentagynia.

printed, if the reader will admit the allufion,

as tradefmen write

The

“the BRiGISH) HERE a

179

The name affine, and its Englith,

chickweed, have been given by writers to fo many plants not at

all belonging to this, nor poffible to be aranged under any one genus, that the reader is defired

to keep in memory the characters on which the genus given under this name is here eftablifhed :
will prevent a great deal of perplexity, becaufe it will feparate thofe plants,

it
which are diftin@lly called °

alfines, from the various others which will be here placed in different fucceffive genera.

DIV IS tO NA

i. Common Chickweed.
Alfine vulgaris.

The root is fmall, white, flender, and fur-
nifhed with many fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, round, green, juicy,
and eight inches in length: fome of them trail
upon the ground, and others rife up.

The leaves are numerous: they are placed in
pairs, and have long footftalks: they are broad,
and of a figure fomewhat approaching to oval :
their colour is a frefh green, and their fubftance
foft and tender.

The flowers are numerous, fmall, and white:
they are placed on footrftalks rifing from the bo.
foms of the leaves, principally toward the upper
part of the ftalks; and they have the petals
divided pretty deeply at their ends. }

The feed-veffel is fmall and oval: the feeds
are brown.

It is common every where about gardens, and
where ground has been dug, and flowers the
whole fummer.

C. Bauhine calls it /ine media. J. Bauhine,
Alfine vulgaris five morfus galline. Others, Aline
media, or Alfine minor. Our Englith names are
Common chickweed, Middle chickweed, and Lefer
chickweed : of thefe the firft is the moft proper.

The plant varies extremely in fize and form
according to the degree of nourifhment,

2. Great water Chickweed
Alfine perennis major.

The root is long, flender, and creeping: it
runs under the furface, and fends out many tufts
of fibres in different places, and numerous ftalks.

Thefe are round, upright, flender, of a pale
green, and a foot or more in height: they are
rarely at all branched.

The leaves ftand in pairs at diftances from one
another ; and they are large, oblong, and of a
beautiful pale green.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks
on flender pedicles, and are fmall and white:

the petals are divided fo deeply that they appear

to confift each of ten rather than five.
The feed-veffel is fmall and roundifh; and the
feeds are numerous.

June.

C, Bauhine calls it Aine altifima nemorum.
J. Bauhine, Aline major repens perennis. We
Great marfb chickweed.

3. Narrow-leaved water Chickweed.
Alfine aquatica foliis anguftoribus.

The root is compofed of many threads, ;
The ftalks are numerous, fquare, eight inches

It is common in watery places, and flowers in

BRITISH SPECIES,

high, and of a pale green: they ftand tolerably
erect, and fend out a few branches, ;

The leaves are oblong and narrow : they ftand
in pairs, and have no footftalks : they are thin
tender, and of a pale green; broadeft in the
middle, undivided at the edges, and obtufe at
the ends.

The flowers are fmall and white : they do not.
grow on the tops of the ftalks, but from the bo-
foms of the leaves, fometimes ftanding on fingle
and feparate footftalks, and fometimes on the
fummits of little fhoots rifing from thence : they
are compofed of five petals, divided fo deeply
that there appear to be ten of them, 9

The feed-veffel is fmall, and the feeds are nu-
merous and minute. \

It is common in damp parts of woods ; and
flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Aline aquatica media; and
J.Bauhine,; Aine longifolia uliginofis proveniens
locis. Our people call it Tender marfh chickweed,

and Fountain chickweed.

4. Broad-leaved mountain Chickweed.
AYfine latifolia flore profunde feéto.

The root is fmall, white, and jointed.

The ftalk is ufually fingle, and tolerably up-
right: it is fquare, of a pale green; and not at
all hairy ; and it fends out no branches, but at
the top divides into feveral parts.

The leaves are placed in pairs with great regu-
larity: they have long footftalks, and they are
large and oblong: they are broadeft at the bafe,
waved along the edges, and terminate in a fharp
point.

The flowers are large and white: they ftand at
the tops of thofe branches into which the ftall
divides at the top; and they are moderately large,
and of a {now white: each is compofed only of
five petals, but they are divided to the bafe fo
that there appear ten; and thefe are long, very
narrow, and fomewhat curled. (

The feed-veffel is oval, and the feeds are {mall
and brown. ;

It is found in our northern counties in damp
woods ; and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Alfine montana latifolia flore
Jaciniato. Columna, Alfine hederacea montana
maxima.

5. Small branched Chickweed.
Alfine minor ramofa.

The root is fmall and long, furnified with
many fibres, and penetrates deep. —

The ftalks are extremely numerous, and flen-
der: they are four inches high, and of a pale
green; and they are fo much branched that a
fingle plant-of it forms a thick buthy tuft.

3 The

180 . ‘hhe 2BsR TP E Se oH EB RvB AME

The leaves ftand in pairs, and are placed at
fmall diftances from one another: they are of a
dufky green, fhort, and pointed at the ends.

The flowers are fmall and white, and they
are compofed each of five petals, undivided at
the tips.

The feed-veffel is oval; and the feeds are very
numerous, fmall, and brown.

It is common on old walls, and flowers in
June.

C. Bauhine calls it Aine minor multicaulis.
Others, Alfine minima.

6, Plantain-leaved Chickweed.
Alfine foliis plantaginis.

The root is compofed of numerous flender
fibres.
The ftalks are numerous, weak, tender, and fix

- inches high.

The leaves ftand in pairs without footftalks :
they are oblong and broad, largeft in the middle,
pointed at the end, and of a pale green; and
they have the ribs running, in the manner of
thofe of plantain leaves, all lengthwife.

This is a very obvious particular, and chiefly
characterifes the plant.

The flowers rife from the bofoms of the leaves
on flender footftalks, or they ftand at the tops of
the young fhoots, which rife from the leaves in
great numbers : they are fmall and white.

The feed-veffel is roundifh, and the feeds are
{mall, numerous, kidney-fhaped, and brown.

It is a native of our woods, and flowers in
July.

C. Bauhine calls it M/ine plantaginis foliis,
Others have followed him.

The petals of the flower in this fpecies, as in

the preceding, are undivided.

Linnaeus makes the divifion of the petals a |

generical character of Al/ine or chickweed: Mr.
Ray did the fame before him; but we fee in thefe
two plants the error of that determination: they
plainly and palpably belong to the fame genus
with thé common chickweed, and we have thus
joined them with that, and others of its kind,
under the fame common name alfne: Mr. Ray,
feparating them on this flight account, has been
obliged to place them among the fpurreys, /per-
gule, plants with which they have no alliance.

7. Common Stitchwort.
Alfine flore majore anguftifolia.

The root is flender and creeping : it runs un-
der the furface, and fends out clufters of fibres
from many parts.

The ftalks are numerous, upright, and flen-
der: they are of a brownith green, harfh, and
edged; and toward the upper part have many
branches.

._ They fupport themfelves among bufhes, and
rife to a foot and half high:

The leaves ftand in pairs, and are long, nar-
row, and fharp-pointed.

‘The flowers are numerous, fnow white, large,
and very beautiful: they confift’ each of five
petals divided at the ends; and they ftand on flen-
der footftalks growing from the tops of the

branches, and of the upper divifions of the ftalks.
The feed-veffels are large and roundifh; and
the feeds are numerous and fmall.
It is common under hedges, and flowers in
May.
_ C. Bauhine calls it Caryophyllus holofteus arvenfis
glaber flore majore. Others, Gramen leucanthemum.
We Stitchwort.

8. Small-flowered Stitchwort.
Alfine anguftifolia flore minore.

The root is flender and creeping.

The ftalks are numerous, ftraggling, weak,
and a foot high.

The leaves are narrow and long, harfh to the
touch, and of a bluifh green.

The flowers are white and fmall: they grow
at the tops of the ftalks, on flender pedicles, and
they are very numerous.

They confift each of five petals, divided at the
edge; and they have red buttons on the threads :
this is a fingular circumftance, and diftinguithes
the plant at fight.

The feed-veffel is roundifh, and the feeds are
numerous.

It is common under hedges, together with the
former; and flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Caryophyllus holofteus arven-
Sis glaber flore minore. Others, Gramen leucanthe~
mum minus.

g.-Low Stitchwort with great flowers.
Aljine anguftifolia humilior floribus maximus,

The root is compofed of ‘a tuft of fibres, and
does not creep under the furface, as in the other.

The ftalks are numerous, fharply edged, rigid,
harfh to the touch, and firm: they are not much
branched, and they are ten inches high: they
fupport themfelves very well at this height, and
do not need the affiftance of bufhes, as the com-
mon kind.

The leaves are narrow, long, and fharp-point-
ed: they ftand in pairs, and are of a greyifh
green colour. :

The flowers are large and white: they ftand
at the tops of the branches, ana are compofed
of five petals notched at the top.

The feed-veffel is round, and the feeds are nu-
merous. :

It is a native of our fen counties, and flowers
in June.

Ray calls it Caryopbyllus boloftens arvenfis
medius. Mentzelius, Caryophyllus holofteus folis
gramineis.

10, Fine-leaved Chickweed.
Alfine tenuifolia.

The root is a tuft of long and flender fibres :
the leaves that firft rife from it are extremely
narrow, and of a pale green: many ftalks rife
among thefe, and they then grow yellow, and
foon fade.

a ae ftalks are lender, upright, and ten inches
igh.

They are of a yellowifh green, not much
branched, and divided at the top into a wide head.

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181

The leaves are fmall, oblong, and natrow.

The flowers are fmall and white: they ftand
on flender foorftalks, and many open tog:zther.

The {eed-veffel is fmall, and the feéds are nu-
merous and roundifh.

Ivis. not uncommon in Kent and Suffex in dry
barren places, It flowers in July.

J. Bauhine calls it d/fine tenuifolia; and others
have continued in general the name unaltered.

1x. Little grafly-leaved Chickweed.
Alfine pufilla folits graminis flore magno.

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
numerous fimall fibres.

The ftalks aré flender, upright, not at all
branched, and about four inches high.

The leaves ftandin pairs, at moderate diftances,
and pointing upwards: they are oblong, narrow,
fharp-pointed, and of a fine green; fo that they
very much refemblé ends of fimall grafs leaves.

The flowers are very large, and {now white:
two or three ftand on the top of the ftalk, and
they confift each of five large petals, which are
not divided at the ends, but terminate in a point.

The feed-veffel is large, and the feeds are nu- |

merous, and very minute.

It is common in our northern counties on
rocks, and the fides of high hills. It flowers in
April.

Ray calls it A/fine pufilla pulchro flore folio tenu-
iffimo noftras, five Saxifraga pufilla caryophylloides
flore albo pulchellos a name longer than the plant.

12. Cluftered-leaved Chickweed.
‘Alfine foliis anguftis crebris flore majore.

‘The root is fmall and flender, white, and fur-
nifhed with many fibres.

The ftalks are very numerous, flender, ridged,
upright, and about five inches high: they are of
a pale green, and they fend out frequent branches.

The leaves ftand very thick : the principal ones
are placed in pairs at fmall diftances from one
another, and their bofoms are crowded with
clufters of others; fo that they appear covered
with them.

They are narrow, oblong, and fharp-pointed :
on the upper farts of the ftalks the principal
leaves are lefs diftinguifhable ; and they cover the
branches at the joints, as the leaves of heath.

The flowers ftand fingly at the tops of the
branches, and of the principal ftalk; and they
are very large, and white.

The feed-veffel is fmall and round; and the
feeds are minute and numerous.

It. is common in damp places, and flowers in
June.

C, Bauhine calls it A/ine nodofa Germanica.
J. Bauhine, Arenaria. The common writers call
it Saxifraga poluftris Anglica; and we, Englifo
marfo faxifrage, and Fine-leaved faxifrage.

13. Little roundifh-leaved Chickweed.
Alfine parva foliis fubrotundis.

The root is fmall and fibrous.
The ftalks are numerous, weak, and branched :
they are of a pale green, and five inches high in
favourable foils, in other places not above three.
N° 18.

The leaves ftand in paits, and aré fmall and
roundith} of a thin; tender fubftance; arid obfcure
green.

The flowers ate fmall and white.

The feed-vefléls are large, and of ah ovat
figure; and the feeds numérous and yellowiths
of a rounded figuré, but flatted.

Tt is not uncommon in the diy paftures of
Buckingharnfhire; and flowers in July.

Ray calls it AVine montana minima acini effigié
rotundifolia, and others follow him:

i4. Latge-fruited fed Chickweed.
Aline maritima pufilla frutin magio.

The toot is long; thick, and furnithed with
a great many fibres.

The ftalks are numerous atid fliott: they are
fpread upon the ground, and fo covered with
leaves that it is hard to diftinguith their form.

The leaves are fhort and broad, pointed at the
end, and of a bluifh green.

They ftand in pairs; but generally: grow the
oppofite ways; fo that they looks upon the whole,
to be difpofed croffwife.

The flowers are {mall and white; and the feed=

| veflels are oval : they are remarkably large for fo
“f{mall a plant, and contain numerous feeds.

It is common on out fea-coafts, and flowers in
June.

‘

C. Bauhine calls it Aline litoralis portulace

foliis. Others, Anthyllis maritima lentifolia.

15. Procumbent natrow-leaved Chickweed.
Aifine maritima procumbens abguftifolia.

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
many fibres.

The ftalks are very numerobs, fmall,; weak,
and of a pale green: they fpread every way up-
on the ground, and are four inches long, and very
much branched.

The leaves are numerous: they ftand in pairs,
and are full of young ones, and of {mall fhoots
of branches, in their bofoms ; fo that the whole
plant is very bufhy.

The leaves are fhort, and narrower than thofe
of the laft mentioned fpecies.

The flowers rife from the bofoms of the leaves
all the way up the ftalks: they are numerous,
fmall, and white. :

The feed-veffels alfo are fmall; and the feeds
minute and numerous.

Jct is common on our fea coafts, and flowers
in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Anthyllis maritima chame- —

fyebe fimilis. Ray, Alfine maritima fupina foliis
chamafices. Our people, Sea knotgrafs, and Sea
chickweed.

16, Small-flowered water Chickweed,
Alfine paluftris flofculis parvis.

The root is fmall, divided, and full of fibres,

The ftalks are numerous, fmall, irregularly
branched, and about an inch and half high,

The leaves are placed in pairs: they are ob-
long, thick, and of a frefh green; obtufe at the
ends, and not at all divided at the edges.

Aaa The

182

They BRiITs1 § H HiE RB A,L.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks,
and are very fall, and white: they fcarce ever
~ open.

The feed veffel is fmall, and opens in three
parts, and contains three feeds,

It is common in places where water is juft dried
up; and flowers in June. f
_ Ray calls it Mine parva paluftris tricoccos foliis
portulace. Merret, Alfine flofculis conniventibus.
We, in Englith, Blinks. 2

17. Round -leaved creeping Chickweed.
Abfine pufilla repens foliis rotundis.

This is a fingular and very elegant fpecies.

The root is long, flender, and white: it creeps
up under the furface, and fends out tufts of
fibres in different. places,

The leaves rife in clufters three or four toge-
ther at {mall diftances, and they ftand fingly on
long and very flender footftalks: from the fame

fpot, where they rife, there grow alfo fmall, creep-

{DEE Viele Sek OUN! 21h FO

1. Large-fruited rock Chickweed.
Afine petrea fruétu majori.

The root is flender, divided into many parts,
and furnifhed with numerous, fibres.

The ftalks are flender, upright, and toward
the tops divided into feveral branches.

The leaves are {mall, oblong, narrow, and of
a pale green: they are broadeft toward the
middle, and terminate in a point.

The flowers are numerous and {mall : they are
‘white, and ftand on fhort, flender footftalks.

‘The feed-veffel is round -and large; and the
feeds are {mall, numerous and brown.

It is frequent on the mountains in Germany ;
and flowers in Auguft. ‘

C. Bauhine calls it Aine minor link capitulis.
Gefner, Alfine petrea,

Gon N

ing ftalks, which run upon the ground, and fend
up other clufters of leaves in different places.

The leaves are fmall, round, and dented at the
edges ; and they are of a pale green.

The flowers are very fmall; they ftand fingly
on tender footftalks rifing from the bofoms of
the leaves ; and they are of a pale flefhy colour.

The feed-veffel is very fmall, and the feeds
are minute and few.

It is not uncommon on the fides of hills in our
weftern counties, but is fo fmall that it is eafily
overlooked. It flowers in July.

Ray calls it Aline fpuria pufilla repens folii;
Jaxifrage aurea.

Thefe fpecies of Chickweed are all fuppofed to
poflefs the fame qualities with the common kind;
but they have not been much regarded.

The common chickweed has the credit of being
cooling and diuretick ; but little notice is taken
of it. Outwardly it is cooling, but neither way
demands much notice.

REIGN SPECIE’:

2. Great Chickweed with ferrated leaves,
Aine maxima foliis ferratis.

The root is compofed of numerous fibres,

The ftalks are round, firm, ereét, a foot and
half high, and of a pale green; and they are not
at all branched.

The leaves ftand in pairs without footftalks :
they are very large, and broadeft at the bafe,
where they meet in fo clofe a manner that the
ftalk appears to grow through them: they are
fharply ferrated atthe edges, and pointed attheends,

The flowers grow at the tops of the ftalks,
and are large, and fnow white ; they confift each
Of five petals divided pretty deeply at the tips.

The feed-veffel is large, and the feeds are nu-
merous, rounded, and flatted,

It is common among rocks in Italy; and
flowers in Auguft.

Menzelius calls it Aine maxima Solanifelia.

Usans VI.

MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED.
CHEER: AST, PUNE ee

i ha flower is compofed of five petals, nip’d at the ends,
is long, crooked, obtufe, and dented into five parts art

Jeaves, and remains when the flower is fallen.

Linnzus places this among the decandria pentagynia

ftyles from the rudiment of the capfule five,
We are unlucky in that we have no Englifh fin
from the fhape of the feed-veffels
in moft of the fpecies; but thefe
ceraftium.
Linnzeus is reduced to the neceffity of makin

acknowledges there is a fpecies whi
~In this Linneus is right,
fpecies of ceraftium,

which the prefent clafs is formed is the having t
8

ch have only five ftamina,
that this plant, which has onl
though the reft of the plants of that
uncertainty of the charaéters on which he eftablithes claftes 3

en threads.

and regularly difpofed: the feed-veftel
he end: the cup is compofed of five

3 the threads in the flower being ten, and the

gle name for'this genus: we call it horned chickweed,
3 and moufe-ear chickweed, from the form

being all compound terms,

and hairynefs of the leaves
it is better to ufe the Latin name

: an exception at the bottom of his charaéter of this
genus, as of the former, which overthrows the charaéter

of the greater arrangement of the clafg: he

ly five threads, is a proper and certain
name have ten: but this fhews the
for the great and fingle circumftance on

DIVI-

? Thes'B RIIQTHL SHE TEE RABE | 86,

DIVISION I BRITISH SPECIES,

1. Dwarf early Ceraftium.

Ceraftium pumilum pracox:

The root is a tuft of flender fibres:

The leaves that rife immediately from it are
broad, fhort and obtufely pointed: they grow in
a little tuft, and are of a pale green.

In the centre of this tuft rifes a fingle ftalk:
this is round, hairy, upright, rarely at. all
branched, and three inches high.

The leaves ftand in pairs at confiderable dif-
tances: they are fmall, hairy, and fhort: they
have no footftalks, but furround the ftalk at the
bafe.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks,
and are {mall, white, and compofed each of five
petals nipp’d at the ends: they rarely open.

The feed-veffel is fmall, long, and clofe at the
end. :
The feeds are numerous and minute.

It is common on walls and dry banks; and
flowers in April. When it has ftood fome weeks,
it fometimes is a little branched ; but it is alto-
gether diftin&t from the larger kinds. The
flowers ftand on fhorter footftalks, and the plant
never is at all clammy, as the others ufually are,
The leaves alfo are pointed a little more than in
them. < ‘ .

C. Bauhine calls it Aline hirfuta minor. Dille-
nius, Ceraftium birfutum minus parvo flore.

2. Common broad-leaved Ceraftium.

Ceraftium latifolium vulgare.

The root is compofed of flendgy fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, round, hairy, and of
a pale green: they are not much branched, and
they are generally fomiewhat clammy to the touch.

The leaves ftand in pairs at {mall diftances;
and they are broad, fhort, hairy, and of a dufky
green.

The flowers are fmall and white: they ftand
on fhort pedicles rifing from the bofoms of the
leaves, and they rarely open well.

The feed-veffel is long, crooked, and dentated

at the end: the feeds are numerous and fmall.

It is frequent in paftures, and flowers in fpring.
YVhe whole plant is frequently covered with a
clammy moifture. :

C. Bauhine calls it Aine hirfuta altera vifcofa.
Ray, Alfine birfuta myofotis latifolia precocior.
Merret, Alfine myofotis humilior et rotundiore folio.

3. Narrow-leaved Ceraftium.
Ceraftium foliis anguftioribus.

The root is compofed of fmall, white fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, flender, hairy, of a
pale green, and five or fix inches high.

The leaves ftand in pairs; and they are oblong,
narrow, of a pale green, hairy, and often clam-
my, as is alfo the ftalk.

The flowers ftand on pedicles rifing in the bo-
foms of the upper leaves; and they are larger
than in the others and white. :

_ The feed-veffel is long; flender, and light!
dentated at the end, 5 é oa
The feeds are humerous, minute, and brown.

It is common in our paftures, and flowers in
July.

C. Bauhine calls it Mize hirfuta magno flore.
Merret, Alfine myfotis procerior et longiore folio.

Sometimes this fpecies is altogether fmooth,
ftalks and leaves,

4. Creeping Ceraflium with great flowers,

Ceraftium repens floribus amplis.

The root is flender, and runs under the fur
face.

The ftalks are numerous, round, hairy, of a
pale green, and five or fix inches in length :
part of them ftand ereét, and part are procum-
bent.

The leaves grow in pairs, without footftalks,
and are placed at confiderable diftances: they
are fhort, obtufe, and of a pale green, mode-
rately hairy, and of a firm fubftance.

The flowers grow on long, flender footftalks,
and are very large, and of a fnow white: they

are compofed each of five petals, dented at the

ends.

The feed-vefiél is long, thick, and crooked,
and dented at the top; and the feeds are fmall,
numerous, and angular.

It is a native of our northern counties, and
flowers in Augutt.

C. Bauhine calls it Caryophyllus holofteus alpinus’

latifolius. It is a very fingular and beautiful
plant. .

§ Woolly Ceraftium.
Ceraftium tomentofum.

The root is fibrous and brown.

The ftalks are numerous and weak: they are
of a whitith colour, and fome of them rife up-
right to the height of eight inches, but moft lie
upon the ground.

The leaves are broad, fhort, and obtufe: they
are placed in pairs, and they are of a woolly foft-
nefs to the touch, and of a white colour.

The flowers are large and white: they ftand
on fhort. pedicles rifing from the tops of the
ftalks, and from the bofoms of the upper leaves..

The feed-veffel is long, and confiderably bent:
the edge deeply divided, and the colour a pale
brown.

The feeds are fmall and brownith.

It is found on the Welch mountains, and
fearce any where elfe in Britain. It fowers in
Auguft.

C, Bauhine calls it Caryophyllus bolofteus tomen-
tofus latifolius.

The flowers is larger than in the former

{pecies.

We know nothing of the virtues of any of
thefe plants, nor of the foreign fpecies following.

DIVI-

184

Th BRITISH HERBAL

DEV ELSION Ik

Long-leaved Ceraftium.
Ceraftium anguftifolium vafculo longo:

The root is {mall and white, furnifhed with a
few fibres, and infipid to the tafte.

The ftalk is fingle, upright, and five inches
high: it is hairy, and of a pale green: it fends
out no branches, but at the top it divides, and
fpreads into a large head.

The leaves are narrow and Jong; they ftand
in pairs, and the joints whence they rife are
marked by a knot, and a little fwelled : the ftalk
alfo frequently bows from joint to joint.

The flowers are fmall and white: they fcarce
open perfectly ; one generally ftands at the top of

Goh aN

FOREIGN SPECIES,

the main ftalk, whence the principal branches
that form the head rife; the others are placed
on thofe branches which rife much higher.

The feed-vefiel is long, flender, and’ a little
crooked; fo that it refembles a cock’s fpur.

The feeds are blackith.

Ic is a native of Spain, and flowers in July, in
the cornfields.

Clufius calls it Ajfne corniculata; a name
copied by moft, and tranflated by our Englifh
writers with that of the author: they call ic
Clufius’s horned chickweed. Some have been for
making it a {pecies of cockle; but they never faw
the plant.

VU - 2Sice7 VIL

> PU KR REY.
S PREORIGOU Ld.

HE flower is compofed of five petals, which open regularly, and fpread outs and are oval

and hollowed: the feed-veffel is oval, and compofed of five valves; but contains only one
cell: the cup is compofed of five oval, hollow leaves regularly difpofed, and ftands with the feed-
veffel after the flower is fallen: the feeds are edged with a film.

Linneus places this among his decandria pentagynia; the threads in the flower being ten,

ftyles from the rudiment of the fruit five.

The difference s evident between this plant and the a/fne, not only in its charaéters,
and manner of growing; wherefore Mr. Ray judged unhappily in joining them, efpeciall

are of each numerous {pecies.

1. Common Spurrey.

Spergula major.

_ The root is fmall, flender, long, and furnifhed
with numerous fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, round, upright, and
of a pale green: they have few branches toward
the bottom, but many toward the top.

The leaves are very narrow, oblong, of a deep
green, and often curled: they ftand in a confide-
rable number at each joint, furrounding the ftalk,
in the manner of thofe of what are called the
ftellate plants.

The flowers are fmall and white; and they
confift each of five undivided petals.

The feed-veffel is large, and the feeds are {mall
arid blackith.

The fize of the plant varies extremely accor-
ding to the nature of the ground: fix or eight
inches is a common height for ic; fometimes we
fee it more than a foot; and in Flanders, where
they have fields of it, it is often two feet high.

Tt is common wild on our plowed grounds 5

but has fometimes been cultivated in England, as |)

it is abroad, for the ufe of cattle.
C. Bauhine calls it Aine fpergula difta major.
Others, Spergula.
2. Purple Spurrey.
Spergula floribus purpureis.

The root is long, fender, full of fibres, and
penetrates deep.

and the

but form,
y as there

The ftalks are numerous, weak, and very
much branched: they are five or fix inches lon
and they lie {pread upon the ground, 2

The leaves are humerous, {mall
green.

The flowers ftand at the top
in great numbers ; and the
beautiful pale purple.

The feed-veffels are large,
very numerous, and fmall.

: It is common on dry hilly ground
in May. We have it in Sioa ae
PSR London; in great abundance ‘4
- Bauhine calls it Aine Sesini
Seu Spergula minor flore Tne eae
; The leaves in this fpecies feem
view, to furround the ftalk in gr
every joint, as thofe of the commo
when the plant is more nicely exa
found only two principal leaves a
the others are young fhoots in th
ftand very thick, fo that the mi

» and of a pale

s of the branches
y are fmall, but of a

and the feeds are

> on a flight
eat numbers at
a [purrey ; but,
Mined, there are
teach joint, and
eir bofoms : they
ftake i8 eafy.

3. Large-flowered Spurrey.
Spergula flore majore.

The root is long, flender,
many fibres,

The ftalks are ny

eight inches high.

The leaves are

of a deep green:

than in the comm
2

and furnifhed with.
merous, round, Jointed, and

oblong, fomewhat broad, and
they are of a firmer fubftance
‘on [purrey, and do not curl, or

turn,

The BR TTS OH ER BAY ae,

urn, as they do: they furround the flalk, grow-
ing feveral at each joint; but, as they are broader,
they are alfo fewer than in the common fpurrey.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks;
and they are larger than thofe of the common
kind, and of a milk white,

The feed-veffel is large, and roundifh, or oval ;
and the feeds are numerous and fmall: they’ are
black, and have the edge white.

It is common on fandy grounds in Ireland,
and in the weft of England; and flowers in April.

Ray calls it Aine fpergula difa femine mem-
branaceo fufco, Dillenius, Spergula annua femine
feliaceo nigro circulo membranaceo albo cinéto.

4. Sea Spurrey.
Spergula maritima.

The root is long, flender, and furnithed with
myany fibres,

The ftalks are numerous, upright, and fix or
eight inches high: they are of a pale green, very
much branched toward the top, and jointed at
{mall diftances.

The leaves are numerous, and ftand round the
“ftalk at the joints, in form of the rays of a ftar :
they are oblong, narrow, and of a pale green.

The flowers grow at the tops of the branches
in great numbers; and they are fmall and purple.

The feed-veffel is large, and the feeds are light
and brown. .

It is common on our fea-coafts, and flowers in
July. r ,

: C. Bauhine calls it Alfne fpergule facie media,
Others, Sagina. fpergula minor, and Spergula ma-
rina. Our people call it Sea fpurrey, and Salt-
marfb [purrey.

5. Dwarf fea Spurrey.
Spergula maritima minima.
The root is long and flender.
The ftalks are numerous, and four inches

/ long: they frequently all trail upon the ground,
but fometimes a few of them are erect.

The leaves are narrow, oblong, fmall, and of
a pale green. —

The flowers are minute, and of a bluith purple,

The feed-veffels are {mall, and the feeds dufky,
but edged with a white very narrow circle of a
membranaceous matter, as the others.

The leaves in this plant are very nutnerous $
but the joints of the ftalk are much more diftant

than in the others; fo that more of it is |

feen. .

Tc is common in our falt marthes, and flowers
in May.

Dillenius calls it Spergula maritima flore parvo
ceruleo femine vario. We firft obferved it on
Sheepy ifland.

The virtues of thefe feveral plants are trifling ;
but their ufes may be very great.

Our farmers, who ufed to go in a very limited
tract of hufbandry, have of late years introduced
from other countries many new products, by
the affiftance of which they change their crops
upon the fame ground very happily, avoid the
former neceffity of fallow-feafons; and add vaftly
to their profits, :

Among the other ufeful plants cultivated in
the neighbouring countries is the common Spurrey
this makes a very wholefome and rich food for the
horned cattle: it is therefore worth more notice
in England. But there is another {pecies, the
common fea fpurrey, which has not been yet culti-
vated any where, but might be in many places
to.a great advantage,

The fea-coaft is the natural foil for this plant ;
and it would therefore be very proper, and very
beneficial to the farmer to fow it on fuch lands
as, lying very near the fea, will not bear any
other crop to advantage. F ’

There is a vaft quantity of this land in the
kingdom, which at prefent lets for very little,
and yields very little; but if this plant were ins
troduced upon it, would be of great value. Its
qualities are the fame in all refpects with thofe of
common fpurrey. ‘

Th ENDof tle NINTH CLASS.

N° XIX. Bbb ts Hee

BRITISH HERBAL

RELESRP GORING LEAPED Raa

C..LA SS... X.

Plants with the flower compofed of vive vetars regularly difpofed, and the
feeds contained in @ SINGLE CaPsuLE; and with the leaves alternate,
or not in pairs, upon the fralks.

c Bes: plants, if the flowers and feed-veffels alone were to be confidered in the eftablifhment
of claffés, would have been arranged in the fame with thofe of the preceding; -yet they ‘are
extremely different from them, The alternate difpofition of the Jeaves’is’an obvious
character, and is univerfal among them ; as the having them in pairs is of the preceding.

This may, to a lefs confiderate obferver, appear too trivial an incident for the forming a claffical
diftinétion ; but nature, whofe fteps alone I follow, fhews “it to be otherwife. “Let him reflect, and
obferve, that of all the genera treated of in the preceding clafs there is not one which has’ belonging
to it a fingle fpecies the leaves of which ftand alternately; and that among thofe which conftitute
this clafs, the character of which is to have the leaves alternate, there is not one that has a fingle
fpecies with the leaves in pairs; and he will then find this, which before ‘feemed to him but a
cafual incident in the growth of the plants, a regular and univerfal law eftablifhed by nature among
thefe plants, and in all the genera not once violated. :

He will from this, not only learn the error of his firft opinion, ‘but will’ fee that nature made
the difpofition of the leaves of plants a certain and regular part of their eftablifhed diftin@ions, and
that Linneus’s method muft have been imperfect, were “it only for that it has not regarded them
as any part of claffical diftinétions, The more ftrict and more general marks of ‘divifion are placed
in larger and more obvious parts of the flower and feed-veflel ; but as there are in the threads, and
other fmaller parts of it alfo, very remarkable particularities, fo there are in the difpofition of the
leaves, and the general growth of the plant.

Thefe laft, as they are the more obvious of the two fubordinate characters, fo they are the moft
certain, and free from variation. ‘ :

We find, in many of the particular genera of the preceding clafs, certain fpecies in which the
number of the threads vary; and this Linnaeus finds himfelf obliged to own, even where he is
eftablifhing the characters of the genus upon them; but we do not fee any inftance of the leaves being
placed varioufly in the feveral fpecies of any genus therein.

This is a point we fhall have occafion to treat more at large when we come to fpeak of the ftellate
plants; but thus much may be proper to be obferved here, to eftablith the diftin@tion of the prefents
and prepare for that of the fucceeding clafs.

Ser eR Bas

THE RBRETH $i Hb Re ALS as)

SE Rey | Rg ap

Natives of BRITAIN.

Thofe of which one or more fpecies are naturally wild in this kingdom,

Goo AN | gid coals
SUNDEW.
Ri Gok leh ed,

PTHE flower confifts of five petals, regularly difpofed into a hollowed’ form: the feed-veffel is
oval, and has five valves at the top, but contains only a fingle cell: the cup is formed of a
fingle piece, divided into five fegments, and remains when the flower is fallen.

Linnzus places this among the pentandria pentagynia s ‘the threads i in “the flower being five, and the
ftyles from the rudiment of the fruit of the fame number.

This author has taken away the antient hame of this genus, which is ros Salis, and dlls’ it drofera.
As a generical name confifting of more than one word is always i improper, ’ “and as, befide the name
ros falke, there is a familiar one always underftood, and ufed as fynonymous with it, that is ‘rorella, I
thave chofen this ‘for the name of. the genus; every one converfant in the léaft with thefe ftidies

‘knowing it.
DIVISION IL

a.2.Common Sundew.
Rorella vulgaris.

The root is compofed of a few, flender. crooked
:fibres:
The leaves rife from: it in-a little clufter. ten-or
a dozen together, and form.a very fingular ap-
»pearance: each has its long-and flender footftalk;
and -both that and the leaf are very hairy : the
body. of the leaf is roundifh, or a little inclining

to oval: the colour is a dingy purple, and the
fubftance is flefhy.

The hairs that grow on this, and on the. foot-.
ftalks, are long, robuft, and yellowifh; and’

they differ greatly from thofe of any other known
_ plant, -except the f{pecies of the fame genus: ‘they)
are often -waved-or crooked, and there ftand on)
. the leaves large:drops of a tranfparent fluid in the
»midft of the hotteft days: from this the plant
received its name of fundew.

The ftalk rifes in ‘the centre of this tuft of
leaves, and is upright, fingle, undivided, and fix
inches high: its colour is purple, and it has no
leaves or “branches only that at the top it fome-
times divides into two parts.

The flowers: ftand.on the divifions, ten or a
dozen on each: they are fmall, and rarely keep
long open.

The feed-veffel is fmall and oval ; and the feeds
are alfo oval, numerous, and fmall.

It is common on the boggy parts of heaths ;
and flowers in June. ;

C. Bauhine calls it Ros folis folio rotundo. O-
thers, fimply Ros folis. Several of the following
fpecies of this genus agree with this in having
no leaves on the ftalk: it is on this account the
claffical character fays, thefe plants have leaves

; !alternate,-or not in pairs: thofe from the root
grow. all from a.fingle head, and they are all the
leaves belonging to thefe kinds,

BRITISH SPECIES.

2. Roundifh-leaved perennial Sundew.
Rorella ratuadsfolia perennis.

The root confifts, not of a few flight fibres,

.as in the preceding, but. of athick tuft of them,
Apreading every way ‘to a ‘confi iderable length,

from the feveral parts of one Principal, flender,

and, long, body.

The, leaves rife i in a little elufter, but rarely
more than fix or feven together = they have long
footftalks, and ftand more upright than in the
common fundew : the leaves themfelves are round-
ifh, but approaching to oval, and are of a thick,
flefhy fubftance : they are covered with fhort and
ftiff, yellow hairs, and generally have drops of .a
tranfparent liquor. on them in the heat of the day,

The ftalk is naked, fender, upright, and four

inches high.

The flowers grow at the top in a feries of
eight or'ten together; and they open more fr eely,
and ftand longer, than thofe of cominon fundew :
they are fmall and white: |

“The feed-veflels are ‘oblong, and the feeds nu-
merous and roundifh. Di .

It is comnion ‘on bogs, with the former, but
is overlooked. Tt flowers i in July.

_ Ray calls it Rorélla’ rotundifolia perennis.

3. Small longifh-leaved perennial Sundew.
Rorella pufilla longifolia perennis.

The common fundew is fometimes obferved to
have the leaves approaching to an oblong form,
and has thence been divided, by Cafpar Bau hine
and others, into two fpecies, the latter called
ros folis folo oblongo ; but that is only a variety
of the common kind: the plant here treated of

_ differs much more obvioufly and eflentially, and
is a truly diftinct fpecies.

The root is a great tuft of thick, black, and
crooked fibres,

The

I B8

The" B RerPl ‘S*H FH ER ASL:

The leaves rife in a large tuft twenty or more
together: they are of an oblong figure, fmalleft
at the bafe, and thence gradually widening to the
extremity, where they are rounded and: obtufe ;
and they are placed on long, flender footftalks.

They are covered with ftiff, long, yellow hairs,
and rife up more erect than the leaves of any
ather fpecies.

The ftalk is fingle, naked, purplifh, and not
above three inches high: it rarely divides, but
ufually has a long feries of flowers ftanding all
on one fide: thefe are white and fmall.

The feed-veflel is large and oval; and the
feeds are fmall, numerous, redifh, and nearly
round.

It is found on wet parts of heaths, and flowers
in May.

Ray calls it Rorella longifolia perennis. ‘

This author, in compliance with the cuftom of |
others, has fet down the variety of the common
findew with longifh leaves; but declares his
doubts as to its being a diftinét fpecies: this, on
the contrary, he marks as a certainly diftiné
fpecies, and different abfolutely from that.

4. Great long-leaved Sundew.
Rorella major longifolia.

This, like the two former, is a perennial
fpecies.

The root is compofed of innumerable, flender,
crooked fibres, and fpreads a great way under
the furface. ;

The leaves rife in a clufter, and are long and
narrow: they are placed on very long, flender
footftalks, and naturally ftand very upright but
the weight of the leaf, when charged with its
' moifture, and the extream weaknefs of the ftalk,
occafions its frequent drooping.

The ftalk rifes in the centre of this tuft; and

Dievel S*l'O N “I. 13

Graffy-leaved Sundew.
Rorella foliis gramineis.

The root is fmall, long, and furnifhed with
a few fibres. ;

The leaves are very numerous, and rife in thick
tufts: they grow upright; they have no foot-
ftalks ; and, when young, they frequently curl
fpirally at the ends : they are very long, and ex-
tremely narrow, round on the back, hollow in
front, and covered with long hairs.

The ftalk rifes in the midft of this tuft, and is
flender, and tolerably upright.

G.2¢B) oN
> SeACX Lr

is naked, flender, and eight or ten inches high :
it is of a purplifh colour, as are alfo the leaves,
and it rarely divides even at the top.

The flowers ftand in a fhort fpike at the fum-
mit: they are larger than in the preceding fpecies,
and are white; but they rarely open widely.

The feed-veffel'is oval and large; and the feeds
are numerous, and very fmall.

It is found on wet heaths in our northern
counties; and flowers in June.

Ray calls it Rorella longifolia maxima.

All thefe fpecies have the fame medicinal qua-
lities. ;

What we know with certainty of them is, that
in external ufe they are very dangerous; and, as
it is faid, that taken internally they are very hurt-

ful to cattle, we are told that, in the form of a
diftilled water, they are highly cordial and refto-

practice; nor is it likely that ever they deferved ©
“the charaéter that has been given of them in that
refpeét.

The leaves, bruifed and applied to the kin,
act as an efcharotick: they are more violent than
the leaves of the fharpeft crowfoots, and bring
on fuch inflammations as are not eafily removed ;
and our people in the country are fo convinced
of their deftructive qualities, when eaten by fheep,
that it is vulgarly known among them by the
name of red rot. :

The Italians ufe it to this day, among many
other ingredients, in their Agueurs, or fine cor-
dials; and the ladies in the country, with us, yet
admit it among other ingredients, in the fame
manner, into their family waters.

It is probable that the virtues afcribed to it
in thefe are owing to the other ingredients; and

that its own pernicious qualities do not rife in
diftillation.

ee but at prefent they are difufed in regular

OREIGN SPECIES.

It is not fo tall as the leaves ; and is not naked
as in the feveral kinds that are Natives of our
country, but has two or three leaves upon it,
placed at diftances alternately, and of the fame
fhape with thofe from the root.

The flowers are {mall and white ; and the feed-
veifel is large and oval.

The feeds are fmall and brown.

It is found on damp grounds in Portugal, and
flowers in July,

Plukenet calls it Ros /olis lufitani liis afpho-
deli minoris. ae fein

Its qualities are not certainly known.

U. 2c)
RAGE,

18k,

SAX IL Rute n

rPHE flower is compofed of five petals,
the feed-veffel is of an oval figure,
fingle piece, divided into five fegments,

which are narrow at the bafe,
but has a double beak :
and it remains with the

, and broader to the end:
the cup is fmall, it is formed of a -
feed-veffe],

I Linnzus

Procumnbentnarrav leavd
Sea Chickiweed?

ee E ks
= % ae x
—— mee

STA

*\
aN

Dw \ * Cal i
oa |

rwuh grit Florvers

=. Re
AN Le

iD Rou nibh leavdl

Lowy, ORE pereniiial Sunder
: - 3 wn | Gy

Small lori ih Lath
perenial St Laeaew

Connon Surrdlero

MEd ore Mase
Ni SBE eo

‘

!
Groat | Cackroced

Leaves.

nuns Serrated

The BRITISH HERBAL,

189

Linnzus places this among the decandria digynia

ftyles from the rudiment of the fruit two.

This author joins the faxifrage and geum under the fame name;

We have obferved that the cup in the /axifrage is formed of a fing
ments; but that of the geum is formed of five feparate leaves:
refults an obvious diftinétion in the placing and appearance of the feed veftel ;
grows to the entire part of the cup; whereas in the gewm, there being no fuch

it is feparate.

3 the threads being ten in each flower, and the

but they are diftin® genera.

gle piece, divided into five feg-
and from this difference of ftru@ure,
for in the faxifrage it
entire part of the cup,

This is an effential and obvious charaéter, and it is the more needful to be preferved, becaufe both

the faxifrage and the geum have very numerous fpecies,
has done, by confounding the two genera, muft therefore encreafe the difficulty of the fei

The blending thefe together, as Linnzus

ence,

It is fingular that Mr. Ray, lefs accurate than Linnaus in his examinations of the More minute

parts of plants, though more fo in his choice of claflical diftin@tions, fthould have ob
while the other either overlooked it, or did not pay it that regard which was due to its utili

Dolev 1S 1.0 Neel:

1. Common white Saxifrage.
Saxifraga alba vulgaris.

The root is compofed of a great many fmall,
oval, or roundifh tubercles, of a flefhy fubftance
and redifh colour; and of a multitude of long
and flender fibres, iffuing from their furface, and
from a fmall head, to which they alfo grow.

The leaves rife in little clufters, and are of a
very fingular and pretty form: they are rounded,
but a little pare of the circular figure is wanting
where the ftalk is inferted; and they are of a
fiefhy fubftance, a pale green colour, and indent-
ed at the edges: their footftalks are long and
flender, and they ftand tolerably erect.

The ftalk rifes in the midft of this clufter, and
is round, flefhy, upright, and about a foot high.

The leaves are placed alternately on it; and
they have long footftalks, and refemble thofe
from the root. : !

The flowers are large, beautiful, and of a fhow
white; and they are fometimes found naturally
double: they ftand on fhort footftalks at the tops
of the ftalks, and on little thoots rifing from the
bofoms of the upper leaves.

The feed-veffel is oval, and has a double beak
at the top: the feeds are numerous and fmall.

It is common in our paftures, and flowers in
May. About Wandfor and toward Peckham
there is a great deal of it; and, when in flower,
it gives thofe fields a very beautiful afpedt.

C, Bauhine calls it Saxifraga rotundifolia alba.
J. Bauhine, Saxifraga alba radice granulofa; and
others, plainly Saxifraga alba,

This plant is an excéllent diuretick. An in-
fufion of the whole herb, roots, leaves, and
ftalks, works powerfully, yet fafely, by urine,
and brings away gravel.

It has been fuppofed, by fome, capable to dif-
folve the ftone in the bladder; but this is an idle
thought. ; :

The dried root poffeffes the fame qualities, but
in a lefs degree. This is what the druggifts ufed
to fell under the name of faxifrage feed; the
granules, {cparated and dried, which was the
ufual way, having fomething of the appearance

of a feed. The plant lofes a great deal of its
virtue in drying ; and it is great pity that it is
N° 19.

BRITISH

erved this,
ty.

SPECIES,

not to be had during a longer part of the year

frefh ; for it is worthy to be much more ufed
than it is.

2. Rue Whitlow grafs,

_ Saxifraga foliis digitatis,

The root is compofed of a few {mall threads,
The firft leaves rife in a little tuft,

thick, flefhy,
their colour

and aré
and divided in a fingered manner :

is whitith, or not unfrequently
redifh ; and they have a few feattered hairs upon
them.

The ftalk rifes in the midft of thefe, and ig
round, thick, flefhy, of a redith colour, -and
about three inches high.

The leaves ftand alternately on it, and refemble
thofe from the root, but they are fmaller,

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks and
branches, and are moderately large, and of a
beautiful fhow white.

The feed-veffel is oval, and forked at the top:
the feeds are numerous, and very minute, ;

It is common on old walls and the tops of
houfes; and flowers early in fpring, ;

C. Bauhine calls it Sedum tridacilytes tesortuin;
Others, Saxifraga annua verna bumilior,

Our common Englith name of rye whitlow
Srajs is a very indeterminate one: we thould do

much better to call it dow Spring Saxifrage with
Jingered leaves.

3+ Trifid-leaved Saxifrage,
Saxifraga pumila trifido folio.

The root is fmall, oblong, and furnithed with
a few fibres.

The leaves rife in a thick tuft
are very fine, and thick fet, they havea mofly
appearance; whence fome have named the plant
moffy fengréen,

The leaves, when examined feparately, are ob-
long, of a pleafant green, and divided into three
parts at the top. ,

The ftalks are numerous, fmall, upright, and
three or four inches high.

The leaves on them are
are few and fmall.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks,
are of a beautiful fnow white.

Cag

3 and, as they

placed irregularly, and
and

The

Ccereeeeeiees

190 The BRIT IS

H HERBAL.

The feed-veffl is oblong, and fplit at the ends
and the feeds are very minute.

It is a native of the Welch mountains, and
flowers in May.

Ray calls it Saxifraga mufcofa trifido folio. C,
Bauhine, Sedum alpinum trifido folio. Others, Se-
dum ajuge foliis.

4: Short-leaved blue-flowered Saxifrage.
Saxifraga caerulea foliis brevibus.

The root “is long, flender, divided, and fur-
nifhed with afew fibres.

The leaves rife in a thick tuft, and are fup-
ported on fhort ftalks, a great clufter upon each.

They are oblong, and fomewhat broad; and
of a pale green, pointed at the ends, and undi-
vided at the edges.

The ftalks which bear the flowers are fmal! and
weak. :

The flowers are large, beautiful, and blue.

The feed-veffel is roundifh, but terminates in
a forked end; and is full of very fmall, brown
feeds.

It is found on the hills in our northern counties,
and on the Welch mountains; and it flowers in
April. :

Ray calls it Saxifraga alpina ericoides flore ceru-
leo; but, though he adopts that name, he de-
clares it to be ill fuited; the leaves being like
thofe of mother of thyme, rather than of heath.
C. Bauhine calls ic Sedum alpinum ericoides ceru-
leum.

5. Saxifrage with yellow {potted flowers.
Saxifraga floribus luteis guttatis.

The root is fmall, and compofed of flender
fibres. a

The ftalks that firft rife from this trail upon
the ground, and fend out roots alfo in many
places.

From thefe rife the ftalks which bear the
flowers.

They are fimall, upright, round, flefhy, and
four or five inches high.

The leaves are oblong, narrow, and of a flefhy

Dil vielSel-O.N. oT: FeO

Great Saxifrage with a bulbiferous ftalk.

Saxifraga major caule bulbifero.

The root is compofed of a number of tu-
bercles, and'many fibres rifing among them,

The firft leaves are of a roundifh form, but
deeply cut in feveral parts, and more flightly in-
dented.

They ftand upon hort, redith footftalks, which
are flefhy and firm. ;

The ftalk is round, fingle, undivided, and
two feet-high.

The leaves are placed ‘alternately, and they are
oblong, ‘broad, thick, flefhy, and very deeply
divided. _ : 7

In:the*bofom'Of each leaf, where it is inferted
to the ftalk, there ftands a little, flefhy bulb, or
tubercle. bia

fubftance and pale green colour: they are difpefed
irregularly on the ftalk, and are very numerous,

The flowers are fingular, and very beau-
tiful: they are large, of a bright gold yellow,
fpotted with a deeper yellow: in fome plants
thefe {pots are very numerous; in others there
are fewer; and in fome there are none : they alfo
vary in degree of colour, being very pale
and very deep in others. :

The feed-veffel is oval, and has two horns:
the feeds are moderately large, and redith.

It is found in damp places, and about fprings,
in the northern mountains of England; and
flowers in June. ,

Ray calls it Saxifraga alpina anguftifolia Slore
luteo guttato. C.Bauhine, Sedum alpinum flore
pallido.

in fome,

6. Saxifrage with ferrated leaves,
Saxifraga foliis ovatis ferratis.

The root is compofed of a multitude of thick,
black fibres.

The leaves rife in a tuft from this; and they
are large, of an oval figure, and fharply ferrated
at the edges: they are of a pale green, and fre-
quently their edges turn in; fo that they appear
hollow: they are an inch in length, and two
thirds of an inch in breadth; they lie {pread up-
on the ground, rifing from the head of the root
without any footftalks.

The ftalk rifes in the midft of thefe, and is
round, thick, flefhy, and of a pale green.

It has no leaves, nor is at all branched; and its
height is four, five, or fix inches,

The flowers ftand at its top in a thick, fhort,
tuft: they are large and beautiful.

The feed-veffel is oval, and {plits at th
into.two horns ; and.is full-of minute feeds.

It is frequent on the mountains. of Wales, and
flowers in May. r

Ray calls it Saxifraga foilis oblongo-rotundis dene
tatis floribus compaétis... Merret, Sedum Jervatum
rotundifolium.

€ ‘top

Thefe plants are fuppofed to poflefs the fame
virtues with the common JSaxifrage; but few of
them have been tried. }

REIGN SPECIES

Thefe in all refpets refemble thofe tubercles
which grow to the root, and anfwer the fame
purpofes ; for they fall to. the ground when the
leaves drop, and taking root furnifh new plants.

The flowers ftand three or four together at the
tops of the ftalks, and are large and white.

_ The feed-veffel is oval, and flit. at the top
into two horns; and is full of {mall brown

feeds.
This is frequent in Germany, and flowers in
June. It greatly refembles our common Saxi-

Jrage, but is larger, and has the leaves more di-
vided. The experiment has been tried, and the
feeds of one will not produce the other, which is
the beft teft to Prove them diftin& fpecies,

The virtues of this are

the fame with thofe of
the common Englifh kind

3 and thefe bulbs from
the

The

BeRel hl *SPHe HR ARB Aes,

IQt

the bofoms of the leaves are collected for ufe in
Germany. Hence came the miftake of calling the
bulbs of the root feeds, thefe having been firft
called by that name, and from their fituation
much more naturally than thofe at the root.

Tt is not peculiar to this plant to produce
thefe particular parts: the toothwort, to be de.
fcribed hereafter, and feveral others, do the
fame.

GE ON | Unce 9 IL
KIDNEY WORT,
GEU™M. .

"THE flower confifts of five petals, narrow at the bafe, and broadeft at the extremity: the feeds

veffel is oval, and terminates in a divided ‘top :

the cup is compofed of five little leaves, and

remains with the feed veffel, though feparate and detached from it. .
Linnzeus places this genus among the decandria digynia, joining it under one common name with

faxifrage.
differ in the ftructure of the cup.

DIV 1IS;)L,0.N..1,

_ 1, Hairy Kidneywort.
Geum birfutum.

The root is long, flender, and has a few fibres.

The leaves rife in a fmall tuft, and ftand pretty
upright: they have no footftalks; and they are
oblong, moderately broad, fharp-pointed, dented
at the edges, of a pale green colour, and hairy.

The ftalk rifes in the midft of thefe, and it is
fmall, naked, flender, and four inches high.

' ‘The flowers ftand at the top, on long, flender
footftalks, and fpread themfelves into a kind of
umbel: they are fmall and white.

The feed-veffel is fmall, and the feeds are nu-
merous and brown.

Tt is found on the Welch mountains, and in
fome of the northern parts of England, and
flowers in April. :

Ray calls it Geum paluftre minus foliis oblongis
crenatis.

2. Narrow-leaved yellow Kidneywort.
Geum angufifolium luteo flore.

The root is a clufter of flender, but tough fibres:

The leaves rife from it in a tuft; and they are
oblong, narrow, and finooth : they are of a flefhy
fubftance, and pale green cojour.

The ftalk rifes in the center of thefe, and is
round, flender, upright, and of a pale green, of-
ten redifh.

The flowers are very beautiful: they are com-
pofed of five yellow petals, pointed, and beauti-.
fully dotted with orange-colour,

Dili Vendo SvlcO) Nig bale

1. Long-leaved Kidneywort.
Geum longifolium.

This is a moft elegant plant.

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
a few fibres.

The leaves are numerous, and very beautiful:
they are long, narrow, and rounded at the ends:
they are of a pale green, and they have a thin

I have fhewn, in the charaéter of the preceding genus, how abfolutely and effentially they

BR LTS HS PE) Crlak: s:

The feed-veffel-is divided into two parts at the
top, and the feeds are {mall and brown. |

It is found on the hills in our northern coun-
ties, and flowers in Auguft.

Ray calls it Geum anguftifolium-autumnale: flore
luteo guttato.

3. London Pride:
Geum foliis fubrotundis crenatis.

- The root is long, flender, and furnithed with
a few, fibres.

The leaves rife in a tuft, and are of a roundith
figure, dented about the edges, and of a pale
green. So :
The ftalk rifes in the midft of a regular and
beautiful tuft of thefé, and'is round, flender, ré2
dith, naked, and‘a foot high.

The flowers ftand in great numbers on branches
fent out from the upper part of the ftalk, and
they are fmall, but, when examined nearly, very
beautiful: they are fpotced in a moft elegant
manner with crimfon,

The feed-veffel is fmall, and terminates in a
double point, and the feeds are minute and nu-
merous.

_ It is wild on the mountains of Ireland ; whence
it has been brought into our gardens. It flowers
in July.

Ray calls it Geum folio fubrotundo majori piftilla

Hforis rubro. We, London Pride, or None fo
pretty. ;

FOR EIGN. S PE CTI Ess,

filvery edge of a cartilaginous fubftance all round
them, which is beautifully ferrated : they lie fptead
in a circular manner on the ground, and the ftalk

] rifes in the centre.

This is round; firm, upright, and of a pale
green.

There are generally two or three Jeaves upon
it of the fame fhape with thofe’ from the root,
and they ftand irregularly, and at great diftances.

3 They

192 The BR Ih 1:8 Hi HERB Aye.

The flowers are large, beautiful, and fnow
white; they grow in a tuft at the top of the

ftalk.

The edevencl is fmall, and ends in two.

points.

It is full of fmall brown feeds.

It isa native of the mountains in Germany,
and flowers in July.

Morifon calls it Sedum ferratum album briorne
marginibus argenteis.

2. Kidneywort, with white dotted flowers.

Geum floribus albis punétatis foliis ferratis.

The root is compofed of a few flender, but
very long and tough fibres, rifing from a {mall
head.

The leaves {pread themfelves upon the ground
in little tufts: they are oblong, broad, and very
deeply ferrated: they are narrow at the bafe,
broad toward the other end, and terminate in a
fharp point.

The {tall rifes in the centre, and is round, firm,
uptight, and a little hairy, as are alfo the leaves.

There are no leaves on the ftalk.

The flowers are fmall,. but very beautiful ;
they ftand in a little tuft at the top of the ftalk,
and are of a fnow white, beautifully fpotted.

Gag By oe

The feed-veffel is oval, and has a double point.

The feeds are very {fmall.

It is a native of Switzerland, and flowers in
April.

Plukenet calls it Sanicula myofotis floribus albi-
cantibus fere umbellatis.

3. Kidneywort, with tufted flowers.
Geum floribus fafciculatis.

The root is compofed of a number of black
fibres.

The leaves rife ina tuft, and are oblong, broad,
of a pale green, and ferrated at the edges,

The ftalk is round, upright, and of a redifh
colour, and is in a manner naked: there are no
leaves on its lower part, and only a few rudiments
of leaves where the branches rife that bear the
flowers.

Thefe are fmall, white, and cluftered in little
tufts at the ends of the feveral branches that grow
from the upper part of the ftalk.

The feed-veffel is oval, and fplit at the end
into two parts, and the feeds are fiall.

It is a native of North America, and flowers
in Auguft. ©

Plukenet calls it Sanicuja Virginiana alba folio”

oblongo nugeronato.

US IV.

GRASS or PARNASSUS. :

PARNASSITA.

HE flower confifts of five petals, which are broad, and regularly fpread open: the feed-veftel

is of an oval fhape, but marked with four flight ridges, and is compofed of four valves: the

cup is formed of a fingle piece, divided into five long fegments, and remains when the flower is fallen,

Linneus places this among the pentandria tetragynia ; the threads fuftaining the buttons in the
flower being five, and the ftigmata rifing from the rudiment of the fruit four. :

The ufual name of the genus was gramen Parnafi, and this Linnzus has very Judicioufly fet afide,

reducing it, after C. Bauhine, to one word, Paruaffia,; the word gramen having no alliance with the

nature of the plant. Of this genus there is but one known fpecies, and that is a native of Britain,

as well as moft parts of Europe.

Grafs of Parnaffus.
Parnaffia.

The root confifts of a fmall head, and an in-
numerable quantity of long and flender fibres.

The leaves are numerous, and extremely beau-
tiful; each has its long, flender footftalk, and the

fhape is heart-fathioned : they rife pretty upright »

in a large tuft, and are of a deep green.

The ftalks are numerous, flender, round, up-
right, and a foot high.

Each has only a fingle leaf upon it, and fuftains
a fingle fower.

The leaf grows about the middle of the ftalk,
and furrounds it at the bafe : its fhape is the fame
with that of thofe from the root, but it has no
footttalk. ‘

The flower is very large and beautiful: it is
white, and elegantly ftriated; and there are a
multitude of filaments, no lefs than fixty-three in
all, befide the proper threads, which are only
five: thefe are a great addition to the beauty of
the flower. :

_are, indeed, extremely fingular, as well as beau-

They rife from certain glandules in the lower
part of the flower: there is one on each petal,
and it is hollow, and heart-fafhioned 3 and from
this there rife thirteen of thefe threads, taller as
they proceed up the margin, and each havine
its top terminated by a little globe. <

Thefe glands Linnzus calls the neffaria, and
makes the effential charaéter of the genus: they

tiful.
The feed-veffel is oval, and edged in four
Places ; and the feeds are {mall and oval. :
Tt is found on boggy ground in many parts of
the kingdom, and flowers in June.
C. Bauhine calls it Parnaffia fore albo Simplici.
Others, Gramen Parnaffi vulgare, and Gramen
Parnoffi minus. The flower is fometimes natu-
rally double. ;

The virtues of this plant have not been tried:
but the farmers think it hurts their fheep.

GENUS

F '
q ; i
: . SS | )
NY ou: :
. yy ‘i pea a
ae S. ane ; |
Common White Saayfrage So Rue Whitton GF 7s, Sasriprage rei - MN, We
. ase : ple spotted now, cs tnxiprage with Mel oS oe
—— gerrated Leaves
Z \ 4 AN ) "|
ay, " \\ \ Mi ol pe. s ‘ :
Long teav dudney- pees Chidney worl with while dotted
\} i a Mowers,
eat Saaifrage Vp, 22 2
hulbefivons Salk,

4 WV, r| | ms RO A :
i ! J ) Y Ys \ ( \ ; Ns ie ne 0, ; os
: A: ae. s aN Gifs of Carnefius,
‘ Fudney-wort with tufled Mowers,
4

—“—, j
Narrow teavd FA =
vy iurple Max , PlaunlaincHaxr ,

ae
3 a
en

TheA BRITISH ie BR AM

2S)
Ge EN Us V.
PoE A X,
LT NSU

HE flower is compofed of five petals, narroweft at the bafe, and broadeft upwards; and it opens

regularly, and is hollow: the feed-veffel is of a rounded figure, but has five ridges, and a point

at the top: it is formed of five valves, and has ten cells: the cup is fmall; it is compofed of five
oblong leaves, and remains when the flower is fallen.

Linnaeus places this among the pentandria pentagynia; the threads in the centre of the fower being
five, and the ftyles from the rudiment of the fruit alfo five. a

That author includes in this genus the /ittle rupturewort, or all feed called radiola. This is confound-
ing plants alogether diftinét ; for this little herb is quite different in genus, and has its received
and well known name. ‘ ti

Linneus contradicts his own fyftem in joining this plant with the /ixum, for he eftablithes the
claffical charaéter under which that genus is arranged to be the having five threads in the flowers
and five ftyles; whereas the threads in this, and the ftyles alfo, are only four.

Of this Linnzus was not ignorant: he: has mentioned that one fpecies wants a fifth part of the
number in thefe parts of the flower: indeed, it wants, not only one of each of thefe parts, but one
of the petals alfo; for it has only four of thefe, as of the others,

It is, from this, evident that the plant neither is of the fame genus, which is determined by the
petals, nor of the fame clafs, which is. fixed by Linnzeus ftom the threads, with flax wherewith he
confounds it. He fays, fome have been defirous, becaufe of it difference in the number of the
petals, threads, and ftyles, to conftitute a new genus of it, and feparate it from thé flax; but he
adds, this nature abbors. 1 mutt utterly differ with him in this matter: it is what nature diGtates
and direéts, in the plaineft manner, and under the moft obvious characters. This determination of that
author is therefore rafh and contradictory to reafon in itfelf, and it is very unhappy in its con-
fequences for his fyftem; for if nature abhors the feparating plants that are in obvious characters
allied to one another, on account of fome difference in the number of the threads, and other minute
parts of the flower, then nature abhors his whole fyftem of botany. We have fhewn in every
clafs how he removes and feparates plants perfectly allied to one another, becaufe they happen to
differ in the number of threads in the flower. This is that making a fepatation from the variation
of number in like plants of which we have complained fo often; which his method impofes; and
which, he fays here, is abhorrent to nature. : L

This is not the only inftance wherein the prefent genus of plants fhews us the uncertainty and
error of Linnzus’s method : others, which he has in his laft work, his Species Plantarum, attributed
to the prefent clafs, as perfectly differ from its laws.

He has there introduced the yellow bellflower among the fpecies of flax, though he has eftablifhed
in the generical character, that the flax has five petals in the flower, ahd in that plant it confifts only
of one: he calls this doubtful; but three could be no doubt, from this plain circumftance. '

The little yellow flax is alfo placed here among the reft, and properly enough in nature, but un-
happily by this author, who has attributed five ftyles to the fax, whereas this has but ‘three.

J fhall enter no farther into this difquifition : I am to write a hiftory of plants, and not a criticifm
upon the works of Linnaus ; though fo much as this, though written with pain, cannot be avoided.

DliVuh St OLN. BRITISH SPECTES.

1. Common Flax. The feed-veffel is large, and the feeds are alfo

large, numerous, and of a glofly brown.

We fee it naturally in our paftures, and about
road-fides in fome parts of the kingdom, and
cultivated in fields in many others +. whether the

Linum vulgare.

The root is long, flender, and hung with a
few fibres. ‘

The ftalk is round, firm, upright, and of a
pale green: it has fcarce any branches, and is
three feet high, and very upright.

The leaves ftand irregularly, and are nume-
rous: they are long, narrow, and of a frefh
green: they have no footftalks ; they are not at
all divided at the edges ; and they are pointed at
the ends.

The flowers are large, and of a beautiful fky-
blue.

They grow in confiderable numbers on the
tops of the ftalks, and on fhort branches rifing
for their fupport juft below the top of it.

pen SN OREN

wild plants are properly native of this ifland or
rife from fcattered feeds it is not eafy to fay.

Some have divided the common flax into two
fpecies on this account, calling the one the ma-
nured flax, and the other the wild flaw; but the
plant is the fame, whether it grow naturally, or
be raifed by art; that which is cultivated will be
larger : there is no other difference.

C. Bauhine and others call it Linum fativum.

The ufe of the flalks of this plant in making
linen is fufficiently known. The thready part is
feparated from the reft, beat and combed till it

Ddd hangs

194 The

BRa fsa To ER B ASL,

hangs in long fine threads, and then bleached to
a whitenefs.

The virtues in medicine are very confiderable :
for this purpofe the feeds alone are ufed.

They are emollient and diuretick. A tea,
made by pouring boiling water upon them un-
bruifed, is pleafant, and is of excellent. fervice
in diforders of the breaft and lungs. Ic alfo
allays heat of urine, and brings away gravel.

Outwardly it makes an excellent emollient fo-
mentation ; and is an ingredient in many of the
ointments, and other external remedies, in our
difpenfatories.

The oil, drawn from the bruifed feeds without
heat, is excellent in diforders of the lungs, and
in pleurifies and peripneumonies. ‘

Externally it is alfo an anodyne and refolvent
in a great degree 5 indeed, fuperior to almoft any
other oily medicine. :

2. Great-flowered perennial Flax.

Linum perenne flore majore.

This is a wild Flax, very different from the
common manured kind; being a hardy, peren-
nial, and deep rooted plant.

The root is long, thick, woody, and hung
with many fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, round, upright, hard,
and a foot and half high: they are brown and
brittle; and are feldom at all branched.

The leaves are oblong, narrow, fharp-pointed,
and of a pale green: they are very numerous»
and are placed irregularly on the ftalks.

The flowers grow in a thick tuft at the tops
of the branches: they are large, and of a beau-
tiful blue.

The feed-veffel is very large, and the feeds alfo
large.

It is frequent on the borders of fie'ds in many
parts of England, and flowers in July,

Ray calls it Linum fylveftre ceruleum perenne
eretlius fiore et capitulo majore.

The flower is fometimes white.

3. Procumbent Flax with fmall flowers.

Linum procumbens flore minore.

The root is long, thick, and brown: it is
furnifhed with many fibres, and endures from
year to year,

The ftalks are numerous, round, flender, and
weak: they lie in part upon the ground, and in
part rife up.

The leaves are long, narrow, and of a bluith
green; and they ftand irregularly, and in great
numbers, on the ftalks,

The flowers ftand on the tops, and on flender
footftalks rifing from the bofoms of the upper
leaves: they are fmaller than thofe of the common
Slax, but of the fame celeftial blue.

The feed-veffels are fmall, hard, brown, and
fharp-pointed ; and the feeds are brown.

It is found in barren places in our fouthern
counties ; and flowers in July.

Ray calls ic Linum filveftre perenne procumbens
flare et capitulo minore.

4. Narrow-leaved purple Flax.
Linum angupifolium Slore purpurafcente.

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
many fibres. :

The flalks are numerous, round, flender, and
of a pale green: they are very upright, and full
of leaves, placed with perfect irregularity from
the bottom to the top.

Thefe are long, narrow, and fharp-pointed :
they have no footftalks, and are of a pale green:

The flowers are large, and very beautiful;
they ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and their
colour is a pale purple.

The feed veffel is fmall, and the feeds are
oval, and of a pale brown.

It is found in many parts of England near the
fea-coaft ; and flowers in June.

The flowers vary extremely, in their tinge of
purple: fometimes they are deeper ; fometimes
paler; and fometimes nearly white: the colour is
fometimes diffufed all over them; and in others
it is only laid on in lines, or ftreaks, toward the
bottom of the petals, which grow fainter, and
die off as they come nearer the tips.

C. Bauhine calls it Linum Lylveftre anguftifolium
Hloribus dilute purpurafcentibus five carneis.

5. Mountain Flax,

Linum foliis brevibus.

This is a fingular plant ; very unlike the other
fpecies of flax, but properly and truly one of the
kind.

The root is long,
with many fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, round, firm, up-
right, and ten inches high: they have no
branches till toward the top, where they divide,
by twos, into a large, {preading head.

The leaves are fhort and {mall : they are of a
dufky green, and of a firm fubftance.

The flowers are {mall and white; and the
{eed-veflels are large, and full of oval feeds,

Tt is common on dry paftures, and flowers in
July.

C. Bauhine calls it Linum pratenfe
ONIZUIS.
mon people call it Purging flax,
and Mill mountain.

flender, white, and hung

It is a great medicine with the country people
for many diforders, the theumatifm, dropfies, and
other complaints arifing from obftruétions,

They give it boiled in ale. A fmall handful,
boiled in a pint of that liquor, is a dofe for a
ftrong man. It always operates violently by
ftool, and not unfrequently alfo by vomit.

Diy ye:

fofetis
Others, Linum catharticum. Our com- —
Mountain flax,

A195

They (BoR'T DIS APH ERR Al.

DIVISION I. FOREIGN SPECIES,

1. Great hairy Flax.

Linum ceruleum hirfutum.

The root is fall, oblong, divided, and fur-
nifhed with a few fibres.

The ftalks are numerous and firm: they are
three feet high, round, hard, brown, not much
branched; yet, not altogether fo fingle as in the
common flax.

The leaves are oblong, confiderably broad, of
a pale green colour, and hairy.

They are placed irregularly on the ftalks, and
cloath them pretty thick all the way up.

The flowers grow all the way up the upper
branches, and the tops of the ftalks: they are
very large, and of a beautiful blue.

The feed-veffel is large and pointed; and the
feeds are oval and of a pale brown.

It is common in Germany, and flowers in
June.

C. Bauhine calls it Linum filveftre latifolium
birfutum cerulenm.

2. Small yellow Flax.

Linum parvum flore luteo.

The root is long, flender, and edged with
fibres,

The ftalks are numerous, flender, and fix or
eight inches high: they frequently divide into
two from the bafe ; but they are rarely branched
upwards.

The leaves are fmall, oblong, narrow, and
fharp pointed: they are placed irregularly on
the ftalks, and are perfectly fmooth, and of a
pale green.

The flowers are fmall, and of a gold yellow:

_ they grow at the tops of the ftalks, and on flen-

der footftalks rifing from the boforhs of the upper
leaves.

Thefe generally fplit into two at the extremity.

The feed-veffel is fmall and pointed.

The feeds are oval and brown. j
__ This is the fpecies which has only three ftyles
in the flower; whereas Linnzeus’s chiracter gives
all the flaxes five.

It is a native of the fouth of France, and
flowers in June, :

C. Bauhine calls it Linum fylveftre. minus Slore
Luteo. ‘i

3. Broad leaved yellow Flax.

Linum latifolium luteum ad genicula floridum. .

The root is fmall, oblong, divided into feve-
ral parts, and furnifhed with many long fibres.

_ The ftalk is round, firm, and upright, but
Jointed, and ufually bowed from joint to joint.

The leaves are fhort and broad: they have no
footftalks, but are fmall at the bafe, broadeft in
the middle, and pointed at the ends; and they
are placed irregularly on the ftalks.

The flowers are moderately large, and of a
pale yellow: they grow clofe to the ftalks at its
feveral joints, or at the infertions of the upper
leaves.

The feed-veffel is large, roundith, and point-
ed; and the feeds are brown.

It is common in Italy, and flowers in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Linum luteum ad fingula
genicula floridum.

The virtues of thefe plants are not certainly
known; but the tafte of their feeds feems-to
fhew they have all the fame qualities with the
common flax.

Go be Bet Us. § VI.
CRANESBILL.
GERANIUM.

HE flower confifts of five petals. The feed-veffel is long and flender: it is very fingular ; it is
-properly a cruft which envelops the feveral feeds, and which has a top extended along the
ftyle. As its form is fingular, fo is its manner of opening; for it fplits in feveral parts from the bafe
to the extremity of the ftyle. The feeds are kidney-fhaped. The cup is compofed of five leaves, and
remains when the flower is fallen. '
Linnaeus places this among the monadelpbia decandria; the threads in the fower growing together
in one body, and being diftin€ly ten in number.

This is one of thofe claffes of that author which we call, with reafon, perfectly artificial, for this
coalition of the threads in a fower is not certain enough to become the mark of a claffical diftinétion,
Nor appears to have been regarded bynature fo ftridtly as thofe parts and circumftances in all plants
are, on which a natural method is to be founded.

Linnzeus is obliged to acknowledge this, even in the moft plain terms, in relation to the pre-
fent genus. :

After having feparated it from all thofe other genera to which it is naturally allied, by placing ig
among thefe monadelphia, becaufe its {tamina grow into one body, he owns that in fome of the fpecies

_ the flower is plainly of the diadelphia clafs; that is, the ftamina unite. into two bodies,

This divides the genus again: the plants whofe threads unite into one body make the fixteenth clafs_

in Linnzeus’s method ; and thofe whofe threads unite into two bodies make the feventeenth: there-
fore, after the crane/bills being taken out of their natural place, the genus itfelf is to be divided,
4 and

196:

Th BRITISH HERBAL

and fome of the fpecies are to be put into one clafs, and others into anot

indeed.

her. This, nature abhors,

Unhappily for this author’s fyftem, the cranefbills are characterifed more thoroughly by their

fingular fruit than any other genus of plants whatever :

they are therefore incapable of being thus

feparated ; nor, though their difference in this flight refpect} feemed to render it neceflary, has the
author ventured to do it: he. leaves it a blemifh in his fyftem.

Indeed, the determination of reafon is plainly this, That Suftem which Separates. like genera, and
places in diftinét claffes the plants evidently of the fame genus, is falfe. This cenfure falls directly upon

the method of this celebrated author ; and thefe two claffes, the

A, lpb ia and Aina? [ph iy are proved

by this inftance, as others by thofe before-named, to have no real foundation in nature.

DIV" 1.8 f-O Niwa.

1. Herb Robert.

Geranium pedunculis bifloris calycibus birfutis.

The root is fmall, long, divided, and hung
with many fibres.

_ The leaves that rife immediately from it have
long, weak, hairy footftalks of a red colour.

The leaves themfelves are large, and beauti-
‘fully formed: they are firft divided into three or
five parts, and thefe are afterwards deeply in_
dented. They are of a tender fubftance, of a pale
green, and lightly fprinkled over with white
hairs. :

The ftalks are numerous, round, redifh, and
jointed: they grow in the centre of this tuft of
leaves, and are a foot or more in length, but not
perfectly upright: the leaves from thefe are di-
vided in the fame manner with thofe from the
root, and are of the fame pale green.

The flowers are moderately large, and of a
bright red: they grow on flender pedicles, each
{pliting toward the end, and fupporting two of
them. | :

The fruit, or beak, is long, flender, and co-
vered at the bafe where the feeds lie by the cup,
which is hairy.

The whole plant has a very fingular, but not
difagreeable fmell.

Toward the end of fummer it frequently be-
comes throughout of a bright red colour, leaves,
and ftalks, and even the beaks.

It is common under hedges, and flowers in
* June. é

C. Bauhine calls it Geranium Robertianum; and
almoft all the fucceeding writers copy the fame
name. '

This plant is an aftringent of a very powerful
kind; but is not enough known to thofe who
might make its virtues a benefit to mankind.
The farmers give it their cattle when they make
bloody urine, or have bloody ftools; and -this
with certain fuccefs: it fhould be brought into
ufe in the fhops on the fame occafions,

2. Shining knotty Cranefbill.
Geranium lucidum nodofum foliis diffectis.

The root is long, flender, divided, and of a
red colour.
| The firft leaves are numerous, and they are
fupported on flender footftalks : they are divided
deeply into five parts, and thofe again cut in at
the edges: they very much refemble the leaves of
the common herb Robert ; but they are not hairy,

BRITISH

SPR 2EECHIERES:

as in that {pecies, but fmooth and fhining, as are
alfo their ftalks.

The main ftalks rife among them, and are
more than a foot in length, but. not upright:
they are red, of a fhining furface, and have fre-
quent knots, which are large, and more glofly
than the reft.

The leaves on it refemble thofe from the root.

The flowers are fmall, and of a faint red; and
the feed-veffel, or beak, is long and flender.

It is frequent about our fea-coafts, and in many
inland places. I have obferved it among bufhes
on the right-hand of the road to Chichefter. It
flowers in June.

Ray calls it Geranium lucidum faxatile foliis
geranii Robertiani.

It has the fimell of the former, and probably
its virtues.

3. Dove’s-foot Cranefbill.

Geranium columbinum vulgare.

The root is long, thick, divided into feveral
parts, and furnifhed with fibres.

The leaves rife in a large tuft: they have long,
weak footftalks, of a pale whitith green: the.
leaves are roundifh and fmall; they are divided
into eight or ten deeper fegments at the edge,
and thefe are again notched; but they are lefs
cut in than thofe of many other of the dovefeors:
they are of a pale green, and have fomething of
the appearance of the mallow leat in miniature.

The ftalks are round, weak, and a foot or
more in height: they are numerous, branched,
and of a pale green.

The leaves are placed irregularly on thefe; and
they refemble in all refpeéts thofe from the root,
but that they are deeper cut at the edges.

The flowers grow in confiderable numbers at
the tops of the ftalks and branches; and they are
of a beautiful purple, and moderately large.

The feed-veflél is {mall and flender; it ftands

enclofed in the cup at the bafe, and that is little
and fmooth. ;
" Itis common by way-fides, and flowersin June.
~ C.Bauhine calls it Geranium folio malue rotundo,
Others, Geranium columbinum, and Columbinum
vulgare.

Though common enough, it is not fo frequent
as many of the others; and many a young ftudent
has called the next fpecies by its name.

The place where it is to be found neateft Lon-
don-is by the fide of the road from’ Gray’s-Inn
lane half a mile from the ftreet.

Beha 4. Great

— ee oe

The BRT One Ree te

eae eee tl

4. Great dove’s-foot Cranefbill with little flowers.

Geranium columbinum majus flore minore ceruleo..

This is the plant many have confounded with
the preceding in its name; and, having been
taken for the fame fpecies, it has been omitted by
moft writers. ; i

The root is long, flender, redifh, and furnifhed
with many fibres, 3

The leaves are numerous, and have very long
footftalks: they are large, of a rounded form
in the whole, but very deeply divided into feve-
ral parts; and they are of a pale green colour,
and covered with a foft filvery down.

The ftalk is round, thick, upright, and two
feet high: itis alfo of a greenifh colour, though
frequently red at the joints, and is covered with
the fame filvery down as the leaves.

The leaves upon this have long, flender, and
weak footftalks, and are much more deeply di-
vided than thofe from the root.

The flowers ftand in confiderable numbers to-
wards the tops of the ftalks: they are very fmall,
though the plant is fo large, and their colour is
a faint blue.

The feed-veffel, or beak, is long and flender.

It is common by way-fides, and flowers in July.

Ray calls it Geranium columbinum majus flore
minore caruleo,

The flower in this fpecies is fometimes white,

Ray found it in this condition near the lead
mills on Hackney river, and it is frequent in the
fame place at this time in the fame variation.

5. Dwarf Dove’s-foot,

Geranium columbinum humile flore minimo ceruleo.

The root is oblong, flender, and divided, and
has feveral fibres.

The firft leaves are fupported on long foot-
ftalks, five or fix together, from the root ; and
they are broad and fhort, deeply divided into
about feven parts, and thofe notched again at
the edges. ;

The ftalk is round, flender, upright, and not
more than three inches high, feveral ufually rife
together; and they are of a pale colour, and
feldom much branched.

The leaves on them refemble thofe from the
root, but they are more deeply divided, and have
fhorter footftalks.

The flowers are numerous, and very fmall;
the petals are divided at the tips, and they are of
a faint bluiff¥ hue.

The beak is fhort, fharp, and fmall; and is
enclofed at the bottom in a cup, which is large
confidering the fmallnefs of the plant.

It is common on ditch-fides, and flowers in
fpring. The fhape of the flower and beak thew
it plainly to be a diftinét fpecies; not, as might
appear otherwife, a ftarved plant of fome of the
other kinds.

Ray calls it Geranium columbinum humile flore
ceruleo minimo.

6. Dove’s-foot Cranefbill with deep cut leaves,
Geraniuia columbinum foliis profunde feétis.

The root is long, thick, divided into feveral
parts, and hung with numerous fibres.
N® 20,

The leaves that rifé from it are fupported ont
tall footftalks 5 and they are large, of a figure
approaching in the whole to round, but divided
by deep and frequent fegments into very finall
and narrow parts,

The ftalk is round, thick, upright, and a foot
and half high: it is of a pale whitith colour, and
very much branched.

- The leaves on the talk refemble thofe from
the root, but are of a paler green, and more
deeply divided. :

The flowers are fall; and of a bright red:
they ftand in great numbers toward the tops of
the branches. _ :

The beaks ate large and long. ;

It is common about the hedges of dry paftures, :
and flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Geranium columbinum tenning
laciniatum., J. Bauhine, -Gruinale folio tenuiter
divifo.

The flowers in this are alfo fometimes white.

7+ Dove’s-foot Cranefbill with flowers on long

footftalks.

Geranium columbinum diffettis Soltis pediculis florum
longiffimis.

The root is long, fender, and hung with a
few fibres:

The firft leaves ate humerous, and are placed,
on long footftalks : they are of a form approach-
ing to round, deeply divided into fegthents, and
of a dark dufky green,

The ftalk is round, upright, firm, branched,

and fmooth : it is of a pale colour, and jointed . —

at diftances,

The leaves on it are like thofe from the root,
but {mallet ; and they are alfo perfectly fmooth,
and deeply divided. a

The flowers are fupported on very long and
flender footftalks ; and they are of a bright red :
they are moderately large, and the petals are
flightly divided.

The beaks are large,

; It is common in dry paftures, and flowers in ©
fuly. ‘

Ray calls it Geranium columbinum difjetiis: foliis
pediculis florum longifimis. :

8, The greateft dove’s-foot Cranefbill,
Geranium columbinum maximum.

The root is long and large, of s red colour,
and furnifhed with numerous fibres.
The firft leaves rife in confiderable number, and

are fupported on very long footftalks: they are

of a rounded figure, large, and deeply divided
into numerous, narrow, and pointed fegments.

. The ftalk is round, thick, upright, and three
feet high.

The leaves on it ate like thofe from the
root, but more deeply divided; and the whole
plant is covered with a filvery down.

The flowers are large and red, and they ftand
on footftalks, longer than thofe of the other
kinds, but not at all comparable to thofe of the
laft f{pecies.

The beaks are large, long, and fharp.

It is frequent in our jmidland counties, and
flowers in July,

Bice Some

198 The--B RY 01 Sah Ey: Brac.

Some have fuppofed it only a variety of the
other dove’s-foot with deep cut leaves; but, on
comparing them, they are abfolutely diftinc.

Ray calls it Geranium columbinum maximum

diffectis foliis.

9. Bloody Cranefbill.
Geranium hemotides.

The root is long, thick, and divided into fe-
veral parts.

The leaves that rife from it are numerous,

’ fmall, and deeply divided : they have moderately

long footftalks, and they are of a dufky green.
Their fegments are fingle and fharp-pointed.

The ftalks are numerous, round, weak, and
redifh : they are a foot long, but not very erect ;
and are greatly branched.

The leaves on thefe are like thofe from the
root; and they have, in the fame manner, mo-
derately long footftalks.

The flowers do not grow from the tops of the —

flalks, but rife from the bofoms of the leaves :
they have very long, flender footftalks, and only
one flower is fupported on each: this is very
large, and of a deep blood red.

The beak is fmall, and is furrounded at its
bafe by a large cup.

It is found among bufhes in the fouthern
counties of England, but is not common.

It flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Geranium fanguinarium. O-
thers, Geranium fanguineum, and Hematodes.

10. Pale hairy-leaved bloody Cranefbill.

Geranium hematedes foliis pallideoribus hirfutis.

The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with
numerous fibres.
' The leaves that rife firft from this are very
numerous, and fupported on long, flender foot-

ftalks: their figure approaches to round, but

they are deeply divided into narrow fegments ;
and they are hairy, and of a pale green.

The ftalk is flender, hairy, whitifh, and but
indifferently able to fupport itfelf.

The Jeaves on it are, like thofe from the root,
pale coloured, ‘hairy, and very deeply divided;
and they have fhort footftalks.

The flowers are large, and of a pale red; and:

they ftand on feparate long and flender footftalks
rifing from the bofoms of the leaves.
' The beaks are long and large.

It is found in Cambridgefhire, and fome other
places, but is not common,

It flowers in July. —

Ray calls it Germanium hematodes foliis majori-
bus pallidioribus 8 altius incifis.

11. Small bloody Cranefbill.

Geranium hematodes pumilum.

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
numerous fibres.

The leaves that firft rife from it are nume-
rous, fmall, of a roundifh figure, but deeply di-
vided into narrow fegments, and placed on long
footftalks: they are of a dufky green colour, and
not in the leaft hairy.

The ftalks are numerous, weak, round, and
branched : they are fix or eight inches long, but
not perfectly erect. :

Their leaves are fmall, and very deeply di-
vided ; and they are of the fame deep green
colour with thofe from the root, and alfo fmooth.

The flowers are very large, and very beautiful:
they ftand fingly on long foorftalks rifing from
the bofoms of the leaves; and they are of a pale
whitifh colour, variegated with veins of red.

The beaks are fmall.

It is found in Lancafhire and the adjoining
counties; and flowers in Auguft.

Ray calls it Geranum beratodes Lancaftren/e flore
eleganter variegato.

It has been fufpected as only a variety of
one of the firft kind; and the feeds have been
fown in gardens to try. In this cafe it becomes
larger, but the leaves continue fmaller, than thofe
of the common kind; and the flower always con-
tinues variegated.

12. Crowfoot Cranefbill.

Geranium Batrachoides.

This is a very large and {pecious plant.

The root is long, thick, and furnithed with
abundance of fibres. °

The firft leaves rife in a large tuft: they are
fupported on long, flender footftalks, and are
large and fpreading: they are divided very
deeply into numerous fegments, which are again
notched at their edges; and they are of a pale
green, and hairy.

The ftalk is thick, firm, upright, two feet
high, and very much branched.

The leaves on it are numerous and large, and
are divided more deeply than thofe immediately
from the root.

ae ee oe numerous, very large, and of
a fine blue: they ftand at the to
on fhort footftalks, eam
The beaks are long, and not very thick.

It is frequent in paftures in many parts of —

England. About Twickenham there is a great
deal of it.

It flowers in July.

J. Bauhine calls it Geranium batrachoides. Oz
thers, Gratia Dei.

13. Red-flowered crowfoot Cranetbill,

Geranium batrachoides flore minore rubente.

The root is long, thick, and futnifhed with
a multitude of long and crooked fibres.

From this rife firft four or five leaves, rarely
more: they are large, broad, and of a deep
green colour, and fhining furface : they are fup-
ported on long footftalks, and are cut into feve-
ral divifions at the edges, but not fo deeply as
thofe of the former fpecies. ,

The ftalk is round, upright, but flender,
fomewhat branched, and a foot and half high,

The leaves that ftand on it refemble thofe
from the root, but they are {maller, and more
deeply divided.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks
and branches on fhort footftalks, and are confi-

5 derably

a ee ee

The

BRITISH HERBAL,

199

derably large, but not nearly fo big as thofe
of the former: their colour is a fine bright red.

The beaks are long and large.

It is found among bufhes in our northern
counties ; and flowers in Auguft. ~

Ray calls it Geranium batrachoides montanum.
C. Bauhine, Geranium batrachoides folio aconiti.
Others, Geranium batrachoides minus.

14. Shining dove’s-foot Cranefbill.

Geranium lucidum faxatile columbinum.

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
many fibres.

The firft leaves in fhape fomewhat refemble
thofe of the common dove’s-foot crane/bill, but they
are of a deep green colour, and fhining furface :
they are more grofsly indented, and they ftand
on long, thick, red footftalks.

The ftalks rife among thefe leaves, and they
are very irregularly branched, and rudely jointed :
they alfo are red and fhining; their joints are
large and knotty 5 and their branches fpread with
‘great irregularity : they are a foot and half long,
but they do not ftand very erect,

The leaves on the ftalks are lefs indented than
thofe at the root, and are of the fame gloffy fur-
face and dark colour.

The flowers are fmall, and of a faint red:

The beaks alfo are fmall.

Tt is frequent in our northern counties and
elfewhere. There is a great deal of it among the
bufhes on the right hand of the road to Rich-
mond.

_ It flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Geranium lucidum faxatile.

Others, Geranium famatile.

15. Knotty Cranefbill with trifid leaves.
Geranium nodofum foliis trifidis.

The root is long, irregular, and creeping.

The firft leaves are few; and are fupported on
long, flender, redifh footftalks: they are fmall,
and of a deep green colour and fhining furface:
they are each divided into three principal parts,
and two fmaller at the bafe; fo thar thefe ‘are
properly quinquifid, though thofe on the ftalks

are, as the name expreffes, only trifid: thofe feg- .

ments of the leaves are long, narrow, and fharp-
pointed; and they are fharply ferrated at the
edges.

The ftalk is round, upright, and of a blood
red colour ufually ; it is divided into many
branches in the upper part, and has large, thick,
and fwelling knots at the joints,

The flowers ftand on fhort footftalks at the
tops of the branches, commonly two} on each
footftalk : they are moderately large, and of a
bright red.

The beaks are long and flender.

It is found in fome of our northern counties;
and flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Geranium nodofum. Others,

Geranivm nodofum plateau.

The whole plant frequently becomes in autumn
blood red. -

16. Black-flowered Cranesbill,
Geranium flore pullo.

The root is Tong, flender, and furnifhed with
many fibres. i

The leaves that rife from it are large, broad
and angulated: they are placed on long foot-
ftalks, and they are divided by deep fegments
into five or fix principal parts, which are pointed
at the ends, and notched at their edges : they are
of a dufky green colour; and often are fpotted.

The ftalk is round, frm, very upright, and
two fect high: it is of a pale brown colour, and
very little branched.

The leaves ftand irregularly’ on it, and at dif-
tances: thofe toward the bottom refemble the
firft leaves from the root ; but fuch as grow near
the top are divided only into three parts, which
are long, narrow, and notched,

The flowers are large and black: they ftand
on flender footftalks on the tops of the branches ;
and thefe ufually fplit, and fuftain each two
flowers.

The beaks are moderately long;

It has been found wild in fome few parts of
England, and of late in Ireland.
July.

C. Bauhine calls it Geranium montanuy Sufcum
Others, Geranium pullo flore.

It flowers in

17. Sea Cranefbill with undivided leaves,
Geranium maritimum foliis integris,

The root is long, flender, divided, and fur-
nifhed with many fibres.

The ftalks are numerous; thick, jointed, and
of a pale green: they are five or fix inches long,
and fpread every way upon the ground, none of
them rifing upright, unlefs by accident: they are
thick fet with leaves, and divided into numerous
branches. :

The leaves are undivided: they are oblong and
broad, obtufe at the ends, and flightly crenated —
round the edges: they are of a pale green, and
they have a great deal of refemblance to the
leaves of betony, only they are fmaller,

The flowers ftand on fhort footftalks rifing
from the bofoms of the leaves, ptincipally to-
ward the ends of the branches: they are {mall
and whitifh, with a blufh of red.

The beaks are fhort ‘and fmall.

It is frequent on barren, fandy grounds about
the fea-coaft ; and flowers in June.

Ray calls it Geranium pufillum fupinum mari-
timum althee, vel potius Betonica folio. Merret,
Geranium betonice folio.

18. Pinnated-leaved Cranefbi!l without fcent,
Geranium foliis pinnatis inodorum.

The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with
many fibres.

The leaves that firft rife from it are large and
pinnated ; and they are beautifully difpofed, mak-
ing a round tuft upon the ground : they are long,
narrow, and of a pale, pleafant green: each is
compofed of fix or more pairs of pinne, or
fmaller leaves, fet on a middle rib, with an odd
one at the end.

The

weet eae,

200 The B Rater oa ek ROB wT

The ftalks rife among thefe: they are nume-

fous, thick, and of a pale green: they fpread

themfelves every way, and are very much
branched. :

The leaves on. thefe refemble thofe from the
root, but they are fmaller, and their pinnee, as
thofe of the others, are very deeply cut in at the
edges, and fharp-pointed.

’ The flowers ftand on the tops of the ftalks and
branches on_ flender, long foorftalks, each fup-
porting three or more: they are moderately large,
and of a beautiful red, :

The beaks are large, and fharp.

Tt. is common on ditch-banks, and flowers all
fummer,

C. Bauhine calls it Geranium cicute folio minus
et fipinum. Others, very idly, Geranium mofcha-
tum inodorum; becaufe it refembles the mitfe
cranefvill, next to be defcribed, in figure, but
has not its fmell. Our people call it Unfavoury
crane/vill,

19. Mufk Cranefbill.

Geranium foliis pinnatis mofcbatum.

The root is long, white, thick, and furnifhed
with many fibres.

The leaves that firft rife from it are long, and
beautifully pinnated: they lie fpread upon the
ground in a circular manner, and are of a pleafant
green: each is compofed of many pairs of pinnee

placed on a middle rib, and an odd one at the -

end; and thefe are not fo deeply cut in at the
* edges as in the preceding fpecies; often only
notched flightly.

The ftalks are numerous, thick, round, and
hairy; they rife in the centre of the tuft of leaves,
and fpread every way; and they are very much
branched.

The leaves on thefe refemble thofe from the
root, and are cut, in the fame manner, flightly
at the edges, and of a pale green: the whole
plant has a very fweet {cent, refembling that of
mufk. ;

The flowers are fmall and red: they ftand
feveral together in a kind of little umbells,

The ftalks are long and flender,

It is wild in our fouthern counties, and has
been thence for its {cent brought into gardens,
Zt flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Geranium cicute folio mof-

chatum. © Others, Geranium mofchatum,

20. Great pinnated-leaved Crane(bill,

Geranium foliis pinnatis maximum.

The root is long and thick, and is furnifhed
with numerous fibres,

The firft leaves are very long, and large: they

DIVISION Wop

1, Cranefbill with divided and fubdivided leaves,

Geranium tnberofum floribus umbellatis,

The root is large, thick, tuberous, and irre-’

gularly form ed.
The firft Icaves are humerous and very beay-

———__
lie fpread upon the ground, and are of dufky green.
Each is compofed of a great many pairs of pinnze,
and thefe are broad, fhort, and indented more
lightly at the edges than in either of the former,

The ftalks are numerous, round, thick, and
flefhy: they are two feet long, not much branched,
and they have leaves on them like thofe from the
root.

The flowers are finall and white, never having
the leaft tinge of red: they ftand at the tops of

the ftalks and branches on long footftalks, two

or three on each, rarely more.

The beak is large and fharp.

It is common in our fouthern counties ; and
has been found by Mr. Ray in the neigbourhood
of London.

Tabernamontanus calls it Geranium arvenfe
album. Others, Geranium inodorum album.

21. Pinnated Cranefbill with fpotted: lowers.

Geranium foliis pinnatis floribus maculatis.

The-root is long, thick, and divided into ma-
ny parts,

The leaves rife in a round tuft, and are very
beautiful: they are long and narrow, and each is
compofed of feveral pairs of pinnz, with an odd
one at the end: thefe are fhort, broad, and
flightly ferrated; and the whole leaf has much
the afpect of burnet leaf, whence fome have
named the plant.

The ftalks are round, whitifh, and branched ;
and the leaves which grow on them are like thofe
from the root in all refpects, only they are
fmaller, :

The flowers are moderately large, and of 3 —

fingular ftruéture: they are compofed each of
five petals, in the manner of the others; but
thefe are broad and unequal : the two upper ones
are fhorter than the others, and each has a green
fpot.

The beak is fmall and flender. :

Jt is found in Yorkthire 3 and has been ob-
ferved nearer London, particularly about Hackney.

Dillenius calls it Geraninm Dimpinelle folio.
Some have called this fpecies Geranium Roberti-
anum; but that breeds confufion, another fpecies
having been long univerfally known by that
name.

All the fpecies of cranefbill are reftringent and
vulnerary. They are good againft inward bruifes,
and in hemorrhages of all kinds,

A ftrong decoétion of the herb Robert ftands
recommended as excellent in nephritick com-
plaints; and the dove’s-foot cranefeill is, in the

they have not been fo much ufed in the pradtice

of phyfick as they appear to deferve.

OREIGN S*PSE-C LE, §.

tiful: they are large, broad, and deeply divided

and fubdivided:: each is formed of two or three
Pairs of large fegments, refembling wings, and
an odd one at the end; and thefe fegments are
again deeply divided in the fame manner, but
none of thefe divifions §° down to ‘the middle

2 ‘ribs.

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205

rib; fo that they are only the incifions of an en-
‘tire leaf.

The ftalks are round, upright, firm, and

jointed. ;

Their joints are diftinguifhed by a little hollow
membrane; and from thefe rife the leaves.

They refemble in all refpeéts thofe from the
root, except that they are fmaller.

The flowers are large and beautiful ; and they
are difpofed in a kind of umbell: they ftand
eight or ten together at the top of the ftalk; and
at the extremities of the branches : each has its
long, flender footftalk, and thefe all grow from
one point at the top of the main ftalk, where

~ there is a fmall general cup.

The beaks are very long, large, and fharp.

It is a native of the Eaft Indies, and flowers
in Auguft. :

The flowers toward evening have an extremely
fragrant fmell, but in the day-time it is not per-
ceived.

‘S“Breynius calls it Geranium noéiu olens Fi thi-
opicum radice tuberofa foliis myrrbidis latioribus.
Others, Geranium trife.

2. Silvery alpine Cranefbill.
Geranium argenteum alpinum.

The root is long, thick, brown and irregular.

The leaves are numerous, fmall, and fup-
ported on long footftalks: they are divided deep-
ly into five or more fegments, and each of thefe
is notched on the two fides near the top; fo that
the extremity has a trifid appearance.

The ftalks are flender and weak: they rife in
confiderable number among the leaves, and are
‘of a pale whitith colour: they divide toward
the top into two parts, and fupports on each of
the divifions a fingle flower. .

The whole ftalk is rarely above four inches in
height 5 fo that the flowers do not rife above the
leaves. * : :

They are large, and of a beautiful ftrong red,
ftriated with purple. © ;

The beaks are fhort and thick.

Tris not uncommon on the Alps, and flowers
in July. :

C. Bauhine calls it Geranium. argenteum Alpi-
num. Others, Geranium Alpinum longius radica-
tum; and Geranium argenteum montis baldi.

3. Candy Cranefbill.

Geranium creticum acu longiffiima.

The root is long, flender, and white.

The firft leaves are large, and are fupported
on long footitalks: they are each compofed of

two or three pairs. of pinnz, or {maller leaves,
with an odd one at the end: this is much larger
than the others, and they are all notched at the
edges: their colour is a faint green. Sete

The ftalk is round, thick, jointed, branched,
of a pale green colour, and a foot and half high,

The leaves that ftand on it perfectly refemble
thofe at the root, bur they are fmaller.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks and
branches in tufts three, four, or five together ;
and they are large, and of a bright red.

N° 20,557 :

The beaks are extremely large, and long,
tharp-pointed, and of a greenifh yellow. _
_ tis frequent in the Greek iflands, and flowers
in June. ‘ -

C. Bauhine calls it Geranium acu longiffima.

4. Broad-leaved hairy Cranefbill.
Geranium latifolidm bir futum.

The root is long, flender, divided, and white.

The firft leaves rife in a thick tuft, and are
unlike thofe of moft of this genus: they are
large and broad, approaching to an oval figure,
flightly ferrated, and notched irregularly about
the edges: they are of a pale green covered with
a flight filvery down, and ftand on long, flender,
hairy footftalks. : :

The ftalk rifes in the centre, and is round,
thick, upright, of a pale green, hairy, and a
foot and half high.

The leaves on it perfectly refemble thofe from
the root: they are fmall, and foft to the touch.

The flowers grow in tufts fix or eight together
at the top of the ftalk, and at the extremities of
the branches: they are fmall, and of a pale red.

The beaks are fmall, and very flender. ;

It is a native of Italy, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Geranium folio althez. O-
thers, Geranium malacoides, and Geranium malya-
coum. :

Linnzus fuppofes our “ttle fea cranefvill, before
defcribed, to be the fame fpecies with this; but
it differs in the form and difpofition of the
flowers, and in the ftructure of the beaks.

This author has alfo a much more extraor-
dinary conjecture on the prefent head; he imae
gines that this plant, the candy crane/bill, and the
mufe cranefbill, and common pinnated crane/bill with-
out fcent-are all the fame fpecies originally.

_ This is bringing in confufion, and without any
foundation in nature or Yeafon. If thefe five
plants be not diftin&t fpecies the fludeat will
never know what to call by that name: he needs
only be referred to the feveral figures here, or -
to the plants as they grow, to fee that they differ
as palpably, and as effentially, as the fpecies of
any other genus. If thefe were all originally
one, nature has given us no means of knowing
which are truly diftinét: but thefe are innova-
tions that will foon be flighted. :

5. Stinking Cranefbill.
Geranium fetidum. ~

The root is tuberous and oblong; of a redith
colour; and very ftinking {mell. i
The leaves are fmall, but beautifully divided,
or, more properly fpeaking, compofed of many
others: each general leaf is fupported on a fhort
flender footftalk, and is formed of four or five
pairs of pinnz fet on a middle rib, with an odd
one at the end; and each of théfe pinnz is again
compofed of five or fix pairs of minute, oval
leaves fet on a middle rib, with an odd one at its
end: : eS
The ftalks are numerous, flender, and weak:
fometimes they are altogether naked, but. fome-
times they have a couple’ of. little leaves toward

their lower part.

pre fits The

)

goa Th BRITISH HERBA L.

The flowers are tnoderately large, and of a _, near its bottom $ it is of a pale colour, and fo

bright red: they ftand on flender footftalks, one,
two, or more together.

The beaks are large.

The whole plant in its wild ftate has a difa-
greeable fmell, though not fo flrong as the root.

It is a native of the mountainous parts of Eu-
rope, and flowers in June,

The generality of authors call it Geranium
fatidum,

6. Tuberous-rooted Cranefbill.

Geranium foliis multifidis radice tuberofa.

The root is large and knobby; of a dufky
colour, and infipid to the tafte.

The leaves are numerous, and beautiful’y di-
vided: they ftand on long, flender, hairy foot-
flalks; and they are themfelves a little hairy,
and of a pale green: their figure approaches to
round, but they are cut into nine or more feg-
ments down to the middle rib; and thefe are
again deeply notched, and divided.

The ftalk is round, upright, but weak, and a
foot high: it is not much branched.

The leaves on it refemble thofe from the root,
but that they are fmaller.

The flowers are large, and of a bright red:
they ftand on flender pedicles rifing from the bo-
foms of the leaves, two on each.

The beaks are long, and moderately thick.

Tt is a native of Spain, and flowers in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Geranium tuberofuin majus.
Others, Geranium tuberofum vel bultofum; and
the gardeners, Bulbous cranefvill.

7. Purple African Geranium.
Geranium Africonim flore purpurea:

The root is long, thick, and tuberous.

The firft leaves are large, numerous, and fup-
ported on long, hairy footftalks: they are very
broad, finuated at the edges, and of a pale green,
flightly hairy, and {oft to the touch.

The ftalk is round, firm, erect, and irregu-
larly branched.

The leaves on it are of the fame form with
thofe from the root; and they grow principally

are the leaves.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches
in large tufts; and they are very beautiful: they
are large, and of an elegant red tending to purple, ,
and have yellowifh edges.

The beaks are large.

Before fun-rife, and after it is fet, the whole
plant has a very fragrant fmell; but it is not
much perceived in the middle of the day.

It is a native of Africa, and flowers in July.

Commelin calls it Geranium Africanum noédy
oleus tuberofum vitis foliis hirfutus.

There are many varieties of this preferved in
our gardens. :

8. Naked-ftalked African Geranium.

Geranium Africanum caule nudo.

The root is compofed of numerous fibres rifing
from a fmall head.

The leaves rife in great numbers, and have
long footftalks ; but thefe are fo weak that the
leaves are feldom fupported tolerably ere&: they
are not unlike laurel leaves in fhape, long, broad,
and not at all dented at the edges: they ufually
have a couple of fmall leaves placed on the foot-
ftalk, in the manner of ears, a little below theirbafe.

The ftalks are numerous, round, flender, and
a foot high: they are ufually naked, but fome-
times have, toward the ground, a leaf or two,
like thofe which grow on the footftalks of the
others.

At the top of each ftalk ftands a large tuft of
flowers, twenty or more: each flower has its fe-
parate footftalk ; and they all rife from one point
at the top of the ftalk, where there is fpread
under them a kind of general cup, formed of
five little, oblong leaves.

The flowers themfelves are large, and of a
beautiful red, tending to purple ; and the beaks
are {mall.

It is a native of Africa, and Aowers in July.

Commelin calls it Geranium Africanum foliis
plerumque auritis flore rubro purpurafcente,

We know little of the virtues of thefe plants ;
but they feem in general of the fame’ nature
with thofe of our own growth,

Th END of the JEAN AD SE (64, NES,

i a.

BRT ELS HH Hek RB AE,
ee

1C eA 8 38 er

Plants whofe flower is compofed of Five pETats irregularly difpofed; which’

have a@ sINGLE capsuLe fucceeding each flower, and have the leaves

placed irregularly on the fralks.

therefore, the obferving fuch fubordinate charaéters as nature has placed between them is

the more neceflary : had there been fewer of them, the whole might have been difpofed in
one clafs; and thefe general diftinctions, from the ftructure of the flower, and difpofition of the
leaves on the flalks, would only have fubdivided them: but nothing perplexes the ftudent fo much
as too great a multiplicity of objects under the fame head. It is for this reafon I have again fepa-
rated many of thofe genera which Linnzus had joined together; and, for the fame caufe, this
affortment of plants is difpofed under three claffés: nature has furnifhed fufficient grounds for the
diftinétion, and they are fufficiently obvious; the fcience therefore will be rendered more familiar,
by following this method in her fteps. ;

"Te plants with five petals in the flower, and a fingle capfule, are very numerous; and,

Linnzus, in this, as in other cafes often before mentioned, feparates the plants belonging to one.

into feveral of his moft remote claffes : I fhall be content to name this where needful in the accounts
of the feveral genera, not to fill too many pages with a criticifm, which, however needful to the
fervice of the fcience, I never make without concern.

SSS Se Seca cis atch ee ach eet ee eee a aces eee

SUE SR ATP BoSeuear

Natives of BRITAIN.

Thofe of which one or more fpecies are naturally wild in this kingdom.

Gee Bee N, tUee Te
Viel Owls SE ai
VeTOL A

‘HIE flower is compofed of five petals of unequal fize; one is placed fingly, and the other

four in two pairs: the fingle petal is broad, fhort, obtufe, and nipp’d at the top; and it runs

out into a fpur behind. The two fide-petals are oblong and obtufe, and the two others larger and

broader: this is.the ftrudture of the flower. The feed-veffel is of an oval form, with three flight

ridges: it is compofed of three valves, and contains only one cell: the cup is fmall, compofed of

five leaves irregularly difpofed, and remains when the flower is fallen.

Linneus places this among the /yngenefia, polygamia monogamia; an idle, intricate, and unnatural

clafs; feparating it from the other genera to which it is properly allied. sata San ae

204.

The BoR TTT 6° eh Berk B ACL.

Dil VIS1ON 1.

1. Common Violet.
Vicla purpurea vulgaris.

The root is long, flender, crooked, and fur-
nifhed with numerous fibres.

The leaves are large, and they rife many to-
gether from the head of the root, and with them
rife feveral flender ftalks, that, lying upon the
ground, take root, and {pread the plant abun-
dantly. ;

The leaves are broad, fhort, and roundifh,
but heart-fafhioned at the bafe: they are of a
deep green, flightly crenated at the edges, and
fupported on long, flender footftalks.

Among thefe rife numerous, flender, weak,
and naked ftalks; on each of which ftands a
fingle flower. :

This is large, of a deep, beautiful blue, and
of an extremely fweet fmell.

The feed-veffel is large, and the feeds are nu-
merous and oval.

It is common under hedges, and -flowers early
in fpring.

C, Bauhine calls it Viola martia purpurea flore
Jimplici odoro. Others, Viola nigra vel purpurea,
and Viola martia fimplex.

This is the fpecies whofe flowers fhould be
ufed, and no other: they are cooling, emollient,
and gently cathartick ; as they lofe a great part
of their virtue in drying, and are not to be had’
frefh, except in fpring, the beft method of ufing
them is in the form of a fyrup.

This, when carefully made, is very pleafant,
and has all the virtues of the flowers. It is ex-
cellent, mixed with oil, to keep children open;
and, in the fame form, it may be given with
great fuccefs againft habitual coftivenefs in grown
perfons; taking a fmall dofe every night.

It is alfo good in coughs and hoarfenefies.

The feeds, dried and powdered, work gently
by ftool and urine. Lhey are excellent in the
gravel, and in nephritick complaints in general.

The leaves are emollient, and ufed in decoc-
tions for glyfters. Too large a dofe of the feeds
will occafion vomiting.

Many authors have defcribed what they call
the white flowered violet as a diftinct fpecies from
the common; but this is an error. We fee
many plants whofe flowers, though naturally co-
loured, will become white when they are ftarved ;
and this is the cafe in the white violet: its feeds
will raife blue violets, in a garden.

2. Dogs Violet.

Viola foliis oblongis caulefcens.

The root is very long, flender, divided, and
furnifhed with long, crooked fibres.

The firft leaves are numerous, and of a dufky
green: they are fupported on long, flender foot-
ftalks, and are fmaller than thofe of the commoy
violet, and narrower in proportion to the length :
they are heart-fafhioned at the bafe, and notched
round the edges.

BRITISH SPECIES

Amongft thefe rife feveral {mall ftalks, which
take root where they touch the ground, but grow
up from it to two or three inches in height, and
have many leaves on them, like thofe from the
root, but fmaller. ; :

The flowers ftand fingly on long, flender foot-
ftalks that rife from the root, or from thofe parts
of the ftalk juft named, which have taken root :
they have ufually fome little films upon them,
but no Jeaves, properly fo called.

The flower refembles that of the common violet,
but it is fmaller, of a paler blue, and has no
fmell.

It is common under hedges, and flowers in ~
April.

C. Baukine calls it Viola inodora fylveftris,
Others, Viola fylveftris, and Viola canina.

This is fometimes found with a white flower,
as the other; and fome have defcribed it in that
ftate as a diftinct {pecies.

3- Dwarf Violet with a yellow fpur.

Viola pumila calcari luteo.

The root is fmall, oblong, and divided; and -
has numerous, flender fibres.

The leaves that rife firft from it have fhort
footftalks: they are fmall, rounded, and of a
dufky green; very flightly fnip’d at the edges,
and fcarce at all cordated at the bafe: this form
they conftantly keep, and the fpecies is therefore
plainly diftiné.

The ftalk is flender, upright, and of a pale
green; and at the top fuftains a fingle flower:
this is large in proportion to the plant, and is of
a beautiful deep blue, with a yellow fpur behind.

The feed-veflel is oval, and the feeds are nu-
merous and alfo oval.

It is not uncommon in Surry and Suffex. It
flowers in April. :

Ray calls it Viola canina minor floris calcari
luteo. d

4. Round fmooth-leaved Violet.
Viola foliis rotundioribus glabris.

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
numerous fibres. ‘

The leaves rife in a confiderable tuft, and they
are fhorter than in the preceding fpecies, and ob-
tufe at the ends; fo that they appear roundifh ;
they are of a deep green colour, and per:2ctly
fmooth. ;

The flowers ftand on fingle foorftalks, which
are weak, flender, and five or fix inches high:
they are of a pale blue, of the fhape of. the com-
mon violet, but very {mall, and wholly fcentlefs.

The feed-veffel is {mall and oval; and the |
feeds are fmall.

It was obferved firft in Oxfordthire, but ig
grows all over the north of England on bogey
grounds. It flowers in June. ie
; Dr. Plot, who firft defcribed the fpecies, calls
it Viola paluftris rotundifolia glabra,

4 5» Short-

bot

dine soesaeng

Th (BRITISH, HERBAL ~ a0¢

5. Short-leaved Violet with ftriated flowers.
Viola foliis brevibus floribus firiatis.

The root is a clufter of innumerable, flender
fibres.

The leaves grow ina great tuft: they have fhort
and weak footftalks, and many of them lie upon
the ground: they are roundifh, but heart-fathion-
ed at the bafe, and fomewhat pointed at the end;
of a pale green, hairy, and foft to the touch.

The flowers ftand on very fhort footftalks, and
are fmaller by much than in the common violet:
they are of a faint red, beautifully ftreaked with
a deep purple. : :

The feed-veffel is oblong, and the feeds are
very numerous.

It is frequent in the northern parts of England
under damp hedges. It flowers in May.

Ray calls it Viola rubra ftriata eborafcenfis: a
name given by Parkinfon, who firft received
it from Yorkthire.

6. Great hairy Violet with ftriated flowers.
Viola major birfuta floribus firiatis.

The root is long, thick, hard, and woody.

The leaves rife from its head, four or five to-
gether, and are very hairy, of a pale green, ob-
long, heart-fafhioned, and notched at the edges 5
and they have very long, whitifh, hairy foot-
ftalks.

Thefe and the flower-ftalks are all that rife
from the root; for it does not fend out any
hanging fhoots that take root, as the common

violet; nor any of thofe leafy ftalks that are in |

the common dog violet.

The footftalks which fupport the flowers are
fhort and thick.

The flowers are large, but of a faint pale blue,
ftreaked with white.

The feed-veffel is large and fhort; and the
feeds are very numerous.

It is frequent under hedges, and flowers in
June.

Ray calls it Viola trachelii folio. Morifon, Viola
martia major hirfuta inodora. Merret, Viola foliis
trachelii ferotina. ‘

7. Panfy, or Hearts-eafe,

Viola tricolor major.

The root is long, flender, divided, and full
of fibres. ,

The ftalks are numerous, weak, and of a faint
green: they fpread every way upon the ground,
and in part raife themfelves up for flowering:
they are fix or eight inches long, and branched.

Thofe leaves are fhort, roundifh, and lightly
indented, which grows on the lower part of the
ftalks; but many of the others are longer, and
more deeply cut; and fome toward the top di-
vided to the rib by numerous fegments.

They are of a deep green, and fmooth furface.

The flowers are very beautiful, they are vari-
egated with purple and yellow; and there is
ufually more or lefs white, or blue, among them.
Thefe two colours are the more ftriking in this
flower, but from one of thofe, which comes in,
though in a lefs obvious manner, as a third, the

N° XX],

plant obtained its Latin narhe of Viola tricolot's
and its Englith one of ¢hree faces under a hood.

The feed-veffél is fhore and fmall; and thg
feeds are numerous.

It is found wild among corn in the north of
England, and has thence been brought into our
gardens.

In its wild ftate it is lowet in the ftalk; and
the flowers are {mall dnd lefs fpécious.

Frequently there are only two.colours in them,
but thofe are bright and ftriking. _We,have ano-
ther wild fpecies, to be deferibed hereafter, with
two faint colours, is diftind, and muft not be
confounded with this.

Ray calls this Viola tricolor. Others, Viola
tricolor major et vulgaris. J. Bauhine,; Flos tri
nitatise

8. Small-fowered Panfy.

Viola bicolor foliis minoribus.
a

The root isa tuft of flender fibres,

The firft leaves are roundifh, and fharply fer
rated at the edges.

The ftalks are lender, upright, and weak 3
and they are very little branched: they are of a
pale yellow colour, and fix or eight inches highs

The leaves that grow on thefe are oblong,
narrow, and very deeply divided: they are of a
pale green, thin, and tender.

The flowers are numerous and fmall, and they
have very little beauty, and are generally varie-
gated only with white and a dead yellow.

The feed-veffels are fmall and roundifh ; and
the feeds are very minute.

It is common in corn-fields throughout th¢
kingdom ; and flowers in June.

C,Bauhine calls it Viola bicolor arvenfis.. .O«
thers, Viola tricolor fylveftris. J. Bauhine, Facea
bicolor frugumn et hortorum vitium.

9. Great-flowered yellow Panfy.
Viola lutea grandifloras

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with a
great number of fibres.

The firft leaves are oblong, broad, and not at
all divided at the edges; but they fometimes,
though not univerfally, have a couple of little
appendages, like ears, at the bafe.

The ftalks are flender, weak, and four or five
inches high. °

The leaves on them are partly divided deeply,
and partly whole, in the manner of thofe from
the root; and they are of a deep green, and
glofly.

The flowers are very large, of the fhape of
the garden panfy flower, more than equal to it in,
fize; and of a fine gold yellow colour, with-
out the leaft mixture of any other.

They ftand upon very long, flender footftalks
rifing from the bofoms of the leaves; and, when
fully open, make a very fplendid and elegant ap-
pearance. :

The feed-veffel ig fmall, and the feeds are
numerous.

It is found in many parts of the north of Eng-
land, and flowers in July. ° :

Ray calls it Vicle montana lutea grandiflora
noftras. Others, Viola flammea,

‘ ‘Gio g Thefe

206 The

BRITISH HERBAL,

Thefe are all the fpecies of wild violet! Others
have been named by lefs accurate writers, but on

a better examination they have been found only _

varieties of one or other of the former fpecies,

Thefe all are fuppofed to poffefs the fame vir-

DIV 1S 1-0.N <I

1. Fingered-leaved Violet.
Viola foliis digitatis.

This is of the common viclet, not of the panfy
kind, though extremely fingular in the leaf.

The root is compofed of numerous fibres,
rifing from a {mall head.

The leaves are fupported on long, flender,
Tedith footitalks, and are broad, and divided in
the fingered or palmated manner, each into
about five parts: thefe fegments ftand wide
afunder: they are flightly notched at the edges,
and the two outer pieces are broader than the
others.

The whole leaf is fmall, and ics colour is a
pale green.

The ftalks which fupport the flowers rife
among the leaves; they are weak, flender, and
about three inches high. ;

One flower ftands on each, and this is {mall
and white. ©

The feed-veftel is fhort, and full of {mall feeds.

There is little beauty in the plant; but it is
extremely fingular.

It isa native of North America, and flowers
in April.

Plukenet calls it Viole Virginiana platanifolia
foliis parvis.

There fometimes are running thoots from the
root, as in the common violet.

2. Seven-leaved Violet,
Viola foliis feptempartitis.

The root is long, flender, crooked, and fur-
nifhed with many fibres,

The leaves rife in a large tuft, and each is
fupported on a long, flender footftalk : they are
large, and divided into feven parts down to
the ftalk: thefe fegments are narrow, and ftand
fo perfectly feparate that the name of Jeven-
leaved feems hardly éxceptionable, though, in

reality, thefe which appear to be feparate leaves |

are no other than the feven fegments of one en-
tire leaf.

The ftalks which fupport the flowers rife in.

numbers from the root, in the manner of the
common violet. They are fhort, flender, and each
fupports a fingle flower,

This is large and beautifal ; fometimes of one
colour, which is a rich, deep blue, but oftener
variegated; fo that it feems a panfy growing
in the manner of the common violet.

It is a native of Vir
April.

Plukenet calls it Vola
multifidis cauliculo aphyllo.

ginia, and flowers in

Virginiana tricolor foljis

FOREIGN

tues with the common kind, but in a lefs degree ;
and therefore they are not to be regarded.

The flowers of the pan/y have, with fome, the cre-
dit of being a cordial and fudorifick ; and there are
thofe who recommend them inepilepfies ; but this
does not ftand upon any warrant of experience,

SoBe. C hess

3. Great upright Violet.

Viola eretia maxima foliis cordatis.
=

The root is compofed of numerous fibres,
which are long, tough, crooked, and divided.

The firft leaves are fmall and oval: they foon
fade and perifh. ‘

The ftalks are numerous, round, firm, up-
right, not much branched, and of a pale green
colour: they are a foot or more in height, and
very robuft. .

The leaves on thefe are large, longifh, and
fomewhat heart-fathioned : they have long foot-
ftalks, and they are flightly notched at the edges;
and at their bafe on the ftalk grow fmaller and
more jagged ones. :

The flowers ftand on long footftalks rifing
from the bofoms of the leaves, one on each:
they are large, and ufually of a pale blue; fome-
times deeper; fometimes white 3 and fometimes
variegated.

The feed-veffel is large, and the feeds are nu-
merous.

It is a native of the mountainous parts .of
Europe; and flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Viola martia arborefcens pur-
purea. Morifon, Viola ereéta flore ceeruleo et albo.

4. Kidney-leaved Violet.
Viola evetia foliis reniformibus.

The root is compofed of many tough, and
fpreading fibres.

The leaves are numerous, and very beautiful-:
each has its feparate long and flender footttalk ;
and their fhape is, like that of a kidney, hol-
lowed at the bafe, and notched round the edges.

The ftalk rifes in the centre, and is round,
upright, and not at all branched. ‘

It has three or four leaves refembling thof
from the root, but fmalier ; and at the top it
divides into two parts.

On each of thefe ftands a flower: this is a
perfect violet: and its colour is throughout a
fine deep yellow. :

The feed-veffel is fmall, and the feeds are nu-
merous and little.

It is an extremely fingular plant.

Till it flowers it would, by moft perfons, be
taken for the hora, defcribed before in its pro-
per clafs.

It is a native of the northern parts of Europe,
but not of England; and is moft frequent on
cold, barren mountains.

It flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it

Viola alpina rotundifolia
lutea,

Others, Viola rotundifolia montana major.

\ 4. Oval

i
;
j
\

Te “BRETT WER AL

209

5. Oval ferrated-leaved Panfy.
Viola foliis ovatis ferratis ereffa.

The root is long, flender, and full of fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, round, flender, up-
fight, and very much branched,

The leaves are broad, fhort, and of a figure
approaching to oval: they are fharp-pointed, and
fharply ferrated ; and they adhere by a broad bafe
without any footftalk. .

The flowers are large, and of a deep purple,

GE: aN

variegated with white and yellow: they have
fhort and flender footftalks, and are very beau-
tiful.

“The feed-veffel is fmall, and the feeds are nu-
merous, ;

It is a native of Africa, and flowers in Aucufty

Plukenet calls it Viola Jurvetia latiore folio
Species peregrina.

Thefe foreign violets poffefs the fame virtue

with ours, but none of them is equal to the com
mon kind.

US II.

IMPATIENT,

TOMS RE ANT OTR Neos

ipa flower is compofed of five petals of unequal fize,
upper, two lower, and two intermediate:

{nipp’d into three parts at the top: the lower pair are large, broad, unequal, and reflex
make a kind of lower lip, as the fingle petal above does an
placed oppofite to one another, and there is a fpur behind.

This is the ftructure of this fingular flower.

the upper petal is fhort, upright, and lightly
3 and they
upper one: the intermediate pair are

The feed-veffel is of an oblong figure, and pointed: when the feeds are ripe it burfts with violence

on the leaft motion even of the wind.

The cup is compofed of two very fmall leaves :

they are placed fide-ways of the flower, and fall

with it; and they are not green, as in moft plants, but coloured,

Linnzus places this among the /yugencfia polygamia monogamia, one of his artificial clafles; and he
joins with it the Jal/amina. This is very wrong, becaufe the fhape of the feed-vellel is altogether
diftin& ; and there are other obvious and effential differences.

Ray has, -by fome overfight, alfo mifplaced this plant: he has put it among the fetrapetala, ot

thofe with four-leaved flowers and fingle capfules,

whereas the petals are very diftinaly five,

Of this genus, thus ftri@ly charaéterifed, there is but one known fpecies, and that is a native

of Britain.

Yellow Impatient.

& Inpatiens flove flave.

The root is compofed of numerous large fibres,

The ftalk is round, thick, upright, branched,
and two feet high: it is of a pale green colour,
of a firm, yet tender, fubftance, and looks in a
manner clear, or tranfparent.

The leaves are oblong, broad, and fharply
ferrated: they ftand irregularly on the ftalks :
they have fhort pedicles; and the parts of the
ftalks where they grow, frequently fwell into a
kind of thick knots.

The flowers are large; numerous, and of a
deep yellow : they have an open mouth, and a
crooked fpur. -

The feed-vefiels are oblong and browns and

they contain many feeds: they will burit open on |

but approaching to touch thems the motion in
the air, caufed by the hand, being fufficient.

Tt is found in our northern counties in damp
places ; and flowers in Auguft. :

C. Bauhine calls it Bal/omine lutea Sive noli me
tangere. Others, Mercurialis fylueftris, and Nolf
me tangere. ‘We have it as a curiofity in many
gardens; where the gardeners call it Quick in hand,
or Louch me not. :

The leaves, bruifed and applied to the fkin,
will raife an inflammation.

Inwardly taken, it is a powerful but dangerous
diuretick ; occafioning bloody urine, and terrible
ftranguries, when given in an over-dofe,

G GEO IN: Ge, 8 Ti.
DYERS-WEED.

LU Tie OLA,

THE flower confifts of five petals, unequal in bignefs, and irregularly difpofed: the upper one

ftands fingle, and is {mall, and lightly divided into fix parts at the tip: the two fide-ones are
placed oppofite to one another, and are divided each into three at the extremities; and the two
lower are minute and undivided: they are fo fmall that they are often overlooked ; and the fower

feems to confift only of three petals.
srr

The

and irregularly difpofed: thefe are one

“268

The OB Ril T 1S HW HEIRS AL.

The feed-veftel is uneven and angulated, with an opening at the top, furrounded with th tittle
points, which are the remains of the ftyles : the cup is fmall, and formed of a fingle piece, divided ~
into five parts, two of which ftand wider afunder than the reft. : ‘ :

Linnzus places this among his polyandria trigymia the filaments being numerous, and growing to

the receptacle ; and the ftyles being three.

This author joins the refeda in one genus with this, and thence has created himfelf a great deal of

trouble and confufion.
He complains of the difficulty of eftablifhin

g a character for this genus : but if he had avoided

that confufion of joining a diftinct one to it, and had paid more regard to larger parts, and lefs to

the more minute, the tafk would have been eafy, and the ftu

ts path, which is perplexed in the

higheft degree in this method, would have been rendered plain and aly, as we fhall fhew it in ours.

DAV TSO; NT,

1. Common Diers-weed.
Luteola vulgaris.

The root is long, white, divided into feveral
parts, and hung round with many threads.

The firft leaves rife in a large and beautiful
tuft : the outer ones are long and narrow; and
the others fhorter all the way to the centre : they
have no footftalks: they are not at all indented
at the edges; and they are of a bright green.

The ftalks are ftrait, upright, flender, not at
all branched, and three feet high.

The leaves on them are placed irregularly, and
are of the fame form with thofe from the root;
but of a yellowifh green.

The flowers are fmall and yellow: they ftand
in a long fpike at the top of the ftalk.

The feed-veffels are large, and the feeds ex-
tremely numerous, and {mall.

It is common on ditch-banks, and in other wafte
ground; and flowers in July. It is alfo culti-
vated in fields in fome places for the ufe of the
diers. ‘

C. Bauhine calls it Luteola herba folicis folio.
Others, Luteola, and Herba lutea.

In Englifh, befides its name Diers-weed, it is
called Wold and Would; thefe names found like
woad, and the two plants, though in themfelves
perfectly diftin&, have from this been confounded
one with another by the hufbandmen. Even
many of thofe who have written treatifes for
their inftruction, have thought them the’ fame
plant.

DIVISION I,

Sharp-leaved Diers-weed.
Refeda foliis anguftis acuminatis.-

The root is long, flender, white, and full of
fibres.

The leaves that rife firft are very narrow,
long, and fharp-pointed: they do not fpread
themfelves upon the ground, but rife up in a
thick tuft. .

The ftalk is round, firm, upright, ten inches
high, and yellow.

It does not divide into branches, but fends out _

a number of fhoots all the way up from the bo-
foms of the leaves; fo that it appears of a pyra-
midal form.

The leaves are placed alternately and at con-

BRITT SH

FOREIGN

SPE C eas:

The diers ufe the whole herb, and find it an-
fwer more purpofes than one: they boil it with
alum, and in this condition it dyes yellow alone,
or with a mixture of blue it makes a green.

White cloths are put in to be dyed yellow, and
the colour given by this herb is a very rich and
good one: for greens they generally dye the cloth
blue firft, and then dip it into this liquor, which,
mixing with the blue tinge, makes a ftrong
green.

2. Short-leaved Diers-weed.
Luteola parva foliis brevibus.

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
many fibres.

The firft leaves are numerous, and fpread them-
felves on the ground in feveral circular feries ;
the fmalleft in the middle: they are oblong, and
fomewhat broad; not fo long and narrow in
proportion to their fize as the others.

The ftalk is fingle, not at all branched, and
about eight inches high.

The leaves are placed irregularly on it; and
they are oblong, and fomewhat broad.

The flowers are very numerous, fmall,' and of
a pale yellow: they ftand in a long fpike at the
top of the ftalk.

The feed-veffel is fender and crooked, and
edged with three ribs.

It is found on walls, and on barren grounds
among corn. It flowers in July.

Ray calls it Luteola minima polygale folio.

SPECIES.

fiderable diftances: they are very long, narrow,
and fharp at the point, and are of a pale green.

The flowers ftand in long fpikes at the top of
the ftalk, and of thefe branches; and they are
very fmall, and of a pale yellow.

The feed-veffel is oblong and crooked ; and
the feeds are very numerous and fmall..

It is a native of the mountainous parts of
Europe, and flowers in Augutt.

Tournefort calls it Lutecla pumila pyrenaica
linarie folio. :

The leaves are not of that yellowifh hue that
thofe of our common diers-weed get when they
begin to grow dry; but are at firft of a blgifh
green, and afterwards greyifh,

GENUS

al kn el ld ay

7 aon he

iis Y Daf Violet
Common Violet

wuelle a Yellow Spur we os
Bist Short leavit Violet
jith Striated Slowery

Paneste or Mearts-eyfe

“4S
(6 .

pe Pi ee
e tengera lavil Veoletr

Seven

Small "Sse oRe

Pate

Ye ao he)
ite Great flowerd
. Yellow 'Pandte

iF
i

rt a a

porpalienl

Fe ge EG OP, NEL ee

Ovel Serrated
i nant Lyne aut

Y),

- N
) a Cake : 9
lial Weed

i
Lh

jet . 5 P
“Kidney leavid Violet

a Cate Teckel W
Common Bate J

Graal YU Base
a’

fs yeae Pha Bune Reece z AR
CC Richele : ied 4 Spragtst litelflic

_ root, and are of a faint green.

Th BRITISH HERBAL,

Came.

Np | AS

IV: a

BASE ROCKET:

RES ED 4,

: MpHE flower is compofed of five irregular petals, unequal in fize, and unevenly difpofed ; but

they do not differ in bignefs fo mich as thofe of /uteola; and they are all divided into three
parts at the edge: the feed-veffel is {hort and angulated, and is open at the end: the cup is {mall
divided into five parts, with an appendage to one of them: fo that there appear to be fix; and ic

remains when the flower is fallen. _

Linneus, as already obferved, places this among the polyandria trig ynia ; joining it wich /uteola
. . » ?

from which it differs in the ftruéture of the flower,

ep Ve Le O Ne Re ae R

Common Bafe Rocket.
Refeda vulgaris.

The root is long; flender, white, and furnifhed ©
with many fibres.

The firft leaves rife in a*clufter ; and they are
very beautiful in themfelves, and difpofed with
great regularity : they are divided in the pinnated
manner, and each is formed of three pinne,
or deep fegments, with an odd one at the end :
thefe are of a pale green, long, and narrow.

The ftalks are numerous, round, firm, up-
tight, and two fect high.

The leaves on thefe refemble thofe from the
root, but are narrower and fmaller.

The flowers ftand in long fpikes at the tops
of the {talks ; and they are fmall and whitith.

The feed-veffel is large, angulated, and open 3
and the feeds are very numerous, and minute.

\ Delev-1-S.1 O:N« iI: FO

1. Great Bafe Rocket.
Refeda major.

The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with
many fibres.

The leaves that rife firft are very large, of a
deep green, and beautifully pinnated : each con-
fifts of about five pairs of pin, and an odd
one at the end; and thefe are all long, narrow,
and fharp-pointed.

The ftalk rifes in the midft, and is round,
firm, upright, anda yard high: it is thick
fet with leaves, and fends out a number of long
branches.

The leaves on thefe refemble thofe from the

The flowers ftand in long, thick fpikes at the
tops of the branches 5 and they are large and
yellow.

The feed-veffel is thick, crooked, and hangs
downward.

The feeds are fmall, very numerous, and
brown.

It is frequent in the fouth of France, and
flowers in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls ‘it Refede maxima. Others,
Refeda major.

N@ ar

and other effential and obvious Character:

ie elesebe SPP ECB sy

_It is found in many parts of this kingdom on

chalky arfd other barren foils. It fowersin July.

C, Bauhine calls it Refeda vulgaris, Others,
Refeda minor.

. The leaves fometimes are curled, and crifp at
the edges: this happens generally from want of
nourifhment.

Boccone has diftinguifhed the re/eda in this ftate
as a feparate fpecies, under the name of refeda
crifpa Gallica, and the editcr of the laft edition
of the Synopfis has given it a place as if di-
ftinét; but it is only a variety.

Let the reader, in juftice to the memory of
that great man, Mr. Ray, obferve whether the
feveral errors of this kind, which occur in the
laft edition of the Synopfis, were his or thofe
of this editor, Dillenius. Such as are marked
with an afterifm are Dillenius’s, and this is one
of them. They are meant as improvements.

RE IWGuNvagSePebsG.L E2S,

2. Bafe Rocket, called Phyteuma.

Refeda calycibus maximis,

The root is Jong, thick, white, and furnifhed
with many fibres.

The firft leaves are long and narrow: they lie
fpread upon the ground, in the manner of thofe
of the common diers-weed; and the plant in
this {tate has vaftly its appearance.

The ftalks rife in the centre. of this tuft, and»
are round, flender, and rarely at all branched,

The leaves ftand irregularly on them, and are
very oddly varied in figure: fome of them. per-
fectly refemble thofe from the root; but others
are divided at their ends into three or five parts,
in the manner of fingers.

The flowers are fmall, but they ftand in very
large cups. :

They are difpofed in a loofe fpike at the tops
of the ftalks, aad in the bofoms of the upper
leaves. Bes

The feed-veffel is large, and ftands furrounded
by this great cup: the feeds are very minute.

It is common in the fouth of France, and
flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls ic Refede affinis phyteuma,
Columna, Lrucage apula trifida et quinguefolia,

Hhh Fa ege Bale

210

The BRIT § Ho HER BA-E.

3. Bafe Rocket, called little Spanifh Catchfly.
Refeda alba minima foliis integris.

The root is long, flender, white and divided.

The leaves that grow from it are numerous,
oblong, narrow, and tharp-pointed.

The ftalks rife in the centre of this clufter ;
and they are flender, upright, five or fix inches
high, and fcarce at all branched.

Their leaves are fmall, and like thofe from the
root: they are placed irregularly, and are of a
pale green.

The flowers are very fmall, and white: they

ftand at the tops of the ftalks in long, flender
fpikes.

The feed-veffel is fmall,; and the feeds are very
minute.

It is common on hilly, barren places in the
warmer parts of Europe; and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Refeda alba minor. Clufius,
Sefamoides falamanticum parvum fecundum, Our
common Englifh writers, Little Spanifh catchfy,

Thefe feveral fpecies are faid to be good in
fomentations, and other compofitions for exter-
nal ufe; but their virtues are not fupported upon
experience.

Spe ee eee eee cee ee ee oe el oa ee esas a ec aed els case dae ec ey

Sa aR |

ES II.

Plants with a five-leaved flower, and fingle capfule for the feeds, of which there is
no fpecies .native of Britain.

GE ON

sso I,

CUGUBALU,S,

HE flower is compofed of five petals, which are divided at the ends: the feed-vefiel is of a

roundifh figure, pointed at the top, and has the appearance of a berry: the cup is round,
fwoln, and nipp’d at the edge; and it remains when the flower is fallen.

Linnzus places this among the decandria trigynia; the threads in each flower being ten, and the

flyles from the rudiment of the capfule three.

This author joins in the fame genus, and under the fame name, many proper fpecies of Jychnis:

thefe have been defcribed in their place.

The occafion is, that he has not obferved the effential and diftin@tive charaéter of the genus,
which is, that the capfule has the appearance of a berry. This the right cucubalus has, but not any
ore of all thofe of the ychuis kind: thus properly determined, there is but one known fpecies of this
genus: this has been at all times called by authors by that name; and the name has not been given,

till by this writer, to any other.

Berry-bearing Chickweed.

Cucubalus.

The root is compofed of feveral thick, crooked
fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, weak, and flender:
they fupport themfelves among bufhes, and will
that way grow to a very confiderable height.

The leaves are large : they ftand in pairs
without footftalks, and are oblong, broadeft in
the middle, pointed at the end, not at all in-
dented; of a tender fubftance, and of a pale
green colour. ;

The flowers grow at the tops of the ftalks, and
of branches rifing from the bofoms of the upper
leaves: they are {mall, and of a greenith white,

GEN,

they ftand in great fwoln cups, fomewhat re-
fembling thofe of the winter cherry, and only
the top of the flower is feen out of them.

The feed-veffel is round, but pointed at the
end: it is of the bignefs of a large pea, and,.
when ripe, of a black colour ; fo that it has
greatly the appearance of a berry. -

The feeds are numerous, fmall, and black.

It is common in woods and thickets in all the
northern parts of Europe; and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Afine Scandens baccifera:
Dodonzus Alfine repens. The common writers,
Berry-bearing chickweed ; a very improper name,
but which we retain here, becaufe vulgarly known,
It is better to call it Cucubalus,

1S rata arcs §

Mol TB Leaks A;

THE flower is compofed of five petals, reg

ularly expanded, with narrow bafes, which inferted
into the cup: the feed-veftel is globular, but pointed at the end: 3 ea ueae a al

fingle piece, and is hollow, and divided into five fe
Linneus places this among the decandria digynia

the cup is compofed of a
gments at the edge. : :

3 the threads in the centre of the flower being

ten, and the ftyles from the rudiment of the capfule two,

Two-

The BRIE) SH? Hh ROR RB ALT.

~ Two-leaved Mitella.
Mitella caule diphyllo.

The root is long, thick; and brown: it runs
under the furface, and has many large fibres.

The leaves which rife immediately from- ic
are large, and fupported on long footftalks :
they are broad, of a dufky green, and a little
hairy ; finuated, and fharply indented at the
edges. ;

The ftalk is flender, uptight, and not at all
branched: it is two feet high, and of a’ pale
brown colour. :

There are two leaves on it, and they ftand near
its middle, oppofite to one another, and without
footftalks: they are narrower in proportion to

215

their length than thofe from the Toot, and fharp-
pointed : but they are, in the fame manner, finu-
ated, and notched at the edges.

The flowers are placed ina long, flender fpike
at the top of the ftalk; and are very fmall, and
as it were fringed,

The feed-veffel ig fmall,; and the feeds are
round and black.

Tt is a native of South America; and flowers
in June.

Mentzelius calls. it Cortufa Americana floribus
minutin fimbriatis.. Others of the later Writers,
Mitella: feapo diphyllo. fi

Its virtues are unknown.

Gi op UP es III.
CAL TROP.
TREBUL US:

BP RE flower is compofed of five regular petals evenly difpofed: the feed-veffel is angulated and

prickly, and contains numerous feeds: the cup is formed of a fingle piece,

fegments.

divided into five

Linnzus places this among the decandria monogynia ; the threads in the center of éach flower being
ten, and the ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle. :

1. Common Caltrop.

Tribulus vulgaris,

The root is fmall, long, white, divided, and
furnifhed with many fibres. 3

The firft leaves are numerous and pinnated, and
very much refemble thofe of the common wild
vetch: each is compofed of feveral pairs of {mall
leaves, on a middle rib; and thefe are oblong,
of a frefh green, and fharp pointed.

The ftalks are numerous, weak, flender,
branched, and feven or eight inches high.

The leaves on them are the fame in form and
ftru€ture with thofe from the root, but fmaller:
they ftand alternately on the lower part of the
falk, but frequently are placed in pairs toward
the top. v

The flowers ftand on fhort footftalks rifing
from the bofoms of the leaves, and they are
{mall and yellow.

The feed-veffel is thort, angulated, and very.
prickly ; and there are fome prickles alfo round
the upper part of the ftalk which fupports it,

It is frequent in the northern parts of Europe,
and flowers in’ June.

C, Bauhine calls it Tribulus terreftris ciceris folio
Sruftu aculeato, Others, Tribulus terrefiris.

_ The fingular form of this herb, which re-
fembles the vetch kind, has led all the common
Writers on plants to place it among that clafs,
though the flower and fruit be altogether diffe-
Tent. It is not a wonder they who judged only

’

by the general face were deceived in this, for it
has all the afpect of the pulfé kind. é

2. Great flowered Caltrop,
Tribulus flore magno,

The root is compofed of numerous fibres,’

The firft leaves are long, Sarge, and beautifully
pinnated ; each is compofed of eight pair of ‘pin-
ne, fet on a double rib, with no leaf, but a fmall
tendril at the end. \

The ftalks are numerous, round, upright, not
much branched, and of a pale green,

The leaves on them are placed at diftances, and
refemble thofe from the root.

The flowers ftand fingly on long footftalks ri-
fing from the bofoms of the leaves, and they are
very large and beautiful: they are of a bright
yellow, and are as big as fall poppies.

The feed-veffel is fmall and prickly: the feeds
are numerous, {mall, and fhining.

It is a native of the warmer parts of America,
and flowers in July. :

Van Royen calls it Tribulus foliis offoparium
conjugalis. ;

The common caltrop is faid to be cooling and
aftringent; but thofe virtues are not warranted
by any known experience. There is another plant
called by the old writers ¢ridulus aquaticus, and
the water caltrop; but this is of a different clafs,
and is therefore properly diftinguifhed by Lin-
nzus by a different generical name, trapa.

GEWN U'S

na» The BR of Wl See ry BP A

Ge OE Ngo Us) eS2co oils
Wet D PRG: Bs

HARMALA.

HE flower is compofed of five petals, regularly expanded : the feed-veftel is roundifh, but
flightly trigonal, and the feeds are numerous and oval: the cup-is compofed of five little leaves,

and remains after the flower is fallen.

Linnzeus places it among the polyandria monogynia 5 the threads in the centre of the flower be-
ing numerous, and fixed to the receptacle, and the ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle. This
author, inftead of its moft received name harmala, calls this genus peganum.

1. Common Wild Rue.
Harmala vulgaris.

The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with
many fibres.

The fir(t leaves are large, broad, and divided
into numerous, fine, narrow fegments : they are
of a pale green colour, and of a ftrong fimell.

The ftalks rife in the midft, and are firm, up-
right, very little branched, and a foot and a half
high.

The leaves on thefe ftand irregularly, and re-
femble thofe from the root in fhape. '

The flowers are large and white: they ftand
fingly on long foot{talks, rifing from the bofoms
of the leaves.

The feed-veffel is large, and the feeds are nu-
merous and fmall. :

Ic is anative of the Eaft, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Ruta fylveftris flore albo
magno. Others, Ruta fylveftris tenuifolia, and
Harmala.

G 4, B53 -N:

2. Wild Rue, with undivided leaves,

Harmala foliis integris.

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
many fibres.

The firft leaves are oblong, narrow, of a pale
green, pointed at the ends, and not at all fer-
rated.

The ftalks are numerous, flender, upright, and
of a gale green.

The leaves ftand irregularly on them, and are
oblong, narrow, and fharp-pointed: they re-
femble thofe of the common milkwort.

The flowers ftand on flender footftalks rifing
from the bofoms of the leaves, and they are white
or yellowith.

The feed-veffel is large, and the feeds are very
numerous.

It is anative of Siberia, and flowers in Augutt.

Amman calls it Harmala montana polygale
foliis.

Ue s V.

M ACR S He Cer Si Urs.

LED D 105M.

THE flower is compofed of five petals regularly difpofed : the feed-veffel is ofa roundith figure;

it contains five cells, and fplits in five places at the bafe when ripe: the cup is fmall, and is
formed of a fingle leaf, divided into five fegments at the edge. 2

Linnazus places this among the decandria mongynia ; the threads in each flower being ten, and the

ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle.

1. Narrow-leaved Marth Ciftus.
Ledum foliis anguftis ferrugineis.

The root is long, thick, divided, and fpread-
ing. ‘
The ftem is hard, woody, and covered with a
grey bark.

The young fhoots are long, flender, purplith,
and covered with a white hoary matter : they are
thick fet with leaves, and thefe are long and
narrow, refembling thofe of rofemary : their fides

are ufually curled up together, and they are co-
vered with a ferrugineous duft.
_ The flowers ftand at the top of the branches
in little tufts, and they are large and white.

The feed-veffel is fmall, and the feeds are nv}
merous and brown.

It is frequent in bogey grounds in many parts
of North eat ore oe

C. Bauhine calls it Citus ledon rorifmarini foliis
Serrugineis, Comerarius and others, Rofmarinum
Sylueftre.

GENUS

The BRITISH HERBAL ~~ 214

Geshe ONG a Uae s VIL
Geigy be
IN eG eis eee:

HE flower confitts of five petals regularly difpofed ; and has within it eight glands, that make a
very fingular and beautiful appearance: they are circularly difpofed, and are fhort, and of a las
biated form ; the upper lip being broadeft, and is fpotted ; the lower narrower, and plain. The feed-
vefel is large, round, and {welled in the manner of a bladder, and contains five cells, fo diftine&
that it may perhaps be more properly faid to confit of five feparate capfules joined together. The
feeds are numerous, and there is no cup. . j : .

Linnzus places this among the polyandria polyg ynia ; the threads in the centre of the flower being
numerous, and fixed to the receptacle, and the ftyles from the rudiment of the fruit alfo nu-
merous.

This genus feems to conneét together the plants with many capfules to a flower, and thofe with
one. There are feveral {pecies of it; and in fome the divifion of the whole is lefs, and in others
more diftint: in fome it is a fingle membranous feed-veffel, divided only into feveral cells, in the
manner of many of the preceding ; and in others it is more and more plainly compofed of feveral fe-

parate capfules, which, though firmly conneéted together, yet are in 4 manner each perfect and

entire.

1. Single blue Nigella.
Nigella flore fimplici cerdleo involucro foliofo cintto.

The root is long, flender, divided, and fur-
nifhed with many fibres.

The firft leaves growin a clufter, and part lie
upon the ground, part ftand erect: they are large,
and finely divided into numerous fegments, which
are extremely narrow, and of a dead green.

The ftalks are numerous, round, firm, up-
sight, and a foot high.

The leaves ftand alternately on thefé, and per-
fectly refemble thofe from the root, being divi-
ded into the fame narrow and numerous feg-
mients.

The flower is large, and blue, fometimes near
white, fometimes of a fine, clear, and ftrong blue,
and fometimes varioufly fhaded between thefe two
colours.

One flower ftands ufually at the top of each
ftalk, and at the tops of the branches.

The feed-veffel is large and roundifh, and con-
tains numerous black, rough feeds, in five dif-
tinct cells.

There ftand a number of fmall leaves by way
of cup round the flower, for it has no proper cup
of its own, and thefe afterwards gather up round
the feed-veffels, and make in either ftate a beauti-
ful appearance.

It is a native of Italy, and other of the warmer
parts of Europe: they have it in their corn-fields
and vineyards, and it flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Nigella anguftifolia flore magno
Simplici ceruleo. Others, after Mathiolus, Melan-
thium fylueftre. ; ;

This fpecies by culture affords the beautiful
double kind, which is called the dama/e nigellg,
and by our gardeners the devil in the bufh.

2. Single white Nigella.
Nigella flore fimplici albo nudo.

_ The root is long and flender, and has a few
fibres. - ;
.The firft leaves are large, divided into a

multitude of fmiall, narrow fegments, and of a
deep green.

Ne XXIL

The ftalk is round, firm, upright, and very
much branched: it is a foot or more in height,
and of a pale green. ‘

The leaves are placed irregularly on it, and in
all refpects refemble thofe from the root.

The flowers are moderately large and white :
they ftand fingly at the tops of the branches, and
have not that clufter of leaves under them which
is feen in the blue kind.

The feed-veffel is large and oblong, and con-
tains five cells, very plainly diftinguifhed on the
outfide.

The feeds are large and black.

It is anative of the Eaft, and flowers in Au-
guft. ;

C. Bauhine calls it Nigella flore minoré fimplict
candido. :

This by culture affords alfo double flowers; but
they are not fo large, or nearly fo beautiful as the
others.

3. Spanith Nigella.
Nigella flore maximo caerulea:

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
numerous fibres.

The firft leaves are very large, and of a deep
green ; and they are divided into numerous, long,
and narrow fegments.

The ftalk is round, upright, branched, and a
foot and a half high,

The leaves ftand irregularly on it: and they
are of a deep green, and divided in the fame man-
ner as thofe from the root, but into broader feg-
ments. <3

The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches
fingly ; and they are very large; and of a beauti-
ful blue. ,

The feed-veffel is large, rounded, and formed
into five parts, containing in five cells a great
quantity of rough feed.

Ic is a native of Spain, and of other the warmer
parts of Europe, and flowers in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Nigella latifolia flore majore
Jinplict ceruleo. Others, Nigella Hifpanica maxi-
ma; and fome only Nigella Hi/panica.

lii 4: Broad-

BIL

The RoR ted LS cH Boe Agi.

Ae Broad-leaved white Nigella.
Nigella latifolia flore albo.

The root is long, flender, and huag with
many fibres.

The firft leaves are large, and have long foot-
ftalks : they are-divided into three principal parts,
and thofe are again notched and fubdivided ; and
they are of a dufky green.

"The ftalks are round, weak, and white: they
ftand but imperfeétly upright, and are very much
branched.

The leaves on thefe are oblong, and divided
into broad, notched fegments, in a pinnated man-
ner.

The flowers ftand fingly at the extremities of
the branches, and are large and white: they have
nothing of that clufter of leaves under them,
which diftinguifhes fome of the others.

The feed veflel is oblong, large, and full of
rough feed in five cells.

Ic is frequent in the Greek iflands, and flowers
in Augutt.

Gok

Nak US

Alpinus calls it Nigella alba flore fimplici,
Pona, Nigella alba Cretica odorata, the flowers
and feeds having a fragrant {mell.

Thefe fpecies all poffefs the fame virtues, but
the firft defcribed has them in the greateft de-
gree. The feeds are to be preferred to any other
part: they are deobftruent and diuretic, good in
all obftru€tions of the vifcera, and againft the
gravel.

Some have recommended this feed as a fpecific
againft agues; but the bark has fuperfeded all
other medicines for that ufe.

The root externally applied, ftops bleeding;
Tt is a cuftom in the Eaft to chew it, and put i
up the nofe in hemorrhages from that part.

It is fingular, that the flowers of the blue nj-
gella afford a green colour, If they are bruifed
and rubbed on linen, they ftain it toa frefh green,'
which holds through many wafhings. It would
be therefore worth confidering, whether they
might not be ufeful in dying; for the plant is ea-
fily cultivated, and the flowers arenumerous. Ie
would grow on any indifferent light land.

VII.

Basle 1S: AtoM:

BEA ES SAV Me TaN As

veflel is of a roundifh form, and the cup is compofed of two leaves.

SpE flower is compofed of five irregularly-difpofed petals,-and has a fpur behind: the feed.

Linnaeus places this among the /yngenefia polygamia monogamia, making it the fame genus with the
impatiens : but thefe plants, as I have fhewn already, differ as genera, not as {pecies of the fame cenus.
The form of the feed-veffel alone were fufficient to eftablith the diftinétion ; but there are others ob-

vious enough, and as effential.

Common Balfam.

Balfamina foliis lanceolatis.

The root is large, thick, and fpreading.

The ftalks are thick, flefhy, and very much
branched: they are of a tender fubftance, and of
a pale green.

The leaves ftand irregularly on them ; and they
are long, narrow, and fharp-pointed, and ele-
gantly ferrated at the edges: their colour is a
frefh green. i

The flowers are large and beautiful: they grow
fingly on fhort footftalks rifing from the bofoms
of the leaves, and they have a fhort {pur behind:

Gos gee | US

their colour is naturally a bright red, but they
change contiaually into white and variegated :
the fame plant will frequently afford them at the
fame time many different colours and variega-
tions.

The feed-veffel is roundifh, and rough; and
when ripe, it burfts open with violence, and
fcatters the feed, een ee

It is a native of the Eaft, but it ftands the fum-
mer perfeétly well in our gardens. It flowers in
July.

C. Bauhine calls it Balfamina femina. Others

only, Balfamina. Our gardeners | i
name of Balfam. : oeiaa

VII.

PURSLAIN.
POVR Tag LL 4.6 4

"THE flower is compofed of five equal petals regularly difpofed s
and covered; fplitting in the middle when ripe, and containin
{mall, and divided into two pafts, and it remains when the flower i aller ore

the feed-veffel is of an oval figure,
the cup is very

Linneeus places this among the polyandria monogynia ; i
Z nia; the threads in t ‘
numerous, and fixed to the receptacle, and the ftyle from the sore biti he Giuls GE mee

1. Common

ee ee eee

TD Heh? BERS Tapers

HATE TRABIAGET aha"

1. Common Purflain.

Portulaca vulgaris.

The root is long, thick, and hung with many
fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, thick, weak, and
very much branched : they are of a foot or more
in length, and they fpread themfelves upon the
ground: they are of a frefh green colour, and of
athick, flefhy, tender fubftance: fometimes they
are red toward the bottoms, but that more when
cultivated than when in the wild ftate.

The leaves are numerous, oblong, and rounded
at the ends: they are very thick and flefhy, of a
pale green, fometimes redifh, and of a tender
fubftance.

The flowers are fmall and inconfiderable : they
are of a faint greenifh yellow, and ftand clofe in
the bofoms of the leaves.

The feed-veffel is fmall, and of an oval figure,
and the feeds are numerous and minute.

It is a native of the warmer parts of Europe,
and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Portulaca anguftifolia fyl-
vefiris.

When it is brought into gardens, and enlarged
by culture, the leaves grow thicker and broader,
In this ftate it has been defcribed by many as if a
diftin&t fpecies : they have called it Portulaca la-
tifolia fativa, Broad leaved garden purflain, in op-
pofition to this, which they call the xarrow-leaved

Ge bee Nea Users

wild purflains but there is no more difference
than is merely the effect of cultare.

It is raifed for the table, and is cooling, and
geod againft the feurvy.

2. Hairy Purflain.
Portulaca pilofa,

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
many fibres.

The ftalks are numerous and thick: they lie
in part upon the ground, and are in part tole-
rably upright.

The leaves are oblong, narrow, and fharp-
pointed: they ftand alternately at confiderable
diftances, and they have a tuft of hairy matter
in their bofoms.

The flowers are very fmall, and of a faint red:
they ftand in the bofoms of the leaves, and parti-
cularly at the tops of the ftalks and branches,
-where there is akind of fpreading head, formed
by a large tuft of leaves, with a great deal of hairy
matter at their bafe.

The ftalk is lightly hairy, and the leaves are of
a light fhining green,

It isa native of South America, and flowers
in July.

Herman calls it Portulaca lanuginofa pfyllii
folio creétior, et elatior flore dilute rubente. Others
call it Portulaca orientalis birfutofolio, {

IX,

GOR CHO RUS.
we

rp BE flowet is compofed of five petals regularly difpofed: the feed-veffel is very largé, and jg
formed of five valves, and contains five cells: the cup is formed of five {mall leaves, and faljs

with the flower.

Linnaeus places this among the polyandria monogynia ; the threads in the centre of the Aower bez
ing numerous, and rifing from the receptacle, and the ftyle ftom the rudiment of the fruit fingle. —

1. Long-fruited Corchorus.
Corchorus folits crenatis barbatis fructu longo.

The root is long, flender, and full of fibres.

The ftalk is ftriated, round, upright, a foot
and a half high, and divided into many branches.

The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and they
are large, of an oval form, but pointed, and
of a pale green. :

They are fharply ferrated all the way at the
edges, and the two points of the ferratures on
each fide neareft the footftalk, run out into each
a long, flender, hooked filament of a purplifh co-
lour ; this gives them the name of barbated
leaves.

The flowers rife from the bofoms of the leaves:
they are fuppotted on fhort footftalks, and are
of a pale yellow.

The feed-veffel is very long and flender: it is
pointed at the end, and contains numerous feeds.

It is a native of Egypt and Amercia, and
flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Corchorus Plinii.
Alcea olitoria, five corchorus Americana.

Others,

2, Short-fruited Corchorus;
Corchorus fructu brevi foliis oblongis barbutis:

The root is large, and divided.

The ftem is hard, woody, branched, and co=
vered with a yellowifh bark.

The leaves are placed irregularly ; and they
are long, broad toward the bafe, and continued
to a narow point: they are ferrated all the way
at the edges, and the two lower ferraturés, as in
the former, are continued into flender; hooked;
or curled filaments.

The flowers ftand in the bofoms of the leaves;
and are fmall, and of a whitifh yellow.

The feed-veffel is large, fhort, and marked
on the outfide with five cuts, and in the fame
manner divided into five parts within: the feeds
are numerous and large.

It is a native of the Eaft, and of America, and
flowers in Auguft. : :

Plukenet calls it Corchorus Americanus pra=
longis foliis capfula ftriata fubrotunda brevi.

The ufe of thefe plants is for the table, not for ‘
. medicine.
2 GENUS

219

The SBR Lard Soe PPel RE A

Ne US

xX.

HOLLOWLEAEF.
SARACENA.

ETE flower confifts of five petals, which are of an oval figure, and bend inwards: the feed -
veffel is roundifh, and divided into five cells: the flower has two cups; the lower cup is
compofed of three fmall oval leaves; the upper one is compofed of five very large and coloured
leaves, and both fall with the ower: the leaves are hollow, and have a kind of lip furrounding

or rifing over the opening.

The flower of this genus is not lefs fingular than the leaf. We owe the right explanation of its
ftraéture to Linneus, for others have confounded the upper cup with the petals. ;

That author places it among the polyandria monogynia 5 the threads in the flower being numerous,
and rifing from the receptacle, and the ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle.

1. Short-leaved purple Saracena.
Saracena foltis gibbis brevioribus.

The root is compofed of numerous thick fibres.

The leaves that rife from it are large, and of a
very ftrange and fingular figure: they are ob-
long, hollow, and {welled , narrow at the bafe,
broader and gibbous upward, and toward the top
they again grow fmaller by way of neck : from
this part the edge is carried out into a great lip or
ear furrounding the opening, which is very broad.

The whole leaf is of a dufky green colour, of a
very tough and firm fubftance, and marked with
‘a number of thick, irregular veins.

The ftalk rifes up in the midft of the tuft of
leaves, and is flender, perfectly upright, and
naked.

It fupports on its top a fingle fower, which is
very large and beautiful : its fhape refembles that
of the globe- flower, and its colour is a faint purple.

The feed-veffel is large, and the feeds are nu-
merous, roundifh, but terminating in a point,
and fmall.

It is a native of America, and grows in wet
places. It flowers in July. '
Authors have called it by a variety of names.

‘The firft knowledge of the plant was from Clufius,
but that was very imperfect. He never faw more
than a fingle leaf of it, and the figure of a tuft of
thefe with the rudiments of a ftalk, but without
any thing relating to the flower.

This he received from an apothecary of
Paris, who had it from Lifbon, but knew no-
thing more of it: probably it had been brought
thither from the Brazils.

This Clufius publithed ; and he gueffed the plant
to be a fp<cies of imonium; or of fome genus al-
lied to it. From Clufius, the figure, defcription,
and name of limonio congener got to the common
Englith writers, who called it alfo bollow-leaved
fea-lavender, and the firange bollow-leaved plant.

Since this time many of the curious have met
with it, and the flower is become known, which we
find is not at all lefs fingular than the leaves : but
when the entire plant was feen, there was a great
deal of perplexity where to put it, and by what
name to call it.”

Morifon calls it Coilophyllum Virginianum breviore

folio et flore. Plukenet, Bucanephyllum Americanum

Limonio congener diftum. C. Bauhine named it at
random, Limonium peregrinum foliis forma floris
Arifpolochia.

2. Long-leaved yellow Saracena.

Saracena foliis longioribus anguftis.

The root is compofed of thick, long, and black
fibres.

The leaves rife in a tuft, and ftand tolerably
erect: they are hollow in the mariner of the others,
but they are very long, flender, and regularly
fhaped : they are fmalleft at the bafe, and thence
go up gradually encreafing to the top; fo that
they perfectly reprefent a long, flender cone in-
verted : at the top they are open, and there rifes
there a roundifh, pointed lip, from a frnall neck:
they are of a firm fubftance, and deep green,
and they have large ribs Tunning lengthwife.
The round part at the top has alfo fome large
veins, which f{pread from a Principal one in the
middle.

The ftalk rifes in the centre of this clufter, and
is naked, flender, upright, and of a purplifh co-
Jour at the bottom, anda pale yellowith green to-
ward the top.

The flower is very large and yellow : one ftands
at the top of the ftalk, and no more; its form is
the fame with that of the preceding,

The feed-veffel is round and large, and the
feedls are very numerous, and of a dark brown.

It is a native of America, and, like the former,
lives in wet places. It flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls this Turis Limpidi folium, and
it ftands under the fame name in Lobel and others.
Plukenet calls it Bucanephyllum elatins Virginia-
num, five Limonio congeneris altera J[pecies foliis triple
lougioribus. Morifon, Crilophyllum Virginionum
longiore folio ereéto, flore luteo. :

The natives have an opinion of the leaves of
thefe plants as a fovereign temedy againft veno-
mous bites: they boil them in water, and, when
they are tender, lay them upon the part; But
this has no certain authority as to its fuccefs.
When we became firft acquainted with that part
of the world, there was an Opinion that the na-
tives underftood the virtues of their plants ina
particular manner, and great pains were taken to
obtain the knowledge from them : but the farther
enquiry was made, the lefs dependance it was
found could be placed upon their accounts. They
had among them people who had the art of im-
pofing upon the reft, and this {kill in herbs was
one of the great articles of their pretended know-
ledge; but it was ufually very little.

The END of the ELEVENTH Co LYASS"s:

T oe

Naw TOW 4 4 |
on wild LZ cavd Marsh Mugla.

fine : Costus oe

De i, "CAT? sy

7 it ae: ; ¥ y
Chuck weed) | ¥ ton mon( altro,
pt % t ie

Wy ae r . " a : | id | ae

een eee ~

a Joe
#) \ > Puflain

eFR | ~Long fruited U Phor WY Lawl
wy S) P Pern nat, (c OnePOVUs Bot pruted> yore a : SartheenaZ
Ginmone Sur daun [) Lohions Puple Saracena
Cotnrards og Devry fook

BRITS H ‘Hee ReBen 4

CARO S AS: aids

Planis whofe flower is compofed of six vetars, and their feeds contained in
@ SINGLE CAPSULE,

the number of petals, that they are feparated by Nature from all others ; and the ftudent will

find great familiarity and eafe in the diftin@tion. They are obvioufly known by this number

of their petals ; and he is not fent to look for them among a multiplicity of others, with which fome

have confounded them; but will find them here alone, and in their place, allotted plainly by Nature,
after thofe which have the fame kind of feed-veffel, and one petal lefs in the fower.

Plainly as thefe genera are charatterifed by Nature, and evidently as fhe ditates where they fhould
ftand, Linnzus has difperfed them in his works, and placed them among thofe to which they are
not in the leaft allied.

We have but two genera of this clafs natives of Britain, and thefe he has feparated from one ano-
ther by five intermediate claffes, placing the /alicaria among his dodecandria, and the portula among
his bexandria.

Sie plants which compofe this clafs are very few; yet they are fo perfectly charatterifed by-

SDeBeeDe Deco Bese ao testo to eB BoB Beit el oc oe oo Ss Sa ee So SS he a Sa os i Pe ca oe eee

She Rede ES oT.

Natives of BRITAIN.

Thofe of which one or more fpecies are found naturally wild in this country.

G SEBCAN. 2s US 1b
SPIKED WILLOWHERB.
Si 40 lo COARR I.

TBE flower confifts of fix petals regularly difpofed : the feed-veffel is fingle, oblong, and pointed,
and the feeds are numerous and fmall: the cup is formed of a fingle piece: it is hollow and
ftriated, and is divided into ten fegments at the edge, which are alternately longer and fhorter.
Linnzus places this among the dodecandria monogynia ; the threads in the centre of the flower being
twelve, and the ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle. He takes away its received name falica-
ria, and calls it tbrum.

N° 22. Kkk : DIVI:-

218 The BoRGr alyl Syie seks le BALES

DIV US LO Ne -L

1. Common-fpiked Willowherb.
Salicaria foliis oppofitis.

The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with
many fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, firm, large, upright,
and five feet high : they are not much branched ;
they are of an angulated figure, and of a brown
colour toward the bottom, and green near the
top. i

The leaves ftand in pairs: they are large, and
have no footftalk: they are broadeft at the bafe,
and narrower all the way to the end; not at all
notched at the edges, and of a frefh green.

The flowers are large, and of a beautiful purple:
they grow in long, thick fpikes at the tops of the
ftalks, and of many fhoots that rife from the bo-
foms of the upper leaves.

- The feed-vefft] is large, and the feeds are very
numerous and fall.

It is common by waters, and makes a very
elegant figure in autumn when in flower. Many
of the American plants we nurfe up for their
beauty, are not equal to this weed, nor fo worthy
a place in gardens. |

C. Bauhine calls it Lafimachia fpicata purpurea
forte Plinit. Clufius, Ly/imachia purpurea com-
munis major. Others fimply, Lyfimachia pur-
pured.

The root of this plant is a good aftringent : it

Dot ViLS. TON. 1.

Narrow-leaved fpiked Willowherb.
Salicaria foliis anguftioribus flore rubente.

The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with
large fibres.

The ftaik is fquare, firm, upright, and a foot
high.

The leaves are narrow, oblong, and pointed :
they have no footftalks, and they are not at all
ferrated on the edges.

They are very irregularly and uncertainly
placed on the ftalk : thofe toward the bottom are
in pairs, or fometimes three grow at a joint;
thofe on the upper part ftand alternately.

BRT tT LS HS Pee lobes:

does not aét with violence; but, being continued
in fmall dofes, feldom fails to anfwer its effect
in ftopping purgings or hemorrhages.

The juice is faid to be good againft inflamma-
tions of the eyes; and fome have recommended
the diftilled water for the fame purpofe.

2. Small fpiked Willowherb.
Salicaria foliis alternis.
The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with
large fibres.

The ftalk is round, upright, firm, branched,
and a foot high.

The leaves are placed irregularly, and have no

footftalks: they are oblong, narrow, fharp-pointed,
and of a deep green.

The flowers are fmall, and of a bluith purple:
they do not fland in long, thick fpikes at the tops
of the ftalks, but are placed in the bofoms of the
upper leaves.

The feed-veffel is fmall, and the feeds are nu-
meyous and minute.

It is found in many parts of England, where
there have ftood waters in winter. It flowers
in June.

Ray calls it Sakicaria hyffopifolia, C. Bauhine,

Ebffopifolia. Our people, Small bhedge-hyffop :
but this is a very improper name, as it con-
founds it with a genus to which it it not at all
allied.

FOREIGN SPECIES.

The flowers are large, and of a bright beauti-
ful red : they do not form a long, com-
pact fpike, as thofe of the common kind, but
ftand in the bofoms of the upper leaves in the
manner of thofe of the laft defcribed fpecies.

The feed-vefféls are large and pointed, the
feeds minute and brown.

It is frequent on the fhores of the Danube, and
elfewhere in Europe in the like damp places. It
flowers in July.

Clufius calls it Lyfimachia purpurea minor,
C.Bathine, Ly/imachia rubra non Siliquofa. Others,
the leffer-Jpiked willowkerb, Lyfimachia Jpicata mi-
nor. :

C Phe Nees II.
WATER PURSLAIN.

POR Is OU sal sez,

HE flower is compofed of fix very fmall petals, regularly difpofed i
pofed, and inferted
of the cup: the feed-veffel is heart-fafhioned, divided into two partition, and full of Bh i

feeds: the cup is large, bell-fafhioned, and divided at the extremit

alternately larger and {maller.

y into twelve fegments, which are

Linnzeus places this among the bexandria monoynia ; the threads in
3 th i
fix, and the flyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle. * apol a ae oe

He takes away its name portula, and calls it peplis. é
OF this genus there is but one known fpecies, and that is a native of Britain:

‘Water

“The BRITISH HERBAL,

219

Water Purflain.
Portula,

The root is compofed of a few fmall fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, round, and weak :
they are flethy, and of a pale green, and fome-
times purplifh: many of them lie upon the
ground, and take root at the joints: but others
ftand erect; and they are in general about three
inches in length, and rarely at all branched.

The leaves are placed in pairs: they are oblong,
broad, of an inverted oval figure, and have no
footftalks : their fubftance is flefhy, and their co-
lour a pale green, though, like the ftalks, they
are alfo fometimes redith.

The flowers are fmall and purple, and ftand
in the bofoms of the leaves.

The -feed-veflels are alfo fmall, and the feeds
very minute; but the Cups are large and very
confpicuous. 4

It is common in damp places, and flowers in

ay.

Authors have been much perplexed where to
place this little plant, or by what name to call it.

Ray calls it Portula, from its having fomething
of the afpe& of purflain. Micheli calls it Glau-
coides paluftre portulace folio floribus purpureis,
Lefelius, Glaux aquatica folio fubrotunda. C,
Bauhine, Ai/fine minor Jerpyllifolia.

I The People in fome parts of England give the
Juice of it againft the gravel: it operates brifkly
by urine,

Sit peer

Ss Ae Es Me Se 8% Mig Be Ye ee Ne Oe gtr
RS ORES AS AIS AR SS AN ANS AS ER RTE

Be Ge vot Ff,

ForREIGN GENERA.

Thofe of which there is no fpecies native of this country.

Gia Bigg N

U.S I.

EITONEIE AF

LEONTOPETALON.

HE flower is compofed of fix oval petals, alternately larger and fmaller + the feed-veftel 3s very
a large, and roundifh: it is inflated, and fomewhat fucculent, and contains a few large feeds:
the cup is very fmall; it is compofed of fix leaves; and it falls with the flower.

Linnzus places this among the bexandria monogynia the threads in the flower being fix, and

the ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle.

This author takes away its name /eontopetalon, and calls it, by an arbitrary variation, /contice.

1, Broad-leaved Leontopetalon.

Leontopetalon foliis latis.

The root is thick, tuberous, roundifh, and of
a dufky colour.

The firft leaves are large, broad, and of the
compofite kind: each is formed of five princi-
pal parts; two pairs of thefe are difpofed in the

) manner of pinnz, and the odd one is at the end.
on each of the lower pinnz: there are three dif.
tinét, roundifh leaves; and the upper pair, and
alfo the odd leaf at the top, have a threefold
divifion: they are of a tawny green, whence the
plant has been named, as refembling the colour of
the lions hair.

The ftalk rifes in the midft’of a clufter of
thefe firft leaves, and is firm, upright, and ftri-
ated: its colour is the fame tawney yellowith,
but is ftriated with purple.

The flowers are {mall and yellow: they ftand
in great numbers on the tops of the ftalk, and
of the branches. ;

The feed-veffel is large, and the feeds are
roundifh, and alfo large.

It isa native of the Eaft, and of the warmer
parts of Europe; and flowers in Augult.

C. Bauhine calls it Leontopetalon; and molt
follow him, adding no diftin@ion to the name.
Tournefort calls it Leontapetalon Soliis cote alate
adnafcentibus. Our people call it Lionsleaf, Lion-
leaved turnip, and fome of them the Black turnip,
and Lion turnip.

2. Narrow-leaved Leontopetalon.
Leontopetalon foliis anguftioribus.

The root is very large, thick, tuberous, ir.
regularly rounded, and of a dufky colour on
the furface, and redith within.

The firft leaves are numerous, and of a very
fingular form: they are pinnated, but each pair
of pinna are double; and they are fo difpofed
that they feem to ftand croffwife, and do not give
the ufual afpect of a pinnated leaf: they are of a
deep dufky green, and are finuated at the edges ;
fo that they are fuppofed to have fome refemblance
to the oak leaf; but that is not very ftriking.

The ftalks are numerous, round, ftriated, flen-
der, and toward the top divided into numerous
branches: they are of a yellowifh colour, and
ftreaked with red.

The flowers are large and yellow: they ftand

220 Th BRITISH HERBAL.

at the tops of the ftalks, and at the extremities
of the divifions of the branches.

The feed-veffel is large,» oblong, and thick;
and the feeds are large and roundifh. -

It isa native of the Eaft, and is there frequent
in the corn-fields and other cultivated grounds.
It flowers in September.

C.Bauhine calls it Leontopetalo affinis foliis quernis.

Gree war N

Tournefort, Leontopetalon foliis cafte fimplici in-
nafeentibus. Others, Chry/ogonum diofcoridis, and
fimply Chryfogonum.

The root of the firft kind is ufed to take
{pots out of woollen ‘cloths; and it is faid to
have fome efficacy in medicine as a diuretick,

The other is not ufed. :

U ais I.

MEDEOLA.

THE flower is compofed of fix petals, which turn back: the feed-veffel is large, roundifh, and
divided into three cells, each of which is a fingle large feed: there is no cup.
‘Linnaeus places this among the bexandria trigynia ; the threads in the flower being fix, and the

ftyles from the rudiment of the fruit three.

Greenifh-flowered Medeola.
Medeola floribus virefcentibus.

The root is large, thick, and has many fibres.

The firft leaves are large, long, and undivided :
they have no footftalks: they are broadeft in the
middle, and pointed at the end, and undivided
at the edges.

The ftalk is round, upright, firm, and not at
all branched.

The leaves on it are, like thofe from the root, .

broadeft in the middle, oblong, fmall at the bafe,
pointed at the end, and of a frefh green.
They are difpofed in a ftellated manner on the

ftalks, fix or more at a joint, except at the top,
where there grow two or three irregularly.

The flowers are {mall and greenifh: they grow
fingly on flender footftalks at the top of the main
ftalk, and their petals all turn back: as thefe are
green and fmall, fome have called them a cup,
and fay the plant has no flower; but this is
erroneous,

The feed-veffel is fmall, and the feeds are
roundifh, but dented at one end.

It is a native of Virginia, and flowers in J uly.

Gronovius calls it Medeola foliis ftellatis lanceo-
latis.

Th ENDof tle TWELFTH CLASS.

TAHE

BR. Lae Sa: BR Ba Act,
PROPOR DOTS tre ren se TODO g OR OREO: Bo BOLOL OL OLE BO Le Dopo sO LO ZOE OTOP Lote LOT Toto trot ett CY

CPL! eo 86S Mh

Plants with the flower compofed of numnrous Pitas, and the feeds contained
‘i @ SINGLE CAPSULE.

HIS is a clafs, which, like the former, comprehends but a few plants; but they ate fo

/ perfe€tly and obvioufly feparated by Nature from all others, that whofoever follows het

_fteps muft thus arrange them diftinétly.

As we have hitherto alfo. purfued her traces through the feveral difpofitions of plants, which,
agreeing in the mark of a fingle feed-veffel, have from one to fix petals in each flower, here is the
place where the ftudent will expeét to find thofe genera which, with the firft grand charateriftick
of a fingle capfule, have more than fix petals.

So plain, fo eafy, and fo familiar, is the fcience of botany, when not encumbered with intricate
words, and ufelefs diftinctions.

We have, in this, as in the former clafs, but two genera, any fpecies of which “are natives of
Britain. Yet thefe two Linnzus has feparated by feveral claffes, puting the Aypopitys among his
decandria, and the nymphea among the polyandria, though both agree in thefe obvious particulars,
His method is unhappy that thus reduces him to feparate plants the moft palpably allied, and join
them to the moft unlike.

guaggugaosencagscesensoocansabeocagossecessecscesse

Suibaeks Te Be Ss. ot

BrRiITisuH GENERA, ‘

Thofe of which one or more fpecies are natives of this country: as

G Bren io gas I.
HYPOPITYS.

THE flower is corpofed of numerous petals, which are ferrated at their ends: the feed-veffel. is
oval, and marked with five ridges; and the feeds are numerous and light: there is no cup.
Some have called the outer petals of the flower by that name; but they err; thefe properly con-
ftitute a part of the flower, and contain in their bafes, which are hollowed for that purpofe, itg
honeyed juice. : ’

Linnzus places this among the decandria monogynia , the threads in the} flower being ten, and the
ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle.

This author takes away its received name Aypopitys, and calls ic monotropa.

The reader will perceive, in the defeription of the farft plant of this getius, 4 reafon for not afcer-
taining the number of petals in the plants of this, as in thofe of the preceding clafs: nattire does not
obferve that particular here fo ftri€tly : when the petals in flowers.are in a large number they are ge.
nerally uncertain. In this fpecies of Lypopitys the Aower which terminates the ftalls ufually has ten pe-
tals, and the others, when there are more, have only eight.

Neoseek L1l pIvVi-

222 Th BRITISH HERBAL.

aD AT Ve 10S L.OeNe sels BRIA SH “SePehie VES:

Yellow Hypopitys.
Hypopitys floribus numerofis flavis.

The root is fmall, and of an irregular figure.

Tt lies deep inthe ground, and a part of the
falk is buried alfo with it.

The part of the ftalk which appears above the
furface is about eight inches in height: it is thick,
flefhy, tender, and of a pale yellow colour: it
rifes upright, and is not at all branched.

The leaves are thin and filmy, and fcarce de-
ferve that name: they ftand alternately, and ad-
here to the ftalk by a broad bafe, whencé they
diminith gradually to a point: they are alfo of a
pale, dufty yellow colour.

The flowers,gtow in a thick, fhort fpike at the
top of the ftalk, with many of thefe filmy leaves
among them: they are for the moft part covered
by thefe films, and rarely come to perfection,
excepting one which terminates the clufter, and
is more open to the air: the top ufually. bends
_ down, but, when the plant is well nourifhed, it
will fometimes ftand quite upright.

The flower is,of the fame yellow colour with
the reft of the plant; and, when nicely examined,
asfound to have the ten petals difpofed in two
, feries; the five inner petals are narrower; the
five outer ones broader, and protuberant ‘on
the outfide at the bafe; within there is a hol-

DIVisron FO

Bh Hdllow-leaved Hypopitys.
Elypopitys foliis cavis.

The root is fmall, fhort, thick, notched, and
“white.

No more than the root is-buried in the ground
in this fpecies; the whole plant being above
the furface, in the ufual manner,

The ftalks are round, flender, of a pale brown
colour, and about four inches high,

_ The leaves are placed irregularly upon them ;
* and they are oblong, narrow at the bafe, broader
© to the end, and hollowed in the manner of a fpoon.

They are of the fame brown colour with the
ftalk.

The flowers fland in a fhort fpike at the top,
and are not buried among the leaves that rife
there, but have fhort footftalks that thruft them
forward, and keep them clear.

They are fmall, and of a fainter colour than
the, reft of the plant.

The feed-veffel is large and ribbed; and the
feeds ‘are very minute.

It is a native of Virginia, and flowers in
Auguft.

Plukenet calls it Orobanche Verbafeuli odore ;

_.and fuppofes it to be the fame with the preced-
ing ; buterroneoufly.

2. Hypopitys with rounded leaves.
Hypopitys foliis fubrotundis.

eek root confifts of a few ftraggling, irregular
Tes.

Doody in Hertfordfhire.

low, containing the honey juice: thefe are the
petals fome have called leaves of a cup; but
their ufe in carrying this fweet liquor fhews them
to be a part of the flower.

When the other flowers ripen, they confift of
fewer petals, and are fmaller: the number ufually
is eight, fometimes lefs than that.

The feed veffe] is large, and the feeds are very
fmall. ;

We have it in fome large woods in England,
but it is not common. Dr. Plot found it jp
Oxfordfhire; Dr. Maningham in Suffex ; and Mr,
I fhewed it in great
plenty, in the year 1745, to the Duke of Rich-
mond in Charlton foreft, Suffex, whence we en-
deavoured to make it live in Goodwood gardens,
but in vains we tried it in many parts of the
fheltered grounds, but it all failed : though, not
improbably, fome may have fince rifen there from
the fcattered feeds. We found the truth of Mr,
Ray’s obfervation, that it begins to fmell fweet
when it is fading; and not while in its vigour :
the fcent is agreeable, but very fingular.

Mr. Ray erred in the placing of this plant:
he has put it among thoft with four-leaved fowers
and a fingle capfule.

Ray calls it Hypopitys lutea. Plot, Fypopitys
lutea verbafculi odore.

REIGN SPECIES.

The ftalk is round, flender, upright, and in a
manner naked till near the top: its colour is a
pale yellow, and it is never at all branched: the
height is about fix inches.

Toward the bottom of the ftalk there fland a -

few very {mall films inftead of leaves: thefe are
placed irregularly, and at confiderable diftances,

A little higher up thefe films grow larger, and
are fet in pairs; and near the top they {pread
into fmall, rounded leaves, placed alfo in Pairs.

The flowers ftand at the top of the ftalk in
a fmall tuft, or fhort, thick fpike: two of thefe
rounded Jeaves are fituated juft under the fpike,
and ufually there are ‘many others among the
flowers.

The flowers themfelves are {mall and yellow:
the feed-veffels alfo are fmall, oval, and ftriated ;
and the feeds are very minute.

It is common in the woods of North Americ
and flowers in July.

Plukenet calls it Orodanche Virginiana radice
fibrofa fummo caule foliis fubrotundis. The exter-
nal appearance of thefe plants has occafioned moft
authors to confound them in name with the
orobanche, or broomrape, though the flowers are
fo perfectly different.

3. Hypopitys with a fingle drooping Hower.
H1ypopitys flore folitario nutante.

The root is fmall and inconfiderable.

The ftalk is thick, tender, upright, four inches
high, of a pale yellowith colour, and covered
with little films by way of leaves,

2 Thefe

‘

Te PRITISH WER BAT

oft

Thefe are of a paler colour than the body of
the ftalk; and they are fhorter toward the lower
part of the plant, and are there placed much
thicker, and clofer together; and are longer, and
more remote toward the top.

This fpecies naturally produces only a fingle
flower: it is placed, not at the extremity of
the ftalk, but near it; and as the whole top
bends, this flower hangs downward : it is very
Jarge, and of a beautiful ftraw colour: it is
compofed of ten petals in two feries, as in the
others of this genus; but the inner five are fmall,
and are fometimes wanting: this has occafioned

GE ON

fome who have feen it to call the Hower pentax
petalous 3 but its proper number of petals is ten;
as in the reft of this genus. :
The feed. Vveflel is large and ftriated ; the feeds
are numerous and f{mall.
: It is a native of North America, and flowers
in April.
Gronovius calls it Monotropa flore nutante.

We have no knowledge of the virtues of thefé

plants, nor do they feem to poffefs any worthy
enquiry. ;

Us I,

WATER-LILLY,

NYMPHAA

mHE flower is compofed, of numerous petals, regularly difpofed, and fixed to the fide of the
germen: the feedaveffel is large and oval, with a narrow neck ; itis juicy, and contains a pulpy
matter, with numerous large feeds: the cup is large and coloured; it is compofed of five, or in fome
fpecies, only of four leaves ; and it remains with the fruit after the flower is fallen.
Linnaeus places this among the polyandria monogynia ; the threads in the flower being numerous;
and fixed to the receptacle, and the ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle.

DIVISION IL

1. White Water-lilly:
Nymphaea alba.

The root is very long, large; and thick: it is
brown on the outfide, and white within; and
has numerous large and long fibres.

The leaves are fupported on fingle footftalks :
thefe are round, thick, fpungy, and of a great
length; rifing from the furface of the mud
ufually, to the top of the water, whereon the
leaves float.

Thefe are vety large, and roundifh, and of a
beautiful greenicolour, and fhining furface.

The flowers are fupported, like the leaves,
each on a long footftalk.

They are very large, and of a beautiful bright
white; and of a light, but agreeable {mell :
the cup has four leaves.

The feed-veffel is large, ‘and roundifh, but
drawn in at the neck, and there crowned with a
dentated rim. :

The feeds are large, roundifh, and contained
jn a great quanitty of pulp.

It is common in our brooks and rivers; and
flowers in Auguft. C; Bauhine calls it Nymphea
alba major, Others, only Nymphaea alba.

The root of this fpecies is greatly recommend-
ed as cooling and aftringent.

The country people give the juice of it for the
fluor albus, with fuccefs. The powder of it
dried is good againft weakneffes in the feminal
veffels. :

The frefh roots, fliced and infufed in red wine,
are ufeful againft overflowings of the menfes.’

Outwardly the leaves are cooling; and an oil
is made, by fome, of the flowers, which is ex-
cellent againft pain.

There is an opinion of the roots and feeds

BRITISH SPECIES,

having a power to prevent venereal defires ; but
this is idle. ‘

; 2. Yellow Water-lilly:
Nymphaea lutéa.

The root is very long and thick, of a {mooth
furface, except that the outer fkin in fome places
cracks and chops; and of a white colour: it
fends out numerous large fibres, and itfelf runs
obliquely into the mud: }

The leaves are fupported each on its feparaté
footftalk : thefe are very long, light, fmooth,
and full of a fpungy pith: the leaves themfelves
are very large, and of an oblong figure, but ap-
proaching to round; and of a bright green colour;

The flowers are alfo fupported fingly on very
long footftalks: they are large ; but what ap-
pears at firft fight to be the flower is, in this,
as in the preceding fpecies, the cup: this is com-
pofed of five leaves, which are very broad and
yellow, and furround the petals: thefe are fmall;
and they are alfo yellow; and they are placed in
two feries.

The feed-veffel is large, and of a pear-fathioned
fhape ; and the feeds are round, large; and fur-
rounded with a pithy matter.

. It is common in large waters, where, if they
be not deep, the leaves and flowers rife above
the furface; though the plant will flower and
ripen its feeds when many feet under water.

C. Bauhine calls it Nymphea lutea majors
thers, fimply Nymphza lutea.

There is another plant called Yellow water-Hilly
by the common writers, and diftinguifhed by
the more accurate, under the name of Nymphs
cides, the Yellow water-lilly with fringed flowers;
but this, being of a different clafs, has been de-

oO.

’ feribed before, in its places

D1 VY ft

224 The, BR Eby Sey FE Re BAL,

D.1-V.1:S. 1 0.N, AL

1. The Egyptian Lotus.
Nympbea foli's cordatis dentatis.

The root is very large, thick, and of an ob-
long form, and covered with fibres.

The leaves are fupported fingly on long, flen-
der footftalks.

They are very large, and of a heart-fafhioned
fhape ; being deeply cut at the bafe, where they
are broadeft, and thence fmaller to the end: they
are fharply dentated on the edges, and of a flethy
fubftance and bright green colour.

Their footftalks are long, as thofe of our
common water-lillies ; and they are fmooth on the
furface, and of a deep green.

The flowers are large and white: they are fup-
ported fingly on flender footftalks, much longer
than thofe of the leaves, and are compofed of
many petals, placed in numerous feries, and fur-
rounded by a cup compofed of four leaves, as
in the common white water lilly.

The feed-veflél is very large, round, but
drawn up to a neck at the top, and full of a
fpungy matter, with many large feeds: the large
cup remains with this, and is fpread out under
it, in the manner of the rays of a ftar.

Alpinus calls it Lotus Agyptia ; a name moft
authors have copied from him. Sir Hans Sloane,
Nymphea Indica flore candido, folio in ambitu fer-
rato. Others, mbel. 4

It is a native of Egypt, the Eaft Indies, and
the hotter parts of America, and flowers in au-
tumn.

The root, which is of the fhape and fize of a large
eg, is a delicacy with the people of the Eaft, and
accounted a very wholefome and delicate food:
they boil it, and eat it with the liquor. Itis fo ex-
tremely abundant in the Nile, that it ferves as a
kind of univerfal food to the poor, who have no-
thing to do but go into the places where the wa-
ter is fhalloweft, and take up in an hour or two
food for many days for their families.

FOREIGN

GHP 1d) CALS &.

2. Great red Water-lilly, called the A°gyptian bean,
Nymph.ea pediculis [pinofis flore rubente.

The root is large, thick, and hung with nu-
merous long fibres.

The leaves are fupported on long footftalks, in
the manner of thofe of the common water-lllies,
and are, like them, of a round form, and great
bignefs ; but though they agree thus with the
others in the general fhape and manner of appear-
ing, they differ in very effential particulars.

The footftalks of the leaves are full of fmall
prickles, all pointing upwards, and the leaf it-
felf is umbilicated ; the ftalk not being inferted
at the edge, as in the others, but in the centre
of the leaf.

The flowers are very large, and of a bright
and elegant red: they are compofed of feveral
feries of petals, and are fupported each on a long
prickly footftalk, as the leaves.

The feed-veffel is very large, and of a fingular
form : it feems as if it had been cut off at the top,
and there are in it feveral cells, each of which
contains one feed.

Thefe are as large as the biggeft filbert, and of
a brownifh red colour on the outfide, but white
within,

The whole fruit is of a fpungy fubftance, and
the feeds are foft.

It is a native of the Eaft Indies, and other
warm quarters of the world. It flowers in July.

Herman calls it Nymphea Indica faba Aigyptia
diéta flore incarnato. Others call it fimply, Feba
Aigyptiaca ; and fome after its Eaftern name ze-
lumbo.

We fee the figure of this plant frequently in
the Chinefe works on porcelain, and in their ja-
pan, and many held it to be imaginary ; but
later obfervations have fhewn it to be the repre-
fentation of a-real plant, very common in their
waters, and familiarly known to the ancients. It
is what all the old writers have meant by the faba
Algyptia,.

Th END of we THIRTEENTH CLASS.

See Rae SOE Te eS. a as Se A manera Se) ear

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go aint
a3 3) pan Sa ae

common spibed Mllow orl Small spiked Willers Tért, Ly i ey Y
; ; : Narrow teavid yuked Willourhiort- Water ursain, Gitte, aia Moe eeu) 7

She Mower of the:
ni natural Size,

She Fruit of the
— yftan Lotes
wile us lupe _:~

7 ae | ~
vi; i ea Ay
7 S copes roe vast 4, EN ty
: } ; : . : Se great rod 1 ater Lilly call d the @pyptian Bean ,

£ N))

ae
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;
:

BRITISH HERBAL,

SERB ehee Baste cea ee eee Siete ee Dea che dee SOWPOOSSSSSSOETRESSESESESOED

GBA SeoS oXXEVa

Plants that have the flower compofed of Four P&Tars, difpofed in form of @

crols, and the feed-veffel sincie, and of am IRREGULAR form.

of a plain and fimple ftructuré, according to the number of petals in the flower preceding
that feed-vefiel; from thofe which have only one, by regular ftéps proceeding to fach as
have it compofed of an irregular and uncertain large number.

In thefe claffes we have treated of thofe genera whofé feed-veffels have nothing particular in their
form, nor have been ufed to be diftinguifhed peculiarly by authors undér any diftinétive name: but
there yet remain fome to whith we are, according to Nature, and the cuftom of botanifts of all time,
founded on natural diftinctions, to. give a peculiar place.

What are commonly called the /i liquofe and filiculofe plants, are perfectly diftinguifhed’ from all
others, and held feparate by writers; and in the fame manner the papilionaceous: yet each of thefé
claffes confift of plants which have a fingle feed-veffel. Thefe therefore, as alfo the berry-bearing

W- havé in thepreceding claffes arranged thofe genera which have a fingle capfule for the feeds;

plants, diftinguifed from all others in the fame manner by the ftructure of their fruit, we are totreat

of diftinély, a in its feparate clafs ; and between the firft of thefe the filiquofe, and the laft of the
former regular feries, we are to introduce a fmall clafs, which naturally leads to them.

The filiquofe are thofe which have the Hower compofed of four petals; difpofed crofs-ways, and
the feed-veflél a regular pod: thofe of the prefent clafs have the flower in the fame manner, com.
pofed of four petals fo difpofed, and have for their fruit a feed-veffel which is not a regular pod.

Linneus has difperfed thefe over his works; and Mr. Ray has committed an overfight, in oe
of the feveral firft genera, placing them among the plants with five-leaved flowers.

beet 8 Se sEh Se GR Ge oe a ee ie ah ae ce ee cee eee eh a eee ae ete cc ce ec

Cot UR Td ee S I.
Natives of BRITAIN.

Thofe of which one or more fpecies are naturally wild in this country,

GE N Ysess I.
PEA R Lo W.O:R\T:
ALL SE NIE seb:

HE flower is compofed of four petals regularly dlifpofed : the feed-veffel is routid, memibras
naceous, and full of minute feeds: the cup is comipofed of four little ledves; and remains
when the flower is fallen.

N° XXIIL Mmm DIVE

®
oe

®.

226

Th BRITISH HERBAL.

DialeVede St ONT

1. Perennial Pearlwort.
Alfinella perennis foliis anguftiffimis.

The root is compofed of feveral long, flender
fibres, rifing from a little head. \

The leaves rife in a thick tuft: they are very
fmall, but their number makes them fufficiently
confpicuous : they are long, and extremely nar-
tow, and they terminate in a fharp point: their
colour is a very ftrong green} deep, but not at all
dufky.

~The ftalks are numerous, fmall, flender, and °

an inch and a half high: they are partly procum-
bent, partly raifed from the ground, and very
much branched : theit colour is a paler green than
that of the leaves, and they are jointed at {mall
diftances.

Af every joint there grow two little leaves:
they are fhorter than thofe from the root, and
‘bronder.

The flowers ftand in great numbers on the tops
of the ftalks and branches : they are very fmall,
_and of a faint greenifh white ; and the petals fall
fo very quickly after opening, that they are rarely
found entire,

“The feed-veffel is roundifh, green, and full of
‘very minute feeds.

It is common in garden-walks, and other
places where it is not choaked by large weeds 5 it
fpreads naturally into large tufts, and flowers in
May.

Dillenius calis it Afinella mufcofo flore repens.
Ray has unhappily placed it among the plants
with five leaved flowers 5 but he calls it Saxifraga
graminea pufilla fore parvo tetrapetalo. Others»
Saxifraga Anglica alfinefolia.

2. Annual Pearlwort.

Affinella annua foliis brevioribys.

The root is long, flender, and white.
~The leaves rife from it in a {mall clufter, and
fpread themfelves upon the ground in the man-
ner of the rays of a ftar: they are oblong, fome-
what broad, and of a dufky green.

The ftalks are numerous, upright, and very
much branched: they are of a pale green, and
about an inch high.

The leaves on thefe are placed two at-each
joint and they are very {mali, narrow,
fharp-pointed, and of a faint green.

The flowers are very numerous: they ftand at
the tops of che ftalks and branches, and on fingle
pedicles rifing from the bofoms of the leaves :
they are fmall and white.

The feed-veffel is little and round, and is ful]
of very minute feeds,

oblong,

It is common in garden -walks,
the ftones of fteps in old houfes,
May.

_ itis known at fight from the other, by being
in feparate {mall plants, not running into great
complex tufts.

Plot calls it Saxifraga Anglica alinefclia annua.
Plukenet, Aine Soxifraga Sraminifolia flofculis
tetrapetalis herbidis € mufcofiss but the flowers

and between
It flowers in

BRITISH

§ PoE C I Beast

are much more diftin@ than thofe of the other,
and whiter.

3- Thick-leaved Pearlwort,
AYfinella foliis craffis.

The root is compofed of numerous,
crooked, and very long fibres.

The leaves rife in a large tuft; and they are
oblong, but fomewhat broad, thick, fiefhy,
fharp-pointed, and of a bright green,

The ftalks are numerous, and very much
branched : they are an inch and half high, and
of a pale green.

The leaves on thefe are alfo fomewhat thick
and flefhy ; but they are fhort and broad, thouch
very fmall. ‘ a

The flowers grow at the tops of the ftalks, ang
their petals are broad, and tounded at the end,

The feed-veffel is roundifh, and full of minute
yellow feeds.

This was firft found in the north of England;
but it is common in many other places, paffing
unobferved among the others, though really 74
certainly a diftinét fpecies, Tt flowers in April:

Ray galls it Sexifraga kaminea pufilla Solis bre.
vioribus craffioribus & fucculentioribys. Tt was frft
obferved in Northumberland by Mr, Lawfon;

flendet,,

4. Slender, upright Pearlwort,
AYjinella ereéa flore majore,

The root is compofed of numerous fmall fibres,
The firft leaves are numerous, oblong, and

} fharp-pointed : they have no footftalks, and they

are of a beautiful green,

The ftalk rifes in the centre of thefe,-and js
round, upright, flender, and of a pale colour.

The leaves on the ftalk are like thofe from the
root, broadeft at the bafe, and Narrower to the
point: they ftand in pairs, and are placed at
confiderable diftances, fo that fpaces of the naked
glofly ftalks are feen: the whole plant is not more
than two or three inches high.

The flowers are large, and {now-white, and
one of them ftands on the top of every ftalk :
fometimes alfo there rife fhoots from the bofoms
of the leaves, each of which has on its top in the
fame manner a fingle flower.

The feed-veffel is roundi
ct aa dith, and full of very

It is frequent in dry paftures, and flowers early
in fpring: there is abundance of it ip Hyde-
park, where it makes a very pretty appear-
ance.

Ray calls it Ajfne tetrapetalos caryopbylloides
quibufdam bolofeum minimum, Dillenius, Ajfnella
Soliis caryophylleis. Magnol, Aine verna glabra.

The virtues of thefe little plants are! not fup-
ported upon the authority of experience, but very
confiderable ones are attributed to them,

They are faid to be powerful diuretics, and
good againft the gravel and ftone, taken in the
form of an exprefied juice, or ina ftrong infu-
fion. The opinion of diffolyents of the ftone is at
this time over; but, while it remained in credit,

and

THE BRITISH AER og

and the feveral kinds of /axifrages were fuppofed
to pofftfs it, thefe had their fhare in the cha-
racter,

5. Upright, ‘branched Pearlwort.
Alfinella ramofior ereéta.

The root is compofed of fmall and flendet
fibres, pe

The ftalks are numerous and flender 3 fome
of them lie upon the ground, but the greater
part are erect: they are round, flender, and of a
pale green. :

The leaves are very narrow and oblong: they
are placed two at each joint, and thofe joints are
at diftances on the ftalk,

From the bofom of almoft every leaf rifes a
hoot, which is afterwards branched out into
other divifions; fo that the whole plant is buthy,
and about four inches high,

The flowers are fmall and white: they ftand at
the tops of all the branches, and alfo on fingle
footftalks rifing from the bofoms of the leaves,

The feed-veflel is large, rounded, and com-
prefied ; and the feeds are large, and not nume-
yous.

It is common on heaths in many parts of the
kingdom, and flowers in June,

DIVISION ' I.

i. Tall, long-leaved Pearlwort.
Alfinella elatior foliis longioribus anguftis.

The root is long, flender, white, and furnifhed
with many fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, very flender, not
much branched, and fix inches high.

The leaves are placed in pairs, and at confi-
derable diftances, on the ftalk : they are long, and
very narrow, of a beautiful grafs-oreen, and
fharp-pointed.

The flowers are {mall and white: they ftand
at the tops of the ftalks, and of young fhoots that
rife from the bofoms of the leaves, and fome few
on long, flender footftalks, that rife immediately
from the bofoms of thofe leaves, whence there
are no other fhoots,

"The feed-veffél is round, and the feeds are
Very minute.

It is frequent on the mountains on the northern
parts of Europe, and flowers in July.

Ge shee N:

227

_Magnol calls it Polygonuin angippiffimo framinea
Selo ereéum, Ray, Alfino polygonoides tenutfolig
Slofculis ad longitud nem catlis velut in Seicam dif-

poitis.

6, Short, many-leaved Pearlwort,
Alfinella foliis brevikus numerofis,

The root is fender,

The ftalks are numerous,
four inches high: they are
not much branched,

The leaves ftand in pairs ;
ways many fhoots of young one
bofoms : they are thort,
a dufky green. . (

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks and
branches, and from the bofoms of the leaves alfo
there rife pedicles fuppotting feveral:
{mall, white, and quickly fade.

The feed-veffel {mall, and the fee
rous and minute,

flender, upright, and
of a pale green, ‘and

fomewhat broad, and of

they are

ds are nume-

We have it on wet ground in the Ile of Ely,

It flowers in July,

Ray calls it Afinaftrum gratiole folio,
Frequently the whole plant is red,

FOREIGN SPECIES,

C. Bauhine calls it Ane montana capillacto folio’,
and others borrow the fame name,

2. Large-flowered Pearlwort,
AYinella foliis majoribus flore aliquantulum majore;

The root is compofed of 4 few filaments:

The ftalks are numerous, erect, flender, and
very much branched : ‘they are of a pale green,
and their joints are at fall diftances,

The leaves ftand two at each joint,
are {mall, fhort, and narrow,

The flowers are larger than in moft of thefe
plants, but they are not very confiderable : they
are white, and are placed at the tops of the
branches, and on footttalks from the bofoms of
the leaves;

The feed-veffel is large, and the feeds are few,

It is frequent in Germany, and flowers in April.

Columna calls it Aifne ramofa glabra,

and they

US HI,

Ades fF p.
RADIOLA.

rpuE flower is compofed of four petals regularly difpofed : the feed-veffel is oval, and made

of eight valves ; it contains eight cells, and in each a fingle feed: the cup is formed of a fingle

piece, divided into numerous, flender fegments.

Linnzus makes this a fpecies of Jinum or flax, though it contradi& the who.
There is but. one known fpecies of it, and that is a native of Britain,

HE ee . : n!

le generical character,

Allfeed.

and hung with fibres;

but there are’al-
$ rifing from theiy -

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228

Th BRITISH HERBAL.

Allfeed.
Radiola.

The root is fmall, and furnifhed with many
fibres.

The ftalk is round, and divided into a vaft
multitude of branches. The whole pla:t is not
more than an inch high.

The leaves ftand in pairs, and they are of a
dufky green, fhort, and broad.

The flowers are very fmall, and white; and
they ftand in clufters at the tops of the branches,

The feed-veffels are large and brown ; and the
feeds minute. ‘

Jt is not uncommon on heaths, and flowers in

uly.

; Ray calls it Radiola vulgaris Jerpyliifolia. Qu.
thers, Hernaria minima.

ReaD aoe Beale abe aD ea oa ale eee es eh hy eae eee ee Deal Dea ee sD eae os Do es ele

ies Ose ree

ForEIGN GENERA.

Thofe of which there is no fpecies native of this country.

Ge Re 2 aN

ees If.

La ae) I,

BARRENWORT.

EPEMEDIU™M.

HE flower is formed of four petals, regularly difpofed: the feed-veffel is long, flender,

pointed at the end, and made of two valves, containing numerous feeds in a fingle cell:

the cup is compofed of four leaves, and falls with the flower.

Linnzeus places this among the tetrandria monog ynia ; the threads in the centre of the flower being
four, and the ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle,

Of this genus there is but one known fpecies.

Barrenwort.
Epimedium.

The root is flender and creeping, and is hung
about with numerous fibres.

The firft leaves ftand on long, flender, and
divided footftalks, and there are ufually three on
each divifion.

They are heart-fafhioned, deeply cut in at the
bafe, and thence fmaller to the extremity ; and
are very fharply ferrated round the edges.

The ftalk rifes among thefe, and is round,

firm, upright, not at all branched, and a foot —

high.

There ufually ftands one’ of thefe compound
leaves upon it, confifting of five fingle ones,
each on its own feparate footftalk ; and thefe are,

G E N
~~ PODDED

like thofe from the root, heart-fathioned, ferrated,
and pointed. : :

The flowers ftand at the top of the ftalk in a
kind of fpike, and each has its feparate, flender
footftalk: they are of a deep purple, with an
edge of yellow.

The feed-veffel is long and flender, and the
feeds are oblong and fmall.

It is a native of many of the northern parts of
Europe, and lives in the damp parts of foretts,

It flowers in Auguft. :

All authors call it Epimedium; the plant being
fo fingular that it needs no diftin@ive epithets.

It has been faid to be a native of this king-
dom, but not truly.

Its virtues are not certainly known.

U § II.
CUMMIN.

HYPECOUM.

A a flower is compofed of. four petals of unequal fize:
each into three parts’; and thefe ftand more outwards:
fmall, and divided flightly into three parts at the top; the

prefied and erect: the feed-veffel is long,
leaves, and falls with the fower.

Linnzus places this among the tetrandria digynia
four, and the ftyles from the rudiment of the fruit two.

two of thefe are larger, and divided
the other two ftand inwards, and aré
middle fegment being hollowed, com-

crooked, and jointed: the cup is compofed of two little

3 the threads in the centre of the flowet being

x. Common

Thes-Be Ral +?-L SH 4. A BAR BoA, bas

4, Common Podded Cummin. ©
Hypecoum vulgare.

The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with
many fibres.

The leaves that rife from it are large, and
beautifully divided into fegments : they are of
the. pinnated form, but each of the pinnae of
which they are compofed, is again divided into
fmaller parts; and they are deeply notched at the
edges: the whole leaf is of a pale bluifh or yel-
lowifh green; and its pedicle is often redifh.-to-
ward the ground. :

The ftalk is round, ridged, upright and of a
often it is flatted. Toward the lower
d@ ufually naked: higher up
ward the top it

pale colour :
part it is fimple, an
it has feveral leaves; and to
divides into branches.

The leaves on the ftalk are like thofe from the
root, only fmaller.

The flowers are mo'
bright yellow: they ftan
the extremities of the branches.

The feed-veffel is long, crooked, and jointed ;
and in each joint there is contained a fingle ob-
long feed. : s

I is common in the fouthern parts of Europe,
and flowers in July. ‘

C. Bauhine calls it fimply Hypecoum ; and moft
authors follow him. Others call it Hypecoum

— filiquis articulatis.

derately large, and of a
d on flender footftalks at

2. Podded Cummin with fmooth pods.
Eypecoum filiquis teretibus levibus,

The root is long, flend i i
enna oh gy fender, and furnifhed with

The firft leaves are lone

: g, narrow, and pinnated:

each is compofed of four, five, te a oes
pinnz: on a long middle rib, with an odd one at
the end; and they are all very deeply indented
aes ete lower ones down to the rib: the
colour of the whole leaf i een
ce is a frefh and beauti-

The ftalks are flender, ro ri
ten inches high, pe ATP oeuTER Toe

The leaves on them refemble thofe from the

root, but that they are fmaller and of a paler

colour, and are more deeply indented.
The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks.
and they are {mall and yellow. ‘
The feed-vefiel is a long pod, not jointed
as in ne common hypecoum, but {mooth: it #
requently a little Kk ;
pea y crooked, and always hangs
Thefeeds are numerous, oblong, and yellowifh.
It is frequent in many parts of Europe and
flowers in July. ‘

Dalefchamp calls it Cuminum fylvefre fliquatum; -

and others have foilowed him.

Gots MNP Ue Merekoagitg

‘
LUDWIGIA.

Gh lees flower is formed of four petals regularly difpofed: the feed-veffel is compofed of four
valves: the cup is divided into four long and narrow fegments, which appear between th¢

petals of the flow
Linnzus places t!

er, and remain when it is fallen.
his among the tetrandria monogynia ; the threads in the centre of the flower being,

four, and the ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle.

Alternate-leaved Ludwigia.
Ludwigia foliis anguftis alternis.

The root is compofed of numerous long fibres
rifing from a finall head.

The ftalk is round, firm, upright, ftriated, and
of a yellowith colour.
~ ‘The leaves are placed alternately upon it; and
they are long, narrow, and fharp-pointed ; and
have no footftalks. ae

The flowers grow toward the tops of the ftalks,
and of the branches rifing from the bofoms’ of
the upper leaves: they are placed fingly in the

bofoms of the leaves on thefe part
and are large and yellow. Lane
The feed-veffel is fquare and large: it is open
at the top, and it contains numerous {mall
feeds.
It is a native of Virginia, and flowers in July,
Plukenet, calls it Ly/imachia non papofa eng
Luteo majori filiqua caryophylloide Virginiana. Gr 9
novius calls it fimply, Ludwigia. Van Reyen,
Ludwigia capfulis fubrotundis. ‘

Its virtues are unknown.

mot pe! tye tg IV.
OLDENLANDITIA.

ee | SEIE, flower confifts of four pe
and coriaceous, and contains numerous
narrow fegments,

ftyle from the rpdiment of the fruit fingle.

N° 23.

tals regularly difpofed, and {pread open: the feed-veffél is round
fmall feeds in two cells: the cup is divided into four
and remains when the flower is fallen.
Linnaeus places this among the tetrandria monogynia 5

the threads in the flower being four, and the

‘Noa 1. Broade

eS ay Ae

230 The

BR 3-146 4h SEAR Beal

1. Broad-leaved Oldenlandia,
Oldenlandia foliis latioribus.

The root is compofed of a few fmall fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, weak, flender, and
in great part procumbent: they take root at the
joints as they lic, and by this means fpread the
plant abundantly,

The leaves are placed in pairs, and have fhort
footftalks : they are oblong, broad, and of a faint
green: they are largeft in the middle, pointed at
the ends, and not at all notched at the edges.

The flowers grow in the bofoms of the leaves:
they are placed on fhort footftalks, one flower on
each; and they are fmall and white.

The feed-veffel is large, and contains a number
of fmall, brown feeds.

It is frequent in North America in damp places.
Tt flowers in June. :

Plukenet calls it Aine aquatica major repens
Virginiana foliis acuminatis. Others, Oldenlandia
uniflora, from the flowers ftanding fingly on the
footftalks in this {pecies ; they fupporting more
in the others.

Ge q@B it

2. Narrow-leaved Oldenlandia. -

Oldenlandia anguftifolia.

The root is fmall, oblong, and furnifhed With
many fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, flender, round, firm,
upright, and branched : they are of a brownifh
colour, and brittle.

The leaves are placed in pairs, and have tufts
of young ones, or the rudiments of branches,
in their bofoms all the way up the ftalk: they:
aré long, narrow, and fharp-pointed; and are
of a dufky green.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and
of fhoots rifing from the bofoms of the upper
leaves, in clufters like little umbells; and they are
fmall.

The feed-veffel is large, and the feeds are nu-
merous and little,

Plukenet calls it Ly/imachie offinis faturie fulio
madera [patenfis capfilis in fumitate Sere umbellatis,
Others, Oldenlandia umbellata.

Its virtues are not known:

Us V.

AMMANIA.

HE flower confifts of four petals regularly difpofed, and inferted into the
is round, and contains four cells: the cup is hollow,

cup: the feed-veffel
ftriated, and quadrangular : it is divided

into eight fegments at the edge, and four of thefe are fhorter than the others, and are turned back
Linnzeus places this among the setrandria monogynia; the threads in the centre of the flower being
four, and the ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle. ig

Narrow-leaved Ammania,
Aminania foliis anguptis.

The root is long, flender, divided, and fur-
nifhed with numerous fibres.

The ftalk is round, upright, firm, and ex-
tremely branched: it is of a redifh colour, and
tough and its branches are extremely long and
flender.

~The leaves are placed in ‘pairs, and they are
oblong, very narrow, fharp-pointed, and with-
out footftalks.

The flowers are placed in clufters in the bofoms

Gab,

N: =: Daan

of the leaves; and they are fmall, and of a
bright yellow : the plant when in flower makes
a beautiful appearance ; for it is covered at the
Joints from the root to the very top.

The feed-veffels are round and fmall; and .the
feeds are minute and numerous.

It is a native of the Eaft Indies, and flowers
in June. :

Plukenet calls it Anonymos linarie folio orien.
talis Gallii. lute: flore:herba capfularis verticillata,

Its virtues are unknown,

VI.

WiA IER CALTROP,

TRAP YZ,

HE flower confifts of four petals regularly difpofed: the feed-veffel-is of an ob]

very hard, and contains only a fingle cell ; and it is armed with four fharp th "
made of a fingle piece divided into four narrow fegments:: peice
become the thorns of the feed-veffel.
Linnzus places this.among the tetrandria MmOnOg nia 5
four, and the ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle
This author has taken away its common name ¢ribulys aquatica, and calls it 7 :
proper, becaufe another-plant.of a very different genus is called eae terreftri oe i
the name ¢rapa; keeping with it the Englith received name water caltrop, 4

the fegments hardening,

Of this genus there is but one known fpecies.

ig oval form,
i S$: the cup is
it remains after the flower is fallen; and

the threads in the centre of the flower being

this is very
We have retained

The

CLLR TTS Hirano

SSS

The Water Caltrop.
Trapa,

The root is very long,
a multitude of fibres.

The leaves are numerous, and each is fup-
ported on a long, flender footftalk : they are
broad, fhort; and in figure half round ; being

_ flat where they join the ftalk, and rounded each

way from thence: they are of a flefhy fubftance
and of a dead green.

The footftalks are round, fmooth, light, and
hollow.

The flowers rife among the leaves, and are

flender, and hung with

fupported each on a fingle, naked footftalk,’
nearly as long as thofe of the leaves: they are !

large and white.

231
; The feed-veffel is large, and extremely hard:
ic is armed with four very ftrong and fharp
Prickles, and contains only one feed. The ker-
nel is very fweet: it has the tafte of a cheft-
nut. ;

Tt is frequent in the warmer

; parts of Euro

and in the Eaft, and will live in the falt, as balk
as frefh, water,

All the writers call it Tribulus aquaticus, or -
Trapa. ; ' ;

~ The fruit is pleafant and nourifhing. It is eaten
in feme places as a delicacy, and in others as a
neceflary feed; being ground to a kind of flour
and made into bread.

The' EN D of the FOURTEENTH CLASS,

THE

BRETPITS H. HER BA

he Sh Ne Ora te Nhe Ns Ns Ns Sg SM Ss oA oe
Te A Ne AN AR Ae ONAN ASS ARAN AS OS

GL AS SX;

Plants whofe flower is compofed of FOUR PETALS regularly difpofed, in
form of acrofs, and whofe feeds are contained in @ REGULAR POD, of

a long and fender shape.

happily united among themfelves, that moft of the botanical writers have kept them to-
gether, and in a diftinét clafs.

Ray calls them erbe tetrapetale filiquofe ; and Tournefort, herbe flore polypetalo cruciformi. Linnzus
diftinguifhes them by the name of tetradynamia, the threads in the flower being ufually fix, and of
thefe, four being always longer than the reft: thefe four he efteems more efficacious in the foecundation
of the feeds; and thence has named the clafs. ;

This author places in the fame clafs thofe genera which have fhort, and thofe which have long
pods, only diftinguifhing them as belonging to two feGtions. Mr. Ray has done this etale
him, and fo have many others : but the diftin@tion between the feveral genera is fo plain, and
fo well obferved by nature, that they demand in a juft method to be arranged under two difting:
claffes. ; :

The very authors who place them together, always feparate them by a fubdivifion ; and they are
diftinguifhed by eftablithed titles univerfally received, and univerfally underftood ; thofe which have
long pods being called herbe filiquofe, and thofe which have fhort ones, berbe filiculofe.

We are unhappy in the Englith language in a dearth of fcientifick terms: we have no names or
words that diftinétly convey the fenfe of fliqua and filicula, on which this feparation is founded ; we
only call them long pods and little pods; but the term /ilicwla is not in this cafe fimply a Bin
tive; for the fhort pod differs in form as well as fize from the other.

There is an antiquated word, fbale, ufed by fome authors of credit, and adopted by our dictio-
naries, for a hufk, or covering of feeds: we fhall, in this want of terms for diftinction, appropriate
it to the fhort feed-veffel, called in Latin Silicula, and call the other only a pod. ae

ae pene Se words to afcertain our meaning in each article, we fhall follow the fteps
of nature in the divifion of thefe plants, making thofe wi i i
Hes fise ee ° g with pods, /ilique, conftitute one clafs; and

; T's plants of this clafs are fo effentially and obvioufly diftinguifhed from all others, and fo

SERIES

Common Peaartwore

| Upright Breuched
Verve Leite Spartwort:
Fvurtwort

(ht : 4 \ \ E€

y ae) S

Ph dded oe Wie
ae | Sook pots
COMMON Progieit

sry .
i CLIPUIRCPL
A54

\
VirronwLeavil - ( : “ ¢
, LroadiLeavd Cldenlarnidiz ee ; a % : : & >
ee Hidenlanua : Narrow Lew a Amini of
" ‘ oe Seago Go!
r ‘ | TV he Caltro
tMiernile Lei . ‘ ; Nhe Wailer Ta |

a
pee
Sep Sa

eee Paes
ator
ae

The (BRU iT; ESsH; $iBeReB AL. 233

hoary Oyamgs Seite [Real Da.

Natives of BRITAIN.

Thofe of which one or more fpecies are naturally found wild in this gountry,
dl GecEPaN OCU S$

WALLELOWER,
Ee Be C-O:1-0 M,

iy pate flower is compofed of four large petals: the pod is long, flender, flatted, formed of two
valves, containing two cells, and terminated by a ftyle, which is fplit at the top: the cup is
eompofed of four long, narrow leaves, and falls with the flower : the feeds are oval and flatted.

Linnaus places this, with the reft of the /liguo/e plants, among the ¢etradynamia filiquofa: but he
abolifhes its received name /eucoium, calling it cheiranthus.

There is one fingular plant of this genus, the pod of which, inftead of terminating in two, has
three points. Many have of late made of this a particular genus, under the name of gakenia; but
Linnzus much more juftly refers it to the reft, not allowing this alone a fufficient diftin€tion for a

new genus.

The botanifts of late time have accounted it an honour to conftitute new genera ; and have there-
fore fought the moft trivial marks for a diftinétion, which ought to be founded only on the greateft

and moft obvious.

The Arabians call the common yellow waljfower, cheiri ; but it is wrong from that to derive the

name cheiranthus for the whole genus,

DEVS LON: 31

1. Common Wallflower.
Leucoium luteum vulgare.

The root is divided into a number of long,
{traggling parts, each: furnifhed with numerous
fibres. * ;

The ftalk is round, firm, upright, hard, and
very much branched.

The leaves are long, narrow, and of a frefh,
green; they have no footftalks ; they adhere by
the bafe, and they are undivided at the edges.

The flowers grow ina kind of fpikes at the
top of the ftalks and branches; and they are
large, yellow, and {weet fcented.

The pods are long, flender, and whitifh: the
‘feeds are flatted and fmall.

It is common on old walls, and in fome places
on rocks; and has thence, for its beauty and fra-
grance, been introduced into gardens, where the
flower, and indeed the whole plant, grow much
larger than in the wild ftate.

C. Bauhine calls it Leucoinm luteum vulgare ;'

and mott others follow him.

When carefully cultivated the flower ‘gets
ftreaks of aredifh or deep orange colour; and at
other times it is rendered large and full of leaves :
thefe are the Dloody wall and the double wall of our
gardeners.

It were well if we could accufe none above the
rank of gardeners with raifing thefe varieties into
the imaginary place of fpecies; or if thefe were
all fo treated. We fee more of them, and in
confiderable writers.

C. Bauhine defcribes, 1. one with ferrated

Jeaves; 2. one with great flowers; 3. a great, |

N° XXIV,

BRITISH SPECIES,

double; and, 4. a leffer, double wal/fower: thefe
are all varieties owing to culture; and thus of
one plant are made five. :

2. Sea Wallflower.
Leucoium maritimum filiquis tricufpidatis.

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
| a few fibres,

The ftalks are numerous, weak, and branched;
they ftand but irregularly upright, and they are
of a pale colour, and a little hairy. ;

The leaves ftand irregularly, and are long,
narrow, and deeply indented at the edges: they —
grow without footftalks, and are fomewhat hairy,
and their colour is a pale whitifh green.

The flowers ftand at tLe tops of the ftalks and
branches; and they are large and white.

The feed-veffels are long, fomewhat’ thicker
than in the common kind, and hairy; but what
is very fingular in them is, that each terminates
in three points, inftead of the two of the com,
mon kind,

The feeds are fmall, oval, and flatted.

It is found on the coafts of Wales and Corn-
wal; and flowers in July, ~
C. Bauhine calls it Leucoinm maritimum finuate
folio. , ;

We have this in fome gardens in its natural
condition; and we fee it in others raifed to 4
greater fize, and into varieties, called diftingt fpe-
cies by fome, from culture,

What we call ftock Julyfowers are of the fame

genus with wallfowers, differing only as fpecies,
thengh the diftin@tion be very evident,

O99 Thefe

234 The

BRIT 18 H H'E RB ATL,

Thefe two plants are the only natives of our
country ; the firft is the mother plant of all that
variety of walls in our gardens; and the latter
of fome of the /focks: thus our people abbre-
viate the proper expreffions of the kinds. The
latter is plainly of the ftock Julyflower, or, as
it is vulgarly exprefled, the tock kind,

Great virtues have been attributed to the /ez-

DIVISION. IL

1. Square-podded Wallflower.

Leucoium filiquis quadratis.

The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with
numerous fibres.

The firft leaves rife in a large tuft, and are
long, narrow, of a faint green, and without
foorftalks.

The ftalk is firm, upright, fingle, and fearce
at all branched, and is of a-pale colour, and a
foot and half high. :

The leaves are numerous; they are long, nar-
row, hojlowed, and have ufually a dented edge:
they are fharp-pointed, undivided at the edges,
and of a pale green.

The flowers are yellow and fragrant, like thofe
of the common wallflower, but {maller.

The feed veffels are fquare, and the feeds are
rounded and flat.

It is frequent on barren grounds in France and
Italy ; and flowers early in fummer.

C. Bauhine calls it Leucoium luteum fylveftre
angufiifolium. Others, Leuccium fylveftre. Our
gardeners, the Upright wallflower.

2. Common Stock Julyflower.
Leucoium incanum vulgare.

The root is large and fpreading.

The ftalk, or, as it may be better termed, the
main ftem, is round, thick, white, naked for a
confiderable height, and from thence upwards
divided into numerous branches, and crowded
with leaves. The plant grows to two feet or more
in height, and has the afpeét of a little fhrub,

The leaves ftand irregularly on it: they are
numerous, long, narrow, and hoary ; of a pale

greyith green, foft to the touch, not at all’

divided at the edges, and blunt at the points,
The flowers ftand in a kind of {pike at the tops
of the ftalks, and are large and handfome: their
natural colour is a-deep purple, and they are
fometimes white.
The feed-veffel is flatted, and as it were cut
off at the top: the feeds are {mall and flatted.
It is a native of Spain, and thence brought
into our gardens, where, in this natural ftate, it
is called the flock Fulyfower, or fingle frock. Cul-
ture doubles ftripes, and enlarges the flowers ;
iand in thefe feveral appearances it is defcribed by
fome, too attentive to frivolous diftinGtions, un-
_der the names of fo many diftin& fpecies..
As the common Englifh wallflower is the origin
- of all the wal/s of our gardens, this Spanith kind
is the fource from whence induftrious art has
produced all the double, and otherwife varied
hacks.
é 4

coium; but they are at prefent not much re.
garded. ‘The flowers are celebrated againft dif-
orders of the head and nerves, and not without
fome foundation in truth. <A conferve of them
is the beft method of taking them.

The tops of the plant are faid to be promoters
of the menfes ; and the feeds have been recom-
mended in paralitick cafes. The common wig
wallflower is bett. s

REEGNSDSPECIES.

C. Bauhine calls this Leucoium incang folie
hortenfe. Wobel, Viola alba.

3. Little Stock with dentated leaves,

Leucoium minus dentatis foliis.

The root is compofed of a few fibres.

The ftalk is flender, upright, of a whitith co-
lour, and a foot high.

The leaves are numerous, and placed irregu-
larly: they are long, narrow, and of a greyifh

colour, hoary, and foft; and they are dentated

at the edges. :

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks in
a kind of loofe fpikes; and they are fmall, and
of a pale purple.

The feed-veffels are long, rounded, and fharp
at the point.

The feeds are oval and flat.

It is a native of the coaft of Spain, and flowers
in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Leucoium incanum minus.

4. Narrow-leaved fea Stock.
Leucoium maritimum foliis anguftis.
The root is large and {preading.

The ftalk is thick, upright, and bufhy; naked
toward the lower part, but upwards covered with

leaves: its colour isa greyifh white, and its fub-

ftance firm.

The leaves ftand irregularly ; and they. are
narrow, oblong, and fomewhat finuated at the
edges: they are foft to the touch, and their co.
lour is a faint green, with a tinge of bluifh, or
greyith, :

The flowers are large, and of a deep unpleaf-
ing purple: they ftand in a kind of loofe fpike
at the tops of the ftalks, and have very fhort
footftalks ; the petals are placed regularly, but
they are ufually undulated ac the edges,

The feed-veflels are long and large ; and the
feeds are large and roundifh,

It is common about the coafts of Italy, and
fometimes is feen far from the fea, both there
and in other warmer parts of Europe.

C. Bauhine calls it Lewcoium maritimum angufi-

folium, Boccone, Leuccium minus lavendule
folio obfoleto fiore. The flowers fometimes are
white.

5. Small fea Stock,
Leucoium purpureum maritimum mings.
The root is long and thick, and is furnithed
with many fibres,
The leaves that rife firft from it are in a thick
sft:

Cater

The. BRENT SA Hem AT

235

tuft: they are long, narrow, of a pale greyifh
green, and foft to the touch: they have no foot-

ftalks: they are fharp-pointed; and they have

each one or two indentings at the edge.

The ftalks rife in the centre of this tuft, and |

are round, weak, and divided into many branches :
they are fix or eight inches high, and their co-
lour is a pale green. ;

The leaves ftand alternately, and refemble
thofe from the root : they are long and narrow,
and have ufually a fingle indenting.

@ ombaoN

The flowers ftand at the tops, and are fimatl,
and of a pleafing colour, -a faint purple.

The feed-veffels are long and knotty, er as it
were jointed.

The feeds are oval and very fmall},

It is a native of the Spanifh, fea-coaft, and
flowers in April,

C.Bauhine calls ic Leucoium maritimum minis
mum. Tournefort Leucoiym yernum foliis eruce.

U8 27: apy;

DAMES VIOLET,
HES PERES,

HE flower is formed of four petals regularly difpofed, and terminated by narrow bafes;

the cup is compofed of four narrow-pointed leaves gaping below ; two of which are large at the

bafe ; and it falls with the flower: the feed-veflel is long, flender, compreffed, ftriated, and often

crooked, or twifted, and fingly pointed ; and the feeds are oval and compreffed.

Linnzus places this among the ¢etradynamia filiquofa, the threads in the flower being fix, four

of which are longer than the others; and the feed-veffel a long pod. :

The Englith name of this genus being much difufed, it will be enough for the fludent to know

there is-fuch a one, and more convenient to ufe the Latin, be/peris. : ; bai:

DIVISIO NY,

1. Wild Hefperis,
Hefperis vulgaris.

The root is compofed of many thick fibres.

The firft leaves are very numerous, long, nar-
row, and of a dufky green: they are fharp-
pointed, fomewhat indented at the edges, and
have fhort footflalks,

The ftalk is fingle, upright, firm, and not at
all branched, unlefs when luxuriant in the growth,‘
and then only toward the top.

The leaves are large and oblong: they are of a
deep dufky green, and are broadeft at the bafe,
fharp-pointed, and dented at the edges: thofe to-
ward the top of the plant have no footftalks ; and
thofe on the lower part have fhort ones.

The flowers are large and beautiful: they
are of a purplifh colour, fometimes very faint,
fometimes deeper, and fometimes altogether white.

The feed-veffels are flender and flatted, and
often twifted; and the feeds are oval and fmall.

It is a native of our northern counties, Cum-
berland and Weftmoreland ; and flowers in May,

C. Bauhine calls it He/peris fylveftris inodora
and moft defcribe it under the name of He/peris
hortenfis: for there is no fpecifick difference in
the two plants. In our gardens, by the affiftance
of culture, the flowers become larger, ftriped,
and doubled. Our gardeners, not very nice or
careful about names, call it vocket ; and in thefe
appearances the Striped rocket, and Double rocket,

2. Jack by the hedge,
Hefperis allium redolens.

The root is long, whitith, irregularly con-
torted, and divided into feveral parts.

BRIDE FS Hos PEO PRS

The firft leaves are roundith, but indented for
the ftalk, and flightly nicked: at the edges: they
rife in a clufter, fix or eight together, and have
long, flender foorftalks. :

The ftalk is round, firm, upright, of a yel-
lowifh green, f{carce at all branched, and three
feet hight. :

The leaves are broad, fhort, and heart-fafhioned.

The flowers grow at the tops of the ftalks,
and are much lefs than thofe of the preceding,
and of a lovely milk white.

The feed-veffel is long and fender; and the
feeds are brown,

It is common under hedges, and flowers in
May. i ;
Ray calls it Hefperis allium redolens. Mott
others, Ailiaria, from its flavour of garlick in
the tafte, and lightly in the fmell,

Linnzus feparates this from the e/peris kind,
and makes it a fpecies of ery/imum, The diffe-
rence is not very effential ; and, as the plant is
known by this name, we have preferred keeping
it in this place, :

The garden hefperis, which does not differ from
the ‘firft of thefe wild ones, otherwife than by
culture, is highly celebrated in Germany -as 4

wound herb. :

The commen alliaria, \att defcribed, is eaten by ©
our country people with their bread and butter,
and is very wholefome,

Its juice, taken a fpoonful ata time, is excel-
lent againft obftructions of the vifcera: it works
by urine. In fome places it is a conftang ingres
dient in clyfters, i

DIV

"236

The BARAT 1S AH} HE RB ACL:

De-V 1.5.2 ON Vali,

1, Hairy Hefperis.
Hefperis caule birfuto.

The root is compofed of numerous, thick
fibres.

The firft leaves rife in a large tuft, and are ob-
long, broad, and of a dufky colour.

The ftalks are round, not very firm, hairy,
fometimes full of branches, at others quite fimple,
and a foot and a half high.

The leaves ftand alternately on thefe; and are
large, oblong, and of a dufky green: they are
broad at the bafe, and narrower all the way to
the point, and fometimes a little waved at the
edges : the lower ones have fhort foot{talks, the
upper none.
~The flowers ftand at the top in confiderable
number; and they are large, but naturally of a
dead colour: they vary in this, fometimes being
fimply redifh, fometimes white, but oftener of a
dufky hue, with purple veins.

The feed-veffel is long, and often twifted: the
feeds are large.

It is a native of Hungary, and flowers in May.

C. Bauhine calls it He/peris montana pallida odo-
ratiffima, Others, He/peris Panonica, and Hefpe-
ris obfoleto flore.

‘The flower has great fragrance in an evening,
but none in the day ; whence the name.

2. Small heart-leaved Hefperis.
Hefperis humilia foliis cordatis.
The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with

a few fibres.
The firit leaves rife in a thick tuft, without

footftalks: they are fhort, broad, of a bluith

green, fharply ferrated, and fharp-pointed.

The ftalks rife feveral together in the centre
of this taft, and are round, flender, of a pale
green, and a little branched.

They have feveral leaves on the lower part,
but are naked thence to the top.

Gian iit

Nat eS

F:O R Eel ‘GN! S (PeE'@) ESS}

Thefe leaves are broad and fhort, and furround
the ftalk by a wide bafe, fo that they have a
heartlike appearance : they are of the fame bluith
green, and are indented in the manner of others,

The flowers ftand in a little tuft at the top of
the ftalk ; and are large, and of a beautiful co-
lour, a purplifh or bluifh, fometimes paler, and
fometimes deeper. i

The feed-vefiels are large, flender, and pointed,
and the feeds are large.

It is common on the fea-coafts of France.

C. Bauhine calls it Leucoium maritimum latifo
lium, and moft follow him ; but it is properly a
hefperis, the pods having nothing of that fingu-
larly divided top, that mark thofe of the others.

Leucoium has been a name given much at rans
dom by the old writers to plants of very diffe-
rent genera. The proper characters were not fo
eafily eftablifhed as to obviate this kind of con-
fufion.

3. Melancholy Hefperis.
Hefperis filiquis articulatis,

The root is long, divided, and furnifhed with
numerous fibres.

The firft leaves are long, large, and of a dufky
green colour :, they lie fpread upon the ground,
and they have fhort footftalks, and are deeply and
irregularly finuated at the edges.

The ftalk is round, upright, firm, and a foot
and half high ; but at the top it ufually drops,

The leaves are placed irregularly on it, and
are oblong and broad at the .bafe: they are
dented along the edges, and fharp at the point.

The flowers are large, and of a deep purple;
they ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and are fra.
grant in an evening.

The pods are waved, or as it were jointed;
the feeds are large.

At is a native of the Eaft, and flowers in June.

C.Bauhine callsit He/peris peregrina filiquis arti-
culatis. Others, Hefperis Syriaca.

VII.

ROC] Kipnap
ERUCA

HE flower is compofed of four fhort petals, with very {mall bates :
little, narrow, coloured leaves, and falls with the flower :
and crooked, and is divided into two cells by a membrane,

valves of which the pod is formed.

the cup is formed of four
the pod is long, of a roundith fhape,
which is fomewhat longer than the two

Linnzus places this among the ¢etradynamia filiquo/a + G : ; :
P Ss y) JSiliquofa; the threads ineach flower being fix, of which

four are fomewhat longer than the other two, and the feed-veffel
He joins this and the /i/ymbrium under one common charater,

determinate name eruca or rocket, and callin
others among the cabbages, braffice.

This tends to create confufion; for both kinds have ver
are fmall. Thefe genera approach very nearly to one anoth
tals, thofe of eruca or rocket being fhort, and thofe of the Jb

a regular pod.
taking away the eftablithed and more

g moft of thefe plants fpecies of water-cre/s : he places

y numerous fpecies, and the diftinétions
er; but they have a difference in the pe-
ymbrium longer.

DIVTI-

ie BL y
Comimean

gee
n slook

Commo

i
Tt. aH

; 1 all Llower, uly Flower:
<
rE TR Dohee
Small Sea Stache. :
ers ye e Varron Lavi te X\
tty ee / ‘ yee
LETT. alee Seeks Wile Heap
Se ) Marry Hegperts oe Melancholy
eae oe: OE :
Sack by the Hedge. ) >

The. BR ITH StH HER R B AT,

DIVISION L

tt Common Wild Rocket.
Eruca fylvefris vulgatior.

The root is long and. thick, and is furnifhed
with many fibres,

The firft leaves rife in a large tuft, and are
long and beautifully divided: they have fhort
footftalks: their colour is a pale green, and their
divifion is fo deep, and into fuch regular feg-
ments, that they refemble pinnated leaves.

The ftalks are numerous,.and of a pale green:
they are divided into branches, and ufually lean ;
efpecially toward the root.

~The leaves ftand irregularly on them, and are
like thofe which grow immediately from the root,
large, long, and. deeply divided into fegments,
fo that they appear pinnated.

The flowers are yellow, and they ftand in a
kind of {pikes at the tops of the ftalks.

The pods are long and flender, and the feeds
fmall and brown.

The whole plant has'a difagreeable fmell.

It is frequent on old walls, and among rubbifh
in many parts of England. It flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Eruca major lutea caule afpero.
Others, Eruca fylvefris.

2. Little, wild Rocket.

Eruca fylveftris minima.

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
many fibres.

~The firft leaves rife in atuft, and fpread them-
felves every way upon the ground: they are long,
narrow, and deeply divided at the edges into nu-
merous fegments, fo. that they refemble the pin-
nated kind.

The ftalks are numerous, round, upright, flen-
der, very little branched, and eight inches high.

The leaves ftand irregularly on them, and are
long, narrow, and deeply divided, as the others,
into the pinnated form, but with fmaller feg-
ments. ;

The flowers are {mall and yellow: they ftand
in little tufts at the tops of the ftalks, and are
fucceeded by long, flender pods.

The feeds are fmall and brown. 2

It is found in our northern counties, as alfo in
the Ifle of Man. It flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Eruca fylvefris minor lutea
burfe paftoris folio, Ray, Eruca monenfis laciniata
lutea.

3. Water-Rocket.]

Eruca aquatica,

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
numerous fibres.

The firft leaves are long and beautiful; each
is compofed of five or fix pair of pinne or fmall
leaves joined toa middle rib, with an odd one at
the end: they are of a yellowifh green, and of a
tender fubftance.

The ftalks are numerous, weak, and branched:
they are a foot and ahalf high, but not very
erect.

N° 24.

237

BRITIDSH SPECIES,

The leaves are placed irregularly on them, and
are of the fame form with thofe from the root,
the feveral pina or fmaller leaves being jagged
alfo in two or three places,

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks and
branches, and are {mall and yellow: the pods are
flender, and but moderately long.

The feeds are fmall and brown.

It is common by rivers, and about the edges
of fhallow ponds. ‘It flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Eruca Lylveftris minor luteo
Store. The generality of writers, from its place
of growth, not common to the other, Eyuca
aquatica.

4. Common Winter-Crefs,

Eruca glabra flore minore barbarea diffa.

The root is long and thick, and has a few
fibres.

The firft leaves rife in a tuft, and have a very
pretty appearance: they are long, large, and of
a very deep, but glofly green: they are divided,
fomewhat in the pinnated manner, into two pairs
of fegments, and a large, broad part at the end.

The ftalk is upright, firm, ftriated, and two
feet high. :

The leaves ftand thick upon it, and are like
thofe from the root in fhape and colour.

The flowers are {mall and yellow : they ftand
in a thick tuft at the tops of the ftalks and
branches, and are followed by longifh, flender
pods.

The feeds are numerous. {mall, and brown.

It is common every where by hedges, efpe-
cially where the ground is fomewhat damp. It
flowers in April,

C. Bauhine calls it Eruca lutea, feu barbarea,
Others, Nafturtium hybernum, :

5. Early Winter-Crefs.

Barbara precox foliis freqaentius finuatis:

The root is long, flender, white, and full of
fibres. ‘

The firft leaves are fmall, and ftand ina thick
little tuft: they are compofed each, as it were, of
three pair of pinnz, and a great rounded leaf at
the end; but the divifions do not reach to the
rib, and they are only parts of an entire leaf thus
divided into fegments.

The ftalk is round, flender, yellow, and a foot
high.

The leaves are placed irregularly on it, and are
few: they are deeply divided into feveral pairs of
fegments, with an odd Jeaf at the end of each,
and are of a yellowifh colour: their principal dif-
ference from thofe of the common kind, is in the
frequency of this divifion. se ad

The flowers are fmall and yellow, and the pods
are {mall and flender.

It is common on ditch-banks, and flowers in
April, a week or fortnight before the common
kind.

It might feem only a variety of that; but ex-

Ppp perience ~

238

The BRITISH HERBAL.

perience fhews they rife diftinétly from the fepa-
rate feeds.

Ray.calls this Bardarea foliis minoribus et fre-
quentius finuatis. . Others, Barbarea precox.

Ray feparates thefe three laft plants from the
two firft, under the title of eruca fouria ; but as
the principal diftinétion he gives is in the tafte,
there was no occafion to treat of them diftinétly.
He alfo very properly adds to them the plant
called hedge-muftard, though commonly joined to
the ery/imums, to which it is lefs like in the pod.

6. Hedge-Muftard.
Eruca fyluefris eryimum vulgare diffa.

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
many fibres.

The firft leaves are large, numerous, and of a
faint, but pale green: they are very deeply divided,
in refemblance of the pinnated form, and are cut
and jagged alfo on the edges of the fegments.

The ftalk is round, firm, upright, very much
branched, of a pale green, very tough, and a
foot and half high.

DIVISION

1. Garden-Rocket.
Eruca fativa.

We have often had occafion to complain of the
improper names given by our Englifh gardeners
to the plants brought into their care for their ufe
or beauty. Inthe prefent plant we have a fingu-
Jar inftance: they know it little, and, when
they have any acquaintance with it, *tis under the
name of racket. This is only a depraved way of
fpeaking the proper word; but that they ufe as
the name of a plant altogether different, as we
have fhewn already, The common befperis, or
dames violet, is what they call rocket.

The true garden rocket, here to be defcribed,
is a tall plant, of irregular growth, and no great
beauty : it got-its place in gardens not as a
flower, but ufeful plant.

Gin K.iog Nea Us

The leaves are placed irregularly on it, and
refemble thofe. from the root, being deeply’ di-
vided, in refemblance of the pinnated form, and
the fegments again notched at their. edges,

The flowers are fmall and yellow: they ftand
in little tufts at the tops of the branches, and are
but of fhort duration,

The pods are very flender, and ftick clofe to the
ftalks,

The feeds are {mall and brown.

It is common on dry ‘banks, and flowers in

July.

C. Bauhine calls it. Zxyfimum vulgare. Ray,
Eruca hirfuta filiqua caule appreffa

eryfimum
aifia. ;

This {pecies of racket is celebrated againft dit.
eafes of the lungs. The juice is excellent in
afthmas, and a fyrup made of it in all oppref-
fions and ftuffings up of the breaft, as alfo againit
inyeterate coughs, ‘The other fpecies are of the
nature of the garden-rocket, celebrated as a pro-
vocative to venery 5 but their virtues are inferior
to thofe of this cultivated kind,

FOREIGN SPECIES,

The root is long, flender, hard, and furnifhed
with many fibres: the firft leaves are numerous,
long, and irregularly divided in the pinnated
manner, with a great, odd fegment at the end.

The ftalks are numerous, round, upright, and
a yard high. ‘ape

The leaves on them ftand irregularly, and re-
femble thofe from the root, but that they are more
deeply divided.

The flowers ftand in a loofe fpike, at the top
of the ftalks, and are of a faint, yellowith hue,
ftreaked with black.

The feed-veffels are long and thick.

It is a native of Italy, and flowers. in Augut,

C, Bauhine calls ic Eruca, latifolia Sativa alba
Diofcoridis, Others, Eruca Sativa, Eruca hor-
tenfis, and Eruca Romana.

VIL.

CiA BOB A G E,

BRASSICAZ.

gs flower is compofed, of. four. petals, of an oval form, undivided, regularly opening in 4
» crofs-like form, asin the.reft of this,clafs, and with flender bottoms: the cup is compofed oF four

greenifh leaves, and falls with the flower: the feed-veffel is long,

rounded, but deprefiéd each way,

and is parted into. two, cells by a membrane, which, is longer than its two fides: the feeds are round:
_ and the leaves are large and flefhy, and, ofa bluith green. ‘

Linnzus places this among the tetradynamia filiquofa; the flower having fix threads, four of which
are longer, and.two fhorter, and the feed-veffel being a regular pod.

He confounds, together, this and the tursip under one common. name,

making, the. ¢urnip

rape, and aavew, fpecies of cabbage: but in. this, as other the like inftances, his. attachment to

the fmaller parts of the Aower leads him to do. violence to nature.

The turnip and cabbage, though

they agree in many things, differ in others: the cup of the turnip is opener than that of the cab-
bakes and, yellow ; whereas that of the cabbage is green. The leaves alfo differ, and the root in many
inftances in all the whole external face of the plant. This, however he has difregarded, it, ought

to be taken notice of in all diftin@ions.

The rape, navew, and turnip, are indeed all evidently of,

the fame ings as we fhall thew ; but they conftitute a genus quite diftinct from the cabbage.

D.Aevit-

DV 1S 400-Ne. &

y. Sea2Cabbage.
* Braffica inavitima.

The root is long, thick, divided into many |
parts, and furnifhed with long fibres,

‘The firft leaves ate large, long, and: rounded
at the ends; “and they quickly fade.

The ftalkris thick, fpungy, and of a pale |
greyith colour, rough on the furface, and often
‘decorated from the bottom with young fprouts.

At the heightof a foot or two above the ground,
burft out the principal leaves: they are very large,
long, thick, broad, divided irregularly into a
number of rounded fegments at the edges, and
terminated by a great, round part at the end:
they are of a greyifh or bluifh green colour, and
of a very thick fubftance ; and, in the wild ftate,
the veins are ufually purple.

The main ftalk, from the fame part wheré
the leaves rife, fends out many branches: thefe
are flender, round, greyifh, and ufually coveftd
with a dufty fubftance. :

The leaves on thefe are oblong, but lefs divi-
ded than the others.

The flowers ave corifiderably latee, and yellow :
the pods are long and thick, and the feéds aré
large, round, and of a deép purplith brown.

Ic is frequent about our fea-coafts, and flowers

The BRITISH HERR BAL

BRAT Is 4

in July. In gardens it grows to a vaft height
and bignefs.

DIVISION UH.

Garden-Cabbage.
Brafica fativa vulgaris:

- We are not to confider in the defcription of this
plant the cabbage in its form for the kitchén, that
being no more than a convolution of its: leaves
over one another; but, confidering the herb in
the fame Jight with others, as confifting, when
perfect, of root, ftalk, leaves, and flowers, and
feeds, it is fo to be defcribed, as a cabbage-plant
gone to feed. ‘

The root is compofed of a multitude of crooked
fibres, conneéted to.an oblong body.

The main ftem is round, thick, rough, and of
a whitifh. colour: this is of a middle nature be-
tween a ftalk and a root: it is not hard:as a ftalk,
but tender as a root, and may be properly enough
called a part of the root rifing above the
ground.

The leaves ftand in aclufter at the top of this,
and are very large, and of a bluifh green: they
are rounded at the extremity : they have fome di-
vifions toward the bafe when they grow freely,
and they are of a very thick and flefhy fub-
ftance.

The. ftalk rifes in the center of thefe,. and is
round,. upright,, branched, and four feet high.

The. leaves-on this. are oblong, and-blunt at the
end,.of the fame flefhy fubftance; and’of the-fame

pale green with-the others,

ne eg

SPEC £'s,

_ Motifon talls it Brifica’wiapininya arborea, fest
procerier ramofa. Others only, Braffica mavitina.
’ Linnus ‘makes it the fame fpecies with the
common cabbage’, but this is one of thofe inftances
in which he has reduced the number at the ex-
pence of Nature’s diftin&tions,

2. Perfoliate Cabbage.
Brafica fjlveftris perfoliata flere albe,
The root is long, fender, white,
with a few fibres.
The firft leaves are lar. e, broad lone a
divided, and of a bluith ae, ie PEEL ge
The ftalk is rouiid, firm, upright, very much
branched, and two feet and a half high.

. Tite leaves ftand alternately on it, and at con-
fiderable diftances : they are broad and oblong.
of a fhape fomewhat inclining to heart=fafhioned
and they furround the ftalk at the bat : they and
obtufe at the end, riot at all divided at the edges
and of a bluifh green. :

The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches
and are moderately large and white, ;

The feéd-veffels are very long, and the feeds
are brown, latge, and round.

It is wild in our corn-fields,
Tt flowers ih Augutt.

C. Bauhine calls it Braffica camper. i
fore albo; and moft others fuinesnder: i ee

and furnithed

but not common,

DO) RBG Naw eee Os rps

The flowers are {mall and yellow, and they
ftand ia a kind of fpikes at the tops of the
ftalks. ;

The feed-veffels are long, and the feeds are
large, round, and of a purplifh brown,

It is anative of Italy, and flowers in Jaly.

In the wild ftate it is fmaller; and has thore
leaves on the flowering ftalk’; but there is no
other difference. Thofe who have feen fpecimens
of this can never fuppofe; either that it is the
fame with the Englith Sea-cabboge, or that the
latter is the original plant of the cabbage kind,
for it is plainly this.

Such is the appearance of the plant which af-
fords us the cabbage for our tables, when growing
freely in gardens, and tunning up to feed its own
way; or when wild in the fields of Italy: but from
this fingle plant the induftry and {kill of the gar-
deners in’ preceding’ ages havé furnithed’ us with
a vaft variety of kinds, !

The round and oblong: cabbages}: diftinguifhed
by modern gardeners under various names, are
the plaineft and eafieft produéts,

The curled cabbage, and what we call the jag:
ged or ragged cabbage, proceed from the fame
ftock. The red, the white, the purple, and the
green cabbages, aré only’ varieties of the fame.
The ragged, red, and the parfley-leaved cabbage,
all enumerated by C. Bauhine and others, are lu-
xtiriances of naturé’in the fame kind; as is alfo

the

240 The

BRITISH HERBAL.

the fringed cabbage: but the greateft luxuriance
of all is the cauliflower : this is only a botryoide
excrefcence of the fame plant.

Thevariations in the leaves, their form, divifion,
and difpofition, are not all we have to name in this
plant, for the root and ftalk afford an ample fund
for the fame fportings of Nature, thruit out of her
common road by art. The cabbage with a round
root, called the turnip-rooted cabbage, differs in
nothing but this {welling of that particular part
from the others: and the colerape, which has the

- fwelling, not in the root below ground, but in

the middle of the ftalk, as it is called, above, is
“in the fame manner only a variety.

Thus the cabbage and favay, the brocok, the

Ga RUN

cauliflower, and the reft, are to be confidered by

_ the botanift only as one fpecies ; in the culture of

which he will view with pleafure this furprifing
variety of appearances: and, when he enters the
ground of a London gardener, and fees the {mall
mufcovite, the flat or the fugar-loaf cabbage, he
will refer them all to the fame common ftock.

The pleafant tafte and wholefome qualities of
the cabbage have introduced it into our gar-
dens, and recommended it to all that care un-
der which it has made thefe various appearances.
Eaten moderately, it is perfectly innocent and
wholefome ;. but it will fometimes breed flatu-
lencies. :

U Ss IX.

APU RNs te be

RAPUM.

HE flower is compofed of four petals, regularly difpofed crofs-ways: the cup is formed of four
leaves, which fpread open, and are of the fame colour with the flower : the feed-veffel is long,
and depreffed both ways: the feeds are large and round: the membrane, which divides the pod,

ftands out in a point at the end. :

Linneeus places this among the setradynamia filiquofa ; the threads in the flower being fix, four of
which are longer than the other two, and the feed-veffel a regular pod. :
He joins, as before obferved, the cabbage and turnip under one common genus; -but the cup fhews

a fufficient difference, as well as the whole plant.

DIVISION fF.

1. Wild Navew.
Rapum napus fylveftris diium.

The root is long, thick, white, and furnifhed
with a few fibres.

The firft leaves are ong, and moderately broad:
they are of a pale green, and are very deeply di-
vided in an irregular manner on the edges.

The ftalk is round, firm, upright, of a pale
bluith green, and three feet high.

The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and have
no footftalks : they are unlike thofe at the root,
broad at the bafe, where they furround or en-
clofe the ftalk, and {maller to the point ; fome-
times a little divided, but more frequently only
waved at the edges.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks and
branches in a kind of tufts: they are fmall, and
yellow. f

The feed-veffel is long, and the feeds are large
and round. bg

It is common on the ditch-banks, and flowers
in June; at which time it very much refembles
the /wrnip when in flower,

DTV 1S 1 ONeill:

1. The common Turnip.
Rapum vulgare.
This plant, though fo common in our fields,

as well as gardens, ia not a native of our
country.

BRITISH

SeP°E C TES,

C. Bauhine calls it Napus fylveftris, and moft
others follow him.

It is cultivated alfo in gardens, and then is called
Napus fativa, Navew gentle, and garden-navew ;
but though larger in this condition, it is no other
way different. : :

The plant which is cultivated in fome parts of
England under the name of rape, and colefeed
plant, is this raifed by culture to fomething like
the figure of the garden-navew, the field-culture
giving it a middle afpeét between the two. From
the feed of this plant is made rape-oil.

The feeds are alfo ufed in fome of the com-
pound medicines of the fhops ;_ and much learned
nonfenfe has been written to fhew, whether the
original authors of thofe medicines intended the
wild navew feed, or that of the garden-navew.
The druggifts mean time ufe turnip-feed for both,
and do no harm by the exchange: whether they
take the rape feed, cole-feed, turnip-feed, or that of
wild navew, the difference is little in the {mall
proportion they bear to the whole in thofe feve-
ral medicines.

F O REWG'N: S:P bic TBS

The root is Jarge, thick, and ufually roundifh:
but in this refpect it varies greatly, fometimes
being oblong, fometimes very flat, and at others
a perfeét globe: from this, and from its colour,
which is fometimes white, fometimes in part pur-
plith, and fometimes yellow, the gardeners the and

I farmers

Phe: »:BaRal We S3H HERBAL.

farmers have diftinguifhed three or four kinds;
but the botanift is to know thefe are no more than
accidental varieties, or the effects of culture, and

that the plant is the fame in all, there being but |

one known fpecies of what is properly called ¢ur-
nip.

The leaves are numerous and large: they are
Jong, and confiderably broad, deeply and irre-
gularly divided at the edges, and of a yellowifh
green colour, and’rough to the touch.

The ftalk is round, firm, upright, and three
or four feet high.

The leaves on it are fmaller, and lefs divided
than thofe at the root, the upper ones being
-fimple, and of a heart-fafhioned fhape, without
any divifion.

The flowers are {mall and yellow: they ftand
at the tops of the ftalks many together.

The feed-veffel is long, and the feeds are large
and round.

GaneBet SNe 2 Usm0tS

241
It is a native of Spain, and flowers in July.
‘C. Bauhine calls it Rapum fativum rotundum,

and moft others follow him.

This author, as well as many others, diftin-
guith the long-rooted turnip under the name of ‘a
peculiar fpecies, calling it the long turnip, and
the female turnip, but it is, as_we have already
obferved, nothing more than a variety.

The turnip is a wholefome root, ufed more in
food than medicine, but not altogether without
virtues in that refpect.

The juice of unripe turnips, thatis, fmall green
ones, with white wine, has fometimes cured
quartan agues.

The roots, as eaten at table, are celebrated as
antifcorbuticks, if eat frequently, and for a length
of time ; and externally they are commended, by
way of poultice, boiled foft with bread and milk,
againft fwellings of the breatts,

MUSTARD.

. Siglag Na AGP il.

HE. flower is compofed of four fhort, roundifh petals, expanded crofs-ways, with very thore,
narrow bottoms: the cup is formed of four leaves, and fpreads wide open; its leaves are nar-

row, and hollowed, and its opening is in a crofs form, and the whole falls with the flower : the feed-
veffel is long and rough, and the membrane that divides it within into two cells ftands out toa very
confiderable length beyond the end of the pod, and is large and flatted : the feeds are numerous and
round. / ;

Linneus places this among the setradynamia filiquofa ; four of the fix threads that are in the flower

being longer than the other two, and the feed-veflel being a regular pod.
He diflikes the termination of the old name, and writes it /izapis.

DIVISION I.

1. Common Muttard.
Sinapi vulgare.

The root is long, flender, white, and hung
with many fibres.

The leaves that rife from it are long and large:
they are deeply divided at the edges, fo as fome-
what to refemble the pinnated form, and they
are terminated each by a broad, large, round
piece at the end. |

The ftalk is round, upright, firm, and not
much branched ; it is two feet and a half high,
and is rough toward the bottom, as are alfo the
leaves ; and {moeth at the top.

The leaves are placed irregularly on it, and
are, like thofe from the root, long, finuated at
the edges, of a pale or yellowifh green, and rough
to the touch.

The flowers are fimall and yellow: they ftand
in a kind of fpikes at the tops of the ftalk and
branches. ‘

The feed-veflels are oblong, but not fo long as
in moft of the other plants of this clafs; and they
ftand upright, and near the ftalk.

The feeds are numerous and round.

We cultivate this in fields and gardens for the
feed; but it is alfo wild in our corn-fields, and
in wafte places.

N° 24.

BUR Th oleS 3H SP eB Cons,

This is the plant whofe feeds are the common
muftard-feed, much ufed in our kitchens, and fo
valuable in medicine. :

J. Bauhine calls it Sinapi fativum filiqua longa
glabra fimine ruffo five vulgare. Others, Sinapi
vulgare. .

_ 2, White Muftard.
Sinapi album filiqua birfuta.

The root is long, flender, white, and furnifhed
with many fibres. :

The firft leaves rife in a large tuft, and are
long, broad, of a yellowifh green, rough to the
touch, and very deeply and irregularly jagged,
often down to the rib.

The ftalk is round, upright, and divided into
many branches.

The leaves on this are numerous and large :
they are rough, and very deeply jagoed, and
have long footftalks.

"The flowers are fmall and yellow: they, ftand
in confiderable numbers at the tops of the
branches, and are followed by long, hairy pods.

The roughnefs of thefe feed-veffels is not their
only diftinction from thofe of the common mu/.
tard: they ftand out from the ftalk, whereas the
others run almoft parallel with it ; and they are as

Q4qq it

242

The (BYR TH SH CH BR BVA EF

it were knotty, the feeds fhewing themfelves
through them.

The feeds are naturally white, whence the plant
has its name white muftard;, but they fometimes
lofe that colour, and become brown or redifh:
they are very large and round.

J. Bauhine, who is happier in his diftinGtions of
the muftard kind than Cafpar, calls this Sinapi al-
bum filiqua birfuta femine albo vel ruffo. C, Bau-
hine calls it Sinapi apii folio, but this is not a
good character of the leaf, the divifion not be-
ing fo frequent or deep as to require fuch a de-
{cription.

It is common in watte places, and is often cul-
tivated in gardens.

The two kinds of muftard agree in their vir-
tues, which are very confiderable.

The young fhoots are eaten as fallet with thofe
of radith, and fome others: thefe make together
what the gardeners call young falleting, or pring
falleting ; and this way they are very wholefome.

"The feeds are of frequent ufe at our tables, and
are very wholefome: but, befide their ufe with
our food in the way of muftard, they are fre-

quently taken whole as a medicine.

This way given, they are excellent -againft
rheumatic complaints, and againft the falling.
ficknefs, They operate by urine, and moderately
promote the menfes ; and at the fame time that
they have thefe feveral good effects, they
ftrengthen the ftomach, prevent flatulences, and
create an appetite.

A table-fpoonful of the feeds unbruifed may be
taken for this purpofe every morning.

In thofe pains of the back to which gouty
people are fubject, and which are ufually attended
with fomewhat of the gravel, this is an excellent

. remedy.

The feeds bruifed, and applied to the fkin,
bring on a rednefs and heat: they are a gentler
kind of blifter, and in this ufe are called /ina-

DePVeeSel OF NS. TF.

1. Rocket-leaved Muftard.
Sinapi eruce folio.

The root is long, flender, and hung with a few
fibres.

The firft leaves are numerous, and very large :
they are long, broad, and regularly divided into
four or five pairs of fegments at the edge, fo
that they refemble pinnated leaves: all thefe feg-
ments, as well as the terminating one, are long,
narrow, and undivided, and the whole leaf is of
a faint green. —

The ftalk is round, upright, and divided int
many branches : it grows to a foot and half high,
and thick fet with leaves: thefe are large, and in

pifms.

Thefe are good in paralytic cafes, and
often in fevers attended with light-headednefs,

3. Charlock.
Sinapt arvenfe rapiftrum diftum. 1

The root is long, flender, white, and furnifhed
with a few fibres. :

The firft leaves are long, large, and of a dead
yellowith green: they are deeply divided at the
lower part, in fuch a manner as to bear a rude re-
femblance of the pinnated form, and terminated
by a large, oblong piece; that and all the other
fegments being fomewhat pointed at the ends,
and ferrated at the edges.

The ftalks are numerous, round, branched,
and a foot and a half high ; but they do not ftand
regularly upright.

The leaves on the lower part of thefe ftand ir-
regularly, and refemble thofe from the root; but
thofe near the tops of the branches are fimple,
{mall, oblong, and undivided.

The flowers are moderately large and yellow.

The pods are large, long, and full of large
feeds : they ftand out from the ftalks,

The feeds are of a deep blackith colour.

It is very frequent in cultivated land, to the
great injury of the farmer. It flowers in July.

C. Bavhine calls it Rapifrum arvorum Slore lu.
too, and others follow him.

The firft appearance of this plant is not unlike
that of the turnip, and very unhappy miftakes
have arifen from this refemblance. A farmer
who has fent in unfkilful weeders to clear a ture
nip-field, has had all his turnips pulled up, and
all the cherlock left. The roots at this early pe-
riod of growth have little difference ; but the
charlock leaves are more pointed at the ends.

There is a white-flowered plant, commonly
numbered with the charlock among the muftard
kind; but it is properly a raphanifirum, and will
be defcribed in its place in a fucceeding genus.

EF ORE TC N 6 Pe Cpr

all refpeéts refemble thofe from the root, each
being divided deeply into narrow fegments.

The flowers are {mall and yellow : they ftand
at the tops of the ftalks and branches, and are but
of fhort duration; but they are quickly fucceeded
by others. ;

The feed-veffels ftand in a long fpike, and at
a good diftance from the ftalk.

The feeds are large and brown.

It is common in France and Italy, and flowers
in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Sinapi eruce folio, a name
very well expreffing the plant, its leaves much
refembling thofe of the wild rocket. Others, Si-
napi fylveftre minus.

GENUS

Th BRITISH HERBAL. ie

NEE, es
Ri ATDAL Gary

Gye B Xi.

Rtas (AN OS,

HE flower is compofed of four petals, difpofed crofs-ways; thefe are of a heart-fathj d
fhape, and have very flender bottoms, which are a little longer than the cup: the cupis a

of four leaves, which are narrow, oblong, erect, and thick at the bafe ; they do not open aN era
the whole cup falls with the flower: the feed-veffel is thick, rounded, fpungy, {welled out by mire
in feparate parts, fo that it appears jointed, and is terminated by a long point: the feeds are aha

rous, large, and round.

Linnzus places this among the ¢etradynamia Jiliquofa, four of the fix threads in the flower bein
longer than the other two, and the feed-veffel being a regular pod. 8

He very rafhly joins under this head the raphaniftrum and cakile of authors; they properly belong-
ing to feparate genera: we fhall fhew the diftinctions. 8

PEUNe Tass 1} Welle

Wild white Radifh.
Raphanus fylveftris radice albente.

The root is long, thick, flefhy, and perfectly
like the connmmnon radifb of our gardens, but that
it is white: the tafte is like it, but milder, and
the fubftance only a little harder from its grow-
ing in worfe ground ; fometimes it is crooked, or
fplit from ftones in its paffage: but when it has

free growth, any one would call it a white ra-
difp.

The leaves are large, long, and very deeply
divided into a number of pairs of fegments, re-

. fembling fo many pinn, and a roundifh piece at
the end: they are of a dufky green, and fome-
what rough to the touch.

The ftalk is round, upright, fmooth, divided
into many branches, and two feet high.

DIVISION I.

1, Garden-Radith.
Raphanus vulgaris.

This, though fo commonly cultivated among
us, is not a native of our country.

The root is long, flender, and flefhy, of a de-
licate purple or redifh colour, mixed with white,
and of a harp, pleafing tafte.

The leaves are large, long, and in their divi-
fion plainly pinnated: each confifts of four or
five pairs of roundifh pinna’, with a larger alfo
rounded at the end.

The ftalk is round, firm, upright, and three
feet high : it is divided into feveral branches, and
has a few leaves placed irregularly on it.

Thefe are compofed of narrower pinne than
thofe from the root, and are of a paler colour.

The flowers are very numerous, and mode,
rately large: they ftand at the tops of the
branches ; and are white, with a tinge of purple
or red, more in fome, and lefs in others. ,

The feed-vefiel is thick, flefhy, or fpungy, and
fwelled out into a kind of joints.

The feeds are large, and of a redifh or pur-
plifh colour: one lies in every fwelling of the
pod,

FOREIGN

BORAT? ESg5S (FG eT Ree:

The leaves on the lower part of it refemble
thofe from the root; but thofe higher up are
fimple, oblong, and only jagged at the edges.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks and
branches : they are fmall and yellow.

The feed-veffel is thick jointed, and, while
young and tender, is fpungy, bur it afterwards
gets almoft a woody hardnefs, and becomes
ftriated. ,

The feeds are round and brown,

It is found in fome parts of Suffex, principally
near the fea-coaft, and flowers in June.

Ray calls it Raphanus maritimus flore luteo fili-
quis articulatis Jecundum longitudinem eminenter
Jtriatis.

One would think the garden-radifh railed from
this, but for the colour of the flower.

SPECIES.

It is a native of Spain, and flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Raphanus minor oblongus,
Orhers, Raphanus fativus, and Raphanus vul.
aris.

2. Round black Radith.

Raphanus radice rotundo nigro.

The root is of the fhape and bignefs of a {mall
turnip, black on the outfide, white within, and
of a flefhy fubftance: it is of a firmer texture
than the common radifb, and of a tafte not unlike
it, but to many palates more agreeable.

The leaves that rife from this are long, pin-
nated, and of a black green: the feveral pinnz
are narrower than in the common radifb, and are
jagged at the edges, and terminate in a point.

The ftalk is round, upright, thick, firm, and
two feet high.

The eaves on its lower part refemble thofe
from the root; but thofe on the upper part are
fmall, fimple, and only notched at the edges.

The flowers are {mall and purplifh, but with
fome white, and they grow at the tops of the
ftalks and branches.

The pods. are thick, flefhy, fpungy,
jointed.

and

I The

24.4,

Th BRITISH HERBAL.

The feeds are large, roundifh, and dark co-
loured.

It Is a native of Italy, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Raphanus major orbiculatus
five rotundus. Others, Raphanus rotundus niger.

Linneus fuppofes it only a variety of the com-
mon vadifo ; but this contradiéts reafon,

3. Long, Jagged leaved black Radifh,
Raphanus foliis laciniatis radice longo nigro.

The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with a
few fibres : it is black on the outfide, white with-
in, and of a pleafing tafte: in fhape it fomewhat
refembles the common garden-radifb ; but it dif:
fers altogether in colour, flavour, and fubftance :
in all thefe refpects it approaches more to the na-
ture of the round, black radifh; but in the
leaves it differs both from that and the other in
the moft obvious and diftin& manner; fo that al-
though confounded by Linnzeus with the other as
a variety of the common radifh, it is plainly a dif-
tinct fpecies.

The leaves are long, large, and deeply jagged :
the fegments are placed irregularly two or three

Gam E

Neer Uvor§

on each fide, but not in pairs, and the ribs
of the leaf between them is jagged : they are
alfo nicked at the edges, as is the terminating
fegment, and all of them are tharp-pointed,

The ftalk is round, upright, firm, of a pale
green, and a yard high. :

The leaves on it are few, and placed irregu-
larly ; but they refemble thofe from the root in
form, and are rough to the touch, and of a pale
green.

The flowers grow at the tops of the ftalks and
branches, on branched footttalks : they are large,
whitifh, with a tinge of red, and quickly fall,

The feed-veffel is thick, rounded, fpungy, and
jointed : the feeds are large, roundifh, and brown.

It is a native of Spain, and flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Raphanus niger. Others,
Raphanus niger radice pyriformi.,

The qualities of all thefe radifhes are the fame,
and they are more ufed at table than in medicine,

They work by urine, and are faid to be fweet-
eners of the blood, and good againft the feurvy ,
but they will agree with few ftomachs.

XII.

BASTARD RADISH.

RAPHANISTRUM.

'HE flower is compofed of four petals, difpofed regularly crofs-ways one to another; thefe are

broad, and have very fhort and very flender bottoms,
compofed of four little, oblong leaves, thick at the bafe,

a little longer than the cup: the cup is -
and ftanding clofe. The feed-veffel is a

jointed pod, and, when ripe, it naturally breaks at the Joints, and lets out the feeds; and it is not

fpungy, as in the radifh.

Linneus places this among the tetradynamia Siliquofa,
longer than the other two, and the feed. veffel bein
and diftin&tive name, making it a fpecies of radi.
being jointed, and feparating naturally at the joints: the radifo,
other genera of this clafs, in the pods being fpungy. That character it poffeffes alone,
diftinguifhed from this genus; as this is from all others, by the jointed ftructure,

ration of the pod.

As we have no proper Englith name for this genus,

four of the fix threads in the fower being

g§ 4 regular pod ; but he takes away its eftablifhed

From this it differs in the fingularity of the pods,

in the fame manner, differs from all
and is by it
and naturally fepa-

baftard radifo being a compound and improper

one, and fome of the fpecies being called by authors otherwife improperly, it will be beft to retain

the Latin name raphiftrum.

DIVISION L

1. White-flowered Raphaniftrum.
Raphaniftrum flore albo filiqua articulata.

The root is long, flender, white, and fur-
nifhed with many fibres.

The leaves that rife from it are large, oblong,
and broad, and have long, thick footftalks : they
are compofed, as it were, of one pair of pinnae,
and a large piece at the end; and their colour is
a deep green: they are rough to the touch, and
fomewhat hairy.

The ftalks are numerous, round, weak, hairy,
upright, and very much branched. * .

The leaves are placed irregularly on them; and
refemble thofe from the root: they are rough,
and of a fomewhat paler green.

BRETISH She GLUES

The flowers are large, white, and ulually
{treaked with red, or a pale purple: they are not
unlike fome of the fmall fingle ftock-julyflowers.

The feed-veffel is long, flender, and jointed :
it is not hairy, as the reft of the plant, but per-
feétly fmooth ; and, when the feeds are ripe, it
drops to pieces at the joints: the feeds are round
and brown.

It is common in corn-fields, and flowers in
July. ay

C.Bauhine calls it Raphanifirum fiore albo fili-
qua articulata ; aname ufed by motft others. We
call it commonly W4ite-flowered charlock, with a
Jointed pod :* but this is very improper, for char-
lock is a fpecies of muftard.

* “2, Yellow-

Oe a

2 8 ae oe -

sg is

Pe ee ee ee ee ee Ee

black.

The

BERAT 'T SHA2 HE IRARSB sAi (L.

245

2. Yellow-flowered Raphaniftrum.
Raphanifirum flore luteo.

The root is long, flender, white, and furnithed
with many fibres.

The firft leaves are large and oblong : they are
broadeft at the bafe, finuated at the edges, and
fharp-pointed ; and they are fupported on fhort
footftalks : they are rough to the touch, and of
a deep green. f

The ftalk is round, upright, firm, two feet
and a half high, and divided into many branches.

The leaves on it are numerous : they: are placed
irregularly, and they refemble:thofe from the root:

DIVISION IL.

Dwarf Raphaniftrum,
Raphaniftrum humile foliis divifis.

The root is. a fmall, white fibre; little more.

The firft leaves are oblong, narrow, and fharp-
pointed : they are deeply divided at the edges; in
the manner’of pinnated leaves, but not quite to
the rib. *

The ftalks are numerous, flender, Weak, and
not more than five or fix inches high: they ge-
nerally trail upon the ground two thirds of their
length,

The leaves on them: are. few, fo that they ap-
pear for the greater part naked : thefe ftand ir-
regularly, and are like thofe from the root.

| the farmers as weeds.

irregularly finuated,

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks and
branches, and they are finall and yellow.”

The pods are long, and moderately thick :
they are jointed, and of a pale green, and, when
ripe, they break afunder at the joints,

The feeds are round, large, and brown.

It is common in corn-fields, and flowers in
July.

Ray calls it Rapiftrum flore lute filiqua glabra
articulata. Our people, Yellow charlock, with a
jointed pod.

they have very fhort foorftalks, and are deeply and

FOREIGN SPECIES.

The flowers are fmall and ‘yellow, and they
ftand in tufts at the tops of the ftalks.

The feed-veffel is long and jointed, and the
feeds are {mall and brown,

It is a native of Siberia, and flowers in June.

Gmelin calls it Raphanus foliis pinnatis pinnis
confluentibus Jfiliquis teretibus articulatis. The

whole plant has greatly the afpect of the wild roc-
ket in miniature.

The feeds of the white rapanhifirum are {aid to
operate powerfully by urine; but there is not cer-
tain authority for it.- The virtues of the others
are not known, They are very troublefome to

GG BeaN 2 Us
WATERCRESS,

XIII.

SISYMBRIUM.

mPHE flower is compofed: of four oblong petals, which are difpofed croffwife, and have very fmall

~ bottoms': the cup’ is ‘formed: of four little, narrow leaves: thefe fpread tolerably open, and
are coloured and) the whole’ falls with the flower: the feed-veffel is crooked and fhort; and the
membrane that divides it within is fomewhat longer than the two fides: the feeds are numerous
and fmall.

Linneus places this among the tetradynamia filiquofa; four of the fix threads in the flower being
longer than the other two; and the feed-veffel a regular pod: but he very improperly joins
with the watercreffes many plants not allied to them: thefe we fhall give under other regular genera,

and in their proper places.

#. Common Watercrefs;
Sifymbrium vulgare.

Theroot is long and creeping: it runs under
the mud, and has tufts of fibres at {mall diftances.

The firft leaves are long and pinnated: each
is compofed of two or three pairs of pinne, with
a large leaf at the end; and thefe {eparate pinnz
are fhort, broad, and have no foottftalks.

The ftalks are round or flatted, and of a pale
green: they are ftriated, weak, and very much
branched : they are’ pinnated, ‘as thofe frem the
root, but the pinnz are fomewhat fimaller.

The flowers are little and white: they ftand in
fmall tufts, and at the tops of the ftalks and
branches.

The feed-veffels are flender, and not very long;
and the feeds are {mall, and brown.

Ne Xxy,

It is common in fhallow waters, and flowers in
May.

C. Bauhine calls it Nafturtium aquaticum fupi-
num. J. Bauhine, Sifymbrium cardamine five Naf-
turtium aquaticum,

It is an excellent antifcorbutick.

The juice of it is given in {pring with that of
brooklime, and fome other plants of the fame cha-
racter; but it has more virtue than them all.
This is at beft an unpleafant method of taking it:
it is very agreeable, eaten asa fallad; and there
is no way in which it better exerts its virtues.

It opens obftructions, operates by urine, and
promotes the menfes. Many medicines of great
name, and naufeous tafte, are inferior to this
little plant in feorbutick diforders.

Rre 2. Small-

24.6

Th BRITISH HER BOA L.

2. Small-leaved Watercrefs.
Sifymbrium foliis-minoribus preecocius.

The root is a {mall tuft of white fibres,

The firft leaves are fhort and fmall : each con-
fifts of a fingle pair of little pinnae, and a large,
round piece for the termination: they are of a
fiefhy fubftance and a deep green colour, often
brownifh.

The ftalks are numerous, weak, and low: they
are not more than five inches in length; and they
lie for the moft part on the ground.

The leaves ftand irregularly on them, and re-
femble thofe from the root; but that fometimes
they have two pairs of pinnz, befide the odd
leaf at the end.

The flowers are fmall and white; and they ftand
in litele tufts at the tops of the ftalks.

“The pods are flender, and longer than in the
common kind; and the feeds are numerous, very
{mall, and brown.

It is common about the fides of brooks, and
flowers in April.

Ray calls it Nafturtium aquaticum foliis minori-
bus pracocius.

The fame author mentions, as another fpecies, |

the Nafturtinm aquaticum pinculis paucioribus of
Mr. Doody; but it is the fame with this. The
tafte is fharper in this fmall kind than in the other,
and it is altogether diftinct,

GE a AN wa, 2S

3. Jagged-leaved Watercrefs.
Sifymbrium Jervatis foliis.

The root is long; flender, and’ furnifhed with
many fibres. :

The firft leaves rife in a tuft, and they are large
and beautiful: they are long, narrow, and pin-
nated: eath is compofed of four or five pairs of
pinne, with an odd one at the end; and thefe.
are fharply-ferrated at their edges.

The ftalk is upright, firm, and a foot high:
its colour is a pale green, and it is ftriated, and
branched toward the top.

The leaves are numerous, and placed irregu-
larly : they are pinnated, and fometimes branched:
their pinnz are oblong, ferrated at the edges, and
of a pale green: and both they and the odd leaf
at the end are fharp-pointed. f

The flowers are {mall and white‘ they ftand in
fmall tufts at the tops of the ftalks;. and ufually
there are long rows of the pods under them when
the plant has been any time in flower.

The pods are fhort and fmall; and thé feeds
are very fmall, and brown:

It is not uncommon in Hamphhire, and has
been found in many other parts of England.

Mr. Ray, among others, took this at one time
for the impatient lady{mock, to be defcribed here-
after: but he found the miftake afterwards.

C. Bauhine calls it Nafurtium aquaticum ereftum
Solio longiore. Others, Italian watercrefy,

XIV.

LADYSMOCK:

COALR De ALN, TaeNe oi: '

HE flower is compofed of four broad, obtufe petals, with very narrow bottoms regularly dif-
pofed, and expanding croflwife: the cup is formed of four little, erect, oblong leaves with

obtufe ends; and ic falls with the flower : the feed-veffel is a long, flender pod,

of a rounded figure,

but a little depreffed, and it is compofed of two valves, or fides, which, when ripe, roll back, and
difcharge the feeds with violence: the feeds are numerous, fmall, and round. i

Linnzeus places this among the tetradynamia filiquofa, four of the fix threads in the flower being
longer than the two others, and the feed-veflel a regular pod.

Dit WV Ls LOW aT.

x. Common Ladyfmock. .
Cardamine vulgaris.

The root is a tuft of flender, white fibres, pe-
netrating deep into the ground.

The firft leaves are long, and regularly pin-
nated, in a very beautiful manner: each is com-
pofed of five or fix pair of pinnz, which are
fhort and roundifh, and an odd one of the fame
fhape at the end. :

They are of a deep green colour, often-brown,
of a firm fubftance. ,

The ftalk is round, upright, firm, not much
branched, and a foot high.

The leaves on it are pinnated, but very unlike
thofe from the root ; for in thefe the pinnz are
all long and narrow: they ftand irregularly on
the ftalk, and are not numerous,

The flowers grow at the top ina little tuft:

BRITISH

S@P-E"C AB. S.

they are large and white,

and perfeét white ;

bluth of purplith.
The feed-veffels are long and flender 3 and the

feeds are little and roundith,

It is common in our meadows, and flowers in

April. ;

C. Bauhine calls it Nafurtium

flore. Others, Cardamine 8 Ca lemtsc Heese ‘

The common people in fome places, Cuckowflower.

fometimes of a pure
but at others, they have a

2. Great-flowered Ladyfmock.
Cardamine flore majore elatior.

. The spo is longs flender, and creeping ; and
as a number of large fibres irrecularl i
from different parts. a Conbeteg

The firft leaves are large,

and beautif in-
ears nd beautifully pin

they confit each of about four pairs of
2 broad,

The | BeR iT 18 Hy Fi Rep Act.

broad, roundith pinne, with a larger oneat theend ;
and they are of a firm fubftance and deep green :
the pinne, feparately, as well as the whole leaf,
are much Jarger.than in the common kind.

The ftalk rifes in the midft of thefe, and is
round, upright, very little branched, and two

feet or more in height.

The leaves on it are numerous, and, like thofe
from the root, each is compofed of four or five
pairs of pinne, with an odd one much larger
than the reft at the end. j

The flowers grow at the tops of the ftalks,
and of many young fhoots from the bofoms of
the upper leaves: arid they are large and white:

The feed-veflél is a long,flender pod; and the
feeds are numerous and fmall.

It is frequent on boggy grounds in many parts
of the kingdom ; and flowers in May.

Ray calls it Cardamine flore majore elatior. C:
Bauhine, Nafurtium aquaticum majus et amarum.
Others, Nafturtium aquaticum amarum. - \ts com-
mon Englith name is Bitter watercre/s; the tafte
being bitter and pungent.

3. Impatient. Ladyfmock.
Cardamine flore minimo impatiens.

The root is compofed of many thick fibres,
with other fmallér ones hanging from them in
great numbers. k

The firft leaves grow in a tuft, and fpread
themfelves very tegularly on the ground: they
are long, narrow, and very beautifully pinnated :

* the pinnz are fmall, of an oval figure, ferrated

“at the edges, and very beautifully pointed at the
end; and there are about five pairs of them on
each rib, with an odd one of the fame fhape and
fize at the end.

The ftalk is round, flender, upright, of a
whitifh colour, and a foot high.

The leaves ftand irregularly, and are like thofe
from the root; but longer and narrower:

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and
of branches rifing from the bofoms of the upper
Jeaves ; and they are very {mall and white.

The feed-vefiel is long, and very fender.

When it is ripe it burfts with violence, ‘not
only on the leaft touch, but on the fmalleft mo-
tion in the air; and the feeds fly out with vi-
olence: from this it. obtained the name of
impatient ladyfmock: the feeds are round and
fmall.

It is found in Ireland, and on the mountains in
the north of England. Thofe who have miftaken
the ferrated watercrefs for this plant, have men-
tioned many other places, but in thefe it really is
frequent.

It flowers in May.

C. Bauhine calls it Sy/imbrii cardamine fpecies
quedam infipida. The generality of authors,
Cardamine impatiens. ;

4. Hairy impatient Ladyfmock.
Cordamine impatiens altera hirfutior.
The root is a clufter of fmall, white fibres,
The firft leaves grow in a tuft, and are regu-

larly pinnated: and they have about three pairs
of pinnae, with an odd one at the end; and thefe

are fmali and irregularly indented +» they are,of-a

dufky green, and fomewhat hairy: | >

The: ftalks are numerous, weak, and. {tarcée
upright: they are of a pale green;! ftriated; did
very much branched, tia

The leaves on them, refemble thofe from thé
Toot, and are, in the fame mannerj, compoled of
pining irregularly notched at the edges;

The’ flowers are fmall. and whitey 4nd they
grow in little tufts at the tops of the ftalks and
branches.

The feed-veffels are long and flender ; and
they burft with violence on the leaft touch when
ripe : the, feeds are {mall; round,| and of a pale
brown. ,

It is common in watery places; and Aowers in
April. i 4007

Ray calls it Cardamine impatiens altera bir futior,
C. Bauhine; Nofurtium aquaticum minus,

- 5» Daify-leaved Ladyfmock:
Cardamine pumilabellidis folio:

The rove is long; flender, and fitnithed with:
thany fibres. ’ : ae

The ‘firft leaves rife in a {mall tuft, and are’
of a form altogether different from thofe of ‘the.
other /adyfmocks: they are fimple, undivided,
and not fo thuch as notched at the edges: their
fhape is an oblong, tending to oval: they are
cluftered together,: and have no‘ footftalkss’ and
they are of a dufky green, and fornewhat hairy,

The ftallkt is-round, upright; iim; of a pale
green, not at all branched, and ‘about three o¢
four inches high. ;

The leaves ftand irregularly on this, ahd havé
no footftalks : they are fhort, and broad at the
bafe, from which they gradually decreafe to 4
point. rn

The flowers ftand in numbers atthe top of the
ftalks, and ate large and white, perfectly refembl-
ing thofe of the common lady/mock:

The feed-veffels are long and large; and thé
feeds are numérous, round, ‘fmall, and brown:

It is common on the mountains in Wales,

whence the winds féem to have blown fome of

its feeds to Briftol; the plant fome
very frequent on St: Vincent’s rock.

C, Bauhine calls it Nafturtium alpinum bellidis
folio minus: ‘ :

years being

6. Setrated dwarf Ladyfmock,
Cardamine pumila foliis feratis:

The root is long and flender ; and is furnithe
with a few fibres. ;

The leaves: grow very irregularly, but in a
thick tuft, from the head of the root: fome of
them are fingly fixed to pedicles froiri the root >
others grow to a rib: they are oblong and fer:
rated, narroweft at the bafé, and broader to the
end, where they terminate in’a pointed tip: theit
colour is a dufky green; and their tafte bitterith
and watery, but fomewhat tharp.

The ftalk is round, fender,’ ufually naked,
and about three inches high.

The flowers ftand at its top; and they are
large and white.

The

248

The ¥EPR'T'T 1s HY AIRE AT

The feed-veffels are long and flender ; and the
feeds are {mall and brown. Gass

Itis a native of Wales, and flowers in April.

Ray calls it Nafturtium petreumi. Johnfton
Fobnfton’s rockcrefs; and moft others have copied
the fame name, in honour of the perfon who firft
obferved the plant.

There has not been much written of the virtues

DIVISLON. I. FO

1. Round-leaved trifoliate Ladyfmock.
Cardamine trifolia.

The root is compofed of numerous fmall
fibres, with fome few thicker and longer among
Bae firft leaves rife in a clufter, and they
are very beautifully difpofed: three grow on
each footftalk, in the manner of the leaves of
trefoils, and thefe are fhort, broad, and of a
figure irregularly approaching, to oval, or round-
ed: they are of a deep green at firft, and when
they have ftood fome time they become purplih :
their tafte is difagreeable, and’ acrid after they
have been fome time in the mouth, ;

The ftalks are round, weak, of a purplifh co-
lour, and fix or eight inches highs

They have no leaves, except near the bottom,
where there ftand three upon-a footftalk, as in
thofe from the root, which they in all other re-
{pects alfo perfectly refemble.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks in
a tuft, and are‘large and white.

The feed-veffel is long and flender; and the
feeds are {mall and brown. ;

It is frequent in many of the northern parts’ of
Europe among rocks and flowers in May.

C, Bauhine calls it Nafturtivm alpinum trifolian,
Clufius and others, Gardamine alpina trifolia.

2. Trifoliate Ladyfmock with pointed leaves.
Cardamine trifoliata foliis acuminatis.

The root is compofed of a multitude of fibres.

The firft leaves rife'in a thick tuft, and ftand
on long; flender, weak, purplith footftalks, three
on each: they are broad at the bafe, ferrated at
the edges, and they terminate in a fharp point,
which, from the middle leaf of the three, is
ufually longer than. on the others,

The ftalks rife among thefe, and are round,
purplifh toward . the bottom, and very much
branched.

The leaves ftand:alternately on them, and per.
fectly refemble thofe from the root, three broad,
ferrated, and pointed ones ftanding on every foot-
ftalk.

‘Lhe flowers are {mall and white : they ftand in
a kind. of fpikes at the tops of the ftalks and
branches,

The pods are long and flender, and the feeds
are round and purplith.

It is a native of Africa,

Herman calls it Nofturt
albis [picatis foliis ternatis

and flowers in June.
ium Africanim floribus
Chriftophoriance facie.

of the cardamine kind, nor are they regarded in
the prefent practice. The country people in
the north bruife the whole plant of the common
kind in fpring, and take the’juice, a wine glafs
at a time, againft the fcurvy, in the Jaundice,
and in all obftru€ions. It operates powerfully’
by urine; and they record many confiderable
cures performed by it.

REG N.S PEC LE_S.

3. Irregular-leaved Ladyfmock. :
Cardamine foliis ternatis et pinnatis.

The root is long, flender, and white.

The firft leaves rife in a fmall tuft, and: have
long footftalks : they ufually ftand three on each -
ftalk ; but the divifion is not fo perfec and ab-
folute as in the fpreceding fpecies: thefe rather
feem three parts of an entire leaf, whereas in thofe
the three are abfolutely diftin& leaves,

The ftalk rifes in the midft of this tuft, and is
weak, flender, branched, and eight or ten inches
high.

The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and are of an
irregular form ; fome toward the lower part are
trifoliate, or have a ternate divifion as thofe at
the root ; and others have two pairs of pinnated
fegments, and an odd one at the end 3 but thefe,
as the divifions of the others, are not cut to the
rib; there runs an edge from one to the other,

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalk and
branches, and are fmall and white. : .

The feed-veffels are long and flender, and. the
feeds are {mall and round,

It is a native of the Pyrenean mountains, and
flowers in June.

"C. Bauhine calls. it Nafurtiun Alpinum minus
refede folio; and others in general copy that name.

4. Flat-podded Ladyfmock.
Cardamine foliis pinnatis Siliquis compreffis.

The root is a long, flender fibre, with a few
little threads.

The firft leaves are Of an extremely beautiful
form and. difpofition : they lie flat upon the
ground, and are very numerous; fo that they
form a .clofe circle :\ they are long, and very
narrow : and they are divided with great regu-
larity in the pinnated manner: the pinnz are
twelve or more on each, with an odd one at the
end: they are narrow, and each has a fingle den-
ticulation, and no more, on each fide, and this is
near the bafe.

The ftalk is round, flender, weak, and {carce
atall branched : it is eight inches high, and of a
pale green.

There are only two or three leaves on it; and
thefe refemble thofe from the root, but that they
are fhorter and broader in the whole, the divi-
fions or pinne being fewer in number, and
longer, :

The flowers ftand in a little tuft at the top of
the ftalk, and are fmall and white,

The feed-veffels are large, and very flender ;
and the feeds are {mall and brown.

“Thé BRITS HER Boa kh

249

It is a native of Virginia, and flowers in
May.

The whole ‘plant has fome fome general re-
femblance of Jhepberds purfe, but that it is fmaller,
and in all parts more delicate,

Gee

Ne Uae Ss

Gronovius calls it Alum foliis radicalibus pin~
natis in orbem poficis caulinis lanceolatis Jiliquis com.
prefs. We, Virginian Ladyfinock,

XV,

TOWER MUSTARD,
TURRITIS, iin

HE flower is compofed of four petals regularly difpofed crofs-ways; thefe are of an oval, but
fomewhat oblong figure, obtufe, and undivided; and they ftand ereét, as do alfo their {mall bot-
toms: the cup is formed of four little, erect, oblong leaves, and falls with the flower: the feed-
veffel is very long, flender, and of a {quared fhape, but two of the ridges are very faint: the feeds

are numerous and fmall,

Linnzus places this among the tetradynomia Siliquofa, the flower having fix threads, of which four
are longer than the other two, and the feed-veffel being a regular pod.
As we have no fingle word in Englifh for the name of this genus, it will be proper to ufe the Latin

name zurritis.

De Ve PSERO.N

1. Common Turritis,
Turritis vulgaris.

The root is a clufter of fmall fibres: the firtt
Jeaves are numerous, and they form a thick and
large tuft: they are oblong, confiderably broad,
pointed at the ends, not at all divided at the
edges, and they have no footftalks: their colour
is a pale green, and they are rough on the fur-
face.

In the centre of this tuft rife the ftalks, which
are ufually numerous: they are round, upright,
not at all branched, and a foot and half high.

The leaves on thefe differ altogether from thofe
which rife from the root : they are of a heart-fa-
fhioned fhape; but they run out into a long
point ; and they are of a bluifh green colour, and
perfectly fmooth,

The flowers and feed-veflels, when the plant
shas been fome little time in flower, ftand at the
top of the ftalk ina long fpike, refembling a
wower, or other tall, upright building, whence
the plant has its name: the flowers are {mall and
white.

The pods are very long and flender, and they
ftand parallel to the ftalk, and at no great dif.
tance from it.

The feeds are fmall, very numerous, and round.

It is common in our northern countries, and
flowers in June.

C, Bauhine calls it Braffica fylueftris foliis inte-
gris & bifpedis. Others, Turritis vulgatior,

2. Jagged-leaved Turritis,
Turritis foliis ferratis.

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
many fibres.

The firft leaves rife in a thick tuft, and have
no footftalks: they are oblong, broadeft in the
middle, ferrated at the edges, and fharp-pointed :
their colour is a pale greenifh, and they are hairy.

The ftalks are numerous, upright, not much
branched, and about ten inches high. :

N° 25,

BRITISH

SP an C. LES.

The leaves on thefe are few, and ftand irregu-
larly : they are of an oblong, and fomewhat oval
figure, and are ferrated at the edges, and pointed
at the end, i ; t

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks
and are fmall and white. ;

The feed-veffels: are flender and long, and the
feeds are very fmall and brown.

It is found on walis, and on dry ditch banks
in many places, and flowers in May.

C. Bauhine calls it Ery/imo fimilis hirfuta non la-
cinata alba; but this, though copied by fome, is
an ill chofen, as well as aukward name 3 the
plant is much more like the common turritis,

3, Oval-leaved Turritis,
Lurritis foliis ovatis,

The root is fmall and thready.

The firft leaves are difpofed irregularly in g
little tuft: they are fupported on fhort, flender
footftalks, and are of an oval form, obtufe at the
end, very flightly ferrated at the edges, and fome-
what hairy : their colour is a faint green, and they
are of a tender fubftance,

The ftalks rife in the centre of this tuft four
or five together: they are very flender, uprighe,
and of a whitifh green. ~

The leaves ftand irregularly on them, and ar
numerous : they are alfo of an oval figure, but’
they have no footftalks; and they are of a pale
glofly green colour, and not at all hairy.

The flowers ftand at the top of the ftock in a
little tuft, and.they are fmall and white.

The feed-veffels are long and flender, and they
ftand out from the ftalk : when the plant has been
a little while in flower, there is a kind of fpike of
thefe, a third part of its length.

The feeds are finall and yellowith,

We have it on ant-hills, in dry paftures, and
on ditch banks in fome places. It flowers in
April, :

Petiver calls ic Turritis mnor foliofa, Ray,

$f Brafica

250

Th BRITISH HERBAL

Braffica {puria caule magis foliofo birfutior. Others,
Pelofella filiquofe altera f[pecies.

4. Branched Turritis.
Turritis ramofa folits imis bifpidis.

The root is fmall, flender, white, and fur-
nifhed with a few fibres,

"The firft leaves are oblong, and confiderably
broad: they are of a greyifh green, and fome-
what hairy, and rough to the touch: thefe lie
fpread upon the ground in a circular manner.

The ftalks are numerous, flender, weak, and
branched.

DIVISION

Great, various-leaved Turritis.
Turritis major foliis variis.

The root is long, thick, and white, and is
furnifhed with many fibres.

The firft leaves are very long: they lie in a
circular tuft upon the ground, and fome of them
are irregularly cut, and undulated at the edges,

others altogether undivided: they are all rough
to the touch, and of a dufky green.

The ftalks are numerous, round, thick, up-
right, very little branched, and two feet high.

The leaves on thefe are numerous, irregularly
placed, and altogether different from thofe about
the root: they are of a form approaching to tri-
angular, broad at the bafe, where they furround

the ftalk, and fmaller all the way to the point;

Gre Ete Ne U2 49

The leaves on thefe ftand irregularly, and are
but few: they have no footftalks; they are of
the fame greyifh green with thofe from the root,
but they are not hairy.

The flowers are fmall and white.

The feed-veftels are long and flender: they
ufually are feen in a loofe fpike, under a little
tuft of flowers, and are full of fmall, brown
feeds. :

It is common on walls and dry banks, and
flowers in April.

Ray calls it Braffica [puria minima foliis birfutis
et glabris. Others, Pilofella Siliquofa thalit. The
common people, Codded moufear.

I. BR T.1S:H |S. PE Ca EAs:

and they are of a bluifh green colour, and of a
fmooth and gloffy furface.

The flowers ftand in tufts at the tops of the
ftalks, and are white, with a tinge of yellowifh,
fometimes more, fometimes lefs.

The feed-veffels are long and flender, and the
feeds are fmall and brown.

It is a native of Germany, and many other
parts of Europe, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Brafica fylueftris foliis circa
radicen chicoraceis, Others, Turritis major.

The feeds of the ¢urritis are accounted excel-
lent in the rheumatifm,; and in fome places are a
common family-medicine for that purpofe: but
they are not known in the fhops.

XVI.

HEDGE MUSTARD.

Bomkichie’ | Lo Ma Oe MM,

if Bide flower is compofed of four petals, regularly difpofed crofs-ways; thefe are oblong, blunt
at the end, and have narrow,’ fmall bottoms, which ftand erect, and are of the length of the
cup: the cup is formed of four little, oblong leaves, which are coloured, and converge at their points,
and the whole falls with the flower: the feed-veffel is very long, and very flender, and the feeds are

{mall and round.

Linnzus places this among the zefradynamia filiquofa, four of the fix threads in the flower being
longer than the other two, and the feed-vefiel being a regular pod.

This author introduces into this genus fome plants properly belonging to the others of the fame
clafs: but a trip of this kind is the more pardonable, becaufe there is no clafs in which the genera are

fo very lightly diftinguifhed one from another.

As there is no fingle word to denote this genus in the Englifh language, it will be advifable to ufe
the Latin name Ery/inum the more, as the plant commonly known under the name of hedge muftard
in the fhops, properly belongs, as Mr. Ray firft obferved, to another genus, This has been already

defcribed and figured in its place.

DAV LS: 10 Negi:

1. Treacle Wormfeed.
Epyfinum anguftifolium camelina digium,

The root is long, white, woody, and furnifhed
with many fibres.

The ftalks are round, firm, upright, and of a
pale green, or purplifh: they are about two feet
and a half high, and not much branched,

BRITISH SPECIES.

The leaves are long and narrow: they ftand
in great number upon the ftalks, and in an irre-
gular manner. They have no footftalks : they ar¢
narrow at the bafe, and broadeft about the middle:
their colour is a pale green, and they have a bit-
ter tafte, as has alfo the pith within the ftalk.

The flowers grow in fmall tufts at the tops of
the ftalks, and they are fmall and yellow.

The

BR. GSH we RBA

— : =

The feed-veffels are long, flender, and {quared ;
they ftand in a kind of fpikes along the upper
part of the ftalk, when the plant has been fome-
time in flower.

The feeds are numerous, fmall, oblong, and
yellow, and are very bitter.

It is frequent in the fen countries, as the Ifle of
Ely, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Myagrum Jiliqua longa,
Others, Cameling,

The feeds of this plant are accounted excellent
againft worms, and are much ufed by the country-
people; but they are not known in the fhops.

They are alfo given againft obftructions of the
vifcera, and in the rheumatifm and jaundice, with
faccefs : they operate moderately by urine. This

“medicine deferves to be more known.

2, Broad-leaved fmooth Eryfimum.
Eryfimum latifolium glabrum,

The root is long, white, flender, and fur-
nifhed with many fibres,

The firft leaves are numerous, Jarge, and very
deeply divided: they are placed on flender foot-
ftalks, and are deeply cut, almoft to the rib, into
a number of fegments, in fomewhat like a pin-
nated form. :

The ftalk is round, thick, upright, not much
branched, and a foot and half high.

The leaves on it refemble thofe from the root,
being divided very deep at. the fides into four or
five pairs of fegments : they are perfectly fmooth,
and of a yellowifh green.

The flowers are fmall and yellow: they ftand
in tufts at the tops of the ftalks, and are but of
fhort continuance.

The feed-vefiels are long and flender, and they
ftand at a good diftance from the ftalk; the feeds

are {mall brown,

DIVISION IL FO

1. Arabian Muftard,
Enyfimum draba lutea diftum.

The root is long, thick, white, and furnifhed
with many fibres.

The firft leaves rife in a fmall tuft, and are
fupported on long footftalks: they are oblong,
and confiderably broad, indented at the edges,
and fharp-pointed.

The ftalk is round, upright, firm, and not.
much branehed: its ufual height is two feet,
but it fometimes rifes to twice that, or more.

The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and are like
thofe from the root: they have fhort footftalks,
and are oblong, ferrated, fharp-pointed, and of
a dufky green. ;

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks in a
kind of fpikes, and they are of more duration
than moft of the others: they are fucceeded by
long and very flender pods, in which are longifh
yellow feeds. 3

It is a native of Italy, and flowers in July.
C. Bauhine calls it Draba lutea filiquis ftrictif-
Suis. ‘

It is common in wafte places, and flowers in
June. 1

C.Bauhine calls it Exy/imum latifoliam majus gla~
brum. Others, Eryfimum latifolium Neapolitanym,
This name comes from Parkinfon, and is il}
adapted to fo common an Englifh plant.

3. _Flixweed.
Eryfinum foliis tenuiffime divifis Sophia diftum.

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
many fibres.

The firft leaves are large, and very beautifully
formed : they are pinnated, and the pinne or di-
vifions are divided, and fometimes fubdivided
again ; fo that the leaf is compofed of innume-
rable very fine and delicate parts.

The ftalk is round, firm, upright, of a pale.
green, and a yard high.

Tt is very much branched, and thick fet in alf
parts with leaves,

Thefe ftand irregularly, and refemble thofe
from the root: they are very finely divided, and
of a. deep, but not unpleafing green, :

The flowers are fmall and yellow, and they
ftand in little tufts at the tops of all the branches

The feed-veffels are very fender, long, and
green: the feedsare numerous, and extremely fmall,
It is common in wafte places, and flowers in
July, ;

C. Bayhine calls it Nafurtium fylveftre tenuif-
Sime divifum. Others, Sophia chirurgorum. The
common people, Flixweed, a corrupt way of
fpeaking Fluxweed.

This name has been given it for its virtues
which ought to make it more regarded. z

The feeds are aftringent, and the juice more
fq: either of thefe, or a decoétion of the plane,
ftop fluxes and hemorrhages in a very fafe and
happy manner. :

R°ESE G N@-SoPeb CF Bs:

The whole plant has a fiery tafte, byt the root
moft of all.

Tt is an excellent medicine in rheumatic com-
plaints, and in obftructions of the vifcera,

2. Great-flowered Eryfimum.
Eryfimum flore‘aureo magno.

The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with
many fibres,

The firft leayes are numerous, long, large,
and very beautifully divided: they fpread them-
felves upon the ground in a circular manner, and
they are finugted very deeply in the pinnated
form; each leaf is formed of five or fix pairs of
thefe fegments, united by a rim of a leaf joining
the rib; and they are of an irregularly-triangu-
lar figure.

The ftalk is upright, firm, round, not much
branched, and two feet high. ‘

The leaves on it are long, narrow, and like
thofe of the root, but with fewer divifions.

The flowers are large, and of a fine yellow,

The pods are long and flender, and the feeds
f{mall, numerous, and round.

Ts.

252

The “BRIT FS HoH E RBA

Tt is a native of Italy, and flowers in June.
C. Bauhine calls it Eruca latifolia.

All thefe plants agree in their general quali-

ties as well as external form. They are good

in obftructions of the) vifcera, and in fcorbutie,
diforders ; but they have not been fufficiently
regarded in the practice of phyfic.

aie

SLPLGLILPLGSSILSLHLLESSLHSLOD BD OTD DP OP BLS BS EL BM

Sk Roly! EyasSeemete

Foreicn Genera.

Thole of which there is no fpecies naturally wild in this country.

G E N U S I,
TOOTHWORT.
DENTARIA

"THE flower is compofed of four petals, regularly difpofed crofs-ways: they-ate broad at the ends;
and have fmall bottoms of the length of the cup. The cup is formed of four little leaves 3 they
are oval, blunt, and converge at the points, and the whole falls with the flower’: the feed -vetel ig
long, and of a rounded form, and contains two cells ; the dividing membrane is a litdlé’ longer than
the fides of the pod: the feeds are numerous and oval. i :
Linnzus places this among the ¢efradynamia /filiquofa ; four of the fix threads in the flower being
longer than the other two, and the feed-veffel being a regular pod.

Some of the plants of this genus produce a kind of foboles, or fruitful lumps, in the’ bofome of

the leaves ; but this is not univerfal.

1. Trifoliate Toothwort.
Dentaria triphyllos.

The root is thick, of an irregular figure, and
lies obliquely under the furface. When young it
is white, but when older it is black on the out-
fide ; fo that the common appearance is its being
white in fome parts, and black in others: it is
compofed in an irregular manner of feveral dif-
tinct parts oddly conneéted together.

From the different parts of this root rife feve-
ral footftalks, on each of which are placed three
leaves: thefe are broad, fhort, and of a deep
green, ferrated at the edges, pointed at the ends,
’ and each has its feparate pedicle, by which it is
fixed to the common footftalk.

Jn other parts of the root lie the rudiments of
the ftalk, which therefore rife in feparate places.

Thefe are round, flender,. of a pale green, and
about a foot high.

Toward the middle of the flalk, or fomewhat
nearer the top, there ftand three footftalks, each
fuftaining three leaves: thefe are long, narrow,
dharp-pointed, and ferrated at the edges.

The flowers are moderately large: they have
Jong and flender pedicles, fo that they com-
monly hang drooping; and their colour is a
greenifh white.

The fecd-veffels are long and flender, and the
feeds are numerous and {mall,

It is a native of Italy, and other warmer parts
of Europe, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Dentaria triphyllos. Co-

lumna, Ceratia Plinii, Others in general, Den-
daria trifoliata, Three-leaved toothwort,

2. Seven-leaved Toothwort.
Dentaria beptaphylla. ;

The root is placed obliquely in the ground, and
is compofed of a number of odd-fhaped irreoular
parts, fixed in a rude manner to one another.

The firft leaves are large, and very beautiful :
they ftand on long, flender footftalks, of a greenifh
white, or of a redifh colour; and are of a pin-
nated form, each confifting of three pairs of pinnss
with an odd leaf at the end. :

Thefe are oblong, narrow, tharp-pointed and
ferrated at the edges, :

The ftalk is round, flender, ic c
and a foot high. a gies

The leaves grow irregularly on thefe, and in
an uncertain form: the lower part of the ftalk js
naked, and that ufually half way up: at this
height begin the leaves, three or four of which
ftand at fome fmall diftances over one another;
and are of the pinnated form, like thofe from the
root, but having fewer Pinne: above thefe {tand
feveral fimple, oblong, and narrow leaves, and
at the top the flowers in a {mall fpike. aud
Thefe are large, and of a beautiful pale redith
hue.

‘The feed-vefiel is long and flender, and the
feeds are numerous and round, :

In this fpecies there“are frequently little cu-
bercles at the bofoms of the leaves, like thofe of
the bulbiferous faxifrage, which fa'ling take root,
and become new plants. :

It is common in all the fouthern parts of Eu-
Tope in fhady fituations at the foot of hills. It
has been found ip fome places~ in England i

4 thriving

Sirvttel Dae

Great flower

ual Leno Trrted

Theacle Worn Seed: Broad teayit —
Soot E. rydutrile 7

Ehe, aR DT -11S- Ei ER BAA

253

thriving very well among bufhes, but it is not a
native. The dead ftalks have been thrown out
of fome adjacent garden, and the tubercles from
the leaves have furnifhed thefe plants.

C. Bauhine calls it Dextaria beptaphyllos bacci-
fera, Berry-bearing feven leaved toothwort. He
gives the name of Jderries to thofe tubercles juft
named ; but they are nor properly fuch. A berry
is a regular fruit fucceeding a fower : thefe are
a kind of fuckers; no flower has ftocd in the
place.

3. Five-leaved Toothwort.
. Dentaria pentaphyllea.

The root is long, thick, of an irregular form,
and lies obliquely at a fmall depth under the fur-
face: the firft leaves are fupported on long, flen-
der footftalks : they are placed five on each; and
they are not difpofed in the pinnated manner,
but fpread out like fingers. They are oblong,
narrow, fharp-pointed, ferrated at the edges, and
of a {trong and pleafant green. :

The ftalk is flender, upright, green or redifh,
and a foot high. f

The leaves ftand irregularly, and are perfeétly
like thofe from the root, five placed on each
footftalk, narrow, long, and ferrated.

The flowers are large, and of a beautiful pale
purple; in fhape and colour they very much re-
femble thofe of the common hefperis, which our
gardeners call fingle rocket,

The feed-veffel is long and flender, and the
feeds are numerous, fmall, and ‘round. ’

It is a native of Italy, and flowers in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Dentaria pentaphyllos, and
moft others copy that name. When this grows
in loofe ground very much fhaded, the root be-
comes more fcaly, and the leaves are of 1a paler
green, and are foft to the touch. In this ftate it
has béen defcribed by Clufius. under the name of
Dentaria pentaphyllos altera, as if a diftin& fpecies;
but thefe errors the ftudent muft carefully avoid.

4. Single-leaved Toothwort,
Dentaria foliis fimplicibus.

The root is thick, and of an irregular figure,
and runs obliquely under the furface.

Got NY yg

The firft leaves are oblong, natrow, undivided;
and of a pale green: they have fhort footftalks,
and rife in little tufts.

The ftallk is round, flender, upright, and of a
pale green : it is not at.all branched, and is a foot
and a half high. «alt {

The leaves are placed alternately on it from the
bottom to the top, and they refemble thofe from
the rooc: they have fhort footftalks’;. and they
are long, narrow, fharp-pointed, a little undu=
lated at the edges, and of a pale teen.

The flowers ftand in‘a fhort {pike at the top of
the flalk; and as the top ufually droops, they
commonly hang all on one fide: they are large
and white, with a fainter or deper blufh of
purple.

The feed-Vveffel is long and fender, and the
feeds are large and round. .

It is common in the Harts foreft in‘ Germany,
ahd flowers in Auguft.

C.Bauhine calls it Dentaria baccifera foliis
ptarmica.

There are frequently tubercles like thofe of the
feven-leaved kind in the bofoms of ‘the leaves of
this fpecies ; and when they are numerous, and
fwell kindly, the flower often falls without any
fucceeding feed-veffel, Nature contenting herfelf
with this method of encreafing and continuing
the fpecies;

The feven-leaved toothwort is accounted a good
vulnerary ; but this feems an opinion not wel]
founded.\ The tafte is acrid, and almoft cauftic,
Probably a confufion of names between this
plant, and the coral toothwort has occafioned thé
opinion.

Linnzus accounts the fingle-leaved toothwor}
to be only a variety of the feven-leaved kind,
fome of the leaves toward the top of which aré
often fingle: but the lateft obfervations thew the
leaves of this are fingle from the root ; fo that it
is altogether a diftiné&t fpecies. And indeed the
whole afpect of the plant fpeaks it. There has
been alfo much confufion about the bulbiferous
kind, fome defcribing one fpecies, and others
another for it; but this is owing to the uncer-
tainty of the bulbs or tubercles appearing, for they
are not conftant in all the plants.

Il z

ASR AUB Tas,

THE flower is compofed of four petals, regularly difpofed crofs-ways: they are of an oval, ob-
tufe form, and have fmall bottoms of the length of the cup. The cup is compofed of four

little leaves ; two of thefe are very narrow, and ftand ereét; the other two are broader, and thick —
at the bafe, and of an oval fhape, but fharp-pointed and hollow. ‘The feed-veffel is very long, flatted,
and {welling where the feeds lie: thefe are numerous, and of a rounded fotm, but fomewhat flatted.
Linnzzus places this among the tetradynamia filiquofo ; the threads in the flower being fix, of which
four are longer than the other two, and the feed-veffel being a regular pod. But he introduces,
among the plants rightly belonging to it fome that more properly claim their place in other ge-
nera. We have endeavoured here to place them as Nature direéts.
N° XXVI. dealt 1. Broad-

He ERS. ALL,

1. Broad leaved Arabis.
Arabis latiore folio.

The root is long, flender, and creeping.

The ftalks are numerous, round, upright,
hairy, and a foot high : they are of a pale colour,
and not much branched.

The leaves are numerous, and are placed ir-
regularly ; they are of a fhape approaching to
oval, broadeft at the bafe, where they furround
the ftalk, and narrower to the extremity, where
they terminate in a fharp point: they are foft to
the touch, of a pale green, and ferrated at the
edges.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches
in little tufts, and they are fmall and white.

The feed-veffels are long and flender : the feeds
are large and brown.

It is a native of Germany, and other parts of
Europe, and thrives beft on fhaded hills. It
affumes various fhapes, according to the favour-
able qualities of the foil and fhelter, fometimes
lying for the moft parton the ground, and fome-
times rifing perfectly ere€t. This, and its other
variations from the fame caufe, have led fome to
figure and defcribe it two or three times over un-

Ge EN
Wee @
18 a

(tHE flower is compofed of four petals opening regularly crofs-ways ; the

the cup is compofed of four little
fpread open ; it is coloured, and falls entire with the

obtufe, and have very narrow bottoms :

end, compreffed, and two-edged, and is compofed
oval figure, and lies in the centre of the pod.

From the fhortnefs of the pod

filiquofe kind.

Linnzus places it among the tetradynamia filiquofa,
and the feed-veffel, as we have

than the other two,

lar pod.

' Common Woad.
Lfatis vulgaris.

The root is long, thick, whitifh, and fur-
nifhed with many fibres,

The firft leaves are large, oblong, and broad ;
they lie fpread upon the ground, and they are of
a bluifh green colour, and firm fubftance,

The ftalk rifes in the midft of the tuft, and.is
round, woody, firm, of a greyifh colour, and
four feet high,

The leaves ftand thick and irregularly on it, and
are large and oblong : they are broad at the bafe,
and narrower all the way to the point; and they
are of the fame flefhy fubftance, and bluith green
colour,

The flowers ‘ftand upon numerous, flender
branches, into which the ftalk divides at its top ;
and they are fmall and yellow,

der various names adapted to the condition of its
growth.

6. Long-leaved Arabis.
Arabis longiore folio.

The root is long, flender, white, and furnithed
with numerous fibres.

The firft leaves rife in a thick tuft, and are -
fupported on fhort.footftalks : they are long, mo-.
derately broad, fharp-pointed, narroweft at the
bafe, and very irregularly indented about the
edges.

The ftalk is round, upright, frm, and not
much branched. ee
The leaves on it in all refpects refemble thofe
from the root, but that they are fmaller; they
ftand irregularly : they are of a pale green, and

they have fhort footftalks,

The flowers ftand at the top in a
and are large, and of a bright yellow.

The feed-veffels are long, flatted, and full of
roundih feeds.

It is a native of many parts of North America,
and flowers in July.

Plukenet calls it Eruca dellidis majoris folio.

{mall tuft,

U's Ss Ill,
A D.
tT. S:

y are oblong, oval,
oval leaves, which
flower: the feed-veffel is oblong, blunt at the
of two hollow fides: the feed is fingle, and of an

in this genus fome might be for referring it to the filiculofe plants ;
but that is not their effential charaéter, as we fhall thew hereafter.

This is properly and. truly of the

four of the fix threads in the flower being longer
obferved, notwithftanding its fhortnefs, a regu-

The feed-veffels are
fingle and large.

It is a native of the fhores of the Baltic ; but
is cultivated in fields with us, and thrives very
happily. It flowers in Augutt,

C. Bauhine calls it Yatis latifolia fativa. This
author, and others, defcribe alfo a narrower-leaved
woad, which they call the wild kind, as if a dif-
tinét {pecies; but there is no other difference
between thefe two plants than what culture gives.
The wild wad, brought into a cultivated land,
will have as large and broad leaves as the other,
and has arifen from {cattered feeds of the manured
kind upon lefs favourable foils.

The ufe of qwoad is for dying of woollen’
cloth. Its natural colour is blue; but it is alfo
the bafis of feveral others : for this fervice a vatt

quantity is annually raifed in many parts of
England, ‘ I

oblong, and the feed is

GEN Uys

The BRITISH HERBAL.

OCS

Geer

No POURS

IV.

SINAPISTRUM.

HE flower is compofed of four petals, very fingularly arranged
crofs-ways, as the others of this clafs; but all incline upwards
other : two of thefe petals are fmaller than the others.
open, the lower leaf feparated asic were from the others; and ‘the
the bafes of the three other leaves of the cup. The feed-veffel is long and rounde
of two fides, but contains only a fingle cell : the feeds are numerous and round,

3 they do not expand themfélves
» and fpread out from one an-
The cup is formed of four little leaves fpread

te are three little glandules at
d, and is compofed

Linnzus places this among the tetradynamia filiquofa, but with fome tepugnance to the characters

of that clafs. - .

He fays, in the tetradynamia four threads are longer than the reft, and he gives them here as placed
in the common manner: but he is obliged to acknowledge, that, in one fpecies of this genus, there
are twelve threads of equal length, fo that the character of tetradynamia is wanting ; and in another
the threads grow upon the ftyle: fo that the plant, according to his diftinétions, belongs to the
gynandria, a particular and altogether diftiné clafs,

This fhews that no proper foundation of claffes is to be found in thele {mall parts of flowers ;
for himfelf is obliged to arrange the two plants we here fpeak of as fpecies of the fame genus,
though, according to his fyftem, they ‘belong to two utterly diftin@ clafies,

This author alfo takes away the eftablifhed name of the clafs, and calls it cleome.

We are no

friends to thefe innovations, and have kept things here in their old channel.

Red, five-leaved Sinapiftrum.
Sinapiftrum pent apbylleum flore rubente:

The root is.compofed of many flender fibres.

The firft leaves are numerous, and have long
and weak footftalks: they ftand five together on
each of thefe, and are.difpofed in a fingered man-
ner: they are narrow, fharp-pointed, and. of a
pale green.

The ftalk is round, weak, redith, and two feet
high.

The leaves on it have long footftalks, in the
fame manner as thofe from the root; and they
alfo ftand five together; and are oblong, narrow,
and of a faint green, ;

-The flowers grow in a long fpike, with the
pods at the top of the ftalks: they are large, and

| of a beautiful pale red.

The feed-veffel is long and flender, and eafily
burfts with a touch, its valves or fides being very
weakly joined ; the feeds are numerous, large, and
roundifh, K

It is a native of Aftica, and flowers in June:

C. Bauhine calls it Quinguefolium lupini Solio.
Others, Sinapiftrum pentaphyllum,

The feeds are accounted a fovereign remedy
in obftructions of the urinary paffages ; but they
are in this refpeét confined to the natural place of
the plant’s growth, We have it in gardens; but
its virtues are not regarded. zs

Th END of te FIFTEENTH CLASS,

THE

BRITISH HERBAL

See eee eee

BEORLAMIDHAOHOSSOSOIAOLDGTSIGOIOIS

CLA S5Sym AVE

Plants whofe flower is compofed of tour rnvars, placed cro/s-waysy and
whofe feed-veffel is a SHORT POD 07 SHALE.

preceding clafs ; except in this, of the fhape and ftructure of the fruit, which is always truly

diftin&, and is an effential claffical charaéter. The /ilicula, or fbale, is of a rounded or
flightly angulated form, and is terminated by a long point which was in the flower, the ftyle. It is
always compofed of two fides or valves, and fplits open lengthwife along their edges.

Linnzus places this clafs among the tetradynamia, diftinguifhing it after the manner of moft others »
from the filiquofe plants, or thofe whofe feed-veffel is a regular pod, only by a fubordinate arrange-
ment. The difference, however, is fufficient very well to fupport the difpofing them in feparate
claffes; and hence will atife lefs confufion. The young botanift will always find his progrefs in the
feience the eafier, the greater is the number of diftinétions, provided: they have juft foundation in
nature. His perplexity always arifes from the great number under one general head.

"Tee are the plants authors call filiculofe. They agree in all refpects with thofe of the

is 4b Raber: S$: ak

Natives of BRITAIN,

Thofe of which one or more fpecies are found naturally wild in this country,

Ge ie, INS aS I.
SEA COLEWORT.
\ GaR tid UMMER wns

HE flower is compofed of four petals, which are placed regularly in a crofs direction ; thefe are

of an oval figure, and have very flender bottoms: the cup is formed of four little leaves, of an

oblong, oval figure, and falls with the flower: the feed-veffel is of an irregular figure, roundifh,
but fomewhat oblong, and raifed into four ridges, which terminate in one or more points.

This fingular genus feems intended by nature to connect the filiquofe and the filiculofe kinds, or
thofe with long and fhort pods, whofe flowers are alike: accordingly authors have been divided in
opinion under which of thefe two heads to arrange it. Ray places it among the filiculofe, and Lin-
ngus among the filiquofe: but the ftructure of the pod, when carefully examined, determines for the
firft named diftribution,

Linnaus ranges it among the tetradynamia ; four of the fix threads in its flower being longer than
the other two, as in the reft of this, and the preceding clafs, :

As we have no proper Englith name for the genus, it will be more proper to ufe the name cramle.

Linnzus

The “BARI TE Sie HE IRABSA de

2597.

Linnzus explodes this, and gives to the genus that of Sunias :
young ftudent a double confufion, as it fets afide a received name,
Linnzus has been long ufed by authors in another fenfe,

the turnep or navew kind.

He alfo feparates fome of the fpecies under the name of crambe,
the top; but thefe are too flight accidents to charaéterife a genus.

DIVISION 1.

1. Smooth Crambe.
Crambe maritima braffica foliis.

The root is long, thick, and divided into
many parts.

The firft leaves are very large, and numerous:
they are oblong, very broad, deeply and irregu-
larly finuated at the edges; of a thick, flefhy
fubftance, perfeétly fmooth, and ofa bluith green :
the ribs and veins are often purplith.

The ftalk rifes in the centre of thefe, and is
round, thick, whitifh, upright, and branched :
it grows to two feet and a half in height.

The leaves on this are few: thofe toward the
lower part refemble fuch as rife from the root;
but near the top they are {mall, of an oval fhape,
pointed, and not at all waved at the edges. i

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks and
branches, and are {mall and white.

The feed-veffels are fhort and roundifh, and in
each is contained a fingle large feed.

It is not uncommon on our fea-coafts, and
flowers in June. ae

C.Bauhine calls it Braffica maritima monofpermos.
In Englith it is called the Sea cale, or Sea-cabbage.

The people about the fea-coafts boil it in the
way of favoys and cabbages, and the like; and
it is very well-tafted, and perfectly wholefome.
This has led fome to take it into their gardens, and
it is preferred to moft other kinds at table. The
root creeps under the furface, and the leaves are
green all winter.

DIVISION IU.

Rough-podded Crambe.
Crambe filiculis bicriftatis.

The root is thick, flender, and furnifhed with
many fibres.

The firft leaves are numerous, oblong, and
deeply indented on the edges in a pinnated form:
each leaf has four or five pairs of fegments thus di-
vided, and is terminated by an oblong piece; and
thefe are all ferrated and pointed. .

The ftalk is round, upright, weak, and not
much branched: the colour is ufually a pale
green, fometimes redifh, and it is hairy.

The leaves on it are not divided in the man-
ner of thofe at the root, but are oblong, and
ferrated at the edges.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks and
branches, and are fmall and yellow:

The feed-veffel is fhort, and of arough, pointed,

N° 26.

but this will create in the mind of the
and as this now appropriated by
exprefling a plant of the former clafs, of

becaufe the threads are {plit at

BR TT 1S 9H eS Paphos poy

2. Sea-Rocket.
Crambe foliis afperis eruca marina difta.

The root is long, flender, and furnithed with
numerous fibres.

The firft leaves are few and fmall: they are
narrow, oblong, and a little indented ; ufually
there are about two notches on each fide: thefe
are of ‘a yellowifh green colour, and quickly
fade.

The ftalk is round, weak, of a pate green, and
fmooth, and is very much branched.

The leaves on this are numerous, broad, ob-
long, and very deeply cut at the edges, in a
manner fomewhat refembling the pinnated divi-
fion: they are of a pale green colour, and of a
flefhy fubftance.

The flowers ftand at the tops of ftalks and
branches 5 and are large, and of a purplith blue.

The feed-vefiels are fhort, thick, and two-
edged: the feeds are large and brown.

It is a native of our fea-coafts, and flowers in
June. mee

C. Bavhine calls it Eruca maritima Italica Sili-
qua hafte cfupidi fimili. Others call it Eruca ma-
rina, and Cakile. ' :

The people about the coafts take the feeds in
rheumatic cafes, and, as is reported, with fuc-

cefs,
—

FOREIGN SPECIES.

and crefted form: the feeds are oval and brown:

It is common in the fouth of France, and

flowers in July.
~ C, Bauhine calls it Erucago monfpeliaca Siliqua
quadrangula echinata. Van Royen, Bunias; and
from this has arifen Linnzeus’s ufe of that word
as a name for the whole genus:

As we do not allow the crambe to be feparated
from this otherwife than as {pecies of the fame
genus, the divifion of the threads in the flower
not being a mark of greater diftin€tion, we retain
that name to the whole genus. :

Linuzus authorifes in other places the redu’
cing to the fame genus plants that have thefe
little differences in their minute parts. We have
given an inftance of it in the /ixapiftrum, even
though it fhakes his whole fyftem: here there
would have been lefs objection to the fame con-
duct. -

un GENUS

“258 The BRITISH HERBAL:

GasnoBis GDh ebbla at S I.

: ; L.U.N-A.R-.V.L OnL, E:T.
LUNARIAZA,

p-FAHE flower is compofed of four petals difplayed crofs-ways ; they arelarge, obtufe, undivided,
ae and have flender bottoms of the Jength of the cup. The cup is formed of four leaves, of an
oval or oblong figure, and convergent at their tops; there are two of them thick at the bafe: the
feed-veffel is of an elliptic or long-round figure, flatted, erect, and very large : it is terminated by a
long point, and is formed of two. valves, and divided into two cells or partitions by a membrane,

which runs parallel with the fides.

Linnezus places this among the tetradynamia filiculofa, the

threads of the flower being fix, four of

which are longer than the other two, and the feed-veffel a proper filicula or thale. s oe

Others have arranged it among the filiquofe plants, or thofe whofe feed-veffel isa regular pod; «
but erroneoufly. The diftinétions in thefe cafes are fmall, but they are fufficient : the filiquofe and
filiculofe plants of feveral genera approach very nearly to one another, but a ftrict examination of the
feed-veffel will always fhew without error to which clafs any plant truly belongs.

DIVISION I BRITISH *S'PECT E's:

Lunar Violet, with a wreathen pod:

Lunaria filiqua intorta,

The root is compofed of a few threads.
The firft leaves are oblong, fomewhat broad,
and of a greyifh green: they are fmall, and'they
grow in a thick tuft, partly rifing up, and partly
fpread uponithe ground.

The ftalk rifes inthe midft of this tuft’; and
is round, upright, flender, of a greyifh colour,
and eight inches high. i t
. The leaves on it are placed irregularly ; and
they are oblong, broad, and of a bluifh green.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and
are fmall and. white.

DEV LST O-Ng U4 b-O
1. Honefty.

Lunaria filiculis fubrotundis.

The root is a tuft of thick fibres.

The firft leaves are few, and quickly fade ;
they are of a heart-fafhioned fhape, and of an
obfcure, dufky, green colour. :

The ftalk is round, upright, firm, branched,
and thrée feet high. ; age

The leaves-on this are placed at diftances; and
they are large and heart-fafhioned, broad, and in-
dented at the bafe, ferrated at the edges, and
tharp-pointed: their colour isa dufky green, and
they are lightly hairy.

The flowers are very numerous, and ftand to-
ward the extremities, and at’ the tops of the
branches: they aré long, and of a beautiful
purple. fife

The feed-veflel is very: broad, and extremely
thin: it is rounded, and terminated by a fender
point, and when ripe has a filky or fattiny ap-
pearance 5 whence the plant has been called the
Sfattin-plant, and Jettin-flower : the feeds are large,
but not numerous.

It is a native of Germany, and flowers in May.

C. Bauhine calls it Lunaria major fliqua rotun-
diore. | Others, Viola lunaris vulgaris, and Bulbo-
nach. \ts proper Englith name is the Round.
podded lunar violet.

The feed-veffel is oblong and twifted; and the
feeds are kidney-fhaped, and large.

It'is found on ‘our northern mountains, and
flowers in April. ;

Petiver'calls it Lunaria contorta major. Plu-
kenet, Lecoium jive lanaria vafculo fublongo intorto.

‘Merret, Paronychia Gnaphalii facie.

This is mentioned a fecond time, though with
uncertainty, in the fynopfis of Britifh plants, under
the name of Paronychia fimilis, fed major perennis
alpina repens. “The author’ fuppofed it might be
the fame with the formers and it has been found
to. be fo by thofe who have feen. it in the places
there mentioned with the, feed-vefiels ripe.

RELGN SPECLES.

2. Lunar violet, with oblong pods,

~ Lunaria JSiliquis oblongis.

The root is compofed of numerous, thick
fibres, and remains the winter ;. whereas the other
is an annual, “dying as foon as the {eed is ripened,

The firft leaves of this are very large: they
are fhort.and broad, indented at the bafe, ferrated
at the edges, and pointed at the ends.

The ftalks are numerous, round, green, a little
hairy, and three fect high.

The leaves on them refemble thofe from the
root: they are fhort, and heart-fafhioned, fharply
indented, and pointed; and they ftand on flen-
der, hairy footftalks.

The flowers are placed at the tops of the ftalks
and branches; and are of a pale purple, large,
and very handfome.

The feed-veffels are thin and flat, like thofe of
the common kind ; but they are oblong,

The feeds are few, large, and brown.

It is a native of Spain, and flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Viola lunaria major Jiliqua ob-
longa, :

The virtues of thefe plants are unknown nor
does it appear, from any manifeft qualities, that

they are worth regarding.

GENUS

i
.

‘
4

’

Th BRITISH HERBAL

62.59

Did | Die aha it,

WHITLOW-GRAS&5,

PARONYCHTA

HE flower is compofed of four petals, which open crofs-ways:
"E and have very flender bottoms. The cup is (ores of four ie ae aes figure,
fall with the flower. ‘The feed-veffel is qblong, flatted, and has fo fmall a point ie the ae
it appears almoft deftitute of any : it is: compofed of two valves, and divided into tw te pas
membrane that runs parallel with them. The feeds are numerous and finall. SNe Te
Linnzus places this among the tetradynamia Jiliculofa,; the threads i .
longer and i fhorter, and the feed-yeffel a regular eee or fhale, n the flower. being four
This author abolithes the received name of the plants of this genus, and joins them ie

others under the’ term draba.

DIV-LS-t0 N= fab Rot IT oes SPB Cal tes,

rt. Common Whitlow-grafs.
Paronychia vulgaris.

The root is long, flender, and hung with a
multitude of little fibres.

The leaves rife in a thick tuft, and are {mall,
and of a dufky green) they are oblong and ob-
tufe, and not at all indented at the edges.

The ftalks rife in the center of this tuft of
leaves, many together: they are upright, flender,
yellowifh, and three or four inches high.

‘There are no leaves on thefe, but ufually to-
ward the tops a great number of flowers and feed-
vefiels.

The flowers are {mall and white.

The feed-veflels are oval, flat, and yellowith ;
and the feeds are numerous, and very fmall.

It is common on walls and the top of houfes,
and flowers very early in fpring.

C.Bauhine calls it Burfa paftoris minor loculo,ob-

longo. Others, Paronychia vulgaris.

the leaves bruifed to whitlows on
but a common pultice would an-
fe better; or thefe leaves, if ufed,

People lay
their fingers 5
{wer their purpo:
fhould be mixed with it.

The leaves of this plant are fometimes flightly

jndented, and fome have defcribed it in this cafe
under the name of a diftinct fpecies ; but it is

DIVISION IL

1, Yellow Alpine Whitlow-grafs.
Paronychia lutea Alpina.

The root is thick, long, divided, and fur-
nifhed with numerous fibres.

The leaves rife from it in a very thick tuft,
and ftand extremely clofe in vaft numbers: they
are very fmall, fhort, and fharp-pointed : they
are broad at the bafe, and not at all indented.

‘The ftalks are numerous, weak, round, flen-

der, and naked 5 and they are about three inches

high. . ’
“Che flowers ftand at the tops, fix or eight on

each, and they have long and very flender foot- .

ftalks : they are fmall, and of a bright yellow.
The feed-veffels are oval and fmall, and the

feeds are very minute and brown,

one of thofe accidental varieties which will rife
from the fame feeds with the other. gett

2. Branched Whitlow-grafs,
Paronychia:ramofa birfistas

pie Fait long, lender, and furnithed with

The firft leaves rife ina thick tufts and are
oblong, broad, of ‘a dufky green, and hairy:
they have no footftalks, and they are fharply ce
rated at the edges, and pointed at the ends.

The ftalk rifes in the center, and is round up*
right, very much branched, hairy, and ten stig
high. :

~The leaves are placed irregularly, and are
broad and fhort: they are largeft at the bafe, nar-
rower all the way to the point, and ferrated on
the edges, ;

The flowers are fimall and white: they fland
in little tufts at the tops of all the branches.

The feed-vefiels are of an oval form, fmall, flat,
and yellowifh ; and, when the plant has flowered
fome little time, they ftand in long fpikes beneath
the flowers: the feeds are {mall and brown.

C. Bauhine calls this Barfa paftoris major locuto
oblongo. Others, Thla/pi foliis veronica.

It is found on the hilly parts of our northern
counties, and flowers in April,

FOREIGN SPECHES,

It is 'a native of the Alps, and flowers in April,
C. Bauhine calls it Sedum Alpinum luteum 5 but
the form of the {eed-veflel fhews the error of that
Morifon calls it Burfa pafigyis Alpina lus

name.
tea rofea. Columna, Leucoinm luteum aizcides
montanum. Some years the feafon not favouring,

it is very minute; but ufually it is of the fize and
form defcribed here, ;

2, Branched yellow Whitlow-grafs.

Paronychia ramofa flore aureo.

The root is long, flender, and furnithed with
many fibres. f

The leaves rife in a tuft without footftalks ;
and they are broad, oblong, and of a pale green,
very-hairy, and lightly ferrated at the edges,

4 The

26 ro) The

BRET SH HER BAL.

The ftalk is round, upright, hairy, whitifh,
and eight inches high.

The leaves on this are fhort and broad, of a
whitifh ‘green, very hairy, and foft to the touch.

The flowers ftand in little tufts at the tops of
the ftalk and branches; and they are moderately
large, and of a fine gold ycllow.

G._E

Noes

The feed-vefléls are oval and fmall, and they
have a little white point: the feeds are fmall and
brown. ‘

It is frequent in Germany, and flowers in
May. ® ig
G. Bauhine calls it Burfa paftoris Alpina bir fi.
ta. Columna, Draba minima muralis.

IV.

SHEPHERDS PURSE.

BUR S <A

PANS Te Om AE 5:

Tee flower is compofed of four petals, which difplay themfelves crofs-ways; they are {mall, of
an oval figure, and have very narrow bottoms: the cup is formed of four little, hollow leaves,
which fall with the flower: the feed-veffel is flat, large, and heart-fafhioned, narrow at the bafe,
broad, and indented at the extremity, and full of {mall feeds.

Linnzus ranges it among the tetradynamia Siliculofa ; the flower having four longer and two fhorter

threads, and the feed-veffel being a filicula.
a fpecies of rhla/pi.

He does not keep it as a diftiné: genus, but makes it

The feed-veflels of the #b/a/pi are indeed parted by a nick at the end, but they have not the pecu-
liar form of thofe in this plant; which, from their refemblance of a pouch or wallet, have obtained
the herb a name peculiar to itfelf; and preferved it through moft writers.

There is but one known fpecies of /bepherds purfe, and that is a native of Britain. Authors have —
defcribed feveral varieties of it as diftinét fpecies ; but they all rife from the fame feed,

Common Shepherds Purfe.
Burfa poftoris vulgaris.

The root is long, flender, white, and furnifhed
with many fibres.

The firft leaves are numerous, and they fpread
themfelves in a circular manner on the ground :
they are long, narrow, and deeply indented along
the edges in a pinnated manner : their colour is a
dufky green. ,

This is their ufual form: but when the plant
has little nourifhment, they are. fometimes fcarce
at all divided; and, on the other hand, when it
grows rank, they are finuated more frequently,
and down to the rib: thefe are the two condi-
tions in which the plant has been defcribed as if
of different fpecies ; in the one ftate it has been
called fhepherds purfe with undivided leaves, and in
the other ducks-horn-leaved fhepherds purfe; but
the fpecies is the fame in all, the degree of nou-
rifhment only making the difference.

The ftalks rife feveral together in the center of
the tuft of leaves; and are round, tough, up.
right, and branched : their colour is a pale green,
and they are a foot or more in height : the leaves
on thefe are long and narrow; the lower ones are
deeply ferrated, the upper ones fcarce at all; and
they furround the ftalk at the bafe.

The flowers are {mall and white, and the feed-

Go Ee aN

veffels are broad and flat: the feeds are nume-
rous, and very minute. :

It is common in wafte places, and flowers all
fummer.

C. Bauhine calls it Burfa paftoris major folio f.-
nuato. Others, Burfa paftoris vulgaris.

That author, and many others, make the
whitlow grafs a fpecies of this genus; but very
improperly, the form of the feed-veffel being a
moft obvious mark of their diftinétion.

Shepherds purfe is an inftance of a very great
and important truth, that Providence has made
the moft ufeful things moft common ; and that
men therefore neglect them. Few plants have
greater virtues than this, which is yet utterly dif-
regarded. : :

A decottion of the dried herb is a gentle and
fafe aftringent, good in fevers, attended with
diarrhoeas, and inferior to few things againft an
habitual purging.

The juice of the leaves is cooling and aftrin-
gent : two {poonfuls of it, with one of red wine,
are excellent againft overflowings of the menfes.

A ftrong decoétion of the frefh plant is good
againft loofeneffés attended with bloody ftools,
and againft {pitting of blood. Such and fo ufe-
ful is this common plant, trampled every where
under foot as if poffefféd of no qualities.

as) V.

HORSE RADISH.

RAPHANUS RUSTICANUS.

HIS, like the thepherds purfe, is a plant diftiguithed by Nature from all others, but which the
modern writers of botany have, as in that inftance, joined with thofe to which it has no true

alliance.

The flower is compofed of four fmall petals, which difplay themfelves crofs-ways ; thefe are of an

inverted

1% |
\t Q \ ; bh

\\ | ae p) :
W Seuen Wleava

Five Mav d
Toothwort

a) : |
Single bavi Toothwort 2

VIS
Um,

Broad leavid Arabia ee ati Stnapustruin

h tig

tea Rocket’ yr wey a « S é i .
Rough pf died ae 3 :
- ! Craribe
Lunar titel \ ‘ - “=
with Oblong Lods Aan & (7) Common Whitlow. Grafs
a. 4

yz | \é C ¢/Z =
tia : » Lr yy b ‘ y oy , THILO 1 ES,
PO hutlow Or Pec Pond Lehn Shepherds Due

CEH BM Witdlow Oras Whitlow Grafs

Thel BRLETUSH.TH RR BAL, se

~ inverted oval figure, and have very {mall bottoms within the cup. “The atts is compofed of four hol-

low, oval, little leaves, which ftand gaping, and-fall with the flower. The feed-veflel is fhort, fome-
what compreffed, blunt at the end, and terminated by a {mall point: the feeds ate few A, {mall,
and the leaves are very large and firm. ¢ Id,

Linnaeus places ‘this among the tetradynamia filiculofa the flower ‘having four longer and two
fhorter threads,’ and the feed+veffel'being a fingle regularfilicule. He joins it with the feurvyprats
taking away ‘its original and ‘more ufually: received name. The : fhortnefs of the point at the feed
veffel is a diftinGtion of the fmaller kind’; yet it'is a very certain and invariable charaéter: but Na-
ture has placed a much greater and more obvious miark in the form and external appearance ‘of the

whole plant.

The lepidium is much more nearly allied to the raphanus rufticanus than the fcurvygrafs is in na®

ture; but even that is abfolutely diftine.
There is but one known fpecies of hor/e radifh,
native of Britain. i

Common Horfe Radith.
Raphanus rufticanus vulgaris.

The root is long, thick, and white, of an
acrid tafte, and of many years continuance in
the ground. ; Si he

The leaves are numerous, and extremely large :
they are long, moderately broad, and! of a frefh
green. ‘Naturally they are ‘entire, or but fightly
and irregularly dented at-the edges; but fome- |

times they-are cut very ‘deep into numerous pin- -

nated fegments. :

The: ftalk.is round, upright, firm; and- two
feet and a half high.

The leaves on this are oblong, narrow, and
indented, and are of a frefher green than thofe
from the root. : :

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and
are fmall and white. ‘

The feed-veffel is alfo {mall and fhort, and the
feeds are few and fmall.

Itis common wild in the north of England, and

we fee itin uncultivated grounds, frequently about

GEN.

‘though it varies oddly in the leaves; and that isa

London, and elfewhere in the neighbourhood of
towns, But it has in,thefe places probably rifen
‘ from fome of the roots thrown out of the houfes

or gardens. Jn Cumberland, and fome parts

of Yorkfhire, it’ is-abundant in’ places remote
from houfes. . It flowers in. June, :

C. Bauhine calls it Raphanus rufticanus,; and
moft' others copy that name without altera-
tion. : :

It is an excellent medicine in rheumatic cafes;
and.in-all-obftructions ‘of the’ vifcera. There is
no way of taking it. fo good: as eating of the
fcraped root in large quantities at’ table.

It works powerfully by urine, and brings away
fmall ftones and gravel; at the fame time it
ftrengthens the ftomach, and affifts digeftion. Ic
ftands greatly recommended alfo againft {corbutic .
complaints.

Two {poonfuls of the juice will operate as a
vomit; but it does this roughly and difagree-
ably.

Use S VI.

J Bjaa bad Abies SANE D NO

Dang Poop

D 6p BH POM

HE flower is compofed of four: little, oval petals, vahiolt are difpofed regularly in a crofs di»
rection; and. have:very narrow bottoms : the cup is formed: of ‘four little, pointed, gaping

leaves, which fall when the flower decays: the feed-vefiel is fhort, broad, and thick, ‘with a very
flight. depreffion at the end, and a very flender point annexed to it, which has been the ftyle of: the
flower’: the feeds are numerous, fmall,:and brown. » i aN J

Linnzus places this among the ¢etradynamia filiculofa ; the, flower having four longer and two
fhorter threads, and the feed-veffel being a regular filicule. ; sigs 23 ;

He-takes away the eftablifhed name of ‘one plant of this genus, not allowing it’to belong to it,
but accounting it a fpecies of -fcurvygrafs'; this is the narrow-leaved kind’: and: the’ other’ he joins
with nafturtium, callingithem by that name, ‘This tends to create confufion. “There is enough dif-
tinGtion both from ‘the:fcurvygrafs and the horfe radib'in the general form of the’ plants; but, ‘befide
that, we have'fhewn there are diftinétions in thofe parts in particular upon which the’ characters of
the genera are eftablifhed. tl)

Thefe. ate more flight in general’in this whole clafs than in tof’ others: but, if they are properly
attended to,‘ they are fuflicient. : :

DLV Sik: ONG Tai BRITISH:SPECIES.
fends’ up tufts “OF leaves, and young’ fhoots of
ftalks, in feveral places. é :
‘Phe firft leaves are very large, and of a deép
The root is flender, and runs obliquely under | green: they ftand on long, flender footftalks', and
the furface : it is furnifhed with many fibres, and | they are oblong, broad, and ferrated at the
N° 26. Mux: x edges ;

sion) Common’ Dittander.

” Lepidium oulgare latifolinm.

262

The BRET HSA TH BR BoAPL.

edges :

they.are largeft near the bafe, and fharp-..
pointed.

The ftalk is round, firm, upright, confider-

ably branched, and three feet high.

The leaves on this are numerous, and- they
are placed irregularly : they have long, fender
footftalks, like thofe from the root; and they re-
femble them in fhape, but they are fmaller.

The flowers ftand in great numbers at the tops
of the numerous branches into which the ftalk
divides ; and they are fmall and white.

The feed-veffels are fmall and fwelled: the
feeds are numerous, very little, and brown,

It is common in our northern counties, and in
fome other places, and flowers in July.

fimply, Lepidium.

_C.Bauhine calls it Lepidium latifolinm. Otherg

|
The whole. plant.has: a violently acrid tafte,
whence the common people call it pepperqwort,

: The leaves) chewed; bring . water into the
mouth, and cure the toothach, Externally it is
good. againft .the fciatica, and other ftubborn
pains., The women give a flight decottion of it
to promote delivery ; but it is not Sreatly to be
recommended for that purpofe. A flight infy.
fion of the frefh tops of the plant cut {mall works
powerfully by. urine, sand brings away gravel,

In this form alfo it is no indifferent medicine
again{t fcorbutic complaints.

DAV Sl OLNoell, eh ORE GUNe SSPSBYC PENS

Narrow-leaved Dittander,
Lepidium anguftifolium.

The root is compofed of numerous thick fibres.

The firft leaves are very long and narrow:
they grow in a large tuft, and are of a bluith
green colour, and not at allindented at the edges.

The ftalk is round, upright, firm, fcarce atall
branched, and-two feet and:a half high,

The leaves on this are-numerous, and ftand-ir:

Cae.

Neon Uses

regularly : they are long and narrow ; but they
are joined to the ftalk by a broad bate. :
The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches,
and they are large and white. :
The feed-veffel, is {mali and
feeds are numerous and-minute.
It is a native of Germany, and-flowers in June.
C. Bauhine calls it Lepidium glaftifolium. Others,
Lepidium anguftifolium, and Lepidium erefium.

brown, “and the

VIL

SCTATTCA CRESS.

T:BOR}R Tg,

HE flower is compofed of four extremely {mall petals, ofian inverted/oval figure, difpofed oie

ways, and having very fmall bottoms.
and hollow, and fall with the fower.
the feeds are numerous and fmall.

Linneus places this among the tetradynamia filiculofa ;

The cup is compofed of four little leaves, which are oval
The feed-veffel is fmall and flatted, and is fharp

at the edge:

but he has dilpofed the plant itfelf in a very

injudicious manner, and very idly played wich its: generical narne.

The plant commonly known by the word

This is a fort of confufion: that,
extremely wrong. 4

The plant #eris, which he has without reafon put out/of the genus called after its:namie;
upon the foundation of his fyftem, have removed alrogethér out! of this clafs,
as the reft, four;longer and two fhorter, whence the name of the clafs tetrad:
is therefore in abfolute violation of his eftablithed fy ftem, thati the ideris
At the fame time it is very plain, that the iberis is one of the, filiculofe;

to the young ftudent,--will appear inextricable ; andiit-isvin itfelf

‘iberis he has placed among the aafurtiums, which he
has called by a new name, lepidium, taking that alfo fro

in the fame clafs he has another genus of plants,
ced under the name of iberis, while the Propersideris itfelf is ‘inanother

m the plant to which it properly belongs: and
among which many of the thlafpis are introdu-

che might,
for it has nét-fix threads,
‘namia ; but only two: it

the diftinétion of four longer and two fhorter threads is not an abfolute character of thatoclafsyo:This

is, one of thofe numerous inftances we have recited occafiona
that ‘the fyftem of this author, though recommended by its n
iculty to thofe who are ambitious of underftanding abftrufe th

or truth.

fhall be propofed.

one, genus, and.the filiculofe another.
rank of claffes ; but it is neceflary,
gone, thould therefore have remained inviolable.

The moft ufeful method of treating them is therefore to k
blithed traé& as a tolerably nice diftinétion will admit.

Authors have not {een the caufe of this difficulty ;
plants are indeed but a fingle clafs; and this contains
We.do a violence to Na

and in the higheft degree ufeful ; and this having been once

but itis plainly this: the’ cfudiform podded
Properly but two genera, the filiquofe making
ture in erecting: thefe genera into the

2} toor sriihere

> 95%

The BRAM tS Al ERG ADE

There is no part of Linneus’s condué that will in: manys cafe
have taken occafion thus far to explain here my reafons for differin
coming under confideration is in itfelf, and in its proper.name,

of this fault.

Of this plant, diftinguithed by its proper charaéters, of which th
is the principal, there is but one fpecies. Thisis defcribed by the antients under
has virtues attributed to it with juftice which belong to no other plant in fo emin
is a farther reafon for preferving its name, continuing it appropriated to the pla

no other,

Sciatica Crefs.

\Dberis.

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
many fibres. : ;

The firft leaves are numerous, fmall, ob-
long, and of a pale green. They rife in a thick
tuft: they have no footftalks, but are narroweft
at the bafé, and broadeft toward the end; and
they are indented at the edges. : ;

The ftalk is round, upright, and divided into
many branches: it is of a pale green colour, and
about ten inches high. pratt

The leaves on the main ftalk, toward its lower
part, are oblong, broad, and ‘tharply {errated,
like thofe .from the root; but thofe’ on the
branches, and on the upper part of the ftalk, are
narrow, and undivided at the, edges, and of a
paler green. :

The flowers ftand in great numbers on the tops

of the branches, and they are fmall and white,
The feed-veflel is {mall and broad, ‘and the

feeds are numerous and. minute. arp

. It is frequent in the fouthern parts of Eng-

Jand, though lefs common in other places. It

flowers in July. Fe
C. Bauhine calls it Iberis latiore folio. - Others,

Jberis, 4 33

HGH Briones Ut 2g

263

bear. lef, palliation than this, J
¢ from him, as the plant which ‘is
one ofthe moft, ftriking inftances

€ extreme fmallnefs of the petals
the name iberis, ‘and
ent a.degree,.. This
nt, and giving it to

Diofcorides fpeaks with great earneftnefs of the
virtues of this plant againft the {ciatica; and we
read in other of the oid Greeks; ‘and in the Ro-
mans who copied them, the moft furprifing ‘acs
counts of its efficacy in the fame diforder,. The
manner in which they. ufed it was this,

They bruifed a great quantity of the root in a
mortar, and mixed in with it hogs lard... This
ointment they rubbed well in, not only on the .
hip, but alfo up the fide, and all down the thigh ;
and after this they covered the parts with a vaft
plaifter of it, fpread toa confiderable thicknefs.

This application was fuffered to remain on four
hours, or in tenderer bodies only three; and in
this time it acted as a finapifm, heating and in-
flaming the fkin, < agent

Tt was then taken off, and the parts foftly an-
ointed with oil and Wine, and the perfon after-
wards was put into a warm bath, Upon coming
gut, the part was wrapt round with a good thick-
nefs of foft wool; and this generally performed
a cure at once. If any pain remained, or the dif-
order threatened to return, the fame method was
repeated, at the end of three weeks,

Our country-people in fome places ufe the
bruifed herb for the fame purpoies, and with
great fuccefs; but it is not fo much regarded as
it deferves in the common courfe of practice,

VIIL

GOLD OF PLEASURE.

MYAGRUM.

HE flower is compofed of four petals, which open in a regular crofs direction : they are {mall 5

roundifh, and obtufe at the ends, and they have very narrow bottoms.

The cup is compofed of

four little leaves; they are oval, hollow, and ftand apart ; the whole cup is coloured, and falls with
the flower : the feed-veffel is fhort and fwelled, of a fomewhat heart-fafhioned form, and terminated

by a firm point.

Linnzus places this among the tetradynamia filiculofa y-the flower having four longer and two fhorter

threads, and the-feed- veffel being a regular Gilicule.

He alfo joins very properly, under the fame name

{everal plants,-improperly, called by others fpecies of abffims 2% genus of very different charaéter.

BUY ea ON hn 8 Rid TSH SP Bek Bee

2o¥2-Common.Myagrum,
> “Myagrum. vulgare.

The root is, long, lender; white, and fur-
nifhed with many fibres. : ;
~The ftalk is round, firm, upright, a foot.and
half high, and divided into a great number of
branches, i ; a est

The leaves are numerous,..and they are placed
with an agreeable regularity from. its bottom. to
its top: they are oblong, narrow, and of a pale

greens: they adhereto the flalk by abroad bafe,
and are from thence fmaller to‘ the extremity,
where they terminate in a point; and they are
tharply ferrated atthe edges.

The flowers ftand in little tuftsoat the tops of
the branches, ‘and.are ofa gold yéllow.

The feed-veffels are fhort and hard :° the feeds
arecyellow. ° g RST eines)

It is fotind in corn-fields in forne parts of Eng-
Jand, ‘and “flowers in July. :

C. Bauhing

—

264.

C. Bauhine calls it’ Myagrum fativum. Others,
Myagrum vulgare, and Myagrum fylueftre.

In fome of thofe parts of England where they
raife flax, the plant is very common: the feeds
of'it pafs unnoticed among’ thofe of that herb,
and confequently it rifes with the crop from one
year to another.

DekVel SdvOsNoall.

1. Broad-leaved Myagrum.
Myagrum latifolium majus.

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
tnany fibres.

The firft leaves rife in a numerous clufters
and they are oblong, confiderably broad, and of
a deep green: they have no footftalks: they are
very little and very irregularly’ finuated ‘at’ the
edges, and obtufe at the end.

The ftalk is round, firm, upright, and two
feet high: itis divided into many branches.

The leaves on this are placed irregularly, and
ate broad, and fomewhat heart-fafhioned: ‘they
furround the ftalk at the bafe, and thence termi-

* nate in an obtufe end.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the’ branches,
and are fmall and yellow.

The feed -veffels are fhort, hard, and terminated
by a point ; and in each there is only a fingle feed.

The veftel has three cells, but two of them
are empty. ia

It is a native of France and Italy, where it is

common in their corn-fields, as ours is here. It
| Others, Myagrum birfutum.
C. Bauhine calls it Myagrum monofpernum lats-
Others have followed the fame name, |

flowers in June. ~ ; :

folium.
and fome have called it fimply Myagrum majus.

2. Myagrum with flat, dotted pods.
Myagrum filiculis compreffis punttatis:

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
a few fibres. fetes

G ie Eee

The BRITISH H E-’R‘B AL.

The feeds of this plant afford a fweét and’ ufe-
ful oiPin’very confiderable quantity’: it is greatly
inferior to the common olive-oil,’ but'there are
many purpofes it will anfwer very well in its
place.

PORE IGN ?S PE CPES:

The firtt leaves rife in a great clufters and
they are large, oblong, and confiderably broad :
they are placed irregularly, fome ftanding up,
others lying on the eround ; and they are not at
all indented at the edges.

The ftalk rifes in the midft, and is round, up-
right, of a whitith colour, firm, and a foot and
a half high: it is‘ divided into many branches,

and fet thick with leaves toward the top, though

there be fewer near the bottom.

Thefe are oblong, broad, and of a pale green,
they furround the ftalk at the bafe, and are there
broad, and fomewhat heart-fathioned ; and they
grow gradually fmall from_ thence till they ‘ter-
minate in a point. :
~The flowers grow in little tufts at the tops of

‘the ftalks, and they are {mall and white.

The feed-veffel is of a roundifh form, and ofa
firm fubftance, dotted, and rough on the fur
face, and terminated by a ftiff point.

The feed is large, yellow, and oily.

It is common about the borders of vineyards
in France and Italy, and flowers in July. © '

C.Bauhine calls it Myagro fimilis filiqua rotunda.

The feeds of ‘this’ kind are excellent ‘againft the
gravel : they have an oily foftnefs, and a power-
ful diuretic quality. The peafants in Italy efteem
it; but there, like many good medicines here,
it istrieglected in regular practice.

Wok ER 1 Roy DL Siddetaga a
RADTICULY. fai

THE flower is compofed of ‘four petals, ‘regularly opening in a crofs: direétion ; they are oblong,
obtufe; and have very {mall bottoms: ‘the cup is formed of four narrow, fharp~pointed leaves,
that gapeafunder ; and itis coloured, and ‘falls with the flower «the feed-veffel is fhort, and ‘of a
figure approaching to oval, with a fmall, weak point: the feeds are numerous and fmall.

Linneus places this among the sefradynamia Jiliquofa ; but he has not arranged it well. Itis a fili-
culofe, not a filiquofe plant, ‘as appears by the form and ftruéture of the feed-veffel ; therefore it be-
longs to the other divifion, the zetradynamia filiculofa. But this is not all that will miflead the ftudent
in his|arrangement of it.’ He has taken away its generical and received name, and’ makes it a fpecies
of fifymbrium, joining it in with: the ladyfmock and watercre/s. He callsitthe fifymbrium with pods of an
oval, oblong. figure. i

This author’s generical character? of the /ifymibrium fays,’ that the pod is’ Jong; therefore the very
terms are difcordant. Tt sis ‘a range force! upon method, to introduce thefe plants, which he‘is
obliged to diftinguifh by the fhortnefs of: their ‘pods, into a genus, ‘the character of which is to have
Jong ones. ; atats : i390 » Hak > bas id ied

The fpecies of /ifpmbrium are very numerous, and confequently the road to knowledge very much
perplexed according to that difpofition,. We fhall clear’ it’ farther,’ by: reducing’ more of the plants
to their diftinét and “proper genera, and.reftoring them to their uftial and received names. 44

9. 2 ; pIVL

Th BRITISH HERBAL.

265

DIVISION IL

1. Pinnate-leaved Water Radith.
Radicula foliis pennatifidis.

The root is long and flender: it is furnifhed
with many fibfes, and pierces to a great depth.

The firft leaves are very deeply divided in the
pinnated form; but their fegments are not cut
quite to the rib, but are united at the bafe by a
thin flip, running the whole length of the rib:
they are oblong, and confiderably broad, and of
a frefh green. 3

The ftalk is round, green, branched, and weak:
it rifes to a foot and a half in height, and is of a
pale colour.

The leaves on it are numerous, and they have
the fame divifion in the pinnated form with thofe
of the root, but it is lefs regular. '

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and’

are {mall and yellow.
The feed-veffels are fhort, and of an oval figure,
fwelled, foftened, and full of little brown feeds.
It is common by waters, and flowers in July.
C. Bauhine calls it Raphanus aquaticus foliis in
profundas lacinias divifis. Others, Raphanus aqua-
ticus vulgaris.

2. Serrated-leaved Water Radifh.
Radicula folits ferratis.

The root is oblong and thick: it creeps under
the furface, and fends out from different parts
clufters of flender fibres.

The firft leaves rife in fall tufts; and
ufually there are many of thefe form different
parts of the fame root. They are oblong, broad,
and of a dufky green; and they are once den-
tated, and that very deeply near the bafe, the
reft of their edge being undivided.

The ftalks rife among thefe, and are round,
firm, upright, and two feet high,

The leaves on them are numerous, and they are
placed irregularly : they are, long, narrow, and
of a pale green; fharp-pointed, and ferrated at
the edges, but not deeply.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks in
little tufts, and are large and yellow.

The feed-veffels are fhort and roundifh: the
feeds are numerous, fmall, and brown.

It is common about the fides of ditches, and
flowers in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Raphanus aquaticus alter, as
diftinguifhing it from the preceding ; and moft

Gee

Niet Begs

BRITISH SPECIES,

authors copy the fame name, though fo very idle
and unexpreffive.

Linnzus fuppofes the two plants to be the fame
{pecies, differing only from accidents of growth;
the one having more water than the other; and
fhewing it in the form of the leaves. But this i&
an error: they differ in the thape of the leaves,
in the form and difpofition of the roots, and in
the bignefs of the flowers. More cannot be re-
quired for the diftin@tion of the fpecies ia any
one from another. v

Indeed there will happen forne farther accis
dental variations under particular circumftances $
and from thefe fome have eftablithed imaginary
fpecies, which it is fit to reduce to the common
kinds; though not thofe two to one.

Thus, when a part of the firft fpecies is ¢onti_
nually under water, thefe leaves which grow from
fuch part of the ftalk, will be divided into fine
capillary fegments, in the fame manner as thofe
of the various-leaved watet-crowfoot, which aré
always immerfed under the furface.

In this ftate the plant has been defcribed by
Linnzus in fome of his earlier works, and by
Van Royen, Dalibard, and others, under the
name of /ifymbrinm, with the lower leaves capilla-
ceous, and the others pinnatifid,

In a very dry fituation fome of the upper leaves
of the fecond {pecies here defcribed will be deeply
ferrated fo as to appear pinnatifid,

In this ftate Vallifnieri has defesibed it as a new
fpecies, under the name of A/jmbrium, with va-
rious leaves ; and Haller under that of Afymbriunt,
with the lower leaves oval and ferrated, and the
upper ones pinnated,

The reducing thefe to their proper fpecies as
varieties, for they are evidently nothing more,
takes off the imaginary foreign kinds of radicula .
and they are, by the accuftomed and judicious
eye, eafily referred each to the plant to which
it belongs: but it is purfuing a juft redu@ion to
extravagance and error, to defire to make two ab-
folutely different fpecies pais for one, becaufe each.
thas its varieties, which may be referred to it,
This is one of the inftances of that common mif-
take, the not knowing where to ftop.

The frefh leaves of the water radio wok by
urine; and the feeds have the fame quality, but
in no great or eminent degree.

The juice is in fome places drank for the feurvy
with fuccefs,

.$ CUR V¥. GRASS,
COCHLEARIA.

HE flower is compofed of four petals, difplayed crofs-ways 5 they aré finall, fhort, and of an
inverted oval figure; they fpread open, and have fhort bottoms. The cup is formed of four
oval, hollow, little leaves; they gape open, and fall with the flower: the feed-veffel is heart-fa-
fhioned, and flightly flatted, obtufe at the end, fomewhat rough, and pointed with the remain of

the ftyle.
N° XXVIL

Yyy Linnezus

266 The

BeRals@ et StH? Hob SRYe BA Pies

Linneus places this among the fetradynamia Ag the flower having four longer and tivg
thor e feed- veffel bei r filicule.
fhorter threads, and the feed- veffel being a proper f ; oh

He Gtvbacices into the fame genus the horfe-radifh, and fome others, which do not agree with the
characters himfelf has eftablifhed for afcertaining the diftinction, we have therefore removed thefe to

their proper places.

Dl VAL Sil OeN. «1

1. Common Scurvygrafs.
Cochlearia foliis fubrotundis.

‘The root is long, flender, white, and furnifhed
with feveral little fibres. “

The firft leaves rife in a large tuft, and have
long and thick footftalks : they are fhort, broad,
and of a figure approaching to round, but fome-
what indented at the bafe, and finuated varioufly
and irregularly at the edges.

The colour of thefe leaves is a freth, bright

green; and they are of a very tender, juicy fub-
ftance. .
The ftalks are numerous, round, of a pale
green, ten inches high, and not very firm: they
are but little branched, and have only a few
leaves.

Thefe are oblong, narrow, and altogether un-
like thofe from the root : they ftand in pairs, one,
two, or three pair on each ftalk, and-are of a
faint green. &

The flowers grow at the tops of the branches
in little tufts, and they are {mall and white.

The feed-veffels are fmall, and the feeds are
numerous and minute. j

It is common on our fea-coafts, and flowers in
May. ,

C. Bauhine calls it Cochlearia folio Subrotundo.
Others, Cochlearia rotundifolia.

It gets a place in gardens from its ufe and vir-
tues, and has thence alfo obtained the name of
Sarden frurvygrafs, and cochlearia hortenfis. Some
alfo call it Dutch feurvygra/s.

It is not only found upon the fea-coafts, but in
many parts of England on hills near fprings.

In thefe places the leaves are fmaller, and more
perfectly round; and under this form it has been
defcribed as a diftin& fpecies ; but the feeds being
fown ina garden, produce the common kind.

The cochlearia rotundifolia of Merret, named in
the laft edition of Ray’s fynopfis, and the
cochlearia rotundifolia parva Batava of Lobel, are
this variety of the common Scurvygrafs, and not
any diftinct {pecies.

2. Jagged-leaved Scurvygrafs,

Cochlearia folio finuato.

The root is fmall, longith, and furnifhed with
innumerable fibres.

The firft leaves rife in a little clufter, and have
very fhort footftalks: they are of an oblong fi-
gure, broadeft toward the bafe, fharp at the
point, and deeply and irregularly
the edges.

Their fubftance is flefhy : they are full of juice,
and their colour is an obfcure green,

The ftalks are humerous, thick
pale green, and ten inches high,

cut in along

; Juicy, of a

BRI T.1S.H-.S.P ECL E-S;

The leaves on thefe refemble thofe at the root
in their general form; but they have no foot-
ftalks, and they are more flightly notched at the
edges.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches
in little cluffers, and they are fmall and white,

The feed -veffel is fhort and tender : the feeds
are numerous and fmall.

Tt is common in our falt-marfhes, and on the
fea-fhores, where the bottom is mud,
in May.

C. Bauhine calls it Cochlearia folio Sinuato; and
moft other writers take the fame name : but fome
call it Cochlearia vulgaris, and fome Cochlearia
Britannica.

It has commonly in our markets the name of
fea feurvygrafs, by way of diftin@ion from the
other called, as we have faid, garden Senrvyzrafs ;
and it has alfo the name of Englifh feuraygrafi, by
way of diftinction, from that other kind called
Dutch: but thefe are very ill chofen and unex-
prefiive terms. Names taken from the fhape of
the leaves, which is the true mark of their diffe-
rence, would be much more proper,

Tt flowers

3. Little fhort-leaved Scury grafs,
Cochlearia minor foliis brevibus.

The root is a tuft of long, flender fibres, cons
nected to alittle head. j

The firft leaves are fupported on long flethy
footftalks ; and they are fmall, and of a roundifh
figure, but irregularly finuated at the edges, and
terminated by a fhort point,

The ftalks are very numerous, weak, of a pale
green, fcarce at all branched, and five inches high,

The leaves on thefe refemble thofe from the
root: they are broad; fhort, roundifh, and fi-
nuated on the edges,

The flowers are larger than in the others, and
of a milky white.

The feed-veffels are fhort, and the feeds are nu.
merous and fmall. _

It is found on the fea-coaft of Wales, and
flowers in April.

Ray calls it Cochlearia minor

Te.
may be called Welch JScurvygra/s.

rotundifolia.

4. Ivy-leaved Scurvyerafs,

Cochlearia foliis angulofis parvis,

The root is flender, long, white, and furnithed
with many fibres, San

The firft leaves rife in a very fmall but thick
tuft: they are fupported on fhort and flender
footftalks, and are divided into ‘three parts, in
the manner of many of the leaves of ivy : they
are of a thick, flefhy fubflance, and of a brownifh
colour ufually, though fometimes of a frefh and
lively green,

3 The

The BRITISH HERBAL

The ftalks are very numerous : they are round,
thick, brown, and tolerably upright, except in
the lower part, where they ufually lean a little
upon the ground, and they ate fix inches high.

The leaves on thefe are more numerous than on
almoft any of the other kinds, and they perfectly
refemble thofe from the root: they are fupported
on long, flender footftalks, and are three pointed
as the others. ;

The flowers are fmall and white : they ftand in
little tufts at the tops of the ftalks.

The feed-veflls are very fhort, and the feeds
are numerous and frall.

It is found on the coaft of Lancathire.

Ray calls it Cochlearia marina folio angulofo
parvo.

The earlier botanifts feem to have defcribed it,
though they have referred it to a wrong genus.
Lobel calls it Thla/pi hederaceum, and our Gerard
and Parkinfon from him Téla/pi hederaceo folio.

‘

All thefe fpecies have the fame virtues, and

they are very confiderable. The firft and fecond

kind here deferibed are moft ufed; and of thefe,

the preference given by cuftom to the lirft, is due
in reality to the fecond.

ft is fo eminent in the cure of the feurvy, that

207
itis thence named if our language. The juice ig
taken in {pring ; and no way is better. Some
give the infufion, which has alfo a great deal of
virtue ; but the method of brewing it in ale is alfo
ufeful.

A conferve of the freth top is, another very
good method of taking it, P

The feurvy, under various forms and appears
ances, is fo commonin thiskingdoh, and the vir-
tues of this plant are fo fovereign againtt ic, that itg
ufe, cannot be too much recommended. In fpring;
when the herb is in feafon, the juice fhould be
ufed 5 after this the conferve, fo long as it rea
tains its virtue; and, when it is not to be had
in other forms, a weak beer brewed with it will
be very ferviceable.. It isa method by no means
to be ufed inftead of the others, but may have its
effect when they cannot be had. To have any con-
fiderable efficacy, the malt liquor mutt be in icfelf
finall : it muft be very ftrong of the herb, and i€
muft be ufed for the common drink,

The freth leaves of feurvygra/:, bruifed, and
laid to the face for a few hours, are recommended
to take off fpots and funburn ; and, when the fkin
can bear them, they will take this effet : but thofé
who have delicate complexions take moft care of
them 5 and-fuch cannot bear it,

DIVISION If EF VOER. BE. TG.N:* SP ReGen:

Purple-flowered Scurvygrafs,
Cochlearia floribus purpurafcentibus.

The root is long, flender, and furnithed with
many fibres.

The firft leaves are very numerous, and are
fupported on fhort, redifh, tender footftalks : they
are of a roundith figure, but fomewhat oblong,
and finuated at the edges,

The ftalk is round, upright, frm, and ten
inches high.

The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and are of
an oval figure, broad at the bafe, where they ad-
here to the ftalk, and fmaller to the end, where
they terminate obtufely ; and they are varioufly
and irregularly indented at the edges,

Gest

Some of the leaft leaves toward the top of the
flalk have only two notches. This gives them
fome refemblance to the ivy-leaved kind jut des
feribed ; but they are longer, and the whole plant
is altogether different.

The flowers ftand in little clufters at the tops

~ of the ftalks and branches : they are fmall, but

they are of a very beautiful pale purple.

The feed-veffels are large and oval: the feeds
are very numerous and brown.

It is a native of Denmark, and flowers in
April.

Morifon calls it Cocblearia minima Armorica pore
dilute violaceo.

Its virtues are the fame as thofe of the others,

NY ee oS XI.

€“R SB 45° 8)

NASTURTIUM. ‘ aa

HE flower is compofed of four petals, which expand crofs-ways: they ate fmall and oblong,

largeft at the top, where they terminate obtufely, and terminated by very narrow bottoms in

the cup. The cup is formied of four, little leaves, which are of an oval figure, and hollowed, and it

falls with the fowet : the feed-veffel is rounded, but flightly finuated at the top, fomewhat compref
fed, and fharp at the edges : it is divided into two cells, and in each is a fingle feed.

Linnztus places this among the tetradynitmia filicilofa , the flower having four longer and two fhorter

threads, and the feed-veflel being a regular filicule : but he has introduced great confufion into thé

{cience by his conduct and difpofition of it.

He takes away the name cré/s, za/turtium, and calls all the plants belonging to it {pecies of lepidium.
This has been rafhly done; and he feems fince to have perceived it; for, at the end of the generical
character, he adds, that the feed-veflel of /epidinm, commonly fo called, is not fharp at the edges, or
finuated at the top; therefore lepidiumt is not properly a fpecies of this genus, though he has ufed its

name for the generical term:

The

BRITISH HERBAL

268

We have feparated that genus into its proper
manner by the fame author into their proper gen

properly underftood by the name cre/s or nafturtium,

blifhed from all the other filiculofe plants.

DEV rs PON T.

- 4: Narrow-leaved Crefs.
Nofturtium anguftifolium.

The root is long, thick, white, and furnifhed
with many fibres.

The leaves that rife from it are oblong, and
‘narrow, and form a little thick tuft: they are of
a pale green, cut in deeply at the edges, and
fharp-pointed.

The ftalk is round, thick, firm, upright, very
much branched, and a foot or more in height.

The leaves ftand thick upon it, and in a per-
feétly irregular manner: they are oblong, nar-
row, and of a pale green: they have no foot-
ftalks ; they are not at all indented at the edges,
and they terminate in a fharp point.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches
in little clufters, and they are very {mall and
white.

The feed veffels are fhort and hard: the feeds:

-are large and brown.

The whole plant has a ftrong acrid tafte.

It is common by the road-fides in Effex, and
fome other parts of the kingdom, though utterly
unknown in many counties. It flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Naffurtium fylveftre ofyridis
folio. Others, Thla/pi anguftifolium, and Thlafpi
minus. :

The plant in its general afpect has much of the

appearance of the common garden-crefs, efpecially
while the radical leaves remain ; but they are ge-

nerally of fhort continuance, fading as the plant

flowers.

2. Rock Crefs.
Nofturtium pumilium petreum.

The root is flender, oblong, and furnifhed
with a great number of fmall fibres.

The firft leaves rife in a {mall round tuft: they
are oblong, narrow, and very deeply finuated at
the edges; fo that they have much the appear-
ance of the pinnated divifion: they are of a pale
green at their firft growth, but they foon become
brown.

The ftalks rife among thefe feveral together ,
they are round, flender, upright, and about four
inches high. ;

The leaves on them are very fmall and few ;
fometimes they are altogether naked, and there
are rarely more than two or three on the ftalk
when the. plant is moft vigorous and healthful :
thefe are fhort, and deeply divided into three or
four fegments.

The flowers ftand at the top in a little tuft,
and they are very {mall and white.

The feed-veffel is fhort, and the feeds are very
fmall.

The flowers Jaft but a little while on this plant,

‘place, and fome others introduced in this confufed
era; and fhall here treat diftinétly of thofe ‘{pecies

and feparated by thofe characters here efta-

B Ro Bees HS PFE Cases:

but there are ufually found on the tops of the
ftalks. clufters of the feed-veffels, which get a
brown colour. ,
It is not uncommon in barren hilly places. It
flowers in April.
Tabernamontanus calls it Nafturtium petreum ,
a name moft have copied : but fome call it Burfa
paftoris minor. :

3. Rocket-Crefs.
Nafturtium foliis eruce.

The root is long, flender, white, and furnifhed
with many fibres.

The firft leaves grow in a little tuft, and are
oblong, and deeply divided in the pinnated man-
ner: they are of a faint green, and of a tender
fubftance.

The ftalk is round, firm, upright, branched
and a foot high. :

The leaves on it refemble thofe from the root; »

but they are fmaller, narrower, and more divided:
the fegments are very flender, a little waved, and
pointed at the ends.

The flowers are fmall, and ftand in tufts at the
tops of the branches.

The feed-veffels are alfo fmall, and the feeds
are brown.

Tt is found on fome hilly paftures, and flowers
in Augutt.

C. Bauhine calls it Nafurtium fylveftre eruce
affine. Others, Eruca nafturtio cognata tenuifolia,
& ¥ has much the afpect in general of the rocket

ind.

4. Fine-leaved Crefs,
Nofturtium foliis tenuiffiime divifis.

The root is a fmall, oblong fibre, with a few
very flender thread- hanging from it in various
parts. ae

The’ firft leaves rife irregularly, a few in a
clufter, and are of a pale green: they are oblong
narrow, and very beautifully divided in the pit
nated manner: each confifts of fix or eight pairs
of extremely fine fegments, and an odd one at the
end; but they are all connected by a rim of
leaf that runs all along the middle rib.

The ftalks rife in the midft of this tuft, and
pe ha ie weak, flender, and very much

The flowers are {mall and white: they ftand
at the tops of the branches in little clufters.

The pods are fhort and very fmall, and the
feeds are minute and yellowith,

It is found on the hilly paftures in the welt of
England, and among rocks. It flowers in May.

Ray calls it Nafturtiolum montanum annuum te-
nuifine divifum. Plakenet, Naffurtium petreum
aunuum noftras. i

- 5. Swines

vt wm

oo See

- Common Myag

Rock “res
ec

Broad ait
Myagrum

\ YY #
§ |
, Sa:

Fine Lavd

ye
MGS

Common"

Nairore leavd
Dittander

¢ ,
Sru7es Cre Ay

Bamei

= = gm ; Ww n
a ee 3 Y, N
ss _ C =< > -~ NI
ee Sh a 4
— » ‘ &
j

Garden C, refs

on Tberis

Boyce Sealy ;

. : =
fee
‘Oem
3 aad ates
- ical
o
*

x
- “¢ 2 oe onpxt »
i eee
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nt ok ie
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Se ag

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heise gaat

The BRITISH HERBAL.

269

5. Swines Crefs.
Nafturtium fupinum capfulis verrucofis.

The root is long, flender, white, and furnifhed

with many fibres.
_ The firft leaves fpread themfelves beautifully
upon the ground, forming a regular circle : they
are long, moderately broad, and very deeply di-
vided in the pinnated manner, and their colour
is a frefh and pleafant green: the fegments are
narrow, and divided into three points, or notched
on each fide at the end.

The ftalks are numerous, round, green, and
divided into many branches: they are thick and
firm; but they do not rife up from the ground,
fpreading themfelves every way like the leaves.

DAV 1:S;1.0-N .._II.

1. Garden Crefs.
Nafturtium foliis variis.
The root is long and flender, and has nume-
rous fibres.

The firft leaves are long, narrow, and vari-
oufly and irregularly divided: they are of a frefh

' green colour, a tender fubftance, and a pleafing

acrid tafte.

The ftalk is round, upright, firm, and of a
whitifh green, not much branched, and two feet
high. ;

The leaves on this are numerous, and placed
irregularly : they are divided in the pinnated
manner into narrow fegments, very varioufly
and irregularly, as thofe at the root; but’the di-
vifions of thefe are narrower.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks and
branches, and are fmall and white.

GenkEl Nee Uses

The flowers grow in clufters in the bofoms of
the leaves, and they are finall and white.

The feed-veffels are fhort and rough : the feeds
are fmall and brown.

It is common every where by way-fides, and
flowers in May.

C. Bauhine calls it Ambrofia campeftris repens.
Others, Coronopus Ruellii.

All thefe creffés are good againft {corbutic
complaints ; and operate by urine. The laft {pe-
cies is of late years become famous as an ingre-
dient in thofe medicines, the receipt for which the
government purchafed of Mrs. Stevens for the
cure of the ftone.

FOREIGN SPECIES.

The feed-veflels are alfo fmall: the feeds are
brown. :

It is a native of Germany, but is fown in our
gardens for the ufe of the table, the feed-leaves
being excellent among what is called young fal-
lading.

C. Bauhine calls it Nafturtium fylveftre vulga-
tum. Others, Nafturtium hortenfe.

Culture occafions a great deal of variety in the
leaves of this plant.

We fee them fometimes curled in a very beau-
tiful manner at the fides, and fometimes undi-
vided and broad, without fo much as indentings
at the edges. Under thefe appearances it has
been defcribed by fome as two diftinét fpecies,
but they are only varieties.

The plant is of the nature of the feveral wild
creffes, and is no way to be taken more properly
than as a fallad.

XII.

TREACLE MUSTARD:

TO EAS ee Paw:

HE flower is compofed of four petals placed crofs-ways: they are fmall, and of an inverted oval

form, with very narrow bottoms.

The cup is formed of four little leaves, which ftand fome-

what open : they are oval and hollow, and fall with the flower. The feed-veffel is broad, fhort, and
compreffed; it is narrow at the bafe, and broadeft at the extremity: the feeds are numerous.
Linnzeus places this among the tetradynamia filiculofa ; the flower having four longer and two fhorter

threads, and the feed-veflel being a regular filicule.

He joins the fhepherds purfe to this genus, but without reafon. The feed-veffel in that plant is
of a very particular form; therefore we have feparated it, and defcribed it in its place: and we
have here joined feveral proper rh/a/pi to the reft, which -Linnzus feparates under various names.

Dil VeTSakOON’ 71

1. Common Thlafpi.

Thlafpi incanum majus.

The root is long, flender, white, and fur-
nifhed with numerous’ fibres.

The firft leaves are few, and quickly fade: they
are long, narrow, and fharp-pointed, of a pale
green, a little hairy, and fupported on long, flen-
der footftalks. :

N° 27.

BRITISH SPECIES.

The ftalk grows in the centre of thefe, and they,
grow yellow, and decay as it rifes in height : it is
firm, round, of a pale green, and a little hairy,
and toward the top divides into feveral branches.

The leaves on it are long, narrow, and fharp-
pointed: they are broadeft at the bafe, and there
adhere to the ftalk with a kind of appendage or
point on each fide; and from this part they grow
fmaller all the way to the end.

ZZ The

The

270

BReI TI S\H: HyE;RoBoA LL:

The fowers are little and'white: they ftand in

fmall tufts at the tops of the branches, and the’ |

feed-veffels appear in them as foon as they are open.

Thee are fhort, and of a pale green : the feeds
are brown and minute.

It is common in corn-fields in many parts of
England, and flowers in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Thla/pi arvenfe vaccarie in-
cano folio majus. Others, Thlafpi vulgare, and
Thlafpi vulgatiffiinum.

The feed has been celebrated for many virtues,
but it is not regarded in the modern practice.
It is an attenuant, and works by urine. The
ancients have written great things in praife of it
as a cure for the fciatica; and there was at one
time an opinion of its being very excellent againft
venomous bites and poifons.

This obtained it a placé in fome of the cele-
brated old compofitions; but thefe are very ill
eftablifhed qualities.

2. Thlafpi with hairy pods.
Thlafpi villofum capfulis hirfutis.

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
a few fibres.

The firft leaves are fupported on flender,
hairy footftalks; and are themfelves alfo hairy,
and of an oval figure.

The ftalk rifes in the centre of a tuft of thefe,
and is round, firm, upright, not at all branched,
and a foot or more in height.

The leaves on it are unlike thofe at the root ;
they are broad, oblong, and fomewhat heart-fa-
fhioned at the bafe, where they furround the
ftalk ; and thence they grow narrower to the end.

The flowers ftand in pretty large tufts at the
tops of the ftalks, and they are large and white.

The feed-veffel is fhort and hairy, and the feeds
are yellowith.

It is common on the Welch mountains, and
in fome parts of the weft of England. It flowers
in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Thla/pi villofum capfulis hir-
futis. Others, Tblafpi majus perenne. The whole
plant is confiderably hairy from bottom to top.

3. Broad-podded Thlafpi.
Thlafpi filiculis latis.

The root is long, flender; and furnifhed with
a few fibres.

The firft leaves are oblong, moderately broad,
and of a faint green : they are obtufe at the ends,
and a little waved at the edges.

The ftalk rifes among thefe, and they foon af-
ter fade: this.is round, firm, upright, branched,
and about ten inches high.

The leaves are placed alternately upon it, and
refemble thofe from the root; they are oblong,
broad, and blunt at the end, of a pale green, a
little notched at the edges; and without foot-
ftalks. }

The flowets are fmall and white: they ftand
ten or a dozen together at the tops of the ftalks.

The feed-veffel is very broad and thin, and
has a deep nip at the edge: the feeds are {mall
and yellowith,

It is frequent about corn-fields, and in wafte
grounds, in many parts of England. It flowers

‘in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Thla/piarvenfe filiquis latis,
Others, Tla/pi Diofcoridis. Wrom the breadth of
the’ feed-veffels, fuppofed to reprefent.a piece of
money, it has obtained the Englifh name of Pen.
nycrefs.

The feeds of this fpecies are celebrated by the
old Greek writers in rheumatic cafes, in obftruc-
tions of the vifcera, and againft poifon; but thefe
virtues they attributed in the fame manner to
many others upon little foundation, either in rea-

| fon or correct experience.

4. Little oval-leaved Thlafpi.
Thlafpi foliis ovatis minus.

The root is flender, and creeps under the
furface, fending out in different places many
fibres.

The firft leaves rife in a thick tuft: they are
fupported on flender footftalks, and are of an
oval figure, and pale green.

The ftalks rife in the midft; and are round,
upright, firm, and rarely branched; of a dufky
cole and about eight inches high ; often much
efs.

The leaves on thefe are fhort and fmall, broad
at the bafe, where they adhere to the ftalk with-
out any pedicles ; and thence gradually fmaller to
a point.

The flowers are {mall and white : they ftand at
the tops of the ftalks in fmall tufts,

The feed-veffels are fhort, and have this point
in the middle longer than in moft kinds: the
feeds are numerous, little, and brown.

It is not common any where, but more fre.
ieee in Yorkfhire than any other part of Eng-
and.

C. Bauhine calls it Th/a/pi montanum gloftifolio
minus. J. Bauhine, Thla/pi felis globularia,
Others, Thla/pi bellidis folio.

5- Smooth, broad-leaved Thlafpi.
Thlafpi foliis latioribus glabrum.

The root is long, flender, and furnithed with
numerous fibres.

The firft leaves are oblong, broad, and obtufe:
at the end, not at all indented at the edges, per-
fectly {mooth, and of a pale green. ;

The ftalk rifes in the centre, and thefe foon
after grow yellow and decay: it is firm, upright,
branched, and a foot and a half high, ‘4

The leaves are oblong, and confiderably broad :
they have no footftalks, and they are of a pale
gteen, perfectly fmooth, and not indented at the
edges. .

The flowers grow at the tops of the branches,
and are fucceeded by fmall fmooth feed-veffels.

The feeds are toundith, and of a glofly brown,

Tt is found in Suffolk, and in fome other parts

of England, and flowers in Auguft.
_ Ray calls it Thla/pi vaccarie folio glabrum, It
is one of the plants of late years difcovered by the
botanifts of our country, and not known to the
earlier authors.

6. Small

The BR EET 35 HER BA L.

6. Small perfoliate Thlafpi.
Thlafpi perfoliatum minus.

The: root’is a {mall, white fibre, divided at the
end into a few minute threads,

The firft leaves are oblong, broad, and rounded
at the ends: they are not indented at the edges,
and they have no footftalks: they are of a deep
dufky green, which they ufually retain to the
laft; and they remain with the plant in its growth 5
not, as the others, fade when the flalk rifes. This
may probably be owing to the fmallnefs of the
plant, which draws too little nourifhment to.ex-
hauft them,

The ftalk is lender, weak, of a pale colour,
not at all branched, and about four inches high.

There ufually are three or four leaves on it,
rarely more: thefe are broad, fhort, oval, and
fharp-pointed ; and they fo perfeétly furround the
ftalk at the bafe, that it feems to run through

DIVISION JU.
1. The greater perfoliate Thlafpi.
Thlafpi perfoliatum majus.

The root is long, thick, and hung with many
fibres.

The firft leaves grow in a fimall clufter, and |

are oblong, broad, and ferrated : they have very
fhort foot{talks : their colour is a deep green, and
they are fharp-pointed,

The ftalks are numerous, round, upright,
rarely at all branched, and ten inches high.

The leaves on thefe are placed at diftances, and
are of a heart-like fhape: they have no footftalks,
and they are of a pale greyith green: they are
broadeft at the bafe, where they inclofe the ftalk,
but do not join behind it; and they are fharply
ferrated on both fides, as they decreafe in breadth,
to the extremity, where they terminate in a
point.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and
are fmall and white.

The feed-veffels are fmall, and divided at the
end pretty deeply.’

The feeds are fmall and brown:

It is a native of the fouth of France, and flowers
in July. ;

C. Bauhine calls it Lbla/pi perfoliatum majus.

"2, Heart-podded Thlafpi:
Thlafpi filiculis cordatis foliis integris,

The root is fmall, oblong, and furnifhed with
a few fibres.

The firft leaves are fmall, and quickly fade :
they are oblong, and moderately broad: they rife
from the root without any footftalks ; and they
are of a pale green, undivided at the edges, and
obtufe at the end. :

This ftalk rifes in the midft, and is round and:
firm, of a pale green, not at all branched, and
four or five inches high.

The leaves on it are like thofe from the root,
oblong and broad, and undivided at the edges :
they adhere to the ftalk without any footftalks,
and are obtufe at the ends, ;

274
seater
them: they.are of a pale, green, and not fer
rated. Y

: The flowers. are {mall and whi
little clufters at the tops of the
fade.

The feed: veffels are broad, fhort, and flatted ;
the: feeds are fmall and-brown,

It is found in barren ftony places in many parts
of England, and flowers in July. i

C. Bauhine calls it Th]afpj perfoliatum minus 5 a
name copied by moft fince his time. Others,
Lhlafpi minus, and J) blafpi minus Clufii.

te: they ftarid in
ftalks, and foon

All the fpecies of thia/pi agree in their quali-
ties with the firft defcribed kind’; but that is
fuppofed to. poffefs them in the moft powerful
degree. The feeds, are the part that contain
their virtues in the greateft perfection, and they
fhould be ufed freth,

FOREIGN SPECIES,

The flowers are few and {mall : they are white,
| and they are placed at the top of the ftalk ; but
they quickly fall off : the pods are heart-fathioned,
and have.a point in the center of the divifion,

The feeds are {mall and brown:

It isa native of Spain, and flowers in May.

C. Bauhine calls it Tla/pi capfula cordata pere.
Srinum. Others, Thlafpi cordatum.

3. Garlic Thlafpi.
Thlafpi foliis obtufis dentatis allinm redolens.

The root is long and thick, and is furnithed
with a few ftrageling fibres,

The firft leaves rife in a large tuft, and are
fupported on long, flender footftalks : they are
fhort and broad, of an‘oval figure, and of a pale
green; and they are rounded at the ends, and
dentated at the edges.

The ftaiks are numerous, round, whitifh, and
irregular : they are not much branched, fre-
quently not at all, and they are not perfectly up-
right.

The leaves on thefe are of the fame figure with
thofe from the root, fhort, oval, obtufe at the
end, dentated a little, or rather waved at the
edges, and placed on footftalks toward the lower
part, but without any at the upper.

The flowers are larger than in moft of thefe
kinds, and white: they ftand in a {pike at the
top of the ftalk.

The feed-veffels are of an oval figure, very
little compréffed, dented at the end, and full of
{mall brown feeds, .

It is common in the fouth of France, and
flowers in Auguft,

The whole plant has a ftrong fmell! of garlic.

C. Bauhine calls it Scorodo thlafpi minus Aldro-
vandi. Others, Thlafpi allium redolens.

4. Little red-Alowered Thlafpi.
Lhlafpi foliis carnofis flovibus rubris.
The root’is long, thick, and furnifhed with

* many fibres. ‘
i The

hasty

‘er

272 othe BR ReVE a Shhh 2H ERB APL:

The firft leaves are fmall, but they fpread
themfelves in a regular clufter upon the ground :
they are oblong, narrow, and of a pale green;
and they are of a fiefhy fubftance, and have no
footftalks.

The ftalks are weak, lender, and fcarce able
to fupport themfelves: they are ufually of a redith
colour toward the top; and in the lower part,
and fometimes nearly all the way up, they are fo
clofe covered with leaves, that they are fcarce to
be feen. :

Thefe leaves are fhort, and of ‘an oval figure:
they are very {mall, and they ftand clofe over one
another: they are naturally of a pale green, but
they often become red. :

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and
are moderately large, and ofa pale purple, ftreaked
with a deeper red.

The feed-vefféls are oblong and thick: the
feeds are very fmall, numerous, and brown.

It is common in the fouth of France, and in
Italy, and other warm parts of Europe, and is
mott frequently feen in rocky, hilly places.

C. Bauhine calls it Th/a/pi parvum faxatile flore
rubente. Others, Lithonthlafpi carnofo folio.

5. Great Candy-Tuft.
Lhlafpi umbellatum Creticum majus.

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
numerous fibres.

The firft leaves rife in little tufts : they are ob-
long, moderately broad, ferrated at the edges,
and fharp-pointed : they have no footftalks, but
rife from the root with a long narrow bafe, and
they are of a pale green colour.

The ftalk grows in the centre of thefe, and is
round, firm, upright, and of a pale green: it
rifes to a foot or more in height, and is very
much branched.

The leaves that grow on the lower part of the
ftalk refemble thofe from the root; but thofe on
the upper part of it are narrow, long, and not at
all divided at the edges.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks and
branches; and are white, or of a pale flefh co-
lour, or of a deep or purplith tinge; for all thefe
are only accidental varieties in colour, while the
plant is the fame in every other refpect.

The feed-veflels are oblong and thick: the
feeds are numerous and fmall.

It is common in Italy, and in the Greek iflands,
particularly Crete. , :

C. Bauhine calls it Th/afpi umbellatum Creticum
iberidis folio, Others, Thlafpi Candie. We have
it in our gardens as an ornament to borders, and
call it Great candy tuft,

6. Little Candy Tuft.
Thlafpi umbellatum Creticum minus:

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
a few fibres.

The firft leaves are oblong, narrow, and of a
pale green : they have no footftalks, but run up
with a fmall bafe, and they are a little ferrated at
the extremity.

The ftalk is round, thick, of a pale green,
vaftly fpread out into branches, and about eight
inches high, ;

The leaves upon this all the way up are like
thofe from the root: they are long, narrow, and
ferrated juft about the tip, but in no other part,

The flowers grow on the tops of the branches
ina kind of umbells; and are fmall, white, or
redifh, and fweet-fcented.

The feed-veffels are oblong, and the feeds are
numerous, fmall, and brown.

It is a native of the Greek iflands, and of

many other warm countries, and flowers: in.

July.

C. Bauhine calls it Lhla/pi umbellatum Creti-:

cum flore albo odoro minus.
Some prefer this to the larger kind in gardens,

7. The Rofe of Jericho.
Thlafpi fruticofum parvum floribus albo virentibus.

The root is long, flender, and woody, and is
hung with a few ftrageling fibres.

The firft leaves are few, and they very quickly
wither: they are oblong, fomewhat broad, and!
of a faint green, obtufe at the ends, and in-
dented bluntly and flightly at the edges.

The ftalks are numerous, thick, woody, and
divided into many branches: they fpread them-
felves circularly on the ground, and rife only a
little from it at the points of the branches : they
are two or three inches in length ; fo that when
they lie expanded, the plant forms a circular
tuft of about half a foot.

The leaves ftand irregularly on thefe, and thofe

toward the lower part of the ftalk are like the

firft from the root, broad, oblong, and indented
at the edges.

The flowers are fmall, and of a greenith white -
they ftand on fhort footftalks in the divifions of
the branches. 8

The feed-veffels are fmall and fhort : the feeds
are fmall and brown.

It is a native of the Eaft, and flowers in July.
After this the leaves fall off, and the ftalks bend
inwards till their tops meet ; and the whole plant
then forms a round lump of the bignefs of a
man’s fift, and of a woody fubftance.

In this ftate it is brought over frequently as a
curiofity, and, if laid into a bafon of warm wa-
ter, it will expand the branches, and fpread itfelf
out as it grew at firft.

C. Bauhine calls it Thla/pi rofa Hierachuntea
vulgo diffa, Others, Rofa Hierachontea.

The reafon of its being called a ro/e, is its be-
ing of the fize, and rudely refembling the form
of one in its dry ftate,

_8. The Candy Tuft Tree.
Thlafpi Sempervirens floribus umbellatis.

The root is thick and fpreading; and is fur-
nifhed with many fibres.

The ftem is hard, woody, and covered with a
brown bark : it does not grow to any great height,
but is divided into a number of branches.

The leaves grow on thefe in an irregular cluf-
tered manner, great part of the ftalk being bare,
and large tufts growing in other places ; fometimes

from the body of the branches, fometimes fup-

ported on a kind of footftalks. Each leaf is
oblong, narrow, and obtufe, not at all indented,
and of a frefh green.

9 é The

)
oft:

=——
mee

lowered

Pree
Siufl

The? BR MEY SHY IELROB AM. ©. - apy

The flowers grow in fmal] tufts at the extremi-

* ties of the branches, and they are fmall and

white.

The feed-veffels are roundifh. and flatted, and
the feeds are brown.

Tt is common in the Greek iflands, and flowers
there all the year round. We have it in gardens,
where it alfo continues flowering many months.

C. Bauhine calls it Thla/pi montanum fempervi-
rens. Others, Thlafpi Creticum perenne flere atbo,
Some, Shrub thlafpi.

g. Buckler Thlafpi.
Thlafpi capfulis didymis.

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
a few fibres.

The firft leaves lie fpread upon the ground in
a circular tuft: they are long, narrow, and
deeply indented at the edges, and are of a pale
green.

GOR N28

The ftalk ries in the midft of thefe; and is
round, firm, upright, and of a whitifh colour, a
foot high, and divided into branches toward the
top.

The leaves on this are few and fmall: they are
of the fame pale green with thofe from the root,
and are lightly ferrated at the edges, and fharp-
pointed: they have no footftalks,

The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches
in little clufters: they are fmall, and of a pale
yellow, 4

The feed-veffels are very beautiful: they are
thin and rounded, and they divide in an elegant
manner ; two ftand together, with the ftyle be-
tween them,

It is frequent in Germany, and fome other
parts of Europe, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Lhlafpi bifcutatum afperum
hieracifolium majus. Others, Thlafpi chypeatum,

XIII.

$8, U- Bel. LA, RET,

THE flower is compofed of four petals placed crofs-ways: they are of an inverted oval figure, and
very fmall. The cup is formed of four {mall leaves, which ftand wide, and are oval and hol-
low. The feed-veffel is fmall, and of an inverted oval figure, very little compreffed, and divided
into two parts by a membrane which goes crofs-ways: the feeds are very fmall and round. ;
Linnzus places this among the tetradynamia filiculofa; the flower having four longet and two
fhorter threads, and the feed-veffel being a regular filicule.
It is a new difcovered genus, and has never had any Englifh name. All the known fpecies of it

are natives of Britain.

3. Soft-leaved Subularia.
Subularia foliis levibus.

The root is a tuft of very flender and confi-
derably long fibres.

The leaves are numerous, flender, and long:
they refemble rufhes ; but they are fmall: about
two inches in length, often not half fo much, and
of a pale green: they are rounded on the under
part, flat on the upper, and fharp-pointed.

The ftalks rife among thefe; and are naked,

* very flender, jointed, and crooked, and about

four inches high: at every knee or joint there
ftands a fingle flower ; this is fmall and white.

The feed-vefiel is alfo fmall, and the feeds are
numerous and yellowith.

It is found at the bottoms of deep ponds in the
northern counties, and flowers under water in
June and July. —

Ray calls it Subularia eretta junci foliis mollibus
acutis.

2. Subularia with long, brittle leaves.
Subularia foliis longioribus fragilibus.

The root is compofed of numerous, long, and
{mall fibres.

The leaves are very flender, and fix or eight
inches long: they rife in a confiderable tuft; and
they are round at the back, flat in the upper fur-

_ face, and of a pale green : they are tranfparent,

and appear pierced full of little holes; and they are
very brittle.
The ftalk is flendey and round, and the flowers
N°? XXVIII.

are placed at diftances from the bottom to the
top of it; they are fmall and whitifh.

It is found in the bottoms of deep ftanding
waters in Yorkfhire, and flowers in June,

Ray calls it Subularia fragilis folio longiore et tt
nuiores

3. Firm-leaved Subularia,
Subularia foliis rigidis.

The root is compofed of many long and thick

' fibres.

The leaves are dblong, flender, and fharp-
pointed : they ftand upright; and are of a deep
green, and are very rough and harfh to the touch :
they are rounded on the back, and flat on the up-
per fide; and are biggeft at the bottom, and
fmalleft at the extremity.

The ftalk is upright, flender, and green: there
are no leaves on it, but at diftances fingle flowers ;
thefe are greenifh, and feldom quite open. 5

The feed-veffel is fmall, and the feeds are nu-
merous and brown.

It is found in Yorkhhire, and other parts of the
north of England, at the bottoms of fith-ponds,
and flowers in Auguft.

Ray calls it Subularia vulgaris eretta folio rigi-

diffiimo.
4. Creeping foft-leaved Subularia.
Subularia repens folits mollioribus.

The root is compofed of numerous fibres.

The firft leaves rife like a, tuft pf fhort grafs,
4A ftanding,

ey The BRITISH HERBAL,

ftanding fome upright, and others fpreading out
obliquely.

Among thefe rife ftalks, which, when they have
grown to two or three inches, droop at the ends,
and touching the mud, take root again, fending up
there new tufts of leaves like the firft. By this
means the plant fpreads itfelf every way, and ina
little time covers a great {pace of the bottom,

The leaves and ftalks are of a pale green colour,
and foft fubftance: the leaves are rounded at the
back, and flat at the front-fide, and are ftuffed
with a tender pithy matter, as rufhes are,

The ftalks which fupport the flowers rife to four
inches in height; and are weak, flender, and
ftuffed with a pith like the leaves.

The flowers are very fmall, and of a greenifh
white.

The feed-veffels are oval, and full of fmal]
brown feeds.

It grows at the bottoms of rivers in the north
of England, and flowers in July.

Ray calls it Sudularia repens folio minus rigido.

The virtues of thefe plants are altogether un-
known.

See ABe Dee eee esse i ee om ee Dea Boi i oe oo ao sa ct oo a os ds os sa

Sa BR

Be Soo ahh

Thofe of which there is no fpecies native of this country.

G's Ete iN

Ue. Sey I.

Ay led nS. SAU. MM.

HE flower is compofed of four petals fpreading crofs-ways: they are fmall, and open wide.
and they have very fhort and flender bottoms. The cup is oblong, and is formed of four little
leaves: thele are of an oblong oval fhape, and obtufe at the ends: they converge at the points, and
fall with the fower. The feed-veffel is roundifh, and has a flender point of confiderable length rifing
from its end: the feeds are oval and compreffed. It is fingular in this plant, that the two fhorter
threads in the flower are notched on the infide toward the bafe, or have in that part a little jage ftand-

ing inward.

Linnezus places this among the te/radynamia filiculofa, the flower having four longer and two
fhorter threads, and the feed-veffel being a’regular filicule. The fpecies of it have been. treated of by
fome authors in an irregular and indeterminate manner, and many of them called by other names,

x. The Alyffum of the Antients.: F
Alyffum antiquorum.

The root is flender, long, and divided into
fibres at the bottom.

The firft leaves grow in an irregular manner,
fome upright, fome leaning, and fome lying al-
together on the ground: they are long, narrow,
and of a whitifh green: they have no footftalks,
they are hairy, and they are irregularly finuated
at the edges, and obtufe at the ends.

The ftalk’ is round, upright, not much
branched, and a foot and half high,

The leaves ftand irregularly on this, and re-
femble thofe from the root: they are oblong,
narrow, hairy, and without’ footftalks : they are
in the fame manner as the others, finuated at’ the
edges ; but they are fharper at the point.

The flowers grow at. the tops of the branches
feveral together, and are {mall and inconfiderable.

The feed-vefitls are very large and ‘confpi-
enous: they are of an oval figure, flatted, and
terminated by a point, and they much refemble
the pods of honefty, but that they are of a firmer
fubflance, and are hairy.

The feeds are large and brown.

It is frequent about the vineyards of Italy, and
flowers in Auouft.

C. Bauhine calls it Lewcoium aly[foides clypeatum
majus. Dodoneus, Alyffon Diofcoridis.

The antients celebrate this plant extremely for

virtues which would be of the’greateft import-
ance, if well eftablifhed. They fay it will cure
the madnefs occafioned by the bite of a mad dog.

| The freth leaves are to be bruifed, and given for

this purpofé. They affirm, the fame manner of
giving them mixed with the food, will cure
dogs that are going mad, or prevent their going

| fo after the bite. This is afferted by authors in

moft things worthy credit ; and it is worth while
to try whether it be true ¥-fince, if it prove fo, it
will furnifh us a remedy for the moft terrible dift

order to which human nature is fubjeé, ‘and for.

which (with due refpe& to the eréat name of Dr.
Mead be it fpoken) no cure is yet known,

Its leffer virtues are not inconfiderable, > Dio:
{corides fays it cures the hiccough immediately,
and others recommend: it againft convulfions in
children. The plant grows readily from feed
with us, and it well deferves a trial.

ae Yellow Alyfum with fwoln capfules.
Alum Hlore flavo Jiticulis inflatis.

The root is long and thick, and fpreads at
the bottom into many fibres. ‘
The firft leaves rife, without footttalks, and
ftand in a little tuft: they are oblong, narrow,
and of a dufky green, not atyall indented at: the
edges, but fharp-pointed. ;
The ftalk is round; upright, and branched, and

is a foot and a half high,
7 ; The

ee ey

The

BORE Tals

HERBAL. a96

The leaves on this refemble thofe from the
root, but they are fmaller: they have no foot-
ftalks; they are not at all dented at the edges,
and they grow in little clufters from certain parts
of the ftalks, leaving large naked fpaces between.

The flowers ftand toward the tops; and they
are large, and of a bright yellow: they are fup-
ported fingly on long footftalks.

The feed-veffel is large, of an oval inverted fi-
gure, -and not at all comprefled, but on the con-
trary {welled out: the feeds are large and brown.

It is a native of the Greek iflands, and flowers
in May.

Alpinus calls it Lestcoinm luteum utriculato fe.
mine. 5 :

-3: Shrubby, prickly Alyffumi.
Alyffum fpinofum fruticofum.
The root is thick and fpreading.

The ftalk is firm, woody, brown, and divided:

into many branches.

GE N

The leaves grow on thefe in little clutters, two,
three, or four together; and are fmall, narrow,
and oblong: they have no footftalics ; they are
not at all dented at the edges, and they are of a
deep green. Among thefe there are difperfed a
great many fharp and long thorns from. the old
ftalks. :

The flowers are fmall, and of a greenifh
white: they ftand in clufters at the tops of the
branches,

_ The feed-veffels are fmall, and of 4 rounded
fhape ; and each is terminated by a long point:

The feeds are fall and brown.

It is a native of Spain; and of other warm
parts of Europe. - It flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it. Thla/pi fruticofum Jpittofum.
Others, Thla/pi [pinofum Hifpanicuin; and others,
Leucoium Jpinojum.

Us Il:

Cin. PEO LA

HE flower is compofed of four petals expanded crofs-ways: they are obldng and undivided, and
have narrow bottoms longer than the cup. The cup is formed of four oblong leaves, which

do not fall off with the flower, but remain with the feed-veffel.
preffed, and dented at the extremity: the feeds are fmall and round.

‘The feed-veffel is rounded; com-

Linnzeus places this among the tetradynamia filicalofa ; the flower having four longer and two fliorter’

threads, and the feed-veffel being a regular filicule:

1. Hoary Clypeola:
~ Chpeola canefcens.

~The root is long, lender, white, and furnifhed
with a few fibres.

The firft leaves are very {mall, and they quickly
fade: they are fhort, broadeft in the middle, and
pointed, at the end; and they-are of a greyith
green, and hoary. ¢ ee,

The ftalks rife in the centre of this little tuft,
and ufually there are feveral together: thefe partly
lean toward the ground, partly ftand upright ;
and they are of a whitifh colour, and about five
inches high.

The leaves are very {mall, and have no foot-
ftalks : they are of a whitifh colour, and are not
at all indented at the-edges, but pointed at the
ends. :

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks,
and are very fmall and yellow.

The feed-veffels are round ; and they alfo ftand
in little clufters, and make a fingular and very
pretty appearance : the feeds are {mall and brown.

It is common on barren grounds in the warmer
parts of Europe, and flowets in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Thlafpi clypeatum ferpylli
folio, Columna, Jonthla/pi minimum lunatum.

2. Long-leaved Clypeola:
Chpeola folits longioribus acutis.

The root is long and thick, and has a few
fibres.

The firft leaves are numerous, and have no
footftalks : they are oblong; narrow, and fharp-
pointed, not at all indented, and of a pale green,
and fomewhat hoary.

The ftalks are firm, round, of ‘a redifh co-
Jour, not branched, and eight or ten inches
high.

The leaves 6n thefe are numerous, and placed
itregularly : they are long; narrow, fharp-~
pointed, and of a greyifh green, foft to the
touch, and a little hairy.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and
are large and white.

The feed-veffels are roundifh, but fomewhat
approaching to oval: the feeds are {mall and
blackifh. ,

It is frequent on the fea-coafts in the warmer
parts of Europe, and flowers in July.

C: Bauhine calls it Thla/pi alyffuin diftum mari-
timum. Tabernamontanus, ; hlafpi narbonenfe
centunculi anguftofolio.

The virtues of thefe plants are unknown.

The END of the SIXTEENTH CLASS

Tot E

BRITISH HERB Ad.

SELOTOLIEHOG SHIGA ASTOR SOP LORS SSSR REEE

C LA S+S-eXVil-

Plants which have the flower compofed of rour PETas, placed one up-
ward, two fideways, and one downward; and the feed-veffel long, and
formed of two fides, united by a frrait future above, and another be-
low, containing Jeveral ROUND SEEDS.

term refers to the flower, the other to the feed-veflel.
The flower is called papilionaceous, becaufe it is fuppofed to reprefen ‘lio).
or other fuch winged infect, in the ftate of fying. Be Se Aaa

The fruit is called Jeguminous, from the Latin word /egumen, fignifying a feed-veflel of this kind
and no other. 2

We are unhappy in the Englifh language, that we have no particular name or term for this
feed-veffel, which, according to the defcription we have given of it, is as diftin& from all others
as that of the former clafs. We have lamented the want of a term to diftinguifh between the /iigu
and /ilicula in the two preceding claffes; and we are as much at a lofs here, the fame Englith word q :
being the only name we have for all of them. ' 2B

Ags there is a commonly known Latin name, it will be ufeful to introduce it, and call this feed-
veflel a legume. j } -

This is a clafs plainly of Nature’s forming, and the plants belonging to it are by the ftru@ure of th
flower and feed-veffel perfectly diftinguifhed from all others : fo that nothing but blindnefs to the i
obvious charaéters of Nature, or an obftinacy fuperior to all reafon, could induce authors to oe
other plants among thefe, or to feparate any of’ thefe into other claffes. Yet inftances of fuch blind-
nefs and fuch obftinacy are not wanting among thefe men of {cience, as will be feen in the defcriptions
of the feveral genera. Indeed there feems no error too abfurd for fome, and I am forry to f 7
of name in this ftudy, to have committed. eee

Linnzus keeps thefe plants together: for Nature, in whatever manner fhe i Nedire?
that; and he has followed her, though oddly: but chufing to eftablifh the peg one
not upon this plain and obvious ftructure of the flower and feed-veffel, but on the peculiar arran ey
ment of the threads in the flower, he has introduced among thefe fome which do not belong to then
‘This is the confequence of his attachment to the leffer parts of flowers inftead of the greater ; nd
this has led him here,~ as elfewhere, to contradict in many particular articles the abfolute eftablithed
characters in his diftribution. Species thus frequently contradict the characters of their genus, and genera
thofe of their clafs. In Nature there is nothing of this: there all is conftant, uniform aha Ee alar
It is therefore unhappy for thofe who have a defire to underftand the fcience, that the fyitein fied
now recommends to their ufe, directs them, inftead of regarding the large ‘and confpicuous parts of
flowers, to examine for diftinétions of genera, and even of claffes, the leffer and more obfcure; and
by that perplexed courfe carry themfelves out of the plain road of Nature, into uncertainty and innu-
merable contradictions.

In the prefent inftance, the great inventor of this modern fyftem allows, that the firft character of -
the clafs is, to have four petals in the flower, enumerating the diftinct names by which they are
called; yet the very firft genus he introduces is Fwmaria, which has but one. :

In the fame manner the polygala, which by no means belongs to the /eguminous clafs, is brought
ito it by this author. His Heifferia alfo has a flower formed of a fingle petal, and yet it is introduced
among thefe ; the firft character of which isto have four: and the fame objection lies againft his

2 amorpha,

[Trees are the plants which botanic authors call papilionaceous and leguminous. "The firft

The BRITISH HERBAL

297

amorpba. The borbonia and pforalia alfo have flowers compofed of five petals, though of the papilié-
naceous form; and thefe he introduces among the papilionaceous and leguminous BHR: This i the
confequence of his eftablifhing the charaéters of the clafs upon the peculiar difpofition of the thread’
in the flower; and this confufion being the refult of that character, fhews it to be fall
pointed out a much plainer, which we have taken, and which never fails,

Linnzxus calls thefe plants diadelpbia, becaule the {veral threads in the fower erow together in two
feparate affortments. ’ z ,

This is the account of his claffical charaéter: but with refpect to the proper diftinétion, eftablithed
on the number, place, and form of the four petals in the flower, and the ftruéture of the feed -veffel,
more is to be obferved. :

The flower of all plants properly of this clafs, is formed; a8 we-have obferved, of four petals ;
and thefe have diftinét names, which it is needful the ftudent eftablifh well in his memory, not only
for underftanding what has been written concerning them, but that he may be able to fptak pro-
perly of the flower of each, This muft be defcribed on moft occafions by thefe its parts; and
they are thus named.

The upper petal is called vewilluin. ‘This is larger than the reft : it rifes above the others, and
in a manner covers them. It is inferted into the upper edge of the receptacle, and its form is roundith
or oblong. It has a kind of ridge or fold in the middle of the upper part, as if tifing from fome
preflure below; and-in the lower it falls over the reft in a rounded hollow fhape. At the fides
there are two prominent parts formed by two hollows behind, which fall upon, and in fome degree
prefs the two fides.

The two fide-petals are called ale. Thefe are placed under the vexillum, and on each fide of
the flower: they are a regular pair, anfwering exactly in fhape, fize, and fituation to .one an-
other. Thefe are of an oblong form, and are divided each at the bafe: the upper part’ of this
divifion is fhort and inconfiderable, but the lower is very long and flender ; and it lies along the cup;
which it equals in length; and is infixed to the receptacle. 5

The lower petal is called the carina: this is hollow, compreffed, and in fome degree of thé
fhape of a boat: it is placed under the vexillum, and between the wiz. This petal is fplit
like the alae at the bafe, and its lower part runs out in the fame manner into a long flip, which eoes
to the receptacle, and is there inferted. The upper part is interwoven with the upper divifion of
the two alae.

If the ftudent in this pleafing fcience will lay before him the freth gathered flower of a bean, of
fome other plant of this clafs$ obferve it entire, and examine it when taken to pieces, as he heré
reads the defcription of the whole, and of its feveral parts, he will fix upon his mind in a very fa-
miliar and lafting manner the ftructure of a papilionaceous flower,

The threads from whence Linnzens forms the character of his clafs are difpofed in this manner
They do not run free, and feparate, as on other occafions, the length of the flower ; but join themfelyes
ogether, and form, not one, but two diftinét and feparate affortments. Of thefe the lower, which
tis formed of the bodies of nine of the threads, is a thin membrane, furrounding in great part the rudi-
ment of the fruit; and the upper one, which is formed of the body of only a fingle one, lies upon
it. The nine tops of the threads at the extremity of this body turn up, and imitate the form of the
carina of the ower, in which they are enclofed. This body formed of the nine threads has a fli
or opening at its top 5 and the fingle thread, which lies above, filis up or covers this opening. This
has its button at the extremity, and the nine points of the under body have alfo each its button; fo
that the whole number is ten.

Such is the ftructure of this part of the papilionaceous flower ; and thus Linneus has him-
felf eftablifhed it, when he explains it as the claflical character: yet, in his diftribution of the
genera under it, he introduces plants which have only fix of thefe points of threads, or buttons, and
others which have eight. Thefe therefore contradict the very effential character of his clafs, as him-
felf has explained it. They are the fame genera in which the flower is formed of a fingle leaf: they
are not properly plants of this clafs, and fhould not have been introduced into it.

The carina, which is naturally and ufually an entire, fingle petal, is fometimes fplit in the lowe¢
part; and the fiffure in fome fpecies is continued almoft to the tip, in fome entirely ; but the ap-
pearance is the fame.

The cup in this clafs is univerfally of one ftruéture in the manner of the flower: it is cylindric,
hollow, and large at the bafe, and is divided into five fegments at the edge; the undet one of which
is quite unlike the reft, and longer than any. The upper pair are fhorter than the others, and
ftand opener; the other pair are longer and clofer.

The regularity and uniformity in Nature in plants truly and properly of the fame clafs, is in no
inftance feen fo clearly as in this, Thefe are very numerous; yet they all agree in thefe fingular
eharaéters; :

fe. Nature hag

Ne 2g, \ 4B SERIES

278 The B-RITJSH, HE-R- BAL.

Sisk) Ris wlrs Be Saale
Natives of BRITAIN.

Thofe of which one or more fpecies are found naturally wild in this country.

N’.? UPS I.
Pe Bip Ay

Pel St Us aed

Geek

HE flower is papilionaceous, and confifts of four petals : the vexillum is very broad, and is
nipp’d at the top with a point, and turned baek: the alz are fhorter than the vexillum, of a
roundifh figure, and convergent ; and the carina is comprefied, fhorter than the alz, and of the
form of a half moon. The cup is formed of a fingle piece, divided at the rim into five fegments 5
of which the two upper ones are broadeft ; and it remains with the pod. This is a large and long :
legume, fomewhat deprefied on the back ; and it contains feveral round feeds.
The terms ufed in the charaéter of this and the flowers of the fucceeding genera, will be fami-
liarly underftood from the defcription of the flower fubjoined for that purpofe to the claffical cha-

racter.

DIVISION I.

Sea-Pea.
Pifum multiflorum caule angulato maritimum.

The root is long and f{preading, and penetrates
to a great depth: it often runs to five, fix, or
more feet in length feveral ways at once; and is
of a whitith colour, and {weet tafte.

The ftalk is flender, weak, angulated, and of
a pale green: it ufually lies upon the ground,
and will grow fo to a yard in length.

The leaves are beautifully pinnated: each con-
fifts of four or five pairs of oval pinna, and is
terminated with a branched tendril inftead of an
odd leaf: and at the bafe of the rib on the main-
ftalk there grow a pair of larger leaves, oblong,
and pointed at the ends.

The flowers grow in clufters, eight or ten to-
gether, at the extremities of the ftalks, and on

_naked footftalks rifing from the bofoms of the
Jeaves: they are fmaller than the flowers of the

common pea; and are of a pale red, with a tinge

of bluifh purple in the middle.

The pods are like thofe of the common pea, but
fmaller ; and each contains eight or ten feeds, like
common peas alfo, but lefs. :

Ic is a native of our fea-coafts, and flowers in
Auguft.

Morifon calls it Pifum fpontaneum perenne repens
humile. Ray, Pifum marinum.

The peafe of this are as wholefome as thofe
of the common kind, and are often eaten by
the poor people in places where they grow in
plenty.

This plant had covered the fhores of Suffolk un-

obferved many ages, when, about the prefent

BRI 1S:H SPE CLES.

feafon two hundred years ago, ‘neceflity firft
fhewed them to our countrymen. 4

The perfecutions and barbarities of that hor-
rible period, under the aufpices of Mary, were
attended with a year of dearth. While the clergy,
under a cruel woman, were reviving ili-made
laws, and putting what conftruétion they pleafed
upon the ftatutes of Richards and of Henrys made
under very different circumftances; the poor, who
were facrificed as hereticks in fome places, were
perifhing in others by famine.

Suffolk lay wafte more than any other county,
and the fea-coaft inhabitants were mof necefe,
fitated of all. Hunger fhewed them what they
had neglected in their days of plenty; and they
were fupported by thoufands upon the fruit of
this fea-pea, then ripening in a prodigious abun-
dance.

The enthufiafts of that time fuppofed the plants
raifed by miracle ; and our venerable Cambden,
unwilling to call in fupernatural powers, folves
the difficulty, by imagining they rofe from peafe
thrown on the fhore from fome wrecked veflel,
But there needs not even this far-fetched thought:
they were not produced that year; but they had
been difregarded before. They will grow any
where on the moft barren beach, penetrating by
thofe long roots to the better foil.

This is properly the wild Englifh pea. We
have obferved before, that we have in the fame
manner a wild Englith cabbage, whofe place of

| growth is alfo on the fea coaft; but neither of

thefe is the fource of all the cultivated kinds:

There is an infuperable toughnefs in the fea-
cabbage ; and there is a bitternefs in thefe peas,
which, though hunger can pafs over in coarfe
mouths, no culture can mend,

DE Vel=

The

BRITT S:e HERBAL,

DIVISION IL

1. The Common Pea.
Pifum fativum.

‘The root is compofed of feveral long ftraggling
fibres.

The ftalk is weak, flender, branched, and of
a pale green: it ufually lays hold of fticks, or any
thing that can fupport it, and will thus grow to
more than a yard in height: when left unfup-
ported, it trails upon the ground, and is lower.

The leaves are regularly pinnated: each is com-
pofed of two or three pairs of pinnz, which are
roundifh, approaching to oval, of a tender fub-
ftance, and of a greyifh green colour.

The rib on which thefe ftand is terminated by
atendril, inftead of an odd leaf; and at the bafe,
where it joins the ftalk, there is a fingle broad
leaf. ne.
The flowers ftand on long footftalks, and are
white, with a fpot of purple in the middle.

The pods are long and thick, and contain fix,
eight, or ten peafe.

This is wild in the corn-fields of Italy, and
flowersin June. With us itis cultivated. And
Bauhine and others call it Pifum bortenfe.

The excellency of the feeds of this plant at our
tables, have made the gardeners fo induftrious in
its culture, that we fee innumerable varieties of
it, which are in their way diftinguifhed by par-
ticular names, and have been by fome defcribed
as fo many fpecies. But they are all variations
made by culture from this fingle fpecies.

The field-pea, and the garden-pea, are in every
refpect, but what is owing to culture, the fame

FOREIGN

279
Seba by Omar,

plant : and in the fame manner the haftive and the
rouncival, with -all thofe other forts, the names
of which are fo numerous, and fo continually in-
creafing, are to be confidered by the botanifts as
varieties of one and the fame original plant.

The following fpecies is truly diftiné.

3. Single-flowered Pea with cornered leaves,
Pifum uniflorum foliis angulatis.

The root is divided, fpreading, fibrous, and
irregular. :

The ftalks grow to three feet high when fup-
ported.

The leaves which ftand on the main ftalks, at
the infertion of the pinnated ones, are of an ob-
long figure, and cornered at the bottom, where
they have ufually alfo two or three indentings.

The pinnated leaves confift each of two or three
pairs of fmall oval pinne on a rib, which arifes
from the bofom of the cornered leaf, and is ter-
minated by a divided tendril. ,

The flowers ftand fingly on long, flender foot-
{talks rifing from the bofoms of the leaves ; and
they are large and white, or fometimes of a pale
red, with a deep purple or blue fpot in the center. _

The pod is large, and the pea very fweet to the
tafte. p

It is wild among the corn-fields in the warmer
parts of Europe, and flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Pifim pulchrum folio augulofo.

The fruits of thefe feveral kinds are all of the
fame quality, wholefome as food, but apt to
breed wind.

Goa sBiigt.N, | U0. @Ss
VERE Cots TaleNaGs

II.

P ESAGT OAH Go Ro Ua 8.

"THE flower is of the papilionaceous form, and is compofed of four petals. The vexillum is very

large: its fides and top turn back, and it is nipped at the extremity in a heart-fafhioned manner,
The alz are fhort, of the figure of a new moon, and obtufe. The carina is of the length of the
ala, but broader, and {plits inwards in the middle. The cup is of the bell-thape, and is divided
into five fegments at the edge: .the two upper of thefe are fhorter, and the fingle lower fegment ig
longer than the ale. The pod is very long, of a cylindric figure, and compreffed and pointed : the
feeds are round, but a little angulated. The ftalks are flatted, and edged with membranes; and the
leaves are compofed only of one pair of pinnae.

Linneus places this among the diadelphia decandria ; the threads being in two bodies, nine in one,
and one in another. But he joins with it three other genera, diftinguifhed very evidently by Nature,
Thefe are the aphaca, niffolia, and clymenum, to be defcribed hereafter: they agree in the minute parts,
by which this author formed his characters, with the /athyrus, but not in others.

DeTaV sl SeleOUN oI. BRITISH SPECIES,

1. Great, broad-leaved Vetchling.
Lathyrus major latifolius.
The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with a
great number of crooked, irregular fibres, pene-

trating a great way into the earth, and fupport-
ing itfelf very firmly. * }

The ftalks are numerous, flender, and weak ;
and, if they meet with nothing to fupport them,
trail on the ground; but, when they have bufhes
for climbing, they grow to four feet high: they
are flatted, and as it were jointed. :

The leaves grow two together, and are long;
broad, and ribbed : there grow two flender mem-

branes,

280 The

BRITA S He H+Es RB A°L.

branes, or little leaves, at their infertion on the
ftalk ; and’they are of a greyifi green colour.

The tendrils for climbing rife from the center
of the two leaves, as from the end of the rib in
the pea kind.

The flowers are large, and of a bright and beau-
tiful red, with a deeper tinge in the middle: they
are fupported feveral together on long footftalks.

The pod is long and flender, and the feeds are
numerous and {mall.

It is found in woods, principally in our nor-
thern counties; and flowers in June.

C. Bauhine ealls it Lathyrus latifolius. Others,
Lathyrus flore rubro fpeciofiore. Our Englifh wri-
ters call it Peafe everlafting : but that is a very
improper name, it not being of the pea kind.

2. Great, narrow leaved Vetchling.
Lathyrus anguftifolius major.

The root is compofed of numerous, flender,
long fibres, and takes great hold in the ground.

The ftalks are numerous, angular, and weak :
they are of a pale green, edged fharply, and
jointed , and; when they have fupport, will rife
to four feet in height.

The leaves are placed at diftances, and two
always ftand together at the end of a fhort kind
of rib, with a tendril between them: they are
narrow, ribbed, fharp-pointed, and of a pale green.

The flowers are fmall, and of a mixed colour,
partly white, and partly red. The red is in va-
rious degrees, and fometimes there is fcarce any.

The pods are thicker than in the former fpecies,
and the feeds are round and large.

It is found among bufhes in many parts of the
kingdom, and flowers in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Lathyrus fylveftris major.
J. Bauhine; Lathyri majoris fpecies flore rubente &
albido minore Dumetorum five Germanicus,

3. Yellow Vetchling.
Lathyrus fylveftris luteus vulgaris.

The root is long, flender, and full of fibres.
The ftalk is angulated, weak; and hangs about

DIVISION TW. FO

1. Garden Vetchling.
Lathyrus fativus flore purpureo.

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
many fibres.

The ftalks ate numerous, thick, and ribbed,
of a pale green, and very much branched: when
fupported by flicks, they will rife to five feet
high.

The leaves ate placed two together on a ribbed
footftalk, and that is terminated by atendril, which
takes its rife between them.

There is a broad film on each fide at the infer-
tion Of the rib to the ftalk.

The flowers are large and ‘purple: they Mand
on long, flender footftalks, ufually one ‘on ‘each,
but fometimes two.

The pod is fhort, thick, and ribbed, and fur-
rowed-on the back : the feeds are very large, and
roundith.

It is a native of the Eaft, and is cultivated in

in an irregular form, not upright, nor quite trail-

ing on the ground: it is of a pale green, and
edged.

The leaves ftand at diftances, and are each
compofed of a fingle pair, fupported on a kind
of fhort rib, and having a tendril thooting out
from their center, At the infertion of the rib or
ftalk which fupports them, there are alfo a pair
of fhort leaves.

The flowers are placed on fhort footftalks, four
or five together, rifing from the bofoms of the
leaves: they aré large, and of a pale yellow.

The pods are flender: the feeds are fmall,
roundifh, and black.

It is common amiong our bufhes, and in paf-
tures, and flowers in June,

C. Bauhine calls it Lathyrus fylveflwis luteus fo-
liis vicie: a name very inexpreffive, for the leaves
do not at all anfwer that defcription. Others call
it Lathyrus luteus fylveftris,

4: Rough-podded Vetchling.
Lathyrus filiqua birfuta.

The root is compofed of numerous, flender,
tough, and irregular fibres.

“The ftalks are weak and angulated, and they
fupport themfelves irregularly to the height of a
foot and half, or they will grow much taller when
they can climb.

The leaves are narrow, hard, and ribbed: they
ftand two together, with a tendril at the end.

The flowers are fmall, and of a mixed red and
white colour: they ftand feveral together on very
long, flender footftalks.

The pods are an inch and half long, and con-
fiderably broad: the feeds are fmall, blackith,
and nearly round.

It is found on the edges of ploughed fields in
our midland counties, and flowers in Auguft.

C. Bauhine cails it Lathyrus anguftifolius filiqua
hirfuta.

RE Gini y 8: PaBG: fh Ess,

gardens and fields in Germany, and fome parts of
Italy. It flowers in July, and the feeds ripen in
Auguft. i

C. Bauhine calls it Lathyrus fativus flore pur-
pureo.” Dodoneus, Aracus five cicera,

2. Peafe Earthwort.

Lathyrus foliis ovatis radice tuberofa.

The root is thick, oblong, and irregularly tus
berous: frequently thefe thick knobs are near the
furface, but at other times they are faftened to
the ends of the fibres, and lie at a great depth:
they are brown on the furface, white within, and
of a fweet and very pleafant tafte.

The ftalks are edged, weak, and three or four
feet long: they trail upon ‘the ground, or fup-
port themfelves among the buthes.

The leaves grow two together, as in the others;
but they are fhort and broad, of an oval figure,
and obtufe at the ends,

6 The

28r

os GRAB RE TS Sn Ras ae

The flowers grow in clufters on long foot-
ftalks rifing from the bofoms of the leaves, and
are of a bright purple.

The feed-veffel is long and flender, and the
feeds are numerous and roundifh.

It is frequent among bufhes in Germany, and
many other parts of Europe, where the roots are

_dug for the table. It flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Lathyrus arvenfis repens tu-
berofus.

5» Strip’d yellow-flowered Vetchling,
Lathyrus flore flavo frriato.

The root is long and thick; divided into
many parts, and furnifhed with numerous irre-
gular fibres.

The ftalks are lender, weak, and flat; edged
by a membrane, and of a pale green colour.

The leaves grow, as in the others, two toge-
ther, with a tendril rifing from between them:
they are broad, fhort, and fharp-pointed, and
of a freth green,’

The flowers grow three or four together on
flender footftalks, and are of a beautiful yellow,
ftriped with purple.

The pods are long and flender, and the feeds
are roundifh and {mall.

It is a native of Spain, and flowers in Augutt.

Morifon calls it Lathyrus Beticus flore luteo,
It is one of the moft beautiful of the lathyrus
kind,

4. Vetchling called Sweet Pea:
Lathyrus birfutus magno flore.

The root is compofed of feveral thick fibres,
with fmaller growing from them,

The ftalks are flatted and weak, but confi«
derably thick, and of a pale green,

The leaves are very large, and of a pale green,
foft to the touch, and a little hairy: they grow
two together, and have a tendril rifing between
them.

The flowers are large, and of a mixed red, and
are very {weet-fcented.

The feed-veftel is large and h
feeds are roundifh and brown.

It is a native of Africa, and flowers in July. Ie
is kept in our gardens for its beauty and fragrance,
but very improperly called a pea.

C. Bauhine calls it Lathyrus ficulus.

airy, and the

5. Vetchling, called Tangier Pea.
Lathyrus biflorus floribus ruberrimis.

The root is long, divided, and furnifhed with

{ numerous, thick, and crooked fibres.

The ftalks are thick, but weak, and mode-
rately branched: they are angulated, and of a
pale greyifh green.

The leaves grow, as in the others, two toge-
ther, with a tendril between them: they are
long, narrow, and fharp-pointed, and are of a
pale green.

The flowers grow upon very long footftalks
rifing from the bofoms of the leaves, two on each;
and they are large, and of a beautiful red.

The pods are flender, and the feeds are roun=
difh.

It is a native of Africa, but flowers very well
in our gardens. i

Morifon calls it Lathyrus tingitanus filiquis orobi
Jlore amplo ruberrimo. Our gardeners, Tangier

pea.

Gao. Nee ans Ill.
CHICHLING.

CLYMENU Mm,

ap sae flower is papilionaceous, and is compofed of four petals. The vexillum is large, dented

4 at the extremity, and turned back at the top and at the edges. The alz are fhort, hooked,
and obtufe, and the carina is broad, and fplit in the middle. The cup is formed of a fingle leaf,
narrow at the bottom, wide at the mouth, and divided into five fegments ; the two upper ones fhort,

and the lower one very long. The pod is long,
manner, feveral pairs together.

and flatted at top. The leaves grow in a pinnated

Linnzeus places this among the diadelphia decandria; the threads being formed into two bodies,

nine into one, and a fingle one in the other.
That author joins this genus and the lathyrus,
by the compofition of the leaves.

though Nature have thus plainly diftinguifhed them

It is an invariable character, and can never be miftaken. It is the more needful, as the plants of
each genus are numerous; and of the more authority, as thofe of the prefent arrangement have
been generally diftinguithed by this feparate name,

DIVISION If,

1. Variegated wild Chichling.

Chmenum fylveftre flore variegato.

_ The root is long and flender, divided into
feveral parts, and furnithed with numerous, thick,
and {preading fibres. ;

No 28,

BRETISH SPECIES,

The ftalk is flatted, and edged, of a pale
greyifh green, weak, and branched: it hangs
irregularly, or is fupported by the ftouter plants
or bufhes; and in this manner grows to a foot
and half or more in length.

The leaves are placed irregularly, and each is -

45) compofed

282

The BRITISH HERBAL.

compofed of three or four pairs of pinne regu-
larly placed, witha tendril growing from the end.

The pinnz are oblong, narrow, and fharp-
pointed, of a deep green, and not at all indented
at the edges.

The flowers are placed on long, flender pe-
dicles rifing from the bofoms of the leaves, feve-
ral of them ftanding in a row one over another
on each pedicle ; and they are large, and of a
mixed colour, partly red and partly blue.

DIVISION. IL.

Long-leaved Clymenum.
Clymenum foliis longioribus.

‘The root is compofed of numerous flender
. fibres, connected to a fmall head.

The ftalk is weak, flatted, and of a pale green,
very flightly edged; and, when tolerably fup-
ported, it will grow to four feet high.

The leaves ftand thick upon it, and are pin-
nated : each is compofed of three or four pairs of
very fine, long, and narrow pinnz; which are
tharp-pointed, not at all dentated at the edges,

The pods are large and flender, and the feeds
are roundifh.

We have it in the neighbourhood of London,
and many other places among bufhes. It flowers
in July.

Ray calls it Vicia lathyriformis, five vicia la-
thyroides noftras. Merret, Lathyrus ex ceruleo &
rubro mixtus. tis the only fpecies of clymenum
we have wild.

FOREIGN SPECIES.

and of a beautiful pale green: the rib on’ which
thefe ftand is terminated by a long fine tendril.
The flowers grow from the bofoms of the
leaves on long flender footftalks; and they are
large and purple. 4
The feed-veffel is long and flender, and the
feeds are roundifh and brown.
It is a native of Italy, and flowers in July.
Morifon calls it Lathyrus anguftifolius leptoma-
crolobus femine rotundo, Others, Clymenum Ita-
lorum.

GE AN Und vIV.
YELLOW VETCHLING.
AS PB AS CA,

HE. flower is of the papilionaceous form, and is compofed of four petals. The vexillum is large,
nipp’d at the extremity, and turned back at the top and fides. The ala are fhort, crooked, and
obtufe. Thé carina is broad, of a half-round fhape, and fplit in the middle. The cup is of a bell-
like fhape, and is divided into five irregular fegments at the edge: the two upper ones are fhort, and
the fingle under one is very long. The pod is oblong and rounded. The leaves are placed in pairs
upon the ftalk, and are of a three-cornered fhape. f

This is a very fingular genus: there is but one known fpecies of it, and that is a native of Britain.
We are unhappy in wanting an Englifh generical name for it, for that of yellow vetchling feems to re-
fer to another genus. As I have a diflike to inventing new names, I fhall advife the ftudent to ufe
the Latin one aphaca.

Linnzeus places this among the diadelpbia decandria ; the ftamina being ten, and formed into par-
cels, nine in one, and a fingle one in the other: but he confounds it, among feveral other genera,
with the lathyrus. He does not allow the leaves of this plant to be properly fuch, but only a kind of
ftipulz, fuch as others of the pea and lathyrus kind have upon the ftalk, at the places where the
proper Jeaves rife. But this is a forced thought. ‘The leaves are as properly and perfeétly leaves as
thofe of any other plant ; and their great fingularity perfetly diftinguifhes the genus from all others
of the papilionaceous leguminous clas.

Yellow Vetchling.
Aphaca.

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
many fibres. ;

The ftalk rifes-ufually fingle, and frequently
is nor at all branched: it is round, almoft up-
tight, and not more than a foot high.

The leaves are numerous, and they are very
fingular: they are of a triangular figure, broad,
fharp-pointed, and terminated by two points at
the corners ofthe bafe: they ftand two together
at the joints, and are of a pale and fomewhat
ycllowith green. From the bofoms of thefe there

rife tendrils ; but the plant is low, and tolerably
ftrong ; fo that it wants them lefs than many other
kinds. ;

The flowers are fupported fingly on flender
footftalks, and they are moderately large and
yellow.

The pod is oblong, and the feeds are roundifh.

It is found in many parts of England on dry
hilly paftures, and flowers in Augutt.

C. Bauhine calls it Vicia lutea foliis convolvoli
minoris, Others, Aphaca.

The feeds of the aphaca are faid to. be ufeful
againft epileptic diforders; but there is no good
authority for crediting it.

GE Ne Uaas

283

The SBGRMT tril ste Rein

GR Be N

Ue Soe Vn

Vert Ty TC" SET:

Viel

Spek flower is compofed of four petals, and is of the papilionaceous kind, The vexi'lum is of an

oval figure, and has a very long bottom furrounding the rudiment of the fruit :

is nipped and pointed, the fides turn back, and there is a line of an elevated form runni
whole length of the back of it. The al are oblong, ftrait, and fomewhat heart-fathion
have long bottoms. The carina is fhorter than the alz: it has alfo an oblong bottom,
vided into two parts. The pod is long, and of a tough fubftance, and is terminated by a point:
feeds are round. The leaves are pinnated, and compofed of numerous pairs; and they have not the
bluith colour, which is almoft univerfal among the pea kind, and common to mott of the |

Linnzus places this among the diadelphia decandria; the threads in the flower being: te
affortments. But he joins with it the bean, among fome other equally different plants.

the top of it
ng down the
ed and they

which is di-
the

athyri.
n, in two

In vindication of this he fays, that, having repeatedly examined and compared the flowers of the
vetch and bean, there appeared to him no effential difference: fo that, upon their fimilitude, he
makes the bean a fpecies of verch, not a diftin genus.

That difference, which is not feen in the flower, is evident in the pod and feeds of thefe plants
and in Nature no two genera of this clafs are more perfectly feparated. :

This author fays, that, in the leguminous tribe, the fhape of the fruit’alone is not to determine a-
genus to be diftinét. But thefe are arbitrary words. Fancy may dictate laws in this cafe, but Na-
ture has eftablifhed none. It is certain that the difference of the fruit is a fufficient mark for the

diftinétion of genera among the leguminous plants; and thefe are properly feparate genera :
therefore we do not include the bean among the vetch kind, but fhall treat onl

fo called under this head.

Del Vo IeS2i O-Ne<T.

1. The Common Tare.
Vicia vulgaris fativa femine nigricante.

The root is compofed of numerous, long, thick,
and irregular fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, round, weak, and
of a pale green: they ftand irregularly, and are
fcarce able to keep themfelves up without fup-
ports. :

The leaves are very numerous, long, and nar-
row: they are pinnated, but without an odd leaf
at the end, a tendril growing in its place: each
is compofed of fix or eight pairs of pinne ; and
they are of a dufky green, and fomewhat hairy.

The flowers ftand in the bofoms of the leaves,
ufually two together, fupported on very fhort
footftalks : they are large, and of a mix’d red
and purple colour.

The pods are large, long, and pointed: they
ftand ufually pointing upwards: the feeds are
numerous, round, and naturally blackith.

It is common wild in the corn-fields of Italy,
and is in our country alfo a native, but not fo
common. I have feen it where there were no
merks of the feed ever having been brought to
the place, in our northern counties ; and it is alfo
frequent wild in Ireland.

C. Bauhine calls it Vicia vulgaris fativa femine
nigro.

He diftinguihes as a diftingt fpecies the verch
with whitifh feeds, and many authors foliow him;
but this is only a variety.

2. Great Buth-Vetch.
Vicia pinnis ovatis floribus numerofis.
The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
many thick and ftrageling fibres.
The ftalk is lender, weak, and of a pale green:

it is
y of verches properly

Bekele SHS P Be sks,

it is not able to fupport itfelf without climbi
but, when bufhes are near it,
five feet in height,

The leaves are numerous, and placed irregu-
larly: they are very beautifully pinnated, each
being compofed of feven, eight, or more pairs
of pinnz, which are of an oval form, and freth
green colour. A tendril ftands in the place of an
odd leaf at the end of each rib,

The flowers are large, and of a beautiful bright
red, ftriped with a deeper red, or with a pale
purple: they ftand in clufters, fix or more toge-
ther, and have fhort footftalks.

The pods are finall: they are fhort and com-
preffed ; and the feeds are blackifh, and nearly
round.

It is common in thickets, and flowers in July,

C. Bauhine calls it Vicia maxima Dumeterum,
Others, Vicia fepium perennis. Tt is fometimes _
feen with white flowers, but very rarely.

nB3
will rife to four or

3. Great Buth-Vetch with fhort pinne.
Vicia pinnis brevioribus obtufis floribus numer ofis.
The root is compofed of numerous, long, thick
fibres.

The ftalk is weak, but very long: when there
is a fufficient fupport of buthes, it often grows to
fix feet.

The leaves are pinnated, and each has eight or.
more pairs: thefe are fhort, obtufe, and of a deep .
green colour.

The flowers grow in tufts with fhort footftalks,
and are throughout of a dull purplith colour.

The pods are fhort and thick; each contains
about fix feeds, which very much refemble thofe
of the common tare. ~

It is found in thickets and among bufhes in
our northern counties ; but ic is not common.

A Ray.

Th BRITISH HERBAL

Ray calls it Vicia folio fubrotundo brevi cbtufo
mucronate, pediculo brevi infidente flore vicie dume-
forum.

4. Strangle Tare.
Vicia pinnis anguftis flore purpureo.

The root is long, flender, and divided, and
has numerous ftrageling fibres,

The ftalk is weak, flender, and green; and,
when it meets fupport, will grow to the height
of two feet, but is never much branched.

The leaves are numerous and pinnated: each
is compofed of three or four pairs of pinnae,
rarely more ; and thefe are oblong, narrow, and
obtufe at the ends: they are of a dufky green co-
lour ; and at the ends, inftead of an odd leaf,
there ftands a large divided tendril.

The flowers are fmall, but of a lively and beau-
tiful red, with a white fpot in the centre: they
grow ufually two together, and have fhort foot-
ftalks in the bofoms ‘of the leaves. When the
foil is very rich, three will grow together ; and,
when it is poor, there will ufually be only one in ‘
a place; but two is the moft frequent number.

The pods are flender and long, and ftand point-
ing upwards: the feeds are eight or ten in each,
'_ and they are fometimes greenifh, fometimes black,
and fometimes fpotted.

It is common among bufhes, and in corn-
fields, and flowers in July,

C. Bauhine calls it Vicia fomine rotundo nigro,
Others, Aracus, and Cracca major.

5. Red-flowered Vetch, with fmall black feeds.
Vicia flore ruberrimo femine parvo nigro.

The root is compofed of a few large fibres.

_ The ftalk is flender, weak, and of a pale green;
but, when fupported, it grows to three feet in
height.

The leaves are pinnated : each is compofed of
_ about four pairs of pinnae, which are oblong,
broadeft at the bafe, and fmall at the extremity,
and of a faint green.

' The flowers grow ufually two together from
the bofoms of the leaves: they are large, and of
an extremely bright red. ;

The pods are very long and flender; and,
when they are ripe, are black : the feeds alfo are
black : they are round, and about ten are con-

tained in each pod.

DHEV 1S. OuNe TI FO

Broad podded Vetch.
Vicia pinnis anguftis filiquis latis.

The root is long, flender, divided into a few
parts, and furnifhed with fome ftrageling fibres.

The leaves are pinnated, and ftand at dif
tances on the ftalk: each is compofed of four
or five pair of very narrow pinne, and a fimple

It is not uncommon in our midland counties
among hedges. It flowers in Augutt.

C. Bauhine calls it Vicia vulgaris acutiore folio
Semine parvo nigro. Ray, Vicia fylveftris flore ru-
Lerrimo filiqua longa nigra. The flowers are fome-
times white.

6. Yellow Vetch with rough pods.
Vicia flore flavo filiquis birfutis.

The root is long, thick, divided into feveral
parts, and furnifhed with numerous fibres.

The ftalk is round, thicker than in moft of the
vetch kind, and of a pale green.

The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and they
are very beautifully pinnated, each being com-
pofed of ten or more pairs of pinnae: thefe are
oblong, narrow, and fharp-pointed, and of a
dufky green.

The end of the rib in this, as in the other fpe-
cies, is furnifhed with a tendril for fupporting
the plant in the ftead of an odd leaf. ‘

The flowers ftand in an irregular manner in
the bofoms of the leaves, and are large, and of
a pale yellow. _

The pods are fhort, thick, hairy, and placed
upright: the feeds are few, and roundifh.

It is found in our fouthern counties, and
flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Vicia fjlveftris lutea Siliqua
hirfuta.

7. Little, early, red-flowered Vetch.
Vicia pracox pumila flore rubente.

The root is compofed of many flender fibres,

The ftalk is round, weak, flender, of a bluith

green; and, when fupported, is about a foot
high. ;
The leaves are irregularly pinnated: each is
compofed of three or four pairs of pinnae, of
which one or more are naturally wanting ; and
thefe are of an oblong, oval figure, and of a
dufky green.

The flowers ftand fingly on long, flender foot-
ftalks, and are of a beautiful purple: they are
fmall, and but of fhort continuance.

The pod is very flender, and moderately long ;
and the feeds are fmall and angulated.

It is found in barren hilly paftures, but not
common, and flowers in April.

Ray calls it Vicia minima precox Parifienfium.

RiE'TGN?’S PE CT E's.

tendril ftands in the place of an odd leaf at the
end,

The flowers are fmall, and of a deep purple.

The pods are fhort, broad, and {fmooth.

Itis a native of the fouth of F rance, and flowers
in June.

Magnol calls it Vicia angupifolia purpurea vio-
lacea filiqua lata glabra,

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CURA C8694,

PAHE flower is papilionaceous, and compofed of four petals. The vexiilum is of an ov

al fori;

. and has a long hollowed bottom. The ale are ftrait, of an oblong form, a little heart-faz
fhioned, an fhorter than thé vekillum. The catina is flattéd, and half round, and is fmaller than

the ale. The pods are placed on very long and flender footftalks; and there alwa
ber of the flowers and pods together, and they hang downwards.

ys grow a num- |

Linneus places this among the diadelphia decandria’; the threads in the flower being ten, and col-
lected into two parcels, nine in one, and a fingle one in the other.
This author takes the eftablifhed name cracca from this genus ; and refers it to the vicia or tape

The flowers of thefe plants refemble one another ;

but we have here fhewn fufficient diftinétion for a

generical character ; and it is extremely needful to feparate thefe and the tares, the fpecies undet each
of thofe genera being numerous, and their diftinctions lefs obvious than in many other kinds,

DIVISION 1

1. Small Tine Tare.
Gracca minor filiquis pluribus hirfutis.
The root is fmall, and hung with numerous
irregular fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, weak, and of a pale
green: they are not much branched, and they are

hardly a foot high,

The leaves are regularly pinnated: each is
compofed of five or fix pairs of pine, which are
fhort, broad, fharp-pointed, and of a faint green.
At the end of the rib in each leaf there grows a
fall tendril.

The flowers grow four, five, or more together,
upon Jong and flender footftalks, which rife from
the bofoms of the leaves: they are fmall, and of
a mixed blue and white colour.

The pods are broad and fhort: they are of a
pale green, fomewhat hairy, and, when tho-
roughly ripe, whitifh: the feeds are fmall and
round,

It is very common in corn-fields, and under ’

hedges. It flowers in June.
C. Bauhine calls it Vicia fegetum cum filiquis plu-
vimis birfutis, é

2. Smooth-podded Tine Tare.
Cracca filiquis oblongis glabris.

The root is fimall, oblong, divided into two
or three parts, and furnithed with feveral fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, weak, branched, a
foot high, and of a pale green.

The leaves are fmall and pinrated; and they
have long tendrils: each is compofed of four or
five pairs of oblong pinnae, with the tendril at the
end. :

The flowers grow on long, flender footftalks,
two or three on each; and they are of a pale
blue and white colour, and fmall.

The pods are fhort and fmooth; and the feeds
are fmall and round,

The whole plant often lies upon the ground
entangling every little herb near it.

It is common in corn-fields efpecially where
the foil is damp, and flowers in June.

C. Baubine calls it Vicia fegetum Jiliquis fingu-

N° XXix,

BOR lets SPB, Gt bs:

laribus glabris. But in this he has named it ill :
the pods are fewer than in the preceding fpecies,
but they feldom ftand fingly : two or three to-
gether is the moft natural manner of growth,

3. Tufted Tine Tare,
Cracca multiflora fpicata;

The root is compofed of numerous fmall fibres,

The ftalk is round, weak, of a pale greens
and branched.

The leaves are pinnated, long, of a pale green;
and terminated by a tendril in the place of an odd
leaf: each is compofed of about eight pairs of
Pinne ; and thefe are oblong, narrow, and
pointed at the end:

‘The flowers are fingle, and of a deep beautiful
purple: they ftand in long fpikes, and are fup-
ported on long, flender pedicles: but they have
a drooping pofition.

The pods are long and flender; and the feeds
are {mall and round.

It is common in hedges; ahd flowers in July.

C. Bauhine call it Vicia multiflora. Others;
Aracus, and Cracca, We call it Tufted vetches ;
but it is not ftriGtly of the vetch kind.

4. Great tufted Tine Tare.
Cracca inultiflora [picata maxima,

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
humerous fibres.
| The ftalk is round, and of a pale whitith green;
much thicket than in the others of this kind,
but not of ftrength to fupport itfelf: it climbs
among bufhes, and grows to five feet-high,

The leaves are vety beautiful: they are pind
nated in a regular and elegant manner, and each
has twelve or more pairs of pinnz: thefe are of
an oval form, obtufe at the end, of a faint green;
and not divided at all at the edges. A tendril
terminates the rib inftead of an odd pinna; and
there generally are fhoots for young branches al}
the way up the plant in their bofoms.

The flowers ftand in long fpikes; and are very
beautiful : they are of a pale blue, ftreaked with
a vety deep blue in {trong lines,

4D The

286 The’ BR’ TISE

Y HiEiRY BA oe

The pods are long and flender, and the feeds
are {mall and round.

“We have this elegant plant in woods and
thickets in many parts of England, though not
common like the former. It flowers in Auguft.

Ray calls it Vicia fylvatica multifora maxima.
The feeds of thefeare eaten by wild birds, and

DeTe Vals 1nOs N © I. FO

Thick-podded, broad-leaved Cracca.
Cracca latifolia filiquis craffis.

The root is thick, long, and furnifhed with
numerous fibres.

The ftalks are many, firm, of a dufky colour,
and branched.

The leaves are beautifully pinnated : they are
compofed each of eight or more pairs of pinna 5
and thefe are broad, fhort, very obtufe, and have
a kind of thread at their end, which is a conti-
nuation of the middle rib beyond the verge of the
leaf.

N
BE

Gor,

PAA,

would ferve as ¢arves, and other of the pulfe kind,
for the feeding fome domeftic animals: they
are not cultivated for fuch purpofe, not becaufe
they are not worthy, but becaufe others are in
ufe. Many of thefe are better bearers, and
would be more ferviceable than the common tare,
or other ufual kinds.

Ro Bol GaN. Sebati, Cale Bas:

The whole pinnated leaf is terminated by a
flight tendril; but this is not conftant, nor is it
fo important to this fhrubby kind as to thofe
which are weaker. ;
The flowers are {mall and purple: they ftand
in long fpikes, in the manner of thofe of the com-
mon Englifh many-flowered kind ; and they have
a long, general footftalk, and.each its fhort and
fmall feparate one, by which it is connected to that.

The pods are broad, fhort, and fmooth: the
feeds are round, large, and not numerous,

It is a native of the Eaft., °

Burman calls it Vicia multiflora Siliqua breviore.

U.. was VII.
AN,
Bea.

HE flower is papilionaceous, and regularly formed of four petals. The vexillum is large, oval,
dented with a point at the top, and turned back at the fides; and it has a long hollow bot-

tom. The ale are fhorter than the vexillum; and are ftrait, and a little heart-fafhioned. The ca-
rina is fhorter than the ale, and is flatted, and half round. The cup is compofed of a fingle tubular
piece, divided into five irregular fegments at the edge, the two upper ones fhorter than the reft, and
convergent. The pod is very large, thick, and fomewhat flatted: the feeds are few, large, and

flatted alfo. The ftalks are fquare; and the leaves

, though pinnated, have no tendrils.

Linnzus places this among the diadelphia decandria , the threads in the flower being ten, and formed
into two affortments, nine in one, and the other fingle.
This author takes away the name and generical diftinction of this kind, and makes the bean to be a

fpecies of vetch.

We have obferved already, that the form of the feed-veffel and feeds is a fufficient diftin@ion for

the bean from the vetch as a genus; and the fhape
that diftinction, and renders it perfectly obvious.

DD oteV.le 3d OF Newel:

1. The Horfe-Bean.
Faba vulgaris frudtu minore.

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
a great number of fibres.

The ftalk is fquare, upright, thick, hollow,
not at all branched, and of a pale green,

The leaves are very large, and pinnated : each

is compofed of three or four pairs of pinnz, with
an odd one at the; end.
_ Inthe pinnated leaves of all the preceding kinds,
a tendril has the place of this fingle or odd pinna,
which. is the provifion of nature for holding them
up by climbing, the plants themfelves being weak ;
but in the bean this affiftance. being not necef-
fary, the leaves are completed without it,

The flowers rife in the bofoms of the leaves,
and are fupported on fhort footftalks: they are
white, with a large quantity of black, by way of
variegation, and many black ftreaks or lines:

of the ftalk, and ftructure of theleaves, confirms
4

BRIT 1S8,H .S;P.B.C LES.

upon the whole, they are beautiful, and they have
a very fragrant fméll.
The pods are very large, and the feeds alfo large:
We find the horfe-bean very {mall in places re-
mote from all habitations, which feems to de-
clare it a native of our country. But, in refpeét
of plants whofe utility has rendered them for ages
the fubjects of the gardener’s and hufbandman’s
labours, it is hard to fay with certainty, whether
any plant of them we fee with a wild afpect
have not arifen from feeds cafually dropped.
Thofe whe do not allow the bean tobe a native
wild plant with us, know not what! other country
to gffign as its original place. of growth; for in
moft others the cafe ftands exactly as with us,
Probably it.is common to many places, Nature
having made things, fo ufeful in moft int
in a manner univerfal.
C. Bauhine calls it Fada, and Faba minor, Sive
Equina, Others, Faba minor, fylveftris, and communis.
Authors

ances,

The * Bi RL STal saree PRR aR B Age 287

Authors defcribe the garden-bean under the
name of Faba hortenfis, as if a fpecies difting
from this: and upon a like principle we fee
that garden-bean itfelf divided into innumerable
other kinds. The truth is, all thefe are the off-

fpring of induftry and good culture: the garden-’

dean is no more than the horfe-bean, improved
from time to time by careful management ; and
all the others are again the fame kind of varia-
tions from that. E

In a treatife of gardening, it would be proper to
enumerate and diftinguih thefe fevera] varieties :
but the ftudent in botany is to know there is but one
fpecies of bean. ‘The plantis the fame in ftalk, leaf,
flower, and fruit, the fize and the degree of flat-
nefs only excepted ; and its ufes and qualities are
the fame, whether it be taken from the field or the
garden, or whether it flower in May or Auguft.

The bean, like the pea, is a very wholefome
food ; but it alfo ferves the purpofes of medicine,

The whole Jean, ground to flour with its fhell,
and taken internally, by way of medicine, is found
to be an aftringent of a ufeful kind. Diarrhzas
of the worft fort, and even dyfenteries, have
been cured by it. It is alfo good againft the
diabetes. : é

A pultice of dean flour externally is ufed in fwel-
lings ; and the infide of the freth fhells rubbed on
warts will take them off. The fame method of
ufing them will alfo take fpots off the face.

Many have written againft deans, declaring
them flatulent, difficult of digeftion, and bad for
the head : but nothing can be more idle than this
learned preaching again& a pulfe in common ufe
as food for ourfelves and our cattle, and found
upon repeated experience wholefome to both.

Pythagoras is quoted with a moft reverend
ignorance by thofe who write againft the eating
of them. He indeed direéted his pupils to abftain
from beans ; but this not becaufe they were bad
for the head, as Solinus thinks; nor becaufe the
fouls of the dead pafied into them, as Pliny
dreamed. Plutarch might have fet thofe later
commentators right, who have made fo many

' wild conjectures about this fhort precept, the

| meaning of which was, Meddle not in party -
matters. The antients elected their officers by
ballot, and beans were the balls.

It is fuppofed the bean of the antients was not
the fame with ours, and many gueffes as wild and
as unnatural have been made on that head as the
former. The reafon of the fuppofition is, that
they always fpeak of thedried dear as being round.
The art of our gardeners has flatted out the Wind-
Jor beans they lived before this improvement of
the bean was introduced; and we fee in the dry
{mall Beans of the fame kind, a fhape which in

_general terms might not abfurdly or unnaturally
be called round. The plant was beyond doubt
the fame.

GUS BE SINS UES VII,
LIQUORICE.
GLYCYRRAIZA

HE flower is papilionaceous, and compofed of four petals. The vexillum is oblong, ftrait,

and {malleft at the top. The ala are oblong, and of a plain, fimple ftructure. The carina is

fharp, and is fplit all the way up; and it is of the’ fame fize with the ala. ; The cup is formed of a
fingle hollow piece, divided rudely into two lips at'the edge: the upper lip is broke into three parts ;
of which the middle one is fhorter and broader than the others, and is fplit'at the end: the lower

lip is ftrait, narrow, and of a fimple ftructure.
feeds are few, and of a kidney-like fhape,

The pod is oblong, compreffed, and acute: the

Linnzus places this among the diadelphia decandria ; the threads in the flower being ten, and ar-
ranged in two parcels, nine in one, and a fingle one in the other.

DalweleselcOuN. |

Common Liquorice.
Gheyrrbiza vulgaris filiquis glabris,
The root is very long and creeping; of the

- thicknels of a finger, and of a tender, juicy fub-

ftance : it is of a dufky brown on the outfide, of
a fine yellow within, andof a {weet tafte,

The ftalk is round, firm, upright, not much
branched, and four feet high. Hy

The leaves are long, large, and regularly pin-
nated: each is compofed of eight or more pairs
of pinnae; and thefe are oblong,. narrow, and
pointed at the ends, and of a pale green: they
refemble the leaves of the afh-tree, but are
aie flowers grow on long and flender foot-
{talks rifing from the bofoms of the leaves, feve-
ral on each: they are {mall and bluifh.

BRT Piss SP EC ips:

The pods are oblong, flender, and of a pale
green: the feeds are large and brown. |

It is faid to have been found wild in the nor-
thern parts of the kingdom: but, like other
plants frequently and commonly cultivated in our
‘fields, it'is not eafy to fay whether it be truly a
native or not: probably enough it may be fo; for
it is evidently wild’ in’ other countries, in which
the degrees of heat’ and cold are about equal to
this. / ‘ ,

It flowers in September ; but with us it does
not produce its flowers and fruit fo-freely as in
fome other places. Indeed Nature has made fo
good a provifion for the multiplying this plant by
root, that it no where ripens its feeds in iuch
abundance as thofe that can only be propagated
that way. i : -

£ .) G, Bauhing:

288 The. BoRe ly Ry1S

Adie Ry oe

C. Bauhine calls it Ghyrrbiza filiquofa five Ger-
manica.

It was originally cultivated in Germany, and
in a manner a!l Europe fupplied thence with the
root; afterwards it was raifed in Spain, and
now in England there is a great deal propa-
gated; and it is fo valuable a commodity, that
the hufbandmen would find it extremely worth
their while to introduce its culcure in many other
parts of the kingdom.

Liquorice is a celebrated medicine ; and it de-
ferves all that-has been written of it. We fee it
principally in three forms; the frefh root, the
dried root, and what is called the juice. This
Jaft is a ftrong decoétion of the root boiled to a
firm confiflence.. The frefh root is in general
the beft for ufe.

It is excellent to take off the acrimony of the
humours on many occafions. In coughs it is a
fovereion remedy, approved by a long expe-

DIVISION IL.

Echinated Liquorice.
Ghyeyrrbiza filiquis conglobatis echinatis.

The root is long, and very thick, and does not
fpread in the manner of the other. The outer
bark is of a deep brown colour, the inner fub-
ftance is of a dufky yellow; and the tafte is
f{weet, as in the common liquorice, but more mawkith
and lefs agreeable: if the bark be chewed with
it, there is alfo a confiderable bitternefs.

The ftalk is round, firm, hairy, upright, and
a yard high. :

The leaves ftand irregularly: they are nume-
rous, and pinnated: each is compofed of eight
er ten pairs of pinnae, which are narrow, oblong,
of a-dufky green, fomewhat hairy, and pointed
at the ends. ;

The flowers grow in round heads, fupported
on long, fender footftalks rifing from the bo-

Geek

rience ; and it promotes expectoration at the fame
time that it thickens the juices. It is alfo good
in nephritic complaints from the fame principle.

The antients looked on it asa remedy both
againtt thirft and hunger. It will take off the
common fenfations of both for atime; but it is
an error to fuppole it can fupply the place of food
and drink in their effects.

It was directed by the old phyficains to be fucked
frequently by perfons in dropfies, to abate their
thirft, and prevent their drinki: g too often: and
this is fingular, that whereas the {weet of fugar>
in whatever form, makes perfons thirfty after-
wards, the {weet of Uquorice, which is at leaft
equal to it, does not. This is particular ; but ex-
periment will at any time fhew it to be perfeétly
true.

A kind of beer may be brewed with /quorice in
the place of malt, and it will have a confiderable
ftrength and an agreeable flavour.

SFA RebaleG N <-$ PsE ‘Cth: S:

foms of the leaves: they are fmall and blue: the
whole tuft together is confpicuous.

The feed-veffels are fhort and flatted, of a
pale green, and hairy: they follow the flowers
in the fame cluftered manner; and the whole
bunch of them is of the bignefs of a {mall wall-
nut.

The feeds are large, kidney-fhaped, and brown. ;

It is a native of Tartary, and is common alfo
to fome other parts of Europe. It flowers in
Auguft. eee

C. Bauhine calls it Glycyrrhiza capite echinato,
Our people call it the Hedge-bog liquorice.

Its virtues are the fame with thofe of the for-
mers but it is lefs pleafant, and they are infe-
tior; wherefore there can never be any tempta-
tion to ufe it, while the right kind is fo univer-
fal, cheap, and common.

NgioUsin28 IX.

WOOD-VETCH.

OR One Us

rpHE flower is papilionaceous, and compofed of four petals. The vexillum is heart-fafhioned,
and at the top terminates in a half cylinder, which is longer than the cup at the bottom. The

ala are oblong, and rife upwards, and converge together: they are nearly as long as the vexillum.
The carina turns up, and is divided underneath: the edges are compreffed together, and the belly is
fwelled. The cup is formed of a fingle piece, and is tubular, and very flightly indented in five places
at the edge. The pod is long, flender, and rounded, and it turns up at the top, where it is fharp-
pointed : the feeds are numerous and round. - The leaves are pinnated ; but they have no tendrils.
Linnzeus places this among the diadelphia decandria; the threads bein

g ten, nine in one body, and
one fingly.

DL V.1,S 1O,N.. J. BR 1S He S2P Oa bs:

1. Common Wood-vetch. years: its fubftance is firm, and its tafte not un-
pleafant.

The ftalks are numerous, firm, and rigid ;
they do not fupport themfelves upright, nor have

Orobus vulgatior.

The root is long, thick, and fpreading: it pe-
netrates far into the ground, and remains many

ground:

tendrils ; for which reafon they trail upon the

ae ee

~ Jar form : its tafte is fweet, and in fome degree

Th BRITISH HERBAL. 289

ground : they are a foot and half long, of a pale
green, ftriated, and hairy.

The leaves are pinnated in a very regular and
beautiful manner: each is compofed of eight or
ten pair of {mall pinnae, which are oblong, and
of a dufky green on the upper fide, and of a
paler green underneath.

The fowers ftand in little clufters fix or eight
together, and are of a plain redifh colour on the
outfide, and of a dead purple, ftreaked with
white, within.

The pods are broad, fhort, and fomewhat
flatted: the feeds are alfo fmall and flatted.

We have it in the north of England, and in
fome of the fouthern provinces in woods, but
not common. r |

Ray calls it Orobus fylveftris noftras. The
older writers have not mentioned it.

2. Heath Orobus.

Orobus fylvaticus foliis oblongis glabris.
The root is large, tuberous, and of an irregu-

refembles that of liquorice.

D.lp Val ooh OeN ae lls FO

Broad leaved Orobus.
Orobus pinnis latis.

The root is long, thick, and divided into many
parts. a
The ftalk is of a pale green, firm, and tole-
rably upright, and a foot and half high.

The leaves are very beautifully pinnated : they
are long, large, and of a pale green: each is
compofed of two or three pairs of pinnz, which

are of an oval figure, but fharp-pointed, and of a
deep green. ;

G Serre N

The ftalk is weak, angular, ftriated, of a dufky
green, and a foot high. :

The leaves are placed irregularly on it, and are
of a deep green colour: they are of the pinnated
kind, the larger confifting of two pairs of pinnae,
without either a tendril or an odd leaf at the end
and the fmailer only of one pair. d

The flowers grow on long footftalks at the tops
of the ftalks and branches two or three together,
and they are of a pleafing purple colour. ee

The pods are long and flender, and the feeds
are roundifh,

It is very common among) bufhes on heathg
and in woods, and it flowers in April and
May. »

Ray calls it Orobus fylvaticus foliis oblongis
glabris, Others, Aftragalus fylvaticus, Aftraga-
loides, and Lathyrus lignofior.

The roots fliced and boiled are good againft
coughs; and in nephritic complaints : they on
any occafion are ferviceable to obtund the acri-
mony of humors,

RE AG Neg SS: Pike Tehes.

The flowers grow in clufters, eight or ten toge-
ther, on long footftalks rifing from the bofoms
of the leaves: they are fmall, and of a faint
purple.

The pods are longifh and flender, and the feeds
are fmall and round.

It is a native of Italy, and flowers in May and
June. ;

Clufius calls it Orobus fylvaticus venetus; and
others adopt the fame name.

Uses ae es

GRASS-VETC H;

NISSOLTA.

HE flower is papilionaceous, and is compofed of four petals. The vexillum is large, and the
top and fides turn back; the extremity alfo is a little nipped. The alz are fhort, blunt, anda

little hooked. The carina is broad, and of a half-round figure, and is fplit at the bottom. The pod
is very long, and the feeds are numerous and round. The leaves are placed fingly and alternately on
the ftalks; and are long and narrow, refembling thofe of grafs.

Linnzus places this among the diadelphia decandria, the flower having ten threads, nine connected
in one body, and a fingle one feparate. But this author does not allow the plant to be a diftiné&t ge-
nus. He joins this, as the clymenum, apbaca, and others, all improperly with the /athyrus, making
them {pecies of that genus. The conformity of the flowers in all thefe plants is this author’s reafon
for his fyftem permits him to look no farther: but as the fpecies are numerous, and generical dif-

-tin@tions therefore needful, where they can be fupported, this fimilarity of the flowers is the reafon
why the characters fhould be more carefully fought in other parts of the plant. The leaves afford
thefe abundantly: and the genus of /athyrus, as he eftablithes it, is thus with perfect reafon, and by
very obvious characters, divided into four ; the proper Jathyrus having a fingle pair of pinnz only, the
clymenum two or more pairs, the aphaca fingle leaves in pairs, and the gra/s-vetch fingle leaves
placed alternately.

" Thefe are diftinétions as fixed and invariable as any the whole fcience affords from the flowers of
plants: they are ufeful in the higheft degree, and they are obvious and familiar.
Of this fingular genus there is but one known fpecies, and that is a native of Britain:

N° 29. . 4£E The

290 The! BR ET Piso WeEtR BAIL.

The Grafs- Vetch.
Niffolia.

The root is compofed of-numerous, thick, and
tough fibres.

The ftalk is of a pale green, flender, but tole-
rably erect, rarely much branched, and two feet
high.

The leaves are placed irregularly on the ftalks
from the top to the bottom of the plant; and
there generally rifes a young fhoot of a branch in
the bofom of every one of them: they are very
long, narrow, and of a fine frefh green; fo that
they in all refpeéts refemble thofe of grafs; and
the plant is hardly diftinguifhed, except when in
flower.

The flowers are placed on long, flender foot-

ftalks; and-are of a bright red colour: they are
fmall, but very confpicuous.

The pods are long and flender, and the feeds
are numerous and round.

It is found by wood-fides, and in hedges in
many places. Authors have called it by a va-
riety of names, but all of them liable to fo many
objections, that this new one wifolia.is very proper
to be introduced in their place.

Some call:it Eroum fylveftre 5 and others, Cata-
nance leguminofa: butervum and catanance are names
of different plants ; fo this breeds confufion.

C. Bauhine calls it Lathyrus fylueftris «minor ;
but the characters fhew how improperly itis called
by that name.

Its virtues are unknown.

Gri Be 2c TU 28 XI.
KIDNEY VETCH,
AN LH ToLLelos,

HE flower is compofed of four petals, and is papilionaceous. The vexillum is oblong: it
turns back at the fides, and has a hollow bottom of the length of the cup. The alz are of an
oblong form, and are fhorter than the vexillum. The carina refembles the ala in fhape and fize;
but it is compreffed. The cup is formed of one piece, and is of an oval figure, fomewhat fwoln
and hairy: it is divided regularly into five fegments at the edge, and it remains when the flower is
fallen. The pod is very fmall, and of a roundifh figure; and it remains covered within the cup.
Linnzus places this among the diadelphia decandria ; the flower having ten threads in two affort.
ments, nine collected into a body, and one fingle.

D<12V. IvS_TwO2N * 1.

1. Yellow Kidneyvetch,
Anthyllis pinnata flava.

The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with
many fibres.

The firft leaves are long, and pinnated in a very
regular and perfect manner : each is compofed of
fix or more pairs of pinnae, which are oblong and
narrow, and a much larger leaf of the fame form
at the end: the whole is hairy, and of a whitith
green,

The ftalk is round, thick, and a foot or more
in height when it rifes up, but it more ufually
fpreads about the ground ; and is of a yellowifh
colour.

The leaves on this are perfectly like thofe from
the root : they are placed irregularly, and are of
the fame pale colour.

The flowers ftand in tufts at the tops of the
ftalks, and on long, flender pedicles rifing from
the bofoms of the leaves: they are fmall and yel-
low.

The pods are fmall, and remain concealed in
the cups.

We have it in dry paftures not unfrequently.
Tt. flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Loto affinis vulveraria pra-

BRITISH hia vk O13 Fad Ds

tenfis. Others, athyllis leguminofa, and Vulne-

varia ruftica.

It has the credit of being a famous wound-
herb; but thefe are virtues lefs regarded now
than heretofore. :

2. Purple Kidneyvetch,
Anthyllis procumbens floribus rubris.

The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with
numerous fibres.

The firft leaves are regularly pinnated : each _

is compofed of feveral pairs of {mall pinne, with
a larger odd leaf at the end. :

The ftalks are numerous, a foot long, and
fpread themfelves on the ground.

The leaves are placed irregularly on them, and
are pinnated as thofe from the root.

The flowers grow in large tufts at the tops of
the ftalks, and extremities of all the branches,
and are of a bright red.

The feed-veffels are very {mall, and perfeétly
hid within the cup.

It is found in our weftern counties, and flowers
in Auguft. \

Ray calls it Vulneravia fupina flore coccineo.
The older authors were not acquainted with it.

DIV I-

Sy ee

The’ BRITISH HERG aq,

298

Del VAST Og II

Yellow Cretic Kidneyvetch.
Anthyllis Cretica flore flavo.

The rocuns long, flender, and divided into.

humerous parts. — “

The firft leaves are oblong, and undivided :
they are of an inverted ‘oval figure, broad, and
rounded at the end, and ‘narrow at the bafe.

The ftalks are numerous, weak, and branched :
they are of a pale green, and a foot and half high,

The leaves ftand in an irregular manner on the
flalks, and are fmall; about five grow together
in an odd pinnated manner,

FOREIGN SPECIES.

The flowers grow at the tops of the ftalks and
branches, and are fmal] and yellow ; eight or ten -
of them ‘ftand together in a clufter.

The feed-veffels are fmall, and they are con-
tained in broad membraneous cafes, Thefe are
formed of the cups of the flower, which {well
into this fthape and bignefs after it is fallen.

The feeds are few and fmall. :

It is frequent in the Greek iflands, and flowers
in Augutft, :

Profper Alpinus calls it Trifolium falcatum: a
ftrange name, but others have copied it.

Ni Os 3 XIl.

HORSE-SHOE VETCH

HIPPO. G R&AEPET S.

Apa flower is compofed of four petals, and is papilionaceous. The vexillum is heart-fathioned,
and has a very long bottom. The ale are of an oval form, and are obrtufe $ and the carina is

flatted and hooked. The pod is crooked, long,
the inner edge; fo that it appears compofed of a

flatted, and cut deeply in at {mall diftances all along
number of little points, faftened by narrow ends

to the edge of the back. The feeds are fmall, oblong, and hooked; and one of them is lodged in

every joint of the pod.

The fingular form of the pod and feeds, which in fome degree refembles a horfe-fhoe, has ob-
tained it the Latin name ferrum equinum, as well as the Englith one borfe-/boe vetch ; but it is better
to ufe the more modern term hippocrepis, as it is a fingle word; for generical names fhould never

confift of more.

Linneus places this among the diadelpbia decandria ; the threads being ten, and in two affortments,

nine in one body, and another fingle.

DEINE TeS el OSNi- 1

Tufted Horfe-fhoe Vetch.
Hippocrepis filiquis confertis.
’ The root is fimall, and divided into feveral
arts. :

The firft leaves are long, narrow, and pin-
nated: each is compofed of fix or more pairs of

fhort, oval pinnas; and they are of a pale green: |

an odd leaf terminates each; and this is no larger
than the others.

The ftalks aré numerous, flendet, weak,
branched, and eight or ten inches high.

The leaves on thefe are pinnated, and per-
fe€tly refemble thofe from the root.

DIVISION - IL.

Single podded Horfe-fhoe Vetch.
Hippocrepis filiquis fingularibus.

The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with
many fibres. :
The firft leaves are long, narrow, and pin-
nated : each confifts of four or five pairs of pinnae,
with an odd one at the end; and thefe are broad,
fhort, and heart-fathioned, fmalleft at the bafe,
broadeft at the top, and indented at the end.
The ftalks are numerous, weak, and low.
The leaves on thefe are pinnated in the fame
8

Re IMD IES at

S* BeBe Ci Ess:

The flowers ate fall, and of a gold yellow:
they grow in a kind of round clutter at the top of
the ftalk, and on long pedicles rifing from the bo=
foms of the leaves ; and they are of long conti-
nuance,

The pods are long, crooked, and indented :
they hang from the footftalk in the manner of a
rude and ragged head of hair; whence fome have
named the plant.

It is found on high chalky grounds in many
parts of the kingdom, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Ferrum equinum Germanicum
Siliquis in fummitate. Others, Ferrum equinum ©
comofum. Some, Hedyfarum glycyrrhizatum.

HO Robs GN. SP. BG tak2S

manner as thofe from the root, and are of a pale :
green colour. :

The flowers ftand fingly on flender foctftalks
rifing from the bofoms of the leaves; and they
are {mall and yellow.

The pod is long, fomewhat crooked, and
deeply indented : the feeds are fmall, and crooked,
in the fhape of an horfe-/hoe.

It is frequent in Italy, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Ferrum equinum filiqua fin-
gulari.

GENUS

292

N U

Th BRITISH HERBAL.

S XIII.

BIRDSFOOT.

ORNITHO

PODIU™M.

HE flower is compofed of four petals, and is of the papilionaceous kind. The vexillum is
fmall, and cordated or heart-fafhioned at the top. The ala are oval, and fmaller than the vexil-
lum. The carina is very fmall and flatted. The cup is formed of a fingle leaf, divided lightly into
five fegments at the edge, and it remains when the flower is fallen. The pod is long, flender, and

jointed.

Linnzeus places this among the diadelphia decandria; the threads in the flower being ten, in two af--
fortments, nine joining together in a body, and the other fingle.

Several flowers are in this genus placed on one receptacle ; and the pods being numerous, and of
this fingular form, have fome refemblance to the foot of a fmall bird; whence the name. Linnzus

fhortens it, and writes the word ornithopus.

DEVILS a ON I.

Common Birdsfoot.
Ornithopodium filiquis incurvis.

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
numerous fibres, with little tubercles often hang-
ing to them.

The firft leaves are fmall, oblong, narrow.
and beautifully pinnated: they are of a pale
greyifh green, and fpread themfelves in a regu-
Jar manner upon the ground.

“ The ftalks rife among thefe; and are nume-
rous, weak, and four or five inches high.

The leaves on them are numerous, and placed
irregularly : they are pinnated in the fame man-
ner as thofe from the root, each confifting of
twelve or more pairs of very fmall roundifh pin-

nz, with an odd one at the end.

DIVIS1.ON. I FO

Flat-podded Birdsfoot.
Ornithepodium filiquis compreffis.

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
a few fibres.

The firft leaves are long, narrow, and very re-
ularly pinnated: éach is compofed of ten or
twelve pairs of fmall pinnae, which are of an
oval form, fharp-pointed, of a pale green co-
lour, and a little hairy.

The ftalks are numerous, weak, and low: they
are divided into a few branches, and are of a

pale green,

G E

Ne @

BRITISH SPECIES,

The flowers are fmall, and variegated with
purple, white, and yellow: they ftand in clufters
on little footftalks, and have a pretty appear-
ance.

The pods are long, flender, and jointed, a
little crooked, and of a pale green: they very
much refemble in the clufter the foot of a {mall
bird.

_ It is commonin dry, hilly paftures, and flowers
in June. Hyde-park abounds with it.

C.Bauhine calls it Ornithopodium minus; and
he defcribes a variety of it fomewhat larger, un-
der the name of Oruithopodium majus. Mott of
the common writers are guilty of the fame error:

the plant is the fame, only more.or lefs nou!
rifhed.
!

R°E 1G NS Pree TES;

The leaves on thefe perfe€tly refemble thofe
from the root, and are of the fame pale green.

The flowers ftand on long footftalks one or two
on each ; and they are fmall and yellow.

The pods are long, flender, and crooked ; and
they are of a,dufky colour, and rough on the fur-
face.

The feeds are {mall and brown.

It is common in Italy, and flowers in Au-
gut.

C. Bauhine calls it Orxithopodio affinis hirfuta
Scorpioides. Others, Scorpioides leguminofa.

S XIV.

PODDED MILKW ORT.

Ga Leg Ue Xt

THE flower is compofed of four petals, and is of the papilionaceous form, The vexillum is up-
right, nipped at the top, oblong, and turned back at the edges, The ale are of an oblong
form, and fmaller than the vexillum. The carina is nipped at the end, and is of the fame length

with the ale.
fmalleft on the lower fide.

The cup is formed of a fingle piece, divided lightly into five fegments, which are
The pod is fhort, and heart-fafhioned.

Linnzus places this among the diadelphia decandria ; the threads in the flower being ten, in two di-

vifions, nine in one, and a fingle one in the other.

This author joins ic to the aftragalus, as of the fame genus: but they differ obvioufly; the pods
of the affragalus being oblong and obtufe, and that of the glaux fhort and pointed.

DIVI-

chinated Liquorice. |

> y pf) : ne ae
AX \ ™ ‘ ; : 7
1 & Single podded
' i : avferhoe Vetch’

Ep. ge \ GON.
ght ae Se . BEE S Commen Vocks.
Vigted Harfitiged etch = | Coren Budge is Liguaur fetoh ee

J {

ene teers ies
| ape oe

=|
ae
see

fe
'€

ta
oe

The BRITESH GER BAL

293.

DIVEST OfN oT

1. Liquorice Vetch.
Glaux procumbens filiquis majoribus.

The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with
many fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, and of a pale green:
they fpread themfelves in a circular manner, and
do not rife much above the ground.

The leaves are very large, pinnated, and of a
pale green: each is compofed of five or fix pairs
of larger oval pinnz, with an odd one at the end ;
and they are fharp pointed. 4

The flowers grow on footftalks rifing in the
bofoms of the leaves, and are of a pale yellow.

The feed-veffels are long, flender, and grow
feveral in a clufter: they are of a brown colour,
and contain numerous feeds.

It is common in thickets at the foot of hills,
nd flowers in Auguft.

C.Bauhine calls it Glycyrrhiza fylveftris flori-
bus luteo pailefcentibus. Others, Glaux legumi-
nofa, and Aftragalus luteus.

DIVISION IL
Spanifh Milkwort.
Glaux capitulis imbricatis.

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
a few fibres.

The firft leaves are numerous, and beautifully

pinnated: they are compofed each of ten op
twelve pairs of fmall oval pinnz, with an odd
one at the end.

The ftalks rife among thefe; and are nume-
rous, fmall, and not much branched: they are
fix or eight inches in length, but ufually lie in
part upon the ground.

Gin BN Us

FOREIGN

BER IE ele SeHeetS ‘Pa eOulsass

2. Little Purple Glaux,

7 . 5
Glaux ex1IZuad incana purpurea.

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
a few fmall fibres,

The ftalks are numerous, weak, and four
inches long.

‘The leaves are placed irregularly on them, and
are long and pinnated : each is compofed of fix
or eight pairs of pinnz; which are fmall, fhort,
and hairy, and of a pale green colour ; and there
ftands an odd one at the end.

_ The flowers are placed in clufters on flender
footftalks ; and they are of a bright purple.

The feed-veffels are fhort and {welled,

It is found in dry, hilly paftures, and flowers
in July. :

Ray calls it Glaux exigua purpurea montana nof-
tras.

There is an opinion that thefe plants encreafe
milk in the breafts of nurfes ; but it is not fup-
ported on any good authority.

S°P.EsC gbys:

The leaves on thefe are numerous, and placed
irregularly : they are pinnated in the fame man-
ner as thofe from the root, and are of a pale
green.

The flowers are placed in thick, oval heads
upon the ftalks : they are fmall and yellow.

The feed-veffel is fhort, and the feeds are
fmall, ‘

It is frequent in Spain and Italy, and flowers
in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Ciceri fplveftri minori affinis.
Others, Glaux Hifpanica, and Glaux Diofcoridis.

XV.

“COCKSHEAD.

OsaNs O WB GR LOCH” FS,

"THE flower is compofed of four petals, and is of the papilionaceous kind. The vexillum is ob-

long, comprefled, reflex, and dented at the end. The alz are extremely fhort, ftrait, and
narrow. The carina is fhort, compreffed, and fplit along the bottom. The cup is formed of a
fingle leaf, divided into five pointed fegments, and remains when the flower is fallen. The pod is

fhort, and confifts only of a fingle cell.

Linnzus places this among the diadelpbia decandria ; the threads in the flower being ten, and formed
into two affortments, nine in one body, and a fingle one feparate from them.

He joins this with the Aedyfarum, not allowing it to be a diftin& genus, But the pods fhew a ma-
nifeft generical difference ; thofe of the bedyfarum being compofed of feveral joints, and this of the

onobrychis being fingle.
DIVISION IL

Common Cock fhead.
Onobrychis vulgaris,

The root is long: it penetrates very deep
into the earth, and is furnifhed with numerous
fibres.

Ne XXX.

B URES: iS PPE Cueh ss;

The ftalks are round, ftriated, of a pale green,
weak, and a foot and a half high.

The leaves are regularly pinnated: each is
compofed of fix or eight pairs of pinne, with an
odd one at the end; and thefe are oblong, nar-
row, fharp-pointed, and of a frefh green.

4F Fhe

2 O4 The

Be Rdg] br Se His pie Be Re Baap

The, Bowers ftand in 4 kind of fpikes, on Jong,
lender footltalks rifing from the bofoms of the
leaves ; and they are large and red.

The pods are fhort and crefted; fo that they
refemble in fome degree a cocks comb; whence the
plant has its name.

The feeds are large and. brown.

Tt is found wild in dry, hilly paftures, and
flowers in Auguft. ‘

C, Bauhine calls it Onobrychis foltis vicie Srugiu
echinato maori.

It is fown in fields for the food of cattle, in the

DTV Sel ON IE

Prickly-headed Cock {comb.
Qnobrychis filiquis echinatis magnis.

The root is flender and white, long, and fur-
nifhed with a few fibres.

The firft leaves are pinnated in a reoular man-
ner: cach confifts of eight or ten pairs.of nar-
‘row, pointed pinnz upon amiddle rib: and there
is an odd one at the end: their colour is a pale
green.

The flalks are numerous, weak, and of a

FOREIGN

manner of clover: and it anfwers the farmer’s
purpofe much better. Nothing is a greater im-
provement in the modern hufbandry than the in-
troducing of this plant. We-received the feeds
from France, where it has been long ufed; and
now it is once upon a footing in our country, it
will not lofe its place again. It is wonderful the
ufe of it fhould have been fo long either unknowa
or neglected among us.. It has been famous for
the fame purpofe thefe two thoufand years: the
Greeks cultivated it; and, from its caufing plenty
of milk in their cows, called it polygalon,

SPECIES.

whitifh colour: they often trail upon the ground,
and feldom rife to more than ten inches high,

The flowers ftand at the tops in great clufters,
and are of a pale red. $0

The feed-veffel is large and prickly, and con-
tains a fingle large kidney-fhaped feed.

It is a native of the fouth of France, and
flowers in Auguft. It is found near the fea-
coafts.

C. Bavhine calls it Onobrychis frufiu echinato
minor.

Ry.

Foreran GENERA.

Tho of which there is no f{pecies naturally wild in this country.

GO SEN

Ue a asthe

HATCHET VETCH.

HEDYSARUM.

IIE flower is of the papilionaceous form,

in the outer part ; and it is, as it were,
a fingle piece, and is divided into five fegments :
and they remain when the flower is fallen.

chaia.
Ws bic threads in the ower being divided into

The vexillum is long and compreffed, and it is
nipped at the end. The alz are long and ftrait,,

The carina is ftrait, compreffed, and broadeft

cut off, and {plit a part of its length. The cup is formed of
thefe are long,
‘The feed-veffel is of an oblong form, and is compofed
of feveral joints, hung together in the manner of a

Linneus places this among the diadelphia decan

narrow, ftrait, and fharp-pointed ;

two affortments, nine in one, and a fingle one for the other,
He joins this and the onobrychis, as we have obferved, under one head: but the diftin@ion is ob_

vious and great 5 the feed-veffel of the onobrychis bein
feed, and that of the bedy/arum being compofed of

feveral feeds.
Where the diftinGtions are thus certain
rendered eafy by the number of thofe diftinGions.

As we have no proper Englith name for this genus,

Latin one hedyfarum.
two words, it is wrong for a generical diftinétion.

French Honeyfuckle.
Hedyfarum filiquis articulatis rugofis.
The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with
yumerous fibres.

The firft leaves are large, long, and pinnated :
they are compofed each of five or fix pairs of pin-

g but a fingle piece, and containing only a fingle

many fuch pieces linked together, and containing

» it is very wrong to confound the genera, for the {cience is

the beft method will be always to ufe the

We have added the common received Englifh term; but, being compofed of

nz ; which are large, broad, and of a dufky green,
and have an odd one of like figure at the end.
The ftalks are numerous, upright, and of a
pale green: they are not much branched, “and
are of a tough fubftance. : :
‘The leaves on thefe refemble thofe from the
root; but they are of a pale and yellowith green,
: The

Th BRITISH HERBAL.

205

The flowers ftand in long, thick fpikes at the
tops of the ftalks and branches ;/and are mode:
rately large, and very beautiful; their colour is
a bright red, and, they have ftreaks. of a pale
or fiefhy ting. The whole is glofly, like po-
Jithed coral; and the mixture of colour bears
fome refemblance to that of the juice and feeds
of a freth-opened ripe pomegranate,

Gr ay

Te is a native of the warm
and flowers in June.

G Bauhine calls it Oncbrychis femine clypeato
afpero mejor. Others, Hedyfarum clypeatum. Our
Englith name.is very injudicious ; but being that
by which it is commonly known in gardens; we
have preferved it. It would be better to call it
The great fearlet bedyfarum,

parts of Europe,

Use oll

PUPP TN eRe

Let? od ie GAS.

MreHE fower is papilionaceous,

The vexillum is of a roundifh, and fomewhat heart=fathi
ftruéture, and has the edges compreffed and turned back. Rareatalbioned

The alee are of an oval fhape, and

nearly of the length of the vexillum; and they converge in the lower part. The carina is divided
or fplit at the bottom, and is of ahooked fhape: it is undivided at the end, and is of the length of the

ala, but narrower. The cup is formed of a fingle piece,
pod is large, long, and fomewhat flatted; and it contains feveral large roundifh feeds,

are formed like the fingers of a hand,

b Beek
Common Lupine,
Lupinus vulgaris caulibus ramofis.

The root is long, flender, white, and fur-
nifhed with a few fibres.

The firft leaves rife in fmall clufters; and aré
of the fingered fhape, each being compofed of
about feven’ parts regularly expanded: they aré
placed on long footftalks, and are of a dufky green.

The ftalk is round, upright, frm, hairy, of
a whitifh colour, and confiderably branched : it
is three feet high. ‘

The kaves upon this refemble thofe from the
root, but they are fitialler: each is compofed of
about feven narrow parts; and the colour is a pale
green. ¥

The flowers are numerous and large: they

~ ftand feveral together on fhort footftalks rifing
Their colour is |,

from the bofoms of the leaves.
naturally whites but the skill of our gardeners
has variegated it in many ways. We fee ftriped
flowers and double flowers in this fpecies,

The feed-veffels are long and large; and the
feeds are broad, and fomewhat flatted. -

It is a native of Spain; whence it has been

us with this number of beautiful varieties. Ic

flowers in July. i A
C. Bauhine calls ic Lapinus fativus fleré albo.

2. Blue Lupine. A

Lupinus flore majore ceruleo.

The root is long, white, thick, and furnifhed
with feveral confiderabie fibres.

The firit leaves are numerous; and. they are
placed on long, flender footttalks: they are com-
pofed each of five parts, fpread in the manner
of fingers; and thefe are oblong, narrow, wide
afunder, and of a pale green.

The flalk is upright, round, and of a pale
gteen: it is not much branched, and is two feet
and a half high.

The leaves on this refemble thofe from the
root ; but they are fmaller, and of a paler green.

The flowers are placed on long foorftalks rifing |

lior.

and is divided only into two fegments, The
The leaves

from the bofoins of the leaves, and in a kind of
fpikes, fix or more growing in a double feries on
each footftalk : they are-large; and of a beauti-
ful blue: ;

Naturally the colour is fimple and unmixed,
but art has rendered the Aower double and ftriped;

and we frequently fee it very beautiful in our gar-

dens,
It is a native of the fouth of France; where it

flowers in their corn-fields in July and Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Lupinus fylveftris flore. ée+
ruleo. Others, Lupinus flore ceruleo majore, Our

| people, the Blwe lupine.

3- Small-Aowered Blue Lupine,

Lupinus anguptifolius flore minore ceruleo,

~The root is compofed of a long body, and in-
numerable fine fibres.

The ftalk is flender, upright; of a pale green,
anda yard high.

The leaves are placed on long footftalks; and
each is compofed of five or fix patts, which are
flender, fharp-pointed, and of a bluifh green.

The flowers ftand three or four together, in a

brouglit into our Gardens, and has there furnithed kind of loofe fpikes, on long footftalks, rifing

from the bofoms of the leaves ; and they are

‘fmall, and of a deep blue, inclining to purple.

This is their natural colour ; but, like the others;
they admit great Variation from culture.

The pods are long and large, :

It is a native of Italy, and flowers in July.

Ray calls it Lupinus anguftifolius ceruleus ela+
Others, Lupinus flore parvo ceruleo, and
Lupinus procerior ceruleus:

4. Yellow Lupine.
Lupinis flore luteo.
The root is compofed of numerous fpreading
fibres. :
. The ftalk is round; upright; of a brownifh
colour, foft; hairy, and near a yard high.
The leaves are placed on long footftalks ; and
each is compofed of about nine parts, fpread in
the manner of fingers, and of a yellowith green.

The flowers are placed on. long footftalks in a
kind.

296 The B RekeThS, Ht Heb RB eA-L.

kind of fpikes; and. they are large and yellow, | and long fibres, which run under the furface of
and of a very fweet fmell. the ground, and fend up clufters of leaves and
The feed -veffels are large, and the feeds fomewhat | ftalks in different places. The colour of thefe
flat, andclouded or fpotted with a variety of colours. fibres is redifh ; and they fpread vaftly, and
It is a native of Sicily, and is found moft fre. | Teémain many years.
quently near the fea-coaft. » It flowers in Auguft. The leaves are placed on long, flender, yel-
C. Bauhine calls it Lupinus folveftris flore luteo. | lowith, hairy footftalks : each is compofed of fe-
Others, Lupinus flavus, and Lupinus luteus and | ven or more parts, fpread out like the rays of a
we, the Yellow lupine. ftar; and thefe are fhort, broad, rounded at the
ends, and of a bluifh green.

5. The Giant Lupine. The ftalk is round, of a pale green, weak,

Lupinus maximus birfutus. and about a foot and ahalf long: it does not of-

The root is long and thick, and it is furnifhed | ten ftand perfectly erect, but ufually leans or trails
with innumerable fibres. a little.

The firft leaves are numerous, and very beau- The leaves on this are placed upon long, flen-

tiful : they are placed on long foorftalks ; and each | der footflalks; and they refemble thofe from the
is compofed of feven or more parts : thefe are ob- | root, but that they are compofed of longer and
long, broad, of a beautiful biuifh green, and hairy. | narrower parts.

T he ftalk is round, thick, white, and a yard The flowers are fmall and blue; the feed-veftels
and a half. high. are long, flender, and whitifh ; and the feeds are
The leaves on this refemble thofe from the | fmall and flatted.
root, but they are fmaller. It isa native of North America, and flowers in

The flowers ftand in fpikes or clufters on fhort Augutt.
footftalks ; and are large, and of a beautiful
fky-blue.

This is their natural colour ; but the induftry
of our gardeners. has in this refpect introduced fo
much variation, that the plant is fcarce to be
known for the fame fpecies, except for its great
height/and hairynefs.

‘The feed-veflels are very large, and the feeds MO er Chit Tehennee
are large and flatted. 2

It is a native of the Eaft Indies, and flowers in The ripe feeds are in fome places eaten at table ;
Augutt : but they have a bitternefs that is unpleafing.

C..Bauhine calls it Lupinus peregrinus major, They are good againft worms in children, and
Jive villofus cerulens major. Its great height has | 3° for that purpofe beft given as a decoction,
got it with us the name of Giant lupine. {weetened with honey.

Morifon calls ic Lupinus ceruleus minor perennis
Virginianus repens.

The common white lupine is cultivated in many
parts of Europe, in the manner of our fmall
pulfes, for the food of cattle.

The frefh plant is cut up for this purpofe about

The young fruit entire, infofed i in water, pro-
5. Perennial Lupine. motes the menfes; and the flour of the feeds is

Lupinus ceruleus perennis. ufed in cataplafms, and other outward applica-
The root is compofed of numerous, flender, | tions.

Gy HB bse Na 8 IIT.
KiiD NE Y BE AN.
POH MAS SE EOD UO)

HE, flower is papilionaceous. The vexillum is obtufe, and of a heart-like fhape, and has the’
edges turned back. The ala are oval, and have long, flender bottoms. The carina is narrow
and twi'ed. The cup is divided into two lips; the upper one of thefe is nicked at the tip, and
the lower has three points. The feed-veffel is long and flender ; and the feeds are kidney -fhaped.
Linnzus places this among the diadelphia decandria ; the threads in the flower being placed in two
affortments, nine in one, and a fingle one in the other ; as in the preceding kind.

i. The common white Kidneybean. times purple. Thefe are accidental varieties, the
Phafeolus vulgaris. fpecies being in all the fame.
The feed-veffel is long and flender; and the
The root is oblong, lender, and furnifhed with ‘feeds, when ripe, are kidney-fhaped.
many fibres. It is a native of the Eaft Indies, and flowers in
The ftalk is round, of a dufky green, weak, July.
jointed, and branched : it will trail upon the

bis C.Bauhine calls it Siilax bortenfis, five pha-
ground unlels fupported.

feolus major. We call it the Kidneybean, The white
- The leaves are large, and of a dufky green: | kidneybean, and, foolifhly enough, The French
three are placed on every footftalk; and they are | dean.

broad, and pointed at the ends, Its ufe is for the table; and, when young, and

The flowers fland feveral together, and are | eaten moderately, it is very wholefome. When
fometimes white, fometimes redifh, and fome- | too old, it is apt to caufe flatulences,

2 ; At

Th BRITISH HERBAL,

. At fea they eat the dried feeds in the manner of
peafe; but this is a coarfe method, occafioned by
neceflity. The young pod isthe proper part.

2. Scarlet Kidneybean.
Phafeolus flore coccineo major.

‘The root is long, flender, and hung with a
great number of fibres.

The ftalk is of a pale green, flender, and
weak: when fupported it will grow to fix or
eicht feet in height ; but otherwife it trails on the
ground, and is fhorter.

The leaves are placed on long footftalks, and
three ftand on each: thefe are long, broad at the
bafe, fharp at the point, and of a fine green.

' ae a fe large, and of a bright fcarlet :
they ftand in a kind of {pik =
ee pikes upon long foot

‘The feed-veffel is large and oblong: the feeds
are large and fpotted.

It is a native of the Eaft Indies, and flowers in
July.

C. Bauhine calls it Phafeolus Indicus lore cocci-
neo; and others follow him.

G E Nee U S 1 AVA
Bak pS por A

0.G.H RUS.

HE flower is papilionaceous. The vexillum is very broad, and nipp’d at the top. The ala

aré roundifh, and convergent. The carina is fhort, flatted, and of the fhape of a new moon,

The cup is formed of a fingle piece, divided into five fegments. The feed-veffel is long and large,
and the feeds are round: they are fixed to the receptacle by a long rim. The leaves are fingle, and

have tendrils at the end. .

Linneus places this among the diadelphia decandria; the threads being ten, and difpofed as in the

preceding genera.

This author does not allow the ochrus to be a diftin& genus. He makes it a fpecies of pea; but it
is fufficiently diftinguifhed by Nature. There is but one known fpecies of this genus, and it has at

all times been judicioufly held diftin& by authors.

The Birds-Pea.
Qcbras.

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
many fibres. ea)

The ftalks are numerous, weak, flender, and
of a pale green: they lie upon the ground, if not
fupported: but, when there are bufhes near, they
will run up to two feet and a half in-height.

The leaves are of a very fingular fhape and
ftruéture : their bafe is leafy, and runs down the
ftalk ; from thence they run out broader to the
extremity, where they divide into two parts, pro-
perly the leaves of the plant, and have tendrils.

Gee SON

We call the leaves fingle, in conipliance with

cuftom; but the fingle part is truly a kind of
bafe all the way, on which grow thefe two
feparate leaves.

The flowers ftand fingly on fhort footftalks in
the bofoms of the leaves ; and they are {mall and
white.

The feed-veffel is long, and the feeds are
round.

Tt is common wild in the corn-fields of Italy,
and in the Greek iflands. It flowers in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Ochrus folio integro capreolos
emittente. Others fimply Ochrus, and fome Er-
vilia. ;

Up 2S..° NV,

Tek aN olay cre

Neo.

HE flower is papilionaceous. The vexillum is large, broad, and obtufe. The ala are of the
fame form with the vexillum, and about half its bignefs. The carina is very fmall, and fharp-
pointed. The cup is divided into five narrow and longifh parts. The feed-veffel is fhort, and

the feeds are two in each pod, and they are round.

Linnzeus places this among the diadelphia decandria, as the preceding : and he makes the cicer or
chich a {pecies of this genus; but they are fufficiently diftinét from the particular form of the chich
feed, and always have been called by feparate names.

Common Lentil.
Lens vulgaris.

The root is fmall, longifh, and full of fibres.

The ftalks are numerous and weak: they are
of a pale green, and lie upon the ground in great
part, unlefs they meet with buthes or fticks for
fupport.

N® 30.
5

The leaves are long, narrow, and beautifully
pinnated: each is compofed of feveral pairs of
fhort, oval pinnze, with a tendril inftead of an
odd leaf at the end. ‘ ‘

The flowers are fmall, and of a faint purple:
they grow on long, flender footftalks, rifing from
the bofoms of the leaves, two on each.

4G The

298

The pBeRalePel S}He HEIR; ASth

The feed-veffel is fhort and thick, and the feeds
are roundifh.

It is a wild plant in France among corn, and ‘

flowers in July.
C. Bauhine calls it Lens vulgaris, Others, Lens
major, and Lens minor; for there is no diffe-

G E

NiHUee 8

rence between thofe but from accident of cul-
ture.

Many things have been faid with little reafon

on the virtues of Jentils: experience fhews them
falfe. We cultivate it for the food of cattle.

GRHal y Cie;

CAL 05 Gee hee Rs

HE flower is papilionaceous. The vexillum is large and roundifh. The ale are fimall and obs
T tufe, and the carina is {mall and fharp-pointed. The cup is divided into five narrow fegments,
The feed-veffel is fhort and fwelled ; and the feeds are roundifh, but cornered; fo that they are fup-

pofed to reprefent the head of a ram.

Linnzus places this, as the preceding, among the diadelphia decandria, making it improperly a

fpecies of Jentill.

Common Chich,

Cicer vulgare.

The root is long, flender, white, and fur-
nifhed with numerous fibres.

The ftalks are weak, flender, branched, and
of a pale green. ;

The leaves are pinnated in a very regular and
beautiful manner: each is compofed of four or
five pairs of pinnz, with an odd one at the end ;
and thefe are fhort, broad, and ferrated at the
edges.

The flowers ftand fingly on fhort footftalks ri-
fing from the bofoms of the leaves ; and they are
fall, and of a whitifh or purplifh colour, vary-
ing in the degree as chance directs.

The feed-veffel is fhort and thick, and the feeds

Gre heaNn- URES

are two: thefe are large at one end, fimall at the
other, and cornered ; fo that they are fuppofed
to refemble a ram’s head: but there muft be fome
ftrength of imagination to make out the like-
nefs,

Itis wild in the corn-fields of Spain, and flowers
in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Cicer fativum.

It is celebrated as a promoter of venery, but
with no great reafon. The feeds are of the pea
kind in nature and qualities, and may be eaten in
the fame manner.

We raife the plant, among our other improve: ,
ments of hufbandry, in fields for the food of cattle,
It is an excellent herb for that purpofe, and far
from exhaufting the land, it mellows it, and pre-
pares it for bearing larger crops of corn.

VII.

G,0,A TS) ROWE

GALEGA.

HE flower is papilionaceous. ‘The vexillum is large and oval,

and at the edges.

and it is turned back at the top _

The ale are oblong, and have a kind of appendage at the tips. The carina
is ftrait and comprefled, and is oblong, and irregular in fhape.

The cup is fhort, tubular, and di-

vided into five fegments at the edge. ‘The feed-veffél is long, flender, fharp pointed, and knotted at
~ the places where the feeds lie. The feeds are oblong, and kidney-fhaped. f

genera.

Common. Goats Rue.
Galega vulgaris.

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
numerous fibres.

The ftalks are round, upright, branched, of a
pale green colour, anda yard high.

The leaves are beautifully pinnated, and of a
faint green : they are compofed of five or more
pairs.of pinne, with an odd one at th&end ; and
thefe are long, narrow, and fharp-pointed.

The flowers grow in fpikes upon long, flender
footftalks rifing from the bofoms of the leaves :
; 8

Linnzus places it among the diadelphia decandria; the threads being difpofed as in the preceding

they are fmall, and of a pale blue, ftreaked often
with white. ' '
The feed-veffels are very long, flender,and green.
It is a native of Italy, and flowers in Augutt.
C. Bauhine calls it Galega vulgaris and others
ufe the fame name.

* Tt was at one time in great efteem as a cordial,

-alexipharmic, and fudorific; but ic never de-

ferved the praife beftowed upon it, and is now
with reafon fallen into neglect. It is an ingre-
dient in feveral of the old compofitions of the
fhops.

GEN Uns

Tieh SRETISH 1H ER AT

G EN U 8

VII.

BP? A EOR CVE. T 6 Fy.

BOR. BOM,

WHE flower is papilionaceous. The vexillum is large, roundith,

The alz are fhort and obtufe.
divided at the edge into five narrow fegments.
a kind of joints by the fwelling of the feeds.

The carina is very fhort, and terminates ina point,

flat, and lightly turned back:
The cup is

The fruit is a long, rounded pod, diftinguithed into

_ Linnzus places this among the diadelphia decandria ; the threads being difpofed as in all the preceding
genera. This genus is generally called orodus; but that name being appropriated to another, it is beft

to ufe the other term ervum.

Narrow-leaved Bitter Vetch:
Ervum foliis anguftis.

The root is compofed of many flender
fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, weak, and trailing,
unlefs fupported.

The leaves are long and narrow : they are com-
pofed of numerous pairs of oblong and flender
pinnee, and are of a dufky green.

The flowers are large and white: they ftand
fingly on long, flender footftalks, rifing from the
bofoms of the leaves. i

The feed-veffel is long, and appears jointed,
{welling out at the places where the feeds lie,

It is a native of Italy, and the fouth of France,
and flowers in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Orobus filiquis articulatis flore
majore. Others, Qrobus verus, and Orobus re-
ceptus herbariorum, :

Tt isa difpute whether this be or be not the

orobus of fome of the antient writers ; but it is
of little confequence, the virtues being too in-

Geer

Neo Uns

confiderable to warrant any great enquiry on that
head.

2. Small-flowered Bitter Vetch.
Ervum flofeulis minoribus.

The foot divides into numerous fibres; and is
whitith. - i

The ftalks are flender, weak, hollow, of a
pale green, and half a yard high.

The leaves are large, and of a beautiful green;
they are compofed each of fix or more pairs of
long and narrow pinne; with an odd one at the
end.

The flowers are very finall and white: fome-
times lightly dafhed with purple.

_ They ftand three or four together, on long,
flender footftalks.

The pods are flender; long, and very deeply
divided or jointed by the fwelling of the feeds.
The feeds are {mall and cornered.

It is a native of France, and flowers in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Orobus femine obtufo trian-
gulo. Others, Cicer orobienm.

IX,

SECURIDACA.

HE flowet is papilionaceous. The vexillum is fhort; of a heart-like fhape, and turned back at

the top and fides.

The alz are oval, obtufe, and convergent upwards.

The carina is flatted,

fhort, and pointed. The cup is divided into two principal parts; the upper one is divided again into

two, and the lower one into three fegments.
the feeds are fquare.

The feed-veffel is very long, flender, and flatted, and

Linnzeus places this among the diadelpbia decandrias the threads in the flower being ten, and dif-

pofed as in the preceding genera,

Great yellow Securidaca.

Securidaca major flore flavo.

The root is divided into many parts, and fur-
nifhed with innumerable fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, and of a pale green,
tough, and branched; and, when properly fup-
ported, they will rife to the height of four feet or
more. :

The leaves are large, and beautifully pianated :
each is compofed of fix or eight pairs of pinnz,

with an odd one at the end; and thefe are broad,
fhort, obtufe, ‘and of a bright green.

The flowers are large and yellow : they grow in
tufts, four or more together upon the tops of flen- -

‘der footftalks rifing from the bofoms of the leaves,

The feed-veffels are long, flender, flatted, and
fomewhat hooked.

It is common in France and Italy among corn,
and flowers in Auguft. ;

C. Bauhine calls it Securidaca lutea major.
Linneus makes it a fpecies of coronilla.

G EON: Urs

300 The

BRol DISH Ane R-B Ase

GIVE Nw KB X.
CATERPILLARS,

SCORPIOIDES.

THe flower is papilionaceous. The vexillum is of a roundifh form, turned back at the top, and

nipped at the extremity.

The alz are of an oval form, and have a fmall appendage.

The ca-

rina is of the form of a crefcent, and is fplit on the lower part. The cup is flatted, formed of a fingle
piece, and lightly divided into five fegments. The-feed-veffel is long, rough, and twifted; and the

feeds are roundifh. '

Linnzus places it among the diadelpbia decandrias the threads of the flower being ten, and ar-
ranged in the fame manner as in the preceding genera. He diflikes the old name /corpioides, and calls
it fcorpiurus. Our people call it caterpillars, from the fhape of the pods.

Long-leaved Caterpillars.
Scorpioides foliis longioribus indivifis.

The root is long, fender, yellow, and fur-
nifhed with numerous fibres. ;

The ftalks are round, weak, of a pale green,
and two feet in length, but not perfectly upright,

The leaves are oblong and undivided, obtufe
at the ends, and not fo much as notched along
the edges: they are of a bluith green.

The flowers are placed two together on the tops
of very long and flender footftalks rifing from the
bofoms of the leaves: they are fmall, but of a fine
gold yellow.

The feed-veffel is hairy, long, flender, and
turned or twifted round, and is brown: the feeds
are {mall, and alfo brown.

It is wild in Spain and Italy, and flowers in.
July.

C. Bauhine calls it Scorpioides Beupleuri folio!
J. Bauhine, Scorpioides filiqua campoide bifpida.
Our gardeners, The caterpillar plant.

Neither this, nor the generality of the former
{pecies, are diftinguifhed by any particular vir-
tues. They are of the pulfe kind; and therefore
their feeds would be eatable, if larger, and better

flavoured. Their fingularity gives them a place
in gardens,

Th END of tle SEVENTEENTH CLASS,

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BRITISH HERBAL,
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CiierAns| S XVI,

Plants whofe flower is papilionaceous ; whofe feed-veffel is a regutar, but Jmall
leguminous pod ; and whofe leaves are placed three on each footftalk,

difpofition of its threads the fame. 7

For this teafon Linnzeus arranges thefe with the preceding genera under one and the fame
clas, the diadelphia decandria. dividing them from the reft only by the mark of a particular fection,
This was neceflary according to his method, which does not admit any part of a plant but the flower
and fruit into the confideration of a claffical diftinétion.: but in nature the genera are perfectly fepa-
rated fromvall others, and kept united together by this fingular charaéter of the leaves growing three
together. This is conftant and certain: it does not in all the clafs admit a fingle variation or ex-

ception; and it is therefore a proper mark for the diftinétion of a clafs; the fmalinefs of the pod joins
ing to cftablith it. et
In all the courfe of Nature, when carefully obferved and truly followed, there are found marks of
the connection, not.only of the lefler but greater diftinétions : in this cafe the fame method is ob-
ferved in that refpect as in others. ) The kidneybean is the genus uniting the leguminous and trifo-
liate plants, the leaves in all,the fpecies of that genus grow by threes; and the fecd-veffel is long
large, and of the proper leguminous kind, a

Ts form and flructure of the flower is the fame in this and in the preceding genus, and the

ee ee Te Re rotor or oOo or OT OTOL OT OTOT On OPT OTOTOTCAOTOTOT OTS
BE Aaa Lane AEA rat aie ar Se tae Sat a Sa Ta MEE TSP SRF Tae TRF PRP PRP Yat "AR nr nt ne RE TRY VR Wa Pat AFP

USE ARE ARE ORY txt TKP IKE Tae RY OH x

S: Bio Rod ELS I.
Natives of BRITAIN,

_ Lhofe of which ‘one or more fpecies are found naturally wild in this country,

Gaia BR | ddorngS: oo)
! TREFOIL
“Ff RIEOL LUM

FIE flower is papilionaceous ; the vexillum is turned backwards; the ale are fhort, and the
carina is very fhort, and fomewhat broad. ‘The cup is formed of a fingle piece; and is fmall,
tubular, and divided lightly into five fezments at the edges and it remains with the fruit ; as does alfo
“in many {pecies the flower. The feed-veliel is a fhort pod, compofed of a fingle valves and the
feeds are roundifh and few. TOE
Linnzus places this among the djadelpbia decandria, making it of the fame clafs with the pulfe:
and he comprehends under the name of this genus almoft’a whole clafs, deftroying the received dif-
tin@tions of melilot, hares-foot, bop-trefoil, and many other genera, and making all fpecies. of this
one.

N® 30. 4H i We

302 The* B Rt A Tel SHH®. HiES RBA Zi

We have obferved on preceding occafions, that the placing too many fpecies under one com.
mon term or generical name, is making the greateft of all difficulties in the fcience. This is no
where fo evident as in the prefent inftance; the fpecies of the trefoil, according to Linnzus, being
too numerous for any rational method. : : ;

It is plain that author acted from neceffity in this inftance; his method allowing no generical dif-
tinétions to be formed upon any part befide the flowers and fruit. But this is the great inconvenience
of that method; and indeed it is fo great, that, were there no other reafon, it alone ought to prevail
againft the reception of his fyftem. He is obliged to acknowledge, that his generical character of
the ¢refoil is imperfect: and he attempts to palliate the imperfection, by obferving, that other authors
have fucceeded no better who have taken in the confideration of the leaves: but there is more chance
for a certain and diftint character, when thefe are taken to affift in the forming it, than when the
flowers are confidered alone. This is what we fhall attempt in the diftinctions of the fucceeding genera.

DAIVel Sak Oo Nese:

i. Common white Trefoil.
Lrifolium pratenfe album,

The root is long, flender, and hung with many
fibres.

The firft leaves are fupported on long, flender
footftalks, of a pale green: three leaves grow on
each footftalk; and they are of a deep green,
broad, fhort, and marked with a white fpot
ufually in form of a crefcent in the middle.

The ftalks are numerous, fhort, and procum-
bent : they divide into branches as they run upon
the ground, and fend out in an irregular manner
a great many leaves of the fame form and ftruc-
ture with the firft, and the ftalks for the flowers
among them: thefe are flender, like thofe of the
leaves, and of the fame pale green.

The flowers are fmall and white; and they
ftand a great many together, in a round, thick
head.

The feed-veffel is fhort, and contains four
fmall feeds. :

It is common in our meadows and paftures,
and flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Trifolium pratenfe album;
and moft pthers ufe the fame name.

It varies extremely in dry and barren foils.
Some have from this accident made feveral ima-
ginary fpecies; and, on the other hand, others
have fuppofed this itfelf not diftiné& from the
common red trefoil, but only a variety. This is as
great an error as the other. The colour of the
flower is the leaft diftinétion between them, as will
be feen on comparing the defcriptions together.

2. Long-flowered white Trefoil.
Lrifolinne album flofculis longioribus paucis.

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
numerous fibres.

The firft leaves are placed three together on’

flender footftalks: they are fhort, broad, and
dented at the end, or regularly heart-fathioned ;
and are of a pale green.

The ftalks fpread about the ground: they are
numerous, weak, and of a whitifh colour.

The ‘leaves on thefe are like thofe from the root:
they are alfo of a pale green, and alittle hairy. ©

The flowers are white: they grow at the ex-
tremities of the ftalks, and on pedicles rifing
from the bofoms of the leaves : they do not grow
in round heads, but only two or three together.

The feed-veflels are fhort, and the feeds are
few.

BR heh S HS Bab Col cbs:

It is fingular in this plant, that the feed-veffels
frequently hanging fo as to touch the ground,
take root: they are fometimes drawn under the
furface, or detained fo clofe to it, that duft falls
over them, and buries them. In this condition
the feeds grow beft of all, and fpeedily furnith
abundance of new plants.

The natural fize of the plant is not larger than
the leaft of the bop-trefoils, its branches three
inches or more in length; but it will fometimes
grow much bigger.

It is common in dry paftures, and fowers in
June.

Ray calls it Trifolium pumilum fupinum flofealis
longis albis. Morifon, rifolum album tricoccum
Subterraneum articulatum. Others, Trifolium folli-
culos fub terra condens.

3. Yellowith- flowered Trefoil.
Trifolium hirfutum majus flore albo-fulpbureo,

The root is compofed of~numerous flender:
fibres.

The firft leaves are placed on long footftalks,
three on each; and they are oblong, narrow,
of a dufky green, not at all ferrated; but poined
at the ends.

The ftalks aré numerous, flender, branched,
of a yellowifh green, and about a foot high.

The leaves on thefe are larger than thofe from
the root, otherwife like them; and generally they
are bigger toward the top of the plant than on the
lower parts of the ftalks.

The flowers grow in a long and large clufter,
and they are of a very pale yellowifh white.

The feed-veffels are fmall, and the feeds are
minute and few.

We have it in dry paftures not unfrequently,
It flowers in June. : (

Ray calls it Trifolium pratenfe birfutum majus
Store albo-fulphureo, five ochro leuco. The older
writers were not acquainted with ir.

fs Common red Trefoil.
Trifolium purpureum vulgare.

The root is compofed of numerous fibres.

The firft leaves are placed on flender footftalks,
three on each; and they are broad, fhort, and
of a deep green.

The ftalks are numerous, and of a pale green:
they are flender, branched, and eight or ten
inches in length; but they ufvally trail in part
upon the ground,

The

The BRITISH HERBAL

393

The leaves on thefe are like thofe from the
root, but of a frefher green.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and
branches in thick, longith heads; and they are
of a bright red.

The feed-veffel is fhort, and the feeds are few
and roundifh.

It is common in our meadows and paftures,
and flowers in June.

C.Bauhine calls it Lrifolium pratenfe purpureum ;
and moft others follow him.

This fpecies, when fown in a favourable man-
ner, yields what we call clover; the plant itfelf
therefore is properly a wild clover. Mr. Ray
diftinguifhes the clover of our cultivated land as
a different fpecies ; but it is no other way different
than as a plantimproved by culture always is from
the fame in a wild ftate.

5. Little heart-leaved red Trefoil.
Trifolium parvum foltis cordatis flore rubente.

The root is compofed of a few flender fibres,
joined to a fmall oblong head.

The firft leaves are few and fmall: they ftand
on long footftalks, three on each; and they are
oblong, and heart-fafhioned: they are of a pale
green, and lightly hairy.

The ftalk is flender, upright, of a pale green,
fiightly hairy, and five or fix inches high.

The leaves on this are finall; and they are
placed on long, flender footftalks, three on each:
they perfectly refemble thofe from the root in
fhape and colour; and it is fingular, that to-
ward the top of the ftalk they ufually grow in
pairs.

The flowers are large, and of a pale red: they
ftand in oblong heads, upon weak feotftalks,
ufually one head on each plant.

The feed-veffels are fmall, and the feeds are
brown.

It is not uncommon in dry paftures, and flowers
in June.

Ray calls it Irifolium pratenfe purpureum minus
foltis cordatis.

6. Long-leaved purple Trefoil.
Trifolium foliis longioribus floribus purpureis.
The root is compofed of a few thick fibres.
The firft leaves are fupported on fhort foot-
ftalks: and they are oblong, broad, obtufe, and
of a deep green.

The ftalks are round, weak, jointed, and a‘

foot or more in height.

The leaves ftand irregularly on thefe, and re-
femble thofe from the root, but that they are
longer and narrower: three grow on each foot-
ftalk; and they are alfo of a dufky green.

The flowers are of a deep purple: they are
placed in fhort, thick threads.

The feed-veffels are fhort, and the feeds are
fmall.

We have it not unfrequently on hilly paftures.
Tt flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Trifolium ‘montanum purpu-
reum majus. J. Bauhine, Trifolium majus fecun.
dum Clufit.

7- Smooth teafel-headed Trefoil,
Lrifolium frellatum glabrum.

The root is long, fender, and furnithed with
many fibres,

The ftalks are numerous, round, fmall, and
tolerably eredt : they are not much branched
and they are eight inches hich, :
“ The ae ftand on fhort, flender footftalks

fee on each; and they are s
tharp-pointed, and of a duty aed ie

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks in
oblong heads, refembling in fome degree thofe
of the common teafel : they are fmall and red
and they open more than thofe of any of the ottier
kinds at the end; whence the plant has obtained
the name of fharry trefoil,

We have it in dry fandy places,
the fea. It flowers in July.

Ray calls it Trifolium fellatum glabrum, Others
Trifolium capitulis dipfaci; a name much more
expreffive.

elpecially near

8. Soft-headed Trefoil.
Trifolium hirfutum capitulis mollioribus rubentibus.

The root is compofed of a number of fmall
fibres, connected to a little head.

The firft leaves are placed on long footftalks
three on each; and they are broad, and tere:
fafhioned; of a pale green, and a little hairy.

The ftalks are numerous, weak, flender, and
a foot high,

The leaves on the lower part of thefe refemble
thofe from the root; but thofe on the upper part
are longer and narrower, and of a paler green,

The flowers are fmall, and of a very pale red :
they ftand in longifh tufts at the tops of the ftalks
and branches ; and there generally are fome leaves
juft under them.

The feed-veffels are fmall, but the feeds are
large. E
It is found in dry, barren paftures, and flowers

| in July.

Ray calls it Trifolium parvum birfutum Hioribus
parvis dilute purpureis in glomerulis mollioribus &3
oblongis, Jemine magne, '

9, Round-knoted Trefoil.
Trifolium glomerulis ad caulium nodos rotundis,

The root is compofed of numerous, long, and
flender fibres, connected to a {mall head,

The ftalks are numerous, round, weak, jointed,
and of a pale green: they are eight or ten inches in
length, and they lie in great part upon the ground.

The leaves ftand on flender footftalks, three on
each ; and they are fmall, broad, and dented at
the edges; and are of a faint yellowith green.

The flowers ftand in little foft heads at the in-
fertions of the leaves, and are of a very pale red,
The heads have no footftalks, but ftand clofe to
the ftalk.

The feed-vefiels are {mall, and the feeds few
and brown.

It is common in hilly paftures, and flowers in
June.

Ray calls it Trifolium cum glomerulis ad caulium
nodos rotundis. Others, Trifolium nediflorum.

to. Long-

304 ‘The

10. Long-knotted Frefoil.
Trifolitm glomeralis efperis oblongis.

The root is fmall and fibrous.

The ftalks are weak, {preading, and‘of a pale
green.

<The leaves are ‘placed at d liftances, three on a
footftalk ; and they are oblong, broad, ‘and of a
yel Hlowifh green.

The flov vers are fmall and white: they are col-
lected into large oblong heads, which ftand in‘the
bofoms of hie’ leaves, “aid feel prickly the feg-
ments of the cup being hard‘and pointed.

We have it‘in tenereiny ary paftures, © It flowers
in July. :

Ray. calls ito 7 sAfol inn fofeulis albis in glomerulis
oblongis afperis caulicul:s proximée ganatis.

11. Strawberry-Trefoil.
Trifolium fragiferum.

‘The root is long and flender, and is hung with
many fibres.

The firft leaves are numerous: they are placed
on flender footftalks, three on each ; and they are
fhort, broad, heart-fafhioned, and of a pale
bluifh green.

The ftalks rife among thefe, and are of a pale
eréen, branched, hrregulasly upright, and of a
firm fubftance: the leaves on them are numerous
and fmall; they are of the fame ‘fhape with thofe
from the root, but of a pale colour.

The flowers are collected together in large,
round heads, placed on long, ‘flender, whitifh

DIVISION? IT.

1) White mountain Trefoil.
Trifolium erefium album foliis longioribus.

The root is compofed of numerous, Eick, |
fpreading fibres.

The firft leaves are few, but large: they are

‘placed by threes upon long ‘footftalks ; and are

long, narrow, hairy, and of a bright green.
The ftalk is weak; but tolerably upright, not
much branched, and a foot and half high.

The leaves on this refemble thofe from the

root: they are long, narrow, and of a pale green,
and covered with filvery hairs.

The flowers. ftand in large oval heads at the
tops of the ftalks and Reerrehes:: ; and they are
fmall and white, with a faint tinge of yellow.

The feed-veffels are thick and fhort, and the
feeds ‘are fmall.

Je is frequent in the German paftures, and

Hi “‘Howers in Avgutt.

c Bauhine calls it T7i/ foliuim montanum album.

2. Stinking, clammy Trefoil.
Ti rifolium ee

This is a mrobate and large plant.

The root is compofed of niany:fibres.

The firft leaves rife in a tuft, and are placed
in threes upon flender*yellowifh footftalks : they
are broad. andefhort, and are of a. pale green.

eaeThe ftalk is upright, branched, and two feet

BRITISH HER BIA L

FOREIGN

footftalks. «The flowers themfelves are fmall,
and of avery pale red';:and they quickly fade.
The cups are fwoln ; and they bend downwards,
and terminate each in two points, | Thefe give
the whole head a very fingular appearance, alto-
gether different from the other ¢refoils, and 10:
unlike a ftrawberry.

It is common in paftures, and flowers in Au-
guft.

C. Bauhine calls it Trifolium fragiferum frificum.
Others, Trifolium fragiferum.

12. Long-leaved Strawberry-Trefoil.
Trifolium fragiferum foltis longioribus.

The root is long,
with numerous fibres:
The firft leaves rife in a thick tufts they are
placed on long footftalks, three upon each ms and
they are fmall, oblong, and fharp- pointed ; not

heart-fhaped, as in the other.

The ftalks are pale, branched, trailing, and
eight inches long.

The leaves on thefe are oblong, and fomewhat
broad, of a yellowifh green, and tharp-pointed>;

The fiowers-are fmall, and of a very faint red
the heads are ‘placed on Tong, «lender footftalks) ”
and fomewhat.refemble ‘f{traw berries.

We have it in damp places. It fowers in July,

Ray calls it Trifolium fragiferum Maer gs purpu-
veum folio oblongo.

fpreading, and: furnithed

Allthefe#refoils are of ‘the fame qualities. They
are very wholefome food for Sale

Suber Gal Es;

high : itis ‘blackifh toward ‘the: bottom, and! pal
or “greenith i in the upper’ part.

The leaves on‘this ‘are -placed in itatbes)! but
they are longer and narrower than thofe from the
root: they are of ‘a bright green ; “and, when
touched, they are found clammy 3 and they have
a very ftrong and\difagreeable fmell.

The fHowers ftand in loofe tufts-at‘the tops of
the ftalks, and are of a beautiful violet colour.

The feed-veffels are fhort, and contain a few
brown feeds.

It is frequent in the warmer parts of Europe,
and flowers in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Trifolium bitumen vredolens.
Others, Trifolium bituminofum.

It is celebrated againft ‘venomous bites, and in
malignant fevers.

‘An oil drawn from its'feeds has “been ‘alfo in
early times famous in’ paralytic’complaints.

3. Long-fpiked, purple Trefoil. ©
Trifolium purpureum Spica longiore rubente.
The toot is long, thick, ‘and’furnified Oe,
many fibres.
The leaves rife ina thick tuft, ‘and are: placed
by threes upon fhort footftalks: they are long,

narrow, and of a deep green, and very eahlarly
notched at the edges.

The ftalk is two feet high, firm, upright,
branched, and of a pale green: the leaves on this
are

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are numerous, and refemble thofe from the root :
they are placed by threes upon flender, fhort foot-
ftalks ; and to each of thefe there is a large mem-
branaceous cafe or fcabbard, which enclofes the
ftalk at their bafe, and runs on to a confiderable
length. :

The flowers are of a beautiful purple: they are
placed at the tops of the ftalks and branches in
fpikes, two inches or more in length.

The feed-veffels are fhort, and the feeds are
large and brown.

It is frequent in Italy and in the fouth of France,
and flowers in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Trifolium purpureum fpica
longifima rubente. Others, Trifolium lagopoides
majus.

4. Great oval-headed purple Trefoil.
Trifolium capitulis ovatis foliis acuminatis.

The root is compofed of a number of ftraggling
fibres, of a redifh colour.

The ftalks are numerous, tolerably upright,
not very much branched, and a foot and half
high. ~ :

The leaves are placed by threes on long and
flender footftalks: they are narrow, long, and
of a firm fubftance, not at all dented at the edges,
of a deep green, and fharp-pointed.

The flowers are large and purple: they ftand
at the tops of the ftalks in large oval heads.

The feed-veffel is fhort, and the feeds are few
and brown.

It is found in the hilly paftures of Germany,
and flowers in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Irifolium pica oblonga ru-
bra.

5. Hairy ftarry-headed Trefoil.
Trifolium capitulis ftellatis hirfutum,

The root is woody, long, brown, and {pread-
ing.

“The firft leaves are fupported on long, flender
footftalks: they are fhort, broad, and heart fa-
fhioned, of a pale green, and hairy.

The ftalks are numerous, weak, irregularly

~ upright, and of a whitith colour.

The leaves on them are like thofe from the
root.

The flowers ‘are collected together in round
heads at the tops of the ftalks ; and are fmall and
purple, fometimes white, and, as Cafpar Bauhine
fays, fometimes lightly yellow; but this I have
not feen.

The cups fpread out at the points, and have a
ftarry appearance.

The feed-veffels are fmall, and the feeds brown.

It is frequent at the foot of Mount Vefuvius,
and in other warm parts of Europe. It flowers
in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Trifolium ftellatum, a name
ethers have given to our ¢ea/el-headed kind.

6. Burdock-headed Trefoil.
Trifolium capitulis perfonate.

The root is fmall and fibrous.
The firft leaves are numerous, and they are
N° 30.

fupported on fhort, redifh footttalks : they are
broad, fhort, and a little dented at the ends ;_ and
their colour is a faint green. ,

The ftalks are numerous, weak, and not much
branched : they are of a faint brown, and fix or
eight inches high.

: Bee on thefe perfe&tly refemble thofe
fom tne root; but they have fomewh:
footftalks, : po ane

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks in
large, round, and rough heads, very much re-
fembling {mall burs: they are of a faint purple.

The feed-veflels are flender, and the feeds few
and fmall.

C. Bauhine calls it Trifolium globof

calls Slobofum repens.
if Bauhine, Trifolium glomerulis Per fonate ae
f It is found in the warmer parts of Europe, as
in Italy, and in the fouth of France; but not
frequent.

7. Bladder-Trefoil,
Trifolium capitulis tumidis flore rubello,

This is a fmall, but very pretty plane,

The root is long, flender, and furnithed with
numerous fibres,

The firft leaves are few, and prefently fade :
they are oblong, obtufe, of a yeliowith green
and placed by threes upon hort foorflalks,

The ftalks are numerous; and they lie upon
the ground, and are divided into many branches,

The leaves on thefe are fmall, oblong, obtufe,
and of a bright ereen. ‘

The flowers are of a very beautiful bright red
they grow in little, round heads, fupported on
flender footftalks from the bofoms of the leaves,

When the flowers are fallen, the cups {well out
into a kind of bladders; and the whole head
fomewhat refembles that of our Strawberry trefoil.

It is common in Portugal, and flowers in July. °

C. Bauhine calls it Trifolium pratenfe fellicula-
tum. Others, Trifolium Salamanticum,

8. Pale, long-leaved Trefoil, with frethico:
loured flowers.

Trifolium foliis pallidioribus anguftis Slofculis carneis.

~The root is flender, long, tough, and redith;
and it has-many fibres,

The firft leaves are numerous, and of a pale
greyith green: they are fupported on fhort foot.
ftalks ; and are oblong, and harp-pointed.

The ftalk is round, upright, branched, and a
foot high.

The leaves on it are long, narrow, and of a
very pale green: they are fharp-pointed, not at
all dented at the edges, and have fhort footftalks;
at the botom of which there is a membranaceous
fcabbard.

The flowers grow in large, round, and rough
heads: they are fmall when examined fingly ;
and of a faint purple, a little deeper than what we
call flefh-colour.

It is frequent in the warmer parts of Spain, and
flowers in Auguft.

Morifon calls it Trifolium Jpicatum minus flore
minore dilute rubente. ,

41 g. Great-

306

Th BRITISH HERBAL,

9. Great flowered. purple Trefoil.

Trifolium Alpinum flore magno rubente.

The root is thick, woody, brown, divided in-
to many parts, and furnifhed with numerous
fibres.

The firft leaves are placed on long, flender, re-
difh footftalks ; and they are very long, very nar-
row, and of a yellowifh green: they are not at all
ferrated at the edges, but pointed at the ends,

“The ftalks are weak and fmall: they are of a
pale green, not at all branched, and about fix
inches high.

Toward the bottom they have a leaf or two;
but the reft is naked.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks in a
very thick, fhort head; and they are large and
purple.

The feed-veffel is fhort, and the feeds are few
and brown.

It is a native of the Alps, and flowers in July.

Morifon calls it Trifolium purpureum Alpinum.
Others, Trifolium Alpinum.

Gi Be N

10. Large yellowifh-flowered Trefoil.
Trifolium majus flore flavefcenie.

The root is long and white, divided into feve-
ral parts, and furnifhed with numerous fibres.

The firft leaves are fupported on long, whitifh
footftalks : they are broad, fhort, of a frefh greens
and on the under part each has a black fpot.

The ftalks are numerous, procumbent, and
{preading : they are of afoot long, jointed, hol-
low, and of a pale colour.

The leaves on thefe refemble thofe from the
root; but they are paler.

The flowers are large, and of a cream-colour :
they ftand in round loofe ‘heads on the tops of
the ftalks.

The feed-veffels are fhort and thick, and the
feeds are brown, :

It is frequent in the fouth of France, and
flowers in Auguft.

Morifon calls it Trifolium pratenfe caule Siftulofo
foliis fubtus maculatis flore ochro leuco, ‘

Tt agrees with the reft in qualities, affording a
good, wholefome, and nourifhing food to cattle,

Uee§ II.

H ASR OE S$ F O.0 TY

DyvA GO PU: §.

HE flowers are papilionaceous and fmall. The vexillum is turned back. The ale are hort,

ments.

and the carina is very fmall. The cup is as long as the flower, and is divided into five. fe
The feed-veffel is fhort, and formed of a fingle valve; and the feeds are few.

j=
The head

into which the flowers are colleéted, is oval and hairy ; the hairs growing from the cups: and the leaves

ftand three together. _

Linnzeus places this among the diadelphia decandria; the threads in the fower being ten,

in two

affortments. He confounds it with the common trefoil, and many other genera, under the common
name érifolium, But this is erroneous ; the hairynefs of the heads is an obvious diftinétive character
of the genus; and the length of the cups, and their downy covering, which are both univerfal to all

the kinds, are certain charaéterifticks,

D°T.V_ TES TcOpN oT:

1. Common Haresfoot.

Lagopus vulgaris,

The root is fmall, oblong, and furnifhed with
a few fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, weak, branched, and
not very upright: they are ten inches long, and
of a pale redifh colour.

The leaves ftand at diftances, three together,
with fcarce any footftalks: they are {mall, nar-
row, blunt at the ends, and whitith.

The flowers are very {mall, and of a pale red :
they ftand in oval or oblong fpikes or heads at
the tops of the ftalks, and the hairynefs of their
cups gives the whole a downy appearance, and
whitifh red colour.

The feed-veflels are very fmall, and the feeds
are minute.

It is common in dry paftures, and flowers in
July.

C. Bauhine calls it Trifolium arvenfe bumile Jpi-
catum five logopus. Others, Lagopus vulgaris.

It is an allringent, and deferves to be brought
into ufe in medicine. The whole plant dried and
powdered, and given half a dram for a dofe, is

BR PT SobieeS*Reh 1 ps)

good againft loofeneffes with bloody ftools, The
decoction an{wers the fame purpofe.

2. Dwarf Sea Haresfoot.
Lagopus pufillus maritimus.

The root is long, flender, whitith, with a tinge
of red, divided into feveral parts, and furnifhed
with many fibres,

The ftalks are numerous, and fpread them-
felves upon the ground: they are of a pale redifh
colour, very much branched, and three or four
inches long.

The leaves are numerous : they grow in
threes, without any footltalks ; and they are
narrow, fharp-pointed, of a pale green colour,
and covered with a foft down.

The flowers grow in roundith heads of a very
pale colour, white, with a tinge of purplith’,
and thefe ftand in great number without. foot
ftalks in the bofoms of the leaves.

The feed-vefféls are minute, and the feeds are

_ brown.

It is not unfrequent on the coaft of Suffex, and
flowers in Auguft.

Lobel calls it Lagopus perpufillus fupinus elegan-
tiffimus Anglicus, and others take the fame name
from him,

DIVI-

The BURGITT T SEE TAPE ROR Acti

307,

DIVISION i

1. Great Purple Haresfoot.
Lagopus purpureus maximus,

The root is long, thick, brown, and furnifhed
with a few fibres. '

The firft leaves rife on fhort footftalks and
are broad, fhort, and of a pale green.

The ftalks are a foot and half high, of a pale
colour, irregularly difpofed, and branched.

The leaves on thefe are large: they are ob-
long, obtufe, of a pale green, and foft to the
touch,

The flowers are fingly, fmall, and of a faint
whitifh purple; but they are colleéted into long,
thick, hairy fpikes, two inches in length, and of
a woolly afpect.

The feed-veflel is fhort ; and the feeds are
large, and of a fhining brown.

Tt is common in Italy, and flowers in June.

C.Bauhine calls it Trifolium [pica fubrotunda
rubra. Others, Lagopus maximus flore rubro.

Geis BN

FOREIGN SPECIES.

- 2. Scarlet Haresfoot.
Lagopus fore ruberrimo.

The root is long, brown, and furnifhed with
a few fibres. '

The ftalks are numerous, flender, ‘tolerably
upright, and eight inches high: they are of a pale
redifh colour, and very little branched,

The leaves ftand three together, without foot=
flalks, but with a kind of feabbard at the bottom 5
they are long, narrow, and of a dufky green. ;
The flowers grow at the tops of the branchés
in long and downy fpikes, the hairs of which are
much longer than in any other kind: they are
fall, and of a pale red.

The feed-veffels are fhort; and the feeds are
few, large, and brown.

It is a native of Spain, and flowers in July.

Ray calls it Lagopus flore ruberrimo; a name
weed from Parkinfon, who firft raifed it‘in Eng-

and,

Us 45 Ill.

HOP TREFOIL.

TRIFOLIUM LUPULINU™M.

HIE flower is papilionaceous. ‘The vexillum bends a little back, ‘the ala are fhort, and the ca- °

rina is very fmall.

The cup is little, hollow, and divided into five fegments at the edge. The

feed-veffel is fhort, and formed of a fingle piece; and the feeds are roundifh, The flowers grow to-
gether in little heads refembling hops ; and they fade foon, but remain with the cup to cover the

feed-veffel.

Linnzus places this among the diadelphia decandria, confounding it with the daresfoot and others,

under the common name frifolium.

DIVISION IL

z. Common Hop Trefoil.
Trifolium lupulinum vulgare.

The root is compofed of fmall fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, flender, tolerably up-
right, of a pale yellowith green, and eight or ten
inches high. ;

The leaves have fhort footftalks, and ftand
three on each: they are fall, obtufe, of a yel-
lowifh green, and fmooth.

The flowers are fmall and yellow: they are
placed together in little heads at the tops of the
branches, refembling ripe hops.

The feed-veffel is fhort, and the feeds are {mall

‘and brown.

It is common in our paftures, and flowers in
‘July.

C. Bauhine calls it Trifslium pratenfe luteum ca-
pitulo lupuli vel agrarium. Others, Trifolium lu-
pulinum vulgare, and Trifolium lupulinum majus.

9. The leffer Hop Trefoil.
Trifolium lupulinnm minus.

The root is compofed of fmall fibres.
The ftalks are numerous, weak, ftraggling,
branched, very irregular in their growth, and

BRITISH

SPECIES

ten inches high: they are ufually naked toward
the bottom ; but the leaves ftand frequent toward
the top.

They have fhort footftalks, on which they ftand
in threes: they are fmall, and _heart-fathioned,
and of a faint green.

The flowers are fiiall and yellow: they grow
together in little heads on fmall footftalks.

The feed-veffel is fhort, and the feeds are {mall
and brown. }

It is comiion in our paftures; and flowers i
July. Blea

Ray calls it Trifolium lupulinum alterum minus;
J. Bauhine, Irifolium luteum flore lupulina minus.

3. The leaft Hop Trefoil.
Trifolium lupulinum minimum.

The roct is long, flender, divided into feveral
parts, and furnifhed with numerous fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, weak, branched,
and about three inches in length ; and they com-
monly lie upon the ground.

The leaves ftand three together, with very
fhort footftalks, and a kind of ‘fcabbard at the
bafe: they are broad, fhort, a little heart-fa-
fhioned, and fmooth. :

: The

308 The

BOR VTi THES He UH) E} Ri Bi Aer.

The flowers are fmall and yellow; and they
gtow in little cluflers, rarely more than two or

three together. _
The feed-veffels are very {mall, and the feeds

~ minute.
Dele ale Ses GFN. ilk

Hop Trefoil-with ferrated leaves.
Trifolium lupulinum foliis dentatis.

The root is long, flender, brown, and hung
with many redith fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, upright, of a pale
green, a foot and half high, and not much
branched.

The leaves ftand at confiderable diftances by
threes, and they have flender footftalks : they are

Go NS

FO: REE. GoN

It is frequent in dry paftures,
July.

Ray calls it Trifolium lupulinum minimums a
name ufed alfo by moft others,

and flowers in

SP ECCI £8,

of an oval figure, fharply ferrated at the edces
and of a faint green. ae

The flowers are fmall, and of a faint brownith
yellow : they ftand together in oval heads, which
are formed of brown cups.

The feed-veffels are fhort, and the feeds brown
and large. :

It is frequent in hilly places in the warmer
parts of Europe.

C, Bauhine calls it 274folium montanum lupulinum.

IV,

MELIL OT.
MELILOTUS.

HE flower is papilionaceous, and fimall.
the carina is fmall.
cup. The cup is hollowed at the bafe, and

The vexillum is bent back, the alz are fhort, and
The feed-veffel is a pod, formed of a fingle piece, and is longer than the
divided into five fegments at the edge.

The leaves

ftand three together, and the flowers are produced in loofe fpikes.

Linnzus places this among the diadelphia decandria; the threads being ten,

in two affortments,

But he creates much confufion, by joining it with the /agopus, and other three-leaved plants, under

the common generical name of érifolium,

Dil WVislkisol: ONa ot

1. Common Melilot.
Melilotus vulgaris.

The root is long, flender, redith, divided into
feveral parts, and hung about with fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, round, of a freth
green, upright, branched, and a yard high.

The leaves ftand in threes, and have flender
footftalks : they are oblong, fharp-pointed, and
of a frefh and delicate green.

The flowers are fmall, and of a gold yellow :
they ftand in lcofe fpikes of a confiderable length
at the tops of the ftalks, and on pedicles rifing
from the bofoms of the leaves.

The feed-vefiel is oblong, and the feeds are
Jarge and brown.

It is common in many parts of England in
pafture-grounds, and under hedges; and fome-

.times gets among the corn, unhappily for the
farmer. It flowers in July.

C.Bauhine calls it Melilotus officinarum Ger-
mania, Others, Melilotus vulgaris.

It is famous as a refolvent and digeftive, out-
wardly applied.

In pultices it will be of great ufe againft hard
fwellings, ripening them, and at the fame time
taking off the pain.

BRITISH SPECIES,

The old authors have written much of it; and
many years it was an ingredient in the plaifter
ufed for dreffing blifters. At prefent it is re-
jected from that compofition ; not for its want
of efficacy, but to prevent mifchievous frauds ;
thofe who made the plaifter frequently putting in
verdigreafe, to give the colour which would not
be obtained from the plant but with confiderably
more trouble.

2. Small Melilot,
Melilotus odoratus flore ceruleo.

The root is fmall,
fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, erect, branched, and
ten inches high,

The leaves ftand in threes; and they are fhort,
broad, and of a pale green,

The flowers are fmall and yellow: they ftand
in oblong heads at the tops of the ftalks, and
on pedicles rifing from the bofoms of the leaves,

The feed-veffels are {mall, and very numerous :
they hang in a kind of Joofe fpike.

It is common in our paftures, and flowers in
Auguft.

Tragus calls it Melilotus minor. Others impro-
perly, Trifolium lupulinum minus Semine multo.

and furnifhed with many

DIVI.

The +B: RoI;T 1S H; HE R BAL.

nen

309

Dsl V1IS2 0 NI.

1. Sweet Trefoil.

Melilotus odoratus flore ceruleo.

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
a few fibres.

The ftalk is round, upright, branched, and
two feet high: it is of a pale green, and hol-
low.

The leaves ftand on long footftalks, three on
each: they are oblong, moderately broad, of a
beautiful green, and ferrated at the edges.

The flowers ftand in {mall heads at the tops of
the branches; and they are of a beautiful fky-
blue, and very {weet. :

The feed-veffels are fmall, and the feeds are
few and brown.

It is common wild in Spain; and in other. places
is cultivated for the fragrance and lafting {cent of
the flowers.

C.Bauhine calls it Lotus hortenfis odora. Others,
Trifolium odoratum.

2. Italian Melilot.
Melilotus folliculis majoribus,

The root is long, thick, redifh, and furnithed
with numerous fibres.

The ftalks are round, upright, firm, branched
all the way up, and near a yard high,

The leaves have long, flender footftalks, and
ftand three on each: they are fhort, broad, and
of a faint green toward the bottom ; but longer,

narrower, and of a more lively colour toward the

FOREIGN SPECIES.

_ The flowers ftand on the tops of the branches
in long, loofe fpikes; and they are fmall and yel-
low. ‘

The feed-veffels are fwoln, roundifh, and
rough: the feeds are few and large, and. of a
gloffy brown.

It is frequent in the warmer parts of Italy, and
flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Melilotus Italica Solliculis ro-
tundis.

3. Sweet Melilot with hooked pods,
Melilotus odoratus Siliquis falcatis.

The root is long, thick, redifh, and divided
into feveral parts. :

The ftalks are numerous, upright, branched,
and four feet high : they are of a yellowifh green,
ftriated, and hollow.

The leaves have long footftalks, and they ftand
three on each: thefe are oblong, moderately
broad, ferrated, fharp-poined, and of a frefth and
elegant green,

The flowers ftand in loofe fpikes at the tops of
the ftalks and branches, and are of a pale yel-
low.

The feed-veffels are long, flender, and hooked
upwards: the feeds are of a glofly brown.

It is common in the warmer parts of Europe,
and the Eaft. The flowers in the hotteft coun-
tries have the moft fragrant fmell. :

C. Bauhine calls it Melilotus corniculis reflexis
major, Others, Melilotus Syriaca, and Melilotys

top of the plant. 5 Syriaca odora,
GoPsubeseN,, £28 V.
FOQNUGREEK. ;
FENUM GRECUM | :

HE flower is papilionaceous. The vexillum is turned back ; the ala are fmall, and turned out.
wards ; and the carina is very fhort: The three upper petals feem to make a regular three-

leaved flower, and this fourth is placed in the centre,

The cup is hort, hollowed, and lightly di- ~

vided into five fegments. The feed-veffel is oblong, and fomewhat flatted: the feeds are numerous

and roundifh:

Linnzus places this among the diadelphia decandria ; the threads in the flower being ten, in two af
fortments. He rejects the received name Fenum Grecum, and calls the genus Trigonella. The an-
tient name is but ill conftructed ; but as it is univerfally underftood, and the plant has virtues worth
regarding, which are fpoken of by early authors under this old name, we have preferved it.

D PV Ass TROGN at

Small wild Foenugreek.
Fenum Grecum pumilum repens.

The root is long, thick, divided into feveral
parts, and hung with numerous fibres.

The ftalks are irregular and numerous: they
are four or five inches long, and they fpread upon
the ground: they are of a pale colour, branched,
and tough:

The leaves ftand by threes ‘on long, flender
footftalks, with a fkin or membraneous fheath at

N° XXXI,

BRITISH

§ PobyCalBssy

the bottom : they are fmall, of an oval figure, of
adead green, and lightly ferrated at the edges.
The flowers are large, and of a pale purple.
they ftand two or three together, upon flender
footftalks rifing from the bofoms of the leaves,
The feed-veffels are thick and fhort ; and they
are full of brown, large feeds.
It is common in barren grounds, and flowers
in June. :
Ray calls it Fenum Grecum bumile repens orni-
thopodii filiquis brevibus ereétis.

Aiki DIvi-

310 The

BRT T 16H) HePOREB APL,

DIV.1 S10 N.cIl-

Common Foenugreek.
Fenum Grecum vulgare.

The root is long, flender, and full of fhort
fibres.

The flalks are numerous, thick, very much
branched, and of a pale green: they are a foot
and a half long, but not regularly upright.

The leaves are placed in threes on long foot-
ftalks: they are oblong, broad, and obtufe at
the ends; and they are of a,dufky green on the
upper fide, and of a whitifh colour underneath.

The flowers ftand on fhort footftalks in the bo-
foms of the leaves: they are Jarge and white,
fometimes tinged a little with a faint purple.

The feed-veffel is long, and the feeds are yel-
low and large.

Go EAN

FOREIGN

SP BC's;

It is a native of the Eaft, but is frequently fown
for ufe. -

C. Bauhine calls it Fenum Grecum fativum.
Others plainly Fenum Grecum.

The feeds contain the virtue of the plant ; and
they areufed externally with-great fuccefs: they °
are emollient and anodyne. They boil to a mu-
cilage; which, whether ufed alone, or mixed in
ointments or cataplafms, is excellent againft hard
fwellings, and againft pain.

It is recommended iby many in the {ciatica, ap-
plied outwardly, warm, and frequently repeated ;
and it is excellent againft {wellings in thetbreafts,
‘The ointment of marfhmallows owes a great deal
of its emollient virtue to the feeds of ‘the fanu-
greek.

US VI.

RESTHARROW.
BN EO: ANGLES:

HE flower is papilionaceous. The vexillum is of a heart-like thape, and depreffed at the
fides. The ala are of an oval form and they are not of more than half the length of the
vexillum. The carina is fharp-pointed, and it is fomewhat longer than the ale: The cup is divi-
ded into five parts,-and_is of the length of the flower. The feed-veffel is fhort, fwelled, and hairy ;

and the feeds are kidney-fhaped, and few.

Linnzeus places this among the diadelphia decandria ; the threads of the flower being ten, in two
affortments. He places many of the trifoliate plants in one common genus; but this he feparates

more juftly. :
DIVISION I.

1. Common prickly Reftharrow.
Anonis fpinofa vulgaris.

This is not a large, but it is a very tough,

fpreading plant.

The root is long, thick, and firm: it is fo dif-
ficult to tear out of the ground, or to break, that
it. often ftops the inftruments of hufbandry ;
whence its Englifh name.

The ftalks are numerous, tough, firm, and
covered with a redifh bark: they. are a foot and
half long, they lie fpread upon the ground,
and they are full of very fharp and ftrong
prickles.

‘The leaves are numerous, and of a bright
green: they grow by threes without footftalks ;
and they are oblong, narrow, dharp-pointed, and
ferrated at the edges,

The flowers ftand on hort footftalks rifing
from the bofoms of the leayes ; and they are of
a bright purple,

The feed-vefféls are fhort, and the feeds are
numerous and brown.

It is common by way-fides, and flowers in
Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Anonis Spinofa flore purpureo.

Others, Anonis vulgaris, five refta bovis, and
Refla lovis purpurea,

BRITISH SPECIES.

2. Purple Reftharrow without thorns.
Anonis non fpinofa purpurea.

The root is long, and very tough, and is of 4
whitith colour.

The ftalk is firm, hard, upright, and of a pale
green.

The leaves ftand irregularly on it; and are
oblong, moderately broad, dented at the edges,
and of a pale green, and a little hairy.

The flowers ftand in the bofoms of the leaves
on fhort footftalks ; and arelarge, and of a beau-
tiful red.

The feed-veffél is fhort, and the feeds are large

) and brown.

It is a native of tough foils, and common in
moft parts of England. It flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Anonis /pinis carens pure
purea. Others, Anonis non fpinofa flore pur-
pureo.

3. White Sea Anonis.
Anonis maritima pubefcens.

The root is long, flender, white, and tough.

The ftalks are numerous, branched, of a firm
fubftance, and of a whitith colour.

The leaves are numerous and fmall: they are
oblong, broad, and covered with a white woolly
matter,

The

The PRT sa a een

git

The flowers ftand in the bofoms of the leaves ;
and are of a pale red, with fome white.

The feed-veffel is {mall, and the feeds are mi-
nute. :

DIVISION TI.

1. Yellow Reftharrow without thorns.
Anonis flava non fpinofa.

The root is long, tough, and {preading.

The ftalks are round, upright, very much
branched, and a foot and ‘half high.

The leaves ftand on flender footftalks, three on
each ; and they are long, narrow, ofa paleigreen,
and a little hairy, and dented at the ends.

The flowers ftand on:long footftalks, and ate
large and yellow: they grow from the bofoms of
the leaves.

The feed-veffels are large, and the feeds nume-
rous and brown.

It is a native of the Eaft, and of the warmer
parts of Europe, It flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Ananis vifcofa fpinis carens
Tutea major. Others, Auonis.non_fpinofa lutea.

The whole plant is clammy to the touch, ,and
has a very ftrong fmell. The flowers are fome-
times ftriated.

2. Yellow Reftharrow with drooping flowers.
Anonis lutea floribus pendulis.

The root is long, thick, and fpreading.

The ftalks are numerous, low, woody, very
much branched, and covered with a redifh bark,

The leaves are placed in threes on moderately
long footftalks , and they are fhort, obtufe, and
hairy.

The flowers ftand on flender, weak, and
crooked or twifted footftalks, two on each: they
are of a mixed brown and yellowith colour; and
their cups are very hairy.

The feed-vefiels are long and large, andthe
feeds are kidney-like, and brown.

It is common in Italy, and flowers in Auguft,

C. Bauhine calls it Auonis vifcofa minor lore
pendulo.

Geek

Ne ures

It is common on our fea-coafts, and flowers in
July.
Ray calls it Antonis procumbens maritima noftras

Soltis hirfutis pubefcentibus. Others, Avonis maritima

REIGN SPECIES,

3. Red-flowered Reftharrow with great pods,
Anonis purpurea Siliquis inajoribus.

The root is long, thick, and {preading.

The ftalks are numerous, woody, upright, and
‘two feet high: they are covered with a brown
bark, and have no prickles,

The ‘leaves ‘ftand by threes upon fhort foot-
ftalks, and are placed at confiderable diftances ‘
they are oblong, broad, ‘ferrated, fharp-pointed,
and of a pale green.

The flowers are placed alfo on long footftalks,
two or three together; and they are fmall and
purple. }

The feed-veffels are large, and the feeds alfo
are large and brown.

It is a native of Spain, and flowers in July.

Morifon calls it Ayonis purpurea pracon, five
verna frutefcens. Many call it Cicer Syloeftre.

All the fpecies of anonis poffefs the fame vir-
tues ; and though fome of them have been parti-
cularly celebrated by foreign writers, there is none
that has them in fo high a degree as the common
wild kind, here firft defcribed. It is a power-
ful diuretick, and a very effectual remedy in ob-
ftructions of the vifcera. ;

The root has moft virtue, and the cortical or
outerpart of that more than the reft. A decoc-
tion of this, with a little white wine, fweetened
to the palate, and drank in large quantities, is
excellent againft the gravel, and all nephritick
complaints, foftening, and operating powerfully
by urine.

The bark of the root, dried and powdered, is
good in the jaundice and in dropfies; the dofe is
half a dram twice a-day.

VII.

M‘E DICK,

MO Bide L.Ceed,

THE flower is papilionaceous. The vexillum is turned backwards: it is oF an oval figure, undi.

vided, and turned at the edges.outwards. The ala are oblong, and their fides converge under
the carina, to which part they are fixed’ by a fmall appendage. The carina is oblong, fplit, and
turned back. The cup is formed of a fingle piece ; and is hollow, and divided into five equal feg-

ments at the edge.
round itfelf.

The feed-veffel is long, flatted, and more or lefs crooked, twifted, or wound

Linnzus places-this among the diadelphia decandria; the filaments being ten, in two affortments.

He alters the name, writing it medicago.

DIVISIO No L

4. Yellow Medick, with flat, wreathed pods.
Medica fylvefiris flore flavo.

The root is long, thick, and fpreading, and it
remains many years,
*

BRITISH.~S PE CLES.

The ftalks are numerous, and of a tough, firm,
and, as it were, woody fubftance: they are two
feet in length, very much branched, and fpread
irregularly, in great part lying upon the ground.

The leaves ftand on long footftalks, three oe

each ;

312 The

Bo Rete i See ee be Re Bia es

€ach; and they are oblong, narrow, of a yel-.
lowifh green, and dented toward the ends.

The flowers ftand in little clufters at the tops
of the ftalks, and are of a bright yellow.

The feed-veflels are flat, and a little turned
about: the feeds are few, and angulated.

We have it in our hilly paftures, but not com-
mon. It flowersin July.

C. Bauhine calls it Trifolium luteum fylveftre
lignea five frutefcens. Others, Medica fylvefris.

2. Common Heart-Trefoil.
Medica folio cordate maculato.

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
numerous fibres.

The firft leaves are placed on long, flender
footftalks, three on each; and they are of a heart-
like fhape, and each has a black fpot in the

~ middle. ;

The ftalks are numerous, procumbent, and a
foot long: they are flender, and of a pale green.

The leaves on thefe refemble thofe from the
root: they are alfo fpotted.

The flowers are {mall and yellow.

The feed-vefiels are remarkable in their form
and afpect: they are rough, and twifted in a fin-
gular manner. The feeds are large and few.

It is common in paftures, and flowers in July.

C.Bauhine calls it Trifolium folio cordato macu-
Jato.. Others, T7ifolium cordatum, and fome Me-
dica Arabica Camerarit,

3. Little Hedgehog Trefoil: _
Medica echinata minima.

The root is compofed of numerous fibres,

The ftalks are weak, flender, procumbent,
and four or five inches long.

The leaves are few, and placed irregularly :
they ftand by threes on flender footftalks ; and
are of an oval figure, but fharp-pointed, and of
a frefh green.

The flowers are fmall and yellow: they ftand
in little clufters at the tops of the ftalks, and in
the bofoms of the leaves.

The feed-veffel is fmall, but rough, and, as it
were, prickly ; whence the plant has obtained its
common Englifh name.

The feeds are angulated, and brown.

We have it in barren, hilly paftures. It flowers
in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Trifelizm arvenfe fruéiu mi-
nore. Others, Medica echinata minima, and Me-
dica {pinofa. 2

4. Prickly-edged Medick.

Medica fruétu ad margines Spinofo.

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with a
few fibres..

DIVISION UI

1. Lucorne.
Medica fativa flore purpureo.

The root is very long, and lives many years.

The ftalks are numerous, firm, upright, much
branched, and two feet or more in height : they
are fmooth, and of a pale green,

The firft leaves are placed on long footttalks,
three on each; and they are broad, fhort, ob-
tufe, fomewhat heart-fafhioned, but with a flight
dent, and of a fine lively green.

The ftalks are numerous, flender, and ten
inches high.

The leaves ftand at diftances, and are like thof
from the root.

The flowers are fall and yellow : they ftand
on flender footftalks rifing from the bofoms of the
leaves.

The feed-vefflel is twifted round, and has an
edge of ftiff briftles.

We have it in the fouthern counties very fre-
quent on fandy ground, and in fome other places.
It flowers in July.

Ray calls it Trifolium cochleatum modiolis fpi-
nofis. The old writers knew it not.

5. Black-fruited Medick:
Medica polycarpos fruftu compreffo nigricante.

The root is flender, oblong, white, and has a
few fibres. ;

The firft leaves are placed by threes on flender
footftalks ; and they are {mall and obtufe.

The ftalks are flender, not much branched, of
a faint green, and eight inches high.

The leaves on thefe refemble thofe from the
root, but are fimaller. ,

The flowers are fmall and yellow : they ftand
in great numbers on flender footftalks tifing from
the bofoms of the leaves,

The feed-veffels are compreffed, and blackith, |

We have it in dry paftures, but not common,
It flowers in June.

Ray calls it Medica polycarpos fruflu minore com-
prefo feabro.

6. Prickly Sea-Medick.
Medica maritima Jpinofa.

The root is {mall and oblong.

The ftalks are numerous, weak,
and eight or ten inches high.

The leaves are placed by threes on hort foot-
ftalks ; and they are fhort, broad, obtufe, and
of a bright green.

The flowers are {mall and yellow.

The fruit is twifted and prickly,

The ftalks of the plant are ufually purple to-
ward the root; and the tops of the fhoots are
hairy.

Tt is found about our fea-coafts, and flowers in
July.

Ray calls it Medica marina Supina noftras. foliis
viridibus ad fummos ramulos villofis.

procumbenr,

FOREIGN SPECIES,

The leaves are placed very thick ; and they are
difpofed, as in the others, three on a ftalk : they
are oblong, fharp-pointed, and flightly ferrated :
their colour is a freth green,

The flowers are fmall, and of a beautiful
violet-colour: they are placed half a dozen to-
gether at the tops of the ftalks, and on flen-

der

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der pedicles rifing from the bofoms of the
leaves.

The feed-vefféls ate ftiiall and twifted.

It is a native of the warmer parts of Europe,
and flowers in May.

All authors call it Medica fativa, and Fenun
Burgundicum.

The name /ucérne, now applied to this plants
was at one time given by the French to the cock{-
head, and its former name faintfoin was given to
this. . There is no faying which is right, for
both are arbitrary ; and it is not eafy to difcover
which was the original application.

The antients were very fond of this plant as
fodder for their cattle. We, iead with aftonith-
ment the pains they beftowéd upon its culture.
From the antient the knowledge travelled to the
modern Italy, and thence to Ftance and Flanders:
of very late years we have got into the ufe of it
in England ; and it is one of the greateft of the
modern improvements in hufbandty.

It is a rich and excellent food for all kinds of
cattle.

The common wild.medicas poflefs in geneial the
fame qualities, but in an inferior degree. They
enrich paftures wherein they grow; and a good
ufe might be made of them, by fcattering the
feeds among the grafs in grounds not very fertile.

2, Snail-Trefoil.
Medica fruciu cochleato levi.

The foot is long, flender; and furnifhéd with
humerous fibres.

The firft leaves are placed on fmall foot-
ftalks, and grow, as in the others, three on each :
they are oblong, moderately broad, fharp-pointed,
ferrated at the edges; and of a livély green.

The ftalks are numerous; flender; branched, a
foot or more in length; but not very upright,

The flowers ftand on flender footftalks tifing
from the bofoms of the leaves, and they are yel-
low. ;

The feed-veffel is very large, fitiooth, of 4 pale
green, and twifted in the manner of a {nail;

The feeds are few and large. :

It is a native of Italy. We fow it in gardens
for the fingularity of the fruic. .

C. Bauhine calls it Trifolitm cochleatum frufin
rotundiore.

3. Caterpillar-Trefoil.
Meilica frifin convoluto afperd.

The root is long, flender, and hung with
inany fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, weak, flender,
branched, and a foot or mote in length.

The leaves ftand thick upon them, three at
each joint, on a long, flender footftalk : they are
fhort, broad, obtufe, and of a fomewhat oval
form, but inverted; or with the fmaller part
below.

N° 34.

The flowers are little and yellow. .

The feed -vefféls are large, twirled about, and
tough ; fo that they have the appedrance of 4
Steen, hairy caterpillar rolled up.,

Ic is a native of the Eaft; and of the warmer
patts of Kurope. We keep it in gardens.

C. Bauhine calls it Trifolitm fruéu comprefje
Jpinis horrido.

From this and the former fp
of our gardeners has raifed
rieties, which have been
diftingt. fpecies,
but Linneus is j
fide. He rightly te

ecies the induftry
a vaft many va-
defcribed by many ag
This is the common error :
n the extremé on the other
trenches many ; but he makes
both thefe and the common wild kind the
faine fpecies. This is plainly an etror; becaufé
the form of the leaves, as well as the fruit,
differ;
4. Moon-Tiefoil;

Medica Jfiliquis: lunatis,

The root is long and fender, and has very few
fibres. ‘

The ftalks are numerous, weak, and of a pale
green: they are a foot high, and branched.

The leaves have long, flender pedicles ; three
ftand on éach: they are oblong, broad; dented,
and of 4 fine green.

The flowers are finall and yellow: they ftand
on fhort; fmall footftalks in the bofoms of the
leaves, : :

The feed-veffel is broad, flat, and notched at
the edges : it is turned round; fo that it repre-
fents a new mooh. The feeds are few and brown:

It is found about the edges of vineyards in
Italy. ; : :

C. Bauhine calls it Trifolium Jiliqta foliata:
Others; Trifolium lunatum. —

5. Stubby Moon-Tiefoil.
Medica filiqnis hinatis fritefcens,
The root is woody; long, divided, and fptead:
ing.
The ftem alfo is woody, tough; and very much
branched : the trunk is covered with a grey barks
but the twigs are green or greyith.

The leaves ftand on long footftalks,; three upon
each : they are oblong, obtufe, and largeft at the
ends; and are of a greyifh green. ‘

The flowers grow three together ufually on
flender footftalks; and they are fmall and yellow;

The feed-veffel is flat, and turned round in
form of a ctefcent ; but it is fmooth on the edge,
not nicked as the preceding,

The feeds are large, angulated, and brown.

It is a native of the Eaft, and flowers in
Auguft.

Authors have miftaken its proper genus : they
have in general ranged it among the cytifi.

C. Bauhine calls it Oytifus incanus Siliquis foliatis,
Lobel, Cytifus maranta ; a name copied by moft
others.

4L GENUS

314 Th BRITISH HERBAL.

By NT Ui 38 IX.

BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL.

OU Teo” S.

HE flower is papilionaceous. ‘The vexillum is roundifh, and bends downward; and it has a
long, hollow bottom. The ala are fhort, broad, obtufe, and converge upwards. The cam
rina is rounded below, clofed above, fhort, fharp-pointed, and turned upwards. The cup is formed
of a fingle piece: it is hollow, and is divided into five regular fegments. The feed-veffel is long and
flender, and the feeds are numerous and. roundifh. The leaves ftand three on each footftalk, as in the
preceding genera; but there are alfo two {mall ones on the ftalk, at the infertion of the footftalk of

the others.

Linnaeus places this among the diadelpbia decandria ; the threads of the flower being ten, in two

affortments.
Dil V2 1SeleOuNe <I:

1. Common Birdsfoot Trefoil.
Lotus corniculata glabra minor.

The root is long, and furnifhed with many
fibres. :

The ftalks are numerous, flender, firm, and
branched: they are ufually of a redifh colour,
and are ten inches high.

The leaves are of a fine ftrong green: three
ftand on a long footftalk, and two at its bafe:
they are oblong, and fharp-pointed.

The flowers ftand in clufters at the tops of
flender footftalks, rifing from the bofoms of the
leaves ; and they are fmall and yellow.

The pods are ftrait, fender, and long.

It is common in our paftures, and flowers in
Augutft.

C. Bauhine calls it Lotus pentaphylla minor gla-
bra. :

2. Narrow-leaved Birdsfoot Trefoil.

Lotus corniculata anguftifolia glabra.

The root is long and flender.

The ftalks are numerous, and very much

. branched: they are firm, upright, and fix inches
high.

The leaves ftand three on a footftalk, and two
at the bafe of it: they are narrow, of a frefh
green, and fharp-pointed.

The flowers are fmall and yellow: they ftand,
as in the other, on long footftalks, fix or eight

- together.

The feed-veffels are long,
brown.

The plant diftinguifhes itfelf at firft fight
from the common kind by its upright, bufhy
afpedt.

We have it in corn-fields, where the foil is

_ clayifh. Ie flowers in Auguft.

Ray calls it Lotus pentaphyllos minor anguftio-

vibus foliis fruticofior.

flender, and

D bv Bs OaNedl «<F-o

1. Square-podded Lotus.
Lotus filiqua quadrata flore rubro.

The root is long, and furnifhed with many
fibres.

BoR TCT. Sei gS Reb. Takis:

g. Great Birdsfoot Trefoil.
Lotus corniculata birfuta major.

The root iscompofed of numerous, flender fibres,

The ftalks are weak, of a pale colour, a little
hairy, not much branched, and a foot or more
in height.

The leaves are numerous and large: three ftand
on each footftalk, and two at its bafe: they are
oblong, broad, of a pale green, and lightly hairy,

The flowers are large and yellow, with a tinge
of orange-colour : they ftand in little tufts at the
tops of the pedicles, which rife from the bofom
of the leaves.

The feed-veffel is long, flender, and brown.

It is frequent in damp places, and flowers in
Augutt.

C. Bauhine calls it Lotus pentaphyllos flore ma-
jore luteo fplendente. Others, Lotus corniculata .
hirfuta major.

The leaves of this plant are fometimes very
little hairy, and of a brighter green. In this ftate
it is defcribed in Dillenius’s edition of the Sy-
nopfis as a new fpecies ; but it is a Variety owing
only to its growing on a drier foil.

4, Dwarf Birdsfoot Trefoil.
Lotus corniculata minima foliis fubtus birfutis. -

The root is compofed of a few flender threads,

The ftalks are numerous, weak, and procum-
bent: they are of a redifh colour, and three or
four inches long. :

The leaves ftand three on a footftalk, and two
at its bafe: they are fhort, roundifh, but termi-
nated by a point; and of a blackith green above,
and white and hairy underneath,

The flowers are fmall and yellow:
very flender and brown,

We have it in dry, hilly paftures, efpecially
where the foil is chalky. It flowers in July.

Ray calls it Lotus corniculata minor foliis fubtus

the pods are

“incanis,

REIGN SPECIES.

The ftalks are numerous and weak : they
fpread every way upon the ground; and are
branched, and of a pale green, a little hairy,
and a foot and half long. :

The flowers are placed at diftances : three grow

upon

The

BeR: fT I+S3He Heb eR=B ASL:

org

upon a fhort foorftalk, and two at its bafe: they
are of a dufky green colour, and foft to the
touch.

The flowers ftand on pedicles rifing from the
bofoms of the leaves, two ufually on each; and
they are large and beautiful : their colour is crim-
fon, and they have a look of velvet.

The pods are fhort and thick, and have four
membranous edges, which give them a fquare
afpect, ;

The feeds are large and yellowifh.

It is a native of Spain, but is in fome parts of
England cultivated in gardens for the fake of
the feeds, which are pleafant and wholefome.
Many eat them in the manner of peafe.

C. Bauhine calls it Lotus ruber filiqua angulofa.
Our people, Crimfon-pea, or Velvet-pea.

2. Small {quare-podded Lotus.

Lotus filiqua quadrata minor.

The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with
many fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, weak, and branched :
they are eight or ten inches long, of a pale green,
and a little hairy. :

The leaves ftand three on a very fhort foot-
ftalk, and two at its bafe: they are oblong, mo-
derately broad, of a pale green, hairy, and fharp-
pointed.

The flowers are large and yellow: they ftand
on long, flender footftalks, fometimes two toge-
ther, fometimes fingly. In fome places they are
ftriped, but not univerfally.

The feed-veffel is long and flender: the feeds
are numerous and brown.

It is common in Italy, and the fouth of France.
It flowers in July. :

C. Bauhine calls it Lotus pratenfis filiquofus lu-
teus. Others, Lotus quadrata filiqua flore luteo.

3. Great-podded Lotus.
Lotus filiqua crafiore.

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
a few fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, weak, but tolerably
upright, and a foot high.

The leaves are broad, fhort, and fharp-pointed :
they ftand three on a footftalk, with two at the
bafe of it; and they are of a pale green, and a
little hairy. :

The flowers ftand fingly on long, flender foot-
{tatks ; and are large and yellow.

The pod is very large, and hangs down.

The feeds are large and well-tafted.

It is a native of Crete, and flowers in Augutt.

C. Bauhine calls ic Lotus pentaphyllus filiqua

cornuta.

3. Clufter-flowered Lotus.
Lotus floribus fafciculatis.

The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with
numerous fibres.
The ftalks are firm, upright, and two feet
high: they are f{mooth, branched, and of a pale
reen."4 ;
The leaves ftand three on a footftalk, with two

at its bafe : they are oblong, broad, fharp-pointed,
and of a pale green.

The flowers are feparately very {mall ; but they
ftand in thick tufts, and make a very confpicuous
fhew: they are white, variegated with a little
purple.

The feed-veftel is long and flender, and the
feeds are roundifh.

C. Bauhine calls it Lotus Siliquofus glaber flore
rotundo. :

Tt is a native of the warmer parts of Europe,
and flowers toward the end of fummer.

§ Hairy, white-flowered Lotus.
Lotus birfutus flore albo.

The roots are woody, tough, and fpreading.

The ftalks are alfo woody, and three or four
feet high : they are very much branched, and co-
vered with a brown bark in the lower parts, and
green in the upper.

The leaves are very numerous and fmall : they
are placed three together, with {carce any foot-
ftalks, and two at the bafe: they are oblong,
hairy, fharp-pointed, and of a pale green.

The flowers grow in little tufts at the tops of
the branches, and are fmall and white.

The feed-veffels are fmall alfo, and brown.

It is frequent in the fouth of France, and
flowers in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Lotus pentaphyllus villofus.
Others, Trifolium bemorrboidale majus.

6. Great-flowered woolly Lotus.

Lotus lanuginofus flore majore albicante.

The root is woody, tough, divided, and fpread-

The ftalks are numerous, fhrubby, and firm;
and the whole plant has a white, woolly afpect.

The leaves ftand three together, with two others
at the bafe. This is the proper and perfect man-
ner of their growth; but fometimes one or both
the lower ones are wanting. :

They are fhort, broad, and white; and are
covered with a kind of woolly matter.

The flowers are large and white: they ftand in
little roundifh clufters on the tops of very flender
footftalks.

The feed-veffel is long and flender: the feeds
are roundifh,

It is a native of all the warm parts of Europe,
and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Lotus pentaphyllus incanus.
Others, Dorycnium MonJpelienfium, and the Eng-
lith writers, Poifonous trefoil of Montpelier.

4. Bufhy-top’d white Lotus.

Lotus floribus confertis albidis vel carneis.

The root is long, thick, divided, and fpreading.

The ftem is covered with a brown bark: it
grows to the height of four feet in a fhrubby
manner, and the young twigs are greyith.

The leaves ftand three together, with two
fmaller at their bafes ; and they are narrow, fharp- .
pointed, and of a pale green.

The flowers are {mall, but very numerous:
they ftand in round clufters at the tops of the ©

I ftalks

316

Theoed Ri TLS Hol eee Aa

ftalks and branches ; and they are ufually white,
fometimes redifh.

The feed-veffels are flender and long.

It is a native of Spain, and flowers in Au-
guft.

C. Bauhine calls it Trifolium album anguftifolium
floribus veluti in capitulum conjeftis. Others, Spa-
nifh dorycnium, Dorycnium Hifpanicum, and Do-
rycnium flore minore,

8. Long-podded Lotus.
Lotus filiquis longiffimis.

The root is long and divided.

The ftalks are numerous, firm, and not much
branched.

The leaves are difpofed in a regular manner,
and placed at agreeable diftances on the plant:
three ftand together, and two at their bafe: they
are oblong, obtufe, and white.

The flowers are long and flender, and their co-
lour is a beautiful gold yellow: three ufually
ftand together.

The feed-veffel is very large, and the feeds
are numerous and brown.

It isa native of the Greek iflands, and flowers
in Auguft.

Plukenet calls it Dotus argentea Cretica ; and
others follow him.

g. Great fcarlet-flowered Lotus, -
Lotus flore magno coccineo.

The root is long, fpreading, and furnithed
with numerous fibres,

The ftalks are robuft, upright, and brown ;
and the plant has a fhrubby appearance.

The leaves are large: three ftand on a fhort
footftalk, and two at the bafe: they are oblong
and obtule, and of a greyifh green.

The flowers ftand on flender footftalks rifing

| from the bofoms of the leaves, two on each: they

are very large, and of a beautiful fcarlet.
The feed-veffels are long and brown.
It is a native of Africa, and flowers in July.
Plukenet calls it Lotus fruticofior Africana foliis
incanis floribus binis amplis coccineis.

The common kinds of /ofus are gently aftrin-
gent. Two or three kinds have been called b=
morrboidales, from their effect in ftopping the
bleeding of the piles: but their virtues in that
refpect are not very confiderable. The Spanifh
and French kinds, called dorycniym, are accounted
poifonous.

Mr. Ray, by an overfight, adds to this clafs
the plant called climbing fumitory, the fumaria cla-
viculis donata: but that is properly a fpecies of
the genus whofe name it bears, fumaria; and will
be defcribed in its place among the plants of that
title, which belong to a different clafs,

Th END of the EIGHTEENTH CLASS,

witleflatlpeathil Pode

)

Strubly Soon Tefoit

ys em

Small equare podded.Tiotid

Y Spuare por Qa a Lotus j
}

Bed Lobid

Creat Kerter

: | o: ; — Ay i Haw whet le
ay o Gf 4 / Z ie Z Cle
5) gives , eae : pa lower L oted

Clasler, werd

hotug

sys

ay it bial suing aera

BRITISH HERBAL,

SHESLSSSTIRILORIOTLSSSSOTLHLSS ISOS OSOOISOSIESERO
/

GL A’ SS XPM

Plants whofe fruit is a berry; confifting of a fain or rind, furrounding a
Joft pulpy or juicy matter, within which are the Jeeds. :

claffical charaéter ; this peculiarity of the fruit being the moft obvious, certain, and invariable

mark that could be chofen, It happily keeps together the whole number of thefé plants, fe-
parating them from all others: this is the defign and fole end of claffical divifions ; and it has the ad-
vantage of being fhort, plain, and fimple; which is the beft circumftance that can attend them, _ If
the charaéters of all claflés were as natural as this, there would be little difficulty in forrhing a good
and perfect fyftem of botany, or in the attainment of the fcience.

Mr. Ray, and with him the generality of writers, led by nature and by reafon, have thus confti-
tuted the berry-bearing plants as a diftinct and feparate clafs. But it is not fo in the method of Lin-
nexus; for they are arranged in the moft different and moft remote claffes, and fcattered over all his
work. Any one would fay, from the flighteft obfervation, and nature would confirm it from the deepett
fearch, that nightfhade and bryony, and lilly of the valley and Solomon’s feal, and the reft of thefe
were allied to one another ; and the ftudent would hope he fhould find them together. It is ft he
fhould fo find them, and he will here: but in that author he muft feek each in its feparate place,

Linnus eftablithed a fyftem in which the charaéters of claffes were to be taken from the number
and arrangement of the threads in the flower : therefore, where Nature, as in the prefent inftance, fixes
the charaéter in the fruit, he rejects the diftinétion.

Accordingly nightfhade ftands among his pentandria monogynia, becaufe the threads are five, and
the ftyle fingle; and it is there mixed with henbane, and campanula, becaufe their threads are
jn the fame number ; and bryony is thrown among the monecia fyngenefia, fixteen claffes off, becaufe
there are male and female flowers in a peculiar manner on the fame plant.

The dwarf honeyfuckle is placed among the fetrandria, becaufe its threads are only four, and it is
there mixed with plantain. The lilly of the valley and afparagus are ranged under the bexandria, be-
caufe'of their fix threads, and mixed among the bulbous plants. The vaccinium, becaufe its flower has
eight threads, is joined with rue; the willow-herb is placed under the oéfandria, and the mofchatellina
in the fame clafs, keeps company with biftort and arfmart. :

Thefe are Englifh plants, and familiar ones: we need carry the fearch no farther. The purpofe of
method and fyftem is to introduce regularity into a fcience; but the refult of fuch combinations can
be only confufion. Nature fports and wantons in thefe leffer parts; and therefore, though fit to be
regarded in defcription, they are moft improper for the conftruétion of claflical characters. No inftance
can thew this more ftrongly than the feparation of the bacciferous plants.

N Either the Mower, nor any other part of thefe herbs, needs to be named for eftablifhing a

N° XXXII. ‘ 4M SSE RTE'S

318 The BRITISH Hom Rep A

SoHo Netele Bs ae: I.
Natives of BRITAIN.

Thofe of which one or more fpecies are naturally wild in this country.

G_ ESN Um Saeeel
WHITE BRYONY.
BRYON IA.

"THE flower is compofed of a fingle petal, hollowed like a bell, and divided into-five fegments, of
-an oval form, at therim. The cup is formed of a fingle piece, hollowed like the flower, and di-
vided alfo into five fegments; which are narrow, and fharp-pointed. The fruit is a berry, of a fome-
what oval form. There are diftinét male and female flowers on the plant; but they agree in thefe
charaéters. The difpofition of the internal part only varies: in the male flowers there are three fta-
mina or threads, two of which have double buttons: and in the female there is a ftyle from the rudi-
ment of the fruit, which is divided into three parts at the top. *
Linnzus places this among the monacia fyngenefia, for the fake of thefe particularities, far removing
it from the other berry-bearing plants, as we have obferved. This is an-inftance, that although the
diftribution of the internal or {mall parts of flowers be very worthy notice, it is not a foundation for

claffical diftin¢ctions.

DEV, 1S 1 O&N, <f.

1. Common White Bryony.
Bryonia alba.

The root is vaftly large, and of a dufky
whitifh colour.

The ftalks are numerous, weak, and trailing :
they are rough to the touch, and of a pale green:
they would naturally lie on the ground; but, as
the plant commonly grows in hedges, they are
fupported, and will run to twelve feet in length,
fending out numerous fpiral tendrils, by which
they lay hold of every thing they come near.

The leaves are large, and of a beautiful fhape :
they, are broad, cornered, and in fome degree like
thofe of the vine, but longer pointed, and of a
greyith green. -

The flowers are numerous, fmall, and of a
greenifh white: they are placed on fhort foot-
ftalks, two, three, or more, on each; and thefe
rife from the bofoms of the leaves.

The berries are red when ripe, and contain a
few large, oval feeds, which grow to the rind.

Tt is common in hedges. It flowers in July,
and the berries ripen in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Bryonia afpera feu alba
baccis rubris. Others, Bryonia alba, {

It is poffefied of great virtues; but is violent
in its operations, if not well managed.

It is excellent againft obftructions of the vif-
cera, and particularly in uterine diforders: it
promotes the menfes, and affifts in bringing on
delivery. It is for this purpofe beft given in
very finall dofes of the juice exprefled with white
wine.

The compound-water called after its name,
and by the vulgar hyferick water, has alfo thefe
virtues, butin a lefs degree.

BeR WT Peles He See E Cole pas.

The juice, in a fomewhat larger dofe, has
been given with fuccefs againft dropfies; and a
fyrup made of it, with honey and a little vinegar,
is good in afthmas.

It kills worms in the inteftines; and in this re.
fpect is fuperior to moft medicines. “This Bartho:
lin long ago experienced and publifhed ; but it
has not been enough regarded. For this purpofe
the beft. method of giving it, is to prefs out the
Juice, and let it ftand to fubfide; then pouring
off the clear part, the fettlings are to be dried.

A flight infufion of it is ufeful in hyfterick cafes,
and externally it is a very good addition to cata-

. plafms for hard and painful fwellings.

2. White Bryony with black berries.
Bryonia alba baceis nigris,

The root is large, like that of the common
kind.

The ftalks are numerous, weak, and climb- ,
ing 5 and they are very rough to the touch.

The leaves are large, broad, fhort, and of a
dufky green.

The flowers are whitifh ; and the berries, when
ripe, not red, as in the other, but black.

It is not a variety of the former, but a diftin&
fpecies: the feeds of one will not produce the
other,

It is found in hedges in fome parts of the
kingdom common enough, as about Cambridge.
The berries are ripe in Augutft. :

C. Bauhine calls it Bryonia alba baccis nigris,
a name copied by moft others.

Its virtues are the fame with thofe of the
former.

DIVI-

The

BRITISH HERBAL.

pee NS)

DiAgelsS1.0 Nis i
Cretick Bryony.
Bryonia foliis palmatis.

The root is long and flender.

The ftalks are numerous, weak, trailing, and,
when fupported,. of a great length.

The leaves are large, and divided in an ele-

One Nt

_FOREIGN

SPECIES,

gant manner: they are rough, of a pale greeny
and veined and {potted with white, ©

The flowers are large, and they are placed on
long footftalks. The berries are red.

It is’a native of Crete, and flowers in June.
C. Bauhine calls it Bryania Cretica maculata.

1 ieee heaconicas Bb

BLACK BRYONY.

TAMNUS.

r [ ‘Here is in this genus a flower, if it may be fo called, without petals.

The cup is formed of a

fingle piece, divided at the edge into fix fegments, of an oval form, but pointed, and difplayed

jn an expanded manner at the points.
three cells ; in each of which there are two feeds. .
There are in this genus male and female plants.

The fruit isa berry, of an oval form, divided within into

The flowers differ in this, that in the male there _

are within the cup in fhort filaments or threads, with their buttons ; and in the female there is the
embryo-fruit, plainly diftinguifhable under the flower,
Linnzeus places this among the diacia bexandria; the male and female flowers being on feparate

plants, and the threads in the male fix in number.
and writes it samus.

DIVISION L

1.. Common Black Bryony.

- Lamuus vulgaris. .

“The root is very large, long, and thick, black
on the outfide, white fe ries and full of a white
juice. ;

The ftalks are numerous, long, flender, and
green: they. climb among. bufhes, and by that
means grow to ten feet or more in length.

The ‘leaves are large and beautiful : they are
placed on long footftalks, and are of a heart-fa-
fhioned Shape; fharp- pointed, and of a fhining
deep green.

The flowers-are greenifh, and are placed feve-
ral together on long footftalks, each having alfo
its feparate pedicle.

The berries are large, Atk when ripe, of a
beautiful red.

It is common in hedges, and the berries are
ripe in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Bryonia Levis five nigra ra-

BRITISH

cemofa, Others, Bryonia nigra, and Tamnus vul-
garis. : *
1 Bind Ban VAes Gases ba Oh aN betel OS FO
Black Bryony with trifid leaves.
Tamnus folio trifido.

The root is long, thick, and full of a fharp
juice.

The ftalks are numerous and weak ; but they
fupport themfelves by climbing.

The leaves are large, and a a frefh green:

He is difpleafed with the received name tamnus,

S Pelee ibe bigs:

The root is a very powerful remedy in nephri- >
tick cafes, though not known in the fhops, or
ufed in the modern practice. The beft method
of giving it isin the juice preffed out, when ic
has been bruifed, with white wine.

This works powerfully by urine, brings away
gravel, and cleanfes the paffages in a furprifing
manner.

It is alfo excellent againt obftructions of the
menfes, taken in the fame way, but in f{maller
dofes, for a continuance of time.

A fyrup made of it with honey is fervice-
able in afthmas, and all obftructions of the
breaft.

The young fhoots, eaten in the manner of afpa-
ragus, are very pleafant, and work powerfully by:
urine.

The bruifed root, applied externally, has done
fervice in paralytick cafes. This I write from ex-
perience ; nor was it unknown of the plant to the
earlier writers; though it has unhappily of later
time been difufed.

REIGN: S PE Gilebss;

they are broad, fhort, and divided into three
parts. Their colour is a deep, dead green.

The flowers are fmall and greenifh.

The berries are large and Teds

It is a native of He Greek iflands, mtd flowers
in July.

Tournefort calls it Tamuus Cretica trifidofolio.

Gr Ee Nib Ss

The BaR@l TU SiH: EE IRB Aad)

N: ¢ UgerS

III.

HERB-CHRISTOPHER.

CHRISTOPHORIANA.

a [ ‘HE flower is compofed of four petals; of a fingular angulated form, and large.
formed of four chaffy leaves ; which are fmall, obtufe, and hollow ;

The cup is
and they fall with the

flower. The fruit is a berry, of a roundifh fhape, with a furrow on it. The feeds are numerous,

and femicircular.

Linnzus feparates this from all the other berry-bearing plants, and places it among the polyandria
monogynia ; the ftamina being numerous, and fixed to the receptacle; and the ftyle from the rudi-

ment of the fruit fingle.

This author diflikes the received name chriftophoriana, and calls the genus aéfea.

DIVISION L

Common Herb-Chriftopher.
' Chriftopboriana vulgaris.

The root is long and thick, black on the out-
fide, yellow within, and of a difagreeable tafte.

The firft leaves are large, and divided by threes
into a great many parts ; fo that they refemble at
the firft fight thofe of fome of the umbelliferous
plants : they are of a dufky green, and of a glofly
furface.

The ftalk is round, green, upright, branched,
and a yard high. \

The leaves on this refemble thofe from the
root : they are very large, and their feparate parts
are broad, ferrated, and have alfo a kind of trifid
divifion.

DIVISION IL

1. Tall American Herb-Chriftopher.
Chriftophoriana Americana procerior.

The root is long, thick, and of a dark brown.

The ftalks are numerous, upright, firm, and
of a pale green: they are of a firm fubftance, and
five feet high.

The leaves have the fame trifid divifion with
thofe of the common kind; but they are larger,
of a deep green, and fharply ferrated. :

The flowers ftand in very long and beautiful
{pikes at the tops of the ftalks = they are fimall
and white. _ ;

The berries are black and roundith,

It is a native of Virginia, and flowers in Au-
guft.

Dillenius calls it Chriftophoriana Americana pro-
certor & longius fpicata,

Gi astiercaN. > Uy ate

BR JtetsseH

SPECIES,

The flowers are fmall and white : they ftand in
clufters upon flender footftalks, forming a kind
of f{pike.

The berries are large, of a roundifh, but fome-
what oblong figure, and black, age

It is found in woods in our northern counties.

It flowers in July, and the berries are ripe in
Auguft,

Ray calls it Chriftophoriana. Others, Chrifto-
phoriana vulgaris, and Afea. In Englith we call
it Herb-Chriftopher ; and, from its poifonous qua-
lities, Bane-berry, ;

The’ berries have been fatal to children who
have been tempted by their gloffy black to eat
them. They have died convulfed.

FOREIGN SPECIES.

2. Red-berried Herb-Chriftopher.
Chriftephoriana baccis rubris,

The root is long and fender.

The firft leaves are numerous, and very large:
they are divided by threes into feveral fhort,
broad fegments, and thefe are ferrated and fharp-
pointed,

The ftalk is fingle, upright, branched, and
‘four feet high.

The leaves on this refemble thofe from the
root, and are of a very dark green colour.

The flowers ftand in long and thick fpikes:
they are {mall and white, The berries are red.

It is a native of the northern parts of Europe,
and of America, and flowers in Auguft.

The berries are fometimes white.

Morifon calls it Chriftophoriana Americana ra :
cemofa baccis niveis F rubris.

IV,

SOLOMON’S sEaq.

POLYGONATUM

HE flower is formed of a fingle petal
divided into fix fegments at the edge.
within into three cells, in each of which the

3 and is oblong, hollow, and of a bell-like thape, and is
There is no cup. The berry is round, and divided
Te 1s a fingle roundith feed ; and, before the berry is

Tipe, it is fpotted. The leaves are narrow, and of a firm fubftance,

Linnzus

The BRITISH HERBAL.

thence}

321

Linneus places this among the hexandria monogynia; the threads in the fower being fix, and the
2

ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle.

By this arrangement he feparates it from moft others of the fame kind { i
‘ x s nd b laffes ;
an ori of ae oppofite kind, in refpect of the lefier divifion of genera, he j eatin aes peat Hy
lilly of the valley, taking away the received name polygonatum, and c th : z
the name he ufes inftead of the old term //lium convallium. alling all the fpecies convallarias

The whole habit and general face of the plant diftinguihh it from the lilly of

: pera ae Bt ok ok dkcelosveats th F

alfo confirms this as a generical diftinétion ; being in the So/cmon’s feal ablons; ind ete pores

valley globular:
DIVISION IL

i. Common Solomon’s Seal.
Polygonatum vulgare:

The root is thick, and fpreads under the fur-
face. : ;
The ftalk is fingle, round, and tolerably up-
fight; but that it generally toward the top ftoops
a little: it is not at all branched; its height is a
foot and half, and the leaves and flowers on it are
difpofed with great regularity.

The leaves are oblong, broad, of a beautiful
green, of a firm fubftance, and marked with large
ribs, all running lengthwife: thefe generally
grow on one fide of the ftalk, and the flowers on
the other. >

The flowers are fmall, whitifh, with a tinge of
green on the edge; and they have a little fmell :
they grow two or three together on long, flender
footftalks, which rife from the boforns of the
leaves; and they hang down in a continued
feries.

The berries are large; and; when ripe, they
are red; but birds are fond of them, fo that they
are rarely feen in this flate: before that time
they are green and fpotted.

We have it in fome woods in the north of Eng-
jand; but it is not common. It flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Polygonatum latifolium vul-
gare, Others, Sigilluim Solomonis.

The root is greatly efteemed as an external re-
medy for bruifes:

Internally taken, it is a,very powerful reftrin-
gent. Iris good againft {pitting of blood, and
has been known to cure that troublefome diforder
the fluor albus. The beft way of taking it is in

form of aconferve, beating up the frefh root with |

fugar.
"The colour of the berries varies in this fpecies ;
fometimes they are only of a bluifh green when
ripe; and fometimes they are of a deep glofly
black. ;

2, Large-flowered Solomon’s Seal.
Polygonatum flore majore.

The root is large, ard runs obliquely and ir-
regularly under the furface. ;

The ftalk is round, firm, upright, and robutt,
but not fo tall as in the common kind : it rarely
exceeds a foot in height, and it does not droop as
that of the common kind toward the top.

"Fhe leaves are very broad, oblong, thick, of
a deep fhining green, and marked with very thick
and robuft veins, running all lengthwife.

The flowers rife from the bofoms of the leaves,
and hang all on one fide of the ftalk: they are
larger than in the other, and of a pure white :

N° 32.

BRITISH SPECIES,

two or three hang in a clufter from the bofom of
each leaf; but every one of thefe has its feparate
footftalk. They have a very fragrant fimell, like
that of the hawthorn-flower. ;
' The berries are gréenifh, and fpotted for a lone
time; but, when ripe, they are black.

We have it in fome of ovr woods in the nor-
thern counties; but it is fcarce. It flowers. in
June, but: the berries are not ripe till about Au-
guft. é

C. Bauhine calls it Pohgonatum latifolium flore
majore odoro.

Linneus fuppofes it only a variety of the
former ; but it is altogether diftin&.

3. Dwarf Solomon’s Sedl.
Polygonatum bumile anguftiore folio:

The root is thick, oblong, and white: it runs
beneath the furface, and has numerous fibres.

The ftalk is upright, of a pale green; not at
all branched, and eight inches high. '

The leaves are oblong and narrow: they are
of a yellowifh green, fharp-pointed, and full of
thick ribs:

The flowers grow. three on each footftalk, hang-
ing from the bofoms of the leaves ; and they AG
fmall, oblong,. and greenifh.

. The berries; when ripe, are blue.

It is found in mountainous woods in our nor-
thern counties. It flowers in July.

Ray calls it Polygonatum bumile Anglium.

It is a perfectly diftin&t fpecies from the others;
though fome have doubted it. ’

A: Gredt-léavved Solomon’s Seal.
Polygonatum hellebori albi folio.

The root is thick and white.

The ftalk is firm, upright, not at all brafiched,
and of a deep red.

The leaves ftdnd on one fide of the ftalk, as
in the common kind ; and they are very large :
they aré broad, fharp-pointed, marked with thick
ribs, and of a deep green.

The flowets hang on long footftalks from the
bofoms of thé leaves: théy are fmall and white ;
and there ufually are two on each ftalk.

The berries are large ; and, when they are ripe,
of a beautiful bright red.

It is found in our weftern counties, and flowers
in Augui.

Ray calls it Polygonatum hellebori albi folio caule
purpurafcente. : -) :

The flowers of this have no fmell.

4N DIVI-

The BRITISH HERBAL.

DAV TS OLN I

1. Branched Sclomon’s Seal.

Polygonatum ramofum.

The root is compofed of a vaft number of thick
fibres, connected to a {mall head.

The ftalk is round, firm, upright, and branched,
and is two feet and a half high.

The leaves are very large, and of a fine deep
green: they furround the ftalk by a broad bafe,
and grow fmaller thence to a point.

The flowers are fmall and whitifh : they hang
fingly on long, flender, and; as it were, jointed
footftalks, rifing from the bofoms of the leaves :
they are white, with a faint tiné of green.

The berries are at firft green and fpotted, but
afterwards red.

It is frequent in Germany, and flowers in Au-
guft,

C. Bauhine calls it Polygonatum latifolium ra-
mofum.

Goi

FOREIGN SPEHRCIE’S:

2. Narrow-leaved Solomon’s Seal.
Polygonatum anguftifolium,

The root is thick, large, and of an irregular
form, and {preads under the furface.

The ftalks are round, firm, upright, and a
foot and half high: they are rarely branched, but
fometimes they divide a little.

‘The leaves are oblong, narrow, fharp-pointed,
and of a pale green: they do not ftand in the
manner of thofe in the other kinds, but furround
the talks like the leaves of the ftellate plants.

The flowers hang from the bofoms of the leaves
on fingle footftalks, ufually one from the bofom
of each Jeaf: they are fmall and white.

The berries are roundifh, and, when ripe, of a
fine red. ;

It is a native of Germany, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Polygonatum anguftifolium non
ramofun. He diftinguifhes another under the
name of Polygonatum anguftifolium ramofum, but
it is only a variety of this.

IN) = ASS V.

sLILLY OF THE VALLEY

LILLIUM CONVALLIUM.

HE flower is formed of 4 fingle petal; and is hollow and globular.
berry is roundifh, divided into three cells within, and before its

leaves are few, and nervous,

Linnzus places this among the hexandria mon

ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle.

name, writing it convallaria,

Dele Veto ot ON a |e

1. Common Lilly of the Valley.
Lillium convallium vulgare.

The root is long, flender, fpreading, and creep-
ing to a great diftance under the furface.

The leaves that rife from this are ufually
two, fometimes three they are very large, and
of a fine green, oblong, broad, and fharp-pointed ;
and they are of a firm fub ance, and marked with
high and large ribs.

The ftalk which bears the flowers rifes near the
ftem, which fupports. the leaves, and is com-
monly connected to it by a membranous cafe.
There are no leaves on this ftalk.

The flowers grow at the top in a kind of fpike ;
but they all hang one way : they are large, of a
whitifh colour, and of an extremely fragrant
{mell,

DIVISLON -IE
Oneblade.

Lillium convallium. foliis cordatis,

This is a very fingular little plant: it has been
defcribed by authors under a diftin@ name ; but

jt is in all refpe€ts a true and proper Jilly of the
valley.

FOREIGN

There is no cup. The
growing ripe is fpotted. The

ogynia ; the threads in the flower being fix, and the
He feparates it from the reft of the berry-bearing plants
by feveral claffes, and joins it in the fame genus with the polygonatu:

i. Fle alfo changes the received

BRITISH SPECIES...

The berries are large, round, and red.

It is common in our woods, but does not al-
ways arrive at perfection. In many places only
the Jeaves are feen, the plants never flowering ;
and in many others the berries do not ripen,

C. Bauhine calls it Lilium convaliinn album,
Others, Lillium convallium vulgare.

It is an excellent medicine in nervous cafes,
The flowers have the Principal virtue, They .
may be taken in infufion; but the bett way is in
conferve: they are thus good againft head-achs,
and all nervous complaints.

Dried and powdered, they act as fnuff, and do
great fervice in‘ inveterate diforders of the head.

Ray mentions a variety of this plant, which
had impofed on fome as a difting {pecies. The
leaves inthis are narrower, and the flowers {maller 5
but this is only accidental.

SPECIES,

The root is long, flender, divided, and creep«
ing. : ,

The firft appearance of the plant is ima fingle
leaf, fupported ona long footftalk : this obtained
it the name oneblade, for when it rifes to flower

. it has two.

The footftalk that fupports the firft leaf is re-
ie - diths

The BRITISH HERBAL

ioe se

difh; and the leaf ftands flatways, not ereét,
upon it: it is of a heartlike fhape, and of a
deep, fine green. :

The ftalk which fupports the flowers rifes
from fome other part of the root: it is four
inches high, flender, redifh, and upright. About
the middle it has two leaves, placed at fome dif-
tance, one over the other: they’ are heart-fa-
fhicned, and of the fame fine green: they fur-
round the ftalk at the -bafe, afd terminate in a
point.

The flowers terminate the ftalk in a thick,
fhort fpike: they are fmall, white, and of a very
fragrant fimell. :

The berries are fmall, and; when ripe, red.

Gi ok ON

It is frequent in the mountainous parts of Ger
many, where. the foil is damp.
June.

C. Bauhine calls it Lilium
Others, Monophylion.

It has been faid to grow wild in fome parts of
_England but there was fome miftake in the ac=
count. Species ate feldom loft
where they éver did
found With us now,

It flowers in

convallium minus,
in a kingdom
Stow wild; and it is not

The root of this laft fpecies has been celebrated

againft the plague; bdr I fear upon no good
foundation,

U 8. NE

HERB TRUELOVE,

HERBA PARTS.

rPHE flower confifts of an uncertain number of petals: they are oblon

B: and they {ptead open;

The cup is conipofed of an uncertain numiber of leaves, and it remains after the flower. The fruit
is a berry of a roundifh form, but fomewhat angulated in four parts, and divided within into four _
cell; in each of which are two rows of feeds. The ftalk is fimple, and the leaves grow all from oné

point.

Linnzeus places this among the oéfandria tetragynia; the threads in the flower being eight; and the
ftyles from the rudiment of the fruit being four, anfwerable to its four divifions,
This author takes away a part of the received name: he writes it only Paris,

DI Vo 1eS1,0.Necl:

Herb Truelove.
Herba Paris vulgaris.

The root creeps-under the furface: it is long,
flender, and has numerous fibres.

The ftalk is fingle, upright, not at all branched,
and a foot high.

The leaves grow all from one part near the
top: they are four. Their colour ‘is a fine deep
gteen, and they are broad and oblong.

The flower is fingley one only on each: plant:

- it terminates the ftalk, and is compofed: of four

DIVISION IL

Trifoliate Herb Truelove,
Herba Paris trifoliata.

The root is large, thick, and tuberous, and
has few fibres. '

The ftalk is round, upright, firm, not at all
branched, and about a foot high.

Toward the middle there: ftand three leaves :
thefe are broad, fhort, and fharp-pointed: they
are of a firm fubftance ; and their eolour is a fine
green. j

The flower is fingle, one only growing on each
plant: it terminates the ftalk, and is very large
and beautiful : it confifts of three petals, and it
ftands in a three-leaved cup. The colour isa
deep purple, and the cup is green.

The berry is very large and black: the feeds
are numerous. ease

It is a native of North America; and flowers
in July.

BRITISH SPECIES,

petals, aid is of a greenith white, The cup is
of the fame colour, and is formed of four leaves.

The berry is large and black. We have it in
woods, but not common. Authors call it Herba
Paris.

The berries are recommended as good in ma-
lignant fevers internally, and as cooling: in out-
ward applications; but it is not now uled,

Our peopley who; from its leaves growing in
this fingular manner, call it Truélover’s knot,
have in fome places an opinion of its vittue 48
a love-powder 5 but this is idle, ,

FOREIGN SPECIES,

Cornutus calls it Solanum triphyllim Cana-
denfe.

No plant fhews more perfe@tly or more plainly
than this fpecies of Herba Paris, the impropriety
of Linnzeus’s method of forming the claffes on
the number of threads in the flower; None can
doubt, nor can himfelf dény, that this is a fpecies
of the fame genus yet he is obliged to acknow-
ledge, that the threads, and all the other parts of
fruétification, are in this one-fourth in number
lefs than in the other. The thredds are threes
and fo of the reft.

The chard&ter we have given of the genus,
taking in the difpofition of the leaves, is perfect :
it admits both thefe fpecies, and it excludes all
other plants: but this no generical chara&ter can
do that is formed upon the threads of the flower.
We have fhewn the fame. truth in other in-
ftances ; but it is in none fo ftriking.

GENUS

Th BRITISH HERBAL

G on eer i
MAR’SH ~ W HO Rf LE.
O XG C OF CHGS:

HIE flower is formed of a fingle petal, which is hollowed like a bell, and is divided at the edge
into four fegments, which turn backwards. The cup is extremely fmall, and remains after the
flower. The fruit is a berry, of a roundifh form, and divided into four cells. The feeds are few
and minute. fs - P
. Linnaeus places this among the offandria monogynia, the threads in the flower being eight, and the
ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle. He joins it with the vaccinium; from which it differs in

effential charaéters, as we fhall fhew when we come to the fhrubby kinds.
The oxycoccus is a plant of which there is properly but one known fpecies, and that is a native of

Britain.

Marfh Whortle Berry.
Oxycoccus vulgaris.

The root creeps under the furface ; and is long,
thick, and redifh.

The ftalks are numerous and weak: they are
very flender, of a purplith colour, not much
branched, and four or five inches long: they
fupport themfelves at beft but irregularly ; and,
when loaded with fruit, always lie upon the
ground.

The leaves are fmail, and of a bright green: ©

G 2B son. US

they are broad at the bafe, fharp-pointed; and
they have no. footftalks. :

The flowers ftand on long, flender pedicles ;
and are of a faint red.

The berries are longifh, and of a deep red
when ripe.

Tt is found on boggy grounds in Warwickhire,
and in fome other places, and flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Vitis idea paluftris,

The berries are cooling and fubaftringent: they
will ftop bloody ftools, and they ftrengthen the
ftomach. ;

VIII. as.

MOSCHATELL

MOSCHATELLINA.

rue flower is formed of a fingle petal, and is hollowed, and divided into four or into five feg- .
ments at the edge. The cup is formed of a fingle piece, and is fplit as it were into two parts.

The fruit is a round berry, growing between the cup and the flower.
The clufter of flowers grows in a kind of fquare head.

is held in a feparate cell.

The feeds are four, and each

- Linneeus places this among the oéfandria polygynias the threads in the flower being eight, and

the ftyles from the fruit numerous.

. This author takes away the received name of the plant, and calls it adoxa.
We have in this another inftance of the uncertainty of taking characters from the number of threads

in the flower. We have fhewn this in two plants evidently of the fame genus in the Herba Paris; but
here we fee it in the flowers of the fame plant. The flower, which grows at the top of the clufter, has
the number of parts here firft named, the fegments being four, and alfo the threads four within ; but
in all the other flowers on the fame ftalk the fegments are five, and the threads in the fame man-
ner five.

Of this, as of the former genus, there is but one known fpecies, and that is a native of Britain.

Tuberous Mofchatell.
Mofcbatellina tuberofa.

The root is fmall, thick, of an irregular fi-
gure, and pale brown colour.

The ‘leaves are large, and they are fupported
on long footftalks : they are divided rudely into
three parts; and thefe are again notched into
three at the ends, ‘where they terminate ob-
tufely.

The ftalks are about three inches high : they
are flender, whitifh, and weak,

There ufually grows a fingle leaf on each, and
‘that toward the middle: ir is like thofe from the
root, but fmaller, and of a paler green.

The flowers ftand at the top in a fhort, thick,
{quare clufter : they are of a greenifh colour, with
a tinge of whitifh and yellowith.

The berries are {mall and redifh.

Tt is frequent at the fides of woods in the rotten
earth that lies under trees. It flowers in April.

C, Bauhine calls it Ranunculus nemorum mofcha-
tellina diftus.

Its virtues are unknown.

GENUS

\
YW
oS
)
/

‘

ie vii A
3 i, 4 ; Y
~U i Ae

Bed Berrizd Heart Christopher ;

a
WS

: ( : , \ Wy

'
Commow Ff

| tery Leavid Aspaaragitd 3

hh, x

yO AAS

The

BR EP LOW tH ER BS wae.

itt:

G EVN

Ue Saeed ee

ASPARAGUS,

Aa Suathe.| A det Rage Za, elasn Uae

"ge flower is formed of a fingle petal: this is oblong, hollow, and divided to the very bafe

into fix narrow fegments ; three of which ftand inward, and turn back at the ends.

There is

nocup. The fruit is a round berry, with a dent at the top ; find 4 it is divided within into three cells,

in each of which there are two feeds.

Linnzus places this among the hexandria monogynia 5 the threads in the flower being fix, and the

ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle.

Dal V, WSA.0O2N, ad:

1, Common Afparagus.
Afparagus vulgaris.

The root is compofed of a vaft number of
long, thick, brown fibres.

The ftalk is round, upright, of a pale green,
and a yard high. The branches are regularly
difpofed upon it: they begin about the middle,
and grow fhorter from thence all the way up.

The leaves are very numerous: they are ex-
tremely flender, and of a pale green.

The flowers are fmall, and of a greenifh white :
they are placed on fhort footftalks upon the
branches.

The berries are large, and of a bright red.

It is common wild about our weftern fea-coafts,
and flowers in July.

The young, fhoots there are thick and delicate;
but in gardens culture renders them much larger
and more tender.

C. Bauhine calls it Afparagus. J. Bauhine,
Afparagus bortenfis EB pratenfis ; and. others,
Afparagus vulgaris.

DIVISION I.

1. Prickly Afparagus.
Afparagus fpinofus.

The root is sconce of numerous, thick
fibres. ‘

The ftalks are firm, upright, round, gloffy,
of a pale green, very much branched, and five
feet high.

The leaves are numerous, and of a’ fine deep
green; four or five rife together on different parts
5: the branches; and “they all terminate in
prickles.

The flowers are fmall and whitifh :
on fhort footftalks, and foon fade.

The berries are large, round, and red.

It is common about hedges in Italy, and flowers
in June.

C. Bauhine. calls. it iene foliis acutis.
Others, A/paragus [pinofus, and Corruda.

Ne 32.

they ftand

BR IT,GS HS PE Cages

It is a plant of great virtues. The fhoots, as
we eat them at table, operate powerfully by urine,
but the roots much more. A decoction of them
is excellent againft the gravel ; and they alfo open
obftructions of the vifcera,

2. Thick-leaved Afparagus.
Afparagus craffiore folio.

The root is compofed of numerous, thick
fibres.

The ftalk is round, upright, and a yard high.
The branches are regularly difpofed, as in the
common kind. :

The leaves are fhorter and thicker ; but they
‘have no more breadth than in that.

The flowers are whitifh, and the berries are of
a bright red.

It is found in our weftern counties near rivers
that have falt-water from tides. It flowers in
June.

C. Bauhine calls it Afparagus maritimus craf-

Sire folio.

BAO. RYE IG: NSS PLE Gr BS,

2. Starry-leaved Afparagus.
Afparagus foliis fafciculatis.

The root is fmall and fibrous.

The ftalks are numerous, round, jomieéa and
of a pale green, the joints being paler than the reft.

The leaves are long; narrow, of a deép green,
and fharp-pointed : they grow in clufters at’ the
extremities and on the fides of the branches, like
the rays of a ftar.

The flowers are fmall and greenifh,

The berries are large and red.

It is a native of Africa, and flowers in July.

Plukenet calls it A/paragus Africanus tenuifolius
viminalibus virgis foliis laricis adinffar ex uno

| punéto ftellatim difpofitis.

The virtues of thefe feveral kinds are faid’ to
be the fame with thofe of the common afparagus,
but in-an inferior degree.

40 GENUS

326 The BRIT IS

H si-E RBA:

G “EN Ue; 8

NIGHTSHADE.
SOLANUM.

HE flower is formed of a fingle petal, deeply divided into five fegments. The cup is made of

a fingle piece, and in the fame manner divided into five fegments.

The fruit is a roundifh

berry. The feeds are numerous, and are contained in two cells.
Linneus places this among the pentandria monogynia; the threads in the flower being five, and the

flyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle.

DP VETS 1 OoN cI.

1. Woody Nightthade.
Solanum lignofum.

The root is compofed of numerous, thick
fibres.

The ftalks are woody, but weak : they are co-

‘vered with a brown bark toward the bottom;
but it is paler in the tenderer parts.

The leaves are placed on long footftalks; and
they are broad, oblong, and pointed. Thofe to-
ward the lower part of the plant are undivided ;
but thofe toward the top have one or two nicks,
making a kind of ears near the bafe. a

The flowers are placed in clufters upon flen-.

der footftalks: they are fmall, and of a dark |

purple, with yellow heads of the threads in the
middle.

The berries are large, oblong, and, when ripe,
of a very fine red. =,

Tt is common in damp grounds, and flowers in
July.

C. Bauhine calls it Solanum fcandens feu dulca-
mara, Others, Solanum lignofum.

2. Sea Woody Nightfhade.

Dulcamara maritima,

The root is compofed of a multitude’of large
fibres, 5

The ftalks are numerous, woody, and covered
with a grey bark; and the young twigs are of a
deep green.

The leaves are oblong, and irregularly dented
with a few deep notches: they are of a bluifh green,

The flowers are few and large: they ftand in
fpreading tufts, and are of a paler blue than in
the common kind, but of the fame form. f

The berries are oblong, and, when ripe, black.

DIVISION Il, FO

1. Common Tree Nightfhade.
Solanum fruticofum anguftifolium.

The root is compofed of numerous fibres.

The ftem is firm, woody, and covered with a
brown bark: the plant is a yard or more in
height, and fpreads into branches in a regular |
and elegant manner. /

The leaves are long, flender, and of a beau-
tiful green.

B RAST ls"

SePeE iC «lek S,

We have it about the fea-coafts in the north.
It flowers in July.

Ray calls it Solanum lignofum, feu dulcamarg
marina.

The woody nightfhade, though of the Solanum
kind, has no dangerous qualities. It Operates
gently by ftool, and opens obftru@tions of the
vifcera. The woody part of the ftem has moft
virtue. A decoction of this is good in the jaun-
dice. j ;

g. Common Wild Nightfhade.
Solanum vulgare.

The root is compofed of numerous fibres.

The ftalk is round, green, thick, and of a
firm fubftance: it fpreads out into numerous
branches, and is two feet high.

The leaves are placed on long footftalks : they
are oblong, broad, fharp-pointed, and of a deep
green. ee.

The flowers are finall and white: they ftand
in clufters eight or ten together, and haye yellow
buttons in the middle. ee ee:

The berries are round, and, when they are
ripe, black.

It is common in ‘cultivated ground, and no
where fo much as in the borders of gardens. It
flowers in Auguft. : Rae atlas

C. Bauhine calls it Solanum bacciferum primum
Sive officinarum. Others, Solanum vulgare, and,
from its growing in gardens, Solanum hor-
tenfe.

The leaves of ‘this’ kind are ufed: externally as
cooling and repellent ; but, if not managed with
caution, they may be dangerous.

R.E IG’N..-S-P-E:@)1-B'S,
The flowers ftand fingly on fhort footitalks
rifing from the bofoms of the leaves: they are

large and white, with yellow buttons in the
centre,

The berries are large, round, and of a bright
fine red. ’

It is a native of America, and flowers in au-
tumn,

C. Bauhine calls it Solanum fruticofum batcife-
rum. Others, Strychuodendron, and Amomum Plinii.

2. Love-Apple.

lit ated

The “BER Sea Sr HERBAL.

2. Love-Apple.
Solanum foliis pinnatis frutiu magno.

The root is compofed of many thick fibres.

The ftalk is thick, flefhy, and of a pale green,
but of a weak fubftance; fo that it does not
fland perfeétly upright. i

The leaves are very large, and of a pale green:
they are of the pinnated form; each compofed
of three or four pairs of pinne, with an odd fee-
ment at the end: thefe feparate parts are deeply
and rudely indented, and fometimes divided again
in the pinnated manner.

The flowers are large and yellow: the fruit is
very large, of the bignefs of a moderate apple,
ribbed on the furface, and of a fine red. It is full
of a foft pulpy fubftance; among which lie nu-
merous feeds.

It is a native of the warmer parts of Ame-
rica, but thrives well in our gardens. Wee raife
it principally for beauty; but in many other parts
of Europe they eat the fruit in foops; and fome-
times raw, with oil, pepper, and vinegar.

It is innocent ; but there is little nourithment
in it,

3. Potatoe.
Solanum tuberofa radice.

The root is compofed of numerous, large, ir-
regular pieces, and of certain ftrings or fibres con-
necting them together.

The ftalk is round, firm, upright, and a yard
high.

The leaves are large, long, and pinnated : each
is compofed of four or five pairs of irregular pin-
na, with an odd one at the end; and they are
of a dufky green colour.

The flowers are large, and of a deep purple,
paler on the outfide, and dufkier within, with
yellow buttons in the centre: thefe ftand in cluf-
ters at the ends of the branches; and have a fin-
gular afpect, being five-cornered, rather than di-
vided as the others. ;

_ The fruit is large, round, and, when ripe,
black.

It is a native of America, and flowers in Au-
guft.

The roots are very quick in multiplying.

C.Bauhine calls it Solanum tuberofum efeulen-
tum. Others, Battata.

This is another inftance, that many plants of
the folanum kind are not poifonous, for it is truly
and diftinétly one of them.

4. Mad Apple.
Solanum pomiferum fruétu oblongo.

The root is compofed of numerous, long, thick,
and fpreading fibres.

The ftalk is round, upright, firm, of a pale
green, or of a purplifh colour, and covered with
a light, loofe, woolly matter: it is not much
branched 5 and it is a foot and half high.

The leaves are very large: they have fhort
footftalks ; and thofe are often redith, as are alfo
the veins: the leaves themfelves are of a deep

‘ green; but they have the fame kind of whitith,
woolly matter upon them as the ftalks,

Sey

The flowers ftand fingly, or fometimes two or
three together, on long footftalks ; and they are
large, and either white, or of a beautiful purple.
Their cups are covered with fharp, but weak
prickles, of a purple colour.

The fruit is very large:
its bignefs that of a hen’s
greenifh at firft, but white like an egg when ripe; ~
or fometimes purplifh, varying as the flower 3 it
is full of a foft, juicy matter within; and the fkin
is extremely tender and thin,

its fhape is oval, and
€gg, or larger: it is

This is another of the innocent plants of the
nightfoade kind. Its name would make one think
otherwife; but that has heen given through igno-
rance.

Some early blunderers in the feience fuppofed
this to be the male mandrake of Theophraftus,
and therefore declared it to be poifonous;
down the fymptoms of convulfions and deliriums
as attending the taking it inwardly. The people
in the Eaft, not fo deeply learned in Greek, eat
it, and they have fet the example to other nations,
It is now a common ingredient in foops in many
places.

It is a native of Afia, Affica, and South Ame-
rica. Scarce any warm climate is without it.

C. Bauhine calls it Solanum pomiferum frugu
oblongo. Others, »Meolongena, and Melanzana.
Our Englith people, who follow the old bota-
nifts, Mad apples, and Raging apples. Others
the Ege-plant. ;

Tournefort has led the way to defcribing the
feveral varieties of this plant as difting@ fpecies ;
but they are no way different, except in the co-
lour of the flower and fruit: no more than a red
bean from a white one.

fetting

§- Pear-fruited Nightthade.
Solanum Lpinofum frufu Dyriformi.

The root is compofed of many thick,
and fpreading fibres. tte

The ftalks are numerous, weak, ‘branched,
and two feet and a half high: they are covered
with a loofe, whitifh, woolly ‘matter ; and are
befet at fmall diftances with tharp prickles,

The leaves are large, and covered with the
fame white downy matter: they are alfo befer
with fharp prickles: they are broad, fhort,
pointed at the ends, and irregularly indented.

The flower is fmall; but the fruit is very large:
it is of the bignefs of a pear, and of a gold yel-
low: its fhape alfo is like that of a pear; but it
grows to the ftalk at the large end.

It is common in the American iflands, and the
fruit ripens in Augutt.

Plukenet calls it Solanum Barbadenfe fpinofum
annuum fruiu aureo rotundiore pyri parvi inverft
forma & magnitudine. >

long,

6. Blue-flowered Thorny Nishtthade.

Solanum fpinofum flore ceruleo,

This is a very fingular and elegant plant.
The root is compofed of numerous,. fpreading
fibres.

The ftalks are round, firm, upright, branched,
and a yard high : they are of a pale colour, and
thick fet with fharp, dufky thorns.

The

328

Th BRITISH HERBAL.

The leaves ftand on thorny and long foot-
ftalks: they are large, and deeply finuated at the
edges; and have alfo numerous fharp thorns on
their ribs.

The colour is a deep green.

The flowers are numerous: they ftand at the
tops of the ftalks on flender pedicles, and are
deeply divided into fegments, and of a fine blue.

The fruit is round, and, when ripe, black.

It is a native of America, and flowers in July.

Plukenet calls it Solanum annuum nigricans Vir-
ginianum [pinofifimum flore ceruleo,

4. Prickly Nightfhade with fmooth cups.
Solanum {pinofum calycibus levibus.

The root is compofed of numerous, fpreading
fibres. :

The ftalk is firm, upright, prickly, and not
much branched: the thorns are ftiff, and very
fharp; and they ftand ftrait.

The leaves are long, and confiderably broad :
they have fhort footftalks, they are deeply fi-
nuated at the edges, and they have fome prickles
on them.

The flowers ftand on long, flender, prickly
footftalks ; and they are large and blue.

The berries are round, black, and glofly.

It is a native of the warmer parts of America
and Afia, and flowers in July.

Dillenius calls it Solanum Indicum {pinofum flore
boraginis.

8. Apple of Sodom.
Solanum fpinis recurvis flore ceruleo.

The root is Jong, thick, and furnifhed with
many fibres. : :

The ftalks are numerous, upright, branched,
of a pale yellowifh brown colour, and woody fub-
ftance, and four feet high: they are armed with
fhort and robuft prickles, which bend fomewhat
downwards,

The leaves are long, and confiderably broad :
they have very fhort footftalks; and they are
deeply divided at the edges in the pinnated form:
they are of a dark green; and they have alfo
prickles on them.

GEE

aU es

The flowers ftand on long footftalks, fome-
times fingly, fometimes many together: they are
large, and of a fky-blue. The fruit is large,
round, and black.

It is a native of many parts of the Eaft, and
flowers in July.

Plukenet calls it Solanum pomiferum frutefcens
officinarum {pinofum nigricans boraginis flore foliis
profunde laciniatis. Itis called apples of Sodom
from the place.

The fruit has a tempting afpect; but, when
chewed, the tafte is very difagreeable,

g. Bahama Nightfhade.
Solanum anguftifolium {pinofum.

The root is compofed of numerous, thick fibres.

The ftalk is woody, firm, upright, not much
branched, and five or fix feet high : it is armed
with thorns ; but they are fhort, and not very.
numerous.

The leaves are numerous, long, narrow, of a
beautiful green, and fixed on fhort footftalks :
they are very lightly waved on the edges, and
they have prickles along the middle rib.

The flowers are large and beautiful: they are
of a fine pale blue, with a tinge of purple ; and
have yellow buttons in the centre.

The berries are fmall, round, and black.

It is a native of the Bahama iflands, and
flowers in Augutft.

Dillenius calls ic Solanum Babamenfe fpinofum
petalis anguftis reflexis. The flower is fometimes
white or flefh-coloured.

The qualities of thefe foreign nighifhades are
not perfectly known ; but, upon the whole, this ge-
nus has a much worfe character than it deferves.
Nighifbade in general is accounted poifonous ;
but, as we have fhown with refpeé&t to moft of
the fpecies, there is little reafon for fuch a cha-
raéter. The opinion feems to have arifen from
confounding the plant next to be defcribed under
the fame name. :

That is indeed poifonous ; and having, bya
latitude of fpeech, been called night/bade, all the
reft have been fuppofed of the fame qualities.

XI.

DEADLY NIGHTSHADE.

BELLADON A.

A ies flower is formed of a fingle petal, and is deep, hollowed, and very lightly divided into five
fegments at the edge.. The cup is made of a fingle piece, divided into five equal fegments ;
and it remains when the flower is fallen, The fruit is a round berry, placed in the cup. The feeds

are kidney-fhaped.

Linnzeus places it among the pentandria monogynia ; the threads in the flower being five, and the
ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle. He takes the received name from the plant, and calls

it atropa., ©
DIVISION I.

Deadly Nightfhade.
Belladona ditta folanum Lethale.

The root is long, large, and creeping.

BRITISH

SPE CIES.

branched : their colour is brown toward the bote
tom, and higher up a pale green.’

The leaves are numerous, very large, and of a
fine ftrong green: they are long and. broad,

The ftalks are numerous, firm, upright, and pointed at the ends, but not indented at the edges. .

The
5

The # BYRS Peal Sar HERBAL

329

The flowers ftand on fingle ‘footftalks rifing
from the bofoms of the leaves; and they are large
and confpicuous : they are hollow, and of a deep,
but not fhining purple colour.

The berry is large, round, and black : it has a
tempting look, and many have been by that led
to eat of it to their deftruétion.

It grows in the neighbourhood of towns and
houfes, on ground where there has fallen ma-
nure ; but it fhould be rooted out wherever found,
for children have been often deftroyed by it. - It
flowers in July. :

C. Bauhine calls it Solanum melanocerafus.
Others, Solanum Lethale, and Belladona. ~

The works of medical authors abound with in-
ftances of its effects, and hiftories of thofe who
have perifhed by it; and experience from time
to time fhews they have told truth.

I faw one unhappy inftance in the yeat 1743+
a labourer found it in the park of a nobleman
where he was repairing the pales; and he eat
heartily of the berries, and gave fome to his chil-
dren. The fymptoms came on in the following
manner.

The man, after two hours, grew light-headed,
giddy, and unable to ftand ; but not thinking of
the caufe, fet down to his fupper. He drank
greedily, but could fcarce fwallow any thing ‘fo-
lid. - He went to bed, and prefently grew worfe.
He complained of a dreadful pain in the breaft,
and difficulty of breathing. It was about five in.

the afternoon he eat the berries. Thefe fymptoms ~

came on between ten and eleven at night; and at

DIVISION AIL

Large violet-flowered Deadly Nightfhade,
Belladona flore magno violaceo,

The root is compofed of numerous; thick fibres.

The ftalk is round, firm, upright, and of a
brownifh colour; not much branched, but full of
leaves : thefe are oblong, and of a deep green,
not dented at the edges, but fharp-pointed : they
have fhort footftalks, and a rim of the leaf runs
down them.

twelve, feven hours from the eating them, he fell
into the moft dreadful ravings. Once ina quar-
ter of an hour his fenfes would return for a mo-
ments but he relapfed immediately, and every
time with more violence. Daring the intervals .

.of reafon, his breath*was.as-difficult; and he

complained of a dreadfal dighina/s acrofs his Breaft.
Toward morning. the ravings went off, but he
became foolith. He was faint, breathed with
difficulty, and ftared and flabbered, anfwered fo-
reign to queftions, and feemed one born an idiot.
All this time he was affected with a moft pain-
ful and violent. ftrangury; but by degrees. this
went off, and he recovered without the help of
medicines. Before the country-apothecary could
be had, he was growing better; and he not
knowing what to advife, left the family to their
own management. ;

The children both died in the courfe of the
night ; and he, when perfectly recovered, and
queftioned: about the nature of the cafe, an-
f{wered, that he had been in the condition of one
very drunk; but faw and underftood all that was
doing even when he anfwered in the wildeft man-
ner. :

This I have feen ; and what is recorded by me-
dical writers agrees well with it, Indeed no clafs
of writers are in general more faithful. We read
of men who have continued in a flate of mad.
nefs eight or nine days from it, and have reco-
vered: to children it has generally proved fatal.
Thofe grown perfons who have perifhed by it,
have generally died within twelve hours from the
eating.

FOREIGN SPECIES.

The flowers are large, and of a fine violet-co-
lour: they are placed fingly on fhort footftalks
rifing from the bofoms of the leaves.

The fruit is a large berry, placed in the cups
which is alfo large, and in a manner clofes
over it, :

It is a native of Peru, and flowers in Auguft.

Juffieu calls it Akakengi flore amplo violaceo
but it is truly of this kind,

Giistsi Mews 9S) ovuxthe

CULC KR O.WPLNETS 7

AR UM ©

rpHere ig not in all the round of Nature a. genus fo fingular as this, nor any about which fyftem-
makers have had more trouble, none knowing where to ‘place it: yet had they followéd the
obvious charaéter impreffed -by-Nature in the fruit, the confufion had been avoided ; for whatever dif-
putes may have arifen from the fingularity of the flower, the fruit is a berry: that admits no doubt»

and that places it in this clafs.

The flower has no petals, but numerous threads. The cup is formed of a fingle leaf ; and is large,
hollow, upright, pointed at the top, and coloured within: it falls with the flower. The fruit is a
clufter of round berries. ‘The feeds are numerous and roundifh. The leaves are undivided.

This is a charaéter of the genus comprifed in a-few words; yet punctual, particular, and above
exception. It plainly diftinguifhes the arum from all other plants, even from two genera nearly al-
lied to it, and to be defcribed hereafter, arifarum and dragons.

Linneus feparates it from the generality of the other berry-bearing plants, placing it among the
gynandria polyandria, the ftamina being numerous, and fixed to the piftil of the flower. He joins the

avifarum and dracontium with it.
N° XXXII.

4P DIVI-

330 The

BRITISH HERBAL.

Dl Vil Sls OeNo.als. srs BAR

Common Cuckowpint.
Arum vulgare.

The root is a roundifh, tuberous lump, brown
on the outfide, and white within, placed at a
confiderable depth under the furface, and furnifhed
with a few fibres,

The leaves are placed on long, thick footftalks 5
and they are very large, and of an arrow-headed
fhape, fplit deep at the bafe, and fharp at the
point: they are of a fine frefh green, and are of-
ten fpotted with black, and fometimes with white
fpots.

The ftalk rifes in the midft of thefe, and is
furrounded by the hollow bafes of their foot-
ftalks: it is round, thick, and ten inches high:
on its top ftands a fingle flower. The thready
part at the bottom is yellowifh: the receptacle,
which is lengthened out in form of a club, is red,
purple, or white ; for thefe are accidental varieties,

The berries are of a fine bright red.

DIVAS 1 ON: I. FO

1. Aigyptian Arum.
Arum AEgyptiacum.

The root is very large, tuberous, and of an
irregular form; of a redifh brown on the outfide,
white within, and of an acrid tafte, but not fo
violently fharp as our arum.

The leaves grow fingly on long, thick foot-
ftalks: they are very large, of a deep fhining
green, and of a fhape fomewhat approaching to
heart-fafhioned: they are broad at the bafe, and
are there very lightly and bluntly indented: they
are from this part gradually fmaller to the end,
where they terminate obtufely ; and the ftalk is
not inferted at the edge, but in the fubftance of
the leaf, a third below the top.

The ftalk which fupports the flower is round,
thick, juicy, and of a pale green,

The flower refembles that of our common arum.
The cup is a great, oblong, hollow cafe: the
club within is white, and of an uneven furface ;
and the thready part is yellow.

The berries are large and red.

It is a native of (Egypt, and of the Greek
iflands. It rarely flowers.

C.Bauhine calls it Arum maximum Eegyptium
quod vulgo Colacafia, Others, Arum Agyptium,
and Colaca/fia.

The root is eaten in AZgypt, and other parts
of the Eaft, as food ; and it is not confined in this

ufe to the place where it naturally grows, but fold

GP" see ee Neu:

ECS .bha S Ear CLES,

Tt is common under hedges, and flowers in May.

C. Bauhine and others call it Arum vulgare,
and Arum maculatum. (

Some have defcribed the fpotted kind as a
diftinét fpecies ; but the variety is altogether ac-
cidental,

It is a very powerful and excellent medicine.
It operates by urine, and is good againft the
gravel.

A piece of it bruifed and laid upon the tongue,
has reftored the fpeech in paralytick cafes; and
a conferve of it, made with two-thirds fugar, has
done eminent fervice in the fcurvy, and in rheu-
matifms.

The virtues of it are lefs known than they
fhould be, from this fingle circumftance, that it
is commonly ufed dry. It lofes all its efficacy with
its juice ; and this the tafte manifefts. Nothing
is more acrid than the frefh root; but when
dry it is infipid.

REIGN SPECIES.

into other countries. The fharpnefs of its tafte
goes off by foaking in water, or by drying : ei-
ther way ferves to prepare it for the table. What
Bontius writes of its being poifonous, has no
other meaning than that it is acrid. Three days
foaking in water, he fays, takes off all its ill qua-
lities ; and this, or a much fhorter time, is found
perfectly well to prepare it for food pleafantly
and wholefomely.

2. Arrow-leaved Arum.
Arum foliis anguftis fagittatis.

The root is brown, large, tuberous, and sath
nifhed with a few thick fibres,

The leaves are numerous; and they are placed
on long, flender footftalks : hes are of a perfeét
arrow-headed fhape, oblong, flender, fharp-
pointed, fplit at the bafe, and with fharp points
alfo to the beards.

The flower rifes upon a flender green ftalk,
and is contained inva hollow cafe or cup: this is
green on the outfide, yellowifh within, and highly
ribbed. :

The club is ufually yellow, fometimes white or
purple.

The berries are red.

It is common in the American iflands, and
flowers in April.

‘Plokenet calls it Arum minus fagittaria foliis.

S XIII.

BUTCHERS BROOM.

Raw. Ui: Sic Ges Uae S.

HE flower has no petals.

The cup is compofed of fix fmall leaves, of an oval form, convex,

and turned at one edge: three of thefe ftand inward, and have by fome been miftaken for pe-

tals of a lower. The fruit is a round berry,
1

divided within into three cells, in each of which are two

feedsg

Theil “BRP FS“ OE RURAL.

332

feeds. There are in this genus feparate male and female’ flow
only in this, that the male flowers have certain buttons,

oblong rudiment of the fruit.

Linnzus places this among the diecia fyngenefia; the flowers b
plants, and the buttons growing together in a body :
are in fome fpecies, which he cannot difpute to be of th
male parts together. This fhews the generical diftinétion he has eftablithed to bei
claffical character falfe ; but thefe things we have often obferved.

Common Butchers Broom.
Rufeus vulgaris.

This is a tough and fhrubby plant, though of
no confiderable height or bignefs.

The root is long, thick, and fpreading.

The ftalk is round, firm, upright, a foot and
half high, and divided into many branches to-
ward the top.

The leaves are very numerous and fmall : they
are of a bluifh green colour, and of a firm fub-
ftance: they are broadeft at the bafe, narrower
to the point, where they end in a fharp prickle,
and not at all ferrated:

The flowers are fmall, and of a greenifh white:

G .. BeeN

ers on diftin& plants: but they differ
though without threads, and the female an

s being male and female on feparate
but he is obliged to acknowledge, that there
1s genus, flowers which have the male and fe-

mperfeét, and the

they ftand upon the leaves, one on each, and
ufually near the centre.

The berry is large, and of a beautiful red.

We have it on wafte grounds.
in fpring.

C. Bauhine calls it Ru/ews. Others, Rufcus five
Brufcus. We, Knee-bolly, and Butchers broom,

Tt flowers early

The root is a powerful and excellent diuretick :

the beft way of giving itis in decoétion, It thus”

is ferviceable in the gravel, and all nephritick
complaints, and againft obftru@tions of the vif.
cera. Cures of dropfies have been performed by
this medicine alone ; but it muft be taken early,
otherwife there is little hope.

Us xv :

DWARF HONEYSUCKLE.

CHAMEPERICLYMENUM. ?

HE flower is compofed of four petals, of an oblong form. The cup is fmall, and is divided
into four fegments at the edge. The fruit is a large berry, of an uneven furface, compofed of

feveral {maller round ones.

Linnzus places this among the ¢etrandria monogynia, joining it with the cornus, but improperly.
There is but one known fpecies of this genus, and that is common to Britain, and the other nor-

thern parts of Europe.

Dwarf Honeyfuckle:
Chamepericlymenum.

The root is long, fender, and fpreading: it
runs under the furface, and is furnifhed with
many fibres.

The ftalk is round, flender, upright, and about
five inches high. :

The leaves are placed in pairs: they are large,
oblong, broad, pointed at the ends, not at all di-
, vided at the edges, and marked with high ribs :
they have no footftalks, and their colour is a
bluith green.

The flower ftands at the top of the ftalk ; but
there ufually rife two little fhoots from the fame

point ; each of which has two or four leaves on it
like the others:

The flower is large and white.

The fruit is compofed of feveral little berries
joined together, and is of a fine red.

The whole plant, as it decays, often becomes
redifh,

We have it on hills in the northern parts of the
kingdom. It flowers in May.

C, Bauhine calls it Periclymenum tertium five bu-
mile. Others, Chamepericlymenum. It obtained
this name, the Englifh of which is Dwarf boney-
Juckle, from thofe who faw the fruit, and not the
flower.

GE ON 40 ics aw,

. CLOUD

BERRY.

“ CHAMZMORUS.

"THE flower is compofed of five large, obtufe petals; and is fingle on each plant, terminating
the ftalk. The cup is divided into five fegments, and remains after the fower. The fruit is
a large berry, compofed of many fmaller, placed upon a convex head.

Linneus places this among the icofandria polygynia; the threads being numerous, and growing to
the cup; and the ftyles being alfo numerous, one rifing from the rudiment of every fucceeding
grain of the fruit. This author joins it with the common bramble; from which it differs in the
flower, being fingle on the top of every plant, and in other obvious circumftances.

1. The

332

The BRITHSH*HERBA L. °

1. The Cloud Berry.
Chamaemorus.

The root is long, flender, and creeping: it
runs under the furface, and has numerous
fibres. :

The ftalk is round, weak, and about ten inches
high. ;

The leaves are large, and deeply divided: they
ftand alternately, and there are not more than
four or five on the whole plant: they are placed
on long footftalks, and ufually hang drooping:
they are broad, fhort, deeply divided into feve-
ral tharp fegments, and thofe again fub-divided,
or deeply ferrated. Their colour is a blackifh
green on the upper furface, and whitifh under-
neath,

The flower ftands at the top of the ftalk, and
is large and purple.

The fruit, when ripe, is red; and it is of the
bignefs of a rafpberry, which it greatly refembles
in its external fhape.

We have it on the northern mountains, « It
flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Chamerubus foliis ribes An-
glicus. Others, Chamaemorus, and Vaccinium nubis.
Our common people, Cloud-berries, and Kuot-
berries.

2. Wild Rafpberry.
Chamamorus frufiu parvo.

The root-is flender and creeping.

The ftalk is weak, round, whitifh, and a foot
high.

The leaves are placed on long footftalks, three
on each; and they are oblong, broad, ferrated,
and fharp-pointed. Their colour is a dufky green
on the upper fide, and they are paler underneath,

The flowers grow two or three together on
flender footftalks at the top of the plant: they
are large, and of a pale red, mixed with white.

The fruit is fmall, but that is owing to the
few grains of which it is compofed, for they are
fingly as large as in the other: there are about
three to each fruit; and they are red.

It is common on the northern mountains of
England, and flowers in June,

C. Bauhine calls it Chamerubus faxatilis,
Others, Rubus Alpinus humilis, Rubus faxatilis,
and Rubus Alpinus tricoccus.

The fruit of this is efteemed excellent againft
fcorbutick complaints. It may be eaten frefh, or :
made into a kind of conferve. The people, where
it is common, relate wonders of the cures it has
performed in the worft cafes.

So Ey ¢ Reo

Be Sante ok

ForEIGN GENERA...

Thofe of which there is no fpecies native of this country.

a Nagle te 8

U2 I.

PRICKLY ‘BINDWEED.

SM ILA X.

HE flower has no petals. The cup is compofed of fix leaves; which are oblong, and have

the points turned back, and unite fo as to form a kind of wide, open bell.

The fruit is a

round berry, divided within into three cells, in each of which there are two feeds. There are male
and female flowers on feparate plants in this genus ; but they are of the fame ftrudture, except that the
male flower has fix fhort threads with their buttons, and the female has an oval rudiment of the fruit,

on which are three ftyles,

Linnzus places it for this reafon among the diecia bexandria, {eparating it by many intermediate

claffés from the generality of the other berrybearers.

1. Red-berried Smilax, with angulated ftalks.
Smilax levis baccis rubris caule angulato.

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
numerous fibres.

The ftalks are weak, and brown: they fup-
port themfelves by means of tendrils, and by
that means run to a vaft length; and they are

rickly.

The leaves are large and heart-fafhioned : they

have flender footftalks, and they are of a beauti-
ful green. Both the footftalks and the fubftance
of the leaves are prickly.

The flowers are fmall and whitifh: they. ftand
in great numbers on the tops of the ftalks,

The berries are fmall, but of a beautiful red.

It is a native of Italy, Sicily, and many other
of the warmer parts of Europe, and flowers in
Auguft.

C, Bauhine calls it Smilax afper frudtu rubente.

: Others,

a ee eS ee ae En ee See ee

Noody lightshade Common wild Neghishade Za

ee eee ie Ce eee ee ee

a eee ae SON 2g IOS Se Ne re

J }
Ve

Ae Mod th he : Sear ued Nightshade ‘ e Bie Lower
me he fi oP : mee oe

a a ae a aa

DP reohly Nightthade Yiple of Sodom Bahama Veg htihade Dea My Nigh Lipnde Common Cuckoiy Tink .

nthe smooth Cups

ab | GE jp” = aS ie > |
a Cgypuian 7 © byron Ceavd . Common fiutehers - Dwar

Wild apberry Ae
o (4
«trum : 0 drum “Broom Htone oyseechle

A, Youd Berry

The BR UT AyS Ht ot ReReaOk. Saag

Others, Smilaw afpera. The berries are fome-
times black, and the plant is in other places
found with fewer prickles. In thefe conditions
it has been defcribed as two diftiné fpecies ; but
the difference is only accidental.

2. The Sarfaparilla Plant.
Smilax afpera foliis ovatis.

The root is extremely long and flender: it
fpreads to a vaft extent, and is brown on the outs
fide, and white within.

The ftalks are numetouis, weak, and flender :
they fupport themfelves by tendrils, and run to
the height of twelve feet.

They are brown, and fet with prickles.

The leaves have no prickles: they have flender
footftalks ; and they are of an oval figure, but
fharp at the point: they are of a firm fubftance ;
and their colour is a deep green on the upper fide,
and pale underneath.

The flowers grow in clufters at the tops of the
ftalks ; and are fmaill, and of a yellowith white.

The berries are as large as a black cherry, and
when ripe they are of the fame colour.

It is a native of South America, and of fome
parts of the north. It flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Smilax afpera Peruviana five
Sarfaparilla. Others, Sarfa, Zarza, and Zarza
nobiliffima.

Its root is a very celebrated remedy in the
fcurvy. It has been greatly recommended in the
cure of the venereal difeafes: but the ready ef-
feéts of mercury have fuperfeded all other medi-
cines for that purpofe.

It operates by fweat ; and the beft method of

GE iN

taking it is in a ftrong decoétion. This fhould’
be continued for a confiderable time:

4. The China Plane:
Smilax foliis obverfe cordatis floribus umbellatis.

The root is large, and of an irregular form:

The ftalk is round, jointed, weak, and ufually
crooked from joint to joint, and armed here and
there with a few prickles : it fupports irfelf among
buthes, climbing by means of tendrils, and in
that manner runs to a great height.

The leaves are large, and of a figure very much
approaching to round: they are fimalleft at the
bafe, and are a little dented in the heart-like man
ner at the end:

The flowers are fimall and yellow: they ftand
in a kind of little umbells, about four in each.

The berries are large ; and, when ripe, they
are of an orange red.

It is a native of China and Japan. It flowers
in July. :

Plukenet calls it Fruticulus convolvulaceus fpi-
nofus finicus floribus parvis umbellatis. Others
fimply, China.

The root poffeffes the fame qualities with /ar/a-
parilla, They ufed to be given together againtt
the venereal difeafe, and at prefent are prefcribed
in diet-drinks againft fcorbutick complaints. Ie
was fuppofed to poffefs virtues that it had not;
and thence is grown much into difufe, the cam-
mon praétice neglecting thofe it really has.

There is a root brought fromi America called
baftard China, which belongs to a plant of this
kind, but with longer leaves, :

Ueres II.

BERRYBEARING ANGELICA.

A eR

Lites A:

rpHE flower is compofed of five petals, of an oval form. ‘The cup is very fmall, and is divided
by five indentings at the edge. The fruit is a round berry, ftriated, and crowned at the top;
containing a fingle oblong, hard feed. The flowers are difpofed in little umbells; and the leaves are

. divided in the manner of the common umbelliferous plants.

Linnzus places this among the pentandria pentagynia; the threads in the flower being five, and the

ftyles in its centre the fame number. .

Berrybearing Angelica,
Aralia vacemofa & ramofa.

The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with
many fibres.

The ftalk is round, upright, very much
branched, and five feet high: it is purple toward
the bottom, and at the joints; elfewhere of a
pale green.

The leaves are very large, and each is com-
pofed of numerous, fmaller, perfect parts, refem-
bling fo many diftin& leaves: thefe are oblong;

IN 2 925

and broad; largeft at the bafe, fmaller to the
point, ferrated at the edges, and of a pale green,

The flowers ftand in little clufters on foot-
ftalks rifing from the bofoms of all the leaves from
the top to the bottom of the plant: they are
{mall, and of a yellowith white. :

The berries are green at firft, but when ripe of
a dufky red.

It is a native of North America, and flowers in
Auguft.

Van Royen calls it Aralia ex alis florifera.
Others, Panaces Carpimon,

gee GENUS

334_ The

BRET. San ER: BAS.

G: EON

U.S III.

MANDRAKE. v

MAND RUA -G O%R A,

HE flower is formed of a fingle petal; which is hollow, and divided deeply into five fegments.
The cup is large, formed of a fingle leaf, of a hollow fhape, marked with five ridges, _and di-
vided alfo into five fegments at the edge. ‘Lhe fruit is a berry, but a very large one, of a round or
longifh form ; and the feeds are numerous, and kidney-thaped. ;
Linnzus places this among the pentandria monogynia ; the threads being five, and the ftyle from the
rudiment of the fruit fingle. There is but one known fpecies of this fingular genus.

The Mandrake.
Mandragora,

The root is large, long, and thick ; and ufually
from about the middle downwards is divided into
two parts. This however is not its conftant or
certain form: fometimes it is divided into three
or four parts, and fometimes it is abfolutely
fingle.

The leaves are numerous, and very large:
they are long, and confiderably broad, {mall at
the bafe, wideft toward the middle, and thence
gradually narrower to an obtufe point: they are
often waved, and fometimes indented at the
edges. . Their colour is a dark, dufky green ; and
they have a very unpleafant fmell.

The ftalks which fupport the flowers rife among

* thefe leaves ; and they are very flender, about four
inches high, and of a pale green: each fupports
a fingle flower, This is large, hollow, and of a
whitifh colour, with a bluth of purple.

The fruit is of the bignefs of a {mall apple,
and is of a fpungy fubftance. Its colour is a
greenifh yellow when unripe; but as it ripens all
the green goes off, and it becomes perfedtly yel-
low. :

It is a native of Spain and Italy, and of the
other warmer parts of the world, growing in
damp woods. It flowers in June.

C, Bauhine:calls it Mandragora fruétu rotundo.
Others, Mandragoras mas.

No plant has been a fource of more error or
impofition than this.

The fruit is fometimes of an oblong fhape,
inftead of round; and in that condition the plant
is called the female mandrake ; but it is only an
accidental variety.

and arms to it. Good fculpture has in fome au-
thors alfo greatly helped this refemblance; but
in nature it is really nothing.

The fruit of the mandrake has been accounted
poifonous ; but without any juft reafon. It may
be eaten with fafety in the manner of the large
fruits of fome of the Jolanums ; but it is unplea-
fant. :
The leaves are cooling, and are ufed in oint-
ments for that purpofe. The outer bark of the
root is dried for the fervice of medicine, but is at
prefent little regarded : it has the chara&ter of a
harcotick ; but it has no very powerful effects,

Thofe people who fhew the root of mandrake
feldom get that of the right plant. Their cuftom ¢
is, to cut a piece of white ‘bryony into the in-
tended fhape, and put it into the ground again for
fome time, where it will often get a kind of coat.

The interpreters of the Bible have been cen-
fured for rendering the Hebrew dudaim, mandrake;
and much learned ignorance has been fent into
the world upon the fubje&. But there feems no
reafon for farther conjecture than the plain fenfe
of the words; nor any error in the Septuagint,
though the miftakes of commentators have fan-
cied fo. They have been led to guefs other fruits
mutt have been meant, becaufe they thought that
of the mandrake poifonous. But that is a palpable
error: many have eaten the fruits, and any one
may without hurt. This plant therefore is inno-
cent: it grows abundantly in that part of the
world where the fcene of the {cripture-ftory lies ;
and its virtue was fuppofed to be that of clean-
fing the uterus, and affifting conception. This
might naturally lead the female Ifraeclite to eat it;
and the whole account is plain, familiar, and

Ic is pretended that the root perfeétly reprefents evidently a literal truth. =
the human body; and cheats have carved a head
Gee! Nee CU. Ss IV.

MAY-APPLE,

PODOPHYLLU™

HE flower is compofed of nine petals; which are of a roundifh form, hollow, and folded at
I the edge. The cup is a kind of leafy {cabbard, falling with the fower : it is compofed of three
large, hollow leaves, of an oval form. The fruit is a berry, of an oval fhape, with a crown at its

top. The feeds are numerous and roundith.

Linneus places this among the polyandria monog ynia y the threads being numerous, and fixed to the
receptacle, and the ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle. The name is by moft written aza-

podophyllum.

Common

‘

whe SBR ‘Te 10S tr HUE SRB AVE,

335

Common May-apple.
Podophyllum vulgare.
The root is long, flender, and creeping : it

runs juft under the furface, and has numerous
fibres annexed to it.

The ftalk is round, upright, firm, of a yel-

lowith colour, and about a foot high,

It is naked to the top; where it divides ufually
into two parts, and on each of thefe is fupported
a fingle leaf. :

This is very large, of a roundifh form, but di-
vided down to the ftalk into about fix fegments,

Gy gh N

The colour is a yellowifh green, and the fub-
ftance firm. ’

The flower rifes in the midft between thefe two
parts of the ftalk; and has a flender pedicle of an
inch long,

It is large and white,

The fruit is oblong, large,
colour when ripe.

It is a native of North America, and flowers
in May,

Authors in general call it Anapodophyllum Ca-
nadenfe.

and of an orange-

U's Vi

WINTER-CHERRY.
ALKEKENGL

A Rise flower is formed of a fingle petal, which is hollowed, large, folded, and divided at the
edge into five broad, pointed fegments. The cup is formed of a fingle leaf ; and is of a bloated
fhape, and divided alfo toward the edge into five pointed fegments: it is of a pentangular form, and
Fremains with the fruit, The berry is roundifh, and is contained in the cup, which becomes very large,
clofes about it, and acquires a colour. The feeds are numerous, Kidney-fhaped, and comprefied.
Linnzus places this among the pentandria monogynia ; the threads in the fower being five, and the

ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle.

1. Common Winter-Cherry,
Alkckengi vulgare.

The root is flender, and creeps under the fur-
face.

The ftalk is round, upright, a foot and half
high, and divided into feveral branches.

The leaves are placed two at a joint, on long
footftalks ; and they are large, and of a fine deep
green: they are broadeft at the bafe, narrower to
the point, and undivided at the edges.

The flowers are placed on flender footftalks in
the bofoms of the leaves: they are large and
white.

The fruit fucceeds ; and makes a fingular ap-
pearance: itis a red berry of the bignefs of a
cherry, and is furrounded by a kind of bag or
bladder formed of the cup; which fwells for that
purpofe, and acquires a red colour.

It is a native of the warmer parts of Europe,

and flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Solanum veficarium. Others,
Alkekengi.

The berries are celebrated for many virtues ;
but the prefent practice negleéts them: they
operate by urine, and are good againft obftruc-
tions of the vifcera ; but as we have fo many more

powerful medicines for the fame intentions, they.

are not worth much regard.

2. Sleepy Nightfhade.
Alkekengi floribus confertis.

This, though called a night(hade, is properly a
fpecies of winter-cherry. The difference is not
fo great, that we fhould wonder old authors, lefs
accurate than we in the characters of the genera,

did not perceive it.

The root is long and thick.
I

He calls the genus phy/alis,

The firft leaves are very large, broad, thort,
obtufely pointed, and fupported on thort foot-
ftalks: their colour is a deep green,

The ftalk is round, upright, and two feet
high: toward the top it ufually divides into fe.
veral branches,

The leaves are placed on fhort footftalks, and
refemble thofe from the root : they are alfo of a
dufky green on the upper fide, but paler under-
neath.

The flowers grow in clufters round the ftalk at
the joints; and they are fmall, and of a yel-
lowith white. :

The berry is fmall and red: it remains in the
cup, where it is defended by a woolly matter.

It is a native of the warmer parts of Europe,
and flowers in July. '

C. Bauhine calls it Solanum Somuiferum verticil-
latim.

It is accounted poifonous ; but outwardly is in
common ufe in Spain to promote fleep. The
leaves are bruifed for this purpofe, and laid on
the temples.

3- Woolly Winter-Cherry.
Alkekengi foliis lanuginofs.

The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with
many fibres.

The ftalk is firm, woody, and divided into
branches.

The leaves are placed on flender footftalks 5
and they are fhort, broad, obtufe, of a whitith co-
Jour, and of a woolly furface.

“The flowers ftand fingly on long footftalks
rifing from the bofoms of the leaves; and they
are {mall, and of a very pale redith colour.

The berry is large, and of acoral red.

Pe :

. ake ey #3

’ 4 |

336 Th BRAT DSi HER, BA EB. ee
i i f Curaffo, and flowers in Au- | they are alfo of a greyifh green, hoary,.and undi- ree a |

ult sake Ties vided at the edges: they are broadeft toward the ie
: mit kence calls it Solanum veficarium Curaffavi- mean aS pointed . re oh : ‘e ‘uth ee
; 3 imile, foliis origani fub- e flowers are placed on flender footftalks, 89
eum ee antiquorum fimile, fe igani fi which rife in great numbers from the bofom of _ ‘ ;
an 4 every leaf; and they are fmall, and of a faint Ee
4. Many-flowered Hoary Winter-Cherry. purple. mae.
The berry is {mall and red, and it is contained wae

Alkekengi multiflorum foliis hirfutis.

The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with a
few fibres.
~The ftalk is round, firm, upright, and two
feet high: it is of a greyifh colour, and is co-
vered lightly with a hoary matter.

The leaves are placed on flender footftalks:

ARISARUM.

if lal flower has no petals.

but it is alfo bent.
roundifh, and fet in a clufter.

Linneus places this among the gynandria polyandria 5 ; the threads being numerous, and fixed to they . Oy
But he confounds it with the arum, making it only a fpecies of that genus; whereas i it evi-

piftil.
dently differs generically.

3. Broad-leaved Arifarum.
Arifarum latifolium:

The root is a fmall, roundifh, tuberous lump,
with a few fibres at the top.

The leaves are fupported fingly on long, flen-
der footftalks ; and they are of a lively green,
very large, oblong, heart-fafhioned at the bafe,
and pointed at the end.

The flower rifes on a feparate ftalk in the centre
of the tuft of leaves, and refembles that of the
common arum: itis a great greenifh cup, purple
toward the top and at the edges; and it bends
down, and fplits at the extremity ; within this is
feen a purpleclub, which alfo bends forward.

The berries are fmall and red.

Jt is common in Spain and Italy, and flowers
in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Arifarum latifolium.

2. Narrow-leaved Arifarum.
Arifarum anguftifolium.
The root is a fmall, roundifh' lump, brown on
the outfide, and white within.

GQ@icE N

DRAGON. eae %
DRACONTIUM. e,
HE flower has no petals. The cup is ieee) hollow, anik formed: of a‘fingle leaf. In this

ftands a club, in the fame manner as in the arum; and the buttons of the flower, and rudi- a
ments of the berries, are at the bottom. The fruit is a clutter of berries, numerous, large, and red. Ag

‘The leaves are divided in the manner of fingers.

pittil.

(Ec 4 Nie Gas
FRYARS COWL.

The cup is very large, long, hollow, not upright, asin arum, but —
bending down toward the upper part, and fplit: the club within it refembles that of the rum,
The threads of the flower fupport fquare buttons.

in a fkinny cup.
This is accounted poifonous, and is fappofed

to be the true folanum fomniferum of the antients;

but their defcriptions are fo imperfect, that it is” ‘a

hard to determine that matter. as
Alpinus calls it Solanum fomniferum antiquorum,

Others, Solanum Somniferum verum.

VI.

The berries are nuiriclousay j

The leaves are long, narrow, and of a fell
beautiful green.

The ftalk rifes among thefe; and is flender, me

upright, of a pale green, and about ten inches — ea
high: there generally are wrapped about this the = ie 3
re

remains of the bafes of fome leaves. _

The flower fhews itlelf in a fingular manner,
The cup is long and flender ; and the club is alfo
very long, bent downward, and crooked : its co-
lour is a dufky purple; and it ufually thrufts it- t
felf out of the cup in fuch manner as to refemble
a large earth-worm crawling.

The berries are round and fmall, green at wets
but when ripe of a fine red. a
It is a native of the warmer parts of Europe, -

and flowers in June:

J. Bauhine calls it Arifarum anguftifolium e
name moft others have followed.

The roots of thefe are very Bayer diuretickss
but they are not much ufed except By the Pea-
fants,

Use es VII.

Linnzus places this among-the gynandria monogynia, the Buttons being numerous, and fixed tothe =

This author makes it a fpecies of arum, referving the name dracontium for a difting&t genus, alto-

gether unlike the plant to which this name has been “appropriated 5 3 and comprehending fome fpecies
nfvally called arum. The ftudent will from this avoid the confufien. .

x. Common

-
R. rod
} ;
Lice + ‘ ’
, *
Sey
on 4
dg
a.
y 2
<® .
Re
A ;
ee
¥

f ae '
y Wp Mag

=!
land rake

.. hed Lerrtcd S MAL She ire eae She China
ith angulated Sialkr Vid ae fant

B cory leanng
Angelica

Ss c y Moolly winter
Sheopy Niyhichade Cherry

Common wti0uer

Cherry

May Upp

MM yy

a : any frowera

hairy minter Cherry

QY |
lComnton Dragond

broad learvil
a LUHS AVLLIW Marron lteavid
8 Wnisariuyn

Vie

23 PO leavil

Water Dragons tong lava

« Ulecandrium Laurell AlecanilriawLuivell
aa are
ik G =

ea aie
hapa YAN oa

ee ee, ee

Th BRITISH HERBAL,

337

1. Common Dragon.
Dracontium vulgare.

The root is large, thick, and furnifhed with
numerous and fpreading fibres.

The firft leaves are very large, and very beau-
tiful: they are placed fingly on long, thick foot-
ftalks ; and are of the palmated kind, formed of
numerous, long, and moderately broad fegments,
difpofed like fingers on a hand.

The {talk rifes among thefe ; and is round, up-
right, thick, of a fpungy fubftance, and four
feet high.

The leaves on this are placed fingly on very
long footftalks, and refemble thofe from the root,
being compofed of many fegments, and of a

beautiful green.

The flower is very large, and is placed fingly
at the top of the ftalk. The cup is green on the
outfide, but of a deep and beautiful purple within.
The club is very large, and of a fine red, fome-
times white.

The berries are placed together in a large
clufter, and are red when ripe. ,

The ftalk of this fpecies is ufually of a whitifh
colour, ftained and fpeckled in a curious manner,
like the fkin of a ferpent, with purple and green:
it thence obtained the name. :

It is a native of the warmer parts of Europe,
and flowers in Auguft.

vibiagakaninia te U;

C. Bauhine calls it Dracunculus polyphyllus.
Others, Dracontium:

We cultivate it in gardens for its fingularity
and its virtues. It has the credit of being a power=
ful fudorifick and refifter of poifon ; but it is not
much regarded in the prefent practice. :

2. American Dragons.
Dracontium Americanum {padice longifiina.

The root is cortipofed of a thick head, from
whence rife many long cteéping fibres,

The firft leaves are fupported on long foot-
ftalks 5 and they are of the palmated kind: each
is compofed of about feven oblong and broad feg-
ments, refembling fo many feparate leaves ; and
thefe ate of a pale green.

The ftalk is round, upright, and a foot high:

The leaves on this perfectly refemble thofe frorh
the root ; but they are fmialler: they are alfo of
a paler green. .

The flower ftands at the top; and is formed of
a fhort, hollow cafe, with a very long club rifing
up far beyond its top, and terminating in a {mall
point.

The berries ate numerous, latge, and; when
they aré ripe, of afine red.

It is a native of America, and flowers in May.

Herman calls it Arum polyphyllum minus & hu-
milius. Others, Dracontium Americanum. ¢

§ VII.

(FY, bird baad bas (07 bs

HE flower refembles that of the arwm, and has no petals. The cup is compofed of 4 fingle
leaf, of an oval fhape, but pointed, and coloured. The club is upright, fhort, and hid among
the buttons and rudiments of the fruit. This is a clufter of round berries, in which are contained

many oblong, obtufe feeds.

Linnzeus places this among the gynandria polyandria; the threads in the flowet being numerous,

and fixed to the piftil.

Water Dragon,
Calla aquatica.

The root is long, thick, and jointed : it runs
obliquely in the mud in fhallow waters, and fends
up numerous leaves from various parts.

Thefe rife in clufters ; and are fupported fingly
on long, thick footftalks: they are broad, fhort,
of a heart-fafhioned fhape, fharp-pointed, and of
a deep green.

The ftalks are round, thick, and upright, of a
pale green, and about fix inches high: they rife
in the middle of the tuft of leaves, and are fur-
rounded by the bafes of feveral of them at the

G..E = N

bottom : they are from thence nicked to the top,
where there ftands the cup, formed of a fingle
leaf, and fplit to receive the ftalk. This is of
a pale green, and remains with the fruit. The
club rifes within this; but it is fhort, and hid
among the threads, which are whitifh, with yel-
low buttons.

The berries ripen in a fmall clufter, and, when
ripe, are of a fine red.

It is common in the ditches in Holland, and
flowers in May.

C. Bauhine calls it Dracunculus radice arun-
dinacea. Others, Dracunculus aquaticus.

Us IX.

ALEXANDRIAN. LAUREL.
HIP POGLEOSSU™.

HE flower has no petals. The cup is compofed of fix oval, convex leaves; three of which
ftand inward, and three outward; and it is placed on the under fide of the leaf. The
fruit is a round berry, divided into three cells within, and containing in cach two feeds of a roundifh

figure.
N° XXXIV.

4R - Linneus

338

Th BRITISH HERBAL

Linnzeus places this among the diacia fgenefia, making it a kind of rufcus but the fituation
of the flowers is a fufficient diftinétion ; and the difference is confirmed by the general afpect of

the plant.

1. Longéleaved Alexandrian Laurel.
Hippogloff.m fruttibus Jub foliolis longifolia.

The reot is compofed of numerous fibres, thick,
long, crooked, entangled one among another,
and penetrating to a great depth,

The ftalks are numerous, firm, tough, woody,
branched, and fpreading : they are four feet high,
and in the whole ufually form a large bufh.

The leaves are large, of a firm fubftance, and |
fine deep green: they are long, but confiderably |

broad, fmall at the bafe, broadeft toward the
middle, and fharp at the point; and they are
marked all the length with large longitudinal
veins.

On the middle of each leaf there grows another
fmall one; and under this rifes the pedicle, which
fupports the flower ; fometimes there is only one,
fometimes the ftalk fplits, and fupports one on
each divifion.

The footftalk is flender and fhort.

The flower is fmall and yellowith.

The berries are large, round, and, when ripe,
of a fine red.

It is common in damp. forefts in the warmer
parts of Europe, and flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Laurus Alexandrina fruétu |.

pediculo infidente. Others, Hippoglofum vulgare,
and Hippogloffum mas. Me
What is called the female bippoglofum is only a
variety of this, not a diftinct fpecies, differing only
in fize and in the colour of the fruit, which in-
. clines to orange. The Latin name fhould be tranf-

Th END:

lated Alexandrian ‘bay, not laurel: but cuftom.
has rendered it otherwifé; and the name upon:
the whole is too bad for amendment. Te is fir
the readér know thefe vuloar names of plants
with the more proper.

2. Broad-leaved Alexandrian Laurel.
Hippogloffum latifolium fruttn folio infidente.
The root is compofed of numerous, thick, and

fpreading fibres. .
The ftalks are woody, tough, ahd’ of a palé

‘green colour, but flender, and feldomi much

branched.

The leaves are broad and fhort'’:’ they are of 4
pale green, ahd have high ribs running ‘length-
wife; and they terminate in a fharp point,

The flower is {mall and greenifh : it Ptows to
the middle of the leaf, and is of a pale; gréenifh,

| yellow colour.

The berry és round; large,
a fine red.

It is a native of the warmer parts of Europe ia
woods and damp thickets. It flowers in May.

C. Bauhine calls it Laurus Alexandvina SruGu
folio infidente.

and, when fipe, of

Both kinds have the credit of being excellent

| vulneraries; but they are rarely ufed. Thefe fort

of medicines in general owed their credit to fancy,
rather than to any real virtues; and a better

eaeltee of furgery has now banifhed their
ufe.

of te NINETEENTH CLASS.

THE

Cuslen &- 8.05

Plants which have a perfect flower, of a plain and régular firu€lure; and

have one feed after every flowers ftanding naked in the cup.

_ many of the reft, by the modern fyftemis of botany. The two efféntial requifites to a gene-

Hical charaéter are, that it be certain, and that it be obvious: the firtt prevents error, the

other perplexity ; and there i8 no where in Nature a ‘character more happily eftablifhed to anfwer thefe
purpofes than in the prefent inftance,

Mr. Ray, who followed Nature clofely, perceived it; and has founded one of his claffical diftinc-
tions upon it. He has therefore kept together thefe plants, fo truly allied, and fo perfectly fepa-
ratéd from all others: but thofe who have limited thénifelves for the claffick chara@ters folely to the
threads in the flowers of plants, have thrown the genera,’ thus conneéted together by Nature, into
inany different parts of their works, and joined them with plants to which they have no affinity.

Linnéus led the way to this, compélled by the very foundation of his fyftem: but when that

abe S is a clafs plainly diftinguithable by Nature from all others, but confounded, like too

author faw the neceflity of thus feparating plants evidently joined by Nature in the courfe of his ent

quiry; he thould have given up the method, not Violated her laws. No plants have fhewn the great
cofiftraint his fyftem lays upon Nattie equally with thefe, which are thus, by means of the fingle
feed, clafied fo eafily and fo regularly. ;

SSDP Be Seo se oe Be De ee sere a Doe Be ese os eo ee ea este a ce i oe cle Dacca Doiha Os Geena

rR Ree Se

Thofe of which one or thoré fpécies are naturally wild in this country.

GQ Tete Ue 8.4.
VALERIAN.
PAE RR TAN A.

HE flower is fortned of a fingle petal, hollowed, and crooked at the bottom, and divided into
five feoments at the edge. The cup is very fmall, and is divided in an extremely flight
manner into five fegments: in fome fpecies the divifion is fearce perceptible, The feed is naked,
fingles and of an oblong form; and winged with down. The leaves ftand in pairs,
In fome fpecies the outer fin of the feed is loofe ; and in thefe lefs accurate obfervers have {poke
of a feed-veffel,, fuppofing this fin a capfule ; but their difference from the réft ig more than this.
Linus places this genus among the ériandtia mondgyhid the threads in the flower being three,

’ and the ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle: But he is obliged to acknowledge vaft variations

in fome of the fpecies in this refpeét; fiich indeed as {peak very plainly the inipropriéty of the fyftém
he has eftablifhed. In fome fpecies there. are. but two threads in the flower, in others there is only one,

: in
8

340 The BRIT 1S ia» RB AVE:

in the generality three. In all thefe cafes the plants have the threads and the ftyle in the fame flower ;
but in others there are diftin&t male and female flowers. All this Linnzus acknowledges ; and he owns
alfo, that the plants are all fpecies of valerian. Let us reafon on this with impartiality. The having
one, two, or three threads, is, according to this author, the mark for plants belonging to one or an-
other clafs: therefore, as he allows all the fpecies in which thefe differences are found to be ftill vale-
rians, all plants of one and the fame genus, it follows, that, according to his method, the feveral
fpecies of the fame genus may belong to different claffes. This needs no remark, The {pecies of
valerian fhould, according to this author, have been placed afunder in four diftingt claffes: this ap-
pears by their parts, and by his characters ; both invariable, and incompatible with one another. His
fyftem, therefore, is not conformable to nature or reafon.

The author was himfelf fenfible of this; for he has not made different genera of thefe feveral wa-
lerians, but has placed them all together under one head in his clafs “of ¢riandria, following by force

the method of Nature in keeping them together, though to the everlafting difgrace of his fyftem,

Del VleS iO Ne I:

x. Great, fmooth Water Valerian.

Valeriana aquatica glabra maxima.

The root is compofed of numerous, thick
fibres, and fends out feveral creeping branches
juft under the furface. :

The firft leaves are large, and beautifully pin-
nated : each is compofed of five or fix pairs of
pinnee, fixed to a flender, redifh midle rib, with
an odd one at the end: they are of a pale green,
oblong, fomewhat broad, flightly indented at the
edges, and fharp-pointed.

The ftalk is round, upright, firm, ftriated,
rarely at all branched, and five feet high.

The leaves ftand on it in pairs in a regular and

beautiful manner: they are pinnated like thofe

from the root; and they are of a pale green.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks,;
and are {mall, and of a pale, but elegant flefh-
colour: they are placed in large, round tufts,
like umbells.

The feeds are fmall, oblong, and winged with
down.

It is common by, waters, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Valeriana fylveftris major 5 a
name moft others copy ; but it is improper, be-
caufe it does not diftinguifh it from a fpecies
next to be defcribed, which fhould be known dif-
tindtly, becaufe of its great virtues. It will be
better therefore to call it the great, fmooth water
valerian, and in Latin Valeriana aquatica glabra
maxima,

2, Wild Valerian.
Valeriana fylveftris montana.

The root is compofed of numerous, thick, |

whitifh fibres ; and is of a very ftrong and dif-
agreeable fmell, and of a pungent tafte.

The firft leaves are placed on flender footftalks ;
and they are compofed of five, fix, or more pairs
of pinne: they are of a dufky green, flightly
notched at the edges, and hairy.

The ftalk is firm, upright, ftriated, and a yard
high.

The Jeaves ftand in pairs, and are pinnated
like thofe from the root; but they are compofed

_ of more numerous pinne: there are eight or

more pairs on each; and they are narrow, fer-
rated, fharp-pointed, and of a faint green.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalk in a
large umbel : they are feparately very {mall ; and
their colour is white, with a faint tinge of flefh-

colour. ~

BR Ted 1S) Hs PB Cale c

The feeds are fingle, naked, and winged with
down.

It is common on heaths, and near woods, and
flowers in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Valeriana montana fylveftris
major. Rivinus, Valeriana fylveftris folio an-
guftiore.

This is a plant of very great virtues. The
root poffeffes them in the higheft degree; and it
is to be gathered before the herb rifes into a ftalk,
and dried for ufe : after this it may be given in
powder or tincture.

It is excellent againft nervous complaints. It
cures inveterate headachs, tremblings, palpita-
tions of the heart, vapours, and all that train of
miferable diforders included under the name of
nervous. It is alfo good in hyfterick cafes, greatly
promoting the menfes. Epilepfies have been
cured folely by this medicine.

Fabius Columna, an author of great know- '

ledge and ftrict veracity, gives a great account
of its virtues as experienced by himfelf; and the
late Dr. Douglas took pains to revive its ufe, to
the advantage of mankind. It is by his recom-
mendation reftored to the fhops, and makes a
very confiderable article in modern prefcription
for thofe cafes.

3. Small Wild Valerian.

Valeriana fylveftris minor.

The two former fpecies have the firtt leaves
that rife from the root, pinnated like thofe on the
ftalk ; but in thisand feveral others they are per-
feétly different. —

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
many fibres: ic fends off a kind of fhoots near
the head, which run under the furface; and from
thefe rife tufts of leaves in feveral places,

Thefe leaves, which rife immediately from the
root, or from its underground fhoots, are broad,
oblong, of a frefh green, and placed fingly on
long, flender footftalks. f

The ftalk is upright, ftriated, of a pale green,
and a foot high. .

The leaves on this are beautifully pinnated :
each is compofed of five or more pairs of flender,
oblong pinne, fixed to a middle rib, with a
larger at the end; and they are of a pale green,
fmooth, and not indented at the edges. .

The flowers ftand at the top of the ftalk, and
alfo on fhort footftalks rifing from the bofoms of
the upper leaves, in great regularity; and they

are

EE eee ee a ee

we 2

(

Th BRITISH HERBAL.

341

are of a pale flefh-colour : fingly they are fmall,
but the tufts of them are large and beautiful,
The feed is fmall, and fingle : it ftands na-
ked, and winged with down.
It is common in meadows, and flowers in July.
C. Bauhine calls it Valeriana paluftris minor.
Others, Valeriana fylveftris minor.

4, Little-flowered Marfh Valerian.
Valeriana paluftris floribus minimis.

The root is compofed of numerous, thick
fibres.

The firft leaves are placed fingly on long, flen-
der foorftalks ; and are oblong, undivided, and
of a dufky green.

The ftalk is upright, ftriated, not at all
branched, of a pale green, and two feet high.

The leaves on it are placed oppofite, and pin-

DIVISION IL

1. Garden Valerian.
Valeriana hortenfis major.

The root is long and thick: it runs obliquely
under the furface, and fends out many fibres.

The firft leaves rife in tufts on a kind of thick
fhoots from the main root : thef are placed fingly
on long, flender footftalks ; and they are oblong, ©
moderately broad, narrow at the bafe, obtufe at
the end, not at all divided-at the edges, and of a

" {trong and pleafant green.

The ftalk is round, upright, firm, and of a
pale green: it is not ftriated, as in the wild
kinds. : a,

The leaves on this are placed in pairs3 and |
they are large, pinnated, and of a paler green ;
each is compofed of about four pairs of pinnae,
with an odd one at the end of the rib; and thefe
are narrow, pointed, and undivided at the edges.
The flowers grow in large tufts at the top of
the ftalk, and of fhoots rifing from the bofoms of
the upper leaves ; and they are of a pale red.
The feed is fingle, large, and downy.
It is a native of Alface, but is kept in bardens
for its virtue. It flowers in Auguit. 3
C. Bauhine calls it Valeriana hortenfis, and
moft others copy that name. Some call it phy.

The root is good againft vertigoes, pains in the
head, and other nervous complaints. It is re-
commended alfo greatly againft malignant fevers.
The frefh root, given in decoction, operates by
urine, and is good againft obftructions of the vif-
cera. For nervous complaints it is beft given in”
powder 5 but the root of our common wild vale-
rian is greatly fuperior to it for this purpofe.

2. Red Valerian.

Valeriana floribus rubris caudatis,

The root is long, thick, and brown; and has
a few large fibres. 2

The firft leaves are oblong, broad, and of a
greyifh green: they have no footftalks and they |
are fmooth, undivided at the edges, and pointed
at the end.

The ftalk is round, upright for two-thirds of

its height, and of a greyith green: toward the
N° 34.

nated: the pinne are narrow ; and the colour is

‘| a pale green.

The flowers ftand in tufts at the top of the
ftalks ; and they are very fall, and of a faint
flefh-colour.

The feeds are large, fingle, obl 4
with down, Biers fneestad Bioess

July.

Ray calls it Valeriana fylveftris five paluftris mi-
nor altera.

All thefe fpecies agree in their nature and qua-
lities with the fecond kind ; but they poffefs them
in an inferior degree. The great care muft be
not to gather by miftake one of them for another,
This fingle caution may prevent the error, that
thefe grow in wet places, and that always in drys
upland ground,

FORELGN: SPECT 8

top it ufually bends, which is Owing to its flen-

dernefs, and to the weight of the tufts of dowers.

The leaves are placed on it in pairs ; and they
are oblong, broad, and of a bluifh green: they
have no footftalks: they are undivided at the
edges, and pointed at the ends.

‘The flowers grow in great clufters at the top
of the ftalk, and at the extremities of fhoots ri-
fing from the bofoms of the leaves: they are of a
beautiful red: their tubular part is very long

and flender, and terminates in a‘kind of fpur.

The feed is fingle, oblong, and winged with
down,
It is common wild in Italy on barren hilly
ground, and upon walls. It flowers in Auguft,
C, Bauhine calls it Valeriana rubra. Others,
Valeriana rubra Dodonei.

3. Narrow-leaved Small Valerian. ~
Valeriana minor anguftifolia.

The root is long; thick, brown, and furnifhed
with many fibres.

The firft leaves rife in a fmall tuft; and are
fupported on fhort footftalks : thefe are conti-
nued to the bafes of the leaves, and appear to be
only that part extended in length.

They are oblong, narrow, and of a frefh green,
fharp-pointed at the end ; and ufually there is one
indenting on the fide, and no more.

The ftalk is round, weak, and of a pale green:
it is ten inches high, rarely branched, and fearce
upright, the top ufually bowing,

The leaves on this refemble thofe from the
root ; but they are narrower: they have no foot-
ftalks. Their colour is a pale, yellowifh green ;
and they have one or two indentings.

The flowers ftand in clufters at the tops of the
ftalk, and of fhoots from the bofoms of the
leaves ; but they are not fo numerous as in the pre-

‘ ceding kinds : they are {mall, and of a pure white.

The feed is oblong, fingle, and winged with
down. 4

It is a native of the rocky mountains of Ger-
many, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Nardo Celtico fimilis inodora,
Others, Valeriana faxatilis, and Valeriana Alping
angufifolia. ;

\ 48 - 4. Celtick,

It is common in boggy places, and flowers in.

242 The

BR Fuss Aaa B eB AL;

4. Celtick Spikenard.
Valeriana foliis ovatis obtufis.

It was with reafon C, Bauhine named the laft
defcribed fpecies as refembling the Celtick JSpike-
nard ; for they are fo like in their general afpect,
that a common eye might take them for the fame
plant ; though, ona clofer examination, they are
found to differ widely.

The root of Celtick /pikenard is very long, thick,
and brown: it runs obliquely into the ground;
and has numerous, large, and long fibres: and its
furface is covered with a brown fcaly matter, the
remains of footftalks of former leaves: it is of a
fragrant fmell, as is alfo the whole plant.

The firft leaves rife in a confiderable tuft: they
are of an oblong form, but approaching to oval:
they have long bafes, which ferve as footftalks ;
and they are broad, and obtufe at the ends, not
at all indented at the edge, and of a fine green.

The ftalks are weak, flender, round, of a pale
green, and fix or eight inches high, i

The leaves on thefe are oblong, narrow, ob-
tufe, not at all indented, and of a fine ftrong
green.

The flowers ftand at the top in. fmall, but
thick tufts ; and they are of a beautiful pale red,
refembling that of a damafk rofe.

The feeds are fmall, oblong, and winged with
down.

It is common in France, Spain, and Italy. It
flowers in July. ‘

C. Bauhine calls it Nardus Celtica Diofcoridis,
Others, Nardus Celtica.

The root is celebrated as a cordial and fudori-

» fick: it is a warm and gentle medicine; and,

taken for a continuance in tin@ture or powder, it
ftrengthens the ftomach, prevents flatulencies,
and opens obftruétions of the vifcera.

Gig SEEN WU" aS Il.
BAMBS LET Pwe EB

VALERIANELL AZ.

HIE flower is formed of a fingle petal, which is tubular at the bottom, and crooked, and at the .
The cup is very fmall, and lightly indented in five places at

edge is divided into five fegments.

the rim. ‘The feed is fingle, naked, and is not winged with down.

Linnzus places this among the triandria monogynia; the threads in the fower being three, and the
flyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle. But he improperly joins it with the valerian ; whereas
not only the habit and general afpeét of the plant perfectly differs, but the feed has no dewn; which
is an effential, determinate, and properly generical character,

1. Common Lambs Lettuce.
Valerianella vulgaris caule dichotomo.

The root is fmall, oblong, and furnifhed with
a few fibres.

The firft leaves rife in a clufter, and are of a
faint pale green: they have no footftalks: they
are oblong, moderately broad, fmooth, undivi-
ded at the edges, and rounded at the end.

The ftalk is upright, weak, flender, and ten
inches high: it runs up fingle about half its
height, and there fplits into two parts ; and each
of thefe divide again once or more in the fame
manner ; fo that the top is fpreading and flat,

The leaves ftand in pairs; and are oblong,
and obtufe at the end: they have no footftalks,
and they are of a faint green,

The flowers are very fmall, and white, with a
flight tinge of blue: they ftand in fmall, thick
tufts at the tops of all the divifions of the ftalk.

The feeds are fingle, fmall, and naked,

Tt is common in corn-fields, and wild in gar-
dens. It flowers in May.

C.Bauhine calls it Valeriana campeftris inodora
major. Others, Valerianella, Laétuca agnina, and

Locufta.

The young leaves are eaten in fallads, and have

a pretty, but rather infipid tafte: they are very

wholefome.

The leaves of this plant vary extremely : na-
turally they are as here defcribed, undivided at

the edges, and obtufe at the end 3 but ina ftarved :

foil they will be narrower, fharp-pointed, and {er-

rated ; and fometimes they are divided more
deeply. Thefe, and other accidental Varieties of
a like kind, have been defcribed by authors as
diftin& fpecies; but the ftudent mutt avoid thofe
errors,

2. Great-feeded Lambs Lettuce,
Valerianella femine magno,

The root is fmall and fibrous.

The firft leaves are oblong, broad, obtufe,
large, and of a pale green.

The ftalk is a foot high, flender, whitith, and
upright, and divided at the top in the fame man-
ner as in the common kind, always by {plitting
into two. :

The leaves ftand in pairs; and they are ob-
long and fharply ferrated, and of a faint green,

The flowers ftand in fmall, thick tufts, and
are little and white, with a very flight tinge of
blue.

The feeds are fingle and large; and they have
a {welled look : one follows every flower.

It is common in corn-fields, and flowers in
July. ; .

Morifon calis it Valerianelle vulgaris fpecies ma-
jor ferotina ; and Ray takes the fame name.

That author mentions alfo a {mall kind, with
ferratéd leaves; but that, as we have obferved
before, is only a variety. This isa difting fpe-
cies. The whole afpe& and :fize of the plant,
and its late flowering, fhew this; and it is con-
firmed by the thape, fize, and fwelled look of the
feed, which is an abfolute and invariable cha-
racter, f

4 GENUS

a OE aS Se an ee

‘ Gay ck. +N

The BRE TSR On ERB AT ) ) 343

Wees Ii,

SEA-LAVENDER,
LIMONIU™M,

Ghee flower is compofed of four petals :
the top; and they unite fo as to form
{mall, formed of a fingle leaf, tubular,
the edge.

naked, and contained in the cup.

thefe are oblong, narrow at the bottom, and broad at
an oblong, flender tube,
and wide at the mouth:
There is befides this a common or general cup,
a long feries of them. This is of an imbricated form.

The cup to each flower is
: it is not divided, but is folded at
ferving to many flowers, and containing
The feed after every flower is fingle,

Linnzus places this among the pentandria pentagynia; the threads in the flower being five, and the

ftyles from the rudiment of the feed the fame in

number.
This author confounds the /ea lavender with thrift.

He takes away the generical name Limoniums

and makes all thefe plants fpecies of ffatice: but there is an abfolute and effential diftin@ion in the
general cup, which fupports that in the form and univerfal afpe&@. Thus Nature confirms her ob-
vious differences, and thus this author has confounded them 5 not heedlefsly, for he names this very

difference, acknowledging, that while the common cup of

flowers in a long feries, and is fimple,
prehends them ina round clufter. This we hall

the dimonium contains a great number of

and of an oblong form; that of Jtatice is triple, and com-
explain at large in its place, treating of fatice.

We have in this plant an inftance alfo of Linneeus’s error in feparating the naturally-allied genera

of the prefent clafs,
Aatice among the pentagynia,
ceeding genera.

Dil Val SIO Neu

1. Common Sea-Lavender,
Limonium vulgare,

The root is long, thick, divided, and fpread-
ing.

The leaves rife in a large tuft : they are
oblong, and confiderably broad: they have fhort
footftalks, and are of a deep, dufky, bluifh green.

The ftalk is round, firm, upright, and di-
vided into many branches : it is of a pale green,
and has no leaves,

The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches
in feveral long feries, principally on one fide ,
and they are fmail and purple.

The feed is fingle, fmall, roundifh, and brown.

Tt is common in falt marfhes, and about our
coafts. It flowers in June.

C, Bauhine calls it Limonium maritimum majus.
Others, Limonium vulgare,

The roots of this plant are powerfully aftrin-
gent: they may be given in decoétion, or in
powder ; and they ftop loofenefiés.

The feeds are good in the diabetes.

2. Dwarf Sea-Lavender.
Limonium foliis feffilibus parvuss,

The root is long, flender, of a redith colour,
and furnifhed with feveral fibres.
The leaves rife in a clufter; and are fmall, and
' of a pale bluifh green: they are oblong, nar-
row, and fharp-pointed ; and they have no foot-
ftalks, but rife from the root immediately by a’
narrow bafe.
The ftalks are numerous, flender, and divided

the valerian and valerianella being placed among the trigynia, and this and the
But this is little to what we fhall have occafion to obferve in-the fuc-

BRITISH: SPECIES:

into feveral branches: they are ufually naked,
asin the other ; but fometimes there grows a leaf
or two near their bafe, refembling thofe from the
root.

The flowers are fmall, and of a very pale
flefhy purple: they ftand in many long feries on
the tops of the branches.

It is common on our falt marfhes,
in May.

Some have confounded it with the former as a
variety ; bur its leaves fpeak it a perfe&tly difting
fpecies, :

Ray calls it Limonium minus.
nium parvum, ¢

and flowers

Others, Limo-
»,

3. Sea-Lavender, with umbellated flowers,
Limonium floribus umbellatis.

The root is long, thick, of a dufky brown,
and furnifhed with many fibres,

The leaves rife in a large tuft; and they are
long, narrow, fharp-pointed, of a deep green,
and placed on fhort, red footfkalks,

The ftalks are numerous, tall, thick, and di-
vided toward the top into numerous branches ; »
the height of the plant is a foot and half, and its
tops fpread two feet in breadth.

The flowers are fmail and purple: they ftand
at diftances from one another, and form a kind of
umbel.

It is common about our fouthern
flowers in July.

Ray calls it Limonium Anglicum minus. caulibus
ramofioribus, floribus in Jpicis rarius JSitis. Minus
is an ill term, for it often grows very large.

coafts, and

DIVI-

344 The BRITIS

H HERBAL ~

DLvV.ES LON A

Fine-leaved Sea-Lavender.
Limonium foliis tenuiffimis.

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
a few fibres. :

The firft leaves rife in a thick tuft; and they
are long, very flender, and grafly: fometimes
they are divided, but ufually quite fimple.

The ftalk is round, upright, and of a pale
green: it divides toward the top intoa vaft num-
ber of branches.

GG &

FOREIGN SPECIES.

The leaves on this are very fmall, oblong, and
compofed of a very few flender fegments.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks in
fhort clufters, and are of a pale red,

The feeds are fall, fingle, and naked.

Tt is a native of the coaft of Africa, and flowers
in June.

Plukenet calls it Limonium minimum comatun
elegans. :

Nee ig5 IV.

BASTARD TOADFLAX.

‘ TH ESS

IU M.

HE flower has no petals. The cup is formed of a fingle piece, lightly divided into five obtufe

a 0 fegments ; which ftand upright, and are coloured on the inner fide: fome have called them,
but erroncoufly, petals. The feed is fingle, roundifh, and naked: it remains in the bofom of the cup.
Linnzus places this among the pentandria monogynia ; the threads in the flower being five, and the

ftyle fingle.
He takes away its old name Jinaria adulterina,
ledged a very ill conftructed generical term.

DIVISTON I BR

Common Baftard Toadflax.
Thefium vulgare.

The root is long, thick, divided, and furnifhed
with numerous fibres.

The firft leaves rife in a tuft; and are oblong,
narrow, fharp-pointed, and undivided at the
edges: their colour is a pale green, and they
have no footftalks. » |

The ftalks are roundifh, upright, brown, and
a foot high: they are not much branched, and
they generally grow many together.

The leaves are numerous, and placed irregu-
larly: they are long, narrow, and fharp-pointed :
they have no footftalks; they are undivided at

the edges, and of a pale green.

DeieV. LS. O8N It: FO

1. Yellow-flowered Baftard Toadflax.
Thefium flove flavo.

The root is long, thick, brown, and furnifhed
with many fibres.

The ftalk is round, upright, flender, and ten
inches high.

The leaves ftand alternately ; and they are ob-

_ long and broad, of a pale green, undivided at the

edges, and obtufe at the end.

Ge Be N

and calls it thefium. The other muft be acknow-

TVD oTSsble “SPE C21 Rise

The flowers ftand in great number at the tops
of the ftalks in a kind of fpikes; and they look
white, the infide of the cup being of that colour,

The feed is fingle and large.

It is common on fome hilly grounds, and
flowers in June. :

C. Bauhine calls it Linaria montana flofculis al-
bicantibus. Others, fine linaria folio, and Li-
nophyllon. :

We have an inftance in this plant how very
carelefsly the old writers impofed names. There
is no refemblance of /izaria in the flower of this
plant. ‘The leaves and manner of growing were
the occafion of the title.

Its virtues are unknown.

Reel G N*™SeP2E © 1b 3s:

The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches

little, and of a gold yellow.

The feed is fingle, round, and naked.

It is common in the paftures of Virginia and
Penfylvania, and flowers in July.

Plukenet calls it Centaurium luteum aferyoides
Virginianum. Linneus, Thefium floribus umbella-
tis folits oblongis. 4

Ores V2

AGRIMONY.

AiGigk of MYON STA:

HE flower is compofed of five fmall petals : they are broad, and nipped at the top 5 and they have
narrow bafes, by which they adhere to the cup. The cup is double ; the inner one is fmall, and

ftands upon the rudiment of the fruit: this is div

ided flightly into five fegments, and it is hid as it

were by the other or outer, which is larger. The feed is fingle, naked, rough, and has a double kernel,
Linnzus places this among the dodecandria digynia ; the threads being twelve in each flower, and

the ftyles from the rudiment of the fruit two.

DIVI-
5

in fmall clufters about five together: they are

RE es Ae eS ee? om

real Soe water
Qlerian

Red Valerian |

"Nee Pat Le Click W/
mill Valerian Ol hen (: gniman Lal:
3 Lonunon Jeu

Lavender

(Gemma RS SARE LTR ste

ved Yellow Plovarl
Common Badan Pf edtara Ah Fouad law ©

eed, Zod. flaw

Aw,

Li vane Fae

Tmall Howertl

:. ae | ; Conunon Burnet

The BR I'TALSH: THOR RB Aste

345

DTV SHlQgn 1:

Common Agrimony.
Agrimonia vulgaris.

The root is formed of feveral thick, tough
fibres. ;

The firft leaves are numerous, large, and pin-
nated: they have fhort, redifh footftalks; and
each is compofed of about four pair of pinne,
with an odd one at the end: their colour is
a beautiful frefh green on the upper fide, and
greyifh underneath.

The ftalk is round, firm, upright, and two
feet high: it is thick, hairy, not at all branched,
and of a redifh colour,

_ The flowers are fmall, and of a gold yellow:
they are placed in a long, flender {pike at the top

of the ftalk.

DIVISION I. FO
Small-flowered Agrimony.
Agrimonia floribus parvis.

The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with
many fibres.

The firft leaves rife in a fmall tuft; and are’
oblong, and irregularly pinnated : each is com-
pofed of four or five pairs of {mall pinnz, of an
uncertain fize, arranged in-pairs along a middle
rib; at the extremity of which there ftand three
larger and more regular fegments: they are of a
deep green on the upper fide, and grey under-
neath.

Guar

N vu

BRITISH SPECIES.

The feeds are large and rough, with a kind of
hooked hairs,

Itis common in our paftures, and flowers in July,

C. Bauhine calls it Eupatorium veteruar, Sive
Agrimonia, Others, Agrimonia, and. Agrimonia
vulgaris.

It is a diuretick and deobftruent, greatly re-
commended by the antients, but very much
neglected in the prefent pra@ice. It Opens ob-’
ftru@ions of the vifcera, and is good in the
jaundice. It alfo gently and fafely promotes the
menfes. \

The frefh leaves make a tea not unpleafant ;
and, taken conftantly in this method, the effect
will be very happy in regularly bringing on that
difcharge. A fyrup of the root is alfo recom-
mended againft catarrhs.

REIGN SPECLES.

Thé ftalk is round, upright, hairy, redifh, and
a foot and half high.

The leaves on the lower part of this refemble
thofe from the root; but thofe toward the top are
compofed only of three fegments, fuch as termi-
nate the three others.

The flowers are fmall and yellow.

The feeds are large, naked, and fmooth.

It is common among trees in Italy, and flowers
in Auguft. 104)

C. Bauhine calls it Agrimonte similis: Others,
Agriminioides.

S VI.

eH OR AE Ts

Se Tete Tens) Caaees

HE, flower is formed of five petals, narrow at the bafe, broader toward the top, and joined at
ap the fides fo as to form a kind of bell. There are two cups, one proper and particular to each

flower, the other general or comnvon to the whole tuft. The proper cup is formed of a fingle leaf,
and is of a hollow fhape, narrow at the bafe, and wide at the rim, where it is folded or. wrinkled,
but not cut into fegments. The general cup is triple, and it collects the whole tuft of fowers into a
kind of round head. The feed is fingle and {mall, roundifh, and placed naked in the proper cup of
each flower. s
Linnzus places this among the pentandria pentagynia; the threads in the flower being five, and the

ftyles of the fame number.

Common Thrift.
16 Statice vulgaris.

The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with a
few fibres: toward the top it ufually divides into
two or three heads ; and from each of thefe rifes
a large clufter of leaves. ‘

The leaves are long, narrow, and grafly : their
colour is a bluifh green; and they are fmooth,
undivided at the edges, and fharp-pointed.

The ftalk rifes in the centre of a tuft of thefe
leaves ; and it is round, upright, fimple, naked,
and of a pale greyifh green.

The flowers ftand at the top, a great number
together, in a round clufter: they are moderately

. Lobel, Caryophyllus marinus minimus.

large, and of a pale flefhy purple.
N° 34. :

The feed is fmall, round, and of a deep brown.

It is common about our fea-coafts, and flowers
in June.

Its regular growth, and the beauty of its fowers,
have introduced it into gardens, where it feryes
inftead of box for the edgings of borders,

C. Bauhine calls it Caryophyllus montanus minor.
Others,
Statice montana.

The addition of montana is not abfurd, for in
many parts of Europe it is frequent on hills far
from the fea. Culture makes variations in this
plant; but there is no other known {fpecies dif-
tinét from this.

The root is faid to be aftringent ; but it is not
ufed.

iE GENUS

346

The BRETISH HER BAL

G E

S VII.

BrUPRN, EL.

SANGUISORBA.

WP HE Rowet is compofed of a fingle petal,

deeply divided into four fegments: thefe are broad,

and obtufe at the end, narrow at the bafe, and united only at their very bottoms; fo that the

flower, to an incurious obferver, would feem to have four petals.
they ftand oppofite to one another, and they fall with the

fmall leaves: thefe are fhort and broad:

The cup is compofed of two

flower. The feed is fingle, naked, and roundith, and has a double kernel.

Linnzus places this among the tetrandria monogynia ;

ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit being fingle.

1. Common Burnet.
Sanguiforba vulgaris.

The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with
many fibres.

The firft leaves are long, and very beautifully
pinnated : each is compofed of fix or mote pairs
of pinne, with an odd one at the end; and thefe
are fhort, broad, ferrated, and fharp-pointed.
Their colour is a beautiful green.

The ftalk is fender, upright, and toward the
top it is divided into feveral branches : the leaves
on it are like thofe from-the root, each compofed
of feveral pairs of dentated piane, with an odd
one at the end.

The flowers are placed in fmal] oblong heads

at the tops of the branches : thefe heads are
brown, but the flowers themfelves are of a faint

purple.

The feeds are fmall and cornered.

It is common by road-fides, and in hilly paf-
tures. It flowers in June. :

C. Bauhine calls it Sanguiforba minor, Others,
Pimpinella vulgaris, and Pimpinella fanguiforba mi-
nor.

» 2. Great Burnet.
| Sanguiforba major.
The root is compofed of numerous thick fibres.

G 1

Ne Uses

the threads in the flower being four, and the

The firft leaves are large and pinnated: each
is compofed of three or four pairs of pinnz, with
an odd one at the end; and thefe are oblong,
moderately broad, and fharp-pointed, ferrated at
the edges, and of a deep green.

The ftalk is upright, flender, branched, and
two feet high.

The leaves on this refemble thofe from the
root; but they are fmaller.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches
in fhort oblong heads: they are of a very faint
and dull purplifh colour; and the heads are
brown between them.

The feeds are {mall and cornered.

It is common in paftures, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Sanguiforba major.

_ Thefe two fpecies have the fame general qua-
lities; but the firft poffeffes them in the greater
degree. It is a cordial and fudorifick : it wa,
much ufed formerly to give a flavour to wine;
but it is now neglected.

It is an aftringent of confiderable power. The
root dried and powdered ftops purgings; or it
may be given in form of a ftrong decoétion to the.
fame purpofe. The juice of the leaves is good
againft hemorrhages.

VII.

MEADOW-RUE.
Tet A Pele dl: 4 Cah Tie Re Oe VE.

HE flower is compofed of four petals :. they are roundifh, and hollowed, and are of fhort dura-
tion. There isno cup. The feed is fingle after every flower, and it is furrounded by a rough

wrinkled fkin.

The leaves are divided into many parts, and the flowers grow in clufters,

Linnzus places this among the polyandria polygynia ; the threads in the flower being numerous, and
growing to the receptacle 3 and the ftyles from the rudiment of the feed alfo numerous.

DIVISION L

1. Common Meadow-Rue.
Lhalifirum vulgare.

The root is compofed of innumerable long,
thick, and fpreading fibres, :

The ftalk is firm, upright, ftriated, purplifh
toward the bottom, and three feet high.

The leaves are large, and very beautifully divi-
ded or compofed of numerous fmall parts, placed

BRITIS Has PE CWE S.

on feparate fhort footftalks, on a large divided
rib: thefe are notched at the edges, efpecially to-
ward the points ; and are of a bluifh green, but
deep and dufky. ;

The flowers are fmall and whitifh: they ftand
in great clufters on the ftalks.

The feeds are brown.

It is common in meadows, and flowers in
July.

C. Bauhine

The

BERAWT Sha AGE RELA Be

347

C. Bauhine calls it Thaliétrum majus fliqua
angulofa firiata. - Others, Thaliffrum vulgare,
and Thaliéirum majus, or Thaliétrum caule nigri-
cante.

2. Small Meadow-Rue.
Thaliftrum minus,

The root is long, flender, and creeping.

The ftalk is round, of a pale brown, upright,
fearce at all branched, and about eight inches
high, - ;

The leaves ftand irregularly on it ; and they are
very beautiful: they are in the whole confiderably
large; but they are compofed of many {mall parts,
placed ona divided rib; and thefe are fhort, broad,
and dented at the end. The whole tuft is of a
tender fubftance, and deep purplifh green colour.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalk in a
kind of umbel: they are fmall, and of a pale
yellow.

The feeds are large, and their creft is wrinkled
and brown.

It is found on hilly paftures in many parts of
the kingdom, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it ThaliG&rum minus; a name
copied by others.

3. Little broad-leaved Meadow-Rue.
Thalitirum minus foliis latioribus.

The root is compofed of tough, flender fibres.
The ftalk is round, upright, a foot high,
branched, and of a purplith colour, efpecially to-
ward the root.
.” The leaves are large, and of a dufky gréen:

DIVISION IL

Narrow-leaved Meadow-Rue.
Thaliéirum anguftifolium.

The root is compofed of numerous tough, yel-
low threads.

The ftalk is round, flender, purplifh, upright,
not at all branched, and a foot high.

The leaves are large, and of a frefh green:
they are divided into numerous flender parts, and
thefe are undivided at the edges, and fharp-
pointed. 3 :

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks in
fpiked clufters; and they are {mall and white,
with a faint tinge of purple. -

G E

Nie Ui eeS

they are compofed of many parts, as in the former: -
fpecies ; but thefe are broader and larger than in
any other, of a deep green, and nipped at the
top. :

The flowers grow in a broad tuft at the top of
the ftalk ; and are fmall and whitifh,
faint tinge of yellow.

The feeds are fmall.

It iscommon on the Welch mo
flowers in May. -

Ray calls it Tbalifrum minus mont
tioribus.

with a very

untains, and

‘anum foltis la-

4. Meadow-Rue with thining leaves,
Thalittrum foliis {plendentibus,

The root is fmall, and creeps under the fur.
face,

The ftalk is ftriated, weak, and not much
branched: it is about a foot hi

gh, but rarely
ftands quite erect.

The leaves are large; and each is compofed
of numerous, broad fegments, placed on fhort
footftalks : thefe are nipped at the tops and fides,
The whole leaf is of a deep blackifh green on the
upper fide, and of a greyith green underneath,

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks in
rounded fcattered tufts: they are white and fmall,

The feeds are fmall ; and their coat is rough
and purplifh. ,

It sis a native of our northern counties, and
thrives beft on damp ground upon hills, It
flowers in April, and dies to the ground foon
after.

Ray calls it Thalifrum minimum montanum ru-
bens foliis [plendentibus, ;

REIGN SPECIES.

The feeds have a rough, brown coat.

It is found in the woods of Germany near
fprings. It flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Thaliftrum pratenfe angupif-
Simo folio. Others, Thalifirum foliis gramineis.

Thefe plants are not diftinguifhed by any par-
ticular virtues by authors ; but they deferve fome
notice. The country-people in Buckingham fhire
boil the roots and young leaves of the common
kind in ale, and take this as a purge. In a fmall
dofe it works by urine, and is good againft ob-
ftructions of the vifcera.

FoUeM LT OFR WY:

Be UM wrAGoRs wad:

HE flower is formed in the manner of the papilionaceous kind, but terminates behind in a fpur-
T The cup is compofed of two leaves, fmall, and placed oppofite. The feed is naturally fingle,

and inclofed in a loofe fkin.

The leaves are divided, and the flowers are fmall.

Linnzus places this among the diadelphia hemandria ; the buttons on the threads in the fower be-

ing fix, and arranged in two affortments.

There is no genus in which Nature wantons fo much. This Linnzeus is obliged to acknowledge,
who has placed it among his diadelpbia; and it is as needful to be mentioned here, where, after the
method of Mr. Ray, it is placed with the ¢baliffrum, among the fingle-feeded plants,

4 The

348

The BRITISH HERBAL.

The feed, which is naturally fingle, and has its outer fkin loofe, in fome fpecies, has that membrane

{welled into a kind of capfule ; and in fome others there is no cup to the flower.

The analogy of

parts in general fhew thefe however to be true {pecies of fumitory, and all authors have perceived
it: therefore it is proper to keep them under the fame generical name. ; :

Dele VaileSelo ON ale

1. Common Fumitory.

Fumaria vulgaris.

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
many fibres.

The ftalk is weak, of a pale green, fcarce up-
right, divided into many branches, and a foot
high.

The leaves are large, and of a faint green:
they are divided into innumerable fmall parts,
placed on a branched rib; and they are of a flen-
der fubftance.

The flowers ftand in fpikes at the tops of the
ftalks and branches; and they are of a mixed
red, partly flefh-colour, and partly purple.

The feed is large and brown.

It is common in our corn-fields, and in all
other cultivated ground. It flowers in June.

C. Baubine calls it Pumaria officinarum et Diofco-
ridis, Others, Fumaria vulgaris.

2. Great Ramping Fumitory.

Lumaria major.

The root is long, thick, white, and furnifhed
with a few ftrageling fibres of the fame colour.

The ftalks are weak, and of a pale green,
branched; and, when they can fupport them-
felves among buthes, two feet high.

The leaves are large, and of a whitifh green:
they are divided into numerous parts, or com-
pofed of many fegments, as in the other; but
thefe are broader.

The flowers fand in long, loofe fpikes at the
tops of the ftalks, and on footftalks rifing from
the bofoms of the leaves: they are large, and
of a pale red.

The feeds are mall and brown.

DrvarsTo Nan” “Fo

Hollow-rooted Fumitory.

Fumaria radice cava.

The root is large, roundifh, and hollow ; and
it is furnifhed with abundance of fibres.

The ftalk is weak, of a whitifh green, and
about a foot high, but indifferently ereé&t, and
divided into many branches.

The leaves are large, and compofed of nume-
rous oblong indented fegments: they are fupported
on feparate footftalks ; and they are of a pale

bluifh green.

The END of te TWENTIETH CLASS,

B Rel el SH sob Col Bas:

It is common in hedges at the fides of plowed
lands, and flowers in Auguft. .

Ray calls it Fumaria major feandens flore palli=
diore.

3. Broad-leaved climbing Fumitory.
Fumaria latifolia claviculata.

This is a fpecies fo extremely different from
the other in its form, that Mr. Ray has placed it
in another clafs; but it is properly and truly a ;
kind of fumitory.

The root is fmall, divided into feveral parts,
and furnifhed with numerous fibres.

The ftalk is round, weak, of a pale green, and
very much branched: it is a foot high, but very
weak, and unable to fupport/itfelf upright, ex-
cept by climbing ;. for which purpofe Nature hag
given it many tendrils at the ends of the branches.

The leaves are broad and fharp-pointed : they
grow in {mall clufters, and their colour is a bluith
green.

The flowers fland three or four together in little
heads on footftalks rifing from the bofoms of the
leaves: they are fmall and white, with a faint
tinge of purple.

The feeds are fmall and brown,

It is common under hedges in our northern
counties, but it is more fcarce elfewhere. Tce
flowers in Auguft.

C, Bauhine calls it Fumaria claviculis donata.
Others, Fumaria alba latifolia claviculata.

The common fumitory is good againt {corbutick
diforders.. The juice may be taken in dofes of
four fpoonfuls; and it will operate gently by
{tool at firft, but only asa deobftruent and fweet-
ener of ‘the blood afterwards.. Some fmoak the
dried leaves in the manner of tobacco for difor-
ders of the head, with fuccefs. :

RE GoN oS Reba Ets;

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks in
fpikes, and they are of a pale red.

It is a native of the warmer parts of Europe,
and flowers in May. °

C. Bauhine calls it Fumaria bulbofa. Others,

Fumaria radice cava, and Radix cava major flore
purpureo.

Its virtues are the fame with thofe of the com-
mon fumitory ; and, where it grows wild, it is ufed
to the fame purpofe.

H &E

THE

BRUT CGH: 4 beh

GLLPPOGGLSSISRLIOOOOLGS EGE LOL OOS OS GOEL SGRSLEDEHEY

CUA. S Si Rods

Plants which have labiated flowers, with four feeds following each, and placed
naked in the cup; and whofe leaves fiand in pairs upon the fralks.

HIS is a clafs as obvioufly diftinguithed by Nature, and as perfectly feparated from all others,

| as any the whole feries of plants affords; and the generality of authors have paid fo

much regard to thefe her obvious chara¢ters, as to keep them together. They make the
verticillate plants of Mr. Ray and others. °

They could not but be kept together by all who formed their fyftems on the great and plain
marks impreffed on plants; becaufe they fo perfectly, and in fo many charatters, refemble one an-
other, that they are plainly a fingle family ; to which no plant can be added, and from which none can
be feparated without violence to the moft effential diftinétions: but the modern methods pay very
little regard to Nature. ; ;

Linneus feparates defony and vervain by twelve claffes: not becaufe one has, and the other
has not labiated flowers, leaves in pairs, and four naked feeds; for in thefe moft effential characters
they agree: but becaufe detony has four threads in the flower, two of which are longer, and two
fhorter, it is placed among the didynamia ; and becaufe vervain has only two, it ftands among the
diandria, feparated from the reft of the labiated naked-feeded kind, and joined with /peedwell and en-
chanters night/bade.

“This may ftand as an inftance of the impropriety of modern fyftems. The reader will pardon me
the unwilling tafk of producing more on this occafion, fince he will difcern them in the characters of
the genera.

ELLIBLILSHSHSOSHOGGIS HOPS SSSI HOLSRSSPSHSSSII IGS

SeeBereR® 1) Beas I.
Natives of BRITAIN.

Thofe of which one or more fpecies are naturally wild in this country.

G E N Wear S I.
MOTHER OF THYME. .
SUR RSP eal, De eUicg Ve

HE flower is of the labiated kind, formed of a fingle petal, and gaping at the thouth. The

upper lip is obtufe and {mall : the lower lip is longer, and divided into three fegments ; the

middle one of which is larger than the others. “The cup is divided into two lips; and the feeds are
naked, fmall, and round. :

Linnaeus places this among the didynamia gymnofpermia s the threads in the flower being two longer
and two fhorter, and the feeds having no covering. He includes in the fame genus feveral plants not
properly belonging to it 5 and, inftead of ferpyllum, calls it thymus. This is a matter of indifference,
for either name will do for both shyme and mother of thyme ; but as we have moft of the Jferpyllums, I

have taken that.

N° XXXV. ; 4U DIV I-

‘Phe oBiR? P°l- se ER BAL

Delve! 1 OAN: “Les BRAT: 1yS Hg Soh aS 1 Eas;

‘ y. Common Mother of Thyme.
Serpyllum vulgare.

The root is fmall, fibrous, and hard. ~

The ftalks are numerous, weak, and trailing :
they are of a purplith colour toward the bot-
tom, green at the top, and branched: they are
fix or eight inches long ; and as they {pread every
way from-the root, they naturally form a large
tuft.

The leaves are fmall, and placed in pairs with-

“out footftalks: they are of an oval figure, but
pointed ; and their colour is a deep green.

The flowers ftand in fmall tufts at the tops of
all the ftalks and branches; and they are mode-
rately large, and of a beautiful purple.

The feeds are fmall, blackifh, and round.

It is common on heaths in dry paftures, and
by road-fides. It flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Serpyllum vulgare minus.
Others, Serpyllum vulgare. Our people, Mother
of thyme, and Wild thyme.

Tc is excellent againft nervous diforders, An
infufion of it made, and drank in the manner of

tea, is pleafant; and is an excellent remedy for

head-achs and giddinefs, and other diforders of
that kind. It certainly cures that troublefome
difeafe the nightmare. A gentleman afflicted ter-
ribly with that complaint took a ftrong infufion
of this by way of remedy, and was free many
years. Afterwards the diforder returned, but al+
ways gave way to the fame remedy.

The flowers of the common mother of thyme are
fometimes larger, and fometimes fmaller. Hence
fome authors have divided the plant into two
fpecies ;| but I have often feen both in the fame
fpot of ground, where they have plainly rifen from
the fame feed.

2. Broad-leaved Mother of Thyme,
Serpyllum foliis latioribus.

The root is long, flender, and hard, and has
many very fmal!l fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, tolerably upright, of
a woody hardnefs, and of a brown colour.

The leaves ftand in pairs; and they are oblong
and broad, obtufe at the ends, and of a deep
dufky green.

The flowers ftand in longifh tufts at the tops
of the ftalks; and are large, and of a faint red,
often white.

Four feeds follow each ; and they are roundifh,
very {mall, of a deep brown, and glofly.

The plant is larger, and grows more erect than
the common mother of thyme.

C, Bauhine calls it Serpyllum vulgare majus,
Others, Serpylluim latifolium.

It is common in our fouthern counties, and
flowers in June. ;

3. Lemon Thyme.
Serpyllum folio longiore citratum.

The root is long, thick, divided, and furnifhed
with many fibres,

The ftalks are numerous, round, firm, branched,
of a pale green, and five or fix inches long, partly .
procumbent, and partly raifed upright.

The leaves are oblong and broad, fharp-pointed,
and of a pale green.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks and
branches ; and they are of a pale red.

The feeds are fmall, and brown. :

The whole plant has a very agreeable fmell,
an aromatick with a citron, or lemon-flavour.

We have it wild in our fouthern counties, and
it is cultivated in our gardens; but there is no
difference except in fize. It flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Serpyllum foliis citri edore.
Others, Serpyllum citratum, and Thymus citrei
odore. 5

4. Narrow-leaved fmooth Mother of Thyme.
Serpyllum anguftifolium glabrum.

The root is long and flender, and has a few
fibres.

The ftalks are weal, trailing, brown, branched,
and eight inches long.

The leaves are longifh, narrow, {fmooth, and
of a deep green.

The flowers are numerous, and of a faint red,

The feeds are larger than in moft of the pre-
ceding kinds, and of a purplith brown. -

It is found on heaths in Kent and Suffex, and
flowers in June. :
C. Bauhine calls it Serpyllum anguftifolium gla-
brum.

5. Hairy Mother of Thyme.
Serpyllum hirfutum folio oblongo obtufore.

The root is long, flender, and brown,

The ftalks are very numerous, weak, and trail-
ing: they are of a purplifh colour, and very
much branched. a

The leaves are oblong, tolerably broad, and
obtufe : they are of a pale green, and hairy.

The flowers are fmall: they ftand at the tops
of the ftalks in little hairy heads; and are natu-
rally of a faint red, but often white.

The feeds are {mall and blackith.

We have it on the heaths'in Surry. It flowers
in July.

Ray calls it Serpyllum vulgare hirfutum.

6. Broad-leaved great Mother of Thyme.
Serpyllum latifolium fruticofius.

The root is large and fpreading,

The ftalks are thick, round, upright, very
much branched, and fix or eight inches high:
they fpread themfelves out into tufts, which have
a fhrubby afpect,

The leaves are broad and fhort, of a deep
green, and hairy. :

The flowers are large, and of a faint purple;
and the feeds are very minute, roundifh, and
black. :

We have it on the Welch mountains. It
flowers in Auguft. :

C. Bauhine calls it Serpyllum latifolium birfu-
tum.

7. Creeping

Th BRITISH HERBAL,

354

7. Creeping fcentlefs Mother of Thyme.
Serpyllum repens inodorum. ,

The root is fmall and thready.

The fhoots that grow firft from it lie upon the
ground, ‘and take root in different places.

The ftalks which rife from thefe are weak,
flender, purple, and often branched.

The leaves are oblong, narrow, hairy, and of

DIVWISTON Ih

Garden- Thyme.
Thymum vulgare.

The root is compofed of innumerable fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, hard, woody, brown,
very much branched, and ten inches high.

The leaves are fhort, broad, pointed, and of a
dufky green.

The flowers are fmall, very numerous, ‘and of
a pale red. ; ;

The feeds are little, roundifh, brown, and
glofty.

a dufky green: they have nothing of ‘that fpicy
{mell fo prevalent in the others,

The flowers are fmall, and of a faint purple :
they ftand in clufters at the tops of the ftalks.

The feeds are fmall and blackith.

It is a native of Ireland, and flowers in June.

Ray calls it Serpyllum birfutum repens minus ino=
dorum. ; ‘

FOREIGN SPECIES,

It is a native of Italy ; but we have it for thé
fervice of the kitchen in every garden. It flowers
in June.

C.Bauhine calls it Thymam wulgaré. Others;
Thymum durius,

It is a good aromatick; ftrengthens the fto-
mach, difperfes flatulences, and does fervice iri
nervous complaints. The beft way of taking it
is in infufion. If it were not fo common at our
tables, it would be more regarded as a medicines

G E N U S II,
MINT.
WEEN 1 Ey,

HE flower is compofed of a fingle petal, tubular at the bottom, and divided at the edge into
four parts; the upper fegment of which is broader than the others, and nipped at the end. The
cup is formed of a fingle piece, divided into five flight fegments at the edge, and it remains as a co-
vering for the feeds ; which are four in number, and fmall. :
Linnzus places this among the didynamia gymnofpermia; two of the four threads in the flower bes
ing longer than the others, and the feeds ftanding in the cup naked. This author joins very im-
properly under the fame name pennyroyal; a plant of a genus perfectly difting,

DIVISION I.

t. Hairy verticillate Water-Mint.
Mentha aquatica hirfuta verticillata.

The root is fmall, flender, and creeping.

The ftalks are numerous and branched: they
are a foot long, but not very upright; and they
are fquare, of a pale green, and lightly hairy.

The leaves have fhort, hairy footftalks: they
are oblong, moderately broad, and dented at the
edges. Their colour is a faint green.

The flowers ftand at the joints in clufters, fur-
rounding the ftalk ; they are fmall, and of a pale
red.

The feeds are minute and brown.

It is common about waters, and often gets into
corn-fields. It flowers in April, and continues
to Augutt. k

C. Bauhine calls it Calamintha arvenfis verticil-
lata, Others, Mentha arvenfis verticillata bir-

Suta,
2. Smooth verticillate Water-Mint.
"Mentha aquatica verticillata glabra.

The root is fibrous.
The ftalks lie upon the ground: they are

BRITISH

SPECIES,

fquare, weak, fmooth, purplifh, and Six of eight
inches long, but rarely branched.

The leaves have fhort footftalks: they are
fmall, oblong, fmooth, dented at the edges, and
fharp-pointed. Their natural colour is a dufky
green; but they are often red.

The flowers are fmall, and of a faint purple:
they grow at the joints in clufters, furrounding
the ftalk.

It is fourid in our midland counties by the fides
of-brooks, and flowers in Auguft.

Lobel calls it Calamintha aquatica Belgarum et
Matthioli. Others, Mentha aquatica exigua ver-
ticillata,

3. Round-leaved aromatick Mint.
Mentha aromatica folio rotundiore.

The root is compofed of numerous; long, and
flender fibres. 2

The ftalks are weak, {quare, partly procum-
bent, and partly upright; of a purplifh colour,
and a foot or more in height. ‘

The leaves have very fhort footftalks: they

are broad, fhort, roundifh, fharp-pointed, and
tharply ferrated about the edges. ;
3 The

452 The BRITIS

He Hy BER? BE As d

The flowers furround the ftalks at the joints in
little clufters ; they are moderately large, and of
a deep purple.

The whole plant has-a very fragrant fmell.

It is common in the ifle of Ely. It flowers in
July.

Ray calls ic Mentha arvenfis verticillata folio ro-
tundiore oaore aromatico. .

4. Curled Mint.
Mentha crifpa verticillata.

The root creeps under the furface, and fpreads
abundantly.

The ftalks are numerous, fquare, and of a pur-
plifh colour : they are a foot and half in length ;
but they lic in a great meafure upon the ground ;
and they are not much branched, but have many
fhoots from the bofoms of the leaves.

The leaves are oblong, broad, and of a pale
green: they are not at all hairy; bue they are
often wrinkled, and fometimes curled at the
edges.

The flowers furround the ftalks at the joints;
and they are fmall and purple.

It is common wild about waters; and at one
time was frequent in gardens, but the /pear-mint
has there taken its place. It flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Mentha crifpa verticillata.
Others, from the common rednefs of its ftalk,
Mentha fativa rubra.

5. Common red Mint.
Mentha rubra vulgaris.

The root is long, flender, and creeping.

The ftalk is firm, upright, fquare, and two
feet high.

The leaves are oblong, narrow, ferrated at the-
edges, and fharp-pointed: they have fhort foot-
flaiks ; and they are of a pale green, but they
often grow red. 1

The flowers ftand in fimall circular tufts round
the ftalks at. the places where the upper leaves
grow 5 and they are of a pale red.

This is one of thofe mints we have wild in our
watery places, and ufed to cultivate; but: the
JSpear-mint has rendered it neglected. |

C. Bauhine calls it Mentha bortenfis verticillata
ocymi odere. Others, Mentha cardiaca, and Men-

tha fufca.

6. Water-Mint.
Mentha aquatica folio brevi lato.

The root is compofed of a multitude of flender
fibres, which penetrate deep, and {pread every way.

The ftalk is fquare, upright, not much
branched, but full of young fhoots from the
leaves ; and it is two feet or more in heicht,
very upright, and of a robuft afpeét. ‘

The leaves are broad and fhort: they have mo-
derately long footftalks ; and they are largeft at
the bafe, fharp-pointed, and fharply ferrated at
‘the edges. Their colour is naturally a deep plea-
fant green 5 but they frequently grow redifh.

The flowers are moderately large, and of a
pale red: they are placed in large, round heads
upon the tops of the flalks.

It is common about waters

> and flowers in
June. i

The whole plant has a ftrong fmell, and an
acrid tafte, in fome degree approaching to that
of pepper-mint.

C. Bauhine calls it Mentha rotundifolia paluftris
fet aquatica major, Others, Mentha aquatica,
and /ifyaibrium. :

4. Hairy Water-Mint.
Mentha aquatica folio brevi hirfuto.

The root is compofed of fibres, and fends out
creeping fhoots every way to a great diftance.

The ftalk is fquare, upright, hairy, of a brownifh
or redifh colour, and about a foot and half high.

The leaves are broad, fhort, and roundith ;
but they have a long, fharp point.

The flowers are fmall, and of a very pale purples

. and they are placed in thick, roundith clufters at

the tops of the ftalks and branches.

It is all over covered with a fhort, light haity-
nefs, of a greyith colour.

We have it common about ftanding waters, and
it flowers in July.

J. Bauhine calls it Mentha aquatica’ five fifjm-

, brium birfutius. Others, Sifymbrium birfutum, and

Sifymbria mentha,

Its tafte is acrid, but difagreeable.

8. Small-leaved hairy Water-Mint.
; Mentha aquatica birfuta foliis minoribus.

The root is flender and creeping.

The ftalk is fquare, firm, upright, redifh, and
a foot and half high.

The leaves have fhort footftalks: they are
fmaller than in the preceding fpecics, of a pale
green, and hairy: they are deeply and fharply
ferrated at the edges, and fharp-pointed.

The flowers are large, and of a beautiful flefh-
colour: they ftand in fmall, round clufters upon
the tops of the branches.

The whole plant has a very fragrant {mell,

‘ fomewhat refembling that of a fine Seville orange,

It is common about waters in Cambridge thire,
and fome other places. It flowers in Auguft.

Ray calls it Mentha fifymbrium difa hirfuta glo-
merulis ac foliis minoribus & rotundioribus.

g. Rough-leaved fpiked Mint,
Mentha fpicata folio rugofiore.

The root is flender and creeping. ‘

The ftalk is {quare, robuft, upright, of a pur-
plifh colour, two feet high, and not much
branched.

The leaves have fhort footftalks: they are
long, narrow, fharp-pointed, and fharply ferra-
ted along the edges: their furface is rough, and
their colour a deep dufky green.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks and
branches in long, flender fpikes : they are {mal},
and of a faint purple.

It is not uncommon about waters in Kent, and
fome other counties. It flowers in Auguft.

Ray calls it Mentha anguflifolia fricata glabra
folio rugofiore odore graviore, ;

1o. Broad- |

ame
owe (prunionFumiters pa

Mapa lead

Small M Ly

4 © fine.

§
NS ;

_ ‘

Wd :

P 4 :
a NF, A

5 PLS

_ C Broad teavil (lint

cig ie) Ri
4 . ere D a) : " * te as Y j
’ VERE ye Willow rooled. Fimnilory,
a ; sah
{
}

Garden Thyme. a SO
St a aeee “Mar wertictllale’
Matlir Mint,

Sndllleavid hairy ee
WALA? Fro.

, Spihid Horse Wurt

a Sor : C ia de ; ey : '
Pepper Mint Danish aald mint

ae pear Mint AN

Tie & BR MT Sk: IHOR RR ASIP =

_ 353.

10, Broad-fpiked Mint.
Meutha Spica latiore foliis glabris,

The root is {mall and creeping.

The ftalk is firm, fquare, erect, brown, not
much branched, and a foot and half high.

The leaves have fhort footftalks: they are ob-
long, fmooth, moderately indented, and fharp-
pointed.

The flowers crow at the tops of the ftalks and
branches in long, large, and hairy fpikes, which
are of a flatted figure: they are of a pale flefh-
colour.

Tt is found in wet places in Effex, and flowers
in July.

Ray calls.it Mentha fpicata anguftifolia glabra
Spica latiore.

11. Broad-leaved fpiked Mint,
Mentha latifolia fpicata:

The foot is compofed of innumerable fibres.

‘The ftalk is upright, branched, fquare, fmooth,
a pale green, but often red toward the bottom,
and half a yard high. :

The leaves ftand on fhort footftalks: they are
oblong, broad, of a frefh and beautiful green, and
fharp-pointed. -

‘The flowers ftand in long and moderately thick
fpikes, and are of a deep purple. ‘

We have it in Effex, and in Surry: It flowers
in July.

Ray calls it Mentha Jpicata glabra latiore folio.

12, Broad, whitifh leaved Horfe-Mint, with a
: thick fpike.
Mentha foliis cinereis latioribus, fpica craffa.

The root is compofed of numerous thick fibres.

The ftalk is fquare, weak, whitifh, and branched,
and is about a foot high.

The leaves are oblong, broad, and of a greyifh
green, fharp-pointed, and deeply ferrated.

The flowers are of a deep flefh-colour: they
grow in thick, long fpikes at the tops of the
ftalks and branches.

Ic is common by river-fides in Effex, and flowers
in July.

C.Bauhine calls it Mentha paluftris oblongo
folio. Others, Menthaftrum hirfutum, and Men-
thaftrum minis.

13. Long-leaved fpiked Horfe-Mint.
Mentha floribus pallidis folio longo candicante.

' The root is long and creeping.

The ftalk is fquare, firm, whitifh, and very
upright: it is two feet and a half high, and has
numerous fhoots from the bofoms of the leaves,
all which foon run up to flower.

DIVIS 1-O;N i. FO
1. Common Spear-Mint.
Mentha fpicata vulgaris.
This plant, though fo common in our gar-
dens, is not a native of our country.
The root is fmall and fpreading.
The ftalk is fquare, firm, upright, and two
N° 35.

The leaves are long, and moderately broad :
they have no footftalks: they are fharply ferra-
ted, and pointed ; and their colour is a greyifh .
green on the upper fide, and a whitifh under!
neath. } ?

The flowers ftand at the tops of all the branches,
and are very numerous : they are difpofed in long;
flender fpikes, and are of a pale whitith colour.

It is found in many parts of Effex in great ab-
undance, and is not fcarce in many other places,
It flowers in Auguft.

J. Bauhine calls it Menthaftrum Jpicatum folio
longiore candicante. C. Bauhine, Mentha Sylveftris
folio longiore.

The fmell is ftrong and difagreeable,

14. Round-leaved Horfe-Mint,
Mentha folio rugofo rotundiore,

The root is compofed of numerous fibres,
The ftalk is fquare, upright, and two feet
high. %

The leaves are of a fingular form for a plant of
this kind, round, large, of a rough furface, and
of a deep green.

The flowers ftand, in fpikes at the tops of the .~

ftalks ; and they are of a bright red.

It is found in fome parts of Effex; but is not
common. It flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Mentha fylveftris rotundiore
folio. Others, Menthafirum folio rugofo rotun
diore, ©

This has a coarfe, {trong fmell, like the pre-
ceding, and fhares the virtues of an antihyfterick
with it: they are good alfo in all nervous difs
orders,

15. Pepper-Mint,
Mentha piperata.

The root is long, flender, and creeping, and
fends out at diftances clufters of thick fibres.

The ftalk is upright, firm, not much branched,
and two feet and a half high: it is fquare, and
is ufually of a brownifh red toward the bottom,
and green near the top. i

The leaves are placed in pairs on fhort foots
ftalks: they are large, oblong, fharp-pointed,
and ferrated at the edges: their colour is a deep
green, and they tafte extremely acrid.

The flowers grow at the tops of the ftalks and
branches in thick, fhort fpikes : they are of a pale
red, and moderately large:

It is found wild in Hertfordfhire, Effex, and
Surry ; and we have it plentifully in gardens.

Ray calls it Mentha Jpicis brevibus & latioribys -
foliis menthe fufce fapore fervido piperis. _

REIGN SPECIES,

feet or more in height, not much branched, and
in colour of a pale green. |

The leaves have no footftalks: they are long,
narrow, and fharp-pointed, fharply ferrated at
the edges, fomewhat rough on the furface, and
of a lively green.

4 & The

354 The

BO RT-Ts1T- SH He ER BAGE:

The flowers are numerous, fmall, and of a
bright red: they are placed at the tops of the
ftalks in long, flender fpikes. The tafte is very
pleafant, warm, and aromatick.

It is a native of Germany, but is for the fer-
vice of the table and of medicine kept in every
garden.

C. Bauhine calls it Mentha Romana. Others,
Mentha anguftifolia fpicata, Our people, Spear-
‘mint, and Roman mint.

2. Danifh curled Mint.
Mentha crifpa Danica.

The root creeps under the furface, and has nu-
merous, thick fibres.

The ftalk is firm, upright, fquare, of a pale
green, not much branched, and two feet high.

The leaves have no footftalks : they are large,
oblong, broad, and very beautiful : they are in-
dented, and curled at the edges; and their colour
is a frefh, fine green.

The flowers are large and flefh-coloured : they
ftand in thick and fhort {pikes at the tops of the
ftalks and branches.

Ge BePNRP "tes

Ic is a native of Denmark ; but its beauty has
obtained it a place in our gardens, It flowers in
Auguft.

Clufius calls ic Mentha lati ‘olia crifpa Danica.

The mints in general poffefs the fame qualities -
they are ftomachick and deobftruent ; but there
are alfo particular qualities in fome of the fpecies.
We have mentioned the two horfe-mints as emi-.
nent in nervous cafes ; and the pepper-mint, by its
warmth, is of great fervice againft cholicks,

The common fpear-mint is fuperior to all the
other kinds as a ftomachick. Its diftilled water
poffeffes this quality in a very eminent and ufeful
degree. The dried leaves alfo are ufed in pow-
der, and the frefh tops made into tea.

The juice of the tops of /pear-mint, given half
a fpoonful at a time, with a little fugar, will ftop
vomitings. The diftilled water is good againft
the fickneffes and gripings to which infants are
liable. It is alfo excellent at table, not only for
its agreeable flavour, but its virtues. Our an-
ceftors were wife who mixed it with beans and
peafe, for it prevents the flatulencies rifing from
fuch foods.

IIL. \

Bie NON OYS ORs Ong¥a Aula
PULEGIUM.

HE flower is formed of a fingle petal, a little lon
lips; the upper one is broad, and undivided at the ti
fegments, and there is a fhort tubular bottom. The cu
fegments at the rim ; and it remains after the ower.
vering but the cup, The flowers grow in thick clufter:

has a piercing fmell.
Linnzus places this among the did;

with mint, denying it to be a feparate genus.
and unavoidable: and it is ufeful,

DIVISION |

1, Common Pennyroyal.
Pulegium vulgare.

The root is fibrous and creeping.

The ftalks are numerous, weak, and of a pale
green: fome lie upon the ground, others rife ir-
regularly up; and they are very much branched :
they are fquare; but the angles are fo much obli-
terated in many parts, that they appear round,

The leaves ftand two at a joint; and they
are fmall, of an oval figure, and of a pleafant
green: they are rounded at the end, anda little
indented at the edges,

The flowers are fmall, and of a pale red; but
they grow fo thick together, that they are con-
fpicuous upon the plant : they furround the ftalk
at the joints, where\the leaves
circles.

The feeds are inconfiderable and brown.

It is common wild in damp ground, and is

grow in great

iynamia gymnofpermia , the threads in the Aower be
and two fhorter, and the feeds having no capiule,

ger than the cup;~and is divided into two
p; the under one is divided into three {mall
p is formed of a fingle piece, divided into five
The feeds are four, and naked, having no co-
s furrounding the ftalk; and the whole plant

ing two longer

but remaining naked in the cup. But he joins it
The diftinGion is indeed minut

Pennyroyal has always been called by a diftin& name =: it has
gteat virtues, which are recorded of it under its proper and difting title i

which are not thofe of mint. It is fit therefore that we retain the name,
diftinét ; there being foundation for it alfo in the characters of the flower.

¢3; but itis certain

n the antient authors, and
and preferve the genus as

BRITISH SPECIES.

brought thence into gardens. It flowers in June, '

C. Bauhine calls it Pulegium latifolium. Others,
Pulegium vulgare,

It is a plant of a very great and very well
known virtue.

Itis excellent againft obftructions of the menfes;
and may be taken for that purpofe in the diftilled
water, in form of the juice preffed frefh from
the plant, or in infufion.

It is alfo ufeful in all obftruéions of the vif-
cera, and againft cholicks and ficknefles of the
ftomach. A conlerve of the tops of peunyroyal
acts as a diuretick, and has done great fervice in
the gravel. Iris alfo good in jaundice.

Mr. Boyle has left an account of its virtues
againft the chincough: this is worth trying.
The method of giving it is in the exprefied |

juice, fweetened with fugar-candy, a fpoonful for
a dofe.

DIVI-

The). 2BERT-4-p 9 - Bop epapeae

355

DLV TSO Ni

1; Narrow-leaved Pennyroyal,
Pulegium anguftifolium.

The root is compofed of numerous fibres, long,
flender, crooked, and whitith.

The ftalk is firm, upright; not much branched,
and a foot high.

The leaves are placed in pairs; but they have
ufually tufts of young ones in their bofoms: they
are longifh, narrow, of a pale green; a little in-
dented, and fharp-pointed;

G E N-

FOREIGN SPECIES.

The flowers
they are fmall,
white:

The feeds are fmall and blackith.

Tt is a native of the warmer parts of Europe;
and flowers in June. 3

C. Bauhine calls it Pulegium angupifolium.
Others, Puleginm cervinum, Harts pennyroyal.

grow in clufters at the joints; and
and of a very faint bluifh; ofteri

Its virtues are the fame with the others.

IV.

WATER HOARHOUND.
TALC POCP- UTS:

HE flower is made of a fingle petal; which is tubular
parts at the edge, which form a kind of lips :

at the bottom, and divided into four
the upper one confifts of a fingle fegment, which

is broader than the others, and nipped at the end; the other three fegments form the lower lip; and
of thefe the middle one is fmaller than the rett. The tubular part of the flower is of the fame

length with the cup; which is alfo formed of a

fingle piece; but itis divided into five fegments

at the rim, which are narrow and fharp-pointed. The feeds are four; and they ftand naked
\

in the cup. F

Linnaeus feparates this and fome other's from the

his didynamia; this is one of his diandria monogyn
the ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle.

ia; the threads in the flower being only two,
Tt is certain, that there are,
only two threads or filaments in the flower of Jycopis,

reft of the verticillate plants, They ftand among
and
as this author obferves,
and there are four in that of pennyroyal. But

this is a flight mark of diftin@ion. The form and ftru@ture of the flower and of its cup, and the difpo-

fition of its feeds, agree with thofe of the other,

This isa plain,
unnatural arrangement of plants : thefe are both in every one’s way
peal to thofe who yet are inclined to own his fyftem,

familiar inftance of that author’s
to examine ; and from thefe I ap-
whether pennyroyal and water hoarbound do nor

evidently belong to the fame clafs, though he has feparated them into two very remote ones in his

works. Every clafs affords many like inftances.

DeLWVel Sil-O-N*. 1
Common Water Hoarhound.
Lycopus vulgaris.

The root is compofed of a multitude of long,
white fibres, joined to a fmall head.

The ftalk is fquare, firm, upright, hollow,
and two feet high: it is of a pale green, and is
rarely branched.

The leaves are placed in pairs; and they have
fhort footftalks: they are large, broad, oblong,
and pointed at the ends: they are very tharply
ferrated at the edges, and finuated deeply near

Dat Vil Sal OsNge i; FO
Narrow-leaved Virginian Lycopus.
Lycopus foliis tenuius ferratis.

The root is fibrous and fpreading.

The ftalks are numerous, {quare, upright, not
much branched, and a foot or more in height.

The leaves are placed in pairs, and are of a
faint green : they are broad at the bafe, narrower

BRITISH

SPECIES,

the bafe 3,and their colour is a ftrong and lively
green.

The flowers are fmall and white: they ftand
in clufters round the ftalks at the joints,
the leaves rife.

The feeds are fmall and brown.

It is common by ditch-fides, and flowers in
July.

C. Bauhine calls it Murrubium paluftre glabrum,
Others, Marrubium aquaticum.

It is deftitute of tafte and fmell, and, fo far ag
we know, of virtue.

where

RETGNS PEC TEs;

j tothe point, and very elegantly ferrated at the

edges.

The flowers are {mall and whitif: the feeds
are oblong and brown.

It is frequent ‘in the wet grounds in North
America, and flowers in June.

Gronovius calls it Lycopus foliis lanceolatis te-
nuiffime ferratis.

GENUS

GeeooE

Nea

The-pBeReled 4 Sil HERBAL.

Gre Va

VR? RV Aet N:

Tis Boke BR Regi A.

pla flower is formed of a fingle petal :
bent or crooked, from this part it
fegments, which form two irregular lips.
equal in jength ,
tubular and angulated : it is formed of a fingle
of thefe is fhorter than the reft. The feeds
brown.

Linnzus places this among the diandria monogynia

ftyle fingle.
By this arrangement
other verticillate plants.

TalVig eS), aCe Nee

Common Vervain.
Verbena vulgaris.

‘The root is compofed of many thick, fhort
fibres, conneéted to a {mall oblong head.

The ftalk is firm, upright, “and very tough :
its colour is a brownifh green, often red towards
the bafe; and it is edged and angulated.

The leaves ftand in pairs: they are oblong,

BRU TSH

moderately broad, and deeply finuated and in-
dented: the indentings are rounded, and the end
of the leaf is obtufe.

The flowers are fmall, and of a pale, faint co-
lour, white, with a tinge of bluifh or purplith ;
and they ftand in long, flender fpikes at the tops
of the ftalks and branches.

The feeds are oblong, {mall, and brown.

D TP VeIseiO" Ne I: 1340)

1. Fine-leaved Vervain.

Verbena tenuifolia.

The root is fibrous.

The ftalks are numerous, weak, and in great
part procumbent : they are of a pale green, and
angulated.

The leaves are placed in pairs; and they are
oblong, moderately broad, and very beauti-
fully divided: they are firft cut in a pinnated
manner; and thefe fegments are again divided
pretty deeply. Their colour is a brownifh green.

The flowers are fmall, and placed in fingle,
long, and very flender fpikes.

It is a native of Spain, and other warm parts
of Europe. It flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calis it Verbena tenuifolia ; a name
copied by moft others.

This plant is an inflance of the extreme folly
of placing the verticillate plants in diftinét clafies
from the flight differences in the filaments of the
flower. ‘

Linnzeus feparates verwain from the reft of them,

becaufe it has only: two threads in the flower 5

‘eds tubular at the lower part, and toward the upper is
{preads into a kind of gaping mouth; and is divided into five
The feveral fegments are fhort, rounded, and nearly
and there is lefs of the labiated form than in moft others of this clafs,
piece, divided into five fegments at the rim; and one
ftand naked in the cup; and they are oblong and

The cup is

the threads in the flower being two, and the

he joins it in the fame clafs with the /ycopus, and feparates it far from the

SPECIES.

~ Tt is common by path-ways, and flowers in
June.

C. Bauhine calls it Verbena communis ceruleo
flore. Others, Verbena vulgaris, and Herba facra,

It isa plant of great virtue, though under a ge-
neral neglect : it is good againft diforders of the
‘nerves; and is fuperior to moft things in the
cure of inveterate headachs. For this purpofe
the tops fhould be dried and powdered, and taken
for a confiderable time, twenty grains asa dofe.

The juice boiled toa fyrup with honey is ex-
cellent againft coughs.

The infufion, in manner of tea, is good againft
obftructions of the vifcera, and particularly of
the fpleen. !

R ELGW =] S-P3E.C bes:

whereas they have in general four; but this fpe-
cies of vervain has four threads. That author
calls it Verbena tetrandra ,; a contradiction in the
moft exprefs words to his claffical character
wherein vervain ftands, that being djandria.

2. Great-flowered American Vervain.
Verbena flore violaceo majore.

The root is long, whitifh, and full of fibres:

The ftalk is firm, upright, and of a pale green
toward the top, and at the bottom purplifh,

The leaves are of an oval fhape, dented at the
edges, and of a fine bright green.

The flowers are very numerous and beau-
tiful: they terminate the ftalks in long fpikes,
with leaves among them; and they are of the
fhape of cowflips, but of the colour of the violet,
a fine deep blue purple.

The feeds are long and flender.

It is frequent in many parts of North Ame-
rica, and flowers in July. :

Plukenet calls it Verbena orubica tenuifolia.

GENUS

The BRITISH HERBAL,

35%

@ E N

}

VI.

WILD MARJORAM.
ORIGANU™M

rPHE flowet is formed of a fingle petal: it is tubulat, and comprefied at the bottom, atid at the

‘opening is divided into two lips: the upper lip is undivided, plain, and lightly finuated at the
end: the lower lip is fplic into three parts, nearly equal in bignefs. Numbers of the flowers are
placed together in a kind of fcaly head, ferving as a general cup. The feeds are naked; and four

. follow every flower.

Linnzus places this among the didynamia gymnofpermia 5 the flower having four threads, two of
‘which are longer than the others, and the feeds ftanding naked in the cup. He joins fome other
plants with it, which we have treated diftin@tly in their places, referving the proper origanums to this.

DIVISION L

1. Common Wild Marjoram.
Origanum vulgare.
Ss

The root is compofed of 2 great many long,
fiender, naked fibres.

The ftalk is firm, upright, and of a very re-
gular growth : it is not branched 5 but toward the

top fends out fome fhoots in a handfome manner }
to fuftain the Mowers: it is ufually of a brownith

colour.
The leaves are placed in pairs, and have very

fhort footftalks : they are fhort, broad, nearly of }

-an oval figure, undivided at the edges; and of a
brownifh green.

The flowers are finall, and of a pale red: they
grow in tufts and clufters from certain leafy heads 5
and they alfo are purplifh.

‘The feeds are fmall and brown.

-Jt is common in dry, hilly paftures, and by
road-fides in fuch fituations. It flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Origanum fylveftre cunila
bubula Plinit. Others, Majorana fylvefris, and
Origanum vulgare.

It is an excellent medicine in nervous cafes: it

js warm, cordial, and: aromatick. The leaves
and tops;. dried and powdered, are. good againft

DIVISION IL

Long=fpiked Origahum.
Origanum capitulis longioribus.

"The root is fibrous, and brown.

The ftalk is frm, upright, fquare, anda foot

and half high.

The leaves are oblong, and of .# dufky green':
they ftand in pairs, and they are not at all in-
dented at the edges, and their points are obtufe.

‘The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks and

ee ene

' headachs.

4 branches in long, flender {pikes :

BR IE ES B39: P Ree HRs:

The tops of the plant madé¢ into a
conferve are good againft flatulencies and difor-
ders of the ftomach and bowels. The whole
plant given in infufion is excellent againft ob-
ftructions of the vifcera, and in the jaundice.

2, Pot Marjoram.
Origanum onites.

The root is fibrous; and its fibres are long,
flender, very numerous, and brown.

The ftalks are numerous and robuft : they are
fquares of a brown colour, ritoderately branched,
and a foot and half high.

The leaves are oblong, broad, and of a brownifh
green: they have fhort footftalks; and they
ftand in pairs.

The flowers ftand in clufters at the tops of the
branches, and are of a pale red.

It is a native of England, and other parts of
Europe, and flowers in July.

We take it into gardens for the fervice of the
kitchen: it is a warm, wholefome plant, good
againft flatulencies and indigeftions.

C. Bauhine calls it Origanum onites; a name
Copied by moft of the other writers. Sonte call it
Majorana major Anglica.

FOREIGN SPECIES.

they are fmall,
and of a very faint redifh colour. :
The feeds are brown and longith.
It is a native of the Eaft, and flowers in July.
C. Bauhine calls it Origanum Heracleoticum

' cunila gallinacea Plimi,

Its tafte is extremely hot ; and its virtues are

| the fame with the former.

S Vil.

SEEBRIGHT.
SCLARE A.

rpHE flower is formed of a fingle petal: it. is tubular, and compreffed in the lower part, and

gapes at the edge,

the lower lip is larger, and is divided into three fegments:

N° XXXVI.

where it is divided into two lips. The upper lip is long, flatted, and crooked :

the middle one of thefe is broader than
4% the

358 The BRET LS Ht HE Ro LAL.

t is is nipped at the end; and fo is the upper lip. (The cup is tubular and ftriated,
a an are and at the top compreffed, and divided into two lips, in the fame manner
as the Hower. The upper lip of the cup has three, and the lower has two points: The feeds ftand
naked in the cup, whofe top fhuts over them. The flowers ftand in clufters round the ftalk ; and

there are no Jeaves under them.

Linnzeus places this among the diandria monogynia; the threads in the flower being two, and the

fiyle fingle.

This author joins it with fage, not allowing it to be a diftinét genus; but the naked difpofition of
the flower is a fufficient generical diftin@tion. The common writers confound it with clary, horminum ;
from which it differs as effentially, as we fhall fhew under the fucceeding head.

Of this genus there is but one known fpecies, and that is a native of Britain.

Wild Seebright.
Sclarea pratenjis.

The root is compofed of numerous, large
fibres, connected to an oval head.

The firft leaves are very large, and of a greyifh
green: they are placed on fhort footftalks; and
are broad at the bafe, fmaller to the point, and
irregularly indented at the edges.

The ftalk is robuft, upright, branched, and
two foot and a half high: it is brown, and a
little hairy.

The leaves ftand in pairs on it; and they have
fcarce any footftalks: they are large, oblong,
rough, and irregularly indented at the edges.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks and
branches in long fpikes: they are placed on thefe
in circular tufts at diftances; and there are at
the utmoft only fome imperfect rudiments of leaves

GU EMI N | os Wang

under them: they are very large, and of a beay-
tiful bluifh purple.

The feeds are fmall and brown.

It is found in damp places, but is not com-
mon. It flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Horiminum praten/e foliis Ser-
ratis. Others, Sclarea pratenfis, and Sclarea fl
vefris.

The feeds of this plant put into the eye, bring
away any little foulneffes with them. The prac-
tice is antient ; but the manner of its effect is little
underftood. As foon as the feed is put in, the
warmth and moifture of the eye Operating upon
its own fubftance, cover it with a thick and tough
mucilage : as it continues moving in the eye, this
entangles the little fubftances which had got in by
accident, and occafioned the pain; and brings
them out with it.

VII.

Cirle. Roe ¥,
HORM™MINUM™

HE Hawes is large, and labiated : it is formed of a fingle petal, which is tubular,

and compref-

fed in the lower part, and divided in a gaping manner at the top. The upper lip is long, large,

and crooked; the lowér lip is divided into three fegments,

the middle one of which is again divided

into three parts. {The cup is formed of a fingle piece, and is alfo divided into two lips: it is tubular,

and angulated ; and one of the lips has two, the other three points.
the tops of the ftalks with a particular kind of coloured leaves about them
without any flowers among them.

ufually are fome of thefe leaves in clufters,
naked in the bottom of the cup.
Linnzus joins this genus and fage together,

tinction is fafficient, as we fhall fhew when. treatin

no fpecies are native of England. He places this
being

The flowers ftand in tufts about
3 and at the top there
The feeds are placed

abolifhing the received name horminum : but the dig.
g of fage among thofe verticillate plants of which

genus among the diandria monogynia ; the threads
g, as that term exprefles, two in each flower.

character confift in the two threads being fplit or forked ; and as t
well as fage, he for that reafon joins thofe plants under one name.
is a poor occafion of uniting plants fo obvioufly different as thofe:

» and the ftyle fingle.» He makes the effential
his is their form in the clary as
But in the eye of Reafon this

and the more curious enquirer

into the ftruéture of flowers will tell him, that there are fuch variations in the formation of this in-

ternal part of the flower in fome of thefe plants,

which in his fpecies he allows to be Salvia, as will

either remove thofe fpecies out of this genus, or this genus out of the clafs.

DY Val SON aL

1. Broad-leaved Wild Clary.
Horminum fylueftre vulgare.

The root is long, flender, and furnithed with
numerous fibres. :

The firft leaves are large, rough, and of: a:
dufky green: they are oblong, irregularly di-
vided at the edges, and rife bur a little from the
ground,

BRT I.S H.8' PEC FE. Ss:

The ftalk grows up in the centre; and is {quare,
firm, and two feet high: its colour is brown,
and it is not much branched.

The leaves ftand in pairs, and have fearce any

footftalks : they are rough, and of a greyith

green, and are irregularly waved and indented.
The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks in
long fpikes, which ufually bend or droop a little:
they are fmall, and of a very fine blue.
. The

Th BRITISH HERBAL.

The feeds are black.

It is common in wafte places, and flowers in
Augutt. :
C. Bauhine calls it Horminum fylvefire lavendule

Sore.
DIVISION I.

Garden-Clary:
Horminum bortenfe.

The root is long, thick, brown, and hung with
a few ftraggling fibres. The colour is brown, and
the tafte warm, and not difagreeable.

The leaves that rife from it are very large, of
a whitifh green, and rough: they are broadeft at
the bafe; whence they grow {maller to the end,
where they terminate obtufely ; and they are
flightly waved at the edges. .

Theftalkis {quare, firm, upright, andayardhigh.

The leaves ftand in pairs on its and they are
large, rough, and of a greyith green: they are
placed on footftalks ; and are broad, and a little
waved at the edges.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks and
branches in long, thick fpikes ; and they are very
large, of a gaping figure, and of a pale blue co-
Jour. The cups in which they ftand are gluti-
nous to the touch.

GSE Nee URS
; HEDGENETTLE,:
GALEOPSIS,

359
Tt poffeffes the virtues of the garden-clary, but

in an inferior degree ; for which reafon it is not -
regarded in medicine.

FORETGN SPE C1 E's?

The feeds are fmooth, and of a dufky redifli
brown, oblong, and of a glofly furface,

It is a native of the Greek iflands, and is found
wild alfo in Apulia. Te fowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Horminum felarea ditum.
Others, Horminum hortenfe,.and Horminun vil-
gare fativum.

This plant is cordial, incifive, and deobftruent,
It is good againft flatulencies and indigeftions,
as alfo in nervous complaints, headachs, and
lownefs of fpirits, i :

A conferve of the tops of this plant warms.
the ftomach, and operates as a cordial. A dif-
tilled water of it has alfo the fame effe&s but it
muft be of the {pirituous kind, for it does not
fully give its virtues to water.

Tt has been a cuftom to add the leaves to wine
in the making: they give it a cordial virtue, and
not a difagreeable flavour. |

1X,

‘

HE flower is formed of a fingle petal ; which is tubular at the bottom, and divided in the la-

biated manner at the mouth.

The tube is fhort, and between the upper and under lip there

is a kind of palate, terminated each way bya little crooked tooth. The upper lip is large, hookeds
and undivided : the lower lip is fhort, broad, and heart-fafhioned, and it turns back. The cup

is tubular, and at the top is terminated by five flender parts, refembling briftles,

in number ; and they remain naked.

The feeds are four

Linnzus places this among the didynamia gymnofpermia; the threads in the flower being four,
two of which are longer than the others, and the ftyle fingle. !

This author creates confufion by his diftribution of thefe plants. He takes away'the name of
galeopfis from this, making it a fpecies of ftachys; and he ufes the word galeopfis, antiently and
diftinétly given to this plant, as the name of another genus, including the Lempnettles, and fome other

kinds; of which we fhall {peak hereafter.

DIVISION «IL

Hedgenettle.
1. Galeopfis legitima.

The root is long, flender, and creeping : it is
white, and fends out long fibres on every part,
from which in feparate places rife. numerous
plants. :

The ftalk is fquare, upright, hairy, and of a
brownifh green: it isa yard high, and is rarely
much branched. :

The leaves are placed in pairs: they ftand at
diftances; and they have footftalks, which are
green, and hairy. The leaves are very broad
and fhort, heart-fafhioned at the ftalk, and pointed
at the end: they are nicked a little at the edges,
and their colour is a pale, greyifh green. ‘Their
fubftance is rough, the veins are large, and they
are hairy.

The flowers ftand in loofe fpikes at the tops of
the ftalk; and are large, and of a beautiful

BER FD TS Sep s Re Es

purple, agreeably diverfified with dots of white.

The feeds are fmall and brown.

It is common in hedges and among bufhes, and
flowers in June.and July.

C.Bavhine calls it Lamium maximum fylvati.
cum fatidum. Others, Galeopfis, and Galeopfis le
gitima Diofcoridis.

Tt is a deobftruent : its principal virtue is
againft obftructions of the fpleen; and. the beft
method of taking it is the juice freth preffed.

2. Small Hedge-nettle:
Galeopfis minor foliis angulatis.

The root is long and thick : it is furnifhed with
many fibres, and fends out many creeping parts,
which run under the furfaces and fend up plants
in various places,

I The

fica rhs bale ot

_ 360

Th BRITISH HERBAL,

"The ftalk is fquare, upright, branched, and a
foot and half high. : 4

The leaves ftand in pairs 6n fhort footftalks$
and they are Jarge and rough, of an angulated
form, and pale green colour.

The flowers are moderately large, and of a
bright purple.

DIVISION IL

‘Eledgenettle with variegated flowers.
Galeopfis flore magno luteo yariegato.

The root is compofed of numerous, thick
fibres. cae

The ftalk is firm, upright, thick at the joints,
and of a pale green.

The leaves ftand in pairs, and have flender
footftalks: they are oblong and broad, largeft
toward the middle, fmall at the bafe, and ferra-
ted at the edges. Their colour is a pale greens
and they are highly ribbed.

The flowers are very large; and they ftand in

The feeds are {mall and brown.
Jt is not uncommon in woods in our northern ;

‘counties. It fowers in July.

Plukenet calls it Lemium fylvaticum [picatum

futidum folio angulofo minus.

FOREIGN SPECIES.

tufts round the tops of the branches; and on thé
fummits of them: they are yellow, but variega-
ted on the lip with purple.

This however i¥ an uncettain mark of the plant;
for they are fometimes of a pale yellow through-
out, and fometimes white.

“The feeds are {mall and brown.

It is a native of the warmer parts of Europe,
and flowers in Auguft.

Plukenet calls it Lanium cannabium aculeatum
flore fpeciofo luteo labiis purpureis.

GR Sake US
C™AUT, Ma nN T.

NEPETA.

mur flower is formed of a fingle petal: it is tubular at the bottom, and crooked ; and it gapes at -
the mouth, and confifts there of two lips, and a palate. The upper lip is fhort, obtufe, and
nipped at the top: the lower lip is undivided, andi is larger than the other, and ferrated. The
palate is of a heart-like fhape, and terminates in two little jaggs. The cup is tubular, and divided
jnto five fegments at the edge; the upper ones of which are longer than the others, and the lower
ones fpread, The feeds are four after every flower ; and’ they fland nakedin the cup.

Linnzeus places this among the didynamia gymnofpermia, the flower having two longer and two:

fhorter filaments, and the feeds being naked in the cup, without any capfule,

DyEW. & Sl OcNe 71.
Gatmint.
Nepeta. vulgaris.

The root is fibrous and fpreading.

The ftalks are fquare, firm, upright, branched,
and two foot and a half high: they are of a
whitifh colour, and fomewhat dufky.

The leaves ftand in pairs, and. have fhort foot-

their colour is a whitifh green, ‘and they have a
very ftrong fmell.

The flowers grow in great clufters at the tops

DIVISION I.

Leffler Catmint.
Nepeta minor.
The root is long, thick, and hung with many
fibres.
The ftalks are numerous, fquare, upright, very
much branched, and a foot and half high.
The leaves are placed in pairs, and have fcarce

any footftalks: they are oblong and narrow, ||
fharp-pointed, ferrated at the edges, and of a

pale green.

BRITISH SPECIES,

of the ftalks, forming a kind of {pike: they are
fmall and white; but they have a few dots of
purple within.
The feeds are fmall and! dufky.
“It is common by way-fides in dry places, and
flowers in July.
C. Bauhine calls it Mentha cattaria vulgaris

| major. Others, Nepeta vulgaris.
ftalks: they are oblong and large, broad at the }

bafe, where they are fomewhat indented, ferrated }
fharply at the edges, and pointed at the end: }

It is a very powerful deobftruent. An infu-
fion of it is excellent in ftoppages of the menfes ;
and it is good alfo in nervous cafes. The tops
beat into.a conferve are good againft that trouble-
fome and obftinate diforder called the nightmare.

FOR BIGGIN SPEC 15.8.

The flowers ftand, in-a kind: of irregular fpikes
atthe tops of the ftalks: and branches; and are
numerous, {mall, and: white, with: a faint: tinge
of. purples

The feeds are brown. beans

It is common in-the warmer parts: of Europe,
and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls-it Mentha cattaria minor.

3 “GENUS

Comntot. Vervain is 4
Creut Crd binerican
COPMU7ILONMAUMMA
Veron Mavyoram

Lit Maryoram

;
4
;
§
;
;

Bro
wud

f
un

| Lidge Néttle with variegated Blowers

“)

ey eon ns

none

i 3} y ae : \ i y f y i a7
Mood D peony Mase Liar hound Wild” Basil casi ol 7 (fin Ore Seyfiecdl. :

Baan
Aiea

The 4 Bt Ra ighies} Ho 4Bp.B R BAT

361

E
WOOD-B

Ne. U

S
Ely Ogos

XI.

BETO N [GAs

a flower is formed of a fingle petal: this is tubular, and crooked at the bottom, and, gapes in
a labiated manner at the top. The upper lip is fmall and undivided, and is Placed ne the
lower lip is divided into three fegments ; of which the middle one is largeft, and is nipped at the end
The cup is formed of a fingle piece ; and is tubular, and dented in five places at the rim. The feral.
are four after each flower, and they ftand naked in the cup. 5

- Linneeus places this among the didynamia gymnofpermia ; two oO

being longer than the others, and the feeds.naked,

DIV SiO Neat:

Wood-Betony.
Betonica Sfylveftris vulgaris.

The root is brown and fibrous.

The firft leaves are numerous, and of a dark

green: each has its feparate foorftalk, which is
long and flender ; and they are fupported tole-
rably upright. They are oblong, broad, indented,
and obtufe ; and they are a little hollowed where
the ftalk is inferted. :
. The ftaiks are numerous, fquare, upright, and
a foot or more in height : there ufually are placed
on each ftalk two pairs of leaves, one pair near
the root, and the other at the top: thofe near
the root refemble the firft leaves, which rife
fingly ; but the others are narrower,

DIVISION I. FO
_ Long-fpiked Betony.
Betonica [pica longiore.

The root is compofed of many fibres, rifing
from a fmall head. ,

The firft leaves are numerous, and fupported
on long, flender footftalks: they are oblong,
narrow, dented at the edges, and pointed at the

BR I-TSi-SeH

f the four filaments in the flower .

SoPeEeCu Es.

The flowers grow at the tops of the ftalks in
an interrupted fpike 5 and they are moderately
large, and of a beautiful purple. ‘
‘The feeds are fmall, oval, and brown.

It is common in our woods, and among bufhes.
Tt flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Betonica purpurea.

Others,
Betonica fylveftris.

It is a celebrated medicine in cephalick cafes:
The dry tops powdered are good in inveterate
headachs, and the fame given in form of infu-
fion againft obftruétions of the vifcera. Some
alfo take the leaves powdered in form of fnuff
for headachs; and others have them chopped fmall,
and fmoak them in the manner of tobacco.

REIGNS P brGal Eas:

The leaves on it are narrower than thofe from
the root, and of a paler green.

The flowers ftand at the top in a very long,
flender {pike ; and are of a deep purple.

The feeds are large, oblong, and redifh:

It is frequent in the warmer parts of Europe,
and flowers in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Betonice folia capitulo alopes

ends. : curi, ,
The ftalk is upright, {quare, and brown.
Goue, N.. Us XII.
BASE HOARHOUND.
Sif.A CH Les:

ae flower is formed of a fingle petal,

and is of the labiated kind. The tubular part at the ,

bottom is fhort ; and the mouth is oblong, and fwelled out toward the bafe. The upper lip

and of an arched fhape :
of which is the largett.

is of an oval figure,
fegments, the middle one

the lower lip is turned back; it is divided into three

The cup is tubular, angulated, and divided at ~

the edge into five parts. The feeds are oblong and angulated ; four fucceed each flower, and they

ftand naked in the cup.

~ Linneeus places this among the didynamia gymnofpermia; the flower having two threads longer than

the others, and the feeds ftanding naked.
name; but they are really diftinct.

N° 36. |

He joins the galeopfis,

as before obferved, under this

4Z Bafe

362 The

BR BOY shoe GHFREREBLA BS

Bafe Hoarhound.
Stachys vulgaris.
The root is a tuft of thick, fhort, crooked,

brown fibres.
The ftalk is fquare, firm, and two feet high:!
it is not much branched, and it often droops at

the top.

The leaves ftand in pairs; and they are ob- |

long, confiderably broad, dented in a peculiar
manner at the edges; fo that the dents feerm to

Gases:

Neus

lie over one another; and of a whitifh colour,
and hoary. :

The flowers furround the upper parts of the
ftalks in thick clufters ; and are {mall and

purple.
The feeds are oval, angulated, and brown.

We have it in dry grounds in our fouthern
counties, but not frequent. It flowers in Auguft..

C. Bauhine calls it Stachys major Germanica,
Others, Stachys Fuchfii.

S XIII.

WelglrD: BAS TL:

AiG. TNO Ss,

PTHE flo

cup, and the mouth is fmall.

wer is forthed of a fingle petal, and'is labiated. The tubular part is of the length of the
The upper lip is, fmall, obtufe, nipped at the end, and placed

ereét : the lower lip is longer, and is divided into three fegments ; the middle one of which is the
largeft, and is nipped at the end. The cup is tubular at the bafe, and divided into two lips at the

rim.

fhorter threads, and the feeds being naked.

The feeds are finall and roundifh, and four of them follow each flower.
Linnzus arranges this among the didynamia gymuofpermia ; the flower having two longer and two

He takes away the received name acinos, and joins it with ¢hyme ; but it is truly diftinét, not only

in th
parate name,

e general form and afpect of the plant, whence the earlier writers were induced to give it a fe-
but even in the ftructure of the flower; the middle fegment of the lower lip being,

larger and rounder in acinos than in thyme, and being always nipped or emarginated in this;

whereas in ¢hyme it isentire.
Our Englith name is an ill-conftruéted one.

but it is better to ufe the other, acinos.

Wild Bafil.
Acinos foliis oblongis dentatis.

The root is long, flender, white, and furnifhed
with a few fibres. Bons

The flalks are numerous and weak: they lic
in part upon the ground, and frequently fend out
fibres, and root as they trail: they are fquare,
flender, and redifh; and they are lightly hairy.

The leaves are fmall, oblong, hairy, and in-
dented: they ftand in pairs; and they have no
footftalks.

The flowers are fmall, but they are not with-

I have preferved it, becaufe generally received 5.

out their beauty: they ftand in little clufters in
the bofoms of the leaves ; and they are red ; but
they have a white fpot in the middle of the under
lip.
The feeds are very {mall and black.
It is common in our weftern counties, and
flowers in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Clinopodium arvenfe ocymj
facie. Others, Acinos. J. Bauhine, Acinos multis.

Tt is an excellent medicine in nervous cafes. A
tea of it is not unpleafant, and will take great
effect.

Ge .E coN »U 4,58 XIV.

“SELFHEAL:
PPORe Ue NE hella As

HIE flower is compofed of a fingle petal, and is labiated. The tubular part, at the bottom, is
fhort; and the opening is oblong. The upper lip is entire, and ftands erect: the under lip
is turned backwards, and is divided into three fegments; the middle one of which is broader than
the others, and is nipped at theend, and ferrated. ‘The cup is formed of a fingle piece, and is in
the fame manner divided into two lips; and the feeds are four after each flower, and ftand in the cup-
Linnzus places this among the didynamia gymnofpermia , the flower having four threads, of which
two are longer than the others, and the feeds ftanding naked.

DE Vel sa ON Ser BRITISH SPECIES.
The firft leaves are numerous; and they are
placed on flender footftalks: they are fhort,
broad, obtufe, and fometimes a little waved at the
edges.
The ftalks are fquare, brownifh, and eigh*
2 inches -

Common Selfheal.

Prunella vulgaris.

The root is compofed of many fibres,

con-
neéted to a {mall head. ;

inches high : they are not much branched ; and
ufually they lie in pare upon the ground:

The leaves on thefe are placed in pairs at dif.
tances: they have flender footftalles : they are of
the fame form with thofe from the root; and
their colour is a lively green,

The flowers ftand in a kind of fhort, thick
fpikes at the tops of the ftalks and branches ;
and they are fmall and ufually blue, fometimes
purplith, fometimes red, and fornetimes. white.

The feeds are fimall and blackifh,

Dok: Vick SaOsN® “hi

Jagged Prunella.
Prunella foliis laciniatis,

The root is long, and tolerably thick, and
has many crooked fibres annexed to it.

The leaves are numerous, and fupported on
long footftalks: they are of a pale green; and
they are deeply divided in two or more places
down to the rib; fo that they refemble in fome
degree a ftag’s horn.

The ftalks are fquare, tolerably firm, upright,
and a foot or more in height.

The leaves on thefe ftand in pairs at diftances ;

UG si Cres an

The ABIRATU SUeE-E ReBeA key ey

It is common by way-fides, and flowers in
July.

C. Bauhine calls it Proiel/a major folio non dif
Jeo. Others, Prunella, and Prunella vulgaris.

Itis agolutinant and aftringént. While wound-
herbs were in efteem, this was one of the princi-

“pal. A decoétion of the whole plant is cooling

and aftringent, and is a good medicine. in thé
piles. The juice cures inflammations in thé
mouth,

FOREIGN SPECIES

the moft ufual number js only two pairs on each ~

ftalk, difpofed as in the betony, one pair at a fmall
diftance from the ground; the other near the top:
thefe refemble thofe from the root; but they aré
lefs. é

The flowers ftand in a fall tuft at the top of
the ftalk, and are moderately large: they aré
fometimes of a pale red, but more ufually white.

The feeds are largeand blackith.

It is fréquent in pafture-grounds in the warmer
parts of Europe. It flowers in June.

C:Bauhine calls it Prunella folio laciniato; a
name others have copied.

Shea Bite CG:

HOREHOUND.

MEAGRE REO BO POG Np

MPHE flower is formed of a fingle petal, and is of the labiated kind: ‘The tubular part, at the
bafe, is very fhort; and the opening at the mouth is long, and gaping. The upper lip is
fmall, and lightly divided at the tip; and it ftands upright: the lower lip is broader, and is divided
into three fegments ; of which the middle one is largeft ; and this turns back. The cup is tubulars
and fpreads at the mouth: there are ten indentings at the’ edge, alternately larger and fraller,
Four oblong feeds follow every flower; and they are placed naked in the cup.
Linnzus places this among the didynamia gymno[permia; the flower having four threads, two of
which are longer than the others, and the feeds being naked.

D UVel-s ON ai

White Horehound.
Marrubiun album vulgare,

The root is compofed of a vaft many long,
crooked, and entangled fibres, joined to a {mall
head.

The ftalks are numerous, upright, fquate, of
a whitifh colour, and a foot and half high.

The leaves are placed in pairs; and they are
roundifh, indented a little at the edges, of a firm
fubftance, and of a whitifh colour.

The flowers ftand in thick clufters round the
ftalks at every joint where the leaves grow: they,
are fmall and white, and the cups in which they
ftand have a kind of hooked briftles at the tops
of their feveral indentings.

When ftrictly examined, thofe flowers are
found to grow from the bofoms of the leaves,

BRITISH SPECIE 4;

though they join round the ftalk: The whole
plant has a very ftrong fmell.

It is found in dry paftures, and by road-fides in
many parts of the kingdon, and flowers in June.

C. Bavhine calls: it Marrubium album vulgare,
Others only Marrubium album. -

It is celebrated againft diforders of the breaft,
The beft way of giving it is in fotm of a fyrup
made of the juice prefféd from the leaves and
tops, with honey. ‘This is a form as old as ‘Dio-
fcorides ; and the common method of boiling up
a decoction of an herb with fugar, is not com-

parable to it on ftich occafions. This fyrup
of horebound is excellent againft coughs, and
forenefs of the breatt.

The leaves reduced to powder ate faid to des
ftroy worms in the inteftines; but for this we
have not the fame authority.

DIVI

364

Th BRITISH HERBAL.

DIVIS EON IL

Spanifh Horehound.
Marrubium albun calycibus patentibus.

“The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with
. many fibres.
The flalk is {quare, upright, and two feet
high, very little branched, and of a whitifh colour.
The leaves ftand in pairs, and are of a whitifh
colour, and thick fubftance ; they are roundifh,
and very lightly indented.

Gara Nat

FOREIGN S:P. E,C.1E S,

The flowers’ grow in the bofoms of all the
upper leaves, and furround the ftalks.: they are
{mall and white. :

The cups are very wide:at the mouth, and the
prickles upon them are ftrait 5 not hooked, as in»
the common borehound. :

Tt ig not uncommon in Spain and Italy, and |
flowers in June.

Boccone calls it Matrudinm Jubrotundo folio.

S XVI.

MOTHERWORT.

CARDIACA.

HE flower is formed of a fingle petal,

‘
and is labiated. The tubular part is flender: the upper

lip is long, and ofan arched form, and rounded at the end ; the lower lip is turned back, and

is divided into three equal, or nearly equal fegments.

The cup is oblong, tubular, angulated, and

formed of a fingle leaf. The feeds are four, and they ftand naked in the cup.

\Linnaus places this among the didynamia gymnofpermia, !
He joins it with the /eonurus, and takes away its received and antient

it to be a diftinc’ genus.
name.

Motherwort.
Cardiaca.

The root is compofed of a multitude of thick,
brown fibres.

The firfl leaves are placed on long footftalks ;
and they are large, broad, and fhort : they have
three’ principal ‘divifions, and their colour is a
dark ereen. :
© ‘The ftalk is {quare, hollow, upright, branched,
anda yard high.

“The leaves on this are placed in pairs; and
they are oblong, indented at the edges, and
fharp-pointed. ;

G. Ey Naw

as the preceding 5 but he does not allow

The flowers are fmall, and have a purplifh
tinge: they grow in thick tufts at the joints.

The feeds are brown, and rounded on one fide.

It is common in watte places, and flowers in July,

C. Bauhine calls it Marrubium cardiaca diftum,
Linneeus, Leonurus foliis caulinis trilobis lan-
ceolatis.

It is a good medicine in hyfterick cafes. It
promotes the menfes, and is very ufeful againft
fits. The beft way of giving it is in form of a
conferve, made of the frefh tops. It may be alfo
taken in way of tea; but that way it is unplea-
fant.

XVI.

TUE TED? BACT

HON Fale: Nd OncPe: O°DE 1 Ua

HIE, flower is formed of ‘a fingle petal, and is of the labiated kind. The tubular part is fhort,
and it fpreads out into a mouth: the upper lip ftands ereét; and is hollowed, obtufe at the

end, and nipped in the middle :

the lower lip is divided into three fegments ; and of thefe the middle

one is largeft, . The cup of each flower is tubular, a little crooked, and divided into two lips: but,
befide thefe, there is a kind of general cup or covering to the whole clufter of flowers growing to-
gether ; and this is formed ofa vaft multitude of hairs. The feeds are four after every flower ,

and they ftand naked in the cup.

> Linnzus places. this among the didynamia gymuofpermia, the flower having two longer and two
fhorter threads, and the feeds ftanding naked. Our Englifh name is a very imperfect one; for which
reafon it is more proper to ufe the Latin, clinopodium. : bp e

‘Great Wild Bafil. ¥
Clinopotikum majus.

The root is fibrous, and runs a great way un-
der the furface.

The firft leaves are placed on flender foot-
ftalks; and they are roundifh, obtufe, hairy, and
of a pale green.

The ftalks are fquare and weak : they are a foot
or more in length, but fcarce able to fupport

themfelves: they are not much branched ; and
their colour is a pale green.. The leaves are placed
in pairs on the ftalk ; ‘and they are fhort, broad,
obtufe, and.a little indented. :

The flowers are of a pale red.

It is common under hedges, and flowers. in
Auguft. : z

C.Bauhine calls it Clinopodium ‘origano file.
Others, Acinos.

Its virtues are not known, ayes

N\ GENUS

The BRITISH HERBAL,

Gan Ba AMI oot &

XVUL,,

DEADNETTLE
LAMIUM,

HE flowet is labiated, arid is forméd of a fingle petal. The tubular part at the bale ts very
fhort : the openirig of the mouth is wide, and is formed into two lips and a palate. The bss

per lip is of an arched form, and undivided, and turns in a kind of arch: the lower iip is ftorees
and nipped at che end; and it turns back. The palate is inflated, compreffed, ahd terminated cacti
way by a little jagg. The cup is tubular, and ic is terminatéd by five briftlés. The feeds are fout

after every flower; and they are naked in the cup.

Linnzus places this among the didynamia gymnofpermia ; the flower having two threadg longef
than the other two, and feeds remaining’naked in the tup without any capfule of particular covering.

DIVISION I

i. White Deadnettle.
1. Lamium album vulgare.

The root is fibrous and creeping.

The flalk is fquare, hollow, upright, not
branched, and a foot and half high.

The leaves are placed in pairs; and they are
of a fine bright green: they are oblong, broad,
fharp-pointed, and fharply ferrated.

The flowers ftand in the bofoms of the leaves 5
and they are large and white, a little hairy, and
diftinguifhed very prettily by the black edges of
the buttons on the filaments, which in fome man-
ner mark the arithmetical figure 8.

The feeds are four after every flower ; and they
are blackith. The whole plant has a fingulars
but not difagreeable fmell.

It is common under hedges, and in all culti-
vated ground. It flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Lamium album non fatens

folio oblongo. . Others only Lamium album, Our

common people call it Deadnetile, and Arch-
angel.

The whole herb is fubaftringent. The foots,
dried.and powdered, are good in fluxes 5 but the
principal virtue is in the flowers: thefe are at
once fubaftringent and balfamick. A conferve
made of them with fugar is excellent againft the
fiuor albus. It is a family-medicine, but very
well deferves to be received in the fhops. I have
known great cures performed in this troublefome
and obftinate complaint by this conferve, and a
decoétion of comfry root.

2. Red Deadnettle.
Lamium vulgare rubrum.

The root is a little tuft of fibres.
The: firft leaves are fmall, roundifh, and in-

dented : they ftand on flender redifh footftalks ;

and are of a dufky green. ;

The ftalks are {quare and hollow: they are a
foot long, but they do not ftand upright : they
lean and trail in the lower part upon the ground :
they have ufually a few leaves about the bottom,

Tike thofe from the root ;- and about two pairs of
‘others, placed at diftances, one pair near the

bottom, the other near the top. At the fum-
mit there are two or three other pairs, among
which rife the flowers.
Thefe aré fmall and red.
N° 36.

BRITISH SPECIES.

The feeds are brown:

It is common about gardens, and wherevet
ground has been dug. It fldwers from April to.
Oétober. TS

C; Bauhine calls it Lamium purpureum faetidunt
folio fubrotundo: Others only Lawiium rubrum.

3. Red Deadnettle with divided leaves.
. Lamium rubrum folits diffectis.

The root is fibrotis arid brown. >

The firft leaves are placed on flender foots’
ftalks ; and they are broad, fhort, and deeply diz
vided by about five irregular indentings.

The ftalk is of a pale green, and not very firm;
ten inches high, and hollow.
. The leaves are placed in paits on fhort foot=
ftalks ; and they ate broad, fhort, and deeply dis
vided.

The flowers ftand in the bofoms of the leavess .
and they are fmall’ and red.

The feeds are brown.

It is not uncorhmon on plowed land, and it
flowers in May.

Ray calls it Lamium rubrum minus foliis prox
funde incifis.

4, Great Henbit:
_Lamium folio caulem ambienté.

The root is fmall and fibrous.»

The firft leaves are fupported on flender foot-
ftalks ; and they are broad, fhort, and waved at
the edges: frequently alfo there rife a kind of
fuckers from the root, each fupporting fix or
eight of thefe leaves.

The ftalks are numerous, fquare; hollows and
about five inches in length :. they are not much
branched, and they trail upon the ground. ‘

The leaves on thefe are unlike thofe.from the
root: two naturally grow at a joint; but they
unite, and form a kind of fingle roundifh leaf;
through which the ftalk runs in a perfoliate
manner, : i

The flowers are fmall, and of a pale red: they
ftand in the bofoms of the leaves. ;

The feeds are oblong and brown:

It is common on ground that has been plowed
or dug. It flowers in July. :

C. Bauhine calls it Lamium folio caulem ambiente:

Authors fpeak of a leffer {pecies ; but it is only,

a variety.
g§4 5: Xellow

366 The

BAR YT S* ee 2 Et ee oe

5. Yellow Deadnettle.
Lamium flore flavo. ~

~ This is a plant of regular growth, and of great
beauty.

The root creeps under the furface, and has
many long, thick fibres. .
“The ftalks are {quare, light, hollow, and a
foot or more in height; they feldom grow per-
fectly ereét, but trail or ftoop a little.

The leaves ftand in pairs; and are oblong,

moderately broad, elegantly ferrated, and of a
fine green.

The flowers are large, and of a beautiful yel-
low: they rife in confiderable number in the bo-
foms of the leaves.

The feeds-are oblong and brown.

Tt is frequent in the dry ditches which furround
woods, and elfewhere among bufhes, It flowers

6. Hemp-Deadnettle.
Urtica foliis anguftis ferratis.

The root is creeping and fibrous.

The ftalk is fquare, hollow, light, and a foot
or more in length. Its colour is brown; and it
is covered wich a kind of briftles.

The leaves ftand two at a joint; and they

’ have flender footftalks: they are oblong, nar-
row, fharp-pointed, and fharply ferrated; and
they have on the under fide very large ribs: they
have been fuppofed from this and from their
colour, which is a dufky green, to refemble the
fingle leaves of hemp.

_ The flowers are large and gaping: they’are
of a bright red; and they are placed in tubular
cups, terminated by a kind of prickles: they
ftand in tufts at the tops of the ftalks and
branches.

_ The feeds are large and blackith.

It is common about corn-fields, and on ground
that has beendug. It flowers in July.

C. Baubine calls it Urtica aculeata foliis ferratis,
Others, Cannabis [puria.

7. Narrow-leaved Yellow Deadnettle.
Lamium luteum foliis anguftioribus ferratis.

The root is creeping, white, and hung with
many fibres.

DIVISION WL

Indian Deadnettle.
Lamium foliis diffettis orientale.

The root is compofed of numerous, long,

“brown fibres; very tough, and of a difagreeable
fmell, ° ‘

\ ~The ftalk is upright, {quare, and of a brownith

colour,

_ The leaves are placed in pairs at diftances ; |
‘and they are very beautiful. Their colour is a.

The ftalks are flender, fquare, and about a
foot high: they are rarely branched; and their
colour is a dark green or brown.

The leaves are placed in pairs, and have flen-
der footftalks : they are long, and very narrow,
deeply ferrated, and of a faint green.

. The flowers grow all the way: up in.the bofoms
of the leaves ; and they are large, and of a pale
yellow.

The feeds are fmall and brown.

We have it in woods in Suffex.
September.

Ray calls it Leminm luteum foliis anguftifimis.

Tt flowers in

8. Great-flowered Hemp-Deadnettle.

Lamium cannabino folio flore magno,

The root is long and flender, and has many
fibres.

The ftalk.is weak, fquare, branched, and two
feet in length. ;

The leaves are broad and oblong: they are
deeply jagged, fharp-pointed, and of a very
bright green.

The flowers ftand aboue the tops of the
branches in clufters growing in the bofoms of the
leaves: they are very large, and of a {nowy
white.

The feeds are large and blackith.

We have it about the edges of forefts, It
flowers in July.

Ray calls it Cannabis fpuria flore albo magno ele-
ganti.

9. Hemp-Deadnettle with variegated Aowers.

Lamium folio carinabino floribus variegatis.

The root is compofed of numerous, long, and
flender fibres,

The ftalk is fquare, firm, hairy, and two feet
and a half in height.

The leaves ftand in pairs; and they are long,
narrow, of a dark green, and fharply ferrated,

The flowers are placed in a kind of {pikes at
the tops of the ftalks, and beautifully variegated
with white, red, and yellow. :

It is common in the northern counties, and
flowers in July.

Ray calls it Lamium cannabino folio flore amplo
luteo labio purpureo.

REIGN SPECIES,

fine green; and they are deeply divided at the
edges, :
The flowers ftand in clufters in the bofoms of
the upper leaves ; and are large and beautiful.
The feeds are large and purplith,
It is a native of the Eaft Indies, and of the
Greek iflands, and flowers in Auguft.
Tournefort calls it Lamium orientale folits ele-
Santer laciniatis.

GENUS

Th BRITULSHcCHERBA L,

G E

N Us8

XIX.

BASTARD BAUM
ME L188 0 Pi XH TeL seyem

CPE an flower is labiated, and is formed of a fingle petal.
the upper lip is large, rounded, and placed upright: the lower lip is broad’and obtufe.
cup is hollowed,, and large, and at.the top is divided into two lips.

flower; and they ftand naked.

The tubular part is Jong and flender :

The
The’ ee are four after every

Linnzus places this among the didynamia gymuofpermia, the flower lived two longer and two
fhorter threads, and the feeds ftanding naked in the cup. This author callowen it'to be a diftin& oes
nus; but he alters the received name, writing it melittis: 8

There is but one known fpecies of this genus; and oe is common to Britain, ‘and all the nor-

thern parts of Europe.

Baftard Baum. |
Meliffophyllum.

The root is compofed of numerous, thick fibres,
of an acrid and bitterifh, tafte.

The ftalk is {quare, upright, firm, and a foot
and half high: it is of a dufky green colour, and
full of pith.

The leaves are-confiderably large, ‘broad, ob-
Jong, of a dufky green colour, and of a rough
furface: they are pleat in pairs, and have flen-
der footftalks,

Gee Ee NE TUS

The flowers rife in the bofoms of the leaves;
and they are large and purple.

The feeds are uneven, large, and brown.

It is common in the woods of Devonfhire; and
fome other of the adjoining counties, and flowers
in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Lamium montanum meli ie
folio, Others, Meliffa, and Meliffophyllum.

It is faid to be a cephalick ; but its virtues are
not well eftablifhed.

XX.

ASLoL HB Ach:

S LD Bt Ru Pets Diss

rae flower is labiated, and is formed of a fingle -petal.. .

: The tubular part is-very {hort : the

upper lip is rounded and turned, and is.a little nicked at the edge; the lower lip is divided i into

three unequal fegments

The cup is tubular, formed of a fingle piece, and terminated by five points,

The feeds are four after every flower ; and they ftand naked.
Linneus places this among the didyzamia haere ee flower having two threads longer

than the others, and the feeds “ftanding naked.

DoE Vel SOCNe Tt

x. Broad-leaved Little Allheal.
Sideritis pumila folio latiore.

The root is long, flender, white, and furnifhed
with a few fibres.

The firft leaves are placed on flender footftalks :
they areoblong, broad, and indented at the edges:
their colour is ; a pale green, and they havea faint
{mell.

The ftalks are: fquare, weak, and branched :

they are fix or.,eight inches long; and they,
:fometimes ‘ftand . erect, dpmerimnes lie upon: the

Sens

The leaves on them are fet in paics ; and they
are oblong)... broad, ferrated, and of a pale
green.

The flowers. ftand in the bofoms of the leaves,
and are fmall: ‘their colour is a pale red ; but they
are {potted on the infide with purple.

The feeds are brown.
Jt is common in our corn-fields, and flowers
in July.

~~ C.Bauhine calls it Sideritis alfies tr iffaginis

1, folio.

BRITISH SPECIES,

‘2. Clown’s Allheal.
Sideritis futida Sirumofa radice.

The root is compofed of numerous, irregular,

tuberous pieces, connected by brown, thick

fibres,
The ftalk is upright, hairy, of a ste green,
fquare, not much branched, and two feet high.
The leaves ftand in pairs: they are oblong,
narrow, ferrated at the edges, ae and ae a
pale green.

The flowers'are. very numerous : they ftand in

feparate clufters round the upper part of the

ftalk, and together form a kind of fpike: they
are purple; but the lower lip is fpotted with
white.

The feeds are angulated, fmall, and blackifh.

It is common in damp places, and flowers in
Augutt.

C. Bauhine calls it Stachys paluftris fatida.
The common writers, Sideritis Anglica firumofa
radice,

7 The

368 The

BRITISH HERBAL.

The frefh leaves bruifed are very eminent as
a vulnerary: they ftop the bleeding of a frefh
wound, and without any other application heal it.

3. Broad-leaved yellow Allheal.
Sideritis latifolia flore flavo.

The root is compofed of fmall white fibres.

The firft leaves are fupported on flender foot-
ftalks ; and they are fhort, broad, a little in-
dented at the edges, and of a dufky green.

The ftalk is fquare, ho!low, of a faint green,
and about a foot high.

‘The leaves ftand in pairs on it; and they are
oblong and broad: their colour is a bright green,
and they are indented at the edges.

The flowers rife in tufts in the bofoms of the
leaves; and they are moderately large and yel-
low. \

The feeds are oblong, cornered, and brown.

It is not uncommon in our northern counties
in cultivated Jand. . It flowers.in July.

Ray calls it Sideritis arvenfis latifolia birfuta lutea.

DEV VSEO NAL

Canary Allheal.
Sideritis latifolia Canarienfis.

The root is long, thick, and brown; and it is
hung with many fibres.

The firft leaves are placed on long, flender,
redifh footftalks; and they are oblong, broad,
and of a pale green, obtufe at the end, a little
crenated at the edges, and dented for the ftalk at
the bafe.

The ftalk is fhrubby, firm, upright, and not
much branched,

G... SRN Ue

4. Narrow-leaved red Allheal.
Sideritis anguflifolia flore rubente.

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
many fibres.

The firft leaves are numerous: they are ob-
long, narrow; of a brownifh green, and indented
at the edges: thefe quickly wither.

The ftalk is fquare, of a purplifh colour, and
a foot high. ;

The leaves ftand in pairs; and they are nar-
row, oblong, of a deep green, and ferrated.

The flowers are fmall and red : they are placed
in tufts about the tops of the ftalks; and each is
variegated with two white fpots on the lower lip,

The feeds are {mall and brown.

It is common in corn-fields, and flowers in
July.

C. Bauhine calls it Sideritis arvenfis anguftifolia
rubra. Others, Ladanum fegetum.

All thefe are fuppofed to be excellent againft
frefth wounds.

FOREIGN SPECIES,

The leaves on it are placed in pairs; and they
have long, flender footftalks : they refemble thofe
from the root, but they are fmaller ; and they are
of a whitifh colour, and foft to the touch,

The flowers ftand in tufts in the bofoms of the
upper leaves; and they are fmall and white.

The feeds are brown.

It is a native of the Canaries, and flowers in
July. ;

Commelin calls it Stachys Canarienfis frutefcens

verbafci folio.

It is efteemed an aftringent and vulnerary.

XXI:

CALAMINT.

CPAP ECALM: TON TeHe= Ae

"THE flower is labiated, and is formed of a fingle petal. The tubular part at the bafe is cylindrick
and even. The upper lip is divided at the extremity into three points: the lower lip is divided
into three fegments ; and of thefe the middle one is largeft, and is heart-fafhioned. The cup is hol-
low, tubular, and formed alfo into two lips. Four feeds follow every flower; and they ftand naked
in the cup. The whole plant is of a ftrong, and not agreeable fmell, and of an acrid tafte.
Linnzus places it among the didynamia gymnofpermia, the threads in the flower being two longer
and two fhorter, and the feeds having no covering but the cup. He does not allow calamint to be
a diftiné genus, but makes the feveral kinds of it fpecies of Baum or meliffa.

1, Common Calamint.
Calamintha vulgaris.

The root is compofed of numerous, brown
fibres.

The ftalks aré woody, and a foot or more in
height, very much branched, and of a whitifh
colour.

The leaves are placed in pairs; and they are
roundifh, a little waved, or irregularly notched
at the edges, and of a brownifh green.

‘The flowers are moderately large, and of a
bluith white: they ftand in clufters in the bo-
foms of the upper leaves.

The feeds are {mall and brown;
; t is common by way-fides, and flowers in
uly.
C, Bauhine calls it Calamintha vulgaris vel offi-
cinarum Germania. Others, Calamintha major.

2: Smaller Calamint.
Calamintha odore pulegit.
The root is flender, and hung with many fibres.

The ftalks are branched, and near a foot high:

they are firm, hard, upright, and of a whitith
colour.

The leaves are yery numerous : they are placed
2 in

~NMother-word~

hide: Dona sae

GF ealwiled basil |

OE gata ne

f
a
:

WN
A;

Vy 4 \ a

Aid Deadrittile with i a
: ia ceaddrettle.

Divided Leaver y- | : : :
rans ‘ greal Men bil - | ; Ww

w Deadnettle

Broad leavid

bastard baum : : [low LM hon uy

re ea - J Wf’ ss : es 2 oe ee fae (yoae bana
arakereg Maa adie 3 : WA tS) ois

a Ground se

es a 4 Smaller (elarnme °
(Lenion [ylame 704

Th BRIDISH HERD Als

369

in pairs; and they are fmall, and of an oblong,
or fomewhat oval form: they are of a whitifh
colour; and have a ftrong {mell, between that
of the common calamint and pennyroyal.

The flowers grow from the bofoms of the
leaves at the tops of the plant; and they are
fmall and white.

The feeds are brown.

It is common by way-fides with the former,
and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Calamintha pulegii odore five

GME oe

nepeta, Others, Calamintha minor. Our peoples
Field-calamint, :

Both this and the former are excellent medi-
cines in hyfterick complaints: they promote the
menfes; and are good againft obftructions of the
vifcera, :

They may be taken dried and powdered 5 but
the better method is in a ftrong infufion in the
manner of'tea. A conferve may alfo be made of
the tops,

§ XXIl,

GROUND-IVY.

HEDERA TERREST RIS

HE flower is labiated, and is formed of a fingle petal. The tubular part is flender and corti-

prefled. The upper.lip is upright and fimple: it is obtufe at the end, and a little fplit: the

lower lip is divided into three fegments ; and the middle one of thefe is larger than the others, and

nipped at the end. The cup is formed of a fingle piece ; and is tubular, and divided into five parts
at the rim. The feeds after each fower are four in number, and oval.

Linnzus places this among the didynamia gymnofpermia ; the flower having two longer and two

fhorter threads, and the feeds ftanding naked.

He takes away the received name from the genus, and calls it glechoma.

1. Common Ground-Ivy.

Hedera terreftris vulgaris.

The root is a tuft of long crooked fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, weak, hairy, fquare,
of a brown colour; and they trail upon the
ground, and take root at the joints. There alfo
rife with them a number of fmall, running fhoots,
which root at their ends; and the plant is thus
propagated in abundance.

The leaves are placed in pairs; and they have
flender foot{talks: where they firft fhoot they are
redith, afterwards of a dufky green, and hairy :
they are of a roundifh figure, crenated at the
edges, and fomewhat pointed.

The flowers are moderately large and blue:
they rife from the bofoms of the leaves: they
are followed each by four fmall oval feeds.

The plant is common on ditch-banks, and
flowers in April. That is the time where it has
its full virtue. ‘

C. Bauhine calls it Hedera terreftris vulgaris.
Others, Calamintha bumilior folio rotundiore.

Tt is an excellent pectoral and deobftruent, A
conferve of the frefh-gathered tops with fugar is
good againft coughs. A fyrup made of the
juice with honey is ufeful in afthmas. The juice
preffed with white wine is alfo ferviceable in the

Gee Ben - UL

jaundice; and an infufion taken in large dofés
operates powerfully and fafely by urine, bringing
away gravel, and cleanfing the ureters.

The juice fnuffed up the nofe is celebrated
againft the headach. Malt-liquor in which this
herb is put, is called gil/-ale, from gill, an Eng-
lifh name of the plant. It has fome virtue from
it, but is not comparable to the other forms.

2. Purple-flowered Ground-Ivy.
Hedera terreftris montana flore purpurafcente.

The root is compofed of innumerable brown,
flender, crooked fibres,

The ftalks are numerous, thick, but weak,
of a purplifh colour, and procumbent.

The leaves have long footftalks: they are

placed in pairs; and they are large, roundifh,

dented, of a pale green, and very hairy.

The flowers ftand in the bofoms of the leaves;
and they are large and purple.

It is not uncommon in woods in our northern
counties, and elfewhere. It flowers in April.

C. Bauhine calls it’ Hedera terreftris montana; a
name moft others have copied.

Some -have thought it only a variety of the
common kind; but it appears to be a diftin&
fpecies by fowing. ‘

XXIII.

STINKING HOARHOUND,
BUACEL DE Owe £,

HE flower is labiated : it is formed of a fingle petal. The tubular part is cylindrick, and of

the length of the cup. The upper lip is hollow, undivided, but dented at the tip, and ob-

tufe: the lower lip is obtufe, and is divided into three fegments; the middle one of which is larger
than the others, and is nipped at the end. The cup is tubular, and marked with ten ridges, and is

N° XXXVIL.

5B divided

(did tae

Th BRITISH HERBAL.

370

divided into five points at the edge. Befidé this cup to every flower, there is a general involucrum
for each clufter of flowers; which is compofed of narrow leaves, and divided in halves.
Linneus places this among the didynamia gymnafpermia; the flower having two longer and two

“Shorter threads, and the feeds ftanding naked.

DPV ASSO Bast

Stinking Hoarhound.
Ballote fetida vulgaris,
The root is thick, long, and furnifhed with
many fibres.
' The ftalks are numerous, fquare, and upright:
they are light, hollow, and a yard high.

The leaves are placed in pairs: they have flen-
der footftalks ; and they are of a rounded figure,

and dark green colour, indented at the edges,

foft to'the touch, and hairy.
The flowers are of a pale purple: they ftand

DIVISION IL.

Woolly Ballote.
Ballote caule lanato.

The root is long, divided, and furnifhed with
many fibres. :

The ftalk is fquare, hollow, and upright; of
a whitifh colour, and covered with a woolly
matter,

CF se NN Te Sed

BRITISH SPECIES,

in clufters in the bofoms of the leaves furround:
ing the ftalks.

It is common in wafte grounds, and flowers in
June. :

C. Bauhine calls it Marrubium nigrum fotidum
ballote Diofeoridis, Others, Ballote.

This is one of thofe plants which poffefs great
and unregarded virtues. It is one of the beft
remedies in medicine for hypochondriac and hy-
fterick complaints. It may be taken in form of
a conferve made of the frefh-gathered tops, and
in infufion in the manner of tea.

REIGN SPECIES.

The leaves ftand in pairs ; and they are broad,
and deeply divided into three or five fegments.

The flowers are large and white.

It is a native of Siberia, and flowers in Au-—
guft.

Amman, to whom we owe the knowledge of
this fingular plant, calls it Ballota Soltis Geranit
batrachoidis.

TI,

HOODED WILLOWHERB,

GnhiS — S oft. oD tk

TYAHE flower is labiated: it is formed of a fingle petal,
turns backward. The opening is long, and flatted alfo.

ded into three fegments.

The tubular part is very fhort, and
The upper lip is hollow, and divi-

The cup is tubular, and undivided at the mouth, where it has a kind of
icale that falls over the opening to preferve the feeds,

This has the fhape of a head-piece, and ferves

as a feed-veflel ; and this alone will abundantly diftinguih the plant. The feeds are four after every

flower ; and they ftand naked in the cup,

under the thelter of this moft fingular covering.

Linnzus places this among the didynamia gymnofpermia ; there being two longer and two fhorter
threads in the flower, and the feeds having no'capfule. The plant perfectly agrees with the reft in the

character of the clafs, which is, that the feeds lie in the cup without a feed-veffel ;

but it does not

well anfwer to the term devifed by this author to exprefs its for they are not naked, though they

have no capfule.

1. Common Caffida,
Cafida vulgaris,

The root is fall and creeping : it is jointed
at certain diftances, and fends fibres from thofe
" joints.
The ftalk is fquare, upright, branched, and
about ten inches high.
_ The leaves ftand in pairs, and have {carce any
footftalks : they are oblong, broad at the bafe,
narrower all the way to the point, and ferrated
at the edges.
The flowers are large, and of a fine violet
blue: two of them grow together from the bo-
~ foms of the leaves, and they hang drooping.
The feeds are fmall and dufky-; and they are

covered in the cup with a fhelly fubftance, like
a head-piece.

It is common by the fides of ditches, and
flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Ly/fmachia cerulea galericu-
lata five gratiola cerulea. Others, Tertianaria,
and Caffida vulgaris,

2. The Leffler Caffida.
Coffida minor flore purpurafcente.

The root creeps under the furface: it is
jointed, and fends out fibres from thofe joints.

The ftalk is fquare, upright, branched, and
about fix inches high : it is ftriated, and of a re-
difh colour.

The leaves ftand in pairs; and are’ broad,
fhort, and indented. :

The flowers are purple; and they grow from
the bofoms of the leaves. > — »

8 The

The

The feeds are four : and they are covered in
the cup by akind of head-piece, as in thé former
inftance.

It is common about waters,

F and flowers in
June.

G2 Boon

Ray calls it Caffida palufiris minima fore purpus
rafcente,

The leaves of the cafide dried and powdered
were a famous remedy for agues before the batk
was known; but they are now difufed:

Bei soy SOT,

GROUND-PINE:;

CH tM

deg flower is formed of a fingle petal, and is Jabiated. The tubular part is fhort,
. The lower lip is divided into three
The cup is tubular, formed of a
vided into five pats; and tifing on one fide at the bafe.
the leaves ; and the feeds are four after every flower,

Linnzus places this among the ‘didynamia £ymnofpermia
fhorter threads, ‘and the feeds being naked in the cup.

but places it with the /eordizm chamedrys, and feye-

lip is deeply divided into two fegments.
which the middle one is largeft, and is rounded.

He does not allow this to be a diftin& genus ;
ral others, under the common name of Leucrium,

‘DIVISION 1.

Common Ground-Pine.
Chamepitys vulgaris,

The root is long, flender, and divided.

The ftalks are numerous, weak, and thiee
inches high: they are of a greyifh colour, very
much ‘branched, ‘and covered thick with leaves.

Thefe'ftand in pairs at {mall’diftances; and
they have numerous young ones in their'bofoms:
they are-of a:pale'yellowifh green, oblong, ‘nar-
row, and at the end divided into three points.
~ "The flowers rife from the bofoms of the leaves ; ,

and are {mall and yellow: but the upper lip is fpot-
ted with purple on the infide,

DIVISLTON Ips Fo
Auftrian Ground-Pine.
Chamepitys caerulea Auftriacas

This is a very beautiful plant.

The root is long; thick, divided, and hung |
with many fibres. '

The ftalks are numerous, and ten inches high, |
‘fquare, of a whitith colour, and downy.

The leaves ftand at diftances two at each joint,
‘but With clufters of young ones in all their bo- |
‘foms: they are divided iito three or four long |

Ge Bee Ne Uy,

NSD an

and the upper
fegments ; of
fingle piece, di-
The flowers grow ‘from the ‘bofoms of
and roundifh.

3 the flower having two longer and two

BRITISH SPECI#s.

The feeds arefmall, ‘black, and round.

The whole plant has a refinous fmell and tafe,’

It is frequent in fome parts of the kingdom on
chalky and other dry foils. Tt flowers in July.

C.Bauhine calls it Chamepitys lutea vulgaris
Sive folio trifido, —

Ground:pine is an excellent ‘medicine in ner-

vous:diforders. It is a powerful diuretick ; “ana
it promotes the menfes,
. The tops dried and powdered are recommended
againft the gout ; and there ‘ate well-authorifed
accounts of great cures having been performed by
them ‘in the {ciatica.

REIGN SPECIES,

and narrow fegments ; and are of a lively green
on the upper fide, and paler underneath. :

The flowers grow from the bofoms of the leaves
toward the upper part of the plant: they are
very large: the body of them is of a delicate vio-

| let blues and the under lip is whitith, and fpotted

with crimfon.

The feeds are Jarge and roundith.

It is frequent on the mountains of Germany,
and flowers in June. ‘ !

C. Bauhine calls it Chamepitys cerulea Auftriaca.

§ XXVI

Be U Ge

Bla G

HE flower is formed of a fingle petal, and is of the labiated kind. The

and bent. The upper lip is very {mall :

“edge. The feeds are four :

it ftands erect, and is fplit in two parts,
lip is divided into‘ three fegments : the middle one is large, and heart-fathioned :
are‘very fmall. The cup is fmall; and is formed of a fingle piece, divided into

Cn Bom

tubular, part is cylindrick
The lower
the two fide ones
five parts at the

they ate oblong, and they have no defence but the cup.

Linneus places this among the didynamia gymnofpermia; the Aower having two longer and ‘two

‘fhorter threads, and the feeds having no capfule.

calls it ajuga.

He takes away the received name bugula, and

1. Bugle.

Vie eltal a Ter tl CEE fe OAC

1. Bugle.

Bugula vulgaris caerulea.

The root is compofed of numerous fibres, and
it fénds out creeping fhoots.

The ftalk is fquare, upright, notatall branched,
and about ten inches high.

The leaves are placed in pairs, and are of a
fine green: they are broad, oblong, and indented
at the edges.

The flowers ftand in clufters in the bofoms of
the upper leaves from the middle to the top, and
fometimes all the length of the ftalk ; fo that to-
gether with the leaves they form a kind of thick
fpike: they are {mall and blue.

The feeds are roundifh, and of a deep brown.

It is common in our meadows, and flowers in
June.

C. Bauhine calls it Confolida media pratenjis ca-
rulea. Others, Bugula vulgaris.

Te ftands celebrated in all the old writers as a
wound-herb.
A decoétion of it is good againft obftructions

of the vilcera, and in the jaundice. It operates
by urine in a certain and fafe manner,

2. Mountain-Bugle,
Bugula folio longiore.

The root is compofed of numerous, long
fibres.

The ftalks rife feveral together; and they are
flender, but upright, fquare, of a purplifh co-
Jour, and not at all branched.

The leaves are placed in pairs; and they are
oblong, and moderately broad : they have no
footftalks: they are narroweft at the bafe, and
broadeft toward the point; and have on each
fide three or four deep indentings,

The flowers grow in the bofoms of the leaves ;
and they are fmall and blue.

The feeds are round and blackifh.

It is found on the Welch mountains, and
flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Confolida media cerulea Al-
pina, Others, Bugula cerulea Alpina.

GHB IN | UES XXVIL.

WOOD-SAGE.
eS. «Git ORG O- Da Ox NG Ld.

PTHE flower is formed of a fingle petal, and is of the labiated kind. The tubular part is fhort

and cylindrick. The upper lip is divided into two fegments: the lower lip is divided into
three ; of which the middle one is largeft, and is of arounded form. The cup is tubular, and
lightly divided into five parts. The feeds are four, and they remain naked in the cup. The leaves
refemble fage, and the fmell is like that of garlick.

Linnzus places this among the didynamia gymnofpermia; there being two longer and two fhorter
threads in the flower, and the feeds ftanding naked in the cup.

Of this genus there is but one known fpecies, and that is a native of Britain.

Linna:us does not allow the genus to be diftinét. He confounds it among many others, under
the common name fexcrium but it is fufficiently diftinguifhed in Nature,

Wood- Sage.
Scorodonia vulgaris.
iiss

The root is long, divided, and fpreading ; and
is furnifhed with many fibres.

The ftalk is fquare, upright, firm, not much
branched, and two feet in height.

The leaves are placed in pairs: they have fhort
footftalks ; and they are broad, oblong, and
fomewhat like thofe of fage, but of a rougher
furface, and pale green colour,

The flowers ftand in long {pikes at the tops of

Neg

the ftalks and branches; and they are fmall and
greenifh, with purple buttons to the filaments.

The feeds are little and brown.

It is common in woods, and flowers in July.

_ C. Bauhine calls it Scordium alterum five falvia
agreftis.

It is a powerful deobftruent ; and it operates by
{weat and urine. The beft way of giving it is in
form of an infufion.

It was at one time celebrated againft venereal
complaints; but the ufe of mercurial remedies
has now fet afide all others in thofe diforders.

S XXVIII,

WATER GERMANDER.

SiG, OF ReaD 11,

THE flower is formed of a fingle petal, and is labiated. The tubular part at the bafe is fhort.
The upper lip is fplit into two fegments; and the lower lip is divided into three: the two
of thefe at the fides are fmall; but the middle one is rounded and large. . The cup is formed of a
fingle piece: it is tubular, and flightly divided into five fegments. The feeds after each flower are
four; and they ftand naked in the cup. The ftalks are procumbent; and the leaves are downy.

Linnzus |

The BR IT SH THEIR BOA,

373

Linnzus places this among the didynamia gymnofpermia: the flower having two jonger and two

fhorter filaments, and the feeds being naked. He does not allow it to be

a diftinét genus, but

makes it one of the fpecies of teucrium. Of the fcordium, Properly diftinguifhed by thefe characters,
there is but one Known fpecies, and that is a native of Britain. :

Water-Germander.
Scordium.

The root is compofed of numerous fibres.

The ftalks are fquare, weak, eight or ten
inches long; and they lie either entirely or in
part upon the ground: they fend roots from the
joints, where they reft upon the ground; and
thus the plant fpreads over a great deal of {pace
in a little time.

The leaves ftand in pairs, and have no foot-
flalks: they are oblong, moderately broad, dented
at the edges, of a pale greyifh green, and foft to
the touch.

The flowers grow in the bofoms of the leaves ;
and they are fmall and red.

The feeds are minute and brown.

It is common in the Ifle of Ely, and in fome
other parts of the kingdom on damp ground. It
flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it only Scordium. Others,
Scordium verum, and Scordium legitimum.

It is celebrated asa fudorifick, and hasa place
in fome of the principal compofitions of the
fhops.

It has the credit of being an excellent medicine
in malignant and peftilential fevers. To this
purpofe it is to be given dried and powdered.

The juice prefled out with white wine is good
in obftructions of the vifcera; and it is faid,
given alone, to be a remedy againft worms in the
inteftines.

SEO Se SD i a De ese Bos eDiets te a Sh a oe cS Me cae

CE SRe 4

Heiss ce

ForEIGN GENERA,

Thofe of which there is no fpecies naturally wild in this country.

Gero Ns eis I.
S@AGG oF,
Mat APL ee TA,

HE flower is formed of a fingle petal, and is labiated. The tubular part is {mall at the bafe,
aE and thence. becomes wider, and compreffed. The upper lip is hollow, crooked, compreffed,.
and nipped at the extremity. The lower lip broad, and divided into three fegments ; the middle one
of which is large, and nipped at the end. The cup is tubular, ftriated, and divided alfo into two
lips at the top: the upper one of thefe has three, and the lower has two points. The feeds are four
after every flower ; and they are naked in the cup. ; i

Linneeus feparates this from the generality of the verticillate plants, and places it among the dian.
dria monogynia; the filaments in the flower being two, and the ftyle fingle. There is fomething fo
fingular in the ftruéture of thefe filaments, that the plant, according to this method, appears to be
very nearly allied to the didynamia ; for thefe two filaments are fplit each into two branches ; one of
which in each is longer, and fupports a button ; and the other fhorter,.and has in its place only a ufe.

lefs appendage.

1, Common Sage.
Salvia bortenfis vulgaris.

The root is long and thick, and is furnifhed
all about with innumerable fibres.

The firft leaves are very numerous: they are
fupported on long footftalks ; and they are ob-
long, broad, of a rough furface, and of a redith
colour: they are fomewhat dented at the edges ;
and they are of a ftrong, but very agreeable tafte
and fmell.

The ftalks are fquare, redifh, firm, very much
branched, and a foot and half high.

The leaves on thefe refemble thofe from the
root ; but:they have fhorter footftalks.

N° 37.

The flowers are placed in a kind of fpikes at
the tops of the ftalks and branches ; and they are
large and blue, often tinged with purple.

The feeds are moderately large.

The tops of the plant have a fragrant refin
about them, which fticks to the fingers; and
thefe have more of the fine tafte and fmell of the
plant than any other part. toa

It is a native of the warmer parts of Europe,
and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Salvia major aut {phacelus
Theophrafti. Others, Salvia latifolia. Our gar-
deners, Red fage.

It is a very good medicine againft diforders of
5C the

374 he

Bi Rt IME, 4S). HH E R-Bante 1

the head and nerves; and for that purpofe no
way is better than the common one, of taking it
in tea. In this manner, drank in large quanti-
ties, it is alfo diaphoretick ; and good in feverith
diforders.

The Italians eat it as a prefervative of health,
and fay a man need not die that has Jage in his
garden. Our people, from the fame principle,
eat fage on bread and butter ; and there is no bet-
ter way of taking it. Some prefer the Sage of
virtue to the common kind; but their qualities
are nearly the fame; and this is the more pleafant.

2. Sage of Virtue.

Salvia minor.

The root is long, thick, woody, and furnifhed
with many fibres.

The firft leaves are placed on flender foot-
ftalks ; and they are oblong, moderately broad,
of agreyifh green colour, and rough furface ;
and at the bafe of each there ufually and natu-
rally grow two fmall ones, called ears; but thefe
are fometimes wanting.

The ftalks are numerous, fquare, flender,
branched, and a foot or more in height.

The Jeaves on them refemble thofe from the
root; but they are {maller.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks in
long, loofe {pikes ; and they are of a fine pale
blue.

The feeds are moderately large,

It is a native of Spain.

C.Bauhine calls it Salvia minor aurita et non
aurita. Others only Salvia minor, Our gar-
deners, Sage of virtue.

’ Many prefer it to the common fage for the fame
purpofes,

3. Candy-Sage.
Salvia anguftifolia Cretica.

The root is woody, and hung with numerous
fibres. ‘ ;

The ftem is woody and round; but the young
branches are fquare.

The leaves are oblong, narrow, and of a pale
green: fometimes they are a little dented at the
edges, at others not at all, and fome have a double
large indenting near the bafe, in refemblance of
the ears of the other /age.

The flowers ftand in loofe fpikes at the tops of
the branches ; and are of a faint whitith purple.
The cups are obtufe, and the feeds that follow
are large.

Cos ON eUiea8

It is a native of the Greek iflands, and flowers
in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Salvia baccifera. Others,
Salvia pomifera. And our gardeners, Apple-fage,
or Berry-bearing fage.

All that is natural to the plant we have here
defcribed ; but it remains to explain the phrafe
apple- bearing fage.

There is a fly in the Greek iflands, whofe
young is hatched upon this plant, in excrefcences
raifed by the puncture of its parent. Every one
knows the galls produced on our oak; and few
areignorant of theirorigin. A fly wounds the young
fhoot of the tree; and the part fwells from the
poifonous juice left by her in the wound, and
rifes into this round fubftance, called a gall. So
in Crete a fly wounds the Jege, a gall is formed,
and from its fhape it is called an apple. They
err who fuppofe it the fruit of the plant, for it has
no fruit but the four feeds in each cup.

4. Ethiopian Sage.
Salvia lanuginofa Aithiopica,

The root is long, thick, and hung about with
fibres.

The firft leaves are large, and nearly as broad
as they are long, of a whitith colour ; and fo co-
vered with a woolly matter, that they lofe the
outline of their fhape. ;

The ftalk is fquare, upright, and branched:
it is thick fet with leaves, and is covered with the
fame white woolly matter.

The leaves on the ftalk refemble thofe from the
root, and are as thickly covered with the woolly
matter.

The flowers rife from the bofoms of the upper
leaves; and are of a {nowy whitenefs ; but the
buttons on the tops of their threads are yellow.

The feeds are four after every flower; and they
lie naked in the cup.

It is a native of Greece, Africa, and fome of
the hotteft parts of Europe.

C. Bauhine calls it Aithiopis foliis finuofis.
Others, Sclarea thiopica; and fome, ANthiopian
mullein.

It is diftinly and Properly a fpecies of /age.

The leaves are fometimes altogether undivided,
fometimes cut in at the edges, and this in a
flighter or deeper manner; and from hence au-
thors have named one or two imaginary fpecies.

They are only accidental varieties of the {ame
plant.

XIX,

LAVENDER,

EAE EMIN Dep 4

Apat flower is Iabiated, and is formed of a fingle petal.

The tubular part is cylindrick, and

longer than the cup.. The upper lip is larger than the under, and is {plit into two parts: the

under lip is divided into three rounded fegments of equal fize.
a fingle piece ; and is obfcurely dented at the edge,

The cup is fhort: it is formed of
The feeds are of an oval fhape, and four follow

every flower; and the flowers ftand in naked fingle {pikes,

Linneus places this among the didynamia gy
I

mnofpermia ; the threads in the flower being two longer

and.

ee ee ee

The BITRE sth HB Re an pee

and two fhorter, and the feeds ftanding naked in the cup. He joins
common genus; but the {piked flowers of the Javender are fufficientl
by their plain, fimple ftruéture, and by the want of that fingular,

the top.

1. Common Lavender.
Lavendula vulgaris.

The root is woody, long, thick, and furnifhed
with numerous fibres. i

The plant rifes in form of a low, bufhy
fhrub. The main ftem is covered with a rough,
grey bark; and the long young fhoots are green.

The leaves are long, narrow, and undivided
at the edges, of a pale green colour, and of a
very ftrong and aromatick fmell.

The flowers grow at the tops of all the thoots
in fpikes ; they are fmall, and of a beautiful
blue: thefe tops, with the flowers, have an ex-
tremely fragrant feent.

The feeds are fmall and brown.

It is a native of the warmer parts of Europe,
We keep it in gardens for its fragrance and its
virtues.

C. Bauhine calls it Lavendula latifolia. Others,
Lavendula vulgaris. :

‘The tops of the plant, gathered juft as the
flowers are opening, poffefs its full virtues : they
are excellent in nervous diforders, good againft
headachs and_paralytick complaints, and ex-
tremely cordial and ftrengthening.

In vertigoes it is of great fervice, and againft
tremblings of the limbs. It alfo operates by
urine, and promotes the menfes.

A conferve of thefe tops is a very good me-
thod of ufing them. The fpirit called Spirit of la-
vender alfo pofleffes their virtues very fully; and
has the advantage of many other good ingre-
dients of the fame intention. This is beft taken
on fugar.

2. Small Lavender.
Lavendula angufpifolia minor.
The root is long, firm, woody, and hung

about with innumerable fibres.
The plant rifes like the common lavender in a

375
Se ne
the fechas and this under one
y diftinguithed from the others
coloured leaf the Stechas has at

The leaves are numerous ; and they are ob-
long, very narrow, and of a frefh and lively
green ; they have the {mell of Leven,
lefs ftrong.

The flowers ftand in thort fpikes at the tops of
the branches ; and they are larger than in the
common lavender, and of a pale blue,

The feeds are fmall and dark.

Tt is common in the fouth of France, and in
all the warmer parts of Europe. It flowers in
Augutt. ;

C. Bauhine calls it Lovendula anguftifolia,
Others, Levendula minor, and Spica.

der leaves, but

An oil made from this ufed to be brought over
from Italy, and here called oi of Spike.

It has the fame virtues with the former, but in
an inferior degree,

3+ Jagged-leaved Lavender,
Lavendula foliis diffestis,

The root is woody, irregular; and covered

over with fibres. ; ‘
The plant is fhrubby, and a foot and half high,
The ftalks are fquare, and of a pale green,

often toward the bottom redith;

The leaves are very beautifully divided in the

pinnated manner ; and the {mall parts refembling
pinnze are again divided or nicked at the edges -
they are of a whitifh colour, and of an extremely
fragrant {mell. :

The flowers are blue, and very fragrant: they
ftand in hort fpikes upon the tops of long, naked
fhoots in the manner of thofe of the common laven-
der; and they have the fame fragrant fell.
The feeds are {mall and brown.

It is a native of Spain, and flowers early in the
fummer. ee

C. Bauhine calls it Zevendula Solio diffecto,
Others, Lavendula multifido folio.

Its virtues are the fame with thofe of common

fhrubby form,

lavender, but in an inferior degree,

Gee EB eeN1UEe 6 III.

Sa Jy, Ge CG

Hy, AS3

Te flower is labiated, and formed of a fingle petal. The tubular part is cylindrick, and
longer than the cup. The upper lip is fplit into two parts, and is larger than the under. This

laft is divided into three roundifh equal fegments.

The cup is fmall, of an oval figure, and very ob-

feurely dented at the edges. The feeds are four after every flowers and they are fimall and oblong.
The flowers are collected into a {pike, formed of feveral regular feries, and terminated at its top by.

a beautiful, coloured leaf.

Linnzus places this among the didynamia kymnofpermia; the flower having two longer and two i
fhorter threads, and the feeds ftanding naked in the cup. i ; :
This author joins it in the fame genus with /avender but it has its antient feparate name ; and.

there is enough in Nature to fupport the diftinétion.

x. Common

BRITISH HERBAL.

1. Common Stoechas.
Stechas vulgaris.

~ ‘The root is woody, and compofed of nume-
‘yous fibres, connected to an oblong head.
The plant rifes in form of a fmall fhrub, two

feet high, and divided into many branches.

Thele are fquare while young ; but they lofe
that form as they grow older and harder.

The leaves are oblong, narrow, of a whitifh
colour, and of a very fragrant {mell.

The flowers grow in thick, fhort fpikes ; form- -

ing with their cups, and the leaves which fup-
port them, a kind of fealy head; at the top of
which ftands a very beautiful leaf, of a deep
purple.

‘The flowers are fmall and purple; and the
whole head has a very fine fmell, and a highly
aromatick tafte.

It is a native of France, Spain, and Italy; and
is alfo abundant in the Eaft. It flowers in
July.

C. Bauhine calls it Stecbas purpurea. Others,
Stechas Arabica, and Spica hortenfis. Our people
call it Arabian fechas, Caffidony, and fome French
lavender.

The fpikes of flowers fhould be gathered for

GPE. Erten . Uses

ufe juft before they come into full bloom. T hey
poffefs the fame virtues with lavender; but they
are more cordial, and of a lighter and more agrce-
able flavour.

2. Jagged-leaved Steechas.
Stoechas foliis dentatis.

The root is long, thick, woody, and hung
round with abundance of fibres.

The plant is fhrubby, very much branched,
and two feet high. ;

The leaves are very beautiful: they are ob-
long, narrow, and deeply ferrated or notched
all along the edges. Their colour on the upper
fide is a lively green, and on the under part they
are whitifh: the edges often turn, and appear
curled. The whole leaf has a very fragrant fmell
and aromatick tafte.

The flowers are placed in thick, fhort fpikes,
in the manner of thofe of the common ftachas ; and
they are {mall and purple.

The {pike is in the fame manner terminated by
a purple head, which is formed of three or four
irregular leaves.

It is a native of the warmer parts of Europe,
and flowers in June:

C. Bauhine calls it Stwchas folio ferrato.

IV.

ROSEMARY.

R 20e8S. MA Ril oN Use Ss

HE flower is labiated, and is formed of a fingle petal. The tubular part is longer than the
cup. The upper lip is fmall, and is fplit into two parts, the edges of which turn back. The
under lip is large, and turns back: it is divided into three fegments; the middle one of which is

largeft, and is hollowed. The cup is divided into two lips.

and they ftand naked in the cup.

The feeds are four after every flower,

Linnzus places this among the diandria monogynia; the threads in the flower being two, and the

ftyle fingle.

Common Rofemary.

Rofmarinus vulgaris.

The root is woody, long, divided, and hung
with numerous fibres.

The plant rifes into a fmall fhrub: the ftem
is woody, and is covered with a brown, rough
bark. The young fhoots are of a greyifh green.

The leaves are numerous, and of a firm fub-
ftance : they are oblong, narrow, fharp-pointed,
not at all indented at the edges, and of a very
fragrant fmell: they are of a very beautiful
‘green on the upper fide, and of a filvery grey un-
derneath.

The flowers rife in great numbers from the bo-
foms of the leaves toward the upper part of the
branches: they are large, and of a pale blue, va-
riegated with white.

The feeds are fmall, and of an oblong fhape.

The whole plant has a fragrant and aromatick
fmell: it is lighter, and more delicate in the

flowers, and. ftronger in the leaves. “The tafte
alfo is warm ‘and aromatick, and not difagree-
able.

It is a native of the warmer parts of Europe,
and flowers in fpring.

C. Bauhine calls it Rofmarinus hortenfis anguf-
tiore folio. Others, Anthos; and fome, Liba-
notis coronaria.

It is a fhrub of very confiderable virtues.

It is excellent in all nervous diforders, againft
vertigoes, dizzinefs of the head, and tremblings
of the limbs. For this purpofe no form of gi-
ving it is better than a conferve made of the ten-
der tops frefh gathered, and beat up with fugar.

It is alfo good againft obftrutions of the vif-
cera, and in paralytick diforders.

Hungary-water is made by diftilling a pure
fpirit from the tops of this plant, or in a coarfer

way, by mixing a few drops of its oil in fuch
a fpiric.

GENUS

>
Ree

\ Vee
OG a
Fyn

‘

(grmon ose an

Bag!

ey NY

age?

(gr Glee

(Grwven Law ere

Lrg al Viel
it as Ge

aati Go? ound

et SALLE youn a

377

The BRITISH HERBAL

GhiquB bes ING 0 8
HisXioiS} ‘500. aP:
HOPS SUO.n BU, 4S:

Vv.

MPHE flower is labiated, and is formed of a fingle petal. The tubular part is of the length of thé
cup. The upper lip is fhort, undivided, and juft nipped at the end; and it ftands erect. The
lower lip is larger, and is divided into three parts ; the middle one of thefe is broader than the other
and is heart-fafhioned. The cup is long, tubular, ftriated, and dented in five parts at the ed “
The feeds are four after every flower ; and they are of an oval form, and placed naked in the cu ae
Linnzus places this among the didynamia gymnofpermia ; the threads in each flower being two ee

and two fhorter, and the feeds placed in the cup without any capfule.

Common Hyfiop.
Hyffopus vulgaris.

The root is compofed of numerous, long, thick
fibres, conneéted to an oblong head.

The ftalks are fquare, upright, hard, and
branched.

The leaves ate placed in pairs; and they are
oblong, narrow, and of a pale green: they ftand
thick together upon the ftalks; and there are
ufually many young leaves rifing from their bo-
foms.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks in a
kind of loofe fpikes, with leaves among them ;
they are large and blue,

Go teaaeN
SAY:

ORY:

The feeds are fmall and brown.

It is a native of Italy, and the warmer parts of
Europe, and flowers in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Hyfopus officinarum caerulea

Jive fpicata. Others, Hyffopus Arabum, and Hy/-
fopus vulgaris.

- It is a plant of very confiderable virtues. Ie
is excellent againft diforders of the breaft and
lungs. A fyrup of by/fop made with honey is good
in afthmatick cafes, and in coughs.

It is alfo good againft obftructions of the vif=
cera; and it works by urine, =’

S Vi.

SATE Us OR Eel eA:

IE, flower is fortied of a fingle petal, anid is labiated. The tubular part is fhorter than the cup.
+ The upper lip is nipped at the extremity, and placed uptight : the lower lip is divided into three
fegments; the middle one of which is broader than the others ; but they ate all of a length. ‘The

cup is tubular,

ftriated; and nipped in five parts at the extremity. The feeds are four after every

flower ; and they are of a roundifh form, and ftand naked in the cup.
Linnzus places this among the didynamia gymnofpermia , the threads in the flower being two longer

and two-fhorter, and the feeds naked in the cup.

xz. Summer Savory. !
Satureia aftiva.

The root is compofed of a vaft number of
fibres, conneéted to a fmall head. :

The ftalks are numerous, upright, brown; di-
vided into branches, and ten inches high.

The leaves. are oblong, narrow, and of a dufky
green: they ftand in pairs at diftances on the
ftalks ; and they have an aromatick {mell and.
tafte.

The flowers rife from the bofoms of the upper
leaves; and they are {mall, and of a faint redifh
colour, often nearly white.

The feeds are roundifh and brown.

Tt is a native of the fouth of France, and
flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Satureia hortenfis, feu Cunila
fativa Plinii.

It is principally ufed as a pot-herb ; but it has
virtues that might recommend it as a medicine.
It is good in diforders of the head and nerves,

N° 37.

and againft obftruétions of the vifcera. The tops,
when in flower, poffefs the principal virtue.

2, Winter Savory.
Satureia durior.

The toot is long, divided, and furnithed with
tumerous fibres.

‘The ftalks are numerous; woody, very much
branched, and a foot and half high: the harder
parts of them are of a pale brown; the young
fhoots green.”

The leaves are very numerous: they ftand in
pairs; with clufters of young leaves and fhoots in
their bofoms.

The flowers grow from the bofoms of the up-
per leaves 5 and they are fmall and white, wich
a faint bluth of purplith.

It isa native of Italy, and is kept in our gar-
dens for the fervice of the kitchen. J

C. Bauhine calls it Satureia montana, Others,
Satureia durior; and Satureia Hyberna.
5D 3. The

ae,

378

The BRITISH HERBAL,

3. The Thyme of the Antients,
Satureia foliis punGatis.

This plant, though ufually called a kind of
thyme, and diftinguifhed by that name in fome
antient authors, is properly a {pecies of /avory.

The root is long, thick, divided, and furnifhed
with numerous fibres.

The ftalks are upright, branched, hard, and
woody.

The leaves are placed in pairs, with numbers
of fmall ones in their bofoms ; and they are
fmall, oblong, narrow, hollowed, edged, and
dotted: they are of a greyifh green colour, and
of a warm aromatick tafte,

“~

The flowers grow in fhort clufters, or little
heads, at the tops of the branches; and they are
fmall and purplith. ?

The feeds are little, roundifh, and dark-co-
loured.

It is a native of the Greek iflands, and of the
warmer parts of Europe. It flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Thymus capitatus qui Diofce- .

ridis. Others, Thymum legitimum, and Thymum
antiquorum.

It is a fine warm aromatick plant, and is good
againtt obftrudtions of the vifcera, and in head-
achs, and all nervous complaints,

Gee a eS VII.
HERB-MASTICK,
M A R U-™M.

PPHE flower is labiated, and is formed of a fingle petal. The tubular partis of a cylindrick form,

and is fhorter than the cup. The upper lip is of the fame length with the lower, and is placed
upright: it is obtufe, and nicked at the end. The lower lip is divided into three fegments, of which
the middle one is fomewhat broadeft. The cup is tubular, ftriated, and terminated at the rim by five
briftles. The flowers are collected in a kind of woolly heads; and four roundith feeds follow each,

which ftand naked in the cup.

_ Linnzus places this among the didynamia gymnofpermia; the flower having four threads, two of
which are longer than the others, and the feeds ftanding naked.

This author does not allow. it to be a diftiné genus, but calls it a kind of Satureia: it is however
very fufficiently diftinguifhed by the briftles or hairs that terminate the cup; and properly retains its

feparate name.

Common Herb-Mattick.
Marum vulgare.

The root is long, flender, and hung about
with fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, fquare, flender, brittle,
upright, branched, and of a brownith colour,

The leaves ftand in pairs, and have no foot-
ftalks: they are oblong, moderately broad,
fharp-pointed, not at all dented at the edges, and
of a fine lively green. Their tafte is very acrid.

The flowers ftand at the tops of all the branches
in fhort, woolly heads, of a whitith colour.

It is a native of Spain, and flowers in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Samp/uchus Jive Marum Maf-
tichen redolens. Others, Marum vulgare. ;

It is a warm aromatick plant, and is good in
nervous diforders.

The bark of the old fhoots is aftringent, and
excellent againft the overflowings of the menfes.

G E N U S VIII.
GOATS MARJORAM.
TRAGO ORIGANUM

HE flower is formed of a fingle petal, and is labiated. The tubular part is of the fame length
with the cup. The upper lip is broad, and divided at the top into three little points : the lower

lip is longer, and is divided into three fegments ;
others. The cup is in the fame manner divided in

every flower.

of which the middle one is broader than the

to two lips. The feeds are fmall: four follow

Linnzus places this among the didynamia gymnofpermia; the threads being four, two longer and

two fhorter, and the feeds naked.
Goats Marjoram.
Lrago origanum folio oblongo angufto.

The root is compofed of innumerable fibres.
The ftalks’ are numerous, upright, fquare,

~ branched, and about ten inches high.

The leaves are placed in pairs at fmall dif

tances, and with young fhoots in their bofoms ;

fo that the plant is very well covered with them:
they are oblong, narrow, and of a whitifh co-
lour; and they have a ftrong fmell, and an aro-
matick tafte,
_ The flowers are large and white: they ftand
in a kind of fpikes at the tops of the ftalks and
branches.
The feeds are fmall, round, and black,
It

|
4

The BRI Ti] gy HERBAL,

At is a native of Spain, and other of the warmer
parts of Europe, and flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Trago origanum angufifo-
fium. Others, Trago origanum Hifpanicum,

379

It is a warm and aromatick plant, and is re-
commended for promoting the menfes ; but it is

little regarded,

Gar Ee Nic Usa Ss Ix,
POLEYMOUNTAIN,
P.O BTUs Vs

cpre flower is formed of a fingle petal, and is labiated. The t
2 top a little bent. The upper lip ftands ereét, and is fplit into two fegments,

der. The lower lip is divided into three parts ;

of which the middle one j
at the end. The cup is tubular, divided lightly at the rim into five fegm

which gape afun.

fide at the bafe. The feeds are four after every flower ; and they ftand naked in the cup. The flowers
are collected into fhort clufters, which terminate the branches.

Linnzus places this among the didynamia gymnofpermia: the threads in the flower

which two are longer than the others, and the feeds remaining naked in the cup.
This author does not allow it to be a diftin& genus; but calls ita kind of sewerium. It is fuffi-
ciently diftinguithed from. teucrinm by the difpofition of the flowers, and has a right to retain its

old name.

1. Yellow Poleymountain.
Polium flore flavo.

The root is long, divided, and furnifhed with
numetous fibres.

The ftalks are firm, fquare, and ten inches
high : part of them lie upon the gfound for half
their lengthy others ftand tolerably ereét, and
the plant ufually feen in large handfome tufts.

The leaves are placed in pairs ; and they are
oblong, confiderably broad, obtufe, and dented
at the edges: they are of a faint green colour ;
and are covered with a white, downy matter,

The flowers are fmall and yellow: they are
placed together in fhort fpikes at the tops of the
ftalks and branches; and, before they open, the
whole tops look yellowifh. :

The feeds are {mall, roundifh, and dark-co-
loured.

It is a native of Italy, and fome other parts of
Europe. It flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Polium montanum luteum.
Others, Polium luteum. Some, Polinm vulgare.

2: White Poleymountain,
Polium flore albo folio anguftiore.

The root is compofed of many long and flender
fibres.

The ftalks are numerous; and they {pread
themfelves into a circular tuft, the greater part
lying upon the ground, and the beft of them not
being very upright.

The leaves are placed in pairs; and they are
oblong, narrow, woolly, and white: they are
fharp-pointed, and a little indented; but it is
not feen unlefs they are examined nearly.

The flowers are {mall and white: they ftand in

‘thick fpikes at the tops of the ftalks; and thefe

fpikes or heads are woolly.

The feeds are fmall and blackith.

It is anative of France and Italy, and flowers
in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Polivm ereéfum maritimum
Monfpeliacum, Others, Polium album.

3. Purple Poleymountain,
Polium flore purpurafcente.

The root is long, thick, woody, divided, and
furnifhed with numerous fibres.

The ftalks are hard, but weak : they lie upon
the ground, and are very much branched, -

The leaves ate oblong, narrow, obtufe at the
end, and indented at the edges : they are covered
with a white, woolly matter; as are alfo the
ftalks,

The flowers are fmall, and of a lively purple:
they are collected in thick, woolly tufts at the
tops of the ftalks and branches,

The feeds are fmall, roundifh, and black,

It is a native of Italy, and flowers in Augutt.

C. Bauhine calls it Polinm maritimum Vene.
tum

4. Lavender-leaved Poleymountain.
Polium folio longiore angufto integro.

The root is long, flender, and hung about with
fibres,

The ftalks are numerous, fquare, and in pare
procumbent.

The leaves are long, narrow, and undivided
at the edges: they are placed in pairs upon the
ftalks ; and are of a lively green on the upper
fide, and white and hoary underneath, 3

The flowers are large and white: they are col-
lected into thick tufts or heads at the tops of the
ftalks.

The feeds are large and roundith.

It is a native of Italy, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Polinm montanum lavandule
folio; a name moft other writers have copied.

All thefe poffefs the fame virtues; but the
white kind has them in the greateft perfec-
tion.

It is a warm cordial medicine, and is good

| againft obftructions of the vifcera. It works by

fweat and urine.

—

GENUS

ubular part is fhort, and at the

s largeft, and is rounded -
ents, and fwelled on one

being four, of

380

The BRITISH HERBAL.

ele oe
TREE

U Ss Xx.

GERMANDER.

TE Ue GA Ry Ie Ui

SBE flower is formed of a ingle petal, and is |

The upper lip is fplit into two fegments,

parts ; of which the middle one is largeft, and of a roundifh figure.
into five fegments at the rim, and {welled on one fide at the bafe.

four: and they ftand naked in the cup.

Linneus places this among the didynamia gymnofpermia 5

abiated. ‘The tubular part is cylindrick and thort.
and ftands ereét: the lower lip is divided into three

The cup is tubular, divided
The feeds after each flower are

the flower having four threads, of which

two are longer than the others, and the feeds remaining naked in the cup. This author joins many

other genera with the Zeucrium under its common name;

but we have feparated them, They have

been already treated of in their proper places 5 ‘and what we have here to confider, is the proper

teucrium only.

1. Tree-Germander.
Teucrium latifolium.

The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with a
great many fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, fquare, firm, up-
right, two feet high, and confiderably branched.

The leaves are placed in pairs: they have no
footftalks : they are broad, fhort, fharp-pointed,
dented at the edges; and of a beautiful green on
the upper fide, and hoary underneath.

The flowers are large, and of a pale yellow:
they grow from the bofoms of the leaves all along
the upper parts of the ftalks.

The feeds are fmall and brown.

It is a native of Italy, and flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Teucrium. Others, Teucrium
latifolium, and Teucrium vulgare.

It is a cordial and alexipharmick, operating by
{weat ; and is efteemed good in putrid and pef-
tilential fevers.

Gin Bic Ni be S

2. Spanith Tree-Germander.
Teucrium Beticum folio undulato.

This is a tall and beautiful plant.

The root is woody, long, and divided into
numerous parts, and furnifhed with many fibres,

The ftem is woody, five feet high, and divided
into many branches. ;

The leaves are placed in pairs: they are ob-
long, confiderably broad, not at all dented at the
edges, obtufe at the end, and joined to the ftalks
without footftalks. Their colour is a dark green
on the upper fide, and they are greyifh under-
neath.

The flowers are numerous, large, and beauti-
ful: they are of a fnow-white.

It is a native of Spain and Sicily, and flowers
in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Teucrinm peregrinum folio

Sinuofo.

XI.

GERMANDER.

CH AM £2 DR YL S.

EIE flower is formed of a fingle petal, and is labiated. The tubular part is fhort. The upper
lip is fplit deeply into two parts; and the lower part is divided into three fegments; of which

the middle one is largeft, and is of a rounded figure.

five nicks at the edge.

The cup is tubulated, and lightly divided by

The feeds are roundifh, and four follow every flower. The flowers grow

from the bofoms of the leaves, not in tufts, terminating the branches.

Linneus places this among the didynamia gymnofpermia the flower having two longer and two
fhorter threads, and the feeds ftanding naked. He does not allow it to be a diftingt genus; but
places it among many others under the name zeucrium.

Common Germander.

Chamedrys vulgaris.

The root is compofed of long, flender, tough
fibres.

The ftalks are fquare, and hard: they lie in
part upon the ground: they are confiderably
branched, and a foot or more in length.

The leaves are placed in pairs; and they are
oblong, broad, indented at the edges, fharp-
pointed, and of a fine green.

The flowers are fmall and red: they rife from

the bofoms of the leaves all over the upper pare
of the plant.

The feeds are {mall, roundifh, and of a dark
brown,

It is common in France, and moft other parts
of Europe. It flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Chamaedrys minor repens.
Others, Chamedrys vulgaris.

It is celebrated} for many virtues, ‘but is very
much neglected in the prefent practice. It ope-
rates by urine, and is good againft obftructions
of the vifcera. It is alfo good in fevers. -

GENUS

c 7) , j ae q/

‘ SherThynre o oa . . icy, _

a 4 ‘sl pe ‘ % AL A] 4 a g fy ; ’
% ther titted Merb tasticl — og. od Mampor aes Yello Ke oy Meowrllatee

~ we. Parfit toy awa
White foley Mountarnr

‘ Ha 4 ‘
_ Lwenider lead Voley- aD
. ' Mountittv pata, Sv0lL Germ vanrlth-

Sp aust vee Uy ermander-

ys,

oe / 2 ve
le ort g CPINMMAC?

Pt) dl. wute/

, Y a 3 a
Srveet Mlaryorae :
DY
Gee? ,
a

7 dies : ys

i a. 4

q fo ; / a) we

4 SS Vos /, MLOOTR oluca } AA fife :

q i C Pate Me / LOSE ly OUUNOI fo ALT
_ aS / : Z c y / ae MOMMA PANT

fi 2) Pi * : A Vd i A

4 (eno Bavel Grea CE

Ei D eae

; :

The Beneied ieee HERBAL

38%

G E

Nu 8

XI.

DTT TA Ney CORD Wel Ram et
Die T0'€ A MOMs:

Flsacs flower is formed of a fingle petal; and is labiated. ‘The tubular
upper lip is undivided, rounded at the end, and placed ereét:

“three nearly equal fegments.. The cup is general; containing many flower
fcaly head, which hangs drooping. *The feeds are four after every flower

of a roundith figure.

part is comprefied. The
the lower is divided into

Linnzus places this among the didynamia gyinnofpermia; the flower having four threads, of which

two are longer than the others,

and the feeds ftanding naked in the cup: But he does‘not a
be a diftinét : he genus calls it a kind of origanum.

llow it to

The loofe compofition of the general cup; and its drooping pofture ori the plant, are fufficiedtt:

diftinétions from origanum, and give it a right to retain its antient name.
’

Dittany of Crete.
Diftamnus Creticus.

This is a very fingular and very elegant plant.
. The root is compofed of 4 great many long,
flender, and tough fibres, conneéted to a fmall
ms,
ead. 3

The ftalk is fquare, upright; of a’ purplifli co-

lour, and firm fubftance: it is a foot high; and |

it fends out numerous branches.

The leaves ftand in paits, and at fmall dif
tances; and they are of a fingular appearance +
they are broad, fhort, and fomewhat rounded ;
but they have a:point at the end; and they are
of a greyith colour; and. covered with a thick;
woolly matter.

Gur fe Ne 8

The flowers are fmall and purple : they are
collected into oblong, loofe heads; and thefe hang.
dtooping dt the extremities of all the branches,

The feeds are fmal]. r

It is a native of the Greck ifands, and of fome
of the warmer parts of Europe. It flowers in

July. P

C. Bauhine calls it Distamnus Creticus, Others,
4

Diéiamuus Creticus acris.

“Tt is celebrated among the vulnerary plants by 2

the antients ; and many incredible ftories are re-
lated of its effects, j
It is in reality cordial and deobftruent ; and ig

good in all obftruétions of the vifcéra.
4

XIII

SWEET MARJORAM.

AMARACUS.'

HE flower is formed. of a fingle petal; and is labiated/ The ‘tubular part is thott and co

prefled.. The upper lip is undvided,) rounded at the end, and placed ereé&t: the lower lip is
divided into three equal fegments.. The commion cup is formed of fcaly leaves, and is of a fquare
ficure. The feeds are four after every flower ; and they aré roundifh. ; $
Linnzus. places this among the didynamia gymno/permia ; the flower having four threads ; of which’
two are longer than the-others; and feeds remaining naked in the cup. :
This author does not allow it to be a diftin& genus; but makes it a fpecies of origanum. The
fquare fhape‘of the head or general cup is a fufficient diftinétion of this plant from origanum, and -

gives it a right to retain its antient name.

Common Sweet Marjoram.
Amaracus vulgaris.

The root is compofed of numerous; long;
tough, brown fibres. } ae

The ftalk is {quare, upright, branched, and a
foot high: its colour is brown, and its fubftance
brittle. : 4

The leaves are placed in pairs at fmall dif-
tances ; and they are oblong, broad, obtufe at the
énd, ‘and of a light green.

The flowers are {mall and white: they are

Ne XXXVIIL

placed in gteat numbers in oblong, {quare heads

at thé tops of the ftalk and branchés, |
It is a native of Spain, and other warmer parts .

_ of Europe; and flowers in July.

C, Bauhine calls it Majorana vulgaris. Others,
Amaracus bortenfis.

s, and is a kind of loofe .
and they are {mall, and

It is common at our tablés; and it has vir.

tuesias a medicine. It warms and ftrengthens”
the ftomach, and is: good in vertigoes; giddi=
nefs of the head; ‘and other nervous complaints.

5E GENUS

a. i
: a
tm - :

The BRITISH HERBAL.

Gur ON, Us

XIV, ;

BeszAge sn Lok: >

OF Ge View MMi Urged:

HE. flower is formed of a fingle petal, and is labiated. The tubular part is hort, and fpread
very open. The upper lip is broad, and divided into four parts: the lower lip is harrow,
undivided, and ferrated, and is longer than the other. The cup is very fmall, and it is divided like

the flower into two lips.

The flower is-followed by four naked feeds, of an oval form.

Linnzus places this among the didynamia gymnofpermia ; the flower having four threads, of which
two are longer than the others, and the feeds ftanding in the cup without a capfule.

1. Common Bafil.
Ocymum vulgare.

The root is long, divided, and furnifhed with
numerous fibres.

The ftalk is fquare, upright, branched, and
eight inches high.

The leaves are placed in pairs; and they have
flender footftalks: they are large, oblong, mo-
derately broad, fharply ferrated, and pointed ;
and are of a fine green : they have a very fragrant
and agreeable fmell, but little tafte.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks and
branches in long, loofe fpikes: they are large,
and of a whitifh colour, with a faint dath of
purple.

The feeds are fmall and oval.

Tt is a native of the Eaft, but is common in

our gardens.

C. Bauhine calls it Ocymum vulgatius. Others,
Ocymum citratum, Ocymum vulgare medium, and
Ocymum nigrum.

2. Great Bafil.
Ocymum majus.

The root is compofed of numerous, thick
whitifh fibres.

The ftalk is fquare, firm, upright, and two
. feet high: it is of a purplith colour toward the
bottom : and upwards it is of a pale green.

The leaves are large, and of a whitifh green
naturally ; but often ftained with purple: they
are oblong, broad, and dented at the edges; and
they have an extremely pleafing fmell.

The flowers are placed upon the tops of the

branches in a fhort, loofe fpike: they are large
and white.

The feeds are fmall and brown.

It is a native of the Eaft, and flowers in Au-
guft.

C. Bauhine calls it Ocymum caryophyllatum ma-
jus. Others, Ocymum magnum.

This and the former have the fame qualities ,
but this in the greateft degree: they are ufed by
the French and Italians in their cookery, and give
a fine flavour to their difhes ; but in larger quan-
tities they are ufeful againft obftru@ions of the
vifcera, They promote the menfes, and they
operate by urine. A fyrup of the juice is good
alfo in afthmatick cafes,

3. Little Bufh-Bafil.
Ocymum minimum ramofifimum.

The root is fmall and long, and is furrounded
with flender fibres.

The ftalk is {quare, fix inches high, and di-
vided into innumerable branches.

The leaves ftand in pairs ; and are fmall, and
of a roundifh figure, but pointed : they are of a
pale green, and fometimes redifh.

The flowers are {mall and white, faintly tinged,
fometimes with purple, fometimes entirely free
from it: they grow from the bofoms of the leaves
on the upper parts of the plant.

The feeds are fmall and brown.

It is a native of Italy, and flowers in Augutt.

C. Bauhine calls it Ocymum minimum,

Its virtues are the fame with the others.

UiacS XV.

MOLUCCA BAUM.

MEOSCLEE TC (OC. 37.

ee flower is formed of a fingle petal, and is labiated. The tubular part is fhort.
lip is undivided, hollow, and placed erect: the lower lip is divided into three fe
which the middle one is the longeft, and it is nippe

The upper
gments; of

d at the end. The cup is formed of a fingle piece,

and opens into a wide mouth, (vaftly larger than the flower) which is dented at the edge. The feeds

are four after every flower :

Linneus places this among the didynamia gymng
fhorter threads, and the feeds having no capfule.

they are of an irregular figure ; and they ftand naked in the cup.
ipermia ; the flower having two longer and two

He writes the name molucella.

1. Smooth

the BRETT 6 Hon hop Beka,

1. Smooth Molucca Baurn.
Molucca levis.

The root is compofed of long, crooked fibres.

The ftalk is upright, firm, two feet high,
redith in the lower part, and fomewhat fquared ;
but not fo exa@tly as in many of thefe plants.

The leaves ftand in pairs; and they have long,
flender footftalks: they are large, broad, and
fhott, deeply indented, and of a dark green.

The flowers furround the joints of the up-
per part of the ftalk; and they are fmall and
purplith. Their cups are moft confpicuous from
their vait bignefs; and they are of a yellowith
colour.

The feeds are large, and irregularly fhaped :
four fucceed every flower. ,

The whole plant has a very agreeable fmell,
fomewhat refembling that of baum.

It is a native of the warmer parts of the world,
and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Molucca Levis odorata.
Others, Meliffa moluccana odorata, and Molucca
Syriaca levis.

GE. wou

2. Prickly Molucca Baum.
Molucca fpinofa.
The root ig compofed of numerous, long;
flender, and tough fibtes,

The ftalk ig {quare; upright; two feet high;
and branched.

The leaves ate placed ji pairs: they have long
footftalks, ahd they hang drooping: they ate
broad, fhort, and deeply ferrated + their colour is
a faint green; and they have a very difagreeable
fmell.

_ The flowers furround the ftalks at the upper
Joints: they are {mall and white ; and they are
fometimes more or lefs ftained with red, or fome-

or large as in the former kind but they are edged
with harp pricktes. ;

It is a native of the Eaft, and flowers in Au-

guft.

C.Bauhine calls it Meliffe Moluccana fatida,

Others, Molucca fpinofa. .

The virtues are not known:

S XVI;

BAUM.
AEE Pgs 4

MpHE flower is formed of a fingle petal, and is labiated. ‘Thé tubular part is of a cylindrick form,

The upper lip is fhort, and of an arched figure : it is roundifh, and placed erect, and is nipped

at the extremity: the lower lip is divided into three fegments ; of which the middle one is largeft; —

and it is of a heart-like thape. The cup is tubular, and divided like the flower into two lips. The
feeds are four after every flower ; and they ftand naked in the cup. poeakenta
Linneus places this among the didyzamia gymnofpermia; the Aowet having two longer and two

fhorter threads, and the feeds ftanding naked:

Corhmon Bautt.
Meliffa.

The root is compofed of innumerable long
fibres, joined to an oblong head. wes

The ftalks are fquare, upright, flender, branched;
and two feet high. :

The leaves are placed in pairs ; and they have
flender footftalks: they are broad, fhort, and in-
dented. Their colour is a freth and pleafant
green: they have alight and foft hairynefs ; and
they are of a very fragrant fmell.

The flowers are {mail and inconfiderable : they
are white ; and they ftand in clufters in the bo-
foms of the upper leaves.

The feeds are fmall and brown.

It is @ native of Germany, and flowers in Au-
itech ey :

C. Bauhine €alls it Méeliffa bortenfis. Others;
Meliffa vulgaris,

It is a Cordial and fadorifick ; but it is more

ufed by the country-people than in regulae

practice.

The END of the TWENTY-FIRST CLASS,

383

BRITISH HER BAA,

‘

MPH OLEHEGESO SSPE SEL ELE CERES ELR SERS

CPLA S SO SOx

Plants whofe flower is formed of @ fingle petal, divided into five parts at
the edge; whofe feeds ftand naked, and are Jour in number after every
flower ; and whofe leaves are placed alternately or irregularly, not in

pairs, upon the fralks.

HIS is a clafs as naturally and as obvioufly diftinguithed from all others, as any of the pre.

i ceding. The plants which compofe it wear a plain and perfect refemblance of one another,

and are unlike all others. This equally joins them under one head, and feparates all the
reft from them. Their place, in a natural arrangement of the genera, is marked by Nature; for
they follow thofe which have four feeds, in the fame manner; but have their leaves in pairs, and have
labiated flowers. Their characters, which feparate them from thefe, are incommunicable; while
what they have in common with them is alfo throughout ‘the whole feries unvaried.

So regular, fo accurate is Nature in her diftin@tions. Mr. Ray, who fludied her in her own
courfe, perceived it. He took in the difpofition. of the leaves, as wellias the ftructure of the flowers,
into his claffical charaéters; and by that practice he, kept. thefe plants. together, which others have
{cattered over their works, re

Linneus limits the claffical charaéters of plants to the confideration of the more minute parts of
their flowers: therefore he muft fail in cafes where the general external fathion. of the flower makes
the diftinGtion, much more where Nature has placed the great mark of diftinction in the fituation
and difpofition of the leaves; which he never admits as a claffical, nor indeed as‘a generical diftin@ion,
but only as a part of the defcription of the fpecies.

Ray calls thefe the afperifoliate plants, guided by the roughnefs of the leaves of many ofithem: but
that is an ill-chofen term. The name of a clafs muft.be equally applicable to every plant belonging
to it; and how does this agree with hounds-tongue ?

Borage and buglofs have rough leaves ; but there are others properly of this clafs, which have
them altogether {mooth. ;

Nature has connected thefe plants by a fimilarity, even in, their {malleft parts ; and Linnzus,
who does not allow them to conftitute a difting; clafs, is obliged: by his method, which: regards
only the threads in the flower, to keep moft of, them together.

They make a part of his fifth clafs, the pentandria : but fome of them are feparated by his attach-
ment to thefe leffer parts ; and with the reft he has mixed in the fame clafs plants fo unlike in na-
ture, that boys muft laugh to fee them brought together, The coffee tree and the boney/uckle, night-
heade and buckthorn, join with borrage and buglofs to make the clafs of the <pentandrias

SERIES

_Th BRITISH HERBAL

38s

SER le BieSa wap

Natives of BrRiratin,

Thofe of which one or more fpecies ate natutally wild in this country,

G E N

Derager <i

BUGLOSS COWSLIP,
PULMONARIA,

HE flower is formed of a fingle petal : it is tubular at the bottom : and is of the length of tiie cup

in this part. The rim is divided into five obtufe fegments,
fingle piece, ftriated, and nipped in five places at the edge.

and they ftand naked.

Linnzus places this:among the péntandria mon

the ftyle fingle.

DIVISION If.

Long-leaved Pulmonaria,
Pulmonaria longifolia.

The root is fibrous:

~The firft leaves afe numerous, large, and bedu-
tiful: they are long, and moderately broad,
fharp-pointed, not at all indented at the edges,
and of a deep ‘gteen colour, handfomely varie-
gated with fpots of white. 5

The ftalk is firm, upright, not much branched,
and a foot and half high.

The leaves on this refemble thofe from the
root; but they are {maller,

The flowers are very beautiful : they are placed

in little tufts at the tops of the ftalks and branches |

DIVISION IJ.

Broad-leaved Pulmonaria,
Pulmonaria latifolia.

The root is compofed of long and brown
fibres. :

The leaves are very numerous, and fpread
themfelves into a thick tuft: they are fupported
on footftalks ; and they are broad, fhort, fharp-
pointed, not ferrated at the edges, of a deep
green colour, and very agreeably fcattered over
with white irregular fpots.

The ftalks are numerous, low, not branched,
and of a pale green: they are eight or ten inches
in height ; and their leaves ftand irregularly, and
are broad and fhort.

The flowers grow in tufts at the tops of the

The cup is tubular, formed of a
The feeds are four after every flower ;

agynia ; the filaments in the flower being fives and

BRITISH SPECIEs,

i the manner of cowflips, which they refemble
alfo in their fhape. Their colour is a fine bright
red while in thé bud; but they grow putplith
and bluifh; as.they open. -

The feeds are roundith 3

It is found wild in fome of our latge woods,
and for its beauty is brought thence into gars
dens. f

C. Bauhine cails it Puimonaria angiftifolia ruc
bente caeruleo flore. Others, Pulmonarig foliis
echii. Our Englih gardeners call this and the
following duglo/s cow/lips, and Sage of Ferufalem,
But thefe are bad names; and as our language
affords no better, it is beft to ufe the Latin,

FOREIGN SPECIES

ftalks, and refemble cow/lips in form: they aré
of a delicate red when in the bud, but of a fine
celeftial blue when open, :

The feeds are oblong and obtuf.

It is a native of the woods of Germany; and
flowers in April.

C. Bauhine calls it Symphytum maculofum, five
Pulmonaria latifolia. Others, Pulmonaria max
culofa,

It is good in obftruétions of the vifcera, and

in the jaundice. The leaves and freth tops boiled

in ale are a familiar medicine among the peafants
of Germany in this diforder; and yery fucceffs -
ful.

@ EN wl BR aL
HOUNDS-TONGUE.
CYNOGLOSSUM, °

HE flower is formed of a fingle petal: it is tubular at the bafe; and divided into five obtufe
fegments at the edge, and its opening is clofed by five little feales. The cup is formed of a
fingle leaf, and is divided into five fegments at the edge. The feeds are four after every fower:

N° 38.

5F the

486 The BRITIS

H HERBAL.

they ftand naked in the cup s
fule. The meadow-rue, and feveral other plants,
loofe fkin. ‘Thefe ftand round the ftyle.

Linnzus places this among the pentandria monogynia 3

the ftyle fingle.

DIVISION I

1. Common Hounds-Tongue.
Cynogloffum vulgare. f

The root is long and thick, black on the out-
fide, white within, and of a difagreeable fmell,
but a fweetifh tafte.

The firft leaves are numerous: they are very
large, oblong, moderately broad, fharp-pointed,
not’ indented, deeply veined, and of a bluifh
green colour. :

The ftalk is firm, upright, and toward the
top divided into feveral branches. Its colour is a
whitith green; and it is two feet and a half
high.

The leaves ftand irregularly on it; and re-
femble thofe from the root, but they are fmaller.

‘The flowers are very numerous, and of a deep
blackith purple! they are placed in long feries on
the upper parts of the ftalks and branches ; and
they are of a difagreeable fmell.

The feeds are very confpictious: they are large,
rough, and fixed round a pointed ftyle,

It is common by road;fides, and in dry paf-
tures 5 and flowers in June.

C, Bauhine calls it Cyzegloffum majus vulgare.
Others only Cywgglofum. —

It is a plant of very confiderable virtues. It is
a balfamick and aftringent; andis excellent againft

Dt Vies-l.O N° Ir
Borage-flowered Hounds-Tongue,
7 Omphalodes.

The root is compofed of innumerable fibres,
conneéted to a Jong thick head.

The firft leaves are numerous: they are placed
on long footftalks; and: they are broad, fhort,
and of a fine ftrong green: they are broadeft at
the bafe, and fharp-pointed.

The ftalks. are numerous, very much branched,
not upright, but irregularly, diffufed, and ten
inches in length.

The leaves on thefe ftand irregularly; and they
are narrower, and more oblong than thofe from
the root.

G be. N
B. UerG
B 9tU:. Good

BRITISH

but they have a rough, loofe outer-fkin, which fome have called a cap-

give inftances of feeds covered thus with a peculiar

the filaments in the flower being five, and

SP E,€ hE-S.

coughs caufed by a thin, fharp rheum. It i,
good againft the fluor albus, and in overflowings
of the menfes. A decoétion of it drank largely
is excellent againft the bleeding of the piles ; and
the root, powdered, and taken half a dram for a
dofe in harp loofeneffes, attended with bloody
ftools.

2. Small green-leaved Hounds-Tongue.
Cynogloffum minus folio. virente.

The root is long and thick, black on the out-
fide, white within, and full of a flimy juice. \
The firft leaves are oblong, broad, and fharp-

. pointed: they are ofa bright green on the upper
fide, whitifh underneath, and foft to the touch.

The ftalk is firm, upright, not much branched,

| and two feet high,

The leaves are placed irregularly on it: they
are oblong, narrow, and green on,the upper fide;
but whitifh, and fomewhat rough underneath,

The flowers ftand in the upper parts of the
ftalks ; and are of a bluifh purple, and fmall.

The feeds are rough, and ftand round a point,

We have it by way-fides in many, parts of
England. It flowers in July. ‘

C. Bauhine calls it Cyneglofinm, Sempervirens.
Others, Cynogloffa minor folia virente,

FOREIGN SPECIES:

The flowers are placed on flender footftalks ; and
are large, and very beautiful. Their colour is a
fine fky blue; and they have a white crofs in the
centre.

The feeds are: fmall, and.coyered with a rough
fkin.

It is a native of Spain and Portugal, and flowers
in April,

Authors have been much perplexed to what
genus to refer this little plant ; and it is there-
fore defcribed under a great variety of names.

C. Bauhine calls it Symphytum minus boraginis

facie. Morifon, Borago minor repens verna folio
levi. Others have.called it Omphalodes.
Uses III.

LOR Seas

Oo” SAS) TG

HE flower is formed of a fingle petal: it is tubular at the bafe, and is deeply divided into

five obtufe fegments at the edge; and its opening is covered up by five little, oblong fcales.

The cup is formed of one piece; and is tubular, and divided at the top into five fegments. The —

feeds are four after every flower : they are oblong, obtufe, and ftand naked.

Linnaeus places this among the pentandria monogynia , the threads in the flower being five, and the —

flyle fingle. But he does not allow it to form a diftin& genus: he makes the dugloffes fpecies of al-
Kanet ; buc there is fufficient diftinétion in the depth of the'fegments of the flower.

Del Vil-

The

BRITISH (HERBAL.

DIVISION 1.

1. Small Wild Buglofs.
Buglofum fyluetre minus.

The root is long, flender, white, and fur-
nifhed with numerous fibres.

The ftalk is upright, flender, hairy, of a pale
green, and divided irregularly into many branches.

The leaves are placed alternately ; and they
are oblong, moderately broad, and of a frefh
green: they have no footftalks : they are irregu-
larly indented or waved on the edges; and they
are hairy, and rough to’ the touch.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches
in confiderable numbers ; and they are {mall and
blue: they rife fron» hairy cups.

The feeds are fmall and oblong.

It is common in barren paftures, and in corn-
fields ;, and flowers in July.

€. Bauhitie calls: it Buglofum' fylveftre minus.
Others, Bugloffa minor.

2. Evergreen Buglofs.
Buglafjum fempervirens.

This is a very elegant plant. The common
writers have from the breadth of its leaves taken

it to be a'fpecies of dorage ; but it is properly of |,

the Juglofs kind. —

The root is long, thick, and white ; and it is
furnifhed with many fibres.
~ 'The-firft leaves are numerous, and very large:

DIVISTON IL

’ Garden-Buglofs.
Bugloffum fativum vulgare:

The root is long and thick, black on the out-
fide, white within, and full of a flimy juice.

The firft leaves are’ large, oblong, not very
broad, and of a fine green ‘colour, but covered
with’a grey hairynefs, which makes them rough
to the touch,

The ftalk is round, upright, and toward the
top divided into many branches : it is of a pale
green, hairy, and a yard high.

The leaves are placed alternately on it ; and
they have no footftalks: they are oblong, nar-

BR tT 1S Hees BE Ca es.

they are broad, fharp-pointed, rough to the
touch, and of a beautiful green.

The ftalk is round, thick, hairy, and rough
to the touch, of a freth green, divided into nu-
merous branches, and a yard high.

The flowers are very numerous: they ftand all
over the tops of the ftalks and branches; and
they are of a beautiful blue.

‘The feeds are dark coloured, and fmall.

We have it wild in dry paftures in Kent and
Effex. It flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Buglofium latifolium femper-
virens. Others, Borago fempervirens.

3: Alkanet Buglofs.
Buglofum arvenfe radice rubente.

The root is long, flender, and of a redifh colour.
The ftalk is round, upright, branched, and
“hairy: it isa foot and half high; and its colour
| is'a pale green.
| The leaves are placed irregularly on the ftalks 5.
_ and they are oblong and narrow, of a faint green,
' and hairy.

The flowers are fmal] and white: they ftand in
great numbers about the'tops of the ftalks.

The feeds are {mall and brown.

“It is common in corn-fields, and on ground
that has been dug. . It fowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Lithofpernum arvenfe radice

rubra. Others, Bagloffum anchufe facie.

FOREIGN SPECEES.

row, of a pale green, hairy, and rough to the
touch. ;

The flowers grow in great numbers on the tops:
of all the branches; and they are fmall, and of a
purplifh blue.

The feeds are large, and dark coloured.

It is a native of Germany, and flowers in Au-

uft.
C.Bauhine calls it Bugloffum anguftifolium majus.
Others, Bugloffum vulgare.

The flowers are celebrated for their cordial
virtue ; but they are not much ufed,

GARY ONS | Ung Sere IV.
VIPERS BUGLOSS.
ECHIUM.

THE flower is formed of a fingle petal :

into a very wide mouth ; and is divided into

ftand upwards, and are longer than the others ;

it is tubular at the bafe, and thence gradually expands
five unequal fegments at the edge: two of thefe
and one in the lower part is fmaller than the others,

and naturally turns back. The cup is formed of a fingle piece, and divided into five fegments. The
feeds after each flower are four 5 and they are of a roundifh figure, and pointed.
Linnzeus places this among the pentandria monogynia the ftyle being fingle, and the threads five. ©

DIVI-

388

The. BR ET’ 1 So GEER A

DIVISION IL

1, Common Vipers Buglofs,
Echium vulgare.

The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with a
few fibres.

The firft leaves lie upon the ground in a rotind
clufter : ‘they are oblong, moderately broad, of a
dufky green, and covered with rough hairs.

The ftalk is round, upright, and a foot and
half high: it is not much branched ; and_ its
ground-colour is a bright green; but it is ufually
fpotted very beautifully with red, and is very
hainy,

The leaves are placed alternately on it; and
they are oblong and narrow, of a pale green,
hairy, and fharp-pointed ; and there ufually ftand
many young ones in their bofoms.

The flowers are large, numerous, and of a very
fine blue, with more or lefs tinge of redifh or
purplith as they are more or lefs opened. The
ftyle in the middle is white, and the buttons on
the threads in the flower are red.

Thefe flowers are placed in feveral feries along

the tops of the ftalks upon flender, bending, or

curling branches.

The feeds are fmall and brown.

It is common by way-fides, and flowers in
Augutft.

C. Bauhine calls it Echium vulgare; a name
copied by moft others.

2. Wall-Buglofs,
Echium. murale.

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
a few ftraggling fibres:

The ftalk is round, upright, a foot or more
in height, and very much branched.

The leaves are placed alternately, and have
no footftalks : they are oblong, broad at the bafe,
{maller all the way to the point, of a pale green,
and hairy.

The flowers ftand in confiderable number at
the extremities of the branches; and they are
large, and of a beautiful blue.

The feeds are irregularly fhaped and pointed.

DIVISION I.

African thrubby Echium.
Echium Africanum fruticofum.

The root is woody and fpreading.

The ftem is firm, hard, woody, and divided
into many branches,

The leaves are placed irregularly ; and they
are very numerous: they are oblong, narrow,
and of a beautiful green,

BRITISH SPECIES,

It is a native of our fea-coafts ; where it grows
on the barren beach, on rocks, and from the
walls made to keep in the fea, It flowers in
July.

C. Bauhine calls it Lycopfs; a name moft
others have followed. Some, Echii altera Species.

3. Small-flowered Wall-Buglofs,
Echium ramofum flore parvo.

The root is long and flender.

The ftalk is round, upright, hairy, divided
into many branches, and of a pale green colour.

The leaves are placed irregularly on it; and
they have all the rudiments of branches in their
bofoms in the lower part, and long fhoots in ‘
the upper.

The flowers ftand at the extremities of the
branches ; and are fall, and of a purplith co-
lour. ; d

It is common about our fouthern Coafts, and
flowers in Auguift. :

Ray calls it Echinm alterum, five Lycopfis An-
glica. ;

4. Sea-Buglofs.
Buglofum maritimum procumbens,

The root is long, flender, white, and hung
with a few ftraggling fibres,

The ftalks are numerous, and they lie in great
part upon the ground: they are round, of a pale
green, and not much branched. :

The leaves are placed alternately : they are ob-
long, broadeft in the middle, fharp-pointed, and
joined to the ftalk by a narrow bafe,

The flowers ftand in confiderable number at
the tops of the branches ; and fome rife alfo from
the bofoms of the leaves: they are {mall and
blue.
The feeds are roundifh, but pointed, and of a
pale brown.

We have it about our fouthern coafts, It
flowers in Augutt. , sy

Ray calls it Echium marinum.

The virtues of thefe plants are unknown,

FOREIGN SPECIES,

The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches 3
and they are large and beautiful: their general
colour is a fine fky-blue ; but they are red at
the bottom.

The feeds are large and brown,

It is a native of Africa, and fowers in July.

Van Royen and others call it Echium caule fra.
ticofo,

GENUS

: bo
‘ ‘ 1 ;
t
i
4
'

a MLE
a"
4
i,
a 1 »
me) :

Lori Kapa i Pound. Doane Giedl Hounds tongue Frat OTN lavil

f f 3 : C JL? t i
Pulnonarta Fulmonmil Mounds Mi

ad : ad : iy )
: “om s Meiauel Lily lof
Uj WE /
yr S }-

‘

s)) ‘

Borage Hower + Snutll, wild
MauLMO HMyUe ae Bugplops
, ¢ ue

: Git lel qe |
Bgly g)

mS eal
OANA us

| On

‘| be \ | , al ~ = \ a) A : = : ‘ ee I AS } pas
iat Vie seal ene (seopnt Gromued Shidlhy Gromwd
a y gents et S Yh, yort femme Dora > (yu ee yi vrrubl wes Jd ee
a ‘ [2 tv 3 ; ‘ ‘ \
- e

SANE

RES

ASe Haale:
ea

ESO YS SO

The BRITISH

HERBAL.

Gy Ee Neo U y's Ve

GERMAN

MVM AOD WS OF RT, @

a SG Re Se Re Ge 0.

THE flower is forthed of a fingle petals ‘and is tubular at the bafe, and expanded and divided into

five obtufe fegments at the edgé. The opening is coveted up with five {mall feales.
is formed of a fingle leaf, and is ‘divided into five fegments ; between ‘éach of Which there are

The cup
placed

two little jaggs. The feeds are fours ‘and they are oblong: they have no-capfule, buat-are contained
in this fingular cup, which becomes very large, and clofes upon them, fo as to form two parallels,
and fhew five of the jaggs in a very peculiar and regular manner. ‘

Linnzus places this among the pentandria monogynia , the threads in the flower being five, and the

ftyle fingle.

It is a fingular genus; of which there is but one known fpecies ; and that, though called German,

is a native of Britain.
‘

German Madwort.
Afperugo.

The root is long, thick, and furniflied with
numerous fibres. : eke

The ftalks are long, but weak: they crawl
upon the ground, if not fupported, ard tun to
the length of a yard or more: they are flender,
rough, and divided into many branches,

The leaves are oblong, and confiderably broad :
they ftand fingly and alternately on the lower

‘parts of the ftalks; but toward the top two,

three, or four often rife together: they are hairy,
and of a bright green.
The flowers are {mall, and of a deep blue:

G. Ee kN

they rife from the bofoms of the leaves: thefe,
from their fmiallnefs, ‘are not confpicuous ; but
when they are fallen, the cups clofing over the
féeds, fwell out into 4 gr

It is found on dry grounds in our weftern
counties not unfrequently ; and in fome other
places. It flowers in July, and the feeds ripen
in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Bugloffum fylueftre caulibus
procumbentibus. Others, Afperugo.

Tt is faid to be good againft diforders of the

nerves; but its virtues are not eftablifhed upon
any good authority,

iG ee) VI.

BU OUR AGE.

Bo Oi A. GO.

ELE flower is formed of fingle petal: it’ is tubular at the bafeé, and thence expands into a
large breadth, and is deeply divided into five fegments. The opening is edged with five {mall
protuberances, which are nipped at the ends. The cup is formed of a fingle piece, and divided
into five fegments. The feeds are four after ever flower 5 aiid they are rough. They have no ‘cap-

fule ; but the cup enlarges, and defends them.

Linnzeus places this among the pentandria monogyniay the threads in the flower Being five, and the
ftyle fingle. He joins it with fome other plants not allied properly to it. :
OF the Lorage, diltinctly fo called, and thus defined, there is but one known {pecies.

Common Borage.
Borago vulgaris.

The root is long, thick, divided, and fur-
nifhed with many fibres.

The firft leaves are oblong, broad, of a pale
green, hairy, and very rough.

The ftalk is thick, round, juicy, and of a pale
green: it is hairy, and towards the top is divided
into numerous branches.

The leaves ftand irregularly on it; and have
fort, flefhy footftalks: they are broad, and

. rough to the touch.

N° XXXIX., i;

The flowers are very numerous, large, and of

| .a celeftial blue.

The feeds are oblong and pointed.

Ic is wild in our northern counties, and com-
mon every where in gardens, It flowers in
June.

C.Bauhine calls Bugloffum latifolium five Borago,
Others, Borago hortenfis.

The flowers are celebrated for their cordial

virtues : but they are not much -ufed now in me-
dicine,

5G . GENUS

390

The, BR AD Ll SyHy) PHaBeRsB Av!

GV E

NUYS

S VIL.

Ge RIOAM. WUE Tea
LITHO S PE R'iMU‘“M.

HE flower is formed of a fingle petal: it is tubular at the bottom,
ot fegments at the edge ; and the hollow is open, not clofed by fcales,
and is divided into five hollowed, pointed feements,

genera. The cup is formed of a fingle piece,

and divided into five obtufe
as in many of the other -

The feeds are four after every flower : they are fmooth and hard, and they ftand naked in the cup,
Linnzus places this among the pentandria monogynia ; the threads in the flower being five, and the

flyle fingle.

D,1.V,1 8-1 O-Nae I, BR

1. Common Gromwell.
Lithofpermum vulgare.

The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with a
few fibres. '

The talk is round, firm, upright, and divided
toward the top into numerous branches.

The leaves are placed alternately ; and they
have no footftalks: they are oblong, rough, and
of a dufky green.

The flowers ftand in the bofoms of the leaves
all the way up the tops of the branches; and they
are {mall and white.

The feeds are white, glofly, extremely hard,
and naked.

It is common by road-fides, and in dry paf-
tures. It flowers in July.

C. Bauhine ealls it Litho/permum majus ereffum.
Others, Litho/permum vulgare,

The feeds of this plant are excellent againft
the gravel : they operate powerfully by urine.

DeSVaoleseleO oN: c11, FO

Shrubby Gromwell.
Lithofpermum fruticofum.

The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with a
great many flender fibres.

The ftalk is. woody, firm, and divided into
many branches,

The leaves are placed irregularly * in fome
parts they ftand fingly, and alternate, and in
others they rife three, four, or more together :
they are oblong, hairy, and of a dufky green,

Goi

Noa Uees

Use SH ASe Pee Crlerass

2. Creeping Gromwell.
Lithofpermum flore purpurafcente.

The root is long, flender, and hung round
with a few fhort fibres.

The ftalks are numerous and weak : they are
hairy, and of a dark green colour in the lower
part; where they lie upon the ground, and fre-
quently fend out fmall fibres by way of roots.

The leaves are placed alternately 5 and they are
oblong, narrow, and of a deep Stecnsa.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches ;
and they are large, and of a deep purple.

The feeds are rough and whitith.

We have it in barren grounds in the weft of
England, but not common. It flowers in. Au-
guft.

C. Bauhine calls it Lithofpermum minus repens
latifolium. Others, Lithofpermum majus Do-
donei.

REIGN SPECIES,

The flowers rife from the bofom of
and they are fmall.

The feeds are hard, fmooth, and whitith.

It is a native of the Greek iflands, and of many
of the warmer parts of Europe. It flowers in
June.

C. Bauhine calls it Anchufa angupifolia, Others,
Anchufa arborea,

the leaves;

Its feeds are celebrated in the Eatt in nephritick
diforders,

VIII.

‘ MOUSE-EAR SCORPION-GRASS,

METER O=™S,

HE flower is formed of a fingle petal:

and divided into five fegments at the edge.
naked in the cup,
in long, twifted feries; and the feeds are gloffy.

Onn Tot ody aes

it is tubular at the bottom, .and divided into five obtule
fegments at the rim. The opening is covered by five little {cales.

The cup is tubular, oblong,

The feeds are four after every flower; and they ftand
which grows larger to receive them,

The leaves are oblong, The flowers grow

Linnzus places this among the peatandria monogynia; the threads in the flower being five, and the

tyle fingle.

DIY I-

The BRITISH HERBAL

iT Common Moufe-Ear Scorpion-Grafs.
Myofotis vulgaris hirfuta,

The root is long, flender, and hung about with
many fibres.

The firft leaves are oblong, moderately broad,
obtufe, and of adufky green: they are hairy,
and foft to the touch ; and they fpread themfelves
upon the ground in a circular tuft.

The ftalk is upright, hairy, of a pale green,
and ten inches high. ;

The leaves on it ftand alternately: they re-
femble thofe from the root; and they are in the
fame manner foft and hairy. :

The flowers ftand in long, flender fpikes at
the tops of the ftalks and branches. The ends of
thefe fpikes of flowers twift round: fo that they
are fuppofed to reprefent the tail of a f{corpion
when curled up.

The flowers are fmall and blue.

Tt is common on ditch-banks and in dry paf.
tures, and flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Echium fcorpioides arvenfe.
Others, Myofotis fcorpivides arvenfis hirfuta.

It is faid to be an aftringent ; but its. virtues
are not certainly known.

2, Broad-leaved Moufe-Ear Scorpion-Grafs,
Myofotis {corpivides latifolia.

The root is compofed of numerous, long, and
flender fibres.

The ftalk is hairy, flender, upright; and a foot
or more in height: it is of a pale green, and not
much branched.

The leaves are oblong, and moderately broad :
they are hairy, foft, and of a pleafant green:
they are not at all indented at the edges.

The flowers ftand in fpikes at the tops of the
branches; and they are large, and very beauti-
ful. Their colour isa fine fky-blue; and they
have a yellow eye.

The feeds are {mall and oblong.

It is common in damp woods in many parts of
England, and flowers in May. -
Ray calls it Myo/otis [corpivides latifolia birfutas

3. Water Moufe-Ear Scorpion-Grafs.
Myofotis fcorpioides paluftris. ~«

The root is compofed of numerous, long fibres:

The ftalk is upright, thick, flefhy, of a pale
green, ahd divided into many branches: it rifes
to about a foot high,

The leaves are oblong, and fomewhat broad ‘
they ftand alternately, and they are of a frefh,
pale green.

The flowers grow in long, curled feries at the
tops of the ftalks and branches ; and they are of
a moderate fize, and of a bright blue.

The feeds are oval, pointed, and {mooth. :

It is common by pond-fides, and flowers in
June.

C.Bauhine calls it Echium Scorpioides paluftre.
Others, Myofotis fcorpivides paluftris, i

4. Little yellow-flowered Moufe-Ear Seorpion-
Grafs.

Myofotis {corpivides arvenfis minor.

The root is compofed of flender fibres.

The ftalk is weak, flender, upright, and fix
inches high, hairy, of a pale green, and divided
into many branches. :

The leaves ftand alternately; and they are
fmall: they are oblong, hairy, and of a faint
green. 5
~ The flowers ftand at the tops of the flalks in
twilted {pikes ; and they are very fmall and yel-
low. -

The feeds are oval, minute, and {mooth.

It is common on dry ditch-banks, and flowets
in July. .

C. Bauhine calls it Echium fcorpioides minus flof-
culis luteis, Others, Myofotis [corpioides birfuta
minor. R

G E N U S
CAMFRY,.

SaeleMGtP NA To Tee MM,

TXe

PA HE flower is formed of a fingle petal : it is tubular, and {mall at the bafe; and it thence fwells out

_ into a wide, hollow form; and is divided into five obtufe fegments at the edge. The opening
is clofed by five fmall fcales, placed in the manner of rays, and converging toa point. The cup is
formed of a fingle piece: it is of a pentagonal figure, and is divided into five fegments at the
tim. The feeds are four after every flower; and they remain naked in the cup, which enlarges to

defend them.

Linnzeus places this among the pentandria monogynia ; the threads in the flower being five, and the

ftyle fingle.

Common Camfry.
Symphytum vulgare.

The root is long and thick, black on the out-
fide, white within, and full of a thick, flimy juice

The firft leaves are very large: they are ob-
long, broadeft in the middle, fharp-pointed, of a
pale green, and rough to the touch.

The ftalk is thick, angulated, of a pale green,
branched, upright, and two feet high.

The leaves on it are placed irregularly: they
are long, moderately broad, rough, and fharp-
pointed ; but not indented at the edges.

The flowers ftand‘in great numbers along the
the tops of the ftalks and branches, which turn
round with them before they open: they are
fmall, and of a yellowith white ; fometimes they
are purple. :

The feeds are pointed at the end, and fwelled

on one fide, .
. It

BRAS Fh ES ee

392 The ius
It is common in damp places, and Hower s,) in A conferve of the roots cures the fluor albus,
July. A decoétion of the frefh root is excellent in coughs

and forenefs of the breaft. The root, dried and
powdered, is good againft fharp loofeneffés, and
thofe attended with bloody ftools.

C. Bauhiie calls it Symphytum five confolida
major. Others, Symphytum majus.
It isa plant of great virtues.

agglutinant, and fubaftcingent;

It is cooling,

Gi) Bao) Wig a8
WATER-MILFOIL.
PYE NT 2PM EIR OP Hel Loe Ouly.

HE flower has no petals. The cup is formed of four leaves ; and thefe are oblong, erect, and
unequal: one is placed outermoft, and is larger than the reft; and one innermoft, which is
fmaller. The feeds are four; and they ftand naked. There are on this plant male and female
flowers, diftiné on the famie ftalk ; but they differ in nothing except the inner parts. In the male
flowers there are feveral threads with oblong antherz ; and in the female there are no threads or an-
therae, but the rudiments of the four facceeding feeds: thefe have no ftyles, but only a kind of downy
ftigmata. The leaves are finely divided ; has they are placed many together at the joints furround-
ing the ftalk.

Linnzus places this among the monacia polyandria , the male and female flowers growing feparate
upon the fame plant, and the threads in the flower being numerous. He takes away the name pen-
tapterophylion, by which it is moft commonly known, and calls it myriophyllum. This isa name that
has been given by the old writers to many water-plants altogether different; and we have therefore

retained he other.

The fpecies of this genus are only two; and both are natives of Britain.

1. Small Water-Milfoil.
Pentapterophyllum minus.

The root is long, creeping, and hung with
many fibres.

The ftalk is round, upright, of a pale green,
and a foot high.

The leaves are finely divided, or compofed
of very minute parts: feveral of them grow to~
gether at each joint; and they refemble feathers,
being formed of extremely flender, oblong feg-
ments, united at their bafe to a middle rib.

The flowers are fmall, and inconfiderable :
they grow in the bofoms of the leaves from the
middle to the top of the plant; and they are of
a greenifh white.

The feeds are oblong and fmall..

It is common in fhallow rivers in many parts

of England, and flowers in Auguft.
C. Bauhine calls it Millefolium aquaticum flofcu-
lis ad foliorum nodos.
2

2. Spiked Water-Milfoil,
Pentapterophyllon fpicatum.

The root is fmall'and fibrous, >
. The ftalks are flender, and of a brownith green,
a foot or two in length, and divided into
branches.
The leaves are numerous, and finely divided,
The flowers ftand in part in the bofoms of the
leaves, and in part in jointed fpikes at the tops
of the branches: thefe on the fpikes are the male
flowers, and thofe in the bofoms of the leaves
the female ; and thefe latter are followed each by
four naked, oblong feeds.
It is found in brooks and rivers, and flowers in
July. :
C. Bauhine calls it Miliifolium aquaticum penna-
tum fpicatum. Others, Myriophyllum aquaticum
Jpicatum,

The virtues of thefe plants are unknown.

S RR: EBS

_ The BRUTY SH TH eR page 303
Sul Dig) * aa 8 Ere a

Forreron Genera,

IL.

Thofe of which there is no {pecies naturally wild in this country.

Gin ain NLU gg
A. LAK. AN. Reig
YEN eC MOTE GAS A,

ARSE flower is formed of a fingle petal : it is tubular at the bafe, and flightly divided at the edge

into five rounded fegments ; and the hollow part is open, not clofed, by feales, as in (one
a other genera. The cup is formed of a fingle piece: it is tubular, and is divided into five narrow
: parts at the rim. The feeds are four in number after every flower ; and they are oblong,
{mooth and hard. erie

Linneus places this among the pentandria monogynia ; the threads in the ower being five, and the
ftyle fingle. ‘

He makes a ftrange confufion in the fcience in this article; for he takes away from this plant the
name of alkanet, anchufa, which he ufes as the generical term for Laglo/s
the gromwells, making it a fpecies of that genus. ;

The diftin€tions are fufficient in Nature; and the plant may much more properly retain its received
and antient name.

pointed,

3 and he places this among

Scarlet Alkanet.

branches ; and they are large, and of a glowing
Anchufa flovibus rubentibus.

fcarlet colour. "

The feeds are fmall and hard. !

Tt is anative of the Eaft, but is found alfo in
feveral of the warmer parts of Europe. It fowers
in Augutt.

C. Bauhine calls it 4 wchufa puniceis floridus.
Others, Anchufa vulgaris, and Anchufa officina
rum.

The root is long, thick, and of a fine glow-
ing red colour,

The firft leaves are numerous, and fpread

‘themfelves in a round tuft: they are oblong,
narrow, rough, of a dufky green, and notat all
indented at the edges.

The ftalks are numerous, round, hairy, divi-
ded into branches, and a foot high,

The leaves are placed alternately on them; and
they are oblong, narrow, of a deep green, and
hairy. é

The flowers are numerous, and very beautiful :
they fland in long feries at the tops of all the

The root is aftringent, but is not much ufed
asa medicine. It gives fcarlet tinge to oil, and
is therefore employed for various purpofes where
a fine colour is required, without any great vir-
tues.

Ga En ia saa U gnS Il,

TUR ON.S.O LBs
HELIOTROPIUM.

HE flower is compofed of a fingle petal: it is tubular at the bottom, divided into five irregular
~ fegments at the rim, and has the opening covered with five little fealy appendages, which con-
verge together fo as to form a kind of ftar. The cup is formed of a‘fingle piece : it is tubular, di-
vided at the edge into five fegiments, and remains when the flower is fallen, The feeds are four, and
of an oval figure: they ftand naked in the cup, which remains unaltered,
Linnzus places this among the pentandria monogynia, the threads in the flower being five, and the
ftyle fingle,
1. Great Turnfole, long footftalks: they are oblong, broad, obtufe,
not indented, and of a pale green colour. 1

dr cones The flowers ftand at the tops of all the branches

The root is Jong, thick, and hard,

The ftalk is upright, dividéd into branches,
and about eight inches high: itis hairy, hollow,
and of a pale green.

The leaves are placed irregularly, and have

N° 39.

in long, flender fpikes, intermixed with little,
woolly leaves: they ase {mall and white; and»
thefe {pikes turn back at the ends, twifting. like

} Our moufe-ear {corpion-grafs.

The feeds are.grey, hard, and fmooth.
BL It

B 9 4 The

BR IT:IS:.H ;HER B AI

It is a native of the warmer parts of Europe,
and flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Heliotropium majus Diofcori-
dis, Others, Heliotropium majus, and Heliotro-
pium vulgare.

An infufion of the plant given in large quan-
tities operates by urine, and is good againft the
gravel. The juice applied outwardly takes away
warts.

2. Procumbent Turnfole.
Heliotropium fupinum minus.

The root is long, flender, and blackith.

Gaon

IN ee Bi eS

The ftalks are numerous and weak: they {pread
themfelves every way upon the ground ; and they

are fix or eight inches long, and divided into many

branches. ?

The leaves are placed alternately on fhort
footftalks ; and they are fmall, broad, obtufe,
fhort, of a beautiful green, and a little hairy.

The flowers are fmall and white; and they
are placed, as in the others, in long curled fpikes.

It is common in the fouth of France, and
flowers in June. :

C. Bauhine calls it Heliotropium minum fupinum.
Others, Heliotropium fupinum Clufii.

III.

HAO! NSE Yew-4@ ‘RT
CG, EgR- da NoeDoHs BE:

HE flower is formed of a fingle petal. The lower part is {mall and tubular: the upper part is

alfo hollowed, but larger, and at the rim is divided lightly into five fegments. Its hollow is

open : there are none of thofe little {cales, which clofe it in many other genera. The cup is formed

of a fingle piece; but it is deeply divided into five fegments equal-in fize, and pointed. The feeds
are four after every flower; and they are enclofed in two loofe fkins, which are rough and hard.

Linnaus places this among the pemtandria monogynia ; the filaments in the flower being five, and

~ the ftyle fingle.

Great Honeywort.

Cerinthe major.

The root is long, thick, and white.

The ftalks are numerous, round, flefhy, and a
foot and half high: they are of a pale and fome-
what bluifh green.

The leaves are placed alternately at {mall dif-
tances; and they ufually hang drooping: they
are large and broad. Their colour is a bluifh
green, and they are {potted with white: they are
broadeft at the bafe, and obtufe at the end.

The flowers are large; and they are placed in

GG Ee Nie. Us as

confiderable numbers upon flender branches rifing ~
from the bofoms of the leaves: they are yellow
in the upper part, and purple at the bafe. The
tops of the branches that bear them naturally turn
down fpirally, as in the moufe-ear fcorpion-grafs,

It is a native of the fouthern parts of Europe,
and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Cerinthe flore flavo afperior.
This is the plant celebrated by the old Romans

as the favourite of the bees. The flower contains -
a great deal of honey-juice.

IV. ¥

TOURNEFORTIA.

HE flower is formed of a fingle petal. The lower lip is tubular, and of an oval figure; and it -
thence {preads into a broad rim, which is cut lightly into five broad, but pointed fegments.
The cup is formed alfo of a fingle piece, divided deeply into five feoments. The feeds are four; and
they are furrounded with a fkin, and feparated by a pulpy fubftance.
Linnaus places this among the pentandria monogynia ; the filaments in the flower being five, and

the flyle fingle.

Nature wantons in the characters of this plant: its fruit approaches to the nature of a berry ;
while all the other parts, and in this the number of feeds, correfpond with the reft, :

Oval-leaved Tournefortia.
Lournefortia foliis ovatis integris.

The root is long, divided, and furnifhed with
many fibres.

The ftalk is woody, and yet weak ; but it will
climb to a great length, when there are trees oF
buthes to fupport it: it is of a pale green, and
fmooth.

The leaves are placed alternately ; and they are
large, oblong, of an oval form, fharp-pointed,
not at all dented at the edges ; of a beautiful deep
green on the upper fide, and of a blue green un-
derneath,

The END of th TWENTY-SECOND CLASS.

The flowers ftand in long feries on the tops of
the ftalks and branches, which divide for that
purpofe into numerous twigs: they run only on
one fide of thefe; and they are {mall and yel-
low.

It is frequent in the woods of South America,
and flowers in July.

Plukenet calls it Virga aurea Americana fru-
tefcens glabra foliis fubtus cafiis. But this was a
very improper generical name. Plumier called
the genus Pittonia, and Linneus J ournefortia,
both after the name of the author of the Jy/fitu-
tiones rei herbaria. ;

THE

BRITISH HERBAL

GOLDER HMR RR eh

si)

POOPED LSSORGSEREIIESS

CLAS S° XXIII.

Plants whofe flower is formed of a fingle petal, divided deeply into four
Jegments, and fucceeded. by two fecds 5 and whofe leaves are placed
feveral together at every joint, and expanded like the rays of a frar.

HIS is a clafs diftinguifhed with great certainty by Nature, and by very obvious characters.
Mr. Ray has followed, as ufual, her fleps, and kept the plants diftin&t from all others, in a
- peculiar clafs, under the name of herbe frellate, the ftellate plants: but they are blended
among many others by the modern writers 5 they not admitting the difpofition of leaves, however fin-
gular, into the number of claffical, or even generical diftinétions.

The confequences of each method are obvious. In Mr. Ray thefe plants are kept together, and no
others are mixed among them, or joined to them : in Linneus, and his followers, they are feparated
into various claffes, and in each joined with plants the moft unlike that ftudous error could have
chofen : cleavers is tanked with feabious among the fetrandria; and croffwor: is put ten claffes off,
with pellitory of the wall and orach.

This confirms, like the reft, the impropriety of that method.

POE ee ee ee TOTO TOTOTOLOTO ep gH Pe aXe ae 4%e Re ot ot 984 Shh Ph ge She ot a%e ge She oe, ot, aK. ate aRe ate, whe 988, oe
SEO EE at 8 SOTO EO DEOL £0 £0 OO LOL LOO BE a alle ical

SVE Ro Es I,
Natives of BRITAIN.

“-Thofe of which there is one or more fpecies naturally wild in this kingdom.

Ginais, oN ocUeinsaege
GeRO<S SuWe OgRurb-
CRU CIaA Tae,

rPHE flowers are of two kinds, male and hermaphrodite upon the fame plant. The hermaphro-
dite flower ftands fingle on its ftalk: it is formed of one petal, and is divided at the top into
four oval and fharp-pointed fezments. There is fearce any cup to this, but in its place a rudiment
_ of the fruit, which afterwards ripens into a pair of feeds, covered with a tough fkin, and fo clofely
joined, that they feem but one. The male flowers are placed upon the rudirnent of the other on
each fide ; and each is formed ofa fingle petal, divided uncertainly into three or four fegments, which
are oval and acute. This has a rudiment of a fruit underneath it, as the other; but it never ripens.
Linnzeus places this among the polygamia monecia; the feveral flowers, though diftin& in fex,
yet growing on the fame plant, and the impregnation of the feeds being by male and hermaphro-
dite ones.

Croffwort.

396

Croffwort.
Cruciata vulgaris.

The root is fibrous.

' The ftalks are numerous, upright, fquare, and
not much branched: they are rough on the fur-
face, and weak.

The leaves are placed in an elegant manner,
four at a joint, at confiderable diftances; and
they are oblong, broad, of a bright, but fome-
what yellowifh green, and hairy.

The flowers are fmall and yellow; and they
grow in clufters from the bofoms of the upper
leaves,

The BR’ IkT; } Shee HE oR Bae i:

Tt is not uncommon in dty paftures,
deal of it fpreads over the grave of Mr.
in the church-yard of Hampttead ; per
ginally planted there to perpetuate. the |
that holds the remains of that dilj

A grea
Doopy
haps ori-
ittle {pot
gent and carefy]

botanift.

C. Bauhine calls it Cruciata hirfuta, Others
only Cruciata.

It is an aftringent. ‘The tops, dried and pow-

dered, are good againft the over

flowings of the
menfes, and in the fluor albus, :

G E ; N IL,
MADDER.
: Re Ue BY TRS.
HE flower is formed of a fingle petal, hollow at the bafe, and deeply divided into four feg:
ments. ‘The cup is very fmall: it is formed of a fingle piece, divided into four Parts; and

is placed upon the rudiment of the fruit.

gether.

Linneus places this among the tetrandria monogynia

‘the flyle fingle.

Madder.
Rubia fylveftris afpera.

The root is compofed of numerous, long, and
thick parts, which run under the furface, and
fpread to a great diftance’: it is of a red colour,
and confifts of a hard fubftance on the centre,
with a tender juicy covering,

The ftalks are numerous, fquare, not very
firm, branched, and a foot and half high: they
are of a'pale green, and are very rough to the
touch, and will ftick to any thing, like the ftalks
of cleavers.

The leaves are placed with great regularity at
the joints, five or fix at each; and they fpread out
in the manner of rays,

The flowers are very numerous, and: grow in

Gage N

The feeds are two after every flower:
with a pulpy matter, and furrounded with a fkin;

they are covered
fo that they refemble two berries tuck clofe to-

3 the threads in the flower being four, and

clufters at the tops of the br
of a faint yellowith green,

The fruit is large, and dark coloured, .

We have it in plenty in our weftern counties,
Tt flowers in July. %

C. Bauhine calls it Rubia Lloeftris afpera qtee
Diofcoridis. Others, Rubia tinétorum,

Mr. Ray has joined the common writersin fe-
parating as diftin@ {pecies madder thus in its wild
ftate, and fuch as is cultivated; but there is no
other difference between th

em, than that the
cultivated kind is large becaufe better nourifhed,

anches ; and they are

Tt is of vaft ufe in dying, and is alfo employed
in medicine. It is good againft obftru@tions of
the vifcera, and in habitual purgings,

Ue Ss III.

LITTLE MADDER.

RUBEOLAZ ;

6 ee flower is formed of a fingle petal

into four parts. The cup is very {mall,
formed alfo of a fingle Piece, and divided into
and they are conneéted lengthways into an
each is flat on one fide, rounded on the other,

Linneus places this among the setrandyia
the ftyle fingle. He tak

Little Field-Madder,
Rubeola arvenfis cerulea,
The root is long and
about with many fibres,
The ftalks are numer
the moft part procumben
and feldom branched.
The leaves ftand feveral together in a regular

flender, and is hung

ous and weak, and for
t: they are fquare, hairy,

3 and is tubular at the bafe,

and is placed Upon the rudi
four fegments,
oblong fruit, crowned at
and fharp-pointed.

monogynia the threads in the fl
€s away the received name rudeo

and divided at the edge
ment of the fruit: it is
The feeds are two after every flower ,

the top : when feparated,

ower being four, and
Ja, and calls the Senus /herardia. :

manner, difpofed like rays, fix or eight at a joint:
they are oblong, pointed, and of a fine green.

The flowers are fmall and blue.

The feeds are oblong and large,

‘It is common in plowed lands, and flowers in

Nulyeeum

C. Bauhine calls it Rud
rulea,

Its virtues are not certainly known,

cola repens arvenfis ce-

GENUS

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IV.

LADY’S BEDSTRAW,.
COLE 196, HGP WV,

HE flower is formied of a fingle petal, and is divided almoft to the bafe into four fegmerit’:
The cup is very fmall: it is formed of one piece, and divided into four parts ; and it ftands
upon the rudiment of the fruit, The feeds are two: they are joined together, and have a loofé

covering.

Linnzus places this among the fetrandria monrgynias the threads in the flower being four} and

the ftyle fingle.

1. White Lady’s Bedftraw.
Gallium album.

The root is compofed of numerous, lohg, and
tough fibres. : :

The ftalk is fquare, weak, and of a pale green:
itis not able to fupport itfelf; but it ufually grows
within the reach of bufhes. It is very much
branched, and two feet high.

The leaves ftand in a ftellate manner at the
joints of the ftalk, fix or eight at each joint ;
and they are fhort, narrow, and of adeep; blackith
green.

The flowers are fmall and white: they grow
in great numbers on the tops of the branches,
and cover them with a {nowy whitenefs.

The feeds are fmall.

It is common in damp places among bufhes,
and flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Gallium album latifolium.

2. Four-leaved white Lady’s Bedftraw.
Gallium album quadrifolium,

The roots are fibrous.

The ftalk is {quare, weak, very much branched,
and a foot and half long ; but, if not fupported,
it ufually ftraggles upon the ground.

The leaves are placed at the joints ina radiated
manner, but there are only four at each joint :
they are broad, fhort, and of a deep green: thofe
on the lower parts of the ftalks are fmooth ; but
toward the top they are rough,

The flowers are {mall and*white ; but they are

“very numerous, covering the tops of the ftalk
and branches.

The feeds are large, and joined two together.

Jt is common in wet places, and flowers in
Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Gallium paluftre album.

Some give this the Englifh name of White
Lady's Bedfiraw ; but it properly belongs to the
preceding fpecies. é

3. Croffwort Lady’s Bedftraw.
Gallium erefium quadrifolium leve.

The root is long, flender, divided, and hung
about with:a few ftraggling fibres.

The ftalk is fquare, upright, redith, very little
branched, and a foot high.

The leaves are placed in a ftellated manner at
the joints, and there are only four at each joint :

they are oblong, and not at all indented ; and

their colour is a delicate green.
The flowers are fmall and white, and they

N° 39:

ftand in chufters on the tops of the ftalks and
branches. :

It is a native of our northern counties, and
flowers in Auguft.

Ray calls ic Mollygo montana eretta quadrifalias
J. Bauhine, Rubia ereéia quadrifolia,

"4: Dwarf white Lady’s Bedftraw:
Gallium album minimum.

_ The root is long and flender; and has-a few
ftraggling fibres. :

The ftalks are numerous, and about three
inches long: they are fquare, {mooth, of a pale
green, and not well able to fupport themfelves
upright.

The leaves ftand in a ftellate manner at dif=
tances on the ftalks; and they are fmooth, and of
a pale green. : :

The flowers are very fmall and white; and they
ftand in great abundance on the tops of the ftalks
and branches.

It is common on hilly ground, efpecially where
there is fome wet. It flowers in July.

€. Bauhine calls it Gallium album minus,
Others, Mollugo montana minor.

Authors have diftinguifhed a variety of this
plant under the name of Gallium album minimum
multicawle , but it is not a diftin& f{pecies : it is
only this kind growing on a drier foil.

§. Yellow Lady’s Bedfttaw,
Gallium luteum.

The root is long, hard, divided; and furnithed
with a few ftraggling fibres,

The ftalks are firm, hard, upright, not much
branched, and two feet or more in height; and
they are of a yellowifh green colour.

The leaves grow in a ftellate mannef at the
joints of the ftalks, a confiderable number toge.
ther: they are oblong, narrow, and of a blackifi
green.

The flowers are fmall; but they are extremely
numerous: they cover the tops of the ftalks with
a fine gold yellow. :

The feeds are fmall and brown.

Ic is common in dry paftures, and under
hedges. It flowers in July. :

C. Bauhine calls it Gallium luteum, a name al-
moft all othet writers have copied.

The flowers of this plant contain a latent acid:
they will curdle milk. The country-people know
this, and call the plant chee/e-renning. In medi-
cine it is faid to be attenuating and deobftruent 5
but its virtues are not eftablifhed on any good
authority. phere

gi GENUS

398

Ge son,

The BRITISH HER BAAS

U S Vv.

WoOD RUF FE EE.

ASPERULA.

HE flower is formed of a fingle petal. The lower part is fafhioned into a fomewhat long tube 5
and the edge is fpread out, and divided into four narrow fegments ; which are oblong, pointed,

and turned backwards.

The cup is fmall, and divided into four parts at the rim; and it ftands

upon the rudiment of the fruit, The feeds are two after every flower ; and they are covered with a

loofe fkin, and grow together.

‘Linneus places this among the ¢etrandria monogynia ; the threads in the flower being four, and the

ftyle fingle.
DIVISION IL

Woodruffe.
Aperula vulgaris,

The root is fibrous, and fpreading.

The ftalk is fquare, upright, not much
branched, and eight inches high: it is of a pale
green, and of a tender fubftance.

The leaves are placed at the joints in a ftel-
lated manner, a confiderable number together ,
and they are long, narrow, fharp-pointed, {mooth,
and of a dark green.

DIVISION I.

Blue Woodruffe.
Afperula carulea,

The root is compofed of numerous fibres.

The ftalk is fquare, upright, and a foot and
half high: it is of a pale green, and net much
branched.

The leaves are placed in the ftellate manner at
the joints feveral together: they are long, nar-
row, and of a pale green; and they are a little
hairy.

The flowers are {mall and blue: they ftand in

Govi Boi oN US

BRITISH

SPECIE S.

The flowers are fmall, white, and of a very
fragrant fmell: they grow in tufts, almoft in the
manner of umbells, on the tops of the ftalks,

The feeds are large and round.

It is common in our woods, and flowers in
May.

C.Bauhine calls it Ajperula feu rubeola mon-
tana odora. Others, A/perula odorata.

It is good againft obftrutions of the vifcera;
but it is not in ufe.

BrOcR°E I'G N.S PE CT bis

a little tuft at the top of the ftalk ; and they are
furrounded by a feries of leaves which rife above
them, and in a manner hide them.

The feeds are large and brown.

It is common in the corn-fields of Italy, and
flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Aperula cerulea arvenfis,
Others, A/perula cerulea.

Its virtues are the fame with thofe of the
former.

Vie

Cah Ai V'EPR?S,
APARINE.

HE flower is formed of a fingle petal ; and is divided almoft to;the bafe in
T cup is very fmall: it is formed alfo of a fingle piece,

the rudiment of the fruit.

ftyle fingle.

In his Genera Plantarum he makes it a diftin& genus ;
with the gallium, taking away its old generical name: but t

The feeds are large and roundifh, with a dent
are covered feparately with a loofe, rough fkin, and grow together.
Linnzus places this among the pentandria monogynia’

to four fegments. The
divided into four parts; and it ftands on
in the middle; and they

3 the threads in the flower being five, and the

but in his fpecies, fince publithed, he joins ir

his is wrong, for the plant is fufficiently dif-

tint by the form of the feeds; and the old name is better preferved,

1. Common Cleavers.
Aparine vulgaris.

The root is flender, and creeping.

The ftalks are numerous, fquare, of a pale
_ whitifh green, and two feet or more in length :
they ufually rife among buthes ; and they ftick to
every thing they touch, otherwife they would not

be able to fupport themfelves upright. They are
not much branched: they are covered with rough,
hooked hairs. :

The leaves are long, narrow, and of a pale
green: there grow about fix of them at every
joint, difpofed like the rays of a ftar,

The flowers are {mall and white: the feeds are
round, double, and included in rough, loofe fkins.

The SR RE TL SH Toe RP AT

eet

399

Tt is common every where under hedges, and
flowers in June. f

C. Bauhine calls it Aparine vulgaris; a name
copied by others,

It is a plant of confiderable virtues. The juice
is taken in the fpring againft feorbutick com-
plaints with fuccefs. It alfo Operates by urine,
and is good againft the gravel. The root and
tops given in a ftrong infufion are alfo good
againft obftruétions of the vifcera,

2. Little Wall-Cleavers:
Aparine minima muralis.

The root is oblong, flender, and furnifhed with
a few fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, fquare, and tole-
rably upright: they are eight inches high, and
are not much branched.

The leaves are placed in a ftellate manner
round the ftalks, about fix at a joint; and they.
are fhort and pointed, of a pale green, and rough
to the touch.

The flowers grow on flender, branched foot-
fialks, rifing from the bofoms of the leaves : they
are fail, and of a greenifh white.

The feeds are roundifh and double; and they
are not fo rough as in the other kind.

ft is found on walls and ditch-banks, and
flowers in May. .

Ray calls it Aparine minima.

3. Smoother-feeded Cleavers,
Aparine femine leviores

The root is compofed of flender fibres,

GE ENG §

. The ftalks are fquare, numerous; and a foot
high: they are not much branched ; and_ their
colour is a pale green,

The leaves are oblong, narrow, blunt at thé
end, and of a dufky green: they ftand like tay$

pound the’ joints of the ftalks, five or fix toge-
ther.

The flowers are larger than in the common
kind; and of a pure white,

The feeds are double, and enclofed in a loofe
fkin. This is not fo Tough as in the common
kind, but has only a few fhort hairs upon it. »

We have it common in corn-fields. It flowers
in June, ;

Ray calls it Aparine femine Leviore.

_ 4+ Short-leaved Marfh-Cleavers.
Aparine paluftris foliis brevioribus.

The root is oblong, flender, and redith,

The ftalk is {quare, rough, of a pale green;
weak, and. about a foot high; :

The leaves ftand in rays at the joints of the
ftalks; and they are fhort, fharp-pointed,. and
of a bright green. :

The flowers ftand on footftalks rifing from the
bofoms of the leaves; and they are white and
fmall. 5

The feeds are double, and are enclofed in a
rough fkin,

It is common on bogs, and in damp places un-
der hedges. It flowers in April,

Ray calls it Aparine paluftris minor Parifienfis
fore albo. )

The virtues are the fame with thofe of the
common cleavers,

VII:

SQUINANCY WORT,
RUBIA CYNANCHIC4Z

HE flower confifts of a fingle petal. The lower part is in form of a long tube : the rim is
# {pread out, and divided into four pointed fegments. The cup is {mall; and divided into four

parts; and it ftands on the rudiment of the fruit.

The feeds are two after every flower; and they

are very large, round, and enclofed in a loofe fkin: they grow joined together. The leaves are

three-cornered.

Linnéus places this among the tetrandria monogynias the threads in the flower being four, and the
ftyle fingle. But he does not allow it to be a diftinét genus. He joins it with the 4/perula or wood.
ruffe, from which it differs in the three-cornéred fhape of the leaves, Age

There is but one known fpecies of this plant, and that is a native of Britain,

Squinancywort.
Rubia cytanchita,

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
a few fibres. :

The ftalks are numerous, fquare, redifh, not
much branched, and about ten inches high.

The leaves ftand in the manner of rays at the
_ joints of the ftalks, fix at a joint in the lower
part of the plant, and four at a joint in the up-
per: they are fmall, oblong, flender; and three-
cornered, and fharp-pointed.

The flowers are finall and red; but they aré
numerous, and make a pretty appearaiice : they

"are difpofed in a kind of umbel at the tops of thé

flalks.

It is not uncommon on hilly, barren grounds!
It flowers in July.

€.Bauhine calls it Rubia cynancbica, Others;
Rubeola quadrifolia levis.

It is faid to be a fovercign temedy for the
quincy ; but there is no good authority for the
practice,

The END of the TWENTY-THIRD CLASS,

1 HE

Abe shod te

Gy br Ag Ss XXIV. -

Planis whofe flowers are placed in umbels, or rounded clufters ; and are com-~
pofed each of five petals, and fucceeded by two feeds, which fland naked,

and united, and are crowned with the cup.

from one another; nor can any other plants be joined with them in a juft method.

The umbel is a tuft compofed of numerous flowers, placed on divided, and often fubdivi-
ded footftalks ; all of which are enclofed at the bafe by a leafy cup, befide the {mal} one that belongs
to the flower. This plainly and obvioufly diftinguithes them. And what Nature has thus thrown
before the moft flight obferver, fhe has fupported and confirmed for the ftricteft obfervation ; for all
thofe plants, which have the flowers thus thrown into umbells, have each flower thus compofed of
five petals, and followed by two joined and naked feeds.

This has led Mr. Ray to clafs them under the name of berbe umbellifere ; and moft others have in
the fame manner kept them together, and feparated them from all others: but the modern fyftems, —
always at war with Nature, fet afide this diftin@ion ; they regard only the number of threads in the
flower: therefore the obvious and certain mark of the umbel cannot have any force.

Nature is fo uniform, even in the leaft things, that this method keeps moft of the umbelliferov
plants together, for they agree alfo in the number of threads and petals; but it does not fepara
them from other plants. E

Linnzus, who keeps moft of the umbelliferous plants together in his clafs of pentandria, yet jou
with them the e/m and gentian.

The two purpofes to be anfwered by arranging plants in claffes, are, to keep thofe which are alike
together, and to feparate them from others. The regularity of Nature does not admit of varying
from the firft point ; but thefe authors wholly lofe fight of the latter. The elm and hemlock in Lin-
necus ftand in the fame clafs and the fame fection : they are not feparated by any fubordinate divifion,

A pe are diftinguifhed as obvioufly as the preceding by Nature, and can never be feparated

BELRMGPO SHPO I EHS LELLELLEELGSSSE ELS SOP EAM SIS

So BR: eS I.

Natives of BRITAIN,

Thofe of which one or more {pecies are naturally wild in this kingdom.

Gb NEU I,
COW-PARSNEP.
$-P HO N DoD f f Vow.

NEE, flowers are difpofed in very large umbells, furrounded at the bafe with numerous, oblong
leaves. Each is compofed of five petals, in fome regular, in others irregular; the outer ones
being larger than the others, and all of them nipped at the end, and heart-fafhioned. The cup is

very fimall; and the feeds are broad, fhort, and foliaceous.
Linneus-

The BRI TISH HER B Alb, 29

a eas,

4or

_ Linnaeus places this among the pentandria digynia ; the threads in each flower being five, and

the ftyles two,

This author joins the [phondylium and panas Heracleum in one
Sphondylium, calls it Heraclea. But there is fufficient diftin@ion

antient name may very well be retained,

Daw 1S ON

_ 1. Cow-Parfnep.
Sphondyhium vulgare.

The root is long, thick, and white, and of a
{weetifh, but fomewhat acrid tafte. .

The firft leaves are very large, deeply divided
in the pinnated manner, of a rough furface, and
of a pale green. é

The ftalk is fix feet high, upright, firm,
ftriated, and of a pale green; often purplith to-
ward the bottom.

The flowers ftand at the top of the ftalk and
of the branches; and they are white: they are
very numerous, and are difpofed in extremely
broad umbells.

The feeds are very large and brown.

It is common in paftures, and flowers in
July. ;

C. Bauhine calls it Sphondylium vulgare birfu-
tum. Others, Sphondylium vulgare.

It is an emollient outwardly applied.

DIVISION I.

Dwarf Cow-Parfnep:
Sphondylium pumilum.

The root is long, flender, and redifh:

The leaves that firft rife from it are fmall,
and divided into five parts, fupported on long
footftalks, and of a pale green.

The ftalk is firm, upright, branched, and a
foot high.

Gussie Ny PtP ots

genus; and, taking away the name.
between thefe two genera; and the

BRITISH SPRC]EEé.

2. Jagged Cow-Parfnep,
Sphondylium foliis tenuius divifis.

The root is long, thick, and white.

The firft leaves are extremely large; and they
are very deeply divided in the pinnated manner
into narrow, and in fome degree curled feements,
The colour is a pale greyith green ; and the whole
leaf is hairy,

The ftalk is uptight and ftriated, not much
branched, and five or fix feet high.

The leaves on this are placed alternately, and
they refemble thofe from the root : they are of a
pale green, and rough. *

The flowers are white, and have a faint tinge
of purple often very agreeably thaded over them :
they ftand in rounder and fmaller umbells than in
the other.

The feeds are large and brown.

We have it very frequently in hilly paftures,
Tr flowers in Auguft. :

C. Bauhine calls it Sphondylitm birfutum Solis
anguftioribus.

FOREIGN SPECIES,

The leaves on it are fmall, divided into thrée
parts, and fupported on flender foorftalks,

The flowers are fmall and redith.

It is a native of the hilly parts of Germany,
and flowers in Auguft. :

Cc. Bauhine calls it Sphondylium Alpinum par-
vu.

Il.

PARSNEP.,

OPEB Sy dg LAAN, A GOTT te:

HE. flowers are difpofed in large, rounded, but flat umbells, on divided and fubdivided ftalles i
thefe rife naked from the ftalk, having no leafy cup. Each flower is compofed of five petals;
which are pointed and crooked. The cup is very minute, but is divided into five parts; and the

feeds are of a flatted, oblong figure, and foliaceous.

Linnzus places this among the pentandria digynia, the thréads in the flower being five, and the

ftyles two.
DIVISION Tf.

Wild Parfnep. ‘
Poftinacha fylocftris.
The root is long, flender, white, woody, and
et tafte: :

oa AP leaves are large, and beautifully di-
vided in the pinnated manner ; their fegments
being numerous and narrow, and their colour a
yellowifh green. é

The ftalk is upright, firm; branched, ftriated,
and of a yellowifh colour.

NeXL: -

BRIUHISH. SPECIES;

The leaves ftand alternately on it} and they
refemble thofe from the root, but they are fmaller.

The flowers are little; and of a faint yellow.-

It is common in dry paftures, and flowers in
Auguft. ; .

C. Bauhine calls it Paftinacha filveftris latifolia;
Others, Elaphobefcum. .

Sorne have thought the garden-par/uep raifed
from this by culture; but repeated trials thew
otherwife.

5K DIVI-

402 The

BRITISH H EPR BAL:

DIVISION IL

Garden-Parfnep.
Poftinacha fativa,

‘The root is very large, white, long, tender, and
of a {weet tafte. :

The leaves which rife firft from it are large,
elegantly and regularly divided in the pinnated
manner, and of a yellowifh green. |

The ftalk is two yards high, firm, branched,
yellowith, ftriated, and hollow.

The leaves on this refemble thofe from the
root ; but they are fmaller.

; Gyik

FOREIGN

Ny Ur Ged

S BeBe. Pi ExS:

The flowers are little and yellow, and the feeds
are light and broad. :

It is wild in the Greek iflands; where it ac-
quires the full ftature, but has not the true {weet-
nefs of the root unlefs cultivated.

It appears we had the feeds originally thence ,
though we have now fo long cultivated the plant
from thofe ripened in our gardens, that it has been
forgotten.

C. Bauhine calls it Paffinacha latifolia fativa.

All know the ufe of the roots in food; and
they are very nourifhing and wholefome.

III,

TORDYLIUM

THE flowers are difpofed in moderately large, itregular umbells, on divided and fubdivided
* footftalks; and have at the bottom a kind of cup, formed of feveral long, narrow leaves. Each
flower is compofed of five regular petals, which are bent, and heart-fafhioned. The cup is fmall.
The feeds are large and roundifh, two grow together, and they have ferrated edges,

Linnzus places this among the peatandria digynia the threads in the flower being five, and the

ftyles two.

1. Great Tordylium.
Lordylium majus.

The root is long, flender, and hung with a
few ftraggling fibres.

The firft leaves are large, and divided in the
pinnated manner into numerous, fhort, obtufe
fegments.

The ftalk is firm, upright, and five feet high:
it is ftriated, a little hairy, as are alfo the leaves,
and is divided into feveral branches toward the
top.

The leaves are placed alternately on it; and
they refemble thofe from the root, but that they
are fmaller.

The flowers are fmall and white.

The feeds are large, flat, and broad, brown or
redifh in the middle, and whitith at the edges.

We have it in dry paftures, and under hedges,
but not common, It flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Se/éli Creticum majus.
Others, Tordylium maximum. We have no Eng-
lifh name for any plant of this genus.

Gol E GANS a aicig

2. Small Tordylium.
Tordylium minus.

The root is long, flender, white, and hung
with a few fibres.

The firft leaves are large, and fupported on
long footftalks: they aré compofed each of a
great number of f{mall, ; fhort, and broad feg-
ments, which have alfo their feparate long foot-
ftalks.

The ftalk is round, ftriated, branched, and
about a foot high.

The leaves are placed irregularly on it; and
tefemble thofe from the root, but that they are
{maller.

The flowers are fmall and white.

The feeds are large, and very beautiful : they
form together a kind of flat fruit, which has a
whitith curled edge.

It is found in our fouthern counties, but is not
common. It flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Sefeli Creticum minus,

The feeds are carminative; and they work alfo
by urine.

IV.

HOGS FENNEL.
POE Co EB As NEU eM

THE flowers are difpofed in a very large umbel, upon divided and fubdivided branches; and the
whole is furrounded at its bafe by a number of narrow, crooked or twifted leaves, Each flower

is compofed. of five oblong,

undivided petals; and the cup to it is fmall, and divided by five

dents at the edge. The feeds are oblong and ftriated.
Linnaus places this among the pentandria digynia ; the threads in the flower being three, and

the ftyles two.

Hogs

Th sBRITISH HEREAL

403

Hogs Fennel.
Peucedanum vulgare.

The root is long and thick, and at the top is
ufually covered with a thaggy matter, formed of
the ribs of decayed ftalks: it is black on the out-
fide, green within, and, when cut, yields a yel-
low juice of a ftrong unpleafant fell.

The firft leaves are placed on long footftalks :
they are large, and they are divided and fubdi-
vided by threes into a multitude of long, narrow
fegments.

The ftalk isa yard high, ftriated, and branched ;
and the leaves are placed irregularly on it, and are
like thofe from the root.

Gaia GN OF ly 28

The flowers are {mall and yellow.

It is common by the Thames fide in Kent and
Effex, and elfewhere. It flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Peucedanum Germanictn.
Others, Peucedanum vulgare.

: Tt is an unpleafant, but a very valuable medi-
cine. ;

A fyrup made of the juice of the root with ho-

| hey is excellent in afthmatick cafes,

A decoction of it operates by urine, and is good.

| againft obftructions of the vifcera. .

It is alfo good outwardly in headachs.

Vv.

SHEPHERDS NEEDLE.

Sy Geek NN DINE TX,

HE flowers are difpofed in fmall umbells upon long divided ftalks; which have no general cup,
but a few oblong leaves to the fubdivifions, Each flower is compofed of five unequal petals, of
a heart-fafhioned fhape. The cup is very minute. The feeds are long, and fharp-pointed: two
grow together; and each is rounded and ftriated on the outfide, and fmooth and flat within.
Linnzus places this among the pentandria digynia ; the threads being five, and the ftyles two.

DIVISION 1

Shepherds Needle.’
Scandix vulgaris.

The root is long, flender, white, and hung
with a few flight fibres.
» The leaves are fmall, and fupported on fhort
footftalks : they are very finely divided ; and their
colour is a very dark green.

The ftalks are numerous, green, branched,
and a foot high.

DIVISION IL

Small Shepherds Nettle.
Scandix minor.

The root is long, flender, white, and furnifhed
with a few fibres.

The leaves are divided into numerous and
very {mall fegments; and they have a pleafant
fmell.

The ftalks are numerous, branched, ftriated,
and a foot high,

Cayo NUS

BRITISH

S PREVC TB. Ss;

The leaves ftand irregularly on them, and re-
femble thofe from the root ; but they are fimaller,
The flowers are moderately large and white.

The feeds are long and flender.

It is common in corn-fields, and flowers in
Auguft. - rey

C. Bauhine calls it Scandix Jemine roffrato vy/!-
garis, Others, Peéten Veneris.

Its virtues are not known.

F‘O:'R-E LGN: SPE CLE S,

The leaves are placed alternately on thefe, and
their footftalks furround the ftalk at the bafe:
they are like thofe from the root, but fmaller,

The flowers ftand at the extremities of the
branches in little umbells; and they are fimall
and white. 2

The feeds are long, and very flender.

It is common in the Greek jflands, where they
eat the young leaves in fallads.

C. Bauhine calls it Scandix Cretica minor.

VI.

CHERVILL
CHHROPHYLLUM.

THE ‘flowers are difpofed in broad, fpreading umbells, on divided and fubdivided branches ; and

they have no cup to furround their bafe at the ftalk, but fome long leaves under the fubdi-
vifions. Each fower is compofed of five bent and heart-fafhioned petals. The cup is very minute 5
and the feeds are oblong, flender, and pointed at the top, rounded on the outfide, and flat

within.

each flower.
8

Linneus places this among the pentandria digynia; the threads being five, and the ftyles two in,

DIVI-

404

The BRITISH HERBA Ls

-, ad V.LSeigON I.

1.) Wild Myrrhis.
Cherophyllum fylveftre.

The root is long, white, and hard, and has a
fweetifh tafte, but with a fharpnefs, and’an aro-
matick. flavour. :

The firft leaves are divided into a great num-
ber of fegments, which are of a pale green, a
little hairy, and ftand on hairy ribs. |

The ftalk is hollow, ftriated, and branched,
and is a yard high. ;

The leaves are placed alternately on it, and re-
femble thofe from the root,

The flowers are fmall and white; and the
feeds, when they are ripe, are brown.

It is common under hedges, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Cherephyllum fylvejre.
Others, Myrrbis filvefris, Cerefolium Jylveftre,

and Anthrifcus Plinit.
When the plant is in flower, the ftalk {wells
juft under the joints.
DEV I SON IP FO

Garden-Chervill.
Cherophyllum fativum.

The root is long, thick, white, and of an aro-
matick, and not difagreeable tafte.

The leaves that rife firft are large, and divided
into numerous, broad, fhort, indented fegments ;
of a pale green colour, and of an agreeable fla-
vour. ;

The ftalks are ftriated, hollow, upright,
branched, and {welled in a kind of round knots
under the joints.

The leaves on them réfemble thofe from the

G. “ek

Neg i

B Rol- DT E.SeHs 2SyPeBeCel. Bas:

“2. Wild Chervill.
_ Charophyllum caule equali.

The root is long, thick, white, and furnifhed
with a few fibres.

The firft leaves are very-large, and they are
formed of numerous indented fegments: they are
naturally of a dufky green, and fometimes they
are redifh. :

The ftalk is upright, ftriated, and a yard and
half high : it is divided into many branches ; and
it is of a regular thicknels, not {welling at the
joints as the other.

The flowers are {mall and white ; and the feeds
are oblong and brown.

It is common by hedges, and flowers in May.

C. Bauhine calls it Myrrhis fylveftris Seminibus

levibus. Others, Cicutaria. Our people, Cow-
weed,
RE I. G*Ne* SP. BoC TEs:

root; but the fegments are narrower, and they
are of a paler green. :

The flowers are fmall and white; and the feeds,
when ripe, are black.

It is a native of the Greek iflands, and flowers
in June. y

C. Bauhine calls it Cherophyllum fatioum. Our
gardeners call it Sweet fern,

It is an agreeable plant in fallads ; and, when
taken as amedicine, operates by urine; and is good
again{t obftructions of the vifcera.

Sf NIK

Se P, ha Gt N. > BR: Pe ae

Mere Ue 1s:

THE flowers are difpofed in {preading umbells on divided and fubdivided ftalks ; and at the bafe

of thefe on the ftalk grow a number of long, narrow leaves,

nearly equal petals ; which are of a heart-fathioned fhape,

Each flower is compofed of five

nute. The feeds are oblong, and {maller at one end, and rounded and ftriated on one fide, and flat

and plain on the other,

Linneus places this among the pentandria digynia ; the threads being five,

Dl VeirSl ON: 4

Common Spignell.
Meum vulgare.

The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with a
few fibres: it is brown on the outfide, and white
within, and has a firm heart: the outer fubftance
is tender, and of an aromatick, and not difagree-
able tafte. There frequently are fide-fhoots from
the old roots ; and at their tops there ufually is a
large thready tuft, of a brown colour, which is
formed of the fibres of decayed footftalks,

The leaves which rife from the root are large,
and of a blackifh green colour; and they are di-

and the ftyles two.

BRITISH.SPECHE §,

vided in an elegant manner into regular and ex-
tremely flender fegments. j

The ftalk is upright, ftriated, branched, and
two feet high.

The leaves on it refemble thofe from the root ;

but they are fmaller, and fomewhat paler co-
loured. on

The flowers are fmall and white.

The feeds, when ripe, are black.

It is found in our weftern counties in rich,
damp foils, but not common. It flowers in
June. ; : ;

3 C, Bauhine

and fomewhat bent. The cup is very mi-

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The ,BIR UTES Ho HEE R 8 aoe Ni

C. Bauhine calls it Meum Soliis anethi. Others

only, Meum. Our people, Baldmoney.

It is a very powerful diuretick and deob-

ftruent.

DIVISION if, FO

Italian Spignell.

The root is long and thick, black on the out-
fide,-white within ; and of acoarfe tafte, and dif-
agreeable fmell.

The firft leaves are large ; and théy are divi-
ded into numerous longifh and very flender feg-
ments.

It is good in the jaundice, and it Promotes the
menfes,

The root poffefles moft virtue; and is bett gi-
ven in infufion.

REIGN §PEcCIES,

The ftalk is roy
foot and half high,

The leaves ftand alterna
are divided into fine fegm
thofe from the root.

The flowers are {mall and white, and the feeds
are ftriated and large,

It is a native of Italy, and flowefs in May;

C, Bauhine calls it Meum latifolium adulterinum,

ind, ftriated, upright, dnd 4

tely on this; and they
ents, in the manner of

Gaks oN os o§ VIII.
Ag NG Bh Ty Grand

THE flowers are difpofed in large umbells, of a globular figure,
flalks; and under thefe there ftand a few oblong leaves. The fmaller clufters,
form the whole umbel, are perfectly globular ; and at the bafe of thefe there ftand

Each flower is compofed of five pointed petals,

form, rounded and ftriated on one fide, and {mo

upon divided and fubdivided foot.
which together
eight {mall leaves;

which are a little bent. The feeds are of an oval
oth and flat on the other,

Linnzus places this among the pentandria digynia ; the threads being five, and the ftyles twa.

1. Great Angelica.
Angelica major.

The root is long, thick, and furnithed with
many fibres: the outfide is brown; but it is white
within, and when cut yields a thick, yellowith
juice : its tafte is warm and aromatick, and its
fmell very fragrant and agreeable,

The firft leaves are extremely large: they ftand
upon thick, flefhy footftalks 5 and are compofed
of oblong, broad, pointed, and ferrated feg-
ments.

The ftalk is round, hollow, upright, thick,
and of a fine green : it is divided toward the top
into many branches, and is feven or eight feet
high.

The leaves on it are placed irregularly ; and
they refemble thofe from the root, but they are
fmaller.

The flowers are fmall, and of a greenifh white.

The feeds are large, and greenith,

Tt is wild in our northern counties ; but-for its
-ufe is cultivated alfo every where in gardens.

C. Bauhine calls it Angelica fativa; a name
mott others have copied.

Gok =N

Tt is a plant of great virtues 5 cordial, fudorifick,
and ftomachick,

The candied ftalks are a very agreeable way of
taking it, and have a great deal of virtue ; but the
roots and feeds poffefs it in the higheft degree,
They are beft given in powder; a fcruple of the
root, or five grains of the feeds, fora dafe,

2. Wild Angelica,
Angelica fylveftris.
The root is long, white, thick, and furnithed
with many long fibres. :
The firft leaves are very large: they are fup-
ported on purplith footftalks ; and are formed
of numerous fmall parts, which are broadeft at the

bafe; ferrated, tharp-pointed, and of a dufky green, |

The ftalk is round, firm, upright, very much
branched, and fix feet high.

The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and fur
round it with the bafes of their footftalks : they
are like thofe from the root, but {maller.

The flowers aré fmall and whitifh ; and they
form vaft umbells,

The feeds are {welled and ftriated.

It is common by waters, and flowers in June.

C.Bauhine calls it Angelica fylveftris Major.

U.S IX,

HERB-GERARD:
PrsOe De Ag GRA eR x,

HE flowers are difpofed in a rounded convex umbel, on divided and fubdivided branches ; at
Ap the bafe of this there are no leaves, nor at the place of their fubdivifions. Each Slower is com-
pofed of five oval, hollowed, and nearly equal petals, The cup is very minute. The feeds are of an
oval, oblong form, ftriated, and {welled on one fide, and flat and {mooth on the other. ;

Linnzus places this among the pentandria digynia ; the threads being five, and the ftyles two in the
flower. But he takes away its received name, and calls it egopodium.
OF this genus there is but one known fpecies, and that is a native of Britain.

40.

Bat Herb

4.06

Th BRITISH HERBAL.

Herb-Gerard.
Podagraria.

‘The root is flender and creeping ; and it has a
flight tafte of angelica.

The firft leaves are placed on long, purplifh
footftalks ; and they are compofed each of nu-
merous, fmall, ferrated fegments, of a pale green
_ colour.

* The ftalk is round, ftriated, branched, and two
feet high.

Ge. Boa oN

The leaves ftand alternately on it, and refemble
thofe from the root, but that they are fmaller,
and compofed of fewer parts.

The flowers are fmall and white.

The feeds are moderately large and brown.

The leaves of this plant have been celebrated
as a remedy for the gout; but they do not de-
ferve what has been written of them.

Une 73 x

ALEXANDERS.

SMYRNIUM.

HE flowers are difpofed in an irregular, large umbel, which from time to time increafes in big-

nefs till they are all open.

There is no growth of leaves under’ the principal or fecondary

footftalks. Each fower is compofed of five narrow, pointed, and fomewhat bent petals. The cup

is very minute.
with three ftrize, and flat on the other fide.

The feeds are large, and of a lunulated figure, rounded at the back, and marked

Linnzus places this among the pentandria digynia ; the flower having five threads, and two ftyles.

DLVIS LON 1.

Alexanders.
Smyrnium vulgare.

The root is long, thick, and white ; of a ftrong
fmell, and an acrid tafte.

The leaves that rife from it are very large : they
are compofed of numerous, fhort, broad fegments ;
which are nicked at the edges, and of a dark

reen: their tafte is not unpleafant.

The ftalk is upright, firm, ftriated, branched,
and fix feet high.

The leaves on thefe refemble thofe from the
root; but they are fmaller.

DIVISION JL

Perfoliate Alexanders.

Smyrnium. perfoliatum,

The root is long, thick, and white.

The leaves that rife from it are very large and
beautiful : they are finely divided into numerous,
fhort, broad fegments: which are deeply ferra-
ted, and of a freth green colour.

The ftalk rifes in the centre of thefe; and is
round, ftriated, branched, and of a pale green.

G E N

-BRITISH SPECIES.

The flowers are fmall, and of a greenifh white ,
and the feeds, when ripe, are brown. ‘

It is found on our weftern coafts among rocks,
and flowers in Auguft. ;

C. Bauhine calls it Hippofelinum Theophrafti, vel
Smyrnium Diofcoridis, Others, Smyrnium:

It is a very wholefome and: agreeable plant.
The leaves and their footftalks blanched are very
pleafant raw or in foops; and they are good
againft {corbutick complaints.

fF O)R EVI-G N&xS Pe BCA Evs:

The leaves that grow on this are perfectly un~
like thofe from the root: they are roundifh, but
pointed, and undivided: the ftalk runs through
them. x

The flowers are fmall and ,whitith; and the
‘feeds, when ripe, are black.

: It is a native of the Greek iflands, and flowers »
in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Siyrnium

» peregrinum rotunda
folio.

Ue 8 XI.

EAR T HN UT,

BULBOCASTANUM.

Apes flowers are difpofed in fmall umbells, compofed of divided and fubdivided branches; and

leaves.
a little bent.
on the other.

at the bafe of the ftalks, and fubdivifions of them, are placed feveral fmall, oblong, flender
Each flowef is compofed of five petals, nearly equal in fize, heart-fafhioned at the end, and
The cup'is very fmal!, The feeds are of an oval form, convex on one fide, and flat:

Linneeus places this among the pentandria digynia, the threads being five, and the ftyles two in

each flower.

Authors fpeak of a larger and leffer Earthnut ; but they differ only as varieties. There is but one
fpecies of this genus, and that is a native of Britain.

Earthnut.

The’. BRGIST I She HE RABLA L.

407

Earthnut.
Bulbocaftanum.

The root is a tuberous lump, of the bignefs of
achefnut, and of a fweet pleafant tafte: it lies
at about five inches depth; and the plant rifes
from it in a fmall white ftalk. The root is brown
onthe outfide, and white within.

The leaves are beautifully divided into lender
parts,

The ftalk is firm, upright, ftriated, and two
feet high.

The flowers are fmall and whites and the feeds;
when ripe, are blackith,
: It is common in dry, hilly paftures, and flowers
in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Bulbocaftanum majus. Otherss
Bulbocaftanum majus, and minus.

The root is eatable and wholefome,

G, gh No Uae Ss XI,
WATER DROPWORT.

G@ENANTHE.

a pls flowers are difpofed in {mall umbells, placed upon a few principal ftalks, and many thofé
ones at the fubdivifions. There ftand feveral fhort leaves at the bafe of the principal footftalks;

and alfo of the fubdivifions. Each flower is compofed of five petals, but in an unequal manner 3
thofe at the edges having the petals larger, and fplit; thofe in the centre having them only heart-
~ fafhioned, and a little bent. The cup is large, and divided into five fegments. The feeds are two :
they are of an oval figure, rounded, and ftriated on one fide, and plain on the other, and dented at

the top.

Linneus places this among the pentandria digynia; the ftyles being two, and the threads five in

each flower.

1. Common Water Dropwort.
— Gnanthe vulgaris.

The root is compofed of numerous fibres,
with {mall flefhy bulbs or tuberous parts con-
nected to them. : -

“The firtt leaves are fmall, and lightly divided
into a few long, flender fegments.

The ftalk is upright, hollow, ftriated, and two

t high :

Ba cia on this are divided into numerous,
long, and flender fegments 5 and are of a faint

2? t
green.

The flowers ar
are large and brown. :

It is common by waters, and flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Bnanthe aquatica. Others,
Filipendula aquatica.

{tis a diuretick and deobftruent, but is not in
ufe at this time.

e {mall and white, and the feeds

2. Leffer Water Dropwort.
CEnanthe minor triflora.
i brous ; and has a few oblong; tu-
he ftrings.
and divided into fe-
of a bluifh green.

The root is fi
berous pieces conneéted.to t

The firft leaves are fmall,
veral long, flender fegments, i

The ftalks are weak, hollow, ftriated, very

i high.

der, and not more than ten inches hig’

ea leaves on thefe refemble thofe from the
root, being compofed of a few fine fmall irregu-
lar fegments. j :
nthe flowers are fmall and white, and the prin-
cipal ftalks, which form the umbel, are only
three: the fubdivifions are more numerous.

"The feeds are large and brown. :

It is not uncommon about waters in our
fouthern counties, and in fome other places. It
flowers in July. ore

Ray calls it CEnanthe aquatica trylora.

3. Hemlock Dropwort.
Ginanthe cicute facie.

The root is compofed of numerous, long; thicks
tuberous parts; and is of a very unpleafant tafte,
and full of a juice which turns yellow on coming
to the air.

The firft leaves are divided into numerous,
broad, oblong, ferrated fegments; and are very
large.

The ftalk is ftriated, round; branched, and
three feet high.

The leaves on thefe refemble thofe from the
root, but they are fmaller ; and they are of a pale
green.

The flowers are fmall, and the umbells of them
moderately large. é

It is common about the Thames fide, and elfe«
where by waters, It flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Qvanthe cherophylli foliis;
Others, Cixanthe cicute facie.

The roots are the moft terrible poifon Eng«
land produces.

4. Pimpernell Dropwort.
Ginanthe foliis pimpinella faxifrage.

The root is compofed of long fibres, with a
few tuberous lumps conneéted to them.

The firft leaves are very elegantly divided into
numerous, oblong, pointed parts; and are of a
deep green.

The ftalk is ftriated, branched, and a foot
high.

“he leaves on it are {mall, finely divided, and
of a pale green.

The flowers are very little and white.

The feeds are brown.

We have it by the fides of our fen-ditches: Ié
flowers in Auguft.

J. Bauhiae calls it Bnanthe Stapholini folio; a
name copied by moft others.

GENUS

The BRILTISH HEIRIB Aad

4.08
Geer R oN -U. SS XITE.
SAL UaM,

: g~HE flowers are placed in rounded umbells, compofed of extended flat parts on the fubdivi-
fions of the branches; and there are at the bafe of the principal footftalks, and of their fubdi-
vifions, feveral little leaves. Each flower is compofed of five petals, of equal fize, undivided at the

top, and fomewhat bent.
on one fide,

The cup is very minute.

The feeds are roundifh, and ftriated, but flatted

Linnzeus places this among the pentandria digynia; the threads being five, and the ftyles two in

the flower.

_ 1. Baftard Stone-Parfley.
Sium foliis ferratis,

The root is long, flender, and white.

The firft leaves are placed on long footftalks s
and they are compofed of numerous, fhort, in-
dented fegments, of a deep green.

The ftalk is round, upright, flender, and
branched, and of a fhining green.

The leaves on it are divided into numerous feg-
ments, and ferrated ; and their colour is a beauti-
ful green.

The flowers {and at the top of all the branches
in little umbells : they are fmall and white.

The feeds are very finall, ftriated, and brown;
and they have a warm aromatick tafte.

It is common under hedges, and flowers in
Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Sifon quod amonum officinis
nofiris. Others, Armonum officinarum, and Petro-
Jelinum Macedonicum Fuch/fi.

The feeds are good againft flatulencies, and in
nervous diforders,

2. Honewort.
Sium fegetum.

The toot is long, flender, and furnifhed with
a few fibres.

The firft leaves are extremely beautiful: about
four rife from the root; and they fpread them.
felves on the ground: they are long, moderately
broad, and regularly pinnated: each is com-
poled of about feven pairs of pinnee, with an odd
one at the end; and thefe are elegantly ferrated,
. and of a fine green.

The ftalk is round, ftriated, and. branched.

The leaves are placed alternately on it; and
they are divided into narrow fegments ; but they
have not the form or elegance of thofe at the root,

The flowers are fmall and white, and the feeds
are ftriated and crooked.

It is common in corn-fields, and on ditch-
banks, It flowers in July.

Ray calls it Sium arvenfe,
tale, and Selinum Sii folits.

Others, Sinm fege-

A pultice of the leaves is faid to be excellent
againft hard-fwellings: it had its Englifh name
thence ; hone being a term ufed by the country-
people in fome places for fuch fwellings.

3. Great Water-Parfnep. ;

Sium aquaticum maximum.

The root is compofed of numerous fibres,

The firft leaves are divided into fmall and fine
fegments ; but thefe foon fade and perifh : in their
places appear large pinnated leaves,

The pinne are oblong, ferrated, and fharp-
pointed ; and their colour is a bright green.

The ftalk is round, upright, ftriated, branched,
and two yards high.

The leaves on this are placed alternately ; and
they are pinnated and ferrated, and of a pale
green.

The flowers are fmall and white; and they are
formed into large umbells.

The feeds are fmall and brown.

It is common about ditches, and flowers in
July.

C. Bauhine calls it Sium latifolium. Others,
Sium aquaticum maximum.

4: Common upright Water-Parfnep.
Sium erecium vulgare.

The root is compofed of numerous, long, and
flender fibres,

The firft leaves are large and pinnated: each
is compofed of feveral pairs of pinnz, with an
odd one at the end; and thefe are narrow, fharp- —
pointed, ferrated, and of a pale green.

The ftalk is upright, ftriated, branched, and
two feet high.'

The leaves are placed irregularly on it; and
they are like thofe from the root.

The flowers are fmall and white 3 and they
ftand in large umbells at. the tops of the ftalks
and branches. F

It is common in watery places, and flowers in
July. “

C. Bauhine calls it Sivm five Apium paluftre fo-
liis oblongis. :

5. Creeping Water-Parfnep.
Sium minus repens.

The root is fmall and fibrous:

The ftalks are numerous, flender, and weak :
they lie upon the ground, or rife very imper-
feétly from it ; and they take root at the joints.

The leaves are pinnated; and the pinne are
oblong, fharp-pointed, and ferrated,

The flowers are fmall and white : they are dif
pofed in little umbells; and are placed, not on the -
tops of the branches, as inothers, but at the joints
of the ftalks.

The feeds are {mall and brown.

It is common in watery places, and flowers in
June. ;

Ray calls it Siam umbellatum repens. Others,
Sium ad alas floridum.

6. The

OAS

Hemlock: Dropwort . \ =

Sai Poe SO ofa Pinpernedl Drop ort

8 Be :

Great % :

Ni WUT LATSRY
ae \S

VV \

LheLeast > *

: ne, Long leave
Pueer POP SNC) hy, (rater Larsicy

yy, 2 So aS i } I 7. . a / . »
(\ Greae™ FON fT Utell Burnet lh Aes
| Ge re =) \y al cs | y dy | NR Lhe Covanay

{ a

2 } Wy
Scotts)» Seal arsley

; | E Smallage Y Conumon Hemlock Small Himlock

SN Na ey

The BRITISH HERBAL,

409

6. The leaft Water-Parfnip:
Sium minimum foliis variis,

The root is compofed of many {mall fibres.

The firft leaves are divided into a. multitude of
extremely fine fegments.

The ftalks are round, ftriated, branched, and
about fix inches high. :

The leaves are placed alternately on thefe; and
they are formed of broad, fhort, and dentated feg-
ments ; of a pale green, altogether unlike thofe
which rife firft from the root.

The flowers are fmall and white; and they
ftand on the tops of the branches in little um-
bells.

The feeds are ftriated and brown.

It is common in fhallow waters, and flowers in
June.

Ray calls it Sium pufillum foliis variis. Others,
Sium minimum wnbellatum foliis variis:

7- Long-leaved Water=Parfnip,
Sium folio angufto longiore.

The root ig long, thick, and furnifhed with
many fibres,

The leaves that firft rife from it are large, and
very beautiful: they are divided by threes into
very long, narrow; and elegantly ferrated feg-
ments. — j i oll

The ftalk is tound, upright, ftriated, branched,
and four feet high.

The leaves ftand irregularly on its but they
are very beautiful, refembling thofe from the root.
The flowers are {mall, and placed in Jarge um-
bells, ?

The feeds ate ftriated and brown.

It is common about our fen-ditches, and elfe-
wherein watery places. It flowers in Augutt.

C. Bauhine calls it Sium erucefolio. Cthers,
Sium olufatrifolin. Ray calls it Cicuta aquatica,
He has given many accounts of peifons perifhing
by eating it. y

Gre sB) Ne B+ 8g XIV.
BURNET SAXIFRAGE,

POT MEP DINE LL A, OS AX TE Ree
js [Rae flowers are difpofed in moderately large and rounded umbells, upon divided and fubdivided
“branches ; and there are no leaves by way of cup, under either the principal branches or the
fubdivifions. Each flower 1s compofed of five nearly equal petals; and they are heart-fafhioned at
the ends, and bent. The cup is very fmall. The feeds are long and flender, ftriated on the back,
and pointed.
Linnzus places this among the pentandria digynia, the threads being five, and the ftyles two in

each flower.

x. Great Burnet Saxifrage,
Pimpinella faxifraga foliis varits.

The root is long; lender, and furnifhed with
a few fibres. ‘

The leaves that firft rife fromm it are pinnated
in a very elegant manner : each is formed of three
or four pairs of roundifh pina, with an odd one
at the end; and thefe are ferrated, and of a fine
green.

The ftalk is upright, flender, ftriated, and di-
vided into branches.

The leaves on thefe are placed irregularly; and
they are divided into five narrow fegments.

The flowers dre white, and very {mall.

The feeds are {mall and brown.

Icis found under warm hedges in our midland
counties, and flowers in Auguft.

C.Bauhine calls it Pimpinella foxifraga major um-

bella Candida.

2. Small Burnet Saxifrage.
Pimpinella foxifraga minor:

The root is long, flénder, white, and hung
about with a few ftraggling fibres.
"The ftalk is upright, but flender, divided into
branches, and a foot and half high.
The leaves ftand alternately on it; and they
are divided into fmall fegments, and of a faint
green.

N° XL.

The flowers aye little and white ; and the feeds
are ftriated and brown. ~

It is common in dry paftures, and flowers in
July. ;

C. Bauhine calls it Pimpinella faxifraga minors
a name moft others have copied.

The roots of this plant are powerfully diure-
tick : they are good againft obftructions of the
vifcera. :

The feeds are carminative, and good in cho-
licks. The root is beft taken in infufion; and
the feeds in powder, five grains fora dofe. -

3. Jagged-leaved Burnet Saxifrage,
Pimpinella faxifraga foliis laciniatis.

The toot is long, flender, white, and furnifhed
with a few fibres.

The firft leaves are divided and jagged; and
they are of a pale green.

The ftalk is flender, upright, and not much

| branched.

The leaves on it ftand alternately, and are di-
vided into many narrow fegments.

The flowers are finall and white.

The feeds are fmall, brown, and fharp to the
tafte. %

It is common in dry paftures, and flowers in
Augutt.

Ray calls it Pimpinella faxifraga bircina minor.

5M 4. Tall

410

Th BRITISH HERBAL,

4.-Tall Burnet Saxifrage.
Pimpinella faxifraga elatior.

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
Se =

: oe a leaves are large, broad, and divided
into many fmall, ferrated, and fharp-pointed
fegments.

The ftalk is round, upright, and four feet
high; and toward the top it is parted into many
branches,

Gir-rk

NeesUie $

The leaves on this are divided into a few long
and. narrow fegments, fearce at all ferrated, and
of a faint green.

The feeds are large, and they are tharp-tafted.

It is common in our weftern counties, and
flowers in July.

Ray calls it Smyrnium tenuifolium noftras, Others,

Pimpinella faxifraga bircina maxima.

The virtues of thefe are the fame with thofe of
the common {mall kind, butin an inferior degree;

XV,

C°A R A WAY,

CARU MM.

FYAUE fowers are difpofed in moderately large umbells,
ap branches ; and there are no leaves at the bafe,
divifions. Each flower is compofed of five petals,

The cup is very fmall; and the feeds are oblong,

Linnzus places this among the pentandria digy
ftyles two. There is but one known {pecies of thi

The Caraway Plant.
Carum,

The root is long, thick, white, and of a fweet,
but acrid tafte, :

The firft leaves are very finely divided into feg-
ments ; and they are of a freth green, and {mooth.

The ftalk is round, ftriated, and toward the
top divided into feveral branches.

The leaves ftand alternately on it; and are
like thofe from che root, only fmaller,

Gio ENG aU <9

placed on divided and fubdivided
either of the principal branches, or of their fub-
which are nipped at the end, and turned down:

flender, and ftriated. .

mia the threads in the flower being five, and the
S genus,

The flowers ate placed in little umbells 3 and
are {mall and white, with a faint dath of red.

The feeds are oblong and brown,

It is found wild in our weftern counties; but
it is not eafy to fay whether it does not rife from
feeds fcattered by accident, and brought from
elfewhere.

C.Bauhine calls it Carum pratenfe: carvi officina-
rum.

The feeds are an excellent carminative ; and
are ufed both in foods and medicine.

XVI,

SEA-PARSLEY,

TOE AVON S ATT CR aT

HE flowers are difpofed in large umbells upon divided and fubdivided branches :
I bafe of the principal branches there ftand

fions fewer.
The leaves are divided by threes.

. Linnzus places this among the pentandria digynias the threads in the flower being five,

ftyles two.
He joins it in one genus with the
difference fufficiently,

Of this genus, thus diftinguithed, there is but one known fpecies,

Scottith Sea-Parfley.
Levifticum foliis biternatis.
The root is long, flender, and furnithed with
a few fibres. :
The firft leaves are numerous, and fupported
on long footftalks, which are purplith at the bafe.
The ftalk is round, ftriated, and upright; three

feet high, and toward the top divided into nu-
merous branches,

about feven leaves,
Each flower is compofed of five petals

at the
and at the bafe of the fubdivi-
3 and thefe are oblong, and ftriated on one fide.

and the

Ligufticum, or common lovage; but the leaves exprefs the

and that is a native of Britain:

The leaves aye placed irregularly on it; and
both thefe and thofe which grow from the roots
are large and divided into numerous, long, and
flender fegments, in threes, i

The flowers are fmall and white.

The feeds are large and brown.

It is common on the’ coafts of Scotland, and
flowers in Auguft.

Ray calls it Liguficum Scoticum api folio.
Others, Apium Scoticum,

GENUS

The BRIT Te AE Bd

415

Geol bas Nwony

§ XVII.

SMA DD LssAo Gusk,
AP LUM:

(THE flowers ate difpofed in moderately large umbells,
thefe have at the bafe of the divifion one {mill leaf, Each flower is
and they are equal in fize, of a rounded form, and. fomewhat bent.

can fearce be feen.

ftyles two.
perly difting.

Common Smallage,
Apium vulgare,

The root is long, thick, and white ; fometimes
fimple, fometimes divided, and of a pleafant
tafte.

The leaves are pinnated and large: they are
compofed each of three or four pairs of pinnz,
with an odd one at the end 3 and thefe are broad,
ferrated, and in a manner divided into three
parts.

The flalk is thick, ftriated, branched, and two
feet high. ;

The leaves on thefe refemble thofe from the
root ; but they are fmaller,

The flowers are {mall and white; and they

Gao E seeNen U.

on divided and fubdivided branches «
compofed of five petals ;
The cup is fo minute, that it

The feeds are two: they are of an oval form, and ftriated on one fide,
Linnzeus places this among the pentandria digynia; the threads in the flower being five,
He joins the common parfley or petrofelinum under the name apium; bur they

and the
are pro-

ftand in thick umbells at
branches.

The feeds are brown.

It is common about waters; and flowers jn ;
July.

C. Bauhine calls it Apizun baluftre feu oficinarum.

the divifions of the

This plant, cultivated in gardens, affords what
we call celeri, by foriie diftinguithed under the
name of apinm dulce, as if a different fpecies.

The roots of finallage are diuretick ; and are
good againft the gravel, and in obftruétions of the
vifcera, The beft way of giving them is in a
ftrong decoétion, :

The feeds are warm and carminative, and alfo
diuretick in a very confiderable degree.

S XVIIL

Te ReeM S1 Om CieK:
CEs (Ge eT A,

*PHE flowers are difpofed in large umbells, upon divided and fubdivided branches,’ Each flower
is compofed of five petals ; and they are of an equal fize, bent down, and heart-fathionéd. The

feeds are rounded, ftriated on one fide, and plain on the other. :
Linneus places this among the pentandria digynia ; the threads being five, and the ftyles two in each

flower. But he has introduced great confufion by his management of this genus.

He divides the

common and the fmall hemlock, not as fpecies, but into two genera; and he does not give the name of
cicuta to either of them: the genus cothpreiiending the commion berilock is called conium; and that
comprehending the {mall hemlock, ethufa. The name cicuta is given to a genus quite diftin@ from

both, including the /ong-leaved water parfuip.

The characters of this genus are not contrary to any of his diftin@ions:

they belong both to the

common and the final hemlock ; and they are propertly a generical mark.

1. Common Hemlock,
Cicuta vulgaris,

The root is long, thick, and white.

The firft leaves are extremely large, and of a
-dark, blackith green: they are divided into innu-
merable fmall parts, and ferrated at the edges.

The ftalk is frm, upright, round, and fix feet
high: it is of a dark green colour, ftained all
over with fpots of purple. ‘

The leaves are placed irregularly on- it; and
they are very large, and like thofe from the root :
they ate deeply divided, and of a dark green.

The flowers are fmall and white; and they
ftand in large umbells.

The feeds are brown,

It is common in hedges, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Cicuta major,

Tt is underftood to be a poifonous plant; but
there does not appear any thing certain on that
head. \ Many authors of credit affirm that it is
innocent,

2. Sinall Hemlock,
Cictita minor,

The root is long, flender; white, and fur-
nifhed with a few fibres.

The firft leaves are divided into numerous
{mall parts, which are deeply ferrated, of a pale
green, and very like thofe of the common par-
fley.

The ftalk is round, upright, green, and a yard
high. ; :

The leaves on this are finely divided in the

8 : fame

412

Th BRITISH HERBAL

fame manner as thofe from the root, and they
are of the fame pale green.

The flowers grow at the tops of the branches
in little umbells, furrounded with numerous,
jong, and flender leaves; forming a kind of ge-
neral cup.

Bie Nari) aaa

The feeds are fmall and ftriated.

It is common on ditch-banks, and in garden-
ground, and flowers: in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Cicuta minor petrofelino fimi-

lis. Others, Cicutaria, and Cicuta fatua minor.

XIX,

WATER HEMLOCK.

BEET EN A

NDRIU™M™

4 Ree flowers are difpofed in large umbells on divided and fubdivided branches : there areno
leaves at the bafe of the firft divifion; but feven ftand at the bottom of each of the fubdivi.
fions: thefe are long and fharp-pointed. Each flower is compofed. of five petals: they are pointed, a

little nicked at the top, and bent down.
,and firm,

The feeds are oval, and fmooth. The ftalk is very thick

Linneus places this among the pentandria digynia 5 the threads being five, and the ftyles two in

each flower.

Water Hemlock.
Phellandrium aquaticum.
The root is compofed of numerous very long

fibres.
The firft leaves are large, and divided into a

multitude of fmall, flender parts, and fplit as it |

were at the ends: they are of a pale green.

The ftalk is a yard high, and of a vaft thick-
nefs: it is of a pale greens and toward the top
divides into numerous branches.

Go ee Ni
Me RAY DO War
S E 8s

‘The leaves on this refemble thofe from the root,
and are of a faint green.

The flowers are fmall and white; and they
ftand in great umbells at the tops of the branches.

The feeds are large and brown. aria:

Tt is a native of the waters, and loves a foft,
muddy bottom. We have it in all our fen-coun-
ties, and in fome other places. It flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Cicutaria paluftris tenuifolia.
Others, Cicuta paluftris, and Phellandrium.

U S XX.
AS Tek Raga Genre
Eid:

4 ew flowers are difpofed in umbells, on divided and fubdivided branches. There are no leaves
at the bafe of the principal branches ; but at the places of their fubdivifion there fland feveral,
which are long and flender. Each flower is compofed of five petals; and they are heart-fafhioned,

and a little bent. The cup is very minute.
and fmooth on the other.

The feeds are oval, and convex, ftriated on one fide,

Linneus places this among the pentandria digynia ; the threads being five, and the ftyles in each

flower two.

DEVS TON I

Meadow-Saxifrage.
Sefeli pratenfe vulgare,

The root is long, thick, and hung with a few
fibres: it is brown on the outlide, white within,
and of an acrid tafte.

The firft leaves are placed on long footftalks :
and are large, and of a deep green: they are di-

‘vided into very fmall, narrow fegments,

The ftalk is upright, ftriated, and toward the
top divided into branches: it is of a yellowifh
green, and two feet high.

BRITISH SPECIES.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches ;
and are {mall and yellowifh

The feeds are brown, and of an acrid tafte.

The roots of this plant are diuretick ; and the
feeds carminative, both in a very eminent de-
gree.
' It is common in our meadows, and flowers in

une.

J. Bauhine calls it Saxifraga Anglorum. Others,
Sefeli pratenfis, and Silaus Anglicus. s

ws)

GENUS

The BRITISH HERBAL.

413

DIVISION I, FOREIGN SPECIES,

French Meadow-Saxifrage.
Sefeli pratenfe Monfpeffulanum,

The root is long and thick, brown on the out-
fide, white within, and of an aromatick tafte : it
is ufually divided at the top into {mall heads ;
and they are edged with a hairy fubftance, formed
of the fibres of decayed ftalks.

The firft leaves are large, and of a pale greens
and they are divided into numerous, fmall, pointed
fegments.

Go Be sNei Uae

The ftalk is ftriated, and a yard high.

The leaves on it refemble thofe from the root;
but they are fimaller; and they are of a yellowith
green colour.

The flowers are {mall and white; and the
feeds, when ripe, are brown.’ It is common in
paftures in France, :

C. Bauhine calls it Sefeli pratenfe.

XXI.

SAM PIR E,

C wz R ole% HM U,V

ie Begs flowers are difpofed in large hemifpherical umbells,
4 There are long and narrow leaves at the bafe,

flower is compofed of five petals ;
very {mall. The feeds are oblong,

which are of an oval figure, and a little bent down.
ftriated, and rounded on one fide.

on divided and fubdivided branches:
both of the larger and fmaller divifions. Each .
The cup is

Linnzus places this among the pentandria digynias the threads in the fower being five, and the

ftyles two.

Flefhy-leaved Crithmum.
Crithmum foliis craffis.

The root is long, thick, flefhy, and of a very
agreeable aromatick tafte.

The firft leaves are very large ; and they are
divided into numerous, fmall, but thick and
fiethy fegments, of a pale green colour; and of a
faltifh, but not difagreeable tafte.

The ftalk is round, thick, ftriated, and fpread-
ing ; and it is two feet high:

Gee BE PONG Ue 2S

The leaves refemble thofe from the root; and
they are placed on the ftalk, irregularly,

The flowers are fmall and yellow.

The feeds are brown.

Tt is common about our fea-coafts, and flowers
in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Crithmum five feniculum ma-
rinum minus. ‘

The leaves make an excellent, agreeable, and
wholefome pickle,

XXII:

F EON N’E..L:
ENGL GUS LU Vy:

ig ee flowers are difpofed in large umbells, on divided and fubdivided branches,

without any

leaves under either. Each flower is compofed of five petals; and they are oblong, fharp-

pointed, and bent. The cup is very minute; and the feeds are oblong,

ftriated, and naked.

Linnzus places this among the pentandria digynia; the threads being five, and the ftyles two in

each flower.

This author takes away the received name, not allowing fennel to be a diftiné genus, but account-
ing it a fpecies of dill. The difference is however obvious; the feeds of di// having a membranaceous

edge, and thofe of fennel being naked,

DIVISION L

Common Fennel.

Feniculum vulgare.

The root is long, thick, white, and furnifhed
with numerous fibres.

The firft leaves are very large, and of a dark
green: they are divided into innumerable fine
fegments.

The ftalk is upright, round, branched, and
four feet high.

The leaves on this refemble thofe from the
root ; and are of the fame green colour.

N8 at,

B Ra SiH! S PE C 1-9:

The flowers are {mall and yellow.

The feeds are brown, and of a fharp aromatick
tafte.

It is common wild in our northern counties,
and every where in gardens. It flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls ic Feniculum vulgare Germani-
cum, Others, Feniculum vulgare.

It is ufed at our tables; and is alfo excellent in '
medicine. The root is a powerful and fafe diu-
retick ; and a decoétion of it is good in the jaun-
dice, and all obftruétions of the vifcera.

5 N Dal Vel

41d

Th BRITISH HERBAL.

DIVISION I.

Sweet Fennel.
Feniculum dulce.

The root is long, thick, and white.

The firft leaves are of a pale green; and they
are divided, like thofe of common fennel, into nu-
merous, fine fegments ; but they are not fo large.

The ftalk is round, upright, branched, and a
yard high.

The leaves are placed irregularly on it; and
they refemble thofe from the root : they are of the
fame fine divifion, and the fame faint green.

G E

N U

FOREIGN SPECIES.

The flowers are larger than thofe of common feit-
nel, and of a paler yellow.

The feeds are large, pale-coloured, and of a
{weet tafte.

It is a native of Italy, and flowers in July.

C, Bauhine calls it Feniculum dulce; a name

| copied by all other writers.

Its virtues are the fame with thofe of common
fennel, but the feeds are milder or lefs acrid:
they are therefore more ufed in medicine.

S XXIII.

ROCK-PARSLEY.
SELINU™M.

i ae flowers are difpofed in moderately large umbells, on divided and fubdivided branches.
Each flower is compofed of five oblong, narrow petals; and they are bent downwards: The
cup is fmall, and divided into five parts ; and the feeds are of an oval form.

Linnzus places this among the pentandria digynia the threads in the flower being five, and the

ftyles two.

Of this genus there is but one known fpecies, and thatis a native of Britain.

Rock-Parfley.
Selinum.

The root is long and flender, and hung about
with feveral fibres.

The firft leaves are fmall, and of a pale green ;
and they are in a very elegant manner divided into
narrow, and pointed fegments,

The ftalk is ftriated, round, upright, very
much branched, and about a foot high.

The leaves on it are placed irregularly ; and

G anak

N U

they are, like the others, divided into fmall feg-
ments. :

The flowers ftand at the tops of all the branches ;
fo that the plant appears covered with them: they
are fmall and yellow.

The feeds are brown.

We have it in our weftern counties very com-
mon.

C. Bauhine calls it Pucedanum minus.
Selinum montanum pumilium.

Clufius,

S XXIV.

C AgB RO ot

CG. T .S,

A hoes flowers are difpofed in large umbells, which grow hollow when they are fallen; and
there are circles of {mall leaves, both under the whole umbel, and at the bafes of its fub-
_ divifions. Each flower is compofed of five petals, of irregular fize ; the outer ones being larger than

the inner ; and all of them are heart-fafhioned, and turned back. The cup is very minute.

feeds are hairy.

The

Linnzus places this among the pentaxdria digynia, the threads in the flower being five, and the

ftyles two.

3, Wild Carrot, called Mountain Stone-Parfley.
Daucus apium petreum album didtus.

_ The root is long and thick, of an acrid tafte,

but not very difagreeable ; of a tender fubftance, |

white, and hung with many fibres.

The firft leaves are large, and of a deep green ;
and they are compofed of numerous, broad, fer-
rated pinna.

The ftalk is round, flender, upright, and to-
ward the top parted into many branches,

The leaves on it are divided into narrower feg.

ments than thofe from the root; and they are
of a paler colour,

The flowers are {mall and white. The feeds
are brown and hairy, and ftand in a hollow tuft.

It is found on dry, hilly ground, but not
common.

2, Common Carrot.
Daucus vulgaris.
The root of the carrot is well known.

t The

The BRITIS

Hide Rear rr

The leaves are large, and divided in a hand-
fome manner into numerous {mall fegments : and
they are lightly hairy, and of a pleafant green.

The ftalk is round, upright, and five feet high.

The leaves on it refemble thofe fromm the root .
but they are fmaller: ‘

The flowers ftand at the tops bf the branches
in large umbells ; and they are little and white :
fometimes they are lightly tinged with red,

The feeds are light; hairy, and of a pale brown.

It is found wild in Scotland near the {ea-
coafts, where the root is yellow and hard; but
the plant in all things refembles the garden kind,
This is the original carrot: the red-rooted kind
is only a variety, though fome have named it as
a diftinct f{pecies.

The root is nourifhing and wholefome,
feeds are diuretick.

The

3. Wild Carrot.
Daucus fylveftris.

The root is long and white, of a fweetith, but
fomewhat acrid tafte, and hung with a few fibres,

The leaves are large, and of a pale green, finely
divided into fegments, and hairy.

The ftalk is two feet and a half high, and is
divided into many branches.

The leaves on it refemble thofe from the root ;
but they have fewer divifions,

The flowers ftand at the tops of all the branches

DIVISION IL FO

Candy Carrot.
Daucus Creticus.

The root is long, flender, and white:

The firft leavés are deeply divided into a mul-
titude of fegments; which are very narrow and
pointed ; and the whole leaf is of a pale green,
‘and hairy.

The ftalk is ribbed; upright; two feet high,
and divided into numerous branches.

The leaves on it refemble thofe from the toot,
but that they are fimaller. ‘

The flowers are fmall and white.

Beans: VU

in little, round umbels; aiid they aré fiiall and
white.

_The feeds are hairy ; and they form a hollow
bed, like the neft of a bird.

Tt is commén by way-fides, and flowers in
July.

C. Bauhine calls it Daucits flvefris tenuifolia
Diofcoridis.

The feeds of this plant are excellent in the gra-
vel, and in obftruétions of the vifcera ; in thé
beginnings of dropfies, and in the jaundice,
They operate powerfully by urite.

4. Shining-leaved Wild Carrer:
Daucus maritimus foliis lucidis.

The root is long; flender, white,
with fibres,

The firft leaves are numerous, and divided into
beautiful (egments : they are of a fine gteen, and
of a glofly furface,

The ftalk is upright, branched, ahd two feet
high : its leaves fland alternately, and refemblé.
thofe frorn the root. ;

The flowers are {mall and white; and the feeds
are rough, and of a pale brown:

We have it on our fouthern coafts. Tt flower’
in July. i

Ray calls it Daucus maritinus lucidus.

and hung

REIGN SPECIES,

; The feeds aré oblong; hairy, and of a vety

pale colour. :

It is a native of thé Greek iflands, and flowers
in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Daucus foliis faniculi tenuif»
Jimis. Others, Daucus Creticis.

The feeds are ufed in medicine: they are diu:
retick and deobftruent, and are ingredients in
many compofitioris. Nature varies a little in the
characters of this plant; and Linnzeus makes it
a fpecies of another genus, but the feeds thew
it a daucus.

S§ XXvV.

BASTARD PARSLEY.

Cw UC

ALIS.

HE flowers ate placed in little umbells, on a few btanches, with more numerous fubdivi-
T fions: there are fome narrow leaves, both at the bafe of the larger branches, and of the
fmaller. Each flower is formed of five petals; which are fomewhat bent, and fplit at thetop. The

cup is divided into five pointed fegments.
and are covered with a kind of prickles.

The feeds are of an oval, of fomewhat oblong figure,

Linneus places this among the pentandria digynia; the threads being five, and the ftyles two in

each flower.

1. Purple-flowerdd great Baftard Parfley.
Caucalis major flofciulis rubentibus.

The root is long, flender, and white.

The firft leaves are large, and of a pale green: |

they are bedutifully divided in a pinnated man-
ner into fliort fegments, which are ferrated and
fharp-pointed.

The ftalks are two feet high, branched, and

iated, and of a pale green.
ftriated, and of a pale g ae

pe 6 The

BRIcE IS HiME RB As}

The leaves on them refemble thofe from the
root; but they are fmaller: they are fmooth on
the upper fide, and hairy underneath.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches
in little umbells; and they are of a pale red.

- The feeds are large and rough.

It is found in our corn-fields, but is not com-
mon. It flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Caucalis arvenfis echinata
latifolia. Others, Lappula.

2. Fine-leaved Baftard Parfley.
Caucalis tenuifolia flofculis rubentibus.

The root is long, flender, and hung with a
few fibres. Ms

The firft leaves are of a pale green, and divi-
ded into numerous fmall fegments.

The ftalk is upright, and divided into many
branches, and is two feet high.

The leaves on it refemble thofe from the root ;
but they are fmaller, and have fewer fegments.

The flowers are {mall and red.

The feeds are little and rough, fticking to any
thing they touch,

It is common in our corn-fields in many parts
of the kingdom, and flowers in Augutft.

C.Bauhine calls it Caucalis arvenfis echinata
parvo flore et fructu, Others, Lappula Canaria.

3. Jagged-leaved Baftard Parfley.
Caucalis foliis laciniatis.

The root is long, white, and furnifhed with
many fibres.

The firft leaves are large, and divided into
feveral branches, which are again cut and Jagged
into fmaller parts.

The ftalk is upright, and very much branched.

The leaves on it are divided into numerous,
long, flender parts ; and are of a fine green.

The flowers are fmall and red. j

The feeds are oblong, and very rough.

It is found in corn-fields in our fouthern coun-
ties, and flowers in July.

Ray calls it Echinopbora laciniata.

4. Hedge-Parfley.
Caucalis minor flofculis rubentibus.

The root is very long, flender, and white.

The firft leaves are divided into long, narrow,
fharp-pointed, ferrated fegments; and are of a
deep green.

The ftalk is upright, and divided into many
branches.
~ The leaves on it refemble thofe from the root ;
but they have fewer divifions.

The flowers ftand in little umbells at the tops
of the branches ;° and they are {mall and red.

The feeds are oblong, rough, fmall, and brown.

It is common in hedges, and flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Caucalis femine afpero flofcu-
lis rubentibus.

5. Low, branched Baftard Parfley.
Caucalis bumilior ramofa:

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
fome ttraggling fibres.

The firft leaves are divided into a number of '
oblong, ferrated, and fharp-pointed fegments .
and they are of a deep green. ;

The ftalk is a foot high, and divided into nu-
merous branches,

The leaves on it refemble thofe from the root ;
they are divided into longer feements,

The feeds are rough and brown,

It is common in the corn-fields of Suffex.

Ray calls it Caucalis fegetum minor authrifco
hifpido fimilis.

6. Knotted Stone Parfley.
Caucalis nodofa echinato femine.

The root is long and flender.

The firft leaves are {mall, and of a dufky green ;
they are divided in a pinnated manner into many
ferrated, and pointed fegments.

The ftalks are numerous, and a foot lonc -

but they generally trail upon the ground: they

are branched, and of a pale green,

The leaves on thefe refemble thofe from-the
roots; but they are lefs.

The flowers are placed in little umbells; and
they are fmall and white: thefe umbells are not
placed at the tops of the branches, but at the
Joints of the ftalks, where they adhere by a very
fhort footftalk ; fo that they feem to grow to it.

The feeds are brown, and very rough.

It is common in corn-fields and under hedges,
and flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Caucalis nodofa echinato fe-
mine.

The virtues of thefe plants are not known.

7- Hemlock-leaved Baftard Parfley.
Caucalis cicutae foliis pallidioribus.

The root is long, flender, white, and hung
with feveral fibres.

The firft leaves are large, and compofed of in-
numerable fegments ; which are foft to the touch, -
of a remarkable pale green, and hairy.

The ftalk is round, upright, branched, and
alfo of a faint green.

The leaves on it refemble thofe from the root ;
but they are divided into fmaller fegments.

" The flowers are placed in little umbells; not
at the tops of the ftalks, but at the divifions ;
and they are fmall and white.

The feeds are oblong, rough, and pointed.

It is common-every where under hedges, and
flowers in June,

C. Bauhine calls it Myrrhis fylveftris feminibus
afperis, Others, Cerefolium cquicolorum.

GENUS

Th BRITISH HER BAD

G E

Nee Uae Ss

L417

XXVI.

PRICKLY SAMPIRE,

ECHINOPHORA

6 BN flowers are difpofed in moderately large umbells,

divifions of the branches.

of the plant are prickly.

Linnzeus places this among the pentandria monogynia, the threads being five,

each flower.
This author does not, in his Genera Plantarum,

Each flower is compofed of five oblong,
petals. The cup is fall, and is divided into five fegments.

allow it to be a difting@ genus,
of caucalis. In his fpecies he makes it of a diftiné& genus,

with little leaves at the divifions and fub-
heart-fathioned, and bent
The feeds are rough, and the leaves

and the ftyles two in

i but makes it a kind
but there joins a caucalis with it : in both

erroneous. ‘There is but one known fpecies, properly diftinguithed, and that is a native of Britain

Prickly Sampire.
Echinophora.

The root is long and thick, and furnifhed with
many fibres.

The firft leaves are very broad and fpreading :
they are divided into innumerable fmall, oblong
fegments, in an irregularly pinnated manner ; and
thefe are prickly at the end.

The ftalk is very thick, round, ftriated, up-
right, and divided into numerous branches.

The leaves on thefe refemble thofe from the
root, and are in the fame manner prickly.

Ce eRe ay

The flowers are finall and white; and they
ftand in umbells, terminating the tops of the
branches,

The feeds are oblong and rough.

The root of this plant is of a very agreeable
tafte, and flefhy fubftance. ;

It is common on our fea coafts, and flowers in

Auguft.
C. Bauhine calls it Crithmum maritimum Spino-

Sum.

§ XXVII.

« COIR TA ND ER:

CO ORE IP EAN DOR: Ue

PPHE flowers are difpofed in fmall umbells. There are no leaves at the bafe of the firt: divifion,
but three at each of the fubdivifions of the branches. Each flower is compofed of five petals;
and they are of unequal fize, but all bent backward, and heart-fafhioned. The cup is fmall, and di.

vided into five fegments.

The feeds are hemifpherical.

Linneeus places this among the pentandria digynia; the threads being five, and the flyles two in

each flower,
DIVISION I.

Common Coriander.
Coriandrum vulgare.

The root is long, flender, white, and fur-
nifhed with a few fibres.

The firft leaves are divided in a pinnated man-
ner, into many broad, ferrated fegments.

The flalk is two feet high, and has many
branches.

The leaves on it are divided into fmall, nar-
row fegments, and of a pale green: when bruifed
they have a very ftrong and difagreeable fmell.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches 5

DE Vols ONE W:
Small Sweet Coriander.

Coriandrum minus.

The root is very long, flender, and white.
The firtt leaves are fmall, and of a pale green ;
N° 41.

BER yeh SoH

SBE -CalsksS,

and are fmall and white, with a very faint blufh
of red. ‘

The feeds are large, and of a pale brown.

We have it in our weftern counties in dry places,
and by road-fides ; perhaps native, perhaps from
feeds cafually dropt. It flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Coriandrum majus. Others?
Coriandram vulgare,

The feeds are cordial, and good againft flatu-
Tences; and they are greatly recommended by
their agreeable tafte,

FOREIGN: SPECIES.

and they are deeply divided into flender feements.
The ftalks are numerous and weak: they are
about eight inches high ; and they lie fpread
upon the ground. .
The leaves on thefe refemble thofe from the
50 root ;

418

The BR 1 TES Ho HE RB A

root; and they are of a pale green: when bruifed

they have no ill fmell. ;
The flowers are fmall and white; and the

feeds are very large and brown,

GSE Naat)

It is a native of the Greek iflands, and flowers

in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Coriandrum minus tefticn-

latum. Others, Coriandrum minus odorum.

§ XXVIII.

HARES EAR.

Bick) UP Be GR Und.

HIE flowers are placed in umbells, on divided and fubdivided branches. There are no leaves _

at the bafe of the larger branches, but there are under their fubdivifions, Each flower is com-

pofed of five petals ; and thefe are fmall, heart-fathioned, and turned back at the ends. The cup is

very fmall, and has five dents. The feeds are of an oblong, oval form, ftriated on one fide, and
plain on the other. The leaves are entire and undivided.

Linnaeus places this among the pentandria digynia, the threads being five, and the ftyles two in

the flower.

DI VIPs LON A

1. Thoroughwax.
Beupleurum perfoliatum.

The root is long, flender, white, and hard.
The falls is round, upright, and toward the

top divided into feveral branches : it is of a yel-

lowifh colour, and of a very firm fubftance.

The leaves ftand fingly at confiderable dif-
tances; and are of a roundifh, but fomewhat ob-
long thape, of a firm fubftance, and a beauti-
ful green.

The ftalk runs through them: they are not at
all indented at the edges, but are fomewhat
pointed at the upper end.

The flowers are fmall, and of a beautiful yel-
low: they ftand in thick tufts at the tops of the
branches:

The feeds are {mall and blackifh.

It is common in the corn-fields of fome parts
of England, and flowersin July.

C. Bauhine calls it Perfcliata vulgatafima.

DP VeleS‘T:O Ne A.

Common Hares-Ear.
Beupleurum vulgare.
oe

The root is fmall, and furnifhed with nume-
rous fibres.

The firft leaves are oblong, and very broad,
undivided, and rounded at the ends.

The ftalk is round, upright, and two feet
high.

BeRC TV TslA§ “Eee Se Pe Cal Rass

Others, Perfoliata vulgaris. The more corredt °

writers, Beupleurum perfoliatum.

2. Small Hares-Ear.
Beupleurum minimum.

The root is long, flender, and white.

The ftalks are numerous, and very fmall : they
are a foot and half high, and are divided toward
the top into a few branches.

The leaves ftand alternately on them; and
they are long, narrow, grafly, and of a pale
green. - gf
The flowers ftand on very fmall umbells at the
tops of the ftalks, and on footftalks rifing from
the bofoms of the leaves: they are little and
white.

The feeds are fmall, and dark-coloured.

We have it in dry paftures, and by road- fides
in Effex. It flowers in June.

C, Bauhine calls it Beupleurum angufiffimo folio.
Others, Beupleurum minimum.

FOREIGN SPECIES,

The leaves ftand alternately on it; and they
are oblong, and moderately broad, of a bluith
green, and undivided.

The flowers are fmall and yellow.

The feeds are brown and acrid,

It is a native of Germany, and other parts of
Europe, and flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls ic Beupleurum vulgatifimum.

Gt deg Nae D nS;
SC ARNG Celer

D? fod “PBN SO A

HE flowers are placed in little umbells on branches, fubdivided into numerous very fhort

: ones, with a few leaves underneath. Each flower is compofed of five petals; and they are

fplic at the end, and bent. The cup is very minute. The feeds are convex, and oR h on one

fide, and plain on the other. ps, ‘
Linneus places this among the pentandria digynia ; the threads being five, and the ftyles two i

each flower. shia :

Common.

The BRITISH HERBAL

419

Common Sanicle.
Diapenfia vulgaris.

The root is black, and of an acrid tafte.

‘The firft leaves are fmall, and of a deep thining

green. They are placed on red fodtftalks ; and
they are of a rounded form, divided into five prin-
cipal parts, and ferrated at the edges.
The ftalk is round, upright, a foot high, and
not much branched. ;
The leaves on it in fome degree refemble thofe
from the root; but they are divided into fewer

parts ; and thefe are fharper, and more ferrateds
The flowers are fmall; and they are white,
with a faint ting of redifh.
The feeds are large and rough,
It is Common in our woods, and flowers in Aus
guft. F

C. Bauhine calls it Sanicula ofici :
pana oficinarum, Others;

The root is aftringent, and good againft ha
morrhages. “The leaves are tecommended in
vulnerary potions.

Ge BoN aU as XXX,

MARSH

PIE SN ON OY We Om oly

Ho GD. RAO VOLO TAY a ie

HE flowers are difpofed four upon a ftalk, with a little umbell im the centre. Each is come
pofed of five petals, of an oval figure, but fharp-pointed, and {pread open. The cup is very

tinute. The feeds are half round, and fmall.

Linnzus places this among the pentandria digynias the threads being five, and the ftyles two in

each flower.

It is truly an umbelliferous plant, though a very fingular one.

Marfh Pennywort.
Hydrocotyle.

The root is fibrous.

The ftalks are numerous, round, jointed, weak,
and of a pale green: they run upon the furface
of the ground, and take root at the joints.

The leaves ftand fingly on flender footftalks ;
and they are round, dentated at the edges, and of
a pale green.

The flowers are {mall and white: they ftand

Ge Rear oS

in very fmall tufts, rifing from the ftalks with
the leaves. :

The feeds are fmall and brown:

It is common in damp paftures, and flowers in
June.

C. Bauhine calls it Ranunculis aquaticus cotyle-

danis folio, Others, Gotyledon palufire, and Hy.
drocotyle. :

The farmers have an opinion that it gives theig
theep the rot ; whence they call it white rot,

XXXL

BER Y N GO:

BR ad. WN

GeJI UM

HE flowers are difpofed in a fingular kind of umbells, furrounded with many leaves at the bafes
‘and feparated by films, ‘The umbells aré of a convex or conic form. Each flower is compofed
of five petais; which are obiong, bent at the bafe, and marked with a line all along each of them;
The cup is large, and divided to the bafe into five fegments. The feeds are two; and they are ob-~

long and rounded.

Linnaeus places this among the pentandria digynia; the threads being five, and the ftyles two in

each flower.

1. Common Eryngo.
Eryngium vulgare Mediterraneum.

‘The root is extremely long, flender, brown, of
a fweet and very agreeable tafte; and it has a
hard fibre in the centfe.

The ftalk is round, upright, tough, and to-
ward the top is divided into numerous branches.

The leaves are large: they are placed irregu-
larly ; and they are divided deeply into fharp
and ferrated fegments.

"The flowers are {mall and white.
_ The feeds are of a dark brown.

We have it in our midland counties p'entifully.
it flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Eryngium vulgare et Came:
rari. Others, Eryngium campeftre. ;

The root is an excellent medicine in diforders
of the breaft and lungs. The confeétioners pre.
ferve it with fugar; and that way it has great
virtues. It is alfo given in decoétion. It Operates
by urine when given in this manner, and is good
againft obftructions. of the vifcera, and in the
jaundice.

2. Sea-Eryngo.

Eryngiun marinum,
The roots are very long, tough, and creeps
ing.

The

420 The

BRIT US H H*H@R BAL,

The ftalk is round, firm, of a bluifh green,
and divided into a vaft many branches.

The leaves are placed irregularly on it; and
they are broad, deeply ferrated, fharp-pointed,
and prickly.

~The flowers ftand in thick tufts ; and they are
fmall and white.

The feeds are brown.
It is a native of our fea-coafts, and flowers i in

June.

C. Bauhine calls it Eryngium maritimum, Our

people, Sea-holly,

gooesceggogosneeooonneeereseeesoreseensosenenenes

Rags Bes II.

ForREIGN GENERA.

yaa 0

Thofe of which no fpecies is naturally wild in this country,

Gis Bacon Deeg I.
BERG UD .B SunAo Lib BaAath,
BPE RNIN Leo Gs
HE, flowers are difpofed in large umbells ; ; and each is compofed of five petals, which are fiedely

equal in fize, and bent and heart-fafhioned at the top. The cup is very fmall, and les five
divifions. ‘The feeds are large, and edged with membranes in four ridges.

Linnzus places this among the pentandria digynia ; but he does not allow it to be a diftiné genus.

He makes it a kind of dafewort.

Great Hercules Allheal.
Panax foliis oblique cordatis.

‘The root is long, and very thick.

The firft leaves are very large, and of a deep
green: they are compofed of numerous pinne ;
which are fharp-pointed, and irregularly heart-
fathioned at the bafe ; and are placed on divided
ribs.

_ The ftalk is round, upright, and fix feet high.

Gaia N. Uses

The leaves on this refemble the others, but
they are fmaller.

The flowers ftand in large umbells, and‘are ~

yellow.

The feeds are large and brown.

It is a native of the warmer parts of Europe,
and flowers in July.

C, Bauhine calls it Panax paftinache folio:
Others, Panax Heracleum majus.

Led: Bs AN, Oe Te Tess

fPHE flowers are placed in large, but round umbells; and each is compofed of five petals, which

are nearly equal in fize, and are heart-fafhioned and bent.

are oval, ftriated, and rough.

The cup is very {mall. The feeds

Linnzus places this among the pentandria digynia, as the former ; but he makes it a Jere ofa an-

other genus.

Black Libanotis.
Libanotis umbella hemi[pherica.

The root is very large, and furnifhed with a
few fibres.

The firft leaves are broad, and fpreading: they
are formed of a multitude of fmall parts, joined
to a divided rib; and thefe are fharp-pointed,
and ferrated.

The ftalk is round, thick, divided at the top
into feveral branches, and four feet high.

The leaves on it refemble thofe from the root,
but they are fmaller,

The flowers ftand in vaft hemifpherical umbellss
and are white, with a faint tinge of purplih.

The feeds are large and rough.

It is a native of Germany, and flowers in Au-
guft.

C. Bauhiue calls it Tass montanus apii folio
major, Others, Libanotis nigra Theophrafii.

GENUS

i < "it eh
4 Wun |i \
' i AKL VAG C ‘Pp viicle Meade iy a ‘ d
| ee ey 2. ny hage Kook anypiove id (Gnomon Fennel
4
Lf f f i
| sy Mf Spotted Sone
Sirble LCOV CP grat Medpe Lay ley eh a ents
| Boastara Fraley : e esas !
; ; t YANG peal .
Y Ee GANGS NG, ! We 1
NS f Wa Ss ‘R i) L, : » \ \ ‘
t
’ ry y7 \
: Ya ha tiie Cy CG phe: PHOVOUWL BUA ? <
Lrickly Aanpio C (gree as i er, ops s ir iE ee Cl ve GS QOPUIOR MUN OS CA)
#] " ‘
JZ EG 7 J . S ' : re
A / : yh) SO ;
Wartchpenny Wark (Ona Tyg? 7 | | 4
| Oe es aie q Mar Crynige ad |

Seige re

Reg Lee
See

Th BRITISH HER BAe,

Gy East at

Uy 4S Il.

De Leela

ANE 1 Hey! 1.

HE flowers ftand in large umbells: each is com

pofed of five petals; and they are bent,

of an oval figure, and edged with membranes.

Linnzus places this among the pentandria digynia ; and he joins it in the fame genus with fennel,

from which it differs in the feeds.

Common Dill,
Anethum vulgare.

The root is long, flender, and hung with a
few fibres.

The ftalk is round, ftriated, and four feet high.

The leaves ftand at fmall diftances; and both
thefe and thofe from the root are divided into a
multitude of very minute fegments.

The flowers ftand in large umbells at the tops

of the branches ; and they are final] and yel-
low.

The feeds are large and brown.

It is a native of Spain, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Avetbim hortenfe. Others,
Anethum vulgare.

The feeds are warm and carminative, They
are good againft flatulences: they operate by
urine, and they ftrengthen the ftomach,

Ger NY Owes IV.
CTI A ® See PH led:

HE flowers are placed in great umbells at the tops of the ftalks; and each is compofed of five

petals: thefe are oblong, bent, and pointed at the tips. The cup is very fmall. The feeds.
are large ; and they are furrounded by a membrane,

which is nipped at the top and bottom.

Linnzus places this among the pentandria digynia, as the others.

Broad-leaved Thafpia,
Thafpia latifolia.

The root is very large, long, and full of a dif-
agreeable juice ; and at the top there ufually are a
multitude of fibrous fubftances, in the manner of
hairs, which are the remains of decayed foot-
ftalks.

The leaves are very large, broad, and hairy ;
and they are divided into extremely fmall parts,

Gog BaN

The ftalk is thick, ftriated, and parted into
many branches.

The flowers ftand at the tops in large umbells ;
and they are fmall and yellow.

The feeds are large and beautiful.

It is a native of the warmer parts of Europe,
and flowers in Auguft,

C, Bauhine calls it Tha/pi latifolia villofa.

Unns § V.

FENNEL-GIANT.

gee Re lees

5 Bae flowers ftand in great umbells, terminating the branches. _ Each is compofed of five petals,

equal in fize, oblong, and ftrait. The cup is very minute, but has five divifions. The feeds _
‘are very large and flat; and each has three ridges.

Linnzus places this among the pentandria dig ynia, as the others.

Narrow-leaved Fennel Giant.
Ferula foliis capillaceis.

The root.is very large, long, and furnithed
with a few fibres.

The ftalk is fix feet high, and toward the top
it is divided into numerous branches.

The leaves are placed irregularly on it; and
thefe, as well as. thofe from the root, are very
large, and are divided into innumerable fine feg-
ments,

The flowers are {mall and yellow.

‘The feeds are very large and brown:

N° XLII.

It is a native of the fouthern parts of Europe,
and flowers in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Ferula femina Plinii, Others,
Ferula anguftifolia.

2. Broad-leaved Fennel-Giant.
Ferula fegments latioribus.

The root is very long and thick.
The plant grows to eight feet in height, and
toward the top divides into many branches,
The leaves are large, and of a deep green;
and they are divided into innumerable fegments,
BoP not

: 4.22

The BRERISBLB ERB ATL:

not fo narrow as in the former kind, though of

“no great breadth.
The flowers are finall and yellow ; but they
form very large umbells.
The feeds are brown.
_It is frequent in the warmer parts of Europe,
and flowers in Auguft.
C. Bauhine calls it Ferulago latiore folio.

3. The Affa Foetida Plant.
Ferula affam fatidam fundens.

The root is vaftly thick, and of a great length.

NiatU: as

The ftalk rifes to feven feet high ; and is firm,
ftriated, and of a pale green.

The leaves are very large ; but they are divi-
ded into a multitude of fmaller parts, alternately
ferrated, and of a pale green.

The flowers grow in vaft umbells.

The feeds are large and brown.

It is a native of the mountains of Perfia.

Kempfer calls it Aja fetida Difgunenfis.

The drug called affa fatida, fo eminent in ner-

vous and hyfterick cafes, is the concreted juice of
the root of this plant.

VI.

LASERWORT.

PsA aSac bh RP ei eds gives

THE flowers ftand in great umbells, terminating the branches ; and each is compofed of five pe-
tals: thefe are nearly equal in fize; and they are oblong, divided at the ends, and fomewhat
bent. The cup is very minute, and is divided into five parts at the edge. The feeds are very large,
oblong, and marked with four membranes on the back.

Linneus places this with the reft among the peatandria monogynia.

Laferwort.
Laferpitium vulgare.

The root is long and thick, brown on the out-
fide, white within, and furnifhed with many
fibres. The top is alfo covered with decayed
filaments, which have belonged to footftalks.

The leaves are large and pinnated: they are
compofed each of two or three pairs of broad,
indented pinne; and are of a pale green, and
lightly hairy.

Gis BaewoNinn (WU: 2S

The ftalks are numerous, branched, and
ftriated, of a pale green, and four feet high.

The leaves on thefe refemble thofe from the
root; but they are fmaller.

The flowers terminate the branches; and are
fmall, but placed in large umbells.

The feeds are large and brown.

It is a native of the warmer parts of Europe,
and flowers in July.

C.Bauhine calls it Laferpitinm Gallicum. Others
only, Laferpitium, or Laferpitium vulgare.

VII.

CUMMIN.
C2 MeL Nee,

HE flowers are difpofed in umbells, ufually in a four-fold manner, both in the divifions and fub-
divifions ; and at the bafe of the ftalks, and of their fubdivifions, are placed feveral narrow
leaves. Each flower is compofed of five petals, a little irregular in fize, and fomewhat bent in, and
emarginated. The cup is fcarce vifible. The feeds are two: they are convex on one fide, and

ftriated, plain, and fmooth on the other.

Linnzeus places it among the pentandria monogynia with the others,

Common Cummin.
Cyminum vulgare.

The root is long, flender, and hung with many
fibres.

The firft leaves are divided into numerous,
long, and very narrow fegments; and are of a
faint green, and a little hairy.

The ftalk is round, ftriated, upright, and about
afoot high.

The leaves on it refemble thofe from the reft,
and ftand irregularly.

The flowers are {mall and white ; and they ter-
minate the ftalk in moderately large umbells.

The feeds are large and brown,

It is a native of the Eaft, and is alfo fown there
for the feeds, which are ufed in medicine. It
flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Cyminum Jemine longiore.
Others, Cyminum vulgare.

The feeds are an excellent carminative, but
very unpleafant. ;

GENUS

}

423

Th BRITISH HERBAL.

Gobi NN. Usc8

VII.

MASTERWORYT,
Lee Ves Pa liypeR AT O'R arity

HE flowers are difpofed in rounded umbells.
ftalks, but feveral fmall ones at the fubdivifions. The cup is fearce vifible. E.
pofed of five regular petals, nipped at the ends. The feeds are oval, edged with

marked with two furrows.
Linnzus places it with the others,

Matfterwort.
Imperatoria vulgaris.

The root is long, thick, and divided; brown
on the outfide, white within, and of an aroma-
tick, but very acrid tafte.

The ftalk is upright, firm, ftriated, branched,
and four feet high,

The leaves are compofed of numerous, ob-
' ong parts, ferrated, of a deep green, and placed
on branched footftalks,

GoE

NEU,

There are no leaves at the bafe of the principal

ach flower is com-
a broad rim, and

The flowers are fmall and whi
placed in large umbells.

The feeds are brown.

Tt is a native of many of the warmer parts of
Europe, and flowers in June,

C. Bauhine calls it Imperatoria major. Others,
Imperatoria vulgaris,

te; but they are

The root is cordial and fudorifick, and is
greatly recommended againft malignant and pefti-
lential fevers.

Soe,

Te: -Vii A GE:
EERE MS TAIT CR UF I,

HE flowers ftand in umbells on numerous fubdivided branches: at the bafe
4p The cup is divided into five fegments,
confifts of five petals; which are plain, hollowed, and turned back, The feeds are
fmooth, marked at the back with five ribs, and flat on the other fide.

leaves, and at the fubdivifions four,

ftand feveral
Each flower
oblong and

Linnzus places this with the reft among the pentandria monogynia.

Lovage.
Levifticum vulgare.

The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with
many fibres.

The ftalk is ftriated, firm, fix feet high, and
divided into numerous branches.

The leaves are large; and they are com-
pofed of very numerous fegments; which are
oblong, ferrated, fharp-pointed, and of a deep,
fhining green.

The flowers are {mall and yellow, and the feeds
are brown.

G E

The whole plant has a ftrong,
agreeable {mell.
It is a native of Spain, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Ligufticum vulgare. Others,
Levifticum vulgare.

and not very

It is recommended againft peftilential diforders
as a cordial and fudorifick.

An infufion of the root operates by urine fafely
and powerfully ; and is good againft obftruétions
of the vifcera, and in the gravel.

N U_§ X.

SERMOUNTAIN.

SILER

MONTANUM™

MPHE flowers are difpofed in umbells, on divided and fubdivided branches 3 and there are {mall

leaves both at the bafes of the principal branches, and their fubdivifions.

into five parts, and is very fmall.

The cup is divided

The flowers are each formed of five equal petals, bent back at the
~ ends; and the feeds have a double, foliaceous rim.

Linnzus places this with the preceding among the pentandria monogynia ; but he does not allow it

to be a diftinét genus.

Sermountain.

Siler montanum vulgare.

The ftalk. is five feet high, ftriated, hollow,
and branched.
The leaves are very beautiful: they are of a

The root is long, thick, and tufted at the top | bright green, large, and compofed of almoft in-

with fibres of decayed leaves. _

numerable fmall, oblong, pointed fegments,
I The

424 The

BIRT Hse JH ER BeAPL.

The flowers ftand in large umbells on the tops
of all the branches ; and the feeds are broad, and

of a pale brown.
It is a native of Italy, and flowers in Au-

gut.

Ge Sh aN

C. Bauhine calls it Ligufticum quod fefeli offici-
narum, Others, Siler montanum. :

The root is aperient and diuretick. It is ex-
cellent againft the jaundice, and in the begin-
nings of dropfies.

Uee$ XI.

Skea he Ra RusEdgie

Se fi BS

A, RY ae 2M

THE flowers are difpofed in umbells, on fpreading fubdivided branches ; and there are fmall leaves
at the bafe of the principal ftalks and fubdivifions. The cup is fearce vifible. The flowers are
compofed each of five petals, which turn back. The feeds are rounded and ftriated.

Linnzeus places this among the pentandria with the preceding.

Common Skirret.

Sifarum vulgare.

The root is compofed of numerous, oblong,
tuberous pieces, brownifh on the outfide, white
within, and of a pleafant flavour.

The ftalk is ftriated, firm, branched, and a
foot and half high.

The leaves are pinnated; and the pinne are

G “ES EN Us ae

oblong, ferrated, fharp-pointed, and of a plea-
fant green.

The flowers are white ; and toward the even-
ing they have a light fragrance, :

The feeds are {mall and brown.

It is a native of Spain, and is cultivated in
other countries for the root, which is pleafant and
wholefome.

C. Bauhine calls it Sifarum Germanicum.

XI.

AON LcSME:

iter Nee i

ST Oyo

HE flowers are placed in umbells, on divided and fubdivided branches ; and there are no leaves
at the bafe of either. The cup is very {mall. Each flower is compofed of five oval petals ;

and the feeds are rounded, and ftriated on one fide.

Linnzeus places this with the preceding among the pentandria.

Common Anife.
Anifum vulgare.

The root is long, flender, and white.

The ftalk is weak, hairy ; a foot and half high,
but fearce erect.

The lower leaves are compofed of a few broad,
fhort fegments, ferrated at the edges, and of a
deep green. Thofe on the upper part of the
ftalk are formed of very narrow fegments.

G. E

N-,,U> G25

The flowers are fmall and white.

The feeds are of a pale olive colour, and of a
ftrong fmell, and fweet tafte.

It is a native of. the Eaft, and is fown in the
Levant iflands for the feeds.

C. Bauhine calls it Anifum herbariis. Others,
Anifum vulgare.

The feeds are an excellent mild carminative,
good in cholicks, flatulencies, and indigeftions.

XIII.

Pe VAL RS LB eeye

PUB T Re OS he Eee Ne eee

CE Sar flowers are difpofed in fmall umbells, on divided and fubdivided branches, and at the ee
of the principal and leffer divifions ftand one or more irregular leaves. The cup is very mi-

nute.

Each flower is compofed of five roundifh petals.

The feeds are roundifh, and ftriated.

Linneus places this among the pentandria with the preceding.

Common Parfley.
Petrofelinum vulgare.
The root is long, flender, white, and of an
agreeable tafte.
The ftalk is two feet high, ftriated, weak, and
divided into many branches.

The lower leaves are compofed of numerous,
broad, ferrated fegments ; and are of a fine green,
The upper leaves are narrower in their divi-
ions.

The flowers are {mall and yellow, and the feeds
are of a dark brown.

Se ne ee i gr a ee eee Se eT ee ae
= sees 2 ae

oe A Lisl?
ih)

(nuncnTisley
x x

vol

? ‘ od
King MOF?
Bitupwcil

’

g
Droual? Cail
atten, cata ICHAEL Giant
WU" PSU ous
MN ol

pe : J r q
Sermoiumlati < (GUIMOIE

ut Ph ap

ig ¢ ;
LOaittd fe
SX Miitik

| Blavk: ‘

hai oltd

Dp
(GUM

: } 3 Re.
Yulee UfC1oluts

7 7L

y’

GOCUMOTY

: \ |
Cgiiton LLL
om n a . Avi) aay

Zi J ye
(Giion LIC
ita y

eS ee A si

ih fad
Mid ‘ Ve
+6) ."
ag f tig)
.

“Dak Mibterivorl

Meat

eed,

Pet a

’

Th BRITISH HERBAL

425

It is a native of Germany, and is cultivated in
gardens every where.

Befide its ufe at the table, the feeds are car-
tinative, and good in cholicks. A ftrong de-

- ——____=.,
coction of the roots works fafely and powerfully

by urine; and is excellent in obftructions of thé
vifcera;

Ge ER oyiNG We XIV.

BISHOPS

W_E E.D,

AM Mey.

THE flowers are placed in umbells on fubdivided branches; and at the bafé of the principal, atid
of the fubdivifions both, there ftand little oblong leaves. The cup is very minute. Each

flower is compofed of five irregular, heart-fhaped petals ; thofe in the outer part of the tufts ha

ving

great difproportion, and thofe in the middle the petals more equal. The feeds are convex, and

ftriated.

~ Linnzus places this with the preceding among the pentandria,

Common Bifhops Weed.
Ammi vulgare.

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
many fibres.

The ftalk is ftriated, of a pale green, branched,
and three feet high. -

The leaves at the bottom are compofed of nu-
merous, broad, indented pinnz; and are of a

deep green. Thofe on the upper part are divi-
ded into narrower fegments, and are paler.

The flowers are {mall and white $ and the feeds
are of a dark brown.

It is a native of the Eaft, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Ami majus. Others, Ammi
vulgare.

The feeds operate by urine, and are alfo good
againft Aatulencies.

Genk oc pNeot: 38 XV.
SPANISH TOOTHPICK.
GINGIDIivy

TIE, flowers are placed in umbells, on fubdivided branches; and the whole umbel, which ig
; i flat while in flower, grows convex as the feeds ripen. Under the principal branches, and

their fubdivifions, there ftand numerous little leaves. The cup is very minute,

Each flower is com.

pofed of five petals; of which the outer one is larger than the reft. The feeds are oblong and

rough.

Linneus places this among the pentandria with the reft.

Spanifh Toothpick,
Gingidium Hifpanicum,

The root is long and thick.

The ftalk is two feet high, ftriated, green, and
divided into many branches. ;

The leaves are large, and of a fine bright
green: they are divided and fubdivided into mi-
nute, narrow feements.

The flowers form large umbells ; but they are
feparately {mall and white.

GEN UE 6

The feeds are brown, and of a very pleafing
fmell. :

Tt is a native of Spain, and flowers in Au-
ft.

uft,

C. Bauhine calls it Gingidium umbella longa,
Others, Vifnaga,

The rays of the umbel, when the feeds are
picked off, make an excellent kind of toothpicks :
they are fine, tough, of a rough: furface; and
fweet-fcented. We fometimes import them for
that purpofe.

XVI.

CANDY DAUCUS,

DEALT: C8

CORE. Dyin Sai

Lee flowers are placed in umbells, on fubdivided branches; and at the bafes of the Principal

branches, and of their fubdivifions, there ftand feveral little leaves,

The cup is very fmall.

The flowers are compofed of five heart-fhaped petals, which are bent; and the Outer one is largeft.

The feeds are long and hairy.

Linnzus ranges this with the other umbelliferous plants among the pentandria ; each flower having

five filaments,

N° 42.

5Q ; Candy

‘The

4.26

Candy Daucus.
Daucus Creticus.

The‘ root is long, fmall, and hung with a
few fibres.

The ftalks are weak, flender, ftriated, and a
foot high.

The | leaves at the bottom are divided into nu-
merous, narrow fegments; and they are of a

Gir iB

B Ry lebal SsH: jHpR Re BALE,

Nga.
UMBELLIFEROUS

greyifh green colour. thofe on the upper part
of the plant are cut into longer and yet fae
derer parts.

The flowers are fmall and white ; and the feeds
are oblong, rough, and brown.

It is a native of the Eaft, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Daucus Alpinus multifide
folio. Others, Daucus Cretenfis.

The feeds are carminative and diuretick.

S XVII.
PoB) Belt TEsOoR yy.

PYRETHRUM UMBELLIFERUM.

4 tee flowers are placed in umbells on fubdivided branches; and there are no leaves, either at the

bafes of the principal or leffer divifions.
five oblong petals.

‘The cup is véry minute.
The feeds are oblong, and lightly ftriated.

Each flower is compofed of

Linnzus places this among the pentandria with the preceding.

Umbelliferous Pellitory.

Pyrethrum umbelliferum.

The root is long, flender, and hung with a few
fibres: it is of a brown colour, and a very acrid
tafte.

The ftalk is ftriated, and three feethigh; di-
vided into numerous branches, and of a pale
green.

The leaves are very beautifully formed of mi-

G E YN *U

nute, plone: fegments; and are of a fhining
green.

The owes are fmall and white, and the feeds
are brown.

It is a native of the Eaft, and fome of the
warmer parts of Europe, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Pyrethrum umbelliferum: a
name moft others have copied.

The root held in the mouth is good againft the
toothach, as that of the right pel/itory of Spain.

s XVIII.

BLACK MASTERWORT.

A SOTIR AN? CFIA.

a ee flowers are placed in fmall umbels, upon a few principal branches, with numerous fubdi-

vifions; and at the bafe of each ftand feveral little leaves.
Each flower is compofed of five oblong petals, fplit at the Eo. The feeds are oblong,

at the edge.
and covered with a kind of cruft.

The cup is divided by five dents

in all having five filaments,

Black Mafterwort.
Afivantia.

© The root is black, and’ compofed of numerous
fibres.
The firft’ leaves are placed on long, redifh
footftalks ;?and: are divided to the bafe into five
parts: thefe are oblong, ferrated, fharp-pointed;
and of a deep green on the upper fide, and a yel-
lowifh green underneath.

The StAnG are numerous, ftriated, weak, and
two feet high.

The leaves on thefe refemble thofe from the
root; but they are fmaller, and have fewer di-
vifions, and thofe placed Jefs regularly.

The flowers terminate the branches in {mall
umbells ; which are furrounded at the bafe by a
peculiar kind of leaves, forming a general cup
and thefe are redifh within.

The flowers themfelves are of a greenifh Hilo
The feeds are {mall and brown.

The whole plant has an aromatick tafte.

It is a native of the mountainous parts of Eu-
rope, and flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Helleborus niger fanicula folio
major. Others, Aftrantia nigra.

The root is a violent purge,

The END of the TWENTY-FOURTH CLASS.

#3 oh MAD,

BRITISH HERBAL. “~

eee ceed eDoe Deedee ee eee eae aaa ea eee ad alae alae Seats

CLASS) XXV.

Plants whofe flower is compofed of numerous flofeules, placed within a com-
mon cup, and forming a kind of head; each flofcule being tubular, and
the cup formed of numerous fealy parts.

racterifed than this. The head fhews itfelf to the moft flight obferver as diftinét from what ee
is feen in all other kinds: and it is univerfal in thefe.

From this Mr. Ray was induced to range them in one genus, under the name of capitate ; and
fo conformable to herfelf is Nature, even in the leaft points, that the Linnzan fyftem, eftablifhed
upon the threads in the flower, does not feparate them.

* That author places them in his clafs of /yagenefia; the character of which is, that the buttons at
the fummit of the threads coalefce, and form acylinder. All the capitate plants have this peculiar ,
charaéter: but though it ferves to keep them together, it does not anfwer the fecond purpofe of the je
diftin@tions in fcience, which is, to feparate all others from them; for the other compofite-flowered :
plants, the fow-zhi/tle, and fuch others, having their buttons coalefcent in the fame form, are united by
that character with the capitate plants. ;

Thus Linnzus has therefore of neceffity, according to his method, arranged them: the #2:/!/es
and coltsfoot ftand in the fame clafs ; and are united under it with the violet and dalfam.

Te is not in the whole compafs of Nature a clafs more obvioufly or more diftinétly cha-

Doro roto: Do Lone rere ERT pete tot ono toms rere be SEL apo po Lng OL Ak EOL LOO Eo ik Doge boa bec ated

Di iad eee Le ees aa gay Le

Natives of BRITAIN.

Thofe of which one or more fpecies are naturally wild in this country.

Gawho No 7}Us So
GENTLE THISTLE,
CIRSIUM.

HE general cup is formed of many fcales, and fwells out in the middle, The flowers in this

are numerous ; and each is formed of a fingle petal, of a tubular fhape, very narrew at the

bafe, and wide at the mouth, where it is divided into five fegments. ‘The feeds are oblong, and
winged with down and the leaves of the plant are fet with very flight, weak prickles.

Linnzus places this among the fyngencfia ; the filaments converging, and the buttons being united

in a cylindrick form. : «

8 1. Englifh

4.28

The BRI TSH AE Re ee

1, Englifh Gentle Thiftle.
Cirfium Anglicum,

The root is compofed of numerous, fpreading
fibres.

The ftalk is upright, firm, not much branched,
and two feet high.

The leaves are long ‘and narrow: they are of
a pale green, covered lightly with a greyifh,
hoary matter, and at the edges befet with nume-
rous, flight prickles.

The flowers grow at the tops of the ftalks;
and they are large and purple.
' Itis found on marfhy ground in many parts
of England, and flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Ciz/ium majus fingulari ca-
pitulo. a

The leaves are fometimes divided flightly at
the edges; and the flower is not unfrequently
white.

2. Great Gentle Thiftle.
Cirfium majus nutante flore.

The root is fibrous, and white.

The ftalk is firm, upright, whitifh, and five
Feet high: it is rarely much branched, and to-
ward the top it ufually bends with the weight of
the flower.

The leaves are very large, oblong, broad,
woolly and whitifh on the upper fide, and quite
white underneath.

The flowers are large and purple: ufually there
is only one at the extremity of the ftalk.

It is found in mountainous damp places, but
is not common,

Ge Boo N

C. Bauhine calls it Cirftum Singulari capitulo
Squammato. Others, Cirfium Britanicun repens,
The flower in this alfo is fometimes white.

3. Blue Mountain Cirfium,

Cirfium bumile polyanthemum fore cerulefcente,

The root is compofed of thick, white fibres,

The ftalk is upright, tough, whitifh
two feet high.

The leaves are oblong, broad, and of a pale
green: they are lightly downy on the furface,
and edged with five weak prickles,

The flowers terminate the tops of the branches
in clufters ; and they are large, and of a bluith
purple.

The feeds are large and brown.

It is not uncommon in Wales,
July.

Ray calls it Cirfium bumile mon
folio polyanthemum. Merret,
leo fore.

> and

and flowers in

tanum cynogloffi
Carduus mollis Céru-

4. Dentated Cirfium,
Cirfium Soliis anguftis dentatis,

The root is long and flender.

The ftalk is weak, tough, divided into a few
branches, and two feet high.

The leaves are long, and very narrows; of a
greyifh green, and ferrated at the edges,

The flowers are {mall and numerous,
of a bright purple.

Ray calls this Cirfium montanum Polyanthemum
Jalicis folio. THe thought it but a variety of the
former: but I have both the plants, and they
are certainly diftinét. pre

and are

U Ss II.

THISTLE.
C3) Ae Re DIU: G88.

rp flowers are placed in great numbers in a common cup. This is compofed of many fealy

fubftances, pointed at the ends; and it fwells out in a rounded form. Fa
of a fingle petal ; and is tubular, and fmall at the bottom,
it is divided into five fegments, one more deeply feparated than the others.
with down. ‘The leaves are befet with ftrong and fharp petals,

DIVISION I.

1. Common Way Thiftle.
Carduus vulgatifimus.

The root is white and creeping.

The ftalks are numerous, tough, of a pale
green, fmooth, not much branched, and a yard
high.

The leaves are numerous, long, moderately
broad, and of a ftrong green: they are deeply.
and irregularly notched and finuated at the edges,
and befet with long and fharp prickles,

The flowers terminate the branches in nume-
rous fmall heads ; and are of a pale purple.

It is common in fields and under hedges. It
flowers in June. ee

C. Bauhine calls it Carduus repens folio foncki.

BRITISH

ch flower is formed
and fpread out broad at the top; where
The feeds are winged
and in many fpecies alfo the ftalks.

SP BCT Bog:

2: Mufk-Thiftle,
Carduus mofchatus capitulo nutante.

The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with
many fibres.

The ftalk is firm, upright, of a brownith co-
lour, and five feet high,

The leaves are numerous, large, and divided
at the edges: they are of a dufky green, and be-
fet with fharp prickles,

The flower is large and purple ; and frequently
there is but one at the extremity of the ftalk,
which hangs drooping. }

It is very common in damp paftures, and
flowers in June. ‘

J. Bauhine calls it Carduus nutans. C. Bau.
hine, Cirfium majus JSingulari capitulo magno.

3. Thiftle

The *BeRSL 141 Si HERBAL.

429

3. Thiftle upon Thiftle.
Carduus caule crifpo.

The root is fibrous and white.

The ftalks are numerous, tough, upright,
branched, and edged with very fharp prickles,

The leaves are long, narrow, of a deep green,
divided at the edges, and very prickly.

The. flowers ftand at the tops of the branches
in numerous fmall heads; and they are of a pale
red.

‘It is common under hedges, and flowers in
July.

C. Bauhine calls it Carduus fpinofifimus angufti-

folius vulgaris.

4. Welted Thiftle, with {mall fowers.
Carduus fpinofifimus floribus minoribus.

The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with
many fibres.

The ftalk is three feet high, edged at the feve-
ral fides with prickly membranes from the bafes
of the leaves, and of a dufky green.

The leaves are oblong, confiderably broad,
dentated and finuated at the edges, and very
prickly.

The flowers are placed in fmall heads at the
tops of the ftalks, and in the bofoms of the up-
per leaves, and they are of a pale red.

It is found on ditch-banks in loamy foils, and
flowers in Auguft,

C. Bauhine calls it Carduus acanthoides.
tiver, Carduus [pinofiffimus capitulis minoribus.

Pe-

5. Marth-Thiftle.
Carduus paluftris.

The root is compofed of numerous, tough,
brown fibres.

The ftalk is upright, not much branched, and
feven feet high: it is ufually of a brownith co-
Jour, with a tinge of purple, and. is. very
prickly.

The leaves are long, and moderately broad, of
a deep green, and fet with thorns.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalk, fix
or eight together; and they are of a deep purple.

It is frequent in meadows, and flowers in
June.

C.Bauhine calls it Carduus paluftris.
Carduus aquaticus.

Others,

6. Marfh-Thiftle, with a fingle head.
Carduus paluftris fingulari capitulo.

The root is formed of numerous, thick, white
bres. ,

The ftalk is upright, redifh, very prickly, not
much branched, and four feet high.

The leaves are very large, broad, oblong, and
moderately prickly.

The flower ufually ftands fingle at the fummit
of the ftalk: it isa large prickly head, contain-
ing numerous flofcules of a very bright purple.

It is found in our fen countries, and flowers in

uly.

Plukenet calls it Carduus paluftris mitior bar-
dane capitulo in fummo caule fingulari.

The flower is fometimes white,

N° XLII.

7. Dwarf Carline Thiftle,
Carlina humilis.

The root is long and thick,
fibres.

The leaves lie fpread upon the ground ; land
they are long and large, very deeply and irregu-
larly divided at the edges, and fet with ftrong,
fharp prickles.

The flower is large, and of a fine purple: it
fearce rifes from the ground, but grows in the
centre of the leaves upon a very fhort ftalk,

It is common in dry paftures in many of our
fouthern counties, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Carlina acaulis lore minore
purpureo. Others, Carlina acaulis JSeptentriona-
lium.

and has many

8. Spear-Thiftle,
Carduus lanceatus.

The root is long, and hung with many fibres,

The ftalk-is upright, fix feet high, very prickly,
and divided into numerous branches,

The leaves are long and large: their colour is
a pale green ; and they are divided deeply at the
edges into pointed fegments ; and at the ends are
formed in the fame manner, refembling the point
of a fpear,

The flowers grow at the tops of the branches ;
and are large and purple.

Tt is common in wafte places, and flowers in
July.

C. Bauhine calls it Carduus lanceatus latifolius.

9. Small Spear-Thiftle.

Carduus lanceatus minor.

The root is compofed of numerous fibres.

The ftalk is upright, divided into many
branches, and four feet high: its colour is a
greyith green, and it is very prickly.

The leaves are long, and narrow: they are
deeply divided into fharp fegments; and they
Tun out into a long point at the end.

The flowers are fmall, and of a pale red ; and
they ftand in great clufters at the extremities of
the branches.

It is common by way-fides, and flowers in
Auguft,

Ray calls it Carduus lanceatus flore et capite mi-
noribus.

10. Giant-Thiftle.
Carduus lanceatus maximus.

The root is compofed of numerous fibres, con-
nected to a large head.

The ftalk is upright, firm, very prickly, not
much branched, and eight feet high.

The leaves are very large, long, confiderably
broad, of a fine deep green, and divided in the
fpear-pointed manner at the fides and ends.

The flowers are few in number; but they are
very large: they ftand at the tops of the branches,
and are of a fine purple.

It is common in our northern counties, and
flowers in July.

Ray calls it Carduus lanceatus major.

5R 11. Wooly

The

4.30

BRITISH

HERBAL.

t1; Woolly-headed Thiftle.

Carduus tomentofus.

The root is fibrous.

The ftalk is thick, upright, branched, and
five feet high.

The leaves are long, and moderately broad ;
and they are very beautifully divided ; fomewhat
in the manner of the /pear-zhifiles, but with more
numerous and more regular fegments. Their co-
lour is a deep green.

‘The flowers grow at the tops of the branches
in large woolly heads; and they are of a fine deep
purple.

We have it in our weftern counties, but not
common. It flowers in Auguft.

C.Bauhine calls it Carduus capite rotundo tomen-
tefo. Others, Carduus eriocepbalus, and Corona
fratrum.

12. Lady’s Thiftle.
Carduus Maria,

This is a ftately and very beautiful plant ; and,
if brought from a remote part of the world,
would be efteemed in gardens.

The root is long, and furnifhed with nume-
rous fibres. :

The ftalk is upright, firm, regularly branched,
and five feet high.

The leaves are very large, long, broad, irregu-
larly notched at the edge, of a deep, fine green
colour, and veined and variegated with white.

The flowers are very large and purple, and
the heads are prickly.

It is common in wafte places, and flowers in
July.

C. Bauhine calls it Carduus albis maculis notatus
vulgaris, Others, Carduus laéfeus,

13. Hairy Lady’s Thiftle.
Carduus Marie hirfutus.

The root is fibrous and white.

The ftalk is upright, prickly, firm, not much
branched, and four feet high.

The leaves are very large, long, broad, den-
tated, and finuated at the edges, of a pale green,
fomewhat hairy, and not at all variegated with
white : they are fet with fharp prickles, and co-
ver the ftalk very thick.

The flowers grow at the tops of the branches
in large heads ; and are of a pale red.

It is not unfrequent in wafte grounds, and
flowers in July.

Ray calls it Cerduus Maria hirfutus non macu-
latus.

14. Cotton-Thiftle.
Carduus tomentofus acanthium difius.

The root is long, white, and hung with many
fibres,

DIVISION I FO

1. Globe-Thiftle.
Carduus capite [pherico,

The root is fibrous.

The firft leaves are extremely broad, flightly
indented, fharp pointed, of a whitifh green, cov-
ered with a cottony matter, and fet round with
prickles.

The ftalk is five feet high, edged with prickly
membranes, and fet thick with the fame kind of
leaves.

The flowers fland in very large heads; and
are of a bright red, with a tinge of purple.

It is common on ditch-banks, and flowers in
July.

C. Bauhine calls it Spina alba tomentofa latifolia
Syloeftris. Others, Acanthium.

15. Common Star-Thiftle,
Carduus fellaris calcitrapa dius.

The root is long, flender, and hung with a
few fibres.

The firft leaves fpread circularly upon the
ground; and they are long, narrow, and den-
ted at the edges.

The ftalk is two feet high 5
green, and prickly.

The leaves on it refemble thofe from the root.
but they are more. deeply divided, and their co.
lour is a pale green.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches ;
and are large, and of a faint red, fometimes
white.

The heads of the flowers are armed with
prickles, which fpread out like the rays of a ftar.

We have it in dry paftures, but not common.
It flowers in July.

C.Bauhine calls it Carduus ftellatus foliis papa-
veris erratici. Others, Carduus ftellaris, and
Calcitrapa. .

and is of a pale

16. Solftitial Thiftle.
- Carduus ftellatus luteus.

The root is long, flender, black, and hung
with a fewffibres.

_ The firft leaves fpread circularly on the grounds
and they are long, deeply divided, and of a faint
green.

The ftalk is tough, firm, upright, and two
feet high.

The leaves on it refemble thofe from the root 5
and they are of a faint green.

The flowers ftand in fmall prickly heads at the
tops of the branches; and they are of a beauti-
ful yellow.

We have it in dry paftures in fome parts of
England; but it is not common. It flowers
in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Carduus fteilatus luteus foltis
Cyani, Others, Carduus Solftitialis. And we,
The St. Barnaby’s thiftle.

The zhifles in general poffefs but {mall medici-
nal virtues. . The young fhoots are efculent,
and in moft kinds very well tafted.

ROEE GaN ESP Be TRS:

The ftalk is two feet and a half high, round,
tough, glutinous to the touch, and covered with
a purplifh duft. t

The leaves are long, moderately broad, deeply

2 indented 3

The BREPISHIRERBAL can

indented ; and of a beautiful green on the upper
fide, and a pale green underneath.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks in
round heads ; and are of a beautiful blue.

It is a native of Italy, but is common in our
gardens, — f

C. Bavhine calls it Carduus fpherocephalus lati-
folius vulgaris. Others, Carduus globofus.

2: Bleffled Thiftle,
Carduus benediétus.

The root is long and flender.
The ftalk is tough, firm, very much branched,

and two feet high,

The leaves are long, moderately broad, irre.
gularly finuated at the edges, and of a yellowith
green.

The flowers are yellow; and they are placed
in prickly heads, clofe furrounded with feveral
little leaves,

It is a native of the German mountains, and
flowers in Auguft, {

C.Bauhine calls it Cutcus filveftris bir futiors
Others, Carduus benediatus.

It is celebrated as a ftomachick and fudorifick,
but is not fo much regarded in the modern prae-
tice as thofe encomiums beftowed on it by au-
thors feem to demand,

GEO NYS $2. Ti.
So Aha Ree she Ot We -E eae,

CARTHAMUS.

ee flowers are difpofed in numbers in fcaly heads; the feveral fcales having a kind of folia?
ceous appendage at the end. Each feparate flower is formed of a fingle petal, and is tubular at
the, bafe, and divided into five fegments at the edge. The feeds are large, and ftand almoft naked.
Linneus places this with the other capitate plants among the /ygenefias their buttons coalefcing.

Common Saff flower.
Carthamus vulgaris.

The root is long, flender, whitifh, and hung
with a few fibres.

The ftalk is upright, not much branched,
round, and redifh at the bottom.

The leaves are broad, fhort, fharp-pointed,
and of a lively green: they ftand irregularly on
the ftalks.

The flowers grow at the fummits of the ftalks

G E

and branches in large fcaly heads; and they are
of a beautiful orange yellow, which they retain
when dry.

It is found by road-fides in fome few parts of
England. Probably thefe fhoots have rifen from
fcattered feeds, the plant having been cultivated
in the neighbourhood for the ufe of dyers : though
perhaps it may be native.

It flowers in Augutt.

C.Bauhine calls it Cnicus fativus. Others}
Carthamus.

New U's IV.

SAW-WORT.
Ske ROR At TL aU sel: 5 A,

HE flowers are collected in fmall heads, and contained in a common cup; which is oblong;
Tt rounded, a little fwelled, and formed of fcales clofe fet, but not prickly. Each flofcule is
formed of a fingle petal, tubular, and crooked at the bafe, and fwelled out, and divided into five

fegments at the rim. The leaves are not prickly.

Common Saw-wort.
Serratula vulgaris.

The root is fibrous and white.

The firft leaves are ufually undivided, oblong,
broad, and of a beautiful green: fometimes they
are deeply cut in a pinnated form; and they
in the fame manner vary upon the ftalks, being
in fome plants undivided, and in others very
deeply jagged, while the fpecies is the fame. In
both forms they are very regularly and beautifully
notched at the edges; whence the plant had its

ame.

The ftalk is round, upright, flender, and two
feet or more in height. :

The flowers are collected in fmall heads; and
are of a fine purple, but fometimes white.

The feeds are oblong and large.
It is common about woods, and flowers in Aus
gutt. :

C. Bauhine calls it Serratula, Others, Serratula
purpurea.

It is accounted vulnerary and aftringent, but
not ufed.

GENUS

432 “The

BRIGERSH, PER BA

Gon N

UES Vv.

BU" -R -D. O- CX

LAA Pre RIA:

HE flowers are collected in large, rounded heads, and are contained many in a common cup;

which is formed of oblong fcales, whofe points turn downwards as fo many hooks.

Each flower

has a long, flender tube, and is divided into five fegments at the rim. The feeds are pyramidal,

and winged with fhort down.

Linnzus places this with the preceding among the /yzgenefia: but he takes away the received name

lappa, and calls the genus arétium.

1. Great Burdock,
Lappa vulgaris major.
The root is long and thick, brown on the
outfide, white within, and hung with a few
fibres.

The ftalk is a yard high, ftriated, tough, and

divided into many branches.

The leaves are extremely large : they are broad
at the bafe, fmaller to the point, and of a greyifh
green colour.

The flowers are of a faint purple.

It is common, every where in wafte grounds, |

and flowers all fummer.
C. Bauhine calls it Lappa major acrium, Diofco-
rvidis. Others, Lappa, and Bordana major.

The root is an’ excellent diuretick and deob-
ftruent. The beft way of giving it is in a ftrong
infufion ; and it is thus very ferviceable in ob-
ftructions of urine, and in the jaundice. It is
alfo much celebrated in afthmas. The feeds pof-
fefs the fame virtues.

2. Smooth-headed Burdock.
Lappe capitulis maximis glabris.

The root is long, thick, brown, and full of a
flimy juice. :

The ftalk is red toward the bottom, very
tough, divided into many branches, and five
feet high.

The leaves are of a vaft fize, and of a deep
green.

The flowers are of a fine red; and the heads
in which they are contained are very large and
fmooth.

It is frequent by way-fides with the other, and
flowers in Auguft.

Ray calls it Lappa major “capitulo maximo
glabro.

3. Small-headed Burdock.
Lappa major capitulis minoribus.

The root is long, thick, and of a pale colour.

The ftalk is tough, ftriated, and very much
branched.

The leaves are large, oblong, and not fo broad
as in the common; {pecies.

‘The heads are fmooth, fmall, and very nume-
rous: they are of a conic figure, and have tufts
of purple flowers.

It is common in our fouthern counties, and
flowers in July.

Ray calls it Lappa major capitulis parvis
glabris,

4. Woolly-headed Burdock.
Lappa capitulis magnis tomentofis,

The root is long, thick, and brown.

The ftalk is very thick, ftriated, purplith,
and five feet high: it is divided into many
branches, and thick fet with leaves,

Thefe are broad, thort, rough
green, and of an uneven furface,

The flowers ftand ar the tops in vaft roundith,
woolly heads,

The feeds are large and brown,

It is common in our watte
flowers in June.

Ray calls it Lappa major capitulis tomentofis.
Others, Bardana major capitulis lanuginofis.

» Of a grey

grounds, and

5- Globular-headed Burdock.
Lappa capitulis minoribus globofis.

The root is long and large,

The ftalk is tough, firm, upright, and four
feet high ; and it is divided into many branches,
and thick fet with leaves,

Thefe are very large, broad, rumpled, of a
dufky green, and clammy.

The flowers are of a pale red, fometimes white ;
and they are colleéted into little, globular heads ;
which are thick fet with a woolly matter. :

We have it in our northern counties, where it
flowers in May.

Ray calls it Lappe major montana capitulis mi-
noribus rotundioribus et magis tomentofis.

6. Little Cobweb-headed Burdock.

Lappa minor capitulis reticulatis.

The root is very long and brown,

The ftalk is lightly ribbed, and of a redifh co-'
lour.

The leaves are large, and have brown foot-
ftalks : they are of an uneven furface, and pale
green,

The flowers are little and purple; and they
are colleéted into {mall olive-coloured heads, ele-
gantly reticulated with a white, woolly matter.

Petiver calls ic Bordana minor capitulo araneofo.

GENUS

|
?

| PI-Ge
a
‘i

VL LEPEZ ES

+ Me
WP Common way Shits

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3 Dwarf lirline y

7 VP aes
rear Shidstle

Y ;
English Ge cele This ide sci

\ J B. y
ay i, y

NEE

fo A lA)

Shepp:

headed &

T } ers

Die Le A se ; » OR
’ OL » e y Hist “as ” =
Ladies Shistle . a ) ey Connon StarG piste

7 Restle

Ae
/, aff Slower

Lleficd Shuatle

2 SE F
eS awwort Ww
- grea “rao ck
\ bh ‘

mf
XN oo FH) Ne : VR '

YY, ; i Chern

COMMON Sraprvecd Grea Mnaprweed G real Ce CHAMIY

td Co

‘Th BRITISH HERBAL

Ga Ba oNt

U1 38 VI;

Bol, WHE BIO T TL FE:
Can A Naas:

Ring flowers are arranged many together in a fmall head. ‘The common cup farrounding then
is of a rounded figure ; and is compofed of oblong {eales, edged in an elegant Pdnieesl The
flofcules or feparate flowers are large: they have a long and flendér tube; and a wide mouth, fwelled
out and divided into five fegments ; and the flofcules on the verge of each head are lef divided than
thofe in the centre. The leaves are not prickly, and the whole flower is elegant.

Linnzus places this among the /yngene/fia:

DIVISION I,

Common Bluebottle:
Cyanus vulgaris.

The root is fibrous, and whitifh.

The ftalk is upright; flender, firm, ribbed, of
a pale green; and covered more or lefs with a
whitifh, downy fubftance.

The leaves are long and narrow: thofe on the
lower parts are divided deeply in a foméewhat pin-

DIVISION I:

Great Bluebottle:
Cyanus major.

The root is compofed of innumerable thick
fibres. ‘

The ftalks are round, thick, 4 foot and half
high, and not much branched: they are of a
frefh green colour; but they have a white cot-
torly matter about them.

BRITISH S$ PR ees,

nated mannér. Thé others are entire: they are

of a pale green, and of a firm fubftance.

The flowers terminate the tops of the branches:
and they are large, and of a fine blue,

It is common in cofn-fields, and flowers in
Auguft, °

C. Bauhine calls it Cyanus fegetum: Others;
Cyanus minor:

FOREIGN SPECIES.

The leaves are large, oblong, undivided, and
of a fine green.
The flowers are large and beautiful : they are

naturally purple; but fometimes blue, and fome-

times white.
It is a native of Italy, and flowers in Auguft.
C.Bauhine calls it Cyanus montaitus latifolins five
verbafculum cyanoides:

Nea Une S VII:

KNAPWEED:
$ ACE A

Ap flowers are collected into large, rounded heads; and the fcales compofing thefe are edged
with flender and irregular fibres. The flowers themfelves are {mall : they have a very narrow,
tubular bafe ; and an open mouth, divided deeply into five fegments ; which are long, narrow; and

pointed.

Linnzus. places this with the cyaius among the fiugeiefia. He does hot allow either to be a dif:
tint genus, but comprifes them together with the great centaury under the name centaurea.

1. Common Knapweed.
Facea vulgaris.

The root is compofed of numerous, tough,
brown fibres. :

The ftalk is upright, firm, of a brown colour,
not much branched, and a foot and half high.

The leaves are oblong, and of a dufky green ;
they are varioufly and irregularly nicked and di-
vided at the edges.

The flowers terminate the branches; and they
are of a fine, purplifh red.

The “feeds are {mall and brown.

It is common in paftures, and by way-fides,
and flowers in June.

C.Bauhine calls it Facea nigra pratenfis latifolia.
Others, Facea vulgaris,

N° 43.

It is an excellent aftringent, and is belt given
in decoétion.

2: Great Knapweed;
Facea major.

The toot is compofed of innumerable thick
long, and brown fibres.

The ftalk is robuft, brown; two feet and a
half in height, and varioufly and irregularly
branched.

The leaves are large; and fome of them are
entire, others divided to the rib into many feg-
ments. ;

The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches 5
and they are large, and of a lively purple.

The feeds are large and brown.

5S Tt

eal

434 Th BRITISH HERBAL. Wh
It is common in hilly paftures, and flowers in The leaves are oblong and narrow, of a greyith
July. green, and cottony. Thofe toward the lowe,

C. Bauhine calls it Facea major fquammatis ca-
pitulis.
3. Grey Matweed.
Facea foliis cinereis.
The root is compofed of many flender fibres:
The ftalk is upright, brown, but covered with
a cottony matter, not much branched, and rarely
above ten inches high.

part are deeply divided, the others fcarce at all.

The flowers are large, and of a pale fiefh-
colour.

It is found in our northern GONE and flowers
in July.

Ray calls it acea minor tomentofa laciniata
but the upper leaves ufually are undivided:

epee soe eae ea a ea ae el coo ee BDA De oe oO aT Dea SDP

Se Bh Rest

E S II.

ForEIGN GENERA,

Thofe of which there is no fpecies native of this: country.

Gab aN
GeR B-AST

na EET Rae SIL,
CGE Net yAy,U Ray,

CE = Nig inn AAU ge Rania.

HE flowers are colleéted into oblong heads; which are compofed of numerous, thick, cluftered
fcales: they are each formed of a fingle petal, which has a very flender, tubular bafe; and is

deeply divided into five fegments.

Linnzeus places this with the reft of the capitate plants among the Lingenefi fa, their buttons in the
flower coalefcing in a cylindric form. ‘The common name of the genus is centaurium majas: but
that is an irregulat term. It is better therefore to follow the modern practice, and call it centauria,

Common Great Centaury:
Centauria vulgaris.

The root is long, thick, and of a redifh co-
lour.

The ftalk is firm, upright, of a brown colour,
four or five feet high, and divided into many
branches.

The leaves are very large, and pinnated ina

regular and handfome manner: they are ferra-
ted along the edges of the pinna, and of a yel-
lowifh green.

The flowers terminate the branches ;
large and purple.

The feeds are oblong and glofty.

It isa native of Italy, and flowers in June.

C. Baubine calls it Centaurium majus folio in
plures lacinias divifo.

and are

Th END of te TWENTY-FIFTH CLASS,

BRITISH HERBAL.

SB IINIRIMIST IIR IID I I Toe eee

CLASS XXVI.

| Plants whofe flower is compofed of numerous flofcules, or fmaller diftin&
flowers; which are flat not tubular, to the end; and are arranged toge-
ther in a fealy cup; the whole naturally full or double; the entire nus
ber of flofcules forming each general flower being uniform, and regularly
difpofed ; and whofe leaves and fralks yield, on being broken, a white
milky juice.

be regularly conneéted with one another, and evidently divided from thofe of all-the o-her
claffes: but the prefent mode of fcience, banifhing the ufe of obvious characters, and efta-
blifhing its diftin€tions only on the difpofition and number of the minuter parts, confounds thefe
plants with the capitate or thiftle kind defcribed before ; and with the corymbiferous, as well as fimply
difcoide, to be defcribed hereafter under one general term, the /yngencfia.
Thus arranged together, they confticute the clafs diftinguifhed by that term in the Linnean fyftem,
and are with the thiftles ranked alfo with the violet and balfam.

Te firft glance, even of an unexperienced eye, fees thefe plants, numerous as they are, to

PRCT Por Pore OT eT: Toro L ror gona OrOnO POO ROLL aon eek ok oo Loe ko Soko oe

Sie ada ematical Oe Bre ks
Natives of BRITAIN.

Thofe of which one or more fpecies are found naturally wild in this country.

Gabe NE Us
LETTUCE.
Ey AGG, T UEC aA.

HE flower is compofed of numerous, flat, or Jigulated flofcules, notched at the extremity, and
Al arranged together in a fealy cup, of an oval or oblong figure, formed of numerous, foft, and
tharp pointed fcales. ‘The feeds are winged with down, and the ftalks of the plant are tolerably firm
and folid. ’

Linnzeus places this among the /yngenefia ; the filaments, as in the others, having buttons, which .
unite into a cylinder.

Dee Varli~

4.36

PheBY RIS SoH ERE Baas,

DAeVFles ICO UN al

1. Great Wild Lettuce,
Laéiuca fylvefris major opii odore.
=<

The root is long, thick, and whitith; and,
when cut, it yields abundantly a yellow juice, of
a very unpleafant fmell, refembling that of opium;
and of a bitter and naufeous tafte, ; é

The firft leaves are very large, oblong, broad,
and a little waved, but not divided at the edges.

Their colour is a pale green ; and, when bro-
ken, they yield the fame yellow acrid juice.

The ftalk is round, green, fmooth, and five
feet high ; and at the top it is divided into many
branches,

The leaves on it refemble thofe from the root ;
and are oblong, broad, and undivided.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches ;
and are numerous, fmall, and yellow.

It is frequent in our midland counties, and
flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Lafuca fylveftris odore vi-
rofo. Others, Laéuca /ylveftris major odore opii.

This is one of thofe Englith plants which de-
ferve to be more known in medicine. It is called
poifonous, and men have from that been frighted
feom its ufe; but it is a very gentle and fafe
opiate. The beft way of giving ir is in a fyrup
made from a decottion of the frefh leaves and
ftalk. This way it greatly exceeds the common
diacodium, and may be given to tender conftitu-

tions with more fafety.~ This I write from expe: .

rience,

2. Jagged-leaved Wild Lettuce.
Latiuca fylvefiris foliis laciniatis.

_ The root is long, thick, and brown.

The ftalk is round, thick, upright, purplifh,
and four feet high.

The leaves are long and large, of a dead green,
deeply divided at the edges, and prickly along
the rib on the under fide.

The flowers are fmall, and of a pale yellow :
they grow in vaft numbers on the tops of the
branches,

The whole plant abounds with a yellow, ill-
feented juice.

D:1 VJ. SI OaNa- IL

Blue-flowered Mountain-Lettuce,

‘
Laéiuca montana cerulea.

The root is long, fmall, and hung with
fibres,

The ftalk is round, flender,
purplith colour,
many branches, .

upright, of a
and divided at the top into

B Rete le ome

iN (0)

Sak Clb S;

It is common on ditch-banks, and flowers in
June.

C.Bauhine calls it Laéuca fylveftris cofta Stinofa.
Others, Laétuca fylueftris diffettis foliis,

The leaves of this fpecies are fometimes undi-
vided, or very little divided, as in the firft kind.
In.this {tate fome have defcribed it asa difting
{pecies ; and others have confounded it with this
and with the firft: but they are two difting.
plants ; and this variety only belongs to the Jat-
ter here defcribed.

3. The leaft Wild Lettuce.
Lafiuca fylveftris minima.

The root is léng and thin.

The ftalks are numerous, very flender, tough,
and of a purplith colour.

The leaves are long, narrow, and deeply di-
vided ;. and. the whole, plant is full of an_ill-
fcented juice.

The flowers aré fmall; and they rarely-open:
they are placed in long, flender cups.

It is common on clay-banks of ditches, and
flowers in Auguft, :

C. Bauhine calls it Chandrilla vifcofa humilis,
Others, Ladiuca fylveftri minor.

4. Ivy-leaved Wild Lettuce.
Lafiuca murorum foliis angulofis.

The root is fibrous and whitifh,

The ftalk is round, upright, not much
branched, brownith or purplith in colour, and
two feet high. :

The leaves are long, and of a handfome fi-
gure: they are fmali, and deeply pinnated to-
ward the bafe, and at the end they {well out into
a broads angulated, and pointed piece, refem-
bling a leaf of ivy.

The flowers are {mall, numerous, and yellow,

It is common on banks and walls, and flowers
in June. ‘sa

C. Bauhine calls it Sonchus Levis laciniatus mu
ralis parvis floribus. :

Linnzus diftinguifhes this and the fucceeding --
from the /ettuce kind under the name prenanthes,
from a flight difference in the cup.

REIGN SPECIES

The leaves are long, and moderately broad :
they are flightly finuated at the edges, and of a
deep green.

The flowers are fmall,. and of a fine blue.

It is a native of Italy, and flowers in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Laéfvca montana purpureo
caerulea major, ,

GENUS:

x The BRITISH HERBAL,

NvaU - 8

437

II,

SOW-THIST LE,

Der Owen G Hii Ui 4s:

“THE flower is compofed of numerous, flat flofcules, ranged together in a large comn
This is rounded, and formed of very numerous and very flender {cales,

non cup,

Each of the flof--

cules is narrow, and indented in four parts at the top. The feeds are oblong, and the ftalks thick;

but flight and hollow.

DIVISION Tf,

1. Common finooth Sow-Thiftle.
Sonchus levis. vulgaris.

The root is compofed of numérous, whitith
fibres; 4. < : ;

The ftalk is thick, upright, round, hollow,
and of a dead green. it seaeth

The leaves are very large, oblong, deeply fi-
nuated at the edges, and terminated by a large,
broad point.

The Sowers ftand in great numbers on the tops
of the branches; and are large, and of a fine
pale yellow. ;

It is common every where in ground that has
been dug, and flowers in June.

C. Bawhine calls it Sonchus Levis laciniatus lati-
folius. \ Others only, Sonchus Levis.

2, Broad -leaved fmooth Sow-Thiftle.
Sonchus levis folio latiore:

The root is fibrous and white.

The ftalk is round, upright, of a deep green,
and a yard high. ;

The leaves are broad and fhort ; and are divi-
ded at the edges by a few flight fegments.

The flowers are large, and of a pale yellow.

It is common in corn-fields, and flowers ir
June.

C. Bauhine calls it Souchus Levis*minar pauciori-
bus laciniis. :

3. Common prickly Sow-Thiftle.
Sonchus foliis [pinofis vulgaris.

The root is long and flender, and has many
fibres.

The ftalk is very thick, and of a fine deep
pieen, round, a yard high, and branched.

The leaves are long, and confiderably broad,
ferrated, and prickly at the edges, and of a fine
deep green.

The flowers are large; and of a gold yellow.

It is common on ditch-banks; and flowers ih |

Auguft. ‘ :
C. Bauhine calls it Sonchus afper non laciniatus.
Others, Sonchus afper vulgaris.

4. Jagged prickly Sow-Thiftle.
Sonchus afper folits laciniatis.

The root is long, and hung with many fibres.

The ftalk is round; thick, branched, and four
feet high.

The leaves are very large, and of a faint green,
deeply divided at the edges, and very prickly,

N° 43..

Linnzus places this among the yagenefa.

er.

BRITISH SPECIES,

.The flowers are fmaller than in the laft, and
of a faint yellow. ‘

Tt is common on wafté ground; and flowers in
July.

C. Bauhine calls it Sonchus afper laciniatus; a
name moft. of the fucceeding writers have co-
pied.

5+ Oval-leaved Sow-Thiftle.
Sonchus Soliis ovatis.

The root is a tuft of white fibres.

“The ftalk is flender, upright, fcarce at all
branched, and a foot and half high.

The leaves are of a very elegant form and co-
Jour: they are of a glofly green, fmall at the bafe,
where they furround the ftalk, and oval toward
the end ; and they are lightly fet ac the edges with
tender thorns. }

The flowers are few, large, and of a fine gold
yellow. A

It is found on fandy banks, flowering in June,

Petiver calls it Sonchus rotunda folio. Plukenet;
Sonchus fubrotundo folio noftras,

6. Naked-ftalked Sow-Thiftle,

Sonchus catle nudo.

The root is long, flender; and hung with many
fibres. F

The leaves that rife from it are very numerous,
long, narrow, fharp-pvinted, and belet with ten:
der thoris at the edge,

The ftalk is a foot and a half high ; and often
it has no leavés on it, rarely more than one or
two: thefe are of the fame form with thof from
the root.

The flowers are large, and of a deep yellow.

It is found among torn, and Aower$ in July:

7. Tree Sow-Thiftle;
Souchus arborefcens.

The root is long and thick. :

The ftalk is upright, round, of a yellowith
green, not much branched, and befet with coarfe
yellow hairs.

The leaves are long, of a deép green, and di-
vided irregularly at the edges.

The flowers fland ac the tops of the branches 5
and are very large, and of a deep orange yellow ;
they ftand in dark green cups, covered with coarfe
yellow hairs. : 2

It is common in cotn-fields and dry pattures,
flowering in Auguft,

C, Bauhine calls it Hierachinm majus folio fon-
chi, Others; Sonchus arbore/cens vulgaris.

Gu 8. Great

438 The

BRITISH HERBAL.

8. Great Marfh Tree Sow-Thiftle.
Sonchis arborefcens folio cnfpidato.

‘The root is long and white.

The ftalk is round, upright, eight feet high,
and of a dead green: toward the top it divides
into numerous branches.

The leaves are long, confiderably broad, deeply
indented, and pointed at the end.

The flowers are of a gold yellow, numerous,
and very large.

Jeis a Bl of our marfhes, and flowers in
autumn, ‘

Merret calls it i) tricubitalis folio cufpi-
dato.

g. Sharp prickled Sow-Thiftle.
Sonchus afper dentatus.

The root is fibrous.

The ftalk is round, hollow, purplith, and two

feet high.
The leaves are long, and confiderably broad :
Be VASP OF N

II. FO

Blue Mountain Sow-Thiftle.
Sonchus ceruleo flore.

The root is long and thick.

The ftalk is round, hollow, purplifh, and of a
firm fubftance: it is not much branched.

The leaves are large, oblong, fharp-pointed,
deeply and irregularly pinnated,. and finely fer-
rated along the fegments.

The flowers are very large, and of a fine fky-
blue.

G)¢ eB iN:

they are dentated fharply at the edges, and befet
with ftronger prickles than the others.

The flowers terminate the branches; and are
large, and of a gold yellow.

Ic is found in corn-fields, and flowers in July.

Petiver calls it Sonchus afper deniatus. Dodo-
nezus, Sonchus afperior.

10. Laciniated, fmooth Sow-Thiftle.

Sonchus levis laciniatus.
a

The root is long, flender, and hung with many
fibres.

The ftalks are round, hollow, upright, and
five feet high.

The leaves are long and large: they are con-
fiderably broad; and they are divided~ downto
the rib in many fegments.

‘The flowers are large, and of a faint yellow.

Ic is frequent in the weft of England, and
flowers in June.

Petiver calls it Sonchus les laceratus; a name
others have copied.

RE LGN, 8 PE CIES,

It is found on the mountains of Italy, and
flowers in May.

Petiver calls it Sonchus ceruleus levis. Others,
Sonchus montanus ceruleo flore.

All the fow-shifiles poffefs the fame qualities,
which are very trifling with regard to medicine.
They are cooling, outwardly applied. Some have
eaten the young fhoots; but they are not plea-
{antsinas

Wo 5 Il.

HAWKWEED.

Pre

TE. Reg A TOP Fee

HE flower is compofed of numeroys flofcules, arranged in a fmall head. The common cup

to thefe is oblong ; and is formed of numerous, irregular {cales, lying clofe on one another,

Each flofcule is flat, and dented in five places at the end. The ftalks of the plant are firm, and the
feeds oblong and flender.

Linneus places this among the fyngexefia, the buttons on the threads coalefcing into a cylinder.

DiViSTON 1... Bee

1. Hawkweed with bitten roots.
Hieracium radice abrupta,

The root is compofed of numerous, thick
fibres, joined to a fmall, oblong head, which
terminates abruptly, and looks as if bitten off.

The ftalks are numerous, a foot high, branched,
and of a pale green.

The leaves are Jong, narrow, and fharply di-
vided at the edges.

The flowers are fmall, and of a full yellow.

It is common in paftures, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Hieracium chondrille folio
glabro.

2. Long-rooted Hawkweed.
Hieracium longius radicatum.

The root is very long, moderately thick, and
of a pale brown,

tied ial Dp Cs has

The leaves rife in aclufter from this ; and they
are oblong, moderately broad, and of a deep
green: they are obtufe at the ends, and are irre-
gularly finuated at the edges.

The ftalks rife among thefe; and are flender,
tough, branched, a foot and half high, and of a

pale green: they have rarely any rudiment of a
leaf upon them.

The flowers grow at the tops of the branches,
and are of a fine gold yellow.
It iscommon in paftures, and flowers in June,

C. Bauhine calls it Hieracium dentis leonis folio”
obtufum majus.

3. Smooth yellow Hawkweed.
Hieracium luteum glabrum foliis laciniatis.

The root is compofed af numerous fibres,
The

439

The ftalks are upright, branched, and fpread-
ing, of a pale green, and a foot and half high.

The leaves are oblong, and moderately broad ;
and they are very deeply jagged at the edges:
their colour is a fine green; and they are per-
fectly fmooth.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks ;
and they are fmall, and of a deep yellow.

It is common in paftures, and flowers in
July. :

C. Bauhine calls it Cichoreum pratenfe Inteum
levius. Others, Hierachium apbacoides.

Thefe three fpecies are very common in our
paftures ; and they appear under various forms,
according to the degree of nourifhment each re-
ceives. Hence authors, who judged too fuper-
ficially, have divided them into a number of

_kinds taller or lower, and with more or lefs jagged

leaves: but thefe three are the real fpecies.

4. Strong-fcented Hawkweed.
Hieracium caftorei odore.

The root is compofed of long, thick fibres.

The ftalk is upright, branched, and two feet
high.

The leaves are long, moderately broad, hairy,
deeply indented, and of a pale green.

The flowers are large and yellow ; and, before
they open, the bud hangs drooping.

We have it on dry banks in our midland coun-
ties. It flowers in July.

Ray calls it Hieracium caftorei odore Monfpelien-

iM,

This fpecies, when lefs nourifhed, has the
leaves lefs divided, and has in this ftate been con-
fidered by fome as a diftinét fpecies,

5. Broad-leaved Mountain Hawkweed.
Heracium latifolium montanum.

‘The root is long, flender, and furnithed with
many fibres.

The ftalk is weak, branehed, of a deep green,

The leaves are very broad, oblong, hairy, and
of a dufky colour.

The flowers are large, and of a pale yellow.

It is common in our northern counties, and
flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Hieracium smontanum latifo.
lium glabrum minus. Clufius, Hieracium Britan-
wicun.

6. Great jagged-leaved Hawkweed.
Hiervacium laciniatum majus.

The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with
a few fibres.

The ftalk is round, firm, and two feet and
half high.

The leaves are long, moderately broad, deeply
finuated, and rough. ;

The flowers are large, and of a deep yel-
ow. '

It is found on ditch-banks in fandy foils, and
flowers in Auguft.

C, Bauhine calls it Hieracium maximum chon-
drille folio afperum. Others, Hieracium cichorei
folio majus.

7. Rough-headed Hawkweed.
Hieracium afperius capitulis foliofis.

The root is long and flender, and has abun-
dance of fibres.

The leaves that rife from it fpread circularly
upon the gtound; and are long, narrow, of 4
yellowith green, and very rough to the touch.

The ftalks are numerous, branched, and a foot
and half high.

The leaves on thefe refemble thofe from the
root-; but they are not altogether fo rough.

The flowers are large and yellow; and they
ftand in a kind of leafy heads, refembling, thofe
of the carduus benediétus.

It is common on ditch-banks, and Aowers in
July. ,

C. Bauhine calls it Hieracium echicides capitulis
cardui benediiti. Our people, Lang de deitf.

8. Dwarf Hawkweed, with finuated leaves,
Hieracium puinilum foliis finuatis.

The root is long and fender. A

The firft leaves are long, narrow, foft, of a
pale green, and finuated deeply at the edges.

The ftalks are numerous, branched, and three
inches high ; and they are almoft naked.

The flowers ftand at the tops, and are fmall
and yellow.

It is frequent in Suffex on heaths, and flowers
in July.

Ray calls it Hieraciam parvum in arenofis nafcens
feminum pappis denficus radiatis.

g. Great-flowered rough Hawkweed.
Hieracium afperium flore majore.

The root is long, and hung with many fibres,

The ftalk is upright, round, hairy, two feet
high, branched, and of a brown colour.

The leaves are long, narrow, rough to the
touch, and deeply finuated.

The flowers are large, and yellow.

We have it in corn-fields, where it flowers in
July.

C. Bauhine calls it Cichorium pratenfe luteum bir»

fuium afperum, Ray, Hieracium afperum major;
flore.

10. Dwarf rough Hawkweed.
Hieracium pumilum afperum.

The root is compofed of numerous fibres, con-
nected to an abrupt head.

‘The leaves are long, narrow, a little finuated
at the edges, and rough tothe touch.

The ftalks are tough, and eight inches high,
and the flowers {mall and yellow.

Tt is found on dry banks in Kent, flowering
in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Hieracium pumilum faxatilg
afperum radice premorfa. Columna, Hieracium
Jaxatile montanum,

11. Great-flowered broad-leaved Hawkweed.
Hieracium latifolium magno flore.

The rogt is compofed of numerous fibres.
The

4.4.0

Th BRITISH HERBAL.

The leaves rife in a round tuft, and are long,
broad, and covered with a downy hairynefs, of a
deep green, and often fpotted.

The ftalk is upright, flender, firm, and naked:
at the top ftands a fingle flower, fometimes two:
thefe are large, and of a gold yellow.

We have it in Sufléx, flowering in Augutt.

C. Bauhine calls it Hieracium Alpinum latifo-
lium birfutis incanum magno flore.

12. Broad-leaved, hairy, Bufh Hawkweed.
Hieracium ereftum latifolium birfutum.

The root is compofed of numerous fibres.

The ftalk is firm, round, a yard high, and at
the top branched.

The leaves have long footftalks ; and they are
broad, hairy, of a pale green, indented lightly,
and fharp-pointed.

The flowers are numerous, large, and of a
pale yellow. :

We have it about woods, flowering in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Hieracium Sruticofum latifo-
lium birfutum ; a name others have followed.

13. Short-leaved, bufhy Hawkweed.
Hieracium fraticofum folio breviore.

The root is fibrous and brown.

The ftalk is robuft, upright, branched, and a
yard high.

The leaves are broad, fhort, indented irregu-
larly, and of a fine green: they are covered with
a light hairynefs; but itis fo flight they appear
fmooth to the diftant fight.

The flowers are large, numerous, and of a gold
yellow. .

It is common in our northern counties, flower-
ing in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Hieracium Sruticofum latifo-
lium foliis dentatis glabrum.

14. Narrow-leaved, Bufh Hawkweed.
Hieracium fruticofum anguftifolium.,

The root is fibrous. ;

The ftalk is frm, upright, brown, and a yard
high,

The leaves are long, narrow, of a pale green,
and indented at the edges.

The flowers are large, and of a fine yellow: |

they ftand at the tops of the branches,

Ic is common in woods, and flowers in Au-
guft,

C. Bauhine calls it Hieraciam Jruticofum angufi-
folium majus.

The leaves of this fpecies are fometimes fearce

at all indented ; and, according to the degree of

“fhade, they will be more’ or lefs hairy. Under
thefe differences it has been defcribed by fome as
three diftin® plants.

15. Golden Lungwort,
Hieracium murorum pilokifimum,
The root is compofed of numerous, brown
fibres, :
The italk is round, branched, and two feet
high; and it is extremely hairy,
: 6

The leaves have long footftalks; and they
are large, oblong, broad, lightly indented, and
extremely hairy, like the ftalk.

The flowers are numerous, and of a bright
yellow.

It is frequent on walls, and on dry banks,
flowering in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Hieracium murorum folio pile-
Jifimo. Others, Pulmonaria Gallica,

16. Narrow-leaved golden Lungwort.

Hieracium pulmonaria dium anguftiore folié.

The root is fibrous.

The ftalk is firm, upright, two feet high, and
not branched. 4

The leaves are long, and moderately broad, of
a fine green, covered with a white down; and |
they have long footftalks,

The flowers are large, and of a delicate yel-
low.

It is found in woods in our midland counties,
flowering in July.

Ray calls it Hieracium pulmonaria diftum anguf-
tifolium.

We have this and the former fpecies on. our |
cold, northern mountains, where they affume a
fomewhat different form. In the firft fpecies the
leaves are more obtufe, and lefs hairy ; and in
this they are fmaller: in both the ftalks grow up
to a great height, but with few leaves,

Thefe varieties have by fome been defcribed ag
diftiné fpecies; but they are no more than acci-
dents of growth.

17. Great fingle-flowered Mountain Hawkweed

Elieracium flore magno fingulari.

The root confifts of numerous fibres, connected »
to a {mall head.

The leaves are {pread in a rounded clufter; and
are oblong, broad, obtufe, and hairy,

The ftalk rifes in the centre: it has no leaves,
and it fupports only a fingle flower : this is very
large, and yellow.

We have it in Wales, and the north of Eng-
land. It flowers in June.

Ray calls it Hieracium villofum Alpinim flore
magno fingulari caule. modo.

It refembles moufe ear,

18. Single-flowered Bufh Hawkweed.

- Hieracium nemorum flore Jingulari.

The root is long, and is hung with many
fibres.

The ftalk is firm, a foot high, hairy, and of a
brownifh colour. + gee :

The leaves are numerous, oblong, broad,
dented at the edges, of a pale green, and very
hairy.

The flower ftands fingly on the top of the ftalk;
and is very large, and of a gold yellow.

We have it in woods, flowering in July.

Ray calls it Hieracii feu pilofelle majoris fpecies
humilis foliis longioribus varius dentatis plurimus fi-
mul flore fingulari.

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The BRITISH FE RBravD:

441

When this grows in a lefs thaded fiuation, the | andfmaller. In both thefe ftates we find it in

leaves are. few, and deeper cut; and there are
fometimes more flowers than one; and, where
much expofed to cold, the leaves will be crumpled,

Our northern counties; and it has been deferibed
as fo many diftinét fpecies, in thefe appearances,

DIVISION I, FOREIGN SPECIES,

Red-flowered Hawkweed.

Hieracium flore rubente.

The root is long, and hung with many fibres,

The leaves rifing from it are numerous, broad,
hairy, and of a dark green,

The ftalk is a foot high, round, and very
hairy : at the top grow numerous footftalks, fup-
porting the flowers,

Thefe are moderately large, and of a deep
orange fcarlet,

Tet is a native of Spain, and flowers in Au.
guft.

C. Bauhine calls it Hieracinin hortenfe floribus
ae purpurefcentibus, Our people, Grim the col»
ier.

All the Aawkweeds are of the fame general
qualities, cooling and deobftruent ; but their vir-
tues are not fufficient to bring them into efteem
or practice,

GALE Ne US 2S IV.
MOUSE-EAR.

wea TENORS Yel Ogee base Be 07 Fy

HE flower is compofed of numerous flofcules, contained in a rounded cup, formed of nume-
rous, tender, oblong, and narrow feales. The flofcules are feparately flat ; and dented in five
parts at the ends. The leaves are hairy ; and there ftands only one head or general flower on the top

of each ftalk.

Common Creeping Moufe-Ear,
Pilofella vulgaris repens.

The root is a tuft of whitith fibres.

The leaves rife in a little clutter from this ;
and they are oblong, narrow, of a deep green,
and very hairy: there rife with thefe fome long,
weak, trailing fhoots, which take root at the
ends ; and thefe fending up other clufters of
leaves, propagate the plant abundantly,

The ftalk is lender, of a pale green, hairy, and
four inches high. :

Gerson

One flower ftands on its tops and this is large,
and of a very beautiful pale yellow.

It is common on dry banks, flowering in
May.

C. Bauhine calls it Pilofella major repens bir-
Suta. Others only, Pilofeila.

‘It is an excellent aftringent; and may be gi-
ven in powder of the whole plant againft hamor-
thages, and overflowings of the menfes,

A ftrong decoétion of it is good againtt loofe-
neffes attended with bloody ftools.

US$ Ve

DANDELION.

Dis Bs NS. BaeknO Ny haiS.

HE flower is compofed of numerous flofcules, arranged in a common cup, compofed of many
eb fcales, the inner ones of which are long, narrow, and ftrait; and the outer, fewer, broader,
and naturally turned backwards at the end. Each flofcule is narrow, and dented in five places at the
end; and one flower ftands on each ftalk ; which is alfo naked, or without leaves,

Linnzus places this among the /yngenefia with the others.

1. Common Dandelion,
Dens leonis vulgaris.

This is almoft too common for defcription.

The root is long, and has many fibres.

The leaves are numerous, long, broad, of a
fine green, deeply indented, and full of a milky
Juice.

The ftalks are numerous, hollow, naked, and
ten inches high.

One flower ftands on the top of each; and
this is large and yellow.

It is common by way-fides, and flowers all
fummer.

N° XLIV,

C. Bauhine calls it Dens leonis latiore folio.
Others, Taraxacon.

Beneficent Nature has in general made thofe
things. moft common which .are moft ufeful ;
and this plant is an inftance. It is excellent
againft ob{tructions of the vifcera, and in the
fcurvy. It is alfo of great ufe in the gravel,
operating powerfully, yet fafely, by urine. The
beft method of taking it in a fit of the gravel, is in
{trong decoction: for the other cafes the lower
part of the ftalks, blanched, are beft eaten in the
way of fallad.

5U 2. Narrow-

44.2 The

BRITIS Hint BEB Am.

2, Narrow-leaved Dandelion.
Dens leonis folio anguftiore.

The root is long, and has many fibres.

The leaves are narrow, long, of a dark green,
and divided into more and deeper fegments than
in the common kind.

One flower ftands at the top of each ftalk , and
this is large, and yellow.

The feeds are redifh, and are winged with
down. Thofe of the common kind are yellow.

It is frequent in gardens and paftures, flower-
ing all fummer.

C. Bauhine calls it Dens leonis anguftiore folio.

3. Rough Dandelion.
Dens leonis bir futus.

The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with
many fibres.

The leaves are oblong, broad, and hairy: they
are of a pale green, and deeply divided.

The ftalk is naked, but hairy ; and at its top
flands one large yellow flower.

It is frequent in paftures, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Hieracium afperum flore
magno dentis leouis. Others, Dens leonis afper,
and Dens leonis birfutus.

Oeil wa Gael

4, Narrow-leaved Mountain Dandelion.
Dens leonis foliis integris.

The root is long and thick.

The leaves are long, narrow, and undivided :
they are of a pale green, and lightly hairy.

The ftalk is naked, and eight inches high, and
the flower large and yellow.

We have it in Wales, and fome of our moun-
tainous counties. It flowers in Augutft.

C. Bauhine cails it Hieracium montanum angufii-
folium incanum.

5. Branched Dandclion.

Dens leonis ramofus.

The root is long and flender.

‘The leaves are very long, narrow, irregularly
divided, and of a faint green.

The ftalk, which naturally rifes fingle, as in
the others, is fometimes in luxuriant foils fplit
into two or three divifions.

The flowers are fmall and yellow ; 3 and the
feeds are blackifh.

We have it in paftures in Suffex,
June.

Petiver calls it Dens lecnis ramofus glaber ; and
it is fo named by Dillenius,

Tt flowers in

U Ss VI.

GOATS-BEARD:

TeRith Gy Ox PitOGy -O. 0s

pu flower is compofed of numerous flofcules, arranged together in a fimple cup, formed of

eight long and pointed parts, which unite in one common body at the bate.

flat, fhort, and indented in five places at the top.
narrow.

Each flofcule is
The leaves of the plant are grafly, long, and

Linneus arranges this with the reft among his /yagene/fa.

1. Common Goats-Beard.
Tragopogon vulgare.

The root is long and large, of a a white colour,
and well tafted.

The ftalk is round, upright, one not un-
frequently branched, and two feet high.

The leaves are numerous, very long, flender,
and of a fine green, with a tinge on bluifh or
greyith.

The flowers are large and yellow : they termi-
“nate the ftalk and branches; and the leaves or
fegments of the cup exceed the body of the
flower in length.

It is common in hilly paftures, and flowers in
June.

C. Bauhine calls it Tragopogon pratenfe luteum
mas.

2. Purple Goats-Beard,
. Tragopogon flore purpureo.

The root is long, thick, white, and flefhy ;
and is of a very agreeable tafte,
2

The ftalk is round, thick, jointed, and two
feet or more in height.

The leaves are of a bluifh green, very long,
moderately broad, and fharp-pointed.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks; and
they are very large and purple.

It is found wild in meadows in the north of
England, and flowers in July. '

C. Bauhine calls it Tragopogen purpuro-ceru-
leum quod artifi vulgo.

This and the common kind have the fame qua-
lities. Their roots are pleafant; and this laft is
kept in gardens for the fervice of the table, where
it is called falfafie.

They operate gently by urine, and are good
againft the gravel.

. The laft kind is beft tafted; but the other has
moft virtue.

GENUS

Th CBR SH SH BR BAL.

449

Geen

Nie Uae §

VIL

SU.CrC ORY,

Gila GaeH (OR SE Uk

HE flower is compofed of numerous flofcules, ranged in a common cup; which, before it
opens, is of a cylindric figure. Thirteen fcales or leaves form it; and of thofe cight are nar-
row and oblong: thefe ftand inward, and form the cylindric part. The other five are broader, fhorters

and placed outward. Each flofcule is flat, and deeply indented in five places at the edge.

have no downy matter annexed to them.

1. Wild Succory.
Cichoreum fylveftre.

The root is long and flender.

The ftalks are thick, of a deep green, two
feet high, but very irregular in their growth, fre-
quently branched, and placed obliquely rather
than upright. 7

The leaves are long, moderately broad, of a
fine green, and deeply divided into toothed feg-
ments.

The flowers are large and blue: they ftick to
the ftalks at the infertions of the leaves, and
fometimes alfo terminate the branches,

G E

Nee Uy 8

The feeds

Tt is common in wafte places, and flowers in
Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Cichorenm fylugfre vel offici=
naruin.

The garden-fuccory differs in nothing from it but
culture.

It poffefles the virtues of dandelion, but ina
more powerful degree, operating flrongly by
urine, and removing obftruétions of the vif-
cera. :

The beft method of taking it is in a ftrong in+
fufion of the frefh-gathered root.

VIII.

NIPPLEWORT.

gees VEO we Sg A NA,

Oe HE flower is compofed of about fixteen petals, ‘placed in a common cup 3 which is of ah oval
form, and angulated, and made of fourteen feales. Eight of thefe conftitute the inner part 5
and they are long and narrow: fix form the outer part at the bale; and they are fhort. Each flo&

cule is lightly divided into five parts at the end.

The feeds have no down.

Linnzus ranges this, the following and preceding, with the reft, among the /yagene/fia.

1. Common Nipplewort:

Lampfana vulgaris.

The root is long, and hung with many
fibres.

The ftalk is upright, a yard high, of a faint
green, and divided into many branches,

The leaves are large, oblong, broad, of a
dufky green, and lightly and irregularly notched
near the bafe, efpecially thofe toward the bot-
tom of the ftalk. 2

The flowers are very fmall and yellow; but
they are numerous at the tops of all the
branches.

It is common in wafte ground, and flowers in
July.

C.Bauihine calls it Soncho affinis lampfana do-
meftica.

2. Dwarf Nipplewott, called Swines Succory,
Lampfana minima,

The root is long, flender, and hung with a
few fibres.

The leaves are numerous and oblong, a little
notched at the edges, and of a dufky. green,

The ftalk is naked, and fometimes fingle,
fometimes divided; of a pale’green, and fix inches
high.

The flowers are fimall and yellow; and they
terminate the ftalks and branches.

It is found in corn-fields, and flowers in
June.

C. Bauhine calls it Ay/eris.

The root of the ‘common nipplewort is recom-

mended as diuretick and deobftruent ; but it is
not ufed.

SERIES

444.

They BR l'ThScH Hi Bt RT RB ArT.

Si Rial.

J Opes) If.

Forticn Genera.

Thofe of which there is no fpecies native of this country.

Gy EN

US I.

GUM-SUCCORY.

GH (OND DD PRS Lele lie 7:

: HE flower is compofed of numerous flofcules, arranged in a common cup. This is of a cylins
dric form, and is compofed of numerous fcales, of two kinds 3 thofe of the cylinder are ob-

long and narrow, thofe at the bafe fhort and broader.

Each flofcule is flat, fhort, and dented in -

five places at the end. The feeds are winged with down.
Linnzeus places this with the others among the /ygenefia, the filaments fupporting united buttons

in a cylindric form.

Blue-flowered Gum-Succory.
Chondrilla flore caruleo.
_ The root is long, thick, and hung with innu-
merable fibres.

The ftalk is upright, firm, round, purplith,
and divided at the top into a few branches.

GE Ni

The leaves are long, narrow, and very beauti-
fully divided: they are cut into numerous, flen-
der fegments, like the pinnated leaves.

The flowers grow at the tops of the branches ;
and are large and blue.

It is a native of Italy, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Chondrilla caerulea,

Ule$ II,

GARDEN-LETTUCE.

LACTUCA HORTENS TIS.

HE flowers are compofed each of numerous flofcules, arranged in a common cup. This is of an

oblong figure, and rounded at the bate;
pointed. fcales.
The feeds are winged with a fimple down,

Common Lettuce.
Laétuca vulgaris.

_ The root is compofed of numerous fibres, cons
nected to an oblong head.

The leaves are naturally oblong, broad, irfe-
gularly waved at the edges, and obtufe at the
ends; but in thefé, culrure makes innumerable
varieties and luxuriances, ' :

and is compofed of numerous,
The flofcules on each are narrow, flat, and divided at the end into four fegments,

NU URES

fhort, foft, and

The ftalk is round, thick, two feet high, and
of a pale green.

The leaves ftand clofe upon it, and furround
it at the bafe ; and they are oblong and broad, as
the others.

The flowers are fmall, and of a pale yellow.

It is a wild plant in Italy, flowering in Au-
guft.

C. Bauhine calls it Lafuca Sativa.

SCORZONER YZ.

1E flower is compofed of numerous flofcules,

dric figure; and is formed of about fifteen leaves, which are long and narrow. Each
flofcule is fat, and dented in five places at the end,

arranged ina common cup. This is of a cylin~

The feed is winged with down.

Linneus places this and the preceding among the fyngenefia.

Tall, narrow-leaved Scorzonera.
Scorzonera foliis longioribus anguftis.
The root is long and flender.

The ftalk is round, firm, upright, and two
feet high,

The leaves are very numerous, long, narrow,
of a pale green, and harp pointed.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches ;
and are large and purple.

It is a native of Italy, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Scorzonera angupifolia fub-
caerulea.

: GE UNGUaS

‘
7

Conunon Ci-eefur | ad =

OUUNOM ACh fttiti, wie x

| ib fe Common [te fy
@UOUSELT ~Duandteion - ee: a ie b—L/Ht

bers Z Ja
? ;
VLE Narrow leavil? (HOHE

eNMountainDanidthon Da

A / i a
Lirple. Geodata Will. Succory)
/ oy

aes Buc Ylowert Sillnim OI liavil Common? coo ONL? G
on Leituce? Be hie ‘ SOKZONOIM? Caudle Colle oot Gee
‘ fies

Tes Ty ien dig 0 YP. y j 7 Wha
Comey ( Lb if Ol Clhajool Ht dle _e Snall?
» 4 t :

: ee A 17 . >!

; oS LO fl

SMealane. Hidlure ? > Je ee
0/0 thee. ave ; ¢ Le

: rN :
ALL SOA1SCE

dines) Be Rebel’ S-Hes Hak ROB. A TL.

445
GigE aN Uerss lv,

ENDIVE.

IRCTANS, JD IER Bae 6

pe flower is compofed of numerous flofcules, ranged in a common cup. This is of a cylin-

dric form; and is compofed of eight oblong fcales, with five fmaller at the bafe, and very fhort.
Each flofcule is divided deeply into five fegments at the edges and the feed is flattith,
Linneus places this with the reft among the /yngenefia.

Common Endive.
Endivia bortenfis.

The root is compofed of innumerable fibres,
connected to an oblong head.

The leaves are oblong, broad, and obtufe at
the end: culture fringes them at the edges, but
naturally they are plain.

The ftalk is thick, upright, and two feet high.

The leaves ftand clofe on this, and refemble
thofe from the root.

The flowers are large and blue.

It is wild in Italy, and flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Iatibus fativa latifolia,

This and the preceding are cooling, deob-
ftruent, and diuretick ; but fitter to be taken in
foods than as medicines,

The END of te TWENTY-SIXTH CLASS,

N° 44.

5x EAHE

BRITISH HERBAL

COL AS 1S eX:

Plants whofe Slower is compofed of numerous fofeules, arranged togerber in
@ common cup; and forming a rounded difk, naked or encircled with pe-
tals; whofe feeds are winged with down; and whofe fralks and leaves
have not the milky juice, diftinguifbing the preceding clafs.

a Bese though allied to the plants of the Iaft clafs, are feparated perfectly from them by
; the form of the general flower, and difpofition of the flofcules.

The later writers, influenced only by the form and arrangement of minuter parts, have
been blind to this: but Ray, and others, long preceding them, obferved it. They call them the

compofite, difcoide-flowered plants ; and their diftinétion is fo obvious, as well as certain, that none
have erred about it.

SSG STAGES Gee cea eat cae a a abate aa et oat am ate at ete on ot

Se eee arte 3S I;

. Natives off BRITAIN.

Thofe of which one or more fpecies are naturally wild in this country.

Ga Ns Uste 5 I.
COLE MEY S: hO1Onay:
TEU: Sic SoeTGaL eal GEO;

pe flower is compofed of numerous flofcules, arranged in form of a difk, and placed in a com-
moncup. This is ofa cylindric fhape, and confitts of about twenty fcales, The flofcules in the

difk are tubular ; and they are edged with fome flat ones in manner of rays; and one flower only
ftands on each ftalk.

Linnzus places this, with all the fucceedin

& genera of this clafs, among the Jyngenefia, the buttons
coalefcing into a cylinder. ;

DIVISION: 1 BRITISH SPECTES

Common Coltsfoot. one feafon, and the leaves at another: we have
Tufilago vulgaris. therefore reprefented it in two figures. }

The root is long, white, and creeping.
The ftalks which fupport the flowers are nu-
merous, thick, juicy, purplith, eight inches
; high ;

This differs from the generality of plants in the
manner of its growth, the flowers appearing at
3

The (BRET St HER BAT:

high; and they have imperfe& membranes by
way of leaves.

The flowers are large, and of a beautiful yel-
low: one ftands on the top of each ftalk,

After thefe appear the leaves : they are large.
roundith, fupported on long footftalks; and of a
deep green, but pale underneath, and downy.

The flowers appear early in fpring, the leaves
foon after,

DRIeVeleES*I-O Nail:

Alpine Coltsfoot.
Lufilago Alpina purpurea.

The root is long and creeping.

The leaves are placed on fhort, purplith foot-
ftalks; and they are fmall, of a roundith fhape,
and dented at the edges, of a deep green on the
upper fide, and woolly underneath.

beft method of giving i
made of the juice of the leaves with honey. It

is thus of excellent fervice in afthmas, coughs,
and forenefs of the breaft.

2 |

eight inches high.
flower, very large, and of a beautiful purple.

EN Use 83

447
It is common in clayith foils,

C. Bauhine calls it Tufiilago vulgaris,

Te.is a celebrated and excellent pectoral. The
t is in form of a fyrup,

REIGN SPECIES,

The ftalk is hollow, purplith, round, and
On its top ftands a fingle

It is a native of Germany, and flowers in

-April.

C. Bauhine calls it 7; ufilago Alpina rotundifolia
canefcens. ‘

Be lege ABS VAG Nick:

CONY ZA.

HE flower is compofed of numerous flofcules,

placed in a common cup. Thofe in the difk ate

tubular ; and they are furrounded with flat ones in the verge, difpofed as rays. The cup is of

a cylindric form, fhort, and compofed of numerous feales,

down.

The feeds are winged with flight

Linneus places this among the fgenofia : but he makes a ftrange diftribution of the {pecies among

many diftinét genera of other names.

1. Middle Fleabane.
Conyza flore majore lute.

The root is compofed of thick fibres.

The ftalk is round, hairy, whitith, and two
feet high.

The leaves are oblong, broad, and of a faint
green: they are clammy to the touch, and have
a ftrong, difagreeable fmell.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches,
and are large and yellow.

It is common in wet places, and flowers in
June.

C. Bauhine calls it Conyza media afteris flore
duteo. Others, Conyza media.

2. Small Fleabane,
Conyza minor,

The root is fibrous and brown,

The ftalks are round, brownifh, a foot high,
and very much branched.

The leaves are oblong, broad, obtufe, and of
a brownih green.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches 5

and are yellowifh, and ufually naked; but occa-
fionally they have fhort rays about the verge,

It is common in watery grounds, and flowers
in Auguft,

C. Bauhine calls it Conyza minore Hore globofo.

3. Jagged Fleabane.
Conyza paluftris foliis laciniatis.

The root is fibrous and redifh, :

The ftalk is upright, firm, and divided into
many branches.

The teaves are Jong, narrow, fharp-pointed,
and very beautifully ferrated on the edges.

The flowers fland at the tops of the branches 3
and they are numerous, large, beautifully radi-
ated, and yellow.

It is found in our fen-counties, and flowers in
July. f

C. Bauhine calls it Conyza aquatica laciniata:
Others, Conyxa major.

The juice of fleabane is faid to be an excellent
pectoral ; but it is unpleafant, and is not ufed.

GOE Navi, Ss

The

BRITS He or EBR? BA si:

G . EF 233aN

Wie 2S ge tlle

ST AsR? WO, RT.

Ae Se Te hae R.,

BPE flower is compofed of numerous flofcules, placed in a common cup.
placed over one another. The Alofcules in the difk are tubular, and thofe

and the feeds have a fine down fixed to them.

very numerous {cales,
on the edge flatted ;

This is formed of

Linneus ranges this among the fyngengfa with the others.

DIVISION L

1. Starwort, called Golden Sampire.
After crithinum cryfanthemum difius.

The root is large, and hung with many fibres.

The ftalk is round, upright, juicy, green, and
rarely branched.

The leaves are of a fingular figure: they are
long, narrow, and divided into three parts at
the end. Their colour is a pale green ; and they
are of a flefhy fubftance.

The flowers are large, aad of a fine yellow:
one ufually terminates the ftalk.

We have it on our weltern coafts. It flowers
in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Crithinum maritimum flore
ofteris Attici.

2. Sea-Starwort.
After Tripolium didtus.

The root is long, and furnifhed with many
fibres.

The ftalk is round, upright, and three feet
high.

The leaves are long, narrow, and of a pale
green, obtufe at thé ends, and not at all divided
at the edges. _

The flowers ftand in numbers at the tops of
the branches ; and are large and blue.

Tt is common about falt rivers, and flowers in
Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Tripolium majus ceruleum.

DTV Esk ON VE

Narrow-leaved African Starwort.
Apter purpurafcens anguftifolius Africanus.
The root is long, and furnifhed with many
fibres. \
The ftalk is upright, branched, and four feet
high. :
The leaves are large, but very narrow, of a

Gan

New eUn tS

BR AST. 1S H. S°P-E.Gulkes.

3. Small Starwort, called Blue, fweet Fleabane.
After arvenfis ceruleus acris.

The root is long, and has a few fibres.

The ftalk is hairy, upright, and a foot-hich
of a redifh colour, and toward the top Gemnehed)

The leaves are oblong, broad; of a dufky
green, and hairy. ;

The flowers are moderately large, and of a
purplifh blue: they ftand at the tops of the
branches.

We have it on barren grounds, flowering in
April. ?

C. Bauhine calls it Conyza cerulea actis.
Others, After ceruleus arvenfis.

4. Starwort, called Dwarf Fleabane.
After conyza Canadenfis annua acris diffa.

The root is fmall and fibrous.

The ftalk is round, redifh, upright, and a
foot high. ne

The leaves are long, narrow, and of a lively
green.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches,
and are fmall and white. '

It is found in many parts of England, but
feems owing to feeds fcattered and blown out of
gardens. It flowers in May.

Boccone calls it Conyza Canadenfis annua alba’
acris Linaria foliis. Others, Conyzella.

FO RELGEG NOSE CLES

pale green, fharp-pointed, and not at all divided
at the edges. : ‘
The flowers are large, and of a pale purple,
fometimes deeper, fometimes whitifh. :
It is a native of the Cape of Good Hope, and
flowers in June. ‘ ‘
Commeline calls it Afer anguftifolius Africanus

IV.

Welel Ds” CoA RL fe NE.

GaN. LG. Us,

ft Ps flower is compofed of numerous flofcules, placed in a common cup. This is large, and is

formed of numerous fmall fcales.

The flofcules are tubular, and divided into five parts at

the edge; and they are furrounded with fhining, hard rays.

Linnzeus places this among the /yngene/ia.

Wild

“Ronse S4

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| Midd Colne a\ Cs a ae

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The BRITISH HERBAL.

449

‘Wild: Carline. -
Chicus carlina fyloeftris diftuss

‘The root is long, fender,” and’hard.

The ftalk is upright, firm, of a yellowith |

green, ‘and hairy.

The leaves are long, moderately broad, full of | oO

prickles, and of a fhining green.

Go Be

The flowers are large, and of a dufky yellow :

| they terminate the branches, and rife alfo from

the'bofoms of the leaves.

We have it in dry paftures, flowering in Au-
guft.
C.Bauhine calls it Cnicus flvefris fpinofior.
thers, Carlina /lveftris.

Gig 28 V.

ELECAMPANE.
; HELENIU™

HIE “flower is compofed of numerous flofeules, arranged in a cominon cup. This is large, and

compofed of many loofe fcales.

The flofcules are of two kinds, tubular in the centre, and

flat or ligulated at the edge; and the buttons on the threads have briftles behind them.

Linnzus places this among the /yngene/ia,

Common Elecampane;
Helenium vulgare.

The root is very large and thick, brown,
flefhy, and of an aromatick tafte.

The ftalk is five feet high, very thick, firm,
and ‘not much ‘branched.

The leaves are large, oblong, pointed, and
of a yéllowifh green.

The flowers grow at the tops of all the
branches ; and they are large and yellow.

GB Nes

We have it wild in pafture-grounds in York-
fhire. It flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Helenium vulgare. Others,
Enula campana, and fome Inula; Linnzeus among
others.

The root is an excellent pectoral, and pofiefies
many other virtues. It is fubaftringent and dia-
phoretick. It is given with moft fuccefs. in
coughs, and diforders of the lungs; and “is no
way better than eaten candied.

VI.

GOLDEN ROD.

V5. dee GA

Ae ORY oA

HE flower is compofed of numerous flofcules, arranged in a common cup. This is oblong
and fealy, and is formed of many oblong parts. The flofcules in the centre are tubular, and

thofe which furround them ‘on the edge flat.

Linneus places this with the others among the /yngenefa.

DIVISION I.

1. Common Golden Rod.
Virga aurea vulgaris.

The root is compofed of numerous fibres, con- |

neéted to an oblong head.

The ftalk is upright, and two feet high ; and
it is loaded with many branches.

The leaves are oblong, broad, and of a deep
green.

The flowers are very numerous, and of a fine
gold yellow: they ftand at the tops of the ftalks
and branches.

It is common in dry places, and flowers in Au-

uft.
: C. Bauhine calls it Virga aurea anguftifolia mi-
nus ferrata, Others, Virga aurea vulgaris, ang
fimply Virga aurea.

2. Marfh Golden Rod.
Virga aurea palufris.

The root is fibrous and white.
The ftalks are numerous, flender, upright,
N° XLV.

BRITISH SPECIES.

and two feet high: they are uftally of a redifh
colour, and are not much branched.

The leaves are long, narrow, and beautifully
ferrated at the edges.

The flowers ftand in great numbers at the tops.
of the branches, and are large and yellow.

It is a native of our fen-counties, and flowers
in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Conyza paluftris ferratifolia«

3. Small, ferrated-leaved Golden Rod.
Virga aurea bumilia foliis ferratis.

The root is compofed of numerous fibres, con.
nected to a fmall head.

The ftalks are tough, upright, very mucli
branched, and a foot high.

The leaves are placed on long footftalks ; and
are narrow; and ferrated at the edges.

The flowers are numerous, fmall, and yellow. |

It is found in our hilly northern and weftern
counties, flowering in July.

Ray calls it Virga aurea vulgari bumilior.

5¥. 4. Narrow-

450

The, BR, a TI $;0. HE ® B A

inna

4. Narrow-leaved hoary Golden Rod,
Virga aurea anguftifclia incana.
' The root is compofed of numerous, thick fibres.

The ftalk is round, redifh, and fix or eight
inches high,

The leaves are long, narrow, obtufe, of a pale
green, and alittle hairy.

The flowers ftand in clufters at the top of the
flalk, and on long footftalks from the bofoms of
the leaves: it is not uncommon in the weft of
England, and flowers in Avguft,

Ray calls it Virga aurea montana folio angujto
Sudincano flofculis conglobatis.

5- Broad-leaved, indented Golden Rod.
Virga aurea folio angufto ferrato maximo.

The root is long and creeping, and is hung
with numerous fibres,

DelVelsSlOoN oat

Knotted American Golden Rod.
Virga aurea ad alas florida.

The root is long,
fibres. j

and furnifhed with many

FOREIGN

The ftalk is round, upright, and toward
bottom redifh; and it is four feet high.

The leaves are long, broad, fharp-pointed,
elegantly ferrated at the edges, and of a fine
green.

The flowers ftand in great numbers on the tops
of the branches, into which the ftalk divides at
the fammit ; and they are large and yellow.

We have it in dry, wafte grounds in our nor-
thern counties. It flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls Virga aurea anguftifolia fer-
rata. Others, Solidago Sarvacencia, Saracen’s
confound.

the

All the kinds of golden rod are aftringent and
vulnerary ; but they are not ufed at prefent,

The flowers are numerous and {mall: they
ftand at the top of the ftalks, and in the bofoms
of all the leaves, in clufters; and they are fmall
and yellow.

It is a native of Virginia, and flowers in

The ftalks are numerous, weak, but tolerably July.

upright, of a pale green, and two feet or more high.

Plukenet calls it Virga aurea ad. foliorum alas

The leaves are broad, fhort, and beautifully florifera.

ferrated, fharp pointed, and of a fine green,

Gi Be. Ne Ur 49S

VII.

RAGWORT,.
Fig C.O BR Bg

EE flower is compofed of numerous flofcules, ranged in a common cup. This is fhort, of a

cylindric figure; and compofed of numerous, oblong,

pointed fcales. The flofcules are of

two kinds, tubular in the centre of the difk, and flat at the verge ; the ower being radiated. The

feeds are winged with a fine down.
DlAyvlesseal ONT

1. Common Ragwort.
Facobea vulgaris.

The root confifts of numerous, thick fibres,
connected to a {mall head. 4 :

The ftalk is upright, thick, not much branched,
and two feet high, ;

The leaves are divided into five fegments, and
are of a deep green.

The flowers ftand in great clufters at the tops
of the ftalks ; and are large, and yellow.

Tt is common by way-fides, and flowers in
June. ’
C. Bauhine calls it Facobea vulgaris laciniata.

2, Hoary, groundfel-leaved Ragwort.
Facobea fenicionis folio incana.

The root is fibrous and whitith.

The flalk is two feet high, redifh, upright,
and not much branched.

The leaves are large, divided, and of a greyith

green on the upper-fide, and whitith under-
neath,

BRITISH S27. Po E..C EB. .S.

The flowers ftand at the tops in clufters ; and
are large and yellow.

It is common in paftures,
gut.

Ray calls it Facobea Senicionis folio incana pe-
renmis.

and flowers in Au-

3: Broad-leaved Marth-Ragwort,
Facobea paliftris latifolia,

The root is fibrous, ;

The ftalk is two feet and a half high, upright,
and divided into many branches,

The leaves are large, broad, ferrated at the
edges, and a little notched toward the bafe.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and
are large and yellow.

It is common about waters, and flowers in

duly.
C. Bauhine calls it Facobea Alpina laciniata
lore bupthhalmi. Others, Facobea aquatica.

4. Mountain-

The

4. Mountain-Ragwort,
Facobea montana foliis integris.

The root is oblong,
large fibres.

The ftalk is upright,
inches high.

The leaves, contrary to the reft of the fpecies,
and to the name, are undivided : they are ob-
long, and of a pale green, and woolly,

fmall, and hung with

fmooth, redifh, and ten

DIVISION I FO

Sea Ragwort.
Facobea vulgaris,

The root is compofed of numerous fibres.

The ftem is hard, woody, and divided into
many branches.

The leaves are deeply divided into fegments

GootE

BRUT Psat Tf eR BAT

Nate U

451
The flowers ftand at the tops; and they are
large and yellow.
Te is frequent in our mountainous counties,
and flowers in June,

C. Bauhine calls it %acobea montana lanuginofa
angupifolia non laciniata;

The root. of the common ragwort is aftringent
and vulnetary: it is beft given in decoétion ;
but it is not much ufed,

REIGN SPECIES

and they are of a dutky green on the upper-fide,
and perfeétly white underneath,
The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches,
and are of a bright yellow.
It is common by the fea-coafts,
une.
C. Bauhine calls it Facobea maritima cinerea;

and flowers in

§ VIII.

GROUNDSELY,
SENECTIO.

JHE flower is compofed of numerous flofcules,

formed of many oblong {feales,
the difk are fhort and tubular ; and thofe
not radiated. The feeds are winged with-down.
Linnzus places this ainong the Sngenefia.

1, Common Groundéfell,
Senecio vulgaris.

The root is formed of many fibres, Joined to
a fmall head.. ;

The leaves are long, and irregularly finuated
at the edges,

The ftalk is round, tender, thick, redifh, and
ten inches high. :

The leaves on this refemble thofe from the
root, and all are of a pleafant green.

The flowers ftand at the tops; and they are
fall and yellow.

At is too common in cultivated grounds, and
flowers all fummer.
CC. Bauhine calls it Senecio minor vulgaris.
Others, Erigeron,

An infufion of the leaves operates gently and
eafily by vomit. :

The frefh roots {melt ftrongly as foon as taken
out of the ground, are an immediate cure for the
headach. This is communicated to me by Ifaac
Ware, Efq; to whom an accident. firft difco-
vered it,

2. Cottony Groundfell.
Senecio birfutus odoratus.

The flofcules are of two kinds,
on thé verge are fomewhat flatted ;

The root is long, and hung with many fibres.

ranged in acommon cup. This is thort, and
Thofe in the centre of
but the flower is naked;

The ftalk is two feet high,
not robuft, nor much branched,

The leaves are oblong; and they are deeply
and irregularly divided at the edges: thefe and
the ftalk ate! of a pale, greyith green; and are
covered with a loofe cottony matter,

The flowers are fmall and yellow.

Tt is common by road-fides, and flowers in
June. ;

The leaves have an ill fcent, and are often
clammy to the touch,

C. Bauhine calls it Senecio
Others, Erigeron tomentofum.

tound, flender;

incanus pinguis,

3. Small, broad-leaved Groundéell.
Senecio minor latiore folio.

The root is fibrous,

The ftalks are thick, irregularly branched, and
ten inches high,

The leaves are of a deep gieens; and of 4
flefhy fubftance ; oblong, broad, and flightly fi-
nuated.

The flowers are {mall and yellow, ahd edged.

We have it on barren grounds. It flowers in
Augutft,'

C. Bauhine calls it Senecio minor latiore folie five
montana.

GENU

452

The BRITISH HERBAL.

1G cane

N... (0.275

IX.

BU TTER-B UR.

PiBNTIAS IT ES.

mut flower is compofed of numerous flofcules,, ranged in a common cup. This is of-a cylindric
” figure; and is formed of about twenty little, foft leaves. The flofcules are. tubular; and the
flowers ftand in a fpike upon ftalks, which rife before the leaves.

Linnzus places this with the reft among the pygencfia.

1. Common Butter-Bur.
Petafites vulgaris.

The root is long, thick, and creeping; of a
{trong fmell, and bitter, aromatick tafte.

The flower-ftalks rife before the leaves; and
they are thick, ftriated, tender, and of a pale
flefh-colour, not at all branched, and about a
foot high.

The. flowers are {mall, and ftand in a long,
loofe fpike at the top of the ftalk: they are of a
pale flefh-colour.

The leaves appear foon after, and grow to an
enormous fize: they are roundifh, and of a deep
green on the upper-fide, but whitifh underneath ,
and they are placed on thick, whitifh, hollowed
footftalks. :

Tt is common in rich wet foils, and flowers
in April.

C. Bauhine calls it Petafites major et vulgaris.

Others only Petafites.

G cE WN
PLOWMAN’S

The root.is a very powerful cordial and fudo-
rifick. An infufion of it is excellent in malignant
fevers.

2. Butter-Bur, with long footftalks to the flowers,
Petafites flovibys pediculis longis. infidentibus.

The root is large and fpreading.

The ftalks fupporting. the flowers are two feet
high, thick, whitifh, juicy, and covered with
flight membranes.

The flowers have long footftalks ; and they are
numerous, and form a long, loofe fpike: their
colour is a pale red.

The -leaves are very large, of a pale green
above, and they have very little whitenefs below.

It grows in meadows with us, not uncommon,
and flowers in April.

Ray calls it Petafites major floribus:pediculis lon-
gioribus infidentibys. The old authors did ‘not
know it.

‘

U Ss 2 is
SPIKENARD.

BY AG iC 5h Agar. LS,

PERS flower is compofed of numerous flofcules, ranged in a common cup; and this is fhort,
thick, and rounded. The feales compofing it are numerous, and they ftand feparate at the

points. The flofcules are {mall and tubular, and the leaves of the plant are undivided.

Linnzus places this with the reft among the fyagene/ia.

Common Plowman’s Spikenard.
Baccharis vulgaris,

The root is long, thick, divided, and fpreading.

The ftalk is a yard high, firm, round, brown-
ifh, and divided into numerous branches.

The leaves are large, oblong, broad, of a dufky
green, and undivided.

The flowers are naked, fmall, and of a dufky
yellow.

G &

Me Ue as

It is common in dry, wafte grounds, and flowers

in July. ‘
C. Bauhine calls it Conyza major vulgaris,

Others, Baccharis Monfpelienfium. .

The whole plant has a fragrant fmell.

It is a powerful diuretick, and excellent againft
the gravel. It is beft taken in infufion.

XI.

HEMP-AGRIMONY.

EUPATORIUM,

HE flower is compofed of numerous flofcules, arranged in a common cup. This is oblong;
and confifts of many natrow, pointed fcales, laid over one another, The flofcules are tubu-

‘ar, and divided into five fegments at the edge.

Linnzeus places this with the others among the fyagenefia, the buttons coalefcing in a cylinder.

DIVI-

Common LMenyigr mony

iy { AY) Y
CAB

KS,

| Lechbeeaided tong leat Cudueed: Mountain Ca

Virgen Sneeze Or

The, BR ARIS A HERBAL.

end nen

DIVISION I

Common. Water Hemp-Agrimony.

Eupatorium vulgare:

The root is compofed of numerous fibres,
connected to a fmall head.

The ftalk is round, of a pale green, four feet
high, and not much branched.

The leaves are divided in the manner of fin-
gers; and the fegments are very large, oblong,
fharp-pointed, ferrated, and of a pale green.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks in
vaft tufts; and are of a pale flefh-colour.

It is common by waters, and flowers in June.

DIVISION I. FO
American Hemp-Agrimony.
Eupatorium Americanum.

The root is compofed of numerous fibres, con-
nected to a {mall head.

The ftalk is firm, round, upright, of.a redifh
colour, dufted over with grey, and-is four feet
high.

The leaves ftand four at a joint; and they are

Gee

Nv -U, 28

453

BOR Ea eS Ho SsP bec T ES:

CG Bauhine calls it only, Eupatorium Cannabi-
num. Others, Eupatorium Cannabinum mas.

The leaves of this plant are fometimes undivi-
ded at the upper part of the ftalks ; and in this
condition it has been defcribed by fome as a dif-
tinct fpecies ; but erroneoufly, for it is only a
flight variety.

It is a powerful diuretick and deobftruent,
An infufion of the leaves is good againft the
gravel ; and in the beginnings of dropfies.

A ftrong decoétion of the frefh root is a rough
purge.

R°ELG Nis SeP'E C TRS,

oblong, broad, ferrated, rough to the touch, and
of a dufky green.

The flowers are placed at the tops of the
branches in fmall heads; and they are of a redifh
purple.

it is common by rivers in Virginia, and flowers
in Auguft,

Cornutus calls it Eupatorium Americanum Solis
enule, ,

XI,

CUDWEED.

: GEN die Pe HT

eg Geel UM;

HE flower is compofed of numetous flofeules, placed ina common cup. This is of a rounded
figure, and formed of many oval, pointed feales. The flofcules ate tubular, and divided
into five fegments at the edge. The feeds are oblong, {mall, and winged with down.
Linneus places this with the reft among the /yngenefia.

DVS 1 ONE

~ 1. Sea-Cudweed.
Guaphalium maritimum.

The root is long and woody.

The ftalks ate numerous, round, white, and
not much branched, and about ten inches high.

The leaves are fhort, obtufe, and not at all di+
vided; they are of a white colour, and very
thick covered with a downy matter.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches ;
and are large and beautiful, of a fhining white
on the edge, and a gold yellow in the middle. :

We have it by our fea-coafts. It flowers in
June. oe

C. Bauhine calls it Guaphalium maritimum; a
name others have copied.

The whole plant has an agreeable fmell.

2. Long-leaved, upright Cudweed.
Gnaphalium Anglicum longifolium ereéium.

The root is long and flender.

The ftalks are flender, upright, and a foot
and half high.

The leaves are long and narrow; and whitifh,
as are alfo the ftalks.

N° 45.

BRITISH SPECIES,

The flowers grow in fmall, black heads, in the
bofoms of the leaves from the middle to the top
of the ftalk ; and the plant is feldom at all
branched,

It is common in woods and thickets, and
flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Guaphalium majus angufto
oblongo folio.

3. Common Cudweed:
Guaphalium vulgare.

The root is fibrous.

The ftalk is firm, upright, and ten inches high:
it is of a tough fubftance, a whitith colour, and
branched in a fingular manner.

At the height of about feven inches there ftands
a fingle head of flowers, which terminates the
main-ftalk ; and from this rife two or more
branches, each having at its top another head.

Thefe are of a yellowith brown; and the leaves
are oblong and white; frequently alfo there rife
other branches from the lower part of the ftalk.

C. Bauhine calls it Guaphalium vulgare majus,
Others, Herba impia.

52 4. The

454 he

BRA TLS Ato ER B And.

4. The leaft Cudweed.

Guaphalium minimum.

The root is flender, and has a few fibres.

The ftalk is tough, white, four inches high,
and very much branched.

‘The leaves are fhort and white.

The flowers grow in very fmall heads on the
tops of the ftalks; and are {mall, and pale co-
Joured. ;

It is common in dry grounds, flowering in
June.

C. Bauhine calls it Guapbhalium minus repens.

5. Black-headed, long-leaved Cudweed.
Guaphalium longifolium humile ramofum.

The root is compofed of numerous long fibres.

The ftalks are round, tough, fix or eight inches
high, and whitifh; branched, and befet irregu-
larly with leaves. :

Thefe are long, narrow, foft to the touch, and
of a whitith colour.

The flowers ftand in numerous, fmall, black
heads at the tops of the ftalks and branches.

It is common in damp places, and flowers in

uly.

d C, Bauhine calls it Guaphalium medium. Others,
Filago minor.

6. Narrow-leaved Dwarf Cudweed.
Guaphalium pumilum ramofifimum poly[permum.

The root is flender, and hung with a few
fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, three inches high,
very much branched, and of a white colour,

The leaves are oblong, extremely narrow, and
fharp-pointed : they are placed irregularly, and
are of a whitifh colour.

The flowers ftand in the bofoms of the leaves
in fmall heads, and in vaft numbers.

It is common in corn-fields in Suffex, and
flowers in July.

Ray calls it Guaphalium parvum ramofifinum,

7. Great-headed Cudweed.
Guaphalium capitulis majoribus latifolium,

The root is long, and has many fibres.

The ftalk is round, whitith, tough, and not
much branched.

The leaves are numerous, broad, oblong, ob-
tufe at the ends, and white.’

The flowers ftand in large, brown heads, and
are very permanent.

We have it in fandy grounds in Suffex. It
flowers in Augutt.

Petiver calls it Gnuaphalium Germanicum.

8. Mountain-Cudweed.

Guaphalium montanam flore magno.

The root is compofed of many brown, tough
fibres.

The ftalks are numerous; and of thefe the
greater part lie upon the ground, and do not ex-
ceed an inch and half in length: one or two rife
up, and are four or five inches high: thefe are
‘round, of a whitifh green, and not branched.

The leaves are oblong, broad, hairy, of a pale
green on the upper-fide, and whitith under-
neath,

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks ;
and they are very large, of a filvery white, or
faintly dafhed with purple.

We have it on mountainous heaths, but not
common. It flowers in July. ;

C. Bauhine calls it Guaphalium montanum folig
rotundiore. Others, Pes Cati, Cat's foot,

There is a variety of this with longer leaves,
which authors have erroneoufly defcribed as 4
diftinét fpecies.

‘g. Tall American Cudweed.
Gnaphaliuim majus longifelium.

The root is compofed of numerous, flender
fibres.

The ftalk is round, thick, upright, and two
feet high.

The leaves are very numerous; and they are
oblong, narrow, and fharp-pointed, waved at the
edges, and of a beautiful filvery white,

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks in
round filvery heads.

It is an undoubted native both of England and
Wales, and is found in many places by the fides
of rivers, flowering in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Graphalium Americamun la-
tifolium, Others, Guapbalium Americanum.

10. Clufter-leaved Cudweed.
Gnaphalium latifoliuin capitulis conglobatis,

The root is long, flender, and hung with a
few fibres.

The ftalk is round, upright, and whitihh,

The leaves are placed alternately, and at con:
fiderable diftances: they are oblong, broad,
pointed at the end, and of a whitith green.

The flowers ftand in round clufters at the tops
of the branches ; and are of a filvery white, with
a tinge of ftraw-colour.

It is frequent in the Ife of Jerfey, and in
Ireland. It flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Guaphalium majus lato ob-
longo folio.

All the cudweeds pofiefs the fame virtues ; but
thofe are not enough regarded, They are re-
commended as vulneraries ; and they are excel-
lent againft hemorrhages.

The common cudweed, called herba impia, I had
an opportunity of feeing lately tried with vaft fuc-
cefs. It isa known remedy in Suffex for cattle
when they have bloody ftools; and this led a
farmer, whofe name is Martin Wakes, to try it
him(elf in an habitual flux of the belly, attended
frequently with bloody ftools. He dried the
whole plant in an oven, and powdered it, fifting
out the fine part, and throwing away the ftrings. -
He boiled alfo the frefh plant, cut to pieces,
four handfuls to two quarts of water, till it was
very ftrong.

He then took as much as would lie on a fix-
pence of the powder, and a glafs of the decoction
warm, whenever the bloody ftools returned.
This proved always a temporary, and in the end

The

BOR TT SH HR sReR ACL,

455

an effectual remedy; for the complaint never
troubles him now, nor has for feveral years,
This I faw tried fuccefsfully ; and the account

DIVISION IL

Stinking Athiopian Cudweed.
Gnaphalium fatidum.

The root is long, and furnithed with many fibres.

The ftalk is round, upright, thick, rarely
branched, and of a whitith colour.

The leaves are very broad, oblong, woolly,
white, and without footftalks.

of a compleat cure comes well attefted. It is
therefore worth the attention of thofe who can
introduce it univerfally.

FOREIGN SPECIES,

The flowers ftand at the top of the ftalks in
oblong, yellowith heads.

It is a native of Africa, and flowers in July.

Plokenet calls it Gnaphalium Althiopicum lati-
Solium fatidum, the whole plant having a flink~
ing fmell.

The END of the TWENTY-SEVENTH CLASS, -

rie iy

BOR«l dios: A HERBAL.

SSD Seo ae i ce eae a eae DeaD eae aoe eee aa a el ee eee oa eat oo aa

CLAS S XXVIII.

Plants whofe flower is compofed of many flofcules, arranged in a difcoide
form; and whofe feeds are not winged with down.

HESE are feparated by Nature in a very diftin® manner from all other plants: and the fingle
i circumftance of their feeds having none of that downy matter which is annexed to thofe of
the two preceding divifions, is an obvious and unalterable mark of the clafs: it joins them

to one another, while it excludes the reft of the difcoide-flowered kinds.
This was a character Linnzus could not but perceive; and, todo him the juftice due to his great
accuracy in examination, he has never once omitted to name it; but unhappily the purpofe of his

fyftem being to exclude all but the minuter parts from the diftinétions of claffes, he could not uf it
for this end.

pCR @ Ree Bee Lok ge ono be poke oe OL Ooo ro boc Boot on oon Pe enon not ot ats Tot orot ott

SE oReds BS I;
Natives of BRITAIN,

Thofe of which one or more {pecies are naturally wild in this country.

Ge Se oO NS ass I.
CORN MARYGOLD.
GU ATR DOSE AIN Te ok OM Ue ME

¢ Boe flower is compofed of many flofcules, of two kinds, arranged in a difk or rounded head,

and furrounded wich numerous petals as rays; and it is placed in a hemifpheric cup, made of
numerous and clofe-compaéted {cales. The flofcules in the centre of the difk are tubular ; thofe on the
rim are flat, and the feeds are oblong,

Linneeus places this and all the fucceeding genera of the prefent clafs among the /yngenefia,

ITV IS: 1 O N= i Bo Te 1 So re Seba Glens

1. Common Corn Marygold. rated at the edges; and their colour is a pale,

Chryfanthemum fegetum vulgare.
The root is long, and hung about with many
fibres.

The ftalk is lender, upright, very much
branched, and two feet high,

The leaves are oblong, fharp-pointed, and fer-

bluifh green.

The flowers terminate the branches ; and they
are large and yellow.

It is common in our corn-fields, and flowers
in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Bellis lutea foliis profunde
incifis. ‘

2. Small

Tie BRITISH HERBAL.

457

2. Small-flowered Corn Marygold,
Chryfanthemum flore minore.
The root is compofed of many long, white
fibres. ,
The ftalk is upright, branched, and two feet
high,
The leaves are large, and deeply divided at

DIVISION IL.

Indian Corn Marygold.
Chryfanthemum latifolium Indicum.
The root is long, white, and hung with a
few fibres.

The ftalk is round, purplifh at the bafe,
branched, and two feet high.

Nite gUes 3S

the edges, fo as to refemble the pinnated kinds 5
and they are of a pale, bluifh green. -
The flowers are very numerous, fmall, and
yellow.
We have it in corn fields in fome parts of the
kingdom, but not frequent. It fowers in Auguft.
Ray calls it Clry/anthemum Segetum noftras folig

glauco multifciffo.

FOREIGN SPECIES,

The leaves are broad, fhort, fharp-pointed,
ferrated at the edges, and of a bright green.

The flowers ftand at the fummits of the
branches ; and are large, and of a pale yellow:

It is a native of the Eaft and Weft Indies, and
flowers in Augutt,

Plukenet calls it Chryfanthemum Maderafpata-
num oxycanthe foliis.

Il;

OMX =H: ek;

BU PAH Ted EM UM:

HE flower is radiated, and compofed of numerous flofcules; and is

formed of many flender leaves.

feeds are oblong.

placed in a rounded cup,

The flofcules in the central part of the difk are tubu-
Jar, and thofe at the rim flat. The edge of the tubular flofcules is cut into five fegments ; and the —

Linnzeus places this with the reft among the Lngenefia.

Common Ox-Eye,
Buphthalmum vulgare.

The root is long, and furnifhed with many
fibres.

The ftalk is round, upright, very much
branched, and two feet and a half high.

The leaves are large, of a fine green, and very
beautifully divided in a pinnated manner into ob-

Nees S

long fegments; which are fharp-pointed, and fer2
rated at the edges.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches $
and are very large, and of a fine gold yellow.

We have it damp grounds in fome of our
northern counties. It flowers in Augutft.

C. Bauhine calls it Buphthalnum tanaceti mi-
noris foliis.

Ti.

S.N,_E_E(-Z-E WO RT,

PTARMICA.

HE flower is radiated, and compofed of numerous flofcules ; and is placed in a cup of an oval

form, compofed of fmall, fharp-pointed, and convergent fcales.

The flofcules in the difk are

tubular, and cut into five gaping fegments at the edge: the flofcules in the edge are few in number;
and each is divided in a heart-like manner at the top, and has a very fmall fegment in the midit of

the divifion. The feed is oval.

Linnaeus places this among the fymgenefia, joining it under one cornmon head with the yarrow,

and calling the genus Achillea.

DAV LS FONE

Common Sneezewort.

Ptarmica vulgaris.

The root is long, flender, and hung with
many fibres.

The ftalk is round, upright, and two feet and
a half high, of a pale green, and branched.

N° 45.

BRP. 1S HS Ph) Cilgbes?

The leaves are long, narrow, of a deep green,
rough on the furface, fharp-pointed, and ferrated
at the edges. ;

The flowers are very numerous, fmall, and
white: they ftand in the tops of the branches.

Itis commonon damp ditch-banks, and flowers
in Auguft,

6A C. Bauhine

Ho HE, RiB. A L.

458 The BRITIS
C. Bauhine calls it Dracunculus ferrato folio pra-
tenfis.

The leaves powdered, and fnuffed up the nofe,

DIVISION IL. FO

Virginian Sneezewort,
Ptarmica Virginiana floribus conglomeratis.

The root is long, thick, and white,

The ftalk is round, upright, branched, and a
yard high. :

The leaves are broad, fhort, indented at the
edges, fharp-pointed, and of a deep green.

Gos E

No:

occafion fneezing, and are excellent againft inve-
terate headachs. The young tops are of a fharp,
but pleafant tafle; and may be eaten in fallads,

ReBaG IN we SoReb Oma fe
The flowers are fmall and white; and they are

placed in clufters at the tops of the branches,

It is a native of Virginia, and flowers in

July. i
Morifon calls it Prarmica Virginiana Heleni}

folio. Others improperly make it a fpecies of

maudlin,

S IV.

; YA GR Ric On W,

ME OLE Ko Pe Om DL LAG Ms

Ge flower is radiated, and compofed of numerous flofcules, arranged in an oval

cup, com.

pofed of fhort and broad feales. The flofcules in the centre are tubular, and divided into five

gaping fegments at the edge: thofe at the rim are heart-fhaped, and flat.

thick, and {maller at one end than the other.
Linnzus ranges this among the /yagenefia,

DiTeV TSH OO Naa

Common Yarrow.
Millefolium vulgare.

The root is compofed of many fibres, joined
to a fmall head.

The firft leaves are very numerous, and of a
fine dark green, long, moderately broad, and di-
vided in a regular and beautiful manner into a
number of minute parts. ;

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks;

which are upright, not much branched, and two

DWr15S -1-OEN: FI FO
Yellow Yarrow.
Millefolium flore luteo.

The root is long, flender, and hung with many
fibres,

The ftalks are numerous, and a foot high ; of
a whitifh green, and not much branched.
‘The leaves are long, narrow, and divided

The feeds are fhort and

BRO GIS ES PBSC Eig

feet high, in round tufts like umbells 3 and they
are white, with a faint dath of purplith.

It is common by way-fides, and flowers in
June.

C. Bauhine calls it WiMefolinm vulgare album.

It is poffeffed of great virtues, though too
much neglected. It is excellent againft over-
flowings of the menfes, and hemorrhages of all
kinds; as alfo in loofeneffes attended with bloody
ftools. The beft way of taking it is in a ftrong
decoction.

REIGN SPECIES,

deeply into very minute fegments,
of a fine deep green.
The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks in
large tufts, and are of a beautiful yellow.
It is a native of the warmer parts of Europe,
and flowers in July. tse
C. Bauhine calls it Millefolium tomentofiwn Ine
teum. :

downy, and

Ge Es Ne ide oS V.
DBs Ti Sec¥
Bi Rik ab. Ie

HE flower is radiated, and compofed of many flofcules of different kinds, arranged in a

common cup.
The fiofcules in the centre are tubular,
are flat. The feeds are oval,
fingle flower.
Linnzus places this among the /yugencfia,

This is formed of numerous, pointed fegments,
and divided into five fegments at the rim:
The ftalks are naked, having no leaves; and each fupports only a

placed in a fingle feries.
thofe in the verge

Common

The BROETISH HER BAL

; Common Daify.
Bellis vulgaris,

The root is compofed of humerous, long, and
flender fibres.

The leaves rife from the head of it ina large
clufter; and they are oblong, broad, obtufe,
lightly ferrated, and of a deep green.

The ftalks rife among thefe in great number 5
and are naked, and four inches high.

Each fupports a fingle fower ; which is white,

G OEY Ne Uses

459
tinged in various degrees with red at the tips of
the rays, and in the centre yellow.

It is common in paftures, and flowers all fum-
mer. i

C. Bauhine calls it Bellis Syloeftris minor.

A decottion of the roots is an excellent aftrin-
gent.
Gardens produce numerous varieties of double

flowers from this plant; and we fometimes alfo
fee them double wild, ;

VI.

GREAT DAISY.
LE GU Goa NT OH EM, UM

HE flower is radiated ; and is compofed of many flofcules, of two kinds, arrangedin a com-
mon cup. This is formed of very numerous feales, growing larger as they ftand more in-

ward, and in the whole is of a half-round fhape.

The flofcules in the centre are tubular, and divided

into five open fegments at the rim: thofe in the vérge are oblong, flatted, and:three-pointed.
Linnzus ranges this with the reft among the /jngenefia.

Great Daify.
Leucanthemum vulgare.

The root is compofed of numerous fibres, con-
nected to a fmall head.

The ftalk is ribbed, upright, branched, anda
foot and half high.

GieRreN 3 Ue §

The leaves are long, moderately broad, of a :

deep green, and tharply ferrated on the edges.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches ;
and are large and white, with the difk yellow.

Itiscommon in our paftures,and flowers in June,

C. Bauhine calls it Bellis fjlveftris caule foliofo

major.

VII.

CHAMOMILE,
Con AM #OM BoL Uw

Re flower is radiated, and compofed of two kinds of Aofcules, arranged together in a common

cup. This is of a hemifpheric figure; and is formed of narrow,

and nearly equal fegments,

The flofcules in the centre are tubular, and cut into five fegments at the edge, which turn back,

Thofe in the verge are flat, and oblong.

Linnzus places this among the fyagenefia, and changes the name of the genus to anthemis.

1. Common Chamomile.

Chamemelum vulgare,

The root is fibrous.

The ftalk is round, upright, flender, and
branched : it is a foot and half high, and of a
whitifh colour.

The leaves are placed irregularly, and are of a
fine, {trong green: they are divided into nume-
tous very flender fegments, and are of an inoffen-
five fmell.

The flowers are large, the rays are white, and
the central part is yellow.

It is common in corn-fields, and flowers in
July.

C. Bauhine calls it Chamemelum vulgare leu-
canthemum Diofcoridis. Others, Chamemelum
erecium.

2. Sweet creeping Chamomile.
Chamemelinm repens odoratum.

The root is compofed of many very long,

thick, and tough fibres, and fpreads far undet
the furface.

The ftalks are numerous, ftriated, of a pale
green, weak, ,and branched: they lie in part
upon. the ground; and are a foot or more in
length.

The leaves are of a bright green; and deeply
divided into fegments : they are of a very fragrant
fell.

The flowets are numerous, and terminate the
branches: they are white, but have a yellow difk
natufally fingle, but eafily doubled by culture.

It is common in damp places on heaths, and
flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Chamemelum nobile frve lene
canthemum odoratius. Others, Chamemelum Ro-«
manum.

The flowers of this fpecies are an excellent car-
minative and ftomachick, and are dried for the
fervice of medicine. The fingle have moft vire
tue ; but the double are more ufed,

3. Stinking

3. Stinking Mayweed.
Chamamelum fatidum.

The root is compofed of numerous fibres, con-
nected to a fmall, oblong head.

The ftalk is upright, branched, and a foot
and half high: itis of a purplifh colour at the
bottom, of a whitifh green upwards, and ftriated.

The leaves are divided into very fine fegments ;
and they are of a blackith green.

When bruifed they have a moft offenfive and
difagreeable fmell.

The flowers {tnd at the tops of the branches ;
and are large and white, with a yellow difk.

It is common in wafte ground, and flowers in
May.

Its flowers have the fame virtues with thofe of
common chamomile.

4. Sea-Chamomile.
Chamomelum maritimum crafis foliis.

The root is compofed of numerous, thick,

long fibres.

The ftalks are branched, weak, and in part
Procumbent, of a purplifh colour at the bottom,
and. upwards of a pale green.

The leaves are oblong, and of a deep green,
divided into numerous {mall fegments, and of a
thick fubftance, :

The flowers are large and white, with a yellow
difk.

It is found about our fea-coafts, and flowers in
July. ,

Ray calls it Chamemelum maritimum Perenne
Lumilius. Be

5+ Great-flowered Chamomile.
Chamemelum inodorum flore magno.

The root is fibrous. ‘

The falk is fingle, upright, branched, and a
foot high,

The leaves are divided into numerous fine feg-
ments’; and they are obtufe at the ends.

The flowers are large and white, with a yellow
difk,

Itis common among corn, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine cails it Chamemelum inodorum,

es
6, Tall Chamomile with fmall flowers.
Chamemelum elatius flore minore:
The root is compofed of numerous, long, flen-

der fibres. » :
The ftalk is firm, upright, two feet high, and

‘branched.

The leaves are cut into very {mall fegments,
and are of a faint green.

The flowers ftand in great numbers at the tops
of the branches; and are fmall, white; and yel-
low in the centre.

The ftalk in this fpecies is ufually red.

It.is common on plowed land, and flowers in
July.

Ray calls it Chamamelum majus folio tenuiffine.

7, Great-flowered procumbent Chamomile, ;

Chamemelum caule. procumbente floribus majoribus,

The root is long, flender, and hung with a
few fibres, AY ee

The ftalk is procumbent in great part, and is
divided into many branches.

The leaves are large, divided into fine feg-
ments, and of a blackifh green.

The flowers are few in number; but they are
very large, white, with a yellow central difk.

It is common in damp, plowed fields, flower-
ing in Auguft. 3

Ray calls it Chamemelum inodorum annum bu-

milius.

8. Broad-leaved Sea-Chamomile,

Chamemelum maritinum latiore folio.

The footis fibrous.

The ftalks are numerous, anda foot or more |

in length; but they lie in great part. on the
ground. Their colour is a pale green; and they
are very much branched.

The leaves are broad, and of a pale green;
and they are divided into numerous fegments, —

which are alfo broader than in the other kinds,
The flowers are large and white, with a yellow
difk.

It is frequent about our northern coafts, and —

flowers in July.
C. Bauhine calls it Matricaria marina. Ray,
Chamamelum maritimum ramofius flore albo,

Ni cS VIl,

FEVERFEW: ‘

M CACT ORT COA RI ae

HE flower is tadiated, and compofed of numerous flofcules of two kinds, placed in a common
cup. This is of a hemifpheric form; and is compofed of narrow, clofe, compatted, and

nearly equal fcales. The flofcules in the centre are tubular,

and divided into five gaping fegments

at the rim: thofe in the verge are flatted, oblong, and three-pointed. The feeds are oblong.
Linnzeus places this with the reft among the /yugenefia.

Feverfew,
Matricaria vulgaris.
The root is compofed of numerous fibres, con-

neéted to an oblong {mall head,
2

The ftalk is of a pale green, upright, very
much branched, and two feet and a half high,
The leaves are large, broad, and of a yellowifh

green, deeply divided in the pinnated manner in- _

to broad, indented fegments,
: The

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I 28

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Common Sagy | Common Normuoed

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Joa Wormwood , Krmnartormivord. Wild douthemuood . yardendoulhernwood. — Commaon th Vugunr€:

Th BRITISH HERBAL.

“4.65

The flowers ftand in great numbers at the tops
of the branches; and they are {mall and white,
with a yellow difk.

It is common in wafte ground, and flowers in
June.

C. Bauhine calls it Matricaria vulgaris.

The flowers in this plant, and in the {weet
chamomile, and fome others, are deficient fome-
times in the rays; whence they have been di-

Ger

Ni Uli s

vided into two fpecies, and thefe imperfe& plants,
called naked feverfew, naked chamomile, and the
like, ;

The virtues of Severfew are very great. . It is
an excellent deobftruent. It promotes the menfes,
and cures thofe hyfterick complaints whith rife
from their obftruétion. It alfo deftroys worms.

IX,

WATER HEMP-AGRIMONY.
PBR Be BASAL Neg.

THE flower is compofed of numerous flofcules, enclofed in a common cup. The flofcules are tu-

bular, and divided at the rim into five pointed fegments,

which ftand erect. There are fome-

times flat flofcules on the verge, but not conftantly. The cup is formed of numerous, narrow:

pointed, and hollowed fcales. The feeds have points,

and ftick by them to any thing they touch. ”

Linnaeus places this among the Lngencfia with the others,

1. Water Hemp-Agrimony, with divided leaves.
Verbefina foltis tripartitis.

The root confifts of numerous fibres, con-
nected to a fmall head.

The ftalks are upright, and a yard high, very
much branched, and of a brownifh colour,

The leaves are large, and divided into three
principal fegments ; which are tharp-pointed and
ferrated ; and they are of a deep green colour.

The flowers ftand on the. extremities of the
ftalks ; and they are yellow: fometimes they are
naked, and fometimes they have rays of a brighter
yellow. i

It is common by ditch-fides, and flowers in
July.

C. Bauhine calls it Cannabina aquatica folio tri-
Partito divifo.

2. Large-flowered Water Hemp-Agrimony.
Verbefina flore majore integrifclia.

The root is long, and hung with very nu-
merous fibres.
The ftalk is upright, not much branched, and

two feet high.

Gauenh SN pel

The leaves are oblong, broad, fharp-pointed,
and ferrated, but not divided into three parts, as
in the other.

The flowers are very large and yellow.

It is frequent in the weft of England, and the
flowers are almoft always radiated, It flowers in
Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Cannabina aquatica folio non
divifo.

3. Dwarf Hemp-Agrimony.
Verbefina pumila flore magno.

The root is fibrous.

The ftalk is fingle, upright, purplifh, not at
all branched, and ten inches high.

The leaves are oblong, moderately broad,
fharp-pointed, ferrated lightly on the edges, and
of a brownifh green.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks ;
and are naked, large, and yellow.

It is found in bogey places, and fowers in Au-
uit. ;

Ray calls it Verbefina minima,
The virtues of thefe plants are not certainly
known,

TAS Ne ZY
Tei: Nee 6 OBIS UM,

HE flower is naked, and compofed of numerous flofcules. Thefe are all of one kind: they are
T tubular, and wide open at the mouth, where they divide into five reflex fegments. Thefe are
all contained in a common cup; whichis of a hemifpheric figure, and is compofed of numerous,

pointed fcales, clofe fet together.

The feeds are oblong.

Linnzus places this with the reft among the /yngenefia.

Common Tanzy.
Tanacetum vulgare.

The root is compofed of numerous fibres, con-
nected to a fmall head.
The leaves are very large, and of a fine ftrong
green: they are deeply divided into oblong feg-
NOXEVI.

x
é

ments, which are ferrated and fharp-pointed, and
often they are curled at the edges.

The ftalk rifes in the midft of a clufter of
thefe; and is a yard high, upright, not much
branched, and thick ‘fet with leaves, like thofe
from the root.

The flowers grow in great clufters at the

68 top

462

The BRA Tf US Hi BIR! BoAt L,

top'of the ftalks; and they are fmall and yel-
low.

It is common in hilly places in our northern
counties, whence it has been brought into gar-
dens. It flowers in July.

Gert

basis WS need ty

C. Bauhine calls it. Zanacerum vulgare lu-
teum.

It is diuretick, and carminative, but is more
ufed in food than medicine.

“Xd

WORMWOOD.

PA Bo ge Ds

Not YI aM,

PPHE flowers are compoted of numerous flofcules, of two kinds, arranged in a common cup,
Thofe in the centre are tubular, and thofe on the verge are flat, but naked. The cup is
roundith; and is formed of numerous, rounded, convergent fcales, The feeds are fmall and fhort.

Linnzus places this among the /yngene/ia.
DIVISION |

~ 4. Common Wormwood.
Abfinthium vulgare.

The root is long, and hung with many fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, whitifh, a yard high,
very much branched, and full of leaves: thefe
are alfo of a whitifh green, efpecially on the un-
“der-fide; and they are large, divided deeply in
the pinnated manner into broad fegments, and
thofe again deeply divided.

The flowers ftand in long feries on the tops of
the branches, and are of a pale brown.

It is common by way-fides, and flowers in June,

C. Bauhine calls it A2/finthium ponticum. Others,
‘Abfinthium vulgare. 4

2. Sea-Wortnwood.
Abjinthium maritimum album.

The root is compofed of many fibres, con-
nected to a {mall head.

The ftalks are two feet high, divided into nu-
merous branches, and of a whitith colour.

The leaves are divided into many fimall feg-
ments ; and they are of a white colour, and
. tough fubftance. ;

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and
-are {mall and brown.

It is common in our falt-marfhes, and flowers
in Augutft.

C. Bauhine calls it Ab/nthium Jeriphium Bel-
gicum.

3. Sweet Sea-Wormwood.
Abjfinthium maritimum odoris grati.

The root is compofed of long, white fibres,
joined to a fmall head.

DIVISION I.

Roman Wormwood.
Abjinthium Romanum.

The root is fibrous and creeping.
. The ftalks are numerous, woody, brown, and
two feet high,

The leaves are fet very thick upon them; and
they are divided into numerous, flender fegments.

BRA TIS. SP-C LES.

The ftalk is a foot thigh, white, irregularly
upright, and divided into numerous branches.

The leaves are oblong, and divided into a
few broad fegments; and they are white and
woolly.

The flowers are {mall and brownith ; and they
ftand upright at the tops of the branches.

It is found in.our fouthern coafts, and flowers
in July. f

Ray calls it Abfnthium maritimum odoris grati.

The common fea-wormwood has fometimes
broader fegments in the leaves, and has in this
ftate of accidental variation been defcribed by
fome as a diftinét fpecies, under the name of 4J-
Sinthium maritimum latiore folio,

4. Spiked Sea- Wormwood.
Abfinthium maritinun fpicatum.

The root is long, flender, and hung with a few
fibres, :

. The ftalk is two feet high, upright, not much
branched, and of a whitith colour.

The leaves are very beautifully divided into
long, narrow fegments ; and they are of a greyifi
colour.

The flowers are difpofed in {mall brown heads,
which form a kind of {pikes all along the tops of
the branches. :

We have it on the coaft of Effex. It flowers
in July.

J. Bauhine calls i¢ Abfnthium feriphium tenuifo-
lium marinum Narbonenfe. Barreliere, Ab/inthium
cinereum,

This fometimes has the fegments broader, and
the leaves whiter; in which fate it is by fome
defcribed alfo as a diftinét fpecies.

BO Rok. F Gin 338. PeB Cue: 8,

Their colour is a greyifh green; and they have
an agreeable fmell, and aromatick tafte, with
fome bitternefs.

The flowers grow toward the tops of the
branches in little round brown heads.

It is a native of the warmer parts of Europe, —
and flowers in July.

C, Bauhine

ThA BRITISH HERBAL

463

C. Bauhine calls it Ab/inthium pontictn tenuifo-
lium incanum.

All the kinds of wormwood are ftomachick,
and good againft obf{truétions of the vifcera. The
common kind is the ftrongeft, but infufferably
naufeous. The /ea-wormwood is the kind moft

Geer

NG sUees

ufed , but the Roman wormwood is valtly preferable -
to them all. This fea-wormwood is fold in the
markets under the name of Roman wormwood,
and is almoft univerfally ufed as fuch by the apo-
thecaries: but the error is very great; and the
other is fo common in gardens, and lives and en:
creafes fo freely in them, thata fupply is eafy,

XII.

SOUTHERNWOOD.,.

ABROTANUM

"THE flower is compofed of numerous tubular flofcules, arranged in a difk, with a few fat ones at

cales.

the edge, ‘but has no rays; and it is placed in a roundifh cup, compofed of fhort, broad

Linneus places this among the /genefic, with the reft of the corymbiferous and other campofite-

flowered kinds.

DIVISION f

Wild Southernwood.
Abrotanum campeftre.

The root is long, thick, and hung with many
fibres.

The ftalks are fhrubby, upright, and very
much branched: they are of a whitifh colour to-
ward the bottom, and redith toward the top.

DIVISION fT

Garden Southernwood.
Abvotanum bortenfe.

The root is compofed of many thick fibres,
connected to 2 {mall head.

The ftalks are numerous, woody, and a yard
high, brown at the bottom, greyith at the top,
and thick fet with finely divided leaves, of a
whitifh green.

The flowers ftand in brown heads at the tops
of the ftalks,

G Bde Nek pO ss

BRITISH

Ste Ec ne

The leaves are oblong, and divided into nu-
merous very narrow fegments; and their colour
is a greyifh green. ;

The flowers ftand in thick fpikes at the tops
of the branches; and they are fmall and brown.

It is frequent by road-fides in our fouthern
counties, flowering in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Abrotanum campefires

FOREIGN SPECIES,

It is common in Spain and Italy wild, and
with us every where in gardens,

C. Bauhine calls it Mrotanum mas anguftifolium
majus.

It is a powerful diuretick, and is good in hy-
fterick cafes.

The beft way of ufing it is in conferve made
of the frefh tops, beaten up with twice their
weight of fugar,

XII

MUGWORT.
AR, DB Me So Lf

apts flower is compofed of numerous flofcules, ranged in a common cup. Thefe are tubular in
the centre ; and there are a few flat ones at the verge ; but the whole flower is naked, not ra-

diated. The cup is of an oval form, {mall,: oblong,

fhort, pointed fcales.

and narrow at the top; and it is compofed of

. Linnzus places this with the reft among the Syngencfia.

Common Mugwort.
Artemifia vulgaris.

The root is compofed of numerous, thick
fibres, connected toa {mall head.

The ftalk is a yard high, firm, upright, and
branched, purplith toward the bottom, and pale
upwards.

The leaves are very large ; and they are deeply
divided into fegments, which are narrow and
fharp-pointed : they are of a dufky green on the
upper-fide, and white underneath.

The flowers ftand along the tops of the
branches in fmall brown heads, with a tinge of
purplifh.

It is common by way-fides, and flowers in
Augut.

C. Bauhine calls it Avtemifia vulgaris major.

It is an excellent medicine in hyfterick com-
plaints, and in all obftruétions of the vifcera. Ig

is beft taken in infufion.

GENUS

464

bhe, .B.R E VWeLSiH aHeR RR BoA chy

G E

We Pee S

XIV.

SCAB IOUS.

SAO APB! Ll DGud sagt

HE flower is compofed of numerous flofcules, arranged in a common cup. This is formed of

oblong fcales in feveral feries,

ments; and has befide the common cup two, an outer and inner, peculiar to itfelf,

oval, and pointed.

Each flofcule is tubular, and divided at the top into five feg-

The feeds are

Linnzus feparates this from the reft of the campofite-flowered plants, by many claffes, placing ir

among the tefrandria, the buttons not coalefcing.
DIVISION I,

1, Common Scabious.
Scabiofa vulgaris.

The root is compofed of many thick fibres,
united to a common head.

The leaves that rife firft are oblong, broad,
and of a pale green.

The ftalk is two feet high, hairy, upright,
not much branched, and of a pale green. The
leaves on this are divided deeply on the edges.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and
are large and blue.

It is common in corn-fields, and flowers in
June.

C. Bauhine calls it Scabiofa pratenfis birfuta que
officinarum. nee

Tt is excellent againft diforders of the breaft
given in infufion. ;

2. The Leffer Scabious,
Scabiofa minor.

The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with
many fibres,

DIVISION

Mufk-Scabious.
Scabiofa flore fuave olente.

The root is formed of many fibres, connected
to a fmall head.

The ftalk is upright, of a pale green, round,
very much branched, and a yard high.

Geo Ee: N Aas

BRITISH

S°P“E-C'LE'S,

The ftalk is round, upright, flender, and twa
feet high,

The leaves are all very deeply divided into feg-
ments, and are of a faint green.

The flowers are large, and naturally blue; but
they are fometimes redith or white,

It is common in dry paftures, and flowers in
July.

C. Bauhine calls it Scabio/a capitulo globofo
minor.

3. Scabious, with bitten roots,
Scabiofa radice fuccifa,

The root is thick, fhort, and abruptly broken
off, and has a multitude of thick fibres.
The leaves that firft rife from it are oblong, of
a deep green, not indented at the edges,
fmooth.
The ftalks are flender, upright, and a foot
and half high.
The flowers are of a deep blue.
if is common in meadows, and flowers in Au-
u

and

C. Bauhine calls it Scabiofa fuccifa glabra et hir-
futa. Our people, Blue devil?s-bit,

FOREIGN SPECIES,

The leaves are divided into very fine fegments.

The flowers are placed at the tops of the’
branches, and are of a deep purple, almoft black ;
and they have a fine mufky fmell.

Tt is a native of Spain, and’ flowers in Au-
guft.

C. Bauhine calls it Scabio/a mofchata.

XV.

TEAS ELL;
Dati P 8 A Ceo“

d es flower is compofed of numerous flofcules,
This is compofed of a few narrow and fharp

vided at the rim into four fezments.

‘pointed leaves,

arranged in an oval head, within a common cup.
Each flofcule is tubular, and di-

Linnzus places this with the former among the setrandria, feparating them entirely from the reft
of the corymbiferous tribe, which ftand among his /yugenefia.

1. Common Teafell.
Dipfacus vulgaris.

‘The root is long, thick, and hasa few large fibres.

The ftalk is round, whitifh, thick, upright,

and fix feet high.
The leaves are long, and moderately broad :
they ftand in pairs, and unite at the bafe in fuch
a

The BRITISH HERBAL.

465

a manner as to hold water: they are of a fine
green, and their under rib is prickly.

The flowers are fmall, and of a pale red ; and
they ftand in vaft oval heads.

It is common by way-fides, and flowers in
July.

C. Bauhine calls it Dipfacus fyluefris five virga
paftoris major.

2. Small Teafell.
Dipfacus minor.

The root is oblong, fmall, and hung with many
bres,

The ftalk is upright, very much branched,
and a yard high.

The leaves are broad, and of a deep green:
they ftand in pairs, but their bafes do not unite
as in the other.

‘The flowers are whitifh and fweet ; and they
ftand in little round heads.

Ic is common by road-fides, and flowers in
Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Dipfacus minor feu capitulo
minore. ‘

The common tea/éll, cultivated in good ground,
grows larger in all its parts, and: the heads are
ufed in dreffing of cloth,

Th END of te TWENTY-EIGHTH CLASS,

MS
(eS

Ne 46.

T a E
BRITISH HERBAL:
Heeeeseone cgegnonensooreecooonseeooedeeosbedeoaoe

GLAS, $.: xxi

Plants whofe flower is. compofed of fix petals, or has fix Segments 5 whofe
Jeed-veffel is divided into three cells, containing each a double Series of

feeds; whofe leaves are graffy, and whofe root confifs of a figle, rgundife
lump, with fibres from the bafe.

road of Nature in forming fyftems of botany, have therefore kept them in one clafs, and

feparated all others from them. Ray calls them the bulbous rooted plants; this kind of root
being univerfally underftood by the term éu/b; and the leaves from all of them are long, flender,
and without footftalks, which is the fenfe of the term graff.

Linnzeus, as is his cuftom, takes the charaGter of the claffes in which thefe plants are arranged,
from the number of filaments in the flower; and in this inftance, as in every other, he feparates thofe
genera which Nature has allied into the moft remote parts of his fyftem; and joins with every divi.
fion of them thofe which fhe feparates moft widely from them. Thus, in his method, the colcbicum
and crocus, allied as clofely as two difting genera ‘can be, are feparated by three clafles; the crocus
being one of his third, becaufe there are but three threads in the flower 3 and the colchicum one of his
fixth clafs, becaufe there are in that fix filaments, .

Let the unprejudiced examine’ thefe two plants, and judge between us, whether Linneus have ~
‘done well in feparating, or I in bringing them again together. The refpect I have for this author,
notwithftanding my diflike to his fyftem, makes it difagreeable to me to accumulate cenfures upon
him: but, in fupport of the exceptions made to his method in this refpect, I muft add, thats
befide feparating thefe plants from one another, he has joined in the fame clafs with the crocus the
tamarind-tree, and with the colcbicum and tulip he has placed the 4fparagus and berberry-bufp,

T= are a numerous and very beautiful feries of plants; and all who have taken the plain

SOHC Gr eH eS eee eam

eye Jin ics Gobo TS ae a
Britrisn Genera,

Thofe of which one or more {pecies are naturally wild in this country.

G a6 EB eiNe Ue § I.
GYA RY Lares
4 LL PUR Ms
Ai Pic flower is compofed of fix petals, and the feed-veffel ig very broad and fhort. A number
of thefe fowers are contained in a common fcabbard, which is roundifh, and terminates in a
fingle or double point. The feeds are numerous, and roundifh.

Linnzus ranges this among the hexandria monogynia ; the threads being fix, and the ftyle finele.

4 DIVI-

DIVISION R

1. Crow-Garlick,
Allium fyloeftre tenuifoliuin,

The root is {mall, roundifh, covered with a
‘red fkin, and of a very ftrong tafte,

The leaves are very long, lender, hollow, and
OF a pale green.

The ftalk is round, upright, and a foot high.

The head is fmall, and is frequently compofed
altogether of little flefhy fubftances, which thoot
ut leaves in the manner of roots, and take root
when they fall: fometirnes there are among thefe
fmall, greenith flowers,

It is common in paftures, and fometimes
among corn, It flowers in June,

C. Bauhine calls ic Adium campeftre juncifolium
capitatum purpurascens majus. Others, Alinn
Lylvefire juncifolium,

2. Purple Mountain-Garlick.
| Allium monianum purpureum majus,

* The root is a large, round bulb, with many
fibres at the bottom.

The leaves are long, and fomewhat broad, flat”

at the upper-fide, and hollowed underneath, and
of a fine deep green. :

The ftalk is upright, round, and two feet
high,

The head is round and large, purplifh: in co-
Jour, and compofed of numerous flefhy fubftances,
as in the other, with a few faint red flowers be-
tween and among them. ‘

It is common on hills in
ties, and flowers in July.’

Ray calls it Mlium montanum bicorne purpureum
Ddroliferum.

Our northern coun-

3. Striped Garlick,
Allium flore ftriato.

The root is a fmall, roundifh bulb, of a white
colour.

The leaves are long, narrow, and of a pale |

green,
The ftalk is a foot and half high, round, and
green.
The flowers ftand in a clufter at the top; and
they are of a greenith white, ftreaked with purple,

DIVISION jy,

Common Garlick:
» Minn hortenfe,

The root is comnpofed of numerous fmall pieces,
enclofed in one common fkin.

The leaves are long and narrow, and of a pale
green.

The ftalk is round, upright, and \fmooth;

At the top ftand a great number of flowers»
collected into a round, cluttered head: ‘they: are
{mall and whitifh.

The BRITISH

HERBAL

BRITISH WPE CTE Ss,

We have it among corn in Efex.
in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Alliten montanum Licorne floré
exaltide. Clufius, Moly montanuin lertium 34
name others have followed,

It lowes

4. Purple Garlick,
Allium latifolian Slore Ppurpurafcente;

Thé root is round, fimple, and large,
The leaves are numerous, broad, and of a deep
green.

The ftalk is a foot and half high,

The flowers ftand at its top in a great round
clufter; and they are purple,

We have it in the Weftern counties not un-
common, It flowers in June,

Ray calls it Winn Holmenfe {pberico capite.

5- Broad-leaved Wild Garlick,
Allium fylveftre latifolinis album,

The root is round and whitifh.

The leaves are oblong, very broad, and of BH
fine deep green,

The ftalk is of a pale green, three fquate, and
ten inches high,

The flowers ftand at the top in a clutter 3 and
they are fmall and white.

It is common in damp ground; and flowers
in April.
_ C. Bauhine calls it Allium Syloefre latifolium.
Our people, Ramfons,

6. Great Mountain Garlick,
Allium montanum elatins.

The root is compofed of feveral. {mall piéces;
covered with one common fkin, which is tough
and redifh.

The leaves are broad, ftriated, and of a deep
green.

The ftalk is two feet and a half high, round,
Steen; and juicy.

At its top ftands a head, compofed of flefhy
tubercles, of a blackith purple, with a few Pale-
purple flowers between them,

Tt is found in the’north of England, flowering
in April; i

FOREIGN SPECIES,

It isa native of the Eaft, but for its uf is
cultivated €véry,whete in gardens,

Some are fond of the root in food; and it ig
excellent in medicine, ;

A fyrup of garlick isa great remedy. in afthmas,
It is alfo aperient, and good in all obftruions of
the vifcera, and is recommended ,againtt conta.
gious diforders,

GENUS

468

Th BRITISH HERBAL.

Nee eae aaa a cee cere mnT ane rere

G E N

U2 35 II.

DAFFODILL.

Need Re GAT S.25UCS.

i a flower is formed of a long, tubular body, and fix petals. This tubular part is by common

writers called the cup of the flower,
jnferted into it above the bafe.

but is its nectarium 5 and the petals are oblong, and are
The feed veffel is roundifh, but marked with three ridges ; and the

{cabbard enclofing the flowers before they open, is oblong and flatted.
Linneus places this among the bexandria monogynia ; the threads being fix, and the ftyle fingle in

the flower.
DIVISION I,

1. Wild Englith Daffodill.
Narcifus fylvefris pallidus.

The root is fmall, and roundifh.

‘The leaves are narrow and long, and of a ftrong

reen.

The ftalk is upright, and a foot high ; and on
its top ftands a fingle flower. This is large and
yellow : the edge of the neétarium or tubular part
is waved, and the petals are paler than this

art.

We have it frequent wild in the north of Eng-
land in damp paftures, flowering in April.

C. Bauhine calls it Narcifus flveftris pallidus
calyce luteo, Others, Pfeudo-narciffus Anglicus.

DIVISION IL
Ruth-leaved Daffodill, called Junquille.
Noareiffus juncifolius vulgaris.

The root is fmall, and roundifh.

The leaves are long, flender, hollow, rounded,
and of a deep green.

The ftalk rifes in the midft; and is flender,
and a foot high.

Gabe ay

BRITISH

FOREIGN

SPECIES.

2. Pale Daffodill, called Primrofe-Peerlefs.
Narciffus medio luteus vulgaris.

The root is {mall, and roundith.

The leaves are long, and fomewhat broad,
ftriated, and of a pale green.

‘The ftalk is flatted, anda foot high,

The flowers are very beautiful.

The petals are large, and of an extreme pale
yellowith, little more than we call cream-colour,
and the nectarium is fmall and yellow. e

We have it wild in the north of England, an
it is frequent in gardens,

C. Bauhine calls it Narciffus pallidus medio [u-
teo. Others, Narciffus medio luteus.

SPECIES.

The flowers are of a beautiful pale yellow, and
very {weet.

It isa native of the Eaft, but is kept every where
a gardens, where culture raifes many varieties
of it.

C. Bauhine calls it Narciffus juncifolius; a name
copied by others.

Vee ge oa

STAR OF BETHLEHEM.
ORNITHOGALUM.

A Bee flower is cotnpofed of fix petals, which remain after they have loft their colour. They

have no cup. The feed-veffel is roundifh, but has three ridges ;

at the bafe of all the footftalks of the flowers.

and there are a kind of films

Linnaeus places this, with many other of the bulbous plants, among the hexandria monogynia.

DIVISION IL

t. Wild, fpiked Star of Bethlehem.
Ornithogalum anguftifolium fpicatum flore ex albo
4 virente.

The root is round, large, and white.

The leaves are long, narrow, and of a pale
green.

The ftalk is round, upright, and two feet high.
’ The flowers ftand in a long fpike at the top,
and are of a greenifh white.

It is found wild in our weftern counties, and
flowers in April.

BRITISH SPECIES.

C. Bauhine calls it Ornithogalum anguftifolium
majus.

2. Common'Star of Bethlehem.
Ornithogalum vulgare.

The root is large, round, and white.
The ‘leaves are numerous, very narrow, long;
and of a dark green.
The ftalk is round, upright, and eight inches
high.
The flowers grow in a kind of umbel, not 4
I : Spike;

fpike; and they are large and white, with a
ftreak of green on the back of each petal.

We have it on damp places in hilly grounds,
but not common. It flowers in April. |

C, Bauhine calls it Oruithogalum umbellatuin
medium,

3: Yellow Stat of Bethlehem:
~ Ornithogalum luteum.
The root is round and fmall.

D1IV,LS LOW alt:
Tall, fpiked Star of Bethlehem:

Ornithogalum majus fpicatum,

The root is large, round, and white.

The leaves are long, and have fome breadth ;
but they are of the graffy form.

The ftalk is upright, round, and a yard high.

‘The flowers are of a de‘icate white; and they

G E

Nit 8

The SHeRET Se cert renee Mate

469

The leaves are of a pale green, long, narrow,
and graffy.

The ftalk is about four inches high, round,
and alfo of a pale green.

The flowers are of a beautiful yellow.

We have it wild in the northern counties. Ié
flowers in April.

C. Bauhine calls it Ornithogalum luteum. Others..
Cepeé agraria.

FOREIGN SRE CITE s:

ftand in a fine,
ftalk,

It is a native of Spain, and flowers in Au-

guft.
C. Bauhine calls it Ornithagalim Spicatum majuss

long fpike at the top of the

The virtues of thefe plants are unknown; But
their beauty has given them a place in gardens.

IV.

HY A.CLiN TH,
HeLa? ENED eH Ne

gpa flower is forthed of a fingle petal, tubular at the bafe,

edge ; and there is within, a nectarium,
the rudiment of the fruit.
places.

and divided into fix fegments at the

formed of three diftinguithable openings on the top of
There is no cup, The feed-veffel is toundifh, but marked in three

Linnaeus places this arnong the hexaidria monogynia.

Dive I St OfN. Tf.

x. Simall Vernal Star-Hyacinth.
Fyacinthus ftellaris minor.

‘The root is round and finall.

The leaves are long, graffy, and of a pale
green. There generally rife only two or three
with the ftalk.

The ftalk is round, flender, and fix inches
high.

The flowers ftand in a fhort fpike; and are
deeply divided, and of a fine blue.

We have it in our northern counties. It fowers
in April.

C. Bauhine calls it Hyacinthus ftellaris trifolins
Germanicus. Others, Hyacinthus ftellaris vernus.

2. Common Blue Hyacinth.
Flyacinthus caruleus vulgaris.

The root is round white.

The leaves are long; grafly, and of a pale
green.

The flowers grow on the top of a thick, round,
juicy ftalk, which is a foot high, and bends at

N° XLVI.

BRITISH SPECIES,

the fummit: they are long, tubular, and of a
deep blue.

It is common under hedges, and flowers in
April.

C. Bauhine calls it Hyacinthus ceruleo Slore ob-
longo major. Others, Hyacinthus vulgaris, and
Hyacinthus Anglicus.

3- Leffer Autumnal Star-Hyacinth.
Hyacinthus fiellatis autumualis minor.

The root is fmall and round.

The leaves are numerous, long, narrow, and
of a faint green,

The ftalk is flender, of a pale green, and fix
inches high.

The flowers ftand in a fpike at the top ; and are
{mall, deeply divided into pointed fegments, and
of a fine fky-blue.

We have it on heaths, but not common. It
flowers in Auguft.

~ C. Bauhine calls it Ayacinthus ftellaris autumna.

lis minor ; a name others have copied.

6D Devel -

DIVISION Il.

Blue Mufcari.
Hyacinthus flore ceruleo globofo.
The root is round and fmall.
The leaves are numerous, and of a pale green.
The ftalk is round, upright, broad, and ten
inches high.

G, bee

FOREIGN

The“B-R- I, 1S ya RB

S§P*E CT EMS,

The flowers ftand drooping in a thick, ‘fhort
fpike at the top; and they are globular, or nearly
fo, and blue.

It is a native of the Eaft, and flowers in Au-:
guft, —

C, Bauhine calls it Mufcari vulgare.

Urs2S ve

M E/A DiO W-S A F F ROW.
GuiOm dE iGadlh ToC Uae,

HIE flower is large, and rifes immediately from the root. It confifts of a long, tubular bafe
and a broad body, at the top divided into fix fegments, refembling fo many large petals. Therg
isnocup. The feed-vefiel is divided into three parts, and the leaves appear at a different time from

the flowers.

Linneus places this among the hexandria trigynia 3 the threads being fix, and the ftyles three, and

of equal length with them.

Meadow-Saffron,
Colchicum vulgare.

The root is large and round.

The leaves are numerous, long, and when fully
expanded very broad: they naturally appear at a
different time from the flower ; and if any chance
to rife with it, they are narrower. :

The flower rifes out of the ground without any
flalk, its own tubular bafe ferving to that pur-
pofe: it is very large, and of a pale, but elegant

purple.

Ni. OS

The fegments are naturally fix; but
fometimes they are double that number in the
wild plant; and fometimes, inftead of an uniform
purple, the flower is ftreaked with white, or is
white throughout. :

We have it in meadows in our fouthern coun-
ties. It flowers in September.

C. Bauhine calls it Colchicum commune,

The root is accounted poifonous,

VI.

S Asahi “Re O-<N,

G2RO C US.

HE flower is formed of a fingle petal, tubular, and very long at the bafe, and divided into fix
fegments at the edge, which feem fo many diftinét petals. The fcabbard ferving as a cup, is

formed of a fingle piece.

The feed-veffel is roundifh, but marked with three ridges. |

This plant, which is fcarce to be diftinguifhed as a genus from the preceding, Linnzeus places in
a different clafs, the ¢riandria, becaufe the threads in the flower are only three.

True Saffron.

Crocus verus autumnalis.

The root is roundifh, and has many fibres at
the bottom. ’

The leaves are very narrow and gerafiy, of a
dark green, and are marked with a white rib along
the middle.

The flowers are large, and of a fine blue purple,
with orange-coloured tops to the ftyles.

It is found in fome parts of the kingdom grow-
ing in fields under hedges, but probably has been
owing to roots fcattered from places where it was
cultivated for fale.

It flowers in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Crocus fativus.

The part ufed in medicine rifes from the top of
the ftyle, and is in its termination deftined to re-
ceive the farina from the buttons of the threads,
for impregnating the feeds. This confifts of
three orange-coloured, waved, flat filaments,
which are feparated from the reft of the flower,
and dried with care. ’ ,

The whole compafs of medicine does not af-
ford a nobler cordial or fudorifick, It is excel-
lent alfo in obftruétions of the vifcera, in powde
or tincture.

GENUS

Mead

y
/

UT ¢ yf VON

Mild SuhiddSiary Melhlehean

_—_F yy
Srue Saffron
, |

e Mine

Mi ulbovodiu Mn

Lethlehenr ' :

N y hiush teard Daff 7
LileDaffodill,ealld calla for, Le

a Ms fapnrace Cert SC ij

: ih i of

Yellonre

Tall Tpithed F. LAr O bu ethlehem

<4
“! \/ r

by Lops or Uutumna ’
Hard tyacuth

Sancwhire bastard
a ONUNOM

Ha ay freer deythedell

Die BUR ET LS (i ERE RAT Te

471

Ge EO NUS

VII.

BULBOCODIU™M,

4 Rese flower is compofed of fix petals, and has no cup. The feed-veffel is marked with three
ridges ; and there are fome rudiments of leaves upon the ftalk,

Linnzus places this among the hexandria.

Alpine Bulbocodium.’
Bulbocodium flore rubente.

The root is fmall and round.

The leaves are numerous, long, narrow, and
of a pale green. :

The ftalk is four inches high, very flender, and
has a few imperfect leaves.

One flower ftands at the top ; and this is fmall,

and of a pale red on the outfide, but white
within, ;

We have it on our northern mountains. It
flowers in Auguft.

Ray calls it Bulbocodium Alpinum pumilium junci-
folium flore unico extus rubente,

Its virtues are unknown,

Th END of te TWENTY-NINTH CLASS,

’

f boo Gael

BRIT 1.S.H., HE Rok eb

SEPP GPSS LSPS HSER RSE RERIE SORE RRB

C LATS! Sexe

Plants whofe flower is confpicuous, and of an irregular frruéture ; whofe
leaves are graffy, and whofe roots are not bulbous.

HESE are diftinguifhed by Nature as perfectly as the preceding from all other plants. Their
leaves have the afpect of thofe of the bulbous tribe ‘but their roots are either mafly and ir-

regular, or formed of double parts, or of implicated fibres, rifing from a thick head.

This diftin&tion of Nature Ray and others have followed, calling them herbe bulbofis affines, and

keeping them together in one clafs. But Linnzus has fcattered them over different parts of his works,
taking his charaéters not from thefe larger parts, but from the threads in the flower.

SEHSHGH SPEECH SG eo aD

SecE SReeslome = Sc 1:

Britisu GENERA.

Thofe of which one or more fpecies ate found wild in this country.

G EwN-—v Ss I,
FLAG-FLOWER.
IT Reds:

PPE root is mafly and irregular. The leaves are edged as fwords. The flower is formed of

one petal, divided into fix parts: three of thefe ftand outward, and turn back; and the other
three are placed inward, and are creé&t. The feed-veffel is oblong, and angulated.
Linnzus places this among the ¢riaadria monogynia, the filaments in the flower being three, and the

ftyle fingle.

Dele Vales sl OaNe I. BRITT SH SP Cris:

1, Common Flag-Flower.
Iris lutea vulgaris.

The root is brown, thick, and creeping.

The leaves are very long, fomewhat broad, of
a pale green, edged on each fide, and fharp-
pointed.

The ftalk is a yard high, of a pale green, and
befec with a few fhorter leaves.

The flowers are large and yellow.

It is common by water, and flowers in July,

C. Bauhine calls it Acorus adulterinus. Others,
ris paluftris lutea.

The dried roots are diuretick, and good againft
obftructions of the vifcera.

2. Whitith Flag-Flower,
Iris pallidior.
‘The root is thick, and fpreads irregularly un-
der the furface,
The

The

BURA? 2i6 host Re BoA.

473

The leaves are fhort, fharp-pointed, edged on
both fides, and of a pale green, with a tinge of
greythh. :

The ftalk is two feet high; and the flowers
are large, and of a pale yellow.

We have it by waters. It flowers in June.

Ray calls it Iris paluftris pallida.

3. Stinking Flag-flower, called Gladdon.
Iris fatida Xyris difta.
The root is thick, and fpreads under the fur-
face.
DIVISION II.

Blue Flower-de-Luce,
Iris hortenfis vulgaris.
‘The root is thick and fpreading.
The leaves are long, broad, of a deep green,

- edged on both fides, and fharp-pointed.
The ftalk is two feet and a half high, and at

GE GoN

U §

The leaves are numerous, long, edged, and
pointed, and of a deep green,

The ftalk is two feet high, and at the top ftand
feveral flowers: they are large, but of a greyith
difagreeable colour.

The leaves, when bruifed, have a ftrong, un-
pleafant fmell.

It is common in damp places, and flowers in
Auguft,

C. Bauhine calls it Gladiolus fetidus.
Ayris, Iris fetida, and Spatula fatida,
people, Stinking Gladdon.

Others,
Our

F OVR E L.GiN’ (SP VE Osi k=s,

its top ftand feveral large flowers: thefe are of a
very beautiful blue.

It is a native of the warmer parts of Europe,
and flowers in Augutt.

C. Bauhine calls it [ris cerulea vulgaris,

The juice of the root expreffed, with white
wine, is a rough purge, but excellent in dropfies.

BASTARD-ASPHODELL.

BiH CART: Ae Neu ele Ue Ve

PP HE root confifts of numerous implicated fibres, rifing from a fhort, thick head. The leaves
are grafly. ‘The flowers are formed each of a fingle petal, divided into fix unequal ftarry feg-

ments. The feed-veffel is three-cornered.

Linnaeus places this among the hexandria, the threads in the flower being fix.

x. Lancafhire Baftard Afphodell.
Phalangium iridis folio majus.

The root has many thick, brown fibres.

‘The leaves are long, of a bluifh green, fharp-
pointed, and edged on the two fides.

The ftalk is upright, and two feet high.

The flowers grow at the top in a long, beau-
tiful {pike ; and are fmall, and of a gold yel-
low.

It is found on bogs in fome parts of England,
but is not common. It flowers in Augutt.

C. Bauhine calls ic Pfeudo-afphodelus paluftris
Anglicus. Others, Afphodelus Lancaftria.

N U_ §&

2. Dwarf Baftard-A{phodell.

Phalangium minimum.

The root is compofed of innumerable fibres,
rifing from a fmall, thick head.

The leaves are of a dufky green, long, narrow,
and fharp at the point and edges.

The ftalk is flender, and eight inches high.

The flowers ftand at the top in a loofe irregu-
lar {pike ; and they are fmall, and of a pale yellow.

It is found on bogs in Scotland, and the north
of England. It flowers in July.

Ray calls it Phalanginm Scoticum paluftre mini-
mum ividis folio.

Tl.

OER BCT LS.

rPHE flowers are collected into a {pike ; and they have no cup. Each is compofed of five petals,
and fornifhed with a ne¢tarium. Three of the petals ftand outward, and the two others in-

ward; and thefe two rifing upwards, form a kin

dof hood. The neétarium is formed into two lips

and a bafe, and is fixed to the receptacle : it has its place between the petals. The feed-veffel is ob- .
long, and the feeds are minute. The leaves are oblong, and moderately broad. :

We have many irregular names in Englifh for the various {pecies of this genus ; but it is more ad-
vifable to retain the Latin name orchis, which is very familiar, to them all.

The roots afford no certain character : they are in moft fpecies double and roundith, but in fome

triple, in others handled, and in fome only fingle.

It is a very extenfive as well as fingular genus; and, after the general characters here given, we
hope to explain the differences of the fpecies, without that tedioufnefs and: prolixity. too general in

the accounts of them in authors.

Linnus ranges them among the gynandria diandria, the filaments being two, and thefe inferted

N° 47.

Wee enn re

ie ‘TThey By Ly ES Fy eyhaRad Are.

on the rudiment of the ftyle. He divides them into two genera, under the names of orchis and fa-
tyrium , the principal difference of which is, that 'the hinder part of the ne@tarium is in the orchis
pointed and long, and in the /ayrium fhort and nipped. Thefe characters are hot enough to feparate
plants, fo evidently connected by Nature to one another; and we have therefore joined them,

1. Great Goat Orchis.
Orchis barbata fatida.

The root is a double bulb, or is compofed of
two roundifh parts of the bignefs of walnuts.

The leaves are very large, broad, oblong, and
of a deep green.

The ftalk is a yard high, and has fome leaves
on it.

The fpike of flowers is long and thick: they
are placed on twifted bodies; and are of a
whitifh green, variegated with purple, and dif-
tinguifhed by long, greenith beards, formed of
the lower lip of the ne¢ctarium,

The whole plant has a ftrong and difagreeable
fmell,

We have it in many parts of England in rich
damp places. It flowers in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Orchis bartata’ fatida.
Others, Trazo-orchis, 3

2. Small Goat Orchis.
Orchis barbata minor.

The root is a double bulb.
The leaves are broad, obtufe, and of a deep
green.
The ftalk is thick,*juicy, and a foot high.
The flowers are {mall and white, and have
white beards. :
Iris found in our fouthern counties, and flowers

in July.

Ray calls it Orchis barbata fetida minor flore |

albo,

3. Male Foo!’s Orchis,
Orchis morio mas.

‘The root is a double bulb.

The leaves are long, broad, of a deep green,
and fpotted with black. |

The ftalk is ten inches high.

The flowers are large, and of a fine purplifh
red, with a few deep purple fpots: they ftand
in loofe, fhort fpikes at the tops of the ftalks.

It is common in paftures, and flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Orchis morio mas foliis ma-

culatis.

cad
4. Female Fool’s Orchis,

Orchis morio famina.

The root is a double bulb.

‘The leaves are long, and of a faint green; and
the falk is a foot high,

‘The flowers ftand in a fhort, loofe {pike ; and
the body of them is purple ; but the fide feg-
ments are f{treaked with green.

It is common in paftures, and flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Orchis morio femina.

5. Little purple Orchis,
Orchis pumila floribus purpureis punttatis,

The root a fmall double bulb.
The leaves are long and obtufe.

The ftalk is eight inches high; and the flowers
before they are opened, terminate jt in a dufky
cone. When opened, they are fmall, and ftand
thick ina fhort fpike: their hood is Purple, and
their under-part whitifh, but full of purple fpots,

We have it on dry, chalky hills, flowering in
July. ;

C. Bauhine calls it Cynoforchis militaris Praten-
Jis humilior.

6. Purple Sweet Orchis,
Orchis purpurea odorata.

The root is a double bulb.
The leaves are very broad, oblong, and of a

~deep green.

The ftalk is a foot and half high,

The flowers ftand at the top in a long fpike ;
and they are of a deep fine purple, and have a
light fragrance,

_ We have it in rich meadows, flowering in
June,

C. Bauhine calls it Orchis obfcure purpurea odo-
rata. ; I

7. Purple Late Orchis,
Orchis purpurea fpica congefta pyramidali.

The root is a double bulb.

The leaves are oblong, moderately broad, and
of a deep green.

The ftalk is two feet high.

The flowers ftand at the top ina thick, fhort
{pike ; and are of a pale redith colour, without
any {pots : they have long and flender fpurs.

It is found in dry paftures, and flowers in the
beginning of July. .

C. Bauhine calls it Cynoforchis militaris Spica ru-
Lente conglomerata.

8. Yellow Mufk-Orchis.
Orchis oderata radice fimplici.

The root is a fingle tuberous lump.

The leaves are oblong, broad, and of a pale
green.

The ftalk is lender, and eight inches high.

The flowers ftand in a long, flender, loofe
fpike ; and they are {mall, and of a greenifh yel-
low: they have a light fragrance.

It is found in dry paftures, and flowers in au-
tumn, | '
C. Bauhine calls it Orchis odorata mofchata five
mono-orchis ; a name others have copied.

9. Lady Trace Orchis.
Orchis fpiralis alba.

The root is a triple bulb.

The leaves are fhort, broad, pointed at the
end, and of a pale green.

The ftalk is round, and of a whitith green, and
fix inches high.

The flowers are fmall and whitifh ; and they
ftand in a twifted or fpiral feries at the top of the
ftalk.

We have it i dry pattures,
It flowers in Auguft, ;

C. Bauhine calls it Triarchis alba odorata.” Our
people, Ladies orchis, and Ladies traces.

Authors fpeak of a leffer kind, but it is only
a variety; and of a {mall bulbous orchis, which is
in the fame manner a variety of the preceding.

but not common.

to. Common Man-Orchis.
Orchis floribus fubcinereis.

The root is a double bulb.

The leaves are numerous, broad, oblong, and
of a deep green,

The ftalk is round, and of a pale green, and
is a foot high.

The flowers are outwardly of a dufky greyith
colour; and are of a paler hue, and tinged more or
Jefs with red within. Fancy has fuppofed the re-
prefentation of a human body, arms, and legs,
jn this flower ; whence it has obtained the name
man-orchis ; but the refemblance is far-fetched.

C. Bauhine calls it Cyxo-orchis latifolia bicante
cucullo major.

We have it in dry paftures, flowering in June.

tr. Blackifh-flowered Man-Orchis.
Orchis flore majore purpuro nigricante.

The root is a double bulb.

‘The leaves are oblong, broad, and of a ftrong
green.

The ftalk is a foot and half high.

The flowers are large; and they ftand in a
great, thick {pike at the top.

The upper part of the flower is of a blackith
purple: the lower part is fuppofed to have a re-
prefentation of a human body, with the arms
and legs; and this part is whitifh, and covered
with reddifh or purplith hairs.

We have it on chalky hills.
June.

J. Bauhine calls it Orchis magna latifolia,

It flowers in

12. Greenifh Man-Orchis,
Orchis flore fubviridi.

The root is a double bulb.

The leaves are numerous, broad, and of a
deep green.

The ftalk is a foot and half high.

The flowers terminate it ina long, loofe flen.
der {pike : they have the fame refemblance of the
human form with the preceding; and they are
of a greenifh colour, tinged in fome parts with
brown. =

We have it on chalky hills, flowering in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Orchis flore nudi hominis
formam reprefentante femina, Others, Orchis Or-
eades famina.

13. The Fly-Orchis.
Orchis myodes minor.

The root is a double bulb.
The leaves are oblong, broad, and of a dufky
green. .

The ftalk is round, flender, upright, and a
foot high.

Thea BRIeld SEb HEIR BAL

The flowers ftand at the top in a loofe fpike :
they are of a very fingular form, reprefenting not

unaptly the head, body, and wings, of a fly,
The upper part of the flower is greenifhs the
lower part reprefenting the body Js of a deep
dufky brown, f

We have it on chalk-hills,
May.

C. Bauhine calls it Orchis myodes galea et alis
herbidis. Others, Myodes minor.

It flowers in

14. The Greater Fly-Orchis,
Orchis myodes major.

The root is a double bulb,

The leavés are broad, fhort, and of a deep
green.

The ftalk is two feet high,
thick,

The flowers ftand on the top in a loofe fpike :
they ‘are large, and of a dufky colour, paler at
ae top: they reprefent very aptly fo many large

ies.
We have it in dry paftures, but not common,
It flowers in June.
C. Bauhine calls it Orchis mufcam referens major.

and confiderably

15. The Great Bee-Orchis,
Orchis fucifora major.

The root is a double bulb.

The leaves are oblong, broad, and of a deep
green. ;

The ftalk is a foot high ; and the flowers ftand
at the top in a kind of loofe fpike.

They are large, and in the higheft degree fin-
gular and beautiful: they fo perfectly reprefent the
fimaller kind of humble bee, that one might ftrike
at them, fuppofing them bees fitting on the plant.
The uprer part, reprefenting the head, is whitith 5
the fide-pieces, reprefenting wings, are purplith ;
and the body is brown, variegated in an elegant
manner with lines and ftreaks of yellow.

The colours are in different foils fomewhat un-
certain, but the form is conftant.

We have it in chalk-pits, It flowers in June,

C. Bauhine calls it Orchis fucum referens major
Soliolis fuperioribus candidis ct purpurafcentibus.

16. The Bee-Orchis, with green wings,
Orchis fuciflora ferruginea,

The root is a double bulb.

The leaves are oblong, and of a dee

The ftalk is a foot high, and at its top the
flowers ftand in a loofe fpike. They very happily
reprefent the common bee: they are hairy, and
of a dufky, variegated brown in the body or
lower part; and the upper parts, forming the
head and wings, are of a pale, greenifh hue,
fometimes tinged lightly with flefh-colour or
white. ;

We have it in dry paftures, flowering in the
beginning of May.

C. Bauhine calls it Orchis fucum referens colore
rubiginofo.

green,

17. The

The

17. The Butterfly-Orchis.
Orchis bifolia calcari oblonga.

The root is a double bulb.

The leaves are ufually two: they are oblong,
yery broad, and of a deep green.

The ftalk is a foot high, finden, and of a pale
green.

The flowers ftand at the top in a long, loofe
fpike; and they are fmall and white.

They are fuppofed to reprefent the form of a
butterfly ; but there muft go a great deal of fancy
to make that out. The fpur behind is very
Jong, and there is a pleafing fweetnefs in the
flowers at evening.

We have it in boggy grounds.
May.

C. Bauhine calls it Orchis bifolia altera. Others,
Orehis hermapbroditica, and P/ychodes.

Tt flowers in

18. Gnat Orchis.
Orchis bifolia minor.

The root is a double bulb.

Fhe leaves are oblong, broad, obtufe, and
ufually only two in number.

The ftalk is of a pale green, juicy, and fix
inches high.

The flowers ftand in loofe fpikes at the tops of
the ftalks; and are fmall, white, and of little
fmell: they have been fuppofed by fome to re-
prefent a gnat; but it is very imperfectly.

C. Bauhine calls it Orchis bifolia minor calcari
pblonga.

19. Male Handed Orchis.
Orckis palmata mas.

The root is compofed of two tuberous. pieces,
divided at the bottom in the manner of fingers.
This is what botanifts call palmated.

The leaves are numerous, broad, of a pale
green, and obrufe.

The ftalk rifes to two feet in height.

The flowers ftand in a long fpike at the top;
and are naturally of a fine red, with a tinge of
purple.

They are fometimes white, and the fpike
fhorter.

Thefe and the like differences rifing from the
degree of nourifhment, have led writers to diftin-
guith it into feveral imaginary fpecies.

We have it frequent in bogey and wet ground.
It fowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Orchis palmata pratenjis la-
tifelia cum longis calcaribus.

20. Female Handed Orchis.
Orchis palmata famina.

The root is handed.

_ The leaves are long, broad, of a deep green,
and fpotted with black.

The ftalk is a foot and half high, and at the
top ftand the flowers in a long clofe fpike : they
are fmall, and of a pale red, with a tinge of
purple.

It is cormmon in paftures, and flowers in June,

C. Bauhine calls it Orchis pratenfis maculata.
Others, Orchis palmata maculata,

BRICEI SH HIER Bi Asi:

21. Long fpurred handed Orchis,
Orchis palmata calcaribus longis,

The root is palmated.

The leaves are oblong, narrow, and of a pale
green.

The ftalk is ten inches high, and juicy.

The flowers ftand at the top in a long, thick-
fet fpike ; and they are fmall, and naturally of a
very bright red, fometimes white: they have a
fr agrant fmell.

It is not uncommon in our paftures, and flowers
in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Orchis palmata minor calca-
ribus oblongis.

22, Frog-Orchis.
ate” palmata flore luteo viridi.

The Boot is palmated.

The leaves are oblong, broad, aid of a deep
green.

The ftalk is a foot and half ‘iat.

The flowers ftand at the top in a loofe fpike ;
and they are large, and of a fingular figure, by
fome fuppofed to reprefent a frog.

Their colour is a yellowifh green; and the
lower part is fometimes tinged with purple.

C. Bauhine calls it Orchis palmata flore viridi.

23. Dwarf handed Orchis,
Orchis palmata pufilla alba.

The root is palmated.

The leaves are oblong, broad, of a ns green,
and obtufe.

The ftalk is five inches cus and at its top
ftand the flowers in a loofe, fmall fpike: they
are white, and, for the fize of the plant, large,

We have it on our weftern hills.
June.

The flowers have a fweet fmell.

Ray calls it Orchis pufilla alba odorata radice
palmata.

It flowers:in

24. Great-handed ona with greenith, white
flowers.
Orchis palmata major flore viridi albente.

The root is palmated.

The leaves are broad, and of a deep green,

The ftalk is two feet high.

The flowers ftand at its top in a long, thick
fpike ; and are large, and of a whitifh green.

We have it in damp ground in our “hotthefn
counties. It flowers in June.

Ray calls it Orchis palmata thyrfo fpeciofo.

25. Scarlet Orchis.
Orchis palmata tota rubra.

The root is palmated.

The leaves are oblong, confiderably broad,
and obtufe: they rife firft of a brownifh green,
and foon after become of a fine red.

The ftalk is round, juicy, red, and a foot high:

The flowers are fmall, numerous, and of a
faint purple.

The whole plant, when it has been fome time
in flower, acquires the high red colour et the
leaves.

We have it in Effex. It flowers in aide:

C. Bauhine

RIT eS

\ Lady Trgce

Ovehts

Common > Man- Wackiste fo perl y petite a Vi WWI

Man Orehis «Man Orehes

li —aae A

FP apaicarascn nnn emer ae
2 asad
eS a

—>

Cea, ‘ Orch

tong Spurdbanied Foe
Somale punted ~ 0 Lae ioe
Orchls : :

" large, broad, waved along the edges, and of a

t Phel BRI IT Ws

Hi FESRIB AL. “Btey

C. Bauhine calls it Orchis palmata-paluftris tote |
rubra. ;

All thefe orchis’s poftefs the fame virtues: they |
are ftrengthening, reftorative, and, as is faid, pro-
mote venereal defires... Salep is the. dried noot of |
one of the fpecies; and they all poffefs the fame |
qualities. The telticulated kinds have it in the
greateft degree.

26. Single-rooted Dwarf Baftard Orchis.
Orchis pumila bifolia radice fingulari,

The rootis a fingle, round ump, of a:brownifh |
colour. |
The leaves are ufually only two and) they are

deep green. ’

The ftalk is not more than five inches high,
and is of a pale green. —

The flowers are cluftered at the top ; and they
are fmall, and of a faint red. ;

We have it in boggy places in Suffex.» It
flowers in July. ; Fen

C. Bauhine calls it Chame-orchis lillifolia.
Others, Pfeudo-orchis. t

27, Mif-fhapen Orchis, called Birds-neft.

fibres, irregularly interwoven with one another;
fo as to reprefent a bird’s neft.

The leaves are oblong, confiderably broad;
and_.of a\brownifh green.
veThe ftalk.is a foot high, and of a brownifh
‘colour. thd

The flowers are moderately large, and of a
dufky purples iand they ‘are placed in a loofé
fpike| at the top of the ftalk.

When the plant'has been fome time in fower,
it becomes throughout of a dufky, purpliths
brown colour, thug i

We have itsin Charleton, ‘foreft, Suffex.. It

} flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Orchis abortiva fufea. Others»
Nidus avis. Whence our Englifh name, Birds-nef.

28. Smaller purple mif-fhapen Orchis.
Oxchis abortiva minor purpureas >|

The root is compofed of numerous, redifh
fibres, ftrangely interwoven with one-another.

The leaves are fmall, and of a purplifh greem

The ftalk is ten:inches high,» and is purple:

The flowers ftand in a fpike at the top; and
they are fmall, and of a lively crimfon.

We have it in Suffex under old hedges. It

Orchis abortiva rufa.

The root is compofed of very numerous, thick

flowers in June.
C. Bauhine calls it Orchis abortiva violacea, the
whole plant being of a purple tinge.

u3 Gand ih ASN NL 4 fo Gordie AVY

~ gor oda 28 ead Li BoOoRE N Be

! ‘ J ” i
HE flower is placed upon the rudiment,of the feed-veffel, without any cup, .and is. compofed
Ee of five petals 5 and there is placed within a neCtarium, of an oval form, hollowed at the bafe,
and.divided at the top into three parts ;, the middle one of which is heart-fafhioned.. The leaves are
broad and nervous, and the root. is compofed of interwoven fibres.
Linnzus places this among the gynandria diandria s the filaments’ being two, and inferted on the
piftil, He takes away the received.name, and calls it ferapias.

x. Common. Helleborine.
Helleborine latifolia vulgaris.

The root is fibrous and white.

The ftalk is round, firm, upright, not at all
‘branched, and two feet high.

The leaves are oblong, broad, of a deep green, |
and marked lengthway with numerous, high, and
thick ribs. Le £

The flowers grow in a kind of {pike at the top ;
and are fmall, and of a greenifh colour: on the’*
outfide, whitith within, and fometimes tinged
with purple.” Ze

The feed-veffel is oblong, and the feeds are
{mall. Mer eee ae :

We have it in woods. It flowers in Auguft.
C. Bauhine calls it Helleborine latifolia montana.

2. Purple broad-leaved Helleborine,:
Helleborine latifolia flore purpureo.
The root is fibrous’and brown. a
The flalk'is firm, round, two feet high, and
not branched.
The leaves are oblong, broad, and of a deep

green; and they ftand very frequent on the
ftalks.
N° 47.

The. flowers:grow in a long; loofe. fpike at
|the top; and they are throughout of :a deep,.
dufky purple. :

We have it in woods, but not common. It
flowers in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Helleborine altera atro rubente

flore,

|. 3. Small,’/broad-leaved, white-flowered Helle-

borine.
°. Helleborine minor latifolia flore albo.

, »o'Fhe root.is fibrous: and white: ) { r3E78
«The! ftalk -is, a foot high, and »notyat all

‘branched. t 41 & ebnelt

The leaves are broad; fhort, of a pale greeny:
and highly‘ ribbed. 2 ccail

The flowers ftand in a fall fpike at the top,
,and are white. )

We have it in woods. Tt flowers in Auguft.

C. Bauhine calls it Helleborine flore albo. Others,

| Helleborine minors»:

The flowers in this fpecies’ fometimes are
larger, andi keep: always fhut sand in this ftate
it has been defcribed as a diftinét fpecies, under
thename.of Heleborine latifolia: flore albo claufo,
‘but it is only a variety.

6F 4. Helleborine,

ee men ntneg,

BRITISH HERBAL.

4. Helleborine, with long, fharp-pointed leaves,
Helleborine foliis prolongis anguftis acutis.

The root is compofed of numerous fibres.

The ftalk is two feet high, and not branched.

The leaves are long and narrow, fharp-
pointed, and of a dead green.

The flowers ftand in a loofe fpike at the top of
the flalk ; and are large, of a longifh fhape,
white, and tinged on the outfide with green.

We have it in thickets on damp foils. Tr
flowers in Auguft.

Ray calls it Helleborine foliis prolongis anguftis
acutis.

5. Marth-Helleborine.
Helleborine paluftris.

The root is compofed-of numerous fibres,

The ftalk is a foot and kalf high, round, up-
night, and not branched. :

The leaves are broad, and full of thick
ribs.

The flowers hang from the top of the ftalk in

Go aB ee

rennet amet gS
a loofe {pike ; and they are purplifh on the out-
fide, and white within.

We have it in bogey grounds, but not com-
mon.

C.Bauhine calls it Helleborine angufiifolia pa-
luftris; but the leaves are not remarkably nar.
row.

6. Purple, narrow-leaved Helleborine.
Helleborine anguftifolia flore purpureo,

The root is compofed of numerous fibres,

The ftalk is round, upright, and of a pale
green. i

The flowers ftand at the top in athin {pike
and droop a little ; they are large and purple.

We have it in woods in our northern counties,
Tt flowers in Augutt. :

C. Bauhine calls it Helleboring montana angufti-
folia purpurafcens.

The roots of all thefe kinds are powerfully
emetick, poffefling the qualities of white belle.
bore.

O'S V.

LADY’S SLIPPER,

HE flower is placed upon the rudiment of

~ Lady’s Shipper.

Calceolus Marie.

The root is compofed of numerous implicated
fibres. |

The ftalk is round, upright, not at all branched,
and of a pale green.

The leaves are oblong, and of a yellowith

Gre Ni
TadWisve B
OL PF

Ages flower is fupported upon the rudiment of the

five petals, two of which

ftands a nectarium,
rootis fibrous.

Linnzus ranges this with the preceding,

which hangs down,

1, Common Twyblade.
. Opbris vulgaris.
The root is compofed of numerous fibres,
rioufly interwoven,
The ftalk is round, Juicy, and ten inches
high.
The leaves are naturally no more than two:
po

va-

are placed outward, the reft upward ; and in th
and is toothed. The leaves are naturally o

4 DB CeE? 0 ap Gs

the feed-veffel, and has no cup. It confifts of five
petals when compleat ; but one is not unfrequently wanting; and in the midft of
a large, hollow neétarium, fuppofed to refemble a flipper,
The leaves are broad and nervous, and the root is fibrous,

Linnzus places this among the &ynandria diandria,

thefe is placed
This has at the top a little crooked lip,

two threads growing on the piftil.

j green, obtufe, and marked with vety high ribs,

The flower ftands at the top.;
large, and of a beautiful yellow.

We have it in woods in our northern counties,
but not common. It flowers in Auguft,

C. Bauhine calls it Helleborine flore rotundo, five
‘Calceolus,

and is yery

Uio21§
i A -D-£,
Resid gS:

VI.

fruit, and has no cup. It is compofed of

€ centre of thefe
nly two; and the

they are broad, fhort, and placed Oppofite te
each other at fome diftance above the ground.
_ The flowers ftand in a long fpike at the top ;
and are of a pale greenifh colour,
It is common on marfhy ground, and flowers
in June.
C. Bauhine calls ir Optris bifelia,

Others,
Bifolium.

2, Dwarf

The BRITISH HERBaA _.

479
2. Dwarf Twyblade, 3. Short-fpiked Twyblade.

Ophris minima Solis cordatis,

The root is compofed of nu

res.

The ftalk is juicy,
inches high,

The leaves are only two; they are broad at
the bafe, and fomewhat indented, tharp at the
point, and placed oOppofite,

The flowers are fmall and whitifh.

We have it on bogs. It flowers in May,

C. Bauhine calls it Ophris minima,

merous implicated

round, redifh, and five

Th END of the

Opbris fpica brevi,

The root is formed of implicated fibres, and
fends out runners under the furface.

The ftalk js round, and ej

The leaves are broad, and of a fine glofly
green; and they rife two,
from one part of the ftalk
ground, -

The flowers are {mall and whitifh; and they
form a fhort fpike,
It is found on bogey
May:

Ray calls it Bifolium palupre,

The virtues of thefe plants are not known,

a little above the

ground, flowering in

THIRTIETH CLASS,

Boek doy

THE

BRIT VS Bae Rh Ad.
opqnaqoooooseceoonooooooqoooseeqsgseenonseosegsee

Gel eA’ SS XX XI.

Plants whofe flower is compofed of a cup and filaments, without any petals.

HIS is a very large clafs ; ‘and there is not in the whole compafs of the fcience one better

; marked, or more obvioufly diftinguithed, to the unprejudiced eye; the want of petals, the

gaudy part of a flower, rendering thefe altogether unlike all the others.

Ray has placed them together under the term apetalous , and others, who have followed Natute,
have feared to feparate them. But, in the modern fyftem of Linnzus, they are, like the reft of Na-
ture’s alliances, {catered over all his works, the docks being placed among his ¢riandria, and the atri-
plex among the polygamia monacia at the other end of his work. Thefe are the errors againft which
I declare, refting the objeGtion upon Nature; againft whom there is no appeal.

PERCE S ELS SSSA SPORE LOSI SE PIAS SAO

sp Ry TEES TL.
Mie of BRITAIN.

Thofe of which one or more fpecies~ are naturally wild in this country.

GieEeeN a Us aSc oa
APONOGETON.

PTHE flowers are of two kinds, male and female, on the fame plant. The male flower confifts
of a fingle filament, terminated by an oval button, not having fo much asacup. The female
flower has:a cup, formed of one leaf, and dented in two places at the edge; in which are placed fe-
veral rudiments of feeds, crowned with fimple ftyles; and both kinds are fituated in the bofoms of
the leaves.

Linnzus places this among the monecia monandria, and gives it the name Zannichellia,

Horned Aponogeton. The flowers are fmall, and greenifh; and
Aponogeton cornutum. they ftand in the bofoms of the leaves over the
ereateft part of the plant,

It is common in waters, and flowers in July-

Pantedera calls it Aponogeton aquaticum gra-
minifolium flamivibus fingularibus.

‘The root is fibrous, and white.
The ftalk is round, green, weak, and very
much branched.

The leaves are oblong; narrow, numerous,
and of a frefh green.

GobaN Us

481

Thea BRITISH HER BA L.

Gr b. eN

USS Il:

LIRON OP EUCE:

HIE. flowers are of two kinds, male and female, on the fame plant.

The male flower confifts of

a cup, divided into feveral minute pointed fegments, and a great number of buttons, fupported
on very fhort filaments. The female flower has the fame kind of cup with the male, and in it only a

tudiment of the future feed.

Linnzus places this among the monecia polyandria; the filaments being numerous, and the two

kinds of flowers on the fame plant.

x. Simple-leaved Limnopeuce.
Limnopeuce foliis fimplicibus.

The root confifts of numerous fibres.

The firft fhoots from it lie upon the mud,
and fend out more fibres at their joints.

The ftalks are numerous, round, hollow, and
of a faint green.

The leaves encircle them at the joints ; and are
numerous, fimple, narrow, and alfo of a pale green,

The flowers are numerous and greenifh : they
ftand partly at the tops of the ftalks, and partly
in the bofoms of the leaves. ;

It is common in muddy waters, flowering in

Auguft.
Cordus calls it Limnopeuce, Others, Limno-
peuce vulgaris. — 5

2. Four-horned Limnopeuce,
Linmopeuce foliis quadricoruiss

The root is fibrous.
The ftalks are weak and flender, loaded with
leaves, and not very erect.

G E N

The leaves are placed in clufters ; and are nar-
row, and armed with four horns. Their colour
is a brownifh green. ?

It is frequent in brooks, and produces its in-
confiderable flowers in July.

Ray calls it Hydroceratophyllon folio afpero qua-
tuor coraubus armato. Others, Millefolium equi-
Setifolium.

3. Eight-horned Limnopeuce.
Limnopeuce offo cornubus armata.

The root is fibrous,

The ftalk is weak, and of a brownith green.

The leaves are foft to the touch ; whereas thofe
of the other are harfh, and are armed with eight
horns.

The flowers are very fmall, and greenith.

We have it in ponds and rivers, flowering in

} autumn,

Ray calls it Hydroceratophyllum leve offo cor-
nubus armato.

The virtues: of thefe plants are altogether un-
known.

u Ss Tif.

PEPPER-GRASS,
Earl Lye LAS ASaRs < Ty.

IE. flowers are of two kinds, male and female, upon the fame plants. The male flower has no
cup or petals; but confifts of four long, twifted antherx, fixed to one common fubftance; and

thefe grow upon the leaves without footftalks.

The female flower confifts of a rudiment of a

fruit; which is roundifh, and afterwards enlarges in fize, and when ripe is filled with numerous feeds

in four cells.
Linnzeus places this among the cryptogamia,

Pepper-Grafs.'
Pilwlaria vulgaris.
The root is fmall, fibrous, and white.

The leaves are numerous, long, very flender,

and of a fine green.

‘The flowers are minute and greenifh; and.the |

feed-veffels, when ripe, are brown.

GG. Bens, yy §

It is not.uncommon in damp places, but is un-
obferved from its likenefs to grafs.

Ray calls it Graminifolia paluftris repens vaf-
culis granorum peperis emulis, Others, Gramen
peperinum. ,

IV;

SEA-POND WEED.
POTAMOGITON MARITIMUM.

HE flowers are male and female upon the fame plant. The male flowers confift of fingle ©
buttons, on very fhort filaments, arranged together on a pedicle, rifing from the bofom of a
leaf, and having no cup. The female flower has no cup. It confifts only of a rudiment of a feed,
fupported fingly on a flender footftalk : feveral of thefe footftalks rife from one common head; and

the feed, when ripened, is oblong.
N° XLVIIL.

Of this genus there is but one known fpecies.

6G Grafly

4.82 ‘Bite

BRETT SeHe Hy

Fe Re Bi ASE}

Grafly Sea-Pondweed.
Potamogiton maritimum foliis gramintis.

The root confifts of a few {mall fibres.

The ftalks are numerous, flender, and branched,
and three or four inches in length,

The leaves are narrow, grafly, numerous, and
of a faint green.

Ger EN

The male flowers ‘rife in catkins from the
bofoms of the leaves; and are of a brownith
colour. The female flowers ftand in a kind of
umbells, and are greenith.

We have it in the ditches of falt-marfhes,

-flowering in Auguft.

Ray calls it Bepopasdion maritimum gramineis
longioribus foliis, frudtu fere umbellato.

Us 5 V.

GLASSWORT.

Swede Big dt .GeiO oR NPA

Sia flowet is compofed of a {quare cup, and a fingle filament, with a fimple ftyle rifing from

the rudiment of the feed. This is its pal conftru¢tion.

the cup fwells and enclofes it.

The feed afterwards Tipens, and

Linnzus places this among the monandria, his firft clafs; feparating it far from all the other apeta-

lous plants,

x. Jointed Glaffwort.

Sakcornia geniculata.

The root is fmall-and fibrous.

The plant is of a moft fingular ftructure, re-
fembling fome of the fubmarine more than the
terreftrial kinds.

The-ftalk is compofed of fhort, thick joints ;
and is five inches high, and very much branched.
The branches divide again, and are jointed more
confpicuoufly than the main ftalk; and on thefe
ftand the flowers, which are {mall and whitifh.
The whole plant is naturally of a frefh green, but
often red at the lower part, and fometimes
throughout.

It is common in our falt marfhes, and flowers
in June,

C. Bauhine calls it Kali Seniculatam
Salicornia.

The plant is diftinguifhed from all the others
by the fuccnlency of its branches, and its want of

Others,

Gis ball gaaNhs bola. x8! -

leaves; but there have been three or four va-
rieties of it, folely owing to the manner of growth,
defcribed by frivolous writers, as diftin& fpecies,
under the names of myo/uroides, ramofior,and erefia.
One there is truly diftinét, which follows.

2. Shrubby Glaffwort. ’
Salicornia fruticofa.

The root is fibrous.

The ftem is hard, woody, and brown.

The branches are numerous and Saancts and
they are naturally redith.

The flowers are fmall, and redifh.

We have it on our fea-coafts, flowering in
June.

Ray calls it Kali fruticofum perenne procumbens.

The tender branches of the preceding kind are
pickled for fampire ; but it is a fraud and they
are much inferior.

VI.

HO P.
LO RE: in sen S.

HE flowers are of two kinds, male and female, and are produced on feparate plants of the fame

fpecies.

The male flower is compofed of five filaments, placed in a five-leaved cup. The fe-

male is formed of a large, oval cup, flatted on one fide, made of a fingle leaf, and epuainigg with-
“Out any filaments a fingle rudiment of a fruit, with two ftyles.

Linnzus places this among the diacia hexandria.

The Common Hop.
Lupulus vulgaris.

The root confifts of numerous, thick fibres,
and fends out fpreading fhoots.

The ftalks are tough, flender, ftriated, and,
when fupported, rife to twenty feet.

The leaves are large, broad, of a coarfe green,
and beautifully divided, with age fegments fer-
rated, 8

The male flowers hang from fome of the plants
in brown feries. The female, collected into
heads, ripen upon others; and thefe are ufed
in brewing.

The plant is wild in our hedges, and culti-
vated in grounds for the fervice of the brewery.

Its young tops are alfo eatable as afparagus,
and as pleafant.

C, Bauhine calls it Lapulus mas et femina.

GHER ANSUGSS

“the BRITS ho Hee AL

483.

GE EN

Us VI.

H SE? M- Pp;
GON ANAS Bear §:

ee flowers are male and female upon feparate plants. The male confifts of five fall fila-

ments, placed in a cup, divided into five fegments.
rudiment of the feed in a cup that burfts fideways.
_ Linnzus places this among the diacia pentandria.

The Cominon Hemp.
Cannabis vulgaris.

The root confifts of many fibres, connected to
an oblong head.

The ftalk is thick, tough, ftriated, and four
feet high.

The leaves are large, and divided in the man-
her of fingers, and of a dufky green.

The flowers on the male plants are whitith,

Ge,

Ne US

The female have two ftyles, placed on the
The feed is enclofed, as it ripens, in this cup.

thofe on the female of a pale green: thefe latt
only ripen feed.

It is wild in Scotland, but fmall. We culti-
vate it here in fields for the fervice of the linnen
manufactory. It flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Cannabis mas et femina.

An emulfion of bemp-feed has fingly cured
jaundice.

Vill.

DOGS MERCURY.

CYNOGRAMBE.

HE flowers are of two kinds, male and female, on the fame plant. The male confift of nu:
merous filaments, in a cup which fplits into two parts, and thofe turn back. In the female
the cup is of like form; but in it is only a fingle ftyle, fixed to the rudiment of a fruir, which, when

ripe, is rough, and holds a fingle feed.

Dogs Mercury.
Cynocrambe vulgaris.

The root is fibrous, white, and fpreading.

The ftalk is green, round, juicy, and a foot
high.

The leaves are placed in pairs; and they are
green, frefh, oblong, ferrated, and pointed.

The male flowers grow at the tops of the. ftalks
in fmall, greenifh fpikes,

Gos oB
FRENCH

Ne tooo 5.8

The feeds rife ori fmall footftalks in the bofom
of the leaves ; and are of a tefticulated form:

It is common under hedges, and flowers in
April.

C.Bauhiné calls if Mercurialis montana tefticu-
lata. Others, Cynocrambe.

The plant is poifonous, and has deftroyed many
perfons,

IX.

M2E YR CALE R oY)

Me Be aR GC x a Raaels See ee Se

HE flowers are male and female, and they grow on feparate plants, The male flower confitts
of nine filaments, placed in a fmall cup, cut into three fegments. The feriiale is Compoled
of a like cup, in which are placed two ftyles upon a rounded germen, and two nectaria at its fides:

The feed-veffel is tefticulated.

Linnzeus juftly feparates this from the former. Ray inadvertently joins them as fpecies of one

genus,

French Mercury.
Mercurialis annua glabra.

The root is fibrous.

The ftalk is a foot high, very much branched,
and thick fet with leaves: thefe aré oblong, fer-
rated, and of a beautiful green.

The male flowers are greenifh, and grow in
flender fpikes on fome plants. The female rife
from the bofoms of the leaves in others ; and are
alfo little and greenith.

It is common about hedges, and flowers in
May.

C, Bauhine calls it Mercurialis mas et femina,

G HE aNesUas

484 ‘The

BORV Lo. 18°41": BARB AM,

@y E cN

U'“SsS Xx.

NEA Tel St GE:

U Rat

HE flowers are male and female on the fame plant.
with an oval, {mall nectarium. In the female there is only a rudi-

cup, and four filaments ;

Te Oe ad.

The. male flower confifts of a four-leaved

ment of the feed, with a rough top, in acup, fplit into two parts.
Linneeus places this among the monecia tetrandria.

1. Common Nettle:
Urtica vulgaris.

The root is creeping.

The ftalk is ridged, a yard high, branched, and
befet with little prickles, at whofe bafe are blad-
ders of a fharp, watery juice, which inflames the
fkin, when let in by the puncture of the prickles.

The leaves are large, broad, oblong, fharp-
pointed, ferrated, and covered with the fame
prickles.

The flowers are greenifh, and inconfiderable.

It is common by way-fides, and flowers in
July.

The male and female flowers in this genus, I
have obferved, are fometimes on the fame, and
fometimes on diftinét plants.

2, The Leffer Nettle,
Urtica minor. »

The root is fibrous.

The ftalk is a foot high, not often branched,
of a dufky green, and full of fpines.

The leaves are broad, fhort, and. ferrated.

G E-

‘are deobftruent.

Mw us

The flowers are greenifh.

It is common about. gardens, and flowers in
June.

C. Bauhine calls this Urtica urens minor; the
former, Urtica urens maxima.

3: Roman Nettle.
nde pilulifera.

The root is Bibivis and creeps.

The ftalk is ridged, two feet high, and
branched.

The leaves are large, oblong, ferrated, co-
vered with poifoned fpines, and of a deep green.

The male flowers are greenifh, and inconfider-
able: the female are fucceeded by round, large
balls, covered with fpines, and containing the
feeds.

It is ‘wild in our northern counties, flowering
in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Urtica urens pilas ferens.

The tops of the common nettle, eaten in fpring,

‘The roots are a powerful and
excellent diuretick.

XI,

XA IN I HEADS OM.

THE flowers are male and female on the fame plant.

The male flowers are cluftered together,

many in one cover, and confift each af five filaments, placed in a tubular cup, divided at the

edge into five fegments.

The female flowers are contained two only in one cup, which is formed of

two leaves, each divided into three lobes; the middle one largeft, -and covered with hooked fpines,
The fruit fucceeding thefe is alfo oblong, and covered with hooked thorns.
Linnzus places this among the monecia pentandria.

Xanthium, called Small Burdock.
Xanthium vulgare.

The root confifts of an oblong head, and many
fibres.

The ftalk is ftriated, purplifh, branched, and
tough.

The leaves are large, and of a pale green, of

Ginwione Tg

an oval and fomewhat cordated form, and fers
rated.

The flowers are fmall and whitifh; the fruit is
hard, echinated, and of a purplifh brown.

It grows on the edges of our fen- “counties, and,
flowers in April.

C. Bauhine calls it Lappa minor Xanthium Dio-
fcoridis.

XI.

OK.

LA Pal OT A as 1M

pp Hower confifts of fix very {mall filaments, with three ftyles, placed in a cup compofed of
fix leaves, three outward, and three inward, all remaining with the feed, which is fingle,

and three-cornered.

Linnzus places this among the bexandria trigynia, and fuppofes the three inner fegments of the

cup, petals.
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Es as

pene

Th BRITISH HERBAL,

485

DIVISION i

1. Great Water-Dock.
Lapathum aquaticum maximum.
=

The root is long, thick, and brown,

The ftalk is thick, purplifh at the bottotn,
green upwards, rarely much branched, and five
feet high.

The leaves are long, and extremely large, of a
fine green, and waved at the edges.

The flowers are greeaifli, and the feeds latge
and brown.

It is common about waters, and flowers in
Julysae:

C. Bauhine calls it Lepathum aquaticum folio
cubital.

It is celebrated againft the feurvy.

2. Sharp-pointed Dock.
Lapatbum folio acuto.

The root is long, thick, brown on the out.
fide, yellow within, and of a raw, auftere tate.

The ftalk is round,. firm, branched, and three
feet high.

The leaves are long, large; even at the edges,
and fharp-pointed,

The flowers are greenifh. i

It is common in rich foils, and flowers in July,

C. Bauhine calls it Lapathum folio acuto plano.

The root is excellent againft the feurvy, much
preferable to the great water-dock : it is beft taken
in a ftrong infufion.

Befide thefe, our wafte grounds afford not lefs

BRT 15.H.

than nine other fpecies of the common dock, not

2 Prev t SP O RPT: FO

Monks Rhubarb.
Lapathum folio oblongo acuto.

The root is long, very thick, and within of 4
ftrong and fine yellow.

The ftalk is thick, and five feet high, purple
at the bafe, green upwards, and branched.

The leaves are very large, oblong, of a deep

green, often purplifh, and have purple foot-
ftalks. :

S5Pi EEG 1sE)S;

including the forrels, which ate diftinguifhed by
their peculiar manner of growing.

_ In all thefe kinds the flowers, feeds, and man-
ner of growth, ate the fame; their principal dif-
ference confifting in the form of their leaves:
We fhall therefore lay them before the reader in
One view, without the interruption of divifions,
into feparate articles, They are,

1. The common Dock, Lapavhum ouleare obiu-
Jum, Diftinguithed by the bluntnefs of its
leaves,

+ The curled-leaved, fharp pointed Dock, La-
pathum acutum crifpum. Common by waters.

» The fmooth, narrow-leaved, fharp-pointed
Dock, Lapatkum acutum anguftifolium non

crifpum. .

Dwarf, fharp-pointed Dock, Lapathum acus
tum minimum. Whofe flowers ftand in thick
tufts.

» Green Dock, Lapathum acutum viride. In
this there are no leaves among the clufters
of flowers.

Fiddle-Dock, Lapathum pulchrum Bouonienfe
Sinuatum, Whofe leaves are hollowed out on
each fide. :

+ Golden Dock, Lapathum anguftifolium floré
aureo. Whofe leaves are whitifh, and the feed
{mall. .

: Taller golden Dock, Lapathum aureum an-
gufto folio. Whofe leaves are very narrow;
and feeds large.

9. Bloody Dock, Lapathum fanguineum. Dittin-

guifhed by red veins in the leaves.

ao.

REIGN SPECIES.

The flowers ate very numerous, thready, and
whitifh.

It isa native of Germany and Italy, and flowers
in May.

€. Bauhine calls it Hippolapathum latifaium.

The frefh root is a purge; and fome have ufed
it in the place of rhubarb: but -it is vaftly in-
ferior:

DOCKS, called SORREL

"THE: flowers and feeds in’ the feveral kinds of /orrel are of the fame form with thofe of the common

docks ; but their different manner of growth,
mands alfo a peculiar defeription.

1. Common Sorrel:
Lapathum acetofum oulgare.

The toot.is long, flender,. and hung with forme
fibres.
* The ftalk is a foot and half high, redith at the
bottom, and not branched.

The leaves have fedith footftalks ; and they are
of a fine frefh green, of an agreeable acid tafte;
and of an.arrow-headed fhape.

The flowers are {mall and redifh:
N° 48.

which has obtained them a feparate name, de-

Tt is common in paftures, and flowers in
June.

C. Bauhine calls it Acetofa pratenfis: .

It is cooling and deobftruent.

2. Sheeps Sorrel.
Lapathum acetofum foliis lanceolatts:

The root is fibrous and creeping.
The ftalk is flender, of a pale green; and eight

| inches high,

6H The

286 The

BeRii a 168 “Ht. AOPERRE BoATE,

The leaves have long, flender footftalks , and
they are narrow, and of the fhape of a {pear-
head ; bearded at each fide, near the bafe,

The flowers are fmall and yellowifh.

It is common on dry banks, flowering in June.
C. Bauhine calls it Acetofa arvenfis lanceolata.
Authors have, from the varieties of its growth,
idly divided into two fpeciess as they have de-
fcribed alfo under the name of a diftinét f{pecies,
the common forrel, when of a more than ordinary

ftature.
3. Round-leaved Sorrel.
Lapathum acetofum rotundifolium.

The root is fibrous and creeping.

The firft leaves have long footftalks, of a pur-
plifh tinge; and they are rounded in their gene-
ral fhape, but auriculated at the bafe.

The ftalk is a foot high, flender, and of a pale,
greyifh green; as are alfo the leaves.

The flowers are {mall and brownifh.

It is common in our northern counties; and,
being cultivated in the rich mould of a garden,
becomes the plant called Roman forrel, or round-
leaved garden-forrel.

Ray calls it Acetofa rotundifolia repens. Others,
Acetofa Romana.

Gays iene Ur tS
BUCK WHEAT.

XIII.

Eo AgG Ombier eR UlM,

Pr‘HE flower confifts of eight filaments contained, together with three ftyles, and a neétarium of

eight granules, in a cup: this is formed of a fingle piece, divided into fegments ; which being thin

and coloured, appear as petals, but remain with the feed, which is large, fingle, and three-cornered.
Linneus places this among the offandria trigynia.

‘1. Buckwheat.
Fagopyrum vulgare.

The root is fibrous.

The ftalks are light, hollow, upright, yel-
lowifh, and a yard high.

The leaves ftand fingly at diftances: they fur-
round the ftalk at the bafe, and have there two
ears, and terminate in a point.

Their colour is a faint, yellowifh green.

The flowers are white, with a dath of purple;
and they ftand in tufts at the top of the ftalk.

The feeds are brown.

It is found by road-fides in fome places, but
probably owing to feattered feeds, the plant be-
ing cultivated for the food of cattle.

C. Bauhine calls it Evy/inum Theophrafti folio
hederaceo, Others, Fagopyrum eretium vulgare.

Gis E

N 2 Urs

2. Climbing Buckwheat, called Black Bind-'
; weed.

Fagopyrum fcandens.
The root is fibrous.

The ftalk is weak, yellowifh, and a foot in
length, climbing round other plants for fup-

. port.

The leaves are of a triangular form, and heart-
fhaped at the bafe.
. The flowers grow in long feries, and are of a
dufky brown,

It is common in corn-fields, and flowers in
June.

C. Bauhine calls it Convolvulus minor folio trian
gulo, Others, Convolvulus niger, and Fagopyrum
Scandens.

x IV.

ARSMART.

PES Ree Sil os Gee Aner earlier s

HE flower confifts of eight filaments, and three ftyles, inclofed in a thick, flefhy cup, green on
the outfide, coloured white or red within, and flefhy on the hinder part. This is formed of a
fingle piece, imperforate at the bafe, and divided at the edge into five oval fegments. ‘Thefeed is
fingle, and triangular; and it remains covered by the cup. ;
Linnzeus joins this genus, with the polygonum, among the offandria trigynia.

1. Biting Arfmart.

Perfisaria vulgaris acris.

The root is fibrous.

The ftalk is round, thick, jointed, irregu-
larly upright, and a foot and half high.

The leaves are oblong, moderately broad, un-
~ divided at the edges, and of a beautiful uniform
green all over.

The flowers are collected in fhort fpikes at the
tops of the ftalks and branches; and they are of
a bright red.

The tafte of the whole plant is very acrid.

It is common in damp places, and flowers in
June.

C. Bauhine calls it Perficaria urens five Hydro-
piper. Our people, Lakeweed, and Biting
arfmart.

2. Small creeping Arfmart.
Perficaria pufilla repens.
The root is fibrous.
The

The

BRITISH HERBAL.

487

The ftalk is round, jointed, and green; a foot
high, and not much branched. ;

The leaves are long, narrow, and of a freth
green,

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks and
branches in longifh, but loofe {pikes ; and are of
a pale, yellowifh green,

It is common in watery places, flowering in
June. :
C. Bauhine calls it Perfcaria minor.

Befide thefe, our fertile ditch banks afford no
lefs than eight other fpecies of ar/mart. ° Thefe
agree in their form and general manner of growth,
The ftalks are jointed, the leaves oblong and un-
divided, and the flowers fpiked in all of them.
Their diftin@tions will therefore be familiarly con-
veyed to the reader in an enumeration, fuch as
we have before given under the dock kind, with-
out the repetition of thefe common particulars in
them all, in fo many feparate defcriptions. The
feveral {pecies are thefe :

!. Narrow-leaved Arfmart, Perfcaria anguftifolia,

GOCE

Ne Uist

This produces {pikes of flowers from the bo-
foms of all the leaves,

+ Spotted Arfmart, Perficaria mitis maculofa.
The leaves of this are infipid, and each
has a black {pot.

- Hoary Arfmart, Perficaria folio fubtus incano,
The leaves are whitith, and rough: under-
neath.

- Pale-leaved Arfmart, Petficaria mitis major
Soliis pallidioribus. A very tall plant, with

great, pale, fpotted leaves.

Willow-leaved Arfmart, Perfcaria foliis fa-

~ licis. The leaves are narrow, long, and fil-
very white.

. Spotted-ftalked Arfmart, Perfcaria latifolia
mitis caule maculato. The ftalks beautifully
variegated with red and purple,

Perennial willow-leaved Arfmart, Perficaria
Salicis folio perennis. The leaves very long,
and fpikes thick.

8. Procumbent Arfmart, with leaves fpotted,

and hoary underneath, Per/caria maculofa
procumbens foliis Jubtus incanis.

XV.

KEN. OSTEG IR ASS:

Pe Oneill. GONG Ue Me

HE flower confifts of eight filaments, three ftyles, and a three-cornered germen or rudiment of —
aL: a fruit, placed in a cup, formed of one leaf, divided into five fegments, and. thick, green on
the back, and white or redifh on the infide. The ftalks are jointed and procumbent.

‘Linnzus places this among the oéfandria trigynia.

1. Common Knotgrafs.
Polygonum vulgare.

The root is fibrous.

The ftalks are numerous, green, jointed, weak,
and procumbent ; and they have many branches.

The leaves are oblong, of a pale green, ob-
tufe, and undivided. t

The flowers ftand in their bofoms; and are
white, with a tinge of red.

It is common by way-fides, and flowers in
July.

C. Bauhine calls it Polygonum latifolium.

The leaves of this plant are fometimes fmall
and narrow, at others fhort and broader. This
depends upon the place of growth ; but, under
thefe different appearances, it has paffed upon
botanifts as two other diftinét fpecies, called

+ brevi angufto, and rotundofelio.

2. Narrow-leaved Knotgrafs.
Polygonum angufto et gramineo folio.
The root is fibrous. - ;
The ftalks are numerous, a foot in length, va-

rioufly branched, weak, and fcattered over the
ground.

The leaves are very narrow, and an inch or
two in length ; fo that they appear grafiy.

The flowers are fma!l and whitifh. eh

It is common in wafte grounds, flowering in

, June.

C. Bauhine calls it Pohgonum angujto et oblongo
folio.

3. Sea-Knotgrafs.
Polygonum maritimum.

The root is fibrous.

The ftalks are numerous, and fpread upon the
ground. :

The leaves are fmall, oblong, and of a greyifh
“green,

The flowers are large and white.

We have it on our fea-coatts, flowering ia
May.
C. Bauhine calls it Polygonum marinum majus.

All the fpecies are aftringent. A decoétion of

the common knotgrafs is, excellent againft loofe-
neffes with bloody ftools.

G_ EN) Uns

488

"ihe > bt Red eek oO EL HERBAL,

Gok

N: . Usa S

XVI.

BISTORT.

Bo gees? FSO RETA:

HE flower is compofed of five fmall filaments, with three ftyles, contained in a colourett cup:
This is formed of a fingle piece, imperforate at the bafe, and at the verge divided into five
~ oval fegments, which naturally clofe together. After this comes a three-cornered feed, upon which

the cup clofes and furrounds it.
Linnzus places this among the offandria trigyn
in each flower, oe

1. Common Biftort.
Biftorta vulgaris.

The root is thick, and irregularly fhaped,
brown on the furface, and red within.

‘The leaves have long, red footftalks ; and are
oblong, broad, and of a fine green.

The ftalk is jointed, of a pale green, and
two feet high.

The leaves on it refemble thofe from the root:

The flowers are of a fine flefh-colour, and
ftand in a thick fpike.

It is found in meadows, and flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Biforta radice minor intorta.
Others, Bifforta vulgaris.

The root is good againft fluxes of all kinds
dried and powdered.
2. Leffler Biftort.
Biftorta winor.

The root is oblong, thick, and of an irreou-
lar form. ,

Gee Part

Uses

ia; the ftyles being three, and the filaments eight,

The ftalk is round, jointed, and a foot high.

The leaves are long and narrow, and of a deep
green. s

The flowers ftand in a long fpike at the top of
the ftalk ; and are of a fine fleth-colour.

We have it in Yorkfhire. It flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Biforta Alpina minor.

3. Various-leaved Biftort,
Biftorta foltis rotundis et oblongis.

The root is thick and brown. ;

The firft leaves are roundifh, and ferrated at
the edges; and have long footftalks.

The ftalk is four inches high.

The leaves on it are flender, and the flowers
ftand in a thort {pike.

We have it on our-northern mountains. It
flowers in June.
Ray calls it Biftorta minima Sohis imis fubro-

tundis. 5

XVII.

PONDWEED.
PE OVUMCye . OS ere e ene

HE flower has no petals, The cup is compofed of four fmall,
ends ; and is fucceeded by four feeds, of a roundith form,
Linneus places this among the tetrandria tetragynia

ftyles.

1. Broad-leaved Pondweed.
Potamogiton latifolium.

The root is compofed of long fibres, con-
nected to_a fhort head.

The ftalk is weak, brown, and two feet or
more in length, partly immerfed in water, and
partly lying on it.

The leaves under water are narrow; thofe on
the top broad, oval, and high ribbed,

The flowers are fmall and whitith ; and they
ftand in long, flender fpikes.

Tt is common in waters, flowering in Augutt,

C. Bauhine Calls it Potamogiton rotundifolium.

2. Perfoliate Pondweed.
Potamogiton perfoliatum.
The root is fibrous,

The flalk is round, and two feet or more in
length, -but naturally grows under water.

oval leaves, obtufe at the
but {welling one fide, and pointed,
3 the flower having four threads, and four

_ The leaves are of an oval form,. and furround
the ftalk at the bafe.

The flowers ftand in flender fpikes, rifing from
their bofoms. :

It is common in rivers, flowering in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Potamogiton foliis. latis
Splendentibus.

3. Oak-leaved Pondweed.
Potamogiton quercus foliis crifpis.

The root is fibrous.

The ftalk is weak, and eight inches long, and
grows under water.

The leaves are very beautiful, of a brownith
green, oblong, obtufe, and waved at the edges.

The flowers grow in flender fpikes from their
bofoms, and are whitifh: thefe alfo refemble the
flowers of the oak.

6 ; If

The “BRI TIS’H 'H ER B A°L,

489

It is common in fhallow waters, flowering in
July.

C. Baubine calls it Potamogiton foliis crifpis five
Laétuca ranarum.,

Befide thefe, there are no lefs than fifteen other
Englith fpecies of pondweed 5 the general form of
which being the fame, we fhall avoid the repeti-
tion of fo many defcriptions, and give their names
and characters.

1. Long, pellucid-leaved Great Pondweed, Po-
tamogiton foliis anguftis [plendentibus. Diftin-
guifhed by the length of the leaf.

2. Grafly Pondweed, Potamogiton folio angufto
pellucido fere gramineo. Smaller than the
former, and the flowers larger.

3. Heart leaved Pondweed, Potamogiton folio cor-
dato. Deeply divided at the bafe of the leaf,

4. Frog’s Lettuce, Potamogiton medium lucens,
whofe leaves grow in pairs, and are obtufe.

5. Flat-ftalked, grafly Pondweed, Potamogiton
caule compreffo folio graminis canini. The
leaves have no footftalks. .

6. Broader-leaved, flat-ftalked Pondweed, Pota-
mogiton gramincum latifolium. The leaves
have obfcure footftalks,

7. Clufter-leaved, grafly Pondweed, Potamogi-
ton gramineum latius foliis et ramis ftipatis.

Nee U:
OWR™ Ai C SH:

- Serrated Grafly Pondweed, Potamogiton foliis
kramineis ferratis latioribus caulis.

» Harfh-leayed Grafly Pondweed, Potamogiten
foliis gramineis rigidis, A large plant.

10. Great-headed Pondweed, Potamogiton mari-

timum grand nfaclis capitulis. The leaves are

very narrow.

11, Fennel-leaved Pondweed, Potamogiton milli-
folium. The leaves are very narrow, and
finely divided.

- Dwarf Grafly Pondweed, Potamogiton pufil-
lum gramineo folio caule tereti. The'round-
nefs of the ftalk diftinguithes this,

13. Broad, thin-leaved Pondweed, Potamogiton
foliis tenuibus pellucidis. The leaves have
long, brown footftalks.

14. Feather-leaved Pondweed, Potcmogiton foliis
peanatis. The flowers grow in long, flen-
der interrupted fpikes.

15. Dwarf feathered Pondweed, Potamogiton pen-

natum minus. Smaller, and more branched

than the former.

From this detail of their differences, the ftu-
dent will much more readily comprehend the fe-
veral fpecies than if they had been feparated un.
der fo many diftin& heads, and encumbered with
Tepetitions ; for the flowers are of the fame form
and colour in all, and the general manner of
growth in nothing different.

See xc vith

AMBIOREMT "P Bxinbun

HE flowers aré of two kind’, hermaphrodite and female, on the fame plant,
T dite flower confifts of a cup, formed of five membranaceous leaves, with filmy edges,

The hermaphro-
and en-

clofing afterwards a fingle feed. The female flower confifts of a cup, formed only of two leaves 5 -
which are of an oval form, large, and comprefled. Thefe afterwards ferve to defend alfo a fingle

feed.

Linnzus places this among the polygamia monecia; the feeds being ripened in two ways on the
fame plant, from hermaphrodite and female flowers.

Spear-pointed Orach.
Atriplex vulgaris folio haftato.

The root is fibrous.

The ftalk is upright, two feet high, branched,
and of a pale green. __

The leaves are oblong, broad, and of a pale
green, very broad toward the bafe, and termi-
nated by a large triangular point, like the head of
a fpear. ‘

The flowers are fmall, and whitith.

It is common in cultivated ground, and flowers
in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Atriplex fylveftris altera,
Others, Atriplex folio deltoide.

‘Befide this, there are no lefs than thirteen other
fpecies of wild orach, common on our dunghills ;
and fome others-of the d/ite kind, which are alfo
called by the name orach, the diftinction nor
having been obvious to the earlier writers. We
fhall explain that under the next genus ; and fhall
here, as in the preceding article, enumerate the
fpecies, with their effential and diftindive parts 5
the general afpect being incommon. This, which
we begin in recounting thelefs confpicuous and lefs

N° XLix,

‘

ufeful plants, muft be continued when we give the
reader an idea of the grafles, mofles, and mufh-
rooms ; articles which have fingly furnifhed the
fubject of volumes in folio; but which we fhall
comprife in a fufficient view in the few remain-
ing numbers of this work.

The fpecies of orach here to be enumerated are
thefe :

1. Narrow-leaved Orach, Atriplex angufto oblongo
folio, The flowers are very numerous.

“2. Narrow-leaved Sea-Orach, Atriplex maritima

anguftifolia dentata, The leaves are indented
and bluifh,

3. Jagged, narrow-leaved Orach, triplex an.
guftifolia laciniata, ‘The’ leaves deeply cut,
and of a pale green.

4. Perennial Sea-Orach, Atriplex maritima peren-
nis folio deltcide. The leaves of a bluifh
green. -

5. Tall Sea-Orach, Atriplex maritima procerior. .
The leaves are deeply cut, greyifh, and
hoary.

6. Auriculated Sea-Orach, A¢riplex maritina ad
Bajfin auriculata. This is a procumbent
plant.

61 7. Jagged

490

The. BOR Gist S Ge el POR er

%. Jagged Sea-Orach, Atriplex maritima laciniata. |

The plant is fmall, and the leaves are hoary.
8. Bafil-leaved Sea-Orach, Atriplex maritima ocymi
minoris folio, The leaves {mall, and roundifh.
g- Broad-cup’d Sea-Orach, Atriplex maritima fe-
mine Jato. It isa {mall upright plant.
ro. Orach, called Sea-Purflain, Atriplex fruticofa
halimus difa. A thrubby plant, with grey,
oblong leaves.

Gi ees aN U8

11, Narrow, clufter-leaved. Sea-Orach, Atriplex
maritima feoparie folio.
{mall and narrow.

12. Long, narrow-leaved Sea-Orach, Atriplex
maritima longiffino graminis folio,

13. Narrow, obtufe-leaved Orach, Atriplex ma-
ritima folio angufto obtufo. The leaves are
of a bluith green.

The leaves very

XIX.

Boe be

Be PST ees

rpHE flower has no petals. It confifts of a five-leaved cup, with its filaments, and the rudimene

of the fruit; the leaves of it are oval, and edged with a thin, membranaceous fubftance.

The

feed is fingle ; and the cup clofes about it, ferving as a capfule, and being marked with five ridges.
Linnzeus feparates this from the afriplex, placing it among the pentandria, the filaments in the

flower being five.

x. Blite, called Common Orach.
[Blitum atriplex fylueftris dicium.

The root is fibrous.

The ftalk is a yard high, branched, and of a
pale green.

The leaves are oblong, and deeply finuated ;
and they are alfo of a pale green.

The flowers are fmall, and of a greenifh white,

It is common on dry foils, flowering in Au-
guft.

C. Bauhine calls it Atriplex fylveftris folio finuato
candicante. Others, Atriplex fylveftris vulgaris.

2. Stinking Orach.
Blitum fatidum.

The root is fibrous.

The ftalks are a foot long, weak, branched,
and of a greyifh colour.

The leaves have long footftalks ; and they are
of a roundifh, but fomewhat angulated form.

The flowers are fmall and greenith.

The whole plant is covered with a kind of
greyith powder, and is of an extrernely difagree-
able fmell.

It is common on dry banks, and flowers in
July.

C.Bauhine calls it Atriplex fylveftris fetida.
Others, Blitum fatidum, and Atriplex olida.

A conferve of its freth tops is good againft
hyfterick complaints. The other kinds have little
virtue.

3. Upright Blite, called Allfeed.
Blitum erectum poly{permen.

The root is fibrous.

The ftalk is redifh, upright, and a foot and
half high.

The leaves have flender footftalks; and they
are oblong, obtufe, and of a dufky green.

The flowers are fimall, greenifh, and very nu-
merous.

It is common in wafte grounds, and flowers in
Augutt.

C. Bavhine calls it Blitum poly/permum.

4. Englith Mercury.
Blitum mercurialis Anglica dittum.

The root is fibrous. z

The ftaik is ribbed, of a pale green, branched,
and a foot and half high.

a he leaves have long footftalks; and they are
of a yellowifh green, and of an arrow-headed
‘fhape, =. |

The flowers are fmall and greenith.

The whole plant is covered with greyifh, fatty
duft.

It is common in paftures, and flowers in June,

C. Bauhine calls ic Lapathum unéuofum,

It is eaten boiled, and is very wholefome.

Befide thefe four, which are the fpecies of
blite mot diftinét,"there are fifteen others, natives
of England; and thefe we thall enumerate as
under the preceding kinds, diftinguifhing them
by their proper ‘characters,

1. Goofe-foot, Blitum pes anferinus dium. This
is robuft, full of branches, and with large,
broad, finuated leaves.

2. Narrow-leaved Goofe-foot, Blitum pes anferi=
nus dium acutiore folio. ‘The leaves deeper
cut, and fharp-pointed,

3. Long-fpiked Goofe-foot, Blitum finuatum jpi-
catum. The {pikes of flowers very long, and
the leaves pale.

4. Pointed-leaved Goofe-foot, Blitum fol'o in
lengiffimum munonem procurrente.
very beautiful.

5. Procumbent Blite, with thick, finuated leaves,
Blitum procumbens folio finuato lucida craffo.

6. Small, narrow-leaved, jagged Blite, Blitum
minus anguftifolium laciniatum. ° The feed
fmall.

7. Serrated-leaved Blite, Biitum chryfanthemi folia.
The leaves bluifh, and deeply ferrated.

8. Fig-leaved Blite, Blitum ficus folio. The leaves
very deeply divided into three parts in a
fingered manner.

g- Round-leaved Blite, Bhtum folio fubrotundo,
The leaves broad, obtufe, and rounded,

10. Triangular, ferrated leaved Blite, Blitum

8 folie

The leaves

Th BRITISH HERBAL. sag

folio triangulari dentato. The leaves of a | 14. Sea-Blites called Shrub Stone Ctop, Bl sain

deep green. vermicularis frutex dium. “Shiabby; and
ur. Cluitered Blite, with undivided leaves, Bli- branched.

tum racemofum foliis integris. The flowers | 1 5. Great Sea-Blite, called Tee Stone Crop;

fmall. Blitum vermicularis frites difum majus:
i2. Small, olive-leaved Blite, Blitumi craffo olio- Very much branched.

folio. A {mall upright plant. 16. Small, red Blite, Blitum rubruin minus. Small;
13. Sea-Blite, called White Saltwort, Blitum kali with oblong leaves, and large flowers,

minus album diétum. A branched, fmall plant.

Giddy: Nive AID XX:
BE BT.
BE MTs 2;
PHIE flower confifts only of a cup, and the organs of imptegnatioh. The cup haa five oval and
obtufe leaves. The feed is contained in a brittle capfule, placed in the bottom of

Linnzus places this among the pentandria digynia; the flower having five filam
ftyles.

the cup.
ents, and two

Wild Sea-Beet, which are a yard high, and divided into many

Beta fylveftris maritima, branches ; and they are {mall and white.
It is common on our fea-coafts, and flowers in
The root is long, thick, and perennial. Augutt.
The leaves are oblong, broad, obtufe, of a C. Bauhine calls it Beta flvefris maritima; a
whitifh green, and placed on long footftalks. name others have copied, ;

The flowers fland at the tops of the ftalks,

GB 4" Nee US § XxXt
PELLITORY OF THE WALL. |
PARTE 4Ri «A

THE flowers are of two kinds, hermaphrodite and female, on the fame plant. Two hetthaphio-
dite flowers are contained in a common cup; which is formed of fix leaves; two of which,
placed oppofite, are much larger than the others. Each of thefe hermaphrodite flowers is formed of
a cup, divided into four parts, which afterwards lengthens, fwells out, and enclofes the feed. The fe-
male flowers are placed fingly between two of the others, all contained in the common cup: they are
of the fame form with the others, and in the fame manner furround the feed, but lefs confpicuoufly.
Linnzus places this among the polygamia monmcia. ‘

Pellitory of the Wall. The flowers are fmall and inconfiderable.
Parietaria vulgaris. Tt is common on walls, and flowers in June,
: C. Bauhine calls it Parietaria oficinarnm et
The root is fibrous, and redifh, Dinfeoridis.
The ftalks are numerous, redifh, ‘brittle,
jointed, and a foot in length. An infufion of the whole plant works power-

The leaves ftand very thick upon them; and fully by urine, and is excellent againft the gravel,
are oblong, and of a dufky green:

BG HE A pg ca RT
GOLDEN SAXIFRAGE,
SideX DER AGA) AURORE:

j i d refembles them: it is formed of a finele
HE, flower has no petals ; but the cup is coloured, an g
piece, divided mit four fegments, two larger and two fmaller. The feed-veffel is {mall, and
i i i feeds
beaks: this ftands enclofed in the cup, and contains numerous feeds.
sear places this among the odfandria digynia; the threads being eight, and the ftyles two, in
each flower.

ifrace. The ftalks are numerous, weak, flender, of a
ne eho pale green, and fix inches high.
The leaves are rounded, but indented at the
é iful with fhort footftalks.
‘The root 4s fibrous. : bafe, of a beautiful green, te

Saxifraga aurea vulgaris.

492 The

BRITISH HERBAL,

The flowers are very numerous, very fmall, and

of a gold yellow.
It is common in woods, and flowers in April.

C. Bauhine calls it Saxifraga rotundifolia aurea.

Goa ay

Nis,

An infofion of it is gently diuretick.

The leaves of this plant fometimes have the
footftalks a little longer ; and in that ftate it has
been. defcribed as a diftinét {pecies.

S XXII.

AS AR AjB ASG. C A.

AS ATR UM,

HE flower has no petals. It confifts of a cup, which is formed of one piece, hollow, and di-
vided into three fegments at the edge, of a bell-like form, coloured, tough, and permanent.
The feed-veffel is of a tough fubftance. It is contained within the fubftance of the cup ; and is di-

vided into fix cells, with numerous feeds in each.

Linnzeus places this among the dodecandria monogynia; the threads being twelve in each fower,

and the ftyle fingle.

Afarabacca.
Afarum.

The root creeps juft at the furface of the
_ ground, -

The leaves are roundifh, but indented deeply
for the ftalk, and of a fine green.

The flowers grow clofe to the ground ; and are
of a greenifh colour, more or lefs tinged with

Gas Es NU

purple. This conftitutes the whole plant, for
there is no rifing ftalk.

It is found in our northern woods, flowering in
April.

All authors call it 4/zrum.

The root is a very rough vomit ; but its juice,
and the powder of the whole plant, are ufeful to
rae fheezing, and draw humours from the

Cade sta

S XXIV.

LADY’S MANTLE,

AcE Cele Ea Tel ee

THE flower has no petals.

divided into eight fegments, alternately larger and fmaller.

the cup.

1. Common Lady’s Mantle.
Alchemilla vulgaris.

The root is compofed of numerous fibres.

The ftalks are round, not very upright, |

branched, and a foot in length.

The leaves are extremely beautiful: they are
of aroundifh form, divided into many pointed
fezments at the edges, and folded.

Their colour is a deep green, with a tinge of
yellowith.

The flowers grow in tufts at the tops of the
branches ; and are yellowifh and fmall.

It is common in our fouthern counties, flower-
ing in May,

C, Bauhine calls it Alchemilla vulgaris.

2. Cinquefoil Lady’s Mantle.
Alchemilla Alpina pentaphyllaa.

The root is fibrous.

The ftalks are numerous, weak, and branched :
they are of a filvery white.

The leaves are placed on long footftalks, five
on each; and they are of a dark green on the up-
per fide, and of a filvery white underneath,

- The flowers are fmall and whitifh.

We have it on our northern mountains, flower-

ing in April.

C. Bauhine calls it Tormentilla Alpina folio fe-

riceo, Others, Alchimilla pentaphyllaa.

The cup is formed of one leaf: it is of a campanulated fhape, and

The feed is fingle, and contained in

3. Parfley Piert.
Percepier,

The root is flender,

The ftalks are weak, whitith, crowded with
leaves, and three inches high.

The leaves are broad, fhort, deeply intended
and of a greyifh green. d

The flowers ftand in the bofoms of the leaves -
and are very fmall and whitith.

It is common in plowed fields, and flowers in
May.
C. Bauhine calls [it Cherophyllo non nibil ac-
cedens. Others, Percepier Anglorum.

It is 4 powerful diuretick, and good in the

gravel.

ges Prickly Glaffwort.
Kali cochleatum.

The root is fibrous,

The ftalks are numerous and branched, brown,
and eight inches high.

The leaves are oblong, and of a dufky green,
and in their bofoms ftand clufters of young ones,
which are fmaller, and prickly at the ends.

The flowers are minute and whitifh; and the
feed is hollow, and twifted. - :

C.Bauhine calls it Kali fpinofum cochleatum.
Others, Tragon, and T; ragon Mathioli,

7 GENUS

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y je

A (onan Larios eae Pi WA vl Per bf til?

Gross : i
Myo fy Wig Te UA,

a Se a x
Z a

Sn, L vee Lhyneart?

Y C7 i. Elie ag
& calle le

(GMO Py, a

os “ih sh Marr LB, Mt 01 ref ball’ : fey? Ge? i WA ;
ine | eMarlte.

yy
Ly £

_Fyaltr Port 2, Livkly Gd Leone Gama. oot oe Yer wlltrHtyngl 4,» Vi. yyw te Or £2 oe
D ee 4 ¢ J Sietlh Situpy

th BRITISH HERBAL

G E

We Us
KeeNeA Wen ae cae

XXV,

SCLERANG HU 5.

PPHE flower confifts of a cup, formed of a fingle piece,
containing the filaments and piftil. The feed-veffel is

two -feeds..

, Linnzus places this among the décandria digynia ;

the flower.

1. Germen Knoterafs, or Knawel.
Scleranthus tenuifolius,

The root is fibrous and white.

The ftalks are numerous, three inches high,
and branched.

The leaves are narrow, oblong, and of a pale
green.

The flowers are {mall and whitith; and they
are placed in the divifions of the branches.

We have it in dry barren paftures. It flowers
in June. ;

C. Bauhine calls it Pohyeonum angupifino folio

minus,

Git, E

N U

divided into five pointed fegments, and
of an oval form, very thin, and contains

3 the filaments being ten; and the ftylés two it

;
2. Great-flowered Knawel.
Scleranthus flore mafore.

The root is long, Perennial, and full of fibres,

The ftalks are eight inches high, beautifully
divided into branches, and a little hoary.

The leaves are oblong and narrow.

The flowers are large, and ftand at the tops of
the branches, and in the bofoms of the leaves,

We have it in barren paftures. Itflowers in June,

Ray calls it Knawel incanim Store majore pe
renines

The earlier writers were not acquainted with its

S XXVI

VER PE CRE ape KNOTGRASS,
GO wRi JR yl Gull 4.0 Ag; A:

i Bete flower has no petals. The cup is formed of a fingle’piece, divided into five narrow feg-

ments, hairy at the ends, and is of a pentangular form, The feed-veffel is roundifh, and the

feed is large.

Linneus places this among the pentundria digynia; the flaments being five, and the ftyle, though

fingle, fplit at the top.

1. Verticillate Knotgrafs,
Corrigiola vulgaris.

The root is fibrous.

The ftalks are numerous, and weak, three
inches long, and of a pale green,

The leaves are fhort, broad, of a pale green,
and hairy.

The flowers are fmall, and white: they are
placed in clufters round the ftalks, in the-man-
ner of thofe in the verticillate plants.

We have it in the weft of England toward
the fea. It flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Polgala repens nivea,
Others, Corrigiola.

Ga Ee Ne U

2. Thick-leaved Verticillate Knotgrafs.
Corrigiola folio craffo.

The root is very long and flender.

The ftalks are wedk, branchéd, of a pale
green, and four inches high.

The leaves are fmall, rounded, thick, and of
a fhining green.

The flowers are finall and white,

It is found on our fea coafts, and flowers in
June.

Ray calls it Polygonum maritimum longius. radi«
catum.

S XXVIL

RUPTUREWORT,!
HE RON AGRE A,

HE flower has no petals. The cup is formed of a fingle piece, divided into five pointed feg's
ments, which fpread open, The feed-veffel is final, arid temains in the bafe of the cup; and

the feed is fingle and fmall.

Rupturewort.
Hlerniaria vulgaris.

The root is long and flender.

The ftalks trail upon the ground, and are three
or four inches long.

The leaves are fmall, oblong, broad, and of a
yellowith green.

The flowers are very numerous, and greenifh :
they ftand at the joints with the leaves.

Tt is common.on our fea-coafts, and flowers
in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Pohganum minus, Seu Mille.
grana minor.

It is fometimes lightly hairy, and has been
confidered in that ftate as a difting fpecies ; but
this is no more than an accidental variety.

Tt is an aftringent, but not ufed in medicine,

Th END of the THIRTY-FIRST CLASS,

N° 49.

6K THE

TH E
; ~~
COSHESSLRSHEH SPER SHO ISSHOLSSINSS HSH MOMS OSD

CLASS XXXI.

Plants whofe roots are fibrous or irregular ; whofe leaves long, narrow, and

without footfialks ; and whofe flowers fmall and inconfiderable.

feétly and obvioufly conneéted together by Nature, and as diftinétly feparated by their cha-

racters from all others: but modern botany difclaims thofe marks impreffed by the
Creator ; and, claffing all vegetables by their more minute parts, feparates fome of thefe from the
others, and unites in the fame clafs with the generality of them valerian and the tamarind-tree.

T# comprehends the gramineous herbs, graffes, corn, and the like; a feries of plants per-

Pr er Pret tet tot torcre ters tots beter neon tek te cog eee Gon Sons Don gon nots ton aod

VN ORS aes (as OG. Reon

BriTrisuH GENERA.

‘

Thofe of which one or more fpecies are native of this country.

GS. mtionepad 0. 9 I,
WHEAT.
TOR PRP. To U pM

MPHE cup holds three flowers, and is formed of two valves, of an oval, obtufe figure. The
flower is formed of two valves, the outer one fwelled, and the inner plain. The grain is large,
Linnzus places this among the ¢riandria digynia ; the threads in the flower being three, and the

ftyles two. ~
x. Common Wheat: The leaves are of a {trong green, and grafly.
Triticum vulgare. Oe is long, thick, and bearded.
; We ‘have it wild, as the former, only from
The root is fibrous: {cattered feeds.
The ftalk is hollow, jointed, and five feet
high. Befide thefe, there are five other fpecies of
The leaves are grafly, and of a fine green. | wheat cultivated in our fields, with many va-
The ear is long and large, and naked. rieties.
We find it wild from fcattered feeds. The defcriptions of all thefe muft be the fame
C. Bauhine calls it Triticum Hybernum. with thofe of the preceding, in root, ftalk, and
leaf. We fhall therefore only enumerate them
2. Bearded Wheat. by their names, exprefling the articles wherein

they differ. They are,
: 1. Red Wheat, Triticum fpica et grano rubentibus.
The root is fibrous. The ear of this is larger and heavier than
The ftalk is a yard high, hollow, and jointed. the common.

Triticum ariffatum.

2. White

The BRAT YS BRD ASE,

495

2. White Wheat, Triticum {pica et granis albis.
The ear and corn in this are larger than in
the common.

3. Cone Wheat, Triticum [pica villofa quadrata
longiore ariftis munita. The ear very rough.

‘4, Grey Wheat, Triticum ariftatum Jpica maxima
cineritia glumis hirfulis. The ear of a greyifh
brown.

5- Polonian Wheat, Triticum majus longiore grano
glumis foliaceis inclufo, The corn very long.

Gr Ea

6. Many-eared Wheat, Triticum fpica multiplici.
In this kind four or more ears grow on one
ftalk.

7. Summer Wheat, Triticum trimeftre. The corn
fhort and full, and the growth only three or
four months.

8. Barley-fpiked Wheat, Triticum fpica hordei.
The grain is perfeét wheat, but the form of
the ear like barley.

Use Ss II.

Re Yo Be

SE Ce AL Taek,

HE cup holds two flowers, and is formed of two {mall, marrow pointed leaves, placed oppo-
fite. The flower is compofed of two valves: the outer one is fwelled, firm, and compreffed 4
the inner one is lanceolated, and plain. The grain is large.

Common Rye.
Secale vulgaris.

The root is fibrous.

The ftalk is hollow, jointed, and four feet
high.

The leaves are graffy, and of a pale green.

The fpike is oblong and rough.

Ge yb | UPS

We have it wild only from fcattered feeds, as
the former.

C. Bauhine calls it Secale Hybernum vel majus:
Others, Secale vulgare.

A variety of this, with a fmaller and more
flender ear,' is fown in fpring, and thence called
by authors Secale vernum.

TI.

BA Ril Esy.

HO RD EOU 3M,

HE cup holds three flowers ; and is formed of fix narrow and fharp-pointed leaves, two under
al fh every flower. The flower is compofed of two valves: the under one is fwelled, and angu-
lated, and ends in a long awn: the upper one is fmaller, plain, and lanceolated.

Linnaus places this among the among the srigywia.

Common Barley.
Hordeum vulgare.

The root is fibrous. °

The ftalk is round, hollow, jointed, and three
or four feet high.

The car is tong, thick, and bearded with long,
rough, and fharp awns.

We have it only wild, as'the other, from fcat-
tered feeds.

se:

Gee ReeGN 0S

C. Bauhine calls it Hordeum diftichum. Others,
Hordeum vulgare.

There are two other fpecies :

1. Sprat Barley, Hordeum diftichum fpica breviore
latiore granis confertis. The ear very fhort
and broad.

2. Square Barley, Hordeum polyftichum. In the
ears of this there are, inftead of two, fix
rows of grains.

IV.

’ OAD,

AoW. E aN. Ae

HE cup contains many flowers; and is formed of two large, fwelled, and pointed valves. The
Ale flower is compofed of two valves: the lower one is fwelled, oblong, edged, and fends from its

back a crooked awn.

Common Oat.
Avena vulgaris.
‘The root is fibrous.
The ftalk is hollow, jointed, and a yard high.
"The leaves are long, narrow, and of a pale
green.

The flowers ate collected in a loofe panicle,
and terminate the ftalk.

It is wild, as the others; from fcattered feeds.

C. Bauhine calls it Avena alba. Others, Avena.
vulgaris.

There are befide this fix other kinds of oat,
I wild

496

Tie BRIT see ao

wild or cultivated in England, diftinguifhed by

the following names.

1. Scotch Oat, Avena alba Scotica femine fimplici
pediculo laxo pendente. The corn {mall and
long. 4 se

2, Black Oat, Avena nigra. Difinguifhed fuf-
ficiently by the colour, and needing no de-

fcription.

3. Blue Oat, Avena cerulea. Diftinenifhed alfo

Gia Es

by the colour, and fown principally in Yorf,

fhire. 3

4. Brown Oat, vena fusca vel rubra. The
grain Jarge, and very thick in the middle.

5. Naked Oat, Avena nuda. Diftinguithed by’
wanting the awn; fown principally in Corn- _
wall,

6. Bearded wild Oat, Zigilops five avena pilofa.
Wild in our corn, with great panicles,

Up6 V.

D.0.G)S G_Ry AsSes:

GRAMEN CANINUM.

i = The flower is compofed of two valves:

{mall.
Linneus places this among the friandria.

Common Dogs Grafs.
Gramen caninum vulgare.

The root is flender, and creeping.

The ftalk is hollow, jointed, and two feet
and a half high,

The leaves are long, narrow, and of a fine
“green.

The ear is long, and flender.

Tt is univerfal in cultivated ground ; the tor-
ment of farmers and gardeners. It flowers in
July. : ‘

~ C. Bauhine calls it Gramen caninum vulgare,
feu Gramen Diofcoridis.

The root is a powerful and excellent diuretick.

Of this genus there are five others, whofe de-

GiisB Ne eg:

HE cup contains three fowers; and is formed of two valves, of an oval figure, and obtufe.
L the outer one fwelled, and large; the other plain and
The feeds are {mall and they are arranged ina long, thin fpike.

fcriptions would be tedious Tepetition. They dif.

fer by the following charaéters :

1. Bearded Dogs Grafs, Gramen’ caninum arifta-
tum radice non repente, The root fibrous,

2. Sea Dogs Grafs, with a wheat-ear, Gramen
caninum maritimum rica tritica. The fpike

very large.
3. Prickly Sea Dogs Grafs, Gramen maritimum

Spica lobacea foliis pingentibus, The ear
flender,

4. Procumbent Sea Dogs Grafs, with a thick
fpike. Gramen lobaceum maritimum Jupinum
Spica craffa.

5. Long-rooted Sea Dogs Grafs, with a foliaceous
ear, Gramen caninum maritimum Spica foliacea.
The grains grow in the ear, and fhoot-out
leaves, Bey z

VI.

Ro XaESAG R ASS;

'GRAMEN

SECALINUM™

HE cup contains three flowers ; and is compofed of four leaves, with double points, tharp,
i and prickly. The flower is compofed of two valves: the lower one is bellied, and terminates
in a long awn ; the other is fmall, plain, and lanceolated,

Linnaus places this among the triandria digynia,

Rye Grafs, called Wall Barley.

Gramen fecalinum vulgare.

The root is fibrous,

The ftalk is thick, jointed, not very up-
pright, and ten inches high. g

The leaves are long, narrow, and of a faint
green.

“The fpike is fhort, thick, and rough.

We have it by way-fides every where.

C. Bauhine calls it Gramen bordeacey minus et
vulgare. Others, Hordeum Jpinum.

There are four other rye graffes,
their general form, but diftinguifhed by the fol-
lowing particulars.

agreeing in |.

1. Tall Meadow Rye Grafs,
pratenfe elatius.
ftalk and ear.

2. Marth Rye Grafs, Gramen Secalinum paluftre
et maritimum. The leaves bluith, and the
ear fhort.

3- Great Wood Rye Grafs, Gramen Secalinum
majus fylvaticum, Slenderer in the ear than
any other,

4. Long-leaved Rye Grafs, with a thort ear,
Gramen fecalinum altiffimum Spica brevi ariftis
longis extantibus,

- Tall, broad-eared Rye Grafs,
brize majus.
ear.

Gramen fecalinum
Tall, and flender in the

Gramen Jpica
Tall, and very rough in the

GEN U 5s

Th BRITISH HERBAL.

49%.

Gx EE NU U Z's

VIL,

MATWEED.

GRAMEN SPARTEUM™M.

@ tse cup contains but one flower ; and it is compofed of two valves; one larger than the other;

and both pointed, but without awns.

Sea-Matweed,
Gramen fparteum fpica fecalina, «

The root is a tuft of white fibres,

The leaves are narrow, long, of a bluith green,
and fharp-pointed.

The ftalk is round, jointed, and of a pale
green. |

The ear is large, and whitith.

It is common by our fea-fhores, and flowers
_in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Gramen Jparteum fpicatum
Solis mucronatis longioribus.

The. flower is compofed of two nearly equal valves, of
an oblong form, and downy at the ends. The ear is broad, and {preading,
Linneus places this among the ériandria digynia.

There are three other of the mateweed graffes
natives of our kingdom, diftinguifhed by the
following charaéters,

1. Small Matweed, Gramen fparteum Juncifolinm.
The leaves rufhy, and the {pike thin and
bending.

2. Feathered Matweed, Gramen fpartewin penna-
tum. The ear downy, and refembling a
feather,

3. Double-fpiked Matweed, Sparteum Effexianums
Spica genima claufa, The ear double.

GU he NY UMS & Vi

PANIC

GROAGS:S;

GRAMEN PANICEUM.

HE cup contains one flower; and is formed of numerous, very narrow, pointed leaves, varioufly
inferted : within this ftands a hufk, formed of three valves, one fmaller than the other. The
flower is placed within this ; and is compofed of two valves, one larger than the other.

Linneus places this among the ¢riandria.

1. Panic Grafs, with a divided. Spike,
Gramen panicum fpica divifa,

The root is a tuft of white fibres.

The ftalk is jointed, yellowifh, and flender.

The leaves are long, and of a pale green.

The ear is divided into feveral fpreading
parts.

The flowers are whitifh.

Tt is common in the meadows in Buckingham-
fhire, flowering in April.

C. Bauhine calls ic Gramen paniceum fpica di-

vifa.

N ig Hs

There are three other panic graffes wild with
us, diftinguifhed by thefe characters :

1. Panic Grafs, with a fingle, fmooth ear, Gra-
men paniceum fpica fimplici levi. The ear
yellowith.

2. Rough-eared Panic Grafs, Gramen paniceum
Spica afpera. The fpikes are loofe, and very
rough.

3. Pyramidal-fpiked Panic Grafs, Gramen pa-
niceum fcrotinum arvenfe {pica pyramidata, In
corn-fields. af

4. Variegated, fpiked Panic Grafs, Gramen pa-
niceum femine albo phalaris diétum. Common
Canary grafs,

IX.

SPIKED: OATGRASS,

GRAMEN AVENACEUM SPICATUM.

ld ee cup contains only one flower : it is formed of two valves, and is of a pointed fhape. The
flower is compofed of two valves; one terminated by an awn, and larget than the other,

Linnzeus places this among the ¢rigynia.

We have only one fpecies of it, refembling the common oat in growth. ,
1. Spiked Hedge-Oatgrafs, Gramen avenaceum dumetorum fpicatum. The fpike formed of loofe

parts.

N° 49.

6L GLE N-US

498:

The BR 1119 4 HIER BAD:

G E-.N

UAS xX.

DARNELL

GRAMEN LOLIACEUM.

4 Bee cup contains feveral flowers, arranged in two feries clofe to the ftalk: itis formed of a

fingle, oblong, pointed, rigid valve.
narrow and round, the other fhort and obtufe.

The flower is compofed of two valves: the lower is

Linnzeus places this with the reft among the ¢riandria digynia.

Red Darnell, or Raygrafs.

Gramen loliaceum anguftiore folio.

The root is a thick tuft of fibres.
The leaves are of a deep green, narrow, and
' fharp pointed. he

The ftalk is a foot high, tough, and of a dufky
green,

The fpike is flat; fmall,; and brown.

It is common by way-fides,; and is fown in
paftures for cattle.

C. Bauhine calls it Gramen loliaceum anguftiore

folio et {pica.

Go een

We have four other fpecies of it, diftincuithed
by the following characters :

1, White Darnell Grafs, Gramen loliaceum fpica
longiore, five Lolium album, The ear long
and whitith. :

2. Small Sea Datnell Grafs, Gramix paronm ma-
rinum [pica loliacea. The {pike flender and
hard,

3. Dwarf hard Darnell Grafs, Gramen pumi.

lum loliaceo fimile maritimum. The leaves
brownith,
Ui. S$ XI,

Fi Or Xe eA TL, CG ER pAaS 3S:

GRAM ENGL OP ECUR.O TD E 8.

‘THE cup contains but one flower : it is formed of two valves; which are oblong, very narrow,

. and terminate in feathery hairs.

The flower is compofed of two’ valves: the outer one is the

longer, and has two {mall and ftrait awns from its end, and a third from the middle of its bavk,
The two firft are ftrait, this crooked : the inner valve is fall, and pointed,

Common Foxtail Grafs.
Gramen alopecuroides vulgaris,

The root is fibrous.

The ftalk is a yard high.

The leaves are narrow, long, and of a greyifh
green; and they appear dufty. The fpike is
thick, and of a pale greyifh colour.

It is common in meadows, and flowers in May.

C. Bauhine calls it Gramen phalarcides majuss
Jive Italicum. Others, Alopecurus.

Befide this, we have four other fpecies, which

will be fufficiently diftinguifhed by the following —

characters :

Ga E

Ne US

1. Spiked Float Grafs, Gramen aquaticum genis
culatum fpicatum. The {pike {maller and
flenderer.

2. Dwarf Foxtail Grafs, with a filvery purplifh
fpike, Gramen pumilum hirfutum Spica pur-
puro argentea mollo.

3. Great Englifh Marfh Foxtail Grafs, Alopecu«
ros maxima Anglica. Very large, in wet
places near the fea.

4. Rough-eared Foxtail Grafs, Gramen alopecu.
roides [pica afpera brevi. The {pike very
rough,

MOUSETAIL GRASS.

GRAMEN .MYOSUROELDE §.

a aes cup Contains but one ower; and is formed of two valves, of an oval form, hollow, corn-

prefled, and pointed.
rifing from its back near the bafe.

The flower confifts of a fingle, hollow valve, which has a long awn

Linnzeus ranges this with the reft among the ¢riandria digynia.

Great Moufetail Grafs.
Gramen myofuroides majus.
The root is fibrous.

The leaves are of a faint green.

The ftalk is two feet high, flender, frm, and
of a pale green.
The {pike is rough, hard, flender, and-ufually
tinged with red, but fometimes entirely white.
It is common in paftures, flowering in June.
©, Bauhine

The TRIE ESM! HRB AT. ay
C. Bauhine calls it Gramen typhoides fpica an- Gramen myofuroides minus [pica breviore ariftis

Bufptiore.
We have two others :
1, Leffer Moufetail Grafs, with crooked awnss

Gr. EB

N*® U..8

recurvis.

2. Knobby-rooted Moufetail Grafs, Gramen my-
ofuroides nodofum. he {pike brownith and
fhort.

XIII.

CA TSa A 1.2 GeReArsis:

GRAMEN TYPHINUM.

A Dele {pike is rough. The cup contains one flower: it is formed of two valves, and is oblong

and comprefied. The valves are equal, and ‘they terminate in fhort awns.

The flower is

formed of two valves, and is fhorter than the cup: the outer valve is the latger, and it clofes about

the inner, which is fmaller.
‘ Linnaeus places this with the ériendria.

The Greateft Carftail Grafs.

Gramen typhinum maximum,

The root is fibrous.

The ftalk is jointed, hollow, and a foot and
half high,

The leaves are of a greyifh green.

The fpike is long, flender, greyifh, and very
rough to the touch.

It is common in paftures, and flowers in June

C. Bauhine calls it Granen typhoides afperum |

primum, Others, Gramen typhinum.

G EE

Noo Ulees

‘We have three others

1. Leffer Catftail Grafs, Gramen typhinwn minus.
A low plant, with a very flender, rough
fpike,

2. Knobby-rooted Catftail Grafs, “Gramen nodo-
fum {pica parva, Thé {pike fhort, grey, and
very rough,

3. Sea Catftail Grafs, Gramen typhinum mariti-
mum minus. The {pike fmaller at the bafe
than upwards,

CR ES TE D'< -GeR-A'3'S:

GRAMEN CRISTATUM,

HE {pike is compofed of two or more feries of flowers, which turn one way. There is a partial

cup, formed of one pointed leaf, and ftanding fideways. The proper cup contains feveral

flowers; and is ftrait, narrow, and formed of two equal valves. The flower is compofed of two
valves: the outer one hollow, with an awn; the inner plain and naked.

Smooth Crefted Grafs,
Gramen criftatum vulgare,

The root is fibrous.

The leaves are of a fine green.

The ftalk is a foot and half high, flender, and
of a pale green.

The fpike is crefted, long, flender, and yel-
lowith.

It flowers in May in meadows,

GP CRIN: TURIOS
GOCKSFOOT

We have three others:

1, Square Crefted Grafs, Gramen criftatum qua-
dratum. This has four rows of flowers,

2. Small Mountain fpiked Grafs, with a thick,
fhort, blue fpike, Gramen parvum montanum
Spica craffiore purpuro cerulea brevi.

3. Vernal Grafs, with a loofe, yellowith fpike,
Gramen vernuin fpica brevi laxa. Common
in paftures,

XV.
GRASS.

GRAMEN DACTYLUM.

HE {pikes are numerous, and fpread in the manner of fingers. There is acommon fcabbard,
containing many flowers; and this is formed of feveral very narrow leaves, of unequal in-

fertion.
fmaller than the others.

The cup contains only one flower ; and is compofed of three oval and pointed valves, one

Cocksfoot

500

The BRITISH HERBAL.

Cocksfoot Grafs.
Gramen dadylum vulgare.

The root is, fbrous.

The leaves are narrow, ‘not very long, and of
a faint green.

The ftalk is ten inches high, jointed, of a pale
green, and thick fet with leaves.

The fpikes are numerous, very flender, and
brown.

Go E

N 4-U,7 <8

It is common in our fouthern counties, and
flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Gramen daiylon latiore folio,

We have one other {pecies:

1. Creeping Cocksfoot Grafs,
panicula graminis manne.
weftern fea-coafts,

Gramen repens cum
Frequent on our

XVI,

R ESE D...G.R, ASS,

GRAMEN ARUNDINACEUYM,.

6 Beas flowers are difpofed in tufts or bunches.

which contains only a fingle flower, and its cup. The cup is com
fmaller than the others, and placed behind them; the others of an oval,
is compofed of two valves, one larger and hollowed

Great, chaffy Reed Grafs.
Gramen arundinaceum acerofa gluma.

The root is fibrous.

The ftalk is round, five feet high, and jointed.

The leaves are large, and of a bluifh green.

The tuft of flowers is compact and greyith,
with a tinge of red.

It is common by waters, floweringin July,

We have five other {pecies, whofe manner of

growth is the fame; and their difference will be
fufficiently exprefied in their nanies.

Geb
MLE LE 7

Nea,

There is a covering, formed of

pofed of three valves ;
pointed figure,
» the other fmaller and plain.

one
The flower

1. Broad-leaved chaffy Reed Grafs, Gramen arun-
» dinaceum acerofa Suma Ferfeianum. The fame
with the ftriped grafs in garde:

2. Rough Grafs, Gramen afperum,
meadows, with bluifh, green,
leaves,

3- Common Reed, Arundo vulgaris,
known for defcription,

4. Reed Grafs, with Pappofe panicles, Gramen
arundinaceum panicula mollj Jpadicena majus,
The panicle foft and redith,

5. Small Reed Grafs, Calamogroftis minor glumis
Sufiis et viridibus. The panicle variegated,

ns, only plain.
Common in
very rough

Too well

XVIL
GRASS,

GRAMEN MILIACEU™,.

HE panicle is fcattered, loofe, and fmooth. The flowers ftand fin
outer cup is formed of many very narrow leaves :

rent bignefs, but the fame oval fhape.
hollowed, the other fimaller and plain.

Millet Grafs.
Gramen miliaceum vulgare.

The root is fibrous, and redith.
The leaves are broad, and of a fine green.
The ftalk-is'a yard. high.
The flowers ftand in a vaft {cattered tuft; and
are gloffy and yellowith.
It is common in thickets, and flowers in June.
C. Bauhine calls ic Gramem fylvaticum Panicula
iniliacea {par fa.

We have fixteen others.

1. Small Creeping Millet Grafs, Gramen monta-
num miliaceum minus radice repente. The

tuft fmall.

2. Water Millet Grafs, Gramen’ miliaceum aqua-
ticum. ~The panicle is fmooth and brown.

3. Small-headed Millet Grafs, Gramen miliaceum
locuftis minimis panicula arundinacea.

4. Fair, panicled Corn Grafs, or Bent Grafs,

The flower itfelf confifts of two valves,

gly in a twofold cup. The
compofed of three, of diffe-
One larger and

the inner one is

Gramen miliaceum Jegetale majus. The flowers
purplith,

5. Loofe, panicled, purplith flowered Millet
Grafs, Gramen miliaceum nemorenfe ;
fuftis.

6. Red-headed Mountain Millet Grafs,
miliaceum locuftis rubris montanum,

7- Long, purple-headed. Millet Grafs,
miliaceum feralinum
rafcente.

8. Narrow leaved Millet Grafs,
ceum anguftifino folio.

green.

paniculis
Gramen

Gramen
Panicula longa purpu.

Gramen milia-

The leaves deep

9. Narrow, fine headed Millet Grafs, Gramen

miliaceum anguftfiolium Slumis perexiguis,

10. Great, brown Meadow Millet Grafs, Gra-
men miliaceum majus panicula Spadicea.

tr, Green-headed Millet Grafs,
ceum majus panicula viridi,
broad.

Gramen milja-
The leaves

12, Long,

feveral leaves ;

amaet

Th BRITISH HERBAL, §OL

-12, Long, flowered Wood Millet Grafs, Gra-

men miliaceum fylvefire glumis oblongis.

“13 Soft, tufted Meadow Millet Grafs, Gramen
miliaceum pratenfe molle. The head greenith.
24. Soft: Millet Grafs, with awns, Gramen mi-

“sTaceum arifiatum molle. The head brown.

Cine U

15. Soft, Sea Millet Grats, Gramen-maritinum —
miliaceum molle. The head greyith,

16. Brown, awned Millet Grafs, Gramen milja-
ceum majus glumis ariftatis [padiceis et pal»
lidis,

8 XVI:

OA, T. Gi ReAS S/S:

GRAMEN AVENACEUM

HE cup is formed of two valves, of an oblong figure, pointed at the end, and hollowed ;
the flower is compofed alfo of two valves; the one larger, and hollowed ; the other {maller,

and plain. The feed is oblong.

ae hofe with larger heads.

1. Single, fpiked Mountain Oatgrafs.
Gramen avenaceum montanum fpica fimplici ariftis
recurvis. f
_. The root is formed of a few fpreading parts,
hung with innumerable fibres.
"The leaves are narrow, and of a greyifh green,
perfectly fmooth, and firm to the touch.
The ftalk is lender, jointed, and a foot high.
The flowers are ranged in a flender panicle,

forming a kind of fpike; and they are of a pale

green.
* Iris frequent in hilly paftares, and flowers in
June. ~

C. Bauhine calls it Gramen avenaceum glabrum.

*” Befide this, we have a long feries of other cat-

grafes. ~ :

2. Purplifh headed Oatgrafs, Gramen avenaceum
panicula purpuro argentea fplendente. \n dry
paftures.

3. Tall, fhining-headed Oatgrafs, Gramen ave-
naceum panicula acerofa femine pappofo. The
panicle flender.

4. Knobby-rooted Oatgrafs, Gramen avenaceum

“nodofum. The panicle bends down on one fide.

» Small-eared, yellow-headed Oatgrafs, Gramen

avenaceum praten{e elatius panicula flavefcente.

. Small headed, fine Oatgrafs, Gramen avena-

fon

ceum fparfa panicula fpeciofa locuftis minimis.

: In woods.

7. Small, annual, fair, panicled Grafs, Gramen
paniculatum locuftis parvis purpuro argenteis
annuum.

»- Small, perennial, fair, panicled Grafs, Gramen
paniculatum locuftis purpuro argenteis majus et
perenke.

g.. Fine-leaved, white-headed Oatgrafs, Gramen
avenaceum paniculis albis capillaceo folio. In
woods.

Aa Small, hoary-top’d Grafs, Gramen parvum

“ “praecox “panicula laxa canefcente. In dry
paftures.

11. Dwarf procumbent Oatgrafs, Gramen avena-

ceum parvum procumbens panicula non ariftata,

2. With fmall beads, without awns.
12. Common Meadow Grals, Gramen pratenfe
minus vulgatifimum. This is atrue catgra/s,

without awns.

N°L,

13. Greater Meadow-Grafs, Gramen pratenfe pa-
niculatum mediun. Larger, and with paler *
leaves,

14. The greateft Meadow-Grafs, Gramen pratenfe
paniculatum latiore folio. The leaves very
broad,

15. Great, narrow-leaved Meadow Grafs, Gra-
men pratenfe majus paniculatum anguftiore folio.

16, Flat-ftalked Meadow- Grafs, Gramen pratenfe
paniculatum medium caule compreffo.

17. Sea-Oatgrafs, Gramen pariculatum maritimum
vulgatifimum, The panicle greyith,

18, Matted Sea-Catgrafs, Gramen caninum mari-
timum paniculatum. In thick tufts.

19. Small, hard Grafs, Gramen exile duriufculum
in muris et aridis proveniens. On old walls:

20, Feather-headed Oatgrafs, Gramen capillaceum
locuftellis pennatis non ariftatis. On dry banks,

21. Ruthy-leaved Oatgrafs, Gramen foliolis juricejs
oblongis radice alba. The panicle {mall ang
greenifh.

22. .Grafs.upon Grafs, Gramen fparteum monta-
num fpica foliacea graminea. In mountainous
places.

23. Long, rough panicled Oatgrafs, Gramey
arvenfe panicula crifpa longiore. In corn.
fields.

24. Great Water Reed-Grafs, Gramen oquaticum
majus. Common by waters, with broad,
pale leaves. .

25. Oat-headed Reed-Grafs, Gramen aquaticum
arundinaceum panicula avenacea. Very tall.

26. Smooth, broad-leaved Wood Oatgrafs, Gra-
men paniculatum nemorofam latiore folio pani~
cula nutante.

27. Long-headed Oatgrafs, Gramen paniculatum

elatius [picis longis muticis fquammofis,

. Float-Grafs, Gramen aquaticum longiffina pa-

aicula. The panicle very long, and loofe.

3. With fmaller heads, with awns.

29. Great Wild Oatgrafs, or Drank, Feftuca
avenacea fterilis elatior. By hedges in
May.

30. Upright-headed great Oatgrals, Fefuca ave-

nacea frerilis fpicis ereétis. By ditches, and on
banks.

31. Wild Oatgrafs, with compaét panicles, Fef-
tuca avenacea flerilis paniculis confertis erec-
tioribus.

32. Drooping, hard, panicled Oatgrafs, Gramen

6M bratenf

502

The GBR? Sco I BR BOD

pratenfe panicula duriore laxa, unam parture

[peciant¢.

Rough Oatgrafs, with a compact panicle,

Fofiuca avenacea birfuta paniculis minus [parfis.

34. Fine fmooth-headed Oatgrafs, Gramen ave-
naceum pratenfe gluma tenuiore glabra,

35. Lean, panicled, fmooth-headed Oatgrafs,
Fefiuca avenacea fpicis firigoforibus glumis
glabris compaétis.

36. Oatgrafs, with large, fmooth fpikes, and
{eattered panicles, Fefluca avenacea fpicis ba-
bitioribus glumis glabris,

37. Purple-awned Oatgrals, Feftuca elatior pani-

Ge EON. Uses

culis minus [parfis locufiis oblongis ariftis pur-
pureis.

38. Bufh-Oatgrafs, with a fparfed panicle, Gra-
men avenaceum dumetorum panicula {parfa.

29. Fine awned Oatgrafs, Gramen avenaceum
‘glabrum panicula e fpicis raris firigofis compo-
Sita ariftis tenuiffimis.

40. Capon’s tail Grafs, Gramen murorum fpica
longiffima nutante. A very beautiful grafs
on walls.

41. Small, panicled Oatgrals, Gramen panicula-
tum bromoides minus paniculis ariftatis unam
partin {peantibus,

XIX.

QUAKING GRASS.

GRAMEN TREMULU™.

*FSLIE cup is compofed of two valves, and contains feveral flowers, ranged in a double feries, and

i in a heart-like form: the two valves compofing this are hollow, of a heart-like fhape, and
equal in fize. The flower is formed of two valves: the lower is of the fhape and bignefs of the
cup ; the upper is very fmall, flat, and roundifh; and is placed fo as to fhut up the hollow of the

other. The feed is roundifh.
Linneeus places this among the ¢riandria.

1. Quaking Grafs.
Gramen tremulum majus.

The root is fibrous.,
The leaves are narrow, and of a faint green,

The ftalk is flender and pale; and at the top.

{upports numerous, large heads, on very flender
footftalks: thefe are of a pale brown, tinged with

Gabi tU ise

redifh, and tremble on their footftalks; thence
the name.
It is common in paftures, and flowers in May,
C. Bauhine calls it Gramen tremulum majus.

We have one other fpecies :

2. Small Quaking Grafs, Gramen tremulum minus
panicula ampla locuflis parvis triangulis.

XX.

WOOD GRASS.

GRAMEN NEMOROSUM™.

4 Bes outer cup is compofed of two valves: the inner or proper cup is formed of fix oblong,
pointed leaves ; which are coloured, and by fome have been called petals. The feed-veftel is
divided into three parts, and contains feveral roundifh feeds.

Linneus places this among the exandria, the threads being fix.

1. Hairy Wood Grafs.

Gramen nemorofum birfutum vulgare.

The root is compofed of numerous, thick
fibres. ;

The leaves are long, narrow, of a fine green,
and covered lightly with long, brown hairs.

The ftalk is a foot and half high; and at its
top ftand many confpicuous flowers, of abrownifh
colour, tinged with a little white, and placed
fingly on long, flender footftalks, rifing from one
‘common point at the head of the principal
ftalk.

t is commen in woods, flowering in May.

C. Bauhine calls it Gramen nemorofum birfutum
majus latifolium. But there is a larger kind.

2. Great hairy Wood Grafs, with a rufhy pa-
nicle, Gramen birfutum elatius panicula juncea
compacta.

3. Greateft, broad-leaved, hairy Wood Grafs,
Gramen nemorofum hirfutum latifolium maxi-
mui.

4. Small, hairy Wood Grafs, Gramen eile bir-
futum. Common in woods, paftures, and»
heaths, in April,

GoE Nw s

Thi “BRITISH HER BIA LL

5093

IN: * Ue 4s

XXL

GRR US GIR A S'S,

GRAMEN

Gey PY ER OT Danas.

HE leaves are long and narrow, and the ftalks triangular.

‘This obvious diftinétion feparates them from all other plants, better than the ftruéture of
their flowers, which is uncertain in the feveral kinds; this mark is invariable.

Linnzus places them among the ¢riandria.

1. Thofe with matiy full pikes, and a chaffy one at
the top.

1. Narrow-leaved Cyperus Grafs,
Gramen cyperoides majus anguftifolium.

The root creeps under the furface, and has
many fibres.

The leaves are long, narrow, and of a fine
green.

The ftalk is two feet high, of a paler green,
and exaétly three fquare.

The {pikes are few, and ftand toward the top ;
and the uppermoft, which is light and chaffy, is
thicker than the others: this is yellowifh, the
others are black. ;

It is common by waters, and flowers in May.

C. Bauhine calls it Gramen cyperoides majus an-
guftifolium

We have a vaft number of other fpecies.

2. Great Vernal Cyperus Grafs, Gramen cyperoides
cum paniculis nigris. The leaves broad, and
dark.

3. Pink-leaved Cyperus Grafs, with large feeds,
Gramen cyperoides foliis caryophylleis granis tu-
midis varioribus.

4. Pink-leaved Cyperus Grafs, with ere&t feflile
fpikes, Gramen cypercides foliis caryophylleis
fpicis feffilibus eretits.

5. Pink-leaved Cyperus Grafs, with pendulous
heads, Gramen cyperoides foliis caryophylleis
fpicis pendulis.

6. Narrower-leaved Cyperus Grafs, Gramen cype-
roides caryophylleum angufiifiinis foliis fpicis
erectis.

7. Hairy Cyperus Grafs, Gramen cypereides poly-
ftachion lanuginofum. \n boggy places.

3. Yellowifh Cyperus Grafs with fhort fpikes,
Gramen cyperoides pobtachion flavicans fpicis
brevibus.

g. Great, round fpiked Cyperus Grafs, Gramen
eyperoides majus picis teretibus erectis.

10. Slender-eared Wood Cyperus Grafs, Gramen

cyperoides fylvarum tenuius [picatum.

. Slender-eared, broad-leaved Cyperus Grafs,

Gramen cyperoides latifolium Jpicis multis ftri-
ofis.

12. Cyperus Grafs, with a fhort pendulous
fpike, Gramen cyperoides pica pendula bre-
viore. By waters.

13. Many-fpiked Cyperus Grafs, with long pen-
dulous heads, Gramen cyperoides fpica pen-
dula longiore.

14. Thick, yellow-fpiked Cyperus Grafs, Gra-
men cyperoides precox Jpicis turgidis teretibus
flavefcentibus.

15. Cyperus Grafs, with a few roundihh fpikes,

a
al

Gramen cyperoides [picis tribus fibrotundis vix
aculeatis.
: Cyperus Grafs, with fhort, diftant fpikes,
Gramen cyperoides [picis brevibus diftantibus,
. The leaft Vernal CyperusGrafs, Gramen cypes
roides vernum minimum, The heads brownith.
. Marth-Hedgehog Grafs, Gramen paluftre
echinatum. A fmall. plant, with fhort,
prickly fpikes.
19. Soft-leaved Cyperus Grafs, Graimen cyperoides
Jpicis brevibus congeftis folio molli.
20. Slender-leaved Cyperus Grafs, Gramen cype=
roides tenuifolium. A frnall kind, with a
few thick fpikes.

i co
co N. a

2. Thofe with feveral fpikes at rhe top of the fRalk,

but no chaffy one.

. Marth Cyperus Grafs, with loofe fpikes;
Gramen cyperoides paluftre elatius fpica lon-
giore laxa.

22. Cyperus Grafs, with a head compofed of foft
fpikes, Gramen cyperoides [pica e /picis pluri-
bus mollibus compofita.

23. Marth Cyperus Grafs, with a divided head?
Gramen cyperoides ex monte Ballace {pica di-
vulfa. -

24. Cyperus Grafs, with a foft, compound head,
Gramen cyperoides [pica e pluribus {picibus lon-
gioribus compofita.

25. Sea Cyperus Grafs, with a compound fpikes
Gramen maritimum cypercides Jpica compofita.

26, Elegant Cyperus Grafs, with a rough com+
pounded head, Gramen cypercides /pica com.
pofita afperiore.

27. Elegant Cyperus Grafs, with a foft head,
Gramen cyperoides elegans {pica compofita molles

28. Greater-{piked Cyperus Grafs, Gramen cy-
peroides palufire majus {pica compofita.

ag. The lefler- fpiked Cyperus Grafs, Gramen
eyperoides fpicatum minus, The ftalk droops,

go. The leffer}fpiked Cyperus Grafs, with an in-
terrupted {pike, Gramen cyperoides [pica di-
vulfa minus.

31. Narrow-leaved, fhort-fpiked Cyperus Grafs,
Gramen cyperoides anguftifolium fpicis brevibus
in folicrum alis.

32. The leaft prickly-headed, fpiked Cyperus
Grafs, Gramen cypercides Jpicatum minimum
Jpica divulfa aculeata,

33. Flea-Grafs, Gramen oyperoides minimuin femi

nibus deorfumreflexis puliciformibus.

. Flat-fpiked Cyperus Grals, Gramen cyperoides
Spica fimplici compreffa difticha.

35. Small Cyperus Grafs, with a crowfoot-head,
Gramen cyperoides minimum ranuncul: ccpitule
rotundo.

36. Long crowfoot-headed Cyperus Grafs, Gra-
men cyperoides minus ranunculi capitulo longiore.

GIEIN US

w
ang

Te ABER TH SH eB BE RSBAA b,

Gy E
Gy

HE cup contains many flowers, and is formed of two valves.

NewU. 8
PE. Ry, US

XXIL

The flower is compofed of fix

valves, which are oblong and convergent : they are placed in an imbricated manner, and the

outer ones are fmalleft.

1: Long Cyperus.
Cyperus longus odoratus.

The root.is irregular, and.oblong.

The leaves are long, broad, fharp, and of a
fine green,

The ftalk is firm, upright, and of a paler
green ; and at its top there ftand numerous tufted
{pikes, compofed of little ears, on feparate fpread-
ing footftalks : thefe are of a fine glofly brown.

We have it by pond-fides. It flowers in
June.

_ C. Bauhine calls it Cyperus odoratus radice longa.

The root is diuretick and deobftruent.

We have, befide this, five fpecies of true cy-

G E

NM. U

perus, though fome of them called only eyperus

graffes. :

2. Marfh Cyperus, with a f{cattered panicle, Cy.
perus palufiris panicula fparfa, The fpikes
very fhort. :

3. Round-rooted Baftard Cyperus, Cyperus rotun..
dus litoreus inodorus. The leaves very broad
and pale.

4. Long-rooted Baftard Cyperus, Cyperus longus
inodorus Jylvefiris. The ftalk of this is
round.

5. Millet Cyperus, Cyperus gramineus miliaceus.
The ftalk three fquare, and the leaves nar-
row.

6. Small, round Cyperus, Cyperus paluftvis biz firs
tus paniculis albis paleaciis,

S XXII,

Bey VA FL RSA Se

ese TRE Baur 28s

ene flowers are cluftered together, in fingle or divided heads ; and are feparated one from an-

other by fmall, oval, plain, but formewhat bent leaves.
the filaments, which rife at. the bafes of thefe {fcales.

cornered.

There is no part of a flower, except
The feeds are fingle, large, and three-

Linnzus places this among the ¢riandria ; the filaments, which ina manner conftitute the flower
?

being three.

t. The Bullrufh.
Scirpus paluftris altifiimus.

The root is compofed of innumerable thick
fibres, : eS

The ftalk is green, thick, a yard high, and
fpungy.

It is ufually furrounded at the bafe by a brown-
ifh membrane, and tip’d with brown at the top 5
a little below the fummit burft forth the fowers ;
they are fmall, brown, and forming a loofe panicle.

Tt is common in waters, flowering in June.
_C. Bauhine calls it Juncus maximus.

’ We have twelve other kinds.
1. Naked Scixpi.

1. The Leffer Bullruth, Funcus five Scirpus medius.
Two feet high, fmooth, and with a flender
ftalk. ;

2. Fluted Ruth, Yuncus aquaticus medius caule ca-
rinato. The colour a pale bluith green,

3» Three-fquare Ruth, Yuncus acutus maritimts
caule triquetro maximo molli procerior, A very
tall plant:

4. Leffler prickly Sea-Ruth, Funcus acuity; wmari-
timus caule triquetro nucerone pungente,

5. Round clufter-headed Sea-Ruth, Scirpus ma-
ritimus capitulis rotundioribus conglomeratis.

6. Club Ruth, or aglet-headed Ruh, Scirpus
equifeli capitulo majori. Common in brooks.

7 The leaft upright Club Ruhh, Scirpus minimus
capitulis equifeli. The ftalk not thicker than
a large briftle.

2. Scirpi with leaves.

8. Dwarf Ruth, with {mall aglet heads, Scirpus
montanus capitulo breviori. In hilly paf-
tures.

9. Round, black-headed Marth Roth, Funcus
levis minor capitulo glomerato nigricante. °

10. The leat Ruth, Scirpus foliaceus humilis,
Common in damp places, where the foil is
poor.

11. Marfh Ruth Grafs, with fleawort heads,
Scirpus equifeli capitulo minore. In watery
places.

12. Many-headed leafy Ruth, Gramen junceum
polyftachion. The panicle very loofe and
fcattered, :

GE AN 2g. -S

c Whe il? C Whew

‘ be | she 1 AS Conmongeatatl
SOL aes cd Durie LZ, fo id ~ Moyeet a

y okay UG,
7.

Souall: Come
C2 Cy pperid

7 A

; OVMMUON
@ ONION ce aw LaYE

Marys : v

CO Cine? ed itt) 5

iurle, a

Marl, oe

Ca (gli; 2

i : Wy
s Narra,
mr ee

pape

tah 5;

Colin

Ys (J

: her: ee M Barly
G Cueunon Ont- Dign/ igh

Comm ORT LC ‘a

i
—Ctttul

‘yes
Matwred 2

Wom Ao

ThE SRITUGH GER RAL

203

eG Ee iN aU 8

XXIV.

RU 8H.
Pres Ne Oa U4, S:

HE flower is compofed of a fix-leaved cup, with the filaments and rudiment of 4 feed-veftel

The leaves of the cup are oblong, fharp-pointed, and permanent.

divided into three parts.

1. Scirpi without leaves.

1. Pricking, large Sea-Ruth;
Funcus acutus capitulis forghi.

The root is compofed of innumerable fibres,
interwoven in a ftrange manner with one an-
other.

The ftalk is two feet high, firm, hard, of a
pale green, and prickly at the top.

The flowering heads are brown ; and they ftand
cluflered together.

It is common by the fea-fide, flowering in
June.

We have twelve other fpecies, including what
are called rufb-graffes.
The reader will fee, by the different ftructure

of the flowers, how very improperly the junci’

and /cirpi are called in Englifh by the common
name r/o. We have in this enumeration re-
tained the names by which they are defcribed in
the works of our own writers, as it is under them
they are familiarly known: but the judicious
reader will fee from their place to which head
they properly belong.

Were the purpofe here fole curiofity, a vo-
Jume might be employed on the graffes alone;
but we hope to convey a juft idea of the fpecies
of thefe, and the.other lefs ufeful plants, by thefe
enumerations, without fwelling the volume be-
yond the intended fize.

Gr ahs Ne

ARROW
f2 RA eG AE:

The feed-veffel is large, and

2. Englifh Sea Hard Ruth, Faneus acutss mari<
timus Anglicus. The ftalk folid, and two
feet high.

3. Common Hard Ruth, Fuucus acutis vulgaris.
The ftalk hard, ftriated, and Prickly at the
top.

4. Common foft Ruth, Funcus Levis vulgaris,
The ftalk foft and fpungy. ?

5: Soft Ruth, with a compact panicle, Fun-
cus levis panicula compaéia, The ftalk is
ftriated. ee

6. Long-top’d Ruth, Furicus parvus calamo fupra
paniculum longius produéfo. eh

2; Rufbess with leaves.

7. Mofs Rufh, or Goofe-corn, Juncus montanus
palufiris, The leaves fpread on the ground
as rays.

8. Small Ruth grafs, with jointed leaves, Funcus
foliis articulofis floribus umbellatis. — :

g. Wood Rufh grafs; or great Ruth grafs, with
jointed leaves; Funcus nemorofus folio articu-
lato. The heads brown.

1o. Rufh grafs, with round feed-veffels, Funcis
parvus pericarpiis rotundis.

_ur. The leaft triangular-feeded Ruth grafs, Fun-

cus capfulis triangulis minimus,

12. Toad-Grafs, Juncus paluftris bumilior erefus.
The ftalk is branched, and four inches
high.

13. Dwarf Toad-grafs, Gramen juncoides minimum
Anglo-Britanicum: ‘The heads oval.

$ XXV.
GRASS,
Op Cw Ieee

HE cup is fotmed of three hollow, oval, obtufe leaves. The flower is formed of three petals,
of a pale colour, and refembling them in fhape. The feed-veffel is oval; and large.

Linnzeus places this among the hexandria.

1. Common Arrow Grafs,
Triglochin vulgare.
The root is compofed of numerous fibres.
The leaves are narrow, numerous, and of a

fine green.
The ftalk is a foot high, and the flowers ter-
minate it in a long and flender fpike.

N° 50.

Tt is common in falt-marfhes, and flowers in
June.

C. Bauhine calls it Gramen junceum fpicatum
five Triglochin.

2, Sea fpiked Grafs, Gramen maritimum fpica-

tum. Small, and with very numerous, nar-
row leaves.

G Ban US

The «BRT 1S:H VES R Bak L,

Gy aon

Ne: AU

§ XXVI.

C0 Tal ONS GRAS S,

EIGN ASG LR ON Ser eiaes.

HE flowers confift only of filaments, three to each, which are fepatated from one another in
the clufter by {mall, oblong leaves. The feed is fingle, and is furrounded with long threads.

Linneus places this among the ¢riandria, and gives it the name eriophorum.

tomentofum.

1. Cotton Grafs,
Linagroftis vulgaris,

The root is compofed of numerous fibres,

The leaves are grafly, narrow, and of a deep
green.

The ftalk is a foot and half high, of a purplifh
brown at the bottom, and of a fine green up-
wards.

The flowers ftand at the top, and are {mall

Gast E

Nee

Others call it gramert

and inconfiderable ; but the filaments which fur-
round the feeds are long, white, and cottony.
It is common on bogs, and flowers in Au-
guft.
C. Bauhine calls it Gramen tomentofum panicula
Sparfa.
We have only one other fpecies of it.
2. Fair’s-cail Ruth, Funcus Alpinus cum cauda
leporina. This is a proper lixagroftis; the
head truly woolly.

's XXVIL

CA hee ai Ales bg

Lo Pe Hi

@ Bete flowers are male and female on the fame plant.

bers ina catkin, which terminates the ftalk
alfo of the catkin kind, which clofely furrounds it in a compact, firm fubftance,
compofed each of three narrow leaves, with the fame number of filaments,
in the upper catkin, The female, which are lodged in the compact fubftance,
rous hairs of a pappous ftru€ture, and within thefe a rudiment of a fruit fixed on

The male flowers are ranged in great nums

3 and the female flowers are placed in a long body,

The male flowers are
which are clofely arranged.
have for a cup nume-
a filament. This ri-

-pens into a fingle feed, and there crow numerous capillary filaments from that which fupports it,
Thefe together make the thick fubftance called the cat’ s-tait, i
Linnzus places this among the monecia triandria,

1. Cat’s-tail.
Typha vulvaris.

The root creeps under the furface, and has
many fibres.

The leaves are long, and of a fine green.

The ftalk is four feet high; and at its top
ftand the female flowers in a very thick fpike, ter-
minated by the male catkin; the whole of a fine
velvety brown.

ee be NS

{tis common by waters, and flowers in Au-
guft.

C. Bauhine calls it Typha palufris major,

We have two other {pecies.

2. The middle Cat’s-tail, Typha paluftris media.
The fpike is much fienderer than in the
other. :

3- The leaft Cat’s-tail, Typha paluftris minor.
The fpike in this is thick ‘and fhort, and
blackifh.

g ealsesyity.

BUR .REED.

SPA GRVNG) As NOT Ur ay:

ee flowers are of two kinds, male and female,

Iééted into a roundifh button,

on the fame plant. .The male flowers are col.

and confift each of a three-leaved cup, with three filaments,
The female flowers are numerous, and fixed to.a round receptacle :

thefe have no cup, .but confift

-only of a rudiment ofa feed-veffel: thefe alfo are collected into rounded heads.

1. Bur Reed.
Se Sparganium vulgare.

The root is creeping, and has many fibres.
The leaves are of a bright green,
The ftalk is two feet high, and divided into
many branches.

The flowers are whitith ; and the fruit is
round, green, -hard, and echinated.

It is common by waters, and flowers in
June.

C. Bauhine calls it Sparganium ramofunt. Others,
Sparganium vulgare.

8 We

Th BRITISH HER B‘A L.
We have two other {pecies. ‘| 3. The leaft Bur Reed, Sparganium minimum.
2. Bur Reed, not branched, Sparganium non The leaves ate very long, and the heads

ramofum, Smaller, and with an upright fmall.
ftalk. :

5°07

Gy EON U SS . XXIX.
AG 0 RYU S.

Me I ‘HE flowers are ranged together on a long and elegant receptacle, of the thape and bignefs of a
finger : they are compofed each of fix hollow, obtufe leaves, with the fame number of threads,
The feed-veffel is fhort, triangular, and contains feveral oblong, oval feeds,
Linnzeus ranges this among the hexandria monogynia; the filaments being three, and the ftyle fingles
Common Acorus. We have it by ponds in fome parts of Eng-
Acorus vulgaris. land.
j C. Bauhine calls it Acorns verus feu Calamus aro-

The root is long, thick, and creeping; andis | sapiens officinarum.

of a pleafing, warm, and aromatick tafte.
The leaves are two feet long, of a yellowifh The root is ftomachick and deobftruent ; but

green. it does not in our cold climate attain its full
The catkin is of a yellowith brown. virtue.

Th END of the THIRTY-SECOND CLASS, . '

B Rel -T 1S HoH E*R BA TL.

PEEPS SISSSELERELGOLESSSOEEE OSES SOOT SSESOSSESOS LSS

CL AS S XXXII.

i RE ES. and “SH RO Bey

form ; yet modern fyftems do not preferve them feparate. The late writers in general place

in the fame claffes thofe trees and: herbaceous plants, whofe flowers have the fame number
of filaments: but in this work, intended to familiarife the {cience, we have kept them, as they are
in nature, difting,

Te vegetables of this clafs carry their diftinGtion in the moft obvious manner in their outer

SESE SH GH ce ace cate came

S°sE aR 1 ES i,

TREES whofe male and female flowers are feparate.

G LEB aN* UU 2s a
THE WALLNUT.
NFU" X,

HE male flowers are in catkins; and each is divided into fix parts. The female flowers ftand

two or three together on other parts of the tree: each confifts of a cup, divided into four parts,

with a fingle petal, divided alfo into four parts, and an oval rudiment, which afterwards becomes the
fruit, confifting of a flefhy covering, with a thelly fubftance within, enclofing an uneven kernel,

1. The Wallnut Tree. The catkins are brownifh, with a tinge of
green, and the fruit covered with a green rind.
It is wild in Scotland ; and is planted every
The tree rifes to a great height, and fpreads where for the fruit.
irregularly into branches.
The leaves are pinnated ;_ the pinnz vaft, ob- The fkin furrounding the kernel is a good
long, and of a fine green. aftringent.

Nux vulgaris.

GicEseN Ul Ss. a
HAZLE,
CEO2 RVG MUS

HE male flowers are in catkins, and confift of numerous filaments : they are feparated by feales
divided at the top into three parts, which turn back. The female flowers ftand at a diftance
from thefe, and are enclofed in abud. The cup is formed of two leaves, and is ragged at the edges :
thefe are fo {mall as to be fearce diftinguifhable. From the rudiment of the fruit rife two feathered

and coloured ftyles. The fruit is a nut, contained in the cup, which enlarges greatly.
I The

The <BR. Ef fers: Hw, E RBA

Boy)
The Hazle. The catkins are brown, and the female Sowers
Corylus vulgaris, are red.
This is a fhrub of ten feet high. It is common in hedges and woods.

The bark is brown.
The leaves are roundifh, rough on the furface,
ferrated, and fharp-pointed.

C. Bauhine calls it Corylus vulgaris.

Ge ee Esa
BEECH.
BAS G'S ORS?

Aree male flowers compofe a kind of globular catkin: they are formed of a one-leaved cup, di-
vided into five parts; and have no petals, but numerous filaments. The female flower is en-
clofed in a bud ; and confifts of 4 cup, divided into four fegments, which afterwards harden, and form
a covering or fhell to the fruit. This is compofed of large feeds laid clofe together.

The Beech. | The flowers are greenifh; and the fruit, or
Fagus vulgaris. maft, when ripe, is hard and brown.
¥ It is common in woods.

The leaves are broad, fhort, and of a dufky
green.

Gt eteeeN: «US IV.
CHESNUT.
Co ALS. AN ESSA.
“FIT, male flowers are difpofed in long catkins, and are of the fame ftru€ture with thofe of the

beech. The female flowers are alfo of the fame form with thofe of beech: the fruit is
larger. c

Common Chefnut Tree. The catkins are of a whitifh ereen, and the
Caftanea vulgaris. fruit very large.
"The tree is large, and fpreads out into many It is wild in fome of our woods, and culti-

branches : vated every where for its fruit.

The leaves are long, ferrated, fharp-pointed, C. Bauhine calls it Caftanea fylvefiris.
and of a beautiful dark green.

Gites RNR eS V.
OLA SK.
OFUSE RC U,.S.

Aes male flowers make a loofe catkin: each confifts of acup, divided into five fegments, and
feveral threads. ‘The female flowers are enclofed in a kind of buds. The cup is half round,
and undivided ; and contains an oval rudiment, which afterwards becomes the acorn,

1. The Oak. ? The fruit needs no defcription.

Quercus vulgaris. We have one other fpecies, diftinguifhed by -
- ; ; the fhortnefs of the footftalk, which fupports the
The tree grows to a vaft height and bignefs, | acorn,

fpreading into innumerable and irregular branches.
The leaves are large, oblong, obtufe, deeply | 2. Oak, with acorns on fhort footttalks, Quer=
finuated, and of a dark green. | cus latifolia mas brevi pediculo.

Go Be. eUnws VI.
Bosig Re

A BUPA ESS:

HIE male flowers are difpofed in racemous catkins; and confift only of filaments, with the

fealy parts of the bud as cups. The fernale flowers are arranged many together in a common

cup, of a conic form, and confift only of a rudiment of a fruit, with a fhort ftyle: one is lodged un.
der every {cale of the cone.

N 50. 60 The

The

BRITE S Ht BRS AT.

The Yew-leaved Fir.
Abies conis furfum fpeGantibus.

The trunk is thick, and covered with a redith
brown bark.

The branches are numerous, and fpreading.

The leaves grow in two feries, refembling thofe
of the yew-tree ; and are of a deep green above,
and of a filvery grey below.

The cones are large, brown, and ftand up-
wards.

We have it in Scotland, and fome other places.

God,

Na gis 9

C. Bauhine calls it Abies conis furfum frettanti-
bus five mas.

We have one other foecies alfo native :

The common Fir or Pitch tree, Abies rubra. Its
leaves grow irregularly, and the cones hang
downwards.

What is called the Scotch fir is diftin& from
both thefe: it is the wld pine. The leaves are
long and bluifh.

: !

VII,

ALD ER.

eee Ve Uc Ss

FEAHE male flowers are difpofed in cylindrick catkins, and three are placed on each feale of the cup.

ut Each is formed of a: fingle minute leaf, cut at
. lowers are placed in oval catkins; and have no petals,
the catkin, which afterwards becomes a {mall cone.

The Alder.
Alnus vulgaris.
It is naturally a fhrub of free growth.
The bark is gloffy and purplith.

The leaves are large, roundifh, and clammy ;.
and the cones are brown.

Ce aD

ING a ees.S

the edge into four fegments. ‘The female
but rudiments of feeds under the {cales of

It is common by. waters.

C. Bauhine calls ic Anus rotundifolia glutinofa
viridis.
We have a variety of this called the Scarlet

alder 5 in which there are red membranes under
the cones, owing to accident.

VIII.

BIRCH,
Daly TS GT, 7:

HE male flowers are placed in cylindrick catkins ; and are formed of a fingle petal, divided

into four oval fegments ; three of thefe ftand on

each fcale of the cup. The female flowers

confift only of rudiments of feeds, placed among the feales of oblong catkins.
Linnzeus places this and the former among the monecia tetrandria,

The Birch Tree,
Betula.
The tree is tal] and regular in growth.
The bark is fmooth and glofly, pale on the
body, but purplith atthe twigs,

Ge Nn Pe S

The leaves are oval, pointed, ferrated, and
gloffy.

It is common in woods.

All authors call it Betula.

So WaEMEe DAG A” lee

G AAEE:

HIE male flowers are placed in a loofe, oval catkin, and confit only of filaments under the

{eales of the catkin,

i ‘

Sweet Gaul.
Gale,
It is a low fhrub of a foot and half.
The bark is fmooth, and deep coloured.
The twigs are flender ; the leaves are oblong,
undivided, Hh of a pale green.

The female flowers are‘difpofed in the fame manner on different plants 5
and have only a rudiment of a fruit, which, when ripened, is dry,

fkinny, and comprefied at top.

The flowers are brown.
We have it in bogey ground.
C. Bauhine calls it Rhus myrtifolia Belgica,

The leaves, where bruifed, have a coarfely aro-
matick fmell.

GE anew: Ss

TheA BRI WO STH HERB AL,

git
Gao E. 7.Wen Ua, *S Xx
JUNIPER
: FUNTIPERUS.

mee male flowers are placed in long catkins by threes; and

bafe: befides this there are only filaments.

three parts, and three hard-pointed petals.

they have each a feale at the
The female flower has a cup divided into

The fruit is a round berry, containing three feeds.

Linnzus places this among the diacia monadelphia.

Common Juniper.

Juniperus 4

Itis commonly a fhrub of fix feet high, but
will rife to a tree in fome places.

The branches are numerous.

The leaves are fet very thick, and they are
fmall, narrow, of a pale green, and tharp at the
point.

The male flowers grow on fome trees, and the
fruit on others: this is a round, purplith berry,
covered with a grey powder.

Gag

Ne Ui 2S

We have it common on heaths.

C. Bauhine calls it Funiperus vulgaris fruticofa.

The berries are an excellent carminative and
diuretick 5 as is alfo the wood.

We have two other fpecies,

x. Dwarf Mountain Juniper, Juniperus Alpina.
The leaves of this are broader than in the
other.

2. Savine, Salina. This is properly a fpecies of
the jusiper with broader leaves: famous for
promoting the menfes. :

XI.

BLACK EMPET.RU™M,

EMPETRUM..

HERE are three kinds of flowers, male, female, and hermaphrodite, all on diftin® plants.
The male flower has a cup divided into three parts, and three {mall, oval petals; this is
fucceeded by a berry. The male flowers are formed as the hermaphrodite, but have no rudiment
of a fruit, nor are fucceeded by any berry. The female have all the parts of the hermaphrodite

flowers, but no filaments,
Linnzus places this among the ¢riacia.
and the hermaphrodite impregnate themfelves.

Black berry’d Empetrum.
Empetrum frudiu nigro.
The fhrub fg low and fmall ; the branches trail
upon the ground, and the bark is red and gloffy.
The leaves ftand thick and irregularly, and
are oval, fhort, and pointed.

G E

Net U, gisaiS

The farina from the male flower impregnates the female;

The berries are black and fhining.

We have it on boggy heaths.

C. Bauhine calls it Erica Laccifera procumbens
nigra. Others, Empetrum nigrum, Our people,
Crowberries, and Crakeberries.

XII.

BOX,

BUS X aU gas:

ELE male flowers rife from the buds of the branches, and are formed of two roundifh, hollowed

leaves, placed in a three-leaved cup.

The female flowers grow among them, and have a
t=) c—)

four-leaved cup and three petals. he feed-veffel is round, and has three beaks.
Linnzus places this among the monecia tetrandria.

1. Common Box,

Buxus vulgaris.

It is naturally a bufhy, low fhrub.

The bark is pale ; the wood yellow ; the leaves
hard, roundifh, and firm.

The flowers are of a greenifh white.

It is wild in Kent and elfewhere.

C. Bauhine calls it Buxus arborefcens.
The wood has the virtues of guiacum, as a:
fudorifick and fweetener of the blood.

We have another fpecies.

2. Narrow-leaved Box, Buxus anguftifolia. The
leaves fharper at the point, and the branches
fewer.

GLE a NE US

512 Th BRITISH HERBAL.

Geek oN Wego o% XII.
SEA BUCKTHORN,
RHAMNOIDES.
HE male flower has a cup formed of one leaf, divided into two parts, and whole at the
bottom ; the points of the two fegments converge 5 but they gape at the fides: there are noe

petals, but only four filaments in this: the female flower has a tubular cup, divided alfo into two
parts at the edge; and init a rudiment of the fucceeding berry. :

Sea Buckthorn. green on the upper fide, and of a filvery grey
Rb He underneath.
SA eal The flowers are greenifh and the berries yel-
It is a fhrub of eight feet high. low.
The branches are numerous, and the bark is. We have it on the fea-coafts.
pale. ~C. Bauhine calls it Rhamnus falicifolio angufto.

‘The leaves are long and narrow, of a pale

GE Nee UP “Sa. XIV,
YEW.
FARR S.

FITHER the male nor female fower have cup or “petals. The male confifts of numerous
filaments united at their bottom; the female of a rudiment of the fruit. This is fingular,
and unlike that of all known plants, a fingle feed covered with a firm fkin, and furrounded by

a juicy fubftance,

. . . . '
Linneus places this among the diacia monadelphia.

The Yew-Tree. .. The berries are furrounded with a fweet juicy
Taxus vulgaris. Wgergaier ayes ;
eas We have it in woods, but more in gardens.
It grows to an irregular tree, fpreading wildly All authors call it Taxus.
into branches.
The leaves are long, narrow, and placed with | The leaves are poifonous ; but the wood, if it
a beautiful regularity. grew with more regularity, would be very va-

The flowers are yellowifh. luable.

Gy Ee a NS eS XV.
POPLAR.
POPULUS.

HE male flowers have no petals: they are placed in catkins, and confift of a nectarium,

which is hollow, and cut off obliquely at the top fo as to form an oval rim; and with this
eight filaments with large buttons, but no rudiment of a feed-veflel. The female flowers are
formed and difpofed as the male; but they have the rudiment of a feed-veifel, and no filaments.
The feed-veflels are oval, and the feeds downy.

The White Poplar. ~_C. Bauhine calls it Populus alba majoribus feliis.
Lu Olas We have two other fpecies.
The tree is tal], and its bark whitifh, 1. The black poplar, Populus nigra. The
The leaves are large, broad, finuated, and leaves divided like ivy, and of a blackifh
hung on long footftalks: they are of a deep green.
green on the upper fide, and white underneath. | 2- The Afpen-tree, or trembling Poplar, Popu-
The flowers are brownith, lus tremula. ‘The leaves roundifh, on very
We have it by waters. long, flender footftalks.

Gee EON Ua ES XVI.
W: facie: O..We
Oe Oo AST OXA

HIE male flowers are placed in catkins, and confift of a hollow ne¢tarium. and two filaments.

The female flowers are hung in catkins, like the male, and confift only of a rudiment of a”
fruit. The feed-veflel is oval and pointed. The feeds are downy. ae

Common

i
$
\
iy
i

The Midllnat- Do? FOAL

Sweet Gaile Commons Lustlf CP,

She q J Sian Melon Tier The Lo

a aoe p oe ae
: Shetlild Zi iw 4 MCS UC Sere, Shee? (Gaon i ee

si ae

533

The BRITISH HERBAL.

1. Common White Willow.
Salix alba vulgaris.

This will grow to a large tree.

The bark is rough, and of a pale brown on
the trunk, and on the branches of a whitifh
grey.

The leaves are long, narrow, fharp-pointed,
and of a whitith colour.

The catkins are brownifh.

It is common by waters.

C. Bauhine calls it Salix alba arborefcens.

We have twenty-one other fpecies.

2. Low, hoary long-leaved Willow, Salix pumila
rhamni fecundi clufii folio, A very fmall
fhrub.

3 Woolly, white-leaved Dwarf Willow. Salix
pumila foliis utrinque candicantibus. The
leaves oblong, and white on both fides. —

4. Dwarf, narrow-leaved Willow, woolly under-
neath, Salix pumila anguftifolia inferna parte
lanuginofa.

5. Common, creeping Dwarf Willow, Salis pu-

mila anguftifolia prona parte cinerea.
leaves very narrow.

6. Round-leaved Dwarf Willow, Salix apina pu-
mila rotundifolia repens, The leaves white
underneath.

7. Alder-leaved Mountain Willow, Salix alpina
alni rotundo, folio repens. The leaves green
on both fides.

8. Crack Willow, Salix folio longo latoque fplen-
dente fragilis. The leaves yellowifh, the
branches brittle.

g. Round-eared, fhining Willow, Salim folio au-

The

G?EN US
HORNBEAM.

riculato {plendenfe.
round appendages.

. Almond-leaved Willow that cafts its bark,
Salix folic amygdalino utringue aurito corticem
abjiciens.

. Yellow Dwarf Willow, Salix humilior foltis
anguflis fubceruleis ex adverfo binis. The
bark yellow.

. Bay-leaved Sweet Willow, Salix folio laureo,
Jeu lato glabro odorato. The leaves {weet
fcented. £

13. Round-leaved, mountain Dwarf Willow,

Salix pumila folio rotundo. The leaves thick
and blackifh.

14. Long, entire-leaved Willow, Salix minime

fragilis folits longiffimis utrinque viridibus non
Jerratis.

The leaves oblong, with

~
[o}

I
_

is)

' 15. Common Sallow, Salix latifolia et rotundi-

‘tate acuminata. In hedges, the leaves of a
pale green and rough.
16. Round-leaved Sallow, Salix latifolia folio ro-
tundo. Common in hedges with the former.
17. Small-leaved Sallow, Salix folio rotundo mi-
nore. The leaves fmall, and of a pale
green.
18. Creeping Sallow, Salix cap-ea pumila folio
fubrotundo incano. Scarce a foot high.
19. Long-leaved Sallow, Salix caprea acuto longo
quefolio. ‘The leaves long and pointed.
20. Sallow with a fhining leaf, Salix latifolia folio
Jplendente. A low kind with yellow bark.
. The Ofier, Salix folio longiffimo. The leaves
extremely Jong, and the twigs tough.
. Long-leaved, yellowifh Sallow, Salix folio
longo fubluteo non auriculato viminibus luteis.

XXIII.

OcS3TeR Yad

\ J
HIE male flowers are placed in a cylindrick catkin: they confift only of filaments growing

from the fcales of the catkin. The female are placed in an oblong catkin, and confift of only

a rudiment of the fruit.

The Hornbeam.
Oftrya ulmo fiilis.
The tree is of a moderate growth:
The leaves are oblong, of a fine green, fer-
rated at the edges, and placed upon fhort foot-
ftalks.

Ne Lh

The flowers are inconfiderable ; but the fruic
is large and foliaceous.

We have it in fome of our woods.

C. Bauhine calls it Ofrya ulno fimilis.

Others,
Carpinus.

SUE? Ryo bags

534

Hhe BRAT H Sw H B-R BoAtE,

See ak olan S

een

IL.

Trees and fhrubs which have fruit after all the flowers,

G, EN} WS d
vhhe- AMP. IB,

MAE US.

HE flower is placed in a cup divided into five fegments ; and is compofed sof five Jay
i The fruit ‘is roundith, flefhy, and contains feveral oblong feeds,
Linnzeus places this among the icofandyia pentagynia; the filaments bein

roundifh petals.
ferted in the cup, and the flyles five:

The Crab.
Malus fylvefris vulgaris.

The fhrub is tough, and {preads into many
and covered with

branches, which are knotty,
a purplifh rind,

ge,

& Numerous and jn-

The leaves are broad, fhort, pointed, and of
a deep green,

The flowers are large and fleth-coloured
buds very red.

It is common in hedges,

C. Bauhine calls it AZe/ys Sylveftris.

3 their

Geb. No pga sag y
PebieAaRs

BALL Rai angy

g Re flower is placed in a cup, divided into five fegments, and is.com
The fruit is oblong, flefhy, and has within feveral oblong feeds.

Linnzeus places this with the former,

The wild Pear-Tree,
Lyrus fylveftris.
The tree is tall ahd {preading.
The bark is rough and brown,

The leaves are broad, oblong, and of a pale

green,

CC gtcaalN aul S

poled of five large petals,

The flowers are large and white,
The fruit is yellow, and harfh to the tafte,

We have it in hedges in the north of Eng-
land.

C. Bauhine calls it Pyrus fylveftris.

Ii,

S.E°R Vol CB;
WwHOATR: JB U.S.

Gee flower is placed in-a cup, divided into five light fegments, and is com
petals. The fruit is foft, toundifh, and umbilicated 3 and the feeds are th
Linnzus places this among the icofandria pentagynia.

1. The True Service,
Sorbus legitima,

The tree grows to a confiderable fize, and
fpreads out into many branches,

The leaves are beautifully difpofed, and are
pinnated, oblong, fharp- pointed, and of a fine
green.

The flowers ftand in clufters 3 and are {mall
and white.

The fruit is large, oblong, pear-thaped, and
brown, 2

pofed of ‘five broad
ree,

We have it in woods in Staffordhhire:
C. Bauhine calls it Sorbus fativa.
The fruit when mellow is very pleafant.

We have two other {pecies,

1. The common Service, Sordys Lorminalis. The
leaves broad, and deeply divided; and the
fruit fmall,

2. The Quicken-tree, Sersys Llovefiris foliis dom-
neflice fimilis, The leaves like thofe of the
afh, and the fruit red,

GEN U5

The = B+R-I? T's? HE R'B A.

515

Gar EoeNe Ur Ss

TV.

AYE TE SIDA 1b UE RY,

"THE flower is placed in a cup, lightly divided into four fegments; and is compofed of five

roundifh petals, with numerous filaments.

The fruit is flefhy, roundifh, and umbilicated,

Linnzus places this among the icofandria pentag ynia,

1. The White Beam.
Mefpilus alnifolio fubtus incano.

The tree grows to a moderate bignefs.

The bark is pale and {mooth.

The leaves are oblong, broad, obtufe, and
lightly dented: of a dark green on the upper
fide, and whitifh underneath, :

The flowers are fmall-and white ; and the fruit
is fmall and roundifh.

We have it in our'weftern counties.

C. Bauhine calls it Ali effigie lanato folia: but
its moft ufual name is Avia Theopbrafti.

We have three other fpecies’ of Mefpilus.

1. The common White Hawthorn, Me/pilus
apii folio vulgaris fpinofa. ’

2. Oblong-leaved Méfpilus, Me/pilus vulgaris fo-
lio laurino.

3. Great-leaved Mefpilus, Me/pilus foliis et fruttu
majoribus.

eB ON Urs Ve
ROSE.
RO): St A,

HE flower is placed in a large cup, thick, and rounded at the bafe, and divided at the edg
into five long fegments ; and it is compofed of five broad petals, with numerous filaments. ‘The
fruit is formed of the thick bafe of the cup; and contains many feeds.
Linnzus.places this-among the icofandria polygynia.

The Burnet Rofe.

Rofa pumila [pinofifima foliis pimpinell.

This is a little but very pretty fhrub.
The branches are tough, and their bark is
*“bréwnith.

The leaves are pinnated, and the pinnz are
fhort, ferrated, and roundifh: their colour is a
dark green.

The flowers-are large, and of a very pale
‘fefh colour, ;

"The fruit is fmall, ‘réd, ‘and roundifh.

It is common in hedges, and flowers in June.

C. Bauhine calls it Rofa fylveftris pomifera,
Others, Rofa foliis pimpinelle.

GucE Netw iS

We have five other fpecies.

rt, The common Briar, or Dog-tofe, ‘Rofa fyl-
veftris inodora, five canina. Common in all
hedges.

2. Wild Briar with large, iptickly hips, Ro/a
Llvefiris frudiu, majore bifpide. . In hedges.

3. Sweet Briar, Rofa fylueftris odora. We have
this wild in our fouthern counties, :

4. White-flowered Dog-rofe. Rafa /ylveftris minor
Slore albo, Theleaves broader, and thorter.

5. The great Englifh Apple-rofe, Rofa\ fylveftris
pomifera major. The fruit as big asa fmall
pear.

VI.

CURRANT.

BR 3 T+ Bs Bind:

i ee cup is rounded, fwoln, and divided into five fegments. The flower confift's of :five ‘fmall,

roundifh petals,

The fruit is rounded, juicy, and contains many feeds.

Linnzus places this among the. peatandria monogynia.

We have four fpecies wild in our northern counties.

-4. Thecommoh-Curraht, Ribes vulgaris fruiu
rubro. Cultivated alfo every whére in gar-
dens.

2. The fweet Currant, Ribes vulgaris frudéiu dul-
ci, The leaves broader and larger.

3. Small-fruited 'Ctirraht, ‘Rides fret parva.
The fruit’and eaves both very ‘ftnall.
4. ‘The? black ‘Currant, ‘Rides nigrum,
leaves of an ill fmell. 2
The jelly of this cures fore throats.

The

G SEP SNStGies

The

BaRoled. Iy8 He Hy Ea RB AGL.

G & N Uz S

VIL.

We El OsR ah ek:

Vow eles,

Si (aoe cup is placed on the rudiment of the fruit, and is very {mall.
a fingle petal, and is divided into four fegments at the rim, which turn back.
The fruit is a round berry, in which are feveral feeds in four cells.

it is hollow.

1. The red Whortle.
Vitis idea fruéiu rabro.

This is a fmall fhrub, with flender, purplifh
branches.

The leaves are roundifh, and of a dark green,
obtufe at the ends, and not at all ferrated at the
edges.

The flowers are greenifh, with a tinge of red.

The berries are round, red, and well tafted.

It is common in our northern counties on
boggy ground.

Ge Pen ves

Hib) fh val

The flower is formed of
The body of

C. Bauhine calls it Vitis idea foliis fubrotundis
non crenatis baccis rubris,

We have three other fpecies.

t. The great Billberry-buth, Vitis idea magna,
The fhrub is larger, and the berries round
and black,

2: Angular-ftalked Billberry-buth, Vitis idea
angulofa. The twigs green and ridged ;
and the berries black,

3. Myrtle-leaved Billberry-buth, Vitis idea foliis
myrtinis crifpis. The leaves curled, and
the fruit black,

VIII.

HONYSUCKLE,

GA Pal he On 1 Ue is

ces cup is {mall, and divided into five parts. The flower is formed of a fingle petal, which
is tubular, long, and flender; and at the rim divided into five fegments, which turn back.

The fruit is a roundifh, umbilicated berry.

Linnzus places this among the pentandria monogynia.

x. Common Honeyfuckle.
Caprifolium vulgare.

The fhrub is fmall; the branches tough, flen-
der, weak, and climbing.

The leaves are oblong, large, and of a bluith
green,

The flowers ftand in handfome tufts at the
tops of the branches; and are of a fine pale
_ yellow with fome white among it.

Gai N. US

The berries are red.

It is common in hedges, and flowers in July.

C. Bauhine calls it Caprifolium non perfoliatum
Germanicum.

We have one other fpecies,

2. Oak-leaved Honeyfuckle, Caprifolium non per-
foliatum foliis finnatis. The leaves deeply
finuated,

IX.

DoW YK

Ei VE @DA EL RX.

Aue cup is very fmall, and has five dents at the edge.
petals, with crooked tips. The fruit is a round berry,

The flower is compofed of five oblong

Linnzus places this among the pentandria monogynia,

Common Ivy.
Hedera vulgaris.
The ftem is woody, and climbs ; fixing itfelf
by tendrils, in manner of roots. ~
The leaves are of a blackith green, and vari-
ous figure; fome oblong and fimple ; others di-
Vided into three lobes. ‘

The flowers are placed in tufts, and are of a
greenifh white. . ,

The berries are black.

It is common in hedges and againft walls of
old buildings.
~C. Bauhine calls it Hedera arborea.

GE Neus

The? *BIRA Til § He HiEIROR AL

GGEwaNalU' os Fx,
WAT ECR-¥ EeEsDeE rR:
; OF PAU LE Gi as:
HE flowers are placed in umbells on fubdivided beenehe” The cup is minute, and dented in
five places at the edge. Each flower is formed of a fingle petal, divided into

which turn backward. ° The fruit is a roundifh berry.
~ Linnzeus places this among the peatandria trigynia.

five fegments,

The Water Elder. _ The leaves are broad, and of a faint green;
Opulus vulgaris. irregularly divided into three lobes, and ferrated.
tS The flowets are white ; and the berries red,
It is a weak fhrub of five feet high, It is common by waters,
The branches are numerous, and their bark C. Bauhine calls it Sambucus aquatica Shore fim-
brown. plici. :

G E N U S XI
WAYFARING “ER ER.
VIBURNUM™.

HE flowers are difpofed in {mall umbells. The cup is minute, and divided by five dents at
the edge. The flower is formed of a fingle petal, divided into five obtufe fegments; and
thefe turn back. The fruit is a roundifh berry, containing a fingle feed.
Linnzus places this among the peutandria trigynia.

The Wayfaring-Tree. whitifh green on the upper fide, and white and
meally underneath,
The flowers are white, and the berries, when
‘The tree is of moderate ftature, and its bark | ‘pe, are black. et
ors Dreastya We have it in hedges, principally in our fous
. as hern counties.
The twigs are whitifh and very tough. e 2 Rea
The leaves are broad, roundifh, and of a pCoBaahine)callstit Zibyrndin,

Viburnum.

CPi iad Dingess Rae TORE atS XI,
DOGBERRY-TREE.
CORNUS. 2
rypuE flowers are placed in {mall umbells, and have a little cup divided by four indentings at
the rim, Each is compofed of four fmall, oblong, and pointed petals. The fruit is an

oblong berry, containing a ftone with two kernels. -
Linnzus places this among the setrandria monogynia.

The Common Dogberry-Tree, The leaves are oblong, undivided, and of a
Cornus Femina. . dufky green.
~ The flowers are fmall and white; and the
This is a fhrub of five feet high. berries, when ripe, are black.
The twigs are tough, and covered with a red It is common in hedges.
bark. C. Bauhine and others call it Coraus femina?

Ge of Be egaNetc: Un yc 8 XIII.
ELDER.
Sy 4M BU CG U.S.

A ae flowers are placed in large umbells. The cup is fmall, and divided into five parts at the
edge. The flower itfelf is formed of a fingle petal; and is hollow, and divided.into five
fmall fegments, which turn backwards. The berry is roundifh, and contains three feeds.

Linnzus places this among the pentandria trigynia,

N° sr. 6Q. 1. Jagged-

518 The

BRITAS H: HEIRB A L

1. Jagged-leaved Elder.
Sambucus foliis laciniatis.

The fhrub grows irregularly to ten or twelve
feet high.

The bark is whitifh and rough.

The young fhoots are thick, green, and tender.

The leaves are placed on divided footftalks ;
and are themfelves alfo parted into feveral ob-
long, jagged, and indented feoments.

The flowers are white; and the berries, when
ripe, are black.

G, 6 B

Neus 8

We have it in hedges, but not common, It
flowers in July.
C. Bauhine calls it Sambucus laciniato folio.

We have three other fpecies wild in England
1. The Common Elder, Sambucus vulgaris. ‘The
berries black, ;
2. The White-berried Elder, Sambucus baccis
albis. The berries of a greenifh white.
3. The Dwarf Elder, Ebulus, five Sambucus bu-
milis. A very powerful diuretick,

XIV.

Sel -O-E:
JP deep INE. {OF Ay,

HE cup is divided into five oblong, hollow fegments. The flower is compofed of five broad
petals, The fruit is roundifh, with a longitudinal furrow ; and contains under a flefhy fub-

ftance an oblong ftone with a kernel.

Linneeus places this among the icofandria monogynia.

The Common Sloe.
Prunus fylveftris vulgaris.
The fhrub is rarely more than four feet high,
The branches are thorny, and have a deep
brown bark.

G Seas Doge US

The leaves are oblong, broad, and of a fine
green.

The flowers are white; and the fruit, when
tipe, is covered with a grey duft.

It is common in hedges, and flowers in July.

XY.

CHERRY.
COLOR AES US:

HE cup is hollow, and divided into five fegments at the edge. The flower is compofed of five

broad, hollowed petals.

1. The Clufter, or Birds Cherry.

Cerafus avium racemofa.

This rifes to a {mall tree.

The bark is pale on the trunk, and darker
on the branches.

The leaves are oblong and ferrated.

The flowers ftand in long clufters, and are
white.

The fruit is fmall.

We have it in woods in the north of England.

C, Bauhine calls it Cerafus racemofa fylveftris.

Guy die Mig S$

The fruit is roundifh, with a furrow; and contains a roundith ftone.

We have four other fpecies.

1. The Common, wild, red Cherry, Cera/us fl-
veftris frufiu rubro, Much like the Flemith
cherry.

2, The black Cherry-tree, Cerafus fylueftris fruétu
aigro, ‘The common, fmall, black Cherry,

3. Small, wild, Heart Cherry, Cerafus fylvefiris
Fruitu minimo cordiformi. In Wales. :

4. The late wild Cherry, Cerafus fylveftris fepten-
trionalis fruétu parvo ferotino. The fruit
round and red.

XVI.)

Sele A Wows hk RY - Ti RoE,

Hie oa Be Ua iy Cae

4 “HE cup is very fmall, and is divided by five indentings at the edge. The flower is formed
of a fingle petal; and is hollow, oval, and divided at the rim into five feoments, which
turn back, The fruit refembles a common ftrawberry 5 but the feeds are within, not on the furface.

Common Strawberry-Tree. —
Arbutus vulgaris.

Jt is a fmall tree; or oftener rifes in the fhrub |

form.
The leaves are oblong, and very beautifully.
ferrated,

The flowers are greenifh.

The berries, when ripe, are red.

It is wild in our northern counties.
The fruit ripens in November.

C. Bauhine calls it Arbutus folio ferrato.

Go E“N* Us

Th BRITISH HERBAL. 519

Ge Eee Ne Us <. S.., EVIE
Nie iysyal Gy Dp ALY (O} a Dy
VISCUM.

HE flowers are often feparately male and female, but not conftantly fo: they confift of a

fmall cup, divided into four oval parts; with either filaments without a rudiment of the
fruit, or with a rudiment without filaments, or both together: in each cafe the form-and ftru€ture
of the flower isthe fame. The fruit is a roundifh berry, containing a fingle, flat feed, of a heart-
like fhape.

Common Mifletoe. The berries are white, and full of a flimy
Vifcum vulgare. : juice. :

It is common on apple-trees, and other kinds
The fhrub is very much branched, and a foot | growing to their branches as mofs.

and half high. C. Bauhine calls it Vifcum baccis albis.
The ftalks are yellow and tough.
The leaves ftand in pairs; and they are ob- It is an excellent medicine againft diforders of
long, flefhy, ‘yellowifh, and obtufe. the nerves. That of the oak is preferred, but
The flowers are {mall and greenifh. it is very rarely found,

Glebe Ne Ue Ss XVII.
SPURGE LAUREL
LAUREOLA.

THE flowers rife naked, three from each bud, and are compofed of a fingle petal, tubular and
divided at the edge into four fegments. The fruit is a roundifh berry with a fingle feed.

Common Spurge Laurel. The flowers are fmall and greenifh,
Laureola vulgaris. The berries are black.
We have it on commons,
It isa low fhrub, green all the year. C. Bauhine calls it Laureola fempervirens flore
The bark is brownifh, \ viridi.
The leaves are long, and of a fine green, i
undivided and flefhy. It is a violent vomit and purge.

Ge BEEN 8 XIX.
Pp, RLV ET:
LIGUSTRUM.
| ae cup is fmall, and is divided at the rim into four parts. The flower is formed of a fingle
petal, tubular at the bafe, and divided:alfo into four fegments at the edge. The fruit is a

round berry containing four feeds.
Linnzus places this among the diandria monogynia.

Common Privet. The flowers are fmall and white; and they
Liguftrum vulgare. d grow in clufters.
gah 3 The berries are black.
It is a fhrub of five feet high. f We have it in woods.
‘The ftem is flender, brown, and {mooth. C. Bauhine calls it Liguftrum Germanicum:

The leaves are oblong, and of a dark green.

Guidieain=s U8 XX,
BLACK ELDER.
FRANGULA.

ETE flower has no cup : it is formed of a fingle petal ; and is fmall, tubular, rough on the
outfide, but fmooth and polifhed within ; and is tinged, and divided into five fmall fegments.
There is a {cale at the bafe of each fegment; and from under each of thefe rifes a lament. The

berry is roundifh, -and contains two feeds.
z Th

The

520

BeRil}T seh Vy EERO B ANT.

The Black Alder.
Frangula vulgaris.

The fhrub is weak and f{mall.
The ftemis covered, with a fmooth, brownbark,
_ The leaves are large, dark, and roundith,

GreedEy aw Gas sens

The flowers are of a greenifh white; and the
berries, when ripe, are black.

We have it in woods and thickets,

C. Bauhine calls it A/uus nigra baccifera, O-
thers, Frangula,

XXII

BARBERRY.

Dy Bie Rit Bo Ree a Te

MPHE cup is formed of fix fmall, hollow, coloured leaves.

The flower is formed of fix rounded

petals: there are two granules at the bafe of each petal, the ne¢taria of the flower. The

berry is oblong, and has two feeds,

The Barberry-Buth.
Berberis vulgaris.

The fhrub is ten feet high, and armed with
tharp fpines.
The bark is pale and whitith.

The leaves are broad and oblong; of a frefh

GYEIN U.S

green, with atinge of yellowifh, and finely fer.
rated,

The flowers are fmall and yellowifh: the ber-
ries red and agreeably tafted.

We have it wild and in gardens,

- All authors call it Berderis.

XXII.

OAL Ley.
Ay Ge RODeR OTL davon

Nae cup is fmall, formed of a fingle piece, and divided into four fegments at the edge.

The

flower is compofed of four roundifh petals, cohering at their bafes. The fruit is a roundifh

berry with four feeds,

1. The Holly.
Agrifolium.

It is a large fhrub.

.The bark is whitith on the trunk; but the
young fhoots are green.

The leaves are oblong, finuated, irregular at
the edges, and prickly.

The flowers are greenifh.

‘GEN U's

The berries are black:

We have it in woods and hedges.

C. Bauhine calls it Mew aculeata baccifera folio
JSinnato,

We have one other fpecies,

2. Yellow-berried Holly, grifolium baccis lua
teis. The leaves of a thinner and loofe
texture. :

XXIII.

BUCKTHORN.
Roi otf MN UL 8.

‘Te flower has no cup: it is formed of a {in

gle petal, and is tubular,

and lightly divided by

four dents at the edges. There are four little fcales within: one at each dent. The berry ig

roundith, and the feeds are flatted,

The Buckthorn Shrub,
Rhamaus vulgaris.
It is a fhrub of ten feet high.
The bark is brown,

The leaves are broad, indented, and of a fine
Green. : :

The flowers are inconfiderable and greenith.
The berries are black.

The fhrub is full of fharp thorns,

We have it in hedges,

C. Bauhine calls it Réamnus catharticus.

‘The juice of the berries is a good purge.

GEN Us
: 3

The BRITISH HERBAL.

bar

Gee ON, Urs

PONE

BaRGA Me BoE:

RUBUS,

“| Dae cup is formed of one leaf, divided into five oblong, fpreading, permanent fegments. The
flower is compofed of five roundifh petals inferted in the cup. The fruit is compofed of

numerous grains,

The Common Bramble.
Rubus vulgaris.

The fhrub is weak and trailing.

The branches are befet with harp thorns. |

The leaves ftand three on a footftalk ; and are
oblong, broad, ferrated, and fharp-pointed.

The flower is large and flefh-coloured; and
the fruit, when ripe, is black.

It is every where in hedges.

Go'Be NU: S

C. Bauhine calls it Rubus vulgaris, feu Rubus
Sruciu nigro.

We have three other fpecies wild in different
parts of England.
1, White-berried Bramble, Rubus vulgaris major
fruétu albo, The leaves longer and paler,
2. The Dewberry-Buth, Rubus minor frudéu ce-
ruleo. ‘The fruit compofed of few grains.
3. The wild Rafpberry, Rubus ideus’ Jpinofus
Fructu rubro. In woods in the north.

XXV.

S°oPePN D.L HeBsR Ese:

EUONYMUS.

4 Bes cup is divided into five roundifh fegments. The flower is compofed of four oval petals,
The fruit is a fquare juicy capfule in each of the four cells, containing a fingle feed.

Spindletree.
Euonymus.

It is a fmall hedge-fhrub. :

The bark of the trunk is of a pale brown;
that on the young fhoots green: and thefe have
four redifh brown ridges, which make them ap-
pear fquare.

GoEo NUgsS

The leaves are oblong, moderately broad, and
of a fine frefh green.

The flowers are very fmall, and greenifh.

The fruit is large, red, and f{quare.

It is common in hedges.

C. Bauhine calls.it Huonymus vulgaris: granis
rubris.

XXVI.

BLADDERNUT.

STAPHYLODENDRON.

HE cup is divided into five coloured fegments. The flower is compofed of five oblong petals.
T The fruit is compofed of diftiné bladders with pointed tops; in each of which are roundifh

feeds.
The Bladdernut.
Staphylodrendon.

The tree rifes to no great height.

The leaves are beautifully pinnated; and the
pinnz are oblong, ferrated, and fharp-pointed.

The flowers are fmall.

Ge Ey: U

The fruit is large;.and the bladders, when
ripe, are of a pale greenifh colour, tinged with
red or brown,

We have it wild in England, but not com-
mon.

S XXVIL.

EL M.

ULM U S.

apt cup is forme

the outfide, and, for the greateft part, tubular, enlarging upwards: there are no petals.
‘ and the fruit is fatted, and has a fingle feed,

filaments ftand in this cup 5

Ne 51.

d of a fingle leaf, and divided into five fegments at the edge: it is rough on

The

5a The BRITIS

HM dp By RB: AL.

The Wych Elm.
Ulmus folio glabro.

The tree grows to a great bignels,

The bark is rough.

The leaves are very broad, of a fine or€en,
ferrated, and fharp-pointed: and fmooth on the
furface.

The flowers are whitifh, and the fruit brown.

We have it in hedges.

Gee

T Het

Authors call it U/mus folio glabro.

We have three other fpecies.

1, The common Elm, U!mus vulgaris folio lato
' fcabro. The leaves thort, broad, and rough.
2. The narrow-leaved Elm, Usnus minor folio
augufto feabro. A {mall tree when at full
growth.
3. The broad-leaved Elm, called Witch Hazel,
Ulinus folio latifimo feabro,

S
A'S H.

XXXVI.

FOR A X PUN es

HE cup is formed of a fingle piece, divided
is compofed, of four narrow petals. The
a cruft.

The Common Afh.
Fraxinus vulgaris.
The tree is large, but irregular in growth.

The bark of the trunk is whitifh; that of
the branches grey.

lightly into four parts at the edge; and the flower
feed is flat, membranaceous, and covered with

The leaves are long, large,
pinnated.

The flowers are ereenith.

The fruit is of a greenith brown,

It is common in woods and hedges,
C. Bauhine calls it Fraxinus excelfior.

and beautifully

Bie sc0E iso INR SRUL 5-8 XXIX.
Miu4 RLS E
Me CO ROR.

eee cup is divided into five fegments, and coloured. The flower is comp ofed of five oval
petals. The feed-vefiel is winged with a large membrane,

Linnzus places this among the offandria.

The Common Maple.
Acer vulgare minus.

The fhrub is of irregular growth.

The bark is rough, and of a redifh brown.

The leaves are broad, fhort, and deeply di-
vided : their colour is a pale green,

It is common in hedges,
C. Bauhine calls it Acer campatre.

We have two other fpecies.

1, The great Maple, called the Sycamore, Acer
majus latifolium, \
2. Hairy, red-fruited Maple,

Acer compefire mi-
nus fruct villofo rubente,

Go Eat. Ys XXX.
hE T H.
Ee Rant Go 4.

6 ae cup is ceompofed of four long leaves.
vided at the rim into four parts.
rous and minute.

”

Befom Heath.
Erica folio hirfuto quaterno.
The fhrub is low, fcarce exceeding a foot in
heighth, ;
The bark is of a redifh brown.

and hairy.

The flower is formed of a fingle petal; and is di.
The feed-veffel is roundifh and fmall; the feeds are nume=

The leaves are fall, extremely numerous,

The flowers ftand in little tufts at the tops of

the branches ; and are of a faint purple.

We haye it on bogey grounds on heaths,
Cc. Bauhine calls it Erica ex rubro

nigricans
Scoparia.

Our people, Dutch begib,
We

The B R IT Is H HER i : —

523

We have five other {pecies.

x. Common Heath, Erica vulgaris. The leaves
of a pale green; and the flowers of a faint
flefh-colour,

2. Common rough leaved Heath, Erica vulgaris
birfuta, More branched than the former.

Geen UNE Use S

3: Five-leaved Heath, Erica tentifolia. The
bark grey, and the leaves of a dark green.
4. Fir-leaved Heath with numerous flowers;
Erica folits corios multiflora. The flowers of

_a pale crimfon,
§- Myrtle-Heath, Erica cantabrica ‘flore maximo
Soliis myrti Jubtus inconis. The leaves pointed:

XXXII. :

MARSH CYSTUS,
LEDU.m

"FFE cup is fmall, permanent, coloured, and divided into five fezments, ‘The flower is formed

of a fingle petal; and is hollow,
is roundifh, with five tidges,

Englifh Marth Ciftus,
Ledum paluftre.

it is a fmall fhrub, not much branched.
The leaves are oblong and narrow.

Cee New)

and divided into five fegments at the rim. The feed-veilel

The flowers ftand on fhort foot{talks ; and are

‘ fmall, and of a beautiful pale red, crowning the

tops of the branches.
We have it on boggy grounds in heaths.
C. Bauhine calls it Viti idea affinis polit folio.

S XXXII.

LIM £.

booed Rao gD eae

"THE cup is divided into five fegments, and is coloured. The flower is compofed of five oval
petals. The fruit is a tough, globular capfule, with five feeds in five cells.

Common Lime,
Tilia vulgaris,
The tree is ereét, and tolerably regular in
growth.
The bark is brown, 4
The leaves are broad, ferrated, fharp-pointed,
and of a fine green.
The flowers are white and fragrant.
We have it wild in the north; and it is
planted about houfes,

Goer

N U

C. Bauhine calls it Tilia famina folio majore.

We have three other fpecies.

1. The fmall-leaved Lime, Tilia folio minore.
The leaves of a deeper green and finer fub-
ftance.

2, The red Lime, Zilia foliis leviter hirfutis vi-
minibus rubris. The ridges on the fruit
very high. :

3. The Elm-leaved Lime, Tilia ulmi folia frudia
bexagono, The ridges very high and large,

S XXXII.

BROOM.

Gah NO Ta: tuts

"THE cup is fmall, and has five fight dents at the edge. The flower is of the papilionaceous
kind, and is formed of five petals ; the carina having two, The feed-veflel is a cylindrick pod,

with large feeds.

x. Common Broom.
Genifta vulgaris. -

The fhrub is four or five feet high.

The bark on the trunk is of a pale brown,

The young fhoots are numerous, angulated,
and green.

The leaves are fmall and oblong: they ftand
three together.

The flowers are large and yellow.

It is common on wafte grounds.

C. Bauhine calls ic Genifta Anglofa.

2. Diers Broom.
Genifta tinGoria vulgaris.

This is a low, fhrubby plant; two feet high,
and very much branched,

The leaves ftand fingly, and are long, nar-
row, and of a bright green.

The flowers ftand in long clufters at the tops
of the branches, and are large and yellow.

We have it in dry paftures.

C. Bauhine calls it Genifta tinforia Germanica.

GeEPNiUe §

524 Thes BR 0 T11S Hi WH ESRSB AM.
Gem Noo U) (28...17 XXXIV,
ES Ug sR eZ,

“Gab (Nok Sot 2

Spel N=: OM Seed.

| ee cup is fmall, and divided irregularly. The flower is papilionaceous, and has five petals ;
two forming the carina. The feed-veflel is an oblong pod. The whole fhrub is covered

‘with thorns.

Common Furz.
Genifta pinofa vulgaris.

The fhrub is four or five feet high, and very
fpreading.

The leaves are very fmall, oblong, of a bluifh
green, and fall foon after they appear in fpring.

The branches are all the year cloathed with
innumerable green thorns.

The flowers are large and yellow.

It is common on heaths.
C. Bauhine calls it Geniffa /pinofa major longi-
oribus aculeis.

We have two other fpecies. :
1. The leffer Furze, Genifta fpinofa minor. The
thorns are fhorter, and it flowers later. -
2. NeedleFurze, Genifta minor afpalathoides. The
leaves {mall and of a faint green. :

The END of the THIRTY-THIRD CLASS,

a, a She é food Wi hort ; a NM : 4 The Wie a Pw
Td e OS Baud HOLL : iil = 1a nr |Fe

§ 7; * . e .

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Clidler SPECCL oe

Wie Dog-berry)

Sra? Co

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: : SS v Zi ) Shy MOT UM
a valle

Wed oy? ~asaaeniapk .
? a\. We SZ VOOM a? OMitsito7rt Gi paee
She(fuwua Mop ? OS(UnNZE pA’ ai Ve OV é

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DWE! é

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Ccmmontlale Fern. White?

UM RAMS,

USO C7 gli MM attend Sor hee
yy TE g .
Ne

fon . bop-fitty:

Wu
i
Tt: b) >

) Cite aya |

: BN
CY, WPCA

Vuxrnhiar

Common FeamuleFern 6° Gflawk« dale bee q.

YY ‘i
SAS
\ ff

|
limminDuckwad?

. i :

| Large Lucha
;

Wood PSlorvetal2

Ua. Siutfr seule”

Stepeennes!!
AUaM bt? DO

y fh my ; : I
Udders Boo at’. Moonllorl?.
: ' ; ZA |

BRITISH HERBAL

SILER ELLE ERE RAE GR GPRS ERLE REESE Ea

ee XXXIV.

Plants whofe flowers and frze: are minute and fingly siasnipal 3 and are
produced on the back of their leaves.

be kept together in the modern arrangements of botany. Their parts of fructification are
too minute and obfcure to have given opportunities to.thofe who favour the prefent
method, to blend them among the other genera.
Linnzus ranges them with the moffes and other fuch kinds under the term cryptogamia.

Tee are a feries of plants perfeétly diftinét from all others ; and they have the fortune to

MMMM SORTER EEsESe

Gee N UTES it,
HARTS-TONGUE.
‘PHYLLITIS.

T EIE plant confifts of an undivided leafs. and the feeds are difpofed in long, ftreaks on the
back.

x. Common Harts-tongue. It is common in wells and other damp, fhady
Phyliitis vulgaris. places.
There are three varieties of this plant, which
have been defcribed as diftinét {pecies.
1. The fingered Harts-tongue, Phyllitis multifida.
ting: plant: In this the leaves'are fplit into feveral ftrait feg-
The footftalk is fhort, blackith, and downy. | nents at the top. 2. Crofs-jagged Harts-tongue,
The leaf is very long, hollowed at the bate, Phyllitis cruciata, The fegments crofling one
pointed at the end, and of a fine green. another. And, 3. Dwarf Harts-tongue, Pdyl-
The lines of feeds are brown. litis minima. — Two inches high.

‘The root is a tuft of black fibres.
The leaves are numerous; and each is a dif-

GE Nee 3 IL.
POLY POD Y.
Ps O61 52 OR OD. EUS M:

rE leaf has a naked footftalk, and is divided into long fegments. The flowers ftand on the
back in round fpots. :

We Lil 6'S* 1. Common

"526 ihesS Rol pasha hin pA

1. Common Polypody. The root is a gentle purge,
Polypodium vulgare. We have three other {pecies.

The root is long and thick; and creeps juft | 1. Serrated Polypody, P olypodium murale pinnulis
at the furface. ; Jerratis. ‘This has been fuppofed a variety

The plant is a foot rete but is really a diftin& {pecies.

The footftalk is of a nurplil brown. 2. Laciniated Polypody of Wales, Polypodium

The leaf is of a deep green on the forefide, _ Cambro Britanicum pinnulis ad margines laci-
and paler behind ; and the flowers and feeds are niatis,
placed there in round fpots of a yellowith brown. 3» Broad Polypody, Palybodiuin ihtenfe. On

It is common in woods and under hedgess - the tops'of the Weléh mountains. - 4

C, Bavhine calls it Polypodium vulgare.

RO Geet SPLEENWORT.
TNOPN Gale TAGS 1, SPE R&A:

HE leaf is Eertinucd | in final fegments to the bafeof the foorftalks . The leaves thet have ripe
rT feeds curl up.

Rough Spleenwort, The feeds are very numerous, and brown ;
Lonchi tis afpera vulgaris. and ‘the leaves on which they are placed curl up.-
Itas.commion on heaths.
The root is compofed of danumierdble fibres. C. Bauhine calls it Lonchitis.a/pera minor.
The leaves are very long, and narrow; and ;
are divided down:'to thé middle, rib) into, fine | . We have one other fpecies.
fegments: the colour is a dark’green. 1, Rough Spleenwort, .with indented fegments,
The fegments.are longifh, in the middle, Lonchitis afpera major. On the Welch
and fmaller to the bafe of the footftalk, as alfo to ‘mountains.

the point.

Ga B Ne Us IV.
.§M.0.0.1 Fes Pi EO EeN Wo Ro loe
Mies Sa Pe Ls he NAL eV.

GRE leaf is fimply, and not deeply, divided. The fegments are abtufe; and the flowers and
feeds cover the back of the-leafin-é ‘continued mafs.

Common fmooth Spleenwort. The forefide of the leaf is a dark green; the
Afplenium ‘vulgare. i bacifide is covered with a browa powder, «
The root is a tuft of fibres. We have it on old walls. 238d
The leaves rife in great clufters ; and they are . Cc Bauhine calls it Ceterach officinarum.
five inches long, narrow, and ‘flightly divided, or) ere
finuated at the edge. i} Itis agree ane for obftrutions of the
“The feoments are obtufe, and hotrexadtly ‘op- spite:

Pei te to one-another.
Grove adNa |} UO SV
DWARF. F E'RN;
C, nell M ee EI i {PG
tae leaf has a naked footftalk ; and is compofed of many pairs of difting pinnz. The feeds

are placed in dots.

Dwarf Sea-Fern. We have it on old walls at the fea-fide.
Chame filix maritima, ool -C. Bauhine calls it Filcula maritima.
The root is a tuft of black fibres. r n aes
The leaves are numerous, and three inches | We liave one other fpecies.
long: theirftalk. is-black. §. Dwarf Rock Fern, Chama filix alpina pedicn-
The pinnee are of a deep green on the forende, laris rubre foliis. The fegments jagged. .
and pale behind, with the feed in dots.

8 Z GEN U §

BRITUSH oH ERE

“gan

Ge ok

NM. 70.45

Viv

ENGLISH MAIDENHAIR
TRICHOMANES.
"le leaf-is pinnated ; fie the pinne are rounded, placed regularly, beautiful, a difting.

Englith Maidenhair.
Lrichomanes vulgare.

The root is a tuft of fibres,

The leaves are numerous, four inches long,
narrow, and beautifully pinnated ; their colour
is a dark green 5 and they are glofly,

The ftalk is black.

‘The flowers and feeds are brown,

It is common on damp rocks.

C. Bauhine calls it Trichomanes s five po Yyerychum
officinarum.

G EUN’ “Uy 43g

We have three other fpecies.

1. Branched Englith Maidenhair, Trichomanes
ramofum. The rib; or ftalik, in this is
green,

‘2, Jagged-leaved Englith Maidenhair, Tricho-
manes foliis eleganter incifis. The pinnz cut_
’ deeply. :

3- Moonwort leaved Englifh Maidenhair, Adi.
anium nigrum foliis lunarie.

The pinnae
rounded.

VIE.

FORKED MAIDENHAIR.

ACROSTICUM

Ts leaves are very fmall, and have long footttalks :

and the feeds ftand in toad dots.
Forked Maidenbair,
Acropicum vulgare.

The root confifts of numerous fibres con-
heéted to a {mall head.

hey are divided into forked fegments 3

ments, forming a kind of leaf: this is of a pale

green: the ftalle i is black at the bottom, pale'up-

wardis and the feed are placed in round date:
We have it on damp rockss

: : C.Bauhine calls it Filix faxatilis... es
The ftalks are three inches. high; and at the Adiantum furcatum, :
top each divides into a few flat and forked feg- :
Geb ee N an Uae VII.

MALE’ FERN,

PLD AL. &

MA. §,

HE leaf is pinnated, and.the pinne are. again divided. down-to the rib into oblong feements,
The ee are pee on the paid: spare of the pinna: in a double feries of roundith fpots.

. Common Male Fern.
er mas vulgaris,

The Toot is thick, irregular, and rough on
the furface.

The leaf is two feet Jong,
‘the pinnae ofa pale green.

The feeds lie-on the back in-fpots of a aa
lowifh brown.

S ere is. commion :in»woods and under hedges. *
C. Bauhine calls sit Filix nonramofa dentata.

‘the rib brown, and

Weyhave eight other fpecies.

2, Prickly, auriculated Male Fern, Felix mas |

non-ramofa pinnulis latis.auriculatis fpinofis.

3. Narrow- leaved prickly Male Fern, Filix acu-
Teata major pinnulis auriculatis crebrioribus
foliis anguftioribus.

76 cre ppukly Male Fern, Filix lonchitidi af:
Jinis. A {mall plant not five inches high.

. Broad-leaved prickly Male Fern, Filix mas
aculeata *folits gall is mufcofa lanugine a-
Sperfis.

. Male Fern, swith nn fer, deeply indented
leaves, Filix unas nou ramofa, pinaulis anguftis
raris profunde dentatis,

Creeping Water Fern, Filix,iminor paluftris
repens dryopteris authorum. "Che leaf .very
thin:

. Pale-ftalked Fern, with rcdmaes pinne, 2-
lix minor pediculo pallidiore alis inferioribus
deorfum fpectantibus.

» ‘Male Stone Fern, Filix pumila Sactatilis, It re-
fembles the dryepteis, but is fmaller.

fon

GReBe Nea? 7S

oeetenenes

528

Th BRITISH HERBAL.

Gy E

N ;;U 28

IX.

WHITE MAIDENHAIR.

ADIANTUM ALBUM.

HE leaf has a naked footftalk, and confifts of a few broad, thick divifions.

cover the whole under-furface.

1. White Maidenhair.
Adiantum album.
The root is a tuft of fibres.
The leaves are‘numerous, and two inches high-
The ftalk is of a pale green; and the leaf is
alfo of a whitifh green on the upper-fide, and
covered with a whitifh duft underneath.

The feeds

It is common on old walls.
C. Bauhine calls it Ruta muraria,

We have one other fpecies.

2, Narrow-leaved, tall, White Maidenhair, 447.
antum album elatius pinnulis anguftioribus.

Ne Uo oe

TRUE MATD EW H AIR,

CAPILLUS VENERIS.

"THE leaf has a long footftalk ; and is divided into numerous, broad fegments. The feeds are

placed in white lines at their edges.

The True Maidenhair.
Capillus veneris verus. .

The root confifts of numerous fibres.

The ftalk is black and gloffy.

The plant is fix inches high.

“The pinnz are of a pale green; and the rows
of feeds below are whitifh.

We have it in Wales.

C, Bauhine calls it Adiantum foliis coriandri.

Nya Ut 2S

We have three other fpecies.
1. Tunbridge Maidenhair, Capillus veneris pu/il-
lus foliis bifidis vel trifidis.
2. Great Maidenhair, Capillus veneris pediculo
pallide rubente. A plant of a foot high,
3. Green Scotifh Maidenhair, Capillus veneris folio
obtufo faturate viridi.
After thefe there ftands in the Synopfs Stirpium
Britanicarum, an imaginary plant. A leaf of the
white wood anemone,

XI.

EE.MjyA LE 1iFERN

Fis v5 be Xin FG Me Lie Nuc:

HE leaf is compofed of very numerous pinne, on fubdivided footftalks. The feeds are placed

- in round dots.

1. Common Female Fern:
Filix femina vulgaris.

The plant is five feet high.

The ftalk is thick and green.

The pinnz are oblong, and of a pale green;
and the feeds are placed on their back in {mall,
round, ferrugineous dots.

It is common on heaths.

C. Bauhine calls it Fix ramofa major pinnulis
obtufis now dentatis. Others, Filix feemina.

We have fix other fpecies.
2. Great, Branched Fern, with indented leaves,

Filix: ramofa pinnulis dentatis. The leaves
dark green.

3. Small, branched Mountain Fern, Filix mon-
tana ramofa minor argute denticulata.

4. Ofmund Royal, Filix ramofa non dentata flo-
rida. The feeds cluftered on the tops of the
branches.

5- Small, branched, Sea, Stone Fern, Filicula
fanatilis ramofa maritima. Of a pale green.

6. Dwarf, branched Fern, Filix ramofa minor.
This is the plant called dryoptris by Tragus.

7. Fine cut Stone Fern, with fender, brittle:
ftalks, Filiw fawatilis caule tenui fragili.

GPE N Uses

The

BRITISH HERBAL.

529

Ges

“N aU: 8

XIl,

BLACK MAIDENHAIR,

“2D LANG U MEN TG RiU mE

“THE leaf has a long footftalk. The pine are fubdivided into broad, jagged fegments, The

feeds are placed in lines.

1. Black Maidenhair.
Adiantum nigrum vulgare.

The plant is ten inches high.

The ftalk is naked, and of a gloffy black.

The pinne are broad, of a dark green, and
deeply cut.

The feeds ftand in rows on the under-fide.

It is common in woods.

C. Bauhine calls it Adiantum foliis longioribus
pulverulentis.

We have fix other fpecies,

1. Baftard-hemlock-leaved Maidenhair,- Adian-
tum nigrum pinnulis cicutarie divifura. A
tender plant.

2. Small, flowering, Black Maidenhair, Adi-
antum crifpum alpinum. .Thefe two are by
fome called white maidenbairs.

3. Round-leaved Black Maidenhair, Fix elegans

adianto nigro accedens Jegmentis rotundioribus.
4. Dwarf Black Maidenhair, Filix pumila petrea
adianti nigit emula. Scarce two inches
high.
5. Fine cut Black Maidenhair, Filix minor longi-
Solia pinnulis tenuiffimis laciniatis, In Ireland.
6. Winged Maidenhair, Adiantum nigrum alato
caule, ‘The leaves gloffy and dark. green.”

This is the compleat lift of Englifh ferns and
capillary plants.

Many virtues are attributed to them ; but ex-
perience does not fupport the account: The
common male fern and the ofmund royal are cele-
brated againft the rickets ; and many have tried
them, but unfuccefsfully. The Maidenbairs are
eminently good ‘againft diforders of the breaft

and lungs.

The END of te THIRTY-FOURTH CLASS.

Ne 52.

BRO YP So

LRLGLLLLELLRGLLG ROLL GL ELS LOCH PROPS SEG HSE

H E

HERBAL.

‘

Ris

Cie s Sr:

Plants whofe flowers and feeds are minute and fingly inconfpicuaus, and are
not placed on the back of the leaves.

i es SMS De Ss BAe AB Da Dee Ne De OE Be BH a eo et

G EN
ADDER’s

U on Se doi.

‘ON G UE:

OPH IO GL Ons s Ue

leaf.

Adder’s Tongue.
Ophioglofum vulgare.
The plant confifts of a fingle leaf and a fpike.

The leaf is fupported on a long, green foot-
ftalk ; and is of an oval form, a flefhy fubftance,

and a pale green.
The fpike is green at firft, but as it ripens
it grows brownifh.

Gy BaaN

HE feeds are arranged in a double ferrated receptacle, rifing ona ftalk from the bafe of the

It is common in meadows in April.

C. Bauhine calls it Olphioglofum primum feu
vulgatum.

The fpike is fometimes fplit, or double: in
this cafe it has been fuppofed a diftiné&t {pecies.

The leaves boiled in lard make an excellent
cooling ointment.

Use S 5 IE

MOONWORT.

LUNARIA.

*[ HE plant confifts of a fingle leaf, and a ftalk fupporting a clufter of ferrated feed-veffels.

Moonwort:
Lunaria racemofa.
‘The root is fibrous.

The plant is eight inches high.
The leaf is beautifully formed of round pinnz;

GRP No Ue

and the ftalk is terminated by a branched clufter
of brown feed-vefiels.

We have it in the north of England in dry
pattures.

C. Bauhine calls it Lunaria racemofa minor fen
vulgaris.

Ill.

DUCKWEED.

LBek Nee TOE 2

HERE are hermaphrodite and female flowers upon the fame minute plant: they are formed
a-like of a rounded cup, which burfts at the fide; and have no petals. In the hermaphrodite
flowers the rudiment of the fruit fades; and in the female it ripens into a round feed-veffel, with

a point, containing numerous minute feeds,
{

1. Large

“

Th BRITISH HERBAL

ost

1. Large Duckweed.
Lenticula major.

The plant confifts of a fingle leaf, which floats
upon the water: it is roundifh, but irregularly
waved; and of a fine green, tinged in fome parts
with red. :

The fibres are two or three, fhort and {mall.

The flowers are extreamly minute, and grow
principally near the edges of the leaves.

CR NT Ue 6

It is common on ponds and ditches.
C. Bauhine calls it Levticula paluftris major.

We have two other fpecies.

1, Common Duckweed, Lenticula vulgaris. The
leaves fmaller, all green, and the fibres
longer.

2. Three-cornered-leaved Duckweed, Lenticula
aquatica teifulea. The leaf fomewhat of the
ivy form.

IV.

BOR SB Ty AT I,

EQUISETUM.

THE flowers and feeds are collected into rounded heads, which are arranged together in an-ova]
fpike. The fingle heads have many ridges, and they fplit along thefe when ripe,

1. Great Water Horfetail.
Equifetum palufire majus.

The plant is three feet high.

‘The ‘ftalk is hollow, jointed, and -of-a whitifh
green.

The leaves ftand circularly at the joints; and
they are flender, and of a deep green.

The club of flowers is brown.

It is common in marfhy places.

felis.

‘We have eleven other fpecies.

2. Corn Horfetail, Equifetum arvenfe longioribus
fetis. The bafe is long, and of a pale
green,

3. Naked, painted Horfetail, Equifetum mudum
variegatum. Early in fpring in the north
of England.

4. Wood Horfetail, Equifetum fylvaticum tenuifi-

mis fetis. The bafe brown, the reft of a
fine green.

5- Procumbent Wood Horfetail, Equifetum pro-
cumbens {ylvaticum fetis uno verfu difpofitis.

6. Long-leaved Marth Horfetail, Equifetum pa-
luftre tenuiffimis et longiffimis fetis.

7- Many-headed Marth Horfetail, Equiferum pa-
luftre minus polyftachion.

8. Long, pale-leaved Horfetail, Equifetum pra-
tenfe longiffimis fetis, The whole of a whitith

green.

g- Leffer Marth Horfetail, Eguifetum paluftre
minus, The leaves fhort, and of a deep
green.

to. Smooth, naked Horfetail, Zquifetum nudum
Levius. The ftalks jointed and foft.
11, Rough, naked. Horfetail, Eguifetum nudum
» junceum, The ftalks harth to the touch.
12. Branched, naked Horfetail, Eguifetum nudum
ramofum, Of a pale green.

Go Bec oNias 8G 8 Mi
CHARA,

HE flower is extreamly minute. It confifts only of a cup formed of two little leaves; and
is fucceeded by a fingle, oval feed, contained in a thin cruft, mimicking a capfule or feed-

veffel.
leaves.

1. Grey, ‘brittle Chara,
Chara cinerea fragilis.

The root is fibrous.

The ftalks are numerous, and three inches

high.

The leaves are flender, and furround them at
the joints, which are placed very clofe on the
upper part of the ftalk.

The flowers are inconfiderable.

The whole plant is of a greyifh colour, and
brittle.

It is common on bogs, and fometimes in ponds.

Ray calls it Chara major fubcinerea fragilis.

We have four other fpecies.
1. Stinking, ‘brittle Chara, Chara vulgaris fetida.
Common under water in ditches.

The growth of the plant refembles the horfetail, jointed and furrounded at the joints with

2. Prickly Chara, Chara major caulibus fpinofis. In
boggy places: the ftalks twifted and prickly.

3. Tender Chara, Chara minor caulibus et folits
tenuiffimis. OF a greyith green colour.

4. Pellucid tough Chara, Chara tranflucens minor
Slexilis. Of a greenifh colour, and not brittle.

To thefe, which, as they have no known vir-
tues, demand in this work no larger notice ; yet
with which, as they are Englifh vegetables, we
would not leave the reader wholly unacquainted,
we fhall add a fhort notice of the moffes, mufh-
rooms, and fubmarine plants, Thefe are fubjects
which might alone fill volumes of curiofity. We
fhall not extend this work beyond its deftined
limits by a large account of them ; but in a few
words, with the affiftance of their figures, give
a general idea of their feveral forms,

MOSSES,

32 SThe BRIT f's*H ‘HER BRA L.

MeeQ) SiS ES.

Gee ER Se Ned ee oie I
Be ae Oy). Ue S: z
YSSUS is a mofs compofed of downy, dufty, or filamentous matter, without any apparent
flowers or feeds, ,
We have figured the yellow, dufty Byflus, By/us pulverulanta flava. Common on old walls and
of long duration.
ae Bor Ne CS II:
GiOUN; FBR. Ved:
ONFERV A is a mofs compofed of regular, plain or jointed filaments, without any apparent fruc-
tification.
We have figured the Hairy Riverweed, Conferva vulgaris. It is of a deep green, and common in

brooks. ;
Gra Ee Ni eae IIT, .
UME TZ Th
(yl’4 is a mofs confifting only of thin leaves, without any apparent fructification,

We have figured the Oyfter Ulva, Ulva maritima lafluce fimilis. Common on fhells and {tones
under falt water.

G E N U S IV.
Ue Ge HN: OL DES.
A Mofs of a firm fubftance, branched, fhrubby, hollow, or cruftaceous, and having a kind of
fhield for its fru€tification.

We have figured five fpecies of this to reprefent its feveral forms. _ 1. Common Tree Liche-
noides, Mufcus arboreus cum orbiculis. Of a greyifh green. 2. Branched Coraline Lichenoides,
Lichenoides -tubulofum ramofiffimum fruticuli fpecie candicans. This is white. 3. Common Cup
Mofs, Mujcus pyxidatus vulgaris. Of a greyifh green. 4. Grey, crufty Lichenoides, Lichenoides
cinereum crufaceum et leprofum. Of a greyifh colour. Of this kind alfo is the grey, ground liverwort,
recommended for the bite of a mad dog; dry and foliaceous. 5- Oak Lungwort, Lichenoides
peltatum arboreum maximum,

G E N “i Uesg Vv.
MNIU mM.
A Mofls with two kinds of flowery heads, naked, and enclofed in a membrane.

We have figured the Clufter-headed Mnium, Mauium peranguftis et brevibus foliis. One of the
prettieft of the mofs. kind. x
Ge Bo aNi ber VI.
EON ION A ISPS:

A Mofs with heads placed on very fhort footftalks, and fplitting at the top when ripe.

We have figured the Triangular Fontinalis, Fontinalis major foliis trianguloribus. O€ a fine green.
Common near waters.

wet NU. SS VII.
HYPNUM’
AL Mols with heads covered with membranous hoods, fupported on long footftalks rifing with a
fcaly bafe from the bofoms of the leaves. liad
We have figured the Small headed Hypuum. Common in woods.

Gok Nav cS VII.
POL MTR I CHG M,
A Mofs with heads covered with woolly caps, and with upright ftalks, and long footttalks to the
“~~ heads, without a fealy bafe.
We have figured the fmall ‘Polytrichum, Polytrichum minus. The leaves a dark green.
: Geek N:-as

g den dusty By

a ey
ee

0 ad

Drang ZZ s 1 Kooi wie
V, he MAMI

iaylay So eroded oof Wi

: , sy
Lay AY a ae
ALC, “4 ey ig
Li ¥ ey Chic os Lia es D// PUM
. Se
% = E } 5 ‘ ;
Poe yy Lb ortdde

_ G77 Pore

Aiudll Vaded. (oil
| Hy aul

S8 WIodty se
Lied Ve creda Bene 7, Great Mar

Lp bagnaanX

sae
SH ace Aoatiitlid

_ ay sayy “OP Ue
Broad Liao. sell.

Ab, Ct L

" ie ai Of ’ Hi
N lommonkycopodiim a

ehLangugpr DP.

ct ; 1 * I 3 TY gee oe

Guinean Callie

Commented oes

pe
4, Nitti. DUE,

Th BRITISH HERBAL, 533

GUE N U's IX,
BRY UM.

A as heads covered with fmooth caps, rifing on flender footftalks from the tops of the
ranches.

We have figured the Round-headed Bryum, Brium capitulis tumidis rotundioribus. Of a pale greens

Geeks No Us Xx,
: SPHAGNUM.
A Mofs with naked heads on fhort footftalks.

We have figured the great, Marth Sphagnum, Sphagnum cauliferum et ramofum paluftre molle, A
whitith mofs, with red tops. -

GE .Ne Us Ss XI.
Sy phiteds <4. GQ; A
A Mofs with feeds inclofed in a fkinny cafe placed in the bofoms of the leaves, without footftalks,
We have figured the Upright Selago, Selago eretta abietiformus. OF a fine deep green:

G BagNi<U-- 8 XIf.
LYCOPODIU™M.
A Mofs with feeds in thin cafes difpofed in a kind of clubs, with fmall leaves intermixed.

‘We have figured the Common Lycopodium, Mufcus terreftris clavatus. OF a yellowith green.

S ExeNe<Ur S Xiil,
LICHENASTRUM.

Mofs with {mall heads, placed naked on flender footftalks, which, when ripe, burlt into four
parts. : : ,
We have figured the fmall, fcaly Lichenaftrum, Lichenaftrum imbricatum minus. Of a pale green.

Gee eBicdNe> US XIV,
LICHEN.

Foliaceous mofs, with male flowers, fmall and numerous, on long foot{talks ; and female
flowers hollow on the furface of the leaves.

We have figured the broad-leaved Lichen, Lichen foliis latioribus. OF a fine green.

MUSHROOM.
FUNGUS.
Vegetable without leaves ; of a flefhy fubftance, with imperceptible fructifications.

Of thefe we have figured four kinds. 1. The Hemifpherick Mufhroom, Fungus parvus hemi=
Jpbericus. White above and below. 2. The Common Muft Fungus efculentus vulgaris. « White
above, and fiefh-coloured below. 3, The Reticulated Mufhroom, Fungus reticulatus coccineus,
The bottom purple, the reticulated part fcarlet, fpotted with purple. 4. The Phalloide Mufhroom,

Fungus phalloides. White and ftinking.

SUBMARINE PLANTS.
EGETABLES growing under fea-water, with minute and uncertain fructifications.

ured one fpecies of each of the four principal kinds. 1. Common Coraline, :
he pea Of a ‘rhitith colour, tinged with green and purple 5 and of a firm fubflance,
Gelebrated for the cure of worms. 2, Common Sea Fucus, Eucus maritimus vulgatifimus. Of a
fine purplifh brown. 3. Sea, Ragged Staff, Fucus fpongiofus nodofits. OF a tender fubftance, and
whitith. 4. Grafly Alga, Alga vulgaris. Of a faint green. This isthe only fubmarine which has
aregular root. The reft adhere to the ftones, by a broad, naked bafe.

Th END of the THIRTY-FIFTH CLASS,

: INDEX.
N° 52. 6U

A. 2

Bies page 509
A Abrotanum 463
Abfinthium 402

Abutilon 59
Acanthus 132
Acer 522
Acetofa 485
Acinos 362
“Aconitum 45
Aconitum hyemale 47
Acorus 507
Acrofticum 526
Adder’s-tongue 530
Adiantum album 528
Adiantum nigrum 529
Adonis 13
Agrifolium 520
Agrimony 344
Aizoon 53
Alcea 27
Alchimilla 492
Alder 516
Alder, black 519
Alexander 406
Iga 533
Alkanet 393
Alkekengi 335
Allheal 307
Alliaria 235
Allium 467
Allfeed 227
Alnus 510
Alfine 179
Alfinella 226
Althza 26
Alyffum 274
Amaracus 381
‘Ammania 230
Ammi 425
Anagallis 67
Anblatum 128
Anchufa 393
Androface 99
Androfemum 175
Anemone 12
Anethum 421
Angelica 405
Angelica, berry-bearing 333
. Anife 424.
Anifum 424.
Anonis 310
Anthyllis . 290
Antirrhinum YI
- Aparine 398
Aphaca 282
Apium Ait
Apple 514
Aponogeton 479
Aquilegia 41
Arabis 253
Aralia 333
Arbutus 518
Argemone 552
Argentina 6
Arifarum ‘ 336
Ariftolochia 129
Arrowhead 2
Arfmart 486
Artimefia 463
Arum 329
Afarabacca 492
Afcyrum 174
Ath 522
Afperugo 389
Bietals 398
After 448
Aftrantia 426
Atragine 29
Atriplex 489
Afarum 492
Afparagus 325
Avena 495
Avens 3

Auricula page 98
Azalea loz
Accharis 452
Ballote 396
Balfam 214
Balfamina 214
Balfamine 207
Barba Capra 48
Barberry 520
Barley 495
Barrenwort 228
Barleria 144,
Bafil 382
Bafil, wild 62
Baftard Cinquefoil 4
Baum 383
Bean 286
Bear’s- breech 132
Becabunga 94
Beech 509°
Beet 4g!
Belladonna 328
Bellflower 70
Bellflower, ivy-leaved 113
ellis 458
Berberis 520
eta 49t
Betonica 361
Betony, wood 361
Betula 510
Beupleurum 418
Bignonia 132
Bindweed 57
Bindweed, mountain 100
Bindweed, prickly 332
Birch 510
Bird’s eye 69
Bird’s foot 292
Birthwort 129
Bithopfweed 425
Biftort 488
Bladdernut 521
Biattaria 89
Blite 490
Blitum 490
Bluebottle 433
Borage 389
Borago 389
ox Sir
Bramble 521
Braflica 238
Brooklime 94
Broome 523
Broomrape 125
Bryonia 318
Bryum 533
Buckbean 7
Buck’s horn 153
Buckthorn 520
Buckthorn, fea 512
Buckwheat 486
Bugle 371
Buglofs 387
Bugloffum 387
Buglofs, cowflip 385
Buglofs, viper’s 387
Bugula 371
Bulbocaftanum 406
Bulbocodium 471
Burdock 432
Burnet Saxifrage 409
Bur-reed 506
Burnet 346
Burfa Paftoris 260
Butcher’s broom 330
Butonius 35
Butterbur 152
. Butterwort 107
Buxus git
Byflus 532
Abbage 238
“te Calceolus 478
-Calamintha 368

Calamint

page 368
Calla REY
Caltha 34
Caltrop 211
Caltrop, water 230
Campanula ~ 72.
Campion 164
Cannabis 483
Cannacorus 109
Candy Carrot 425
Capillus veneris 528
Caprifolium 516
Capficum 104
Caraway 410
Cardamine 246
Cardiaca 364
Carduus 428
Carlina 448
Carthamus 431
Carrot 414
Carum 410
Catterpillar 313
Caryophyllata 8
Caryophyllus 162
Caffida _ 370
Caftanea 509
Catmint 360
‘Cat’s-tail 506
Caucalis 415
Celandine 145
Centaurium majus 474
Centaurium minus 62
Centaury 62
Centaury, great 434
Ceraftium 183
Cerafus, 518
Cerinthe 394.
Ceterach 526
Chzrophyllum 403
Chamedrys 380
Chamefilix 526
Chamemelum 459
Chamemile 459
Chamzmorus 331
Chameperi clymenum «331
Chamepitys 371
Chara 531
Chelidonium majus 145
Chelidonium minus 20
Chelone 131
Cherry 518
Chervill 403
Chefnut 509
Chich 298
Chickweed 179
Chickweed, berry-bear. 210
Chondrilla 444
Chriftaphoriana 320
Chryfanthemum 456
Cicer 298
Cichorium 443
Cicuta 4l1
Cinquefoil 3
Circea 138
Cirfium 427
Ciftus 170
Ciftus, marth 212
Clandeftina 129
Clary 358
Cleavers 398
Clematis 1
Climber 11
Climber 29
Clinopodium 364
Cloudberry 331
‘Clymenum 281
Clypeola 275
Cnicus 448
Cochlearia 266
Cock’s-comb 119
Cock’s-head 293
Colchicum 470
Colt’s-foot 446
Columbine 41
Comfry 393

Conferva page 532
Convallaria 322
Convolvulus 57
Conyza 447
Corchorus 215
Coriander 417
Coriandrum 417
Corn marygold 456
Cornus 517
Coronopus 153
Coralline 533
Corrigiola 493
Cortufa 97
Corylus 508
Cotyledon 5K
Cow-wheat 123
Cowflip 68
Cracca 285
Crambe 257
Crane’s-bill 125
Crateogonon 123
Crefs 267
Crefs fciatica 263
Crithmum 413
Crofswort 395
Crowfoot 15
Crowfoot, globe 33
Cruciata 395
Cuckowpint 329
Cucubalus 210
Cudweed 453
Cumin 422
Cumin, podded 228
Currant $15
Cafcuta 89
Cyanus 433
Cyclamen 107
Cymbalaria 13
_ Cyminum 422
Cynocrambe 483
Qiiczlotnm “286
'yperus )
D. 504.
1p fy 458
Daffodill 468
Damafonium 35
Dandelion 441
Daucus 414
Daucus Creticns 425
Dead-nettle 365
Delphinium 142
Dens Leonis 4A4L
Dentaria 252
Dentaria 128
Devil’s-bit 464
Diapenfia 419
Di&amnus Creticus 381
Digitatis 116
Dill 425
Dipfacus 404.
Dittander 261
Dittany, white
Dittany of Crete 38 i
Dock 484.
cA hes 83
logberry I
Dortmanna Hee
raba 251
Dracontium 336
Dragons 330
Dropwort 24
ropwort, water ce]
Duckweed ea!
Dyer’s-weed 207
Arthnut 406
Echinophora 417
Echium 387
Ege-plant 327
Elatine 113
Elder 517
Elder, water 517
Elecampane 449
Elm { 52K

Empetrum

ee Empetrum

Endivia

Ervum

Euphrafia
Eyebright

Ferula
Ferrum equinum
Feverfew

Flowering Reed
Fluellin
Feniculum
Fenugreek
Fontinalis
Foxglove
Fragaria,
Frangula
Fraxinella
Fraxinus
Frogbit
Fryar’s cowle

Genifta fpinofa
Gentian
Gentiana
Geranum
Gerardia
Germander
Germander, water
Germander, tree
Geum
Gingidium

Gith

Gladiole, water
Gladiolus lacuftris
Glafiwort i
Glaucium

Glaux

Glaux
Globeflower
Glycyrrhiza
Gnaphalium
Goat’s-beard
Goat’s Rue
Golden rod
Gramen Parnaffi

Gramina
Grafs of Parnaffus

Groundfell
Guinea pepper
Pep. H.
‘Are’s-ear
Hare’s-foot
Harmala

page S11

I N

Hedera
Hedera terreftris
Hedge muftard
Hedge nettle
Hedyfarum
Helenium
Heliotropium
Hellebore, black
Helleborine
Helleborus niger
emlock
Hemlock, water
lem)
Hemp agrimony
Henkine
Hepatica
Herb Chriftopher
Herniaria
Hefperis
Hicracium
Hippocrepis
eee
Hoarhound, bafe
Hoarhound, ftinking
Hoarhound, water
i

olly
Holly, fea
Hollyhock
Honeywort
Honefuckle —
Honeyfuckle, dwarf
Honeyfuckle, French

op.
Hordium
Horminum
Hornbeam

Horferadith

Horfefhoe vetch
Horfetail .
Hottonia
Hound’s-tongue
Houfeleek
Hyacinth
Hydrocharis
Hydrocotyle
Hyofcyamus
Hyoferis -

ypnum

” Hippogloffum

Hypopitys
Hyflop
Hyflopus
Hyflop, hee

Acea
Jacobza

Impatiens
Imperatoria

Ifatis
aed

uncus
Juniper
Juniperus
Iv,

y K.

Tdney bean

K Kidneywort
Knapweed

Knawel
Knotgrafs

A@uca
L Ladies bedftraw
Lady’s mantle
Lady’s flipper
Lady{mock
Lagopus
Lamium
Lampfana
Lapathum
Lappa
Lark’s-fpur
Laferpitium
Laferwort
Lathyrus
Lavender, fea
Lavender
Lavendula

Ete +e

Laureola p
Laurus Alexandrina
Leadwort

Lentibularia
Lenticula
Lentill
Leontopetalon
Opard’s-bane
Lepidium
Lettuce
Lettuce, lambs
Leucanthemum

Lilly, water
Lilly of the valley
Lime

Liquorice

Lithofpermum

Lonchitis

Loofeftrife
Otus

Lotus

Lovage

Lucerne

- Ludwigia

Lunaria
Lunaria
Lupine
Lupinus
Lupulus
Luteola
Lychnidza
Lychnis
Lycopodium
Lycopfis
Lycopus
Lyfimachia

‘Ad-apple
Madder
Madwort, German

Maidenhair, true
Maidenhair, white
‘allow

Mallow, Indian
-Malva

Malus
Mandragora
Mindrabe
Maple
Marjoram, fweet
Marjoram, wild
Marrubium
Marth ciftus
Marfhmallow
Marum
Marygold, marth
Mafterwort
Mafterwort, black
Matricaria
May-apple
Meadow-rue
Meadow{weet
Medeola
Medica
Melampyrum
Meliffophyllum
Melilot
Meliffa
Melongena
Menianthes
entha
Mercurialis

Millefolium
Milfoil, hooded
Milkwort

lage. 519
38

*
Mint page I
Mifletoe es ¢ if
Mitella 210
Molucca 352
Moneywort 4°65
Monk's hood 45.
Monophyllum 322
Moonwort 4530
Mofchatell } 324
Moffes ° 532
Mothmullein 89
Motherwort 364.
Moufe-ear 441
Moufe-ear fcorpion grafs 390
Moufetail 14
nium 532
Mudweed 84
Magwort 463
Mullein 87
Mafci 533
Muthrooms 533
Muftard 241
Myagrum 264
Myofotis _ 390
Myofuros 14
Myrthis 404
Arciffas 468
Nafturtium 267
Navelwore st
Navelwort 99
Navew 240
Nettle 484
Nepeta 360
Nicotiana eet
Nigella 213
Nightthade 26
Nightfhade, deadly 328
Nightthade, Ench, 138
Nightthade, fleepy 335
Nipplewort 443
Niffolia . 289
Nummularia 65
Nux 508
Nymphza 223
Nymphoides 7
Ak fey
Oat abe
Ochrus 297
Ocymum 382
Cnanthe 407
Oldenlandia 229
One 'blade 322
Onobrychis = 293
Ononis 310
Ophiogloffum 530
Ophrys 473
Opulus 517
Orach 489
Orchis 474
Origanum 357
Ornithogalum 469
Ornithopodium 292
Orobanche 126
Orobus 288
Orpine 36
Oxycoccus 324.
Oxeye 457
Oxlip 69
Oxys 80
Eonia 47
Panax 420
Papaver 141
Paralyfis 68
Parietaria 491
Paris 323
Parnaflia 192
Paronychia 259
Parfley 424
Prafley, baftard 415
Parfley, rock 414
arfnep 401
Parfnep, cow = goo
Parfnep, water “408
Pafqueflower 1
Paftinacha 404
ea 2
Pear 514
Pearlwort 220
Pedicularis 11g
Pellitory of the wall 49x
Pellitory umbellif. 426
Pennyroyal 354
Pennywort 52
Pennywort, marfh 419
Pentaphides 4

Pentaphyllum
Pentapterophyllon.
Pepper-grafs
Periwinkle
Pervinca
Perficaria
Petafites
Petrofelinum —
Peucedanum
Phalangium
Phafeolus ‘
Pheafant’s eye ,
Phellandrium
Phyllitis
Pilewort
Pilofella ‘
Pilularia
Pimpernel
Pimpinella faxifraga
Pinguicula
Pink

Piony

Pifam
Plantaginella
Plantago
Plantago aquat.
Plantain
Plantain, ftarry
Plantain, water
Plumbago
Pneumonanthe
Podograria
Podophyllum
Polimonium
Polygala
Polygonum
Polymountain
Polium
Polygonatum
Polypodium
Polypody
Polytrichum
Pondweea
Poplar ©

Poppy

Populus ~
Portula
Portulaca *
Potamogiton
Purflain
Primrofe
Primula

Privet —
Prunella

Pranus
Pfyilium
Ptarmaca
Puleginm
Pulmonaria
Pulfatilla
Purflain, water
Pyrethrum umbell
Pyrola

Pyrus

Q
Or
R

Adicula é
. Radiola
adifh

Ragwort
Rampion

, Ranunculus
Raphaniftrum
Raphanus-
Raphanus ruft.
Rapum
Rapunculus

Rattle, red ~

Rattle, yellow
Refeda
Reftharrow
‘Rhamnoides
Rhamnus_
Rhinanthus .
‘Ribes

N - ty

I N-

Rocket
Rocket, bafe
Roella —
Roreila

Rofa

Rofe

Rofe of Jericho
Rofemary

Ros marinus
Ros folis
Rubeola

Rubia

Rubia cynanchiea

Rupturewort
Rufcus

Rufh

Rye

Saffron, meadow

Sage

Sage, wood

Sage of Jerufalem

Sagitta

Saint John’s wort

Sallad, corn

Salicaria

Salicornia

Salix

Saltwort

Salvia

Sambucus

Samolus

Sampire

Sampire, prickly

Sanguiforba

Sanicle

Sanicle, mountain

Saracena

Saxifraga

Saxafraga aurea

Saxifrage ;

Saxifrage, golden

Saxifrage, meadow

Satareia
Savory
Saw+wort
Scabiofa
Scabidus
Scammouy
Scandix
Scirpus
Sclarea °
Scleranthus
Scordium
Scorodonia .
Scorpioides
Scorzonera
Scrophularia
Scurvygrafs
Sea+parfley
Secale
Securidaca
Sedum
Selago
Selfheal
Selinum
Sempervivum
Senecio
Sengreen
Ser-mountain
Serpyllum
Serratula

Shepherd’s needle
Shepherd’s purfe
Sideritis

Siler montanum

page 236
209
1o4.
187
515

Silverweed
Sinapi-

‘Sinapiftrum

Sifarum
Sifymbrium
Sium

Smyrnium
Snapdragon

. Snail

Sneezewort .-
Solnaum

' Soldanella

Soldier
Solomon’s feal
Sonchus
Sorbus
Sorrel
Southernwood
Sowbread
Sowthiftle
Spanifh toothpick
Sparganium
Speculum
Speedwell
Sphagnum -
Sphondylium
Spindle
Spignell
Spergula
Spleenwort
Spurge
Spurge laurel
Spurrey
Squinancywort
Stachys
Stechas
Staphis agria
Staphylodendrum
Stavefacre
Star of Bethlehem
Starwort
Starwort
Statice
Stellaria
Stonecrop
Stramonium
Stratiotes
Strawberry
Strawberry-tree
Submarine plants ,
Subularia
Succifa
Sundew
Sunflower
Sweetbeard
Sweet gaule
Sweetwilliam
Symphytum

“E *Amnus ’
. Tanacetum
Tanzy
Tare
Taxus
Teafell
Telephium
eucrium
Thaliérum
Thapfia
Thefium
Thiftle
Thiftle, gentle
Thiafpi
Thora
Thorn-apple
Thrift
Throatwort

‘Tithymalus
Toadflax’

Toadflax, baftard page 344

: iP
ae i

Tobacco 95
'Toothwort 252
Toothwort 128
Tordylium 402
Tormentill 5
Tormentilla 7
Tournefortia 394
~ 'Tower muftard 249
Trachelium 74
Trago origanum 378
‘Tragopogon 442
Trefoil 302
Treefoil bird’s-foot 314
Trefoil hop 307
Tribulus aq. 230
Trichomanes 526
“Trifolium 302
Trifolium lup. 307
Triglochin 505
Triticum 494.
Trollius 33
Truelove’ 323
Trumpetflower 132
Turnep 240
Turnfole 393
Turritis 249
Tuffelago 446
‘Twyblade 478
Typha 506
Alerian =;

Valerian, Greek, |
Valerianella 342
Venus Glafs 75
Verbafum 87

~ Verbena 356
Verbefina 464
Veronica go
Vervain 356
Vetch 283
Vetchgrafs. — 289
Vetch, kidney 290
Vetch, wood 218
Vicia 283
Viola 203
Violet 203
Violet, dame’s Sieh 2 35
Virga aurea 449
Vifcum 519
Vitis idea 516
Ulmaria 23
Ulmus 52
Ulva 532
Urtica 484.

Allflower 233

Wallnut 508
Watercrefs 245
Waterlilly, fringed 78
Water radith 265
Water violet 78
Wayfaring tree 517
Wheat 494.
Whitlowgrafs 259
Whortle 516
Whortle, marfh 324.
Willow 512
Willowherb_ : 146
Willowherb, fpiked 218
Windflower 12
Winter cherry 335
Wintergreen 85
Woad 254
Wolfsbane, winter 47
Woodrufte 398
Woodforrel 80
Wormwood 402

X. +
ae 484
Y..

Arrow 58

Yew ne 2

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Full text of "The British herbal ?an history of plants and trees, natives Britain, cultivated for use, or raised for beauty. /by John Hill, M.D."

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