THE
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA
A DESCRIPTION OF THE TREES WHICH GROW
NATURALLY IN NORTH AMERICA
EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO
BY
CHARLES SPRAGUE SARGENT
DIRECTOR OF THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM
OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY
Fllustrated with figures and Analyses drawn from Mature
BY
CHARLES EDWARD FAXON
AND ENGRAVED BY
PHILIBERT ann EUGENE PICART
VOLUME IV.
ROSACEA —SAXIFRAGACEA
BOSTON AND NEW YORK
HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY
Qhe Riverside Press, Cambridge
MDCCCXCII
Bissount Boranrane
MWanoey Liandng
Copyright, 1892,
By CHARLES SPRAGUE SARGENT.
All rights reserved.
The Riverside Press, Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A.
Electrotyped and Printed by H. 0. Houghton & Co.
To
HORATIO HOLLIS HUNNEWELL,
A TRUE LOVER OF TREES,
AND
A WISE AND GENEROUS PATRON OF THE ARTS AND SCIENCES,
THIS FOURTH VOLUME OF
THE SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA
IS DEDICATED
SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS OF PLANTS CONTAINED IN VOLUME IV.
OF THE SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
Crass I. DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGENOUS PLANTS.
Stems increasing in diameter by the annual addition of a layer of wood inside the bark. Leaves netted-veined. Embryo
with a pair of opposite cotyledons.
Sus-Crass I. Angiosperme. Pistil, a closed ovary containing the ovules and developing into the fruit.
Diviston I. Polypetales, Flowers with calyx and corolla, the latter divided into separate petals.
C. CALYCIFLORA. Sepals rarely distinct. Disk adnate to the base of the calyx, rarely tumid or conspicuous
or wanting (Mimose). Petals usually as many as the lobes of the calyx, or fewer by abortion, inserted on the margin
of the calyx-tube or of the disk, occasionally wanting. Stamens definite or indefinite, perigynous or hypogynous. Ovary
superior.
20. Rosaceze. Flowers usually regular. Stamens distinct, usually indefinite. Carpels 1-many, distinct or (in
Pomez) united and combined with the calyx-tube. Style often lateral or basal. Ovules usually 2, anatropous. Seeds
generally exalbuminous. Leaves usually alternate, dentate, lobed or divided, usually stipular.
21. Saxifragacece. Flowers usually regular. Stamens mostly 5 to 10. Carpels usually 2, united or rarely
free. Ovules numerous, anatropous. Styles free or united at the base. Seeds albuminous.
Leaves opposite or alter-
nate, stipular or exstipular.
Synopsis or ORDERS .
CurysoBaLANus Icaco
PRUNUS NIGRA. 3
Prunus AMERICANA.
PRUNUS HORTULANA
PRUNUS ANGUSTIFOLIA
Prunus ALLEGHANIENSIS
PRUNUS SUBCORDATA .
PRUNUS UMBELLATA .
Prunus PENNSYLVANICA .
PRUNUS EMARGINATA
Prunus VIRGINIANA.
PRUNUS SEROTINA .
Prunus CAROLINIANA
PRUNUS SPHAIROCARPA .
PRUNUS ILICIFOLIA .
VAUQUELINIA CALIFORNICA
CERCOCARPUS LEDIFOLIUS .
CERCOCARPUS PARVIFOLIUS
PyYRUS CORONARIA
PYRUS ANGUSTIFOLIA . .
PyRUS RIVULARIS
Pyrus AMERICANA
PyRus SAMBUCIFOLIA
Crataeus Doverasi
CRATHGUS BRACHYACANTHA
Cratmoeus CRUS-GALLI
CRATAGUS COCCINEA .
CRATHGUS MOLLIS .
CRATHGUS TOMENTOSA
CRATHGUS PUNCTATA
CRATHGUS SPATHULATA .
CRATHGUS CORDATA
CRATGUS VIRIDIS
CRATHGUS APIIFOLIA
CRATHGUS FLAVA.
CRATHGUS UNIFLORA
CRATHGUS AISTIVALIS .
HeETEROMELES ARBUTIFOLIA
AMELANCHIER CANADENSIS
AMELANCHIER ALNIFOLIA
LyONOTHAMNUS FLORIBUNDUS
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Plate cxlviii.
Plate cxlix. .
Plate cl. .
Plate cli.
Plate clii.
Plate cliii.
Plate cliv.
Plate clv.
Plate clvi.
Plate elvii. .
Plate elviii.
Plate clix. .
Plate elx.
Plate clxi.
Plates elxii., elxiii.
Plate elxiv. .
Plate clxy. .
Plate elxvi. . :
Plates elxvii., elxviii.
Plate clxix. . 6 :
Plate clxx.
Plates elxxi., celxxii.
Plates elxxiii., elxxiv.
Plates elxxy., elxxvi.
Plate elxxvii.
Plates clxxviii., elxxix. .
Plates elxxx., clxxxi.
Plate clxxxii.
Plate clxxxiii. .
Plate elxxxiy. 5 é
Plate clxxxy.
Plate elxxxvi.
Plate clxxxvii. .
Plate elxxxviii.
Plates clxxxix., exe. .
Plate exci.
Plate excii.
Plate exciii.
Plates exciv., exev.
Plate exevi.
Plate exevii.
5 alls:
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
CHRYSOBALANUS.
Fiowers perfect; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in ewstivation ; petals 5, im-
bricated in estivation ; stamens 15 to 50; ovary 1-celled; ovules 2, ascending. Fruit
a fleshy drupe, 1-seeded. Leaves alternate, entire.
Chrysobalanus, Linneus, Gen. 365.— A. L. de Jussieu, 1251. — Bentham & Hooker, Gen. i. 606. — Baillon, Hist.
Gen. 340. — Meisner, Gen. 102. — Endlicher, Gren. Pi. i. 480.
Icaco, Adanson, Fam. Pl. ii. 805.
Trees or shrubs, with stout branchlets covered with pale lenticels, and fibrous roots. Leaves
alternate, entire, coriaceous, short-petiolate, persistent; stipules minute, deciduous. Flowers short-
pedicellate, small, creamy white, in axillary or terminal dichotomously-branched silky canescent cymes
with divisions developed from the axils of conspicuous deciduous bracts. Calyx turbinate-campanulate,
five-lobed, ebracteolate, deciduous. Disk thin, adnate to the calyx-tube. Petals five, inserted in the
mouth of the calyx-tube on the margin of the disk, alternate with the lobes of the calyx, spatulate,
deciduous. Stamens fifteen, in groups of three opposite the lobes of the calyx, or indefinite in a single
continuous series, inserted with the petals on the margin of the disk; filaments filiform, free or
slightly connate at the base; anthers ovoid, introrse, two-celled, the cells opening longitudinally, or
sometimes wanting. Ovary sessile in the bottom of the calyx-tube, hirsute or glabrous, one-celled ;
style rising from the base of the ovary, filiform, terminated by a minute truncate stigma; ovules two,
collateral, ascending, anatropous; raphe dorsal, the micropyle inferior. Fruit drupaceous ; epicarp
smooth, membranaceous; mesocarp pulpy; putamen coriaceous or crustaceous, more or less adherent to
the mesocarp, smooth and indehiscent, or five or six-angled toward the base and imperfectly five or
six-valved, the valves reticulate-veined. Seed suberect, exalbuminous; testa chartaceous, light brown.
Embryo fillmg the cavity of the seed; cotyledons thick and fleshy ; radicle inferior, very short.
The genus Chrysobalanus is represented in the southern Atlantic states by a shrubby species?
confined to the coast region of Georgia, Florida, and Alabama ; and a second species which occasionally
attains the size of a small tree inhabits the shores of southern Florida, and is widely distributed through
the maritime regions of tropical America, and, in various forms which have sometimes been considered
species, along the coast of western tropical Africa.’
1 Chrysobal blongifolius, Michaux, Fl. Bor-Am. i. 283.— _ inclined to believe that Chrysobalanus Icaco was of American origin,
Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 329.— Nuttall, Gen. i. 301. — Elliott, St. and had been naturalized on the African coast by seed carried
i. 539.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 526.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. from one continent to the other by the Atlantic currents, or by
Am. i. 406.— Chapman, Fi. 119. man. The view that it was transported across the Atlantic from
Persea longipeda, Bertoloni, Misc. Bot. fase. xiii. t. 2. the New World to the Old by ocean currents is supported by the
2 Alphonse de Candolle (Géographie Botanique, ii. 784, 792) was fact that the early European travelers found the Cocoa Plum in
2 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
ROSACEZ.
The generic name, from ypvods and BdAaros, was established by Linnzus, who discarded Plumier’s
name of Iecaco.1
America ; the seeds, too, are well suited to float, their structure
protecting them for a long time from the influence of salt water,
and as the species inhabits the shores of the ocean the seed washed up
on such shores would find suitable diti ti The
t ly in Africa only on the
for ger:
Cocoa Plum,
» ZLOWS sp
west coast, or opposite America, while in the New World it is as
common on the Pacific as on the Atlantic seaboard. On the other
hand, the fact that the French in Senegal call it Prune d’ Amérique
might indicate that it had first been carried to Africa by man, and
then, having become naturalized, had gradually spread along the
coast.
1 Nov. Pl. Am. Gen. 43, t. 5.
ROSACEZ.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 3
CHRYSOBALANUS ICACO.
Cocoa Plum.
STAMENS indefinite.
broadly elliptical or round-obovate.
Chrysobalanus Icaco, Linnzus, Spec. 513 (excl. vars.).—
Jacquin, Hnum. Pl. Carib. 23; Stirp. Am. 154, t. 94;
Select. Stirp. Am. Hist. 75, t. 141.— Icon. Am. Gewich.
ii. 36, t. 157. — Aublet, Pl. Guian. i. 513. — Houttuyn,
Syst. i. 756, t. 11, £. 2. — Lamarck, Dict. iii. 224; IIL. ii.
542, t. 428. — Willdenow, Syec. ii. pt. ii. 998. — Persoon,
Syn. ii. 86. — Rees, Cyclopedia, viii. — Poiret, Lam.
Dict. Suppl. iii. 185.— Lunan, Hort. Jam. i. 211.—
Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nov. Gen. et Spec. vi.
244.— Kunth, Syn. Pl. Afquin. iii. 483. — De Candolle,
Stone 5 or 6-angled, imperfectly 5 or 6-valved.
Leaves
Hist. Vég. i. 369, t.5, £. 4. — Torrey & Gray, F7. N. Am.
i. 406.— Dietrich, Syn. iii. 46. — Walpers, Rep. ii. 1;
Ann. iv. 642. — Bentham, Bot. Voy. Sulphur, 91. —
Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. ii. 90. — Richard, Fl. Cub.
ii. 237. — Chapman, FV. 119. — Grisebach, F?. Brit. W.
Ind. 229. —Schnizlein, Icon. t. 274. — Baillon, Adanso-
nia, vii. 221; Hist. Pl. i. 427, £.486, 487. — Hooker f.
Martius Fl. Brasil. xiv. pt. ii. 7. —Hemsley, Bot. Biol.
Am. Cent. i. 8365. — Eggers, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 18,
50.— Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. 8.
ix. 64.
Chrysobalanus Icaco, £. purpureus, Persoon, Syn. ii. 36.
Prodr. ii. 525.—Dict. Sci. Nat. xxii. 480, t. 236.—Sprengel,
Syst. ii. 478. —Tussac, Fl. Antill. iv. 91, t. 31.— May-
cock, Fl. Barb. 215. — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 477. — Spach,
A tree, twenty-five to thirty feet in height, with a long straight trunk occasionally a foot im
diameter, or more often a tall broad bush with many upright virgate branches, or often, in exposed
situations, a semiprostrate shrub a foot or two high. The bark of the trunk is an eighth of an inch
thick, with a light gray surface tinged with red which separates into long thin scales. The branches,
when they first appear, are glabrous or sometimes slightly pilose and dark reddish brown ; they are
soon marked with conspicuous pale lenticels, and in their second year are brown or gray-brown. The
leaves are broadly elliptical or round-obovate, rounded or slightly emarginate at the apex, and wedge-
shaped at the base; they are borne on short stout petioles, and are glabrous, coriaceous, obscurely
reticulate-veined, dark green and lustrous on the upper, and light yellow-green on the lower surface,
with broad conspicuous midribs rounded on the upper side, and thin primary veins; they vary from an
inch to three inches and a half in length, and from an inch to two inches and a half in width, and,
standing on the branches at an acute angle, seem to be pressed against them. The stipules are acumi-
nate, an eighth of an inch in length, and early deciduous. The flowers are produced in cymes one
to two inches in length, which in Florida appear continuously on the growing branches during the
spring and summer months; they are borne on short thick club-shaped pedicels which, like the acute
deciduous bracts and bractlets, and the outer surface of the calyx, are covered with thick hoary tomen-
tum. ‘The calyx-lobes are nearly triangular, acute, more or less pubescent on the inner surface, and
half the length of the narrow spatulate white petals. The stamens are exserted, with slender hairy
filaments, and are sometimes abortive on one side of the flower by the suppression of some of the
anthers. The ovary is covered with hoary pubescence, and from its base rises the long slender style,
clothed nearly to the apex with pale hairs. The fruits, of which one or two only develop from an
inflorescence, are nearly spherical, or often slightly ovoid, and from two thirds of an inch to an inch
and a half in diameter; the skin is smooth, bright pink, yellow, purple, creamy white, or sometimes
nearly black; the flesh is white, sweet, and juicy, often a quarter of an inch thick, and more or less
adherent to the stone. This is pointed at both ends, five or six-angled, especially below the middle,
half an inch to an inch and a quarter in length and twice as long as broad, indehiscent, or finally
dehiscent into five or six valves; the wall is composed of a thin red-brown dry outer layer, and a thick
A SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACER.
interior layer of hard woody fibre, or in the black-fruited form is thin and soft. The testa of the seed
is thin and papery, light red-brown, and lined with a thick white reticulated fibrous coat.
Chrysobalanus Icaco grows in Florida from Cape Canaveral to the shores of Bay Biscayne, and
on the west coast from Caximbas Bay to the southern keys. It is common on the shores of the Antilles
and on those of southern Mexico and Central America; it is found on the northern and eastern coasts
of South America, where it extends as far south as southern Brazil, and occurs on the west coast of
Africa from Senegambia to the Congo country.’ In Florida the Cocoa Plum is usually shrubby, and
attains the size and habit of a tree only on the shores of the islands of the Everglades, in the neighbor-
hood of Bay Biscayne, and on the banks of the Miami River above the influence of tide-water, where
it sometimes forms dense impenetrable thickets of considerable extent.
The wood of Chrysobalanus Icaco is heavy, hard, strong, and close-grained, and contains a few
irregularly distributed open ducts and many thin medullary rays ; it is light brown, often tinged with
red, with thin lighter colored sapwood composed of ten or twelve layers of annual growth. The
specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.7709, a cubic foot weighing 48.04 pounds.
The fruit, which resembles a plum in size and shape, is sweet and rather insipid ; it varies in color
and in the amount of juice contained in the flesh, in the degree to which this adheres to the stone, and
in the thickness of the wall of the stone? It appears to have been a favorite food of the Caribs at the
time of the discovery of America, and it is mentioned in many of the early narratives.? It is eaten
by negroes and sometimes by whites, both fresh and preserved in sugar.. The seeds when fresh have
an agreeable odor, although they soon become rancid, and are considered a delicacy in the West Indies ;
they contain a considerable quantity of oil, and under the name of varach seeds are sometimes sent to
England from tropical Africa; strung on sticks, they are used instead of candles by the natives. The
1 Guillemin, Perrottet & A. Richard, Fl. Seneg. Tent. i. 272.—
Hooker f. & Bentham, Hooker Niger Fi. 336.— Oliver, Fl. Trop.
Afr. ii. 365.
? In Florida Chrysobalanus Icaco varies but little in the size and
shape of the leaves, or in the form of the fruit. This is usually
pink, or occasionally nearly white ; on some individuals, however,
it is black, and then is smaller and more or less ovate, with narrower
and rather softer stones than occur in the more spherical pink or
white-skinned fruit, the two forms apparently never growing on the
same plant. Within the tropics it shows a greater tendency to va-
riation. Hooker f. (Martius Fl. Brasil. xiv. pt. ii. 7) considered
the American and African plants specifically identical, and proposed.
these varieties : —
a, genuinus: leaves broadly obovate, obcordate, or orbiculate ;
drupe fleshy, ovoid or obovoid, obtusely ribbed.
B. pellocarpus : leaves.as in the variety a, although often smaller ;
drupe obovoid, narrowed at the base, subacutely ribbed ; flesh thin.
Chrysobalanus pellocarpus, Meyer, Prim. Fi. Esseq. 193. —Ben-
tham, Hooker Jour. Bot. ii. 214. — Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 229.
Chrysobalanus Icaco, var. p. pellocarpus, De Candolle, Prodr. ii.
525.
Guiana.
vy. ellipticus: leaves elliptical-oblong, acute or subacute at the two
extremities ; drupe as in variety a, but smaller. _
Chrysobalanus ellipticus, Sabine, Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. v. 453.
—De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 526.— Hooker f. & Bentham, J. c.—
Oliver, J. c.
(?) Chrysobalanus luteus, Sabine, 1. c.—. De Candolle, J. c.
Upper and Lower Guinea.
To this form, too, should perhaps be referred the African Chryso-
balanus orbicularis, Schumacher & Thonning, Kongl. Dansk. Vidensk.
Selsk. Afh. iv. 6 ; Pl. Guin, ii. 5. — Walpers, Rep. ii. 907.
8 De los drboles & fructas Uamados hicacos, Oviedo, Hist. Nat.
Gen. Ind. lib. viii. cap. 9.
“La Fruta de Cuesco son Hobos, Hicacos, Macaguas, Guiabaras,
i Mameis, que es la mejor de todas.” (Francisco Lopez de Gomara,
Hist. Gen. de las Indias, cap. xxviii.)
Arbor folia fert similia Lauri foliis, Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras.
lib. iii. cap. ix. (cum icone).
Des Prunes de Icaques. “Ce fruit est fort dous, & tellement
aimé de certains Sauvages, qui demuerent pres du Golfe d’Hon-
dures, qu’on les appelle Icaques, 2 cause de l’état qu’ils font de ces
Prunes, qui leur servent de nourriture.” (Rochefort, Hist. Nat. et
Morale des Antilles, 74 [cum icone].)
Prunier @Icaque. “Tl y en a de plusieurs especes, qu’on distingue
seulement par la couleur du fruit, dont les uns sont rouges, les autres
violets, les autres blancs, mais tous de méme forme, méme chair, ©
méme gotit, méme vertu.” (Labat, Nouveau Voyage aux Isles de
PAmérique, iii. 40.)
Frutex cotini fere folio crasso in summitate deliquium patiente, fructu
ovali ceeruleo ossiculum angulosum continente, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Car.
1, 25, §. 25.
Chrysobalanus, Linneeus, Hort. Cliff. 484 (excl. syn.).— Plumier,
Pl. Am. ed. Burmann, 151, t. 158.
The Fat Pork-Tree, Griffith Hughes, Nat. Hist. Barbados, 180.
Chrysobalanus fruticosus, foliis orbiculatis alternis, floribus laxe
racemosis, Browne, Nat. Hist. Jam. 250, t. 17, f. 5.
Icaquier, Nicolson, Essai sur V Histoire Naturelle de UIsle de Saint-
Domingue, 248.
Chrysobalanus seu Icaco, fructu nigro, fructu albo, fructu violaceo,
Pouppé Desportes, Histoire des Maladies de S. Domingue, iii. 244.
* Spons, Encyclopedia of the Industrial Arts, Manufactures, and
Raw Commercial Products, ii. 1414, — Tussac, Fl. Antill. iv, 92.
ROSACEA.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 5
bark, leaves, and roots are astringent, and have been employed in tropical America in the treatment of
diarrhoea, leucorrhcea, and hemorrhages.’
The earliest mention? of Chrysobalanus Icaco as an inhabitant of Florida appears in A Concise
Natural History of East and West Florida, written by the distinguished engineer Bernard Romans,’
and published in New York in 1775.
Chrysobalanus Icaco was introduced into the Physic Garden at Chelsea in England by Philip
Miller * in 1752, and is occasionally cultivated in tropical regions of the Old World.’
Icaco, the specific name, is probably of Carib origin.’
1 Tussac, Fl. Antill. iv. 92.— Endlicher, Enchirid. Bot. 665.—
Treasury of Botany, i. 278.— Martius, Fl. Brasil. xiv. pt. ii. 75.—
Baillon, Hist. Pl. i. 459.
2 « A few spots of hammock, or upland, are found on this island ;
these produce the itri-folio, Coecoloba, Mastic,
Borassus, and a few trees of the live oak and willow oak, the Chry-
sobalanus, & the Cereus Triangularis, and with these that kind of
Cactus commonly called Opuntia,’’ 283.
i)
ficus
8 Bernard Romans, a native of Holland, received in England the
education of an engineer, and was afterwards employed by the
English government as a surveyor in the southern colonies of
North America. He appears to have lived from 1763 to 1771 in
Florida, where he paid some attention to natural history, enjoying
a salary of fifty pounds a year as King’s Botanist. During his
residence in New York Romans became imbued with the revolu-
tionary spirit and was engaged by the Committee of Safety to pre-
pare a scheme for the defense of the Highlands ; but his relations
with the ittee were tisf
y, his plans were not adopted,
and he was relieved from duty. In 1776 he was commissioned
captain of a company of Pennsylvania artillery. Charges of mis-
conduct were soon preferred against him, but he was probably
acquitted, as not long afterwards he was deputed by General Gage
to inspect the works at Fort Ann and Skenesborough, and in 1780
was ordered to South Carolina to join the Southern Army. Ro-
mans sailed from New Haven or New London in a vessel which
was captured by the British and taken to Jamaica, where he was
held as a prisoner until the end of the war in 1783, when he was
put on board of a ship bound for the United States. He died on
the voyage, his friends believed a violent death (see Munsell’s
Historic Series, No. 5, Obstructions to the Navigation of Hudson’s
River, by E. M. Ruttenber, Introduction, 9). In addition to the
work on Florida, of which only the first volume appeared, and which
is now an extremely rare book, as the largest part of the edition
was destroyed by fire in New York, Romans, who was a member
of the American Philosophical Society, printed in 1778, in its Trans-
actions, a paper on The Marine Compass; in 1775 he published
A Map of the Civil War in America ; in 1778, at Hartford, Connec-
ticut, the first volume of his Annals of the Troubles in the Nether-
lands, the second volume of which appeared four years later, and
in 1779, with J. G. W. de Braham, A Complete Pilot for the Gulf
Passage. The History of East and West Florida is a work of no
little interest to botanists, as Romans was the first person with any
knowledge of plants who visited the coasts and islands of southern
Florida ; it gives the earliest account of the Ogeechee Lime, and
of the Florida Fig, Ficus aurea, and first makes known the fact
that several West India trees are found on the Florida coast.
4 See i. 38.
5 Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 166.
® Voigt, Hort. Sub. Calcutt. 265.— Hooker f£. Fl. Brit. Ind. ii.
307. — Naudin, Manuel de l Acclimateur, 204.
7 Hicacos was first used by Oviedo y Valdes (Hist. Nat. Gen. Ind.
lib. viii. cap. 9), who landed in San Domingo in 1514, to describe the
fruit of this plant, which has given its name to numerous capes and
points of land on the coast of the West Indies and Central America.
a
ro
CHNantrwn
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Puare CXLVIII. Curysopatanus Icaco.
. A flowering branch, natural size.
. Diagram of a flower.
. A flower, enlarged.
. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
. Front and rear views of a stamen, enlarged.
. A pistil, a vertical section of the ovary removed, enlarged.
An ovule, much magnified.
A fruiting branch, natural size.
Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.
. A stone, natural size.
. An embryo, natural size.
Silva of North America. Tab. CAL Vin
CHRYSOBALANUS ICAGO., ls.
A.Riocreux direx * Imp. R.Taneur, Paris.
‘
ROSACEA
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
PRUNUS.
Fiowers perfect, or rarely polygamo-dicecious by abortion; calyx 5-lobed, the
lobes imbricated in estivation; petals 5, imbricated in estivation, rarely wanting ;
stamens 15 to 30; pistil 1, rarely 2 or more; ovules 2, suspended. Fruit a more
or less fleshy drupe, 1-seeded. Leaves alternate.
Prunus, Bentham & Hooker, Gen. i. 609.— Baillon, Hist.
P1478.
Amygdalus, Linneus, Gen. 141.— Adanson, Fam. Pl. ii.
305.— A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. 341.— Meisner, Gen. 102. —
Endlicher, Gen. 1250.
Prunus, Linneus, Gen. 141. — Adanson, Fam. Pl. ii. 305.—
A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. 341. — Meisner, Gen. 102. — End-
licher, Gen. 1250.
Cerasus, Linnzus, Gen. 141. — Adanson, Fam. PI. ii. 305.—
A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. 340. — Meisner, Gen. 102.
Padus, Linneeus, Gen. 142.
Armeniaca, A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. 341. — Meisner, Gen. 102.
Amyegdalophora, Necker, Hlem. Bot. ii. 70.
Trichocarpus, Necker, Elem. Bot. ii. 70.
Prunophora, Necker, Hlem. Bot. ii. 71.
Cerasophora, Necker, Hlem. Bot. ii. T1.
Chimanthus, Rafinesque, Fl. Ludovic. 26.
Persica, Meisner, Gen. 102.
Ceraseidos, Siebold & Zuccarini, Abhand. Akad. Miinch.
ii. 743.
Amygdalopsis, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 15.
Laurocerasus, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 89
Microcerasus, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 93.
Emplectocladus, Torrey, Smithsonian Contrib. vi. 10, t. 5
(Pl. Fremont.).
Tubopadus, Pomel, Mat. pour la Flore Atlant. 8.
Trees or shrubs, with bitter and astringent properties, and scaly buds with scales imbricated mm
many rows, those of the inner rows accrescent and often colored. Leaves conduplicate or convolute in
vernation, alternate, simple, usually serrate, petiolate, deciduous or persistent; stipules free from the
petiole, usually lanceolate and glandular, often minute, deciduous. Flowers solitary or in fascicled
corymbs or racemes, appearing from separate buds before, coetaneous with, or later than, the leaves,
or on leafy branches. Calyx five-lobed, ebracteolate, the tube obconic, urseolate, or tubular, deciduous
or rarely persistent. Disk thin, adnate to the calyx-tube, glandular, often colored. Petals white or
rose-colored, inserted in the mouth of the calyx-tube on the margin of the disk, deciduous or rarely
wanting. Stamens usually fifteen to twenty, inserted with the petals in three rows, those of the
outer row ten, parapetalous, those of the next row opposite the sepals and alternate with those of the
inner row; or sometimes thirty in three rows; filaments filiform, free, incurved in the bud; anthers
oval, attached on the back, introrse, two-celled, the cells opening longitudinally. Gynccium unicarpel-
late, or rarely composed of two or more carpels, rarely suppressed by abortion ; ovary inserted in the
bottom of the calyx-tube, one-celled ; style terminal, dilated at the apex into a truncate stigma; ovules
two, suspended, collateral, anatropous; raphe ventral, the micropyle superior. Fruit drupaceous ;
epicarp membranaceous, often glaucous or velutinous ; mesocarp pulpy, or dry and coriaceous and
two-valved ; putamen bony, smooth, rugose, or foraminulose, compressed, indehiscent, one or rarely two-
seeded. Seed suspended; testa thin, membranaceous; albumen thin, or usually wanting. Cotyledons
thick and fleshy; the radicle superior.
1 The genus Prunus may be divided into the following sections,
which by many authors have been considered genera : —
Amyepatus (including Amygdalophora, Trichocarpus, Persica,
and Amygdalopsis). Flowers solitary or -geminate, subsessile, often
precocious. Fruit velutinous or rarely smooth ; the flesh dry and
membranaceous and splitting irregularly, or thick and succulent ;
the stone compressed, generally thick-walled, rugose and deeply
pitted. Leaves conduplicate in yvernation.
Empiectociapus. Flowers solitary or geminate, short-pedicel-
late, appearing with the leaves. Fruit velutinous, with thin dry
flesh, and a smooth or slightly rugose stone. Leaves conduplicate
in vernation.
ARMENIACA. Flowers solitary or geminate, subsessile or short-
pedicellate, precocious. Fruit pubeseent, or in cultivation rarely
smooth, with succulent flesh, and a thick lled
ly wing-
margined smooth or pitted stone. Leaves convolute in vernation.
Prunus (including Prunophora). Flowers pedicellate in fascicled
umbels, precocious or coetaneous with the leaves. Fruit more or
8 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
ROSACEA.
Of the genus Prunus, now extended to include the Plums, Almonds, Peaches, Apricots, and
Cherries, about one hundred and twenty species are distinguished. They are generally distributed over
the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, especially in eastern Asia,’ in western and central
Asia,” Europe,’ and North America.* The genus is represented in tropical America by numerous species,>
and occurs in southern Asia.° It has no representative in tropical and southern Africa, in Australia,
Polynesia, or the southern countries of South America. In North America the genus is spread from
the shores of the Atlantic to those of the Pacific, and from near the northern limits of tree-growth to
southern Mexico. The territory of the United States contains at least twenty-five indigenous species,
of which fourteen attain arborescent habit, and one is a large and important forest tree.”
less succulent, often covered with a glaucous bloom ; stone com-
pressed, smooth or slightly rugose, acute-margined along the ven-
tral suture, grooved on the other. Leaves conduplicate or convo-
lute in vernation.
Cxrrasus (including C pl C idos, and Mi Ns
Flowers pedicellate, fascicled, or corymbose, precocious or coeta-
neous with the leaves. Fruit smooth or rarely pilose, with succu-
lent flesh ; stone smooth or slightly rugose, ridged on the ventral
suture. Leaves conduplicate in vernation.
Papus. Flowers in slender terminal racemes, on lateral leafy or
leafless branches of the year. Fruit subglobose, smooth, with suc-
culent flesh ; stone turgid, ovate or obovate, thick-margined on the
ventral suture.
Lavrocerasus.
of the previous year. Fruit smooth or rarely covered with a waxy
Leaves conduplicate in vernation.
Flowers in racemes from the axils of the leayes
bloom ; flesh usually thin and subsucculent ; stone smooth, rugose,
= . leeaceniee
Pp d, obscurely margined on the ven-
tral suture. Leaves conduplicate in vernation.
1 Maximowiez, Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, xxix. 74 (Mel.
Biol. xi. 657). — Franchet, Pl. David. i.103 ; Pl. D yanee, i. 194.
North America, where two small shrubby species are recognized
(Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 70).
Armeniaca is Asiatic ; two species are now recognized. Prunus
Armeniaca, Linneeus (Spec. 474), the Apricot, is probably a native
of northern China and Mongolia, whence it was carried into north-
ern India, Persia, Armenia, and other countries of southwestern
Asia, where it has long been naturalized (A. de Candolle, Origine
des Plantes Cultivées, 171). The second species, Prunus Mume
(Siebold & Zucearini, FZ. Jap. i. 29, t. 11), is a native of Japan.
Prunus, the true Plum, of which about twenty species are dis-
tinguished, is generally distributed in the t
p regions of
North America and eastern and western Asia. The native country
of Prunus domestica, Linneus (Spec. 475), the original of many of
the races of the cultivated Plums of the Old World and the most
important species of this section of the genus, is still undetermined.
Many authors believe that it is a native of Anatolia and northern
Persia, and that it was brought into Europe, where it is now widely
naturalized, not more than two thousand years ago (A. de Candolle,
i.c.). It has been cultivated in northern China and Japan from
t fin
2 Boissier, FZ. Orient. ii. 640. — Aitchison, Jour. Linn. Soc. xviii.
50. — Franchet, Pl. du Turkestan, 57.
8 Nyman, Conspect. Fl. Europ. 212.
4 Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 406.—Chapman, Fi. 119.—
Brewer & Watson, Bot. Cal. i. 166. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s
Man. ed. 6, 151.— Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. i. 102 (Man.
Pl. W. Texas).
5 Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nov. Gen. et Spec. vi. 241, 243,
t. 563, 564.— Kunth, Syn. Pl. Zquin. iii. 480.— Grisebach, Fl.
Brit. W. Ind. 231. — Hooker f. Martius Fl. Brasil. xiv. pt. ii. 55. —
Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. i. 367.
§ Miquel, Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. i. 363. — Brandis, Forest Fl. Brit.
Ind. 190.— Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 312. .
* Of the sections of the genus, Amygdalus is confined to eastern
Asia, which is believed to be the home of the tree from which the
cultivated Peach (Prunus Persica, Bentham & Hooker, Gen. i. 609)
has been derived (A. de Candolle, Origine des Plantes Cultivées,
176. — Bretschneider, On the Study and Value of Chinese Botanical
Works, 10), and to southeastern Asia, where many species are
found, particularly in Persia, Arabia, the Transcaucasian provinces,
and Turkestan. Prunus Amygdalus, the origin of the cultivated
i ial times, and now grows sp ly on the
near Pekin and on those of Shensi and Kansuh (Bretschneider,
Early European Researches inio the Flora of China, 149.— Forbes
& Hemsley, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 218).
Cerasus belongs to the cold and temperate parts of North Amer-
ica, Europe, and Asia ; nearly forty species are now recognized, of
which a larger number grow in China and Japan than in any other
geographico-botanical region. The two most important species are
Prunus Avium, Linneus (Fi. Svec. ed. 2, 165), and Prunus Cerasus,
Linnzeus (Spec. 474), from which are derived the two races of garden
Cherries (A. de Candolle, J. c. 163). The former, believed to be a
native of the region bordering on the Caspian, has become natural-
ized and now grows spontaneously in southern Europe as far north at
The latter inhabits the forests of northern
Persia, Armenia, and the Caucasus; it grows in Algiers, and in
least as central France.
Europe is distributed through southern Russia and the mountainous
regions of Greece, Italy, and Spain to Scandinavia ; it has become
naturalized in northern India (Hooker £. Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 313) and
Madeira (Lowe, Man. Fl. Mad. 235), and occasionally in the east-
ern part of the United States (Darlington, Fl. Cestr. ed. 3, 73).
Padus, with twelve or fourteen species, occurs in the temperate
and subt
Almond, was believed by Boissier (Fl. Orient. ii. 642) to grow on
the Anti-Lebanon, in Turkestan and Mesopotamia, and on some of
the mountain ranges of Persia. By cultivation this tree has spread
through the Mediterranean basin, and now grows spontaneously in
many of the southern countries of Europe and in northern Africa,
where perhaps it is really indigenous (Cosson, Ann. Sci. Nat. xix.
429. — A. de Candolle, Géographie Botanique, ii. 887).
Emplectocladus is confined to the dry interior regions of Pacific
regions of the two hemispheres, with its centre .
of distribution in China and Japan. The type of this section, Pru-
nus Padus, Linnzeus (Spec. 473), is the most widely distributed of
the genus, growing naturally in nearly every part of northern and
central Europe, and through Siberia, Manchuria, northern China,
Mongolia, and northern India.
Laurocerasus, with about twenty species, is the most generally
distributed group of the genus. The largest number of the species
occur in the Indian Archipelago and in tropical America ; the
ROSACEA.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 9
Few genera of plants are more useful to man. Many of the species contain in the seeds and
leaves considerable quantities of hydrocyanic acid, to which is due their peculiar odor... Some bear
delicious fruits, which, fresh and dried, are important articles of human food, and others, espe-
cially the Almond, produce valuable seeds. The dried fruit of the Old World Plum has laxative
others are found in southern China, Japan, India, and the Cauca-
sian provinces, in southwestern Europe and the north Atlantic
African islands, and in the southern part of the United States, Cali-
fornia, and Mexico.
1 Baillon, Hist. Pl. i. 453. — Le Maout & Decaisne, Traité Gén.
Bot. English ed. 388. The leaves and young branches of some
species of Laurocerasus at the period of active vegetation contain
such quantities of hydrocyanic acid as to be dangerous to animals
browsing on them. A city ordinance of Mobile prohibits throwing
the trimmings of Prunus Caroliniana, a favorite hedge plant in that
city, into the streets where they might be eaten by cattle.
2 More than three hundred varieties of plums are now recog-
nized in the collections of Europe, where this tree has been culti-
vated from the time of the ancients. The origin of the different
races of the cultivated Old World Plums is obscure ; they are now
generally supposed to have been derived from the crossing of dif-
isout
y
ferent species, p ly Prunus and Prunus insititia,
Linnzus (Spec. ed. 2, i. 680), or of the different varieties of the former
which many authorities have considered species (Lucas, Einleitung
in das Studium der Pomologie, Introduction. — Decaisne, Le Jardin
Fruitier, viii. Prunier, 11). The cultivation of the Plum on a large
scale is principally confined to the valley of the Loire and to the
department of Lot-et-Garonne in France, to central Germany,
and to Bosnia, Servia, Croatia, and California. In the valley of
the Loire, which is one of the great sources of supply of the ordi-
nary prunes of commerce, the variety principally grown is the
Prunier de St. Julien (Prunus domestica, var. Juliana, De Candolle,
Prodr. ii. 584). The best French prunes are produced in the re-
gions lying about the town of Clariac in the valley of the Lot, from
a variety known as Prunier d’Ente, which has been grown for at
least a century in this region, where the cultivation of the trees
and the harvesting and drying of the fruit is managed with the
greatest care and skill. (For accounts of the production of prunes
in France, see U. S. Consular Reports, Sept. 1888, 444. — Kew Bull.
Miscellaneous Information, Dec. 1890, 263.) ‘The German prunes
are principally the product of a tree considered by De Candolle to
l ica (var. Pr li 1. c. 534), and
by Koch (Dendr. i. 94) a species, Prunus economica of Borkhausen
(Handb. Forstbot. ii. 1401).
The Possavina district of northern Bosnia is now the most impor-
be a variety of Prunus
tant prune-producing region of southeastern Europe, the best fruit
being grown on the sides of the hills descending into the plains of
Possavina. The methods of cultivating and drying the fruit are
rude and primitive, and the product is inferior to the best French
and German prunes. The prunes grown in Bosnia and Servia are,
however, largely exported to the United States, Germany, and
Hungary (Spons, Encyclopedia of the Industrial Arts, Manufactures,
and Raw Commercial Products, i. 1027.— Kew Bull. Miscellaneous
Information, 1. c. 264).
The Apricot, which has been cultivated in Europe since the ‘be-
ginning of the Christian era, is now grown in most temperate coun-
tries, especially in France, Italy, southern Germany, India, and
California ; in some parts of India, where it flourishes in all the
Himalayan region, as well as in Thibet and Afghanistan, the Apri-
cot-trees constitute the chief wealth of the inhabitants, the dried
fruit being an important article of trade (Jacquemont, Voyage, ii.
211, 434.— Brandis, Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 191. — Hooker f. FV. Brit.
Ind. ii. 318. — Balfour, Cyclopedia of India, ed. 3, iii. 299). The
Apricot is commonly cultivated in northern China, where the seeds
are used in the place of almonds (Bretschneider, On the Study and
Value of Chinese Botanical Works, 10; Early European Researches
into the Flora of China, 149.— Franchet, Pl. David. i. 104). In
Japan the Apricot is occasionally cultivated, although the climate
does not appear to suit it. The Japanese species, Prunus Mume,
produces a small hard sour fruit which is sometimes eaten salted or
dried, and is made into vinegar (Rein, Japan nach Reisen und Stu-
dien im Auftrage der Kiniglich Preussischen Regierung, ii. 102).
Bitter
and sweet almonds are produced from trees which botanists regard
The Almond is the most important plant of the genus.
as varieties of one species, and which have been cultivated in the
(M. Porcius Cato, De Re Rustica,
cap. 8. — Harris, Nat. Hist. Bible, 6.) In the beginning of the four-
teenth century almonds had become an important article of com-
Orient from very early times.
merce in Venice, and their consumption in medieval Europe was
enormous. Sweet almonds are produced in great quantities in Italy,
Portugal, the Canary Islands, and the countries which surround the
Gulf of Persia (Spons, /. c. i. 1022), and in California, where the
cultivation of the Almond has recently assumed importance (Wick-
son, The California Fruits and How to Grow Them, ed. 2, 512.—
C. H. Shinn, Garden and Forest, iv. 495); the best are now raised
in Spain, and are known as the Jordan almonds. Bitter almonds are
grown principally in the regions bordering on the Mediterranean,
the best being produced in France and Sicily.
The chief value of the Almond is in the oil which is pressed from
the seeds; it is of two kinds, a fixed or fatty oil, and a volatile oil.
The first is obtained from the fresh fruit of the bitter and of the
sweet almond, and is manufactured in southern France, Italy, and
The bitter almonds
are first peeled in order to free them of the essential or volatile oil,
Spain, the best quality being made in Majorca.
and are then crushed; the sweet almonds are crushed without peel-
It is of a
clear yellow color and possesses an agreeable flavor, and is princi-
ing, and the oil is then pressed from the crushed seeds.
pally used by perfumers and, purified of its hydrocyanie acid, in
medicine (Fliickiger & Hanbury, Pharmacographia, 216, 219.—
Spons, J. ¢. ii. 1377, 1416).
The Peach has been cultivated in northern China from time im-
memorial ; it is also commonly grown in Mongolia and Cochin
China (Loureiro, Fl. Cochin. 315), in Japan, where it is the most
abundant of the stone-fruits (Rein, J. c. 101), in northern India, and
in central and western Europe, where it appears to have been
brought from Persia at the beginning of the Christian era (Brandis,
Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 191.— Balfour, 1. c. 166). It flourishes in
the southern and central portions of North America ; and in some
parts of the middle Atlantic and Pacific states the cultivation of
the Peach is an important agricultural industry (Wickson, J. c.
293).
The Cherry, as a cultivated fruit-tree, has been known in Europe
for at least two centuries, and innumerable varieties have been
raised there and in the United States. These are of two races, the
Bigarreau and Heart Cherries, with large, sweet, or slightly bitter
fruit, derived from Prunus Aviwm, and the Morello and Duke
Cherries, with smaller and often astringent fruit, derived from
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEA,
10
properties; and the bark of many species is bitter and astringent and has been used, particularly that
of the North American Prunus Virginiana and Prunus serotina and of the Old World Prunus Padus,
in medicine.” The aromatic leaves of the Caucasian Prunus Laurocerasus*® generate by distillation a
volatile oil, and are used in making Cherry-cordial water.* The flowers of the Peach are sometimes
used in Kurope and the United States as a mild purgative ;*
sedative and serve as a vermifuge; in the same country the seeds are employed in the treatment of
many diseases, and vinegar was formerly made from the pulp. The flowers of the Blackthorn or Sloe,
in China they are considered laxative and
Prunus spinosa,' ave purgative, and the fruit, which is astringent and austere until mellowed by frost,
The seeds of Prunus Maha-
leb, a native of the Caucasian provinces, and now naturalized in southern Europe and sparingly in
is sometimes used in medicine for its refrigerant and styptic properties.®
some parts of eastern North America, possess an agreeable flavor; and the oil pressed from them is
used in perfumery,” and is valued by the Arabs as a cure against calculus of the bladder.“ Cordials or
ratafias are made by steeping in spirits the fruit of Plums, Cherries, and Peaches, or the seeds of the
Bitter Almond, the Cherry, and the Apricot; from the fruit of the European wild Cherry, Prunus
Avium, kirschwasser and maraschino” are prepared, and from that of the European Plums, zwetschen-
wasser and raki."° A limpid oil is obtained from the seeds of various species of Prunus in Europe and
India ; “ and Plum-trees, the European Cherries, the Peach, the Apricot, and the Almond secrete from
their trunks and branches a gum which was once employed in medicine, and is now used in France in
various industrial processes.”
Prunus Cerasus. The origin, however, of many of the varieties of
cultivated Cherries is obscure, as species, subspecies, and varieties
have crossed and recrossed in their production.
1 Linneus, Spec. 473.— Koch, Dendr. i. 120.— Brandis, Forest
Fl. Brit. Ind. 194.— Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 315.— Maximo-
wiez, Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, xxix. 108 (M¢l. Biol. xi. 705).
Cerasus Padus, De Candolle, Fl. Franc. ed. 3, iv. 480 ; Prodr. ii.
539. — Nouveau Duhamel, v. 2, t. 1.—Boissier, Fl. Orient. ii. 650.
2 B.S. Barton, Coll. ed. 3, i. 11.— A. Richard, Hist. Nat. Med.
ed. 3, iii, 632.—Endlicher, Enchirid. 663.— Rosenthal, Syn. Pl.
Diaphor. 978.— Porcher, Resources of Southern Fields and Forests,
169. — Guibourt, Hist. Drog. ed. 7, iii. 317. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. i.
454. — U.S. Dispens. ed. 14, 749. — Stillé & Maisch, Nat. Dispens.
ed. 2, 1177. — Fliickiger & Hanbury, Pharmacographia, 223.
3 Linneus, Spec. 474. — Koch, Dendr. i. 125.
Cerasus Laurocerasus, Loiseleur, Nouveau Duhamel, v. 6.— De
Candolle, Prodr. ii. 540.— Boissier, Fl. Orient. ii. 650.
. * Lindley, Fl. Med. 232.— A. Richard, J. c. 632.— Rosenthal,
1. c.— Baillon, J. c. 453.— Fliickiger & Hanbury, J. c. 226.— Gui-
bourt, 7. c. 318, f. 678. — Jackson, Commercial Botany of the 19th
Century, 81.
5 Guibourt, l. c. 314.
6 Smith, Contrib. Mat. Med. China, 168.
7 Linneeus, 1. c. 475. — De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 582. — Guimpel,
Willdenow & Hayne, Adbild. Deutsch. Holz. i. 87, t. 66.— Koch,
Dendr. i. 98.
® Linneus, Mat. Med. 79.— Woodville, Med. Bot. ii. 233, t. 84.
From the green fruit of the Sloe, a strong astringent extract, known
as acacia nostras, was formerly made in Germany (A. Richard, J. c.
630).
® Linneeus, Spec. 474. — Jacquin, Fl. Austr. iii. 15, t. 227. — Koch,
TecotlG:
Cerasus Mahaleb, Loiseleur, Nouveau Duhamel, v. 6, t. 2.—De
Candolle, 7. c. 539.
10 Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 708.
u Le Maout & Decaisne, Traité Gén. Bot. English ed, 388, —
Guibourt, 7. c. 316.
#2 Kirschwasser is principally produced in the valley of the
Rhine in Germany, France, and Switzerland. A wild black-fruited
variety of Prunus Avium (var. macrocarpa, De Candolle, Prodr. ii.
535) is thought to produce the best quality, which is made from
carefully selected ripe fruit ; this is crushed over wicker strainers
that separate the pulp and stones from the juice, which is allowed
to flow into large tubs ; the stones are then collected and added to
the juice which is fermented in tightly covered vats, and at the end
of four or five days is drawn off and distilled. Kirschwasser of an
inferior quality is made from cherries shaken from the trees and
thrown into open hogsheads, in which the ripe, half ripe, and rotten
At the end
of twenty or thirty days, when fermentation is complete, the whole
fruit is all crushed together and allowed to ferment.
mass is distilled over an open fire. Made in this way, kirschwasser
has a strong and disagreeable flavor, due to the mould developed
during the process of fermentation.
Maraschino is made from the Marasea Cherry, a variety of Pru-
nus Avium with small acid fruit (Nouveau Duhamel, v. 21), by a pro-
cess similar to that by which kirschwasser is prepared, except that
honey or sugar is added to the liquor after it is distilled. Mara-
schino is principally manufactured in Dalmatia, that made in the
neighborhood of Zara being considered the best (Loudon, J. c. 697. —
Spons, Encyclopedia of the Industrial Arts, Manufactures, and Raw
Commercial Products, i. 224).
18 Loudon, 1. c. 690.
14 Le Maout & Decaisne, J. c. 388.
In India, oil pressed from the seeds of the Apricot and the
Peach is used for illuminating, in cookery, and on the human hair
(Brandis, 7. c. 192. — Balfour, Cyclopedia of India, ed. 3, iii. 166).
Cherry-oil is now manufactured in England from the seeds of Pru-
nus serotina, imported from the United States (Spons, /. c.).
15 See Trécul, Maladie de la gomme chez les Cerisiers, les Pruniers,
les Abricotiers, et les Amandiers, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. li. 624 ; Pro-
duit de la gomme chez le Cerisier, le Prunier, ? Amandier, l’ Abricotier
et le Pécher, Mém. Inst. xxx. 241.
The gum which exudes from the bark of Prunus, known gener-
ally as Cherry-gum, is only partially soluble in water, with which it
ROSACER. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 11
The wood of Prunus is close-grained, solid, and durable, and is usually light brown, more or less
tinged with red. The most valuable timber tree of the genus is the North American Prunus serotina.
The wood of, Prunus domestica and of Prunus Aviwm is much esteemed in Europe by makers of
furniture and musical instruments, and by turners.1 The wood of Prunus Mahaleb is hard, dark-
colored, and fragrant; known in France as bois de St. Lucie, it is valued by cabinet-makers, and is
employed in the manufacture of tobacco pipes and of many small articles.’ The spiny stems of Prunus
spinosa are used for canes, and for the handles of agricultural implements and other tools. In India
the wood of the Peach-tree is utilized in building, and that of the Apricot for many domestic purposes ; *
and in Japan the wood of Prunus Pseudo-Cerasus® and of Prunus Mume for engraving and for the
blocks used in printing cloth and wall-paper.®
Prunus contains many plants valued in gardens for the beauty of their flowers and foliage. Vari-
ous forms of the Cherry, the Peach, and the Plum, with double flowers, or of abnormal habit, have long
been cultivated. The parks and gardens of temperate Europe are enlivened by the evergreen foliage
of Prunus Laurocerasus, the so-called English Laurel, a native of the Orient, and of Prunus Lusi-
tanica,’ the Portugal Laurel, which are replaced in those of the southern part of the United States
by Prunus Caroliniana ; in Japan Prunus Mume and Prunus Pseudo-Cerasus hold the first place
among flowering plants in the affections of the people, and no Japanese home is without them. The
first, when its leafless branches are covered with white or red flowers, announces the arrival of spring
and a time of rejoicing, while the blossoms of the second invite the people to another festival.*
Numerous insects prey upon the different species of Prunus, which are also subject to serious
fungal diseases.”
makes a thick mucilage, the insoluble portion, to which the name
It is brittle, with an
insipid, sweet, or astringent flavor, and is at first liquid and color-
of Cerisin is given, merely swelling in water.
less, but with exposure to the air hardens and grows darker; in
commerce Cherry-gum appears in the form of large, irregular
shaped pieces, and is lustrous and transparent, varying in color from
pale yellow to brown, that produced by the Cherry-tree being of a
darker color than the gum of the Plum-tree.
transparent, odorless, and tasteless (Henry Watts, Dictionary of
Chemistry. — Spons, Encyclopedia of the Industrial Arts, Manufac-
tures, and Raw Commercial Products, ii. 1638.—Guibourt, Hist.
Drog. ed. 7, iii. 318).
1 Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 698.— Matthieu, FU. Forestitre, ed. 3,
125, 129.
2 Loudon, J. c. 708.— Brandis, Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 195.— Mat-
thieu, J. c. 127.
8 The common Blackthorn canes of northern Europe are cut
from the stems of Prunus spinosa. — Loudon, 1. c. 686. — Matthieu,
1. c. 130.
4 Brandis, J. c. 191.
5 Lindley, Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. vi. 90.
6 Rein, Japan nach Reisen und Studien im Auftrage der Kéniglich
Preussischen Regierung, 297.
7 Linneus, Spec. 473. — Koch, Dendr. i. 124.
Cerasus Lusitanica, Loiseleur, Nouveau Duhamel, v. 5.— Lowe,
Fi. Mad. 236.
8 Rein, l. c. 319. —Conder, The Flowers of Japan and the Art of
Floral Arrangement.
® The North American species of Prunus furnish food to a large
number of insects, some of which have become injurious to the cul-
tivated fruit-trees of this genus. The original food-plant of the
Peach-tree Borer (Ageria exitiosa, Say) is believed to have been
Prunus serotina, which is sometimes attacked by this insect ; and a
number of beetles are known as borers in the wood of the different
Cerisin is colorless,
species. Dicerca divaricata (Say) attacks the trunks of the Wild
Cherry, and the Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer (Chrysobothris femo-
rata, Fabricius) those of the Wild Plum ; and another borer, Cyrto-
phorus verrucosus, Olivier, is found in the wood of Prunus serotina,
and of Prunus Pennsylvanica.
The number of insects which prey upon the foliage of Prunus is
very large. Packard (5th Rep. U.S. Entomolog. Comm. 1886-1890)
records sixty-eight species as feeding on the Wild Plums and the
Wild Cherries of eastern America; but this list probably repre-
sents only a small proportion of the insects which feed on the foli-
age of trees of this genus in North America, as little is known of
The Tent-cat-
‘ly partial to the native Plums
those that attack the western and southern species,
pa), are p
and Cherries, and in those parts of the country where these trees
1
erpillars (Clisi
are plentiful, they are considered a menace to neighboring orchards
by their harboring these pests. The Canker-worms and the Fall
Web-worms also feed on the trees of this genus. Larve of Pla-
tysamia Cecropia (Linnzus) and other large moths of the Silk-worm
family are found on the Plum and the Cherry ; and the caterpil-
lars of Sphinx drupiferarum, Abbot & Smith, occasionally defoliate
their branches (Saunders, Insects Injurious to Fruits, 162). ‘The
leaves also are affected by several species of leaf-moths.
The Cherry-slug (Selandia Cerasi, Peck) and one or two other
Saw-flies feed on the Wild Cherry. A small Curculio (Anthono-
mus quadrigibbus, Say) is often abundant in the seeds of Prunus
serotina. The fruit of the Wild Plum is destroyed by the Plum-
cureulio (Conotrachelus Nenuphar, [Herbst]), whose ravages seri-
ously interfere with the cultivation in the United States of the
European and native plums.
The Plum-tree has been found to be the food-plant of the Hop-
aphis (Phorodon Humuli, Schrank) during certain periods of the
year, and the destruction of Plum-trees in the vicinity of Hop-fields
is recommended by C. V. Riley (Insect Life, i. 183).
10 The number of described species of fungi which infest arbores-
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
ROSACE.
Prunus, the classical name of the Plum-tree, was adopted by Linneus for a section of the genus
as now extended.
cent Rosacee is very great, and as the fruit-trees of the temperate
zones belong to this family, they have been more carefully studied.
than those affecting any other family, with the exception of Vitacew.
Of the fungi which attack the North American species of Prunus,
one of the most striking is Plowrightia morbosa, Saccardo (Spheria
morbosa, Schweinitz), which produces the warty excrescences known
as Black Knot. These were formerly supposed to be due to the
attacks of insects, but their fungal nature is now known (Farlow,
Bull. Bussey Inst. i. 440, t.4, 5,6). Plowrightia morbosa is peculiar to
North America, and is found on Prunus Americana, Prunus nigra,
Prunus hortulana, Prunus angustifolia, Prunus maritima, Prunus
subcordata, Prunus Pennsylvanica, Prunus serotina, and Prunus Vir-
giniana. The ugly black knots which often cover the branches
of these plants are familiar ; there are two forms of fructifica-
tion, one called the conidial stage found in early summer when
the surface of the knots is dark green, and the other ripening in
midwinter or early spring when the knots begin to break up. Hor-
ticulturally considered, the Black Knot is a serious pest, as it passes
from our native species of Prunus to the cultivated Plums and
Cherries of Old World origin.
abandoned in some of the eastern states, owing to the ravages of
The cultivation of Plums has been
this fungus ; and in some parts of the country, varieties of cultivated
Cherries are also badly diseased. The disease has been known for
many years in the eastern states, but has not developed on the cul-
tivated Plums and Cherries of California, although, as the fungus is
endemic on the native species of the Pacific coast, it may be ex-
pected to spread sooner or later to the fruit-growing regions of the
coast. In Europe no native disease corresponds to Black Knot,
which has not yet been imported from America.
Next in seriousness among the diseases which affect our spe-
cies of Prunus are the prominent deformities caused by species of
Taphrina, which produce Leaf-curl. The most striking of these is
Taphrina deformans, Tulasne, which causes the leaves of Peach-trees *
to become thickened, curled, and wrinkled, doing, however, less real
injury than the disease called The Yellows, the origin of which is
not yet satisfactorily determined. The plant which by some authori-
ties is considered a variety of Taphrina deformans (var. Wiesneri,
Rathay) is occasionally seen on Prunus serotina, although the exact
A similar dis-
ease, Taphrina Pruni, Tulasne, causes the distortion known as Plum-
determination of the species is not beyond question.
pockets on cultivated Plums, and on the fruits of our native Prunus
serotina and Prunus maritima, and of a few other species. The pock-
ets are best seen in the cultivated Plums, which are attacked in
early summer soon after the fruit sets; the young ovaries swell,
often almost to the size of full-grown plums, by the latter part of
June, when they are hollow with the exception of a few fibrous
bands, and are white and powdery. Similar, although smaller, pock-
ets are sometimes found on wild Plum-trees, and it is probable that
the disease is a native of America as well as of Europe, where it
is common. It should not be confounded with Monilia fructigena,
Persoon, a mould-like fungus which attacks cherries, plums, and
peaches as they ripen, covering them with a grayish powder without,
however, causing them to become hollow.
The leaves of the different species of Prunus are attacked by a
The Rust,
Puccinia Pruni-spinose, Persoon, causes small yellow or brownish
number of small fungi, some of which are destructive.
yellow spots to appear on the under surface, with accompanying
purplish-red spots on the upper surface, of the leaves of Prunus
serotina, Prunus Virginiana, and other species, as well as on those
of the Peach and the Almond. In the southern states, especially,
this Rust is common on Peach-trees, and is often accompanied by a
thin white mould (Cercosporella Persica, Saccardo).
The Mildew, Podosphera Oxyacanthe, De Bary, is widely dis-
tributed in Europe and America on wild and cultivated species of
Prunus, as well as on various species of Pomew. Other fungi which
attack North American species of Prunus are Septoria cerasina,
Berkeley & Ravenel, which forms destructive small black spots on
the leaves ; Monilia Linhartiana, Magnus, which covers the leaves
of Prunus Virginiana with a web-like moyld, causing them to dry
and fall; the curious Cornularia Persice, Saccardo, which forms
small black club-shaped bunches on the bark of Peach-trees ; and
the cinnabar-colored Punk-fungus, Polyporus cinnabarinus, Fries,
common on the native Wild Cherries used for fencing.
ROSACER. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 13
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Prunus. Flowers in fascicled umbels; fruit often slightly two-lobed by a ventral groove; leaves
conduplicate or convolute in vernation.
Leaves conduplicate in vernation.
eee red or orange-colored, destitute of bloom.
Calyx-lobes glandular-serrate, glabrous on the inner surface; stone compressed ;
leaves broadly oblong-ovate to obovate; petioles biglandular . . . . . . 1. P. nigra.
Calyx-lobes entire, pubescent on the inner surface; stone turgid; leaves oval or
slightly obovate; petioles usually eglandular. . . . . - + + ss s 2. P. AMERICANA.
Calyx-lobes glandular-serrate, pubescent on the two surfaces; stone turgid, com-
pressed at the two ends; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute ; petioles glandular . 3. P. HORTULANA.
Calyx-lobes glandular-ciliate, glabrous; stone turgid; leaves lanceolate to oblong-
lanceolate; petioles biglandular. . . . . . . - »- 2 + s+ «+ ee @ 4. P. ANGUSTIFOLIA
Fruit blue, covered with a glaucous bloom.
Calyx-lobes entire, puberulous on the outer, tomentose on the inner surface; stone
turgid, acute at the two ends; leaves lanceolate to oblong-ovate; petioles eglan-
Giitie, 6 G6 5 60 606 506 915 6 666 6 6 6 5 Ge oi Ce Ie Nii imme,
Leaves convolute in vernation.
Fruit red or yellow, nearly destitute of bloom.
Calyx-lobes pubescent or puberulous, with ciliate margins; stone flattened or
turgid, pointed at the two ends; leaves broadly ovate to orbicular; petioles
eplandular). 29. . 9. . : op he ee ee oe 0. . BUBCORDATAT
Fruit dark blue or black, covered ak a ce oe
Calyx-lobes entire, glabrous or puberulous on the outer, fone on the inner
surface; stone slightly compressed, acute at the two ends; leaves ovate-lance-
olate to oblong; petioles eglandular. . . . eae te cued. © ele) a bs UMBELUATAS
Crrasus. Flowers fascicled or corymbose; fruit globular ; aes cE ETn in vernation,
Calyx-lobes obtuse, entire ; stone oblong-globular ; leaves a -lanceolate; pe-
mds ako? 2° 6° Gc 5 6 6 4 6 Gob 65 oe er. . 28k. PENNS LY ANICA.
Calyx-lobes rounded or sometimes emarginate at the apex; stone ovoid, acute at
the two ends; leaves oblong-obovate to oblanceolate . . . . . . . .- . 9 P. uMARGINATA.
Papus. Flowers racemose on leafy branches of the year; fruit globular; stone cylindrical;
leaves conduplicate in vernation.
Calyx-lobes deciduous ; stone oblong-ovate; pointed at the apex; leaves broadly
oval or oblong-obovate, usually abruptly acuminate. . . - BG . . 10. P. Vireinrana,
Calyx-lobes persistent on the ripe fruit; stone oblong-obovate ; Hee sting or :
lanceolate-oblong, usually gradually acuminate . . . - . . 11. P. szROTINA.
Lavrocerasus. Flowers racemose, from the axils of persistent leaves ‘of a previous year ;
fruit globose or slightly two-lobed ; leaves conduplicate in vernation.
Calyx-lobes rounded, with undulate margins; stone broadly ovate, cylindrical ;
leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire, or rarely remotely spinulose-serrate . . . . 12. P. CAROLINIANA.
Calyx-lobes acute, with laciniate margins ; stone ae leaves ellip-
tical to oblong-ovate, entire . . . - b Se gy hon. SPH AROCARE AY
Calyx-lobes acute, entire; stone ovate, slightly Soe ae ovate to lan-
ceolate-acuminate, coarsely spinulose-toothed or rarely entire . . . . . . 14, P. micrrona.
ROSACES. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 15
PRUNUS NIGRA.
Red Plum. Canada Plum.
CaLyx-Lozgs glandular-serrate, glabrous on the inner surface. Stone compressed.
Leaves broadly oblong-ovate to obovate; petioles biglandular.
Prunus nigra, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 165.— Willdenow, Prunus mollis, Torrey, FU. U. S. 470.
Spec. ii. pt. ii. 993; Hnum. 518; Berl. Baumz. ed. 2, Prunus Americana, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 407
311. — Poiret, Lam. Dict. v. 674. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 35.
— Bot. Mag. t. 1117. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 331. —
Torrey, Fv. U. S. 469. — Sprengel, Syst. ii. 477. — Spach,
Hist. Vég. i. 399.— Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 59.
(in part). —Nuttall, Sylva, ii. 19 (in part). — Torrey, F7.
NV. Y.i. 194 (in part). — Provancher, Flore Canadienne,
i. 162. — Koch, Dendr. i. 101 (in part). — Emerson, Trees
Wass. ed. 2, ii. 511. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th
Cerasus nigra, Loiseleur, Nouveau Duhamel, v. 32. —De
Candolle, Prodr. ii. 538. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i.
167.— Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 518.— Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii.
704 (in part), £. 411, 412.
Census U. S. ix. ‘65 (in part). — Watson & Coulter,
Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 151 (in part). — Gray, Forest Trees
NV. Am. t. 46.
A small tree, twenty or thirty feet in height, with a trunk sometimes five or six inches in diameter,
dividing, usually five or six feet from the ground, into a number of stout upright branches, which form
a narrow rigid head. The bark of the trunk is an eighth of an inch thick, and light gray-brown, with
a smooth outer layer which exfoliates in large thick plates composed of several papery coats, and in
falling exposes a darker slightly fissured sealy inner bark. The branches in their second year develop
stout spiny lateral spur-like secondary branchlets, which are sometimes two inches in length and grow
into leafy branches. The branchlets, when they first appear, are bright green, glabrous or puberulous;
they are slightly zigzag and marked by numerous pale excrescences, and in their second year are dark
brown tinged with red. The winter-buds are acuminate, an eighth to a quarter of an inch in length,
and covered with chestnut-brown triangular scales with broad pale scarious margins. The leaves are
oblong-ovate or obovate, abruptly contracted at the apex into long narrow points, wedge-shaped, trun-
cate, or slightly heart-shaped at the base, and doubly crenulate-serrate with small dark glandular teeth ;
when they unfold they are faintly tinged with red, and are pubescent on the under surface, or are
glabrous with the exception of conspicuous tufts of slender white or rufous hairs in the axils of
the primary veins; at maturity they are membranaceous, rather opaque, light green on the upper, and
pale on the lower surface, three to five inches long and one and a half to three inches broad, with
conspicuous pale midribs and slender veins, and are borne on stout petioles from half an inch to an
inch in length, and furnished near the apex with two large dark glands. The stipules are lanceolate
or, on vigorous shoots, often three to five-lobed, glandular-serrate, half an inch in length, and early
deciduous. The flowers, which are an inch and a quarter across when expanded, appear before the
leaves, from the first of May in eastern New England to the end of the month at the north; they are
proterandrous, and are produced in three or four-flowered umbels, with short thick peduncles conspicu-
ously marked by the scars left by the falling of the bud-scales, which when fully grown are one third
of an inch long, pale green tinged with pink, and usually persistent until the expansion of the flowers.
These are borne on slender glabrous dark red pedicels which vary from one half to two thirds of an
inch in length. The calyx-tube is broadly obconic, dark red on the outer, and bright red on the
inner surface, with narrow acute glandular lobes, glabrous or occasionally pubescent on the outer
surface, and reflexed after anthesis. The petals, which are white, turn pink in fading, and are broadly
ovate, rounded at the apex, with more or less erose margins, and contracted at the base into short claws.
16 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACER.
The fruit, which ripens between the middle and the end of August, is oblong-oval, and an inch to an
inch and a quarter long, with a tough thick orange-red skin nearly destitute of bloom, and yellow rather
austere flesh adhesive to the stone, which is nearly oval, compressed, an inch in length, two thirds of
an inch in breadth, thick-walled, and acutely ridged along the ventral, and slightly grooved on the
dorsal suture.
The seed is ovate and compressed, with a thin brown testa and a short exserted radicle.
Prunus nigra is distributed from Newfoundland’ through the valley of the St. Lawrence, and
westward to the valleys of the Rainy and Assiniboine Rivers and the southern shores of Lake Mani-
toba.? It is found in the neighborhood of streams in rich alluvial soil, or grows on low limestone hills
in open glades with Hawthorns and Viburnums, or along the borders of the forest.’
The wood of Prunus nigra is heavy, hard, strong, and close-grained ; it is rich bright red-brown,
with a lustrous surface and thin lighter colored sapwood, and contains many thin medullary rays.
The
specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.6918, a cubie foot weighing 43.17 pounds.
Jacques Cartier, on his second voyage to North America, landed in September, 1535, on the banks
of the St. Lawrence, near the island of Orleans, which he named Isle de Bacchus, on account of the
wild grapes which he found growing in the woods, and was there the first European to see the Canada
Plum-tree ;* its dried fruit he had already seen in the canoes of a tribe of Indians whom he had met
during the previous season in the Bay of Chaleur.’
Prunus nigra was introduced into English gardens in 1773° by Lee & Kennedy,’ nurserymen at
Hammersmith near London; and the earliest botanical description was drawn up from the cultivated
tree.
Prunus nigra is often planted in Canadian gardens, and occasionally in those of the northern
states, for its fruit or for the beauty of its large slightly fragrant flowers.°
1 Teste Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 167.
2 Richardson, Arctic Searching Exped. ii. 288. — Brunet, Cat. Vég.
Lig. Can. 20.— Bell, Rep. Geolog. Surv. Can. 1867-69, Appendix,
8 (Pl. Manitoulin Islands) ; 1879-80, 54°. — Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl.
i, 124.
The range of the Canada Plum has been much extended through
cultivation, and it is now naturalized and grows spontaneously in
the neighborhood of houses and along the borders of highways in
northern New England and New York in the territory adjacent to
It is to be
looked for growing indigenously in northern Minnesota, and is
the Canadian boundary, and in eastern Massachusetts.
probably naturalized in Wisconsin and Iowa, and some of the va-
tieties of cultivated Plum-trees which are believed to have been
taken from the woods of these states can be traced to this species.
8 Prof. D. P. Penhallow notices that the leaves of Prunus nigra,
when it grows on limestone hills in the Province of Quebec, are
pubescent on the lower surface, and that they are glabrous or
puberulous when it grows on bottom-lands. Prunus Americana
under similar conditions shows the same variations in the valley of
the Mississippi River.
4 «Pleine de moult beaux arbres de la nature et sorte de France :
comme chesnes, ormes, fresnes, noyers, pruniers, ifs, cedres, vignes,
aubépines qui portent fruit aussi gros que prunes de damas, et
autres arbres.” (Voyages de Decouverte au Canada, 2" Voyage, 34
Reprint].)
6 «Tis ont aussi des prunes qu’ils stchent comme nous faisons
(Idem. 1° Voyage, 17.
See also Hakluyt, Voyages, ed. Evans, iii. 258.)
6 Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 165.
7 James Lee (1715-1795) ; a native of Selkirk, Scotland, was
employed in the gardens of Syon House, a seat of the Duke of
[Literary and Historical Society of Quebec.
pour Vhiver, et les appellent Honesta.”
Northumberland, and afterwards in those of the Duke of Argyll
at Whitton ; in 1760, in partnership with Louis Kennedy, he estab-
lished a nursery at Hammersmith, which soon became famous and
for many years was considered the most important in the world.
Lee was a correspondent of Linneus, who dedicated to him a genus
of Old World tropical plants related to the Grape Vine (Leea) ;
he was the author of an Introduction to Botany, arranged according
to the Linnzean system, which passed through several editions and
was long held in high repute, and in 1774 he published a catalogue
of the plants and seeds grown in his garden.
Louis Kennedy (1775-1818) made many contributions to horti-
cultural literature toward the end of the last century, and articles
from his pen are found in the Botanical Repository (1799-1804).
Kennedya, a genus of Australian leguminous plants, well known in
gardens, was dedicated to him by the French botanist Ventenat.
Lee & Kennedy were exceedingly active and successful in in-
troducing new plants, and maintained collectors in North and
South America, and, in partnership with the empress Josephine,
one in South Africa also. They first cultivated in England severat
North American plants, as well as the China Rose and Fuchsia
coccinea, which was the first of its genus introduced into gardens.
8 The fruit of Prunus nigra is sold in large quantities in Cana-
dian markets ; it is eaten raw or cooked, and is made into preserves
and jellies. Like the fruit of all Plum-trees, it varies in size and .
shape, in the thickness and color of the skin, and in the flavor and
juiciness of the flesh ; and some attention has been paid in Canada
to selecting the best wild varieties for cultivation. Varieties of
this species are propagated and sold by nurserymen in some of the
western states, and to it can be referred the well known Purple
Yosemite, Quaker, and Weaver Plums.
gc Ree
San
So aON
Bee
Bono
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Prats CXLIX. Prunus NicRA.
A flowering branch, natural size.
Diagram of a flower.
Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
A pistil, with a vertical section of the ovary removed, enlarged.
Cross section of an ovary, enlarged.
An oyule, much magnified.
A fruiting branch, natural size.
Cross section of a fruit, natural size.
Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.
A stone, natural size.
. A seed, natural size.
. An embryo, enlarged.
. A winter branchlet, natural size.
Part of a leaf, with stipules, natural size.
Silva. of North onerica. : ee ; Tab. CXLIX,
PRUNUS NIGRA, Ait.
A. Riocreux diren* Imp. R. Taneur, Paris,
ROSACEA.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 19
PRUNUS AMERICANA.
Wild Plum,
CALYX-LOBES entire, pubescent on the inner surface.
Stone turgid. Leaves oval
or slightly obovate ; petioles mostly eglandular.
Prunus Americana, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 111. — Dar-
lington, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 87, t.1; Fl. Cestr. ed. 3,
72. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 407 (in part). —
Nuttall, Sylva, ii. 19 (in part), t. 48. — Torrey, #7. N. Y.
i. 194 (in part); Hmory’s Rep. 408; Pacific R. R. Rep.
iv. 82. — Koch, Dendr. i. 101 (in part). — Ridgway, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 65.— Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am.
10th Census U. S. ix. 65 (in part). — Watson & Coulter,
Gray's Man. ed. 6, 151 (in part). — Coulter, Contrib.
U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 102 (Man. Pl. W. Texas).
? Prunus Mississippi, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 112.
Prunus spinosa?, Walter, #7. Car. 146 (not Linnzus).
Prunus hiemalis, Michaux, F7. Bor.-Am. i. 284 (in part). —
Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 206 (in part). — Du Mont de
Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, v. 539.— Poiret, Lam. Dict.
y. 679 (in part). — Persoon, Syn. ii. 35. — Nouveau Du-
hamel, v. 184 (in part). — Elliott, Sk. i. 542. — Schmidt,
Ocstr. Baumz. iv. 48, t. 231.— Spach, Hist. Vég. i. 398.
— Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 59 (in part).
Prunus nigra, Muehlenberg, Cat. Pl. Am. Sept. ed. 2, 49
(not Aiton).
Cerasus hiemalis, De Candolle, Prodr, ii. 538 (in part). —
Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 168 (in part). — Don, Gen. Syst.
ii. 514 (in part). — Loudon, Ard. Brit. ii. 704 (in part).
Cerasus nigra, Hooker, Compan. Bot. Mag. i. 24 (not
Loiseleur).
Cerasus Americana, Hooker, Compan. Bot. Mag. i. 24.
A tree, twenty to thirty-five feet in height, with a trunk which rarely exceeds a foot in diameter
and divides, usually four or five feet from the ground, into many spreading branches, often pendulous
toward the extremities, which form a broad graceful head, and are furnished with long slender remote
sometimes spinescent lateral spur-like branchlets. The bark of the trunk is half an inch thick and dark
brown tinged with red, the outer layers separating into large thin persistent plates. The branchlets,
when they first appear, are light green and glabrous or puberulous, or coated with dense pale tomentum ;
they are light orange-brown during their first winter, and in their second year are darker, often tinged
with red, and marked with minute circular excrescences. The winter-buds are covered with chestnut-
brown triangular scales with more or less erose margins; the inner scales when fully grown are folia-
ceous, half an inch long, oblong, acute, remotely serrate, furnished below the middle with two narrow
The leaves are oval or
slightly obovate, acuminate, narrowed and occasionally rounded at the base, sharply and often doubly
acuminate lobes, and fall after the small colorless scales of the outer rows.
serrate; when they unfold they are sometimes nearly glabrous, or are furnished on the lower surface
with conspicuous tufts of pale hairs, or are pubescent or densely coated below with thick pale tomentum ;
at maturity they are rather coriaceous, more or less rugose, dark green on the upper, and paler on the
lower surface, and glabrous or coated below with pale or rufous pubescence or tomentum; they are
three or four inches long and an inch and a half broad, with slender midribs grooved on the upper
side and narrow primary veins, and are borne on slender petioles one half to two thirds of an inch in
length and usually destitute of glands. The stipules are linear or often three-lobed, sharply serrate,
1 The amount and character of the pubescence on the leayes and
shoots of Prunus Americana vary considerably on different indi-
viduals and in different parts of the country ; in the eastern and
southern states the leaves are either glabrous or slightly pubescent
on the lower surface along the midribs and primary veins ; in the
valley of the Mississippi the lower surface is offen covered with
pubescence ; and from Missouri to northern Mexico, especially
south of the Red River, the young branches, the lower surface of
the leaves, and the petioles are coated with pale tomentum. This
form which gradually passes into the smooth form of the east and
of the Rocky Mountains is
Var. mollis, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 407.— Sargent, Forest
Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 65.—Havard, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus. viii. 512.— Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 102
(Man. Pl. W. Texas).
20 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEA,
one half to three quarters of an inch long, and early deciduous. The flowers, which appear in Texas
early in March, and in Pennsylvania two months later, when the leaves are half grown, are produced in
two to five-flowered umbels, and are borne on slender glabrous green pedicels which vary from one
third to two thirds of an inch in length; on some individuals they are unisexual by the abortion of the
pistils, and are, when expanded, an inch across and exhale a disagreeable odor. The calyx-tube is
acutely obconic, light red, glabrous or puberulous, and green on the inside, with acuminate lobes,
reflexed after anthesis, and slightly pubescent on the outer, and pilose on the inner surface. The petals
are pure white, half an inch long and a quarter of an inch broad, rounded and irregularly laciniate at
the apex, and contracted below into long narrow claws which are bright red at the base. The fruit,
which ripens in June at the south, and from the end of August to early October at the north, is subglo-
bose or rarely slightly elongated, and usually rather less than an inch in diameter ; in ripening it turns
from green to orange, often with a red cheek, and when fully ripe is bright red, usually destitute of
bloom, and more or less conspicuously marked with pale spots; the skin is tough, thick, acerb, and
easily separated from the bright yellow succulent rather juicy acid flesh which adheres to the oval
stone; this is slightly rugose, pomted at the apex, more or less contracted at the base, turgid, often
nearly as thick as it is broad, and slightly and acutely ridged on the ventral, and obscurely grooved on
the dorsal suture.
Prunus Americana is distributed from middle and northern New Jersey’ and central New York?
to Nebraska,’ the valley of the upper Missouri River in Montana,‘ the eastern slopes of the Rocky
Mountains of Colorado,’ the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, the valley of the Rio Grande in
southern New Mexico, and the mountains of northeastern Mexico. In the middle and northern states
it is found in rich soil, growing along the borders of streams and swamps, where it often forms thickets
of considerable extent; in the southern Atlantic states it sometimes inhabits river-swamps, which are
submerged during several months of each year, and west of the Mississippi River it grows on bottom-
lands and sometimes on dry limestone uplands. At the north the Wild Plum-tree is rarely more than
ten or fifteen feet in height, and it is in southern Arkansas and eastern Texas that it attains its greatest
dimensions.
The wood of Prunus Americana is heavy, hard, close-grained, and strong. It has a lustrous surface
and is dark rich brown tinged with red, with thin light-colored sapwood, and many medullary rays.
The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.7313, a cubic foot weighing 46.95 pounds.
The fruit is sometimes used in the preparation of jellies and preserves, and is eaten raw or cooked.‘
Prunus Americana was first described by Humphrey Marshall, in his Arbustum Americanum,
published in 1785; and in most subsequent works it has been confounded with Prunus nigra of Aiton,
published four years later.” ;
As an ornamental plant Prunus Americana has real value; the long wand-like branches form a
wide graceful head, which is handsome in winter, and in spring is covered with masses of pure white
flowers, followed by ample bright foliage and abundant showy fruit.®
1 Britton, Cat. Pl. N. J. 91.
2 Dudley, Bull. Cornell Univ. ii. 27 (Cayuga Fl.).
8 Bessey, Bull. Agric. Exper. Stat. Nebraska, iv. art. iv. 16.
4 Where it was collected by Lester F. Ward, whose specimens
are preserved in the U. S. Nat. Herb.
5 Coulter, Man. Rocky Mt. Bot. 76.
® Much attention has been given in late years by American po-
mologists to the selection and cultivation of the best fruited varie-
ties of Prunus Americana, and their lists now contain the names of
many Plum-trees which are selected wild forms of this species.
Of these perhaps the best known and the most generally esteemed
are De Soto, Itaska, Forest Garden, Louisa, Minnetonka, Cheney,
Deep Creek, Kickapoo, Forest Rose, and Miner.
7 In the Linnean Herbarium there is an unnamed specimen of
Prunus Americana without flowers or fruit, and without locality,
from Kalm the Swedish traveler, who included in his list of trees
growing in the woods near Philadelphia, in 1748, the Wild Plum-
tree and the Sloe-Shrub, which he called Prunus domestica and
Prunus spinosa (Travels, English ed. i. 67, 68).
8 As an ornamental plant Prunus Americana is not so often seen
in the gardens of the eastern and northern states as Prunus nigra,
which is a less beautiful plant although its flowers are earlier and
considerably larger. It is well established in the Arnold Arboretum,
where it flowers and fruits abundantly every year, and has proved
to be one of the most beautiful plants of the genus.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Puate CL. Prunus AMERICANA.
1. A flowering branch, natural size.
2. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
3. A fruiting branch, natural size.
4. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.
5. Cross section of a fruit, natural size.
6. A stone, natural size.
7. An embryo, enlarged.
8. A winter branchlet, natural size.
Tab. Chi
Silva of North America.
SC,
cage
CE. Faxon del,
PRUNUS AMERICANA, Marsh.
Wee,
Paris
LTaneur,
Imp. te
ROSACES. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 23
PRUNUS HORTULANA.
Wild Plum,
CaLyx-LoBEs glandular-serrate, pubescent on both surfaces. Leaves ovate-lanceolate,
long pointed ; petioles glandular. Stone turgid, compressed at the two ends, conspicu-
ously rugose and pitted.
Prunus hortulana, L. H. Bailey, Garden and Forest, v. Prunus Chicasa, Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6,
QO, 9 152 (in part). :
Prunus Americana, var. (?), Patterson, List Pl. Oquawka,
5:
A tree, twenty to thirty feet in height, with a slender often inclining trunk frequently five or six
or occasionally ten or twelve inches in diameter, dividing, usually several feet from the ground, into stout
spreading branches; or often a shrub with many upright stems, forming thicket-like clumps. The
bark of the trunk is thin and dark brown, and separates into large thin persistent plates which in exfo-
liating display the light red-brown inner layers. The branches are stout, rigid, marked with minute
pale lenticels, glabrous or sometimes puberulous during their first summer, rather dark brown when the
tree grows in the shade of the forest, and usually unarmed; or on vigorous trees grown in the open
ground they are sometimes bright red or red-brown in their first year, and darker brown in their second,
and are then often armed with stout spinescent spur-like branchlets. The winter-buds are minute and
obtuse, and are covered by chestnut-brown scales with slightly ciliate margins, those of the inner ranks
accrescent with the growing shoots, oblong-lanceolate, acute, glandular-serrate, and sometimes half an
inch long at maturity. The leaves are ovate-lanceolate, contracted at the apex into long slender points,
wedge-shaped or more or less rounded at the narrow base, and finely serrate with incurved lanceolate
glandular teeth ; when they unfold they are pilose with slender white hairs, and at maturity are gla-
brous with the exception of the hairs which are gathered on the under surface in the axils of the
primary veins or are scattered along the midribs; they are rather thick and firm, dark green and
lustrous on the upper, and paler on the lower surface, and four to six inches long and an inch to an
inch and a half broad, with broad conspicuous midribs orange-colored on the under, and slightly grooved
on the upper surface, conspicuous orange-colored veins connected near the margin of the leaf, and
prominent reticulate veinlets; they are borne on slender orange-colored petioles which vary from an
inch to an inch and a half in length, and are furnished above the middle with numerous small scattered
dark glands; and on vigorous shoots stand nearly at right angles with the stems. The stipules are
lanceolate-acuminate, glandular-serrate, and early deciduous. The flowers, which in the neighborhood
of St. Louis appear by the end of April or early in May with the unfolding of the leaves, vary from
two thirds of an inch to an inch in diameter, and are produced in two to four-flowered subsessile umbels,
on slender puberulous pedicels half an inch in length. The calyx-tube is narrowly obconic, puberulous
on the outer surface, with ovate glandular-serrate lobes acute or rounded at the apex, pubescent on
the outer, and pubescent or tomentose on the inner surface, and reflexed after the unfolding of the
petals; these are narrowly obovate, rounded and occasionally emarginate at the apex and contracted
below into long narrow claws, entire, erose, or occasionally serrate, and pure white, or often marked
toward the base with orange. The stamens are as long as the petals or sometimes rather longer, with
slender glabrous filaments and minute orange-colored anthers. The pistil is glabrous, with a slender
style crowned by a thick truncate stigma. The fruit, which ripens in the neighborhood of St. Louis
24. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACER,
in September and October, is borne on stout stems, and is globose or oblong and two thirds of an inch
to an inch in diameter, with thick acerb deep red or sometimes yellow skin, and hard and austere thin
flesh, which adheres to the turgid stone; this is acute and compressed at the two ends, conspicuously
ridge-margined on the ventral, and broadly and deeply grooved on the dorsal suture, thick-walled,
rugose, and. deeply pitted.
Prunus hortulana inhabits the banks of the Mississippi River near Oquawka, Illinois, and St.
Louis, Missouri ; it is common on the banks of the Maramee River in Missouri, and will probably be
found wild in southern Illinois and Indiana, in western Kentucky and Tennessee, and ranging through
Arkansas to eastern Texas. It grows on the low banks of streams in rich moist soil, overflowed every
winter and spring for several weeks, in forests of the Hackberry, the Honey Locust, the Sycamore, the
Big-nut Hickory, the Swamp White Oak, the Pin Oak, the Green Ash, the Box Elder, and the Red
Birch, with the Red Bud, the Silky Cornel, the Pawpaw, dwarf Willows, the Burning Bush, and the
deciduous-leaved Holly.
For many years Prunus hortulana was confounded with Prunus angustifolia, the Chickasaw
' Plum, to which numerous cultivated Plum-trees that have been derived from it have been referred by
pomologists. Mr. Harry N. Patterson* many years ago noticed its peculiarities, and Prof. L. H. Bailey?
has recently pointed out its true characters.
The fruit of the wild trees is gathered in large quantities, and for years has been sold in the
markets of St. Louis, and used for jellies and preserves; selected varieties sometimes produce excellent
fruit, and have been largely cultivated, in the western states especially, for many years.°
1 Harry Norton Patterson was born in 1853 in Oquawka, Illinois,
where he was educated, and where from early youth he has been
employed in printing. An early acquired love of botany led him
to study the flora of the neighborhood of his native place, and has
since carried him on several occasions to Colorado, where he has
botanized extensively during four summers, and has made several
interesting botanical discoveries. Mr. Patterson is the author of
A List of Plants collected in the Vicinity of Oquawka, published in
1874, A Catalogue of the Plants of Illinois, published in 1876, and
a Check List of North American Plants.
2 Liberty Hyde Bailey was born in South Haven, Michigan, in
1858, graduated at the Agricultural College of his native state
in 1882, and then, having studied botany with Professor Asa Gray
at Cambridge during two years, was appointed in 1888 professor
of horticul pe gi g in the Michigan Agricul-
tural College. This position he soon left to accept the chair of
q
and 1
horticulture in Cornell University, which he still fills. Professor
Bailey is the author of two important papers on North American
Carices, three annual volumes of the Annals of Horticulture in North
America, The Horticulturist’s Rule Book, The Nursery Book, and
Field Notes on Apple Culture, and of many horticultural and botan-
ical articles. He has devoted special attention to the study of
American fruit-trees, and our present knowledge of the history
and. distinctive characters of the various races of cultivated Ameri-
can Plum-trees is due to his long and careful study of this difficult
and interesting subject.
8 The first variety of this species which attracted attention, the
now well-known Wild Goose Plum, believed to have been a native
of Kentucky, where it originated about forty years ago, is now a
valuable fruit-tree in some parts of the country ; it is esteemed for
its rapid growth and the excellence of its large juicy fruit, and is
more largely cultivated than any other native Plum. Other varie-
ties of Prunus hortulana well known to pomologists are Cumber-
land, Indian Chief, Garfield, Sucker City, Missouri Apricot (Honey
Drop), Wayland, Indiana Red, Golden Beauty, Indiana Chief, Forest
Rose, Parsons, and Miner (L. H. Bailey, Bull. Cornell Univ. Agric.
Exper. Stat. No. 38).
A sterile tree, known as the Blackman Plum, believed to be a
natural hybrid between the Peach and the Wild Goose Plum, ap-
peared in Tennessee many years ago (Rep. U. S. Dept. Agric. 1886,
261 ; 1887, 636) ; and Professor Bailey reports another hybrid of
similar origin,
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Prats CLI. Prunus nortunana.
1. A flowering branch, natural size.
2. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
3. Interior face of a calyx-lobe, enlarged.
4. A petal, enlarged.
5. A fruiting branch, natural size.
6. A fruit cut transversely, natural size.
7, 8, and 9. Stones, natural size.
10. A seed, natural size.
11. An embryo, natural size.
12. A sterile branch, natural size.
13. A winter branchlet, natural size.
Silva of North America ae) 160: 27.
CE Faxon del.
A. Riocreux direx t ; limp. Fe. Taneur, Paris.
ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 25
PRUNUS ANGUSTIFOLIA.
‘Chickasaw Plum.
CALYX-LOBES glabrous, glandular-ciliate. Stone turgid. Leaves lanceolate to
oblong-lanceolate, thin and lustrous; petioles biglandular.
Prunus angustifolia, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 111.— Koch, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 56. — Ridgway,
Dendr. i. 103. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Cen- Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 65.— Watson & Coulter,
sus U.S. ix. 66. Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 152 (in part). — Gray, Forest Trees
Prunus Chicasa, Michaux, 27. Bor-Am. i. 284. — Du NV. Am. t. 47.
Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, v. 540. — Poiret, Zam. Prunus insititia, Walter, FZ. Car. 146 (not Linnzeus). —
Dict. vy. 680. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 35. — Nouveau Duhamel, Abbot, Insects of Georgia, ii. t. 60.
v. 183. — Elliott, Sx. i. 542. — Sprengel, Syst. ii. 476.— Cerasus Chicasa, Seringe, De Candolle Prodr. ii. 538. —
Audubon, Birds, t.53.— Spach, Hist. Vég. i. 397. — Tor- Hooker, £7. Bor.-Am. i. 168 ; Compan. Bot. Mag. i. 24. —
rey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 407. — Roemer, Fam. Nat. Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 514.
Syn. iii. 58. — Darlington, Fl. Cestr. ed. 3, 73. — Curtis,
A small tree, fifteen to twenty-five feet in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding eight inches in
diameter, and slender spreading virgate branches often armed with long thin spinescent lateral branch-
lets; or more often a shrub five or six feet high, with many stems, forming broad thickets. The bark
of the trunk is an eighth of an inch thick, dark red-brown and slightly furrowed, the surface broken
into long thick appressed scales. The branchlets, when they first appear, are glabrous or covered with
short caducous hairs, and are bright red and lustrous; in their second year they lose their lustre and
grow darker, and are then often brown marked with occasional horizontal orange-colored lenticels. The
winter-buds are acuminate and a sixteenth of an inch in length, and covered with chestnut-brown scales.
The leaves are lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, pomted at the two ends, apiculate, and sharply serrate:
with minute glandular teeth; they are glabrous or, while young, are sometimes furnished on the lower
surface with tufts of long pale hairs in the axils of the primary veins, bright green and lustrous on the
upper, and paler and rather dull on the lower surface, one to two inches long and a third to two
thirds of an inch broad, and are borne on slender glabrous or puberulous bright red petioles, from a
quarter to a half of an inch in length, and furnished near the apex with two conspicuous red glands.
The stipules are linear or lobed, glandular-serrate, and half an inch long. The flowers, which appear
before the leaves from the beginning of March in the extreme southern states until the middle of April
at the north, and which are one third of an inch across, are produced in subsessile two to four-flowered
umbels, and are borne on slender glabrous pedicels which vary from one fourth to one half of an inch
in length. The calyx-tube is glabrous and campanulate, with oblong obtuse lobes, reflexed at maturity,
ciliate on the margins with slender hairs, and covered on the inner surface with pale pubescence. The
petals are white or creamy white, obovate, rounded at the apex, and contracted at the base into short
broad claws. The filaments and pistil are glabrous. The fruit, which ripens between the end of May
and the end of July, is globose or subglobose, half an inch in diameter, bright red, rather lustrous, and
nearly destitute of bloom, with a thin skin, and tender juicy subacid yellow flesh adherent to the turgid
stone, which is more or less thick-margined on the ventral, and conspicuously grooved on the dorsal
suture.
Prunus angustifolia is widely naturalized, especially in the southern Atlantic and Gulf states, in all
the region from southern Delaware and Kentucky to central Florida, eastern Kansas and eastern Texas.
Occupying the margins of fields and other waste places near human habitations, usually in rich soil, it
26 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACER.
appears like an escape from cultivation rather than an indigenous plant ; and its origin and true home
are still uncertain.’
The wood of Prunus angustifolia is heavy, although rather soft and not strong; it is ight brown
or red, with lighter colored sapwood and many thin medullary rays. The specific gravity of the abso-
lutely dry wood is 0.6884, a cubic foot weighing 42.90 pounds.
The fruit, which varies greatly in quality, like that of all Plum-trees, is often sold in the markets of
the middle and southern states, and it is eaten raw and cooked, and used for jellies and preserves.’
William Strachey, who accompanied Admiral Sir George Somers to Jamestown, Virginia, where
he landed in May, 1610, and afterward published an account of the colony, is probably the first author
to mention the Chickasaw Plum,’ which was not described by any botanist until a hundred and seventy-
five years later, in 1785, when it was included in the Arbustum Americanum by Humphrey Marshall.*
1 The Chickasaw Plum has been occasionally cultivated a little
to the north of the region in which it has become naturalized, but
it has not been able to secure a foothold beyond the northern limits
of this region, which is coextensive with that occupied by the Taxo-
dium and several other southern trees. This fact seems to indicate
a southern origin, as a plant of such peculiarly domestic habits, able
to follow man everywhere in the south, and to hold its own against
the native inhabitants of the soil, would have spread through the
The shrubby
Plum of the high plateau east of the Rocky Mountains, which trav-
north if it had come originally from a cold region.
elers have believed to be the original of the Chickasaw Plum, is
probably distinct from this species, and it is not improbable that its
natural home must be looked for south of the boundary of the
United States. The fact that when the country was first visited
by Europeans the Chickasaw Plum was always found in the neigh-
porhood of Indian settlements in the south, seems to confirm the
early Indian tradition that the tree had been brought by their an-
cestors from the region beyond the Mississippi River. It is inter-
esting to note that the elder Michaux, who resided for several years
in South Carolina toward the end of the last century, was told
there that the Chickasaw Plum had been brought from the West
Indies (Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 285).
2 The fruit of Prunus angustifolia is sold in early summer in the
markets of some of the cities of the middle states, under the name
selected for the
excellence of their fruit, are cultivated in the southern states. Of
of “Mountain Cherry.” Varieties of this tree,
these, the best known to pomologists are Pottawattamie, Jennie
Lucas, Early Red, Caddo Chief, Transparent, and Colleta, although
many others are in cultivation.
8 “ They have cherries, much like a Damoizin, but for their taste
and cullour we called them cherries ; and a plomb there is, som-
what fairer then a cherrie, of the same relish, then which are sel-
dome a better eaten.” (Historie of Travaile into Virginia Britannia,
ed. Major, 118.)
4 According to Loudon, Prunus angustifolia was d into
European gardens in 1806 (Arb. Brit. ii. 705). In eastern New
England it is barely hardy, seldom flowering and never producing
ro [al
fruit.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Prats CLIL Prunus ANGUSTIFOLIA.
SAAR wre
. A flowering branch, natural size.
. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
. A fruiting branch, natural size.
. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.
A stone, cut transversely, natural size.
An embryo, natural size.
The end of a young leafy shoot, natural size.
A winter branchlet, natural size.
‘toes Gad
Silva of North America.
~—
er en.
Rena “
aan
C.E. Faxon del. Preart fr. se.
PRUNUS ANGUSTIFOLIA, Marsh.
t Imp f. Taneur, Paris .
A.Riocreux direx.
ROSACEA, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 27
PRUNUS ALLEGHANIENSIS.
Sloe.
CALYX-LOBES entire, puberulous on the outer, tomentose on the inner surface. Fruit
usually subglobose, dark blue covered with bloom; stone turgid, acute at the two ends.
Leaves lanceolate to oblong-ovate.
Prunus Alleghaniensis, T. C. Porter, Bot. Gazette, ii. 85; Garden and Forest, iii. 428, £. 58. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s
Man. ed. 6, 151.
A small slender tree, occasionally eighteen to twenty feet in height, with a trunk which is some-
times six or eight inches in diameter, and which divides into numerous erect rigid branches; or more
often a shrub, usually four or five feet high. The bark of the trunk is dark brown and a quarter of an
inch thick, the fissured surface broken into thin persistent scales. The branches, when they first appear,
are coated with pale pubescence; this soon disappears and in their first winter they are dark red and
rather lustrous, later becoming brown or finally nearly black, and are unarmed or sometimes armed with
stout spinescent lateral spur-like branchlets, and are covered with minute pale lenticels. The winter-
buds are a sixteenth of an inch long, and acuminate or obtuse, the accrescent inner scales scarious,
oblong-acute, two thirds of an inch long, and bright red at the apex. The leaves are lanceolate to
oblong-ovate, often long-acuminate and finely and sharply serrate with glandular-tipped teeth, and bear
at the very base of the blade two large rather conspicuous glands; when they unfold they are covered
with soft pubescence, and at maturity are puberulous on the upper surface, and on the lower surface are
sometimes quite glabrous with the exception of a few hairs in the axils of the veins, or are covered, espe-
cially along the broad midribs and conspicuous veins, with rufous pubescence; they are rather thick and
firm in texture, dark green above and paler below, two to three and a half inches long and two thirds of
an inch to an inch and a quarter broad, and are borne on slender grooved pubescent or puberulous peti-
oles which vary from a quarter to a third of an inch in length. The flowers, which appear in May with
the unfolding of the leaves, are half an inch across when fully expanded, with slender puberulous pedi-
cels from one half to two thirds of an inch in length, arranged in subsessile two to four-flowered umbels.
The calyx-tube is narrowly obconic and pubescent or puberulous on the outer surface, with ovate-oblong
lobes rounded at the apex, scarious on the margins, and coated with pale tomentum on the inner surface.
The petals are pure white, rounded at the apex and contracted at the base into short claws, and in
fading turn pink. The filaments and pistil are glabrous. The fruit, which is produced in great quanti-
ties and often quite covers the branches, ripens in the middle of August; it is borne on stout puberulous
stems, and is subglobose or slightly oval or pear-shaped, and varies from one third to two thirds of an
inch in diameter; the skin is thick, rather tough, and dark reddish-purple, covered with a glaucous
bloom ; the flesh is yellow, juicy, and austere, and adheres to the thin-walled turgid stone which is two
thirds as thick as broad, from a quarter of an inch to half of an inch long, pointed at both ends, ridged
on the ventral edge, and slightly grooved on the other.
Prunus Alleghaniensis is not known to grow spontaneously outside of a small elevated region in
central Pennsylvania, which extends from the slopes of Tussey’s Mountain in the northwestern part of
Huntingdon County, across Bald Eagle Mountain and Valley, and over the main range of the Allegha-
nies into Clearfield and Elk Counties, and has a north and south range of only twenty or thirty miles.
Tt grows in low moist soil, where it forms shrubby thickets, sometimes of considerable extent, and on the
28 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEZ.
dry ridges of the so-called “ barrens”? of Huntingdon County, where it occasionally assumes the habit of
a tree, associated usually with the Wild Crab-apple, the Scarlet Haw, the Bear Oak, the Black Oak, the
Pig-nut, and the Red Cedar, reaching its largest size on the limestone bluffs north of the Little Juniata
River.”
The wood of Prunus Alleghaniensis is heavy, hard, and close-grained, with many thin medullary
rays; it is brown tinged with red, with thin pale sapwood composed of ten or twelve layers of annual
growth; when absolutely dry the specific gravity is 0.7073, a cubic foot weighing 44.13 pounds.
The fruit is collected in large quantities, and is made into excellent preserves, jellies, and jams,
which have a considerable local consumption.
Prunus Alleghaniensis was first distinguished by Mr. J. R. Lowrie
° of Warriorsmark, Pennsyl-
vania, in 1859; and the first account of it was published by Professor Thomas C. Porter*im 1877. It
was introduced into the gardens of Lafayette College at Easton, Pennsylvania, in 1885, by Professor
Porter, through whose agency it has now become an inhabitant of the Arnold Arboretum.
As an ornamental shrub or small tree, Prunus Alleghaniensis deserves a place in the garden for
its abundant flowers and handsome fruit; this also possesses considerable culinary value, and, like that
of other Plum-trees, will probably be improved by selection and cultivation.
1 The name “barrens” is given to a plateau some twelve hun-
dred feet above tide-water.
lies north of the Little Juniata River between Tussey’s Mountain on
the east and Bald Eagle Mountain on the west.
and underlaid by limestone which crops out in many places, with
It is ten or twelve miles broad and
The soil is sandy
many extensive beds of iron ore in the troughs of the limestone.
The soil, however, is by no means sterile, and when properly culti-
vated yields good crops.
2 There is preserved in the Herbarium of Columbia College a
specimen of a Prunus collected in Alabama many years ago by Mr.
S. B. Buckley, and referred by Torrey & Gray (FU. N. Am. i. 408)
to their var. 8. of Prunus maritima, and, in the same collection, a
specimen of what is described as ‘‘a small tree ten to fifteen feet
high ; fruit oval, small, blue, glaucous, very austere to the taste,”
and. which was seen many years ago in Lincoln County, North Caro-
lina, by Mr. M. A. Curtis, who mentions it in his report of the trees
of that state (Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 56). It is possible,
as Professor Britton is inclined to believe, that these specimens
represent a southern form of Prunus Alleghaniensis ; but they are
without flowers, and hardly suffice to justify the extension of the
range of the species, of which no other trace has been found in the
now well explored region of the southern Alleghany Mountains.
8 Jonathan Roberts Lowrie (1825-1885) ; a native of Butler,
Pennsylvania, and the son of Walter Lowrie, a senator of the
is said to have amounted to a passion, led him to establish a large
and interesting arboretum in his park at Warriorsmark, where
many noble trees bear witness to his knowledge and skill.
4 Thomas Conrad Porter, D. D., LL. D., was born at Alexandria,
Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania, January 22, 1822, and graduated
from Lafayette College in 1840, and from Princeton Theological
Seminary in 1843. His father was a Presbyterian elder of more
than fifty years standing, a man of influence and note, whose
father came to Pennsylvania from Donachedy, Ireland, late in the
last century. His maternal great-grandfather, John Conrad Bucher,
of a German-Swiss family from the canton of Schaffhausen and a
minister of the Reformed Church, emigrated to America in 1755
and died in 1780, the pastor of a congregation at Lebanon, Penn-
ion-church in Monticell
Alabama, for one year, and for another year was pastor of the
He then
became successively professor of natural science in Marshall Col-
lege, in Franklin and Marshall College, and in Lafayette College,
where he has occupied the chair of botany since 1866. For nearly
sylvania. Thomas C. Porter served a
Second Reformed Church of Reading, Pennsylvania.
forty years Professor Porter has devoted particular attention to
the flora of his native state, and he has built up the great collec-
tion of Pennsylvanian plants now preserved in the Herbarium of
Lafayette College.
botany, including A Catalogue of the Plants of Lancaster County,
He is the author of many papers relating to
United States from Pennsylvania, g ted from Jeff Col-
lege in 1843 and devoted himself to the study of law, first prac-
tata his profession at Hollidaysburg in Blair County, and then at
W: ‘k in Huntingd
slope of the Alleghany Mountains.
County, at the foot of the eastern
Here he passed the remainder
of his life, occupied in the management of large business interests,
which, however, left him leisure to devote himself to a critical
study of the local flora. Lowrie’s love of trees and shrubs, which
P. Wwania, published in Mombert’s history of the county in
1869; A Sketch of the Botany of Pennsylvania, in Walling &
Gray’s Topographical Atlas, published in 1872; A Sketch of the
Botany of the United States, in Gray s ee published in 1873; A
List of the Carices of P Ti din the P lings of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia in 1887 ; and of vari-
ous papers relating to the flora of Colorado and other western ter-
ritories, included in the reports of government surveys.
has
Ie
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Puate CLIT. Prunus ALLEGHANIENSIS.
OSV oo OE a Ge ho ae
A flowering branch, natural size.
Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
A fruiting branch, natural size.
A fruit, natural size.
Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.
A stone cut transversely, enlarged.
An embryo, enlarged.
A winter branchlet, natural size.
‘Silva of North America. EI Ae
CE Faxon del. fiimely se.
PRUNUS ALLEGHANIENSIS , Porter
A. Riocreux direx © Imp. R.Taneur, Paris.
ROSACEA, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 31
PRUNUS SUBCORDATA.
Wild Plum.
CALYX-LOBES pubescent or puberulous. Stone flattened or turgid, pointed at the
two ends. Leaves broadly ovate to orbicular.
Prunus subcordata, Bentham, Pl. Hartweg. 308. — Wal- Bot. Cal. i. 167 (in part). —J. G. Lemmon, Pittonia, ii.
pers, Ann. ii. 464.— Torrey, Pacific R. R. Rep. iv. 82.— 68. — Greene, Fl. Francis. 49; Garden and Forest, iv.
Newberry, Pacific R. R. Rep. vi. 73. — Brewer & Watson, 255.
A small tree, twenty to twenty-five feet in height, with a trunk sometimes a foot in diameter,
dividing, six or eight feet from the ground, into stout almost horizontal branches ; or often a shrub,
with stout ascending stems ten or twelve feet tall, or a low scraggy much branched bush. The bark of
the trunk is a quarter of an inch thick, gray-brown, deeply fissured, and divided into long thick plates,
their surface broken into minute persistent scales. The young branchlets are glabrous or pubescent,
and are covered with bright red bark marked by occasional minute pale lenticels, and in their second
year become darker red or purple, ultimately turning dark brown or. ashy gray. The winter-buds are
acute and an eighth of an inch long, and are covered with chestnut-brown scales with scarious margins,
those of the inner rows acerescent with the young shoots and at maturity a quarter of an inch in length,
oblong, acute, and generally bright red. The leaves are broadly ovate or orbicular, usually cordate,
sometimes truncate, or rarely cuneate.at the base, and are sharply and often doubly serrate; when they
unfold they are puberulous on the upper, and pubescent on the under surface, and at maturity they are
glabrous or more or less puberulous below, an inch to three inches long, half an inch to two inches
broad, slightly coriaceous, dark green on the upper, and pale on the lower surface, with broad midribs,
grooved on the upper side, and conspicuous veins. The stipules are lanceolate, acute, glandular-serrate,
and caducous. In autumn at the north the leaves assume, before falling, brilliant scarlet and orange or
red and yellow colors. The flowers, which appear before the leaves in March or April, are two thirds
of an inch across and are produced in subsessile two to four-flowered umbels on slender glabrous or
pubescent pedicels which vary from a quarter to one half of an inch in length. The calyx is campanu-
late and glabrous or puberulous, with oblong-obovate lobes rounded at the apex, pubescent on the
outer, and more or less covered with pale hairs on the inner surface, and half the length of the white
petals which are obovate, rounded above and contracted at the base into short claws, and in fading turn
rose-color. The filaments and ovary are glabrous, and the slender style is funnel-shaped at the apex.
The fruit, which ripens in August or September, is oblong and from half an inch to an inch and a
quarter in length, and is borne on a stout stem from half an inch to two thirds of an inch in length;
the skin is dark red or rich purple or sometimes bright yellow; the flesh is more or less succulent,
subacid, often of excellent flavor, and adherent to the flattened or turgid stone, which is acute at the two
ends, narrowly wing-margined on the ventral edge, conspicuously grooved on the other, and from a
third of an inch to an inch in length.’
Prunus subcordata inhabits the region west of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Mountains from
1 E. W. Hammond, Garden and Forest, iii. 626. orbicular or elliptical leaves wedge-shaped at the base, and yellow
2 J. G. Lemmon distinguishes (Pittonia, ii. 67) as variety Kelloggii, ovate juicy fruit an inch or more in length. (See Hutching’s M ‘ag-
a form of Prunus subcordata first noticed many years ago by Dr. azine, v. 7. — Wickson, California Fruits and How to Grow Them,
Albert Kellogg, and common in Sierra County and at the base of ed. 2, 51.— Greene, Fl. Francis. i. 49.)
Mount Shasta, California, with ashy gray branches, nearly glabrous
32 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. -— ROsACER.
southern Oregon to central California. It is found in the neighborhood of streams, sometimes forming
thickets of considerable extent, on dry rocky hills and in open woods, and is most common in southern
Oregon and northern California, and there produces the best and most abundant fruit, reaching its great-
est size on the borders of small streams, in deep rich rather moist soil, where it grows with the Oregon
White Oak, the Choke Cherry, the Oregon Hawthorn, the Crab-apple, and various species of Cornel.
In central California, where Prunus subcordata is common on the foothills of the coast ranges, and
often ascends to considerable elevations on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada, it is usually a low
shrub, producing sparingly small acid fruit.
The wood of Prunus subcordata is heavy, hard, and close-grained, with a satiny surface susceptible
of taking a good polish. It is pale brown, with thin lighter colored sapwood composed of five or six
layers of annual growth, and contains many thin inconspicuous medullary rays. The specific gravity
of the absolutely dry wood is 0.6412, a cubic foot weighing 40.01 pounds.
The fruit of Prunus subcordata is collected in Oregon and northern California, and is consumed
in large quantities both fresh and dried, and is used for preserves and jellies.’
The first botanists who explored Oregon and California failed to notice the Wild Plum, and it
was not known until 1836 or 1837, when Karl Theodore Hartweg” found it in the upper valley of the
Sacramento River.
1 In northern California, where for several years some attention It has also been found useful as stock upon which to graft varieties:
has been paid to improving it, Prunus subcordata produces in culti- of the European Plums. (See Rep. Cal. Agric. Soc. 1858, 183. —
vation more abundant crops of larger fruit than are borne on the Pacific Rural Press, iv. 163, 198. — Wickson, California Fruits and
wild trees ; and the quality of the fruit of selected seedlings shows How to Grow Them, ed. 2, 52.)
that valuable garden varieties can be obtained from this species. 2 See ii. 34,
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Puate CLIV. Prunus suBcoRDATA.
1. A flowering branch, natural size.
2. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
3. A fruiting branch, natural size.
4. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.
5, 6, and 7. Stones, natural size.
8. An embryo, enlarged.
9. Winter branchlet, natural size.
Tap. ClLly.
Silva. of North America.
fat
i if ; y
i 7 i
: |
:
i
—
NS
CE Faxon de.
PRUNUS SUBCORDATA | Benth.
A. Riocreuz direx? Imp. BR. Taneur, Paris.
ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 33
PRUNUS UMBELLATA.
Sloe. Black Sloe.
CALYX-LoBEs entire, glabrous or pubescent on the outer, tomentose on the inner
surface. Fruit black covered with bloom. Leaves obovate-lanceolate to oblong.
Prunus umbellata, Elliott, Sk. i. 541. — Dietrich, Syn. iii, ? Prunus pumila, Walter, #7. Car. 146 (not ‘Linnzeus).
44. — Chapman, FV. 119. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. Cerasus umbellata, Torrey & Gray, Hl. N. Am. i. 409. —
10th Census U. S. ix. 67. Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 78.
A tree, sometimes fifteen or twenty feet in height, with a short often crooked or inclining trunk
six to ten inches in diameter, and slender unarmed branches which form a wide compact flat-topped
head; or frequently a low shrub. The bark of the trunk is a quarter of an inch thick, the dark brown
surface separating into small appressed persistent scales. The branchlets, when they first appear, are
more or less densely coated for a short time with pale pubescence; they soon become glabrous and are
covered with a lustrous bright red bark which, in their second year, is dark brown and lustreless, and
is marked with occasional orange-colored oblong lenticels. The winter-buds are a sixteenth of an inch
long and are protected by acute chestnut-brown apiculate scales ; those of the inner rows lengthen with
the young shoots and at maturity are a quarter of an inch in length and red-tipped. The leaves are
obovate-lanceolate to oblong, acute at both ends or sometimes rounded or slightly cordate at the base,
finely and sharply serrate with remote incurved glandular teeth, and usually furnished with two large
dark glands at the very base of the blade; when they unfold they are bright bronze-green with red
margins, midribs, and petioles, and are membranaceous, glabrous on the upper surface, and. pubescent or
glabrous on the lower with the exception of a few hairs along the prominent orange-colored midribs and
primary veins; at maturity they are two to two and a half inches in length and an inch to an inch and
a half in breadth, membranaceous, dark green above and paler below, and are borne on stout glabrous
or pubescent petioles. The stipules are lanceolate, setaceous, glandular-serrate, from one fourth to two
thirds of an inch long, and caducous. The flowers, which expand in March and April before the
appearance of the leaves, are two thirds of an inch across and are borne on slender glabrous pedicels
half an inch long, in three or four-flowered subsessile umbels. The calyx-tube is broadly obconie,
glabrous or puberulous on the outside, with acute red tipped lobes sometimes slightly cleft at the apex,
scarious on the margins, and coated on the inner surface with thick white tomentum. The petals are
nearly orbicular and are contracted at the base into short claws. The filaments and pistil are glabrous.
The fruit, which ripens from July to September, is borne on a slender stem which varies from half an
inch to nearly an inch in length; it is globose without a basal depression, half an inch in diameter, and
is tipped with the remnant of the style; the skin is tough, thick, and bright red when the fruit is
first fully grown, but black or nearly so when it is ripe, and then covered with a glaucous bloom; the
flesh is thick and acid and adheres to the flattened stone, which is half as thick as it is broad, acute at
both ends, slightly rugose, conspicuously ridged on one margin and slightly grooved on the other, with
thin and brittle walls.
Prunus umbellata is distributed through the maritime portions of the southern Atlantic and Gulf
states from South Carolina to Mosquito Inlet in Florida, and from Tampa Bay to eastern Mississippi ;
it reappears on the banks of the Mississippi River near Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and is scattered
through the valley of the Red River from Alexandria to Shreveport, Louisiana, and to near Camden
in southern Arkansas. It grows on the rich sandy bottom-lands of rivers and large creeks, and along
34
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
ROSACEA.
the borders of the forests of Long-leaved Pine, which it enlivens in the early days of spring with its
profusion of pure white flowers.
The wood of Prunus umbellata is heavy, hard, and close-grained, with many thin medullary rays ;
it is dark red-brown, with thick lighter colored sapwood composed of about thirty layers of annual growth.
The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.8202, a cubic foot weighing 51.11 pounds.
The fruit is gathered in large quantities and is used in making jellies and jams.
Prunus umbellata appears to have escaped the notice of the botanists who explored the flora of
the southern states during the last century, and was first distinguished by Stephen Elliott, who pub-
lished the earliest account of it in his Sketch of the Botany of South Carolina and Georgia.
1 It is remarkable that this very distinct and common plant,
which in early spring is a most attractive and conspicuous feature
of the coast region of Georgia and northern Florida, should have
been overlooked by such keen observers as Catesby, John and Wil-
liam Bartram, and the two Michauxs, who were all familiar with
this region and who traveled several times through a portion of it
at least. Elliott considered the Prunus pumila of Walter (Fl. Car.
146) identical with his Prunus wmbellata, but Walter’s description is
so meagre and vague that the identity of his plant is very doubtful.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Puate CLV. Prunus UMBELLATA.
ON OMI ee
A flowering branch, natural size.
Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
A fruiting branch, natural size.
Vertical section of a fruit, part of the flesh removed, natural size.
Vertical section of a stone, enlarged.
An embryo, enlarged.
A stone, natural size.
Part of a leafy young branchlet with stipules, natural size.
Silva of North America. Tab CEY
C.E. Faron del. Prcart fr. SL,
PRUNUS UMBELLATA , Ell.
it Median ing ot Lop. R. Taneur, Paris
ROSACEZ.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 35
PRUNUS PENNSYLVANICA.
Wild Red Cherry.
CALYX-LOBES obtuse, entire. Stone
pointed. :
Prunus Pennsylvanica, Linneus f. Syst. ed. 18, Suppl.
252.— Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 248; Spec. ii. pt. ii.
992; Enum. 518.—Abbot, Insects of Georgia, i.t. 45.—
Poiret, Lam. Dict. v. 673.— Persoon, Syn. ii. 35. —
“Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 331. —Nuttall, Gen. i. 302. —
Sprengel, Syst. ii. 477.— Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 73. — Die-
trich, Syn. iti. 42.—Chapman, FU. 120.— Curtis, Rep.
Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 57. — Koch, Dendr. i.
117. — Brunet, Cat. Vég. Lig. Can. 21. — Emerson, Trees
Mass. ed. 2, ii. 513. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th
Census U. S. ix. 66.— Coulter, Man. Rocky Mt. Bot.
77. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 152.
Prunus-Cerasus montana, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 113.
Prunus lanceolata, Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 240, t. 3, £. 3.
Bird Cherry.
oblong. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, long-
Syst. ii. 5138.— Loudon, Ard. Brit. ii. 703, £. 410. —
Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 78.
Prunus borealis, Poiret, Lam. Dict. vy. 674.—Pursh, FV.
Am. Sept. i. 330.— W. P. C. Barton, Compend. Fl. Phil.
i. 223. — Nuttall, Gen. i. 302. — Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t.
1598. — Bigelow, Fl. Boston. ed. 2, 193.
Prunus persicifolia, Desfontaines, Hist. Ard. ii. 205.
Cerasus Pennsylvanica, Loiseleur, Vouveau Duhamel,
v. 9.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 539.— Hooker, FV. Bor.-
Am. i. 168.— Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 514. — Torrey & Gray,
Fl. N. Am. i. 409. — Gray, Forest Trees N. Am. t. 48.
Cerasus persicifolia, Loiseleur, Nowveaw Duhamel, v. 9.—
Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, v. 580.— De Can-
dolle, Prodr. ii. 537. — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 518. — Spach,
Cerasus borealis, Michaux, F7. Bor.-Am. i. 286. — Nou-
veau Duhamel, v. 32.— Michaux f. Hist. Ard. Am. iii.
159, t. 8.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 538.— Don, Gen.
Hist. Vég. i. 411.— Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. ui. 81.—
Carriére, Rev. Hort. 1869, 272, £. 63.
A tree, with bitter aromatic bark and leaves, thirty to forty feet in height, with a trunk often
twelve or eighteen inches in diameter, and regular slender horizontal branches which form a narrow
head usually more or less rounded at the summit; or, at the extreme northern and western limits of its
range, often a low shrub. The bark of the trunk, which varies from one third to one half of an inch in
thickness, separates horizontally into broad persistent papery plates with a dark red-brown surface
marked with irregular horizontal bands of orange-colored lenticels, and is smooth on young stems or
branches but on old trees is broken into minute persistent scales. The branches, when they first
appear, are light red and sometimes slightly puberulous; they soon become glabrous, and in their first
winter are bright red, lustrous, and covered with pale excrescences; in their second year short thick
Jateral spur-like branchlets are developed, and the outer bark, which has now lost its lustre and is
marked by bright orange-colored lenticels, is easily separable from the brilliant green inner bark. The
leaves are oblong-lanceolate, sometimes slightly faleate, long pointed and finely and sharply serrate with
incurved teeth often tipped with minute glands; for a short time after they first unfold they are bronze-
green, pilose on the lower surface and slightly viscid ; they soon become green and glabrous, and at
maturity are bright and lustrous on the upper, and rather paler on the lower surface, three to four and
a half inches long and three quarters of an inch to an inch and a quarter broad, and are borne on
slender glabrous or slightly pilose petioles which vary from half an inch to nearly an inch in length,
and are often glandular above the middle. The stipules are acuminate, glandular-serrate, and early
deciduous. The leaves in autumn turn a bright clear yellow some time before falling. The flowers,
which appear in early May when the leaves are half grown, or at the extreme north and at high eleva-
tions as late as the first of July, are half an inch across when expanded, and are borne on slender
pedicels nearly an inch in length collected in four or five-flowered umbels, which are generally clustered
two or three together and are subsessile when the flowers expand, but ultimately stalked. The calyx-
tube is glabrous, broadly obconic with obtuse lobes tipped with red and reflexed at maturity, and is
36 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACER.
marked in the mouth of the throat with a conspicuous light orange-colored band. The petals are
creamy white, a quarter of an inch long, nearly orbicular, and contracted at the base into short claws.
The filaments and pistil are glabrous. The fruit, which ripens between the first of July and the first of
September, is globular, a quarter of an inch in diameter, tipped with the remnant of the style, and light
red. with a thick skin, thin sour flesh, and an oblong stone which has thin brittle walls and is ridged
on the ventral margin.
Prunus Pennsylvanica is distributed from Newfoundland to the shores of Hudson’s Bay and west
to the eastern slopes of the coast range of British Columbia in the valley of the Frazer River,’ and
south through the northern states to Pennsylvania, central Michigan, northern Illinois, and central
Towa. It is common on the high mountains of North Carolina, on the eastern slopes of the Rocky
Mountains of Colorado, and in all the forest regions of the extreme northern states, growing in moist
rather rich soil, reaching its greatest size on the western slopes of the Big Smoky Mountains in Tennes-
see, and often occupying, to the exclusion of other trees, large areas cleared by fire of their original
forest covering.’
The wood of Prunus Pennsylvanica is light, soft, and close-grained, with numerous medullary rays.
Tt is ight brown, with thin yellow sapwood, and when absolutely dry has a specific gravity of 0.5023, a
‘cubic foot weighing 31.30 pounds.
The fruit is often used domestically and by herbalists in the preparation of cough-mixtures.
Prunus Pennsylvanica® was first introduced into English gardens in 1773* by Lee & Kennedy,
nurserymen at Hammersmith, although it was not described until eight years later ; and it was estab-
lished in the Botanical Gardens of Berlin toward the end of the last century.” It grows rapidly in
cultivation, and is a handsome and shapely although short-lived tree, and in early spring is conspicuous
for the great quantity of flowers which cover its branches.
1 Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. i. 125.
2 The ease with which the seeds of Prunus Pennsylvanica are
important part in the reproduction and preservation of the forests.
(See Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii. 160.— Robert Douglas, Garden
disseminated by birds and mountain streams, their vitality and
power of germination in soil where the upper layers of humus have
been destroyed by fire, and the rapid growth of the young plants,
which soon form a covering for longer lived trees, constitute the
chief value and interest of this plant, which, in the northern part
of the country east of the mid-continental plateau, has played an
and Forest, ii. 285.)
3 In some parts of the country Prunus Pennsylwanica is also called
Pin Cherry and Pigeon Cherry.
4 Aiton, Hort. Kew. ed. 2, iii. 198.
5 Willdenow, Berl. Bawmz. 248.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Prats CLVI. Prunus PENNSYLVANICA.
Snare
. A flowering branch, natural size.
. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
. A fruiting branch, natural size.
Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.
Cross section of a fruit, enlarged.
An embryo, enlarged.
Portion of a leaf with stipules, natural size.
A winter branchlet, natural size.
Silva of North America. : ? i : ; Tab. CLYVI.
CE. Faxon del. Puart fr. se.
PRUNUS PENNSYLVANICA, L.F'
A. Riocreuw direa”® Imp. 2. Taneur, Paris.
ROSACEA.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 37
PRUN US EMARGINATA.
Wild Cherry.
CALYX-LOBES rounded or sometimes emarginate. Stone ovoid, pointed at the two
ends. Leaves oblong-obovate to oblanceolate, usually rounded at the apex.
Prunus emarginata, Walpers, Rep. ii. 9. — Dietrich, Syn.
iii. 42.— Watson, King’s Rep. v. 79.— Torrey, Bot.
Wilkes Explor. Exped. 284.— Brewer & Watson, Bot.
Cal. i. 167.— Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census
US. 1x. 67.
Cerasus emarginata, Douglas; Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i.
169.— Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 515.— Loudon, Ard. Brit. ii.
714.— Torrey & Gray, FU. N. Am. i. 410.— Roemer,
Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 79.— Torrey, Pacific R. R. Rep. iv.
83. — Bolander, Proc. Cal. Acad. iii. 79.
Cerasus erecta, Presl, Hpimel. Bot. 194.
Prunus erecta, Walpers, Ann. iii. 854.
Cerasus Pattoniana, Carritre, Rev. Hort. 1872, 135, £.17.
Cerasus glandulosa, Kellogg, Proc. Cal. Acad. i. 59.
A tree, with exceedingly bitter bark and leaves, thirty to forty feet in height, with a trunk twelve
to fourteen inches in diameter, dividing into a number of slender rather upright branches which form a
symmetrical oblong head; or often a shrub with spreading stems three to ten feet tall. The bark of
the trunk is a quarter of an inch thick, with a generally smooth dark brown surface marked by horizon-
tal light gray interrupted bands, and by rows of oblong orange-colored lenticular excrescences. The
branches, when they first appear, are coated with pale pubescence, and are slender and flexible; in their
first winter they are covered with dark red-brown bark marked by many minute dots, and in their second
season, when they develop short lateral branchlets, with bright red bark conspicuously marked by large
pale lenticels. The winter-buds are acute, an eighth of an inch long, and covered with chestnut-brown
scales often slightly scarious on the margins ; those of the inner ranks are acuminate at maturity, glandular-
serrate above the middle, scarious, and nearly half an inch in length, with bright red tips. The leaves
are oblong-obovate to oblanceolate, rounded, and usually obtuse or sometimes acute at the apex, the two
forms appearing occasionally on the same branch; they are. narrowed at the base, which is generally
furnished with one or two and sometimes three or four large dark glands, and are serrate, the minute
teeth tipped with short subulate glandular points; when they unfold they are puberulous or pubescent
on the lower surface and slightly viscid, and when fully grown are glabrous or pubescent on the
lower surface, one to three inches long and from one third of an inch to one and a half inches broad,
dark green above, paler below, and borne on short stout grooved and usually pubescent petioles. The
stipules are lanceolate-acuminate, glandular-serrate, and early deciduous: The flowers, which appear
when the leaves are about half grown, at the end of April at the level of the ocean or as late as the
end of June at high elevations, and which when expanded vary from one third to one half of an inch
in diameter, are produced in six to twelve-flowered glabrous or pubescent corymbs an inch to an inch
and a half in length, on slender pedicels from the axils of foliaceous glabrous glandular-serrate bracts.
The calyx-tube is obconic, glabrous, or puberulous on the outer surface, and bright orange-colored in
the throat, with shért lobes rounded or emarginate or somewhat cleft at the apex, sometimes slightly
glandular on the margins, and reflexed at maturity. The petals are white faintly tinged with green,
obovate, rounded or emarginate at the apex, and contracted below into short claws. The ovary? and
filaments are glabrous, and the style, which enlarges into a stout clavate stigma, is sometimes slightly
glandular. The fruit, which ripens from June to August, is globose, from one fourth to one half of an
inch in diameter, and more or less translucent, and when first fully grown is bright red, becoming
1 In northeastern Idaho Professor Greene found bipistillate flowers of this species, with two drupes from each flower (Garden and
Forest, iv. 243).
38 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACER.
darker and almost black when ripe; the flesh is thin, bitter, and astringent; the stone is ovoid and
pointed at both ends, with a prominent grooved ridge on the ventral margin, and is rounded and
slightly grooved on the other, with thick brittle and slightly pitted walls.1
Prunus emarginata is distributed from the valley of the upper Jocko River in Montana? along the
mountain ranges of Idaho and Washington and of southern British Columbia to Vancouver Island,?
and through western Oregon and northern California and along the coast ranges. to the neighbor-
hood of the Bay of San Francisco, and on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada Mountains,
where it sometimes reaches an elevation of five or six thousand feet, to the Yosemite Valley; it is
common on the Santa Lucia and San Bernardino Mountains‘ in California: on the eastern slopes
of the Sierras it ranges to the shores of Lake Tahoe and the neighborhood of Carson City,* and it
oceurs on the Washoe Mountains® in Nevada. Prunus emarginata grows usually near the banks of
streams in low rich soil, or less commonly on dry hill-slopes, attaining its best dimensions on Vancouver
Island, in western Oregon and Washington, and on the Santa Lucia Mountains of California, where, at
elevations of from three to four thousand feet, it becomes a tree sometimes forty feet in height ; on the
coast ranges of middle California and on the Sierra Nevada Mountains it is commonly a shrub five to
eight feet high."
The wood of Prunus emarginata is close-grained, soft, and brittle, and contains numerous thin
medullary rays ; it is brown streaked with green, with paler sapwood composed of eight or ten layers
of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.4502, a cubic foot weighing
28.06 pounds.
The fruit is said to have been eaten by the Indians of the northwestern coast.
Prunus emarginata was discovered in the valley of the Columbia River in 1825 by David Doug-
las.
It is cultivated as a shade tree in the streets of Portland, Oregon, where it attains the height
of forty feet, and assumes the habit of the common European Cherry-tree ;*° in 1881 it was introduced
from Oregon into the Arnold Arboretum, where it is perfectly hardy, flowering and ripening its fruit
every year.”
1 Prunus emarginata varies in the amount of pubescence which
clothes the young shoots, the lower surface of the foliage, and the
inflorescence. At the north it is more often pubescent than gla-
on the tai
of southern California. It has been distinguished as —
Var. mollis, Brewer & Watson, Bot. Cal. i. 167.— Sargent, For-
est Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 67. — Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl.
i. 125.
Cerasus mollis, Douglas ; Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 164.— Hooker,
Lond. Jour. Bot. vi. 217.— Don, Gen. Syst. ii, 515.— Torrey &
Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 410.— Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 714. — Nuttall,
Sylva, ii. 14, t. 46.— Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 79.— Cooper,
Pacific R. R. Rep. xii. pt. ii. 29, 59; Am. Nat. iii. 406. — Lyall,
Jour. Linn. Soe. vii. 131.
Prunus mollis, Walpers, Rep. ii. 9.— Dietrich, Syn. iii. 42. — Tor-
rey, Bot. Wilkes Explor. Exped. 284. — Macoun, Rep. Geolog. Surv.
. Can. 1875-76, 194.
2 Here it was found in 1883 by Canby and Sargent.
8 Macoun, J. c. 513.
4 The pubescent form of Prunus emarginata was discovered in
Bear Valley in June, 1885, by Mr. S. B. Parish.
brous, and the pubescent form is not
5 Here it was collected in 1864 by Dr. C. L. Anderson.
® Teste Watson, King’s Rep. v. 79.
7 The shrubby glabrous Cherry-tree of central California is con-
sidered by Professor Greene a species, to which he has given the:
name of Cerasus Californica (Fl. Francis. i. 50.— Garden and For-
est, iv. 243). Numerous forms appear to connect this plant with
the arborescent form of the north and of the Santa Lucia Mountains:
in the south, and its shrubby habit, small leaves, and more astringent.
fruit are perhaps the result of the peculiar climatic conditions to .
which it has been subjected.
8 R. Brown (Campst.), Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, ix. 383.
® See ii. 94.
10 Greene, Garden and Forest, iv. 243.
4 Prunus emarginata was probably introduced into Scotch gar-
dens by the Scotch collector John Jeffrey in 1851 or 1852, as at
that time he sent the seeds of many of the plants of our northwest-
ern coast to the members of the so-called Oregon Expedition, whose
agent he was. It was sent from the Edinburgh Botanic Garden to
the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris in 1865, as Prunus Patto-
niana, a name which does not appear to have been published (Car-
riére, Rev. Hort. 1872, 135).
AAP WN HE
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Puate CLVII. Prunus EMARGINATA.
. A flowering branch, natural size.
. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
. A fruiting branch, natural size.
. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.
. A stone, enlarged.
. Part of a leafy branch showing stipules, natural size.
. A winter branchlet, natural size.
Dilva of Nom Ane. : : : Tab. CLVU
C.F Faxon del.
Picart [?. sez
t
PRUNUS EMARGINATA , Walp.
A.Riocreuxr direx ! limp. B. Taneur, P aris.
ROSACEA.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
41
PRUNUS VIRGINIANA.
Choke Cherry.
CALYX-LOBES deciduous.
oblong-obovate, usually abruptly acuminate.
Prunus Virginiana, Linnzus, Spec. 473 (excl. syn.).—
Willdenow, Berl. Bawmz. 238, t. 5, £1; Spec. ii. pt. ii.
985; Enum. 517. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 203. —
Persoon, Syn. ii. 34. — Hayne, Dendr. Fl..70. — Guimpel,
Otto & Hayne, Abbild. Holz. 43, t. 36. —Sprengel, Syst.
ii. 478. — Dietrich, Syn. iii. 42. — Torrey, Bot. Mea.
Bound. Surv. 62.—Koch, Dendr. i. 121. — Chapman,
Fl. 120. — Watson, King’s Rep. v. 80. — Emerson, Trees
Mass. ed. 2, ii. 518, t. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. Cal. i.
167. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 152.
Padus rubra, Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No. 2.
Prunus nana, Du Roi, Harbk. Bawmz. ii. 194, t. 4.
Prunus-Cerasus Canadensis, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 113.
Prunus rubra, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 162.— Willdenow,
Berl. Baumz, ed. 2, 299. —Guimpel, Otto & Hayne,
Abbild. Holz. 98, t. 78.
Padus oblonga, Moench, Meth. 671.
Prunus serotina, Poiret, Lam. Dict. v. 665 (not Ehrhart). —
Pursh, £7. Am. Sept. i. 330. — Elliott, Sk. i. 541. — Tor-
rey, Hl. N. Y. i. 196.
Cerasus Virginiana, Loiseleur, Nouveau Duhamel, v. 3
(excl. syn. Michaux). — De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 539.—
Spach, Hist. Vég. i. 414. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i.
410. — Torrey, Fl. N. Y. i. 196; Nicollet’s Rep. 149;
Frémont’s Rep. 89; Emory’s Rep. 408; Pacific R. R.
Stone oblong-ovate, pointed.
Wild Cherry.
Leaves broadly oval to
fiep. iv. 83. — Emerson, Trees Mass. 456.— Gray, Man.
115; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii. pt. ii. 42. — Darlington, FV.
Cestr. ed. 3, 74. — Cooper, Pacific R. R. Rep. xii. pt. ii.
30; Am. Nat. iii. 406.
Prunus hirsuta, Elliott, Sz. i. 541.
Prunus obovata, Bigelow, 7. Boston. ed. 2, 192.
Cerasus serotina, Hooker, FU. Bor.-Am. i. 169 (excl. syn. 5
not Loiseleur). — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 515.
Cerasus obovata, Beck, Bot. 97.— Eaton & Wright, Bot.
189.
Cerasus micrantha, Spach, Hist. Vég. i. 414.
Cerasus densiflora, Spach, Hist. Vég. i. 415.
Cerasus fimbriata, Spach, Hist. Vég. i. 416.
Cerasus hirsuta, Spach, Hist. Vég. i. 417.— Eaton &
Wright, Bot. 190.
Cerasus Virginiana, var. 8. Torrey & Gray, Fi. i. 410.
Cerasus Duerinckii, Martens, Sel. Sem. Hort. Lovan. 1840;
Bull. Bot. Soc. Brux. viii. 68.
Prunus Duerinckii, Walpers, Rep. ii. 10.
Padus fimbriata, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 84.
Padus densiflora, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 84.
Padus micrantha, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 84.
Padus obovata, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 86.
Padus hirsuta, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 87.
A tree, with strong-scented bark’ and leaves, rarely thirty to thirty-five feet in height, with a short
and often crooked or inclining trunk sometimes a foot in diameter, small erect or horizontal branches,
and stout branchlets which form a narrow irregular head; or more often a low shrub. The bark of
the trunk is an eighth of an inch thick, slightly and irregularly fissured, broken on the surface into
small persistent scales, and often marked by irregular pale excrescences. The branches, when they first
appear, are light brown, or bronze-green, and glabrous, puberulous, or sometimes pubescent, and in their
first winter are light brown or brown tinged with red and marked with large oblong lenticels ; in their
second year they become darker brown, and the tough outer layer of bark is easily separable in horizon-
tal strips from the bright green inner layers. The winter-buds are acute or obtuse and are covered by
pale chestnut-brown scales, more or less scarious on the margins and rounded at the apex, those of the
inner rank accrescent, lanceolate or ligulate, sharply and often glandular-serrate, chartaceous, and from
half an inch to an inch im length. The leaves are broadly oval or more or less oblong-obovate, usually
abruptly acuminate at the apex, wedge-shaped, rounded or subcordate at the base, and sharply and
often deeply serrate with subulate spreading teeth ; when they unfold they are glabrous with the excep-
matic and rather agreeable perfume. The branches of the former
are usually much stouter than those of the latter.
i The strong disagreeable odor of the inner bark of the branches
of this species affords the best character for distinguishing it in
winter from Prunus serotina, the inner bark of which has an aro-
42 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEA,
tion of conspicuous tufts of pale hairs in the axils of the principal veins on the lower surface, or are
puberulous or pubescent ; at maturity they are membranaceous, bright green above, paler and sometimes
pubescent below, two to four inches in length and an inch to two inches broad, and are borne on slender
grooved petioles biglandular near the apex, or sometimes, especially on vigorous shoots, many-glandular.
The stipules are lanceolate, acute, glandular-serrate, half an inch long, and early deciduous. The leaves
turn yellow in the autumn some time before falling. The flowers, which are from one third to one
half of an inch in diameter, appear from the first of April in the south to the end of June at the extreme
north; they are borne on slender glabrous or puberulous pedicels produced from the axils of scarious
caducous bracts in slender many-flowered erect or nodding racemes three to six inches long. The
calyx-tube is cup-shaped, glabrous or rarely puberulous, with short broad obtuse reflexed deciduous
lobes, laciniate or more or less glandular on the margins. The petals are pure white, orbicular, and
contracted below into short claws. The filaments and pistil are glabrous, and the short thick style is
abruptly enlarged into a broad orbicular stigma. The fruit, which varies from one fourth to one third
of an inch in diameter, is globose or occasionally somewhat elongated, bright red when first fully grown,
and when perfectly ripe is dark vinous red or almost black, or rarely yellow or amber-colored,' with a
thick lustrous skin, dark juicy flesh, and an oblong-ovate stone, broadly ridged on one margin and
acute on the other. In early autumn the fruit is austere and astringent, but later loses much of its
astringency and becomes sweet and edible.’
Prunus Virginiana is the most widely Steines North American tree; it grows within the
arctic circle,’ ranging across the continent from Labrador and the shores of Hudson’s Bay to the valley
of the Mackenzie River in latitude 62°, and, crossing the Rocky Mountains, reaches the Pacific coast in
* it extends southward through eastern North America to southern Georgia,
In
the eastern states it is one of the most common of the large tree-like shrubs, growing usually on the
northern British Columbia ;
Louisiana, Texas, northern Mexico,? and along the mountain ranges of western North America.
margins of the forest, generally in rich rather humid soil, and along highways and fence-rows; in
southern Oregon and northern California it inhabits low valleys where, in rich moist soil in the neigh-
borhood of streams, it attains a large size and arborescent habit; on the mountain ranges of the interior
of the continent, where it is confined to elevated valleys, in southern California, and at the northern and
southern limits of its range, it is a low shrub.
The wood® of Prunus Virginiana is heavy, hard, and close-grained, although not strong; it con-
tains numerous conspicuous medullary rays, and is light brown, with thick lighter colored sapwood
composed of fifteen to twenty layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry
wood is 0.6951, a cubic foot weighing 43.32 pounds.
1 A yellow-fruited form of Prunus Virginiana (var. leucocarpa,
Watson, Bot. Gazette, xiii. 233) was found in Dedham, Massachu-
setts, a few years ago; and plants with light-colored fruit are
sometimes cultivated in Canadian gardens, and in those of northern
Europe (J. G. Jack, Garden and Forest, v. 135).
2 The western Choke Cherry has usually been considered a spe-
cies. Extreme forms, especially those of the mid-continental re-
gions, vary slightly from the eastern plant in the shape of their
leaves, which are more often rounded or subcordate than cuneate
at the base, and are sometimes pale on the lower surface, in their
more abundant and persistent pubescence, and their greater thick-
ness and consistency. It is not easy, however, to find stable char-
acters upon which to establish even a geographical variety ; for
the extreme forms pass insensibly one into the other, showing the
gradual influence of a dry climate in increasing the thickness and
the hairy covering of leaves. The synonymy of the western plant
is as follows : —
Prunus demissa, Walpers, Rep. ii. 10.— Dietrich, Syn. iii. 43. —
Bentham, Pl. Hartweg. 307.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv.
63.— Watson, King’s Rep. v. 80.— Rothrock, Pl. Wheeler, 37. —
Brewer & Watson, Bot. Cal. i. 167.— Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. i.
125.— Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U.S. ix. 69.—
Greene, FV. Francis. 51.—T. 8. Brandegee, Zod, ii. 157. — Bessey,
Bull. Agric. Exper. Stat. Nebraska, iv. art. iv. 18.
Cerasus serotina, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 169 (in part).
Cerasus demissa, Nuttall ; Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 411. —
Torrey, Pacific R. R. Rep. iv. 88.— Newberry, Pacific R. R. Rep.
vi. 73. — Cooper, Pacific R. R. Rep. xii. pt. ii. 59.
Padus demissa, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 87.
Prunus Virginiana, var. demissa, Torrey, Bot. Wilkes ona
Exped. 284.— Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 381.
8 Hooker f. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 290 (Distribution Arctic Pl.).
4 Macoun, Cat. Can. Pi. i. 125.
5 Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. i. 368.
® The specimen of wood tested in the United States Census in-
vestigation was taken from a tree grown in southern Oregon.
ROSACER, - SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 43
In Canada the fruit, which is gathered in great quantities and is sold in the markets of the large
cities, is eaten by the French Canadians, and was formerly an important article of food among the
northern Indians,' as well as among those inhabiting the western and central parts of the continent.
Prunus Virginiana early attracted the attention of European colonists,’ although it does not
appear to have been introduced into European gardens until the middle of the eighteenth century.
The Choke Cherry is a handsome plant when it is covered with its abundant racemes of pure white
flowers; but it is generally disfigured by the Black Knot, which makes it a dangerous neighbor to
orchards of cultivated Plum-trees.
1 Richardson, Arctic Searching Exped. ii. 190. throate wax horse with swallowing those red Bullies (as I may call
* «The Cherrie trees yeeld great store of Cherries, which grow them), being little better in taste. English ordering may bring
on clusters like grapes ; they be much smaller than our English them to be an English Cherrie, but yet they are as wilde as the
Cherrie, nothing neare so good if they be not very ripe ; they so Indians.” (Wood, New England’s Prospect, pt. i. chap. 5, 18.)
furre the mouth that the tongue will cleave to the roofe, and the
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
PLATE
ANOahone
CLVIII. Prunus VirGInraAna (FROM OREGON).
A flowering branch, natural size.
Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
A fruiting branch, natural size.
. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.
. A stone, enlarged.
. Part of a leafy branch with stipules, natural size.
. A winter branchlet, natural size.
‘- Silva of North America. : Tab . CLVIY
CE Faxon del. Peart fr Sl.
PRUNUS VIRGINIANA, L.
A. Riocreux dirent Imp. R. Taneur, Paris.
ROSACEA.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 45
PRUNUS SEROTINA.
Rum Cherry. Wild Black Cherry.
CALYX-LOBES persistent.
long, usually gradually acuminate.
Prunus serotina, Ehrhart, Beitr. iii. 20. — Willdenow,
Berl. Baumz. 239, t. 5, £2; Spec. ii. pt. ii. 986; Hnwm.
517. — Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, v. 531. —
Persoon, Syn. ii. 34. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 204. —
Nuttall, Gen. i. 302. — W. P. C. Barton, Compend. Fl.
Phil. i. 222. — Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abbild. Holz.
45, t. 37.—Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 70. — Sprengel, Syst.
ii. 478.— Dietrich, Syn. iii. 43. — Curtis, Rep. Geolog.
Surv. N. Car. 1860, iti. 56. — Chapman, F7. 120. — Koch,
Dendr. i. 122. — Emerson, Trees Vass. ed. 2, ii. 515, t. —
Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 66. — Sargent,
Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 68.— Wat-
son & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 152.
Prunus Virginiana, Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No.3 (not Lin-
nzeus). — Du Roi, Obs. Bot.12; Harbk. Baumz. ii. 191. —
Wangenheim, Nordam. Holz. 34, t. 14. — Medicus, Bot.
Beob. 1782, 345. — Marshall, Arbust. Am. 112. — Aiton,
Hort. Kew. ii. 163.— Walter, Fl. Car. 146.— Poiret,
Stone oblong-obovate.
Leaves oblong to lanceolate-ob-
Lam. Dict. v. 664. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i.329.— Big-
elow, ZU. Boston. 118. — Elliott, Sh. i. 540. — Torrey, Fl.
U. S. 467.
Cerasus Virginiana, Michaux, FV. Bor.- Am. i. 285.—
Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii. 151, t. 6. — Darling-
ton, £1. Cestr. 61.— Hooker, Fl. Bor-Am. i. 169 (excl.
syn.). — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 515.— Loudon, Ard. Brit. ii.
710, £. 418.
Cerasus serotina, Loiseleur, Nowveau Duhamel, v. 3.—
De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 540. — Spach, Hist. Vég. i. 416. —
Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 410. — Loudon, Ard. Brit.
ii. 712, £. 419. — Torrey, Fl. N. Y. i. 196. — Emerson,
Trees Mass. 453. — Gray, Man. 115; Forest Trees N.
Am. t. 50.— Darlington, FZ. Cestr. ed. 3, 75.
Prunus cartilaginea, Lehmann, Ind. Sem. Hamb. 1833.
Padus serotina, Agardh, Theor. Syst. Pl. t. 14, £. 8.
Padus Virginiana, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 86.
Padus cartilaginea, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 86.
A tree, with bitter aromatic bark and leaves, sometimes attaining a height of one hundred feet,
with a stout straight trunk four to five feet in diameter, and small horizontal branches which form a
narrow oblong head ; usually much smaller and occasionally, toward the northern limit of its range, of
shrub-like habit. On fully grown trunks the bark varies from one half to three quarters of an inch in
thickness and is broken by reticulated fissures into small irregular plates, the surface of which splits
into thin persistent scales; it is dark red-brown, or in southern Florida and the coast region of the Gulf
states is light gray. The branches are slender and rather rigid, and at first are pale green or bronze-
green and glabrous; they soon turn bright red or dark brown tinged with red, and in their first winter
are red-brown or gray-brown and marked by minute pale lenticels. In the second year the thin tough
layer of outer bark is bright red and more conspicuously marked, and may be separated readily in hori-
zontal bands from the brilliant green inner layer. The winter-buds are obtuse or on sterile shoots acute,
and are covered with bright chestnut-brown broadly ovate scales keeled on the back and apiculate at
the apex; those of the inner ranks are persistent on the growing shoots scarious at maturity, acumi-
nate, and from one half to two thirds of an inch in length. The leaves are oval, oblong, or lanceolate-
oblong, gradually or sometimes abruptly acuminate, or rarely rounded at the apex, wedge-shaped, or
occasionally rounded at the base, finely serrate with appressed incurved callose teeth, and furnished at
the very base of the blade or at the apex of the slender terete petioles with one or more dark red con-
spicuous glands; while young they are slightly bearded along the midribs on the lower surface, and are
often bronze-green, and at maturity they are glabrous, subcoriaceous, dark green, and lustrous on the
upper, and paler on the lower surface, two to five inches long, and an inch to an inch and half broad,
with narrow conspicuous midribs deeply grooved on the upper side, and slender veins. The stipules
are lanceolate, acuminate, glandular-serrate, from one half to three fourths of an inch in length, and
early deciduous. In autumn the leaves turn clear bright yellow before falling. The flowers, which are
46 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEE.
produced on slender glabrous or puberulous pedicels developed from the axils of minute scarious cadu-
cous bracts, are borne in erect or ultimately spreading narrow many-flowered racemes, four to six inches
in length, and appear when the leaves are about half grown, from the end of March in Texas and
Louisiana to the first week of June in the valley of the St. Lawrence River. They are a quarter of an
inch across when expanded, with a cup-shaped glabrous or puberulous calyx-tube and short ovate-oblong
obtuse lobes, slightly laciniate on the margins, reflexed at maturity, and persistent with the stamens
until after the falling of the fruit, pure white, broadly obovate petals, glabrous filaments and _pistil,
and a thick club-shaped stigma. The fruit, which ripens from June to October, is depressed-globular,
slightly lobed, from one third to one half of an inch in diameter, dark red when first fully grown and
almost black when ripe, with a thick skin, dark purple juicy flesh of a pleasant vinous flavor, and
oblong-obovate pointed thin-walled stones broadly,ridged on the ventral margin and acute on the other.
Prunus serotina is distributed from Nova Scotia westward through the Canadian Provinces to the
valley of the Kaministiquia River,’ southward through the eastern states to the shores of Matanzas Inlet
and Tampa Bay, Florida, and westward to the valley of the Missouri River in Dakota, eastern Nebraska
and Kansas, the Indian Territory and eastern Texas, along the mountain ranges of western Texas, south-
ern New Mexico, and Arizona, and on those of Mexico and the Pacific regions of Central America, Co-
lombia, and Peru. In the United States Prunus serotina grows usually in rich moist soil, and was once
common in all the Appalachian region, where, associated with the White Oak, the White Ash, the Blue
Ash, the Sugar Maple, the Yellow Buckeye, the Hickories, and the Black Birch, it was an important
element of the forest, reaching its greatest size and beauty on the slopes of the high Alleghany Moun-
tains from West Virginia to Georgia and Alabama; sometimes it grows on light sandy soil, and it may
be found on the rocky cliffs of the New England coast within reach of the spray of the ocean; in the
coast region of the southern states it is nowhere common, and does not attain a large size; and in the
southwest it is confined to the bottoms of mountain cafions, at elevations between five thousand and
seven thousand feet about the level of the sea, and rarely grows to a greater height than twenty or
thirty feet.’
Prunus serotina is one of the most valuable timber trees of the American forests. The wood is
light, strong, and rather hard, with a close straight grain and a satiny surface susceptible of receiving a
beautiful polish ; it is light brown or red, with thin yellow sapwood composed of ten or twelve layers of
1 Brunet, Cat. Pl. Can. 43.—Delamare, Renauld & Cardot, Fl.
Miquelon. 18. — Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. i. 126, 513.
? Botanists have usually considered the Mexican Cherry-tree a
distinct species, but it is impossible to find essential characters to
distinguisl’ it from the northern species with which it is connected
geographically through Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. The
leaves of the Mexican tree are often narrowly lanceolate and acu-
minate, but this character is by no means constant, and leaves of a
similar form are not uncommon on northern trees. The persistent
calyx-lobes which distinguish Prunus serotina from the other species
of the section Padus are found on the southern as well as on the
northern trees. The synonymy of the Mexican Cherry-tree is as fol-
lows : —
Prunus salicifolia, Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nov. Gen. et
Spec. vi. 241, t. 563. — Kunth, Syn. Pl. Zquin. iii. 481. — Sprengel,
Syst. ii, 478. — Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. i. 868.
Cerasus Capollin, De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 589.— Don, Gen. Syst.
ii. 515. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 713, £. 420. — Bentham, Pl. Hart-
weg. 10.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 412. —Gray, Smithsonian
Contrib. v. 54 (Pl. Wright. ii.).
Cerasus salicifolia, De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 540, — Spach, Hist.
Veg. i. 422. — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 516.
Cerasus Capuli, Seringe ; De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 541, — Don,
Gen. Syst. ii. 516.— Spach, Hist. Véq. i. 422.
Prunus Capuli, Cavanilles ; Sprengel, Syst. ii. 477. — Schlechten-
dal, Linnea, xiii. 89, 404. — Koch, Dendr. i. 123.— Hemsley, Bot..
Biol. Am. Cent. i. 367. — Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 352.
Prunus Capulin, Zuccarini, Abhand. Akad. Miinch. ii. 345, t. 8. —
Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 87.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv.
62, — Rusby, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix. 53.
Prunus Canadensis, Mocino & Sessé, Pl. Mex. Icon. ined.
Laurocerasus salicifolia, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 89.
Prunus salicifolia, var. acutifolia, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 411.
As is generally the case with individual trees grown in dry cli-
mates, the wood of the New Mexican Cherry is considerably heavier
than the average of several specimens from trees which had grown
in other parts of the United States, the specific gravity of the
absolutely dry wood being 0.7879, and a cubic foot weighing 49.10
pounds. The Mexican Cherry is supposed to be an inhabitant of
French gardens (Rev. Hort. 1884, 111; 1891, 62, f. 19, 20; 196. —
Lavallée, Arb. Segrez. 115, t. 34), but as the plants which resemble
in every respect the Wild Cherries of the east are perfectly hardy
in the neighborhood of Paris and in the Arnold Arboretum, which
received them from France, they are probably of more northern
origin than the French horticulturists believe. In the elevated
regions of western South America the Mexican Cherry is occasion-
ally planted as a fruit-tree in the neighborhood of dwellings (Ed.
André, L’Amérique Equinoxiale [Le Tour du Monde, xxxiv. 46]).
ROSACER. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. Any)
annual growth, but grows darker with exposure to the air. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry
wood is 0.5822, a cubic foot weighing 36.28 pounds; the wood of no other North American tree is
better colored or more valuable for cabinet-making and the fine interior finish of houses, and the great
demand for it for these purposes has caused the destruction of the largest and best trees in all parts of
the country.
The bark of the Wild Cherry, which contains the bitter principle * peculiar to plants of this genus,
yields hydrocyanie acid when steeped in cold water, and, especially that of the branches and roots, is
much employed in medicine for infusions, syrups, and fluid extracts, which are used as tonics and seda-
tives in the treatment of pulmonary consumption and nervous debility? The ripe fruit is used domesti-
cally to flavor alcoholic liquors; and under the name of capulinos it is sold in the markets of Mexico
and Central America, where it is eaten fresh or preserved, and is fermented and manufactured into
a liquor similar to kirschwasser.*
The records of several early voyagers to the New World mention the Wild Cherry,‘ and, being
established in English gardens before 1629, as John Parkinson records in his Paradisi in Sole Paradi-
sus terrestris, it was one of the first American trees cultivated in Europe.®
With its tall massive trunk, lustrous foliage, abundant and graceful inflorescence, and handsome
fruit, the Wild Cherry is one of the stateliest and most beautiful trees of the eastern woods; and its
hardiness and ability to thrive under varied climatic conditions and in different soils, its rapid growth,
and the value of the timber it produces, commend it to the attention of the planters of forests.
1 Procter, Am. Jour. Pharm. iv. 197. — Perot, Am. Jour. Pharm.
xxiv. 750.
? B.S. Barton, Coll. ed. 3, 11, pt. ii. 51.— Griffith, Med. Bot.
288. — Carson, Med. Bot. i. 41, t. 35.— Bentley, Pharm. Jour. v.
97.—Gobley, Jour. Pharm. et Chim. xv. 40.—Guibourt, Hist.
Drog. ed. 7. iti. 317.— Flickiger & Hanbury, Pharmacographia,
224.— U. S. Dispens. ed. 14, 749. — Nat. Dispens. ed. 2, 1177. —
Bentley & Trimen, Med. Pl. ii. 97, t. 97. — Laurence Johnson,
Man. Med. Bot. N. A. 135, £. 122. —Maisch, Organic Mat. Med. ed.
4, 184.
8 Hamelin, Rev. Hort. 1884, 111.
4 «Tt naturally yeelds mulberry-trees, cherry-trees, vines aboun-
dance ; goosberyes, strawberyes, hurtleberyes, respesses.”’ (A Re-
latyon of the discovery of our river from James Forte into the Maine ;
made by Capt. Christopher Newport, and seveerely written and observed
by a gentleman of the colony. Archeologia Americana, iv. 61 [1607].)
De Capolin, seu Ceraso dulci Indica, Francisco Hernandez, Hist.
Pi. Nov. Hisp. ed. Madrid, 1790, ii. lib. vi. cap. Lxxviii.
De Capolin seu ceraso dulci, Nieremberg, Hist. Nat. lib. xv. cap.
xxi. 343 (cum icone, p. 344).
“The indigenous fruits consist . . . of mulberries, plums, but
not many, medlars, wild cherries.” (Representation from New-
Nether-Land, concerning the Situation, Fruitfulness, and poor Condition
of the same. English ed. Henry C. Murphy, 15.)
“ Wild Cherry, they grow in clusters like Grapes, of the same
bigness, blackish red when ripe, and of a harsh taste.” (Josselyn,
New England’s Rarities, 61.)
5 Laurea Cerasus, sive laurus Virginiana, the Virginian Bay or
Cherry Bay, 599, t., £. 6.
Cerasus racemosa, foliis Amygdalinis, Americana, Plukenet, Phyt. t.
158, £.4; Alm. Bot. 95.
Cerasus sylvestris, fructu nigricante in racemis longis pendulis Phyto-
lacce: instar congestis, Clayton, Fl. Virgin. 54,— Royen, Fi. Leyd.
Prodr. 537. — Duhamel, Traité des Arbres, i. 148.
® Sargent, Rep. Sec. Board Agric. Mass. xxv. 269. — Naudin, Man-
uel de l’ Acclimateur, 198.
AS See CE
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Prats CLIX. Prunus sEROTINA.
A flowering branch, natural size.
Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
A fruiting branch, natural size.
Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.
. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged.
A stone, enlarged.
Portion of a leafy branch showing stipules, natural size.
A winter branchlet, natural size.
piwa of North America. Tak. CEES:
C.E.Fazxon del. Preart fr. so.
PRUNUS SEROTINA. Ehrh.
A.Riocreux direx! Imp Rh. Taneur, Paris.
ROSACEA,
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 49
PRUNUS CAROLINIANA.
Wild Orange.
Mock Orange.
CALYx-LoBEs rounded at the apex, with undulate margins. Stone broadly ovate,
cylindrical.
Prunus Caroliniana, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 163. — Willde-
now, Spec. ii. pt. ii. 987. — Poiret, Lam. Dict. v. 667. —
Persoon, Syn. ii. 34. — Desfontaines, Hist. Ard. ii. 203. —
Nuttall, Gen. i. 302.— Sprengel, Newe Hntd. i. 304;
Syst. ti. 478. — Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 71.— Elliott, Sz. i.
540.— Audubon, Birds, t. 159, 190. — Schlechtendal,
Linnea, xiii. 89. — Dietrich, Syn. iii. 43. — Chapman,
Fil. 120. — Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii.
57.— Koch, Dendr. i. 124. — Sargent, Forest Trees N.
Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 69.
Padus Caroliniana, Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No. 6.
Padus Carolina, Du Roi, Harbk. Baumz. ii. 198.
Prunus-Lauro-Cerasus serratifolia, Marshall,
Am. 114.
Prunus Lusitanica, Walter, #7. Car. 146 (not Linneus).
Arbust.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire or rarely remotely spinulose-serrate.
Prunus Lusitanica, var. serratifolia, Castiglioni, Viag.
negli Stati Uniti, ii. 340.
Cerasus Caroliniana, Michaus, 77. Bor.-Am. i. 285. —
Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, v. 582. — Nouveau
Duhamel, vy. 5. — Michaux, Hist. Arb. Am. iii. 156,
t. 7. — De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 540.— Don, Gen. Syst.
ii. 516. — Spach, Hist. Vég. i. 420. — Loudon, Arb. Brit.
ii. 720, £. 423. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 411.
Prunus sempervirens, Willdenow, Znum. Suppl. 33.
? Bumelia serrata, Pursh, F7. Am. Sept. i. 155. — Roemer
& Schultes, Syst. iv. 498.
? Achras serrata, Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. v. 36.
Chimanthus amygdalina, Rafinesque, fl. Ludovic. 26.
Laurocerasus Caroliniana, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii.
90.
A tree, thirty to forty feet in height, with a straight or inclining trunk sometimes ten or twelve
inches in diameter, and small horizontal branches forming a rather narrow oblong or sometimes a
broadly spreading head. The bark of the trunk is an eighth of an inch thick, and smooth or slightly.
roughened by narrow longitudinal ridges, and is gray, with large irregular dark blotches. The branches
are glabrous and marked by occasional pale lenticels, slightly angled, at first light green, then bright
red, and in their second season light brown or gray. The buds are acuminate, an eighth of an inch
long, and covered with narrow-pointed dark chestnut-brown scales rounded on the back. The leaves,
which are persistent on the branches until their second year, are oblong-lanceolate, acuminate and
mucronate, with entire thickened slightly revolute margins, or are rarely remotely spinulose-serrate ;
they are glabrous, coriaceous, and obscurely veined, with narrow pale midribs deeply grooved on the
upper side, dark green and lustrous on the upper, and paler on the lower surface, two to four and a
half inches long, and three quarters of an inch to an inch and a half broad, and are borne on stout
broad orange-colored channeled petioles. The stipules are foliaceous, lanceolate-acuminate, and early
deciduous. The flowers appear from February to April and are produced, in dense racemes shorter
than the leaves, on slender club-shaped pedicels from the axils of long acuminate scarious red-tipped
bracts; these mostly fall some time before the opening of the flowers, which are cream-colored, and
have a narrow obconic calyx-tube with small thin rounded deciduous lobes undulate on the margins
and reflexed after anthesis, minute erect boat-shaped petals, exserted orange-colored stamens with gla-
brous filaments, large pale anthers, and a glabrous pistil and club-shaped stigma. The fruit ripens in
the autumn and remains on the branches until after the flowering period of the following year; it
is oblong, short-pointed, black, and lustrous, and half an inch long, with a thick skin, thin dry flesh,
and a broadly ovate pointed cylindrical stone which has an obscure or rudimentary ridge on the ventral
margin, and thin fragile walls. The coat of the seed is thin and papery and dark red-brown like the
cotyledons which inclose the short radicle.
Prunus Caroliniana inhabits the southern eoast region, and is distributed from the valley of the
50 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEA.
Cape Fear River to the shores of Bay Biscayne and the valley of the Kissimmee River in Florida, and
through southern Alabama, Missouri, and Louisiana to the valley of the Guadaloupe River in Texas. It
grows in deep rich humid bottom-lands, reaching its greatest size in the valleys of eastern Texas, where
it often forms nearly impenetrable thickets of considerable size; in the eastern Gulf and Atlantic states
it is nowhere common and is confined to the islands and the immediate neighborhood of the sea, rarely
penetrating inland more than fifteen or twenty miles.
The wood of Prunus Caroliniana is heavy, hard, strong, and close-grained ; it is light red-brown
or sometimes rich dark brown, with thick lighter colored sapwood, a satiny surface susceptible of receiy-
ing a beautiful polish, and many thin medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood
is 0.8688, a cubic foot weighing 54.14 pounds.
Prunus Caroliniana contains hydrocyanic acid in considerable quantities, and the partially with-
ered leaves and young branches have proved fatal to animals browsing upon them.+
Prunus Caroliniana was first described by Mark Catesby in his Natural History of Carolina,
published in 1731, and was first cultivated in Europe in the Physic Garden at Chelsea by Philip Miller,
who received it from Catesby in 1759.
The beauty of the foliage* of the Mock Orange, its early and abundant flowers, and the rapidity
of its growth, make it a favorite garden plant in the southern states, where it has been used from early
times to decorate the neighborhood of dwellings, and to form hedges, for which purpose it is well
adapted by its rigid leaves and its power of withstanding the effects of annual prunings.°
1 Elliott, Sk. i. 540. which grows about 30 feet high in S. Carolina, and from the
2 Ligustrum Lauri folio, fructu violaceo, i. 61, t. 61. beauty of its evergreen shining leaves is called the Mock-orange ;
Padus foliis | latis acute denticulatis sempervirentibus, Miller, the fruit of this steeped in brandy makes a fine flavoured ratafie.”
Dict. ed. 7, No. 6. (Stork, An Account of East Florida, Bartram’s Journal, 9, note.)
8 Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 163. 5 Porcher, Resources of Southern Fields and Forests, 171. — Nau-
4 “There is an evergreen sort of this Bird or Cluster-cherry din, Manuel de ?Acclimateur, 197.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Puatze CLX. Prunus CaRouiniana.
A flowering and fruiting branch, natural size.
A flower, enlarged.
Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.
Cross section of a fruit, natural size.
An embryo, enlarged.
Vertical section of a portion of the embryo, showing the radicle, enlarged.
. A stone, enlarged.
oo See
. The inflorescence before anthesis, showing the bracts, natural size.
. A spinulose-toothed leaf, natural size.
iy
i=)
Silva of North America. , 7 . | Tab CLS.
C.E Faxon del. Pwart fr. s¢.
PRUNUS CAROLINIANA, Ait.
A.Riocreux direx ! Imp. R.Taneur, Paris.
ROSACEZ.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
51
PRUNUS SPHASROCARPA.
CALYX-LOBES acute, with laciniate margins. Stone globose. fleas elliptical to
oblong-ovate, entire.
Prunus spherocarpa, Swartz, Prodr. 81; Fl. Ind. Occ.
ii. 927. — Willdenow, Spee. ii. pt. ii. 987. — Poiret, Lam.
Dict. v. 666. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 84.— Lunan, Hort.
276. — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 516. — Dietrich,
Syn. iii. 43. — Sprengel, Syst. ii. 478; iv. pt. ii. 406.—
Schlechtendal, Linnea, xiii. 87. — Walpers, Rep. ii. 10. —
Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 231.— Hooker f. Martius
Jam. ii.
endal, Linnea, ii. 542.— Loudon, Ard. Brit. ii. 721. —
Bot. Mag. t. 3141.— Spach, Hist. Vég. i. 421.
Prunus Brasiliensis, Steudel, Nom. Bot.
Cerasus Brasiliensis, Chamisso & Schlechtendal, Linnea,
ii. 540.
Cerasus reflexa, Gardner, Lond. Jowr. Bot. ii. 342.
Laurocerasus spheerocarpa, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii.
Fl. Brasil. xiv. pt. ii. 55, t. 19. — Sauvalle, F2. Oud. 89.
36. — Chapman, ZV. ed. 2, Suppl. 620.—Sargent, Forest Laurocerasus sphzerocarpa, @. Brasiliensis, Roemer,
Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 70. Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 89.
Cerasus spheerocarpa, Loiseleur, Nowveau Duhamel, y. Prunus pleuradenia, Grisebach, FU. Brit. W. Ind. 231.
4, — De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 540. — Chamisso & Schlecht-
A small glabrous tree, in Florida rarely exceeding twenty-five to thirty feet in height, with a
trunk five or six mches in diameter covered with thin smooth or slightly reticulate-fissured light brown
bark timged with red, and slender upright branches and branchlets. These, when they first appear,
are orange-brown but become ashy gray or light brown tinged with red, and are covered with small
circular pale lenticels. The leaves are elliptical to oblong-ovate, gradually or abruptly contracted into
broad obtuse points or less commonly rounded or rarely emarginate at the apex, wedge-shaped at the
base, entire, with slightly thickened undulate margins, eglandular, obscurely veined, with narrow mid-
ribs deeply grooved on the upper side; they are persistent, subcoriaceous, yellow-green and lustrous on
the upper, and paler on the lower surface, two to four and a half inches long and an inch to an inch
and a half broad, and are borne on slender orange-brown petioles which vary from one half of an inch
to nearly an inch in length. The stipules are foliaceous, lanceolate-acuminate, entire, a quarter of an
inch long, and early deciduous. The flowers are produced in slender many-flowered racemes shorter
than the leaves and ebracteolate at the flowering period, and in Florida appear in November; they are
one eighth of an inch across and are borne on slender orange-colored pedicels which stand remotely on
the rachis and vary from one fourth to two thirds of an inch in length. The calyx-tube is obconic,
bright orange-colored on the outer surface, and marked by an orange band in the throat, with thin
minute acute deciduous lobes laciniate on the margins and much shorter than the petals, which are
obovate, rounded, or acuminate above, contracted below into short claws, and reflexed at maturity, and
are white marked with yellow on the inner surface towards the base. The stamens are exserted, and
have slender orange-colored subulate filaments and small yellow anthers. The ovary is ovoid and
contracted into a short stout style crowned with a large club-shaped stigma. The fruit, which in
Florida is produced very sparingly and ripens either in the sprig or early summer, is subglobose to
oblong, apiculate, orange-brown, and from one third to one half of an inch long, with thin dry flesh
adherent to the thin-walled fragile stone which is obscurely ridged on the ventral edge. The seed is
pointed at the apex, with a thin dark orange-colored testa and thick cotyledons inclosing the short
radicle.
Prunus spherocarpa is found in the United States only near the shore of Bay Biscayne, where,
west of the Miami River on rich hummock-land, it grows as a slender tree in a dense forest principally
composed of the Mastic, the Gumbo Limbo, the Pigeon Plum, and the Florida Fig-tree, and occasionally
52 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACER.
on low ground near the borders of small streams and ponds. It is not rare in the West Indies, and is
widely distributed through Brazil.
The wood of Prunus spherocarpa is heavy, hard, and close-grained, with obscure medullary rays
and numerous minute open ducts, and is light clear red, with thick pale sapwood. The specific gravity
of the absolutely dry wood is 0.8998, a cubic foot weighing 56.08 pounds. The fruit is used in the
West Indies in the preparation of a cordial.’
Prunus spherocarpa was first found in Florida in 1877 by Dr. A. P. Garber.”
1 Bot. Mag. t. 3141. — Rosenthal, Syn. Pl. Diaphor. 979. 2 See i. 65.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Puate CLXI. Prunus sPH#ROCARPA.
1. A flowering branch, natural size.
2. Vertical section of a flower just expanded, enlarged.
3. A fruiting branch, natural size.
4. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.
5. A seed, enlarged.
6. Part of a young leafy shoot showing stipules, natural size.
Silva of North America. . Tab. GOAL.
7 Pieart fr. se.
CE. Faxon det. weart fr. se
PRUNUS SPHAROCARPA, Sw.
A.Riocreux direa® Imp. R.Taneur Parws.
ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 53
PRUNUS ILICIFOLIA.
Islay.
CALYX-LOBES acute, entire. Stone ovate, slightly compressed. Leaves ovate to
lanceolate-acuminate, coarsely spinosely toothed or rarely entire.
‘Prunus ilicifolia, Walpers, Rep. ii. 10.— Dietrich, Syn. Beechey, 340, t. 83. — Torrey & Gray, #7. N. Am. i. 411. —
iii. 43. — Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 63; Bot. Nuttall, Sylva, ii. 16, t. 47. —Torrey, Zmory’s Rep. 139;
Wilkes Explor. Exped. 285.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. Pacific R. R. Rep. iv. 83. — Walpers, Ann. iv. 654. —
Cal. i. 168 ; ii. 448. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Kellogg, Proc. Cal. Acad. ii. 22. — Bolander, Proc. Cal.
Census U.S. ix. 70. — Greene, Fl. Francis. 50. Acad. iii. 79; iv. 22. — The Garden, iii. 131, f.
‘Cerasus ilicifolia, Nuttall; Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Voy. Laurocerasus ilicifolia, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 92.
A glabrous tree, twenty to thirty feet in height, with a short trunk rarely attainmg a diameter of
two feet or rising to a greater height than ten or twelve feet, and stout spreading branches forming a
dense compact head; usually much smaller, and often a shrub with stems sometimes only a foot or
two in length. The bark of the trunk, which varies from one third to one half of an inch in thickness,
is dark red-brown, its surface divided by deep fissures into small square plates. The branchlets are at
first yellow-green or orange-colored but soon become gray or reddish brown, and are more or less con-
spicuously marked by minute pale lenticels, and, in their second or third year, by the large leaf-scars
left by the falling of the leaves. The buds are acuminate, with narrow dark red scales contracted into
long slender points, those of the inner ranks being accrescent and persistent on the young shoots until
these have obtained a length of several inches. The leaves are ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute, rounded
or emargiaate at the apex, wedge-shaped and rounded or truncate at the base, and very obscurely
veined, with thickened margins coarsely spinosely toothed, the stout teeth near the base of the leaf
often tipped with large dark glands; they are thick and coriaceous, dark green and lustrous on the
upper, and paler and yellow-green on the lower surface, an inch to two and a half inches long, and an
inch to an inch and a half broad, with slender yellow midribs grooved on the upper side; they are
borne on broad channeled petioles from one eighth to one half of an inch in length, and fall during
their second summer. The stipules are acuminate, obscurely denticulate, a quarter of an inch long, and
early deciduous. The flowers, which are produced in slender racemes an inch and a half to three inches
in length, on short slender pedicels developed from the axils of acuminate scarious bracts a quarter
of an inch in length and mostly deciduous before the opening of the flower-buds, are a third of an
inch across and appear from March to May. The calyx-tube is cup-shaped and orange-brown, with
minute acuminate deciduous lobes reflexed at maturity and about one third as long as the obovate
white petals which are rounded above and narrowed below into short claws. The stamens are slightly —
exserted, with slender incurved filaments which taper from below upwards, and minute yellow anthers.
The ovary is glabrous and abruptly contracted into a slender style usually bent near the summit at a
right angle, or rarely erect, and surmounted with a large orbicular stigma. The fruit, which ripens in
November and December, is subglobose, often compressed, from one half to two thirds of an inch in
diameter, dark red when first fully grown, and purple or sometimes nearly black at maturity ; the flesh
is thin, with a slightly acid astringent and agreeable flavor, and is easily separable from the stone.
This is ovate, slightly compressed, pointed at the apex, light yellow-brown, and conspicuously marked
with reticulate orange-colored vein-like lines, with three broad orange bands radiating from the base to
the apex along one suture, and with a single narrow band along the other suture ; the walls are thin
and brittle and are composed of two distinct coats, the inner being light yellow and lustrous on the
54 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEA.
interior surface. The seed coat is thin and papery, light brown, and conspicuously marked with broad
darker colored veins ; the cotyledons are orange-brown and inclose the short radicle.
A form, Prunus ilicifolia, var. integrifolia,’ common on some of the islands off the coast of Cali-
fornia and not rare on the mainland, has entire or occasionally spinose-serrate ovate-acuminate or
lanceolate-acuminate, or sometimes broadly ovate and abruptly acute leaves, apiculate at the apex, wedge-
shaped, rounded, or truncate at the base, two to three inches long, and from half an inch to two and
a half inches broad, and produces rather larger fruit than the more common form with spinosely toothed
leaves.
Prunus ilicifolia is distributed from the shores of the Bay of San Francisco southward through
the coast ranges to the San Julio canon in Lower California,? and it occurs on the western slopes and.
foothills of the San Bernardino, and on Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa Islands. It grows as a low shrub
on dry hillsides and mesas, or as a tree near streams in the bottoms of cations in moist sandy soil,
reaching its greatest size in those of the Santa Inez Mountains near Santa Barbara, on the islands, and.
in Lower California.
The wood of Prunus ilicifolia is heavy, hard, strong, and close-grained, with a satiny surface
susceptible of receiving a beautiful polish. It contains numerous medullary rays and many regularly
distributed small open ducts, and is light red-brown, with thin lighter colored sapwood composed of eight
or ten layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.9803, a cubic
foot weighing 61.09 pounds.’ It is sometimes used for fuel, and might be employed in cabinet-making.
Prunus Wicifolia appears to have been first noticed by David Douglas‘ who discovered it on the
mountains near Monterey ; it was next found by Thomas Nuttall,> whose description is the earliest that
was published. It was introduced into Europe many years ago, and is now occasionally seen in the
gardens of southern Europe,’ where it flowers and produces fruit abundantly, and in California is some-
times cultivated as an ornamental plant and for hedges."
Few of the broad-leaved evergreens of North America are more beautiful than the Islay,° or are
better suited to adorn a garden in those parts of the world where the climate permits it to display all
the beauties of its abundant lustrous foliage, its showy racemes of flowers, and its handsome fruit. Its
rapid growth when planted in good soil,’ the vigor which enables it to withstand the effects of annual
cutting, and its spinescent rigid foliage, make it a useful and interesting hedge plant.”
1 Prunus iicifolia, var. integrifolia, Sudworth, Garden and Forest, there. In 1850 it was seen by Herincq in the nurseries of Thibaut
iv. 51.
Prunus occidentalis, W.S. Lyon, Bot. Gazette, xi. 202, 333 (not
Swartz). — Greene, Bull. Cal. Acad. ii. 395.
Prunus ilicifolia, var. occidentalis, T. S. Brandegee, Proc. Cal.
Acad. ser. 2, i. 209.— Sargent, Garden and Forest, ii. 400.
2 Mr. T. S. Brandegee found the entire-leaved form of Prunus
ilicifolia growing in the San Julio cafion at the southern limit of its
known range in a tree-like form with trunks more than a foot in
diameter (J. ¢. ii. 121 [Pl. Baja Cal.]).
8 The absolutely dry wood of a log of the entire-leaved form in
the Jesup Collection of North American Woods in the American
Museum of Natural History in New York, collected by Mr. T. S.
Brandegee on Santa Cruz Island, has a specific gravity of 0.7997, a
cubic foot weighing 49.84 pounds (Garden and Forest, iii. 344).
4 See ii. 94.
5 See ii. 34.
° I find no record of the date of introduction of Prunus ilicifolia
into Europe, or of the name of the first person who cultivated it
& Keteléer near Paris (Rev. Hort. 1850, 246), and five years later:
it was included in the list of plants which perished in the garden
of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris during the severe
winter of 1854-55 (Rev. Hort. 1855, 313). It had been intro-
duced into England before 1853 by the Royal Horticultural Society
(Paxton, Brit. Fl. Gard. iii. 44, £. 254).
7 The early Spanish settlers in California appreciated the beauty
of Prunus iicifolia, and frequently used it to decorate their gar-
dens ; and in those of some of the old missions, fine specimens,
probably a hundred years old, testify to its value as an ornamental
plant.
8 Prunus ilicifolia is also known in California as the Spanish Wild
Cherry and the Mountain Evergreen Cherry.
® Plants in the nurseries of the Leland Stanford, Jr. University
in Santa Clara County, California, which are only three years old,
are eighteen feet high with heads fifteen feet in diameter.
10 Nicholson, Dict. Gard. £. 403, A. (as Cerasus). — Naudin,
Manuel de VAcclimateur, 445 (as Pygeum).
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Prats CLXII. PRunvs ILIcIFOLIA.
1. A flowering branch, natural size.
2. Vertical section of a flower just expanded, enlarged.
3. A fruiting branch, natural size.
4. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.
5. A stone, natural size.
6. An embryo, natural size.
Prats CLXII. Prunus WiIciFOLIA, vai. INTEGRIFOLIA.
ic)
A flowering branch, natural size.
. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
. A fruiting branch, natural size.
. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.
OF Whe
and 6. Leaves, showing variation.
Silva of North America. 3 - | Tab. CLXII.
C.E Faxon det. Powcart fr tes.
PRUNUS ILICIFOLIA , Walp.
~A Riocreux direx © limp. R. Taneur, Paris +
Silva of North America.
Tab, CLA
C
9
e
ir)
Yo QQ
ey) XO
a, Soe,
Ce
Preart fr sc.
CE. Fazon det. wart fP.sc
PRUNUS ILICIFOLIA, Var .INTEGRIFOLIA. Sudworth.
ROSACER.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 57
VAUQUELINIA.
FLOWERS regular, perfect ; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes valvate in estivation ; petals 5
imbricated in estivation ; stamens 15 to 25; carpels 5, united into a 5-celled ovary;
ovules 2 in each cell, ascending. Fruit a dry 5-celled woody capsule. Leaves simple.
Vauquelinia, Correa; Humboldt & Bonpland, Pl. Hquin.
i. 140. — Meisner, Gen. 103. — Endlicher, Gen. 1249. —
Bentham & Hooker, Gen. i. 615. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. i.
472.
Small trees or shrubs, with slender terete branches and scaly bark. Leaves alternate or rarely
opposite, lanceolate, serrate, long-petiolate, reticulate-vened, coriaceous, persistent ; stipules minute,
deciduous. Flowers white, in compound terminal corymbs, the lower branches of the inflorescence from
the axils of leaves, the upper from those of minute deciduous bracts. Pedicels slender, bibracteo-
late. Calyx shortly turbinate, coriaceous, persistent, five-lobed, the lobes ovate, obtuse or acute, erect.
Disk connate to and lining the tube of the calyx, glandular. Petals five, inserted in the mouth of the
Stamens fifteen to twenty-five, inserted on
the margin of the disk in three or four proximate rows, equal or subequal, those of the outer row para-
petalous, those of the next alternate with them and with those of the other rows; filaments subulate,
those of the outer row rather thicker at the base than the others, exserted, persistent; anthers attached
on the back near the middle, versatile, extrorse, two-celled, the cells opening longitudinally. Carpels
five, opposite the sepals, inserted on the thickened base of the calyx-tube, united below into a five-celled
ovoid ovary coated with tomentum and crowned by five short spreading styles with dilated capitate
stigmas; ovules two in each cell, subbasilar, ascending, collateral, anatropous, two-coated, prolonged
calyx, orbicular or oblong, reflexed at maturity, persistent.
at the apex into thin membranaceous wings; raphe ventral, micropyle superior. Fruit a woody ovoid
five-celled tomentose capsule inclosed at the base by the remnants of the flower and separating at
maturity into five nutlets adherent below, tipped with the remnants of the styles, and at maturity split-
ting longitudinally down the back. Seeds two im each cell, ascending, compressed, exalbuminous ; testa
membranaceous, expanded at the apex into a long membranaceous wing. Embryo filling the cavity of
the seed; cotyledons flat; radicle straight, erect.
Vauquelinia is confined to the New World, where it inhabits southern Mexico, northern Mexico,
Arizona, and Lower California. Three species are distinguished. The type of the genus, Vauquelinia
corymbosa; is a small tree widely distributed from the mountains of Oaxaca to those of Coahuila and
Chihuahua ; Vauquelinia Karwinskyi, described as a shrub, inhabits southern Mexico, and Vauque-
linia Californica the mountain ranges of southern Arizona and the adjacent portions of Sonora and
Lower California. The genus is not known to possess properties useful to man.
The generic name commemorates the scientific labors of the distinguished French chemist, Louis
Nicolas Vauquelin.?
1 Correa ; Humboldt & Bonpland, Pl. Aquin. i. 140, t. 40. —
Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nov. Gen. et Spec. vi. 238. — Kunth,
Syn. Pl. Ziquin. iii. 479. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. i. 398, £. 452-455. —
Maximowicz, Act. Hort. Petrop. vi. 236 (Adnot. Spireaceis, 132).—
Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. i. 370. — Pringle, Garden and For-
est, i. 524.
2 Maximowicz, l. ¢.
3 Louis Nicolas Vauquelin (1763-1829) ; a native of Saint-An-
dré-des-Berteaux, after a youth of much privation, became the pupil
and later the associate of Foureroy, with whom he published the
results of many of his early investigations and through whom he
obtained the position of inspector of mines, and professorships in
V’Ecole des Mines, in VP’ Beole Polytechnique, and in the Collége de
France. He became a member of the Institut de France, direc-
tor of Ecole de Pharmacie, professor of chemistry in the Mu-
séum d’Histoire Naturelle, and a member of the Conseil des Arts
et Manufactures. In addition to many papers printed in the Pro-
ceedings of learned societies, Wenge who was regarded as one
of the most distinguished in physics and chemistry
of his time, published Le Moa @Essayeur and edited the Dic-
tionnaire de Chimie et de Métallurgie which formed part of the En-
cyclopédie Methodique.
ROSACER. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 59
VAUQUELINIA CALIFORNICA.
Leaves narrowly lanceolate, coated on the lower surface with white tomentum.
Vauquelinia Californica, Sargent, Garden and Forest, ii. Wauquelinia Torreyi, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 147.—
400. Brewer & Watson, Bot. Cal. i. 169. — Maximowicz, Act.
Spirea Californica, Torrey, Hmory’s Rep. 140. Hort. Petrop. vi. 237 (Adnot. Spireaceis, 133). — Hems-
Vauquelinia corymbosa, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. ley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. i. 370. — Sargent, Forest Trees
64 (not Correa). NV. Am. 10th Census U. 8. ix. 70.
A small tree, eighteen or twenty feet in height, with a slender often hollow trunk five or six inches
in diameter, and rigid upright contorted branches ; or more often a low shrub. The bark of the trunk
is a sixteenth of an inch thick, with a dark red-brown surface broken into small thin square plate-like
persistent scales. The branches are at first bright reddish brown and more or less thickly covered with
pale tomentum ; and in their second year are light brown or gray and marked with large elevated leaf-
sears. The leaves are narrowly lanceolate, acuminate or rarely rounded at the apex, obliquely wedge-
shaped or slightly rounded at the base, and remotely serrate with minute glandular teeth; when they
unfold they are puberulous on the upper, and densely tomentose on the lower surface, and at maturity
are coriaceous, bright yellow-green and glabrous on the upper, and tomentose, or late in the season
puberulous, below; they are from an inch and a half to three inches long, and from one quarter to one
half of an inch broad, with thick conspicuous midribs grooved on the upper side, and numerous thin
primary veins connected by reticulate veinlets, and are borne on thick channeled petioles from one third
to one half of an inch in length, and fall in spring or early summer. ‘The stipules are minute, acute,
and early deciduous. The flowers, which appear in June, are a quarter of an inch in diameter and are
produced in great numbers in loose wide-branched panicles two or three inches across and coated with
white tomentum ; they vary from those of the type of the genus only in their slightly oblong petals
and the pilose inner surface of the disk. The fruit, which is fully grown by the end of August, is then
conspicuous on account of the contrast between the bright red faded petals and the white silky cover-
ing of the calyx and carpels; it is a quarter of an inch long, and remains on the branches after open-
ing until the spring of the following year. The seed is a twelfth of an inch in length, or one third as
long as the oblong wing.
Vauquelinia Californica inhabits the mountain ranges of southern Arizona and those of Sonora
and Lower California,’ but has not been seen with the habit of a tree except on the Santa Catalina
Mountains of Arizona; here at an elevation of some five thousand feet above the level of the sea it
reaches its largest size in rich granite soil baked by the direct rays of the sun, growing on the bottoms
or rocky sides of gulches, or often on grassy slopes and chiefly associated with Quercus grisea and
Quercus oblongifolia ; and towards the base of these mountains is common in a shrubby form with
Celtis pallida, Fendlera rupicola, Fouquieria splendens, and Rhamnus Purshiana.
The wood of Vauquelinia Californica is very heavy, hard, and close-grained, and is susceptible of
receiving a beautiful polish. It contains numerous thin medullary rays, and is dark rich brown streaked
with red, with thin yellow sapwood composed of fourteen or fifteen layers of annual growth. The
specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 1.1374, a cubic foot weighing 70.88 pounds.”
Vauquelinia Californica was discovered in October, 1846, by a detachment of United States troops
1 T. S. Brandegee, Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. 2, ii, 154 (Pl. Baja Cal.). American Woods in the American Museum of Natural History in
2 The stems of Vauquelinia Californica increase very slowly in New York, which is only seven inches in diameter, with one hun-
diameter“as shown by the specimen in the Jesup Collection of North dred and four layers of annual growth.
60
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
ROSACEA.
under command of Colonel William H. Emory,‘ on one of the mountain ranges near the head-waters of
the Gila River.
The snowy whiteness of the under surface of its leaves and the abundance of its flowers make
Vauquelinia Californica an attractive and beautiful plant well worth a place in the gardens of all dry
temperate regions.
1 William Hemsley Emory (1811-1887) was born in Queen
Anne County, Maryland, and was graduated from the military
academy at West Point in 1831, when he was appointed a second.
lieutenant of artillery. He resigned from the army in 1836 in
order to practice civil engineering, but two years later was reap-
pointed with the grade of first lieutenant of topographical engi-
Emory served with distinction in California and in the
Mexican War, and on the conclusion of peace was named astronomer
to the ission for establishing the boundary between the United
States and Mexico, and afterwards became a member of this com-
He fought gallantly in the War of the Rebellion and ob-
neers.
mission.
tained the rank of major-g 1 of volunt He is the author
of Notes of a Military Ri Srom Fort L th in Mis-
souri to San Diego in California, published in Washington in 1848 ;
of Notes of Travel in California, published in New York in 1848, and
of the Report of the United States and Mexican Boundary Commis-
sion, published in Washington in 1857.
Emorya, a shrub of New Mexico and Arizona, dedicated to him
by Torrey, comthemorates General Emory’s active and intelligent
interest in increasing the knowledge of plants, and connects his
name with the scenes of his scientific labors.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Puate CLXIV. Vavuquetinia CALiFORNICA.
is
SO St oe
BRP
a el
. A flowering branch, natural size.
Diagram of a flower
A flower, enlarged.
Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
A stamen, enlarged.
A pistil, enlarged.
An ovule, much magnified.
A fruiting branch, natural size.
A fruit, enlarged.
A fruit, after the splitting open of the carpels, enlarged.
Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.
. A seed, enlarged.
. An embryo, magnified.
Silva of North America: Tab, GLXIV.
CE. Faxon del. Part, fr SC.
VAUQUELINIA CALIFORNICA. Sarg
' ;
A. Riocreux direx® ‘ Limp. R.Taneur, Paris.
ROSACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 61
CERCOCARPUS.
FLowers perfect; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in estivation; petals 0;
stamens 15 to 30; carpel 1 or rarely 2. Fruit a linear-oblong akene tipped with the
accrescent persistent plumose style. Leaves alternate, simple, persistent.
Cercocarpus, Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nov. Gen. et 1245. — Bentham & Hooker, Gen. i. 618. — Baillon, Hist.
Spec. vi. 232. — Meisner, Gen. 105.— Endlicher, Ger. Pi. i. 468.
Trees or shrubs, with scaly bark, rigid terete branches, short lateral spur-like branchlets, and hard
heavy dark-colored wood. Buds minute, the scales of the inner rows accrescent on the growing shoots,
often colored. Leaves alternate, simple, entire or serrate, coriaceous, straight-veined, short-petiolate,
persistent ; stipules minute, adnate to the base of the petiole, deciduous. Flowers sessile or short-
pedicellate, solitary or fascicled, axillary or terminal. Calyx-tube cylindrical, long and pedicelliform,
abruptly expanded at the apex into a cup-shaped five-lobed deciduous limb. Disk thin, slightly glandu-
lar, adnate to the tube of the calyx. Stamens inserted in two or three rows on the limb of the calyx,
those of the outer row parasepalous and alternate with those of the inner rows; filaments incurved in
the bud, free, short, terete; anthers oblong, usually pubescent, attached on the back, introrse, two-
celled, the cells opening longitudinally, distinct, united by a broad connective. Ovary composed of a
single carpel, inserted in the bottom and included in the tube of the calyx, acute, terete, smooth, striate
or suleate, sericeous ; or rarely bicarpellate ; style terminal, filiform, villose, or glabrate, crowned with a
minute obtuse stigma; ovules solitary, subbasilar, ascending, anatropous; raphe dorsal, the micropyle
inferior. Akene linear-oblong, coriaceous, slightly ridged, angled, or sulcate, included in the persistent
tube of the calyx and surmounted by the long persistent plumose style, which in enlarging and length-
ening raises the limb of the calyx now separated near the apex of the tube by a circumscissile line.
Seeds solitary, linear-acute, erect, exalbuminous, the conspicuous hilum lateral above the oblique base ;
testa membranaceous. Embryo filling the cavity of the seed; cotyledons ovate-oblong, elongated,
fleshy ; radicle inferior.
Cercocarpus is confined to the dry interior and mountainous regions of North America. Three
species can be distinguished. The type of the genus, Cercocarpus fothergilloides,' inhabits the moun-
tains of southern Mexico; the others are small shrubby trees of the central and western parts of the
United States and of northern Mexico. The wood of all the species makes valuable fuel, and is
occasionally used in the manufacture of many small objects for domestic and industrial use.
The generic name, from xépxog and xapzdc, refers to the peculiar long-tailed fruit.
1 Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nov. Gen. et Spec. vi. 233, t. 589.— Baillon, Hist. Pl. i. 381, f. 436, 437. — Hemsley, Bot. Biol.
559.— Kunth, Syn. Pl. Ziquin. iii. 475.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii. Am. Cent. i. 373. — Engler & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. iii. 39, £. 17.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Leaves narrowly linear, entire . . . meet dct ish pip a a ene rial ad COL inh TROT TUES
Leaves cuneate-obovate, coarsely Beer ee Aes the middle. . «2.1.7... 2. ©. PARvimonius,
ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 63
CERCOCARPUS LEDIFOLIUS.
Mountain Mahogany.
LEAVES narrowly lanceolate, entire.
Cercocarpus ledifolius, Nuttall; Torrey & Gray, Fl. WN. Watson, Bot. Cal. i. 174. — Rothrock, Wheeler's Rep. vi.
Am. i. 427; Sylva, ii. 28, t. 51.— Hooker, Icon. iv. t. 48, 111, 360.— Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Cen-
324. — Walpers, Rep. ii. 46. — Dietrich, Syn. iii. 119. — sus U. S. ix. 71. — Coulter, Man. Rocky Mt. Bot. 80. —
Watson, King’s Rep. v. 83, 420.— Parry, Am. Nat. ix. M. E. Jones, Zoé, ii. 244.
201, 270; Proc. Davenport Acad. i. 146.— Brewer &
A resinous and slightly aromatic tree, rarely attaining a height of forty feet, with a short stout
trunk occasionally two and a half feet in diameter, and stout spreading usually contorted branches
forming a round compact head; generally much smaller, or often a low intricately branched shrub.
The bark of the trunk of old individuals is an inch thick and is divided by deep broad furrows, the
red-brown surface being broken into thin persistent plate-like scales. The branchlets are red-brown at
first and coated with pale pubescence, but soon become glabrous and sometimes covered with a glaucous
bloom, and in their second season are silver gray or dark brown, and for many years are marked by the
conspicuous elevated leaf-scars which give a moniliform appearance to the branches of slow-grown
stunted individuals. The leaves, which remain on the branches until the end of their second summer,
are crowded, narrowly lanceolate, acute at both ends, apiculate, and entire, with thick revolute margins ;
they are thick and coriaceous, reticulate-veined, with broad thick midribs deeply grooved on the upper
side, and obscure primary veins, usually puberulous when young but at maturity glabrous on the upper
surface, and more or less coated with pale or rufous pubescence on the lower surface, and are resinous,
half an inch to an inch in length, a third to two thirds of an inch in width, and are borne on short
broad petioles. The stipules are minute, nearly triangular, and caducous. The flowers are solitary,
sessile in the axils of the clustered leaves, two thirds of an inch long, the calyx with acute lobes covered
with pale tomentum. The enlarged calyx-tube of the fruit is almost half an inch long, nearly cylin-
drical but rather larger above than .below, ten-ribbed, obscurely ten-angled, slightly cleft at the apex,
and coated with pale tomentum. ‘The akene is chestnut-brown, pointed at the two ends, obscurely
angled, a quarter of an inch long, and clothed with long pale or tawny hairs similar to those that cover
the tail-like lengthened style which at maturity is two or three inches in length, and is generally con-
tracted by one or two partial corkscrew twists.
Cercocarpus ledifolius inhabits the mountain ranges of the interior region of the United States,
and is distributed from western Wyoming to the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains of Montana,
the Coeur d’Aléne Mountains of Idaho, and the eastern portions of the Blue Mountains of Oregon, and
southward through the Wasatch Mountains and the ranges of the Great Basin to the eastern slopes of
the Sierra Nevada and the northern slopes of the San Bernardino Mountains and to the mountains
of northern New Mexico and Arizona. It inhabits dry gravelly arid slopes at elevations of from five
thousand to nine thousand feet above the level of the ocean, growing sometimes on almost precipitous
cliffs and on rocky ridges, where it is a densely branched contorted shrub which often forms broad
thickets, or, on better soil and with more moisture, rising to a shapely tree and reaching its greatest
size on the high foothill-slopes of the mountain ranges of central Nevada between six thousand and
eight thousand feet above the level of the sea.’
1 Sargent, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 3, xvii. 420.
64 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACER,
The wood of Cercocarpus ledifolius is very heavy, hard, and close-grained, although brittle and
extremely difficult to work. It contains numerous thin medullary rays, and is bright clear red or often
rich dark brown, with thin yellow sapwood composed of fifteen or twenty layers of annual growth, and
is susceptible of receiving a beautiful polish. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 1.0731,
a cubic foot weighing 66.88 pounds. It furnishes the most valuable fuel produced in the region that
it inhabits, and in the Great Basin is largely manufactured into charcoal used in smelting silver ore.
A variety of this plant, Cercocarpus ledifolius, var. intricatus,' a low intricately branched shrub,
distinguished by its linear revolute leaves and small flowers and fruit, is common on the mountain
ranges of Utah and Arizona, where, at high elevations, it sometimes covers cliffs and rocky mountain
slopes, and at lower elevations gradually and by many intermediate forms passes into the large-leaved
upright arborescent form.’
Cercocarpus ledifolius was discovered in 1834 by Thomas Nuttall® in the valley of the upper
Snake River in western Wyoming.
Few other trees produce more valuable fuel than Cercocarpus ledifolius ; this fact, and its ability
to thrive under the most severe climatic conditions and to clothe and protect exposed mountain slopes.
where few other trees could maintain themselves and where no other hard-wood tree is found, make it
one of the most valuable trees of the North American forests‘ in spite of its small size and its slow rate
of growth.®
1M. E. Jones, Zoé, ii. 244. tanical establishments of Europe from the Arnold Arboretum im
Cercocarpus intricatus, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 346.—Sar- 1878. It is still, however, exceedingly rare in cultivation, although
gent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 71. it may be expected to flourish on the dry high mountain slopes of
Cercocarpus brevifolius, Watson, King’s Rep. v. 83 (not Gray). southern Europe and northern Africa, and in some parts of India.
Cercocarpus Arizonicus, M. E. Jones, Zoé, ii. 14. 5 A specimen in the Jesup Collection of North American Woods:
2 Parry, Proc. Davenport Acad. i. 147. in the American Museum of Natural History in New York displays:
8 See ii. 34, one hundred and eight layers of annual growth, and inside the bark.
4 Seeds of Cercocarpus ledifolius were sent to the principal bo- is only thirteen inches in diameter.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Puate CLXV. CrERcocaRPus LEDIFOLIUS.
. A flowering branch, natural size.
. Diagram of a flower.
A flower, enlarged.
. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
An ovule, much magnified.
. A fruiting branch, natural size.
. A fruit inclosed in the tube of the calyx, enlarged.
. An akene divided transversely, enlarged.
CHOHNAMAEwWHH
. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.
10. An embryo, much magnified.
11. A leaf with stipules, enlarged.
Tae. CLA:
“Silva of North America.
Picart fr. se.
CE Faxon det.
CERCOCARPUS LEDIFOLIUS, Nutt.
Imp. R. Taneur, Paris.
A. Riocreux direx*
ROSACEA, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 65
CERCOCARPUS PARVIFOLIUS.
Mountain Mahogany.
LEAVES cuneate-obovate, coarsely glandular-serrate above the middle.
Cercocarpus parvifolius, Nuttall; Hooker & Arnott, Bot. vi. 111, 359. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. Cal. i. 174; ii.
Voy. Beechey, 337. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 427; 444,—M. E. Jones, Hacur. Bot. 12, 15, 20, 21; Zoi, ii.
Pacific R. R. Rep. ii. 164. — Hooker, Icon. iv. t. 8323. — 245. — Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. i. 374. — Watson,
Walpers, Rep. ii. 45.— Torrey, Frémont’s Rep. 89; Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 353. — Sargent, Forest Trees N.
Limory’s Rep. 139; Sitgreaves’ Rep. 158; Pacific BR. Am. 10th Census U.S. ix. 71, — Coulter, Man. Rocky Mi.
R. Rep. iv. 83; Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 63; Bot. Wilkes Bot. 81. — Greene, Fl. Francis. i. 59.
Explor. Exped. 287.— Dietrich, Syn. iii. 119.—Gray, Cercocarpus fothergilloides, Torrey, Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii.
Smithsonian Contrib. iii. 68 ; v.54 (Pl. Wright. i., ii.). — 198 (not Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth).
Watson, King’s Rep. v. 82.— Rothrock, Wheeler’s Rep.
A bushy tree, with aromatic leaves and branches, sometimes twenty to thirty feet in height, with
a trunk which rarely attains a greater diameter than ten inches, and slender rigid upright branches ; or
more often a small or tall shrub branching from a thickened base. The bark of the trunk is a six-
teenth of an inch thick, the generally smooth surface being divided by narrow shallow fissures and
broken into small square persistent red-brown scales. The branchlets are clothed at first with pale silky
pubescence ; this soon disappears, and during their first year they are rather bright red-brown and are
marked by occasional oblong light-colored lenticels, and in their second year are dark gray or brown
and covered with the conspicuous ring-like leaf-scars. The leaves, which do not fall until the summer
of their second year, are cuneate-obovate, rounded or obtuse or rarely acuminate and gradually con-
tracted at the base, coarsely glandular-serrate above the middle, or rarely almost entire, or slightly
three-toothed or apiculate at the apex; when they unfold they are coated with pale pubescence on
both surfaces, and at maturity are puberulous or glabrous above and more or less pubescent below, and
are subcoriaceous, dark yellow-green on the upper, and paler or often nearly white or sometimes ferru-
gineous on the lower surface, half an inch to two and a half inches in length and a quarter of an inch
to an inch in breadth, with slightly thickened and revolute margins, broad midribs, four to six pairs of
conspicuous primary veins, and reticulate veinlets; and they are borne on broad channeled petioles which
vary from an eighth to nearly half an inch in length. The stipules are lanceolate, acuminate, apiculate,
from an eighth to a quarter of an inch in length, and early deciduous. The flowers, which are produced
on slender hairy pedicels, are solitary or geminate in the axils of the crowded leaves, and are a quarter
of an inch long, with a slender tube covered on the outer surface with pale tomentum and a narrow
obtusely lobed limb. The mature calyx-tube of the fruit is spindle-shaped, light chestnut-brown,
slightly puberulous, deeply cleft at the apex, and from one half to three quarters of an inch long.
The akene is more or less conspicuously sulcate on the back and is covered, like the persistent tail-like
style which is often four or five inches in length, with long white hairs.
Cercocarpus parvifolius is widely and generally distributed on the mountain ranges of the arid
portions of western North America from western Nebraska* to the northern slopes of the Siskiyou
Mountains in Oregon’ on the north, and to western Texas* and northern Mexico on the south; in
California, west of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, it is common through the coast ranges, extending
south to the San Jacinto Mountains; it occurs on Santa Cruz Island‘ and on some of the mountain
ranges of Lower California.
1 Bessey, Bull. Agric. Exper. Stat. Nebraska, iv. art. iv. 19. 8 Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 104 (Man. Pl. W. Texas).
2 Greene, Garden and Forest, ii. 470. 4 Greene, Bull. Cal. Acad. ii. 396 (as C. betulcefolius).
66 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACER.
The wood of Cercocarpus parvifolius is heavy, hard, and close-grained and difficult to season and
work; it contains numerous thin medullary rays, and is bright red-brown, with thin light brown sap-
wood composed of twenty layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is
0.9365, a cubic foot weighing 58.36 pounds. It makes excellent fuel, and is sometimes used by turners
for boxes and other small objects. The shoots and leaves, which possess a birch-like flavor, are relished
by cattle, which browse upon them in late summer and autumn after the annual grasses have disap-
peared."
Cercocarpus parvifolius varies in the size and shape of its leaves and in the amount of their
pubescence in different parts of the territory it inhabits; in the California coast ranges it frequently
produces larger fruit than is developed in the dry interior parts of the country, and larger and propor-
tionately broader leaves which are often quite glabrous,’ while near the southern boundary of the United
States the leaves are sometimes much reduced in size* and are entire or sparingly toothed.
Cercocarpus parvifolius was discovered in the Rocky Mountains on the head-waters of the Platte
River in 1820 by Dr. Edwin P. James,’ the naturalist of Long’s expedition. In California it was first
noticed a few years later by David Douglas.
Cercocarpus parvifolius is sometimes seen in the
botanic gardens of Europe, where it occasionally flowers and produces its fruit.
1 Greene, Garden and Forest, ii. 470.
2 Cercocarpus parvifolius, var. betuloides.
Cercocarpus betuloides, Nuttall; Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am.
i. 427.— Hooker, Lond. Jour. Bot. vi. 218.
Cercocarpus betulefolius, Nuttall ; Hooker, Icon. iv. t. 322. — Wal-
pers, Rep. ii. 46.—Greene, Bull. Cal. Acad. ii. 396 ; Garden and
Forest, l.c.; Fl. Francis. i. 59.
Cercocarpus parvifolius, var. glaber, Brewer & Watson, Bot. Cal.
i. 175. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 71.
Professor E. L. Greene, whose opportunities for studying the
trees of western America in their native forests have been great,
believes (Garden and Forest, l. c.) that the California coast plant is
specifically distinct from the plant of the dry interior part of the
country on account of “a certain constant difference in the general
bearing or habit easily seen at a glance but not easily defined,” and
of the character of the bark, which on the coast plant is smooth and
gray, “the outer layer deciduous and falling away in irregular
flakes in the early autumn,” while on the Rocky Mountain plant it
is “dark-colored, thick, persistent, and fissured;” but these differ-
ences, like the more arborescent habit, the better developed leaves,
and the absence of pubescence, are perhaps due to the more fayor-
able climatic conditions amid which the coast plants have grown.
5 Cercocarpus parvifolius, var. brevifolius, M. E. Jones, Zoé, ii.
245.
Cercocarpus brevifolius, Gray, Smithsonian Contrib. vy. 54 @a
Wright. ii.). — Walpers, Ann. iv. 665.
4 Cercocarpus parvifolius, var. paucidentatus, Watson, Proc. Am.
Acad. xvii. 353. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S.
bey (7ls
and in the mountains of southern Arizona, is connected by many
This form, which is not uncommon in northern Mexico
intermediate forms with that of the Colorado mountains, which has
large and coarsely serrate leaves, just as the last-named passes
imperceptibly into the still larger-leaved plant of the California
coast.
5 See ii. 96.
6 See ii. 94.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Pruare CLXVI. Crrcocarpus PARVIFOLIUS.
A flower, enlarged.
A pistil, enlarged.
An akene, enlarged.
§ $2 A) Gb Cone
i
Sa
. A seed, enlarged.
es
A flowering branch, natural size.
Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
Front and rear views of a stamen, enlarged.
A fruiting branch, natural size.
. A fruit, inclosed in the tube of the calyx, enlarged.
. Vertical section of an akene, enlarged.
» An embryo, much magnified.
Silva of North America.
lab. tuAy.
“a
~
CE Fanon det.
CERCOCARPUS PARVIFOLIUS, Nutt.
A Riocreux dirext
Imp. L.Taneur, Paris.
ROSACEA.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 67
PYRUS.
FLowenrs perfect or rarely polygamo-diecious by abortion, regular; calyx 5-lobed,
the lobes imbricated in estivation ; petals 5, imbricated in estivation ; stamens usually
20, or indefinite ; ovary 2 to 5-celled ; ovules 2 in each cell, ascending. Fruit a pome.
Leaves alternate, simple or pinnate, deciduous.
Pyrus, Linneus, Gen. 145 (excl. Cydonia). — Adanson,
Fam. Pl. ii. 296 (excl. Cydonia). —A. L. de Jussieu, Gen.
335.— Meisner, Gen. 106. — Endlicher, Gen. 1237. —
Bentham & Hooker, Gen. i. 626 (excl. Cydonia and Mes-
pilus). — Baillon, Hist. Pl. i. 403.
Sorbus, Linnzus, Gen. 144. — Adanson, Fam. Pl. ii. 296. —
A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. 335.
Malus, Ruppius, FU. Jen. ed. 3, 141. — Medicus, Phil. Bot.
i. 138.
Torminalis, Medicus, Phil. Bot. i. 134.
Lazarolus, Medicus, Phil. Bot. i. 135.
Aucuparia, Medicus, Phil. Bot. i. 138.
Chamezmespilus, Medicus, Phil. Bot. i. 188.
Pirophorum, Necker, Hlem. Bot. ii. 72.
Apirophorum, Necker, Hlem. Bot. ii. 72.
Hahnia, Medicus, Gesch. Bot. 81.
Azarolus, Borkhausen, Handb. Forstbot. ii. 1224.
Aronia, Persoon, Syn. ii. 39 (excl. Amelanchier).
Aria, Host, Fl. Austr. ii. 7.
Cormus, Spach, Hist. Vég. ii. 96.
Torminaria, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 101.
Micromeles, Decaisne, Nouv. Arch. Mus. x. 168.
Chloromeles, Decaisne, FU. des Serres, xxiii. 156.
Trees or shrubs, with smooth or scaly bark, terete branches, imbricated bud-scales, and fibrous roots.
Leaves involute or conduplicate in vernation, simple, palmately lobed or unequally pinnate, usually
serrate, deciduous ; stipules entire or lobed, free from the petiole, deciduous. Flowers in simple or
compound terminal cymes, rarely corymbose or racemose or one or two-flowered, from buds formed the
previous year. Bracts and bractlets subulate or foliaceous, deciduous. Calyx-tube urceolate or rarely
turbinate, adnate to the ovary and fleshy at maturity, the five-lobed limb with acuminate reflexed lobes
persistent, or deciduous with the apex of the receptacle. Disk lining the tube of the calyx, more or less
thickened over the ovary. Petals white, pink, or red, suborbicular, unguiculate, inserted on the slightly
thickened border of the disk. Stamens usually twenty, inserted in three rows, those of the outer row
of ten parapetalous, those of the other rows alternate with them and with each other; filaments subu-
late, free or slightly connate at the base; anthers oblong, pale, red, or purple, attached on the back, two-
celled, the cells opening longitudinally. Carpels five, alternate with the petals, or two to four, inserted
in the bottom of the calyx-tube and united into an inferior ovary; styles-terminal, free, or united
below; stigmas capitate, truncate; ovules two in each cell, ascending, collateral, anatropous, the raphe
dorsal, the micropyle inferior. Fruit an ovoid globose or pyriform pome formed by the thickening of
the walls of the calyx-tube and its consolidation with the ovary; mesocarp more or less fleshy, the flesh
homogeneous or granular, adherent to the one to five-celled endocarp, the cells crustaceous or cartilagi-
nous, usually two-valved. Seeds two or by abortion one in each cell, ovate, acute, erect, exalbuminous ;
testa usually cartilaginous, chestnut-brown and lustrous, slightly mucilaginous on the outer surface.
Embryo erect; cotyledons plano-convex, fleshy ; radicle short, inferior.
1 The genus Pyrus may be divided into the following sections
which some authors consider entitled to the rank of genera : —
Mavs.
lateral branchlets ; ovary 3 to 5-celled ; styles more or less united
below. Fruit globose, umbilicate or rounded at the base ; the flesh
Flowers fascicled or subumbellate on short spur-like
homogeneous. Leaves entire, or laciniate on vigorous shoots.
Pyrus. Flowers in few-flowered corymbs on short spur-like
lateral branchlets ; ovary 5-celled ; styles free. Fruit pyriform
or subglobose, tapering at the base, the flesh granular. Leaves
simple.
Arr. Flowers in corymbose cymes ; ovary 2 to 5-celled styles
free, Fruit pyriform or globose; flesh granular. Leaves entire
or lobed.
Aronia. Flowers in compound corymbs ; ovary 4 or 5-celled ;
styles united at the base. Fruit berry-like, pyriform or subglobose.
Leaves simple, their midribs glandular on the upper side.
68
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
ROSACEA,
The genus Pyrus is widely and generally distributed through the temperate parts of the northern
hemisphere ; from thirty to forty species may be distinguished, the largest number inhabiting south-
central and eastern Asia. In North America the genus is represented by seven species, of which five
are small trees and two are shrubs of the eastern states ;
* in Europe, where the genus is distributed from
Great Britain and Scandinavia to Spain, southern Italy, and Greece, eight or nine species with many nat-
ural varieties are recognized.’ Pyrus is spread through the mountain regions of the Orient, and abounds
in the Himalayas with twenty-two species,’ and in China and Japan,’ where botanists recognize fourteen
or fifteen species.°
Pyrus is chiefly valuable to man for the fruits of Pyrus Malus,’ the Apple, and of Pyrus com-
munis, the Pear, which supply him with important articles of food, and with alcoholic liquors.
Mrcrome.es. Flowers in eymose corymbs ; calyx-lobes decidu-
ous ; ovary 2 to 3-celled ; styles free or united. Fruit small, glo-
bose, umbilicate. Leaves simple.
Sorsus. Flowers in ample compound cymes ; ovary 2 to 4, usually
3-celled ; styles 3. Fruit subglobose, berry-like, crowned with the
thickened and often incurved persistent calyx-lobes. Leaves un-
equally pinnate, the leaflets conduplicate in vernation.
1 These both belong to the section Aronia and are distributed
through all the country east of the mid-continental plateau from
Nova Scotia to Florida and Louisiana. They are : —
Pyrus arbutifolia, Linneus f. Syst. ed. 13, Suppl. 256. — Bot. Mag.
t. 3668. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 471.—Chapman, Fl.
128. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 164. — Sargent, Gar-
den and Forest, iii. 416, f. 52.
Mespilus arbutifolia, Linneeus, Spec. 478.
Pyrus nigra, Sargent, Garden and Forest, iii. 416.
Pyrus arbutifolia, var. nigra, Willdenow, Spec. ii. pt. ii. 1013.
Mespilus arbutifolia, var. melanocarpa, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i.
292.
Pyrus arbutifolia, var. melanocarpa, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i.
204.— Torrey & Gray, J. c.— Chapman, J. c. 129.— Watson &
Coulter, J. c.
2 Nyman, Conspect. Fl. Europ. 240.
8 Boissier, EV. Orient. i. 653.
4 Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 372.
5 Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. i. 138. — Maximowicz, Bull.
Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, xix. 169 (Mél. Biol. ix. 164).— Forbes &
Hemsley, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 254.
® Of the different sections of the genus, Malus is eastern and
western North American, European, and Asiatic, one species being
now, through cultivation, widely naturalized beyond its original
home. Pyrus is southern European, western Asiatic, and eastern
Asiatic.
Aria is northern European, western Asiatic, Himalayan, and
Aronia is eastern North American. Micromeles
is Himalayan. Sorbus, the most widely distributed of the sections
into which the genus is divided, is spread over the boreal and ele-
vated portions of the three continents.
7 Linnzeus, Spec. 479. — De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 635. — Maximo-
wicz, l. c. 165. — Brandis, Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 205.— Hooker f.
[h@,
Malus communis, Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 140. — Boissier, 1. c.
656. — Decaisne, Nowv. Arch. Mus. x. 135.
The native country of Pyrus Malus is uncertain ; it is believed to
be indigenous in the northwestern Himalayas, where it ascends to
an elevation of nine thousand feet above the level of the ocean and
of eleven thousand four hundred feet in western Thibet (Hooker f.
1. c.), and in Anatolia, where, on the mountains of Trebizond along
eastern Asiatic.
the southern shores of the Black Sea, it forms forests of considera-
ble extent (Boissier, 7. ¢.). In southern and central Europe it has
existed either in a wild or cultivated state since prehistoric times
(A. de Candolle, Origine des Plantes Cultivées, 186) ; and in some
parts of the eastern United States it already grows spontaneously
(Britton, Cat. Pl. N. J. 99).
Pyrus Malus has been cultivated in Europe since the days of the
ancients, and from time immemorial in India, Cashmere, and north-
ern China.
zones, and thousands of varieties have been obtained from it by
It is the most valuable fruit-tree of the temperate
selection and cultivation, or by crossing its cultivated varieties with
Pyrus prunifolia (Willdenow, Spec. ii. pt. ii. 1018.— De Candolle,
Prodr. ii. 635) or perhaps with varieties of Pyrus baccata. It is
from these crosses that the best varieties of the cultivated Crab-
apples have been obtained.
5 Linneus, 1. c. 479. — De Candolle, 7. c. 633.—Boissier, 1. c.
653. — Brandis, 1. c. 203. —Hooker £. 1. c. 374.
Pyrus communis grows naturally in nearly all the elevated regions
of Europe and in western Asia, especially in Anatolia, the southern
Caucasian provinces, and northern Persia ; it grows spontaneously
in northern and northeastern Europe and perhaps naturally in
Cashmere and the northwestern Himalayas (A. de Candolle,
1. c. 183).
The Pear-tree, which has been cultivated in Europe from ancient
times, has given rise to innumerable varieties, many of which were
known to the Romans in the time of Pliny, and the lists of pomol-
ogists now contain the names of hundreds of cultivated Pears
(Decaisne, Le Jardin Fruitier, i. Poirier, 72. — Downing, The Fruits
and Fruit-Trees of America, ed. 2,639) which have been derived from
Pyrus communis, and from Pyrus nivalis (Jacquin, Fl. Austr. ii. 4,
t. 107. — Decaisne, /. c, 326, t. 21), from which is derived the race
of Pears with hard acid fruit cultivated for cider (A. de Candolle,
1. c. 185), or from the intercrossing of the different species of the
section Pyrus, which are sometimes believed to represent geo-
graphical races of one widely distributed polymorphous species
(Decaisne, /. c. 132).
® Cider, which contains from four to ten per cent. of alcohol, is
made from the juice of the ripe fruit of the Apple, which is pressed
from the pulp and allowed to ferment in open casks ; at the end of
two or three days the liquor is drawn off, put into fresh casks, and
allowed to settle in a low regular temperature for thirty or forty
days when the process is complete. Cider is of three qualities,
rough, sweet, and bitter. The first is made by grinding unripe or
carelessly selected fruit, the juice being allowed full fermentation,
and the second is made from fully ripe sweet apples, the process
of fermentation being checked before completion. Bitter cider
owes its peculiarities of flavor to the character of the fruit from
which it is made. Ciderkin is made by infusing with boiling water
ROSACEA.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 69
Pyrus Sinensis, a native of northern China, has long been cultivated on an extensive scale in China’
and Japan * for its large and handsome fruit, and recently has attracted the attention of pomologists in
the United States and Europet The fruit of most of the species, especially of those of the section Sor-
bus, contains malic and tartaric acids,’ and the unripe fruit and bark of these plants are astringent
and are sometimes employed medicinally.®
The wood of Pyrus is hard, heavy, and close-grained, and that of several of the species is esteemed
by millwrights, turners, and engravers, and makes excellent fuel. The beauty and abundance of their —
flowers and fruit, their excellent habit, and their hardiness, make many of the species valuable garden
plants, particularly the Asiatie Pyrus baccata" with its numerous varieties, Pyrus Toringo, Pyrus
spectabilis, Pyrus salicifolia,” the various North American species, and the species of Sorbus” and
Aria.”
the mare or refuse left after the juice has been extracted from the
fruit for cider, the mass being again subjected to pressure. Cider
is manufactured principally in the eastern United States, in several
English counties, principally Herefordshire, Devonshire, and Somer-
set, in Normandy and Brittany in France, and in northern Germany.
Vinegar is sometimes made from cider which has soured owing to
a deficiency of alcohol, by exposure to spontaneous acetification.
Perry, which resembles cider, is made by the same process from
varieties of the pear selected on account of their austere juice. It
is principally produced in southern England and in western France,
where Pear-trees are cultivated on a large scale for this purpose
(Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 884. —Spons, Encyclopedia of the Industrial
Arts, Manufactures, and Raw Commercial Products, i. 414, 421).
1 Lindley, Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. vi. 396 ; Bot. Reg. t. 1248. —
Decaisne, Le Jardin Fruitier, i. Poirier, 331, t. 5.— Maximowicz,
Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, xix. 172 (Mel. Biol. ix. 168). —
Forbes & Hemsley, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 257.
Pyrus communis, Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 207 (not Linnzeus).
Pyrus Ussuriensis, Maximowicz, Prim. Fl. Amur. 102.
2 Loureiro, Fl. Cochin. 321.— Bretschneider, Early European Re-
searches into the Flora of China, 150.
8 With the exception of the Persimmon the Pear is the most com-
mon fruit-tree of Japan, where it was early introduced from northern
China. Several varieties have been developed in Japanese gardens,
but they differ less from each other than the pears of European
origin, although some ripen in the summer and others in the autumn.
In the neighborhood of large cities there are Pear-orchards in which
the trees are carefully cultivated and manured ; the tops are trained.
over Bamboo frames, and too vigorous shoots are removed to insure
the production of large crops of fruit. The trees are propagated
by grafting selected varieties on seedling stocks, and often by cut-
tings which are made in March from stout yearling shoots ; these are
pointed, their ends are charred, and they are then set in rows in
deep rich soil, and at the end of a few years are transplanted into
the orchards (Rein, Japan nach Reisen und Studien im Auftrage der
Koniglich Preussischen Regierung, ii. 99).
4 Downing, The Fruits and Fruit-Trees of America, ed. 2, 851. —
Gard. Chron. n. ser. iv. 456, £. 95 ; ser. 3, ix. 141, £.36.— Rev. Hort.
1878, 310, t. ; 1885, 286, f. 49.
5 Baillon, Traité Bot. Med. 559.
6 Linneus, Mat. Med. 81.—Stillé & Maisch, Nat. Dispens. 1334.
7 Linneus, Mant. 75.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 635. — Maximo-
wiez, 1. c. 166.— Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 373. — Forbes & Hems-
ley, 1. c. 255.
Pyrus baccata, which is widely distributed in Siberia, in the Hima-
layas, and in northern China and Japan, has been cultivated as a
garden ornament by the Chinese and Japanese from very early
times, and many forms have been developed in their gardens dif-
fering in the habit of the plants, in the size and character of the
fruit, and in the color of the flowers, which are sometimes semi-
double; among these varieties are some of the most beautiful of
all flowering trees, and their free-fl ing habit, hardi
munity from disease and the attacks of insects commend them to
the attention of gardeners (Fl. des Serres, xv. 161, t. 1585, 1586,
1587. — Carriére, Pommiers Microcarpes, 68.— Garden and Forest,
ii. 260, 520, £. 139).
® Siebold, Cat. Rais. i, 4.— Koch, Dendr. i. 212. — Maximo-
wicz, J. c. 167.
Pyrus Sieboldii, Regel, Gartenflora, viii. 82.
Malus Toringo, Carritre, Rev. Hort. 1872, 210, £. 25; Pommiers
Microcarpes, 61, f. 11.
9 Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 175. — Nouveau Duhamel, vi. 141, t. 42,
£. 2.— Watson, Dendr. Brit. i. 50, t. 50. — Koch, J. c. 209. — Maxi-
mowicz, l. c. 166. — Forbes & Hemsley, J. ¢. 258.
This tree, which is believed to be a native of northern China
and is known in cultivation only in a form with semidouble flowers,
is one of the handsomest of the small-fruited Apple-trees, appear-
ing in gardens as a tree-like shrub with erect slightly spreading
and im-
branches, which are covered every spring with masses of fragrant
pink or rose-colored flowers (Garden and Forest, i. 272, £. 214; ii.
260).
1 Linneus f. Syst. ed. 13, Suppl. 255.— Pallas, FU. Ross. i. 20,
t. 9; Voyages, v. 504, t. 11, f. 1.— Nouveau Duhamel, vi. 189,
t. 56. — Bot. Reg. t. 514. — Decaisne, 1. c. 310, t. 12. — Koch, Lc.
218.
1. The Old World Sorbus (Pyrus aucuparia, Gertner, Fruct. ii.
45, t. 87 [Sorbus aucuparia, Linneus, Spec. 477. — Maximowicz, J. c.
170]), the Scottish Rowan-tree or Mountain Ash, is widely dis-
tributed through the forests of mountainous regions from the shores
of the Atlantic Ocean to Japan, extending north to the arctic circle,
where it is reduced to a stunted shrub. For centuries it has been
a favorite tree with planters, and varieties with yellow and with
orange-colored fruit and with pendulous branches have appeared.
(See Gilpin, Forest Scenery, ed. 2, 138. — Loudon, J. c. 916.)
The fruit of the Rowan-tree is greedily devoured by birds, and it
is often planted to supply them with food. The fruit is sometimes
made into flour, or is eaten uncooked in northern Europe and in
Siberia ; infused with water it produces a pleasant subacid bever-
age, and by distillation a powerful spirit. The wood, which is hard
and close-grained, is often used for the handles of tools and the
cogs of wheels, and by wheelwrights and turners (Evelyn, Silva,
ed. Hunter, i. 211. — Mathieu, Flore Forestiere, ed. 2, 131).
22 Pyrus Aria (Ehrhart, Beitr. iv. 20), the White Beam-tree, is
distributed from western Europe to Japan, and is common in the
70
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
ROSACEA.
Many insects’ feed upon the different species of Pyrus, which are also subject to serious fungal
diseases.”
Pirus, the classical name of the Pear-tree, was changed to Pyrus by Tournefort,’ and then adopted
by Linnzus, who, in establishing his genus, united with Pyrus the Cydonia‘ and Malus® of Tournefort.
forests of northern Europe and Asia, in the mountainous regions of
central and southern Europe, and of central, southern, and western
Asia. It is valued by planters for the beauty of its entire or vari-
ously divided ample leaves, which are pale or sometimes nearly
white on the lower surface, and for its subacid and astringent fruit,
which is a favorite food of birds, and is sometimes made into flour
and often fermented into a kind of beer or distilled into a powerful
spirit.
The wood of the White Beam-tree is hard, strong, and durable,
and is largely employed for the handles of tools and the bearings
of machinery, and by wheelwrights and turners (Loudon, Arb. Brit.
ii, 910. — Mathieu, Flore Foresti¢re, ed. 2, 123).
1 Many of the insects which injure the different species of Pru-
nus in America also attack the native Apples, and Mountain Ashes
are sometimes seriously injured by them. ‘Tent-caterpillars and
the larve of Tussock-moths are often abundant on the Apple, and
the Mountain Ash suffers from attacks of the Fall Web-worm
(Hyphantria cunea, Drury). Datana ministra, Drury, often com-
pletely defoliates the branches of small trees, and Gidemasia con-
cinna, Smith & Abbot, commits similar depredations. Great destruc-
tion among the trees of this genus, and often their death, is caused
by borers. The Apple-tree Borer (Saperda bivittata, Say) and the
Flat-headed Borer (Chrysobothris femorata, Fabricius) are the most
destructive to the Apple and the Mountain Ash. Several Scale-in-
sects affect the bark and branches, the most harmful being the
Scurfy Bark-louse (Chionaspis furfurus, Fitch) and Mytilaspis pomi-
corticis, Riley. The foliage is also injured by Aphids, and the fruit
of the Wild Apple by the ravages of the Codlin-moth and a Cur-
culio (Anthonomus quadrigibbus, Say). No less than eighty-one
species of insects which attack the cultivated Apple in America are
enumerated by Saunders (Insects injurious to Fruits, 18), and most
of them may be discovered on. the wild species also.
? Of the Fungi which attack the North American species of
Pyrus, the most interesting are the different Restelie, found on the
leaves and less frequently on the fruit and young stems of most of
the species. The Restelice, commonly called Cluster-cups, belong
to the order Uredinee or Rusts, a group of plants which pass through
several different stages in their development, in some of the stages
appearing as parasites on certain genera of flowering plants, while
in others they may be parasitic on entirely different genera. In the
most highly differentiated Rusts there may be as many as four dif-
ferent stages during their development. The most destructive of
these plants to our Wild Apples is Restelia pyrata, Thaxter, a Clus-
ter-cup which usually grows in dense rings on the under side of the
leaves of Pyrus coronaria, and sometimes on those of Pyrus angus-
tifolia and several of the native species of Crategus, and in a less
striking form on the leaves of the cultivated Apple-tree. This
species is peculiar to North America, and its teleutosporic stage is
reached in the large yellow gelatinous masses common on the young
branches of the Red Cedar in May. In the northern part of the
country the leaves of the Mountain Ash, Pyrus Americana, exhibit
large yellow spots, and on their under surface bear groups of long
narrow Cluster-cups which appear identical with those of the Euro-
pean Restelia cornuta, Fries, although as yet the teleutosporic stage
of this plant has not been detected in North America. Other fungi
which attack the American species of Pyrus are Entomosporium
maculatum, Levéillé, with curious ciliated spores, found commonly
on the leaves of Quinces, Pears, and Apple-trees, as well as on Ame-
lanchier and several species of Crategus ; and Nummularia discreta,
Tulasne, most common on the branches of the Apple-tree, but
sometimes seen on those of Pyrus Americana.
8 Inst. 628, t. 404.
4 Inst. 632, t. 405.
5 Inst. 634, t. 406.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Matvs.
3 to 5, more or less united below.
leaves, involute in vernation.
Calyx-lobes persistent ; fruit depressed at the base.
Flowers in simple umbellate or racemose cymes on spur-like lateral branches; styles
Trees with small winter-buds, scaly bark, and simple
Leaves ovate, truncate or subcordate at the base, incisely serrate, often lobed, membra-
naceous soe .
Leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute at the base, crenulate-serrate, or nearly entire, sub-
CORIACOOUSI ass te hey Tone esi htc ae
Calyx-lobes deciduous; fruit not depressed at the base.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrulate, often 3-lobed
Sorpus.
Flowers in compound leafy cymes; styles usually 3, free.
- id. P. coronaria.
- . . . 2 P, ANGUSTIFOLIA.
a4 eee aaa 3. P. RIVULARIS.
Trees with large winter-
buds, smooth aromatic bark, and odd-pinnate leaves, the leaflets conduplicate in vernation.
Leaflets lanceolate, acuminate. . .. .. .
Leaflets oblong-oval to lance-ovate, mostly obtuse .
4, P. AMERICANA.
5. P. SAMBUCIFOLIA.
ROSACER, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 71
PYRUS CORONARIA.
Crab Apple. Fragrant Crab.
LEAVES ovate, truncate or subcordate at the base, incisely serrate, often lobed, .
glabrous to tomentose on the lower surface.
Pyrus coronaria, Linneus, Spec. 480. — Du Roi, Harbk. 1882, 66. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census
Baumz. ii. 229. — Marshall, Arbust. Am. 118. — Castigli-
oni, Viag. negli Stati Uniti, ii. 344. — Willdenow, Beri.
Baumz. 265 ; Spec. ii. pt. ti. 1019; HLnum. 527. — Per-
soon, Syn. ii. 40.— Pursh, FZ. Am. Sept. i. 340. — Nut-
tall, Gen. i. 307. — Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 86. — Torrey, 7.
NV. Y. i. 223. — Bot. Mag. t. 2009. — Elliott, Sk. i. 559. —
Bot. Reg. t. 651. — Sprengel, Syst. ii. 510.— De Can-
dolle, Prodr. ii. 635. — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 647. — Reich-
enbach, Fl. Huot. iv. t. 240. —Torrey & Gray, 77. .N.
Am. i. 470. — Dietrich, Syn. iii. 154. — Chapman, F7.
128. — Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 69. —
Brunet, Cat. Vig. Lig. Can. 26. — Koch, Dendr. i. 214.—
Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 40 (excl. var.).— The Gar-
den, xix. 400, t. 280. — Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
U.S. ix. 72. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6,
164.— L. H. Bailey, Am. Garden, xii. 472.— Gray, Forest
Trees N. Am. t. 52.
Malus coronaria, Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No. 2. — Moench,
Meth. 682. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 292.— Poiret,
Lam. Dict. v. 562. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 140. —
Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, v. 427. — Nowveau
Duhamel, vi. 139, t. 44, £. 1.— Michaux f. Hist. Ard.
Am. iii. 65, t. 10. — Spach, Hist. Vég. ii. 136, t. 8. — Roe-
mer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 191.— Decaisne, Now. Arch.
Mus. x. 154. — Carritre, Rev. Hort. 1877, 410, t.
Cratzegus coronaria, Salisbury, Prodr. 357.
Malus microcarpa coronaria, Carritre, Pommiers Wicro-
carpes, 133, f£.17; Rev. Hort. 1884, 104, f. 24.
A tree, twenty-five to thirty feet in height, with a trunk twelve or fourteen inches in diameter,
dividing, eight or ten feet above the ground, into several stout spreading branches which form a wide
open head; or usually much smaller and sometimes barely more than a bushy shrub with rigid con-
torted branches. The bark of the trunk is one third of an inch thick, and longitudinally fissured, the
The branchlets are at first coated
with thick white tomentum which soon disappears, and in their first winter are glabrous or slightly
outer layer separating into long narrow persistent red-brown scales.
pubescent and covered with bright red-brown bark marked by occasional small pale lenticels ; in their
second year they develop long stout spur-like and somewhat spinescent lateral branches, and are then
light brown.
ous ciliate margins ; those of the inner ranks enlarge with the growing shoots and at maturity are from
one third to one half of an inch in length, oblong, acute, bright red, and glandular-serrate.
are ovate or sometimes almost triangular, usually acute at the apex, often truncate or subcordate, and
The winter-buds are minute, obtuse, and protected by bright red scales with dark scari-
The leaves
occasionally acute at the base, incisely serrate with glandular teeth, and often three-lobed, especially on
vigorous shoots; when they unfold they are red-bronze, coated on the lower surface with pale tomentum,
and pilose on the upper surface ; at maturity they are membranaceous, bright green above, and paler,
glabrous, or sometimes slightly pilose below, three or four inches long, and an inch and a half to two
inches and a half broad, with broad midribs and primary veins grooved on the upper side, and conspicu-
ous veinlets, and are borne on slender petioles an inch and a half to two inches in length, tomentose or
pubescent at first but ultimately glabrous and often furnished near the middle with two dark glands.
The stipules are filiform, acuminate, half an inch long, and early deciduous.
when the leaves are almost fully grown, are produced in five or six-flowered umbels on slender pedicels
The flowers, which appear
an inch and a half to two inches in length, and are an inch and a half to nearly two inches across when
expanded, and very fragrant. The calyx-tube is obconic, and pubescent or coated with thick white
tomentum ; this also covers the inner surface of the long acute lobes which end in rigid subulate points.
The petals, which are inserted remotely one from another, are white or rose-colored, obovate, rounded
72 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEA.
above, contracted below into long narrow claws, often crenulately serrate or undulate and sometimes
irregularly and unequally dentate near the base of the blade. The stamens are shorter than the petals
and for one third of their length, by a partial twist of the filaments at the base, form a tube narrowed
in the middle and enlarged above. The ovary and the lower part of the styles are coated with
long pale hairs. The fruit, which ripens late in the autumn, is suspended on slender stems and is
depressed-globose, and an inch to an inch and a half in diameter. It is green when first fully grown
and when ripe is yellow-green, somewhat translucent, deliciously fragrant, and covered with a waxy
exudation.
* Pyrus coronaria is distributed in Canada from the valley of the Humber River westward along
the shores of Lake Erie ;! it ranges southward through western New York and Pennsylvania to the
District of Columbia, and along the Alleghany Mountains to central Alabama, and westward to southern
Minnesota, eastern Nebraska,” eastern Kansas, the Indian Territory, northern Louisiana, and eastern
Texas.’ It usually grows in rich rather moist soil in forest glades where it sometimes forms consider-
able thickets, or less commonly on dry limestone hills, and reaches its greatest size in the valleys of the
lower Ohio basin and in the states west of the Mississippi River.
The wood of Pyrus coronaria is heavy and close-grained, but not hard or strong; it contains
numerous obscure medullary rays, and is brown to light red, with thick yellow sapwood composed of
eighteen or twenty layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.7048,
a cubic foot weighing 43.92 pounds. It is employed for levers, the handles of tools, and many small
articles of domestic use.
The fruit is used for preserves and is often manufactured into cider.
Pyrus coronaria varies somewhat in the form of its leaves, in the amount and persistence of the
tomentum which covers their under surface, the young shoots and the calyces, and in the size of the
fruit ; and, especially west of the Alleghany Mountains, the eastern plant passes into the variety Joensis,'
which is distinguished by its elliptic-oblong to ovate-oblong leaves irregularly obtusely toothed, and
while young densely coated on the lower surface, like the young shoots, with thick white tomentum, and
by its larger fruit which is sometimes two inches in diameter. This is the common form of the Crab-
apple of the Mississippi valley.
Pyrus coronaria did not attract the attention of early travelers in America; it appears, however,
to have been introduced into English gardens as early as 1724,’ and was described by Philip Miller in
the first edition of the Gardener’s Dictionary published in 1731. |
As an ornamental plant the American Crab-apple has many attractions; its small size and excellent
habit render it useful in shrubberies and small gardens; its flowers, which do not appear until after
those of other Apple-trees have fallen, are large and sweet, and the fragrant fruit, hanging gracefully
on its long stems and remaining on the branches until after the leaves have dropped, make it interesting
late in the autumn. Its horticultural value was early appreciated by the settlers of the middle and
1 Brunet, Cat. Vég. Lig. Can. 26. — Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl.
i, 145.
2 Bessey, Bull. Agric. Exper. Stat. Nebraska, iv. art. iv. 20.
® Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 106 (Man. Pl. W. Texas).
4 Wood, Cl. Book, rev. ed. 333.
Pyrus Ioensis, L. H. Bailey, Am. Garden, xii. 478, £. 7, 8.
The Soulard Crab, which was first introduced many years ago
into Illinois, has been variously considered a large-fruited variety
of Pyrus coronaria, a natural hybrid between this species and the
eultivated Apple-tree, and a native species (Pyrus Soulardi, L. H.
Bailey, J. c.). Probably the first view is correct, as various forms
appear to connect it with eastern and western varieties of Pyrus
coronaria. The leaves are d-ovate to ellipti
te, usually
rounded at the apex, and acute or rounded at the base, irregularly
cerenate-dentate, three or four inches long and two and a half inches
broad, with short thick petioles; they are thick, rugose, and, while
young, are coated on the lower surface with thick pale tomentum.
The fruit is two to two and a half inches in diameter or often much
smaller, but in color, in the waxy exudation from the skin, and in
the character of the flesh is not distinguishable from that of the
eastern tree (Downing, The Fruits and Fruit-Trees of America, ed. 2,
426). This form, which is not common in a wild state, appears to
be distributed from Minnesota to Texas (L. H. Bailey, /. c.).
5 Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 176. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 908.
® Malus ; sylvestris, Virginiana, floribus odoratis, No. 3.
Malus sylvestris, floribus odoratis, Clayton, Fl. Virgin. 55.
ROSACEA.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 73
eastern states," and for more than a century it has been a favorite garden plant in America and
Europe.’
1 “Crab-Trees are a species of wild apple-trees, which grow in
the woods and glades, but especially on little hillocks, near rivers.
In New Jersey the tree is rather scarce ; but in Pennsylvania it is
plentiful. Some people had planted a single tree of this kind near
their farms, on account of the fine smells which its flowers afford.
It had begun to open some of its flowers about a day or two ago ;
however, most of them were not yet open. They are exactly like
the blossoms of the common apple-trees, except that the colour is a
little more reddish in the Crab-trees; though some kinds of the
cultivated trees have flowers which are very near as red: but the
_ smell distinguishes them plainly ; for the wild trees have a very
pleasant smell, somewhat like the rasp-berry. The apples, or crabs,
are small, sour, and unfit for anything but to make vinegar of.
They lie under the trees all the winter, and acquire a yellow colour.
The Crab-trees
opened their flowers only yesterday and to-day ; whereas, the culti-
vated apple-trees, which are brought from Europe, had already lost
their flowers.” (Kalm, Travels, English ed. ii. 166.)
2 Rev. Hort. 1877, 410, t.
They seldom begin to rot before spring comes on.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Prater CLXVII. Pyrvus coronaria.
A flowering branch, natural size.
Diagram of a flower.
Vertical section of a flower, parts of the petals removed, enlarged.
An ovule, much magnified.
A fruiting branch, natural size.
Cross section of a fruit, natural size.
Vertical section of a fruit, natural size. u
A seed, natural size.
SO COT Eo Cunt Co NOE te
Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.
B
co)
. An embryo, much magnified.
. The base of a leaf showing stipules, natural size.
. Winter-buds, natural size.
a
be
Prats CLXVIII. Pyrus coronaria, var. Iornsis.
A flowering branch, natural size.
Vertical section of a flower, the petals removed, enlarged.
A fruiting branch, natural size.
Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.
A seed, enlarged.
An embryo, magnified.
me Ge SE a a
A vigorous leafy shoot, natural size.
Silva of North America Tab. CLXVII,
ai
ne " Bale ; ee ee
s
—
C.E.Fazxon del. Part fr se.
PYRUS CORONARIA, L.
A. Riocreux drext
Imp ke. Taneur, Paris.
Silva of North foie. : Tab. CLXAVHI.
CE Faaon del. Rapine se.
PYRUS CORONARIA, var IOENSIS , Wood.
A. Riocreux direat Imp. h.Taneur, Paris.
ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. : 75
PYRUS ANGUSTIFOLIA.
Crab Apple.
Leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute at the base, crenulate-serrate or nearly entire,
subcoriaceous.
Pyrus angustifolia, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 176.— Willde- Malus angustifolia, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 292. — De-
now, Spee. ii. pt. ii. 1020. — Poiret, Lam. Dict. v. 455. — caisne, Nouv. Arch. Mus. x. 156.
Persoon, Syn. ii. 40. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i.340.— Malus sempervirens. Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 141. —
Elliott, Sk. i. 559. — Sprengel, Syst. ii. 509. — De Can-
-dolle, Prodr. ii. 635.— Watson, Dendr. Brit. ii. 132, t.
182. — Bot. Reg. t. 1207. — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 647. —
Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 471. — Dietrich, Syn. iii.
154. — Nuttall, Sylva, ii. 24. —Chapman, F7. 128. — Cur-
tis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 69. — Koch,
Dendr. i. 213. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Cen-
Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, v. 428. — Nouveau
Duhamel, vi. 138, t. 43, £. 1. — Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl.
iv. 524.— Spach, Hist. Vég. ii. 135, t. 8.— Loiseleur,
Herb. Amat. iii. t. 154. — Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii.
igi,
P. coronaria, var. angustifolia, Wenzig, Linnwa, xxxviii.
41.
sus U. S. ix. 72. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, Chloromeles sempervirens, Decaisne, FU. des Serres, xxiii.
164. —L. H. Bailey, Am. Garden, xii. 472. 156.
P. coronaria, Wangenheim, Nordam. Holz. 61, t. 21, £. 47
(mot Linnzeus). — Walter, F2. Car. 148.
Malus microcarpa, sempervirens, Carritre, Pommiers
Microcarpes, 136, f. 1. 18.
A tree, rarely attaining the height of thirty feet, with a short trunk eight or ten inches in diameter,
and spreading rigid branches which form a wide open head. The bark of the trunk is from an eighth
to a quarter of an inch in thickness, dark reddish brown, and divided by deep longitudinal fissures into
narrow ridges, the surface of which is broken into small persistent plate-like scales. The young branches
are clothed at first with pale pubescence which soon disappears; in their first winter they are slender
and covered with smooth brown bark slightly tinged with red, and in their second year produce slender
spinescent lateral branchlets, and are light brown and marked by occasional orange-colored lenticels.
The winter-buds are obtuse, and one sixteenth of an inch long, their outer scales chestnut-brown and
slightly pubescent, with ciliate scarious margins, the inner ones oblong, acute, coated with long pale
hairs, accrescent with the young shoots, and a quarter of an inch long when fully grown. The leaves
are lanceolate-oblong, acute or rounded and apiculate at the apex, acute at the base, and coarsely crenu-
late-serrate above the middle or sometimes almost entire ; when they appear they are more or less coated
with pale tomentum on the lower surface, and are pilose on the upper surface, and at maturity are sub-
coriaceous, dark green and lustrous above, paler below, and glabrous or nearly so, with slender midribs
grooved on the upper side and obscure primary veins; they are then an inch and a half to three inches
long and one half of an inch to an inch and a half broad, and are borne on slender rigid glabrous or
puberulous petioles from three quarters of an inch to an inch in length. The stipules are filiform, rose-
colored, half an inch long, and caducous. The flowers, which are an inch across when expanded, and
very fragrant, appear from the end of March in Louisiana to the middle of May in Pennsylvania, and
are produced in few-flowered umbels on slender pedicels an inch to an inch and a half in length, furnished
near the middle with one or more inconspicuous glands, and are glabrous or sometimes, especially in the
Gulf states, covered with pale tomentum. The calyx-tube is glabrous, pubescent, or tomentose on the
outer surface, with narrow acuminate lobes, terminating in rigid points, and clothed on the inner surface
with pale tomentum. ‘The petals are distant, narrowly obovate, rounded above, contracted below into
long slender claws, undulate and sometimes irregularly denticulate-serrate at the base of the blade, and
white, pink, or rose-colored. The ovary and the lower part of the styles are densely clothed with pale
76 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
ROSACEA,
tomentum. The fruit is depressed-globose or sometimes slightly pyriform, and is from three quarters
of an inch to an inch in diameter, pale yellow-green, and very fragrant when fully ripe, with hard
acid flesh.
Pyrus angustifolia is distributed from Allegheny County, Pennsylvania,’ and southern Delaware
through the coast region of the southern Atlantic states to the valley of the Chattahoochee in western
Florida, and through the Gulf states to the valley of the Red River in Louisiana, and northward to
middle Tennessee. In the Atlantic states, where it is more common than in the country west of the
Alleghany Mountains, Pyrus angustifolia usually grows in open forest glades in stiff clay soil near
streams, and in the Gulf states in the sandy soil of dry depressions in rolling Pine-covered uplands.
The wood of Pyrus angustifolia is heavy, hard, and close-grained ; it is light brown tinged with
red, with thick yellow sapwood and many obscure medullary rays. The specific gravity of the abso-
lutely dry wood is 0.6895, a cubic foot weighing 42.97 pounds. It is occasionally employed for levers,
the handles of tools, and other small objects.
The fruit is used for preserves and is occasionally made into cider.
Tt was this tree, no doubt, that William Strachey found on the James River in 1610,2 although it
was not recognized by botanists until nearly the end of the next century, the earliest description having
been drawn up from trees cultivated in England, where it was introduced in 1750* by Christopher
Gray.*
The southern Crab-apple is occasionally cultivated in the gardens of Europe. When in flower it
is not surpassed in beauty by any of the small trees of North America, and the traveler in the gloomy
and monotonous Pine forests of the southern states experiences no more delightful sensation than when
he comes unexpectedly into some retired glade and finds it filled with these trees covered by their deli-
cate and fragrant flowers.
1 Pyrus angustifolia was first noticed here by Professor Thomas
C. Porter.
2 «“ Crabb trees there be, but the fruict small and bitter, howbeit,
being graffed upon, soone might we have of our owne apples of
any kind, peares, and what ells.” (Historie of Travaile into Vir-
ginia Britannia, ed. Major, 130.)
8 Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 176.— Loudon, Ard. Brit. ii. 909, t.
4 Christopt
in the eighteenth century, and appears to have been active in intro-
Gray established a nursery-garden at Fulham early
ducing North American plants, for Mark Catesby, in the preface to
the Hortus Britanno-Americanus, published in 1767, remarks that
“Mr. Gray at Fulham has for many years made it his business to
raise and cultivate the plants of America (from whence he has annu-
ally fresh supplies) in order to furnish the Curious with what they
want ;” and that, “through his industry and skill a greater variety
of American forest-trees and shrubs may be seen in his gardens,
than in any other place in England.” According to Loudon, the
first plant of Magnolia fetida which was brought to England was
planted in Gray’s nursery ; it died in 1810, when it had formed a
head twenty feet in diameter and a trunk nearly five feet in cir-
cumference (Arb. Brit. i. 76).
In 1755 Gray published a catalogue of the plants cultivated in
his garden, which is supposed to have been written by Philip
Miller.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Pratt CLXIX. PyRus ANGUSTIFOLIA.
1. A flowering branch, natural size.
2. Vertical section of a flower, parts of the stamens and petals removed, enlarged.
8. A fruiting branch, natural size.
4. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.
5, A winter branchlet, natural size.
Silva of North America. Tab, CLXIX.
C.F. Faavon del. Preart fP.se.
PYRUS ANGUSTIFOLIA, Ait.
A.Riocreur direx ' Imp. R. Taneur, Paris.
ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 17
PYRUS RIVULARIS.
Oregon Crab Apple.
LEAVES ovate-lanceolate, serrulate, often 3-lobed, pubescent on the lower surface.
Pyrus rivularis, Douglas; Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 203, t. Pyrus fusca, Rafinesque, Med. FV. ii. 254.
68. — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 647. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Pyrus subcordata, Ledebour, FV. Ross. ii. 95.
Am. i. 471. — Walpers, Rep. ii. 53.— Dietrich, Syn. iii. Malus rivularis, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 215. — De-
154. — Ledebour, FV. Ross. ii. 99. — Nuttall, Sylva, ii. 22, caisne, Nouv. Arch. Mus. x. 155.
t. 49. — Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Huplor. Exped. 292. — Koch, Malus diversifolia, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iti. 215. — De-
Dendr. i. 212. — Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 38. — Brewer caisne, Nouv. Arch. Mus. x. 155.
& Watson, Bot. Cal. i. 188.— Sargent, Forest Trees N. Malus subcordata, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 192.
Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 73. Pyrus rivularis, 8. levipes, Nuttall, Sylua, ii. 24.
Pyrus diversifolia, Bongard, Mém. Acad. Sci. St. Péters-
bourg, ser. 6, ii. 133.
A tree, thirty to forty feet in height, with a trunk twelve to eighteen inches in diameter; or often
a shrub sending up from the ground many slender stems. The bark of the trunk is a quarter of an
inch thick, the surface broken into large rather thin loose light red-brown plate-like scales. The winter-
buds are obtuse, one sixteenth of an inch long, and covered by chestnut-brown scales rounded on the
back and ciliate on the margins; the accrescent scales of the mner rows being lanceolate-acute when
fully grown, usually bright red, and nearly half an inch long. The branches are at first coated with
long pale hairs which are sometimes deciduous, and sometimes cover them more or less completely
until the autumn ; in their first winter they become bright red and lustrous, and later are dark brown
and often marked by minute remote pale lenticels. The leaves are ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate
at the apex, wedge-shaped or rounded at the base, sharply serrate with appressed glandular teeth, and
occasionally, especially on vigorous shoots, obscurely three-lobed, with prominent midribs and primary
veins grooved on the upper side, and conspicuously reticulate veinlets ; when they unfold they are pubes-
cent on the lower, and puberulous on the upper surface, and at maturity are thick and firm, dark green
and glabrous above, and pale and slightly pubescent below, an inch to three inches long, and half an
inch to an inch and a half broad, and are borne on stout rigid pubescent petioles an inch to an inch
and a half in length. The stipules are narrowly lanceolate, acute, from one half to three quarters of
an inch long, and caducous. In the autumn the leaves assume beautiful shades of orange and scarlet.
The flowers, which are produced in short racemose many-flowered cymes leafy at the base, are borne on
slender pubescent pedicels biglandular near the middle, and are half an inch across when expanded; the
calyx-tube is narrowly obconic and glabrous or puberulous, with acute lobes, minutely apiculate, coated
with dense pale tomentum on the inner surface, and deciduous from the mature fruit; the petals are
orbicular to obovate, with erose or undulate margins; they are contracted below into short claws, and
are as long as the two to four glabrous styles. The fruit, which ripens in September and October, is
obovate-oblong, and from one half to three quarters of an inch in length, with thin dry flesh and
large seeds; on some trees it is yellow-green when fully ripe, and on others it is light yellow with a red
flush on one side, or sometimes is almost entirely red.
Pyrus rivularis is distributed from the Aleutian Islands southward along the coast and islands of
Alaska and British Columbia’ and through western Washington and Oregon to Sonoma and Plumas
1 Richardson, Arctic Searching Exped. ii. 294, — Rothrock, Smithsonian Rep. 1867, 435 (Fl. Alaska). —G. M. Dawson, Canadian Nat.
n. ser. ix. 330.
78 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEH
Counties, California.’ It grows usually in deep rich soil in the neighborhood of streams, often forming
almost impenetrable thickets of considerable extent, and attains its greatest size in the valleys of Wash-
ington and Oregon.
The wood of Pyrus rivularis is heavy, hard, and very close-grained, with a satiny surface suscep-
tible of receiving a beautiful polish; it contains numerous obscure medullary rays, and is light brown
tinged with red, with thick lighter colored sapwood composed of twenty-five to thirty layers of annual
growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.8316, a cubic foot weighing 51.83 pounds.
It is employed for mallets, malls, the handles of tools, and the bearings of machinery.
The fruit, which has a pleasant subacid flavor when fully ripe, is gathered and consumed by the
Indians.’
Archibald Menzies,’ who sailed with Vancouver as surgeon and naturalist late in the last century,
appears to have been the first botanist to notice Pyrus rivularis, although its character was not distin-
guished until fifty years later." In 1882 it was introduced from Oregon into the Arnold Arboretum,
where it is perfectly hardy and flowers abundantly every year.5
1 Greene, Fl. Francis. i. 53.
2 “The fruit of the Crab-apple (Pyrus rivularis) is prepared for
food by being wrapt in leaves and preserved in bags all winter.
When the apples have become sweet, they are cooked by digging a
hole in the ground, covering it over thickly with green leaves and
a layer of earth or sand, and then kindling a fire above them.”
(R. Brown (Campst.), Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, ix. 383.)
5 See ii. 90,
* Probably the earliest printed reference to this tree is in Georgi’s
Geographisch-Physikalische und Naturhistorische Beschreibung des
Russischen Reichs (pt. iii. iv. 1015), published in 1800, where the
wild Apple-tree seen by Schelechow on the Aleutian Islands is
mentioned, but is regarded as a variety of the common Apple-
tree.
dingly rare in Europ
5 Pyrus rivularis is gardens, and.
does not appear to have attracted the attention of European horti-
It is cultivated, however, in the garden of the Forest
School at Miinden, where it flowers and produces fruit.
culturists.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Puare CLXX. Pyrvus RIVULARIS.
1. A flowering branch, natural size.
2. Vertical section of a flower, the petals removed, enlarged.
8. Cross section of an ovary, enlarged.
4. A fruiting branch, natural size.
5. A fruit divided transversely, enlarged.
6. A winter branchlet, natural size.
Silva of North America. ; Tab, CLXX.
C.E Faxon del. Pieart fr. se,
PYRUS RIVULARIS , Douél.
A.Riocreua direx? Imp. R.Taneur, Paris.
ROSACEZ.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 79
PYRUS AMERICANA.
Mountain Ash.
LEAFLETS lanceolate, acuminate.
Pyrus Americana, De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 637. — Watson,
Dendr. Brit. i. 54, t.54. —Sprengel, Syst. ii. 511.— Hooker,
Fl. Bor-Am. i. 204.— Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 648. — Audu-
bon, Birds, t. 363. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 472. —
Torrey, Fl. N. Y. i. 224. — Dietrich, Syn. iii. 155. — Nut-
tall, Sylva, ii. 25, t. 50. — Emerson, Trees Mass. 439. —
Lam. Dict. Suppl. v. 164. — Nuttall, Gen. i. 305. — Hayne,
Dendr. Fl. 75. — Spach, Hist. Vég. ii. 95. — Bigelow, FV.
Boston. ed. 3, 207. — Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 138. —
Koch, Dendr. i. 190. — Maximowiez, Bull. Acad. Sci. St.
Pétersbourg, xix. 174 (Mél. Biol. ix. 171). —Wenzig, Lin-
ned, xxxviii. 71.— Decaisne, Nouv. Arch. Mus. x. 158.
Lange, Pl. Grenl. 134. — Provancher, Flore Canadienne,
i. 209. — Chapman, FV. 129. — Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv.
NV. Car. 1860, iii. 70.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. Cal. i.
189. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S.
ix. 73. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 164.
Sorbus Americana, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 145. — Willde-
now, Hnum. 520. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 341. — Poiret,
Sorbus aucuparia, Poiret, Lam. Dict. vii. 234 (in part). —
Bigelow, £7. Boston. 119. — Decaisne, Nowv. Arch. Mus.
x. 158 (in part).
Sorbus aucuparia, var. Americana, Persoon, Syn. ii. 38.
Pyrus aucuparia, Meyer, Pl. Lab. 81 (in part). — Schlecht-
endal, Linnea, x. 99 (not Geertner).— Hooker f. Trans.
Linn. Soc. xxiii. 290, 3827 (Distribution Arctic Pi.), in part.
A tree, twenty to thirty feet in height, with a trunk which rarely exceeds a foot in diameter,
spreading slender branches, and stout branchlets ; or more often a tall or sometimes a low shrub sending
up many stems from the ground. The bark of the trunk is an eighth of an inch thick, with a smooth
light gray surface irregularly broken by small appressed plate-like scales. The branchlets are slightly
clothed at first with fine pubescence, but soon become glabrous, and in their first winter are brown
tinged with red, marked by the large leaf-scars and remote pale oblong lenticular spots, and often cov-
ered with a faint glaucous bloom; in their second year they become darker, and the thin papery outer
The winter-buds
are acute, from one quarter to three quarters of an inch long, and protected by dark vinous red acumi-
layer of bark is easily separable from the bright green and fragrant inner layers.
nate scales rounded on the back, more or less pilose, and covered with a gummy exudation; the inner
scales are coated in the bud with thick pale tomentum and enlarge with the growing shoots which, in
falling, they mark with enduring narrow ring-like scars. The leaves are six to eight inches long,
with slender grooved dark green or red petioles often furnished with tufts of dark hairs at the base of
the petiolules and enlarged at the base, and from thirteen to seventeen leaflets; these are lanceolate,
acute, taper-pointed, unequally wedge-shaped or rounded and entire at the base, and sharply serrate
above, with acute often, glandular teeth ; they are sessile or shortly petiolulate, or the terminal one is
sometimes borne on a stalk half an inch in length; when they unfold they are slightly pubescent on
the lower surface, and at maturity are membranaceous, glabrous, dark yellow-green on the upper, and
pale on the under surface, two to three inches long, and one half to two thirds of an inch broad, with
prominent midribs grooved on the upper side, and thin veins. The stipules are broad and foliaceous,
nearly triangular, variously cut, and caducous. The leaves turn a bright clear yellow before falling.
The flowers, which appear after the leaves are fully grown toward the end of May or as late as July at
the north and on the high Alleghany Mountains, are one eighth of an inch in diameter when expanded,
and are borne on short stout pedicels in flat compound cymes three or four inches across. The bracts
and bractlets are acute, minute, and caducous. The calyx is broadly obconic and puberulous, with
short nearly triangular lobes tipped with minute glands, and half the length of the nearly orbicular
creamy white petals which are contracted below into short claws. The fruit is a quarter of an inch
80 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACE®,
across, subglobose or slightly pyriform, and bright red, with thin acid flesh, a thick rather woody endo-
carp, and light chestnut-colored seeds rounded at the apex, acute at the base, more or less flattened by
mutual pressure, and one eighth of an inch long. It ripens late in the autumn, and, unless eaten by
birds, remains on the tree until the end of winter, when it separates from the stems, which often remain
on the branches until the leaf-buds open in the spring.
Pyrus Americana is distributed from Newfoundland to Manitoba,’ and extends southward through
the maritime provinces of Canada, Quebec, and Ontario, the elevated portions of the northeastern United
States, the region of the Great Lakes, and the high mountain ranges of Virginia and North Carolina.
It is abundant in all the eastern provinces of Canada, where it grows in rich rather moist soil along the
borders of swamps and on rocky hillsides, and probably attains its largest size on the northern shores
of Lakes Huron and Superior; in the United States, except in northern New England, it is more often
a shrub than a tree, growing usually on the Alleghany Mountains in the form of a low bush with
narrower foliage and smaller fruit than the tree bears at the north2
The wood of Pyrus Americana is close-grained, but light, soft, and weak; it is pale brown, with
pale lighter colored sapwood composed of fifteen to twenty layers of annual growth, and contains
numerous obscure medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.5451, a cubic
foot weighing 33.97 pounds.
The fruit of the American Mountain Ash is as astringent as that of the Old World species,
contains the same principles, and can be used for the same purposes; in the United States it is some-
times employed domestically in infusions and decoctions,? and in homeopathic remedies.*
Pyrus Americana was first distinguished by Humphrey Marshall, the Pennsylvania botanist, who
described it in his Arbustum Americanum in 1785,5 although it is said to have been introduced into
English gardens three years earlier.’ It is sometimes planted in Canada and in the northern United
States in the neighborhood of houses on account of the beauty of its fruit. This, however, is smaller
and less highly colored than that of the second North American and of the European species.
» Brunet, Cat. Vég. Lig. Can. 26.— Bell, Rep. Geolog. Surv. Can. Sorbus riparia, Rafinesque, New Fi. iii. 15.
1879-80, 54°. — Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. i. 146. ® Rafinesque, Med. Fi. ii. 265. — Stillé & Maisch, Nat. Dispens.
? Pyrus Americana, var. microcarpa, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. ed. 2, 1333.
i, 472. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 74. * Millspaugh, Am. Med. Pl. in Homeopathic Remedies, i. 56, t. 56.
Sorbus aucuparia, var. a., Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 290. 5 John Josselyn includes in his list of plants mentioned in Vew
Sorbus microcarpa, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 341.— Poiret, Lam. England’s Rarities the “ Quick Beam or Wild Ash.” This has been
Dict. Suppl. v. 164.— Elliott, Sk. i. 555.—Spach, Hist. Vég. ii. supposed to be the American Mountain Ash (see ed. Tuckerman,
95. — Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 138. 98), and, although Josselyn probably never visited the part of
Pyrus microcarpa, Sprengel, Syst. ii. 511.— De Candolle, Prodr. New England where this tree grows naturally, he may well have
ii, 636. — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 648.— Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 921.— learned of its existence from the Indians, who doubtless made use
Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 71. of the fruit.
Sorbus Americana, var. microcarpa, Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 73. 6 Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 920, t.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Puate CLXXI. Pyrus Americana. Prats CLXXII. Pyrvus Americana,
1. A flowering branch, natural size. 1. A fruiting branch, natural size.
2. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. 2. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.
3. An ovary divided transversely, enlarged. 3. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged.
4. Portion of a young branch showing stipules, natural size. 4. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.
5. An embryo, much magnified.
6. A winter-bud, natural size.
Silva of North America. Tab. CLAXI.
2 of So.
one Sis
Rese aaNet
C.F. Faxon detl.: Picart PSC.
PYRUS AMERICANA. DC.
A, Riocreux dren © ; Imp. R. Taneur, Parig.
Silva of North America.
Tab. CLXXII.
Ei EBay
vas
Mn Nt tr ens tn, nny, inn, sno
CE. Faaorn del. Part fr. PC.
PYRUS AMERICANA , DC.
A Riocreun direa.t imp. R-.Taneur, Paris.
ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 81
PYRUS SAMBUCIFOLIA.
Mountain Ash.
LEAFLETS oblong-ovate to lance-ovate, mostly obtuse.
Pyrus sambucifolia, Chamisso & Schlechtendal, Linnea, Pyrus Americana, Newberry, Pacific R. R. Rep. vi. 73
ii. 86. — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 648. — Torrey & Gray, FU. (not De Candolle). — Cooper, Pacific R. R. Rep. xii. pt. ii.
NV. Am. i. 472. — Walpers, Rep. ii. 53.— Dietrich, Syn. 60. — Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Explor. Exped. 292.
iii. 155. — Watson, King’s Rep. v. 92.— Brewer & Wat- Pyrus aucuparia, Meyer, Pl. Lab. 81 (in part). — Schlecht-
son, Bot. Cal. i. 189.— Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. endal, Linnea, x. 99 (in part). — Hooker, Trans. Linn.
10th Census U. 8. ix. 74. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Soc. xxiii. 290, 327 (in part).
Man. ed. 6, 164. Sorbus sambucifolia, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 139. —
Sorbus aucuparia, var. 8., Michaux, 77. Bor-Am. i. 290. Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 73. — Decaisne, Nouv. Arch.
Sorbus aucuparia, Schrank, Pf. Lab. 25 (in part; not Lin- Mus. x. 159.
nus). Sorbus Sitchensis, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 189.
A tree, occasionally thirty fect in height, with a trunk sometimes a foot in diameter, and spreading
branches which form a round handsome head; or often on the mountains of western America a low
shrub. The bark of the trunk is a quarter of an inch thick, with a smooth gray satiny surface some-
times broken by small appressed scales. The branchlets are at first glabrous, pubescent, or pilose with
long pale hairs, and in their first winter are brown tinged with red and are marked by scattered
oblong lenticular spots. The winter-buds are acute, often three quarters of an inch to an inch in
length, and in the shape, color, and texture of the scales which cover them hardly distinguishable from
those of Pyrus Americana. The leaves are four to six inches long, with stout grooved and usually
bright red petioles often tufted with dark hairs at the base of the petiolules, and seven to thirteen
oblong-oval or lance-ovate leaflets ; these are generally blunt and rounded, or abruptly short-pointed, or
acuminate at the apex, unequally wedge-shaped at the base, entire or undulate below, and sharply and
often doubly serrate above the middle, with spreading and sometimes glandular teeth ; when they unfold
they are pubescent on the lower surface, and at maturity are glabrous, dark green above, and pale
below, with inconspicuous midribs and veins, and are sessile or short-petiolulate, or the terminal one
long-stalked, and an inch and a half to two inches in length and one half to three quarters of an inch
in breadth. The stipules are lanceolate to triangular, foliaceous, from one half to three quarters of an
inch long, and early deciduous. The leaves turn a deep orange-color in the autumn before falling. The
flowers, which appear in the early part of July, are produced in small dense pubescent cymes two to
three inches across ; they are a quarter of an inch in diameter when fully expanded, and are borne on
slender clavate pedicels twice the length of the obconic calyx; this is glabrous or puberulous on
the outer surface with narrow acute rigidly pointed lobes ciliate on the margins and much shorter
than the obovate petals which are rounded above and contracted below into short claws. The fruit is
subglobose, bright scarlet, and sometimes nearly half an inch in diameter, and is produced in dense
red-branched clusters.
Pyrus sambucifolia is distributed from southern Greenland! to Labrador? and the high moun-
tains of northern New England, and ranges westward along the northern shores of the Great Lakes to
those of Little Slave Lake, through the Rocky Mountains to Alaska*® and Kamschatka,! and through
1 Hooker f. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 290, 327 (Distribution Arctic Rothrock, Smithsonian Rep. 1867, 446 (Fl. Alaska). — Macoun, Cat.
2p hy), Can. Pl. i. 146.
2 Meyer, Pl. Lab. 81. 4 Ledebour, Fl. Ross. ii. 99.
8 Bongard, Mém. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, ser. 6, ii. 183.—
82 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACER.
northeastern Asia’ and the Kurile Islands* to Japan,’ extending south in western America along all
the mountain ranges of the interior* and western part of the continent to southern New Mexico, and
to the neighborhood of the Yosemite valley in central California.> It inhabits the margins of cold wet
alpine swamps and the borders of streams, and probably attains its greatest size in northern New
England, where it grows at higher elevations above the level of the sea than Pyrus Americana, and
in the region immediately north and west of Lake Superior.
The wood of Pyrus sambucifolia is close-grained but soft, light, and weak; it is light brown, with
thin lighter colored sapwood and obscure medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry
wood is 0.5928, a cubic foot weighing 36.94 pounds.
Pyrus sambucifolia was first distinguished by the French botanist Michaux, who found it in
Canada late in the last century. In cultivation it has been usually confounded with Pyrus Americana,
from which it is best distinguished by its smaller cymes, its larger and later flowers and much larger
fruit, and its usually more obtuse and broader leaflets. The large and brilliant fruit of this tree makes
it the handsomest of all the Mountain Ashes, and it is a common ornament of gardens in northern
Vermont and New Hampshire and in northern Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, where it often
grows to a large size and during the autumn and early winter is a conspicuous and beautiful object.
1 Trautvetter & Meyer, Fl. Ochot. 37. — Maximowicz, Prim. Fl. occidentalis, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xxiii. 263 [Sorbus occidentalis,
Amur. 103.
2 Miyabe, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iv. 232 (Fl. Kurile Islands).
8 Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. i. 140.— Maximowicz,
Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, xix. 174 (Mel. Biol. ix. 171).
4 Coulter, Man. Rocky Mt. Bot. 89.
5 The subalpine form of the high mountains of Washington,
Oregon, and California, a low shrub with small cymes and with
leaves composed of seven to eleven oblong or elliptic-obovate leaf-
lets usually serrate only towards the apex, has been regarded as a
distinct species (Sorbus pumila, Rafinesque, Med. Fi. ii. 265. — Pyrus
Greene, Fl. Francis. i. 54]), but intermediate forms appear to con-
nect it with the northern and eastern tree, and it is perhaps better
to consider it a variety of that species (var. pumila) until the
American Mountain Ashes, which should perhaps be considered
geographical varieties of one widely distributed species, are better
understood than they are at present.
6 Pyrus sambucifolia requires a northern climate with long cold
winters to develop all its beauties, and it does not flourish even in
eastern New England, where it is a less beautiful plant than the
Old World Mountain Ash.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Puate CLXXIII. Pyrus sampBucirorta.
1. A flowering branch, ‘natural size.
2. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
3. An ovary divided transversely, enlarged.
4. Portion of a young branch showing stipules, natural size.
Puate CLXXIV. Pyrvus sAMBUCIFOLIA.
1. A fruiting branch, natural size.
2. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.
3. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged.
4. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.
5. An embryo, much magnified.
6. Winter-buds, natural size.
Silva of North America. Tab. CLXXIII.
pee “=
—
Se
rd
CH Faxon del. Peart fr. SC,
FYRUS SAMBUCIFOLIA, Cham: e& Schlecht.
A. Riocreux direa® inp. R.Taneur, Paris
Tab. CLXXIV.
Silva of North America.
iN
}
t
\
\
¥
TE es
a ~ ~
~ SINE “
Picart PP se.
CE. Faxon del.
PYRUS SAMBUCIFOLIA , Cham et Schlecht.
imp. R.Taneur, Paris.
A. Ruocreux dren ©
ROSACES. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 83
CRAT AGUS.
FLOWERS regular, perfect ; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in estivation ; petals
5, imbricated in estivation ; stamens usually 10 to 20; ovary 1 to 5-celled ; ovules 2 in ..
each cell, ascending. Fruit a drupaceous pome with bony nutlets. Leaves alternate,
simple, lobed or pinnatifid.
Crateegus, Linnzus, Gen. 143. — Adanson, Fam. Pl. ii. Halmia, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 101.
296. — A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. 335. — Meisner, Gen.106.— Anthomeles, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 102.
Endlicher, Gen. 1239. — Bentham & Hooker, Gen. i. Pheenopyrum, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 103.
626. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. i. 475. Phalacros, Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 164.
Oxyacantha, Ruppius, 27. Jen. ed. 3, 186. — Medicus, Phil.
Bot. i. 150.
Trees or shrubs, with scaly bark, rigid terete and usually armed branches, small winter-buds cov-
ered by imbricated scales, those of the inner rows accrescent and often colored, and fibrous roots.
Leaves alternate, petiolate, conduplicate in vernation, simple, and generally serrate or more or less
lobed or pinnatifid, membranaceous or coriaceous, commonly deciduous ; stipules often glandular-ser-
rate, deciduous, lanceolate, acuminate, minute, or, on vigorous shoots, ample, foliaceous, usually lunate
and stalked. Flowers pedicellate, in cymose panicled or slightly racemose corymbs, terminal on leafy
lateral branches developed from the axils of leaves of the previous year. Bracts and bractlets linear,
caducous, often colored, in falling marking the slender branches of the inflorescence and the ped-
icels with persistent gland-like scars. Calyx-tube urceolate or campanulate, fivelobed or divided,
the lobes reflexed after anthesis, entire or glandular-serrate, persistent or deciduous. Disk adnate
to the interior of the calyx-tube, thin or fleshy, entire, lobed or slightly sulcate, concave or somewhat
convex. Petals five, inserted on the margin of the disk in the mouth of the calyx-tube, orbicular,
spreading, entire or sinuate margined, white or rose-colored. Stamens ten to twenty, or indefinite,
inserted with the petals in one to three rows; filaments filiform, subulate, incurved, often persistent
on the ripe fruit; anthers oblong, attached on the back below the middle, introrse, two-celled, the
cells opening longitudinally, pale, rose-colored, or violet-purple. Ovary inferior, composed of one to
five carpels inserted in the bottom of the calyx-tube and united with it; styles terminal, contracted or
slightly spreading, free, persistent on the ripe nutlets; stigmas terminal, dilated, truncate; ovules two
in each cell, ascending, collateral, anatropous ; raphe dorsal, the micropyle inferior. Fruit drupaceous,
ovate or globose, red, yellow, or black, usually somewhat open or concave at the summit; sarcocarp dry
and mealy ; endocarp composed of one to five one-celled slightly united nutlets, variously sulcate and,
when more than one, flattened on the inner faces by mutual pressure. Seeds solitary by the abortion
of one of the ovules, erect, compressed, exalbuminous; testa membranaceous. Embryo filling the
cavity of the seed ; cotyledons plano-convex ; radicle short, inferior.
Cratzegus is widely and generally distributed through the temperate regions of the northern hemi-
sphere. About forty species, nearly equally divided between the Old World and the New, can be dis-
tinguished. Fourteen are found within the territory of the United States, a larger number of species
occurring in the region between the Red and the Trinity Rivers in western Louisiana and eastern
Texas than in any other district of similar extent.' Three species at least occur in Mexico,” and of these
1 This region, which is one of the most interesting in North anywhere else, individuals of several of them growing to a
America for the student of trees, must be considered the headquar- _ greater size and in greater numbers than in any other part of the
ters of the genus Crateegus, which makes here a conspicuous fea- country.
ture of the vegetation. More species occur here together than 2 Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. i. 379.
84 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
ROSACEA.
one’ ranges southward to the mountains of Ecuador, the most southern country which any member of
the genus is known to reach. In Europe, where Crataegus is distributed from Scandinavia to the shores
of the Mediterranean and from the Atlantic to the Black Sea, fourteen species are now generally recog-
nized ;? in the Orient® six endemic species are known; two occur in the Himalayan regions of central
Asia,* and three in China and Japan.’
Crategus has few useful properties. The wood of all the species is heavy, hard and solid, and is
sometimes used for levers, the handles of tools, and other small articles.° In the United States the fruit
of some of the species is made into jellies and preserves, and in northern China the fruit of Crataegus
pinnatifida’ is employed for the same purpose.® The Old World Crategus Oxyacantha, the most
widely distributed plant of the genus, is sometimes cultivated in Afghanistan and the northwestern
Himalayas as a fruit-tree,” and in some parts of Europe its fruit is fermented and used to strengthen
cider and perry." Many of the species are esteemed as ornamental plants, and Crategus Oxyacantha,
with its numerous varieties developed in cultivation, has been for centuries a favorite park and hedge
plant in Europe.”
The American species of Crategus are preyed upon by numerous insects,” and are often injured
by serious fungal diseases.”
The generic name, from xpévos, refers to the strength of the wood produced by the different
species.
1 Crategus stipulosa, Steudel, Nom. Bot. ed. 2, i. 434.
Mespilus stipulosa, Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nov. Gen. et
Spec. vi. 213, — Kunth, Syn. Pl. Aiquin. iii. 462.
2 Nyman, Conspect. Fl. Europ. 243.
8 Boissier, Fl. Orient. ii. 660.
4 Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 383.
5 Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. i. 140. — Maximowicz,
Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg. xix. 176 (Mel. Biol. ix. 175).—
Forbes & Hemsley, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 259.
6 The wood of Crategus Oxyacantha has been found the best
substitute for Boxwood in wood-engraving (Jackson, Commercial
Botany of the 19th Century, 156).
7 Bunge, Mém. Sav. tr. St. Pétersbourg, ii. 100 (Enum. Pl. Chin.
Bor. 26). — Franchet, Pl. David. 118. — Maximowicz, 1. c. — Forbes
& Hemsley, J. ¢.
8 Bretschneider, Early European Researches into the Flora of
China, 127.
9 Linneeus, Spec. 477. — De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 628. — Boissier,
1. c. 664. — Hooker f. J. c.
10 Brandis, Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 207.
11 Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 837.
2 Crategus Oxyacantha is widely and generally distributed.
through the forests of Europe and central Asia ; for many centu-
ries it has been cultivated in Europe as a hedge plant, for which
purpose it is fitted by its rigid and well-armed branches, and Haw-
thorn hedges are common in all parts of Great Britain, where, too,
this tree is a conspicuous and beautiful feature in all parks and
many gardens. (See Loudon, /.c.) The Hawthorn was early in-
troduced into the United States, but the heat and dryness of our
summers cause the growth of many fungal enemies on its foliage
and fruit, and its beauty is thus destroyed early in the season.
18 American Hawthorns are attacked by many insects which prey
particularly on their foliage. Packard (5th Rep. U. S. Entomolog.
Comm. 1886-1890, 532) enumerates forty-six species which afflict
the trees of this genus in the United States ; these have been noted
Tent-caterpillars,
Fall Web-worms, and Canker-worms sometimes infest our Haw-
chiefly in the eastern part of the continent.
thorns to such an extent as to make them a danger to neighboring
orchards,
attack Hawthorns also, in addition to other species which are pe-
The larvee of several species of Catocala have
Most of the insects which live upon Prunus and Pyrus
culiar to them.
been found feeding on these trees as well as a number of leaf-
miners, among which are Nepticula crategifoliella, Clemens, Ornix
crategifoliella, Clemens, Lithocolletis crategella, Clemens, and others.
Aphids and mites also affect the foliage, and the trunks are often
injured by Apple-tree Borers. Certain species of Cureulio, like
Anthonomus Crategi, Walsh, Conotrachelus Naso, Leconte, and Co-
notrachelus posticatus, Say, live within the fruit.
4 Different Restelie occur on the fruit and young branches of
most of the American species of Cratzgus as well as on Pyrus and
Amelanchier, and a Cluster Cup, Restelia pyrata, Thaxter, makes
rings on the under surface of the leaves of several species. Among
other fungi which attack Crategus are Entomosy I
Levéillé, with curious ciliated spores, and most of the species
which attack Pyrus can be found also on Crategus.
um
ROSACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Flowers in ample many-flowered corymbs.
Fruit subglobose, black or blue.
Leaves broadly obovate to oblong-ovate. . . . . . ss
C. Dovexast.
Leaves lanceolate-oblong to ovate . Cc
. BRACHYACANTHA.
pre
Fruit large, subglobose or pyriform, scarlet or cacy Sian.
CRUS-GALLI.
COCCINEA.
Leaves subcoriaceous, obovate-cuneiform to broadly ovate or linear-oblong. . . . 3.
Leaves membr 3 d-ovate, acutely incised, usually glabrous . . . . . 4
Leaves membranaceous, broadly ovate, acutely incised, pubescent on the lower sur-
HD. “of 8G. g i 68S Ome oo oda ooo 500 on ooo Gs Ol kn
Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong. . . . Bob 0 8 o of G oe 6 6 6 Goa Os nOmoON
Leaves wedge-obovate, prominently valid = OG 9 0 ONG oO 6 4p oo. fo Ch THUR (oR,
Fruit small, depressed-globose, nepelol:
1 1 lat hl. Jot 8
Leaves or . SPATHULATA.
« CORDATA.
C.
Leaves broadly ovate or enenle OOo SO OE ab 6 (Gg ape oa a= Gh)
Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong or oblong-obovate . ...... =.=... . 10. C. virivis.
Leaves orbicular to broadly ovate, pinnately 5 to 7-cleft. . . . .. . . . . . 11. C. aprrorta.
Flowers in simple few-flowered corymbs.
Fruit pyriform or subglobose, red or greenish yellow.
Leaves cuneate-obovate or rhombic-obovate. . . « + + + + « « « « « «12. CO. riava.
Weaves obovate, spatulates,., . ..r w se es os os los ©-CUNINLORA,
Fruit red, globose.
Leaves elliptical to oblong-cunciform . . . . » + © © © © © © ~~ « » 14.C. msrivaus.
86 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACER,
CRATAiGUS DOUGLASILI.
Haw.
Fruit black. Leaves broadly obovate to oblong-ovate.
Cratzgus Douglasii, Lindley, Bot. Reg. t. 1810.— Koch, iti. 160. — Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 135. — Torrey, Bot.
Dendr. i. 147. — Kaleniczenko, Bull. Mose. xlviii. pt. ii. Wilkes Explor. Exped. 292. — Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop.
26.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. Cal. i. 189. — Engelmann, i. 116.
Bot. Gazette, vii. 128. —Sargent, Forest Trees N. dm. Crateegus sanguinea, Nuttall, Sylva, ii. 6, t. 44 (not Pal
10th Census U. S. ix. 75.— Greene, Fl. Francis. i. 53. las). — Cooper, Am. Nat. iii. 407.
Crategus punctata, var. brevispina, Douglas; Hooker, Anthomeles Douglasii, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 140.
Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 201. Cratzgus rivularis, Brewer & Watson, Bot. Cal. i. 189
Crateegus sanguinea, var. Douglasii, Torrey & Gray, Fl. (not Nuttall). — Greene, FV. Francis. i. 53.
N. Am. i. 464. — Walpers, Rep. ii. 58. — Dietrich, Syn.
A tree, thirty to forty feet in height, with a straight stout trunk eighteen inches to two feet in
diameter, dividing into many branches which form a compact round head, and slender rigid branchlets ;
or often a tall shrub throwing up many stems, or, in the dry climate of the interior of the continent, a
low intricately branched bush. The bark of the trunk is a quarter of an inch thick, longitudinally
fissured, and broken into oblong plates, the surface of which separates into long thick dark red-brown
scales. The branchlets are glabrous, green when young, and in their first winter bright red and lustrous,
and marked by pale elevated lenticels; they are sometimes unarmed, but usually bear stout straight or
slightly curved blunt or acute spines, three quarters of an inch to an inch in length, which are bright
red in their first year, and, like the branches, later become ashy gray. The winter-buds are obtuse,
one eighth of an inch long, and covered by broadly ovate scales which are keeled on the back, apicu-
late, ciliate on the margins, bright chestnut-brown, and lustrous. The leaves are broadly ovate to
oblong-ovate, acute at the apex, gradually contracted at the base into short broad petioles, finely serrate
except at the base with small glandular teeth, and often incisely cut towards the apex, or more or less
three-lobed, especially on vigorous shoots ; when they unfold they are puberulous on both surfaces, and
at maturity are glabrous, thick, and rather coriaceous, dark green and often lustrous above, and paler
below, one to four inches in length, and half an inch to an inch and a half in breadth. The stipules
are narrowly obovate, acuminate, glandular-serrate, and caducous, or, on vigorous shoots, are foliaceous,
broadly ovate-falcate, deeply incised, glandular-serrate, and short-stalked. The flowers are produced in
broad or narrow leafy many-flowered cymes, furnished with lanceolate acuminate caducous bracts and
bractlets ; they appear in May when the leaves are nearly fully grown, and are from one third to one
half of an inch across, with broadly obconie calyx-tubes, glabrous or puberulous, and nearly as long as
the lanceolate calyx-lobes, which are acute or rounded at the apex, entire, ciliate-margined or finely glan-
dular-serrate, and green or tinged with red or purple. The petals are pure white, broadly obovate,
rounded above, and contracted below ito short claws, and are rather longer than the stamens which
have stout filaments and small pale anthers and than the short styles which vary in number from two to
five, and are often furnished at the base with tufts of long pale hairs. The fruit, which falls as soon as
it ripens in August and September, is subglobose or rarely somewhat oblong, black, and lustrous, with
thin sweet flesh and small thin-walled nutlets slightly grooved on the back.
Orategus Douglasii is distributed from the valley of the Parsnip River in British Columbia*
vv
1 Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. i. 148.
ROS ACE: SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 87
through Washington and Oregon to the valley of the Pitt River in California, and ranges southward
through Idaho and Montana to the valley of the Flat Head River at the western base of the Rocky
Mountains. It is found in wet sandy soil in the neighborhood of streams, where it often forms impene-
trable thickets of considerable extent, and is most abundant and attains its greatest size in the valleys of
western Oregon and northern California.
The wood of Crataegus Douglasii is heavy, hard, tough, and close-grained, with a satiny surface
susceptible of receiving a beautiful polish ; it is rose-colored, with thick pale sapwood composed of thirty
to forty layers of annual growth, and contains many thin medullary rays. The specific gravity of the
absolutely dry wood is 0.6950, a cubic foot weighing 43.31 pounds. It is used for wedges, malls, and
the handles of tools. The fruit, which is produced in great profusion, is a favorite article of food with
the Indians.
Tn the dry interior parts of the continent Crategus Douglasii is represented by the variety rivu-
laris,' which, in its extreme form, is distinguished by narrowly lanceolate simply serrate membranaceous
pale leaves; but in northern Montana, where the black-fruited Thorns abound, it passes into the form
with larger thicker incisely cut leaves, the plants in one thicket often showing both the extreme and all
the intermediate varieties of foliage ever produced by this tree.
Crategus Douglasii, var. rivularis, is usually a low intricately branched armed or unarmed shrub.
It is common in the coast region of Oregon, and is the usual form in the region bordering the shores of
Puget Sound; it ranges southward to Sierra and Plumas Counties, California,” and extends over all the
mountain ranges of eastern Oregon and Washington ; it abounds on those of Idaho, Montana, and
Utah, and spreads through Colorado * to the Pinos Altos Mountains of New Mexico, and grows along
the borders of streams and mountain meadows, generally at high elevations.
Crategus Douglasii was discovered by David Douglas‘ in the valley of the lower Colorado River,
and in 1826 or 1827 was introduced by him into the garden of the London Horticultural Society, where
it flowered ten years later.
In cultivation Crategus Douglasii is a rapidly growing round-headed tree, soon attaining in good
soil a height of eighteen or twenty feet; it is hardy on the Atlantic coast as far north as Nova Scotia,
and in eastern Massachusetts covers itself every year with its handsome flowers and abundant black
fruit.
1 Sargent, Garden and Forest, ii. 400. Mespilus rivularis, Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 187 ; Bot. Centralbl.
Crategus rivularis, Nuttall; Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. xxxy. 342.
464, — Dietrich, Syn. iii. 161. — Walpers, Rep. ii. 58. — Nuttall, 2 Greene, Fl. Francis. i. 53.
Sylva, ii.9.— Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. i. 107. — Watson, King’s 8 Coulter, Man. Rocky Mt. Bot. 88.
Rep. v. 92.— Engelmann, Bot. Gazette, vii. 128. — Sargent, Forest 4 See ii. 94.
Trees N. Am. 10th Census U.S. ix. 74. — Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 5 Garden and Forest, i. 201.
i, 522.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Pratz CLXXV. Cratmevs Doverasi.
. A flowering branch, natural size.
. Diagram of a flower.
. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
. Front and back views of a stamen, enlarged.
a
2.
3.
4,
5. An ovule, much magnified.
6. A fruiting branch, natural size.
7. A fruit with a part of the flesh removed, showing the nutlets, enlarged.
8. A nutlet natural size.
9. A nutlet. divided transversely, enlarged.
0. Vertical section of a nutlet, enlarged.
11. A seed, enlarged.
12. An embryo, much magnified.
13. A leaf from a young shoot with stipules, natural size.
14, Winter-buds, natural size.
Puate CLXXVI. Cratmevs Dovenast, var. RIVULARIS.
A flowering branch, natural size.
Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
A fruiting branch, natural size.
Cross section of a fruit, enlarged.
A nuitlet, natural size.
A nutlet divided transversely, enlarged.
Sar eN
Silva of North America ee - — Tab, CLXXV.
CE. Faxon del. Picart se.
a | | CRATAGUS DOUGLASII, Lindl.
> i Rican dren* | Imp. R.Taneur, Paris.
Silva of North America. } tao” CLAAVG:
CE Faxon dev Rapine sc.
GRATZCUS DOUGLASII, Var. RIVULARIS. Sarg
A. Riocreue dren” Imp. R. Taneur, Paris.
ROSACEA, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 89
CRATZIGUS BRACHYACANTHA.
Pometite Bleue. Hog’s Haw.
Fruit bright blue. Leaves lanceolate-oblong to ovate.
Crateegus brachyacantha, Sargent & Engelmann; Engel- Crateegus spathulata, Hooker, Compan. Bot. Mag. i. 25
mann, Bot. Gazette, vii. 128. — Sargent, Forest Trees NV. ‘(not Michaux).
Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 75.— Otto Kuntze, Rev. Gen.
Pil. i, 215.
A tree, forty to fifty feet in height, with a straight trunk eighteen or twenty inches in diameter,
dividing, five or ten feet from the ground, into stout spreading light gray branches which form a broad
compact round head. The bark of the trunk is a quarter of an inch thick, dark brown, deeply
furrowed, and broken into long persistent scales. The branchlets are at first light green and slightly
pubescent, but soon become glabrous and pale red-brown, and in their second year are stout, more or
less zigzag, and ashy gray ; they are armed with numerous short stout generally curved or sometimes
straight and slender spines, from one third to two thirds of an inch in length, which often terminate
lateral branchlets on vigorous shoots. The winter-buds are obtuse, nearly globose, one sixteenth of an
inch across, and protected by chestnut-brown suborbicular scales ciliate on the margins and rounded on
the back, those of the inner ranks being acerescent with the young shoots, and at maturity foliaceous,
obovate, rounded above, nearly entire, and from one third of an inch to nearly an inch in length. The
leaves are deciduous, and are lanceolate-oblong to ovate or rhombic, acute or rounded at the apex, grad-
ually contracted into short broad petioles, and crenulate-serrate with minute appressed apiculate teeth ;
when they unfold they are slightly puberulous on the upper, and glabrous on the under surface, and at
maturity are thick, subcoriaceous, dark green, and lustrous, with thin inconspicuous midribs and veins,
and are one inch to two inches in length and half an inch to nearly an inch in breadth. The stipules are
minute, subulate, one eighth of an inch long, and caducous. On vigorous shoots the leaves are some-
times broadly ovate or almost triangular, wedge-shaped, truncate, or heart-shaped at the base and more
or less deeply three-lobed, and are two and a half inches long and two inches broad, with foliaceous
broadly ovate to triangular-oblong acute stalked stipules an inch in length, and early deciduous. The
flowers, which appear toward the end of April and early in May, when the leaves are nearly fully
grown, are one third of an inch across when expanded, and are produced in great profusion on lateral
spur-like branchlets in glabrous umbellate corymbs with long slender branches. The bracts and bract-
lets, which are narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, from one quarter to one half of an inch in length and
tinged with red, fall when the flower-buds are half grown, leaving minute gland-like scars. The pedicels
are half an inch long, or four or five times the length of the glabrous obconic calyces, which has broadly
lanceolate acute entire deciduous lobes. The petals are white, nearly orbicular, and contracted below
into short claws, and in drying turn a bright orange-color. The styles vary in number from three to
five. The fruit, which matures and falls in the middle of August, is subglobose or occasionally some-
what pyriform, and from one third to one half of an inch in diameter, with a deep cavity and thin flesh,
and is bright blue and covered with a glaucous bloom ; the nutlets, which are a quarter of an inch long,
pointed at the apex, rounded at the base, nearly triangular in section, and slightly two-grooved on the
rounded and nearly smooth back, are composed almost entirely of the thick hard walls which inclose
minute compressed seeds; these are not more than half a line thick and are covered with a pale brown
testa.
Crategus brachyacantha is distributed from the valley of Bayou Dorcheat in northwestern Lou-
isiana through the western part of that state to the valley of the Sabine River in eastern Texas. It
90 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACER,
grows on the borders of streams in rich moist soil, or surrounds with dense groves low wet prairies
in western Louisiana, where, a few miles west of Opelousas, it is the most conspicuous and beautiful
feature of the arborescent vegetation.
The wood of Crategus brachyacantha is heavy, hard, and very close-grained, with a satiny surface
susceptible of receiving a beautiful polish; it contains numerous very obscure medullary rays and is
light brown tinged with rose, the thin sapwood, composed of ten or twelve layers of annual growth,
being lighter colored. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.6793, a cubic foot weighing
42.33 pounds.
Crategus brachyacantha was first collected, without flowers or fruit, by the Scotch botanist
Thomas Drummond," but its true character was only made known fifty years later, when it was rediscoy-
ered by Dr. Charles Mohr? near Minden in Louisiana in November, 1880.
Crategus brachyacantha is the least widely distributed, and one of the largest and most beautiful
representatives of the genus in North America. As it grows on the prairies of western Louisiana it is
a striking and very attractive object, and its size, its compact well-shaped head, its lustrous foliage, its
abundant flowers, and the color of its fruit, which is unlike that of any other Hawthorn, will make the
Pomette Bleue, as it is called by the French Acadians of Louisiana, a valuable ornament of gardens and
parks where the climate is sufficiently temperate for its full development.
1 See ii. 25.
* Charles Mohr was born in Esslingen, Wiirtemberg, December
28, 1824, and early imbibed a taste for natural history and the woods
from a relative employed in the forest service of Wiirtemberg,
who made the boy his companion. In 1842 he entered the poly-
technical school at Stuttgart, where he remained for three years,
when, having made the acquaintance of the naturalist Kappler, an
employee in the colonial service of Holland, he accompanied him
as assistant to Dutch Guiana. Here, however, Mohr’s stay was
short, owing to repeated attacks of malarial fever; and, after the
chemical works at Brunin in Moravia, where he next found employ-
ment, were closed in consequence of the political agitations of the
year 1848, he sought a home in North America. The spring of
1849 found him crossing the plains to California, where he arrived
on foot, after a journey of one hundred and seven days from the
Missouri River. In California he made a collection of all the
plants he could find in flower on the foothills of the Yuba valley
and in the neighborhood of S to. Unfortunately this collec-
tion, which doubtless contained a number of undescribed species,
as Dr. Mohr was among the earliest botanists to explore central
California, was lost during his return journey across the Isthmus of
Panama. On reaching the east, Dr. Mohr first settled in Louisville,
Kentucky, and, after a journey in Mexico, where he thought of
establishing himself, and where he collected Mosses especially, and
among them several new species afterwards described by Professor
Karl Mueller of Halle, he made his home at Mobile, Alabama.
Here for many years he has been a successful manufacturing drug-
gist, and has devoted his spare time to the study of the flora and
the natural resources of the state. Being appointed, in 1880, an
agent of the Forestry Division of the 10th Census of the United
States to investigate the forest resources of the Gulf states, he
prosecuted this task during several years with great vigor and in-
telligence, traveling through all parts of the Gulf region west of
the Appalachicola River, and obtaining the first accurate informa-
tion about the position and distril of the southern forests,
besides adding much to our knowledge of the range and life-his-
tories of the trees which compose them. Later, as an agent for
the American Museum of Natural History in New York, he again
explored the southern forests to collect specimens for the Jesup
Collection of North American Woods.
southern woods under the auspices of the Louisville and Nashville
Railroad Company for the New Orleans Exposition, and is now
engaged, under the Forestry Division of the Department of Agri-
culture, in studying some of the most important timber-trees of
the south. Dr. Mohr is the author of numerous papers upon the
botany and geology of the southern states published in the reports
of scientific societies or in more popular form. (See Pharmaceu-
tische Rundschau, v. No. 2, 4.)
3 Seeds of Crategus brachyacantha were distributed by the Ar-
nold Arboretum, in 1883, to the principal botanical establishments
of Europe. In eastern Massachusetts the climate has proved too
severe for it, and the young plants have all perished.
He made a collection of
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Prats CLXXVII.
A nutlet, natural size.
eet a eo aS
CRATHGUS BRACHYACANTHA.
A flowering branch, natural size.
Vertical section ofa flower, enlarged.
A fruiting branch, natural size.
A fruit with a part of the flesh removed, showing the nutlets, natural size.
A nutlet divided transversely, enlarged.
A vigorous shoot with stipules, natural size.
A lobed leaf, natural size.
Silva of North America. Tab. CLAXVII.,
CE Faxon dab. : ~ Picart fr SCL
CRATACUS BRACHYACANTHA, Engelm, et Sarg
A. Riocreux durex!
lip. f. Laneur Paris.
ROSACEA.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
ot
CRATZiGUS CRUS-GALLI.
Cockspur Thorn,
Newcastle Thorn.
LEaves subcoriaceous, obovate-cuneiform to broadly oval or linear-oblong.
Crategus Crus-galli, Linneus, Spec. 476.— Miller, Dict.
ed. 8, No. 5. — Medicus, Bot. Beob. 1782, 344. — Moench,
Biume Weiss. 28.— Walter, Fl. Car. 147. — Willdenow,
Berl. Baumz. 87 ; Spee. ii. pt. ii. 1004. — Michaux, FV.
Bor.-Am. i. 288. — Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2,
y. 448. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 37.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i.
338. — Nuttall, Gen. i. 305. — Elliott, Sz. i. 548. — Bige-
low, FU. Boston. 118. —Watson, Dendr. Brit. i. 56, t. 56. —
De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 626. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i.
200. — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 598. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N.
Am. i. 463. — Dietrich, Syn. iii. 158. — Torrey, Fl. N. Y.
i. 221. — Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 117. — Darlington,
Fl. Cestr. ed. 3, 83. — Chapman, F7. 127. — Curtis, Rep.
Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 83. — Regel, Act. Hort.
Petrop. i. 108. — Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 187. — Kale-
niczenko, Bull. Mosc. xviii. pt. ii. 19. — Emerson, Trees
Mass. ed. 2, ii. 492, t.— Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
1882, 66.— Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census
U. S. ix. 76.— Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6,
166. — Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 107 (Man.
Crategus lucida, Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No. 6.— Moench,
Biume Weiss. 28.—Du Roi, Obs. Bot. 13.— Wangen-
heim, Nordam. Holz. 53, t. 17, f. 42. — Sprengel, Syst.
ii. 506. — De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 629. — Don, Gen. Syst.
ii. 599.
Mespilus Crus-galli, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 88. — Castigli-
oni, Viag. negli Stati Uniti, ii. 294, — Poiret, Lam. Dict.
iv. 441. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 157. — Nowveau Du-
hamel, iv. 149. — Willdenow, Hnum. 522; Berl. Bawmz.
ed. 2, 244. — Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 80. — Koch, Dendr. i. 142.
Mespilus lucida, Ehrhart, Beitr. iv. 17. — Moench, Meth.
685. — Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, v. 448. —
Spach, Hist. Vég. ii. 57.
Cratzegus laurifolia, Medicus, Gesch. Bot. 84.
Mespilus cuneifolia, Moench, Meth. 684.
Crateegus Crus-galli, var. splendens, Aiton, Hort. Kew.
ed. 2, iii. 202.
Mespilus Watsoniana, Spach, Hist. Vég. ii. 57.
Crategus Watsoniana, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 117.
Cratzegus Carrierei, Carritre, Rev. Hort. 1883, 108, t.
Pl. W. Texas). Crateegus Lavallei, Hort. Paris.
A tree, twenty to thirty feet in height, with a trunk four to six feet tall and sometimes a foot in
diameter, covered, like the stout rigid spreading branches which form a broad flat or round head, with
light red-brown or ashy gray scaly bark, and usually armed with long stout often branched spines.
The branchlets are glabrous, and at first green but soon become light brown or gray tinged with brown,
or sometimes, in the southern states, bright red and lustrous ; they are stout, usually more or less zigzag,
light brown to ashy gray in their second year, and armed with stout straight or slightly curved sharp-
pointed chestnut-brown or ashy gray spines from one to four inches in length, which continue to enlarge
for many years and eventually often become many branched and six or eight inches long. The winter-
buds are obtuse, an eighth of an inch long, and covered by chestnut-brown lustrous apiculate scales
rounded on the back and scarious on the margins, those of the inner ranks being at maturity lanceolate,
acute, finely glandular-serrate, from one half of an inch to an inch in length, sometimes bright red and
caducous. The leaves are obovate, cuneiform to broadly ovate or linear-oblong, acute or rounded at
the apex, gradually contracted below into short broad petioles, sharply serrate except towards the base
with minute appressed usually glandular-tipped teeth, and rarely slightly three-lobed ; they are glabrous
or occasionally puberulous on the lower surface, thick and coriaceous, dark green and lustrous above, and
pale below, reticulate-veined, with narrow midribs and primary veins, an inch to five inches long, and
from one quarter of an inch to an inch and a half wide. The stipules are linear-acute to ligulate, minutely
glandular-serrate, from one quarter to one half of an inch in length, and caducous; or, on vigorous
shoots, they are foliaceous, obliquely ovate, stalked, coarsely glandular-serrate, and sometimes half an
inch broad. The flowers,
which appear after the leaves are fully grown from the middle of April in Texas to the middle of June
In the autumn before falling the leaves turn bright orange and scarlet.
92 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACES.
in New England, are produced in many-flowered glabrous or sometimes puberulous thin-branched
The bracts and bractlets are
linear-spatulate, acute, finely glandular-serrate, half an inch to an inch in length, usually tinged with
The flowers are two thirds of an inch across and are borne on slender pedicels one
elongated racemose corymbs, the lower branches from the axils of leaves.
red, and caducous.
half of an inch to nearly an inch in length; the calyx is narrow, obconic, and glabrous or pilose on the
outer surface, with linear-lanceolate entire or minutely glandular-serrate persistent lobes rather shorter
than the white petals; the pistils are two to five and are surrounded at the base by tufts of pale
hairs. The fruit is subglobose or rarely pyriform, and one third of an inch across, with a deep cavity
surrounded. by the remnants of the calyx-lobes and filaments, and is dull red with thin dry mealy flesh.
The nutlets are a quarter of an inch long, rounded at both ends, and two or three-grooved on the back,
with broad rounded ridges and thick brittle walls. The seed is acute, one sixteenth of an inch in
length, and covered with a thin papery light brown testa.'
Crategus Crus-galli is distributed from the valley of the St. Lawrence to the northern shores of
Lake Erie? ranging southward in the United States to the valley of the Chipola River in western
Florida, and westward to Missouri and to the valley of the Colorado River in Texas. It grows in rich
soil, usually along the margins of swamps, on the borders of prairies, or in the neighborhood of streams ;
it is generally distributed but nowhere very common in the northern and eastern states, and is abundant
and attains its largest size in southern Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas.
The wood of Crategus Crus-galli is heavy, hard, and close-grained, with a satiny surface, and
contains many obscure medullary rays.
It is brown tinged with red, with thin lighter colored sapwood.
The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.7194, a cubic foot weighing 44.83 pounds.
1 The leaves of Crategus Crus-galli, although easily recognized
by their texture and lustrous upper surface, vary considerably in
form on different individuals and sometimes on the same individual.
Botanists have end d to establish varieties based on some of
these different leaf-forms, although such characters have little value
in Crategus and are not at all constant or to be depended upon.
These varieties are : —
Var. pyracanthifolia, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 170.—De Candolle,
Prodr. ii. 626.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 464.— Loudon,
Arb. Brit. ii. 820, t. 128, £. 580.—Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. i.
109 (in part). —Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S.
ix. 76.
Crategus salicifolia, Medicus, Bot. Beob. 1782, 345. — Roemer,
Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 117.
Crategus Crus-galli, var. salicifolia, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 170. —
De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 626.— Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 820, f.
551-553, 578, t.— Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. i. 110.— Wenzig,
Linnea, xxxviii. 139.
Mespilus Crus-galli, vax. salicifolia, Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 80.—
Willdenow, Berl. Bawmz. ed. 2, 244.
Mespilus Crus-galli, var. pyracanthifolia, Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 80.
Mespilus salicifolia, Koch, Dendr. i. 144.
Crateegus Coursetiana, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iti. 117.
Var. ovalifolia, Bot. Reg. t. 1860. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am.
i. 464. — Dietrich, Syn. iii. 159. Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 821, f.
579, t.— Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. i. 109. — Wenzig, Linnea,
xxxviii. 189. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U.S. ix.
76.
Mespilus ovalifolia, Hornemann, Hort. Hafn. Suppl. 52.—
Koeh, Dendr. i. 148.
Mespilus prunellifolia, Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. iv. 72.
Crategus ovalifolia, De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 627. — Don, Gen.
Syst. ti. 598. — Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 117. — Sargent, For-
est Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 76.
Crategus prunellifolia, De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 627. — Don, Gen.
Syst. ii. 598. — Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 117.
Mespilus elliptica, Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abdild. Holz. 170,
t. 144 (not Lamarck). — Spach, Hist. Vég. ii. 68.
Var. linearis, De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 626. — Torrey & Gray, Fl.
N. Am. i. 464. — Dietrich, Syn. iii. 159. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii.
821, f. 577. — Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. i. 110.— Wenzig, Linnea,
xxxviii. 140. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U.S. ix.
76.
Mespilus lucida, var. angustifolia, Ehrhart, Beitr. iv. 18.
Crategus linearis, Persoon, Syn. ii. 37.— Roemer, Fam. Nat.
Syn. iii. 118.
Mespilus linearis, Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 156. — Poiret,
Lam. Dict. Suppl. iv. 70.— Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2,
v. 448. — Spach, Hist. Vég. ii. 57.
This is the most distinct of all the forms of Crategus Crus-galli.
It is not known to me in a wild state, and is believed to have origi-
nated in Europe, probably in France, where it appears to be more
often cultivated than the other forms of the species.
Var. prunifolia, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 464. — Dietrich,
Syn. iii. 159.— Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 821, f. 576, t. — Regel, Act.
Hort. Petrop. i. 110.— Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 140. — Sargent,
Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 77.
Mespilus prunifolia ? Marshall, Arbust. Am. 90. — Poiret, Lam.
Dict. iv. 443.— Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, v. 448. —
Nouveau Duhamel, iv. 150, t. 40. — Sprengel, Syst. ii. 506.
Cratcegus prunifolia, Persoon, Syn. ii. 37. — De Candolle, Prodr.
ii. 627. — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 598. — Bot. Reg. t. 1868.
Var. Fontanesiana, Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 141.
Mespilus Fontanesiana, Spach, Hist. Véq. ii. 58, t. 10, f. K.
Mespilus Bosciana, Spach, Hist. Vég. ii. 58.
Crategus badiata, Bose, Nouv. Cours d’ Agric. ii. 224, 11, 58.
Crateegus Bosciana, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iti. 118.
2 Brunet, Cat.Vég. Lig. Can. 26.—Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. i. 147.
ROSACER. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 93
In some parts of the country the spurs are used as pins to close the mouths of sacks and for
similar purposes.
Crategus Crus-galli was introduced into English gardens toward the end of the seventeenth
century,’ and the first description and portrait of this tree are those of Plukenet, made from cultivated
plants and published in 1691 in his Phytographia?
In western Louisiana, and eastern Texas and occasionally in the southern Atlantic states, a variety,
Crategus Crus-galli, var. berberifolia, occurs with obovate leaves rounded at the apex and covered,
as are the shoots, the corymbs, and the calyces, by thick pale persistent pubescence, and with orange-
colored red-cheeked fruit. In its habit, however, in the appearance of its bark, the form and texture of
its leaves, the character of its thorns, or the nature of its wood, this tree is not distinguishable from the
ordinary form of the Cockspur Thorn which grows with it.
The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood of Crategus Crus-galli, var. berberifolia, is
0.6126, a cubic foot weighing 38.17 pounds.*
It was discovered many years ago near Opelousas? in Louisiana, by Professor William M. Carpenter.°
Crataegus Crus-galli has been more generally cultivated in the United States and in Hurope than
any other American Hawthorn, and as a cultivated plant it is particularly beautiful. It flowers later
than most trees, and after its large and beautifully lustrous leaves are fully developed. Its habit is
always good and often striking; its foliage is less subject to fungal diseases than that of the other
American species ; and its fruit, which birds do not devour, covers the branches until the spring without
losing color. It is the best of the American Hawthorns to plant in hedges,’ and for more than a century
has been used in some parts of the eastern states for this purpose.®
1 Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 170.— Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 820, £. 574,
575, t.
2 Mespilus aculeata Pyrifolia denticulata splendens, fructu insigni
rutilo Virginiensis, t. 46, f. 1; Alm. Bot. 249.— Miller, Dict. No. 9.
Mespilus ; spinosa, sive Oxyacantha Virginiana. The Cockspur
or Virginian Hawthorn, Miller, Dict. No. 8.
Mespilus foliis lanceolatis serratis, spinis robustioribus, floribus
corymbosis, Miller, Dict. Icon. 119, t. 178, f. 2.
8 Sargent, Garden and Forest, ii. 464.
Crategus berberifolia, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 469. —
Dietrich, Syn. iii. 159. — Walpers, Rep. ii. 59. — Roemer, Fam.
Nat. Syn. iti. 115.—Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. i. 123. — Engel-
mann, Bot. Gazette, vii. 128. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th
Census U. S. ix. 82.
Mespilus berberifolia, Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 125.
4 Garden and Forest, iii. 344.
5 This tree is common four miles west of Opelousas, Louisiana,
on land adjoining the plantation of Monsieur Pierre Pompon Petre,
in an open grove of Oaks and Hickories, growing on low moist
ground with the Hornbeam, the Flowering Dogwood, and the
Parsley Haw, close to the border of a prairie surrounded by broad
masses of Crataegus brachyacantha.
6 William M. Carpenter (1811-1848) was born in St. Francisville
in the parish of West Feliciana, Louisiana. In 1829 he entered the
military academy at West Point, but two years later delicate health
compelled him to resign, and he left the academy before graduation
and began the study of medicine in the Louisiana Medical College,
from which he was graduated in 1836, when he was called to the
chair of natural history and chemistry in the Louisiana State Col-
lege at Jackson in his native parish. In the six years during which
ted with this i he devoted
himself assiduously to studying the flora of Louisiana, communicat-
Professor Carpenter was
ing the results of his observations to the authors of the Flora of
North America.
ica and therapeutics in the Louisiana State College, a position
which he held until his death, six years later.
with a single species, a lovely white-flowered shrub of the Califor-
In 1842 he was made professor of materia med-
Carpenteria, a genus
nia Sierras, was dedicated to his memory by his friend Torrey.
7 “The Virginian Azarole with a red fruit, or Linneus’s Crategus
Crus-galli, is a species of hawthorn, and they plant it in hedges, for
want of that hawthorn, which is commonly used for this purpose in
Europe. Its berries are red, and of the same size, shape, and taste
with those of our hawthorn. Yet this tree does not seem to make
a good hedge, for its leaves were already fallen, whilst other trees
still preserved theirs.” (Kalm, Travels, English ed. i. 115.)
8 The name of N tle Thorn, ti
had its origin in the fact that it was once largely used as a hedge
plant by the farmers of Newcastle County, Delaware.
given to this species,
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Puare CLXXVIII. Cratmeus CRvs-GALLi.
. A flowering branch, natural size.
a
. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
. A fruiting branch, natural size.
mB oO b
. A fruit with a part of the flesh removed, showing the nutlets, natural size.
. View of the back of a nutlet, natural size.
. A nutlet divided transversely, enlarged.
. Winter-buds, natural size.
. A leaf from a vigorous shoot with stipules, natural size.
Oo CON DD O
. A leaf of the linear-lanceolate form, natural size.
Puare CLXXIX. Cratmeus CRUS-GALLI, var. BERBERIFOLIA.
1. A flowering branch, natural size.
. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
. A fruiting branch, natural size.
2.
3
4. Cross section of a fruit, natural size.
5. A nutlet, natural size.
6.
. A nutlet divided transversely, enlarged.
Tab. CLXXVIII.
Silva of North America.
Pricart se.
del.
P ef
LL QO.
77
ha
CRATZGUS: CRUS> GALLI 1,
Ld
Imp. R. Taneur, Paris.
A Piecreie dreont
Silva of North America. Tao. Sine
C.£. Faxon del,
" \
Gueenier SO
CRATA GUS CRUS- GALLI, Var. BERBERIFOLIA, Sarg
A. Riocreux direx ! imp. R. Taneur, Paris
ROSACEA.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 95
CRATAiGUS COCCINEA.
Scarlet Haw.
White Thorn.
LEAVES membranaceous, round-ovate, acutely incised.
Crateegus coccinea, Linnxus, Spec. 476. — Miller, Dict.
ed. 8, No. 4.— Du Roi, Harbk. Bawmz. i. 193. — Moench,
Biume Weiss. 28. — Walter, Fl. Car. 147. — Willdenow,
Berl. Bawmz. 81; Spec. ii. pt. ii. 1000 (excl. syn.). —
Michaux, 7. Bor.-Am. i. 288.— Persoon, Syn. ii. 36. —
Pursh, #7. Am. Sept. i. 337. — Nuttall, Gen. i. 305. —
Schrank, Pf. Lab. 26.— Elliott, Sk. i. 553. — Torrey,
Fl. N. Y. i. 221.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 627.—
Hooker, #7. Bor.-Am. i. 201; Bot. Mag. t. 3432. — Don,
Gen. Syst. ii. 599. — Bot. Reg. t. 1957. — Torrey & Gray,
i. N. Am. i. 465. — Bigelow, Fl. Boston. ed. 3, 206. —
Dietrich, Syn. iii. 160. — Walpers, Rep. ii. 58. — Schniz-
lein, Icon. t. 270, £. 18-20, 22. — Darlington, 7. Cestr. ed.
8, 83. — Chapman, F7. 127. — Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv.
NV. Car. 1860, iii. 82. — Kaleniczenko, Bull. Mosc. xlviii.
pt. ii. 9. — Emerson, Trees Mass. ed. 2, ii. 493, t. — Ridg-
way, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 66.—Sargent, Forest
Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 77. — Watson &
Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 165.
Mespilus coccinea, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 87.— Casti-
glioni, Viag. negli Stati Uniti, ii. 293. — Moench, Meth.
684. — Poiret, Lam. Dict. iv. 442. — Desfontaines, Hist.
Arb. ii. 156. — Willdenow, Hnuwm. 523; Berl. Bawmz. ed.
2, 238. — Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, v. 451. —
Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 77. — Wendland, Regensb. Flora,
1823, 699. — Sprengel, Syst. ii. 507. — Spach, Hist. Vég.
ii. 64.
Crategus rotundifolia, Moench, Biwme Weiss. 29, t. 1.
Mespilus rotundifolia, Ehrhart, Beitr. iii. 20. — Wendland,
Regensb. Flora, 1823, 700. — Koch, Dendr. i. 148.
Mespilus coccinea, var. viridis, Castiglioni, Viag. negli
Stati Uniti, ii. 293.
? Mespilus maxima, Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2,
v. 451.
? Cratzegus viridis, Elliott, Sk. i. 551 (mot Linneus). —
Darlington, £7. Cestr. ed. 2, 293.
Mespilus odorata, Wendland, Regensb. Flora, 1823, 700.
? Mespilus Wendlandii, Opiz, Regensb. Flora, 1834, 590.
Mespilus flabellata, Spach, Hist. Vég. ii. 63. — Koch,
Dendr. i. 148.
Crateegus coccinea, var. oligandra, Torrey & Gray, Fl.
NN. Am. i. 465.— Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Cen-
sus U.S. ix. 78.
Cratzegus coccinea, var. viridis, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N.
Am. i. 465. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census
(Oh, SE vee US
Halmia flabellata, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 136.
Anthomeles rotundifolia, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii.
140.
Pheenopyrum coccineum, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 156.
Pheenopyrum Wendlandii, Roemer, Mam. Nat. Syn. iii.
156.
Cratzegus glandulosa, var. rotundifolia, Regel, Act.
Hort. Petrop. i. 120.
A bushy intricately branched tree, rarely twenty feet in height, with a short trunk sometimes a
foot in diameter, and stout spreading branches which form a narrow head; or more often a tall or low
shrub. The bark of the trunk is light brown or ashy gray and is slightly fissured, the surface being
broken into small persistent plate-like scales. The branchlets, which are at first light green and glabrous
or pubescent, in their first winter are usually zigzag, bright red and lustrous or sometimes light brown
or gray, and marked by many small pale lenticels, and in their second year become light brown or ashy
gray, their bark ultimately separating, like that of the trunk, into persistent scales; they are armed with
slender straight or slightly curved chestnut-brown or sometimes gray persistent spines an inch to two
inches in length. The winter-buds are nearly globular, one sixteenth of an inch across, and covered
with bright chestnut-brown scales, scarious on the margins and rounded on the back; at maturity the
scales of the inner rows are from half an inch to an inch in length and are lanceolate, ligulate, or
broadly obovate, glandular-serrate, and usually more or less tinged with red. The leaves are round-ovate,
acute, wedge-shaped, rounded, truncate, or, on vigorous shoots, often subcordate at the base, acutely
incised, or slightly five to nine-lobed, and sharply and irregularly serrate except at the base with acute
glandular teeth ; they are very thin and membranaceous, at first glabrous or puberulous on the upper, and
pubescent on the lower surface, and glabrous at maturity or sometimes puberulous below, and are borne
96 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACES..
on slender glabrous or pubescent petioles often an inch to an inch and a quarter long, and vary from an
inch to four inches in length and from an inch to two and a half inches in breadth. The stipules are
glandular-serrate, caducous, linear, acute, or, on vigorous shoots, foliaceous, broadly ovate, and stalked.
The flowers, which appear when the leaves are nearly fully grown, are produced in few-flowered elon-
gated glabrous or pubescent corymbs with lanceolate or narrowly oblong acute glandular-serrate cadu-
cous bracts and bractlets; they are borne on slender pedicels, and vary from half an inch to nearly an
inch in diameter. The calyx is obconic, and glabrous or puberulous, with long lanceolate denticulate
or rarely entire and usually glandular lobes much shorter than the obovate white petals, which are erose
or occasionally denticulate towards the base. There are two to five pistils surrounded at the base by
tufts of pale hairs. The fruit, which ripens in September and October and generally hangs on the
branches until after the leaves have fallen, is subglobose or slightly elongated or pyriform, bright scar-
let, and one third to one half of an inch in diameter, with a shallow cavity surrounded by the persis-
tent calyx-lobes and remnants of the filaments, and thin dry flesh; the nutlets are acute at both ends,
with two deep grooves and a prominent ridge on the back, and thick hard walls. The seed is acute,
and is covered by a pale brown coat.
Crategus coccinea is distributed from the western shores of Newfoundland through the maritime
provinces of Canada, Quebec, and Ontario, and extends westward through Winnipeg nearly to the east-
ern base of the Rocky Mountains.’ In the United States it ranges southward to northern Florida and
eastern Texas and westward to Nebraska and Kansas. It grows in dense thickets, in open upland
woods, or rocky pastures, or in lower ground near the borders of streams‘and prairies, and is common
in all the northern states, on the Alleghany Mountains, and in the valley of the Ohio River, but com-
paratively rare in the south.
The wood of Crategus coccinea is heavy, hard, and close-grained, with thin obscure medullary rays ;
it is brown tinged with red, with thin lighter colored sapwood. The specific gravity of the absolutely
dry wood is 0.8618, a cubie foot weighing 53.71 pounds.
A distinct form of the Scarlet Thorn, Crategus coccinea, var. macracantha,’ may be distinguished
by the longer bright chestnut-brown thorns, two to five inches long, which cover its straggling branches,
and by the broadly obovate leaves; these are acute at the apex, wedge-shaped, and contracted below
into broad stout petioles, sharply and often doubly serrate with acute glandular-tipped teeth except at.
the base, sometimes three-lobed, coriaceous, dark green and glabrous on the upper, and paler on the
lower surface, with a few pale hairs along the prominent midribs and primary veins, three or four
inches long, and two to two and a half inches broad. The flowers are smaller than those of the more
common Crategus coccinea, with narrow pectinately glandular calyx-lobes, and are produced in broader
looser pilose or pubescent corymbs. The fruit is oblong, or subglobose, smaller and less fleshy, with.
larger nutlets.
1 Meyer, Pl. Lab. 82. — Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. i. 147.
2 Dudley, Bull. Cornell Univ. ii. 33 (Cayuga Flora). — Sargent,
Garden and Forest, ii. 412. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6,
165.
? Crateegus glandulosa, Moench, Biume Weiss. 31.
? Pyrus glandulosa, Moench, Meth. 680.
Crategus glandulosa, Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 84 (not Aiton) ;
Spec. ii. 1002 (excl. syn.).— Pursh, F7. Am. Sept. i. 337 (in
part). — De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 627. — Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t.
1012. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 201. — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 599. —
Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 817, £. 550, 567, 568, t. — Regel, Act. Hort.
Petrop. i. 120.
Mespilus sanguinea, Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, v.
452 (excl. syn.).
Mespilus glandulosa, Willdenow, Enum. 523. — Sprengel, Syst.
ii. 507. — Watson, Dendr. Brit. i. 58, t. 58. — Schmidt, Oestr.
Baume. iv. 33, t. 213. — Spach, Hist. Vég. ii. 62. — Koch, Dendr.
i. 145.
Crategus macracantha, Loddiges ; Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 819,
£. 572, 578, t.
Crategus glandulosa, var. macracantha, Lindley, Bot. Reg. t.
1912.
Crategus sanguinea, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 464 (excl.
var. B.; not Pallas).
Crategus coccinea, var. viridis, Torrey, Pacific R. R. Rep. iv.
86 (not Torrey & Gray).
Crategus coccinea, T.S. Brandegee, Rep. Chief Engineer U. S.A.
Appx. S. 1841 (not Linneus) ; Bull. U.S. Geolog. & Geog. Surv.
Terr. ii. 236 (FU. Southwest Colorado). — Coulter, Man. Rocky Mt.
Bot. 90.
Crategus Douglasii, Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. i. 522 (not Lind--
ley).
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. Oy
ROSACEA.
Crategus coccinea, var. macracantha, is common in eastern Massachusetts, where it grows with
Crategus coccinea ; it occurs on the Maine coast, in northern New Hampshire and Vermont, and in
the province of Quebec, and ranges westward through Winnipeg. It occurs in Missouri and is not
rare on the Rocky Mountains of southwestern Colorado and of New Mexico, in eastern Oregon, and on
the eastern slopes of the Cascade Mountains in Washington.!
A shrubby form of the southern states with small thin glabrous deltoid-ovate leaves, usually wedge-
shaped or sometimes cordate at the base, and borne on slender petioles, is distinguished as Crategus
coccinea, var. populifolia?
Tt produces small flowers in narrow few-flowered corymbs, and small fruit.
Crategus coccinea was probably introduced into English gardens in the seventeenth century, and
the earliest descriptions of it were drawn up from cultivated plants.
In cultivation it is a less desirable plant than the related Crategus mollis, and than several other
North American species, and it is now rarely found in gardens.
1 The synonymy of this variety, which is possibly the Crataegus
glandulosa of Moench, is much involved. If it is the Crataegus glan-
dulosa of this author, and is regarded as a variety of Crategus
But the identity of
Moench’s plant is so doubtful that it is better to pass over this
coccinea, its name would be var. glandulosa.
name and take up the much later one of Loddiges and Loudon,
although it is in part the Crategus glandulosa of Willdenow, whose
name, however, was published later than the Crategus glandulosa
of Aiton, which is the Crategus flava of this author. The figure in
Watson’s Dendrologia Britannica was made from this variety, which
is admirably portrayed by Schmidt.
2 Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 465. — Sargent, Forest Trees N.
Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 78.
Crategus populifolia, Elliott, Sk. i. 553 (not Walter). — Nut-
tall, Gen.i. 305.
Mespilus populifolia, Poiret, Lam. Dict. iv. 447.
Phenopyrum populifolium, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 153.
Crateegus coccinea, var. typica, Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. i. 121.
8 The confusion in the pre-Linnzan descriptions of the American
Hawthorns makes it impossible in some cases to determine which
species different authors intended to describe ; but it is apparent that
some of the descriptions which have usually been thought to refer
to Crategus coccinea relate rather to Crategus mollis, which was well
figured by Plukenet.
? Mespilus Virginiana grossularie foliis, fructu rubro minore, Alm.
Bot. 249 (excl. syn. Banister).
Crategus foliis ovatis repando-angulatis serratis, Linneus, Hort.
Clif. 187 ; Hort. Ups. 126. — Clayton, Fl. Virgin. 54. — Royen, Fl.
Leyd. Prodr. 272.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Puate CLXXX. Cratmeus cOccINEA.
A flowering branch, natural size.
Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
A fruiting branch, natural size.
A fruit with part of the flesh removed, showing the nutlets, natural size.
View of the side of a nutlet, natural size.
A nutlet divided transversely, enlarged.
The end of a vigorous leafy shoot with stipules, natural size.
CONSENT Co OURS Cohn
A winter branchlet, natural size.
Puate CLXXXI. Crarmeus coccineA, var. MACRACANTHA.
1. A flowering branch, natural size.
Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
A fruiting branch, natural size.
Cross section of a fruit, enlarged.
A nutlet, natural size.
A nutlet divided transversely, enlarged.
1S OO
Portion of a young branchlet with stipules, natural size.
Silva of North America.
Tab. CLXXX.
od
“
ae
yin
7 wae f
cae,
on
C.F Faxon del. flumely SC,
CRATEGUS COCCINEA L.
A. Riocreux direx= Imp. Le. Taneur, Paris.
: ts }
Silva of North America.
Tab, CLXXXI,
CL. Faxon del,
Toulet sc,
CRATEGUS COCCINEA Var, MACRACANTHA, Dudley.
A.Riocreua direa’ Imp. Tanéur, Paris.
ROSACEA,
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 99
CRATAIGUS MOLLIS.
Scarlet Haw.
LEAves membranaceous, broadly ovate, usually incisely lobed, pubescent on the
lower surface.
Cratzgus mollis, Scheele, Linnea, xxi. 569; Roemer
Texas, Appx. 473.—Walpers, Ann. ii. 523.
Mespilus coccinea, Schmidt, Oestr. Bawmz. iv. 30, t. 210
(not Linnzeus).
Mespilus pubescens, Wendland, Regensb. Flora, 1823,
700 (not Humboldt & Bonpland).
Mespilus coccinea, 8. pubescens, Tausch, Regensb.
Flora, 1838, pt. ii. 718.
Crategus tomentosa, Emerson, Trees Mass. 435; ed. 2,
ii. 494, t. (not Linnzeus). — Provancher, Flore Canadienne,
212.
Pheenopyrum subvillosum, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii.
154.
Crateegus subvillosa, Torrey, Pacific R. R. Rep. iv. 86. —
Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 66. — Sargent,
Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 78. — Havard,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. viii. 512.
Crategus Texana, Buckley, Proc. Phil. Acad. 1861, 454.
Cratzegus tomentosa, var. mollis, Gray, Wan. ed. 5, 160.
Mespilus tilizefolia, Koch, Dendr. i. 151.
Crateegus coccinea, var. mollis, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N.
Am. i. 465. — Gray, Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. vi. 186
(Pl. Lindheim. ii.). —Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. i. 121. —
Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 132. —Watson & Coulter, Gray’s
Man. ed. 6, 165. — Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii.
107 (Man. Pl. W. Texas).
A tree, twenty to thirty feet in height, with a straight trunk twelve to eighteen inches in diameter,
and spreading often contorted branches which form a compact round head. The bark of the trunk is
one third of an inch thick, slightly furrowed, and ashy gray to reddish brown, the surface being broken
into small persistent plate-like scales. The branchlets are coated when young with thick pale tomentum,
and in their first winter are light orange-brown, lustrous, and marked by pale lenticels, becoming darker
in their second year and eventually ashy gray; they are stout, zigzag, and armed with thick and straight
spines which are chestnut-brown and lustrous or finally ashy gray and two or three inches in length.
The winter-buds are obtuse, one eighth of an inch long, and protected by orbicular chestnut-brown
lustrous scales ciliate on the margins and rounded on the back; the scales of the inner rows at maturity
are obovate, rounded or truncate at the apex, glandular-serrate, and from half an inch to an inch in
length. The leaves are broadly ovate, acute at the apex, cuneate, truncate, or cordate at the base, sharply
serrate with slender spreading glandular-tipped teeth, and often incisely many-lobed; when they unfold
they are coated on the lower surface with pale tomentum, and are more or less pubescent on the upper
surface ; and at maturity they are thin and membranaceous, pubescent or tomentose below, glabrous or
slightly scabrous above, light green, with broad prominent midribs and primary veins deeply grooved on
the upper side, three to five inches long, and three to four inches broad, and borne on stout pubescent
petioles an inch to two inches in length. The stipules are glandular-serrate, deciduous, foliaceous,
acute, or lunate, and sometimes an inch broad on vigorous shoots. The flowers, which are from an
inch to an inch and a quarter across when expanded, are produced in broad pubescent or tomentose
stout-branched corymbs, with large spatulate glandular-serrate deciduous or occasionally persistent
bracts and bractlets, and appear several days earlier than those of Cratwgus coccinea, when the leaves
are half grown, which in Texas is in March and in New England from the middle to the end of May.
The calyx is obconic, coated with tomentum or pubescence, and lined with a bright red or green disk ;
the lobes are acute, glandular-serrate, and persistent. The ovaries are pubescent or puberulous, and
are surrounded at the base with tufts of pale hairs. The fruit, which ripens and falls in September or
early in October, is subglobose or pyriform, with a shallow cavity surrounded by the remnants of the
100 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACER.
calyx-lobes and filaments ; it is often pubescent while young, and at maturity is an inch to an inch
and a quarter in diameter, bright orange-scarlet, and covered with a glaucous bloom; the flesh is
thin and mealy but sweet and edible; the nutlets are pointed at both ends, lunate, rounded on the
back, with a single broad deep or sometimes shallow groove down the middle, thin brittle walls, and a
large seed covered with a pale brown coat.
Crategus mollis is distributed from the shores of Massachusetts Bay to northern New England
and the province of Quebec,’ and ranges westward through central Michigan to Missouri and middle
Tennessee, and through Arkansas to the valley of the San Antonio River in Texas, reappearing on the
Sierra Madre near Saltillo in Mexico. It grows on the margins of swamps, along the banks of streams,
and on prairies in rich soil; in New England it is more tree-like in habit and attains a larger size than
the other native Hawthorns, and reaches its best development in Texas and southern Arkansas, where
it abounds.
The wood of Cratwgus mollis is heavy, hard, and close-grained, although not strong ; it is light
brown or red, with thick sapwood composed of twenty-five or thirty layers of annual growth, and con-
tains numerous very obscure medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.7953,
a cubic foot weighing 49.56 pounds.
Crategus mollis, although it was long confounded with Crategus coccinea, was introduced into
European gardens and was described and figured before the end of the seventeenth century,’ and it is
no doubt this species which is called the White Thorn in early accounts of New England.*
It is the largest and handsomest of the Scarlet Hawthorns of North America, and its rapid growth,
tree-like habit, ample foliage, and large and abundant flowers, as well as its brilliant fruit which, how-
ever, has the disadvantage of falling as soon as it ripens, commend it to the attention of planters.
1 Brunet, Cat. Vég. Lig. Can. 25.— Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. i. 147. 8 « Also, mulberries, plums, raspberries, corrance, chestnuts, fil-
2 Mespilus Apii folio Virginiana spinis horrida, fructu amplo coc- berds, walnuts, smalnuts, hurtleberies, and hawes of whitethorne
cineo, Plukenet, Phyt. t. 46, £.4; Alm. Bot. 249. neere as good as our cherries in England, they grow in plentie
Mespilus spinosa, sive Oxyacantha maxima Virginiana, Hermann, here.” (Higginson, New England’s Plantation [Coll. Mass. Hist.
Cat. Lugd. Bat. 423. — Boerhaave, Cat. Lugd. Bat. ii. 257.— Cat. Soc. i. 119].)
Pl. Lond. p. 49. “The whitethorne affords haws as bigge as an English Cherrie,
Mespilus aculeata pyrifolia denticulata splendens fructu insigni rutilo which is esteemed above a Cherrie for his goodnesse and pleasant-
Virginiensis, Cat. Pl. Lond. t. 18, £. 2 (not Plukenet). nesse to the taste.” (Wood, New England’s Prospect, pt. i. chap. 5,
Mespilus Canadensis, Sordi torminalis facie, Tournefort, Inst. 642. 20.)
— Duhamel, Traité des Arbres, ii. 16.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Prats CLXXXII. Crarmeus Mois.
A flowering branch, natural size.
Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
A fruiting branch, natural size.
A subglobose fruit, natural size.
A fruit, part of the flesh removed, showing nutlets, enlarged.
A nutlet, natural size.
A nutlet divided transversely, enlarged.
A stipule of a young branchlet, natural size.
ee Ss ee eS
A winter branchlet, natural size.
~
Silva of North America.
Tab. CLXXXII
ith
wacsscn |N
a
Te
| Wy] 4
ie
CRATA GUS MOLLIS, Scheele.
A. Riocrewa direa” Lmp. L, Taneur, Paris,
ROSACEA,
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
101
CRATZIGUS TOMENTOSA.
Haw.
LzAvEs ovate to ovate-oblong, contracted into margined petioles, densely coated
with pubescence on the lower surface.
Crateegus tomentosa, Linnzus, Spec. 476 (excl. syn. Clay-
ton). — Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No. 9.— Du Roi, Harbk.
Baumz. i. 183.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 465. —
Dietrich, Syn. iii. 160. — Torrey, FU. N. Y. i. 222. —
Chapman, FU. 127. — Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 129. —
Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 66. — Sargent,
Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 79; Garden
and Forest, ii. 423, f. 126. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s
Man. ed. 6, 166.
Cratzegus leucophlceos, Moench, Bédéume Weiss. 31, t.
2.—Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. i. 106.— Lavallée, Ard.
Segrez. 77, t. 22.
Mespilus Calpodendron, Ehrhart, Beitr. ii. 67. — Burgs-
dorf, Anleit. pt. ii. 147.
Cratzegus pyrifolia, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 168.— Willde-
now, Berl. Baumz. 83; Spec. ii. pt. ii. 1001. — Persoon,
Syn. ii. 36. — Nouveau Duhamel, iv. 131. — Poiret, Lam.
Dict. Suppl. i. 192. — Pursh, FV. Am. Sept. i. 8337. — Nut-
tall, Gen. i. 305.— Elliott, Sk. i. 550.— De Candolle,
Prodr. ii. 627.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 201. — Don,
Gen. Syst. ii. 599.— Bot. Reg. t. 1877. — Loudon, Arb.
Brit. ii. 819, £. 571, t. — Kaleniezenko, Bull. Mosc. xlviii.
pt. ii. 15.
Mespilus tomentosa, Castiglioni, Viag. negli Stati Uniti,
ii, 293.
Mespilus latifolia, Poiret, Lam. Dict. iv. 444. — Desfon-
taines, Hist. Arb. ii. 156. — Du Mont de Courset, Bot.
Cult. ed. 2, v. 450.— Nouveau Duhamel, iv. 150.—
Spach, Hist. Vég. ii. 60.
Cratzgus latifolia, Persoon, Syn. ii. 37.— De Candolle,
Prodr. ii. 627. — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 598. — Roemer, Fam.
Nat. Syn. iti. 119.
Mespilus pyrifolia, Willdenow, Hnum. 523; Berl. Baume.
ed. 2, 240.—Schmidt, Oestr. Bawmz. iv. 34, t. 216.—
Sprengel, Syst. ii. 507. — Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 78.
Mespilus lobata, Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. iv. 71.
Cratzegus lobata, De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 628.
Halmia tomentosa, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 135.
Halmia tomentosa, f. pyrifolia, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn.
iii, 135.
Halmia tomentosa, §. leucophlea, Roemer, Fam. Nat.
Syn. iii. 185.
Halmia tomentosa, «. Calpodendron, Roemer, Fam. Nat.
Syn. iii. 136.
Halmia lobata, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 136.
Crategus tomentosa, var. pyrifolia, Gray, Man. ed. 5,
160.
A tree, fifteen or twenty feet in height, with a straight trunk five or six inches in diameter, sepa-
rating, a few feet from the ground, into slender branches which often spread nearly at right angles and
The bark of the
trunk is an eighth of an inch thick, ashy gray to dark brown, fissured, and broken on the surface into
form a wide flat head; or frequently a shrub with many distinct straggling stems.
small persistent scales. The branchlets are coated at first with thick pale tomentum ; as this disappears
they become dark orange-color, and in their first winter they are puberulous and marked by many minute
dark spots, and at the base by the conspicuous ring-like sears left by the falling of the inner bud-seales ;
they are ashy gray in their second year, and are slender, often contorted or zigzag, smooth, and usually
unarmed, although sometimes furnished with slender ashy gray or very rarely chestnut-brown straight
slender sharp spines an inch to an inch and a half in length. The winter-buds are nearly globular, and
The
leaves are ovate to ovate-oblong, acute or rarely rounded at the apex, gradually contracted below into
are protected by orbicular chestnut-brown scales ciliate on the margins and apiculate at the apex.
broad winged petioles, generally incisely lobed, and sharply and usually doubly serrate except at the
base with broad spreading teeth sometimes tipped towards the lower part of the blade with minute
glands which occasionally appear also on the petioles; they are thin but firm in texture, gray-green,
coated with pale persistent pubescence on the lower surface, puberulous and ultimately glabrous on the
upper surface, conspicuously reticulate-veined, with broad midribs and primary veins, from two to five
inches in length and from an inch to three inches in breadth. The stipules are linear, acute, minutely
102 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACER.
glandular-serrate, and from one quarter to one half of an inch long. The leaves turn brilliant orange
and scarlet in the autumn before falling. The flowers are produced in broad leafy pubescent slender-
branched cymes with lanceolate acute minutely glandular-serrate bracts and bractlets. They are half
an inch across and have a strong disagreeable odor, and in Texas open as early as the middle of March
and at the north in the middle of June, or some two weeks later than those of the forms of Crategus
coccinea with which this species has often been confounded. The calyx is coated with pale tomentum,
and is obconic with long lanceolate acute taper-pointed persistent lobes, which are deeply or pinnately
serrate and usually glandular, reflexed after anthesis, and equal or exceed in length the obovate erose
white petals, and glabrous pistils, which are two to five in number. The fruit is pear-shaped or rarely
subglobose and half an inch broad, with a shallow cavity surrounded by the remnants of the calyx-lobes,
thin dry flesh, and short obtuse thick-walled nutlets rounded and sometimes obscurely two-grooved on
the back ; it is erect and dull red, and remains on the branches with little loss of color until the leaf-
buds unfold in the following spring.
Crategus tomentosa is distributed from the valley of the Hudson River near Troy to eastern
Pennsylvania,” and ranges westward through central New York to central Michigan, and Missouri; it
occurs on the Alleghany Mountains from northern Georgia to central Tennessee, and extends through
Arkansas to eastern Texas.’ It usually grows in low rich soil in the neighborhood of streams and on
the margins of the forest, and, except in western New York and southeastern Missouri, is not known to
be very common.
The wood of Crategus tomentosa is heavy, hard, and close-grained, and contains numerous thin
medullary rays; it is bright reddish brown, with thick lighter colored sapwood. The specific gravity of
the absolutely dry wood is 0.7585, a cubic foot weighing 47.57 pounds.
Crataegus tomentosa is often found in English gardens, where it was introduced by Lee & Ken-
nedy in 1765,* and in those of France and Germany. The brilliant color of its foliage in autumn and
the persistence of the fruit on its branches during the winter constitute its chief value as an ornamental
plant.
1 Crategus tomentosa was discovered here by Professor H. G. 3 It was found near Dallas by Mr. J. Reverchon in 1880.
Jesup in June, 1889. * Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 168.— Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 819, f.
2 It was detected by Professor Thomas C. Porter on Chestnut 571, t.
Hill, Easton, Pennsylvania, in May, 1889.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Prats CLXXXIII. Crarmeus tomentosa.
A flowering branch, natural size.
Vertical section. of a flower, enlarged.
A fruiting branch, natural size.
. A subglobose fruit, natural size.
. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged.
. A fruit, a part of the flesh removed, showing the nutlets, enlarged.
. A nutlet, natural size.
. A nutlet divided transversely, enlarged.
BPANATPE WY
. Portion of a leafy shoot with stipules, natural size.
=
S
. Winter-buds, natural size.
Silva of North America. 7 Tab. CLXXXIII.
CA. Faxor det. Preart scx
CRATA CUS TOMENTOSA. L.
A. Riocreux dren’ lip. RLaneur, Paris.
ROSACEA.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
103
CRATAIGUS PUNCTATA.
Haw.
LEAvEs wedge-obovate, prominently veined.
Cratzgus punctata, Jacquin, Hort. Vind. i. 10, t. 28.—
Willdenow, Berl. Bawmz. 86; Spec. ii. pt. ii. 1004.—
Michaux, #7. Bor.-Am. i. 289. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 37. —
Pursh, FU. Am. Sept. i. 338. — Elliott, Sk. i. 548. — Tor-
rey, Fl. N. Y. i. 222. — De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 627. —
Hooker, #7. Bor.-Am. i. 201 (excl. var.).— Don, Gen.
Syst. ii. 598.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 466. —
Dietrich, Syn. iti. 159. — Emerson, Trees Mass. 435.—
Darlington, Fl. Cestr. ed. 3, 84.—Provancher, Flore
Canadienne, 211.—Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. i. 106. —
Kaleniczenko, Bull. Mose. xlviii. pt. ii. 14. — Watson &
Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 166.
Mespilus cornifolia, Muenchhausen, Hausv. v. 145.—
Poiret, Lam. Dict. iv. 444. — Koch, Dendr. i. 134.
Mespilus cuneiformis, Marshall, Ardust. Am. 88.
Crateegus Crus-galli, Wangenheim, Nordam. Holz. 52 (not
Linnzus).— Du Roi, Harbk. Bawmz. i. 195.
Mespilus cuneifolia, Ehrhart, Beitr. iii. 21 (not Moench). —
Schmidt, Oestr. Baumz. iv. 34, t. 215. — Sprengel, Syst. ii.
506. — Spach, Hist. Vég. ii. 61.
Mespilus punctata, Loiseleur, Nowveau Duhamel, iv. 152. —
Willdenow, Hnum. 524; Berl. Baumz. ed. 2, 243. —
Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. iv. 70.— Hayne, Dendr. Fl.
79. — Watson, Dendr. Brit. i. 57, t. 57. — Spach, Hist.
Vég. ii. 61. — Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 128.
Mespilus pyrifolia, Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 156 (not
Willdenow).— Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, v.
452. — Spach, Hist. Vég. ii. 60, t. 10, £. C.
Crateegus punctata, var. rubra, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 170.
Cratzegus punctata, var. aurea, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 170.
Crateegus latifolia, De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 627.
Crateegus flava, Darlington, FU. Cestr. ed. 2, 292 (not
Aiton).
Mespilus Trewiana, Tausch, Regensb. Flora, 1838, pt. ii.
716.
Crateegus cuneifolia, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 118.
Crateegus obovatifolia, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 120.
Halmia punctata, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 134.
Halmia cornifolia, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 185.
Phenopyrum Trewianum, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii.
154.
Crateegus tomentosa, var. punctata, Gray, Man. ed. 2,
124. — Chapman, FU. 127.— Brunet, Cat. Vég. Lig. Can.
26. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S.
ix. 80.— Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. i. 147.
Cratzgus tomentosa, var. plicata, Wood, Cl. Book, 330;
Bot. and Fl. 111.
Crategus punctata, var. xanthocarpa, Lavallée, Ard.
Segrez. i. 53, t. 16.
A tree, twenty to thirty feet in height, with a trunk occasionally eight or ten inches in diameter,
and stout branches spreading nearly at right angles with the stem and forming a broad round or flat-
topped head. The bark of the trunk is from one sixteenth to one eighth of an inch thick, with a dark
red-brown surface broken into long persistent plate-like scales. The branchlets are coated at first with
pale pubescence; this soon disappears, and in their first winter they are light brown and conspicuously
marked at the base by the scars left by the inner scales of the leaf-buds ; in their second year they are
ashy gray, silvery white, or light brown, and ultimately become light brown, and are slender, rigid, armed
with straight sharp light brown spines two to three inches long, or often unarmed. The winter-buds are
obtuse, one eighth of an inch across, and covered by pale brown lustrous orbicular apiculate scales. The
leaves are wedge-obovate, pointed or rounded at the apex, contracted below into long winged petioles,
sharply and often doubly serrate above the middle with minutely apiculate teeth, entire or nearly so
below, and sometimes, especially on vigorous shoots, more or less incisely lobed ; when they unfold they
are covered on the lower surface with thick pale pubescence and are pilose on the upper surface; at
maturity they are thick and firm, pale gray-green and glabrous on the upper surface, the broad promi-
nent midribs and principal veins, which are deeply impressed above, being more or less thickly covered
with pale hairs on the lower surface, two or three inches long and three quarters of an inch to an inch
and a half broad. The stipules are lanceolate, acute, glandular-serrate, and caducous. The leaves turn
104 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEL.
bright orange or orange and scarlet in the autumn. The flowers are produced in broad leafy thick-
branched corymbs, covered with pale tomentum or pubescence, and furnished with long lanceolate cadu-
cous bracts and bractlets; they are borne on stout hairy pedicels, and open from the middle of May at
the north to the end of June on the high mountains of North Carolina, and vary from one half to three
quarters of an inch in diameter ; the calyx is narrowly obconic and more or less tomentose, with a dark
red disk and narrow acute nearly entire or minutely glandular-serrate persistent lobes covered on the
inner surface with scattered pale hairs, and nearly as long as the white petals. There are from two to
five styles surrounded at the base by conspicuous tufts of white hairs. The fruit, which ripens and
falls in the autumn, is pyriform or subglobose, dull red or sometimes bright yellow, marked by numer-
ous small white spots, and three quarters of an inch to an inch in length, with a deep cavity surrounded
by the remnants of the calyx-lobes and filaments, thin dry flesh, and thick-walled nutlets rounded and
slightly or deeply grooved on the back.
Crategus punctata is distributed from the valley of the Chateaugay River in the province of
Quebec, where, in the neighborhood of Montreal, it is not uncommon, to the valley of the Detroit
River in Ontario ; it is not rare in northern New Hampshire and Vermont, and extends south through
western Massachusetts, where it abounds, and along the Appalachian Mountain system to northern
Georgia, ascending in North Carolina and Tennessee to an elevation of six thousand feet above the
level of the sea; it is very common in northern and western New York, ranges westward along the
southern shores of the Great Lakes, and crosses the Mississippi River into eastern and southeastern
Missouri. It usually grows in rich moist soil in forest glades, or in rocky upland pastures, where it
often spreads into broad thickets.
The wood of Crategus punctata is heavy, hard, and close-grained, with numerous thin medullary
rays, and is bright red-brown, with thick pale sapwood. The specifie gravity of the absolutely dry
wood is 0.7681, a cubic foot weighing 47.87 pounds.
Crategus punctata is said to have been introduced into English gardens in 1746 by the Duke of
Argyll,’ and the first description of it, published in 1770, was drawn up from plants cultivated in the
Botanic Garden at Vienna.
In cultivation Crategus punctata is a hardy tree of good habit, especially beautiful in the
autumn, when its spreading branches are covered with its abundant and showy fruit.
1 Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 169. — Loudon, Ard. Brit. ii. 818, f. 569, 570, t.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Pratt CLXXXIV. Crarmeus PUNCTATA.
1. A flowering branch, natural size.
2. A flower, the petals removed, enlarged.
3. A fruiting branch, natural size.
4. Cross section of a fruit, natural size.
5. A nutlet, natural size.
6. A nutlet divided transversely, natural size.
7. The end of a leafy branch showing the stipules, natural size.
8. A subglobose yellow fruit, natural size.
9. A winter branchlet, natural size.
Silva of North ~America. Tab. CLXXXIV.
C.F. Fanon del. Toulet 8c,
CRATEGUS PUNCTATA, Jacq.
A. Riocreux. direx * Imp. 8. Taneur Paris.
ROSACER, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 105
CRATAGUS SPATHULATA.
Small Fruited Haw.
LrAvses submembranaceous, spatulate or oblanceolate, crenately toothed or lobed
above the middle.
Crateegus spathulata, Michaux, FV. Bor-Am. i. 288.— Per- Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 107 (Man. Pl. W.
soon, Syn. ii. 37. — Elliott, Sh. i. 552.— Loddiges, Bot. Texas).
Cab. t. 1261.—Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 599.—Gray, Bot. Mespilus spathulata, Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. iv. 68. —
Reg. under t. 1957.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 157.— Du Mont de Courset,
467. — Dietrich, Syn. iii. 160.— Chapman, Fl. 126. — Bot. Cult. ed. 2, v. 455.— Sprengel, Syst. ii. 507.—
Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. i. 112.— Kaleniczenko, Budl. Spach, Hist. Vég. ii. 66.— Koch, Dendr. i. 137.
Mose. xlviii. pt. ii. 31. — Ridgway, Am. Nat. vi. 728.— Cratzegus microcarpa, Lindley, Bot. Reg. t. 1846.
Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. 8. ix. Pheenopyrum spathulatum, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn.
81.— Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 165. — iii. 155.
Cotoneaster spathulata, Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 201.
A tree, eighteen to twenty-five feet in height, with a straight trunk occasionally eight or ten inches
in diameter, and slender upright branches; or more often a shrub with numerous spreading stems.
The bark of the trunk is generally smooth, with minute red-brown appressed scales, and is rarely more
than a sixteenth of an inch thick. The branchlets are slender, zigzag, and glabrous; during their first
year they are light reddish brown and marked with minute pale lenticels, and later become darker
brown; they are unarmed or armed with straight stout light brown spines an inch to an inch and a half
in length. The winter-buds are one sixteenth of an inch long, obtuse, and protected by chestnut-brown
ovate apiculate scales keeled on the back. The leaves are spatulate or oblanceolate, crenately serrate
at the rounded or acuminate apex, on fertile branchlets fascicled, nearly sessile, three quarters of an
inch to an inch long and one quarter of an inch broad, or on young sterile branches or vigorous shoots
scattered, often deeply three-lobed above the middle, with rounded crenately serrate lobes deeply and
sharply incised, contracted below into long winged petioles, and one to two inches in length, and an
inch to an inch and a half in breadth; they are deciduous, subcoriaceous, glabrous, dark green, and
lustrous above, paler below, and reticulate-veined, with very obscure midribs and primary veins, except
on those of vigorous shoots, which have broad and thick midribs often pilose along their lower surface.
The stipules are linear, acute, minute, and caducous, or on vigorous shoots are foliaceous, lunate, sharply
serrate, stalked, and often half an inch broad. The flowers, which appear from March to May after
the leaves are grown to their full size, are produced on long slender pedicels in glabrous many-flowered
narrow cymes with linear-lanceolate deciduous bracts and bractlets; they are half an inch across when
expanded, with broadly obconic calyx-tubes and short nearly entire persistent calyx-lobes, minutely glan-
dular-apiculate, and much shorter than the white undulate-margined petals, and than the styles, which are
two to five in number. The fruit, which ripens in October, is subglobose, crowned with the remnants
of the calyx-lobes and filaments, lustrous, bright scarlet, and one eighth of an inch in diameter, with
thin dry flesh, nearly orbicular thin brittle-walled nutlets rounded or slightly grooved on the back, and
minute seeds covered with a thin brown coat.
Crategus spathulata is distributed through the coast region of the southern Atlantic states from
southern Virginia to northern Florida, and extends westward through the Gulf states to the valley of
the Washita River in Arkansas, where it is abundant in the neighborhood of the Hot Springs, and to
the valley of the Colorado River in Texas. It grows in rich soil, usually near the banks of streams or
106 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACER.
swamps, or in low moist depressions in the Pine forests, and attains its greatest size on'the bottom-lands
of western Louisiana and eastern Texas.
The wood of Crategus spathulata is heavy, hard, and close-grained, although not strong; it is
light brown or red, with thick lighter colored sapwood, and contains numerous very obscure medullary
rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.7159, a cubic foot weighing 44.61 pounds.
Crategus spathulata was discovered late in the last century by the French botanist Michaux in
South Carolina; it was introduced into French and English gardens early in the present century, but
probably no longer occurs in cultivation.
EXPLANATION OF. THE PLATE.
Puare CLXXXV. Crarmeus spATHULATA.
A flowering branch, natural size.
Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
A fruiting branch, natural size.
A nutlet, natural size.
A nutlet divided transversely, enlarged.
The end of a leafy shoot showing stipules.
le
2.
3.
4. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged.
5.
6.
lle
8. A winter branchlet, natural size.
Tab. CLXXXV
Silva of North America.
» Prcart fr se
CE. Faxon del.
TA, Michx.
CRATAHCUS SPATHULA
imp. R. 1, anew, Parts.
A. Riocreux direx.t
ROSACEA,
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
107
CRATAIGUS CORDATA.
Washington Thorn.
LEAvEs broadly ovate to triangular, acute, long-petiolate.
Cratzgus cordata, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 168. — Willde-
now, Berl. Bawmz. 82; Spec. ii. pt. ii. 1000. — Persoon,
Syn. ii. 86. — Elliott, Sk. i. 554.— De Candolle, Prodr.
ii. 628. — Watson, Dendr. Brit. i. 63, t. 63. — Bot. Reg.
t. 1151. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 201. — Don, Gen.
Syst. ii. 599. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 467. —
Loudon, Ard. Brit. ii. 825, t. — Dietrich, Syn. iii. 160. —
Chapman, 77. 127.— Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car.
1860, iii. 82. — Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. i. 114. — Kale-
niczenko, Bull. Mose. xlviii. pt. ii. 31. — Sargent, Forest
Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 80.— Watson &
Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 165.
Mespilus cordata, Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No. 4.— Du Roi,
Harbk. Baumz. ed. 2, i. 615. — Willdenow, Hnum. 523 ;
Berl. Baumz. ed. 2, 239. — Hayne, Dendr. Fl. T7. —
Schmidt, Oestr. Bawmz. iv. 31, t. 211. — Guimpel, Otto &
Hayne, Abbild. Holz. 167, t.142.— Sprengel, Syst. ii.
Mespilus Phenopyrum, Linneus f. Syst. Suppl. ed. 13,
254. — Ehrhart, Beitr. i. 182; ii. 67. — Moench, Meth.
685. — Poiret, Lam. Dict. iv. 446.
Crateegus acerifolia, Moench, Béwme Weiss. 31.
Mespilus acerifolia, Burgsdorf, And/eit. pt. ii. 147. — Poi-
ret, Lam. Dict. iv. 442. — Nouveau Duhamel, iv. 151.—
Spach, Hist. Vég. ii. 65.
Crategus populifolia, Walter, FZ. Car. 147.— Pursh, F7.
Am. Sept. i. 337.
Mespilus corallina, Desfontaines, Tad. Bole Bot. Mus.
174.— Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, v. 451.—
Tausch, Regensb. Flora, 1838, pt. ii. 717.
Phenopyrum cordatum, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii.
157.
Pheenopyrum acerifolium, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii.
alse
Phalacros cordatus, Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 164.
507. — Koch, Dendr. i. 138.
A tree, twenty to thirty feet in height, with a straight trunk sometimes a foot in diameter, gener-
ally dividing, four or five feet from the ground, into slender and usually upright branches which form
a handsome oblong or occasionally a round head; or often much smaller and sometimes only a broad
spreading bush. The bark of the trunk is light brown and an eighth of an inch thick, the generally
smooth surface being broken into long persistent scales. The branchlets are slender, often zigzag,
glabrous, pale orange-brown when they first appear, bright chestnut-brown and lustrous and marked by
small lenticels in their first winter, and ultimately dark gray or reddish brown, and are armed with
slender sharp spines an inch and a half to two inches in length; these, which sometimes terminate
sterile lateral branches also, are bright chestnut-brown at first and finally, like the bark of the branches,
gray or red-brown. The winter-buds are one sixteenth of an inch long and are protected by obovate
apiculate light brown lustrous scales rounded on the back. The leaves are broadly ovate to triangular,
acute at the apex, truncate, slightly wedge-shaped or cordate at the base, incisely three to five-cleft or
three-lobed, and sharply serrate except at the base with acute or spreading often glandular-tipped teeth ;
they are subcoriaceous, dark green and lustrous above and pale below, glabrous except for a few decidu-
ous hairs on the upper surface when they unfold, or rarely pubescent on the lower surface, especially on
the conspicuous orange-colored midribs and primary veins; they are one and a half to two inches long
and an inch to an inch and a half broad, and are borne on slender terete petioles three quarters of an
‘inch to an inch and a half in length. The stipules are lanceolate, acute, entire, half an inch long, and
caducous. The leaves turn very late in the autumn bright scarlet and orange before falling. The
flowers, which open in the last days of May after the leaves are fully grown, are produced in few-
flowered spreading slender-branched corymbs with lanceolate acute minute bracts and bractlets mostly
caducous before the expansion of the flower-buds. The calyx is broadly obconie and glabrous, with
short or nearly triangular persistent entire lobes abruptly contracted at the apex into minute points,
pubescent on the inner surface, bearded on the margins, and much shorter than the obovate white petals ;
108 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACED.
there are two to five styles surrounded at the base with conspicuous tufts of pale hairs. The fruit
ripens in September and October, and remains on the branches until late in the spring of the following
year, although it loses its color early in the winter; it is depressed-globular, with a shallow cavity
surrounded by the remnants of the reflexed calyx-lobes and filaments.
Crategus cordata is distributed from the valley of the upper Potomac River in Virginia,’ south-
ward in the foothill region of the Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia and Alabama, and
westward through middle Tennessee and Kentucky to the valley of the lower Wabash River in Illinois
It grows near the banks of streams in rich moist soil, and is nowhere very common.
The wood of Crategus cordata is heavy, hard, and close-grained; it contains many obscure
medullary rays and is brown tinged with red, with thick lighter colored sapwood. The specific gravity
of the absolutely dry wood is 0.7293, a cubic foot weighing 45.45 pounds.
Crategus cordata was known in Europe before the end of the seventeenth century, and Plukenet
published in his Phytographia, in 1691,° a figure which well represents the foliage, and which was
probably made from a cultivated tree.
As an ornamental plant Crategus cordata is one of the most valuable of the genus, and few
small trees of the North American forests exceed it in beauty; it is hardy as far north at least as New
England, where it flowers in the middle of June and later than any other Hawthorn ; it grows rapidly,
its habit is excellent, its handsome foliage is seldom injured by fungal diseases, and, late in the autumn
after the leaves of many trees have fallen, changes slowly to brilliant shades of orange and scarlet which
heighten the effect produced by the bright persistent fruit.
The Washington Thorn was once much used in the middle states for hedges, and is still occasion-
ally planted in American gardens; it is better known, however, in those of Europe, and fine old
specimens are not uncommon in England, France, and Germany.
1 Crategus cordata now grows spontaneously and perhaps natu-
rally, as Professor Porter believes, in Penryn, Lebanon County,
Pennsylvania, where it was found in 1891 by Mr. J. K. Small.
2 Patterson, Cat. Pl. Jil. 13.
8 Mespilus Virginiana Apii folio, vulgari similis major, grandiori-
bus spinis, t. 46, £. 3; Alm. Bot. 249.— Miller, Dict. No. 10.— Cat.
Pl. Lond. 49, t. 3, £. 1.
EXPLANATION
Puate CLXXXVI.
A nutlet, natural size.
GOES COIR LS SOS
Mespilus folio cordato ovatis acuminatis marginibus acute serratis
ramis spinosis, Miller, Dict. Icon. 119, t. 179.
The popular name by which Crategus cordata is best known, at
least in American gardens, is said to be due to the fact that early
in the century it was introduced from the neighborhood of the city
of Washington into Chester County, Pennsylvania, where it was
afterwards more generally used than any other plant for hedges
(Darlington, FV. Cestr. ed. 3, 83).
OF THE PLATE.
CRATEHGUS CORDATA.
A flowering branch, natural size.
Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
A fruiting branch, natural size.
A fruit, a part of the flesh removed, showing nutlets, enlarged.
A nutlet divided transversely, enlarged.
A leaf of a vigorous young shoot with stipules, natural size.
A winter branchlet, natural size.
Biles of North America . | Tab. CLXXXVI.
ma
still.
—— iS
TLS
Preart se.
CRATAGUS CORDATA, Ait.
A. Riocreux direx.€ Imp. R. Taneur, Paris.
ROSACEA, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 109
CRATAiGUS VIRIDIS.
Haw.
Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong or oblong-obovate.
Crategus viridis, Linneus, Spec. 476. — Willdenow, Spec. Chapman, #7. 127.— Wenzig, Linnwa, xxxviii. 203. —
ii. pt. ii, 1001.— Persoon, Syn. ii. 36.— De Candolle, Engelmann, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix. 4.— Sargent,
Prodr. ii. 630.— Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 601.— Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 75. — Coulter,
Garden and Forest, ii. 411. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 107 (Man. Pl. W. Texas).
Man. ed. 6, 165. Phenopyrum arborescens, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii.
Cratzgus arborescens, Elliott, Sh. i. 550.— Torrey & 153.
Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 466.— Dietrich, Syn. iii. 160.— Cratzegus Crus-galli, var. pyracanthifolia, Regel, Act.
Walpers, Rep. ii. 58.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii. 10, t. 45.— Hort. Petrop. i. 109 (in part).
A tree, twenty to thirty-five feet in height, with a straight often fluted trunk eight to twelve feet
tall and eighteen to twenty inches in diameter, and slender spreading branches which form a round
rather compact head. The bark of the trunk is one eighth of an inch thick and is ashy gray to bright
reddish brown, and divided by shallow reticulated fissures into small irregular plate-like scales. The
branches are slender, glabrous, in their first winter sometimes ashy gray but usually light red-brown
and lustrous and marked with minute lenticels, and later pale brown, ashy gray, or nearly white; they
are unarmed or occasionally are furnished with slender sharp pale spines three quarters of an inch to
an inch in length. The winter-buds are obtuse, chestnut-brown, one sixteenth of an inch long, and
covered by ovate minute apiculate scales slightly scarious on the margins; the scales of the inner ranks
are foliaceous, lanceolate to oblanceolate, and are sometimes half an inch long at maturity and bright
red towards the apex. The leaves are ovate to ovate-oblong or oblong-obovate, acute or sometimes
rounded at the apex, wedge-shaped and gradually contracted at the base into long slender petioles,
sharply serrate except at the base with spreading teeth often tipped with minute glands, and sometimes
three-lobed towards the summit, especially on vigorous shoots ; they are membranaceous to subcoriaceous,
dark green and lustrous on the upper, and paler on the lower surface, with tufts of pale hairs in the
axils of the conspicuous primary veins, one to three inches long and half an inch to an inch and a
half broad, with wide thick midribs, and are borne on petioles which vary from an inch to an inch and
a half in length. The stipules are linear, acute, half an inch long, and caducous. The leaves turn
brilliant scarlet late in the autumn before falling. The flowers, which appear from the end of March
in Texas to the beginning of May in Missouri when the leaves are almost fully grown, are three quarters
of an inch across when expanded, and are produced in many-flowered leafy glabrous thin-branched
corymbs furnished’ with narrow spatulate often glandular-serrate deciduous bracts and bractlets ; the
calyx is obconic and glabrous or covered with long pale hairs, and its lanceolate entire lobes are subu-
late at the apex, reflexed after anthesis, persistent, and much shorter than the broadly obovate white
petals; the styles, which vary from two to five in number, are surrounded at the base by conspicuous
tufts of pale hairs. The fruit ripens in the autumn and remains on the branches through the winter
without changing color; it is depressed-globular, bright scarlet or occasionally orange, and one eighth
of an inch in diameter, with a shallow cavity surrounded by the remnants of the calyx-lobes and fila-
ments, thin dry flesh, and thin-walled nutlets narrowed and rounded at the two ends, rounded and barely
grooved or ridged on the back, and minute seeds covered with a thin pale brown coat.!
1 West of the Mississippi River from St. Louis to central Ar- flowers at the same time, and is not to be distinguished from it in
kansas a form with larger, rather thicker, more lustrous leaves and _ habit.
larger fruit is not uncommon. It grows with the ordinary form,
110 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACER,
Crategus viridis is distributed in the southern Atlantic states, where it is rare, from the valley of
the Savannah River in South Carolina to that of the Chattahoochee in western Florida, and is common
west of the Mississippi River from the neighborhood of St. Louis to the valley of the Colorado River
in Texas. It grows along the borders of streams and swamps in low moist soil, and in western
Louisiana and eastern Texas, where it attains its greatest size and is most abundant, often forming
thickets of great extent, it makes in early spring a conspicuous and beautiful feature of the vegetation
of the broad river-bottoms.
The wood of Crategus viridis is heavy, hard, and close-grained, although not strong, and is sus-
ceptible of receiving a beautiful polish; it is light brown tinged with red, with thick lighter colored
sapwood, and contams numerous very obscure medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely
dry wood is 0.6491, a cubic foot weighing 40.45 pounds. Crataegus viridis was known’ by Clayton,?
who probably sent to Linnzus the specimen upon which the species was established, although the tree
is not now known to grow so far north as Virginia, the field of Clayton’s botanical observations.
In 1876 Crategus viridis was introduced from Missouri into the Arnold Arboretum, where it is
perfectly hardy, and is conspicuous late in the autumn by the splendid color of its foliage, which at this
season is unsurpassed in brilliancy by that of any other North American tree.
1 Mespilus inermis, foliis oblongis integris acuminatis serratis parvis, Zee 8.
utrinque viridibus, cortice albicante, Fl. Virgin. 163.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Pratt CLXXXVII. Crataaus vIRIDIs.
. A flowering branch, natural size.
Se
. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
<)
A fruiting branch, natural size.
. A fruit with part of the flesh removed, showing the nutlets, natural size.
. A nutlet, natural size.
. A nutlet divided transversely, enlarged.
AO oR
A spine, natural size.
End of a leafy shoot with stipules, natural size.
$2 90
A winter branchlet, natural size.
Tab. CLXXXVII.
Silva of North America .
Picart se.
C.E. Faxon del. |
CRATEGUS VIRIDIS. L.
A. Riocreuxr direx € Imp. R. Taneur, Paris .
ROSACEM, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 111
CRATAIGUS APIIFOLIA.
Parsley Haw.
Leaves orbicular to broadly ovate, pinnately 5 to 7-cleft.
Crateegus apiifolia, Michaux, #7. Bor-Am. i. 287.—Per- Crategus Oxyacantha?, Walter, Fl. Car. 147 (not Lin-
soon, Syn. ii. 38. —Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. nus).
2, v. 454.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 336.— Nuttall, Mespilus apiifolia, Marshall, Ardust. Am. 89.— Poiret,
Gen. i. 305. — Elliott, Sh. i. 552. — De Candolle, Prodr. Lam. Dict. Suppl. iv. 68.— Sprengel, Syst. ii. 508. —
ii. 627. — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 599. — Audubon, Birds, t. Spach, Hist. Vég. ii. 67. — Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 152.
192.— Torrey & Gray, FH. N. Am. i. 467.— Dietrich, Crateegus Oxyacantha, var. Americana, Castiglioni,
Syn. iii. 160.— Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 121. — Viag. negli Stati Uniti, ii. 292.
Chapman, #7. 127.— Kaleniczenko, Bull. Mosc. xlviii. Crateegus apiifolia minor, Loudon, Ard. Brit. ii. 825.
pt. ii. 29. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census Crateegus Oxyacantha, var. apiifolia, Regel, Act. Hort.
U. S. ix. 81. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 165. Petrop. i. 119 (in part).
A tree, rarely attaining the height of twenty feet, with a slender often inclining trunk three or
four inches in diameter, and branches which spread nearly at right angles and form a wide irregular
open head; or more often a low shrub with many more or less contorted stems rising from the ground.
The bark of the trunk is from one sixteenth to one eighth of an inch in thickness, smooth, and light
gray tinged with red. The branchlets, which when they first appear are covered with long pale hairs,
are slender, often zigzag and contorted, and are usually armed with stout straight chestnut-brown spines
an inch to an inch and a half in length; in their first winter they are light red or pale orange-brown,
marked with minute lenticels, and usually puberulous, but ultimately become light brown or ashy gray.
The winter-buds are acute, one sixteenth of an inch long, and covered by lustrous chestnut-brown ovate
scales apiculate at the apex and scarious on the margins. The leaves are broadly ovate to orbicular,
acute at the apex, truncate, slightly cordate or wedge-shaped at the base, and pinnately five to seven-
cleft with shallow acute or deep broad sinuses, and incisely lobed segments serrate towards the apex
with spreading glandular-tipped teeth ; when they unfold they are pilose on the upper surface with
long pale hairs, and usually glabrous below, and at maturity are thin and membranaceous, bright green
and rather lustrous above and paler below, glabrous or pilose on the lower surface along the prominent
midribs and primary veins, or occasionally covered with pubescence on both surfaces, and are two thirds
of an inch to an inch and a half broad, and borne on slender pubescent or ultimately glabrous petioles
an inch to an inch and a half in length. The stipules are linear, acute, a quarter of an inch long, and
eaducous, or on vigorous shoots are foliaceous, lunate, coarsely glandular-serrate, short-stalked, and
sometimes half an inch in length. The flowers, which appear late in March or early in April when the
leaves are fully grown, are half an inch across and are produced on long slender pedicels in few-flow-
ered villose-pubescent somewhat simple corymbs with minute lanceolate acute colored caducous bracts
and bractlets; the calyx-tube is narrowly obconie and glabrous or villose-pubescent, with lanceolate
acute usually glandular-serrate lobes, often tinged with red towards the apex, reflexed after anthesis,
and deciduous or sometimes persistent. The fruit, which ripens in October and remains on the branches
until the beginning of winter, is oblong, from a quarter to a third of an inch in length, and bright
searlet, with a minute cavity surrounded by the remnants of the calyx, thin flesh, and one to three thick-
walled rugose nutlets barely grooved on the back.
Crategus aptifolia is distributed through the coast region of the southern Atlantic states from
southern Virginia to central Florida, and ranges westward through the Gulf region to southern Arkan-
112 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEZ.
sas and the valley of the Trinity River in Texas. It is nowhere very common, and usually grows near
the borders of streams and swamps in low rich soil, or in Florida on hummocks in the Pine barrens,
where it attains its greatest size.
_ The wood of Crategus apiifolia is heavy, hard, very close-grained, and susceptible of receiving a
beautiful polish ; it contains many thin very obscure medullary rays, and is light brown tinged with red
or rose, with lighter colored sapwood. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood i is 0.74538, a
cubic foot weighing 46.45 pounds.
The earliest account of Crategus apiifolia appears in the Flora Caroliniana of Walter, who mis-
took it for the European Hawthorn. It appears to have been introduced into English gardens early in
the present century, but, although the form of its delicate leaves and the abundance of its flowers
make it one of the most attractive of the American Hawthorns, it is still an extremely rare plant in
cultivation. :
1 Loudon, A7b. Brit. ii. 824.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Puare CLXXXVIII. Crarmeus arirozia.
A flowering branch, natural size.
A flower-bud, enlarged.
Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
A fruiting branch, natural size.
. A fruit with part of the flesh removed, showing the nutlets, enlarged.
. A nutlet, natural size.
. A nutlet divided transversely, enlarged.
. A leaf from a vigorous shoot with stipules, natural size.
WHAAATPR WN
. A winter branchlet, natural size.
Silva of North America.
Tab. CLXXXVHI.
CE Faxon det.
Leeart f? SCL
CRATH GUS APIIFOLIA, Michx.
A. Fuocreux direg.t Lmp. B. Taneur, Paris.
ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 113
CRATAIGUS FLAVA.
Summer Haw. Yellow Haw.
LEAVES rhombic-obovate.
Crateegus flava, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 169.— Willdenow, Cratzegus Caroliniana, Persoon, Syn. ii. 36. — Elliott, Sk.
Spee. ii. pt. ii. 1002. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 87. — Pursh, FV. i. 554,
Am. Sept. i. 338. — Nuttall, Gen. i. 8305. — De Candolle, Mespilus flava, Willdenow, Enum. 523. — Poiret, Lam.
Prodr. ii. 628.— Watson, Dendr. Brit. i. 59, t. 59.— Dict. Suppl. iv. 70. — Spach, Hist. Vég. ii. 59, t. 10, #. H.
Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 600. — Bot. Reg. t. 1939.— Torrey & Cratzegus turbinata, Pursh, FU. Am. Sept. ii. Suppl. 735. —
Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 468.— Dietrich, Syn. iii. 160. — Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. v. 548. — Elliott, Sk. i. 549. —
Chapman, #7. 128. — Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 627. — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 599.
1860, iii. 83. — Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. i. 123.—Ka- Mespilus turbinata, Sprengel, Syst. ii. 506. —Spach, Hist.
leniezenko, Bull. Mosc. xlviii. pt. ii. 27. — Sargent, For- Vég. ii. 66.
est Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 82.— Watson & Crateegus lobata, De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 628. — Don, Gen.
Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 166. Syst. ii. 599. — Loudon, Ard. Brit. ii. 824, £. 554, 586.
Crateegus glandulosa, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 168 (not Crategus flava, var. lobata, Lindley, Bot. Reg. t. 1932.
Willdenow). — Persoon, Syn. ii. 37. — Poiret, Lam. Dict. Anthomeles flava, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 142.
Suppl. iv. 69 (excl. syn. Moench). Anthomeles glandulosa, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 141.
Mespilus Caroliniana, Poiret, Zam. Dict. iv. 442.—Des- Anthomeles turbinata, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 142.
fontaines, Hist. Ard. ii. 156. — Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Pheenopyrum Carolinianum, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn.
Cult. ed. 2, vy. 449.—Schmidt, Oestr. Bawmz. iv. 82, t. iii. 152.
212. — Sprengel, Syst. ii. 507. Mespilus flexispina, Koch, Dendr. i. 189 (not Moench). —
Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 127.
A tree, twenty to twenty-five feet in height, with a straight stout trunk ten or twelve inches in diam-
eter, dividing, five or six feet from the ground, into short spreading often pendulous branches which form
a handsome compact round head ; or often a wide much-branched shrub only a few feet high. The bark
of the trunk varies from half an inch to an inch in thickness and is dark brown tinged with red or
nearly black and often deeply furrowed, the surface being broken into small square persistent scales.
The branchlets are at first villose-pubescent with long pale hairs, and often puberulous in their first
winter but ultimately glabrous ; they are slender, very zigzag, unarmed, or armed with straight stout spines
an inch to an inch and a half in length, and are red-brown, dark gray-brown, or nearly black. The
winter-buds are globose, one sixteenth of an inch in diameter, and covered with bright chestnut-brown
orbicular scales slightly scarious on the margins; the scales of the mner ranks at maturity are spatu-
late, rounded at the apex, glandular-serrate, and often half an inch in length. The leaves are rhombic-
ovate to obovate-cuneiform, three to five-ribbed, with obscure reticulated veinlets, rounded and sometimes
abruptly contracted into short points, gradually narrowed below into broad winged glandular petioles,
glandular-serrate with large dark glands, often incised and three to five-lobed on vigorous shoots; when
they unfold they are puberulous above and pubescent below, especially along the principal veins, and
at maturity are subcoriaceous, yellow-green and lustrous on the upper, and pale and sometimes pubescent
on the lower-surface, an inch to an inch and a half long, two thirds of an inch to an inch and a quarter
broad, and borne on glabrous or pubescent petioles which vary from half an inch to an inch and a half
in length. The stipules are glandular-serrate, linear, acute, pubescent, and a quarter of an inch long, or
on vigorous shoots are foliaceous, stalked, obovate or lunate, variously and irregularly lobed and incised,
and sometimes nearly an inch in length. The flowers, which appear m March and April when the
leaves are almost fully grown, are half an inch across when expanded and are produced in simple one
to four-flowered thick-branched corymbs ; these, like the obovate glandular-serrate caducous bracts and
114 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACER.
bractlets, the thick pedicels, and the narrowly obconic calyx-tubes, are coated with thick pale tomentum
or are pubescent or puberulous ; the calyx-lobes are lanceolate, acute, conspicuously glandular-serrate, or
rarely entire and eglandular, pubescent on the outer, and usually glabrous on the inner surface, reflexed
after anthesis, persistent, and rather shorter than the white petals which are often erose or crenate on
the margins; the disk is dark red and glandular, and around the base of the styles, which are usually
four or five in number, are tufts of pale hairs. The fruit is produced sparingly, and ripens and falls in
the autumn ; it is pyriform or subglobose, half an inch long, and usually greenish yellow or yellow
tinged with red, with a deep cavity surrounded by the long conspicuous calyx-lobes, thin austere flesh,
and thick-walled nutlets rounded or obscurely grooved on the back.
Crategus flava extends from the coast region of southern Virginia southward to the shores of
Tampa Bay, Florida, and ranges inland to the western slopes of the Alleghany Mountains of North
Carolina and along the Gulf coast through southern Alabama and Mississippi. It usually grows in dry
sandy soil on the borders of the Pine forests, or occasionally in lower situations near streams subject to
overflow, and although generally distributed is nowhere very common, usually appearing singly or in
groups of two or three individuals.
The wood of Orategus flava is heavy, hard, and close-grained, with a satiny surface susceptible of
receiving a good polish; it is light brown tinged with red or rose-color, with thick lighter colored
sapwood, and contains numerous very obscure medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely
dry wood is 0.7809, a cubic foot weighing 48.67 pounds.
A variety of Crategus flava’ may be distinguished by its thicker broader leaves; these are usually
rounded at the apex, more uniformly lobed and coated with pubescence while young, and at maturity
are thicker and more lustrous on the upper surface; by its usually smaller flowers, and by its larger
subglobose bright red or yellow fruit with thicker and sweeter flesh.
This variety, Cratwqus flava, var. elliptica, is generally a shrub with spreading branches, or rarely
a small tree, and often forms thickets in abandoned fields in the middle districts of the Carolinas and
Georgia, where it is most common, although it may be found throughout the region inhabited by
Crategus flava, the two forms gradually passing one into the other.
The wood of Crategus flava, var. elliptica, is rather lighter than that of the species, although not
otherwise distinguishable, the specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood being 0.7683, and a cubic
foot weighing 47.88 pounds.
The fruit of the Summer Haw, as this variety is called in South Carolina and Georgia, is gathered
in large quantities in those states and made into a jelly which can hardly be distinguished from that
made from the West Indian Guava-tree.
Crategus flava, according to Aiton,’ was introduced into English gardens by Philip Miller in
1758, and the earliest descriptions of it were drawn up from cultivated plants.®
1 Crategus flava, var. elliptica.
? Mespilus hyemalis, Walter, Fl. Car.148.— Poiret, Lam. Dict.
iv. 447.
Crategus viridis ?, Walter, Fl. Car. 147 (not Linnzeus).
Crateegus elliptica, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 168. — Willdenow, Spec.
ii. pt. ii, 1002. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 37. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i.
337. — Nuttall, Gen. i. 305.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 627. —
Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 201 (in part).— Don, Gen. Syst. ii.
598. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 469.— Dietrich, Syn. iii.
159. — Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. i. 122.
Mespilus elliptica, Poiret, Lam. Dict. iv. 447.— Wenzig, Lin-
need, xxxvili. 125. — Koch, Dendr. i. 140.
Crategus glandulosa, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 288 (not Aiton
nor Willdenow). — Nuttall, Gen. i. 105. —Curtis, Rep. Geolog.
Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 84.— Chapman, F?.
Crategus Michauzii, Persoon, Syn. ii. 38.
Crategus spathulata, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 336 (not Mi-
chaux).— De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 627.— Bot. Reg. t. 1890. —
Lindley, Bot. Reg. under t. 1957.
Mespilus Michauaii, Hornemann, Hort. Hafn. 455.— Poiret,
Lam. Dict. Suppl. iv. 69.
Crategus flava, Elliott, Sk. i. 551 (not Aiton).
Crategus Virginica, Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 842, £. 560, 615.—
Kaleniczenko, Bull. Mosc. xlviii. pt. ii. 58.
Crategus flava, var. pubescens, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 160. —Sar-
gent, Forest Trees N. Am.10th Census U. S. ix. 83. — Watson &
Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 166.
Pheenopyrum Virginicum, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 155.
Phenopyrum ellipticum, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 155.
2 Hort. Kew. ii. 169.
8 Mespilus Caroliniana apii folio, vulgari similis, major, fructu
luteo, Trew, Pl. Select. 3, t. 17.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Prats CLXXXIX. Craraeus FLAVA.
A flowering branch, natural size.
A flower-bud, enlarged.
Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
A fruiting branch, natural size.
A fruit divided transversely, enlarged.
A nutlet, natural size.
A nutlet divided transversely, enlarged.
CONESE Kon SK aly SSS)
A winter branchlet, natural size.
Pruate CXC. Crarme@us FLAVA, var. ELLIPTICA.
. A flowering branch, natural size.
. A flower-bud, enlarged.
. Vertical section of a flower, the petals removed, enlarged.
. A fruiting branch, natural size.
A subglobose fruit, natural size.
A fruit, part of the flesh removed, showing the nutlets, enlarged.
. A nutlet, natural size.
. A nutlet divided transversely, enlarged.
. A leaf from a vigorous young shoot with stipules, natural size.
. A winter branchlet, natural size.
DONA APR WH
pes
—)
Silva of North America.
Tab. CLXXXIX.
x"
x?) a"
SS
|
CL Faxon del,
Part fr se.
CRATAGUS FLAVA, Ait
A. Riocreux direx.*
Imp. . Laneur, Paris.
Silva of North America. Tad. CRC
CLE Faxon del. Picart fr se.
i
CRATECUS FLAVA, Var. ELLIPTICA, Sarg
A. Riocreux dirext Imp. R. Taneur, Paris.
ROSACEA.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
117
CRATAIGUS UNIFLORA.
Haw.
Leaves obovate-spatulate.
Crategus uniflora, Muenchhausen, Hausv. v. 147. — Du
Roi, Harbk. Baumz. i. 184.
Mespilus xanthocarpa, Linneus f. Syst. ed. 13, Suppl.
254. — Ehrhart, Beitr. i. 182 ; ii. 67. — Burgsdorf, Anleit.
pt. ii. 146. — Du Roi, Harbk. Baumz. ed. 2, i. 623. — Poi-
ret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. iv. 67. — Sprengel, Syst. ii. 506.
Mespilus flexispina, Moench, Béwme Weiss. 62, t. 4;
Meth. 685. — Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 127.
Mespilus Oxyacantha aurea, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 89.
Mespilus laciniata, Walter, 77. Car. 147. — Poiret, Lam.
Dict. iv. 447.
Cratzegus parvifolia, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 169. — Will-
Crateegus tomentosa, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 289 (not
Linnzus). — Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. i. 122 (in part).
Mespilus parvifolia, Willdenow, Hnum. 5238 ; Berl. Bawmz.
ed. 2, 242. — Spach, Hist. Vég. ii. 55.
Mespilus axillaris, Persoon, Syn. ii. 39.—Du Mont de
Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, v. 447.
Crategus unilateralis, Persoon, Syn. ii. 87.— De Can-
dolle, Prodr. ii. 629. — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 599. — Roemer,
Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 116.
Mespilus tomentosa, Poiret, Nouveau Duhamel, iv. 153
(not Castiglioni).
Mespilus unilateralis, Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. iv. 73.
denow, Berl. Bawmz. 85; Spee. ii. pt. ii. 1002. — Pursh,
Fl. Am. Sept. i. 538.— Elliott, Sk. i. 547.— De Can-
dolle, Prodr. ii. 627. — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 598. — Dar-
lington, F7. Cestr. ed. 2, 291.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N.
Am. i. 469.— Dietrich, Syn. iii. 159.— Curtis, Rep.
Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 384. — Chapman, FV.
128. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 166.
Mespilus flexuosa, Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. iv. 73.
Cratzegus flexuosa, De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 627. — Don,
Gen. Syst. ii. 598.
Pheenopyrum uniflorum, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iti. 153.
Pheenopyrum parvifolium, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii.
152.
Mespilus uniflora, Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 128.
A low shrub, with slender stems one or two feet high; or rarely a bushy tree attaining a height of
ten or twelve feet, with a short stout trunk ten or twelve inches in diameter and covered with thin ashy
gray furrowed bark, the surface of which separates into small appressed scales. The branches, when
they first appear, are coated with thick pale pubescence which often does not disappear until the end of
their second summer ; they are slender, nearly straight or often zigzag, bright red-brown, dark gray in
their first year and ultimately dark brown, and are armed with slender straight spmes one to two inches
in length, and often furnished, when they first appear, with leafy serrate green or red caducous bracts.
The winter-buds are small, obtuse, and covered by chestnut-brown scales with scarious margins ;
the scales of the inner ranks are obovate at maturity, glandular-serrate, pubescent, pyriform to sub-
globose, pale greenish yellow, half an inch long, and caducous. The leaves are obovate-spatulate
to oblong-cuneiform, rounded at the apex or sometimes abruptly aeute, with short broad points, and are
gradually contracted below into broad petioles or are sometimes nearly sessile ; they are crenately ser-
rate, the broad teeth being sometimes tipped with minute dark glands, and are occasionally incisely
lobed towards the apex; when they unfold they are pilose on the upper surface with pale deciduous
hairs and pubescent on the lower surface, and at maturity they are subcoriaceous, scabrous, dark green
and lustrous above, and paler and pubescent below, especially along the midribs and primary veins, and
vary from an inch to two inches in length and from half an inch to two thirds of an inch in width.
The stipules are ovate, acute, glandular-serrate, sometimes a quarter of an inch long, and caducous.
The flowers, which are solitary or rarely geminate and vary from a half to three quarters of an inch in
diameter, appear from the first of April in Florida to the middle of June at the north when the leaves
are fully grown ; they are borne on short stout pedicels which are furnished with lanceolate acute glan-
dular-serrate caducous bractlets, which, like the calyx, are hirsute-tomentose with long pale hairs; the
calyx is narrowly obconic, with foliaceous lanceolate acute sharply incised and glandular persistent lobes
118 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEX,
covered with pale hairs on the inner surface, reflexed after anthesis, and longer than the obovate creamy
white petals and than the styles, which are usually five in number. The fruit ripens and falls in Octo-
ber, and is half an inch across, with a broad deep cavity surrounded by the large and conspicuous
calyx-lobes, thick dry sweet flesh, and small thin-walled nutlets acute above, rounded below, and deeply
grooved on the back.
Crategus uniflora is distributed from the valley of the Delaware River in New Jersey southward
to Florida, Louisiana, and southern Arkansas; it grows usually in sandy soil in abandoned fields or
along the borders of the forest, and only on the banks of the Appalachicola River in Bristol, Florida,
on the slopes of a ravine occupied by Torreya and the Florida Yew, has it been noticed in tree-like
form.
Crategus uniflora was probably detected by Banister,’ who sent it, in 1713, to Bishop Compton?
in whose garden it first flowered in Europe, and the earliest description was made from plants culti-
vated in England? It is still found in most botanic gardens, but is cultivated as a curiosity rather than
for ornament. It is hardy as far north as eastern Massachusetts.
1 See i. 6. Dict. ed. 7, No. 17). Banister’s description as quoted by Miller
2 See i. 6. (Oxyacantha folio parvo subrotundo, flore unico, theca foliaced incluso
3 Mespilus foliis lanceolato-ovatis serratis subtus villosis, floribus summitatibus ramulorum insidente) does not appear to have been
solitariis, calycibus foliaceis, spinis longissimis tenuioribus (Miller, published.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Prats CXCI. Cratmeus uNIFLORA.
. A flowering branch, natural size.
. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
. A fruiting branch, natural size.
. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged.
. A nutlet, natural size.
aorrannd
. A nutlet divided transversely, enlarged.
Silva of North America. TRO. CALL.
CE. Foacon det. loulet ve.
CRATA GUS UNIFLORA, Muench.
A. Riocreua dren’ lip. RiTaneur, Paris.
ROSACEA, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 119
CRATAIGUS AISTIVALIS.
May Haw. Apple Haw.
Leaves elliptical to oblong-cuneiform.
Cratzegus eestivalis, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 468.— ? Crateegus lucida, Elliott, Sk. i. 548 (not Ehrhart).
Walpers, Rep. ii. 58. — Dietrich, Syn. iii. 162.— Nuttall, Crateegus elliptica, Elliott, Sz. i. 549 (not Aiton).
Sylva, ii. 12.— Chapman, FV. 127.— Regel, Act. Hort. Crateegus opaca, Hooker & Arnott, Compan. Bot. Mag. i.
Petrop. i. 124.— Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 202.— Sar- 25.
gent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 82. Anthomeles eestivalis, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 141.
Mespilus zestivalis, Walter, 77. Car. 148.— Poiret, Lam.
Dict. iv. 447.
A tree, twenty to thirty feet in height, with a stout trunk sometimes a foot in diameter and occa-
sionally three or four feet tall, or more often divided close to the surface of the ground into several
large upright branches which form a round compact bushy head. The bark of the trunk is a quarter of
an inch thick, deeply fissured, and broken on the surface into thick dark red-brown persistent plate-like
scales. The branchlets are at first covered with rufous or occasionally with pale hairs, and in their first
winter are glabrous, lustrous, bright red or sometimes light brown, becoming darker brown or dark
gray in their second year; they are stout, straight, or more or less zigzag, and often unarmed, or armed
with stout straight lustrous spines an inch to an inch and a half long. The winter-buds are one eighth
of an inch in length, oblong, obtuse, and covered with broad thick ovate scales keeled on the back,
minutely apiculate, and bright chestnut-brown; the scales of the inner ranks at maturity are broadly
obovate, rounded and conspicuously glandular-serrate at the apex, and from one quarter to one half of
an inch in length. The leaves are elliptical to oblong-cuneiform or on sterile branches often obovate,
and are acute or rounded at the apex, gradually narrowed below into stout petioles, and irregularly
sinuate-toothed or angled above the middle, or crenately serrate with minute glandular-tipped teeth, or,
especially on vigorous shoots, rarely three-lobed or incised; when they unfold they are covered on the
upper surface with deciduous pale hairs and on the lower surface with dense rufous tomentum, and
when fully grown are subcoriaceous, dark green and lustrous, glabrous or sometimes puberulous above
and clothed below, especially along the broad midribs and primary veins, with thick rusty pubescence ;
they are an inch and a half to two inches long, half an inch to an inch wide, and are borne on
petioles which are coated with rusty tomentum and vary from a quarter of an inch to an inch in length.
The flowers, which appear with the unfolding of the leaves in February and early in March, are an
inch across when expanded, and are produced in two to five-flowered simple glabrous corymbs on long
stout pedicels furnished with lanceolate acute caducous glandular bractlets; the calyx is glabrous, tur-
binate, with nearly triangular persistent lobes which are minutely glandular-serrate, reflexed after
anthesis, often flushed with red towards the apex, and much shorter than the obovate concave white
petals. The fruit, which ripens in May, is depressed-globose, very fragrant, bright red dotted with
pale spots, and half of an inch to two thirds of an inch in diameter, with a small shallow cavity
surrounded by the remnants of the calyx-lobes and filaments, juicy subacid flesh, and three to five
thin-walled nutlets rounded at both ends and deeply two-grooved on the back.
Crategus estivatis is distributed in the coast region from the valley of the Savannah River in
South Carolina to northern Florida, and through the Gulf states to southern Arkansas and to the valley
of the Sabine River in Texas; it grows usually in moist sandy soil near the margins of streams and
Pine-barren ponds, where the ground is often submerged during several weeks in winter. It is com-
120 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEA.
paratively rare in the Atlantic states, and is most common and attains its greatest size in western Lou-
isiana and eastern Texas.
The wood of Crategus estivalis is heavy, hard, and close-grained, although not strong; it is light
brown or red, with thick lighter colored sapwood, and contains numerous obscure medullary rays. The
specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.6564, a cubic foot weighing 40.91 pounds.
The fruit, which is collected in large quantities in all the region where the May Haw is found, is
sold in the markets of the towns of southwestern Louisiana and is preserved and made into jellies. .
Crategus estivalis appears to have been first noticed by Walter, who published the earliest account
of it in his Flora Caroliniana ; it is probably still unknown in gardens, although one of the most
beautiful trees of the genus. No other species produces such large flowers or such large well-flavored
and valuable fruit; and as a fruit-tree the May Haw deserves the attention of pomologists in all warm-
temperate countries.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Prats CXCII. Cratmeus msrIvauis.
. A flowering branch, natural size.
. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
. A fruiting branch, natural size.
Cross section of a fruit, natural size.
A nutlet, natural size.
A nutlet divided transversely, enlarged.
A winter branchlet, natural size.
NO SOR wp Ep
Silva of North America. :
deb. CAC,
CL. Faxon det. Pwcart fr. SC,
P CRATASGUS AGSTIVALIS. Torr. et Gray.
q
A. Riocreue diren* imp. R.Taneur, Paris.
ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 1
HETEROMELES.
FLowers regular, perfect ; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in estivation ; petals
5, convolute in estivation ; stamens 10, parapetalous; ovary 2-celled ; ovules 2 in each
cell, ascending. Fruit a fleshy drupe. Leaves alternate, serrate, coriaceous, persistent.
Heteromeles, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 100.
A small tree, with smooth pale aromatic bark, stout terete branches, pubescent or puberulous
while young, and fibrous roots. Leaves alternate, oblong-lanceolate, acute at the two ends, sharply
and remotely serrate with rigid glandular teeth, or rarely almost entire, dark green and lustrous on the
upper, paler on the lower surface, petiolate with stout grooved glandular petioles often furnished near
their apex with one or two slender glandular teeth, feather-veined, with broad midribs grooved on the
upper side and conspicuous reticulated veinlets; stipules subulate, ridged, minute, early deciduous.
Flowers in ample tomentose terminal corymbose panicles, their branches developed from the axils of the
upper leaves or from acute leafy bracts. Bractlets acute, minute, usually tipped with small glands,
caducous. Pedicels stout, shorter than the turbinate calyx-tube, tomentose below, glabrate above ; the
lobes short, nearly triangular, spreading, persistent. Disk lining the tube of the calyx, cup-shaped,
obscurely suleate ; petals five, inserted on the margin of the disk, flabellate, erose-denticulate or emar-
ginate at the apex, contracted at the base into short broad claws, thick, glabrous, pure white. Stamens
ten, inserted in one row with the petals on the margin of the disk in pairs opposite the lobes of the
calyx; filaments subulate, enlarged at the base, incurved, free; anthers oblong-ovate, emarginate,
attached on the back below the middle, introrse, two-celled, the cells opening longitudinally. Carpels
two, adnate to the calyx-tube, at first only dorsally below the middle, and slightly united into a sub-
globose tomentose nearly superior ovary; styles terminal, distinct, slightly spreading, enlarged at the
apex into broad truncate stigmas; ovules two in each cell, ascending, anatropous ; raphe dorsal; micro-
pyle inferior. Fruit an obovoid fleshy drupe formed by the thickening of the calyx-tube connate to
their middle only with the membranaceous carpels which are coated above with long white hairs filling
the cavity closed by the infolding of the thickened persistent lobes, their tips erect and crowning
the fruit. Seeds usually solitary in each cell by the abortion of one of the ovules, or rarely two, ovate,
lenticular, obtuse, slightly ridged on the back, destitute of albumen; testa membranaceous, puncticu-
late, light brown ; hilum orbicular, conspicuous. Embryo filling the cavity of the seed; cotyledons
plano-convex; radicle short, inferior.
The wood of Heteromeles is very heavy, hard, and Blocosaesineds with a satiny surface susceptible
of receiving a beautiful polish; it is dark red-brown, with thin lighter colored sapwood composed of
seven or eight layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.9326, a
suborbicular, cubic foot weighing 58.12 pounds.
The genus is not known to possess useful properties.
The generic name, from érepos and Aor, refers to the fact that this tree differs from the plants
of allied genera. It consists of a single species.
ROSACES, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 123
HETEROMELES ARBUTIFOLIA.
: Tollon. Toyon.
Heteromeles arbutifolia, Roemer, Fum. Nat. Syn. iii. Am. i. 473. — Dietrich, Syn. iii. 162.— Bentham, Bot.
105, — Decaisne, Now. Arch. Mus. x. 144, t 9.—
Brewer & Watson, Bot. Cal. i. 188; ii. 444. — Sargent,
Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 83. — Greene,
Voy. Sulphur, 14; Pl. Hartweg. 307.— Torrey, Hmory’s
Rep. 140; Sitgreaves’ Rep. 159; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv.
85; Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 64; Bot. Wilkes Explor.
Fil. Francis. i. 53.
Crateegus arbutifolia, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ed. 2, iii. 202
(not Poiret). — Loddiges, Bot. Cad. t. 201. Sei. St. Pétersbourg, xix. 180 (Mél. Biol. ix. 180).—
Aronia arbutifolia, Nuttall, Gen. i. 306. Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 96.
Photinia arbutifolia, Lindley, Zrans. Linn. Soc. xiii.103; Mespilus arbutifolia, Link, Znum. ii. 36.
Bot. Reg. t. 491; and under t. 1956. — Sprengel, Syst. Photinia salicifolia, Presl, Hpimel. Bot. 204. — Walpers,
ii. 508. — De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 631. — Chamisso & Ann. iii. 858.
Schlechtendal, Linnea, ii. 542.— Don, Gen. Syst. ii. Heteromeles Fremontiana, Decaisne, Now. Arch. Mus.
602.— Spach, Hist. Vég. ii. 80.—Hooker & Arnott, iii. 144,
Bot. Voy. Beechey, 139, 340.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N.
Exped. 291.— Bolander, Proc. Cal. Acad. iti. 80.—
Palmer, Am. Nat. xii. 599.— Maximowicz, Bull. Acad.
A tree, sometimes thirty feet in height, with a straight trunk twelve to eighteen inches in diameter,
dividing, a few feet above the surface of the ground, into numerous erect branches which form a hand-
some narrow or round-topped head ; or more often a low much-branched shrub. The bark of the trunk
varies from two thirds to one half of an inch in thickness, and is light gray with a generally smooth
surface broken by obscure reticulated ridges. The branchlets are at first coated with pale pubescence
which gradually disappears, and in their first winter they are dark red and slightly puberulous, ultimately
becoming darker and glabrous. The leaves, which appear in early summer with the flowers, are three
or four inches long, an inch to an inch and a half broad, and are borne on petioles which vary from
half an inch to two thirds of an inch in length and usually remain on the branches during at least two
winters. The flowers, which are produced from June to August in compact panicles four to six inches
across, are often more or less hidden by young lateral branches which rise above them. The fruit,
which is mealy, astringent, and acid, ripens in November and December and remains on the branches
until late in the winter.
Heteromeles arbutifolia is distributed through the Californian coast regions from Mendocino
County to Lower California ;! it is most common, and reaches its largest size on the islands off the
California coast” and extends inland to the foothills of the Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino Moun-
tains. It generally grows in the neighborhood of streams, on dry hills, and especially on their northern
slopes, and is often found clinging to the steep cliffs of the coast fully exposed to the sweep of ocean
gales; on the island of Santa Catalina, where it is very abundant, it forms groves of considerable
extent,’ and on the foothills of the Sierras, where it ascends to elevations of two thousand feet above
the level of the sea, it usually grows as a shrub.
The fruit-covered branches are gathered in large quantities and are used in California for Christ-
mas decorations.*
Heteromeles arbutifolia was discovered by Archibald Menzies, the Scotch surgeon who accom-
panied Vancouver to the northwest coast of America, and, in 1796, introduced it into English gardens.°
In winter, when its branches are covered with great clusters of scarlet fruit, whose effectiveness is
1 T.S. Brandegee, Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. 2, iii. 136.
2 Greene, Bull. Cal. Acad. ii. 397; Pittonia, i. 77, 88.—T. S.
Brandegee, Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. 2, i. 209 ; Zoé, i. 136.
8 T.S. Brandegee, Zoé, i. 111.
4 K. Brandegee, Zoé, ii. 349.
5 Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 868, f. 619,
124 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACES.
increased by the contrasting color of the ample lustrous dark green foliage, the Tollon' is more beauti-
ful perhaps than any other North American tree. It is still too seldom seen in the gardens of Cali-
fornia and is rare in those of other parts of the world, although in southern Europe it is perfectly at
home and flowers and fruits abundantly.
1 Heteromeles arbutifolia is sometimes also called California Holly and Christmas Berry.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
_ Puatz CXCII. Hereromeres aARBurirouia.
1. A flowering branch, natural size.
2. Diagram of a flower.
3. A flower-bud, enlarged.
4. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
5. A stamen, enlarged.
6. A pistil, enlarged.
7. An ovule, much magnified.
8. A fruiting branch, natural size.
9. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged.
10. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.
11. A seed divided transversely, enlarged.
12. An embryo, much magnified,
Tab. CXCII.
Silva of North America
CE Faxon del.
HETEROMELES ARBUTIFOLIA, Rem.
Imp. kh. Taneur, Paris
A, Riocreux direx *
ROSACEA, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 125
AMELANCHIER.
FiLowers perfect, regular ; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in estivation ; petals
5, imbricated in estivation; stamens usually 20; ovary inferior or partly superior,
5-celled, each cell incompletely divided by a false dissepiment ; ovules 2 in each cell,
ascending. Fruit apome. Leaves simple, alternate, deciduous.
Amelanchier, Medicus, Phil. Bot. i. 135, 155. — Lindley, Peraphyllwm).— Baillon, Hist. Pl. i. 477 (excl. Pera-
Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. 100. — Meisner, Gen. 106. — End- phyllum).
licher, Gen. 1237. — Bentham & Hooker, Gen. i. 628 (excl. Aronia, Persoon, Syn. ii. 39 (in part).
Trees or shrubs, with scaly bark, slender terete branchlets, acute buds with imbricated scales, those
of the inner rows accrescent and bright colored, and fibrous roots. Leaves alternate, conduplicate in
vernation, simple, entire or serrate, penniveined, often lanate, petiolate, deciduous ; stipules subulate,
elongated, caducous. Flowers in erect or nodding racemes, their pedicels slender, bibracteolate, devel-
oped from the axils of lanceolate acuminate deciduous bracts. Calyx-tube campanulate or urceolate,
the lobes acute or subulate, recurved, persistent. Disk lining the tube of the calyx, green, entire
or crenulate, nectariferous. Petals white, obovate-oblong, spatulate or ligulate, rounded, acute or
truncate at the apex, gradually contracted below into short slender claws, inserted on the thickened
margin of the disk, spreading. Stamens usually twenty, inserted with the petals in three rows, those of
the outer row of ten parapetalous, those of the other rows alternate with them and with each other ;
filaments subulate, free, persistent on the fruit; anthers oblong, attached on the back near the middle,
introrse, two-celled, the cells opening longitudinally. Ovary more or less adnate to the calyx-tube,
glabrous or puberulous above, two to five-celled, each cell more or less divided after the fecunda-
tion of the ovules into two compartments by the development of a false partition from the back; styles
two to five, connate below, spreading and dilated above into broad truncate stigmas; ovules two in each
cell, erect, anatropous, the micropyle inferior. Fruit subglobose or pyriform, open at the summit, the
cavity surrounded by the lobes of the calyx and the remnants of the filaments ; mesocarp sweet, rather
juicy, red or dark purple; endocarp membranaceous or cartilaginous, the carpels free or connate,
glabrous or villose at the apex. Seeds ten or often five by the abortion of one of the ovules in each
cell, ovate-elliptical, not rarely subuncinate at the base, destitute of albumen; testa coriaceous, dark
chestnut-brown, mucilaginous. Embryo filling the cavity of the seed; cotyledons plano-convex, the
radicle inferior.
Amelanchier is widely distributed through the boreal and temperate portions of eastern and the
mountainous regions of western North America, and oceurs in Japan and central China, in Asia Minor,
the Caucasus, southern Europe, and northern Africa. Five or six species are distinguished ; one is
European, north African, and Anatolian ; a second inhabits the Orient ;* and a third, perhaps not dis-
tinct from the arborescent species of eastern America, is found in the forests of Japan and of central
1 Amelanchier Amelanchier. Amelanchier rotundifolia, Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2,
Mespilus Amelanchier, Linneus, Spec. 478. v. 459.
Sorbus Amelanchier, Crantz, Stirp. Austr. ii. 53. Crategus Amelunchier, De Candolle, Fl. Franc. iv. 432.
Pyrus Amelanchier, Linneus f. Syst. ed. 13, Suppl. 256.— Aronia rotundifolia, Persoon, Syn. ii. 39.
Willdenow, Spec. ii. pt. ii. 1014. Amelanchier rotundifolia, Decaisne, Nouv. Arch. Mus. x. 134.
Crategus rotundifolia, Lamarck, Dict. i. 84. 2 Amelanchier parviflora, Boissier, Diag. iii. 9; Fl. Orient. ii.
Amelanchier vulgaris, Moench, Meth. 682.— De Candolle, Prodr. 668.
ii. 682. — Boissier, FU. Orient. ii. 667.
126 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACER,
China,* while two belong to the flora of eastern and one to that of western America. Two of the
American species attain the size of small trees; the third? is a shrub of the northern and alpine parts
of eastern America. The Old World species are shrubs.
The fruit of all the species is more or less succulent and edible, and the wood produced by the
American arborescent species is strong, hard, and close-grained. The large white flowers, appearing
before or coetaneous with the leaves, give the different species great beauty in very early spring, and
make them desirable garden plants.
The American species of Amelanchier do not suffer seriously from the attacks of insects, although
they are subject to many of the fungal diseases which affect Pyrus and Crategus.!
The generic name is derived from Amelancier, the popular name of the European species in
Savoy.
1 Amelanchier Asiatica, Walpers, Rep. ii. 55.— Roemer, Fam. Amelanchier sanguinea, Decaisne, Nouv. Arch. Mus. x. 136 (not
Nat. Syn. iii. 144. — Koch, Dendr. i. 180. De Candolle nor Lindley). ;
Aronia Asiatica, Siebold & Zucearini, Fl. Jap. i. 87, t. 42. 8 The same insects which injure Pyrus in North America are also
Amelanchier Canadensis, var. Japonica, Miquel, Prol. Fl. Jap. found on the different species of Amelanchier ; and Leaf-miners
229.—Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. i. 142.—Maxi- like Nepticula amelanchierella, Clemens, and Ornix quadripunctella,
mowicez, Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, xix. 175 (Mél. Biol. ix. Clemens, may be peculiar to them.
174). 4 A striking fungus attacks the leaves and young branches of
2 Amelanchier oligocarpa, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 145.— Amelanchier Canadensis in the east, and of Amelanchier alnifolia in
Watson, Garden and Forest, i. 245, f. 41.— Watson & Coulter, the west, covering them at first with an olive-colored down which
Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 167. afterwards changes to a black crenulated surface. Many leaves on
Mespilus Canadensis, var. oligocarpa, Michaux, Fl. Bor-Am. i. certain branches are attacked simultaneously, and the so-called
291. bird’s-nest distortions are produced. This fungus, which belongs
Amelanchier ? sanguinea, De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 633 (in part). to the order Pyrenomycetes, was first called Spheria Collinsii by
Amelanchier Canadensis, var. oligocarpa, Torrey & Gray, Fl..N. Schweinitz, and by other authors has been referred to Dimerospo-
Am. i. 474, — Torrey, Fl. N. Y. i. 226. — Gray, Man. 131. rium, Lasiospheria, and Plowrightia.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong or oblong to broadly elliptical or suborbicular, acute or rounded at
the apex, cordate orrounded atithebase... 2 69s 92. ss ee ee oll SAO ANADENGTSS
Leaves broadly orbicular, obtuse, or rarely acute. . . ... =.=... +. +... ~~. ~. 2 A, ALNIFOLIA.
ROSACEA.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
127
AMELANCHIER CANADENSIS.
Shad Bush.
Service Berry.
LEAVES ovate to ovate-oblong, acute, cordate or rounded at the base.
Amelanchier Canadensis, Medicus, Gesch. Bot. 79. —
Darlington, Fl. Cestr. ed. 3, 86.— Curtis, Rep. Geolog.
Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 68. — Koch, Dendr. i. 180. —
Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, xix. 176
(Mél. Biol. ix. 174).— Emerson, Trees Mass. ed. 2, ii.
503, t. —Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S.
ix. 84.— Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 166.
Mespilus Canadensis, Linneus, Spec. 478. — Miller, Dict.
ed. 8, No. 6.— Du Roi, Harbk. Bawmz. i. 416. — Walter,
Fl. Car. 148.
Pyrus Botryapium, Linneus f. Syst. ed. 13, Suppl. 255. —
Wangenheim, Nordam. Holz. 90, t. 28, f. 65. — Ehrhart,
Beitr. i. 183; ii. 68.— Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 258 ;
Spec. ii. pt. ii. 1013; Hnum. 525.— Aiton, Hort. Kew.
ed. 2, iti. 207. — Pursh, FU. Am. Sept. i. 839. — Bigelow,
Fil. Boston. 120.— Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 83.— Guimpel,
Otto & Hayne, Abbild. Holz. 100, t. 79. — Sprengel, Syst.
ii. 509. — Audubon, Birds, t. 60.
Crateegus racemosa, Lamarck, Dict. i. 84. — Desfontaines,
Hist. Arb. ii. 148. — Nouveau Duhamel, iv. 133. — Poiret,
Lam. Dict. Suppl. i. 292. y
Mespilus nivea, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 90.
Amelanchier Canadensis, var. prunifolia, Castiglioni,
Viag. negli Stati Uniti, ii. 293.
Mespilus Amelanchier, Castiglioni, Viag. negli Stati Uniti,
ii, 293 (not Linnzeus).
Mespilus Canadensis, var. cordata, Michaux, #7. Bor.-
Am. i. 291.
Amelanchier Botryapium, Borkhausen, Handb. Forstbot.
ii. 1260. — Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. v. 458.—
Lindley, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. 100.— De Candolle,
Prodr. ii. 6382. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 202.— Don,
Gen. Syst. ii. 604. — Spach, Hist. Vég. ii. 84. — Roemer,
Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 145.— Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 110.
— Decaisne, Nowy. Arch. Mus. x. 135.
Aronia Botryapium, Persoon, Syn. ii. 39. — Nuttall, Gen.
i. 306. — Elliott, Sk. i. 557. — Darlington, FU. Cestr. 63.
Mespilus arborea, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii. 68, t.
11.— W. P. C. Barton, Fl. Phil. Prodr. 55.
Aronia arborea, W. P. C. Barton, Compend. Fl. Phil. i.
228.
Amelanchier sanguinea, Lindley, Bot. Reg. t. 1171 (not
De Candolle).
Aronia cordata, Rafinesque, Med. F1. ii. 196.
Amelanchier ovalis, Hooker, Fl. Bor-Am. i. 202 (in
part).
Amelanchier Canadensis, var. Botryapium, Torrey &
Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 473. — Walpers, Rep. ii. 55. — Die-
trich, Syn. iii. 158. — Torrey, £7. N. Y. i. 225. —Chap-
man, Fl. 129.
Pyrus Bartramiana, Tausch, Regensb. Flora, 1838, pt. ii.
715. :
Pyrus Wangenheimiana, Tausch, Regensb. Flora, 1838,
pt. ii. 715.
Amelanchier Bartramiana, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii.
145.
Amelanchier Wangenheimiana,
Syn. iii. 146.
Roemer, Fam. Nat.
A tree, sometimes forty to fifty feet in height, with a tall trunk twelve to eighteen inches in
diameter, and small spreading branches which form a narrow oblong round-topped head. The bark
of the trunk is from a quarter to half an inch in thickness, pale red-brown, and divided by shallow
fissures into narrow longitudinal ridges, the surface of which is broken into small square persistent
scales. The branchlets are slender and at first bright green and glabrous or slightly puberulous, but
are dark red and marked with many minute pale lenticels in their first winter, and later become dark
brown or red-brown. The winter-buds are a quarter of an inch long and covered with pale chestnut-
brown ovate apiculate slightly pubescent scales, scarious on the margins and obscurely keeled on the
back ; the scales of the inner ranks are lanceolate, acute, bright red above the middle, ciliate with silky
hairs, and sometimes an inch long when fully grown, and leave when falling narrow ring-like scars
which mark the base of the branchlets during two or three years. The leaves are ovate to ovate-oblong,
acute or often taper-pointed at the apex, cordate or rounded at the base, and finely serrate with straight
or incurved rigid subulate teeth ; when they unfold they are dark red-brown and pilose on both sur-
faces with scattered deciduous white hairs, and at maturity they are thick and firm in texture, glabrous,
28 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACER.
dark green and dull on the upper surface, pale on the lower surface, three or four inches long and
an inch to an inch and a half broad, with prominent midribs grooved on the upper side and slender
veins, and are borne on slender channeled petioles which vary from half an inch to an inch in length.
The stipules are narrowly lanceolate, membranaceous, pubescent, at first pink but ultimately brown, and
early deciduous. The leaves turn bright clear yellow in the autumn before falling. The flowers,
which appear from the end of March at the south to the end of May at the north when the leaves are
grown to nearly one third of their size, are produced in erect or nodding glabrous racemes three or
four inches long, and are borne on slender pedicels half an inch to an inch in length, furnished with two
lanceolate pubescent pink caducous bractlets, and developed from the axils of lanceolate bright-colored
bracts which fall before the expansion of the flowers. The calyx is campanulate, with lanceolate acute
lobes, villose on the inner surface, twice the length of the tube, and rather longer than the stamens
and styles. The petals are strap-shaped or slightly obovate, rounded or acute at the apex, gradually
contracted at the base, thin, pure white, half an inch to nearly an inch in length, and from a quarter to
half an inch in width. The ovaries are glabrous. The fruit, which ripens in early summer, is sweet
and edible ; it is depressed-globular, from a third to half an inch broad, and borne on elongated slender
stems conspicuously marked by the scars left by the falling of the bractlets ; when first fully grown it
is bright red, but when ripe becomes dark purple and is covered with a slight glaucous bloom. The
seeds are an eighth of an inch long, with a dark red-brown opaque coat.
Amelanchier Canadensis is distributed from Newfoundland through the maritime provinces of
Canada, where it is common, and westward along the northern shores of the Great Lakes,’ and in the
United States ranges southward to northern Florida and westward to Minnesota, eastern Nebraska,’
eastern Kansas, Louisiana, and southern Arkansas.
Amelanchier Canadensis grows in rich soil in upland woods with Oaks, Hickories, Sugar Maples,
and Birches ; it is abundant in all the northern parts of the country and on the Alleghany Mountains,
where, in North Carolina and Tennessee, it reaches its greatest size. In the coast region of the Atlantic
Gulf states it is represented only by a low shrubby form, while west of the Alleghany Mountains it is
common in all the elevated regions but does not extend into the river-bottoms, and is more abundant
at the north than at the south.
The wood of Amelanchier Canadensis is heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, and close-grained, with
a satiny surface susceptible of receiving a good polish; it is dark brown often tinged with red, with
thick lighter colored sapwood composed of forty or fifty layers of annual growth, and contains numerous
obscure medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.7888, a cubic foot weigh-
ing 48.85 pounds. It is occasionally used for the handles of tools and other small implements.
Amelanchier Canadensis varies considerably in the form of its leaves and in the character of the
pubescence which sometimes covers them, in the size of its flowers and fruit, and in its habit and
stature. The most distinct of these forms is Amelanchier Canadensis, var. obovalis.2 This is a tree
sometimes twenty-five or thirty feet in height, with a single straight stem or often with a cluster of
spreading stems springing from the ground and forming a broad tall bush. The leaves are oblong
or broadly elliptical, acute or rounded at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, remotely serrate
1 Brunet, Cat. Veg. Lig. Can. 27. — Bell, Rep. Geolog. Surv. Can.
1867-69, Appendix 9 (Pl. Manitoulin Islands). — Macoun, Cat.
Can. Pl. i, 148.
2 Bessey, Bull. Exper. Stat. Nebraska, iv. art. iv. 20.
8 Amelanchier Canadensis, var. obovalis.
Mespilus Canadensis, var. obovalis, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 291.
Pyrus sanguinea, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 340 (in part). —
Sprengel, Syst. ii. 509.
Pyrus ovatis, Bigelow, Fl. Boston. ed. 2, 195 (not Willdenow).
Aronia ovalis, Torrey, Fl. U. S. 479.
Amelanchier intermedia, Spach, Hist. Veg. ii. 85. — Wenzig,
Linnea, xxxviii. 112.
Amelanchier C is, var. oblongifolia, Torrey & Gray, Fi.
N. Am.i. 473. — Walpers, Rep. ii. 55. — Dietrich, Syn. iii. 158. —
Torrey, Fl. N. Y. i. 225; Nicollet’s Rep. 149. — Emerson, Trees
Mass. ed. 2, ii. 504, t. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census
U.S. ix. 84. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 167.
Amelanchier oblongifolia, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 147.
Amelanchier spicata, Decaisne, Nouv. Arch. Mus. x. 135, t. 9,
f.5 (not Lamarck).
ROSACER. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 129
or sometimes nearly entire below the middle, coated at first on the lower surface with thick white
The flowers, which
are produced in shorter racemes on hairy pedicels, are smaller, with pubescent calyces, their lobes being
tomentum, and at maturity pale and more or less pubescent on the lower surface.
densely tomentose on the inner surface, and narrower strap-shaped petals usually less than half an inch
long. This variety is found in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, where, however, it is not common,
and is abundant in Quebec and Ontario, extending northward to the valley of the Mackenzie River in
latitude 65° ;*
tains to Virginia and westward to Minnesota and Missouri, and occasionally occurs, much reduced in
size, in the southern coast region from Bluffton, South Carolina, to the shores of the Bay of Mobile.
Amelanchier Canadensis, var. obovalis, grows usually on the borders of streams and swamps in
it is common in the northeastern states, ranging southward along the Alleghany Moun-
low wet soil, and sometimes on high rocky slopes and ridges, where it is often a small shrub producing
fruit when only a foot or two high. In the situations which it selects, and in the shape and covering
of its leaves, it is usually very distinct from the upland form, but the two are connected by intermediate
forms growing in intermediate situations which make it difficult to find constant characters upon which
to establish a second species.
The fruit of the tomentose form is rather more juicy and of better flavor than that of the upland
tree; and of late years American pomologists have paid some attention to the cultivation and improve-
ment of a large-fruited variety originally obtained from Iowa, Minnesota, and Manitoba.’
Amelanchier Canadensis, var. spicata,* is a variety with broader obovate sometimes suborbicular
leaves which is common in the northern states, where it usually grows as a low shrub, but occasionally
rises to a height of fifteen or twenty feet.
The earliest account* of Amelanchier Canadensis is that of Clayton,> who also distinguished the
It was first cultivated in Europe in 1746 by the Duke of Argyll.”
Amelanchier Canadensis is a beautiful object in early spring when its large white flowers unfold
tomentose variety.°
with the red or with the silvery white leaves of the different varieties, and its beauty at this time is
heightened by its brilliant silky bud-scales and bracts. As a fruit-tree, although the birds devour the
fruit as fast as it ripens, it deserves more attention than it has yet received.
1 Richardson, Arctic Searching Exped. ii. 294. —Macoun, Cat.
Can. Pl.i. 149.
2 Am. Agric. xxx. 144.— Rep. Iowa Hort. Soc. xii. 203. — Gar-
deners’ Monthly, xx. 141, 186, 306.
8 Amelanchier Canadensis, var. spicata.
Torrey, Fl. N. Y. i.225.— Chapman, FT. 129. — Watson & Coul-
ter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 167.
Amelanchier rotundifolia, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 146 (not
Du Mont de Courset).
4 It was probably one of the forms of Amelanchier Canadensis
Crategus spicata, Lamarck, Dict. i. 84. — Desfontaines, Hist.
Arb. ii. 148.— Nouveau Duhamel, iv. 132.— Poiret, Lam. Dict.
Suppl. i. 192.
Pyrus ovalis, Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 259; Spec. ii. pt. ii.
1014. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 340.
Mespilus Canadensis, var. rotundifolia, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i.
291.
Amelanchier ovalis, Borkt Handb. Forstbot. ii. 1259. —
Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, v. 459.— Lindley, Trans.
Linn. Soc. xiii. 100. — De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 635. — Hooker, FV.
Bor.-Am. i. 202 (exel. var.). — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 604 (excl. var.).
—Spach, Hist. Veg. ii. 85. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 876, f. 632.
Aronia ovalis, Persoon, Syn. ii. 40. — Elliott, Sk. i. 558.
Amelanchier Canadensis, var. 1 , Torrey & Gray, Fi.
N. Am. i. 473.— Walpers, Rep. ii. 55.— Dietrich, Syn. 158.—
yy PPA
which John Mason, writing of Newfoundland in 1620, calls a Peare
in this passage: “The Countrie fruites wild, are cherries small,
whole groaues of them, Filberds good, a small pleasant fruite,
called a Peare, Damaske Roses single very sweet, Grease Straw-
tleberries with abound of Rasb
Gooseberries somewhat better than ours in England, all which
replanted would be much inlarged.” (A Brief Discourse of the
Newfoundland [Royal Letters, Charters, and Tracts relating to the
Colonization of New Scotland, 1621-1638].)
5 Mespilus inermis, foliis subtus glabris obverse ovatis, Fl. Virgin.
54.— Duhamel, Traité des Arbres, ii. 15.
6 Mespilus inermis, folio ovato oblongis, serratis, subtus tomentosis,
Fl. Virgin. 55.
7 Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 173.— Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 874, £. 627-
629, t.
berries, and H. and
beep
a
PLATE
CDS oe COIS) tee
Bo) Sk ET OM eS):
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Puate CXCIV. AmELANCHIER CANADENSIS.
A flowering branch, natural size.
Diagram of a flower.
Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
Front and rear views of a stamen, enlarged.
Cross section of an ovary, enlarged.
An ovule, much magnified.
A fruiting branch, natural size.
Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.
Cross section of a fruit, enlarged.
A seed, enlarged.
. An embryo, much magnified.
. The end of a winter branchlet, natural size.
CXCV. AmenancuterR CANADENSIS, var. OBOVALIS.
A flowering branch, natural size.
Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
A fruiting branch, natural size.
A fruit divided transversely, enlarged.
A seed, enlarged.
An embryo, much magnified.
Prcart 8e-.
Tab. GACLY:
x
&
mm §
a
oc «
ee &
ss
*
2
ee
on)
| omen!
WY
z
fx]
a
ae
<C
ce)
aa
Fd
=
O
q Ny
oe
at §
a] ow
=
9
S
a Ry
= y
cD)
=
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ae
eek
FB }
= R
-
g RY
C
Silva of North America.
Tab. CXCV.
CE. Faxon det.
Preart se.
| -AMELANCHIER CANADENSIS, Var OBOVALIS. Sarg.
A. Riocreua diren”
Imp. R Taneur, Paris.
ROSACEA.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
131
AMELANCHIER ALNIFOLIA.
Service Berry.
Leaves broadly ovate to orbicular, obtuse or rarely acute.
Amelanchier alnifolia, Nuttall, Jour. Phil. Acad. vii.
22.— Roemer, Ham. Nat. Syn. iii. 147. — Cooper, Am.
Nat. iii. 407. — Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 113. — De-
eaisne, Nouv. Arch. Mus. x. 135. — Brewer & Watson,
Bot. Cal. i. 190. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed.
6, 167. — Greene, FU. Francis. i. 52.
Pyrus sanguinea, Pursh, #7. Am. Sept. i. 340 (in part).
Aronia alnifolia, Nuttall, Gen. i. 306.
Pyrus alnifolia, Sprengel, Syst. ii. 509.
Amelanchier ovalis, var. semiintegrifolia, Hooker, 7.
Bor.-Am. i. 202. — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 604,
Amelanchier florida, Lindley, Bot. Reg. t. 1589. — Spach,
Hist. Vég. ii. 86.— Walpers, Rep. ii. 55. — Loudon, Ard.
Brit. ii. 876, f. 633, 634. — Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii.
144. — Deeaisne, Nouv. Arch. Mus. x. 135.
Amelanchier Canadensis, var. alnifolia, Torrey & Gray,
il. N. Am. i. 473. — Walpers, Rep. ii. 55. — Dietrich,
Mex. Bound. Surv. 64; Bot. Wilkes Hxplor. Haped.
291. — Hooker, Lond. Jour. Bot. vi. 220.— Gray, Man.
130. — Newberry, Pacific R. R. Rep. vi. 73. — Cooper,
Pacific R. R. Rep. xii. pt. ii. 30.— Watson, King’s Rep,
Ws O25
Amelanchier Canadensis, var. pumila, Torrey & Gray,
il. N. Am. i. 474.— Walpers, Rep. ii. 55. — Dietrich,
Syn. iii. 158.
Amelanchier pumila, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 145.
Amelanchier Canadensis, var. oblongifolia, Bentham,
Pl. Hartweg. 309 (not Torrey & Gray).
Amelanchier diversifolia, var. alnifolia, Torrey, Fré-
mont’s Rep. 89.
Amelanchier Canadensis, Anderson, Cat. Pl. Nev. 120
(not Medicus).
? Amelanchier glabra, Greene, WU. Francis. i. 52.
? Amelanchier pallida, Greene, Fl. Francis. i. 53.
Syn. iii. 158. — Torrey, Pacific R. R. Rep. iv. 85; Bot.
A tree, occasionally forty feet in height, with a single straight trunk six to ten inches in diameter,
or more often with a cluster of slender stems rising from the ground; or usually a shrub only a foot or
The bark of the trunk is an eighth of an inch thick, smooth or slightly fissured, and
light brown somewhat tinged with red. The branches are green at first and glabrous, pilose with long
two in height.
pale hairs or coated with pubescence, and in their first winter are stout, bright red or plum-color, gla-
brous or rarely puberulous, and more or less marked by small pale lenticels. The winter-buds are acute,
a quarter of an inch long, and covered with chestnut-brown glabrous or occasionally pilose scales ; the
scales of the inner ranks at maturity are ovate, acute, brightly colored, covered with pale silky hairs, and
from a half to three quarters of an inch in length. The leaves are broadly ovate to orbicular or occa-
sionally oblong-ovate, rounded or rarely acute at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, and
sharply and coarsely serrate above the middle, with incurved rigid teeth; when they unfold they are
coated on the lower surface with thick pale tomentum, and are often pilose on the upper surface; but
they soon become glabrous, and at maturity are membranaceous to subcoriaceous, dark green above and
pale or sometimes rufous below, or, when the plants grow in the dry climate of the interior, gray-green
on both surfaces and often puberulous below ; they are an inch to an inch and a half in length and in
breadth, with slender midribs and veins, and are borne on slender petioles half an inch long. The
stipules are linear, acute, red-brown, sometimes an inch in length, and caducous. The flowers, which
appear from April on the shores of Puget Sound to the middle of June on the high mountains of
Montana, are produced in erect glabrous or pubescent racemes an inch to an inch and a half in length
on short pedicels furnished near the middle with linear acute colored bractlets which in falling leave
conspicuous scars. The calyx is cup-shaped and glabrous, pilose or pubescent on the outer surface,
with linear acute lobes glabrous or coated with pubescence on the inner surface. The petals are nar-
rowly oblong to obovate, rounded or acute at the apex, and from a quarter of an inch to an inch in
length. The ovaries are pubescent or puberulous. The fruit ripens from June to September, and is
sweet and juicy; it is subglobose, dark blue or almost black, with a glaucous bloom, and from half an
132
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACER.
inch to nearly an inch in diameter. The seeds are an eighth of an inch long, with a lustrous red-brown
coat.’
Amelanchier alnifolia is distributed from the valley of the Yukon River in latitude 62° 45’
north,’ southward through the coast ranges of northeastern America and on the mountain ranges of
the western and interior parts of the continent, extending in California to the southern boundary of the
state, and eastward through British Columbia, the Saskatchewan, and Manitoba, to the western shores
of Lake Superior,’ and to northern Michigan, Nebraska,’ and the Rocky Mountains of Colorado’ and
New Mexico.°
The wood of Amelanchier alnifolia is heavy, hard, and close-grained ; it is light brown and con-
tains numerous obscure medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.8262, a
cubic foot weighing 51.55 pounds.
The nutritious and abundant fruit of the Service Berry is an important article of food with the
Indians of western America, who gather and dry it in large quantities.’
Amelanchier alnifolia attains its largest size and occasionally assumes the habit of a tree on the
islands and rich bottom-lands of the lower Columbia River and on the small prairies which occur in
Washington in the neighborhood of Puget Sound, where it grows in gravelly soil near the borders of
small ponds, and often forms thickets of considerable extent, or is associated with the Oregon Haw-
thorn, the Crab-apple, and the Choke Cherry. In the interior it is confined to high elevations, in Cali-
fornia frequently ascending ten thousand feet above the level of the ocean, sometimes near the borders
of streams or alpine meadows, or often on high hillsides where, as a low shrub, it forms thickets which
cover areas several hundred acres in extent.
Amelanchier alnifolia was noticed early in this century by the party of explorers who, under the
leadership of Lewis and Clark, first crossed North America ;* and it was introduced into cultivation by
David Douglas who, in 1826, sent seeds to the London Horticultural Society. In the Arnold Arbore-
tum it produces fruit every year.
1 In the different parts of the immense territory over which it is
distributed Amelanchier alnifolia varies not only in size and habit,
but in the texture and color of the leaves, in the amount and char-
acter of the pubescence of the calyx, and in the size of the flowers ;
at high elevations in the dry interior its foliage, like that of many
plants in these regions, is pale green on both sides, and the bark of
the branches and stems is much lighter than on plants which have
grown in the more humid climate of the coast. The extreme
forms of this species, however, are connected by intermediate
forms, and it is not probable that western America contains more
than a single species of Amelanchier, and this, at the extreme east-
ern limits of its range, is not always easily distinguished from some
of the broad-leaved forms of Amelanchier Canadensis of the eastern
states.
2 Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. i. 148.
8 Macoun, l. c. 522.
4 Bessey, Bull. Agric. Exper. Stat. Nebraska, iv. art. iv. 20.
5 Coulter, Man. Rocky Mt. Bot. 89.
® Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. n. ser. iv. 42 (Pl. Fendler.).
7 «Tn a great number of localities service-berries are stored for
winter use by the Indians. They are gathered where most abun-
dant, crushed and made into a paste which is spread out on bark
or stones in the sun until it is thoroughly dried. It is then put in
sacks, and during the winter serves to give variety to their diet
which otherwise consists of flesh or dried fish.” (Newberry, Food
and Fibre Plants of the North American Indians, Popular Science
Monthly, xxii. 43. See, also, R. Brown (Campst.), Trans. Bot. Soc.
Edinburgh, ix. 384.)
8 History of the Expedition under the Command of Captains Lewis
and Clark to the Sources of the Missouri, thence across the Rocky Moun-
tains and down the River Columbia to the Pacific Ocean, ii. 505.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Pirate CXCVI. AMELANCHIER ALNIFOLIA.
. A flowering branch, natural size.
1
2. Vertical section of a flower, the ends of the petals removed, enlarged.
3. A fruiting branch, natural size.
. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.
. An embryo, much magnified.
4.
5. A seed, natural size.
6.
th
. A winter branchlet, natural size.
Silva of North America. . Tab, CACVI
CE. Fawon del. , 3 flimely SC.
AMELANCHIER ALNIFOLIA, Nutt.
A. Riocreux direa® Lp. R. Taneur Paris.
SAXIFRAGACE. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 133
LYONOTHAMNUS.
FLowers perfect ; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in estivation, persistent ;
petals 5, imbricated in estivation; stamens 15; ovaries 2, 1-celled; ovules 4 in each
cell, suspended. Fruit follicular. Leaves opposite, simple or pinnately divided, per-
sistent.
Lyonothamnus, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ser. 2, xii. 291.
A tree or shrub, with scaly bark exfoliating in long strips, stout terete pubescent ultimately
glabrous branchlets, and scaly buds. Leaves opposite, long-petiolate, lanceolate, acuminate, rounded
or wedge-shaped at the base, entire or finely crenulate-serrate or serrulate-lobulate below the middle, or
on the same branch irregularly pinnately parted into three to eight linear lanceolate remote lobulate
segments, coriaceous, transversely many-veined, dark green on the upper surface, paler and more or
less coated with pubescence on the lower, persistent; stipules lanceolate, acute, minute, caducous.
Flowers on slender pedicels in broad ample compound terminal pubescent cymes. Bracts and bractlets
acute, minute, persistent. Calyx-tube hemispherical, one to three-bracteolate, tomentose on the outer
surface, the lobes nearly triangular, slightly keeled, apiculate, persistent. Disk lining the calyx-tube,
lanate, the slightly thickened margin ten-lobed. Petals five, orbicular, sessile, white. Stamens fifteen,
inserted with the petals on the margin of the disk in pairs opposite the petals and singly opposite the
sepals ; filaments subulate, incurved, as long as the petals; anthers oblong, attached on the back below
the middle, introrse, two-celled, the cells opening longitudinally. Pistils two, inserted in the bottom of
the calyx-tube; ovaries ovate, flattened on the inner surface by mutual pressure, glandular-setulose,
contracted into thick spreading styles; stigmas capitate, truncate; ovules four in each cell, oblong,
suspended, anatropous; micropyle superior, the raphe ventral. Fruit composed of two woody ovate
glandular four-seeded follicles, dehiscent on the ventral and partially dehiscent on the dorsal suture.
Seeds ovate-oblong, pointed at both ends; albumen thin ; testa light brown, thin, and membranaceous ;
hilum orbicular, apical, the raphe broad and wing-like. Cotyledons oblong-acuminate, twice the length
of the straight radicle directed towards the hilum.
The wood of Lyonothamnus is very heavy, hard, and close-grained, with a satiny surface suscep-
tible of receiving a good polish. It contains numerous thin medullary rays, the layers of annual
growth being hardly distinguishable, and is bright clear red faintly tinged with orange. The specific
gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.8029, a cubic foot weighing 50.05 pounds.’
Lyonothamnus was named in honor of William 8. Lyon, who discovered it in July, 1884,’ on the
island of Santa Catalina, California. It is represented by a single species.
1 Garden and Forest, iii. 344.. in 1871, he was able at length fully to gratify. In 1884 and 1885
2 William Scrugham Lyon, forester of the California State Board he explored the little known island of Santa Catalina, one of the San
of Forestry, was born at White Plains, New York, in November, Bernardino group, di ing several undescribed species of plants,
1852, and educated at the College of the State of New York and at and making useful observations on the character and distribution
the Massachusetts Agricultural College. The acquaintance of Dr. _ of its peculiar flora. Under the title of A Flora of our Southwestern
John Torrey, made in boyhood, laid the foundation of Mr. Lyon’s Archipelago, Mr. Lyon published, in 1886, the scientific results of
taste for the study of plants, which, after his removal to California these journeys in the eleventh volume of the Botanical Gazette.
SAXIFRAGACE. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 135
LYONOTHAMNUS FLORIBUNDUS.
Tron Wood.
Lyonothamnus floribundus, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ser. Acad. ser. 2, i. 210.—Sargent, Garden and Forest, ii.
2, xii. 292. T. S. Brandegee, Zod, i. 111, 136, t. 4. 435.
Lyonothamnus asplenifolius, Greene, Bull. Cal. Acad. i. Lyyonothamnus floribundus, var. asplenifolius, T. S.
187; ii. 149, 397, t. 6.—T. S. Brandegee, Proc. Cal. Brandegee, Zoé, i. 136.
A bushy tree, rarely thirty to forty feet in height, with a single trunk sometimes eight or ten
inches in diameter, but usually with a number of tall stems rising from the ground; or, in exposed
situations, reduced to a low shrub. The bark of the trunk is a third of an inch thick and dark red-
brown, and is composed of many thin papery layers, five or six of which, after partially separating,
remain on the stem broken into long loose strips. The branchlets are at first pale orange-color and,
like the branches of the inflorescence, are coated with pubescence which soon disappears, and at the end
of their first season they are bright red and lustrous. The leaves, which vary from four to eight
inches in length and from half an inch in width when entire to four inches when pinnately divided,
are coated on the lower surface, when they unfold, with thick white deciduous tomentum, and are dark
green and rather lustrous on the upper surface, and yellow-green, glabrous, or pubescent on the lower,
with orange-colored midribs. The inflorescence, which appears in June and July, varies from four to
eight inches across, the individual flowers being from an eighth to a quarter of an inch im diameter.
The fruit ripens in August and September, and is three sixteenths of an inch long.’
Lyonothamnus floribundus is known only on the islands of Santa Catalina and Santa Cruz off the
coast of California, where it is found growing in dry rocky soil on the steep slopes of cations. It is
most abundant on Santa Cruz, where many fine groves exist on the northern shore of the island, and
where it attains its largest size. On Santa Catalina it is much smaller, rarely arborescent in habit, and
usually produces simple or sinuate or lobulate leaves.
Lyonothamnus floribundus is an interesting and handsome plant. It is the only North American
representative of its family which attains the size and habit of a tree. The beauty of its multiform
persistent leaves, and the ample size and abundance of its clusters of flowers, will cause it to be valued
as an ornament in the gardens of temperate countries.
1 Plants of Lyonothamnus with simple leaves and with pinnately and his conclusion that the plants of Santa Catalina and of Santa
divided leaves appear distinct, but on Santa Catalina trees were Cruz are merely heterophyllous forms of one species is doubtless
found by Mr. T. S. Brandegee on which both the narrow simple correct (Zoé, i. 111).
leaves and the divided leaves of all the different forms occurred,
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Puatre CXCVII. LyonorHamMnus FLORIBUNDUS.
BB
. A flowering branch, natural size,
Diagram of a flower.
A flower, enlarged.
Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
. A stamen, enlarged.
. A gynecium, enlarged.
. An ovule, much magnified.
. A cluster of fruit, natural size.
A fruit, enlarged.
RSLs mrankrwn
. Ventral view of an open carpel, enlarged.
=y
. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged.
b
bo
. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.
b
oo
. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.
. A seed divided transversely, enlarged.
. Anembryo, much magnified.
Bee
a oe
. A simple leaf, natural size.
Tab. CXCVIT
Silva of North America
6)
\
lf
Wp
Sep
Sa
NUS
nt
Preai t fr. we,
CH Faxon det.
LYONOTHAMNUS FLORIBUNDUS, Gra
LY
‘wepes
imp f.Taneur Paris.
A. Riocreux direx.®
INDEX TO VOL. IV.
Names of Orders are in SMALL CAPITALS ; of admitted Genera and Species and other proper names, in roman type 3 8
Acacia nostras, 10.
Achras serrata, 49.
ZEgeria exitiosa, 11.
Almond-oil, 9.
Almonds, Bitter, 9.
Almonds, Sweet, 9.
Almond, the, 8, 9.
Amelanchier, 125.
Amelanchier alnifolia, 131.
Amelanchier Amelanchier, 125.
Amelanchier Asiatica, 126.
Amelanehier Bartramiana, 127.
Amelanchier Botryapium, 127.
Amelanchier Canadensis, 127.
Amelanchier Canadensis, 131.
Amelanchier Canadensis, var. alnifolia, 131.
Amelanchier Canadensis, vay. Botryapium,
127.
Amelanchier Canadensis, var. Japonica, 126.
4 neta ‘ 5
7,
var. oblongifolia,
128, 131.
Amelanchier Canadensis, var. obovalis, 128.
Amelanchier, Canadensis, var. oligocarpa,
126.
Amelanchier Canadensis, var. prunifolia, 127.
Amelanchier Canadensis, var. pumila, 131.
Amelanchier Canadensis, var. 1 lifolia,
129.
Amelanchier Canadensis, var. spicata, 129.
Amelanchier diversifolia, var. alnifolia, 131.
Amelanchier florida, 131.
Amelanchier, fungal enemies of, 126.
Amelanchier glabra, 131.
Amelanchier, insect enemies of, 126.
Amelanchier intermedia, 128.
Amelanchier oblongifolia, 128.
Amelanchier oligocarpa, 126.
ke ovalis, 127, 129.
hier ovalis, var. iintegrifolia, 131.
ee pallida, 131.
Amelanchier parviflora, 125.
Amelanchier pumila, 131.
Amelanchier rotundifolia, 125, 129.
Amelanchier sanguinea, 126, 127.
Amelanchier spicata, 128.
Amelanchier vulgaris, 125.
Amelanchier Wangenheimiana, 127.
Amygdalophora, 7.
Amygdalopsis, 7.
Amygdalus, 7, 8.
Amygdalus, 7.
Anthomeles, 83.
Anthomeles estivalis, 119.
Anthomeles Douglasii, 86.
Anthomeles flava, 113.
Anthomeles glandulosa, 113.
of synonyms, in italics.
Anthomeles rotundifolia, 95.
Anthomeles turbinata, 118.
Anthonomus Cratzgi, 84.
Anthonomus quadrigibbus, 11, 70.
Apirophorum, 67.
Apple, Crab, 71, 75.
Apple Haw, 119.
Apple-tree Borer, 70.
Apricot, the, 8, 9.
Aria, 67, 68.
Aria, 67.
Armeniaca, 7, 8.
Armeniaca, 7.
Aronia, 67, 68.
Aronia, 67, 125.
Aronia alnifolia, 131.
Aronia arborea, 127.
Aronia arbutifolia, 123.
Aronia Asiatica, 126.
Aronia Botryapium, 127.
Aronia cordata, 127.
Aronia ovalis, 128, 129.
Aronia rotundifolia, 125.
Ash, Mountain, 69, 79, 81.
Aucuparia, 67.
Azarolus, 67.
Bailey, Liberty Hyde, 24.
Beam-tree, White, 69.
Bigarreau Cherries, 9.
Bird Cherry, 35.
Black Knot, 12.
Blackman Plum, 24.
Black Sloe, 33.
Blackthorn, 10.
Blackthorn canes, 11.
Bois de St. Lucie, 11.
Borer, Apple-tree, 70.
Borer, Flat-headed, 70.
Bumelia serrata, 49.
Caddo Chief Plum, 26.
California Holly, 124.
Canada Plum, 15.
Capulinos, 47.
Carpenter, William M., 93.
Carpenteria, 93.
Ceraseidos, 7, 8.
Cerasin, 11.
Cerasophora, 7, 8.
Cerasus, 8.
Cerasus, 7, 8.
Cerasus Americana, 19.
Cerasus borealis, 35.
Cerasus Brasiliensis, 51.
Cerasus Californica, 38.
Cerasus Capollin, 46.
Cerasus Capuli, 46.
Cerasus Caroliniana, 49.
Cerasus Chicasa, 25.
Cerasus demissa, 42.
Cerasus densiflora, 41.
Cerasus Duerinckii, 41.
Cerasus emarginata, 37.
Cerasus erecta, 37.
Cerasus fimbriata, 41.
Cerasus glandulosa, 37.
Cerasus hiemalis, 19.
Cerasus hirsuta, 41.
Cerasus ilicifolia, 53.
Cerasus Laurocerasus, 10.
Cerasus Lusitanica, 11.
Cerasus Mahaleb, 10.
Cerasus micrantha, 41.
Cerasus mollis, 38.
Cerasus nigra, 15, 19.
Cerasus obovata, 41.
Cerasus Padus, 10.
Cerasus Pattoniana, 87, 38.
Cerasus Pennsylvanica, 35.
Cerasus persicifolia, 35.
Cerasus reflexa, 51.
Cerasus salicifolia, 46.
Cerasus serotina, 41, 42, 45.
Cerasus sphcerocarpa, 51.
Cerasus umbellata, 33.
Cerasus Virginiana, 41, 45.
Cerasus Virginiana, var. 8, 41.
Cercocarpus, 61.
Cercocarpus Arizonicus, 64.
Cercocarpus betuleefolius, 66.
Cercocarpus betuloides, 66.
Cercocarpus brevifolius, 64, 66.
Cercocarpus fothergilloides, 61.
Cercocarpus fothergilloides, 65.
Cercocarpus intricatus, 64.
Cercocarpus ledifolius, 63.
€ercocarpus ledifolius, var. intricatus, 64.
Cercocarpus parvifolius, 6&
Cercocarpus parvifolius, var. betuloides, 66.
Cercocarpus parvifolius, var. brevifolius,
66.
Cercocarpus parvifolius, var. glaber, 66.
Cercocarpus parvifolius, var. paucidentatus,
Cercosporella Persica, 12.
Chamemespilus, 67.
Cheney Plum, 20.
Cherries, Bigarreau, 9.
Cherries, Duke, 9.
Cherries, Heart, 9.
Cherries, Morello, 9.
138
Cherry, Bird, 35.
Cherry, Choke, 41.
Cherry Cordial-water, 10.
Cherry, cultivation of, 9.
Cherry-gum, 10.
Cherry, Marasca, 10.
Cherry, Mountain, 26.
Cherry, Mountain Evergreen, 54,
Cherry-oil, 10.
Cherry, Pigeon, 36.
Cherry, Pin, 36.
Cherry, Rum, 45.
Cherry, Spanish Wild, 54.
Cherry-tree, Mexican, 46.
Cherry-tree, New Mexican, 46.
Cherry, Wild, 37, 41.
Cherry, Wild Black, 45.
Cherry, Wild Red, 35.
Chickasaw Plum, 25.
Chickasaw Plum, origin of, 26.
Chimanthus, 7.
Chimanthus amygdalina, 49.
Chionaspis furfurus, 70.
Chloromeles, 67.
Chioromeles sempervirens, 75.
Choke Cherry, 41.
Christmas Berry, 124.
Chrysobalanus, 1.
Chrysobalanus ellipticus, 4.
Chrysobalanus Ieaco, 3.
Chrysobalanus Ieaco, «. genuinus, 4.
Chrysobalanus Teaco, 8. pellocarpus, 4.
Chrysobalanus Icaco, 8. purpureus, 3.
Chrysobalanus Icaco, +. ellipticus, 4.
Chrysobalanus luteus, 4.
Chrysobalanus oblongifolius, 1.
Chrysobalanus orbicularis, 4.
Chrysobalanus pellocarpus, 4.
Chrysobothris femorata, 11, 70.
Ciderkin, 68.
Cider, manufacture of, 68.
Cluster-cups, 70.
Cockspur Thorn, 91.
Cocoa Plum, 3.
Codlin-moth, 70.
Colleta Plum, 26.
Conotrachelus Naso, 84.
Conotrachelus Nenuphar, 11,
Conotrachelus posticatus, 84.
Cordial-water, Cherry, 10.
Cormus, 67.
Cornularia Persicz, 12.
Cotoneaster spathulata, 105.
Crab-apple, 71, 75.
Crab-apple, Oregon, 77.
Crab, Fragrant, 71.
Crab, Soulard, 72.
Crategus, 83.
Cratcgus acerifolia, 107.
Cratzgus estivalis, 119.
Crategus Amelanchier, 125.
Crategus apiifolia, 111.
Crategus apiifolia minor, 111.
Cratcegus arborescens, 109.
Crategus arbutifolia, 123.
Crataegus badiata, 92.
Cratcegus berberifolia, 93.
Crategus Bosciana, 92.
Crategus brachyacantha, 89.
Crategus Caroliniana, 113.
Cratceegus Carrierei, 91.
Crategus coccinea, 95.
Cratcegus coccinea, 96.
Crategus coccinea, var. macracantha, 96.
INDEX.
Crataegus coccinea, var. mollis, 99.
Crategus coccinea, var. oligandra, 95.
Crateegus coccinea, var. populifolia, 97.
Crategus coccinea, var. typica, 97.
Crataegus coccinea, var. viridis, 95, 96.
Crataegus cordata, 107.
Crategus coronaria, 71.
Crategus Coursetiana, 92.
Crategus Crus-galli, 91.
Crategus Crus-galli, 103.
Cratzegus Crus-galli, var. berberifolia, 93.
Crategus Crus-galli, var. Fontanesiana, 92.
Crategus Crus-galli, var. linearis, 92.
Crateegus Crus-galli, var. ovalifolia, 92.
Crategus Crus-galli, var. prunifolia, 92.
Crategus Crus-galli, var. pyracanthifolia,
92.
Crategus Crus-galli, var. pyracanthifolia,
09.
Crategus Crus-galli, var. salicifolia, 92.
Crategus Crus-galli, var. splendens, 91.
Crategus cuneifolia, 103.
Crategus Douglasii, 86.
Crategus Douglasii, 96.
Crategus Douglasii, var. rivularis, 87.
Crategus elliptica, 114, 119.
Crategus flava, 113.
Crategus flava, 103, 114.
Crategus flava, var. elliptica, 114.
Crategus flava, var. lobata, 113.
Crategus flava, var. pubescens, 114.
Crategus flecuosa, 117.
Crategus, fungal enemies of, 84.
Crategus glandulosa, 96, 118, 114.
Crateegus glandulosa, var. macracantha, 96.
Crateegus glandulosa, var. rotundifolia, 95.
Cratzgus, insect enemies of, 84.
Crategus latifolia, 101, 103.
Crategus laurifolia, 91.
Crategus Lavallei, 91.
Crateegus leucophleos, 101.
Cratcegus linearis, 92.
Crategus lobata, 101, 113.
Crategus lucida, 91, 119.
Crategus macracantha, 96.
Crategus Michauaii, 114.
Crataegus microcarpa, 105.
Crategus mollis, 99.
Crategus obovatifolia, 103.
Crategus opaca, 119.
Crategus ovalifolia, 92.
Crategus Oxyacantha, 84.
Crategus Oxyacantha, 111.
Crategus Oxyacantha, var. Americana, 111.
Crategus Oxyacantha, var. apiifolia, 111.
Crategus parvifolia, 117.
Crategus pinnatifida, 84.
Crategus populifolia, 97, 107.
Crategus, properties of, 84.
Crategus prunellifolia, 92.
Crategus prunifolia, 92.
Cratzgus punctata, 103.
Crategus punctata, var. aurea, 103.
Crategus punctata, var. brevispina, 86.
Crategus punctata, var. rubra, 103.
Crategus punctaia, var. xanthocarpa, 103.
Crategus pyrifolia, 101.
Crataegus racemosa, 127.
Crategus rivularis, 86, 87.
Crategus rotundifolia, 95, 125.
Cratcgus salicifolia, 92.
Crategus sanguinea, 86, 96.
Crategus sanguinea, var. Douglasii, 86.
Crategus spathulata, 105.
Crategus spathulata, 89, 114.
Crategus spicata, 129.
Cratzgus stipulosa, 84.
Crateegus subviliosa, 99.
Crategus Texana, 99.
Crategus tomentosa, 101.
Cratcegus tomentosa, 99, 117.
Cratcegus tomentosa, var. mollis, 99.
Crateegus tomentosa, var. plicata, 103.
Crateegus tomentosa, var. punctata, 103.
Crategus tomentosa, var. pyrifolia, 101.
Crateegus turbinata, 113.
Crategus uniflora, 117.
Crategus unilateralis, 117.
Crategus Virginica, 114.
Crategus viridis, 109.
Crataegus viridis, 95, 114.
Crategus Watsoniana, 91.
Cumberland Plum, 24.
Cyrtophorus verrucosus, 11.
Datana ministra, 70.
Deep Creek Plum, 20.
De Soto Plum, 20.
Dicerca divaricata, 11.
Duke Cherry, 9.
Early Red Plum, 26.
Emory, William Hemsley, 60.
Emorya, 60.
Emplectocladus, 7, 8.
Emplectocladus, 7.
English Laurel, 11.
Ent porium Jatum, 70, 84.
Fat Pork-Tree, 4.
Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer, 11.
Flat-headed Borer, 11, 70.
Forest Garden Plum, 20.
Forest Rose Plum, 20, 24.
Fragrant Crab, 71, 75.
Fungal enemies of Amelanchier, 126.
Fungal enemies of Crategus, 84.
Fungal enemies of Prunus, 11.
Fungal enemies of Pyrus, 70.
Garfield Plum, 24.
Golden Beauty Plum, 24.
Gray, Christopher, 76.
Gum, Cherry, 10.
Hahnia, 67.
Halmia, 83.
Halmia cornifolia, 103.
Halmia flabellata, 95.
Halmia lobata, 101.
Halmia punctata, 103.
Halmia tomentosa, 101.
Halmia t e. Calpodendron, 101.
Halmia tomentosa, 8. lewcophica, 101.
Halmia tomentosa, 8. pyrifolia, 101.
Haw, 86, 101, 103, 109, 117.
Haw, Apple, 119.
Haw, Hog’s, 89.
Haw, May, 119.
Haw, Parsley, 111.
Haw, Scarlet, 95, 99.
Haw, Small-fruited, 105.
Haw, Summer, 113, 114.
Haw, Yellow, 113.
Heart Cherries, 9.
Heteromeles, 121.
Heteromeles arbutifolia, 123.
Heteromeles Fremontiana, 123.
Hicacos, 5.
‘Hog’s Haw, 89.
Holly, California, 124,
Honey-drop Plum, 24.
Hyphantria cunea, 70,
Icaco, 1.
Icaque, Prunier de, 4.
Icaques, Prunes de, 4.
Icaquier, 4.
Indiana Chief Plum, 24.
Indiana Red Plum, 24.
Indian Chief Plum, 24.
Insect enemies of Amelanchier, 126.
Insect enemies of Crategus, 84,
Insect enemies of Prunus, 11.
Insect enemies of Pyrus, 70.
Tron Wood, 135.
Islay, 53.
Itaska Plum, 20.
Jennie Lucas Plum, 26.
Kennedy, Louis, 16.
Kennedya, 16.
Kickapoo Plum, 20.
Kirschwasser, manufacture of, 10.
Laurel, English, 11.
Laurel, Portugal, 11.
Laurocerasus, 8.
Laurocerasus, 7, 8.
Laurocerasus Caroliniana, 49.
Laurocerasus ilicifolia, 53.
Laurocerasus salicifolia, 46.
Laurocerasus spherocarpa, 51.
Laurocerasus spherocarpa, 8. Brasiliensis,
Lazarolus, 67.
Lee & Kennedy, 16.
Lee, James, 16.
Leea, 16.
Lithocolletis crategella, 84.
Louisa Plum, 20.
Lowrie, Jonathan Roberts, 28.
Lyonothamnus, 133.
Lyonothamnus asplenifolius, 135.
Lyonothamnus floribundus, 135.
Lyonothamnus floribundus, var. asplenifolius,
135.
Lyon, William Scrugham, 133.
Mahogany, Mountain, 63, 65.
Malus, 67, 68.
Malus, 67.
Malus angustifolia, 75.
Malus communis, 68.
Malus coronaria, 71.
Malus diversifolia, T7.
Malus microcarpa coronaria, 71.
Malus microcarpa sempervirens, 75.
Malus rivularis, 77.
Malus sempervirens, 75.
Malus subcordata, 77.
Malus Toringo, 69.
Marasea Cherry, 10.
Maraschino, manufacture of, 10.
May Haw, 119.
Mespilus acerifolia, 107.
Mespilus cestivalis, 119.
Mespilus Amelanchier, 125, 127.
Mespilus apiifolia, 111.
Mespilus arborea, 127.
Mespilus arbutifolia, 68, 123.
INDEX.
Mespilus arbutifolia, var. melanocarpa, 68.
Mespilus axillaris, 117.
Mespilus berberifolia, 93.
Mespilus Bosciana, 92.
Mespilus Calpodendron, 101.
Mespilus Canadensis, 127.
Mespilus Canadensis, var. cordata, 127.
Mespilus Canadensis, var. obovalis, 128.
Mespilus Canadensis, var. oligocarpa, 126.
Mespilus Canadensis, var. 7 , 129.
139
Monilia Linhartiana, 12.
Morello Cherry, 9.
Mountain Ash, 69, 79, 81.
Mountain Cherry, 26.
Mountain Evergreen Cherry, 54.
Mountain Mahogany, 63, 65.
Mytilaspis pomicorticis, 70.
ae ‘eaitignlls amelanchierella, 126.
Mespilus Gunaikohan 113.
Mespilus coccinea, 95, 99.
Mespilus coccinea, 8. pubescens, 99.
Mespilus coccinea, var. viridis, 95.
Mespilus corallina, 107.
Mespilus cordata, 107.
Mespilus cornifolia, 103.
Mespilus Crus-galli, 91.
Mespilus Crus-galli, var. pyracanthifolia, 92.
Mespilus Crus-galli, var. salicifolia, 92.
Mespilus cuneifolia, 91, 103.
Mespilus cuneiformis, 103.
Mespilus elliptica, 92, 114.
Mespilus flabellata, 95.
Mespilus flava, 113.
Mespilus flexispina, 118, 117.
Mespilus flecuosa, 117.
Mespilus Fontanesiana, 92.
Mespilus glandulosa, 96.
Mespilus hyemalis, 114.
Mespilus laciniata, 117.
Mespilus latifolia, 101.
Mespilus linearis, 92.
Mespilus lobata, 101.
Mespilus lucida, 91.
Mespilus lucida, var. angustifolia, 92.
Mespilus maxima, 95.
Mespilus Michauaii, 114.
Mespilus nivea, 127.
Mespilus odorata, 95.
Mespilus ovalifolia, 92.
Mespilus Oxyacantha aurea, 117.
Mespilus parvifolia, 117.
Mespilus Phenopyrum, 107.
Mespilus populifolia, 97.
Mespilus prunellifolia, 92.
Mespilus prunifolia, 92.
Mespilus pubescens, 99.
Mespilus punctata, 103.
Mespilus pyrifolia, 101, 103.
Mespilus rivularis, 87.
Mespilus rotundifolia, 95.
Mespilus salicifolia, 92.
Mespilus sanguinea, 96.
Mespilus spathulata, 105.
Mespilus stipulosa, 84.
Mespilus tilicefolia, 99.
Mespilus tomentosa, 101, 117.
Mespilus turbinata, 113.
Mespilus uniflora, 117.
Mespilus unilateralis, 117.
Mespilus Watsoniana, 91.
Mespilus Wendlandii, 95.
Mespilus xanthocarpa, 117.
Mexican Cherry-tree, 46.
Microcerasus, 7, 8.
Micromeles, 67.
Micromeles, 67.
Miner Plum, 20, 24.
Minnetonka Plum, 20.
Missouri Apricot Plum, 24.
Mock Orange, 49.
Mohr, Charles, 90.
Monilia fructigena, 12.
pticula crategifoliella, 84.
Ne onentile Thorn, 91.
New Mexican Cherry-tree, 46.
Nummularia discreta, 70.
CEdemasia concinna, 70.
Oil, Almond, 9, 10.
Oil, Apricot, 10.
Orange, Mock, 49.
Orange, Wild, 49.
Oregon Crab-apple, 77.
Ornix crategifoliella, 84.
Ornix quadripunctella, 126.
Oxyacantha, 83.
Padus, 8
Padus, 7, 8.
Padus Carolina, 49.
Padus Caroliniana, 49.
Padus cartilaginea, 45.
Padus demissa, 42.
Padus densiflora, 41.
Padus fimbriata, 41.
Padus hirsuta, 41.
Padus micrantha, 41.
Padus oblonga, 41.
Padus obovata, 41.
Padus rubra, 41.
Padus serotina, 45.
Padus Virginiana, 45.
Parsley Haw, 111.
Parsons Plum, 24.
Patterson, Harry Norton, 24.
Peach, cultivation of, 9.
Peach, properties of, 10.
Peach-tree Borer, 11.
Pear-tree, 68.
Perry, manufacture of, 69.
Persea longipeda, 1.
Persica, 7.
Phenopyrum, 83.
Phenopyrum acerifolium, 107.
Pheenopyrum arborescens, 109.
Phenopyrum Carolinianum, 118.
Pheenopyrum coccineum, 95.
Pheenopyrum cordatum, 107.
Pheenopyrum ellipticum, 114.
Pheenopyrum parvifolium, 117.
Pheenopyrum populifolium, 97.
Pheenopyrum spathulatum, 105.
Pheenopyrum subvillosum, 99.
Pheenopyrum uniflorum, 117.
Phenopyrum Virginicum, 114.
Phenopyrum Wendlandii, 95.
Phalacros, 83.
Phalacros cordatus, 107.
Phorodon Humuli, 11.
Photinia arbutifolia, 123.
Photinia salicifolia, 123.
Pigeon Cherry, 36.
Pin Cherry, 36.
Pirophorum, 67.
Pirus, 70.
Platysamia Cecropia, 11.
Plowrightia morbosa, 12.
140
Plum, Blackman, 24.
Plum, Caddo Chief, 26.
* Plum, Canada, 15.
Plum, Chickasaw, 25.
Plum, Cocoa, 3.
Plum, Colleta, 26.
Plum, cultivation of, 9.
Plum, Cumberland, 24.
Plum, Deep Creek, 20.
Plum, De Soto, 20.
Plum, Early Red, 26.
Plum, Forest Garden, 20.-
Plum, Forest Rose, 20, 24.
Plum, Garfield, 24.
Plum, Golden Beauty, 24.
Plum, Indian Chief, 24.
Plum, Indiana Chief, 24.
Plum, Indiana Red, 24.
Plum, Itaska, 20.
Plum, Jennie Lueas, 26.
Plum, Kickapoo, 20.
Plum, Louisa, 20.
Plum, Miner, 20, 24.
Plum, Minnetonka, 20.
Plum, Missouri Apricot, 24.
Plum-pockets, 12.
Plum, Pottawattamie, 26.
Plum, Purple Yosemite, 16.
Plum, Quaker, 16.
Plum, Red, 15.
Plum, Sucker City, 24.
Plum, Transparent, 26.
Plum, Wayland, 24.
Plum, Weaver, 16.
Plum, Wild, 19, 28, 31.
Plum, Wild Goose, 24.
Podosphera Oxyacanthe, 12.
Polyporus cinnabarinus, 12.
Pomette Bleue, 89.
Pork-Tree, Fat, 4.
Porter, Thomas Conrad, 28.
Portugal Laurel, 11.
Pottawattamie Plum, 26.
Prune d’Amérique, 2.
Prunes, 9.
Prunes de Icaques, 4.
Prunier d’Ente, 9.
Prunier d’Icaque, 4.
Prunophora, 7.
Prunus, 7, 8.
Prunus, 7.
Prunus Alleghaniensis, 27.
Prunus Americana, 19.
Prunus Americana, 15.
Prunus Americana, var. (?), 23.
Prunus Americana, var. mollis, 19.
Prunus Amygdalus, 8.
Prunus angustifolia, 25.
Prunus Armeniaca, 8.
Prunus Avium, 8, 9, 10.
Prunus Avium, var. macrocarpa, 10.
Prunus borealis, 35.
Prunus Brasiliensis, 51.
Prunus Canadensis, 46.
Prunus Capuli, 46.
Prunus Capulin, 46.
Prunus Caroliniana, 49.
Prunus Caroliniana, city ordinance on, 9.
Prunus cartalaginea, 45.
Prunus Cerasus, 8, 10.
Prunus-Cerasus Canadensis, 41. -
Prunus-Cerasus montana, 35.
Prunus Chicasa, 23, 25.
Prunus demissa, 42.
INDEX.
Prunus domestica, 8, 9, 20.
Prunus domestica, var. Juliana, 9.
Prunus domestica, var. Pruneauliana, 9.
Prunus Duerinckii, 41.
Prunus emarginata, 37.
Prunus emarginata, var. mollis, 38.
Prunus erecta, 37.
Prunus, fungal enemies of, 11.
Prunus hiemalis, 19.
Prunus hirsuta, 41.
Prunus hortulana, 23.
Prunus ilicifolia, 53.
Prunus ilicifolia, var. integrifolia, 54.
Prunus ilicifolia, var. occidentalis, 54.
Prunus, insect enemies of, 11.
Prunus insititia, 9.
Prunus insititia, 25.
Prunus lanceolata, 35.
Prunus Laurocerasus, 10, 11.
Prunus Laurocerasus, properties of, 10.
Prunus-Lauro-Cerasus serratifolia, 49.
Prunus Lusitanica, 11.
Prunus Lusitanica, 49.
Prunus Lusitanica, var. serratifolia, 49.
Prunus Mahaleb, 10, 11.
Prunus maritima, var. 8. 28.
Prunus Mississippi, 19.
Prunus mollis, 15, 38.
Prunus Mume, 8, 9, 11.
Prunus nana, 41.
Prunus nigra, 15.
Prunus ngra, 19.
Prunus obovata, 41.
Prunus occidentalis, 54.
Prunus economica, 9.
Prunus Padus, 8, 10.
Prunus Pennsylvanica, 35.
Prunus Persica, 8.
Prunus persicifolia, 35.
Prunus pleuradenia, 51.
Prunus, properties of, 9.
Prunus Pseudo-Cerasus, 11.
‘Prunus pumila, 33, 34.
Prunus rubra, 41.
Prunus salicifolia, 46.
Prunus salicifolia, var. acutifolia, 46.
Prunus sempervirens, 49.
Prunus serotina, 45.
Prunus serotina, 41.
’ Prunus serotina, properties of, 10.
Prunus spherocarpa, 51.
Prunus spinosa, 10, 11, 20.
Prunus spinosa, 19. ts
Prunus subcordata, 31.
Prunus subeordata, var. Kelloggii, 31.
Prunus umbellata, 33.
Prunus Virginiana, 41.
Prunus Virginiana, 45.
Prunus Virginiana, var. demissa, 42.
Prunus Virginiana, var. leucocarpa, 42.
Prunus Virginiana, properties of, 10.
Prunus, wood of, 11.
Puecinia Pruni-spinose, 12.
Purple Yosemite Plum, 16.
Pyrus, 67, 68.
Pyrus alnifolia, 131.
Pyrus Amelanchier, 125,
Pyrus Americana, 79.
Pyrus Americana, 81.
Pyrus Americana, var. microcarpa, 80.
Pyrus angustifolia, 75.
Pyrus arbutifolia, 68.
Pyrus arbutifolia, var. melanocarpa, 68.
Pyrus arbutifolia, var. nigra, 68.
Pyrus Aria, 69.
Pyrus aucuparia, 69.
Pyrus aucuparia, 79, 81,
Pyrus baceata, 69.
Pyrus Bartramiana, 127.
Pyrus Botryapium, 127.
Pyrus communis, 68.
Pyrus communis, 69.
Pyrus coronaria, 71.
Pyrus coronaria, 75.
Pyrus coronaria, var. angustifolia, 75.
Pyrus coronaria, var. Ioensis, 72.
Pyrus diversifolia, 77.
Pyrus, fungal enemies of, 70.
Pyrus fusca, 77.
Pyrus glandulosa, 96.
Pyrus, insect enemies of, 70.
Pyrus Ioensis, 72. ;
Pyrus Malus, 68.
Pyrus microcarpa, 80.
Pyrus nigra, 68.
Pyrus nivalis, 68.
Pyrus occidentalis, 82.
Pyrus ovalis, 128, 129.
Pyrus prunifolia, 68.
Pyrus rivularis, 77.
Pyrus rivularis, B. levipes, TT.
Pyrus salicifolia, 69. :
Pyrus sambucifolia, 81.
Pyrus sambucifolia, var. pumila, 82.
Pyrus sanguinea, 128, 131.
Pyrus Sieboldii, 69.
Pyrus Sinensis, 69.
Pyrus Soulardi, 72.
Pyrus spectabilis, 69.
Pyrus subcordata, 77.
Pyrus Toringo, 69.
Pyrus Ussuriensis, 69.
Pyrus Wangenheimiana, 127.
Quaker Plum, 16.
Quick Beam, 80.
Raki, 10.
Red Plum, 15.
Resteliz on Pyrus and Crategus, 70, 84.
Restelia cornuta, 70.
Reestelia pyrata, 70, 84.
Romans, Bernard, 5.
Rosace#, 1.
Rowan-tree, Scottish, 69.
Rum Cherry, 45.
Rusts on Pyrus, 70.
Saperda bivittata, 70.
SAXIFRAGACEA, 133.
Scarlet Haw, 95, 99.
Scurfy Bark-louse, 70.
Selandia Cerasi, 11.
Septoria cerasina, 12.
Service Berry, 127, 131.
Shad Bush, 127.
Sloe, 10, 27, 33.
Sloe, Black, 33.
Small-fruited Haw, 105.
Sorbus, 67.
Sorbus, 67.
Sorbus Amelanchier, 125.
Sorbus Americana, 79.
Sorbus Americana, var. microcarpa, 80.
Sorbus aucuparia, 69, 79, 81.
Sorbus aucuparia, var. a. 80.
Sorbus aucuparia, var. Americana, 79.
Sorbus aucuparia, var. B. 81.
Sorbus microcarpa, 80.
Sorbus occidentalis, 82.
Sorbus pumila, 82.
Sorbus riparia, 80.
Sorbus sambucifolia, 81.
Sorbus Sitchensis, 81.
Soulard Crab, 72.
Spanish Wild Cherry, 54.
Spheeria Collinsii, 126.
Spheeria morbosa, 12.
Sphinx drupiferarum, 11.
Spireea Californica, 59.
Sucker City Plum, 24.
Summer Haw, 113, 114.
Taphrina deformans, 12.
‘Taphrina deformans, var. Wiesneri, 12.
Taphrina Pruni, 12.
Thorn, Cockspur, 91.
INDEX.
Thorn, Neweastle, 91.
Thorn, Washington, 107.
Thorn, White, 95.
Tollon, 123.
Torminalis, 67.
Torminaria, 67.
Toyon, 123.
Transparent Plum, 26.
Trichocarpus, 7.
Tubopadus, 7.
Uredinez on Pyrus, 70.
Varach seeds, 4.
Vauquelinia, 57.
Vauquelinia Californica, 59.
Vauquelinia corymbosa, 57.
Vauquelinia corymbosa, 59.
Vauquelinia Karwinskyi, 57. -
41”
Vauquelinia Torreyi, 59.
Vauquelin, Louis Nicolas, 57.
Washington Thorn, 107.
Wayland Plum, 24.
Weaver Plum, 16.
White Beam-tree, 69.
White Thorn, 95.
Wild Ash, 80.
Wild Black Cherry, 45.
Wild Cherry, 37, 41.
Wild Goose Plum; 24.
Wild Orange, 49.
Wild Plum, 19, 23, 31.
Wild Red Cherry, 35.
Yellow Haw, 113.
Zwetschenwasser, 10,
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