The silva of North America ?a description of the trees which grow naturally in North America exclusive of Mexico /by Charles Sprague Sargent ... illustrated with figures and analyses drawn from nature by Charles Edward Faxon ...

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THE

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA

A DESCRIPTION OF THE TREES WHICH GROW
NATURALLY IN NORTH AMERICA
EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO

BY

CHARLES SPRAGUE SARGENT

DIRECTOR OF THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM
OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY

GFllustrated with figures and Analyses drawn from Mature

BY

CHARLES EDWARD FAXON

AND ENGRAVED BY

PHILIBERT anp EUGENE PICART

VOLUME V.
HAMAMELIDEZ—SAPOTACEA

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BOSTON AND NEW YORK
HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY
Che Kiverside Press, Cambridge

MDCCC XCIII

Copyright, 1893,
By CHARLES SPRAGUE SARGENT.

All rights reserved.

The Riverside Press, Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A.
Electrotyped and Printed by H. O. Houghton and Company.

HERTZ LIBRARY
NEW YORK
BOTANICAL
GARDEN

To
FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED,

THE GREAT ARTIST
WHOSE LOVE FOR NATURE HAS BEEN A PRICELESS BENEFIT
TO HIS FELLOW-COUNTRYMEN,
THIS FIFTH VOLUME OF
THE SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA
IS AFFECTIONATELY

DEDICATED.

SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS OF PLANTS CONTAINED IN VOLUME V. OF
THE SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

Crass I. DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGENOUS PLANTS.
Stems increasing in diameter by the annual addition of a layer of wood inside the bark. Leaves netted-veined. Embryo
with a pair of opposite cotyledons.
Sus-Crass I. Angiosperme. Pistil, a closed ovary containing the ovules and developing into the fruit.
Division I. Polypetalee. Flowers with calyx and corolla, the latter divided into separate petals.

C. CALYCIFLORAS. Sepals rarely distinct. Disk adnate to the base of the calyx, rarely tumid or conspicuous
or wanting. Petals usually as many as the lobes of the calyx, or fewer by abortion, inserted on the margin of the calyx-
tube or of the disk, occasionally wanting. Stamens definite or indefinite, perigynous or hypogynous. Ovary superior or
inferior.

22. Hamamelidez. Flowers often polygamo-monecious. Petals often wanting. Stamens few or indefinite.
Ovary inferior or partly superior, of 2 carpels, free at the apex. Ovules few or solitary, suspended, anatropous.
Seeds albuminous. Leaves usually alternate, stipulate.

23. Rhizophoracez. Flowers usually perfect. Petals 3 to 14. Stamens two to four times as numerous as
the petals. Ovary 2 to 6-celled, usually superior. Ovules 2, rarely 4 or more, anatropous. Seeds exalbuminous or
rarely albuminous. Leaves usually opposite and stipulate, occasionally alternate and exstipulate.

24. Combretaceze. Flowers usually perfect. Petals 0 or 4 to 5. Stamens 4 to 5 or 8 to 10. Ovary 1-celled.
Ovules 2 to 6 or rarely solitary, anatropous. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves opposite or alternate, exstipulate.

25. Myrtaceze. Flowers usually perfect. Petals 4 to 5, rarely 6, or 0. Stamens indefinite. Ovary usually
inferior, 2 to many-celled, or rarely 1-celled. Ovules 2 or many, amphitropous. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves oppo-
site or rarely alternate, exstipulate.

26. Cactaceze. Flowers perfect. Petals and stamens indefinite. Ovary inferior, 1 or 2 or many-celled.
Ovules numerous, anatropous. Seeds albuminous. Leaves minute or 0, or rarely large and fleshy.

27. <Araliaceze. Flowers perfect. Petals and stamens usually 5. Ovary inferior, 1 to 2 or many-celled.
Ovule solitary, anatropous. Seeds albuminous. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite, usually compound.

28. Cornacez. Flowers regular, perfect. Petals and stamens usually 5. Ovary inferior, 1 to 4-celled. Ovules
1 or rarely 2, anatropous. Seeds albuminous. Leaves opposite or rarely alternate, entire.

Division II. Gamopetale. Petals usually united. Stamens inserted on the corolla alternate with or opposite its
lobes, or free from the corolla. Ovary inferior or superior.

29. Caprifoliaceze. Flowers perfect, regular or irregular, 4 to 5-merous. Stamens inserted on the corolla, and
usually as many as its lobes. Ovary inferior, 2 to 8-celled. Ovules 2 or many, anatropous. Seeds albuminous.
Leaves opposite, rarely stipulate.

30. Rubiaceze. Flowers perfect, regular, 4 to 5-merous. Stamens inserted on the corolla and as many as its
lobes. Ovary inferior, 2 to 4-celled. Ovules usually numerous, anatropous, or amphitropous. Seeds albuminous or
rarely exalbuminous. Leaves simple, opposite or verticillate, stipulate.

31. Hricaceae, Flowers regular, perfect, 4 to 5-merous. Stamens free from the corolla. Ovary inferior or
superior. Ovules numerous or rarely solitary, anatropous. Seeds albuminous. Leaves alternate or opposite, ex-
stipulate.

32. Myrsineacezs. Flowers regular, perfect or polygamo-diccious. Stamens inserted on the corolla opposite its
lobes. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with a free central placenta. Ovules few or numerous, amphitropous or anatropous.
Seeds albuminous. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite, exstipulate.

35. Sapotaceze. Flowers regular, perfect, 4 to 5-merous. Stamens inserted on the corolla opposite its lobes.
Ovary superior, few or many-celled. Ovule solitary, amphitropous. Seeds albuminous or exalbuminous. Leaves
alternate or rarely subopposite, exstipulate or rarely stipulate.

SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS
HAMAMELIS VIRGINIANA

LiQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA

RuIzoPpHoORA MANGLE
TERMINALIA BucERAS .
CoNOCARPUS ERECTA .

LAGUNCULARIA RACEMOSA

ANAMOMIS DICHOTOMA

CALYPTRANTHES CHYTRACULIA

EUGENIA BUXIFOLIA
EvGenita MOonrticoLa
EUGENIA PROCERA
EuGENIA GARBERI.
CEREUS GIGANTEUS
ARALIA SPINOSA
CoRNUS FLORIDA
Cornus NuTTALLII
CORNUS ALTERNIFOLIA
Nyssa SYLVATICA
Nyssa OGECHE .
Nyssa AQUATICA

SamBucus CANADENSIS, VAR. MEXICANA

SAMBUCUS GLAUCA .
VisurNuM LENTAGO.
VIBURNUM PRUNIFOLIUM
ExosteEMA CARIBZUM
PINCKNEYA PUBENS
GUETTARDA ELLIPTICA
VACCINIUM ARBOREUM
Arpoutus MENZIESII .
ArRputus XALAPENSIS
Arsutus ARIZONICA .

ANDROMEDA FERRUGINEA

OxYDENDRUM ARBOREUM
KALMIA LATIFOLIA

RHODODENDRON MAXIMUM.

IcACOREA PANICULATA
JACQUINIA ARMILLARIS

CHRYSOPHYLLUM OLIVIFORME.
SIDEROXYLUM MASTICHODENDRON

BuMELIA TENAX
BuMELIA LANUGINOSA
BuMELIA LYCIOIDES
BuUMELIA ANGUSTIFOLIA
DIPHOLIS SALICIFOLIA
Mimusors SIEBERI

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Plate exeviii.

Plate excix. .

Plate ce. .

Plate cci.

Plate ccii.

Plate cciii.

Plate cciv.

Plate cev.

Plate ecvi.

Plate cevii.

Plate ceviii.

Plate ccix.

Plate cex.

Plate cexi.

Plates cexii., ccxiil.
Plates cexiv., cexv.
Plate eexvi.

Plates cexvil., ccexviii.
Plate cexix.

Plate cexx. .

Plate cexxi.

Plate cexxil.
Plates cexxiil., cexxiv.
Plate eexxv.

Plate eexxvi.
Plates cexxvii., ccxxviil.
Plate cexxix.

Plate ccxxx.

Plate cexxxi.

Plate cexxxii.
Plate cexxxiil.
Plate cexxxiv.
Plate cexxxv. .

Plates eexxxvi., ecxxxvii.

Plates cexxxviii., ecxxxix.

Plates cexl., cexli.
Plate cexlii. .
Plate cexliii.

Plates cexliv., ecxlv.
Plate eexlvi. :
Plate cexlvii.

Plate ecxlviii.

Plate cexlix.

Plate ccl. .

Plate celi.

105
109
113
119
123
125
127
131
135
139
148
153
157
161
165
169
171
173
175
179

. 183

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

HAMAMELIS.

FLOWERS usually perfect; calyx deeply 4-parted, the lobes imbricated in estiva-
tion; petals 4, elongated-linear, involute in estivation ; stamens 8, those opposite the
petals rudimentary and scale-like ; ovary 2-celled ; ovules suspended. Fruit a woody
capsule, loculicidally dehiscent from the apex. Leaves alternate, stipulate, deciduous.

Hamamelis, Linneus, Gen. ed. 2, 54 (1742).— A. L. de 456 (excl. Loropetalum). — Engler & Prantl, Pflanzen-
Jussieu, Gen. 288.— Meisner, Gen. 153. — Endlicher, fam. iii. pt. ii. 128.
Gen. 804. — Oliver, Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 459.— Trilopus, Mitchell, Act. Nat. Cur. viii. Appx. 219 (1748). —
Bentham & Hooker, Gen. i. 667.— Baillon, Hist. Pl. iii. Adanson, Fam. Pl. ii. 381.

Trees or shrubs, with scaly bark, terete zigzag branchlets, naked buds, and fibrous roots. Leaves
involute in vernation, alternate, unsymmetrical at the base, crenate-toothed, the primary veins conspic-
uous and nearly parallel with the margins, deciduous; stipules acute, nfolding the buds, deciduous.’
Flowers autumnal or hyemal, perfect or polygamous,” in terminal three-flowered clusters borne on axil-
lary simple, or rarely branched peduncles furnished near the middle with two acute deciduous bractlets,
each flower surrounded by two or three ovate acute bracts, the outer slightly united at the base into a
three-lobed involucre. Calyx deeply four-parted, persistent on the base of the ovary, the lobes reflexed.
Petals inserted on the margin of the cup-shaped receptacle, alternate with the sepals, strap-shaped.
Stamens eight in two rows, inserted on the margin of the receptacle, the four opposite the lobes of the
calyx fertile, the others reduced to minute strap-shaped scales; filaments free, shorter than the calyx,
prolonged into the thickened pointed connective ; anthers muticous, attached at the base, two-celled,
introrse, the elliptical cells opening laterally from within by persistent valves. Ovary composed of two
carpels free at their apex, inserted m the bottom of the receptacle, partly superior; styles subulate,
spreading, stigmatic at the apex, persistent; ovules one, or two in each cell*® becoming solitary by
abortion, suspended from the apex of the axile placenta; micropyle superior, raphe ventral. Fruit
capsular, partly superior, two-beaked at the apex, the thick and woody exocarp splitting from above
loculicidally before the opening of the thin crustaceous endocarp. Seed oblong, acute, suspended ; testa

1 In the American species the stipules only partially inclose the 2 The flowers of Hamamelis are described by many authors as
winter-bud and fall away from the upper leaf, that is, the last leaf polygamous and monecious ; in the American species, although
formed in the previous autumn, as it begins to expand, although varying somewhat in size on the same individual, they appear to
they generally remain during the spring and early summer on the _ be generally perfect.
leaves which unfold after the opening of the bud. On Hamamelis * Baillon, Adansonia, x. 126.
mollis, a native of China, the stipules are more developed than on
the other species and entirely inclose the winter-buds.

2 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

HAMAMELIDEX.

crustaceous, chestnut-brown, shining.’ Embryo surrounded by thick fleshy albumen ; cotyledons oblong,
foliaceous, longer than the radicle turned towards the oblong depressed hilum.

Hamamelis is confined to eastern America and eastern Asia.

Three species are known ; one is

° . . ° ° 2 = be =
American, a second inhabits the mountain forests of Japan, and of central China,’ where, in Kiangsi

and Hupeh, the third species* occurs.

The appearance of the flowers of Hamamelis in autumn simultaneous with the ripening of the

fruit of the previous year and after the foliage has assumed its autumnal colors, or in winter or early

spring while the branches are bare of leaves, gives special interest to the species of this genus, which is

not known to possess useful properties.

The American species of Hamamelis is not attacked by many insects,‘ or seriously affected by

fungal diseases.’

The generic name, from dua and unAic¢, once applied to the Medlar, or to some other plant resem-

bling the Apple-tree, was first given by Linnzus to the American species.

1 In Hamamelis Virginiana the seed is forcibly discharged to a
considerable distance by the contraction of the edges of the valves
of the bony endocarp, which in opening suddenly frees it by pres-
sure and causes it to fly upwards (Elliott, Sk. i. 219. —Gray, Am.
Jour. Sci. ser. 3, v. 144. — Bot. Gazette, vii. 125, 137).

? Hamamelis Japonica, Siebold & Zuccarini, Abhand. Akad.
Miinch. iv. pt. ii. 193 (1843).— Miquel, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat.
ill. 21.— Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. i. 163; ii. 368. —
Bot. Mag. eviii. t. 6659. — Forbes & Hemsley, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxiii.
290. — Sargent, Garden and Forest, iv. 256, f. 45.

Hamamelis Virginiana, var. Japonica, Franchet, Pl. David. i.

131 (1884).

In Japan Hamamelis Japonica is found in southern Yezo and in
the mountain forests of the three southern islands, where, in the
neighborhood of streams, it is common at an elevation of from
two to four thousand feet above the sea, often becoming a tree
thirty to forty feet in height with a short stout trunk sometimes
eighteen inches in diameter ; or, under less favorable conditions,
In China it has been found
in the neighborhood of Kiukiang in Kiangsi. The flowers of the
Japanese plant are rather smaller than those of the American
species, and on plants cultivated in the United States and in

a straggling many-stemmed shrub.

Europe appear in winter or in very early spring ; they vary in
color, one form producing flowers with calyx-lobes claret-colored
on the inner surface and with light yellow petals (Hamamelis ar-
borea, Masters, Gard. Chron. n. ser. xv. 216, £. 38 [1881] ; ser. 3,
ix. 248, f. 55.— The Garden, xxxvii. 79; xxxix. 546, t. — André,
Rev. Hort. 1891, 472, t.) ; while in the other the calyx-lobes are a
light yellowish brown and the petals canary-yellow (Hamamelis
Zuccariniana, The Garden, xxxv. 309 [1889]).

In its native country the foliage of Hamamelis Japonica during
the months of October and November enlivens the forests with
shades of brilliant orange, or rarely of deep vinous red.

8 Hamamelis mollis, Oliver, Hooker Icon. xviii. t. 1742 (1888). —
Forbes & Hemsley, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 290.

* Few insects are described as living upon Hamamelis in the
United States or as affecting it injuriously. Packard (5th Report
U. S. Entomolog. Comm. 1886-1890, 668) enumerates six species,
and a number of others are known. Larve of such moths as Sco-
pelosoma Moffatiana, Grote, and Halesidota Carye, Clemens, devour
the leaves, while several species of the small Tortricids, or Leaf-
miners, like Gracilaria superbifrontella, Clemens, and Catastega
hamameliella, Clemens, feed upon or mine within the parenchyma.
The most conspicuous and peculiar injuries to Hamamelis are
caused by two aphid-galls, one affecting the leaves, the other the
fruit. The first of these, Hormaphis Hamamelidis, Osten Sacken,
makes cone-shaped galls on the upper surface of the leaves ; the
other, Hormaphis spinosus, Osten Sacken, infests the young fruit
after it begins to grow in spring, causing it to develop into a
hollow gall as large as the mature fruit or larger, covered on the
outside with spines, and filled with aphids and their liquid secre-
tions (Trans. Am. Entomolog. Soc. i. 284). Bees and wasps are
often attracted in large numbers to Hamamelis in search of the
secretions of these aphids, which appear to be peculiar to the
genus.

° In America Hamamelis is subject to no serious fungal disease,
although the leaves of Hamamelis Virginiana are inhabited by sev-
eral small and peculiar species of fungi of considerable interest to
botanists. Of these the mildew Podosphera biuncinata, Cooke &
Peck, with its well-marked appendages, is « characteristic North
American species. Phyllosticta Hamamelidis, Cooke, Ramularia
Hamamelidis, Peck, and Cercospora Hamamelidis, Ellis & Everhart,
form discolored spots on the leaves, and are slightly injurious to
the plant.

HAMAMELIDE.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 3

HAMAMELIS VIRGINIANA.

Witch Hazel.

FLOWERS autumnal.

Hamamelis Virginiana, Linneus, Spec. ed. 2, 180
(1762). — Miller, Dict. ed. 8.— Moench, Baume Weiss.
48. — Marshall, Arbust. Am. 58.— Du Roi, Harbk.
Baumz. i. 297. —Castiglioni, Viag. negli Stati Uniti, ui.
258. — Wangenheim, Nordam. Holz. 87, t. 29, f. 62.—
Lamarck, Dict. iii. 68; I7. i. 350, t. 88.— Willdenow,
Berl. Baumz. 139; Spec. i. 701. — Schkuhr, Handb. i.
88, t. 27. — Michaux, FU. Bor.-Am. i. 100. — Borkhausen,
Handb. Forstbot. ii. 1568. — Persoon, Syn. i. 150. — Du
Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, v. 153. — Desfontaines,
Hist. Arb. ii. 29.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 116. — Bige-
low, Fl. Boston. 40. — Nuttall, Gen. i. 107. — Nouveau
Duhamel, vii. 207, t. 60. — Elliott, Sk. i. 219. — Roemer
& Schultes, Syst. iii. 483. — Loddiges, Bot. Cab. vi. t. 598.
— Barton, Fl. N. Am. iii. 21, t. 78. — Torrey, Fl. N. Y.i.
260. — Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abdid. Holz. 95, t. 75. —
Sprengel, Syst. i. 491.— Rafinesque, Med. Fl. i. 227, f.
45. — De Candolle, Prodr. iv. 268. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-
Am. i. 275.— Don, Gen. Syst. iii. 396. — Spach, Hist.
Vég. viii. 79. — Dietrich, Syn. i. 550.— Torrey & Gray,
Fu. N. Am. i. 597. — Darlington, Fl. Cestr. ed. 3, 98. —
Agardh, Theor. Syst. Pl. t. 13, £. 7.—Schnizlein, Icon.
t. 167, £. 18-25, 27-29. — Chapman, £7. 157. — Curtis,
Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 105. — Koch,
Dendr. ii. 458. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. iii. 389, f. 462-

Leaves obovate or oval, usually acute at the apex.

464; Dict. Bot. iii. 10.— Emerson, Trees Mass. ed. 2,
ii. 472, t. — Le Maout & Decaisne, Traité Gén. Bot.
271, £.— Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. ed. 2, 545, £. 220. —
Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 85. —
Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 179.— Engler &
Prantl, Pflanzenfam. iii. pt. ii. 128, f.
Hamamelis dioica, Walter, Fl. Car. 255 (1788). — Gmelin,
Syst. ii. 282.
Hamamelis androgyna, Walter, Fl. Car. 255 (1788). —
Gmelin, Syst. ii. 281. — Selt. Am. Gewiich. 18, t. 25.
Hamamelis corylifolia, Moench, Meth. 273 (1794).
Hamamelis macrophylla, Pursh, 77. Am. Sept. i. 116
(1814). — Poiret, Zam. Dict. Suppl. v. 698. — Elliott, Sk.
i. 220. — Roemer & Schultes, Syst. iii. 483. — Rafinesque,
Med. Fi. i. 230. — Don, Gren. Syst. iii. 396.
Hamamelis Virginiana, var. parvifolia, Nuttall, Gen. i.
107 (1818). — Torrey, #7. U. S. 193. — Don, Gen. Syst.
iii. 396. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 597.
Hamamelis parvifolia, Rafinesque, Med. Fl. i. 230 (1828).
Trilopus Virginica, Rafinesque, New Fl. iii. 15 (1836).
Trilopus nigra, Rafinesque, New 7. iii. 16 (1836).
Trilopus rotundifolia, Rafinesque, New F7. iii. 16 (1836).
Trilopus estivalis, Rafinesque, New 7. iii. 16 (1836).
Trilopus dentata, Rafinesque, New Fl. iii. 17 (1836).
Trilopus parvifolia, Rafinesque, New 7. iii. 17 (1836).

A tree, occasionally twenty-five to thirty feet in height, with a short trunk twelve or fourteen

inches in diameter, and spreading branches forming a broad open head; or usually a stout shrub
sending up from the ground numerous rigid diverging stems from five to twenty feet tall. The bark
of the trunk is an eighth of an inch thick, light brown, generally smooth, and covered with minute
thin appressed scales which disclose in falling the dark reddish purple inner bark. The branchlets,
which are alternate and lateral, are placed on the branches at an acute angle; they are thin and
flexible, and vary greatly in length, the longest being usually near the end of the branches; at first
they are coated with scurfy rusty stellate scales which gradually disappear durmg the summer; in
their first winter they are glabrous or slightly puberulous, light orange-brown, and marked with occa-
sional small white dots; and in their second year they become dark or reddish brown. The winter-buds
are acute, slightly falcate, light orange-brown, and covered with short fine pubescence. The leaves are
obovate, acuminate, long-pointed or sometimes rounded at the apex, and are very unequal at the base,
the lower side being rounded or subcordate and larger than the upper, which is usually wedge-shaped ;
they are irregularly and coarsely serrate-toothed above the middle, and entire or dentate below, four
to six inches long, two to two and a half inches broad, with stout midribs and six or seven pairs of
primary veins terminating in the principal teeth, and are borne on stout petioles which vary from half
an inch to nearly an inch in length ; when they unfold, the veins, especially on the lower surface, and

4 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. HAMAMELIDES.

the petioles and stipules, are coated with stellate ferrugineous pubescence; at maturity they are
membranaceous, dull dark green on the upper surface, which is glabrous or pilose with occasional minute
white hairs, and pubescent or puberulous especially along the midribs and principal veins on the lower
surface, which is lighter colored and more lustrous than the upper. The stipules are lanceolate, acute,
coriaceous, and from one third to half an inch long. In the autumn, before falling, the leaves turn
a delicate yellow color. The clusters of flower-buds appear in August on short recurved peduncles
developed from the axils of leaves of the year, and are covered, like the acute bracts and bractlets,
with dark ferrugineous pubescence. The flowers open from the middle of September to the middle of
November in different parts of the country; the calyx is at this season coated on the outer surface
with thick pale pubescence, and is orange-brown on the inner surface, the rounded lobes being ciliate
on the margins. The petals are bright yellow,’ and half an inch to two thirds of an inch long, and,
like the stamens, fall as soon as the ovules have been fertilized. During the winter the calyx-lobes
surround and protect the pubescent ovary, which does not begin to enlarge until the following spring.
The fruit ripens in the autumn, usually two from each flower-cluster, and discharges its seeds when the
flowers of the season are expanding; it is half an inch long, pubescent, dull orange-brown, and is
surrounded for half its length by the large persistent calyx bearing at its base the blackened remnants
of the floral bracts.

Hamamelis Virginiana is distributed from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and the valley of the
St. Lawrence River to southern Ontario,” Wisconsin, and eastern Nebraska,’ and southward to northern
Florida and eastern Texas. The Witch Hazel is one of the most common shrubs in the territory it
inhabits, and is usually found on the borders of the forest in low rich soil or on the rocky banks of
streams ; it probably becomes a tree only on the slopes of the high Alleghany Mountains in North and
South Carolina and Tennessee.

The wood of Hamamelis Virginiana is heavy, hard, and very close-grained, and contains
numerous thin obscure medullary rays ; it is light brown tinged with red, the thick sapwood, composed
of from thirty to forty layers of annual growth, being nearly white.
lutely dry wood is 0.6856, a cubic foot weighing 42.72 pounds.

The bark and leaves of Hamamelis Virginiana are slightly astringent, and although not known
to possess essential properties * are largely used by herbalists in the form of fluid extracts and decoc-

The specific gravity of the abso-

tions, and in homeopathic practice.®

The appearance of the flowers of the Witch Hazel late in the autumn as the fruit ripens and after
the leaves have changed color gives it peculiar interest, and should secure for it a place in the
shrubbery, where formerly it was more often seen than it is at present.’

Hamamelis Virginiana appears to have been first noticed by John Banister,’ an English mission-
ary in Virginia; and the earliest printed notice of it is found in the Almagestum Botanicum of

1 Mr. Edward L. Rand has found in Malden, Massachusetts, a
single plant on which the petals are all light red.

2 Provancher, Flore Canadienne, i. 255.— Brunet, Cat. Vég. Lig.
Can. 29. — Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. i. 166.

of disease have excited an unusual interest in Hamamelis, in which,
however, chemists fail to distinguish any active medicinal prop-
erties. (See Rafinesque, Med. Fl. i. 227, f. 45.— Endlicher, En-
chirid. Bot. 401. — Griffith, Med. Bot. 350, f. 165. — James Foun-

3 Bessey, Bull. Exper. Stat. Nebraska, iv. art. iv. 16.

4 Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxiv. 438.

5 The bark of Hamamelis first attracted attention as a remedy
on account of its reputed use by the North American Indians in
the treatment of external inflammations. It has been recommended
by several practitioners for the treatment of hemorrhage of the
lungs and stomach, and for external applications. By distilling
the bark in dilute alcohol “ Pond’s Extract” is made.
larity of this medicine and the widespread belief in its value for

The popu-

external applications and for the treatment of nearly every form

tain, N. Y. Jour. Med. x. 208.— Trans. Am. Med. Assoc. i. 349. —
Nat. Dispens. ed. 2, 704.—Baillon, Traité Bot. Méd. 768, £. 2398-
2400. — Johnson, Man. Med. Bot. N. Am. 145, f. 127. — Parke,
Davis & Co., Organ. Mat. Med. ed. 2, 197.— U.S. Dispens. ed. 16,
757.)

* Millspaugh, Am. Med. Plants in Homeopathic Remedies, i. 58,
t. 58.

7 Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 1007, £. 756, 757.

8 See i. 6.

HAMAMELIDES. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 5

Plukenet, published in 1696." According to Aiton,’ it was introduced into English gardens in 1736

by Peter Collinson.’

It is propagated by seed, which should be sown as soon as gathered, when it will germinate in the

second year.*

1 Pistachia Virginiana nigra Coryli foliis, 298.

Hamamelis, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Car. ii. Appx. 2, t. 2. — Clayton,
Fl. Virgin. 139. — Colden, Cat. Pl. Novebor. 89.— Duhamel, Traité
des Arbres, i. 287, t. 114.

2 Hort. Kew. i. 167.

8 See i. 8.

4 The popular name of this plant is due to the fact that it was
early used by impostors to indicate the presence of precious metals
in the soil and to discover springs of water. For this purpose a
forked branch is twirled between the fingers and thumbs of the
two hands ; then at the place where the fork points water or gold
is declared to exist.

a al oe
NAYNonpwwr oo

oCOoONA oP wD &

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Prats CXCVIII. HamaAmetis VIRGINIANA.

. A flowering and fruiting branch, natural size.

. Diagram of a flower.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

. A pistil, enlarged.

. A stamen, one of the anthers opening, front view, enlarged.
. A stamen, rear view, enlarged.

A rudimentary stamen, enlarged.

. An ovule, much magnified.

. An open fruit, enlarged.

. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged.

. A seed, enlarged.

. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.

- An embryo, much magnified.

. A leafy branch, natural size.

. The base of a leaf with stipules, natural size.

. A branchlet showing flowers and leaf-bud in winter.

. A cluster of flower-buds with bracts and bractlets, enlarged.

Silva of North America. Tab. CXCVII.

HAMAMELIS VIRGINIANA, L~

A Riocreux direx™ Imp. f.Taneur, Paris

HAMAMELIDER, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 7

LIQUIDAMBAR.

FLowers usually unisexual, capitate, apetalous; stamens indefinite in globular
heads ; ovary 2-celled; ovules indefinite, suspended. Fruit a spherical head of woody
carpels consolidated by their bases. Leaves alternate, palmately lobed, stipulate,
deciduous.

Liquidambar, Linnzus, Gen. ed. 2, 463 (1742). — Adan- Hooker, Gen. i. 669. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. iii. 461 (excl.
son, Fam. Pl. ii. 376.— A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. 410. — Altingia). — Engler & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. iii. pt. ii.
Endlicher, Gen. 289. — Meisner, Gen. 347. — Bentham & 123.

Trees, with balsamic juices, scaly bark, terete often winged branchlets, scaly buds, and fibrous
roots. Leaves plicate in vernation, alternate, palmately lobed, glandular-serrate, long-petiolate, decidu-
ous ; stipules lanceolate, acute, caducous. Flowers moneecious or occasionally perfect, in capitate heads
surrounded by involucres of four deciduous bracts, the males in terminal racemes, the females in
solitary long pedunculate heads from the axils of the upper leaves. Male flowers destitute of calyx
and corolla ; stamens indefinite, interspersed with minute scales; filaments filiform, shorter than the
oblong obcordate introrse longitudinally dehiscent anthers attached by their bases. Female flowers
surrounded by mammiformed or long-awned scales, the whole confluent into globular heads; calyx-limb
short or nearly obsolete ; stamens generally four, inserted on the summit of the obconic calyx; anthers
minute, usually rudimentary or abortive, rarely fertile; ovary inserted in the bottom of the concave
receptacle, partly inferior, two-celled, the carpels produced into an elongated subulate recurved persist-
ent style stigmatic on its inner face; ovules indefinite, suspended from an axile placenta, anatropous ;
micropyle superior, raphe ventral. Fruit a globose multicapsular head armed with the hardened
incurved styles; capsules free above, septicidally dehiscent at the apex, the epicarp thick and woody,
the endocarp thin, corneous, lustrous on the inner surface, separable. Seeds usually solitary, or two by
the abortion of many ovules, compressed, angulate; testa opaque, crustaceous, produced into a short
membranaceous obovate wing rounded at the apex. Embryo surrounded by thin fleshy albumen;
cotyledons oblong, flat, the radicle terete turned towards the lateral hilum.

Liquidambar is now confined to the eastern United States, to central and southern Mexico, Central
America, the Orient, and middle and southeastern China; although in the Tertiary epoch the forests
which clothed the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada in California possessed a Liquidambar,' and the
immediate ancestor’ of the existing American species inhabited Alaska, Greenland, and the mid-conti-
nental plateau of North America, and later was widely distributed in the Miocene of Europe, where
have been found the traces of a second species* similar in the form of its leaves to the present
representative of the genus in western Asia. Three species are distinguished in the genus as it is
now usually limited: Liquidambar Styraciflua is American ; Liquidambar orientalis* inhabits a few

1 Liquidambar Californicum, Lesquereux, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zo%l. 3 Liquidambar protensium, Unger, Icon. Foss. 44, t. 20, f. 27
vi. pt. ii. 14 (Fossil Plants of the Auriferous Gravel Deposit of the (1852).— Saporta, /. c. 195.
Sierra Nevada) (1878). — Zittel, Handb. Paleontolog. ii. 624, f. 12. 4 Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No. 2 (1768).— Hooker, Icon. xi. 13, t.
2 Lesquereux, U. S. Geolog. Surv. viii. 159, t. 32, f.1 (Contrib. 1019.— De Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 158. — Boissier, Fl. Orient.
Foss. Fl. Western Territories, iii.). —Saporta, Origine Paléontologique ii. 819. — Koch, Dendr. ii. 465.
des Arbres, 194. — Zittel, 0. c. f. 1-7. Liquidambar imberbe, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 365 (1789).
The Oriental Liquidambar is described as a handsome tree attain-

8 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

HAMAMELIDE.

provinces in southwestern Asia Minor; and Liguidambar Formosana is found in China and on the

island of Formosa.!

All the species produce hard straight-grained handsome dark-colored wood and valuable balsamic

exudations.”

ing the height of thirty or forty feet, and is said to form forests
of considerable extent in the extreme southwestern part of Asia
Minor. Introduced into France toward the middle of the eighteenth
century by the French consul at Smyrna, it was first cultivated in
Europe at the King’s Garden in Marly (Duhamel, Traité des Ar-
bres, i. 366.— Nouveau Duhamel, ii. 44.— Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv.
2053, £. 1963, 1964).

1 Hance, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 5, v. 215 (1866) ; Jour. Bot. viii.
274. — Hooker, Jcon. xi. 14, t. 1020.— Forbes & Hemsley, Jour.
Linn. Soc. xxiii. 291.

Liquidambar acerifolia, Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Péters-

bourg, x. 486 (él. Biol. vi. 21) (not Unger) (1866).

Liquidambar Mazimowiczii, Miquel, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat.

iii. 200 (1867). — Franchet, Pl. David. i. 357.

Liquidambar species, Hemsley, Jour. Bot. xiv. 207 (1876).

The Chinese Liquidambar is a handsome tree thirty to forty feet
in height, distinguished from the other species by its dull rather
opaque leaves and by the long-awned scales which surround the
female flowers and harden in the development of the fruit. From
Liquidambar Formosana, and from an imperfectly known tree of
central China, which is probably an undescribed species in this
genus (Forbes & Hemsley, /. c. 290), the wood used in making tea-
chests and the forms in which brick-tea is compressed is largely
obtained.

In southern Japan Liquidambar Formosana is occasionally culti-
vated as an ornamental tree, and fine specimens exist in the Botanic
Garden of the Imperial University in Tokyo.

2 From Liquidambar orientalis is derived liquid storax, an opaque
grayish brown resin. The origin of this substance remained un-
known until recent years, although the bark has been widely
exported from Asia Minor, and in general use at least since the
beginning of the Christian era, especially in India and China,
where the largest part of the product is still consumed. The
extraction of the resin is carried on by wandering tribes of Tur-
comans in the forests of southwestern Asia Minor. The process,
as described by Fliickiger & Hanbury, consists in the removal of
the outer bark of the tree, which is not productive ; the inner bark
is then scraped off with a peculiar knife made for the purpose, and
is stored in vats until a sufficient quantity is collected ; it is then
boiled with water in copper kettles, and the resin which now sepa-
rates and rises to the surface is skimmed off. In order to obtain
the residue which the first process has not separated, the boiled
bark is put into hair bags, and subjected to pressure while hot
water is poured over it. In this way are obtained a product of an
inferior quality and the cakes of foliaceous fragrant bark known
in European pharmacy as cortex thymiamatis. The resin is packed
in barrels, or with water in goatskins, and shipped to Constanti-
nople, Smyrna, and Alexandria, the largest part of the annual crop,
which is estimated at from sixty to eighty thousand pounds, being
sent by the way of the Red Sea to Bombay. In India and China
gum storax appears to be chiefly used in perfumery, as a protection
It is said to be
expectorant and stimulant, and to be valuable in the treatment of

against insects, and in the temples as incense.

bronchial affections ; it is praised as a remedy for diphtheria, and

has been recommended as a cure for gonorrhea; in Europe it is

still used as an ingredient in some old-fashioned remedies (A. Ri-
chard, Hist. Nat. Méd. ed. 3, iii. 193. —Lindley, Med. Fl. 321. —
Rosenthal, Syn. Pl. Diaphor. 203. — Hanbury, Pharm. Jour. Xvi.
417, 461; Bonplandia, v. 114, t.; Jour. de Pharm. xxxi. 198. —
Fliickiger & Hanbury, Pharmacographia, 241.— Guibourt, Hist.
Drog. ed. 7, ii. 305.—Spons, Encyclopedia of the Industrial Arts,
Manufactures, and Raw Commercial Products, ii. 1682. — Balfour,
Encyclopedia of India, ed. 3, ii. 721.— Baillon, Traité Bot. Med.
770, £. 2401-2403. — U. S. Dispens. ed. 16, 1430).

The American species, Liquidambar Styracifiua, yields from natu-
ral fissures in the bark or by incision small quantities of balsamic
resin, which is produced more freely in the southern states and in
It flows from the
trees in the form of a semitransparent yellowish brown liquid with
a balsamic odor and a bitter acrid taste, and upon exposure gradu-
ally hardens and turns to a darker color. The product of Ligquid-
ambar Styraciflua, known as liquidambar or copalm balm, is now
considered to be identical in its properties with the liquid storax
obtained from Liguidambar orientalis, and to be useful for the same
Another product is obtained by boiling the young
branches in water; the substance which rises to the surface is

Mexico and Central America than in the north.

purposes.

dark-colored and nearly opaque, but has the same properties as
copalm balm. A syrup prepared from the bark of this tree has
been employed with advantage in some parts of the country in
the treatment of dysentery and catarrhal affections ; the concrete
juice is used as a chewing-gum to sweeten the breath, and some-
In the south the bark has
been successfully used in camp-hospitals in the treatment of diar-
rhea and dysentery (Medical and Surgical History of the War of
the Rebellion, pt. ii., i. Medical History, 47) ; and it is now consid-

times as an ingredient in ointments.

ered a useful and valuable mucilaginous astringent (Dale, Pharma-
cologia, 406. — Pomet, Hist. Gen. Drog. pt. i. 282.— Linneus, Mat.
Med. 152. — Le Page du Pratz, Histoire de la Louisiane, ii. 38, t. —
Bergius, Mat. Med. ii. 798. — B. S. Barton, Coil. ed. 2, i. 16. —
Hayne, Arzn. xi. t. 25.— Nees von Esenbeck, Pl. Med. t. 95. — A.
Richard, J. c. 193. — Lindley, /. c. 322.— Pereira, Elements Mat.
Med. ed. 4, ii. pt. i. 336. — Royle, Mat. Med. 562. — Griffith, Med.
Bot. 581, £. 254. — Rosenthal, J. c. — Guibourt, J. c. 305, f. 445. —
Spons, J. c.— Baillon, 7. c. 1772, f. 2404.— Johnson, Man. Med.
Bot. N. Am. 146, f. 128, 129.— Parke, Davis & Co., Organic Mat.
Med. 176. — U. S. Dispens. ed. 16, 1843).

From Liquidambar Formosana a dry terebinthinous resin of
agreeable fragrance is obtained, which is believed by Flickiger
& Hanbury to be the Styraz liquida folio minore described by Ray
as imported from Amoy (Hist. Pl. iii. Appx. 233). It is used by the
Chinese, as is also the product of the allied Altingia Chinensis, as
a stimulant, alterative, and anti-hemorrhagic remedy, and in the
treatment of wounds and sores (Fliickiger & Hanbury, /. c. 246. —
Smith, Chinese Mat. Med. 205. — Spons, /. c. 1683).

Corky excrescences, developed on the trunk and root-stalk of
Liquidambar Formosana and known as pigs’ tubers (chii-ling),
from their resemblance to pigs’ dung, are a popular remedy in
China in the treatment of fevers and urinary disorders (Smith,
lc. 171).

HAMAMELIDEZ. SILVA

OF NORTH AMERICA.

9

In the United States Liquidambar is little injured by the attacks of insects,’ and does not suffer

seriously from fungal diseases.”

The generic name, from liquidus and the Arabic word ambar, adopted by Linnzus in allusion to
the fragrant juices of the tree, was at first applied by Hernandez* to the American species or to some

other balsamic Mexican tree.

1 Liquidambar in the United States is nearly exempt from inju-
ries inflicted by insects. There is no record of damage to the wood
by borers. The most conspicuous of the foliage-eating insects
found on the American species belong to the family Bombycide ;
the large American silk-worms of the Luna, Cecropia, Polyphemus,
and Promethea moths feed upon it, although rarely in sufficient
numbers to cause serious injury. Liquidambar is sometimes also
attacked by the Fall Web-worm, Hyphantria cunea, Drury ; and
in southern Kentucky during the summer months a Leaf-miner,
Phyllocnistis liquidambarisella, Chambers, has been found making

long winding linear mines in the upper surface of the leaves (Cinn.
Quart. Jour. Sci. ii. 106).

2 Nearly eighty species of fungi have already been noticed on
Liquidambar in the United States, although few of them are pecul-
iar to the tree or do it any particular harm. Among the species
found only on Liquidambar the following may be mentioned : Valsa
Liquidambaris, Curtis, Seiridium Liquidambaris, Berkeley & Curtis,
Septoria Liquidambaris, Cooke & Ellis.

3 Nov. Pl. Hist. lib. i. pt. ii. cap. 18 (Ximenes, Spanish ed.
Mexico, 1615). — C. Bauhin, Prodr. 158 ; Pinaz, 502.

10

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

HAMAMELIDEZ.,

LIQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA.

Sweet Gum. Bilsted.

LEAVES deeply 5 to 7-lobed, lustrous.

Liquidambar Styraciflua, Linnezus, Spec. 999 (1753). —

Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No. 1. — Kalm, Travels, English
ed. ii. 21.— Moench, Béiume Weiss. 56; Meth. 340. —
Marshall, Arbust. Am.77. —Castiglioni, Viag. negli Stati
Uniti, ii. 279.— Wangenheim, Nordam. Holz. 49, t. 16,
f. 40. — Walter, #7. Car. 237. — Lamarck, Dict. iii.
533. — Gertner, Fruct. ii. 57, t. 90. — Willdenow, Berl.
Baumz. 172; Spec. iv. 475; Enum. 985. — Borkhausen,
Handb. Forstbot. i. 633. — Abbot, Insects of Georgia, i.
t. 48. — Michaux, 7. Bor.-Am. ii. 202. — Persoon, Syn. ii.
573. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 541. — Titford, Hort.
Bot. Am. 97. —Schkuhr, Handb. iii. 275, t. 307. — Nou-
veau Duhamel, ii. 42, t. 10. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am.
iii. 194, t.4. — Pursh, FU. Am. Sept. ii. 635. — Rafinesque,
Fl. Ludovic. 116. — Nuttall, Gen. ii. 219. — Elliott, Sk.
ii. 621.— Poiret, Lam. Dict. il. iii. 367, t. 783.— Sprengel,

Syst. iii. 864.— Audubon, Birds, t. 45.— Torrey, £1.
N. Y. ii. 217. — Spach, Hist. Vég. xi. 84. — Broomfield,
Lond. Jour. Bot. vii. 144. — Schnizlein, Jcon. t. 98, £.
5-21. — Chapman, Fl. 157. — Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv.
N. Car. 1860, iii. 77. — De Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. i.
157. — Hooker, Icon. xi. 13.— Koch, Dendr. ii. 464. —
Baillon, Hist. Pl. iii. 397; Dict. Bot. iii. 262. — Le
Maout & Decaisne, Traité Gén. Bot. 533, figs. — Ridg-
way, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 67. — Lauche, Deutsche
Dendr. ed. 2, 337, £. 129. — Sargent, Forest Trees N.
Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 86.— Watson & Coulter,
Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 180.

Liquidambar Styraciflua, var. Mexicana, Orsted, Am.

Cent. xvi. t. 11 (1863).

Liquidambar macrophylla, Orsted, Am. Cent. xvi. t.

10 (1863). — Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. i. 400.

A tree, eighty to one hundred and forty feet in height, with a straight trunk four or five feet in
diameter, and slender branches which, while the tree is young, form a symmetrical pyramidal head, and
when it reaches old age a comparatively small oblong crown. The bark of the trunk on fully grown
individuals varies from an inch to an inch and a half in thickness; it is dark brown tinged with red,
and broken by deep fissures into broad ridges covered by short thick scales. The branchlets, which
contain a large pith, are slightly many-angled, and covered, when they appear, with caducous rufous
hairs; in their first winter they are light orange-color to reddish brown, with occasional minute dark
lenticels, and large arcuate leaf-scars marked by the ends of three conspicuous clusters of fibro-vascular
bundles; in their first season they develop corky wings, which on lateral branches appear on the upper
side in three or four parallel ranks, and irregularly on all sides of vertical branches, increasing in width
and thickness for many years, until they are sometimes two or three inches broad and an inch thick.’
In their second year the branchlets become red-brown, gray, or dark brown. The winter-buds are acute,
a quarter of an inch long, and covered with ovate acute minutely apiculate orange-brown scales rounded
on the back, those of the inner rows being accrescent, slightly ciliate on the margins, tipped with red,
and at maturity half an inch in length. The leaves are generally round in outline, truncate or slightly
heart-shaped at the base, deeply five to seven-lobed, with acutely pointed divisions, and finely glandular-
serrate with rounded appressed teeth; they are six to seven inches across, and are borne on slender
petioles at first clothed near the base with rufous caducous hairs and five to seven inches in length ;
when they unfold they are pilose on the lower surface, but usually soon become glabrous, with the
exception of large tufts of pale or rufous hairs which remain in the axils of the principal veins during
the season; at maturity they are thin and rather membranaceous, bright green, smooth, and lustrous,
with broad primary veins and finely reticulated veinlets ; when bruised they exhale a pleasant resinous
fragrance; and in the autumn they turn a deep crimson. The stipules are lanceolate, acute, entire,

1 Emily L. Gregory, Bot. Gazette, xiii. 282.

HAMAMELIDEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 1]

vlabrous, from one third to half an inch in length, and caducous. The flowers appear from March to
the end of May, when the leaves are more than half grown, the males in terminal racemes two or three
inches long and coated with rufous hairs, the females in a solitary head borne on a slender glabrous
peduncle an inch to two inches in length and developed from the axil of one of the upper leaves. The
heads of male flowers, which are stalked towards the base of the raceme and nearly sessile above, are
a quarter of an inch across and surrounded by ovate acute deciduous hairy bracts much larger than the
lanceolate acute bracts of the female inflorescence, which is half an inch across and conspicuous from
the broad stigmatic surfaces of the recurved and contorted styles. The fruit is an inch to an inch and
a half in diameter, and hangs on the branches during the winter, the carpels, which rarely contain
fertile seeds but are generally filled with abortive ovules in various stages of development, opening in
the autumn. The seed is half an inch long and rather longer than its wing, with a light brown coat
conspicuously marked with oblong resin-ducts.

Liqudanbar Styraciflua is distributed from Fairfield County, Connecticut, to southeastern Mis-
souri, southward to Cape Canaveral and the shores of Tampa Bay, Florida, and through Arkansas and
the Indian Territory to the valley of the Trinity River in Texas; it reappears on the mountains of
central and southern Mexico’ and ranges southward to the highlands of Guatemala.’ In some parts
of the United States, especially in the maritime region of the southern Atlantic states and in the basin
of the lower Mississippi River, the Sweet Gum is one of the most common trees in the forests of low
rich river-bottom lands which are usually inundated every year; in such situations, growing with the
Cotton Gum, the Chestnut White Oak, the Willow Oak, the Red Maple, the Black Gum, and the
Water Ash, it develops tall straight trunks free from branches to a height of seventy or eighty feet
above the ground.’ In the northern and middle states it is found on the borders of swamps and in
low wet swales, where in company with the Red Maple, the Swamp White Oak, the Tupelo, the White
Ash, and the Red Ash, it often grows in great numbers; occasionally the Sweet Gum appears on drier
and more elevated ground, where it remains small; and in the north it rarely grows more than sixty or
seventy feet tall or produces a trunk more than two feet in diameter.

The wood of Liguidambar Styraciflua is heavy, hard, straight, and close-grained, although not
very strong; it is bright brown tinged with red, with thin almost white sapwood composed of sixty or
seventy layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.5910, a cubic
foot weighing 36.83 pounds. The wood of the Sweet Gum is smooth and satiny and can be made to
take a beautiful polish ; it is difficult to season and warps and shrinks badly in drying,* but in spite
of this serious defect it is now used in large quantities, especially in the western states, in the outside
finish of houses, in cabinet-making, for street-pavements, cheap dishes, and fruit-boxes.

The leaves contain tannin, and have been recommended as a substitute for Oak-bark for tanning
leather.’

In 1615 the first account of this tree from the pen of the Spanish naturalist Hernandez was
published in the City of Mexico,’ and the resin, which resembled the liquid storax of the east, soon

1 Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nov. Gen. et Spec. vii. 273. —
Kunth, Syn. Pl. <Equin. iv. 266.— Seemann, Bot. Voy. Herald, 346.
— Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. i. 400.

2 Donnell Smith, Pl. Guatemal. No. 1855.

agréable lorsque 1’on n’en briile qu’une petite quantité.” (Le Page
du Pratz, Histoire de la Louisiane, ii. 27, t.)

5 Porcher, Resources of Southern Fields and Forests, 345.

6 Del arbol de Liquidambar, que los naturales llaman “X ochiocotzotl,”

8 Sargent, Garden and Forest, ii. 232, f.

4 «Le Copalm réunit deux grandes qualités ; lune, d’étre extré-
mement commun, |’autre de donner un baume dont les vertus sont
infinies .
sort de son cceur des baguettes de cing & six pieds de longeur. On

. . Son bois est si tendre & si souple, qu’en l’abbattant il

ne peut l’employer & aucuns ouvrages 4 cause qu'il travaille sans
cesse, & se tourmente de telle sorte, qu'il se met dans des figures
surprenantes que l’on ne voit dans aucun bois du monde. On n’ose

méme le briiler parce que son odeur est trop forte, quoiqu’elle soit

“ Quauhzihuitl,” Francisco Hernandez, Nov. Pl. Hist. lib. i. pt. ii.
cap. 18 (Ximenes, Spanish ed. Mexico, 1615).

Styrax Aceris folio, Parkinson, Theatr. 1529.

Acer Virginianum odoratum, Hermann, Cat. Hort. Lugd. Bat.
641. — Boerhaave, Ind. Alt. ii. 234.

Styrax arbor Virginiana Aceris folio, potins Platanus Virginiana
Styracem fundens, Ray, Hist. Pl. i. 1799. — Commelyn, Hort. i. 191,
t. 98.

Liquid-ambari arbor s. Styraciflua Aceris folio, fructu tribuloide

12 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. HAMAMELIDES.

attracted the attention of European pharmacists.! It was introduced from Virginia into England, and
was cultivated before 1688 by Bishop Compton in his garden at Fulham.’

As an ornament for parks and roadsides in the middle and southern states, few trees are more
valuable than the Sweet Gum.? It grows rapidly and is not particular about soil; its habit, although
rather regular before it reaches maturity, adapts it to formal planting ; the leaves are unsurpassed in
beauty of form, in lustre, or in the brilliancy of their autumnal tints ; and in winter its broadly winged

branches make it a curious and interesting object.

(i. e.) pericarpio orbiculari, ex quamplurimis apicibus coagmentato semen Liquidambar Styraciflua; Aceris folio, Romans, Nat. Hist.
recondens, Plukenet, Phyt. t. 42, f. 6; Alm. Bot. 224.—Catesby, Florida, 20.
Nat. Hist. Car. ii. 65, t. 65. 1 J. Bauhin, Hist. Pl. i. lib. ix. 323. — Parkinson, Theatr. 1590.
Liquidambar, Linnzus, Hort. Cliff. 486 ; Hort. Ups. 287. — Clay- 2 Ray, Hist. Pl. ii. 1681. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 365. — Loudon,
ton, Fl. Virgin. 190.— Royen, Fl. Leyd. Prodr. 534. Arb. Brit. iv. 2049, f. 1961.
Liquidambari Arbor, Blackwell, Coll. Stirp. t. 485. 8 In some parts of the country Liquidambar Styraciflua is also

Il Xochiocotzotl, volgarmente appellato Liquidambar, lo storace known as Star-leaved Gum, Liquidamber, and Red Gum.
liquido dei Messicani, Clavigero, Storia Antica del Messico, i. 64.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Pusate CXCIX. LiquipamBaR STYRACIFLUA.
1. A flowering branch, natural size.
2. Diagram of a pistillate flower.
3. Vertical section of a head of stamens, natural size.
4 and 5. Front and rear views of a stamen, enlarged.
6. Vertical section of a head of pistillate flowers, natural size.
7. A pistillate flower, enlarged.
8. Vertical section of a pistillate flower, enlarged.
9. An ovule, much magnified.
10. A fruiting branch, natural size.
11. Vertical section of a capsule showing in one cell a perfect seed
and in the other a mass of undeveloped ovules, enlarged.
12. A seed, natural size.
13. Vertical sections of a seed, enlarged.
14, An embryo, enlarged.
15. A winter-bud, natural size.
16. Part of a young branch with wings.

Tab, CXC

Silva of North America.

Picart sec.

CE Faxon det.

LIOQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA,L.

Imp. P.Taneur, Paris.

A. Riocreux direa®

RHIZOPHORACES. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 13

RHIZOPHORA.

FLOWERS perfect ; calyx 4-parted, the lobes valvate in estivation ; petals 4, indupli-
cate in estivation; stamens 8 to 12; ovary partly inferior, 2-celled; ovules 2 in each
cell, suspended. Fruit a l-celled, 1-seeded berry, perforated at the apex by the ger-
minating embryo. Leaves opposite, ovate or elliptical, entire, stipulate, persistent.

Rhizophora, Linneus, Gen. 137 (1737).— A. L. de Jus- | 1185.— Bentham & Hooker, Gen. i. 678. — Baillon, Hist.
sieu, Gen. 213. — Meisner, Gen. 119. — Endlicher, Gen. PI. vi. 299.
Mangle, Adanson, Fam. Pl. ii. 445 (1763).

Trees, with stout terete pithy branchlets, thick astringent bark, and adventitious fleshy roots.
Leaves opposite, ovate or elliptical, entire, thick and coriaceous, glabrous, petiolate, persistent ; stipules
elongated, acuminate, interpetiolar, infolding the bud, caducous. Flower-clusters pedunculate, axillary,
dichotomously or trichotomously branched, the base of the branches surrounded by an involucre of two
ovate three-lobed persistent bracts, or one-flowered. Flowers yellow or creamy white, sessile or pedi-
cellate, bibracteolate, the bractlets united into an involucral cup. Calyx four-lobed, the lobes acute,
coriaceous, ribbed on the inner surface and thickened on the margins, two or three times longer than
the turbinate-globose tube, reflexed at maturity, persistent. Petals alternate with and longer than the
lobes of the calyx, inserted on a fleshy disk-like ring in the mouth of the calyx-tube, volute on the
margins and coated on the inner surface with long pale hairs, or flat and naked, caducous. Stamens’
eight, four episepalous and four slightly longer, epipetalous, or eleven or twelve; filaments short or
wanting ; anthers attached at the base, introrse, triangular in section, elongated, connivent, areolate,

their membranous coat splitting by two longitudinal slits united near the apex and disclosing numerous

* Ovary partly inferior, conical,

spherical cavities covering their inner face and filled with pollen grains.
two-celled, contracted into two subulate spreading styles stigmatic at the apex; ovules two in each
cell, suspended from its apex, collateral, anatropous ; raphe ventral, micropyle superior. Fruit a conical
coriaceous berry surrounded by the reflexed persistent calyx-lobes. Seed usually solitary by abortion,
suspended, and germinating in the fruit before falling; the apex surrounded by a thin albuminous
micropylar cup-like aril,’ testa thick and fleshy. Embryo at first surrounded by a thin layer of albu-
men; cotyledons conferruminate, dark purple ; radicle elongated, clavate, perforating in its development
the apex of the fruit, and when fully grown separating from the narrow exserted woody tube inclosing
the plumule and developed from the cotyledons after the ripening of the fruit.’

Rhizophora is widely and generally distributed on the shores of tidal marshes in-the tropical
regions of the two worlds. Three species are distinguished : one is American ; a second, Rhizophora

1 Griffith, Trans. Med. & Phys. Soc. Calc. viii. 1.— Baillon, Bull. made by the spreading back of the membrane on the outer sides of

Soc. Linn. Paris, i. 58 ; Hist. Pl. vi. 286. the slits.

2 By the splitting of the membranous coat of the anther a trian- 8 Tulasne, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 4, vi. 110. — Warming, Engler Bot.
gular valve is formed which is attached by the base and in opening Jahrb. iv. 530.
falls forward, while the two lateral wings on the open anther are 4 Petit-Thouars, Desvaux Jour. Bot. ii. 32.— Griffith, Votul. iv.

662.

14 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. RHIZOPHORACES.

conjugata,' is Indian ; and the third, Rhizophora mucronata, is found on the west and east coasts of
Africa, on Madagascar, in southern Asia from Arabia to the Malay peninsula, in the East Indies, New
Guinea, Australia, and the South Sea Islands.

Rhizophora possesses astringent properties ; the bark of all the species has been used in tanning
leather, in dyeing, and as a febrifuge ;° and the wood is hard, durable, and dark-colored. Rhizophora
is especially adapted to maintain itself on low muddy tidal shores, and plays an important part im
protecting and in extending them into the ocean ; this it is able to do by the aerial germination of the
seeds and by the power to develop roots from the trunks and branches. Of these some spring from
the stems at a considerable distance above the ground and, arching outward, descend into the water
and fix themselves in the mud beneath, while other roots growing down from the branches enter the
ground and gradually thicken into stems, the whole forming a barrier which prevents the mud washed
up by rising tides from being swept away again, and gradually consolidates it. The structure and
character of the seed are wonderfully adapted to aid in this extension of the land into the water. The
aerial germination protects it from the salt water, into which, without such a provision, it would fall,
probably to be washed away or destroyed. The radicle, when fully grown and ready to put forth roots
and leaves, is often ten or twelve inches long; the root-end is thicker and heavier than the other, so
that when it detaches itself from the cotyledons and falls, the heavy end sticks into the mud; here
being kept in position, it puts forth roots, while the plumule at the other end is held up above the
surface of the shallow water and is thus enabled to unfold its leaves.

The generic name, from pi~a and @épev, used by early authors to designate various climbing
plants with thickened roots, like Dioscorea,* was adopted for the Mangrove by Linnzus, who discarded
the earlier Mangles of Plumier.?

1 Linneus, Spec. 443 (1753).— De Candolle, Prodr. iii. 33.— Fi. Trop. Afr. ii. 407. — Brandis, 1. c. 217. — Kurz, I. c. — Hooker
Walker-Arnott, Ann. Nat. Hist. i. 363. — Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. f.1.c. — Baker, Fl. Maur. & Seych. 109.

Bat. i. 134. — Brandis, Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 218.— Hooker f. Fi. Rhizophora Mangle, Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. ii. 459 (not Linnzus)
Brit. Ind. ii. 436. (1824). — Blume, Enum. Pl. Jav. 91.
Rhizophora candelaria, De Candolle, 7. c. 32 (1828). Rhizophora macrorrhiza, Griffith, Trans. Med. § Phys. Soc. Calc.
Rhizophora apiculata, Blume, Enum. Pl. Jav. 91 (1827). — viii. 8 (1836). .
Wight, Ill. i. 209. — Kurz, Forest Fl. Brit. Burm. i. 447. Rhizophora candelaria, Wight & Walker-Arnott, Prodr. Fl.

Rhizophora Mangle, Blanco, Fl. Filip. 397 (not Linnzus) (1837). Ind. 310 (not de Candolle) (1834).

2 Poiret, Lam. Dict. vi. 189 (1804). — Lamarck, Jil. ii. 517, t. 8 Howison, Trans. Soc. of Arts, xxii. 201. — Hamilton, Pharm.
396, f. 2. — De Candolle, 1. c. — Decaisne, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 2,iv. Jour. vi. 11.—Baillon, Hist. Pl. vi. 298. — Procter, T'ext Book of
75. — Wight, 1. c.; Icon. t. 238. — Walker-Arnott, 1. c. 362.— Tanning, 55.— Trimble, Contrib. Bot. Lab. Univ. Penn. i. 50.
Blume, Mus. Bot. Ludg. Bat. i. 132. — Tulasne, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 4 Hermann, Parad. Bat. 217.

4, vi. 109.— Gray, Bot. Wilkes Explor. Exped. i. 613. — Harvey & 5 Nov. Pl. Am. Gen. 13.
Sonder, Fl. Cap. ii. 513. — Bentham, F7. Austral. ii. 493. — Oliver,

RHIZOPHORACE.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 15

RHIZOPHORA MANGLE.

Mangrove.

LEAVES oval or elliptical, rounded at the apex.

Rhizophora Mangle, Linneus, Spec. 443 (1753). — Gert-

ner, Fruct. i. 212, t. 45, £. 1. — Lamarck, JZ. ii. 517, t.
396, £. 1. — Willdenow, Spee. ii. 843. — Poiret, Lam. Dict.
vi. 188. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 2.— Turpin, Dict. Sci. Nat.

t. 1; Engler Bot. Jahrb. iv. 519, t. 7-10. — Eggers,
Videnskab. Medd. fra. nat. For. Kjobenh. 1877, 177.—
Baillon, Hist. Pl. vi. 284, £. 253-259. — Karsten, Man-
grove- Vegetation, t. iv. f. 3, 6, 7, 8.

xly. 386, t. 109. — De Candolle, Prodr. iii. 32. — Petit- Rhizophora racemosa, Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseg. 185
Thouars, Desvaux Jour. Bot. ii. 27, t. 11. — Spach, Hist. (1818). — De Candolle, Prodr. iii. 32. — Hooker f. &
Vég. iv. 332, t. 34. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 484. — Bentham, Hooker Niger Fl. 341.

Wight, J7. i. 209. — Walker-Arnott, Ann. Nat. Hist. i. Rhizophora Mangle, a. Walker-Arnott, Ann. Nat. Hist.
361. — Walpers, Rep. ii. 70.— Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. i. 361 (1838).

Bat. i. 182.— Schnizlein, Icon. t. 263, £. 1-7, 21-29. Rhizophora Americana, Nuttall, Sylva, i. 95, t. 24 (1842).
Chapman, FV. 135. — Le Maout & Decaisne, TJraité Gén. Rhizophora Mangle, var. racemosa, Eichler, Martius
Bot. English ed. 419. — Warming, Bot. Notiser, 1877, 14, Fl. Brasil. xii. pt. ii. 427 (1872).

A round-topped bushy tree, with spreading branches, usually fifteen to twenty feet in height,
forming almost impenetrable thickets with its numerous aerial roots; or occasionally seventy or eighty
feet high, with a tall straight stem clear of branches for more than half its length, and a narrow head.
The bark of the trunk is from one third to one half an inch thick and gray faintly tinged with red, the
surface irregularly fissured and broken into thin appressed scales; that of young trunks and principal
branches is smooth and rather light reddish brown. The branchlets are stout, glabrous, and dark red-
brown, becoming lighter in their second year, when they are conspicuously marked with large oval
slightly elevated leaf-scars. The leaves, which remain on the branches during one or two years, are
oval or elliptical, rounded at the apex, and gradually contracted at the base into stout petioles; they
are three and a half to five inches long, an inch to two and a half inches broad, with petioles which
vary from half an inch to an inch and a half in length, dark green and very lustrous on the upper
surface and paler below, with slightly thickened margins, broad midribs, and reticulated veinlets. The
stipules are lanceolate, acute, and an inch and a half long, and fall as the leaf unfolds. The flowers,
which are produced throughout the year from the axils of young leaves, are nearly sessile on stout
two or three-branched peduncles an inch and a half to two inches in length ; they are an inch across
when expanded, the pale yellow involute petals being coated on the inner surface with long pale hairs
which cover the eight stamens. The fruit is an inch long, rusty brown, and slightly roughened with
minute bosses; from its apex, after the germination of the seed, the hard woody thick-walled tube
developed from the cotyledons protrudes from one half to two thirds of an inch, covering the plumule
and holding the dark brown radicle which is marked with occasional orange-colored lenticular dots,
and which when fully grown is ten or twelve inches long and, near the apex, a quarter to one third of
an inch thick.

In the United States Rhizophora Mangle inhabits the shores of Florida from Mosquito Inlet on
the east coast and Cedar Keys on the west to the southern islands, the delta of the Mississippi River,

and the coast of Texas; it occurs on Bermuda’ and the Bahama Islands, in the Antilles,? on the east

1 Lefroy, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 25, 74 (Bot. Bermuda). i. 45, t. 10.— A. Richard, F7. Cub. i. 251.— Grisebach, Fl. Brit. 1’.
2 Jacquin, Stirp. Am. 141, t. 89; Hist. Select. Stirp. Am. 70, t. Ind. 274. — Eggers, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 13, 54 (Fl. St. Croiz
132.— Lunan, Hort. Jam. i. 487. — Descourtilz, Fl. Méd. Antilles, and the Virgin Islands).

16

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. RHIZOPHORACEE.

and west coasts of Mexico,’ in Lower California,’ and the Galapagos Islands,’ and from Central America
extends along the north and east coasts of South America to the limit of the tropics ;* by many authori-
ties it has been thought to inhabit also the west coast of Africa.’ In the United States the Mangrove
is most abundant on the Florida peninsula south of latitude 29°, where it borders the coast with wide
thickets, ascending the rivers for many miles, especially those flowing from the everglades, and entirely
covers some of the small keys. On Cape Sable and on the shores of Bay Biscayne it sometimes grows
at a little distance from the immediate coast, and on ground which is not submerged by overflowing
tides ; in such situations it attains its greatest size in the United States and makes tall shapely trees
with straight trunks developing few aerial roots, and in general appearance is entirely unlike the low
bushy widespreading shore tree.°

The wood of Rhizophora Mangle is exceedingly heavy, hard, close-grained, and strong. The
surface is satiny and can be made to receive a beautiful polish ; it is dark reddish brown streaked with
lighter brown, with pale sapwood composed of forty or fifty layers of annual growth,’ and contains
numerous thin medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 1.1617, a cubic
foot weighing 72.40 pounds. On the Florida keys it is used for fuel and for wharf-piles, for which
its strength and immunity from attacks of the teredo make it valuable.

The strange and peculiar mode of growth of the Mangrove-tree and the shell-fish which clustered
on its stems attracted the attention of some of the earliest travelers who landed on the shores of the
New World, and it is mentioned in many of their narratives.* Its presence in the United States

1 Kunth, Syn. Pl. A2quin. iii. 86.— Hooker & Walker-Arnott,
Bot. Voy. Beechey, 290. — Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. i. 402.

2 Bentham, Bot. Voy. Sulphur, 14. — Brandegee, Proc. Cal. Acad.
ser. 2, il. 155 (Pl. Baja Cal.) ; iii. 136.

3 Hooker f. Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 225. — Andersson, Stockh. Acad.
Handi. 1853, 108 (Om Galapagos-Oarnes Veg.).

4 Vellozo, Fl. Flum. v. t. 1.— Eichler, Martius Fl. Brasil. xii.
pt. il. 426, t. 90. — Sagot, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 6, xv. 314.

5 Hooker f. & Bentham, Hooker Niger Fl. 341.— A. De Can-
dolle, Géographie Botanique, ii. 772. — Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr. ii. 408.

6 Garden and Forest, vi. 97, figs. 17, 18.— Contrib. Bot. Lab.
Univ. Penn. i. t. 7.

7 The trunks of Rhizophora Mangle after the first twenty or
thirty years increase in diameter slowly. A specimen of the trunk
of a Florida tree in the Jesup Collection of North American Woods
in the American Museum of Natural History in New York, which
is fifteen inches in diameter, has one hundred and forty-five layers
of annual growth.

8 “Mangle es un 4rbol de los mejores que en estas partes hay,
y es comun en estas islas é Tierra-Firme.” (Oviedo, Hist. Nat.
Gen. Ind. lib. ix. cap. 6.)

“Store of oisters (grew) upon the branches of the trees, and were
very salt and well tasted. All their oisters grow upon those boughs
and spraies, and not on the ground: the like is commonly seen in
other places of the West Indies, and elsewhere.” (Walter Raleigh,
Discoverie of the Large, Rich & Beautiful Empire of Guiana, Hak-
luyt, Voyages, ed. Evans, iv. 120.)

“Shrimps, Lobsters, and Oysters, which hang upon the branches
of Trees.” (Harcourt, Relation of a Voyage to Guiana. Purchas
his Pilgrimes, iv. 1275.)

“The Mangue Trees are like the Swallowes, or Willowes of Eu-
rope, there is so great quantitie of them in the armes or creeks that
the Sea maketh within the Land, that many leagues of the Land is
of these Trees, that are watered with the tides... . A certaine kind
of them doe cast certaine twigs from the top of their length some
times as long as a Launce, till they come to the water, and then

they cast many branches and rootes, and these branches remaine
fast in the earth.” (A Treatise of Brasil, written by a Portugall
which had long lived there. Purchas his Pilgrimes, iv. 1316.)

De Mangle, Nieremberg, Hist. Nat. 313.

“ Marinis arboribus annumerant Manguas, quia magno numero
jucxta littora & Oceani recessus reperiuntur.” (Jan de Laet, Nov. Orb.
575.)

Mangue Guaparaiba dicta, Piso, Hist. Nat. Bras. lib. iv. cap. 87.

Mangle Pyri foltis cum siliquis longis Ficui Indice affinis, J. Bau-
hin, Hist. Pl. i. lib. xii. 415. — Ray, Hist. Pl. ii. 1772.— Sloane,
Cat. Pl. Jam. 155 ; Nat. Hist. Jam. ii. 63.

Du Paretuvier, Rochefort, Histoire Naturelle et Morale des Isles
Antilles, 100, t.

“The Mangrave is a tree of such note, as she must not be for-
gotten ; for, though she be not of the tall and lusty sort of trees,
yet, she is of great extent ; for there drops from her limbs a kinde
of Gum, which hangs together one drop after another, till it touch
the ground, and then takes root, and makes an addition to the tree.
So that if all these may be said to be one and the same tree, we
may say that a Mangrave tree may very well hide a troop of Horse.
The bark of this tree being well ordered, will make very strong
roaps, and the Indians make it as fine as flax, and spin it into fine
thred whereof they make Hamocks, and divers other things they
wear : and I have heard the linnen they wear is made of this bark,
as also their chaires and stooles.”” (Richard Ligon, A true and exact
History of the Island of Barbados, 72.)

Lignum Mangles, quod ferrum duritie equat, Jonston, Dendro-
graphia, 425.

Gvapereiba Lusitanis Mangue vereadeiro, Jonston, Dendrographia,
464.

Mangle arbor Pyrifolia, Plukenet, Phyt. t. 204, £. 3; Alm. Bot.
241.

Candela Americana, foliis Laurinis, Jlore tetrapetalo luteo, fructu
angustiore, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Car. ii. 63, t. 63.

“And nothing of this kind could be more surprising to Euro-
peans, than to see the Shores shaded with a kind of Fig-trees,

RHIZOPHORACEA.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 17

appears to have been first recorded in the Histoire de la Louisiane by Le Page du Pratz,’ published

in Paris in 1755.?

different from all other Trees in the manner of their growth ; for
from their branches hang innumerable small filaments growing
downwards, till they touch the Earth, and then take Root.” (Grif-
fith Hughes, Nat. Hist. Barbados, 2.)

1 Le Page du Pratz, a native of Holland, having served in Ger-
many with the French army through several campaigns, emigrated
to Louisiana in 1718 to take possession of a grant of land in the
neighborhood of New Orleans which he had received from the
Later he established himself at Natchez and
subsequently explored portions of the country west of the Missis-

French government.

sippi River now included in the states of Arkansas, Missouri, and

Texas. He returned to France in 1734 and twenty-eight years

later published his Histoire de la Louisiane, in which are described
the topography and natural history of the regions visited by the
author and the habits of the Indians.
ber of illustrations are devoted to the trees of Louisiana, which he
He died in 1775.

2 «Le Manglier est tres-commun dans toute l’Amérique ; il croit

Three chapters and a num-
appears to have studied with special care.

& la Louisiane dans le voisinage de la Mer sur le bord des eaux
mortes. II est plus nuisible qu’utile, en ce qu’il veut de la bonne
terre, qu’il en occupe beaucoup, & que ses racines qui s’étendent
dans l’eau empéchent l’abordage & ceux qui navigent, & donnent
une retraite sfire aux Poissons contre les travaux & l’adresse des

Pécheurs.” (Histoire de la Louisiane, ii. 41.)

WCHAAHATP wd

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puiate CC. RurzorpHoraA MANGLE.

. A flowering and fruiting branch, natural size.
. Diagram of a flower.
. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

A sepal, front view, enlarged.

. A petal cut transversely, front view, enlarged.
. A pistil, enlarged.

Front, side, and rear views of a stamen, enlarged.

. Cross section of an anther, enlarged.
. An ovule, much magnified.

10.
. Vertical section of a fruit, slightly enlarged.

2. An embryo, enlarged.

. An embryo partly developed, enlarged.

. A fruit, the radicle detached, showing the plumule, natural size.

. Vertical section of a seed, showing the tube developed from the cotyledons

A seed germinating, showing its ariloid growth, enlarged.

after the detachment of the radicle, enlarged.

. A seedling plant, natural size.
. A stipule, natural size.

aby, es

Silva of North America.

y
wan

aa

FPrcart sc.

CE. Faxon dev .
RHIZOPHORA MANGLE, L.

Imp. fe. Taneur, Paris .

A. Riocreuc adirex &

COMBRETACES.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 19

TERMINALIA.

FLowErs perfect or polygamo-dicecious; calyx 5-toothed, the teeth valvate in
estivation; petals 0; stamens 10, in two series; ovary inferior, l-celled; ovules 2 or
rarely 3, suspended. Fruit drupaceous, l-seeded. Leaves alternate or occasionally

opposite, destitute of stipules.

Terminalia, Bentham & Hooker, Gen. i. 685 (1865). —
Baillon, Hist. Pl. vi. 280 (excl. Conocarpus, Ramatuella,
Anogeissus, and Buchenavia).

Bucida, Linneus, Syst. ed. 10, 1025 (1759).— Adanson,
Fam. Pi. ii. 80.— A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. 75. — Meisner,
Gen. 110. — Endlicher, Gen. 1180.

Adamaram, Adanson, Fam. Pl. ii. 445 (1763).

Terminalia, Linneus, Mant. 21 (1767). — A. L. de Jussieu,
Gen. 76. — Meisner, Gen. 110. — Endlicher, Gen. 1180.

Tanibouca, Aublet, Pl. Guian. i. 448, t. 178 (1775). —
A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. 76.

Pamea, Aublet, Pl. Guian. ii. 946, t. 359 (1775).— A. L.
de Jussieu, Gen. 76.

Trees or shrubs, with astringent properties.

Kniphofia, Scopoli, Introduct. 327 (1777).

Chuncoa, A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. 76 (1789).

Badamia, Gertner, Pruct. ii. 90, t. 97, f. 1 (1791).

Myrobalanus, Gertner, Fruct. ii. 90, t. 97, f. 2 (1791).

Catappa, Gertner, Fruct. ii. 206, t. 127, f. 3 (1791).

Gimbernatia, Ruiz & Pavon, Prodr. Fl. Peruv. 138, t. 36
(1794).

Fatrea, A. L. de Jussieu, Ann. Mus. v. 223 (1805).

Hudsonia, Lunan, Hort. Jam. ii. 310 (not Linnzus) (1814).

Pentaptera, De Candolle, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genéve, iv. 5
(1828) ; Prodr. iii. 14. — Endlicher, Gen. 1180.

Chicharronia, A. Richard, F7. Cub. 529 (1845).

Leaves alternate or rarely opposite or subopposite,

usually clustered at the ends of the branches, sessile or sometimes petiolate, generally entire and marked
with minute pellucid dots, glandular or eglandular at the base. Flowers in the axils of minute bractlets,
green, creamy white, or bright-colored, in lax elongated simple or branched spikes, rarely contracted into
dense heads, axillary or clustered on the old nodes. Calyx-tube ovoid or subcylindrical, constricted
above the ovary, the short limb urceolate or campanulate, five-toothed or divided, usually deciduous.
Disk epigynous or annular. Stamens ten, in two ranks, inflexed in estivation, inserted on the limb of
the calyx, the five inferior opposite its teeth, the five superior shorter and alternating with them ; fila-
ments subulate or filiform, exserted ; anthers minute, attached on the back, sagittate or oblong, introrse,
two-celled, the cells opening longitudinally. Ovary included in the tube of the calyx, one-celled; style
subulate, often thickened or villose at the base, terminated by a simple minute stigma; ovules two or
rarely three, suspended from the apex of the cell on elongated slender funiculi, anatropous ; raphe
ventral, the micropyle superior. Fruit ovoid, terete, angular or compressed, sometimes with two to five
longitudinal wings, or samariform, one-seeded ; exocarp usually thin, fleshy or coriaceous; endocarp
Embryo destitute of

albumen ; cotyledons convolute, fleshy ; radicle minute, superior, turned toward the hilum.

coriaceous or bony. Seed elongated, ovoid or terete; testa membranaceous.

Terminalia, as the genus is now enlarged, inhabits the tropics of the two worlds; eighty or ninety
species! are distinguished, of which the larger part are found in Asia and Africa.

W. Ind. 276.— Bentham, Fl. Austral. ii. 496.— Eichler, Jfartius
Fl. Brasil. xiv. pt. ii. 82. — Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr. ii. 415. — Kurz,
Forest Fl. Brit. Burm. i. 453. — Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 443. —
Baker, Fl. Jfaur. and Seych. 110. — Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. i.
402. — Vidal y Soler, Fl. Forest. Arch. Filip. 135.

1 Willdenow, Spec. iv. 967.— Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth,
Nov. Gen. et Spec. vi. 113. — Kunth, Syn. Pl. .Lquin. ii. 399. — De
Candolle, Prodr. iii. 10.— Gray, Bot. Wilkes Explor. Exped. i.
615. — Miquel, FV. Ind. Bat. i. 598. — Harvey & Sonder, FV. Cap.
ii. 508. — Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeylan. 103.— Grisebach, Fl. Brit.

COMBRETACE.

20 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

Several of the species are valuable timber-trees;! the bark of all is astringent and rich in tannin,
and some produce astringent fruit used in dyeing and tanning.? Galls formed on the young leaves of
Terminalia Chebula,? an Indian species, are strongly astringent and serve as a substitute for Oak-galls
in ink-making.* Zerminalia Catappa,> the Indian Almond-tree, one of the largest and most beautiful
members of the genus, is a favorite shade and avenue tree in all tropical countries; it produces valuable
timber and edible fruit from which an oil with the odor and flavor of Almond-oil is prepared, and from

the bark and leaves is extracted a black pigment used by the natives of India to color their teeth.’
The generic name, formed from terminus, was used by Linnzus in allusion to the usual arrange-
ment of the leaves of these trees at the ends of the branches.

1 Brandis, Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 222.— Gamble, Man. Indian
Timbers, 179.

2 Under the name of myrobalans the dried astringent fruits of
several Indian species of Terminalia once had a place in the Euro-
pean pharmacopeeia (Dale, Pharm. 334.— Linneus, Mat. Med.178);
in India they are still used medicinally (Honigberger, Mat. Med.
313), and are exported in great quantities to China, where they are
employed as a tonic and mild laxative (Smith, Chinese Mat. Med.
215). For tanning leather the fruits of Terminalia are now largely
imported from India into Europe ; two kinds are known, chebulic
myrobalans, the fruit of Terminalia Chebula, and the beleric my-
robalans, the fruit of Terminalia Belerica (Roxburgh, Hort. Beng.
33.— De Candolle, Prodr. iii. 12.— Beddome, Fi. Sylv. S. Ind. i.
19, t. 19. — Brandis, 7. c. 222. — Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 445) ;
they contain from thirty to thirty-five per cent. of tannic acid in the
pulp which surrounds the stones, and make soft porous leather of a

yellow color (Guibourt, Hist. Drog. ed. 7, iii. 282, f. 665-670. —
Spons, Encyclopedia of the Industrial Arts, Manufactures, and Raw
Commercial Products, ii. 1226, 1987. — Balfour, Cyclopedia of India,
ed. 3, ii. 1031. — Jackson, Commercial Botany of the Nineteenth Cen-
tury, 120.— U. S. Nat. Dispens. ed. 16, 1865).

8 Retzius, Obs. v. 31 (1790). — Willdenow, Spec. iv. 969.— De
Candolle, J. c. — Beddome, l. c. 27, t. 27. — Brandis, 1. c. 223, t.
29. — Hooker f. J. c. 446.

4 Voigt, Hort. Sub. Calcutt. 37. — Drury, Useful Plants of India,
431. — Balfour, J. c. 850.

5 Linneus, Mant. 519 (1771). — Willdenow, 1. c. 967. — Jacquin,
Icon. Pl. Rar. i. 19, t. 197.—De Candolle, i. c. 11. — Nuttall,
Sylva, i. 110, t. 32.— Bot. Mag. Ivii. t. 3004. — Beddome, J. c. 20,
t. 20. — Hooker, f. 7. c. 444.

8 Spons, J. c. 1396. — Balfour, 7. c. 850.

COMBRETACER, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 21

TERMINALIA BUCERAS.

Black Olive Tree.

FLoweErs perfect, in simple axillary spikes ; calyx campanulate, 5-toothed, persist-
ent. Fruit ovoid, conical-oblique, irregularly 5-angled, coriaceous. Leaves alternate,
eglandular, clustered at the ends of the branches, persistent.

Terminalia Buceras, Bentham & Hooker, Gen. i. 685 dolle, Prodr. iii. 10.— Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 657. — Spach,
(1865). — Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xi. 314; Garden and Hist. Vég. iv. 297.—Elichler, Martius Fl. Brasil. xiv.
Forest, ii. 435. pt. ii. 94, t. 35, f. 1.

Bucida Buceras, Browne, Nat. Hist. Jam. t. 23, f. 1 Bucida angustifolia, De Candolle, Prodr. iii. 10 (1828). —
(1756). — Linneus, Amen. v. 397; Spec. ed. 2, 556. — Den, Gen. Syst. ii. 657. — A. Richard, Fl. Cud. ii. 240. —
Lamarck, J7/. ii. 484, t. 356. — Willdenow, Syec. ii. 630. — Grisebach, Cat. Pl. Cub. 109.

Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. i. 733.— Persoon, Syn. i.485.— Bucida Buceras, var. angustifolia, Eichler, Martius Fi.
Bot. Reg. xi. t. 907. — Sprengel, Syst. ii. 359. — De Can- Brasil. xiv. pt. ii. 95 (1867).

A tree, with naked buds, in Florida sometimes forming a single straight trunk or sometimes a
short prostrate trunk two to three feet in diameter, from which usually spring several straight upright
stems forty to fifty feet in height and twelve to eighteen inches in diameter. The principal branches
are stout, and, spreading nearly at right angles with the trunk, make a broad handsome head; they are
covered, like the trunk, with thick bark, the gray surface of which is tinged with orange-brown and
broken into short appressed scales. The branchlets are slender, terete, trichotomously or dichotomously
forked, and zigzag by their unequal and irregular growth, the terminal bud often becoming a short
thick spur, while the lateral buds develop into branches, or sometimes one or both into slender spines
one or two inches in length ; when they first appear they are clothed with short pale rufous pubescence
which often does not entirely disappear before the end of their second year, when they are covered with
light reddish brown bark which separates into thin narrow shreds. The leaves are obovate to spatulate-
lanceolate, rounded and slightly emarginate or minutely apiculate at the apex, and gradually contracted
at the base into short petioles ; they are thick and coriaceous, with slightly thickened revolute margins,
bluish green on the upper, and yellow-green on the lower surface, pubescent while young, especially
below, and at maturity are glabrous with the exception of the rufous hairs which cover the under
surface of the stout midribs and the petioles; they are from two to three inches long, an inch to an
inch and a half broad, with petioles varying from one third to one half of an inch in length, and are
crowded together at the ends of the spurs and of the lateral branches. In Florida the flowers appear
in April, in slender spikes thickly coated with rufous pubescence, and an inch and a half to two inches
in length; they develop in the axils of lanceolate acute caducous bractlets, from globular sessile buds,
and are greenish white, hairy on the outer surface, and an eighth of an inch long. The calyx-lobes are
minute and pubescent on both surfaces; the five long stamens are inserted opposite the lobes under the
five-lobed epigynous hairy disk, and the five shorter alternate stamens a little higher up on the calyx-
tube ; the anthers are sagittate, and the base of the slender style is coated with pale hairs... The fruit
is indehiscent, one third of an inch in length, light brown, puberulous on the outer surface, crowned
with the enlarged persistent calyx, and composed of a thin membranaceous exocarp inseparable from
the crustaceous endocarp which is porous toward the interior. The seed is ovate and acute, with a
broad raphe and a thin chestnut-brown testa.

1 Eichler (Martius Fl. Brasil. xiv. pt. ii. 94) describes male and specimens from Florida, however, the flowers all appear to be
female flowers scattered irregularly in the same spike. On the _ perfect.

29 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. COMBRETACES.

In the United States Zerminalia Buceras has been found only on Elliott’s Key in southern
Florida ; it is widely distributed in brackish marshes through the West Indies,’ and on the shores of
the Caribbean Sea and of the Bay of Panama.’

The wood of Terminalia Buceras is exceedingly heavy, hard, and close-grained, the layers of
annual growth being difficult to distinguish ; it contains numerous minute evenly distributed open ducts
and thin obscure medullary rays, and is light yellow-brown sometimes slightly streaked with orange, the
thick sapwood, composed of thirty to forty layers of annual growth, being clear pale yellow. The
specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 1.0406, a cubic foot weighing 64.85 pounds.’ The bark
was once used in the West Indies for tanning leather.

The earliest account of Terminalia Buceras was published in 1696 by Sir Hans Sloane in his
Catalogue of the Plants of Jamaica,‘ and the tree was first noticed in the United States> by Mr. A. H.
Curtiss.6 According to Aiton,’ it was introduced into English gardens in 1793 by Captain Bligh * of
the English navy.

The specific name, from Gods and xépac, relates to the long slender horn-shaped spongy bodies into
which the terminal flowers are occasionally changed.

1 Vahl, Eclog. i. 50. — Swartz, Obs. 180. — A. Richard, Fl. Cub.
ii. 240. — Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 276 ; Cat. Pl. Cub. 109. —
Eggers, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 13, 54 (Fl. St. Croix and the
Virgin Islands).

2 Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. i. 402.

8 Sargent, Garden and Forest, ili. 355.

4 Mangle Julifera, foliis subrotundis versus summitates latissimis,
confertim nascentibus, cortice ad coria densanda utili, Cat. Pl. Jam.
156 ; Nat. Hist. Jam. ii. 67, t. 189, f. 3. — Ray, Hist. Pl. iii. Dendr.
116.

Buceras ramulis flecuosis tenuioribus, foliis obovatis confertis, spicis
plurimis terminalibus, Browne, Nat. Hist. Jam. 221.

5 Early on the morning of April 19, 1886, A. H. Curtiss, C. E.

side of Elliott’s Key ; one of the party immediately noticed grow-
ing close to the house in a field from which most of the trees had
been cleared to make room for a plantation of Pineapples, a Palm
of an undescribed genus, Pseudophenix, and a few yards distant, on
the borders of the forest, Mr. Curtiss discovered a grove of Termi-
nalia trees covered with flowers.

® See ii. 50.

7 Hort. Kew. ed. 2, iii. 61.

8 See ii. 18.

® Whether this malformation is produced by an insect or by
fungal disease does not seem to be known; at least I have not
been able to find that anything definite has been published on the
subject, although the monstrosity appeared in Browne’s excellent

Faxon, and C. 8. Sargent landed at Filer’s plantation on the south figure of the species. It has not been noticed on the Florida trees.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puate CCI. Trerminaria Buceras.

A flowering branch, natural size.

. Diagram of a flower.

A flower, enlarged.

Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

A stamen, enlarged.

. Cross section of an ovary, enlarged.

Two ovules, much magnified.

. A fruit-bearing spur-like branch, natural size.
. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.

OWONATFP WN

—_
o

. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged.

—
pan

. A seed, enlarged.

fam
bo

. An embryo, enlarged.

jab
Ow

- An embryo cut crosswise, enlarged.

Silva of North America. Tab. CCl.

CE. Faxon del.

TERMINALIA BUCERAS , Benth. et Hook.

A Riocreus direx! Imp. R. Taneur, Paris.

COMBRETACES. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 23

CONOCARPUS.

FLoweErs perfect, in dense capitate heads; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes valvate in
estivation; petals 0; stamens usually 5; ovary 1-celled; ovules 2, suspended. Fruits
crustaceous, indehiscent, 1-seeded, retrorsely imbricated in subglobose heads. Leaves
alternate, entire, persistent, destitute of stipules.

Conocarpus, Linneus, Gen. 376 (1737). — A. L. de Jussieu, Rudbeckia, Adanson, Fam. Pl. ii. 80 (not Linnzus) (1763).
Gen. 75.— Meisner, Gen. 110. — Endlicher, Gen. 1181.— Terminalia, Baillon, Hist. Pl. vi. 280, in part (1877).
Bentham & Hooker, Gen. i. 686.

A tree or shrub, with angled branchlets, naked buds, and astringent properties. Leaves alternate,
short-petiolate, narrowly ovate or obovate, acute, gradually contracted and biglandular at the base,
entire, coriaceous, glabrous or sericeous, persistent. Flowers in dense capitate heads in narrow leafy
terminal panicles. Bracts and bractlets acute, coated with pale hairs, caducous. Peduncles stout,
covered with pale tomentum, bracteolate near the middle. Calyx-tube truncate and obliquely compressed
at the base, not produced above the ovary, clothed with long white hairs, the limb campanulate, five-
parted to the middle, the divisions ovate, acute, erect, pubescent on the outer and puberulous on the
mner surface, deciduous. Disk epigynous, five-lobed, hairy. Stamens usually five, inserted in one rank
on the base of the calyx-limb, or rarely seven or eight in two ranks; filaments filiform, subulate,
exserted ; anthers minute, cordate, attached on the back below the middle, introrse, two-celled, the cells
opening longitudinally. Ovary inferior, one-celled ; style slender, subulate, thickened and villose at
the base, tipped with a simple stigma; ovules two, suspended from the apex of the cell, collateral,
anatropous ; micropyle superior, raphe ventral. Fruits scale-shaped, broadly obovate, pointed, recurved,
and covered at the apex with short pale tomentum, densely imbricated in ovoid reddish heads ; exocarp
coriaceous-corky, produced into broad lateral wings ; endocarp thin, crustaceous, indistinct, inseparable.
Seed irregularly ovoid, exalbuminous; testa membranaceous, pale chestnut-brown. Embryo filling the
cavity of the seed; cotyledons convolute ; radicle short, erect, turned towards the hilum.

The wood of Conocarpus is very heavy, hard, strong, and close-grained, with numerous obscure
medullary rays ; it is dark yellow-brown, with thin lighter colored sapwood composed of ten or twelve
Jayers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.9900, a cubic foot
weighing 61.70 pounds. It burns slowly like charcoal, and is highly valued for fuel. The bark is
bitter and astringent, and has been used in tanning leather, and in medicine as an astringent and tonic.’

The generic name, from xdvoc and xapzds, relates to the cone-like shape of the head of fruits.
The genus consists of a single species.

1 Descourtilz, Fl. Méd. Antill. vi. 68, t. 399.— Rosenthal, Syn. Pl. Diaphor. 902. — Eichler, Martius Fl. Brasil. xiv. pt. ii. 127.

24 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. COMBRETACEZ.

CONOCARPUS ERECTA.

Buttonwood.
Conocarpus erecta, Linnzus, Spec. 176 (1753). — Miller, Dietrich, Syn. i. 879. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i.
Dict. ed. 8, No. 1. — Lamarck, Dict. ii. 96; Il. ii. 74, t. 485. — Nuttall, Sylva, i. 113, t. 33.— Chapman, F7.
126, f. 1. — Gertner, Fruct. ii. 470, t. 177, £. 3. — Willde- 136.— Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S.

now, Spec. i. 994. — Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 47.— Roemer ix. 87.
& Schultes, Syst. v. 573. — De Candolle, Prodr. iii. 16.— Conocarpus acutifolia, Roemer & Schultes, Syst. v. 574
Spach, Hist. Vég. iv. 304. — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 661. — (1819). — Dietrich, Syn. i. 879.

A tree, forty to sixty feet in height, with a trunk twenty to thirty inches in diameter, and slender
branches which form a narrow regular head;' or sometimes a low shrub with semiprostrate stems.’
The bark of the trunk is dark brown, and is divided by irregular reticulating fissures into broad flat
ridges broken on the surface into small thin appressed scales. The branchlets are slender, conspicu-
ously winged, light red-brown, and usually glabrous, but in one form coated, like the leaves, with silky
pubescence; in their second year they are terete and marked with large orbicular leaf-scars. The
leaves, when they first appear, are slightly puberulous on the lower surface, or, in the variety sericea,’
are coated with pale silky persistent pubescence; they vary from two to four inches in length and from
half an inch to an inch and a half in width, and are borne on stout broad petioles half an inch long ;
they are lustrous, dark green or pale on the upper surface, and paler on the lower, with broad orange-.
colored midribs, obscure primary veins, and reticulated veinlets. The flowers are produced throughout
the year in panicles six to twelve inches long ; the heads, on peduncles which vary from half an inch
to an inch and a half in length, are one third of an inch across, or about half the size of the cones
of fruit.

The Buttonwood inhabits, with the Red Mangrove, the low muddy tide-water shores of lagoons
and bays. In the United States it is common in southern Florida from Cape Canaveral on the east
coast and Cedar Keys on the west to the southern islands, growing to a larger size on Lost Man’s
River near Cape Sable than in other parts of the state; at its northern limit it is reduced to a low
shrub. It is common in the Antilles,* on the shores of Central America and tropical South America,’
on the Galapagos Islands,° and on the east coast of Africa.’

Conocarpus erecta was first described by Marggraf* in his Natural History of Brazil,? published

1 Conocarpus erecta, var. arborea, De Candolle, Prodr. iii. 16 6 Andersson, Stockh. Acad. Handl. 1853, 108 (Om Galapagos-
(1828). — Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 277.— Eichler, Martius Fl. Oarnes Veg.).

Brasil. xiv. pt. ii. 102. 7 Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr. ii. 417.

2 Conocarpus erecta, var. procumbens, De Candolle, J. c. (1828). — 8 Georg Marggraf (1610-1644), a native of Liebstadt and a
Kichler, /. c.— Grisebach, J. c. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am.10th physician and naturalist, visited Brazil with Willem Piso under
Census U. S. ix. 87. the auspices of the Duke of Nassau. After extensive travels and

Conocarpus procumbens, Linneus, Spec. 177 (1753).— Miller, explorations, he died in Guiana in 1644 from the effects of expos-

Dict. ed. 8, No. 2. — Jacquin, Stirp. Am. 79, t. 52,f.2.— Lamarck, ure to the climate. In 1648, four years after the death of Marg-
Dict. 11. 96 ; iii. 699; Lil. ii. 74, t. 126, f. 2.—Gertner f. Fruct.

iii. 205, t. 216, f. 4. — Roemer & Schultes, Syst. v. 573. — Die-

trich, Syn. i. 879. — Grisebach, J. c.

8 Conocarpus erecta, var. sericea, De Candolle, l. c. (1828). — Chap-
man, Fl. 136. — Grisebach, /. c. — Eichler, J. c.

4 Jacquin, Hist. Select. Stirp. Am. 41, t. 78.— Icon. Am. Gewdch. ® Frutex instar Salicis pumile, foliis Salignis, Hist. Nat. Bras.
i. 12, t. 39. —A. Richard, Fl. Cub. ii. 243. — Grisebach, 1. c. 277. 76, £.

5 Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nov. Gen. et Spec. vi. 113. — Alno similis arbor, J. Bauhin, Hist. Pl. i. lib. viii. 155.

Kunth, Syn. Pl. Zquin. iii. 401. — Eichler, 1. c. t. 35, £. 2. — Hems- Salix Brasiliensis capitulifera, Jonston, Dendrographia, lib. ix.
ley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. i. 403. 44G.

graf, the earliest classical volume upon the Natural History of
Brazil, containing his own and Piso’s observations, was published
by Jan de Laet in Leyden and Amsterdam. Marcgravia, a genus
of tropical American shrubs of the Camellia family, was dedicated
to him by Plumier.

COMBRETACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 25

in 1648, and was first noticed in the United States on Key West. According to Aiton, it was
cultivated in England in 1755 by Philip Miller.

Alno affinis Americana, Ligustri folio, fructu spicato rubro, Breyne, Alni fructu, laurifolia arbor maritima, Sloane, Cat. Pl. Jam. 135 ;
Prodr. ii. ed. 1739, 41. — Plukenet, Alm. Bot. 18. Nat. Hist. Jam. ii. 18, t. 161, f. 2. — Ray, Hist. Pl. in. Dendr. 11.

Manghala arbor Curassavica, foliis salignis, Hermann, Parad. Bat. Conocarpus, Linneus, Hort. Cliff. 485.
Prodr. 351.— Commelyn, Hort. 115, t. 60.— Catesby, Nat. Hist. Conocarpus foliis oblongis, petiolis brevibus, floribus in caput cont-
Car. ii. 33, t. 33. cum collectis, Browne, Nat. Hist. Jam. 159.

Alnus maritima Myrtifolia Coriariorum, Plukenet, Phyt. t. 240, Conocarpus erecta, foliis oblongis, Plumier, Pl. Am. ed. Burmann,
f. 3.

135, t. 144, f. 2.

a
won & oO

OMOABWBA FWY KH

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puate CCII. Conocarpus ERECTA.

. A flowering branch, natural size.

. Diagram of a flower.

A flower, enlarged.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

. An ovule, much magnified.

A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a head of fruits, enlarged.
. A fruit, inner face, enlarged.

. A fruit, outer face, enlarged.

. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.

. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged.

. A seed, enlarged.

. An embryo, much magnified.

Silva of North America. Tab. CCIl.

ay

Puart fr. sc.

CONOCARPUS ERECTA, L

A. Riocreux direx® Imp. R. Taneur, Paru

COMBRETACES. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 27

LAGUNCULARIA.

FLowers usually perfect, in axillary and terminal spikes ; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes
valvate in estivation; petals 5, valvate in estivation, caducous; stamens 10; ovary
1-celled ; ovules 2, suspended. Fruit 10-ribbed, coriaceous, indehiscent, 1-seeded.
Leaves opposite, entire, persistent, destitute of stipules.

Laguncularia, Gertner f. Fruct. iii. 209 (1805).— Meisner, ?Horau, Adanson, Fam. Pl. ii. 80 (1763).
Gen. 110. — Endlicher, Gen. 1181. — Bentham & Hooker, Sphenocarpus, Richard, Anal. Fruit, 92 (1808).
Gen. i. 688. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. vi. 278.

A tree, with scaly bark, terete pithy branchlets, naked buds, and astringent properties. Leaves
opposite, petiolate, involute in vernation, glabrous, thick and coriaceous, oblong or elliptical, obtuse or
emarginate at the apex, entire, marked toward the margin with minute tubercles, the petioles conspicu-
ously biglandular, persistent. Flowers usually perfect or polygamo-monecious,’ minute, flattened,
greenish white, sessile, in simple terminal axillary tomentose spikes generally collected in leafy panicles.
Bracts and bractlets ovate, acute, coated with pale tomentum. Calyx-tube turbinate, not produced
above the ovary, with five prominent ridges opposite the lobes of the limb and five intermediate lesser
ridges, bracteolate near the middle with two minute persistent bractlets, and coated with dense pale
tomentum, the limb urceolate, five-parted to the middle, the divisions triangular, obtuse or acute, erect,
persistent. Disk epigynous, flat, ten-lobed, the five lobes opposite the petals broader than those
opposite the divisions of the calyx-limb, hairy. Petals five, nearly orbicular, contracted into short
claws, inserted in the bottom of the calyx-limb, ciliate on the margins, caducous. Stamens ten, inserted
in two ranks on the limb of the calyx; filaments slender, subulate, slightly exserted ; anthers cordate,
apiculate, attached on the back below the middle, two-celled, the cells opening longitudinally. Ovary
one-celled ; style slender, short, crowned with a slightly two-lobed capitate stigma; ovules two, sus-
pended from the apex of the cell, elongated, collateral; raphe ventral, micropyle superior ; funicle
short or obsolete. Fruit hoary-pubescent, elongated, obovoid, flattened, crowned with the calyx-limb,
unequally ten-ribbed, the two lateral ribs produced into narrow wings; exocarp coriaceous, corky
towards the interior, inseparable from the thin crustaceous endocarp, dark red and lustrous on the
inner surface. Seed suspended, obovoid-oblong, destitute of albumen; testa membranaceous, dark red.
Embryo filling the cavity of the seed; radicle elongated, slightly longer than and nearly inclosed by
the convolute green cotyledons.

The wood of Laguncularia is heavy, hard, strong, and close-grained, with a satiny surface and
numerous obscure medullary rays; it is dark yellow-brown, with lighter colored sapwood composed of
ten or twelve layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.7137,
a cubic foot weighing 44.48 pounds. The bark, which contains a large amount of tannic acid, is
sometimes used in tanning leather, and as an astringent and tonic.” There is a single species.

The generic name, from /aguncula, relates to the supposed resemblance of the fruit to a flask.

1 The flowers of Laguncularia have usually been described as 2 Rosenthal, Syn. Pl. Diaphor. 902. — Eichler, Martius Fl. Brasil.
polygamous or polygamo-monecious, but in all the specimens from xiv. pt. ii. 127.

Florida which I have seen they are perfect.

COMBRETACES.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

29

LAGUNCULARIA RACEMOSA.

White Buttonwood. White Mangrove.

Laguncularia racemosa, Gertner f. Fruct. iii. 209, t. 217
(1805). — De Candolle, Prodr. iii. 17. — Don, Gen. Syst.
ii. 662. — Spach, Hist. Vég. iv. 305. — Nuttall, Sylva, i.
117, t. 34. Chapman, 7. 136. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. vi.
278. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. 8.
ix. 87.

Conocarpus racemosa, Linneus, Syst. ed. 10, 930 (1759) ;

Spec. ed. 2, 251. —Willdenow, Syec. i. 995. — Poiret, Lam.
Dict. Suppl. iii. 343. — Roemer & Schultes, Syst. v. 574.
Schousboa commutata, Sprengel, Syst. ii. 332 (1825).
Bucida Buceras, Vellozo, Fl. Flwm. iv. t. 87 (not Browne)
(1827).
Laguncularia glabrifolia, Presl, Rel. Haenk. ii. 22
(1835). — Walpers, Rep. ii. 683. — Chapman, FV. 136.

A tree, thirty to sixty feet in height, with a trunk twelve to twenty inches in diameter, and stout
spreading branches forming a narrow round-headed top ; or, in the northern part of the territory which
it inhabits in Florida, a low shrub. The bark of the trunk is a quarter of an inch thick, the brown
surface slightly tinged with red and divided into long ridge-like scales. The branchlets, when they first
appear, are somewhat angled, glabrous, often marked with minute pale spots, and dark red-brown; in
their second year they are terete, light red-brown or orange-color, thickened at the nodes, and marked
by conspicuous ovate leaf-scars. The leaves are an inch and a half to two inches and a half in length
and an inch to an inch and a half in width, with red petioles half an inch long ; when they unfold
they are shghtly tinged with red and at maturity are dark green on the upper surface and lighter green
or pale below. The flower-spikes, which are produced throughout the year from the axils of young
leaves, are densely coated with hoary tomentum, and are an inch and a half to two inches in length.
The flowers are a quarter of an inch long, or rather less than half the length of the fruit.

Laguncularia racemosa, with Rhizophora and Conocarpus, inhabits the muddy tidal shores of
tropical bays and lagoons; in the United States it is common in southern Florida from Cape Canaveral
on the east coast and Cedar Keys on the west coast to the southern islands, growing on the borders of
Shark River to the largest size which it reaches in the state. It is a common littoral tree in Bermuda,’
the West Indian islands,’ Mexico and Central America,’ tropical South America,* and western Africa.

Laguncularia racemosa was first described by Sir Hans Sloane in his Catalogue of the Plants of
Jamaica, published in 1696 ;° and it appears to have been first noticed in the United States on Key

West by Dr. J. L. Blodgett.’

1 Lefroy, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 25, 74 (Bot. Bermuda).

2 Jacquin, Stirp. Am. 80, t. 53; Hist. Select. Stirp. Am. 41, t.
79. — Icon. Am. Gewéich. i. 12, t. 40. — Swartz, Obs. 79. — Lunan,
Hort. Jam. i. 10.— A. Richard, Fl. Cub. ii. 244.— Grisebach, Fi.
Brit. W. Ind. 276; Cat. Pl. Cub. 109. — Eggers, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus. No. 13, 54 (Fl. St. Croix and the Virgin Islands).

8 Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nov. Gen. et Spec. vii. 255. —
Kunth, Syn. Pl. diquin. iv. 256.— Bentham, Bot. Voy. Sulphur,
14, 92. — Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. i. 403.

4 St. Hilaire, Fl. Bras. Merid. ii. 244.— Eichler, Martius Fi.
Brasil. xiv. pt. u. 102, t. 35, £. 3.

5 Hooker f. & Bentham, Hooker Niger Fl. 337. — Oliver, Fi.
Trop. Afr. ii. 419.

§ Mangle Julifera, foliis ellipticis ex adverso nascentibus, Cat. Pl.
Jam. 156 ; Nat. Hist. Jam. ii. 66, t. 187, f.1.— Ray, Hist. Pl. iii.
Dendr. 115.

Conocarpus foliis elliptico-ovatis, petiolis biglandulatis, racemis lazis,
Sructibus sejunctis, Browne, Nat. Hist. Jam. 159.

7 See i. 33.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puate CCIII. LacuncuntariA RACEMOSA.

=

et ee ee pe
wonds- oo

COND wd

. A flowering branch, natural size.
. Diagram of a flower.

A flower, enlarged.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

A stamen, enlarged.
A disk and pistil, enlarged.
An ovule, much magnified.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

- Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.
. A fruit cut transversely, enlarged.

. A seed, enlarged.

. An embryo, much magnified.

. A leaf, with tubercles, natural size.

Silva of North America. Tab CCIII.

LAGUNCULARIA RACEMOSA, Geertn. f.

A. Piocreua drew” Imp. Rh. Taneur , Paris.

MYRTACER, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 31

ANAMOMIS.

FLowers perfect; calyx usually 4-lobed, the lobes imbricated in estivation ; petals
usually 4, imbricated in estivation ; stamens indefinite, in many ranks; ovary inferior,
2 to 4-celled ; ovules numerous in each cell. Fruit baccate, 1 or rarely 2-seeded.
Leaves opposite, penniveined, chartaceous or coriaceous, persistent, destitute of stipules.

Anamomis, Grisebach, F/. Brit. W. Ind. 240 (1864). Myrtus, Bentham & Hooker, Gen. i. 714 (in part) (1865). —
Baillon, Hist. Pl. vi. 349 (in part).

Aromatic trees, with terete branchlets. Leaves opposite, ovate or elliptical, petiolate, chartaceous
or coriaceous, penniveined, punctate, destitute of stipules, persistent. Flowers in pedunculate, usually
three, sometimes five to seven, or occasionally one-flowered cymes. Peduncles axillary, dichotomously
branched or rarely simple, furnished immediately below the apex of each division with two lanceolate
acute deciduous bractlets. Calyx-tube ovoid, not produced above the ovary, the limb four or rarely
five-lobed, the lobes ovate, acute, persistent. Petals four or occasionally five, inserted on the thickened
margin of the conspicuous disk, ovate, acute, glandular-punctate, spreading after anthesis. Stamens
indefinite, inserted with the petals on the margin of the disk; filaments filiform, inflexed in the bud ;
anthers oblong, attached on the back below the middle, versatile, introrse, two-celled, the cells opening
longitudinally. Ovary two to four-celled; style simple, filiform, crowned with the minute capitate
stigma; ovules numerous in each cell, attached irregularly to a central placenta, semianatropous; raphe
ventral; micropyle superior. Fruit baccate, subglobose or more or less obliquely oblong, aromatic,
crowned with the persistent calyx-limb, one or sometimes two-seeded. Seed reniform, exalbuminous ;
testa membranaceous. Embryo aromatic, filling the cavity of the seed; cotyledons distinct, obovate,
thick and fleshy, flat and rounded at the apex, or more or less pointed, incurved and variously
infolded at the apex; radicle basilar, terete, accumbent, from one quarter to one third the length of
the cotyledons.

Anamomis is West Indian, with four or five species,’ one of which reaches the shores and islands
of southern Florida. Little is known with regard to the economic value of the species that are not
found in Florida. Anamomis esculenta,’ an inhabitant of Hayti, is said to produce edible fruit.

The name of the genus, from dvé and duauic, alludes to its aromatic properties.

1 Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 240; Cat. Pl. Cub. 90. 3 Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 240 (1864).
Eugenia esculenta, Berg, Linnea, xxvii. 273 (1854).

o2 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. MYRTACES.

ANAMOMIS DICHOTOMA.

Naked Wood.

LEAVES ovate or obovate, acute or rounded at the apex.

Anamomis dichotoma, Sargent, Garden and Forest, vii Eugenia ? dichotoma, De Candolle, Prodr. iii. 278

130 (1893). (1828).— Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 861.— Nuttall, Sylva, i. 108,
Eugenia fragrans, Sims, Bot. Mag. xxxi. t. 1242 (not Will- t. 27.— Dietrich, Syn. iii. 64.— Berg, Linnea, xxvii.
denow teste Grisebach) (1810). 261.— Chapman, F7. 131.— Sargent, Forest Trees N.
Myrtus dichotoma, Poiret, Zam. Dict. Suppl. iv. 53 (1816). Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 88.
Myrcia? Balbisiana, De Candolle, Prodr. iii. 243 (1828) Anamomis punctata, Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 240
(teste Grisebach). (1864).

A tree, twenty to twenty-five feet in height, with a trunk six or eight inches in diameter ; or often
a shrub sending up from the ground numerous slender stems. The bark of the trunk varies from one
sixteenth to one eighth of an inch in thickness, with a smooth light red or red-brown surface exfoliating
into minute thin scales. The branchlets, which are slender and terete, are at first light red and coated
with pale silky hairs ; in their second year they are glabrous and covered with light or dark red-brown
bark which separates into small thin scales. The leaves are ovate or obovate, acute or rounded and
occasionally emarginate at the apex, wedge-shaped at the base, entire, chartaceous and finally subcori-
aceous, glabrous, and covered with minute black dots ; they are an inch to an inch and a quarter long
and half an inch to two thirds of an inch broad, with stout midribs impressed on the upper surface,
slightly thickened and revolute margins, and short stout petioles enlarged at the base and covered while
young with silky hairs. The flowers, which appear in Florida in May, and are a quarter of an inch
across when expanded, are borne in pedunculate cymes produced near the ends of the branches in the
axils of the leaves of the year. The peduncles are slender and coated with pale silky hairs, and are
sometimes one-flowered and not longer than the leaves; more often they are longer than the leaves,
dichotomously branched, and three-flowered, with one flower at the end of the principal division in the
fork of its one-flowered branches, which vary from a quarter to half an inch in length ; or occasionally
they are five to seven-flowered by the development of peduncles from the axils of the bracts of the
secondary divisions of the inflorescence. Each branch of the inflorescence is furnished at its apex,
immediately beneath the flower, with two lanceolate acute bracts which are nearly as long as the calyx-
tube, and which in falling leave prominent persistent scars. The calyx is narrowly ovoid and coated
with hoary tomentum, with a four-parted limb, its lobes ovate, rounded at the apex, and much shorter
than the ovate acute glandular-punctate white petals. The fruit, which ripens in August in Florida, is
reddish brown, a quarter of an inch long, obliquely oblong, obovate or subglobose, crowned by the
persistent limb of the calyx, roughened with minute glands, and one or rarely two-seeded ; its flesh is
thin and rather dry, with an agreeable aromatic flavor. The large reniform seed is covered with a thin
light brown membranaceous coat and is extremely fragrant.

Anamomis dichotoma is abundant in rocky woods on the east coast of Florida from Mosquito
Inlet to Cape Canaveral ; on the west coast it occurs from the banks of the Caloosa River to the shores
of Cape Romano; it grows occasionally on Key West and in the neighborhood of Bay Biscayne, and
inhabits several of the West Indian islands.

The wood of Anamomis dichotoma is very heavy, hard, and close-grained, with numerous thin
medullary rays ; it is light brown or red, with thick yellow sapwood composed of forty or fifty layers of

MYRTACEZ.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

33

annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.8983, a cubic foot weighing 55.97

pounds.

Anamomis dichotoma was probably first distinguished! by the Danish botanist Vahl ;°* in Florida
it was discovered on Key West by Dr. J. L. Blodgett.

1 See Poiret, Zam. Dict. Suppl. iv. 54. The flowers of Vahl’s
plant were, however, described as five-parted.

2 Martin Vahl (1749-1804) was born at Bergen in Norway and
pursued his scientific studies at Copenhagen and afterwards at
Upsal, where he became a favorite pupil of Linneus. In 1779
Vahl was appointed lecturer in the Botanic Garden at Copenhagen,
and having filled this position during three years was sent by the
King of Denmark on a scientific voyage of observation, during
which he traveled extensively in Holland, France, Italy, Spain,
northern Africa, Switzerland, and England. Returning to Copen-
hagen in 1785, he was appointed professor of natural history in the
University of that city and was intrusted with the completion of
the Flora Danica of Oeder. Vahl was the author or editor of the
sixth and seventh volumes of this monumental work, which has

consumed more than a century in publication. Between 1790 and
1794 he published in three folio volumes, with many plates, the
Symbole Botanice, devoted principally to descriptions of plants
collected by Forsk4l in the Orient ; in 1796 and 1798 were pub-
lished the two first volumes of his Ecloge Americane, containing
figures and descriptions of tropical American plants, the third vol-
ume appearing in 1807. Vahl left unfinished, also, his Enumeratio
Plantarum, of which the first volume was published in 1804, shortly
before he died. At his death the King of Denmark purchased
his herbarium, manuscripts, and botanical library, which is said to
have contained three thousand volumes. Vahlia, a genus of south
African herbs of the Saxifrage family, was dedicated to him by
Thunberg.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

PLate CCIV. ANAMOMIS DICHOTOMA.

. A flowering branch, natural size.

. A flower, enlarged.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
. Cross section of an ovary, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged.

. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.

. A seed, enlarged.

. An embryo, enlarged.

Conti nnw»r win ke

Silva of North America. . Tab. CCIV

CE Faxon det. Part fr. se.

ANAMOMIS DICHOTOMA, Sarg

A. Riocreux dren” Imp. RB. Taneur, Paris.

MYRTACER, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 30

CALYPTRANTHES.

FLowers perfect ; calyx produced above the ovary, closed in the bud by a decidu-
ous lid; petals 2 to 5, minute, imbricated in estivation, or 0; stamens indefinite,
many-ranked; ovary inferior, 2 or 3-celled ; ovules 2 in each cell, or rarely indefinite.
Fruit baccate. Leaves opposite, entire, penniveined, pellucid-punctate, persistent,
destitute of stipules.

Calyptranthes, Swartz, Prodr. 79 (1788). — Meisner, Gen. Chytralia, Adanson, Fam. Pl. ii. 80 (1763).
108. — Endlicher, Gen. 1232. — Bentham & Hooker, Gen. Calyptranthus, A. L. de Jussieu, Dict. Sci. Nat. vi. 274
i. 717. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. vi. 352. (1805).

Aromatic trees or shrubs, with terete or angled branchlets. Leaves complanate in vernation,
opposite, entire, penniveined, marked with pellucid or resinous dots, petiolate. Flowers bibracteolate,
minute, in subterminal or axillary pedunculate many-flowered panicles, their primary and secondary
branches often racemose, the ultimate branches cymose. Bracts and bractlets minute, acute, caducous.
Flower-buds ovoid or spherical. Calyx-tube turbinate, produced above the ovary, closed in the bud by
a slightly four or five-lobed lid-hke orbicular limb, opening in anthesis by a circumscissile line, the
limb at first attached laterally, finally deciduous. Disk lining the tube of the calyx. Petals, two to
five, minute, inserted on the slightly thickened margin of the disk, or wanting. Stamens indefinite,
inserted in many ranks on the margin of the disk; filaments filiform, inflexed in the bud, exserted ;
anthers ovate, attached on the back below the middle, introrse, two-celled, the cells opening longitudi-
nally. Ovary inferior, two to three-celled; style filiform, simple, crowned with a minute capitate
stigma; ovules two or three in each cell, collateral, or rarely definite, attached to an axile placenta,
ascending, anatropous; micropyle inferior ; raphe ventral. Fruit baccate, crowned with the truncate
persistent calyx-tube, two to four-seeded. Seed subglobose, destitute of albumen ; testa membranaceous,
shining. Embryo filling the cavity of the seed; cotyledons foliaceous, contortuplicate ; radicle elon-
gated, incurved.

Calyptranthes is confined to tropical America, where seventy or eighty species,’ distributed from
the shores of Lake Worth in southern Florida to Brazil and Peru, are distinguished.

The genus possesses few useful properties. The flower-buds and fruit are aromatic and astringent,
and are occasionally used in condiments and as stimulants and digestives,’ especially those of the
Brazilian C. aromatica*® and C. obscura,’ of the Mexican C. Schlechtendaliana® and C. Schiedeana,®
and of the Peruvian C. paniculata.’

The name of the genus, from xaAvarpa and d&y6x, refers to the peculiar lid-like limb which closes
the calyx before the opening of the flower. One species inhabits Florida.

1 Swartz, Prodr. 79; Fl. Ind. Occ. ii. 917.— Willdenow, Spec. 8 St. Hilaire, Pl. Usuelles Brasil. t.14 (1824). — De Candolle,
ii. 974.— Ruiz & Pavon, Syst. 130.— De Candolle, Prodr. iii. 1. c. — Berg, I. c. 19; 1. c. 38. ,
256. — Berg, Linnea, xxvii. 18; Martius Fl. Brasil. xiv. pt. i. 4 De Candolle, J. c. 257 (1828). — Berg, J. c. 31; 1. . 542, 627.
38. — Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 232 ; Cat. Pl. Cub. 85.— Hems- 5 Berg, Linnea, xxvii. 29 (1854). — Hemsley, J. c. 409.
ley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. i. 408. 6 Berg, J. c. 28 (1854). — Hemsley, 7. c. 409.

2 Rosenthal, Syn. Pl. Diaphor. 924.— Baillon, Hist. Pl. vi. 7 Ruiz & Pavon, Prodr. 74, t. 13 (1794) ; Syst. 131.— De Can-
340. dolle, /. c. 258. — Berg, J. c. 20.

36 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. MYRTACEX.

CALYPTRANTHES CHYTRACULIA.

Perats 0; ovules 2 in each cell. Branchlets wing-angled.
Linnea, xxvii. 26. — Chapman, Fl. 131. — Sargent, Forest
Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 88.

Myrtus Chytraculia, Linneus, Amen. v. 398 (1760). —
Swartz, Obs. 202.

Eugenia pallens, Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. iii. 122 (1813).

Calyptranthes Chytraculia, Swartz, Prodr. 79 (1788) ;
Fl. Ind. Oce. ii. 921. — Willdenow, Spec. ii. 975. — Per-
soon, Syn. ii. 32.— Sprengel, Syst. ii. 499.— De Can-
dolle, Prodr. iii. 257. — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 847, — Nut-
tall, Sylva, i. 101, t. 26. — Dietrich, Syn. iii. 120. — Berg,

A slender tree, in Florida sometimes twenty to twenty-five feet in height, with a trunk three or
four inches in diameter, and a narrow head. The bark of the trunk is one eighth of an inch thick, with
a generally smooth, light gray, or almost white surface, occasionally separating into irregular plate-like
scales. The branchlets, when they first appear, are slender, wing-angled between the nodes, and coated,
like the branches of the flower-clusters, the bracts, and the flower-buds, with short rufous silky tomen-
tum ; in their second or third year they become terete, thicken at the nodes, and are covered with light
gray bark tinged with red and broken into small thin scales. The leaves are oblong or ovate-oblong,
elongated and rounded or acute at the apex, and gradually contracted at the base into long petioles ;
they are pellucid-punctate on the upper surface, marked with dark glands on the lower, and are at
first pink or light red and covered with pale silky hairs, and at maturity are coriaceous, dark green
and lustrous above, coated with pale pubescence below, two and a half to three inches long and one
half to three quarters of an inch broad, with slightly thickened revolute margins, broad midribs orange-
colored beneath and deeply impressed on the upper surface, slender veins arcuate and united near the
margins, and petioles varying from one third to one half of an inch in length. The flower-clusters
are subterminal and axillary, long-stemmed, and from two and a half to three inches in length and
breadth, with slender divaricate branches, the flowers of the ultimate divisions being in threes. The
flowers are sessile, apetalous, an eighth of an inch long, and covered with rufous pubescence on the
outer surface of the calyx-limb. The fruit is oblong or nearly globose, dark reddish brown, and
puberulous, with thin dry flesh and lustrous seeds.’

In Florida Calyptranthes Chytraculia inhabits the shores of Lake Worth, and is not uncommon
on Key West and Key Largo and on the hummocks in the neighborhood of Bay Biscayne. It occurs
on many of the West India islands” and in southern Mexico?

The wood of Calyptranthes Chytraculia is very heavy, hard, and close-grained, with numerous

1 Berg (Linnea, xxvii. 27) proposed the following varieties : —

a. genuina : indumentum tomentose, ultimately silky; leaves short-
petiolate, ovate, obtuse, or shortly acuminate at the base, glabrous,
obscurely impressed-punctate on the upper surface ; cymes two to
four-branched, shorter than the leaves, subterminal.

B. ovalis: indumentum, scanty, velutinous ; leaves short-petiolate,
oval, acute at the base, obsoletely impressed-punctate on the upper
surface, with very narrow veins ; cymes shorter than the leaves.

y. trichotoma: indumentum, silky-velutinous ; leaves long-petio-
late, oval-oblong or oval, acute at the base, ciliate on the margins,
slightly impressed-punctate on the upper surface, densely silky-
pubescent on the lower, with very thin veins ; cymes ample, longer
than the leaves.

8. pauciflora : indumentum, silky-velutinous ; leaves long-petiolate,
oval-oblong, acute at the base, impressed-punctate on the upper

surface, silky-pubescent on the lower, with thin veins ; cymes long-
pedunculate, scarcely shorter than the leaves, their branches abbre-
viated, few-flowered.

e. Zuzygium: branches and petioles ferrugineo-silky ; leaves long-
petiolate, oval, acute at the base, impressed-punctate on the upper
surface, glabrous, with thin veins ; cymes as long as the leaves,
trichotomous.

Myrtus Zuzygium, Linneus, Amen. v. 398 (1760).
Calyptranthes Zuzygium, Swartz, Prodr. 79 (1788) ; Fl. Ind.

Occ. ii. 919. — De Candolle, Prodr. iii. 257. — Grisebach, Fl. Brit.

W. Ind. 232.

2 Lunan, Hort. Jam. i. 61.— A. Richard, Fl. Cub. ii. 275. — Grise-
bach, J. c. 232. — Eggers, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 13, 50 (Fi. St.
Croix and the Virgin Islands).

8 Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. i. 408.

MYRTACER, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 37

evenly distributed rather large open ducts and many thin medullary rays. It is brown tinged with red,
with lighter colored sapwood composed of thirty to forty layers of annual growth. The specific gravity
of the absolutely dry wood is 0.8992, a cubic foot weighing 56.04 pounds.’

Calyptranthes Chytraculia was first described by Patrick Browne in the Natural History of
Jamaica, published in 1756 ;” and in Florida was first noticed by Dr. J. L. Blodgett. According to
Aiton,’ it was introduced into English gardens in 1778.

1 In Florida Calyptranthes Chytraculia grows very slowly. The 2 Chytraculia arborea, foliis ovatis glabris oppositis, racemis termi-
trunk of this tree in the Jesup Collection of North American nalibus, 239, t. 37, f. 2.
Woods in the American Museum of Natural History in New York 8 Hort. Kew. ed. 2, iii. 192.
is five and a half inches in diameter, and displays one hundred and
thirty-six layers of annual growth.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puate CCV. CaALyPprRANTHES CHYTRACULIA.

CANA FWD

a ee ee
aorRobwps

. A flowering branch, natural size.

. Diagram of a flower.

. A flower-bud, enlarged.

. A flower, enlarged.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
. A stamen, enlarged.

. Vertical section of an ovary, enlarged.
. Cross section of an ovary, enlarged.

. An ovule, much magnified.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. A fruit cut transversely, enlarged.

. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged.

. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.

. A seed, enlarged.

. An embryo, enlarged.

Silva of North America. . Tao. GV:

4 eles.
Ub shotepe, 2

ie
ww
conn
OLR
}

RX
A)

up

CE. Faxon det.

CALYPTRANTHES CHYTRACULIA, Sw

A. Riocreux dirext Imp. R. Taneur, Parw.

MYRTACESA.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 39

EUGENTA.

FLowERS perfect; calyx 4 or rarely 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in estivation ;
petals usually 4, imbricated in estivation; stamens indefinite, many-ranked; ovary

inferior, 2 rarely 3-celled; ovules indefinite or 2 to 4.

ceous.
stipules.

Kugenia, Linneus, Gen. 139 (1737). —A. L. de Jussieu,
Gen. 324. — Meisner, Gen. 109. — Endlicher, Gen.
1233.— Bentham & Hooker, Gen. i. 718. — Baillon,
Hist. Pl. vi. 354 (excel. Cupheanthus).

Caryophyllus, Linneus, Gen. 154 (1737). — Adanson, Fam.
Pi. ii. 88. — A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. 324. — Meisner, Gen.
108. — Endlicher, Gen. 1232.

Plinia, Linneus, Gen. 155 (1737). — Adanson, Fam. Pl. ii.
448.— A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. 342.

Jambos, Burmann, Thes. Zeylan. 124 (1737). — Adanson,
Fam. Pi. ii. 88.

Jambosa, Rumpf, Herb. Amboin. i. 121 (1741). — Meisner,
Gen. 109. — Endlicher, Gen. 1233.

Catinga, Aublet, Pl. Guian. i. 511, t. 203 (1775).

Fruit baccate or subdrupa-

Leaves opposite, penniveined, coriaceous or membranaceous, destitute of

Acmena, De Candolle, Dict. Class. Hist. Nat. xi. 446
(1826). —Meisner, Gen. 108. — Endlicher, Gen. 1232.
Jossinia, De Candolle, Prodr. iii. 237 (1828). — Meisner,

Gen. 109.
Cerocarpus, Hasskarl, Flora, 1842, ii. Beibl. 36.
Syllysium, Meyen & Schauer, Nov. Act. Leop. xix. Suppl.
i. 334 (1848).
Cleistocalyx, Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. i. 84 (1849).
Gelpkea, Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. i. 88 (1849).
Strongylocalyx, Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. i. 89 (1849).
Clavimyrtus, Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. i. 113 (1849).
Microjambosa, Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. i.117 (1849).
Macromyrtus, Miquel, Fl. Ind. Bat. i. 439 (1855).
Phyllocalyx, Berg, Linnea, xxvii. 306 (not Grisebach, nor

Syzygium, Gertner, Fruct. i. 166, t. 33 (1788).
Greggia, Gartner, Fruct. i. 168, t. 33 (1788).
Guapurium, A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. 324 (1789).
Opa, Loureiro, Fl. Cochin. i. 308 (1790).
Rugenia, Necker, Hlem. Bot. ii. 78 (1790).
Olynthia, Lindley, Collect. No. 19 (1821).

A. Richard) (1854).
Stenocalyx, Berg, Linnea, xxvii. 309 (1854).
Myrciaria, Berg, Linnea, xxvii. 320 (1854).
Siphoneugena, Berg, Linnea, xxvii. 344 (1854).
Hexachlamys, Berg, Linnea, xxvii. 345 (1854).

Trees or shrubs, with aromatic foliage, hard durable wood, and scaly bark. Leaves opposite,
coriaceous or membranaceous, penniveined, destitute of stipules. Flowers often large and conspicuous,
white, rose, or rarely straw-colored, bibracteolate. Inflorescence centripetal, the pedicels one-flowered,
opposite, solitary in the axils of the leaves, fascicled or collected in short racemes; or centrifugal, the
flowers in dense terminal cymes, or in terminal or lateral trichotomous panicles. Bracts and bractlets
usually minute, caducous, occasionally foliaceous and persistent. Calyx-tube globose-ovoid, turbinate
or elongated, sometimes angled or winged, not at all or more or less produced above the ovary, the
limb four or rarely five-lobed, large, or minute and scarcely developed above the truncate margin of
the tube. Petals inserted on the slightly thickened margin of the disk lining the calyx-tube, four or
very rarely five or indefinite, free and spreading or more or less connivent, or connate and deciduous
in a single piece, or wanting. Stamens indefinite, in many ranks, free or obscurely collected into four
clusters by a slight union of their bases in the bud; filaments filiform, incurved in the bud ; anthers
versatile, introrse, attached on the back below the middle, two-celled, the cells usually parallel or rarely
spreading, opening longitudinally. Ovary two, rarely three-celled ; style simple, filiform, crowned with
a minute capitate stigma ; ovules many in each cell or two to four, attached to a central placenta, semi-
anatropous; raphe ventral; micropyle superior. Fruit crowned with the persistent calyx-tube, baccate,
juicy, sometimes almost drupaceous, or dry with a fibrous outer coat. Seeds one to four, globose or

variously flattened by mutual pressure ; testa membranaceous or cartilaginous, exalbuminous. Embryo

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. MYRTACES.

40

thick and fleshy ; cotyledons thick, more or less conferruminate into a homogeneous mass ; radicle very
short, turned towards the hilum.

Eugenia, to which as now enlarged more than seven hundred species have been referred, and
which, according to the best authorities, contains about five hundred species, is represented in North
America by five species of southern Florida, three of which are small trees and one is a low shrub.’
The genus appears in all tropical and semitropical regions, abounding in the tropics of America’ and

Asia,? and being less common in tropical Africa,‘ Australia,’ and the Pacific islands.°

Several species are valued for their stimulant and digestive properties ;
timber ® or edible fruit, and others are cultivated for the beauty of their flowers or foliage.’

” some produce useful

The

e ° ° » e 11
most useful species of the genus are Lugenia aromatica,” which furnishes the cloves of commerce,

1 Eugenia longipes, Berg, Linnea, xxvii. 150 (1854). — Chap-
man, Fl. ed. 2, Suppl. 620.—Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th
Census U. S. ix. 89.

2 Berg, Martius Fl. Brasil. xiv. pt. i. 214. —Grisebach, Fl. Brit.
W. Ind. 235 (Caryophyllus, Syzygium, and Jambosa), 236 (Eu-
genia).

8 Miquel, Fl. Ind. Bat. i. 407 (Jambosa), 440 (Eugenia), 446
(Syzygium), 462 (Caryophyllus). — Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeylan.
114 (Eugenia), 115 (Jambosa), 116 (Syzygium). — Hooker f. FV.
Brit. Ind. ii. 470. — Forbes & Hemsley, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 297.

4 A. Richard, Fl. Abyss. i. 284 (Syzygium). — Harvey & Sonder,
Fl. Cap. ii. 521 (Syzygium, Eugenia). — Oliver, Fl. Trop. Ajr. ii.
436.

5 Bentham, Fi. Austral. iii. 280.

6 Gray, Bot. Wilkes Explor. Exped. 510.

7 Rosenthal, Syn. Pl. Diaphor. 926.— Baillon, Hist. Pl. vi. 340.

8 Gamble, Man. Indian Timbers, 190.— Maiden, Useful Native
Plants of Australia, 530.

9 Naudin, Manuel de ’ Acclimateur, 277.

10 Baillon, 2. c. 311, f. 288, 289 (1877) ; Traite Bot. Med. 1015,
f. 2832-2834.

Caryophyllus aromaticus, Linnzus, Spec. 515 (1753).— De Can-

dolle, Prodr. iii. 262. — Miquel, J. c. 462.

Eugenia caryophyllata, Thunberg, Diss. De Caryophyllis aroma-

ticis (1788). — Willdenow, Spec. ii. pt. ii. 965.

Myrtus Caryophyllus, Sprengel, Syst. i. 485 (1825).

11 The Clove-tree, a handsome evergreen thirty or forty feet in
height, is endemic in five small islands west of New Guinea, which
It was
early carried to Amboyna, probably before the discovery of that

constitute the original Molucca group, or Clove Islands.

island by the Portuguese, and is now cultivated in many of the
islands of the East Indian Archipelago, in southern India, Ceylon,
Mauritius, and Bourbon, in Zanzibar and Pemba off the eastern
coast of Africa, and occasionally in the West Indies. Cloves, which
are the dried flower-buds of this tree, were used in China during
the Han dynasty (B.C. 266 to A. D. 220) ; they were perhaps known
to the Romans as early as the first century, as Pliny’s caryophyllon,
a spice imported from India for the sake of its odor, may refer to
them ; for centuries they have been well known in Europe, and a
considerable commerce in cloves was carried on by the overland
Indian route until the discovery of the Spice Islands by the Por-
tuguese at the beginning of the sixteenth century. For a century
the Portuguese controlled the clove-trade, but in 1605 they were
expelled from the Moluccas by the Dutch who, in order to secure
a monopoly of this trade by confining it to the Amboyna group,
endeavored to exterminate the Clove-tree from its native islands.
They were at first so far successful that the Clove Islands no longer
exported cloves ; but the Dutch monopoly was broken before the

end of the eighteenth century by the energy of the governor of the
French islands of Mauritius and Bourbon, who succeeded in 1770
in introducing into them the Clove-tree and the Nutmeg. From
Mauritius the Clove-tree was carried to Cayenne, and then to Zan-
zibar and other tropical countries, and now Zanzibar and Pemba
produce a large part of the clove-crop of the world. (See Tessier,
Sur UV Importation du Giroflier des Moluques aux fsles de France, de
Bourbon et des Sechelles, et de ces isles & Cayenne.)

The Clove-tree flourishes in clayey loam and requires a good
drainage, exposure to the sun, and protection from high winds. It
is raised from seed or by layering the branches, which will root in
six or eight months in moist ground. The seeds, which soon lose
their power of germination, should be sown a foot apart in rich soil
as soon as gathered and not more than two inches below the sur-
face, when they will germinate at the end of five or six weeks.
The seedlings require an abundant supply of water and protection
from the sun. Usually the seedlings are not transplanted until
they are three or four feet high, when they should be set in pits
filled with enriched surface-soil ; they require shading for two or
The

ground occupied by a Clove-tree plantation requires careful and

three years, Banana-plants being often used for this purpose.

constant cultivation in order to produce the best results ; liberal
dressings of manure are recommended, and in dry weather a thick
mulch of litter increases the vigor of the trees.

The flower-buds are at first white, then green, and finally bright
red, in which stage they are gathered. In Zanzibar this is done by
hand from a movable stage, each bud being picked separately ; in
the East Indies the buds are gathered by hand from the lower
branches and beaten with bamboo poles from the upper ones on to
the ground, which is swept clean to receive them, or on to cloths
stretched under the trees. The yield of flower-buds varies in dif-
ferent years ; occasionally none are produced, and a heavy crop is
gathered only at intervals of five or six years. Five or six pounds
is considered an average annual crop from a tree in its prime. In
Sumatra the length of life of the Clove-tree is from twenty to
twenty-four years, although in Amboyna it is said that it does not
begin producing until its twelfth or fifteenth year, and continues
The flower-buds
are dried in the sun as soon as gathered and are then ready for

In some parts of the East Indies they are cured on

productive for nearly a hundred and fifty years.

shipment.
frames over a slow fire before exposure to the sun.

Cloves contain sixteen to eighteen per cent. of essential oil, oleum
caryophylli, a colorless yellow liquid with the odor and taste of
cloves, and composed of a mixture of hydrocarbon and eugenol in
variable proportions, caryophyllin, a considerable proportion of
gum and tannic acid.

The principal consumption of cloves is in cooking ; in medicine
they are used to modify the action of other drugs, entering into

4]

MYRTACES. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

Eugenia Jambos,' the Rose Apple, a native of southeastern Asia and the Indian Archipelago, and
cultivated in all tropical countries as a shade and ornamental tree and for its delicately fragrant and
rather dry fruit, and Hugenia Jambolana? a common Indian timber-tree. Eugenia uniflora,’ the
Surinam Cherry, a shrubby species originally from Brazil, with handsome flowers and aromatic fruit of
a pleasant flavor, is often cultivated and has become naturalized in the tropics of the two worlds.’ In
tropical South America a number of species are esteemed as fruit-trees,® although the fruit of all the
Kugenias is dry and inferior in flavor and quality to that of many other tropical trees.

The generic name*® commemorates the interest in botany and gardening taken by Prince Eugene of
Savoy, the famous Austrian general, who, after the peace of Carlowitz in 1699, devoted his leisure for
several years to building the Belvedere Palace near Vienna and laying out its gardens, in which he made

a collection of rare plants.

The essential oil relieves toothache and
Clove-stalks, the
peduncles of the inflorescence, are imported from Zanzibar and

numerous preparations.

forms an ingredient in various kinds of pills.

used in the manufacture of mixed spices and in the adulteration of
ground cloves ; and the fruit of the Clove-tree, the mother-cloves
The oil of cloves,
which is obtained by distillation, is largely used in perfumery
(Crawfurd, Dictionary of the Indian Islands, article Cloves. — Fliick-
iger & Hanbury, Pharmacographia, 249.— Guibourt, Hist. Drog.
ed. 7, iii. 271, f. 661. — Spons, Encyclopedia of the Industrial Arts,
Manufactures, and Raw Commercial Products, ii. 1420, 1808. —
Nichols, Tropical Agriculture, 184).

1 Linneus, Spec. 470 (1753). — Brandis, Forest Fl. Brit. Ind.
233. — Kurz, Forest Fl. Brit. Burm. i. 495.— Hooker f. Fl. Brit.
Ind. ii. 474. — Forbes & Hemsley, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 297.

Jambosa vulgaris, De Candolle, Prodr. iii. 286 (1828). — Wight

& Walker-Arnott, Prodr. Fl. Ind. i. 332.— Bentham, Fl. Hongk.

120. — Bot. Mag. 1xi. t. 3356. — Berg, Linnea, xxvii. 342.

Myrtus Jambos, Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nov. Gen. et

Spec. vi. 144 (1823). — Kunth, Syn. Pl. Aiquin. iii. 418. —

Sprengel, Syst. ii. 485. — Blume, Bidr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 1085.

2 Lamarck, Dict. iii. 198 (1789).— Wight, Icon. t. 535. — Ben-
tham, Fl. Austral. iii. 283.— Beddome, Fl. Sylv. S. Ind. i. 197, t.
197. — Brandis, J. c. 233, t. 30.— Kurz, Forest Fl. Brit. Burm. i.
485. — Hooker f. /. c. 499.

Calyptranthes Jambolana, Willdenow, Spec. ii. pt. ii. 975 (1799).
Syzygium Jambolanum, De Candolle, 1. v. 259 (1828). — Wight

& Walker-Arnott, J. c. 329. — Berg, /. c. 339.

Eugenia Moore, F. Mueller, Fragm. Phyt. Austral. v. 33 (1866).

Eugenia Jambolana, the Black Plum-tree, is common in the fer-
tile plains of India, ascending on the Himalayas to an elevation of
four thousand or rarely five thousand feet ; and in the Indian Ar-

of commerce, is used for the same purposes.

chipelago, Queensland, and New South Wales it is naturalized or
indigenous. It is a tall tree, often attaining the height of eighty or
ninety feet, with a stout straight trunk, and in India and other trop-
ical countries is often planted as a shade tree, for which purpose its
wide-spreading branches, drooping branchlets, and crown of dense
dark foliage make it valuable. It produces tough hard heavy
dark-colored wood, which is used in India in building and in the
manufacture of horticultural implements. The fruit, which resem-
bles a small plum, is eaten by the natives of India and by birds,
and yields a sort of vinegar. The bark is astringent and dyes
brown (Balfour, Cyclopedia of India, ed. 3, i. 1059).

3 Linneus, l. c. 470 (1753). — Willdenow, /. c. 962.

Myrtus Brasiliana, Linneus, 1. v. 471 (1753). — Sprengel, l. c.

480.

Plinia rubra, Linneus, Mant. 243 (1771). — Vellozo, Fl. Flum.

v. t. 46.

Plinia pedunculata, Linneus f. Syst. ed. 13, Suppl. 253 (1781). —

Bot. Mag. xiv. t. 473.

Eugenia Micheli, Lamarck, 1. c. 203 (1789). — De Candolle,

I. c. 263.

Myrtus Willdenowii, Sprengel, 1. c. (1825).

Eugenia Zeylanica, Willdenow, l. c. 963 (1799).

Eugenia? Willdenowii, De Candolle, J. v. 265 (1828).

Eugenia Parkeriana, De Candolle, J. c. 271 (1828).

Stenocalyx Michelii, Berg, Martius Fl. Brasil. xiv. pt. i. 337

(1855) ; Linnea, xxvii. 310.

4 Miquel, Fl. Ind. Bat. i. 440.—Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind.
239. — Hooker f. 1. c. 505. — Lefroy, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 25,
74 (Bot. Bermuda).

5 Berg, Martius Fl. Brasil. xiv. pt. i. 627.

& Micheli, Nov. Pl. Gen. 227.

MYRTACEZ.

42 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

SYNOPSIS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.

Eueugenia: Flowers 4 rarely 5-parted ; calyx campanulate, scarcely produced above the ovary ; petals free and spreading ;

ovules numerous ; pedicels short, obsolete, or elongated.
Flowers in short solitary or clustered axillary racemes.
Leaves ovate or obovate, rounded at the apex, short-petiolate
Leaves ovate, contracted at the apex into broad points, distinctly petiolate

1. E. BUXIFOLIA.
2. E. Monricoua.

Flowers in axillary fascicles.
Leaves usually broadly ovate, narrowed at the apex into short points, subcoriaceous .

Leaves ovate-oblong, narrowed at the apex into long points, coriaceous

3. E. PROCERA.
4. E. GARBERI.

MYRTACER. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 43

KUGENIA BUXIFOLIA.
Gurgeon Stopper. Spanish Stopper.

LEAVES ovate or obovate, rounded at the apex, short-petiolate.

Eugenia buxifolia, Willdenow, Spec. ii. pt. ii. 960 (1799). — ii. 899.— Sprengel, Syst. ii. 484.— Kunth, Mém. Soe.
Persoon, Syn. ii. 29.— De Candolle, Prodr. iii. 275. — Hist. Nat. Paris, i. 325.
Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 859. — Nuttall, Sylva, i. 108, t.29.— Myrtus axillaris, Poiret, Lam. Dict. iv. 412 (not Swartz)
Dietrich, Syn. iii. 62.— Chapman, £7. 131. — Grisebach, (1797).
Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 236. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. Eugenia myrtoides, Poiret, Lum. Dict. Suppl. iii. 125
10th Census U. S. ix. 88. — Hitchcock, Rep. Missouri (1813).
Bot. Gard. iv. 86. Myrtus Poireti, Sprengel, Syst. ii. 483 (1825).

Myrtus buxifolia, Swartz, Prodr.78 (1788) ; Fl. Ind. Occ. Hugenia triplinervia, y. buxifolia, Berg, Linwra, xxvii.
191 (excl. syn. H. Monticola) (1854).

A small shrubby tree, in Florida rarely twenty feet in height, with a short trunk occasionally a
foot in diameter; or often a shrub with numerous stems. The surface of the bark of the trunk, which
barely exceeds an eighth of an inch in thickness, is ight brown tinged with red and is broken into
small thick square scales. The branchlets are terete, slender, and coated at first with thick rufous
tomentum ; at the end of a few months they are ashy gray or gray tinged with red, and are often more
or less twisted or contorted. The leaves are ovate or obovate, rounded at the apex, and sessile or
contracted into very short thick petioles, and entire or occasionally slightly and remotely crenulate-
toothed above the middle; they are an inch to an inch and a half long, half an inch broad, thick and
coriaceous, dark green on the upper surface, yellow-green and marked with minute black dots on the
lower, with narrow inconspicuous midribs and incurved nearly obsolete veins arcuate and united near
the slightly thickened and revolute margins; in Florida they usually unfold in November and remain
on the branches until the end of their second winter, often turning red or partly red before falling.
The flowers, which appear in Florida from midsummer until early autumn in short rufous pubescent
racemes clustered in the axils of the old leaves or often of those which have fallen, are borne on short
thick pedicels and are an eighth of an inch across when expanded. The bracts are minute, lanceolate-
acute, and persistent ; the bractlets, which are placed immediately below the flowers, are broadly ovate-
acute. The calyx is glandular-punctate, globose, ovoid, and pubescent on the outer surface, with four
ovate rounded: lobes much shorter than the four ovate white petals which are rounded at the apex,
ciliate on the margins, and glandular-punctate. The fruit is a globose black and glandularly roughened
berry crowned with the large calyx-lobes, one third of an inch in diameter, with thin aromatic flesh,
and is usually one-seeded. The seed is an eighth of an inch across, with a thick pale brown lustrous
cartilaginous coat and a pale olive-green embryo.

Eugenia buxifolia, which also inhabits several of the Antilles, is distributed in Florida from Cape
Canaveral on the east coast to the southern keys, and from the banks of the Caloosa River on the west
coast to Cape Sable. On Key West and some of the other Florida islands it is one of the most
common plants, forming on the coral rock a large part of the shrubby second growth which now
occupies ground from which the original forest has been removed.

The wood of Hugenia buxifolia is very heavy and exceedingly hard, strong, and close-grained,
and contains numerous thin medullary rays; it is dark brown shaded with red, with thick lighter
colored sapwood composed of fifteen or twenty layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the
absolutely dry wood is 0.9360, a cubic foot weighing 58.33 pounds. On the Florida keys it is some-

times used for fuel.

4-4

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

MYRTACE.

Eugenia buxifolia was discovered in San Domingo by the Swedish botanist Swartz,’ and was first
noticed in the United States on Key West by Dr. J. L. Blodgett.

1 Olof Swartz (1760-1818) was born at Norrképing in Sweden,
and at the age of eighteen was sent to the University of Upsal,
where he studied natural history under the younger Linneus. In
1783, after the preparation of his Dissertatio de Methodo Muscorum
and his account of Gentiana pulchella, he left Sweden with the view
of improving himself by foreign travel. Having spent a year in
North America, he visited the West Indies, where he remained
for two years studying the vegetation of the tropics and gather-
ing botanical specimens, chiefly in San Domingo. In 1786 Swartz
returned to Sweden by way of England, and four years later was
made president of the Academy of Stockholm and a professor in
the Burgian Agricultural Institution, where he devoted the remain-
der of his life to the study of botany and the elaboration and pub-
lication of his large West Indian collections. In his Genera et

Species Orchidearum Swartz established upon fixed principles several
new genera of orchids, adding many new tropical American species
to this family, which by him was first elaborated in a comprehen-
sive manner. He was the author of a number of classical works on
the West Indian flora, in which the first descriptions of many genera
and species are found. He paid particular attention to the study
of cryptogamic plants, especially Mosses, and published a manual
of the Swedish species in 1799. He was the author of a Synopsis
Filicum, published in 1806, in which seven new genera are distin-
guished ; and he is said to have discovered in the neighborhood of
Stockholm alone three hundred species of Lichens new to the flora
of Sweden. Swartzia, a genus of noble tropical American trees of
the Pea family, was dedicated to him by Willdenow.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puate CCVI. EvuGeEniA BUXIFOLIA.

A flower, enlarged.

OHARA WD

eh et
Hs OS

. A seed, enlarged.

=
bo

. Diagram of a flower.

A stamen, enlarged.

A flowering branch, natural size.

Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
. A flower, the petals and stamens removed, enlarged.

. An ovule, much magnified.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.
. A fruit cut transversely, enlarged.

. An embryo, enlarged.

Silva of North America. Tab. CCVI.

1S:
LARS:

y 4 Gs
Ses e
i: sei

iS ' aes BS

EUGENIA BUXIFOLIA, Willd.

A. Riocreux direx & Imp. R..Taneur, Paris.

MYRTACES. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 45

EUGENIA MONTICOLA.
Stopper. White Stopper.

LEAVES ovate, narrowed at the apex into broad points, distinctly petiolate.

Eugenia Monticola, De Candolle, Prodr. iii. 275 (1828).— Myrtus Monticola, Swartz, Prodr. 78 (1788); Fl. Ind.
Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 859. — Dietrich, Syn. iii. 62. — Chap- Oce. ii. 898. — Sprengel, Syst. ii. 484.
man, #2. 131.—Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 236.— Hugenia triplinervia, Berg, Linnea, xxvii. 190 (in part)
Sargent, Yorest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 89. — (1854).
Hitchcock, Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard. iv. 86. Eugenia axillaris, Berg, Linnea, xxvii.201 (in part) (1854).

A tree, twenty to twenty-five feet in height, with a trunk occasionally a foot in diameter; or
toward the northern limit of its range in Florida a low shrub. The bark of the trunk is an eighth
of an inch thick and is divided by irregular shallow fissures, the surface of the broad ridges finally
separating into small thin light brown scales. The branchlets are terete, rather stout and rigid, ashy
gray or gray slightly tinged with red, and often covered with small wart-like elevations. The leaves
are ovate, gradually or abruptly narrowed at the apex into short wide points, and rounded and con-
tracted at the base into broad winged petioles ; they are thick and coriaceous, dark green on the upper,
and paler and covered with minute black spots on the lower surface, with broad midribs deeply
impressed above, and conspicuous arcuate veins united near the thickened revolute entire margins,
and are an inch and a half to two inches and a half long and half an inch broad with petioles one third
of an inch in length. The flowers, which appear in Florida at midsummer in short axillary racemes
and are an eighth of an inch across when expanded, are borne on stout pedicels; these vary from one
sixteenth to nearly one half of an inch in length and are covered with pale white hairs and furnished
near the middle or toward the apex with two acute minute persistent bractlets. The calyx is broadly
ovate, glandular-punctate, coated on the outer surface with pale hairs, and four-lobed, with ovate
rounded lobes shorter than the four ovate glandular petals. The fruit is a black globose glandular-
punctate berry usually one-seeded, half an inch in diameter and crowned with the nearly obsolete
calyx-lobes. The seed is globose, with a pale brown chartaceous coat and light olive-green cotyledons.
In Florida the fruits ripen in slow succession from November to April and are edible and rather juicy,
with a sweet agreeable flavor.

Eugenia Monticola is not common in Florida, although it is distributed from the shores of the
St. John’s River in the northern part of the state to the southern islands, where it occurs occasionally
on Key West, Key Largo, and on upper Metacombe and Elliott’s Keys. It is an inhabitant also of
several of the West Indian islands.

The wood of Hugenia Monticola is heavy, hard, strong, and very close-grained, with numerous
thin medullary rays. It is brown often tinged with red, with thin darker colored sapwood composed of
five or six layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.9156, a cubic
foot weighing 57.06 pounds.’

Eugenia Monticola was discovered in San Domingo by the Swedish botanist Swartz, and in
Florida was first noticed on Key West by Dr. J. L. Blodgett.

1 Eugenia Monticola, like the other species of this genus, grows diameter and shows one hundred and sixteen layers of annual
slowly in Florida. In the Jesup Collection of North American growth, and the other is three inches in diameter, with ninety-five
Woods in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, layers of annual growth.
are two log specimens from the Florida keys ; one is six inches in

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puate CCVII. Eveenta Monticora.
1. A flowering branch, natural size.

. A flower, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.

. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged.

or Oo FP W dS

. An embryo, enlarged.

Silva of North America. Tab. CCVII.

CE. Faxon de . Pucart fr sc.

EUGENIA MONTICOLA, DC

ey : ; é ;
uf .Pocreur atrex” Imp. R. Taneur, Paris

MYRTACES. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 4%

EUGENIA PROCERA.

Stopper.

Leaves usually broadly ovate, narrowed at the apex into short points, subcoria-
ceous.

Eugenia procera, Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. iii. 129 (1813).—__ Myrtus procera, Swartz, Prodr. 17 (1788) ; Fl. Ind. Oce.

De Candolle, Prodr. iii. 268. — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 855. — ii. 887. — Willdenow, Spee. ii. pt. ii. 968.
Nuttall, Sylva, i. 106, t. 28. — Dietrich, Syn. iii. 58.— Hugenia Baruensis, Grisebach, Cat. Pl. Cub. 87 (1866)
Berg, Linnea, xxvii. 207. — Chapman, FJ. 131. — Grise- (not Jacquin).

bach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 238. — Sargent, Forest Trees N.
Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 89 (in part).

A tree, twenty to twenty-five feet in height, with a trunk occasionally a foot in diameter. The
bark of the trunk is a sixteenth of an inch thick, with a smooth light gray surface faintly tinged with
red. The branchlets are slender, terete, at first light purple and covered with glaucous bloom, and
ultimately ashy gray or almost white. The leaves, which unfold in Florida in May, are broadly ovate,
narrowed into broad points rounded at the apex, and abruptly or gradually wedge-shaped at the base ;
they are thin and light red at first and at maturity are subcoriaceous, two inches to two inches and a
half in length and an inch to an inch and a half in width, conspicuously marked with black dots, olive-
green on the upper surface, and paler on the lower, with narrow midribs slightly impressed on the upper
side, obscure arcuate veins united near the entire thickened margins, and narrow-winged petioles from
one third to one half of an inch in length. The flowers, which are produced in sessile axillary many-
flowered clusters and are half an inch across when expanded, appear in Florida in April and May on
slender glandular pedicels from one third to two thirds of an inch long and furnished at the apex with
two lanceolate acute persistent bracts ciliate on their margins. The calyx-tube is turbinate and much
shorter than the limb, which is divided into four glandular narrow lobes rounded at the apex and half
the length of the broadly ovate rounded glandular white petals. The fruits ripen in Florida in succes-
sion from September to November, and vary from two thirds of an inch to nearly an inch in diameter ;
they are usually one-seeded, crowned with the large persistent calyx-lobes, and when first fully grown
are orange-colored with a bright red cheek, turning black when ripe; the flesh is thin and dry and
slightly glandular-roughened on the surface. The seed is nearly globose, with a thick pale chestnut-
brown lustrous coat and olive-green cotyledons.

In Florida Hugenia procera has been found only on Key West where it is common, and on
Umbrella Key. It also inhabits San Domingo, Cuba, Jamaica, Santa Cruz, and Martinique.

The wood of Eugenia procera is heavy, hard, close-grained, ight brown, and contains numerous
thin medullary rays. The sapwood is indistinguishable from the heartwood.

In the autumn, when the branches of Hugenia procera are covered with its large berries, which in
the same cluster are sometimes bright orange and scarlet and sometimes black, it is a handsome object
and one of the most beautiful of the small trees of southern Florida. It was discovered in San Domingo
by the Swedish botanist Swartz, and in the United States was first noticed by Dr. J. L. Blodgett on
Key West.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puate CCVIII. EvuGenia PROCERA.
. A flowering branch, natural size.

A flower, enlarged.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.

Oo PR wd

. An embryo, enlarged.

Silva of North America. Tab. CCVIII.

f)
liz
1/9

uy)
PO
My vk
=) | \

— one

Q

Ni > 4 W/
—\ "oes
Es SD

COLI

NS

SY

CL. Faxon del . Puart fr se.

EUGENIA PROCERA , Poir.

amt
A, fiocreun drea' Imp. R .Taneur, Paris.

MYRTACES, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 49

KUGENIA GARBERI.

Red Stopper.

LEAVES ovyate-oblong, contracted at the apex into long points, coriaceous.

Eugenia Garberi, Sargent, Garden and Forest, ii. 28, £.87 Eugenia procera, Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Cen-
(1889). sus U. S. ix. 89 (in part) (1884).

A tree, fifty to sixty feet in height, with a straight trunk eighteen to twenty inches in diameter,
and stout upright branches which form a narrow compact head. The bark of the trunk is an eighth
of an inch thick and, like that of the principal branches, is bright cinnamon-red and separates freely
into thin small scales. The branchlets are slender, terete, and covered with smooth ashy gray bark.
The leaves are ovate-oblong, abruptly or gradually contracted into long narrow points rounded or acute
at the apex, and wedge-shaped or occasionally rounded at the base, with thickened revolute entire
margins; as they unfold they are thin and light red, and at maturity are dark green and very lustrous
on the upper surface, paler and marked with minute black dots on the lower, an inch and a half to two
inches long, and one third to two thirds of an inch broad, with stout petioles a quarter of an inch in
length and thick orange-colored midribs barely impressed on the upper side, primary veins arcuate and
united into a conspicuous marginal line, and prominent reticulated veinlets. The minute flowers, which
are barely an eighth of an inch across when expanded, appear in Florida in September in many-flowered
axillary clusters on slender pedicels which vary from one quarter to one half of an inch in length, and
are furnished near the apex with two minute acute bractlets. The calyx is narrowly obovate and
glandular-punctate, with four ovate acute lobes much shorter than the four broadly ovate rounded
white petals. The fruit, which ripens in March and April, is a quarter to a third of an inch long,
bright scarlet, subglobose or obovate, crowned with the conspicuous lobes of the calyx, glandular-
roughened, and usually solitary and one-seeded, with thin dry flesh. The seed is nearly globose, with
a thin crustaceous ight brown lustrous coat and an olive-green embryo.

Eugenia Garbert occupies a rich hummock which, about three quarters of a mile east of the mouth
of the Miami River, rises above the level sandy plain that separates Bay Biscayne in southeastern
Florida from the Atlantic Ocean. Here it grows in considerable numbers in company with the Mastic,
the Ironwood, the Gumbo Limbo, the Calabash, the Pigeon Plum, and other tropical trees, and with
the Live Oak, the Red Mulberry, the Palmetto, and the Pine, in a grove which is one of the most
interesting in the United States from the commingling of tropical trees with those which belong in a
temperate region. Hugenia Garberi grows also on Old Rhodes and on Elliott’s Key in Florida, on the
island of New Providence, one of the Bahama group,‘ and in Antigua.’

The wood of Eugenia Garberi is very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, and close-grained, with
numerous obscure medullary rays ; it is bright red-brown, with thick darker colored sapwood composed
of fifty or sixty layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.9453, a
cubic foot weighing 58.91 pounds.

Eugenia Garberi was first collected in Florida near the Miami River by Dr. A. P. Garber.2 The
lustre of its brilliant and abundant foliage, the deep rich color of its bark, and the handsome shape of
its head, make this tree an attractive object ; no other tree of the Myrtle family indigenous in North
America equals it in size, and few of the southern Florida trees surpass it in beauty.

1 Bruce, Herb. Kew. 3 See i. 65.
2 Nicholson, Herb. Aew.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puate CCIX. Evcenra GaARBeERI.

. A flowering branch, natural size.

A flower, enlarged.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
. A stamen, enlarged.

. Cross section of an ovary, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.

ONOarwnk

. A seed, enlarged.

Silva of North America. Tab, -CCLY.

CE. Faxon del. Pwcart f?. SO

KUGENIA GARBERI, Sarg.

A. Riocreux direx © Lmp.R.Taneur, Paris.

CACTACE.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. dl

CEREUS.

LOWERS perfect ; calyx elongated, the lobes numerous, imbricated in many series ;
petals numerous, imbricated in estivation ; stamens indefinite, inserted in the tube of
the calyx ; ovary inferior, 1-celled, many-ovuled. Fruit baccate, many-seeded.

Cereus, Haworth, Syn. Pl. Suce. 178 (1812). — Meisner,
Gen. 128. — Endlicher, Gen. 944.— Miquel, Bull. Sct.
Phys. et Nat. Néerl. 1839, 110. — Bentham & Hooker,
Gen. i. 849. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. ix. 31.

Echinopsis, Zuccarini, Abhund. Ahud. Miinch. ii. 675
(1837). — Miquel, Bull. Sci. Phys. et Nat. Néerl. 1839,
109.

Cephalocereus, Pfeiffer, Otto «: Dietrich Gartenz. 142
(1838).

Cephalophorus, Lemaire, Cact. Hort. Monvill. 33 (1838).

Pilocereus, Lemaire, Cact. Gen. et Spec. Nov. 7 (1839).

Echinonyctanthus, Lemaire, Cact. Gen. et Spec. Nov. 10
(1839).

Echinocereus, Engelmann, Wislizenus Memoir of a Tour

to Northern Mexico (Senate Dov. Bot. Appx.), 91 (1848).

Spiny leafless trees or shrubs, with copious watery juice, the stems sometimes columnar and six to
twenty-ribbed, sometimes cylindrical, erect and slightly many-ribbed, sometimes remotely jointed, more
or less three to seven-angled and spreading or climbing, sometimes cylindrical, weak, remotely jointed
and eight to twelve-ribbed, and sometimes short, globular or oblong, many-ribbed, and clustered or
branched from the base. Buds on the back of the ridges, sprmging from the axils of latent leaves,
geminate, superposed, the upper producing a branch or flower, the lower arrested and developed into a
cluster of spines surrounded by an elevated cushion or areola of chaffy tomentose scales. Flowers
lateral, diurnal or nocturnal, large and showy, often fragrant. Lobes of the calyx spirally imbricated
in many ranks, forming a long and slender or short or subglobose nectariferous tube, those of the
exterior ranks adnate to the ovary, scale-like, only their tips free with a tuft of hairs and sometimes a
cluster of spines in their axils, those of the terior ranks free, elongated, green, yellow, or bright-
colored. Petals cohering by their bases with the top of the calyx-tube, larger than its interior lobes,
spreading, recurved, white, red, or crimson. Stamens numerous, in two or many ranks; filaments
filiform, adnate by the base to the tube of the calyx, those of the interior ranks free, the exterior united
into a tube; anthers oblong, minute, attached on the back below the middle, introrse, two-celled, the
cells opening longitudinally. Ovary inferior, one-celled; style elongated, filiform, terminal, divided
into numerous radiating linear branches stigmatic on the inner face; ovules indefinite, horizontal,
anatropous, inserted on numerous parietal placentz ; funiculi long and slender, becoming thick and
juicy in the fruit. Fruit baccate, squamate, or spinescent, many-seeded, often edible. Seeds destitute
of albumen, subglobose and tuberculate, or obovate smooth or pitted. Embryo straight; cotyledons

abbreviated or foliaceous, usually hamate ; radicle conical, turned towards the hilum.!

1 The following sections of the genus are now usually recog-
nized : —

EcHINOCEREvS. Stems short, usually subglobose, branched from
the base ; calyx-tube abbreviated, subcampanulate ; ovary acule-
ate ; stigmas green ; seed tuberculate ; cotyledons suberect.

Eucrrevs. Stems long ; calyx-tube elongated, usually furnished
with slender hair-like spines ; stigmas pale ; seed smooth or rarely
rugose ; embryo hooked at the apex.

LEPIpocEREvs. Stems elongated ; calyx-tybe short, many-lobed,

covered like the fruit with scales ; seeds smooth ; embryo hooked
at the apex.

Pitocergvus. Stems elongated ; calyx-tube short, few-lobed, cov-
ered with scales ; stigmas pale ; seed smooth ; embryo hooked at
the apex.

Ecuinopsis. Stem depressed, ribbed, globose or cylindrical ;
calyx-tube elongated, pulvilligerous, many-lobed ; ovaries bristly,
covered with scales ; cotyledons small, connate.

52 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CACTACEA,

About two hundred species of Cereus are now recognized ;* they inhabit the dry southwestern
region of North America,’ the West Indies,’ tropical South America,* and the Galapagos Islands.” At
least four species with erect columnar stout stems may properly be considered trees; these are Cereus
gigantcus, the tallest member of the Cactus family and an inhabitant of the arid deserts of the south-
western territories of the United States and of Sonora; Cereus Pringle,’ a plant of Lower California,
the islands of the Bay of California, and Sonora, which produces thicker trunks than any other Cactus
now known; Cereus Pecten-aboriginum’ of the same regions ; and Cereus Peruvianus,’ which in the
temperate arid parts of Peru rises to a height of forty or fifty feet.

The fruit of several species is edible, and that of others has reputed medicinal virtues.’ The ribs
of the woody frames of the stems of the large arborescent species are durable and are used for the
rafters of houses and for fuel. Several of the species with cylindrical stems are planted in warm coun-
tries as hedges to protect cultivated fields from grazing animals, and others are everywhere popular
garden plants,” valued for their beautiful flowers, which are sometimes nocturnal and exceedingly

fragrant.

The generic name relates to the candle-like form of the stems of some of the species.

1 Like other plants of the Cactus family, the species of Cereus
are difficult to understand and limit unless studied alive, and it is
not improbable that the number at present established by botanists
will be reduced when they are better known.

2 Engelmann, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xvii. 278 ; Bot. Mex. Bound.
Surv. ii. 28. — Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. i. 540.

8 Grisebach, Fl. Brit. 1. Ind. 300.

4 C. Gay, Fil. Chil. iii. 18. — Jameson, Syn. Pl. Equator. i. 260.

5 Hooker f. Zrans. Linn. Soc. xx. 223. — Andersson, Stockh.
Acad. Handl. 1853, 95 (Om Galapagos-Oarnes Veg.).

6 Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 368 (1885). — Sargent, Garden
and Forest, ii. 64, f. 92. — Brandegee, Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. 2, ii. 162
(Pl. Baja Cal.).— Vasey & Rose, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. i. 79.

The little island of San Pedro Marten in the Gulf of California
is covered with a forest of large trees of this Cactus, called Car-
den by the Mexican Indians, who grind the seeds and pulp into

flour which they wrap between corn-husks and boil into cakes.
The ribs of the stems are used on the island for door-posts and the
rafters of houses, and supply the inhabitants with their only fuel.

7 Watson, I. c. xxi. 429 (1886). — Brandegee, Proc. Cal. Acad.
ser. 2, iii, 141. — Vasey & Rose, J. c. 89.

The bristly covering of the fruit of this tree, which produces
trunks twenty to thirty feet high and three feet in diameter, is
used as hair-brushes by the Mexican Indians, who also grind the
seeds and mix them with their meal.

8 De Candolle, Prodr. iii. 464 (1828).

Cactus Peruvianus, Linnzus, Spec. 467 (1753).— De Candolle,

Pl. Grasses, t. 58.

Cactus hexagonus, Willdenow, Enum. Suppl. 32 (1813).

® Baillon, Hist. Pl. ix. 38.

10 Nicholson, Dict. Gard. i. 299. — Naudin, Manuel de l’Acclima-
teur, 200.

CACTACER. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 53

CEREUS GIGANTEUS.

Suwarro.

FLowers clustered at the top of the stems; calyx-tube short, covered with scales,
many-lobed. Fruit oval, bursting irregularly into three or four valves; seeds smooth ;
cotyledons foliaceous, hooked at the apex.

Cereus giganteus, Engelmann, Hmory’s Rep. 158 (1848) ; 676. — Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. i. 543. — James,
Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xiv. 3385; xvii. 231; Proc. Am. Am. Nat. xv. 982, f. 3. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am.
Acad. iii. 287; Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii. 42, t. 61, 62; 10th Census U. S. ix. 89.

Brewer & Watson Bot. Cal. i. 247. — Bigelow, Pacific R. Pilocereus Engelmanni, Lemaire, Jl. Hort. ix. Misc. 97
Rk. Rep. iv. 12.— Engelmann & Bigelow, Pacijic R. R. (1862).

Rep. iv. 36. — Walpers, Ann. v. 46. — Lemaire, Ill. Hort. Pilocereus giganteus, Forster, Handb. Cact. ed. Riimpler,
ix. Mise. 95. — Marcou, Jour. Hort. Soc. France, sér. 2, iii. 662, f. 88 (1886).

A tree, fifty to sixty feet in height, with a trunk sometimes two feet in diameter, columnar, thickest
below the middle and tapering gradually and slightly towards both ends, marked by transverse
superficial lines into rings four to eight inches long, which represent the amount of annual longitudinal
growth, and branchless or furnished above the middle with a few, usually two or three, stout alternate
or sometimes opposite upright branches which are shorter but otherwise resemble the principal stem.
At the base the trunk is eight to twelve-ribbed, with obtuse ribs four or five inches broad separated by
wide shallow depressions; higher up the stem the ribs are somewhat triangular and rounded or obtuse
on the back with deep narrow grooves between them; at the top they increase to eighteen or twenty
by bifurcation or by the growth of new ribs, and are obtuse, deep, and compressed. The stem and
branches are covered with a thick tough green epidermis, and consist of a fleshy covering and a circle
of bundles of woody fibre which makes, with annual layers of exogenous growth, dense tough elastic
columns placed opposite the depressions between the ribs and one half of an inch to three inches in
diameter ; they are frequently united by branches growing at irregular imtervals between them, and
increase in thickness towards the base, where they swell into spreading irregular knotted roots. The
woody frame remains standing after the death of the plant and the decomposition of its fleshy covering ;
this is three to six inches thick, saturated with bitter juice, and, passing between the woody bundles,
forms in the centre of the stem a pith four to six inches in diameter. The backs of the ribs, except at
the base of old trees where they become worn and smooth, are set at distances of half an inch with a
row of pale elevated chaffy cushions or areolz about half an inch in width and rather more in length,
from which are developed clusters of stout spines ; these are straight, with dark enlarged bulbous bases,
and are sulcate and angled, and pale or tinged with red; in the centre of the cluster are six stout
spines; of these the lower four are horizontal or slightly clined downward, the lowest being the
longest and stoutest and sometimes an inch and a half long and one twelfth of an inch thick, while the
upper two are shorter, more slender, and slightly turned upward ; surrounding this central group of six
is a row of shorter and thinner spreading radial spines, twelve to sixteen in number. The upper radial
spines, which are sometimes accompanied by a few shorter setaceous spines, and the lower vary from
one half of an inch to an inch in length, and are much shorter than the lateral radial spines which are
sometimes an inch and a half long and increase in length towards the bottom of the cluster. The spine-
clusters and areole fall together from old stems, generally the six central spines falling first, leaving
the radial spines appressed on the stem. The flowers, which begin to appear on plants twelve to fifteen
feet high and open from May to July, are produced in great numbers near the top of the stem, each

D4 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CACTACE.

being surrounded on the lower side by the radial spines of the cluster above which it is developed; they
are four to four and a half inches long, and two and a half inches broad when expanded. The ovary
is ovoid, an inch in length, and rather shorter than the stout tube of the flower; it is covered like the
base of the tube by thick imbricated green scales with small free triangular acute scarious mucronate
tips furnished in their axils with short tufts of rufous hairs and occasionally with clusters of short
chartaceous spines. The scale-tips lengthen above the base of the tube and gradually pass into thin
oblong-ovate or obovate sepals, mucronate or rounded at the apex and closely imbricated in many ranks.
The petals, which vary in number from twenty-five to thirty-five, are obovate-spatulate, obtuse, entire,
thick and fleshy, creamy white, two thirds of an inch long, and much reflexed after the expansion of the
flower. The stamens are exceedingly numerous, with long slender filaments and linear anthers emar-
ginate at both ends; the filaments are united for half their length to the walls of the calyx-tube, the
exterior rows being jomed below into a long tube which lines its bottom, from which rises the stout
columnar style surrounded at the base by a circle of oblong nectariferous glands and divided at the apex
into twelve or fifteen green stigmas. The fruit ripens in August and is ovate or slightly obovate, two
and a half inches long, one inch and a third broad, and covered with the remote persistent tips of the
scales of the ovary ; the top is truncate and covered by the depressed pale scar left by the falling of
the flower. When ripe it is ight red and separates irregularly into three or four fleshy valves which
are one sixth of an inch thick and bright red on their inner surface, and in opening disclose the bright
scarlet juicy mass of the enlarged funiculi through which are scattered innumerable seeds; these are
obovate, rounded, one sixteenth of an inch long, and covered with a thick lustrous dark chestnut-brown
After the bursting of the fruit the juicy central mass dries and falls to the ground, the valves of
the pericarp, which remains for some time longer on the stem, turning back and presenting the appear-

coat.

ance of a star-shaped red flower.'

Cereus giganteus is distributed from the valley of Bill Williams River through central and
southern Arizona to the valley of the San Pedro River, and southward in Sonora, scattered in consid-
erable numbers through the crevices of low rocky hills and over the dry gravelly mesas of the desert, to
which its tall sombre sentinel-like shafts, which look as if they had been cut from stone, give a peculiar
and most interesting appearance.”

The wood of the columns is strong, very light, soft and rather coarse-grained, with a satiny surface
susceptible of receiving a fine polish ; it contains numerous conspicuous medullary rays and broad bands
It is light brown tinged with
yellow, and when perfectly dry has a specific gravity of 0.3188, a cubic foot weighing 19.87 pounds.
The columns, which are almost indestructible in contact with the ground and little affected by the at-
mosphere, are largely used for the rafters of adobe houses, for fencing, and by the Indians for lances,
bows, etc. ‘The pulp and seeds are devoured by birds. and are prized by the Indians,? who collect them
with long forked sticks, and who dry and eat them or press them when fresh to obtain their thick
molasses-like juice, which they preserve for winter use.

Cereus giganteus was discovered on the Ist of November, 1846, in a gorge of the Gila River
near the mouth of the San Francisco in Arizona by Lieutenant-Colonel William H. Emory‘ of the

of open cells marking the inner portion of the layers of annual growth.

1 The accompanying plate was engraved from drawings made
by Mr. Faxon of the flowers and fruit of Cereus giganteus produced
on the top of a tree sent to me in Brookline from Phenix, Arizona,
by Mr. Thomas H. Douglas. The top of the stem, which had been
cut off two or three feet from the apex, was placed as soon as it
arrived on a board in a warm dry greenhouse where the small
flower-buds with which it was covered grew and opened, and after-
ward produced fully developed fruit with perfect seeds.

? Portraits of Cereus giganteus displaying the habit of the plant
and the appearance of the country which it inhabits can be found

in Ex. Doc. No. 41, 30th Congress, 1st Session (Notes of a Military
Reconnaisance from Fort Leavenworth in Missouri to San Diego in
California), opposite pp. 72, 74, 76, 78 ; in the frontispiece to part
ii. vol. ii. Report on the U. S. Mexican Boundary Survey (Ex. Doc.
No. 108, 34th Congress, 1st Session) ; in the Treasury of Botany, i.
256; in the Flore des Serres, x. opposite p. 24 ; xv. opposite p. 187;
and in the frontispiece to vol. vi. of the Rep. of the U. S. Geographi-
cal Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian.

8 Thurber, J/em. Am. Acad. n. ser. v. 305.

+ See iv. 60.

CACTACE.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 55

United States army, when in command of a military reconnaisance from Fort Leavenworth in
Missouri to San Diego in California ;! and the first account of this tree was published with a portrait
in the report of this expedition.2 The Suwarro is now a familiar object to all travelers on the railroads
of southern Arizona, and is occasionally cultivated in California and under glass in the northern states

and in Europe?

1 Humboldt (Essai sur la Nouvelle-Espagne, i. 312) alludes to
the occurrence of a great cylindrical Cactus which the Spanish mis-
sionaries found growing in the woods at the foot of the California
Mountains. This, as Dr. Engelmann suggests, may have been Ce-
reus giganteus, or it may equally well have been one of the other
tall-stemmed species.

2 Ex. Doc. No. 41, 30th Congress, Ist Session, 72.

3 The seeds collected by Colonel Emory, and afterwards by Dr.
George Thurber and Dr. C. C. Parry when connected as botanists

with the United States government expedition which was intrusted

with establishing the boundary line between this country and
Mexico, were distributed by Dr. Engelmann among cultivators of
Cactus-plants, and « number of specimens were raised. These have
grown slowly, and so far as has been reported none of them have
yet flowered. In Europe Cereus giganteus flowered for the first
time in July, 1891, a large specimen which had been obtained from
an American florist producing « number of flowers in the Royal
Gardens at Kew in England (W. Watson, Garden and Forest, iv.
342. — Bot. Mag. exviii. t. 7222).

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

ed
~ oS

OMNIA AF WHY

PLATE CCX. CEREUS GIGANTEUS.

. A flower and flower-bud, natural size.
. Vertical section of a flower, natural size.

A stamen, enlarged.

. The apex of a style, enlarged.

. Cross section of an ovary, enlarged.

A cluster of ovules, much magnified.

. A closed and an open fruit, natural size.

A seed, enlarged.

. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.
. An embryo, much magnified.

. A cluster of spines, slightly enlarged.

Tab CCX.

Silva of North America.

Be

es

=F:

LPreare’e se.

LE. Favor del.

CEREUS GIGANTEUS, Engelm.

A, Riocreux dren” Lrp. 2. Taneur, Paris.

ARALIACEAE.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. o7

ARALIA.

FLowers perfect, polygamo-monecious or polygamo-dicecious; calyx-tube coher-
ent with the ovary, the limb truncate, repand or minutely 5-toothed, the teeth valvate
in estivation; petals 5, imbricated in estivation; stamens 5; ovary 2 to 5-celled;
ovules solitary in each cell. Fruit a berry-like drupe, 2 to 5-seeded. Leaves alternate,
digitate, pinnate or decompound, stipulate, deciduous.

Aralia, Linnzus, Gen. 88 (1737).— A. L. de Jussieu, Gen.
218. — Meisner, Gen. 152 (in part).— Endlicher, Gen.

794 (in part). — Decaisne & Planchon, Rev. Hort. 1854,
104. — Bentham & Hooker, Gen. i. 936.
Dimorphanthus, Miquel, Comm. Phyt. 95 (1840).

Aromatic spiny trees and shrubs, with stout pithy branchlets and thick fleshy roots; or bristly
Leaves alternate, digitate or once or twice pinnate, the pinne serrulate ;
Bracts and

or glabrous perennial herbs.
stipules inconspicuous, produced on the expanded and clasping base of the petiole.
Flowers on slender jointed pedicels, umbellate, small, greenish white, the umbels
Calyx-tube coherent with the

bractlets minute.
solitary, racemose, panicled or rarely collected into compound umbels.
ovary, the limb truncate, repand or minutely five-toothed. Disk epigynous, explanate, confluent with
the base of the style, the margin thin and free. Petals five, inserted by their broad bases on the
margin of the disk, ovate, obtuse or acute and slightly inflexed at the apex.
the margin of the disk, alternate with the petals; filaments filiform ; anthers oblong or rarely ovate,
attached on the back, introrse, two-celled, the cells opening longitudinally. Ovary two to five-celled ;
styles two to five, in the fertile flower distinct and erect or slightly united at the base, spreading and
incurved above the middle, or incurved from the base and sometimes inflexed at the apex, crowned with
the large capitate stigmas; in the sterile flower short and united ; ovules solitary, suspended from the
apex of the cell, anatropous ; raphe ventral, the micropyle superior. Fruit laterally compressed or three
to five-angled, crowned with the remnants of the styles ; exocarp fleshy; nutlets two to five, orbicular,
Seed compressed ; testa thin, adnate to

Stamens five, inserted on

ovate or oblong, compressed, crustaceous or bony, one-seeded.
the thick fleshy albumen. Embryo minute, next the hilum ; cotyledons ovate or oblong, as long as the
straight radicle or barely longer.’

Aralia, as the genus is now limited, consists of about thirty North American and Asiatic species.
In Asia it is common in the eastern and southern parts of the continent from Manchuria to northern
India, Japan, and the islands of the Malay Archipelago. In eastern North America seven species, all
herbs with the exception of Aralia spinosa, a small tree, are distributed from Canada to New Mexico ;°
one herbaceous species grows on the mountains of California,* and one or two others in Mexico.> In

1 The genus is conveniently divided into two sections : — Candolle, Prodr. iv. 258.— Gray, Smithsonian Contrib. v. 65 (Pi.

Evaraia. Stems woody or herbaceous ; leaves pinnate or de-
compound ; flowers polygamo-monecious or perfect ; styles usually
five.

GINSENG. Stems herbaceous ; leaves digitate ; flowers polygamo-
diccious ; styles two or rarely three.

2 Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 646. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s

Man. ed. 6, 212.
8 Aralia humilis, Cavanilles, Icon. iv. 7, t. 313 (1797).— De

Wright. ii.).
4 Aralia Californica, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 144 (1876). —
Brewer & Watson, Bot. Cal. i. 273.
Aralia racemosa, Torrey, Pacific R. R. Rep. iv. 94 (1856) (not
Linneus).
Aralia racemosa, var. occidentalis, Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Explor.
Exped. 325 (1874).
5 Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. i. 571. — Brandegee, Proc. Cal.
Acad. ser. 2, ii. 165, t. 8 (Pl. Baja Cal.).

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

58 ARALIACEZE.

Asia Aralia spinosa in slightly modified forms appears in Manchuria, Japan, and the Philippine
Islands;! and a second American species, Aralia quinquefolia, is also found in Manchuria. Japan
possesses one endemic herbaceous species, and China’ at least two; m the Malay Archipelago the
largest number of arborescent and shrubby forms are collected,’ and im India the two sections of the
genus are represented by eight species.’

Aralia has few useful properties. In China ginseng, the root of Aralia quinquefolia,’ is prized
in medicine, and in Japan the roots and young shoots of Aralia cordata® are eaten as vegetables.
The roots of the American Aralia spinosa, Aralia racemosa, Aralia nudicaulis, and Aralia
hispida® are sometimes used in domestic practice as gentle stimulants and aperitives, chiefly in the
treatment of rheumatism and syphilitic symptoms.”

The generic name is of obscure and doubtful meaning.

1 Aralia hypoleuca, Pres], Epimel. Bot. 250 (1849). — Walpers,
Ann. i. 724.

2 Forbes & Hemsley, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 337.

8 Miquel, Fl. Ind. Bat. i. 749.

4 Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 721.

5 Decaisne & Planchon, Rev. Hort. 1854, 105. — Gray, Mem. Am.
Acad. n. ser. vi. 391. — Forbes & Hemsley, J. c. 338.— Watson &
Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 213.

Panax quinquefolium, Linneus, Spec. 1058 (1753).— De Can-

dolle, Prodr. iv. 252. — Seemann, Jour. Bot. vi. 54.

Panax Americanum, Rafinesque, New Fil. iv. 58 (1836).
Panax Ginseng, C. A. Meyer, Bull. Cl. Phys.-Math. Acad. Sci.

St. Pétersbourg, i. 340 (1843). — Seemann, I. c.

Ginseng quinquefolium, Wood, Bot. and Fl. 142 (1870).

In China from the earliest historic times the roots of Aralia quin-
quefolia have enjoyed the reputation of possessing marvelous medi-
eal virtues, and fabulous prices are paid for the wild Manchurian
roots which are more esteemed than those of cultivated or of
American plants, and are now almost entirely consumed in the Im-
perial household. The root is fleshy, spindle-shaped, with two or
three terminal divisions, from one to four inches long, semitrans-
In China
the drug prepared from the root of the Ginseng, which apparently

parent and yellowish, with 4 sweet mucilaginous flavor.

possesses no active properties, is prescribed for nearly every form
of human disease, and as a tonic and stimulant it is considered in-
valuable (Raynal, Histoire Philosophique et Politique des Etablisse-
mens & du Commerce des Européens dans les deux Indes, ii. 210. —
Jartoux, Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses (ed. Toulouse), xviii. 97, t. —
Seemann, J. c. ii. 320. — Smith, Chinese Mat. Med. 103).

The extinction of the Manchurian supply led to the importation
of the American root, and for more than a century immense quan-
tities of wild American Ginseng-roots have been sent to China
from the eastern United States, where the plant has become rare
and is in danger of extermination. (See Lafitau, Mémoire con-
cernant la précieuse plante du Gin-seng de Tartarie, découverte en
Canada. — Michaux f. Voyage a Vouest des Monts Alléghanys,
182. — Rafinesque, Med. Fl. ii.53.— W. P. C. Barton, Med. Bot. ii.
193, t. 45. — Woodville, Med. Bot. ii. 270, t. 99.) For centuries the
Asiatic Ginseng, which was first known to Europeans in Japan, has
been cultivated on a large scale in that country (Kaempfer, Amen.
Exot. 826.— Rein, The Industries of Japan, 136) ; in some parts of
Corea it constitutes the most important farm crop (Aston, Pharma-
ceutical Journal and Transactions, 1885, 732), and recently attempts
have been made to cultivate it in the northern United States (Stan-
ton, Garden and Forest, v. 223. — Kew Bull. 1893, 71, t.).

6 Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 127 (1784).— Miquel, Ann. Mus. Lugd.
Bat. i. 9. — Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. i. 191.

Aralia edulis, Siebold & Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. i. 57, t. 25 (1835).

7 Linneus, J. c. 273 (1753).— Chapman, Fl. 166.— Watson &
Coulter, J. c.

8 Linneus, l. c. 274 (1753). — Chapman, J. c. — Watson & Coul-
ter, 1. c.

9 Ventenat, Jard. Cels, 41, t. 41 (1800). — Chapman, J. c. —
Watson & Coulter, J. c.

10 Porcher, Resources of Southern Fields and Forests, 51. — John-
son, Man. Med. Bot. N. Am. 156.— U. S. Dispens. ed. 16, 1714.

ARALIACESE.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 59

ARALIA SPINOSA.

Hercules’ Club.

FLowers perfect or polygamo-monecious, in large compound racemose panicles.

Leaves ample, twice pinnate.

Aralia spinosa, Linneus, Spec. 273 (1753). — Fabricius,

Enum. Pl. Helm. ed. 2, 405. — Crantz, Umbell. 123. —
Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No. 3.— Du Roi, Harbk. Bawmz. i.
63.— Lamarck, Dict. i. 223. — Marshall, Arbust. 4.
11. — Walter, Fl. Car. 117. — Schmidt, Oestr. Baume. ii.
52, t. 102, 103. — Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 23 ; Spec. i. pt.
ii. 1520; Hnum. 332. — Michaux, FU. Bor.-Am. i. 186. —
Persoon, Syn. i. 332.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 209. —
Roemer & Schultes, Syst. vi. 701. — Elliott, Sk. i. 372. —
Sprengel, Syst. i. 951. — De Candolle, Prodr. iv. 259. —
Don, Gen. Syst. iii. 389. — Spach, Hist. Vég. viii. 120. —

? Cheerophyllum

Torrey & Gray, 77. N. Am. i. 647.— Dietrich, Syn. ii.
1035. — Curtis, Rep. Geology. Surv. N. Car. iii. 91. —
Chapman, F7. 166. — Seemann, Jour. Bot. vi. 135. —
Koch, Dendr. i. 672. — Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. ed. 2,
503.— Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Mun. ed. 6, 2138.
arborescens, Linneus, Spec. 259
(1753). — Hill, Vey. Syst. vi. 55, t. 53, £ 3.— Crantz,
Umbell. 79. — Lamarck, Dict. i. 684. — Willdenow, Spec.
i. pt. ii. 1457. — Persoon, Syn. i. 321. — Don, Gen. Syst.
iii. 367. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 638. — Dietrich,
Syn. ii. 983.

A spiny tree, thirty to thirty-five feet in height, with a trunk six to eight inches in diameter and
stout wide-spreading branches ; or more often a shrub with a cluster of unbranched stems six to twenty
feet tall. The bark of the trunk is dark brown, an eighth of an inch thick, and divided by wide shallow
fissures into broad rounded ridges irregularly broken on the surface. The branchlets are one half to
two thirds of an inch in diameter, armed like the principal branches and young trunks with stout and
straight or slightly incurved orange-colored scattered prickles, and nearly encircled by the conspicuous
narrow leaf-scars which are marked by a row of prominent fibro-vascular bundle-scars; the inner bark
is bright green and the outer is thin, light orange-colored in the first season, lustrous and marked
uregularly with oblong pale dots, and in the second year light brown. The terminal bud is conical,
blunt at the apex, one half to three quarters of an inch long, and covered with thin chestnut-brown
scales. The axillary buds are triangular, flattened, and about a quarter of an inch in length and
breadth. The leaves, which are clustered at the top of the branches, are twice pinnate, three or four
feet long, two and a half feet broad, with stout light brown petioles eighteen to twenty inches in length
clasping the stem with enlarged bases, and armed with slender prickles, or occasionally unarmed ;1 the
pinne are unequally pinnate, usually with five or six pairs of leaflets and a long-stalked terminal leaflet,
and are often furnished at the base with a pinnate or simple leaflet; the ultimate divisions of the leaves
are ovate-acute, dentate or crenate, wedge-shaped or more or less rounded at the base and short-stalked,
with prominent midribs and reticulated vemlets; when they unfold they are lustrous, bronze green,
and slightly pilose on the upper side of the midribs and on the midribs and primary veins below, and at
maturity are membranaceous, dark green on the upper surface, pale on the lower, two to three inches
in length, an inch and a half in breadth, and occasionally furnished with small hooked prickles on the
The acute stipules are half an inch long, and when the leaves unfold are
puberulous on the back and ciliate on the margins. In the autumn the leaves turn light yellow before
falling. The flowers, which appear in midsummer, are produced on long slender pubescent straw-
colored pedicels in many-flowered umbels arranged in compound panicles, with light brown puberulous
branches forming a terminal racemose cluster three or four feet in length which rises, solitary or two or
three together, above the spreading leaves. The bracts and bractlets are lanceolate, acute, scarious,

upper side of the midribs.

1 tralia spinosa, 8., Torrey & Gray, F7. N. Am. i. 647 (1840).

ARALIACE,

60 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

and persistent. The flowers are one sixteenth of an inch long, perfect or often unisexual by the
abortion of the ovary, and have acute white petals inflexed at the apex, and connivent styles. In
the autumn the branches of the flower-clusters become purple. The fruit ripens in August in small
quantities in proportion to the number of the flowers, which are often sterile; it is black, one eighth of
an inch in diameter, globose, three to five-angled, and crowned with the blackened styles; the flesh is
thin, purple, and very juicy ; the nutlets are crustaceous and compressed.

Aralia spinosa is distributed from Pennsylvania, where it is common on the western slope of the
Alleghany Mountains in the counties of Clearfield, Cambria, Westmoreland, and Fayette, to southern
Indiana! and southeastern Missouri, and ranges southward to Florida, western Louisiana, and eastern

Texas, growing in deep moist soil usually in the neighborhood of streams, and probably attaining its

greatest size on the foothills of the Big Smoky Mountains in Tennessee.

The Manchurian? and

Japanese forms® are only distinguishable from the American plant by their larger wider leaflets, which
are often more deeply cut, and are usually pubescent on the lower surface.

The wood of Aralia spinosa is close-grained, light, soft, and brittle; it contains numerous thin
medullary rays and rows of open ducts marking the layers of annual growth, and is brown streaked
with yellow, with lighter colored sapwood composed of two or three layers of annual growth.

The bark of the root and the berries are occasionally employed in the United States in medicine,
principally in domestic practice, and are stimulant and diaphoretic ; the bark of the root is emetic and
cathartic, and has been found efficient in relieving rheumatism.‘

The earliest account of Aralia spinosa was published in 1688,° and describes a plant cultivated
by Bishop Compton in his garden at Fulham near London, who received it from John Banister in

Virginia.

The unusual appearance of its stout-armed stems, the great size of its leaves, and the enormous

clusters of flowers which appear when most trees and shrubs have passed their flowering time, have long

made Aralia spinosa a favorite in the gardens of temperate countries,® where its habit and peculiar

appearance are unlike those of any other hardy plant.

In recent years the American plant is less

frequently seen in cultivation than the hardier and more robust Manchurian form.

Aralia spinosa may be propagated from seed, or from cuttings of the fleshy roots, which soon

produce vigorous plants.

1 Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 67.
2 Aralia spinosa, var. Chinensis.

Aralia Chinensis, Linneus, Spec. 273 (1753). — De Candolle,
Prodr. iv. 259.— Bentham, Fl. Hongk. 135.— Seemann, Jour.
Bot. vi. 133.

Leea spinosa, Sprengel, Syst. i. 670 (1825).

Aralia Planchoniana, Hance, Jour. Bot. iv. 172 (1866).

Aralia Decaisneana, Hance, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 5, v. 215 (1866).

Aralia Mandshurica, Maximowicz & Ruprecht, Bull. Cl. Phys.-
Math. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, xv. 134 (1857).

Dimorphanthus Mandshuricus, Maximowiez, Prim. Fl. Amur.
133 (1859).

Aralia spinosa, Forbes & Hemsley, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxiii, 338
(in part) (1886).

3 Aralia spinosa, var. elata.

Dimorphanthus clatus, Miquel, Comm. Phyt. 95, t. 12 (1840). —
Walpers, Rep. ii. 430.

Aralia canescens, Siebold & Zuccarini, Abhand. Akad. Miinch.
iv. 202 (1843).

Aralia Leroana, Koch, Wochenschrift, 1864, 369. — Seemann,
i. c. 135 (excl. var. g., Torrey & Gray).

Aralia elata, Seemann, Jour. Bot. vi. 134 (1868).

Aralia spinosa, var. glabrescens, Franchet & Savatier, J. c. 191
(1875).

Aralia spinosa, var. canescens, Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl.

Jap. i. 192 (1875).

In Yeso, where this form with large ovate leaflets, pale and pu-
bescent or rarely glabrous on the lower surface, grows to the
largest size, it is one of the commonest inhabitants of the forest
of deciduous trees which cover the low hills, growing in rich humid
soil, usually associated with White Oaks, Hornbeams, the Hop
Hornbeam, Magnolias, Cercidiphyllum, Lindens, and Acanthopanax ;
it is also abundant on the mountain ranges of Hondo, and is always
a conspicuous feature in August and September, when the flower-
clusters rise above the surrounding foliage.

4 Elliott, Sk. i. 373. — Rosenthal, Syn. Pl. Diaphor. 560. — John-
son, Man. Med. Pl. N. Am. 156.— U. S. Dispens. ed. 16, 1714.

5 Angelica arborescens spinosa, seu Arbor Indica Fraxini folio, cor-
tice spinoso, Ray, Hist. Pl. 11. 1798.

Christophoriana arbor aculeata Virginiensis, Plukenet, Phyt. t. 20 ;
Alm. Bot. 98.

Angelica arborescens spinosa, seu Arbor Indica Fraxini folio, cortice
spinoso, J. Commelyn, Hort. i. 89, t. 47.

Aralia arborescens spinosa, Vaillant, Serm. Struct. Flor. 43.

Aralia caule aculeato, Linneus, Hort. Cliff. 113.

Aralia arborea aculeata, Linneus, Virid. 26.— Clayton, Fl. Vir-
gin. 34.

6 Aiton, Hort. Kew. i. 382. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 999, f. 754.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puate CCXI. ARALIA SPINOSA.
. The end of a panicle of flowers, natural size.
. Diagram of a flower.
. Vertical section of a perfect flower, enlarged.
. A stamen, front and rear views, enlarged.
. A perfect flower, the petals and stamens removed, enlarged.
An ovule, much magnified.
. The end of a fruiting panicle, natural size.

. A fruit cut transversely, enlarged.

CAN HAP WHY He

. A seed, enlarged.

js
=)

. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.

=
=

. An embryo, much magnified.

e
\)

2. A leaflet, natural size.

bo
oo

. A winter branchlet, natural size.

is

. A growing terminal bud showing stipules, natural size.

Silva of North America. Lae Sa

Swe

SS

NY}
\
.

Ee Famondel. : Tie.

ARALIA SPINOSA, L.

A.Riocreux direx* Imp. f.Taneur, Paris.

CORNACEE.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 63

CORNUS.

FLowers perfect; calyx minutely 4-toothed; petals 4, valvate in estivation ;
stamens 4; ovary 2 or rarely 38-celled; ovules solitary, suspended. Fruit drupaceous,
1 or 2-seeded. Leaves opposite or rarely alternate, destitute of stipules, deciduous.

Cornus, Linneus, Gen. 29 (1737).— Adanson, Fam. Pl. ii.
158.— A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. 214.— Meisner, Gen.
153. — Endlicher, Gen. 798. — Bentham & Hooker, Gen.
i. 950. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. vii. 79.

Benthamia, Liadley, Bot. Reg. xix. t. 1579 (1833). — Meis-
ner, Gen. 153. — Endlicher, Gen. 798.

Eukrania, Rafinesque, Alsograph. Am. 59 (1838).

Cynoxylon, Rafinesque, Alsograph. Am. 59 (1888).

Benthamidia, Spach, Hist. Vég. viii. 106 (1839).

Glabrous or pubescent trees and shrubs, with astringent bark, slender terete unarmed branchlets,
scaly buds with accrescent scales, and fibrous roots; or herbs. Leaves opposite or rarely alternate and
clustered at the ends of the branchlets, conduplicate or involute in vernation, petiolate or subsessile,
entire or obscurely serrate, hirsute with tuberculate roughened hairs on the upper surface, silky-pilose
and often glaucous on the lower, deciduous. Flowers small, terminal or axillary, white or greenish
white, in close cymes or heads surrounded by a conspicuous involucre of four to six large petal-like
scales, or yellow, precocious, umbellate, the sessile umbels surrounded by four small deciduous scales ;
or white or cream-color, in dichotomously branched cymes. Calyx-tube turbinate, urceolate or cam-
panulate, terete, angled or winged, the limb minutely four-toothed. Disk epigynous, pulvinate, depressed
in the centre, or obsolete. Petals four, oblong or ovate, inserted on the margin of the disk. Stamens
four, exserted ; filaments filiform or subulate, inserted on the margin of the disk, alternate with the

anthers oblong, introrse, versatile, attached on the back near the middle, two-celled, the cells

5?
opening longitudinally. Ovary inferior, two or rarely three-celled ; style exserted, simple, filiform or

petals ;

columnar, crowned with a single capitate or truncate stigma ; ovules suspended from the interior angle
of the apex of the cell, solitary, anatropous; raphe dorsal; micropyle superior. Fruit drupaceous,
ovoid or oblong, areolate at the apex and often crowned with the calyx-lobes or the remnants of the
style, free or (Benthamia) confluent into a fleshy tuberculate syncarp ; sarcocarp dry; putamen bony or
crustaceous, two-celled, two or sometimes one-seeded. Seed oblong, compressed ; testa membranaceous.
Embryo straight or slightly incurved, as long as the copious fleshy albumen and surrounded by it;
cotyledons foliaceous ; radicle terete, elongated, turned towards the hilum.’

Cornus is widely distributed through the three continents of the northern hemisphere, and south of
the equator appears in Peru with a single species.” In North America, where the species of Cornus are
Three

of these are arborescent; the other American species are large and small shrubs, and herbs of boreal

more numerous than in other parts of the world, sixteen or seventeen have been distinguished.®

1 The species may be conveniently grouped in the following sec-
tions .—

1. Flowers in close cymes surrounded by an involucre of four
large petal-like scales. Herbaceous.

2, Flowers in close cymes surrounded by an involucre of four to
six white petal-like scales. Arborescent.

3. Flowers capitate, surrounded by an involucre of four white or

cream-colored petal-like scales; drupes confluent into a fleshy
syncarp. Arborescent.

4. Flowers umbellate, the umbels surrounded by green decidu-
ous scales. Arborescent or frutescent.

5. Flowers white or cream-color, in cymose panicles, ebracteo-
late. Arborescent or frutescent.

2 Bentham & Hooker, Gen. i. 950.

8 Coulter & Evans, Bot. Gazette, xv. 30, 86.

64 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CORNACE.

regions. The flora of Mexico contains four or five species ;* and in Europe there are four,’ all widely
distributed in western Asia? also. Of the four Himalayan species, Cornus sanguinea * is also Kuropean
and northern Asiatic, while Cornus macrophylla® ranges through China and Corea to Japan, and
Cornus capitata® to central China. At least five species are now known to grow naturally in China,’
although only two of them are peculiar to that empire. Five species occur in Japan,” where Cornus
Kousa® represents the Flowering Dogwoods, and Corea possesses probably one endemic species.” In
the early tertiary epoch arborescent species of Cornus inhabited the Arctic region; and towards the
eocene period species similar to existing forms appeared in Europe.” In North America traces of
Cornus abound in the midcontinental Laramie group.”

Cornus is rich in tannic acid, and the bark and occasionally the leaves and unripe fruit are used as
tonics, astringents, and febrifuges. The sweet cherry-like fruit of the European Cornus mas” is
edible, and is used in preserves, robs, and cordials; and that of several species contains considerable
quantities of fatty oil.° The dried inner bark of the American Cornus sericea,” mixed with tobacco,
was smoked with satisfaction by the Indians who inhabited the shores of the Great Lakes and the

central regions of the continent.”

1 Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nov. Gen. et Spec. iii. 430. —
Kunth, Syn. Pl. 42quin. iii. 75. — Hemsley, Lot. Biol. Am. Cent. i.
575.

2 Nyman, Conspect. Fl. Europ. 319.

8 Boissier, Fl. Orient. 11. 1092.

4 Linneus, Spec. 117 (1753). — L’Héritier, Cornus, 5.— De Can-
dolle, Prodr. iv. 272.— Guimpel, Willdenow & Hayne, Adbild.
Deutsch. Holz. i. 12, t. 3. — Pallas, FU. Ross. i. 117. — Ledebour, Fv.
Ross. ii. 378. — Brandis, Forest Fil. Brit. Ind. 253. — Hooker f. Fl.
Brit. Ind. ii. T44.

Cornus australis, C. A. Meyer, Mém. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg,
sér. 6, v. 211 (1849). — Boissier, J. c.

5 Wallich, Roxburgh Fl. Ind. i. 433 (1820).— Don, Prodr. Fl.
Nepal. 141. — De Candolle, 7. «. — Brandis, 7. c. 252, t. 32. —
Hooker f. J. c.— Forbes & Hemsley, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxiii.
345.

Cornus brachypoda, C. A. Meyer, 1. v. 222 (1849). — Walpers,
Ann. ii. 725. — Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. i. 195.

Cornus crispula, Hance, Jour. Bot. xix. 216 (1881).

Cornus macrophylla, which is one of the stateliest and most beau-
tiful trees of the genus, is common in the forests of northern and
central Japan, where it is usually found on moist slopes or in the
neighborhood of streams, sometimes rising to the height of fifty
or sixty feet and developing trunks two or three feet in diameter
and broad flat heads of horizontal branches. In northern India,
where it is widely distributed at elevations between three thou-
sand and eight thousand feet above the sea, the wood is valued
for the excellent charcoal for gunpowder which it yields, the fruit
is eaten, and the leaves furnish fodder for goats. (See Gamble,
Man. Indian Timbers, 212.)

§ Wallich, J. c. 434 (1820) ; Pl. As. Rar. iii. 10, t. 214. — Don,
l. c.— De Candolle, J. c. 273.— Hooker f. J. c. 745.— Forbes &
Hemsley, J. c.

Benthamia fragifera, Lindley, Bot. Reg. xix. t. 1579 (1833) ;
Trans. Roy. Hort. Soc. ser. 2, i. 457, t.17.— Walpers, Rep. ii.
435. — Wight, Jil. Ind. Bot. t. 122. — Bot. Mag. lxxviii. t. 4641. —
Fil. des Serres, vii. 261.

In the mountainous regions of India, where Cornus capitata is
abundant at elevations of from thirty-five hundred to eight thou-
sand feet, the handsome yellowish red strawberry-shaped succulent
fruits formed by the coalition of the numerous pericarps are eaten
raw and are made into preserves (Brandis, /. c. 253).

7 Forbes & Hemsley, /. c. 344.

8 Franchet & Savatier, /. c. 195.

9 Miquel, Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. ii. 159 (1865).—Franchet &
Savatier, l. c.— The Garden, xliii. 153, t.

Benthamia Japonica, Siebold & Zuccarini, Fil. Jap. i. 38, t. 16

(1835).

10 Cornus officinalis, Siebold & Zuccarini, 1. c. 100, t. 50 (1835). —
Miquel, 7. c. 160.—Franchet & Savatier, J. c. 196.— Forbes &
Hemsley, J. c.

In Japan, where Cornus officinalis was introduced, probably from
Corea, several centuries ago, it is esteemed for the tonic and astrin-
gent properties of the fruit (see Smith, Chinese Mat. Med. 74), and
is often planted in gardens, where it appears as a bushy tree twenty
or twenty-five feet in height, with the habit and general appearance
of the European Cornelian Cherry, which it resembles in most of
its essential characters.

1 Saporta, Origine Paléontologique des Arbres, 249. — Zittel,
Handb. Paleontolog. ii. 614.

2 LL, F. Ward, 6th Ann. Rep. U. S. Geolog. Surv. 1884-85, 490
(Syn. Fl. Laramie Group).

13 Rosenthal, Syn. Pl. Diaphor. 569. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. vii. 76 ;
Traité Bot. Méd. 1072.

14 Linneus, lJ. c. (1753). — L’Heéritier, J. c. 4. — Schmidt, Oestr.
Baumz. ii. 7, t. 63. — Guimpel, Willdenow & Hayne, J. c. 10, t. 2. —
De Candolle, l. c. 273. — Nyman, J. c. 319.

15 Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 1016.

16 Jour. Chim. Méd. ii. 350.— A. Richard, Hist. Nat. Méd. iii.
dod.

17 Linneus, Jfant. 199 (1771). — L’H¢éritier, 1. c. 5, t. 2.—C. A.
Meyer, J. c. 213. — Emerson, Trees Mass. ed. 2, ii. 466, t. — Coulter
& Evans, Bot. Gazette, xv. 34. Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man.
ed. 6, 214.

Cornus Amomum, Du Roi, Diss. 7 (1771) ; Harbk. Baumz. 1.164.
? Cornus cerulea, Lamarck, Dict. ii. 116 (1786).

? Cornus alba, Walter, Fl. Car. 88 (not Linnzus) (1788).

? Cornus rubiginosa, Ehrhart, Beitr. iv. 15 (1789).

Cornus cyanocarpa, Moench, Meth. 108 (1794).

Cornus lanuginosa, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 92 (1803).

? Cornus polygama, Rafinesque, FV. Ludovic.78 (1817) ; Alsograph.

Am. 61.— De Candolle, J. c. iv. 274. — Don, Gen. Syst. iii. 401.

Cornus obliqua, Rafinesque, Ann. Nat. 13 (1820).
18 It is this species, which was generally known as “ Kinnikin-

CORNACEE, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 65

The wood of Cornus is hard, close-grained, and durable, and is used in turnery and for charcoal.
The greatest value of Cornus, however, is for the decoration of parks and gardens ; several of the
species produce flowers and fruits of remarkable beauty, and others cover their branches with brilliantly

colored bark.

The plants of this genus are little injured in America by the attacks of insects! or by fungal

diseases.”

The generic name, from cornu, relates to the hardness of the wood produced by the different’

species.

nic,” and was chiefly prized by the Indians for smoking, although
in those parts of the country where it was not found they used for
the same purpose the bark and leaves of several other plants. (See
Parry, Owen Rep. Geolog. Surv. Wisconsin, lowa, and Minnesota,
613.)

1 The Fall Web-worm sometimes disfigures Cornus florida, and
the larve of Antispila cornifoliella, Clemens (Proc. Phil. Acad. 1860,
11), mine within its leaves, and Coleophora cornella, Walsingham
(Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1882, 432), feeds on the leaves of Cornus
pubescens in California. The larve of « Saw-fly, Harpiphorus vari-
anus, Norton, destroy the foliage of several of the shrubby species
of Cornus in many parts of the country (J. G. Jack, Garden and
Forest, ii. 520). One or two species of unidentified borers injure
the wood of Cornus, and a whitish Scale-insect is often abundant
on the bark of plants of some species.

2 The American arborescent species of Cornus are attacked by
a number of characteristic fungi; Myzosporium nitidum, Berke-

ley & Curtis, which is common on Cornus alternifolia, kills the
young twigs and branches, which become yellowish brown and often
highly polished and spotted with the minute perithecia of this
parasite. Septoria cornicola, Desmaziére, produces numerous small
white spots powdered with purple on the leaves of Cornus florida
and Cornus alternifolia and on those of many shrubby species. Of
all the American species, Cornus florida appears to be the most
subject to attacks of fungi, about thirty species having been de-
tected on this tree. Among mildews, Microsphera Alni, Winter,
is common on the leaves of Cornus alternifolia and Cornus stolo-
nifera. Phyllactinia guttata, Léveillé, a common fungus on the
Chestnut-tree, occurs also on Cornus florida and Cornus stolonifera.
A sooty black fungus, Dimerosporium pulchrum, Saccardo, is not
rare on the leaves of Cornus paniculata and Cornus sericea, but
although it disfigures them it does not penetrate into the interior
of the plants.

SYNOPSIS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.

Flowers in a dense cymose head surrounded by a conspicuous involucre of 4 to 6 petal-like

scales from buds formed the previous summer.

Heads of flower-buds inclosed by the involucre during the winter; involucral scales 4, obcor-

date or notched at the apex ; leaves ovate or elliptical .

Heads of flower-buds not inclosed by the involucre; involucral scales 4 to 6, oblong to obovate,
usually acute at the apex ; leaves ovate or rarely obovate .s
Flowers in a cymose head without involucral scales, terminal on shoots of the year.
Leaves mostly alternate and clustered at the ends of the branches .

1. C. FLORIDA.

2. C. NuTTALLII.

3. C. ALTERNIFOLIA.

66

notched at the apex.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

CORNACEE.

CORNUS FLORIDA.

Flowering Dogwood.

Heaps of flower-buds inclosed by the involucre ; involucral scales 4, obcordate or

Cornus florida, Linnzus, Spec. 117 (1753). — Miller, Dict.

ed. 8, No. 3. — Du Roi, Harbk. Baumz. i. 167. —
Wangenheim, Beschreib. Nordam. Holz. 111; Nordam.
Holz. 51, t. 17, £. 41.— Moench, Béiume Weiss. 26. —
Marshall, Arbust. Am. 35. — Castiglioni, Viag. negli Stati
Uniti, ii. 225.— Lamarck, Dict. ii. 114; Zl. i. 302. —
Walter, F7. Car. 88. — L’Héritier, Cornus, 4. — Schmidt,
Oestr. Baumz. ii. 6, t. 62.— Willdenow, Berl. Bawmz.
73; Spec. i. 661; Hnum. 164.— Abbot, Insects of Geor-
gia, ii. t. 73.— Bot. Mag. xv. t. 526. — Michaux, FV.
Bor.-Am. i. 91.— Persoon, Syn. i. 143. — Desfontaines,
Hist. Arb. i. 350.—Schkuhr, Handb. i. 82. — Titford,
Hort. Bot. Am. 41, t. 16, f. 7.— Nouveau Duhamel,
ii. 153. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii. 138, t. 3. —

Leaves ovate or elliptical.

Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 6. — Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abbild.
Holz. 21, t. 19. — Elliott, Sk. i. 207. — Sprengel, Syst.
ji. 451. — Audubon, Birds, t. 8, 73, 122. — De Candolle,
Prodr. iv. 273. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 277 (in part). —
Don, Gen. Syst. iii. 400. — Dietrich, Syn. i. 504. — Torrey
& Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 652. — Torrey, Fl. N. Y. i. 290. —
Darlington, F7. Cestr. ed. 3, 111. — Chapman, #7. 168. —
Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 60. — Koch,
Dendr. i. 694. — Emerson, Trees Mass. ed. 2, ii. 467, t. —
Baillon, Hist. Pl. vii. 68, £. 46. — Ridgway, Proc. U. 8.
Nat. Mus. 1882, 67.— Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. ed. 2,
516. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S.
ix. 90. — Coulter & Evans, Bot. Gazette, xv. 32. — Watson
& Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 214.

Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 108. — Bigelow, #7. Boston. 38. —
Nuttall, Gen. i. 98. — Roemer & Schultes, Syst. iii. 319. —

Benthamidia florida, Spach, Hist. Vég. viii. 107 (1839).

A low bushy tree, rarely forty feet in height, with a short trunk twelve to eighteen inches in
diameter, slender spreading or upright branches and diverging branchlets turned upwards near the
ends; or frequently toward the northern limits of its range a many-stemmed shrub. The bark of the
trunk, which varies from an eighth to a quarter of an inch in thickness, has a dark red-brown surface
divided into quadrangular or many-sided plate-like scales. The branchlets, when they first appear, are
pale green or green tinged with red, and are glabrous or slightly puberulous; in their first winter they
are bright red or yellow-green and are nearly surrounded by the narrow ring-like leaf-scars, while later
they become light brown or gray tinged with red. The buds are formed in midsummer, and are covered
by two opposite acute pointed scales rounded on the back and connate below for half their length; the
terminal bud is accompanied by two pairs of lateral buds, each covered by a single scale; the scales of
the outer pair of these lateral buds usually fall in autumn, and the inclosed shoots then often remain
undeveloped ; on fertile shoots the terminal bud is replaced by the head of flower-buds which, by
midsummer, protrudes from between the two upper lateral buds. The leaves are involute in vernation,
ovate to elliptical or rarely slightly obovate, acute and often contracted into slender points at the apex,
gradually narrowed at the base, remotely and obscurely crenulate-toothed on the somewhat thickened
margins and mostly clustered toward the ends of the branches; when they unfold they are pale, pubes-
cent below, and faintly puberulous above, and at maturity are thick and firm, bright green, and covered
with minute appressed hairs on the upper surface, and pale or sometimes almost white and more or less
pubescent on the lower, from three to six inches long and an inch and a half to two inches broad; they
have prominent light-colored midribs deeply impressed above, five or six pairs of primary veins parallel
with their sides and connected by obscure reticulated veinlets, and grooved petioles from one half to
three quarters of an inch in length. In the autumn they turn bright scarlet. The head of flower-buds
is inclosed by four involucral scales which remain light brown and more or less covered with pale hairs
through the winter, and is borne on a stout club-shaped puberulous reddish peduncle which during the

67

CORNACES. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

winter is a quarter of an inch or less in length, but, by the time the flowers have expanded, is an inch
or an inch and a half long. The involucral scales begin to unfold, enlarge, and grow white with the
first warm days of spring, and when the flowers open, which in Texas takes place in March and in
Massachusetts in May, when the leaves are half grown, these scales form a flat corolla-like cup three or
four inches in diameter ; at maturity they are obcordate, an inch or an inch and a half wide, gradually
narrowed below the middle, the rounded apex notched by its growing round the discolored and thick-
ened remnants of the portion formed during the previous summer,’ reticulate-veined, and pure white,
pink, or rarely bright red; they fall after the fading of the flowers. The flower-buds, which are
collected in close many-flowered cymes, are oblong, obtuse, puberulous with pale hairs, and sessile in the
axils of broadly ovate nearly triangular minutely apiculate glabrous light green deciduous bractlets.
The flowers are an eighth of an inch across when expanded ; the calyx is terete, slightly urceolate,
puberulous, obtusely four-lobed, and light green; the corolla-lobes are strap-shaped, rounded or acute
at the apex, slightly thickened on the margins, puberulous on the outer surface, glabrous on the imner,
reflexed after anthesis, and green tipped with yellow; the disk is large and orange-colored, and the
style is columnar and crowned with a truncate stigma. The fruit ripens in October, usually only three
or four drupes being developed from a head of flowers; they are surrounded by the remnants of
abortive flowers and are ovoid, crowned with the remnants of the narrow persistent calyx and with the
style, bright scarlet, half an inch long and a quarter to half an inch broad, with thin mealy flesh and a
smooth ovate thick-walled slightly grooved stone, acute at the two ends and containing two oblong
seeds, or often only one, covered with a thin pale coat.

Cornus florida is distributed from eastern Massachusetts to southern Ontario” and southwestern
Missouri,® and southward to central Florida and the valley of the Brazos River in Texas, and reappears
on the Sierra Madre and several of the other mountain ranges of eastern and southern Mexico.*
Comparatively rare at the north, the Flowering Dogwood is one of the commonest and most generally
distributed inhabitants of the deciduous forests of the middle and southern states, growing under the
shade of taller trees in rich well-drained soil, and from the coast nearly to the summits of the high
Alleghany Mountains.

The wood of Cornus florida is heavy, hard, and strong, tough and close-grained, with a satiny
surface susceptible of receiving a beautiful polish ; it contains numerous conspicuous medullary rays, and
is brown, sometimes changing to shades of green and red, with lighter colored sapwood composed of
thirty to forty layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.8153, a
cubic foot weighing 50.81 pounds. It is largely used in turnery, for the bearings of machinery, the
hubs of small wheels, barrel-hoops, the handles of tools, and occasionally for engravers’ blocks.

The bark, especially that of the roots, which contains a bitter principle, cornin or cornic acid,” is
astringent and slightly aromatic, and is occasionally used in the form of powder, decoctions, or fluid
extracts, in the treatment of intermittent and malarial fevers,’ and in homeopathic practice.’

The Flowering Dogwood is one of the most beautiful of the small trees of the American forests,
which it enlivens in early spring with the whiteness of its floral leaves and in autumn with the splendor

1 Meehan, Proc. Phil. Acad. 1892, 377.

2 Bell, Geolog. Rep. Can. 1879-80, 55°. — Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl.
i. 190.

3 Broadhead, Bot. Gazette, iii. 53.

4 Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. i. 575.

Specimens gathered by Mr. C. G. Pringle on the Sierra Madre
are peculiar in the snowy whiteness of the under surface of the
leaves, which is clothed with thick pubescence.

6 Geiger, Ann. Chem. und Pharm. xiv. 206.— A. J. Frey, Am.
Jour. Pharm. 1878, 390.

6 Schoepf, Mat. Med. Amer. 14.—J. M. Walker, An Experi-

mental Inquiry into the similarity in virtue between the Cornus florida
and sericea, and the Cinchona officinalis of Linneus. — Barton, Coll.
ed. 3, i. 12, 47; .17.— W. P. C. Barton, Afed. Bot. i. 43, t. 3. —
Bigelow, Jed. Bot. ii. 73, t. 28.— Rafinesque, Med. Fl. i. 131, t.
28.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 81.— A. Richard, Hist. Mat. MJéd. iii.
554. — Griffith, Med. Bot. 347, f. 164.— Carson, Med. Bot. i. 50,
t. 42.— Porcher, Resources of Southern Fields and Forests, 59.—
Bentley & Trimen, Med. Pl. ii. 136, t. 136. — Johnson, Man. Med.
Bot. N. Am. 158, t. 5.— U. S. Dispens. ed. 16, 508.

7 Millspaugh, Am. Med. Pl. in Homeopathic Remedies, i. 71,
t. 71.

68 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CORNACES,

of its foliage and the brilliancy of its fruit." No tree is more desirable in the garden or park® im regions
where the summer’s sun is sufficiently hot to insure the production of its flowers through the perfect
development of the branchlets.’ A variety with pendulous branches, discovered a few years ago in the
forests of Maryland, and one with bright red involucral scales are now often cultivated.

The first published account of Cornus florida appeared in the Phytographia of Plukenet in
1691 ;‘ his information was probably derived from John Banister, the English missionary in Virginia,
although there is no mention of the Flowering Dogwood in Banister’s printed catalogue of Virginia
plants. According to Loudon,’ it was cultivated in England in 1730 by Thomas Fairchild, and a few

years later by Philip Miller in the Physic Garden at Chelsea.’
Cornus florida is easily raised from seeds,* which germinate in the second year ; it requires moder-
ately rich well-drained soil, and under favorable conditions begins to flower when ten or twelve years

old.

1 Kalm, Travels, English ed. i. 160; ii. 163.— W. Bartram,
Travels, 401.

2 Garden and Forest, iti. 431, f. 54.

8 In Great Britain and other countries of northern and central
Europe Cornus florida rarely produces flowers (Loudon, Ard. Brit.
ii. 1017. — The Garden, xxxiii. 441 ; xliii. 150).

4 Cornus Virginiana, flosculis plurimis albidis ex involucro tetra-
petalo rubro erumpentibus, t. 26, £.3 ; Alm. Bot. 120.— Catesby, Nat.
Hist. Car, i. 27, t. 27.

Cornus involucro maximo, foliolis obverse cordatis, Linneus, Hort.
Cliff. 38 ; Hort. Ups. 29. — Royen, Fl. Leyd. Prodr. 249. — Clay-
ton, Fl. Virgin. 17. — Colden, Act. Hort. Ups. 1743, 89 (Pl. Nove-
bor.). — Miller, Dict. ed. 7, No. 3. — Duhamel, Traité des Arbres,
i, 182.

5 Loudon, J. c.

6 Thomas Fairchild (1667 ?-1729), a nurseryman and florist at
Hoxton near London, who united a love of science with the success-

ful practice of his art. In 1722 he published The City Gardener,
containing the most experienced method of cultivating and ordering such
evergreens, fruit-trees, flowering shrubs, flowers, exotick plants, etc., as
will be ornamental, and thrive best in the London Gardens , and in
1724, in the Philosophical Transactions (xxxiii. 127-132), An Ac-
count of some new Experiments relating to the different and sometimes
contrary Motion of the Sap of Plants and Trees. He was a corre-
spondent of Linnzus, and by his will left to the Trustees of the
Charity School of Shoreditch, where he died, £25, the income of
which was to be used for an annual sermon to be preached on
Whitsun Tuesday (Felton, Portraits of English Authors on Garden-
ing, ed. 2, 60.— The Cottage Gardener, vi. 143).

7 Aiton, Hort. Kew. i. 157.

8 The great abundance of this tree in those parts of the country
where the climate is not too severe for it may be explained by the
fact that the fruit is a favorite food of many birds, who scatter
the seeds without injuring their vitality.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Piate CCXII. Cornus FLORIDA.

BP WO dD

Pruate CCXIII.

A seed, enlarged.

DART WHR

. A flower, enlarged.

A nutlet, enlarged.

. A flowering branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
. An ovary cut crosswise, enlarged.

CoRNUS FLORIDA.
. A fruiting branch, natural size.
- Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.

. A fruit cut crosswise, enlarged.

- Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.
. An embryo, much magnified.

. A winter branchlet with flower-buds, natural size.

Tab ea

Silva of North America.

Preart fr om

CE Faxon del .

CORNUS FLORIDA ,L.

imp R.Taneur, Paris.

A. Riocreux direx ©

Silva of North America. Tab. CCXII.

CE. Faxon del.

CORNUS FLORIDA, L

A Riocreux direx ® Imp. R.Taneur, Paris .

CORNACE. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 69

CORNUS NUTTALLII.

Dogwood.

Heaps of flower-buds not inclosed; involucral scales 4 to 6, oblong to obovate,
usually acute at the apex. Leaves ovate or rarely obovate.

Cornus Nuttallii, Audubon, Birds, t. 467 (1837); Orn. Lyall, Jour. Linn. Soc. vii. 184.— Gray, Proc. Am.
Biogr. iv. 482. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 652. — Acad. viii. 387.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. Cal. i. 274;
Walpers, Rep. ii. 435. — Bentham, Pl. Hartweg. 314. — ii. 452. — Hall, Bot. Gazette, ii. 88.— Sargent, Forest
Nuttall, Sylva, iii. 51, t. 97. — Torrey, Pacific R. R. Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 91.— Coulter &
Rep. iv. 94; Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 71; Bot. Wilkes Evans, Bot. Gazette, xv. 33.

Explor. Exped. 326. — Newberry, Pacific R. R. Rep. vi. Cornus florida, Hooker, Fl. Bor-Am. i. 277 (in part)
24, 75. — Cooper, Pacific R. R. Rep. xii. pt. ii. 29, 63. — (1833).

A tree, forty to sixty feet or exceptionally one hundred feet' in height, with a trunk one or two
feet in diameter, and slender spreading branches which form an oblong-conical or ultimately a round-
topped head. The bark of the trunk is a quarter of an inch thick, brown tinged with red, and divided
on the surface into small thin appressed scales. The branchlets are slender, light green, and coated
when young with pale hairs; in their first winter they are glabrous or puberulous, dark reddish purple
or sometimes green, conspicuously marked by the elevated lunate leaf-scars, and later become light brown
or brown tinged with red. The buds, which are formed in July, are acute, a third of an inch in length,
and covered with two narrowly ovate acute long-pointed puberulous light green opposite scales; the
terminal bud is accompanied by two pairs of lateral buds, each covered by a single scale; the scales of
the lower pair usually fall in the autumn and the buds remain undeveloped, and those of the upper
pair, which are now coated with pale hairs, especially toward the apex, thicken and turn dark purple,
and, lengthening in the spring with the shoots which they inclose, finally become scarious or often
develop into small leaves, and in falling mark the base of the branchlets with ring-like scars. The leaves
are involute in vernation, ovate or slightly obovate, acute and often contracted into short points at
the apex, wedge-shaped at the base and faintly crenulate-serrate, and are generally clustered toward the
ends of the branches; when they unfold they are coated below with pale tomentum and are puberulous
above, while at maturity they are membranaceous, bright green, and slightly puberulous, with short
appressed hairs on the upper surface and woolly pubescent on the lower, and are four or five inches
in length and an inch and a half to three inches in breadth, with prominent pale midribs impressed
above, about five pairs of slender primary veins nearly parallel with their margins and connected by
remote reticulated veinlets, and stout grooved hairy petioles from one half to two thirds of an inch long,
with large clasping bases. In the autumn the leaves become brilliant orange and scarlet before falling.
The head of flower-buds appears during the summer from between the upper pair of lateral leaf-buds,
and is surrounded at the base but not inclosed by the involucral scales; during the winter it is hemi-
spherical, covered only at the base by the mvolucre, half an ich in diameter, and is usually nodding
by the reflexion above the middle of the stout hairy peduncle, which is enlarged at the apex and three
quarters of an inch to an inch in length. In early spring, when the flowers open, the involucral scales
have become an inch and a half to three inches long and an inch and a half to two inches wide; they
are now white or white tinged with pink, narrowly oblong to obovate or sometimes nearly orbicular,
abruptly acute, acuminate or obtuse, entire and thickened at the apex with the remnants of the portions
of the scales formed during the previous summer, puberulous on the outer surface, gradually narrowed

1 Kellogg, Forest Trees of California, 112.

70 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CORNACER,

below the middle and conspicuously eight-ribbed, the spreading ribs being united by reticulated veinlets.
The flowers, which are crowded in dense cymose heads, are produced in the axils of minute acuminate
scarious deciduous bracts. The calyx is terete, slightly urceolate, puberulous on the outer surface and
yellow-green, or in one form light purple, with dark red-purple lobes ; the petals are strap-shaped,
younded at the apex, spreading, somewhat puberulous on the outer surface, with thickened slightly
inflexed margins; they are yellow-green, or in the purple-flowered form yellow below the middle on the
inner surface and of a dark plum-color above it; the style is columnar and crowned with a truncate
stigma. The fruit ripens in October, thirty or forty drupes bemg crowded into a dense spherical head,
which is surrounded at the base by a ring of abortive pendulous ovaries; the drupes are half an inch
long, ovoid, much flattened by mutual pressure, crowned with the broad persistent calyx, and bright
red or orange-color, with thin mealy flesh and thick-walled one or two-seeded stones which are obtuse
at both ends and scarcely grooved. The seeds are oblong, compressed, and covered with a very thin
pale papery coat.

Cornus Nuttallii is distributed from the valley of the lower Fraser River’ and Vancouver's
Island,” southward along the coast of British Columbia, through western Washington and Oregon, and
southward on the coast ranges of California to the San Bernardino Mountains and on the western
slopes of the Sierra Nevada. It grows usually in moist well-drained soil under the shade of coniferous
forests, ascending on the Cascade Mountains to an elevation of three thousand feet above the sea-level
and of four or five thousand at the southern limits of its range, and attaining its greatest size near the
shores of Puget Sound and in the Redwood forests of northern California.

The wood of Cornus Nuttallii is heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, and close-grained, with a satiny
surface susceptible of receiving a good polish; it contains numerous obscure medullary rays, and is
light brown tinged with red, with highter colored sapwood composed of thirty to forty layers of annual
growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.7481, a cubic foot weighing 46.42 pounds.
It is used in cabinet-making, for malls, the handles of tools, etc.

The flower-clusters of Cornus Nuttallii are more beautiful and conspicuous than the flowers of
any other tree of the Pacific states; and im early spring, when the great flower-scales have grown to
their full size, it lights up the dark and sombre forests which are the home of the Dogwood as with a
bridal wreath, and as with tongues of flame late in the year, when the beauty of the brilliantly colored
leaves and large heads of bright fruit is often heightened by the appearance of autumnal flowers.

Cornus Nuttallit was discovered on the banks of the lower Columbia River by David Douglas®
in 1825 or 1526; it was first mistaken for the Flowering Dogwood of the east, and was not distin-
guished from that species until several years later by Thomas Nuttall * in his transcontinental journey.®

1 Macoun, Cat. Can. Pi. i. 190. Europe to cultivate this magnificent tree, but although the seeds
2G. M. Dawson, Canadian Nat. n. ser. ix. 331. germinate readily the young plants soon perish, and the right
3 See ii. O4. method of managing them, so far as I have heard, has not yet
4 See ii. 34. been discovered.

5 Various attempts have been made in the eastern states and in

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Piate CCXIV. Cornus Norra. 6. A fruit cut crosswise, enlarged.
1. A flowering branch, natural size. 7. An embryo, much magnified.
2. A flower, enlarged.
3. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. PLATE CCXV. Cornus NuTrtTaLliil.
4, A fruiting branchlet, natural size. 1. A flowering branch, with an involucre of six scales, natural
®. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. size.

2. A winter branchlet with head of flower-buds, natural size.

Silva of North America. Tab. CCXIV.

CE. Faxon ie Picart fr wc.
CORNUS NUTTALLII , Aud.

A.Riocreux direc * imp. R.Taneur, Paris.

Silva of North America.

CE. Faxon det.

A Riocreux direx ©

CORNUS NUTTALLI, Aud.

imp. h.Taneur, Parvw.

Tab. CCXV

Puart fr. SC.

CORNACES.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 71

CORNUS ALTERNIFOLIA.

Dogwood.

LEAVES mostly alternate, clustered at the ends of the branches.

Cornus alternifolia, Linnxus f. Syst. ed. 13, Suppl. 125

(1781).— Lamarck, Dict. ii. 116; J7/. i. 303. — L’Héri-
tier, Cornus, 10, t. 6. — Ehrhart, Beztr. iti. 19. — Du Roi,
Harbk. Baumz. ed. 2, i. 253. — Schmidt, Oestr. Baume.
ii. 15, t. 70. — Willdenow, Berl. Bawmz. 77 ; Spec. i. 664;
Enum. 165.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 93. — Persoon,
Syn. i. 144. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i. 351. — Nouveau
Duhamel, ii. 157, t. 45. — Pursh, FU. Am. Sept. i. 109. —

St. Pétersbourg, sér. 6, 203. — Walpers, Rep. v. 932. —
Chapman, /7. 167. — Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Cur.
1860, iii. 61.— Koch, Dendy. i. 690.— Emerson, Zrees
Mass, ed. 2, ii. 463, t.— Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. ed. 2,
514. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S.
ix. 90. — Coulter & Evans, Bot. Gazette, xv. 90. — Wat-
son & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 215. — MacMillan, Bot.
Rep. Geolog. Surv. Minn. 400 (Metasperm. Minn. Vail.).

Nuttall, Gen. i. 99. — Roemer & Schultes, Syst. iii. 323; Cornus alterna, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 35 (1785).

Mant. 251. — Elliott, Sk. i. 210.— Bigelow, 77. Boston. Cornus undulata, Rafinesque, Alsograph. Am. 61 (1838).

ed. 2, 58. — Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abdild. Holz. 53, Cornus rotundifolia, Rafinesque, Alsogriph. Am. 62
t. 43. — Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 8. — Sprengel, Syst. i. 451. — (1838).

De Candolle, Prodr. iv. 271. — Hooker, Fl. Bor-Am. Cornus riparia, Rafinesque, Alsograph. Am. 62 (1838).

i. 275. — Don, Gen. Syst. iii. 398. — Tausch, Regensb. Cornus riparia, var. rugosa, Rafinesque, Alsograph. Am.
Flora, 1838, 732. — Spach, Hist. Vég. viii. 92. — Dietrich, 62 (1838).

Syn. i. 503. — Torrey & Gray, FZ. N. Am. i. 649.—Tor- Cornus punctata, Rafinesque, Alsograph. Am. 62 (1838).

rey, Fl. N. Y. i. 288.—C. A. Meyer, Mém. Acad. Sci.

A flat-topped bushy tree, rarely twenty-five to thirty feet in height, with a short trunk six or
eight inches in diameter, and long slender alternate divergent horizontal branches from which rise
numerous short upright flower-bearing branchlets ; or often a shrub sending up several stems from the
ground. The bark of the trunk is an eighth of an inch thick, dark reddish brown and smooth, or
divided by shallow longitudinal fissures into narrow ridges irregularly broken transversely. The
winter-buds are acute, light chestnut-brown, and covered with four or five imbricated ovate acute
lustrous scales which are rounded on the back and thickened and short-pointed at the apex ; those of
the inner ranks are accrescent, half an inch long at maturity, scarious, and more or less persistent on
the growing shoots, which, in falling, they mark with ring-like scars. The branchlets are slender, pale
orange-green to reddish brown when they first appear, mostly light green or sometimes brown tinged
with green during their first winter, later turning darker green, and are marked with pale lunate leaf-
scars and small scattered pale dots. The leaves are alternate or rarely opposite, involute in vernation,
oval or ovate, gradually contracted at the apex into long slender points, wedge-shaped or occasionally
somewhat rounded at the base, and obscurely crenulate-toothed on the slightly thickened and reflexed
margins ; when they unfold they are coated on the lower surface with dense silvery white tomentum,
and are faintly tinged with red and pilose above ; at maturity they are membranaceous, bright yellow-
green, and glabrous or sparsely pubescent on the upper, and pale or sometimes nearly white and covered
with appressed hairs on the lower surface, three to five inches long and two and a half to three and a
half inches wide, with broad orange-colored midribs slightly impressed above, about six pairs of primary
veins parallel with their sides, and slender pubescent grooved petioles which have enlarged clasping
bases and are an inch and a half to two inches long. In the autumn the leaves turn yellow or
yellow and scarlet. The flowers, which are produced mostly on lateral branchlets, in terminal flat
puberulous many-flowered cymes an inch and a half to two inches and a half wide, are borne on slender
jointed pedicels from an eighth of an inch to a quarter of an inch long, and appear from the beginning

of May in the middle states to the end of June at the extreme north and on the high Alleghany

12 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CORNACE.

Mountains ; they are cream-color, with an oblong cup-shaped obscurely toothed calyx coated with hoary
tomentum, narrow oblong corolla-lobes which are rounded at the apex, an eighth of an inch long and
reflexed after anthesis, long slender filaments with nodding anthers, and a columnar style with a
prominent stigma. The fruit is borne in loose spreading red-stemmed clusters and ripens in October ;
it is subglobose, dark blue-black, a third of an inch across, and tipped with the remnant of the style,
which rises from the bottom of a small depression ; the nutlet, which is covered with a thin coat of dry
bitter flesh, is obovoid, pointed at the base, longitudinally many-grooved, thick-walled, and one or two-
seeded. The seed is lunate, compressed, and a quarter of an inch long, with a thin membranaceous pale
coat and copious albumen.

Cornus alternifolia is distributed from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia westward along the
valley of the St. Lawrence River to the northern shores of Lake Superior’ and Minnesota, and
southward through the northern states, and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia and
Alabama. It is a common inhabitant of rich woodlands, growing usually along the margins of the
forest and by the borders of streams and swamps in moist well-drained soil.

The wood of Cornus alternifolia is heavy, hard, and close-grained, with numerous thin medullary
rays, and is brown tinged with red, with thick light-colored sapwood composed of twenty to thirty
layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.6696, a cubic foot
weighing 41.73 pounds.

Cornus alternifolia, which was overlooked by the early botanists in North America, was cultivated
in England by James Gordon’ in 1760.° The peculiar habit of this species with its wide-spreading
branches and flat-topped head, its handsome foliage, and abundant flowers and fruit make it a desirable
ornament for parks and gardens, although in cultivation it is often injured by fungal diseases.

1 Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. i. 192, 538. 8 Aiton, Hort. Kew. 1. 159.— Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 1010, £. 760.
2 See i. 30.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puate CCXVI. Cornus ALTERNIFOLIA.
. A flowering branch, natural size.
. Diagram of a flower.
. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
A flower with the petals and stamens removed, cut crosswise, enlarged.
An ovule, much magnified.
. A fruiting branch, natural size.
. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged.
. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.

WO WONAMD AP wo dod

. A nutlet, enlarged.

_
fon)

. An embryo, much magnified.

—
f—_

. End of a winter branchlet, natural size.

Silva of North America. Tab, CCXVI

Se

es INN
TNA)
O ()

Wp

Too

Prwoart fr. sc.

CORNUS ALTERNIFOLIA,L.f.

A.Riocreux drew © imp. R. Taneur, Paris.

CORNACER. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 73

NYSSA.

FLoweErs polygamo-dicecious; calyx 5-toothed; petals 5, imbricated in estivation ;_
stamens 5 to 12; ovary 1 or rarely 2-celled; ovules solitary, suspended. Fruit a fleshy
drupe. Leaves alternate, petiolate, destitute of stipules, deciduous.

Nyssa, Linnzus, Gen. 308 (1737), — A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. Ceratostachys, Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 644 (1825).—

75. — Endlicher, Gen. 328. — Meisner, Gen. 328. — Ben- Meisner, Gen. 110. — Endlicher, Gen. 1183.
tham & Hooker, Gen. i. 952. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. vi. 281. Agathisanthes, Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 645 (1825). —
Tupelo, Adanson, Fam. Pl. ii. 80 (1763). Meisner, G'en. 110. — Endlicher, Gen. 1183.

Trees, with terete branchlets and scaly buds, the scales of the inner ranks accrescent. Leaves
alternate, conduplicate in vernation, petiolate, entire or sometimes remotely angulate or toothed, mostly
crowded at the ends of the branches, deciduous or persistent. Flowers minute, greenish white. The
staminate on slender pedicels from the axils of minute caducous bracts in simple or compound clusters
on long axillary peduncles bibracteolate near the middle or at the apex or sometimes ebracteolate.
Calyx disciform or cup-shaped, the limb five or many-toothed. Petals five or indefinite, equal or
unequal, ovate or linear-oblong, thick, inserted on the margin of the conspicuous pulvinate entire or
lobed disk, erect. Stamens five or indefinite, exserted ; filaments filiform, inserted on the margin of
the disk; anthers oblong, introrse, attached at the base, two-celled, the cells opening longitudinally.
Ovary rudimentary or wanting. Pistillate flowers on axillary peduncles, in two or few-flowered clusters,
sessile or nearly so in the axil of a conspicuous bract and furnished with one or two smaller lateral
bractlets, or solitary and surrounded by two to four bractlets. Calyx-tube urceolate or campanulate,
the limb five-toothed. Petals small, thick, and spreading. Stamens five to ten or wanting ; filaments
short ; anthers fertile or sterile. Disk less developed than in the sterile flower, depressed in the centre.
Ovary inferior, one or two-celled; style terete, elongated, simple or rarely forked, recurved, sulcate on
the inner face, stigmatic toward the apex; ovules solitary, suspended from the interior angle of the apex
of the cell, anatropous ; raphe ventral ; micropyle superior. Fruit drupaceous, oblong, areolate at the
apex; sarcocarp thin, oily, acidulous; putamen thick-walled, bony, terete or compressed, slightly or
conspicuously longitudinally ridged or winged, one or rarely two-celled, usually one-seeded. Seed filling
the cavity of the stone; testa membranaceous. Embryo straight, in the centre of the copious fleshy
albumen and nearly as long ; cotyledons foliaceous, much longer than the terete radicle turned toward
the hilum.

Nyssa is now confined to the eastern United States, where three species are distinguished, and to
southern Asia, where the genus is represented by a single species’ distributed from the eastern Hima-
layas to the island of Java. In the tertiary epoch Nyssa perhaps inhabited the Arctic Circle and then
spread over Europe” and Alaska,’ and traces of it occur in the Laramie group of western America.‘

The American species produce tough wood with intricately contorted and twisted grain, and the

1 Nyssa arborea. Daphniphyllopsis capitata, Kurz, 1. c. 1875, pt. ii. 201; Forest
Ceratostachys arborea, Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 644 (1825). — Fl. Brit. Burm. i. 240.

Miquel, Fl. Ned. Ind. i. 839. 2 Heer, Fl. Foss. Arct. ii. 477, t. 48, f. 12°; t. 50, f. 5-7.—
Agathisanthes Javanica, Blume, !. c. 645 (1825).— Miquel,/.c. Zittel, Handb. Paleontolog. ii. 611.
Nyssa sessiliflora, Bentham & Hooker, Gen. i. 952 (1867). — 8 Lesquereux, Rep. U. S. Geolog. Surv. viii. 261 (Contrib. Foss.

Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 747. Gamble, Man. Indian Timbers, Fl. Western Territories).

211. 4L. F. Ward, 6th Ann. Rep. U. S. Geolog. Surv. 1884-85, 553,

Ilex daphnephylloides, Kurz, Jour. Asiatic Soc. 1870, pt. ii. 72. t. 47, £. 7 (Syn. Fl. Laramie Group).

t4 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

fruit of one of them is sometimes used as a conserve.

properties.

CORNACELZE.

The genus is not known to possess other useful

In America Nyssa is little injured or disfigured by insects,’ and is not seriously affected by fungal

diseases.”

Nyssa, the name of a nymph, was bestowed by Linnzus upon the species of the genus which grow

in water.

1 Web-worms occasionally disfigure the different species, and
the caterpillars of Hveryxr cherilus, Cramer, also feed among the
leaves. The larve of Antispila nyssefoliella, Clemens (Proc. Phil.
Acad. 1860, 11), and of Nepticula nysseella, Clemens, have been
observed to mine within the parenchyma of the leaves. In North
Carolina a Scale-insect, Chionaspis Nysse, Comstock (Rep. U. S.
Dept. Agric. 1880, 316), has been found on Nyssa.

2 More than fifty species of fungi have been recorded as living
upon the species of this genus in the United States, principally on
Nyssa sylvatica. Most of them are small black species sometimes
found also on other plants, and none produce marked disease, al-
though the leaves of young shoots are sometimes somewhat disfig-

ured by Glenospora Curtisii, Berkeley and Desmaziére.

SYNOPSIS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Stones of the fruit with more or less distinct low broad rounded ridges.

Leaves linear-oblong to oval or obovate

Stones of the fruit with prominent, winged, or acute ridges.
Leaves oblong-oval or obovate, usually obtuse at the apex .

Leaves oval or oblong, acute or acuminate

1. N. SYLVATICA.

2. N. OGEcHE.
3. N. AQUATICA.

CORNACEE. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 75

NYSSA SYLVATICA.

Tupelo. Pepperidge.

Fruit small, the stone more or less distinctly ridged. Leaves linear-oblong to
oval or obovate.

Nyssa sylvatica, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 97 (1785).—Cas- Nyssa Caroliniana, Poiret, Lam. Dict. iv.507 (1797) ; Ii.
tiglioni, Viag. negli Stati Uniti, ii. 304. — Michaux f. iil. 442, t. 851, f. 1.
Hist. Arb. Am. ii. 260, t. 21. — Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. Nyssa Canadensis, Poiret, Lam. Dict. iv. 507 (1797).
iv. 116.— W. P. C. Barton, Compend. Fl. Phil. ii. 193.— Nyssa integrifolia, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 446 (1789). —

Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am.10th Census U. S. ix. 92. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 614.
Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 215. Nyssa villosa, Michaux, F7. Bor.-Am. ii. 258 (1803). —
Nyssa multiflora, Wangenheim, Nordam. Holz. 46, t. 16, Willdenow, Spec. iv. 1112. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i.
f. 39 (1787). — Walter, #7. Car. 253. — Elliott, Sk. ii. 37.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. ed. 2, v. 479.— Bigelow, FI.
684. — Spach, Hist. Vég. x. 463.— Torrey, Fl. N. Y. Boston. 248. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 177.— Nuttall,
ii. 161, t. 95. — Schnizlein, Icon. t. 108**, f. 1, 2. — Dar- Gen. ii. 236.— Roemer & Schultes, Syst. v. 575. —
lington, FU. Cestr. ed. 3, 254.— Chapman, FU. 168. — Sprengel, Sys¢. i. 832. — Dietrich, Syn. i. 878. — Lou-
Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 62. — Koch, don, Arb. Brit. iii. 1317, f. 1197, 1198.

Dendr. ii. 454. — Emerson, Trees Mass. ed. 2, ii. 353, t.— Nyssa multiflora, var.sylvatica, Watson, Index, 442 (1878).

Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 68.— Lauche, Nyssa aquatica, Coulter & Evans, Bot. Gazette, xv. 91

Deutsche Dendr. ed. 2, 543. (not Linnzus nor Marshall) (1890). — Coulter, Contrib.
U.S. Nat. Herb. ii. 151 (Man. Pl. W. Texas).

A tree, with crowded slender spreading and pendulous tough flexible branches, short stout spur-like
lateral branchlets, and long thick hard roots, occasionally one hundred feet in height, with a trunk which
is usually short, often enlarged and swollen at the base, and occasionally five feet in diameter; generally
in the northern and extreme southern states much smaller and rarely more than fifty or sixty feet in
height. The head is sometimes short and cylindrical, with a flat top; sometimes it is low and broad,
or, when the individual has been crowded by other trees in the forest, it is narrow, pyramidal, or conical,
and sometimes it is inversely conical and broad and flat at the top. The bark of the trunk varies from
three quarters of an inch to an inch and a half in thickness, and is hght brown, often tinged with
red, and deeply fissured, the surface of the ridges being covered with small irregularly shaped scales.
The branchlets are at first light green to orange-color, nearly glabrous, or often covered with dense
pale or rufous pubescence; during their first winter they are light red-brown marked with minute
scattered pale lenticular dots and with the small lunate leaf-scars which display the ends of three
conspicuous groups of fibro-vascular bundles, and later become darker. The winter-buds are obtuse and
a quarter of an inch long, and are covered with ovate acute apiculate dark red puberulous imbricated
scales; those of the inner ranks are accrescent, bright-colored at maturity, and mark the base of the
branchlets with obscure ring-like scars. The leaves, which are crowded on the ends of the lateral
branchlets, or are remote on vigorous shoots, are deciduous, linear-oblong, lanceolate, oval or obovate,
acute or acuminate, sometimes contracted into short broad points at the apex, wedge-shaped or occasion-
ally rounded at the base, entire, with slightly thickened margins, or are rarely coarsely dentate; when
they unfold they are coated with rufous tomentum, especially on the lower surface, or are pubescent or
sometimes nearly glabrous ; at maturity they are thick and firm, dark green and very lustrous above,
pale and often hairy below, principally along the broad midribs, which are impressed above, and on the
primary veins ; they are two to five inches long, half an inch to three inches broad, with slender or stout

76 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CORNACEX.

terete or wing-margined ciliate petioles which vary from a quarter of an inch to an inch and a half in
length, and are often bright red. In the autumn they turn bright scarlet on the upper surface only.
The flowers, which are yellowish green, appear when the leaves are about one third grown, from April
in Florida to the middle of June in northern New England; they are borne on slender pubescent or
tomentose peduncles half an inch to an inch and a half in length, often on the stammate plant furnished
near the middle with two minute deciduous bractlets, or ebracteolate, the males in many-flowered dense
or lax compound heads, the females in two to several-flowered clusters and sessile in the axil of a
conspicuous often foliaceous bract and furnished with two smaller acute hairy bractlets. The calyx is
oblong and slightly urceolate with a minutely five-toothed limb ; the petals are thick, ovate-oblong,
acute, rounded at the apex, erect or slightly spreading, and early deciduous; the stamens are exserted
in the sterile flower, and in the fertile flower are shorter than the petals or are sometimes wanting ; the
stigma, of which there is no trace in the sterile flower, is stout, exserted, and reflexed above the middle.
One to three fruits develop from a flower-cluster and ripen in October ; they are ovoid, from a third to
two thirds of an inch long, and dark blue, with thin and acid flesh ; the stone is light brown, ovoid,
pointed at the two ends, terete or more or less flattened, and ten or twelve-ribbed, with narrow distinct
pale ribs rounded on the back, and thick hard walls. The seed is oblong, and is covered by a thin pale
membranaceous coat.

Nyssa sylvatica is distributed from the valley of the Kennebec River in Maine to southern
Ontario,’ central Michigan, and southeastern Missouri,’ and southward to the shores of the Kissimmee
River and Tampa Bay in Florida, and to the valley of the Brazos River in Texas. In a large part of
the region which it inhabits the Tupelo generally frequents the borders of swamps, growing in wet
imperfectly drained soil in company with the Elm, the Swamp White Oak, the Scarlet Maple, the
Hornbeam, and other water-loving trees; but in all the Alleghany region, where in North and South
Carolina and Tennessee it attains its largest size, it is found on high wooded slopes associated with the
White Oak, the Tulip-tree, the Cucumber-tree, the Buckeye, the Ash, the Sugar Maple, the Hickories,
the Black Walnut, and the Wild Cherry.

The wood of Nyssa sylvatica is heavy, soft, strong, very tough, hard to split, difficult to work,
inclined to check unless carefully seasoned, and not durable in contact with the soil ; it is light yellow
or nearly white, with thick lighter colored sapwood composed of eighty to a hundred layers of annual
growth, and contains many thin medullary rays and numerous regularly distributed small open ducts.
The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.6353, a cubic foot weighing 39.59 pounds. It is
employed for the hubs of wheels, rollers in glass factories, ox-yokes, shoes used to support horses on
the rice-fields of the southern states, wharf-piles on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, and sometimes for
the soles of shoes.’

In the south Atlantic states, where the Tupelo often occupies small ponds in the Pine barrens, a
well-marked variety occurs.’ This is a tree thirty to forty feet in height, with a trunk gradually
tapering upward from a swollen and much enlarged base, many erect thick roots rismg above the

1 Bell, Rep. Geolog. Surv. Can. 1879-80, 55°.— Burgess, Bot.
Gazette, vii. 95.— Mocoun, Cat. Can. Pl. i. 192.
2 Broadhead, Bot. Gazette, iii. 53.

Nyssa biflora, Walter, Fl. Car. 253 (1788). — Poiret, Lam. Dict.
iv. 508. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 259. — Willdenow, Spec. iv.
1113 (in part) ; Enum. 1061 ; Berl. Baumz. ed. 2, 256. — Desfon-

3 Porcher, Resources of Southern Fields and Forests, 347.
4 Nyssa sylvatica, var. biflora.

Nyssa aquatica, Linneus, Spec. 1058 (in part) (1753). — Wan-
genheim, Beschreib. Nordam. Holz. 86 (in part).— St. Hilaire,
Fam. Nat. ii. 152.— Persoon, Syn. ii. 614. — Michaux f. Hist.
Arb. Am. ii. 165, t. 22.— Roemer & Schultes, Syst. v. 76 (in

taines, Hist. Arb. i. 37. —Gertner f. Fruct. iii. 202, t. 216.—
Aiton, Hort. Kew. ed. 2, v. 479. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 177. —
Nuttall, Gen. ii. 236.— Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. iv. 115.—
Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 229.— Loudon, Arb. Brit. iii. 1817, f. 1195,
1196.— Coulter & Evans, Bot. Gazette, xv. 92.

This aquatic tree often appears distinct enough from the northern

part). — W. P. C. Barton, Compend. Fl. Phil. ii. 192. — Sprengel,
Syst. i. 832. — Audubon, Birds, t. 133.— Elliott, Sk. ii. 684. —
Dietrich, Syn. i. 878.— Spach, Hist. Vég. x. 464. — Chapman,
Fl. 168. — Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 62.

Tupelo, but the extreme forms are connected by others intermedi-
ate between the two in the shape and size of their leaves and in the

shape and ridges of their stones.

Coane SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 7

surface of the water,' smaller and usually narrow acute or obtuse leaves, and flattened stones with
more strongly developed ridges than usually occur on plants growing farther north.

A figure of doubtful identity which has been thought to represent Vyssa sylvatica was published
by Plukenet in his Phytographia? in 1691; but the earliest authentic portrait and account of this
tree are found in Catesby’s Natural History of Carolina, published in 1731. The Tupelo, according
to Aiton,’ was cultivated by the Duke of Argyll® near London in 1750.

In habit the Tupelo® is one of the most distinct, variable, and picturesque trees of eastern North
America ; the autumn coloring of its lustrous foliage equals in brilliancy that of the Scarlet Maple, the
Sweet Gum, and the Flowering Dogwood, while its immunity from the attacks of disfiguring insects
and serious fungal diseases heightens its value for the decoration of parks.

In cultivation the Tupelo flourishes in wet, undrained soil and on well-drained uplands. It is
easily raised from seed, but its long hard roots, mostly destitute of small fibres, make it a difficult tree
to transplant after it has been long established in one place.

1 Wilson, Proc. Phil. Acad. 1889, 3. Nyssa foliis latis acuminatis non dentatis, fructu Eleagni minore,
2 Cynoxylum Americanum, folio crassiusculo molli § tenaci, t.172, Romans, Nat. Hist. Florida, 29.

f.6; Alm. Bot. 127. 4 Hort. Kew. iii. 446.
8 Arbor in aqua nascens, foliis latis acuminatis & non dentatis, fructu 5 See i. 108.

Eleagni minore, i. 41, t. 41. 6 Nyssa sylvatica is also known as Sour Gum and Black Gum.
Nyssa foliis integerrimis, Linneus, Hort. Cliff. 462. In New England, Tupelo, its Indian name, is most frequently given
Nyssa pedunculis multifloris, Clayton, Fl. Virgin. 121. to this tree ; in the middle states it is generally called Pepperidge,

and in the south Sour Gum.

WOWONHAP WON

bt be
boro

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Piatt CCXVII. Nyssa syLvarTica.

. A flowering branch of the sterile tree, natural size.
. A flowering branch of the fertile tree, natural size.

A staminate flower, enlarged.

. Vertical section of a staminate flower, enlarged.
. A pistillate flower, enlarged.

. Vertical section of a pistillate flower, enlarged.
. A fruiting branchlet, natural size.

. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.

. A fruit cut crosswise, enlarged.

. A stone, enlarged.

. An embryo, much magnified.

A winter branchlet, natural size.

Puate CCXVIII. Nyssa syLvatica, var. BIFLORA.

1.

. A flowering branch of the fertile tree, natural size.

TRH o Pf wD

A flowering branch of the sterile tree, natural size.

. Vertical section of a sterile flower, enlarged.
. Vertical section of a fertile flower, enlarged.
. A fruiting branch, natural size.
. A fruit cut crosswise, enlarged.

. A stone, enlarged.

Tab. CCXVII.

Silva of North America

NYSSA SYLVATICA, Marsh.

A. Piocreux dren” Lrp. f. Laneur, Paris.

Silva of North America. Tab. CCXVIII.

CZ. Faxon del.
NYSSA SYLVATICA, Var BIFLORA, Sarg

A. Biocreux direx® . imp. 2. Taneur, Paris.

CORNACER SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 79

NYSSA OGECHE.
Ogeechee Lime. Sour Tupelo.

Fruit large, the stone conspicuously winged.
usually acute at the apex.

Leaves oblong-oval or obovate,

Nyssa Ogeche, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 97 (1785).— Cas-
tiglioni, Viag. negli Stati Uniti, ii. 305. — Sargent, Gar-
den and Forest, ii. 435. — Coulter & Evans, Bot. Gazette,
xv. 93.

Nyssa capitata, Walter, Fl. Car. 253 (1788). — Poiret,
Lam. Dict. iv. 508. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii. 257,

Nyssa coccinea, W. Bartram, Travels, 17 (1791).

Nyssa tomentosa, Poiret, Lam. Dict. iv. 508 (1796).

Nyssa candicans, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 259 (1803). —
Persoon, Syn. ii. 614. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i. 37. —
Willdenow, Spec. iv. 1113.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i.
177. — Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. iv. 116. — Nuttall,

t. 20.— Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. v. 740. — Elliott,
Sk. ii. 685. — Spach, Hist. Vég. x. 464. — Chapman, F7.
168. — Koch, Dendr. ii. 456. — Lauche, Deutsche Dendr.

Gen. ii. 236. — Roemer & Schultes, Syst. v. 576. —
Sprengel, Syst. i. 832. — Dietrich, Syn. i. 879. — Loudon,
Arb. Brit. iii. 1318, £. 1199.

ed. 2, 543. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census
U. S. ix. 91.

Nyssa montana, Gertner f. Fruct. iii. 201, t. 216 (1805).

A bushy tree, forty to fifty feet in height, with a short trunk occasionally two feet in diameter and
spreading branches which form a narrow round-topped head; or often a shrub sending up from the
ground a cluster of small slender diverging stems. The bark of the trunk is an eighth of an inch thick,
irregularly fissured, with a dark brown surface broken into thick appressed persistent plate-like scales.
The branchlets, when they first appear, are coated with rufous tomentum, and during their first summer
are light reddish brown, or green tinged with red, and puberulous; during their first winter they turn
gray or reddish brown, and are marked by the large lunate or nearly triangular leaf-scars in which
appear the ends of three groups of fibro-vascular bundles. The winter-buds are obtuse, an eighth of
an inch long, and covered with ovate apiculate imbricated scales rounded on the back and clothed with
thick hoary tomentum ; those of the inner ranks lengthen on the growing shoots, and at maturity are
ovate-oblong or obovate, rounded at the apex, bright red, and from one half to three quarters of an
inch long. The leaves are oblong, oval or obovate, acute, rounded, or rarely obtuse and apiculate at the
apex, gradually or abruptly wedge-shaped or sometimes rounded at the base, entire, deciduous; when
they unfold they are covered on the lower surface with thick pale tomentum, and on the upper with
short scattered appressed pale hairs; and at maturity they are thick and firm, dark green, rather
lustrous and slightly pilose above, pale below, four to six inches long, and two to two and a half inches
broad, with stout midribs and nine or ten pairs of primary veins covered on the lower side with rufous
pubescence or often nearly glabrous, obscure reticulated veinlets, and stout grooved petioles from half
an inch to an inch in length. The flowers are greenish yellow, and appear in March and April; the
sterile are produced in capitate clusters on slender hairy peduncles, which are half an inch in length
and furnished near the middle with two minute bractlets, and are developed from the axils of the inner
scales of the terminal buds; the fertile are solitary on short stout woolly peduncles from the axils of
bud-scales, and are furnished at the apex with two acute hairy bractlets. The sterile flowers are minute
and are covered with long pale hairs on the outer surface of the short obscurely five-toothed calyx, and
on the petals, which are oblong and rounded at the apex; the filaments are inserted under the margin
of the thick pale pulvinate disk, and are longer than the petals ; the anthers are oval and conspicuously
tuberculate-roughened. The fertile flowers are a sixteenth of an inch long, with a deep cup-shaped
calyx coated, like the minute rounded spreading petals, with hoary tomentum ; the stamens which are

CORNACEA.

80 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

included, consist of short filaments and small mostly fertile anthers; the style is stout, exserted, and
reflexed from near the base. The fruit, which ripens in July and August, sometimes hangs on the
branches until after the falling of the leaves;! it is bright or dull red, oblong or obovate, glabrous, an
inch to an inch and a half long, tipped with the thickened and pointed remnants of the style which
remain attached to the stone, and is borne on a slender stem clothed with tomentum, enlarged at the
apex, and one half or two thirds of an inch in length; the flesh is thick, juicy, and very acid; the
stone is oblong, compressed, with thick hard walls produced into ten or twelve broad thin papery white
wings, and is an inch or more in length and one or rarely two-seeded. The seed, which is compressed
and narrowed at both ends, has a thin papery pale coat and thick albumen.

Nyssa Ogeche, which is a rare and local tree, grows in deep often inundated river-swamps from
the borders of South Carolina in the neighborhood of the coast, through the Ogeechee valley in
Georgia to Clay County in northern Florida, and in Washington County in western Florida, where it
seems to attain its largest size.’

The wood of Nyssa Ogeche is light, soft, tough, although not strong, coarse-grained, and difficult
to split. It contains many thin medullary rays and numerous regularly distributed open ducts, and is
white, with thin hardly distinguishable sapwood composed of about ten layers of annual growth. The
specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.4613, a cubic foot weighing 28.75 pounds.

A preserve with an agreeable subacid flavor, known as Ogeechee limes, is sometimes made from
the fruit of this tree in Georgia and South Carolina.

The earliest mention of the Ogeechee Lime occurs in Bernard Romans’ account of Florida,
published in 1775;* it is said by Aiton* to have been introduced into England in 1806 by John
Lyon,’ but probably it does not now exist in cultivation outside the region it naturally mhabits, where
it is occasionally found in gardens.

1 “J saw large, tall trees of the Nyssa coccinea, si. Ogeeche,
growing on the banks of the river.
the shore.
ance than this, in the autumn, when the fruit is ripe, and the tree
divested of its leaves ; for then they look as red as scarlet, with
their fruit, which is of that colour also. It is of the shape, but
larger than the olive, containing an agreeable acid juice.” (W. Bar-
tram, Travels, 17.)

2 Nyssa Ogeche has been said to grow also in southern Arkansas
(Nuttall, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. v. 167 ; Travels, 71. — Lesquereux,
Owen 2d Rep. Geolog. Surv. Arkansas, 364), where several trees
once considered peculiar to the south Atlantic states are now known
to occur, but I have seen no specimens gathered west of Florida.
(See Coulter & Evans, Bot. Gazette, xv. 93.)

3 Nat. Hist. Florida, 22.

4 Hort. Kew. ed. 2, v. 480. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. iii. 1318, f. 1199.

5 Little is known of the early history of John Lyon, who is iden-

They grow in the water, near
There is no tree that exhibits a more desirable appear-

tified with American plants through his introduction of a number
of important species into English gardens. He is said to have been

a natural son of William Lyon of Gillogie in Forfarshire, Scotland,
who was afterwards a merchant in London. Lyon probably came
to America toward the end of the last century, as in 1802 he was
placed in charge of the famous gardens at Woodlawn, near Phila-
delphia, the property of William Hamilton. He retained this posi-
tion until 1805, and in the following year returned to England with
a large collection of living plants and seeds, which were sold at
auction near London. He probably soon returned to America, and,
having devoted several years to exploring the Carolinas, Georgia,
and Florida, returned in 1812 to England with another collection
of plants. He again returned to America, where he died before
1818 at Asheville, North Carolina, where he was buried.

A number of species of Andromeda were united by Thomas
Nuttall into the genus Lyonia, which commemorates “the name of
the late Mr. John Lyon, an indefatigable collector of North Ameri-
can plants who fell victim to a dangerous epidemic amidst those
savage and romantic mountains which had so often been the theatre
of his labors” (Gen. i. 266).

OO NT Tp ow pH

ee
AQP WW HO

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puate CCXIX. Nyssa OGecHe.

. A flowering branch of the sterile tree, natural size.
. A flowering branch of the fertile tree, natural size.

Diagram of a staminate flower.

. Diagram of a fertile flower.

A staminate flower, enlarged.

. Vertical section of a staminate flower, enlarged.

An anther, front view, enlarged.

. An anther, rear view, enlarged.

. A pistillate flower, enlarged.

. Vertical section of a pistillate flower, enlarged,
. An ovule, much magnified.

2. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.

. Cross section of a fruit, natural size.

. A stone, natural size.

. An embryo, natural size.

. A winter branchlet, natural size.

Silva of North America. Tab. CCXIX .

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= =
=
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NYSSA OGECHE, Marsh.

Imp. R.Taneur, Paris.

CORNACES.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

83

NYSSA AQUATICA.

Cotton Gum.

Fruit large, the stone acutely ridged.

Nyssa aquatica, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 96 (1785). — Poiret,
Lam. Dict. iv. 507. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i. 36.
Nyssa aquatica, Linnzus, Spec. 1058 (in part) (1753).
Nyssa uniflora, Wangenheim, Nordam. Holz. 83, t. 27, £. 57
(1787). — Walter, FZ. Car. 253. — Elliott, Sk. ii. 686. —
Chapman, F7. 168.— Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car.
1860, iii. 62. — Koch, Dendr. ii. 455. — Lauche, Deutsche
Dendr. ed. 2, 543. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th
Census U. S. ix. 92. — Coulter & Evans, Bot. Gazette, xv.
92. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 215.
Nyssa denticulata, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 446 (1789). —
Persoon, Syn. ii. 615.— Willdenow, Spec. iv. 1114. —
Gertner f. Fruct. iii. 203, t. 216. — Pursh, FZ. Am. Sept.
i. 178.— Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. iv. 115. — Nuttall,
Gen. ii. 236.— Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 229. — Roemer &
Schultes, Syst. v. 577. — Sprengel, Syst. i. 832. — Die-

Tupelo Gum.

Leaves oval or oblong, acute or acuminate.

Nyssa palustris, Salisbury, Prodr. 175 (1796).

Nyssa angulosa, Poiret, Zam. Dict. iv. 507 (1797); Ill.
ili. 442, t. 851, f. 2. — Roemer & Schultes, Syst. v. 578.
Nyssa tomentosa, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 259

(1803).— Persoon, Syn. ii. 615. — Willdenow, Spec. iv.
1113. — Pursh, 7. Am. Sept. i. 177. — Nuttall, Gen. ii.
236. — Roemer & Schultes, Syst. v. 577. — Elliott, Sk.
ii. 685. — Sprengel, Syst. i. 832.— Audubon, Birds, t.

13. — Dietrich, Syn. i. 879.

Nyssa angulisans, Michaux, FU. Bor.-Am. ii. 259 (1803). —
Dietrich, Syn. i. 879. — Spach, Hist. Vég. x. 465.

Nyssa grandidentata, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii. 252,
t. 19 (1812). — Loudon, Ard. Brit. iii. 1319, f. 1200,
1201.

Nyssa candicans, var. grandidentata, D. J. Browne,
Trees of America, 426 (1846).

trich, Syn. i. 879.

A tree, eighty to one hundred feet in height, with a trunk three or four feet in diameter above
the greatly enlarged tapering base, comparatively small spreading branches which form a narrow oblong
The bark of the trunk is a quarter
of an inch thick, and is dark brown, longitudinally furrowed and roughened on the surface with small

or pyramidal head, stout pithy branchlets, and thick corky roots.
scales. The branches, when they first appear, are dark red and coated with fine pale tomentum ; they
soon become glabrous or nearly so, and in their first winter are light or bright red-brown and marked
by small scattered pale lenticels and by conspicuous elevated nearly orbicular leaf-scars which show the
ends of three large fibro-vascular bundles. The terminal buds are nearly globose, and are covered with
broad ovate light chestnut-brown scales keeled on the back and rounded and apiculate at the apex; the
scales of the inner ranks lengthen on the growing shoots, and at maturity are ovate-oblong, or obovate-
oblong rounded at the apex, an inch or more in length, and bright yellow. The axillary buds are minute,
obtuse, and nearly imbedded in the bark. The leaves are ovate-oblong, acute or acuminate and often
long-pointed at the apex, wedge-shaped, rounded or subcordate at the base, entire or remotely and irregu-
larly angulate-toothed, the teeth being often tipped with long slender mucros, and deciduous ; when
they unfold they are light red, coated below and on the petioles with thick pale tomentum, and pubes-
cent above, especially on the midribs, and at maturity are thick and firm, dark green and lustrous on the
upper surface, pale and more or less downy-pubescent on the lower, five to seven inches long and two
to four inches wide, with broad thick midribs, about ten or twelve pairs of primary veins forked near
the margin and connected by conspicuous cross veins, and stout grooved hairy petioles enlarged at the
base and an inch and a half to two inches and a half in length. The flowers, which appear in March
and April, are yellow-green and are borne on long slender hairy peduncles produced in the axils of
the inner scales of the terminal bud, the sterile in dense capitate clusters, their peduncles furnished near
the middle or occasionally at the apex with long linear ciliate bractlets, and the fertile solitary and
surrounded by two to four strap-shaped scarious ciliate bractlets often half an inch in length and more

84. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CORNACEZ.

or less united below into an involucral cup. The calyx of the sterile flower is cup-shaped, obscurely
five-toothed, and a third of the length of the oblong erect petals which are rounded at the apex and
much shorter than the stamens. In the fertile flower the calyx is oblong and much longer than the
ovate minute spreading petals; the stamens are included, with small mostly fertile anthers ; the upper
half of the stout tapering style is reflexed above the middle and revolute into a close coil. The fruit,
which ripens in the early autumn, is oblong or slightly obovate, crowned with the pointed remnants of
the style, dark purple, marked with conspicuous scattered pale dots, an inch long, and borne on slender
drooping stalks three or four inches in length; the flesh is thin and acid, and is covered by a thick
tough skin; the stone is ovate, pointed at the base, flattened, light brown or nearly white, thick-walled
and about ten-ridged, the ridges being acute and wing-like with thickened separable margins and
sometimes united by short intermediate ridges. The seed is compressed and pointed at both ends, with
a pale thin coat and thin albumen.

Nyssa aquatica is distributed through the coast region of the Atlantic states from southern
Virginia to northern Florida, through the Gulf states to the valley of the Nueces River in Texas,
and through Arkansas and southern and southeastern Missouri to western Kentucky and Tennessee
and to the valley of the lower Wabash River in Illinois. It is an inhabitant of deep swamps inundated
during a part of every year, growing in great numbers with the Cypress, the Liquidamber, the Swamp
White Oak, the Water Ash, the Scarlet Maple, the Water Locust, and the Cottonwood. In some parts
of the country, especially in the valley of the lower Mississippi River, the Tupelo Gum is one of the
largest and most abundant of the semiaquatic trees. It attains its greatest size in the Cypress swamps
of western Louisiana and eastern Texas.

The wood of Nyssa aquatica is light, soft, not strong, close-grained, and difficult to split; it
contains numerous thin medullary rays, and is light brown or often nearly white, with thick sapwood
sometimes composed of more than a hundred layers of annual growth. ‘The specific gravity of the
absolutely dry wood is 0.5194, a cubic foot weighing 32.37 pounds. It is used in the manufacture
of wooden-ware, broom-handles, and wooden shoes, and now largely for fruit and vegetable boxes ;1
the wood of the roots is sometimes used instead of cork for the floats of nets.

The first account of Nyssa aquatica appears in Catesby’s Natural History of Carolina. It was,
perhaps, introduced by Catesby into English gardens, as according to Aiton*® it was cultivated near
London by Peter Collinson* in 1735. At the present time it is probably not to be found outside of
its native swamps.

1 Garden and Forest, ii. 122. Nyssa pedunculis unifloris, Clayton, Fl. Virgin. 121.
2 Arbor in aqua nascens, foliis latis acuminatis & dentatis, fructu 8 Hort. Kew. iii. 447.
Eleagni majore, i. 60, t. 60. * Seei. 8.

7

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Pirate CCXX. Nyssa Aquatica.

. A flowering branch of the sterile tree, natural size.
- A flowering branch of the fertile tree, natural size.
- A staminate flower, enlarged.

. A pistillate flower, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.

. Cross section of a fruit, natural size.

. A stone, enlarged.

WCWONAANPRWONE

. A winter branchlet, natural size.

Silva of North America. . Tab. CCXX.

CE Faxon. del. Picart fr. se.

NYSSA AQUATICA, Marsh

A. Riocreux direr Imp. BR. Taneur, Paris

CAPRIFOLIACER. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 85

SAMBUCUS.

FLowERs regular, perfect or rarely polygamous; calyx 3 to 5-lobed or toothed ;
corolla gamopetalous, 3 to 5-parted, the divisions imbricated or rarely valvate in
estivation ; stamens 5; ovary inferior or partly superior, 3 to 5-celled ; ovules solitary,
suspended. Fruit a berry-like drupe 3 to 5-stoned, the stones 1-seeded. Leaves
opposite, unequally pinnate, destitute of stipules, deciduous.

Sambucus, Linnzus, Gen. 86 (1737). — Adanson, Fam. Pl. Phyteuma, Loureiro, Fl. Cochin. i. 138 (1790) (not Lin-

ii. 158. — A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. 214.— Endlicher, Gen. nzus).
569. — Meisner, Gen. 155. — Bentham & Hooker, Gen. ii. Tripetelus, Lindley, Mitchell Three Exped. East Australia,
3.— Baillon, Hist. Pl. vii. 501. ii. 14 (1839). — Endlicher, Gen. Suppl. ii. 54. — Meisner,

Gen. pt. ii. 360.

Trees or shrubs, with stout branches containing thick white or dark yellow-brown pith, scaly buds,
and fibrous roots ; or rarely perennial herbs. Leaves opposite, unequally pinnate, involute in vernation ;
leaflets serrate or laciniate, the base of the petioles naked, glandular or furnished with a stipule-like
leaflet; stipels small, usually setaceous, often wanting. Bracts and bractlets lanceolate, acute, scarious,
caducous, the bractlets sometimes wanting. Flowers small, articulate with slender pedicels, in broad
terminal corymbose cymes. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, ovoid or turbinate, the limb three to five-
lobed or toothed. Corolla rotate or slightly campanulate, equally three to five-parted, white, yellow, or
light rose. Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla, as many as its lobes and alternate with them ;
filaments filiform or subulate; anthers oblong, attached on the back, extrorse, versatile, two-celled,
the cells opening longitudinally. Ovary inferior or partly superior, three to five-celled; style abbre-
viated, thick and conical, three to five-lobed and stigmatic at the apex; ovules solitary, suspended
from the apex of the cell, resupinate; raphe dorsal; micropyle superior. Drupe baccate, subglobose,
red, black, or rarely yellow, three to five-stoned, crowned with the remnants of the persistent stigmas ;
sarcocarp juicy ; stones cartilaginous, punctate-rugulose, one-seeded. Seed oblong, compressed ; testa
membranaceous, adherent to the copious fleshy albumen. Embryo minute, near the hilum ; cotyledons
ovoid ; radicle terete, erect.

Sambucus, with about twelve species, is now widely and generally distributed through the temperate
parts of North America, Europe, and Asia; it inhabits high mountain ranges within the tropics of the
two worlds, and Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand. Of the four North American species,’ the
red-fruited Sambucus racemosa,’ a tall shrub found in all the northern and mountainous regions of

1 Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. i. pt. ii. 8. Sambucus pubescens, Persoon, Syn. i. 328 (1805). — Pursh, FV.
2 Linneus, Spec. 270 (1753). — Gray, Brewer § Watson Bot. Cal. Am. Sept. i. 204.
i. 278; Syn. Fl. N. Am. 1. c.— Watson & Coulter, Gray’s .\an. Sambucus pubens, var. arborescens, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am.
ed. 6, 217. ii. 13 (1841).
Sambucus nigra, Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 126 (not Linnzus) (1784). — Sambucus Williamsit, Hance, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 5, v. 217
Debeaux, Fl. Shangh. 33. (1866). — Franchet, Pl. David. i. 148.

Sambucus pubens, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 181 (1803). — Gray,
Man. 173. — Emerson, Trees Jass. 361. — Chapman, Fi. 171.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

CAPRIFOLIACEZ.

86

the continent, is common also in northern Europe,’ in northern Asia,’ central China,* Corea, and Japan.*
In Europe two other species occur ; one of them, the herbaceous Sambucus Hbulus,’ reaches Madeira,
northern Africa, Asia Minor, and Cashmere, and perhaps reappears in southwestern China ;° and the
second, the arborescent Sambucus nigra,’ extends also to the Orient.’ In the elevated mountain valleys
of Sikkim and Nepaul one endemic species is found? Sambucus Javanica”™ ranges from Assam to the
Malay peninsula, southern and central China, Java and Formosa, and perhaps to Japan. Two endemic
species occur in Australasia ;"' and two arborescent species are described in the Floras of the Canary
Islands” and Madeira."* One species inhabits the mountains of central and western South America
from Guatemala to Peru,’ and a species, possibly endemic, those of southern Mexico.”

Sambucus possesses cathartic and emetic properties in the bark; the flowers are excitant and
sudorific, and the juice of the fruit is alterative and laxative. The fruit was used by the Romans
to paint the statues of Jupiter red; the bark has been employed in dyeing.” The dried flowers of
Sambucus nigra are used in Europe in the preparation of an aromatic distilled water and in flavoring
lard, and by distilling the flowers small quantities of a light yellow fatty essential oil with a bitter
burning but afterwards cooling flavor are obtained ;™ the leaves are employed to give a green tint to
oil and fat,’* and wine made from the juice of the ripe fruit is sometimes used in the United States and
Europe as a beverage or to adulterate grape-juice.® The fruits of some of the species, especially of

Sambucus nigra, and of Sambucus glauca of western America, are cooked and eaten.
The wood of Sambucus nigra is hard and compact, and is used by comb-makers and in mathe-

matical instruments.

The large pithy shoots furnish children with pop-guns, pipes, flutes, and whistles.

In Europe Sambucus nigra often serves as a hedge plant and is a common inhabitant of cottage

gardens.
mental plants.
colored fruit are favorites with horticulturists.

All the species produce handsome and abundant flowers and fruit, and are valuable orna-
Forms with variously cut leaflets and with yellow or variegated foliage or abnormally

In North America Sambucus is not injured by insects and does not suffer seriously from fungal

diseases.”

1 Jacquin, Icon. Pl. Rar. i. t. 59.— Pallas, Fl. Ross. ii. 29.—
Nouveau Duhamel, i. 249, t. 56.—Guimpel, Willdenow & Hayne,
Abbild. Deutsche Holz. i. 45, t. 35. — De Candolle, Prodr. iv. 323. —
Ledebour, Fl. Ross. ii. 383. — Nyman, Conspect. Fl. Europ. 321.

2 Ledebour, Fl. Alt. i. 420. — Turczaninow, Fl. Baicalensi-Dahu-
rica, i. 518. — Maximowicz, Prim. Fl. Amur. 135.— Franchet, Pl.
David. i. 148.

8 Forbes & Hemsley, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 348.

4 Miquel, Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. ii. 265.— Franchet & Savatier,
Enum. Pl. Jap. i. 198.— Miyabe, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iv.
238 (Fl. Kurile Islands).

5 Linneus, Spec. 269 (1753). — Fl. Dan. vii. t. 1156. — De Can-
dolle, 7. c. 322. — Boissier, Fl. Orient. iii. 2.— Nyman, 1. c. 321.—
Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 2.

6 Forbes & Hemsley, /. c.— Franchet, l. c. ii. 68.

7 Linneus, J. c. (1753).— Fl. Dan, iv. t. 545.— Nouveau Du-
hamel, i. 245, t. 55. — De Candolle, 1. c.

Sambucus vulgaris, Lamarck, Fl. Frang. iii. 369 (1778).
? Sambucus australis, Chamisso & Schlechtendal, Linnea, iil.

140 (1828).

8 Boissier, J. c.

9% Sambucus adnata, De Candolle, 1. c. (1830). — Hooker f. &
Thomson, Jour. Linn. Soc. ii. 180. — Hooker f. J. c. 3.

10 Blume, Bidr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 657 (1825).— De Candolle, 1. c.—
Hasskarl, Cat. Hort. Bog. 117; Regensburg Flora, 1845, 243. —Mi-
quel, Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 124. — Hooker f.1.c. — Forbes & Hemsley, 1. c.

Sambucus Chinensis, Lindley, Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. vi. 297

(1826). — De Candolle, /. c. — Hance, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 5, v. 217;
Jour. Bot. vii. 295 ; xii. 260. — Maximowicz, Bull. Mosc. 1879, 24.
Sambucus Thunbergiana, Miquel, Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. ii. 265

(1866). — Franchet & Savatier, /. c. — Franchet, J. c. i. 147.

11 Sambucus xanthocarpa, F. Mueller, Hooker Jour. Bot. §& Kew
Gard. Misc. viii. 145 (1856) ; Trans. Phil. Inst. Vict. i.42 ; Pl. Vict.
t. 29. — Bentham, Fil. Austral. ui. 398.

Tripetelus Australasicus, Lindley, Mitchell Three Exped. East

Australia, ii. 14 (1839).

Sambucus Gaudichaudiana, De Candolle, /. c. (1830). — Hooker

f. Fl. Tasman. i. 164. — Bentham, I. c.

12 Sambucus Palmensis, Link, Buch Phys. Beschr. Canar. Ins. 151
(1825). — Webb & Berthelot, Phytogr. Canar. sec. ii. 176, t. 78.

18 Sambucus Madeirensis, Lowe, Man. Fl. Mad. 381 (1868).

14 Sambucus Peruviana, Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nov.
Gen. et Spec. iii. 429 (1818). — Kunth, Syn. Pl. Aquin. i. 75. —
De Candolle, 7. c. 323. — Donnell Smith, Pl. Guatemal. No. 2191.

Sambucus graveolens, Roemer & Schultes, Syst. vi. 641 (1820).

18 Sambucus bipinnata, Schlechtendal & Chamisso, l. c. v. 171
(1830). — Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. ii. 1.

16 Loudon, Arb. Brit. 11. 1029.

17 Spons, Encyclopedia of the Industrial Arts, Manufactures, and
Raw Commercial Products, ii. 1420.

18 Fliickiger & Hanbury, Pharmacographia, 298. —U. S. Dispens.
ed. 16, 1319.

19 Loudon, l. c.

20 Sambucus Canadensis is often attacked in early summer by the

CAPRIFOLIACER. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 87

Sambucus, the classical name of the Elder-tree, is believed to have been derived from capZixy, a
musical instrument, probably in allusion to the use of the pithy stems.

Rust, 4icidium Sambuci, Schweinitz. In its appearance this is one
of the most striking of the Cluster Cups found in the eastern
United States, and forms marked yellow distortions on the leaves,
petioles, and young shoots, which when the fungus is luxuriant

become bent and curved. Several other fungi occur on different
species of Sambucus in the United States, although none of them
are very conspicuous or cause serious diseases.

SYNOPSIS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.

Flowers in compound depressed 5 or 8-rayed cymes, the four external rays once to three times unequally 5-rayed, the central
ray smaller, finally reduced to 3-flowered cymelets or to single flowers. Fruit blue-black; nutlets punctate-rugulose ; pith
white.

Leaves and young shoots more or less pubescent or cinero-canescent.
Fruit destitute of bloom .
Leaves and young shoots glabrous.

1. Sampucus CANADENSIS, var. MEXICANA.

Fruit whitened with a glaucous bloom. . . . .. . - - ~- . 2. SAMBUCUS GLAUCA.

88 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CAPRIFOLIACE.

SAMBUCUS CANADENSIS, var. MEXICANA.
Elder.

Leaves and young shoots more or less pubescent. Fruit destitute of bloom.

Am. Cent. ii. 1.— Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th
Census U.S. ix. 93. — Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb.
ii. 155 (Man. Pl. W. Texas).

Sambucus glauca, Bentham, Pl. Hartweg. 313 (not Nut-

tall) (1848). — Gray, Brewer & Watson Bot. Cal. i. 278 (in

part).

Sambucus velutina, Durand & Hilgard, Jour. Phil. Acad.
n. ser. iii. 389 (1854); Pacific R. R. Rep. v. pt. iii. 8.

Sambucus Canadensis, var. Mexicana.

Sambucus Mexicana, De Candolle, Prodr. iv. 322
(1830).— Don, Gen. Syst. iti. 487.— Loudon, Arb.
Brit. ii. 1030. — Gray, Smithsonian Contrib. v. 66 (Pl.
Wright. ii.) (in part); Brewer & Watson Bot. Cal. i.
278; Syn. Fl. N. Am. i. pt. ii. 9.— Torrey, Pacific
RK. R. Rep. iv. 95; Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 71.—
Rothrock, Wheeler’s Rep. vi. 135. — Hemsley, Bot. Biol.

A tree, twenty-five to thirty feet in height, with a short trunk often abruptly enlarged at the base
and sometimes a foot in diameter, and stout spreading branches which form a compact round-topped
head. The bark of the trunk is a quarter of an inch thick, with a hght brown surface tinged with red
and broken into long narrow horizontal ridge-like scales. The branchlets, when they first appear, are
light green, and like the young leaves are more or less covered with pale pubescence, or are glabrate or
sometimes coated with canescent tomentum; at the end of the first year they become pale, or light
brown tinged with red and roughened with elevated lenticels. The leaves are usually composed of five
leaflets, and are borne on stout pubescent or glabrate petioles an inch or an inch and a half long and
usually naked at the base; the leaflets are ovate-lanceolate, narrowed at the apex into long slender
points, sharply serrate with incurved glandular-tipped teeth except at the base, which is entire and
wedge-shaped or more or less unequally rounded on the two sides; at maturity they are dark yellow-
green, pubescent especially on the broad midribs and primary veins, or nearly glabrous, thick and firm,
an inch and a half to six inches long, half an inch to two and a half inches wide, increasing in size
from the base to the apex of the leaf, and borne on slender petiolules which on the terminal leaflet
are sometimes three quarters of an inch in length and on the lateral leaflets are much shorter; the
stipels on vigorous shoots are sometimes a third of an inch long, ovate, acute and serrate, or on fertile
branches, from which they are usually wanting, they are subulate or oblong and much smaller. The
flowers, which are an eighth of an inch across, are produced in flat pubescent long-branched cymes six
or eight inches across, and in the valley of the Rio Grande appear from March to July; the calyx
is ovoid and five-lobed ; the corolla is rotate, five-parted, and creamy white, with ovate-oblong divisions
rounded at the apex; the style is ovate, thick, and fleshy. The fruit is a quarter of an inch in
diameter, nearly black, rather juicy and destitute of bloom.

Sambucus Canadensis, var. Mexicana, is distributed from the valley of the Nueces River in
western Texas through southern New Mexico and Arizona to southern California; it ranges southward
through Mexico to Central America, and appears on the Sierra Nevada Mountains in Plumas County,
California.* It frequents bottom-lands and the margins of streams, and is usually found growing in
moist gravelly loam. From Sambucus Canadensis,? a common shrub distributed from New Brunswick

1 The Mexican Elder was found here by Mrs. R. M. Austin,
whose specimens are preserved in the Gray Herbarium at Cam-
bridge.

? Sambucus Canadensis, Linneus, Spec. 269 (1753).— Miller,
Dict. ed. 8, No. 6.— Du Roi, Harbk. Baumz. ii. 414.— Moench,
Biume Weiss. 128.— Wangenheim, Nordam. Holz. 115.— Willde-

now, Berl. Baumz. 355 ; Spec. i. pt. ii. 1494 ; Enum. 328. — Schmidt,
Oestr. Baumz. iii. 22, t. 142. — Nouveau Duhamel, i. 248. — Michaux,
Fi. Bor.-Am. i. 181. — Poiret, Lam. Dict. vii. 519. — Pursh, Fl. Am.
Sept. i. 203. — Roemer & Schultes, Syst. vi. 640.— Elliott, Sk. 1.
368. — Sprengel, Syst. i. 935.—De Candolle, Prodr. iv. 322.—
Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 279. — Don, Gen. Syst. iii. 437, — Loudon,

CAPRIFOLIACEE. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 89

to the Saskatchewan and the mountains of Colorado, Utah, and Arizona, and southward to Florida and
Texas, it differs in its arborescent habit and in the pubescent covering of the young shoots and leaves,
although some of its glabrate forms are barely distinguishable from the northern plant.

The wood of Sambucus Canadensis, var. Mexicana, is light, soft, and coarse-grained ; it contains
numerous thin conspicuous medullary rays, and is light brown with thin lighter colored sapwood
composed of two or three layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood
is 0.4614, a cubic foot weighing 28.75 pounds.

The Mexican Elder was first found in the United States by Mr. Charles Wright? in the valley of
the lower Rio Grande in June, 1852. Its dense leafy head and large handsome flower-clusters make
it a desirable ornamental tree, and in northern Mexico” and lower California? it is often found in the

neighborhood of houses, where it is planted for shade and for the fruit, which is eaten by Mexicans and
Indians.

Arb. Brit. ii. 1030, £. 776.— Dietrich, Syn. ii. 1009.— Torrey & Sambucus repens, Rafinesque, Alsograph. Am. 47 (1838).
Gray, Fl. N. Am. ii. 13.— Emerson, Trees Mass. 362. — Chapman, Sambucus bipinnata, Rafinesque, Alsograph. Am. 47 (1838).
Fl. 171.— Koch, Dendr. ii. 71.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. i. pt. il. Sambucus glauca, Gray, Smithsonian Contrib. v. 66 (Pl. Wright.
9. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 217. ii.) (1853) (not Nuttall).
Sambucus nigra, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 141 (1785) (not Lin- 1 See i. 94.
nus). 2 C. G. Pringle, Garden and Forest, i. 106.

Sambucus humilis, Rafinesque, Ann. Nat. 13 (1820) ; Alsograph. 8 Brandegee, Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. 2, ili. 224.
Am. 48.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

PiaTte CCXXJ. SamsBucus CANADENSIS, var. MEXICANA.

—

. A flowering branch, natural size.

. Diagram of a flower.

. A flower, the corolla displayed, enlarged.

. Vertical section of a flower, the corolla and stamens removed.
. A cluster of fruit, natural size.

. A fruit, divided transversely, enlarged.

A stone, enlarged.

. Vertical section of a stone, enlarged.
. An embryo, much magnified.

Silva of North America Tab. CCXXI1.

CE. Faxon det. Rapine sc.

SAMBUCUS CANADENSIS Var. MEXICANA, Sarg.

| A. Riocreux direx* imp. Rh. Taneur, Parw.

CAPRIFOLIACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 91

SAMBUCUS GLAUCA.

Elder.

LEAVES and young shoots glabrous. Fruit covered with a glaucous bloom.

Sambucus glauca, Nuttall, Torrey & Gray Fl. N. Am. ?Sambucus cerulea, Rafinesque, Alsograph. Am. 48
ii. 13 (1841).— Walpers, Rep. ii. 453. — Torrey, Ives’ (1838).
fep. 15; Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 71.— Watson, King’s Sambucus Mexicana, Newberry, Pacific R. R. Rep. vi.
Rep. v. 134. — Gray, Brewer & Watson Bot. Cal. i. 278 pt. iii. 75 (1857) (not De Candolle).
(in part); Syn. Fl. N. Am. i. pt. ii. 9. — Hall, Bot. Ga- Sambucus Californica, Koch, Dendy. ii. 72 (1872).
zette, ii. 88. — Rothrock, Wheeler’s Rep. vi. 135, 363.— ? Sambucus callicarpa, Greene, Fl. Francis. 342 (1892).
Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U.S. ix. 93. —
Greene, Fl. Francis. 342.

A tree, thirty to fifty feet in height, with a tall straight trunk sometimes enlarged at the base and
twelve to eighteen inches in diameter, and stout spreading branches which form a compact round-topped
head ; or often a broad shrub sending up from the ground a number of spreading stems. The bark of
the trunk is deeply and irregularly fissured, the dark brown surface being slightly tinged with red and
broken into small square appressed scales. The branches, when they first appear, are green tinged with
red or brown,and are covered with short scattered white hairs which soon disappear ; in their first winter
they are stout, slightly angled, covered with lustrous red-brown bark, and nearly encircled by the large
triangular leaf-scars marked by five conspicuous fibro-vascular bundle-scars. Terminal buds are rarely
formed, owing to the premature death of the tips of the shoots, which continue to grow late in the
autumn. The axillary buds are generally in pairs, superposed, or in clusters of four or five, only the
upper bud or sometimes the lower usually developing; they are covered with two or three pairs of
opposite broadly ovate chestnut-brown scales persistent on the base of the growing shoot until it is
nearly a foot long; those of the inner rank are accrescent and at maturity are acute, entire, green, and
an inch in length, or sometimes develop into pinnate leaves two or three inches long. The leaves are
composed of from five to nine leaflets, and are borne on stout grooved petioles much enlarged and
naked or sometimes furnished at the base with leaf-like appendages; the leaflets are ovate or narrowly
oblong, contracted at the apex into long narrow points, unequally wedge-shaped or rounded at the base,
and coarsely serrate with spreading or slightly incurved callous-tipped teeth; the lower ones are often
three-parted or pinnate, and the terminal one is sometimes furnished with one or two lateral stalked
leaflets ; when they unfold they are yellow-green on the upper, and pale on the lower surface, and, like
the leaf-stalks, are covered with scattered pale hairs ; at maturity they are glabrous, thin, rather firm in
texture, bright green above and pale below, two to six inches long, and half an inch to an inch and a
half wide, with narrow pale midribs, inconspicuous veins, and slender petiolules which are a quarter of
an inch to half an inch in length on the lateral leaflets and sometimes an inch and a half to two inches
in length on the terminal leaflet. The stipels, which are often suppressed, vary from a sixteenth of an
inch to half an inch in length, and are oblong-lanceolate, rounded or acute at the apex, entire and
caducous. The flowers, which appear in April in southern California, and in June and July in Wash-
ington and British Columbia, are produced in flat long-branched glabrous cymes four to six inches in
width, with linear acute green caducous bracts and bractlets, the lower branches being often produced
from the axils of upper leaves. The flower-buds are globose and covered with a glaucous bloom, and
sometimes turn red before opening. The flowers, which are an eighth of an inch across, have an ovoid
red-brown calyx with acute scarious lobes, a rotate yellowish white corolla with oblong divisions rounded
at the apex and as long as the stamens, and a thick fleshy conical style. The fruit is subglobose, a

92, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CAPRIFOLIACES.

quarter of an inch in diameter, tipped with the remnants of the stigmas, blue-black, whitened with
a thick mealy bloom, and rather sweet and juicy.

Sambucus glauca is distributed from the valley of the lower Fraser River and Vancouver’s Island?
to the southern borders of California, and eastward to the Blue Mountains of Oregon and the Wasatch
Mountains of Utah. It is an inhabitant of valleys, where it usually grows im rather dry gravelly soil.
Very abundant in the coast region, and comparatively rare in the interior, it attams its greatest size in
the valleys of western Oregon, while farther north, and east of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Moun-
tains, it rarely assumes the habit of a tree.

The wood of Sambucus glauca is light, soft, weak, and coarse-grained.
rather conspicuous medullary rays, and is yellow tinged with brown, with thin lighter colored sapwood.
The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.5087, a cubic foot weighing 31.70 pounds.

Sambucus glauca was first noticed in eastern Oregon by members of the party which crossed the
continent early in the century under the leadership of Lewis and Clark.’ It is occasionally planted ® in
the Pacific states for ornament, and for the sake of its fruit, which is reputed to be of better quality
than that of the other species and is largely used in pies and preserves.’

It contains numerous

1 Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. pt. iv. 331.

2 «The Alder, which is also common to our country, was found
in great abundance in the woodlands, on this side of the Rocky
Mountains. It differs in the color of its berry: this being of a
pale sky blue, while that of the United States is of a deep purple.”
(History of an Expedition under the command of Captains Lewis &
Clark to the Sources of the Missouri, thence across the Rocky Moun-
tains and down the River Columbia to the Pacific Ocean, ii. 160.)

This description probably refers to the Oregon Elder. Upon the
strength of it Rafinesque published in 1838 (Alsograph. Am. 48)

his Sambucus cerulea, the name which, if the identity of his plant
could be satisfactorily determined, would replace the later Sambucus
glauca of Nuttall.

3 A specimen planted in Jacksonville, Oregon, in 1859 or 1860,
is described in Garden and Forest (ili. 508). In 1890 its trunk,
which was much swollen at the base, had a circumference of eleven
feet nine inches at the ground, and three feet higher up girted
seven feet two inches ; the branches spread thirty-three feet, and
the total height of the tree was forty feet.

* Wickson, California Fruits and How to Grow Them, ed. 2, 65.

EXPLANATION

OF THE PLATE.

Puate CCXXII. Sampucus GLAUCA.

OMNATHR WHE

pt bo
eH >

. A flowering branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
A stamen, enlarged.

An ovule, much magnified.

. A cluster of fruit, natural size.

. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged.

. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.
. A nutlet, enlarged.

. Vertical section of a nutlet, enlarged.
. An embryo, much magnified.

. A winter branchlet, natural size.

Silva of North America. 145, CG.

SON TAT IAN
=p dt
» TA ¢
JED

CE Fawon del, _ Pe ae
SAMBUCUS GLAUCA, Nutt.

A Riocreux direx* Imp. f.Taneur, Paris.

CAPRIFOLIACEA,

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 93

VIBURNUM.

FLOWERS perfect or neutral; calyx equally 5-toothed, persistent; corolla gamo-
petalous, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in estivation; stamens 5; ovary inferior,

1-celled; ovules solitary, suspended. Fruit a dry or fleshy 1-seeded drupe.

Leaves

simple, usually opposite, stipulate or destitute of stipules.

Viburnum, A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. 213 (1789). — Meisner,
Gen. 155. — Endlicher, Gen. 569. — Orsted, Videnskab.
Medd. fra Nat. For. Kjobenh. 1860, 295 (excl. Tinus).—
Bentham & Hooker, Gen. ii. 3.— Baillon, Hist. Pl. vii.
502. — Engler & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. iv. pt. iv. 163.

Tinus, Linneus, Gen. 85 (1737). — Adanson, Fam. Pl. ii.
158. — Orsted, Videnskab. Medd. fra Nat. For. Kjobenh.
1860, 303.

Viburnum, Linneus, Gen. 86 (1737). — Adanson, Fam. Pi.
ii. 158.

Opulus, Linnezus, Gen. 86 (1737).

Lentago, Rafinesque, Ann. Gén. Sci. Phys. vi. 87 (1820).

Thyrsosma, Rafinesque, Sylva Tellur. 130 (1838).

Oreinotinus, Orsted, Videnshub. Medd. fra Nat. For.
Kjobenh. 1860, 281, t. 6, £. 11-25.

Microtinus, Orsted, Videnskab. Medd. fra Nat. For. Kjo-
benh. 1860, 293, t. 6, f. 7-10.

Solenotinus, Orsted, Videnskab. Medd. fra Nat. For.
Kjobenh. 1860, 294, t. 6, f. 1-4.

Small trees or shrubs, with tough flexible branchlets, naked or scaly buds, and fibrous roots.

Leaves opposite or very rarely verticillate, petiolate, involute in vernation, entire, serrate or dentate,
deciduous or persistent; stipules obsolete or minute, or conspicuous and rarely ample. Bracts and
bractlets minute, lanceolate, acute, caducous. Flowers articulate with the short bracteolate or bibrac-
teolate pedicels, white or rose color, in terminal or axillary umbel-like flat or panicled cymes, the cymes
sometimes radiate with large neutral ray-flowers. Calyx-tube turbinate or sub-cylindrical, the limb
short, equally five-lobed, persistent. Corolla tubular, turbimate or rotate, equally five-lobed, the lobes
spreading and reflexed after anthesis. Stamens five, inserted on the base of the corolla alternate with its
lobes, in one or rarely two series; filaments filiform or subulate, exserted, short or elongated ; anthers
oblong, attached on the back below the middle, introrse, versatile, two-celled, the cells opening longi-
tudinally. Ovary inferior, one or at first incompletely two to three-celled ; style capitate, conical, short,
divided at the apex into three stigmatic lobes; ovules solitary, suspended from the apex of the interior
angle of the cell, resupinate; raphe dorsal; micropyle superior. Fruit ovoid or globose, terete or
compressed, one or incompletely two to three-celled, crowned with the persistent limb of the calyx and
with the remnants of the style, dry or fleshy, the flesh sweet, acidulous, or oily; stone coriaceous,
chartaceous or corneous, ovate or orbicular, flattened or globose, smooth or marked with longitudinal
grooves or ridges. Seed oblong, compressed, concave on the ventral face or slightly winged or incurved
Embryo

on the margin; testa membranaceous, adherent to the copious fleshy or ruminate albumen.
minute, near the hilum ; cotyledons ovate ; radicle terete, erect.’

1 Viburnum may be divided into the following sections : — MicroTinus. Flowers in paniculate cymes; corolla cam-
Exterior flowers of the corymb neutral.

Orutvus. Cymes radiate or uniform ; leaves deciduous, their

panulate-rotate or salver-shaped; drupe imperfectly
2-celled ; endocarp compressed, its margins incurved;

petioles often biglandular at the apex, stipulate; buds
naked or scaly ; fruit red or black, 1-celled.
Flowers all perfect ; buds scaly.

Lentraco. Flowers in terminal umbel-like cymes ; corolla
rotate, funnel-form or tubular ; drupe 1-celled ; endocarp
flattened ; albumen fleshy, homogeneous.

Trnus. Flowers in umbel-like cymes ; corolla rotate ; drupe
dry, 1-celled ; endocarp subterete ; albumen Tuminate ;

leaves coriaceous.

albumen fleshy, homogeneous.
OREINOTINUS. Flowers in umbel-like cymes ; corolla cam-
panulate-rotate ; drupe imperfectly 3-celled ; albumen
fleshy, homogeneous.
SoLENotTinvs. Flowers in paniculate cymes ; corolla tubu-
lar, elongated, with a spreading limb; drupe imperfectly
3-celled ; endocarp flattened ; albumen fleshy, homoge-

neous.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CAPRIFOLIACER.

94

Viburnum, with about eighty species, is now widely and generally distributed through the tem-
perate regions of the northern hemisphere ; it inhabits the mountain ranges of central and western
South America and the West Indies,’ and occurs on several islands of the East Indian Archipelago?
and in Madagascar. In America where, north of Mexico, fourteen species are found,’ only one is
endemic in the region west of the Rocky Mountains.’ Of the North American species, two are small
trees. Judging by the number of described species, the centre of distribution of the genus is in
southern Mexico and Central America.® It is well represented in China,’ Japan,® and India, * where
a number of shrubby species occur; there are fewer species in the Orient,” and in Europe” only
three are recognized, including Viburnum Opulus,” which grows in profusion in the boreal regions
of the three northern continents. In the cretaceous epoch Viburnum inhabited the Arctic regions and
afterward spread through Europe and North America,” abounding in the central and western parts of
this continent," where it is less common and less multiplied in species at present than in other northern
regions.

Viburnum has few useful properties. The leaves and fruit of some of the species are astringent,®
and those of the European Viburnum Lantana” are used in dyemg and for making ink." The bark
of the North American arborescent Viburnum prunifolium is used in medicine; and the bark and
leaves of several of the American species are said to have been employed by the Indians and in early
domestic practice in the treatment of various diseases."* The wood of Viburnum Opulus produces
charcoal valued in the manufacture of gunpowder; and in America the bark is sometimes employed
as a tonic and antispasmodic,” and the fruit is occasionally eaten.” Many of the species produce

beautiful flowers and fruit, and are prized in gardens where the Laurustinus, Viburnum Tinus,” has

been cultivated since the time of the ancients.

In North America Viburnum is not seriously injured by insects” or fungal diseases.™

1 Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 315.

2 Miquel, Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 119.

8 Bentham & Hooker, Gen. ii. 3.

4 Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. i. pt. ii. 9.

5 Viburnum ellipticum, Hooker, Fl. Bor-Am. i. 280 (1833).—
Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. ii. 15.— Gray, Brewer & Watson Bot.
Cal. i. 278; Syn. Fl. N. Am. l. c. 10.

6 Orsted, Videnskab. Medd. fra Nat. For. Kjobenh. 1860, 280. —
Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. ii. 2.

7 Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, xxvi. 474 (Meél.
Biol. x. 644).

8 Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. i. 199.

9 Brandis, Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 257. — Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind.
iii. 3.

10 Boissier, Fl. Orient. iii. 3.

11 Nyman, Conspect. Fl. Europ. 320.

12 Linneeus, Spec. 268 (1753).— Fl. Dan. iv. t. 661. — Schmidt,
Oestr. Baumz. iii. 47, t. 173, 174. — Nouveau Duhamel ii. 132, t.
39. — Guimpel, Willdenow & Hayne, Abbild. Deutsch. Holz. i. 42,
t. 32. — De Candolle, Prodr. iv. 328. — Maximowicz, I. c. 492 (1. ¢.
670).— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. l. c.— Forbes & Hemsley, I. c.
354.— Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 217.

Viburnum Americanum, Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No. 8 (1768).
Viburnum trilobum, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 162 (1785).
Viburnum Opulus Americanum, Aiton, Hort. Kew. i. 373 (1789).
Viburnum Opulus Europeanum, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 180

(1803).

Viburnum Opulus Pimina, Michaux, I. c. (1803). — Rafinesque,

Alsograph. Am. 57.

Viburnum Opulus edule, Michaux, 1. c. (1803).
Viburnum Oxycoccus, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 203 (1814).
Viburnum edule, Pursh, l. c. (1814).

Viburnum Opulus Pimina, var. subcordatum, Rafinesque, 1. c. 58

(1838).

13 Saporta, Origine Paléontologique des Arbres, 244. — Zittel,
Handb. Paleontolog. ii. 789, f. 402, 403.

14 Lesquereux, Rep. U. S. Geolog. Surv. viii. 230 (Contrib. Foss.
Fl. W. Terr. pt. iii.). —L. F. Ward, 6th Ann. Rep. U. S. Geolog.
Surv. 1884-85, 556 (Syn. Fl. Laramie Group).

16 Baillon, Hist. Pl. vii. 382.

16 Linneus, J. c. (1753).— Schmidt, J. c. 47, t. 175. — Nouveau
Duhamel, ii. 130, t. 103. —Guimpel, Willdenow & Hayne, 1. c. 41,
t. 31. — De Candolle, U. c. 326.

Viburnum tomentosum, Lamarck, Fl. Frang. iii. 363 (1778).

17 Loudon, Arb. Brit. 1036, f. 785.

18 Rafinesque, Med. Fl. ii. 274.

19 Baillon, J. c. 388.

20 Johnson, Man. Med. Bot. N. Am. 164.—U. S. Dispens. ed.
16, 1586.

21 Richardson, Arctic Searching Exped. ii. 220.

2 Linneus, l. c. 267 (1753). —Schmidt, J. c. 50, t. 180.— Nou-
veau Duhamel, ii. 126, t. 37. — De Candolle, 1. c. 324. — Loudon, 1. c.
1032, f, 778.

28 The foliage of Viburnum Opulus, especially of the sterile form,
the Snowball of gardens, is often seriously injured by Aphis V’iburni,
Scopoli, which causes the leaves to curl up and twist. Larve of
Hyphantria cunea, Drury, occasionally disfigure the foliage of dif-
ferent species in the United States; and Coleophora viburniella,
Clemens, sometimes mines within the parenchyma of the leaves
(Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. i. 79).

24 In North America two fungi of the Rust family are known on
species of Viburnum, Coleosporium Viburni, Arthur, on Viburnum
Lentago in the western states, and Puccinia Linkii, Klotzsch, on

CAPRIFOLIACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 95

Viburnum, the classical name of Viburnum Lantana, was adopted by Tournefort’ as the name of
the genus, from which he distinguished Opulus and Tinus.

Viburnum pauciflorum, Torrey & Gray, in Newfoundland and Can- num prunifolium, and on those of some of the shrubby species ; and
ada. A mildew, Microsphera Alni, Winter, is common in different Massaria Corni, Saccardo, has been noticed on several species.
parts of the country on the leaves of Viburnum Lentago and Vibur- 1 Inst. 607, t. 376-378.

SYNOPSIS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.

Flowers in sessile compound many-flowered cymes of three to five cymose rays subtended by the upper leaves; calyx tubular.
Fruit black or bluish black, sweet and fleshy ; stones cartilaginous, oval or orbicular, flattened, without ridges ; albumen
fleshy. Leaves without stipules. Winter-buds scaly, their scales accrescent and foliaceous.

Leaves ovate, acuminate, their petioles generally undulate-margined or winged. Winter-buds

long-pointed 2. 2. 1 1 1. ee ee ee ee ee we ee ee we ee 1 VV. LEtaco.
Leaves ovate, oval or suborbicular, their petioles usually naked. ” Winter-buds short-pointed

or obtuse, coated with rufous pubescence . . . . « « « ws . - 2. . « . « 2. V. PRUNIFOLIUM.

96

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

CAPRIFOLIACEZ

VIBURNUM LENTAGO.

Sheepberry. Nannyberry.

LEAVES ovate, acuminate, their petioles usually undulate-margined or winged.
Winter-buds long-pointed.

Viburnum Lentago, Linneus, Spec. 268 (1753). — Mar-

shall, Arbust. Am. 161. — Du Roi, Harbk. Bawmz. ii.
485. — Moench, Béwme Jess. 140, t. 8. — Wangenheim,
Nordam. Holz. 100. — Walter, FZ. Car. 116. — Willde-
now, Berl. Bawmz. 402; Spec. i. pt. ii. 1491; Hnwm.
327. —Schmidt, Oestr. Bauwmz. iti. 48, t. 176. — Nowveau
Duhamel, ii. 129.— Schkuhr, Handb. i. 234. — Michaux,
Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 178.— Persoon, Syn. i. 327.— Poiret,
Lam. Dict. viii. 658. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i. 344. —
Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, iv. 341. — Pursh,
Fl. Am. Sept. i. 201. — Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 70. — Nut-
tall, Gen. i. 202. — Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 37. — Roemer &
Schultes, Syst. vi. 637. — Elliott, Sk. i. 365. — Torrey,
Fl. N. Y. i. 305.— Watson, Dendr. Brit. i. 21, t. 21. —
Sprengel, Syst. i. 934. — Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abdild.

Holz. 125, t. 102. — De Candolle, Prodr. iv. 325. —
Hooker, FU. Bor.-Ai. i. 279. — Don, Gen. Syst. iii. 440, —
Rafinesque, Alsograph. Am. 55. — Spach, Hist. Vég. viii.
311. — Dietrich, Syn. ii. 1011. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N.
Am. ii, 15.— Emerson, Trees Muss. 564. — Darlington,
Fi. Cestr. ed. 3, 115. — Orsted, Videnskab. Medd. Sra
Nat. For. Kjobenh. 1860, 301.— Chapman, #7. 171. —
Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. ii. 269.— Koch,
Dendr. ii. 62. — Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882,
68. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S.
ix. 94.— Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. ed. 2, 206.— Gray,
Syn. Fl. N. Am. i. pt. ii. 12.— Watson & Coulter, Gray’s
Man. ed. 6, 219.

Viburnum pyrifolium? Bigelow, Fl. Boston. ed. 2, 116

(1824).

A. bushy tree, twenty to thirty feet in height, with a short trunk eight or ten inches in diameter,
slender rather pendulous flexible branches which form a compact round-topped head, thin divergent
branchlets, and bad-smelling wood. The bark of the trunk is reddish brown and irregularly broken
into small thick plates divided on their surface into minute thin appressed scales. The branchlets, when
they first appear, are light green and slightly covered with rufous pubescence, and in their first winter
are slender, light red, scurfy, and marked by occasional dark orange-colored lenticels and by narrow
leaf-scars in which appear three conspicuous fibro-vascular bundle-scars; in their second year they
become dark reddish brown and are sometimes covered with a slight glaucous bloom. The winter-buds,
which are light red and generally covered with pale scurfy pubescence, are protected by a pair of
opposite scales; those which contain flower-bearing branchlets are three quarters of an inch in length,
obovate, much swollen below the middle, and then abruptly contracted into long narrow tapering points,
and are subtended by two minute lateral buds formed in the axils of the last leaves of the previous year
and generally abortive ; the terminal buds inclosing sterile shoots are lanceolate, acute, slightly angled,
and about half an inch long; the axillary buds are acute, flattened by pressure against the stem, and
much smaller than the terminal buds. The bud-seales in enlarging and unfolding become lanceolate,
rounded on the back, often slightly expanded and leaf-like at the apex, light purple, reflexed above the
middle, and an inch or an inch and a half in length, or often develop into leaf-like bodies which only
differ from the leaves in their smaller size, shorter blades, and broad boat-like petioles covered on the
outer surface with scurfy pubescence, and which sometimes do not fall until the flowers open. The
leaves are ovate and usually acuminate, with short or elongated points, or are sometimes rounded at the
apex, wedge-shaped, rounded or subcordate at the base, and sharply serrate with incurved callous-tipped
teeth ; when they unfold they are bronze green and lustrous, coated on both surfaces of the midribs and
on the petioles with thick rufous pubescence, slightly pilose on the upper surface, and covered on the
lower with short pale hairs; at maturity they are bright green and lustrous above, yellow-green and
marked with minute black dots below, two and a half to three inches long and an inch to an inch and a

CAPRIFOLIACES. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. a7

half broad, with slender midribs, primary veins connected by conspicuous reticulate veinlets, and broad
grooved more or less interruptedly winged or often wingless petioles which vary from an inch to an
inch and a half in length, and on the first pair of leaves are broader, boat-shaped, and covered with thick
rufous tomentum. In the autumn the leaves turn a deep vinous red or red and orange-color before
falling. The flowers are slightly fragrant, and appear from the middle of April to the first of June in
stout-branched scurfy flat cymes from three to five inches in diameter. The bracts and bractlets are
nearly triangular, a sixteenth of an inch long, green, and caducous. The flower-buds are globose and
light yellow-green. The flowers, which are borne on slender pedicels bibracteolate at the apex, have a
slender ovoid calyx-tube with minute triangular acute lobes, a pale cream-colored or nearly white
corolla a quarter of an inch across when expanded, with ovate lobes acute and slightly erose at the
apex, exserted stamens with slender filaments and bright yellow anthers, and a thick ovate light green
style crowned with a broad stigma. The fruit, which ripens in September, is borne on slender drooping
stalks in red-stemmed few-fruited clusters ; it is oval, thick-skinned, sweet and rather juicy, black or
dark blue, and covered with a glaucous bloom.

Viburnum Lentago is distributed in British America from the valley of the Riviére du Loup in
the province of Quebec to the Saskatchewan,’ and ranges southward through the northern states and
along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia, and westward in the United States to southern
Indiana, southwestern Missouri, and eastern Nebraska.” It is a common plant, usually growing on
rocky hillsides in moist ground, along the borders of the forest, or near the banks of streams and the
margins of swamps in wet peaty soil, and in northern New England often springing up in fence-rows
and along the margins of roadsides.

The wood of Viburnum Lentago is heavy, hard, and close-grained, and contains thin barely
distinguishable medullary rays. It is dark orange-brown in color, with thin nearly white sapwood.
The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.7303, a cubic foot weighing 45.51 pounds.

Viburnum Lentago appears to have been discovered by Peter Kalm,’ the Swedish naturalist, who
traveled in America in the middle of the last century. According to Aiton,* it was cultivated in
England in 1761 by the nurseryman James Gordon.®

The Sheepberry is one of the largest of the Viburnums. It is admired for its compact habit, its
lustrous foliage, which insects rarely disfigure, its beautiful and abundant flowers, its handsome edible
fruit, and its brilliant autumnal color. It readily adapts itself to cultivation, and is one of the best of
the small trees of eastern America for the decoration of parks and gardens in all regions of extreme
winter cold. It is easily raised from seeds which, like those of the other American species, do not
germinate until the second year after they are planted.

The specific name, from lentus, first used by Cesalpini,® in allusion to its flexible branches, to
designate the European Viburnum Lantana, was transferred to this species by Linneus.

1 Brunet, Cat. Vég. Lig. Can. 33. — Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. i. 194. 4 Hort. Kew. i. 372. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 1033, f£. 780.
2 Bessey, Bull. Exper. Stat. Nebraska, iv. art. iv. 22. 5 See i. 40.
8 See ii. 86. 8 De Plantis Libri xvi. 76.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Puate CCXXIII. Visurnum LENTAGO.

. A flowering branch, natural size.

. Diagram of a flower.

A flower, enlarged.

. A flower, the corolla and stamens removed, enlarged.

A corolla displayed, enlarged.

Cross section of an ovary, enlarged.

. Vertical section of a flower, the corolla and stamens removed, enlarged.
An ovule, much magnified.

. An expanding bud, natural size.

WOAAgTEwWHH

PuaTe CCXXIV. Visurnum LENTAGO.
. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.
Cross section of a fruit, enlarged.

A stone, enlarged.

Side view of a stone, enlarged.

A seed, enlarged.

. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.

. An embryo, much magnified.

. A winter branchlet, natural size.

PHNATR SpE

Silva of North America.

-VIBURNUM LENTAGO, L.

A. Riocreux drext Imp. 2. Taneur, Paris.

Silva of North America. Tab. CCXXIV.

CLE. Faxon del. Toulet se.

VIBURNUM LENTAGO, L.

A. Riocreux direx® Lup. Le. Taneur, Paris.

CAPRIFOLIACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 99

VIBURNUM PRUNIFOLIUM.
Black Haw. Stag Bush.

LEAVES ovate, oval, or suborbicular, their petioles usually naked. Winter-buds
short-pointed or obtuse, coated with rufous pubescence.

Viburnum prunifolium, Linneus, Spec. 268 (1753). — Medd. fra Nat. For. Kjobenh. 1860, 301. — Chapman,

Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No. 2. — Marshall, Arbust. Am. 160. —
Wangenheim, Nordam. Holz. 98.— Walter, Fl. Car.
116. — Willdenow, Berl. Bawmz. 402; Spec. i. pt. ii.
1487 ; Enum. 326. — Abbot, Insects of Georgia, ii. 53. —
Schkuhr, Handd. i. 233. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i.
178. — Nouveau Duhamel, ii. 128, t. 388. — Persoon, Syn.
i. 826. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i. 344. — Poiret, Lam.
Dict. viii. 653.— Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2,
iv. 341.— Pursh, 77. Am. Sept. i. 201.— Roemer &
Schultes, Syst. vi. 631. — Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 37.— Elli-
ott, Sk. i. 365. — Sprengel, Syst. i. 933. — Guimpel,
Otto & Hayne, Abdbild. Holz. 125, t. 101. — Watson,
Dendr. Brit. i. 23, t. 23.— Audubon, Birds, t. 23.—
De Candolle, Predr. iv. 325.— Don, Gen. Syst. iii.

Fl. 171. — Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. ii. 269. —
Koch, Dendr. ii. 62. — Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
1882, 68. — Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. ed. 2, 207. — Sar-
gent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 94. —
Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. i. pt. ii. 12. — Watson & Coulter,
Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 219.

Viburnum pyrifolium, Poiret, Zam. Dict. viii. 653

(1808). — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i. 345; Cat. Hort.
Paris, ed. 3, 404. — Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2,
iv. 341. — Pursh, FU. Am. Sept. i. 201. — Nuttall, Gen.
i. 202. — Roemer & Schultes, Syst. vi. 631. — Hayne,
Dendr. Fl. 37. — Watson, Dendr. i. 22, t. 22. — De Can-
dolle, Prodr. iv. 325.— Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 1034, f.
781, 782. — Rafinesque, Alsograph. Am. 55.

440. — Rafinesque, Alsograph. Am. 55.— Spach, Hist. Viburnum amblodes, Rafinesque, Alsograph.Am.55 (1838).
Vég. viii. 312. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 279.— Torrey Viburnum prunifolium, var. ferrugineum, Torrey &
& Gray, fl. N. Am. ii. 14.— Walpers, Rep. ii. 451. — Gray, Fl. N. Am. ii. 15 (1841).

Darlington, FZ. Cestr. ed. 3, 115. — Orsted, Videnskab.

A bushy tree, occasionally twenty to thirty feet in height, with a short and usually crooked trunk
six to eight inches in diameter, and stout spreading rigid branches beset with slender spine-like branch-
lets; or at the north often reduced to a low much-branched shrub. The bark of the trunk varies from
a quarter to a third of an inch in thickness and is broken into thick irregularly shaped plate-like red-
brown scales. The branchlets, when they first appear, are bright red, and are glabrous or more or
less covered with rufous pubescence; they soon turn green, and in their first winter are gray faintly
or strongly tinged with red, covered with a slight bloom, and marked by orange-colored lenticels and by
the large lunate leaf-scars which display three fibro-vascular bundle-scars ; later they become dark brown
tinged with red. The winter-buds are coated with dark rufous tomentum, and are covered with two
scales ; those which contain flower-bearing branches are ovate, gradually narrowed and obtuse at the
apex, half an inch in length, and much larger than the axillary buds which are flattened by pressure
against the stem; the bud-scales, which are accrescent, are soon after opening strap-shaped, purple,
puberulous, and nearly an inch in length, and, often developing into leaf-like bodies with broad boat-
shaped petioles, do not fall until after the flowers open. The leaves are ovate or rarely obovate, oval
or suborbicular, rounded, acute or short-pointed at the apex, wedge-shaped or rounded at the base, and
usually rather remotely or sometimes finely serrate with ridged incurved callous-tipped teeth ; when they
unfold they are tinged with red and are lustrous, glabrous on the lower surface, and covered on the
upper side of the midribs and on the bright red petioles with scattered reddish hairs, or are clothed
on the petioles, midribs, and lower surface of the primary veins with dense rusty brown tomentum ; at
maturity they are firm or sometimes subcoriaceous, dark green and glabrous on the upper surface, and
on the lower pale and glabrous or covered with tufts of rusty tomentum chiefly along the narrow
midribs and in the axils of the slender primary veins which are connected by reticulate veinlets; they

100 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CAPRIFOLIACES.

are one to three inches long, half an inch to three inches wide, and are borne on short grooved petioles
which are one half to two thirds of an inch in length, often clothed throughout the season with rufous
tomentum, and broad and boat-shaped on the first pair of leaves,and on vigorous shoots often narrowly
wing-margined. In the autumn the leaves turn a brilliant scarlet or a dark vinous red before falling.
The flowers, which open from the middle of March in Texas to the middle of May at the north, are
produced in glabrous, glandular, or tomentose cymes two to four inches in diameter, and are borne on
slender pedicels bibracteolate at the apex. The bracts and bractlets are subulate, a sixteenth of an
inch long or less, usually red above the middle, and caducous. The calyx is narrowly ovate, with short
rounded lobes often tipped with pink ; the corolla is pure white and a quarter of an inch across when
expanded, with oval or nearly orbicular lobes ; the stamens are exserted, with slender filaments and pale
yellow anthers, and the style is thick, conical, light green, and terminated by a broad stigma. The
fruit is oval or slightly obovate, half an inch long, dark blue, and covered with a handsome glaucous
bloom. It ripens in October, and is produced in few-fruited clusters with red stems marked by elevated
lenticels. Hanging on the branches until the beginning of winter, it does not become sweet and edible
until after it has been touched by frost.

Viburnum prunifolium is distributed from Fairfield County, Connecticut, and the valley of the
lower Hudson River to Hernando County, Florida, the valley of the Guadaloupe River in Texas,’ and
to Missouri, Arkansas, and the Indian Territory. It is exceedingly common in the middle and southern
states, especially in the neighborhood of the coast; at the north it is usually found in rich coppices on
dry rocky hillsides, in fence-rows and by roadsides, and in the south im dry open Oak woods and on the
margins of upland Pine forests.

The wood of Viburnum prunifolium is heavy, very hard, strong, brittle, and close-grained. It
contains numerous obscure medullary rays, and is brown tinged with red, with thick nearly white
sapwood composed of twenty to thirty layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely
dry wood is 0.8332, a cubic foot weighing 51.92 pounds.

The astringent bark is nervine, antispasmodic, tonic, and diuretic; it has been admitted into the
American pharmacopeia, and is sometimes used in the form of decoctions or fluid extracts for the
treatment of urinary affections and chronic diarrhea and as a preventive of miscarriage,’ although
some medical writers believe that its value has been exaggerated.

The earliest mention of Viburnum prunifolium appears in John Banister’s Catalogue of American
plants, published in Ray’s Historia Plantarum in 1688 ;* according to Aiton, it was cultivated in
England as early as 17312

Viburnum prunifolium varies considerably in the form of the leaves and in the amount and
nature of their pubescent covering ; at the north it is usually glabrous except in the early stages of
growth ; in the south the under surface of the leaves and their petioles are often clothed with rusty
tomentum throughout the season. As an ornamental plant the Black Haw is valuable for its good
habit, the abundance of its clusters of white flowers, its handsome fruit, and brilliant autumn foliage.

1 Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 156 (Man. Pl. W. Texas). 4 Rhamnus Prunifolius fructu nigro, ossiculo compresso, The Black
2 Phares, Atlanta Med. § Surg. Jour. n. ser. vii. 408.— Abbot, Haw, ii. 1927.

Bost. Med. § Surg. Jour. xcix. 634. — Wilson, Liverpool Med.-Chir. Mespilus Prunifolia Virginiana non spinosa fructu nigricante, Plu-

Jour. v. 36. — Brit. Med. Jour. i. 987. — Rusby, Bull. Pharm. July, kenet, Phyt. 46, £. 2; Alm. Bot. 249.— Miller, Dict. No. 11.

1891, t. — U. S. Dispens. ed. 16, 1586. Viburnum foliis subrotundis serratis glabris, Clayton, FT. Virgin. 33.
8 Johnson, Alan. Med. Bot. N. Am. 164, t. 6. 5 Hort. Kew. i. 371. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 1034, t. 193.

be et
eS

CON AMRE HY FE

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

PuateE CCXXV. VIBURNUM PRUNIFOLIUM.

. A flowering branch, natural size.

A flower, enlarged.

A flower, the corolla and stamens removed, enlarged.

Vertical section of a flower, the corolla and stamens removed, enlarged.
A corolla, displayed.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

Cross section of a fruit, enlarged.

. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.
. A stone, enlarged.

An embryo, much magnified.

. The end of a winter branchlet, natural size.

Silva of North America. Tab. CCXXV.

CE Fazwvon det. fapine se.

VIBURNUM PRUNIFOLIUM, L.

A.Riocreux direx! - Imp. R.Taneur, Paris.

RUBIACEAE. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 103

EXOSTEMA.

FLowWERS perfect ; calyx-limb 5-toothed ; corolla gamopetalous, 5-lobed, quincun-
cially imbricated in estivation ; stamens 5; ovary 2-celled ; ovules numerous, ascending.
Fruit a 2-celled many-seeded crustaceous capsule. Leaves opposite, simple, stipulate,
persistent.

Exostema, Richard, Humboldt & Bonpland Pl. Aquin. i. 491 (excl. Badusa). — Engler & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. iv.
131 (1808). — A. Richard, Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, pt. iv. 53.
v. 200. — Meisner, Gen. 158. — Endlicher, Gen. 555.— Solenandra, Hooker f. Hooker Icon. xii. t. 1150 (1876). —
Bentham & Hooker, Gen. ii. 42. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. vii. Bentham & Hooker, Gen. ii. 438.

Trees or shrubs, with usually terete branchlets, bitter bark, and watery juice. Leaves opposite,
simple, sessile or petiolate, persistent ; stipules interpetiolar, entire, denticulate or two-parted, deciduous.
Flowers axillary, solitary or in many or few-flowered terminal panicles, large or small, fragrant, pedun-
culate, the peduncles bibracteolate above the middle. Calyx-tube ovoid, clavate, or turbinate, the limb
short, five-lobed, its lobes nearly triangular, subulate or linear, persistent or deciduous. Corolla white,
funnel-shaped, the tube long and narrow, erect, glabrous or pilose in the throat, the lobes of the limb
linear, elongated, spreading. Stamens five, alternate with the lobes of the corolla, exserted ; filaments
filiform, united at the base into a short or long tube inserted on and adnate to the tube of the corolla;
anthers oblong, linear, attached at the base, two-celled, the cells opening longitudinally. Disk epigy-
nous, annular. Ovary inferior, two-celled ; style simple, elongated, slender, exserted ; stigma capitate,
simple or minutely two-lobed ; ovules numerous, attached on the two sides of a fleshy oblong peltate
placenta fixed to the inner face of the cell, ascending, anatropous ; raphe ventral; micropyle superior.
Fruit capsular, many-seeded, cylindrical or clavate, two-celled, septicidally two-valved, the valves entire
or two-parted ; epicarp membranaceous, separable from the crustaceous endocarp. Seeds compressed,
ovate or oblong, rounded or pointed at the apex, imbricated downwards on the placenta ; testa membra-
naceous, chestnut-brown, lustrous, produced into a narrow wing. Embryo minute, in fleshy albumen ;
cotyledons flat ; radicle terete, inferior.

Exostema is confined to the tropics of America, where about twenty species, chiefly found in the
Antilles,’ are distributed from southern Florida, where one species occurs, to Mexico, Central America,
and Brazil.’

The bark of Exostema contains active tonic properties. That of several species, especially of
Exostema Caribeum and Exostema floribundum,’ was considered a useful febrifuge® before the
general introduction of the more valuable Cinchona barks, which now replace it except in domestic
practice in the countries which Exostema inhabits.

The generic name, from éo and oryjua, relates to the long exserted stamens.

1 A. Richard, Fl. Cub. iii. 5.—Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 323 ; Cinchona floribunda, Swartz, Prodr. 41 (1788) ; Fl. Ind. Oce.
Cat. Pl. Cub. 125. 375. — Lambert, Cinchona, 27, t. 7. — Poiret, Lam. Dict. vi. 37.

2 Orsted, Videnskab. Medd. fra Nat. For. Kjobenh. 1852, 26. — Cinchona montana, Badier, Rozier Obs. xxxiv. 129, t. 1 (1789). —
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 180. — Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. ii. 13. Descourtilz, FZ. Méd. Antill. i. 57, t. 13.

8 Poeppig & Endlicher, Nov. Gen. et Spec. iii. 31, t. 231. — Schu- Cinchona Luciana, Vitman, Summa Al. Suppl. 264 (1802).
mann, Martius Fl. Brasil. vi. pt. vi. 192. 5 Davidson, Phil. Trans. Ixxiv. 452.— Fourcroy, Ann. de Chim.

4 Roemer & Schultes, Syst. v. 19 (1819). — Hayne, Arzn. vii. t. viii. 113. — Lunan, Hort. Jam. i. 391.— A. Richard, Hist. Nat.
45.— De Candolle, Prodr. iv. 360.— A. Richard, /. c. 6.— Grise- Méd. iii. 530. —Guibourt, Hist. Drog. ed. 7, iii. 186. — Rosenthal,
bach, J. c. Syn. Pl. Diaphor. 337.

RUBIACES. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 105

EXOSTEMA CARIBAIUM.
Prince Wood.

FLOWERS on simple axillary peduncles.
ceous.

Leaves oblong-ovate to lanceolate, coria-

Exostema Caribzoum, Roemer & Schultes, Syst. v. 18 Hist. Stirp. Am. 61, t. 179, £. 95; Obs. Bot. ii. 27, t. 47;

(1819). — Hayne, Arzn. vii. t. 44. — Sprengel, Syst. i.
705.— De Candolle, Prodr. iv. 359.— Don, Gen. Syst.
iii. 481. — Dietrich, Syn. i. 722. —Spach, Hist. Vég. viii.
394. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. ii. 36.— A. Richard,
Fl. Cub. iii. 5. — Chapman, F7. 180. — Grisebach, FV.
Brit. W. Ind. 324; Cat. Pl. Cub. 125. — Gray, Syn.
Fl. N. Am. i. pt. ii. 23. —Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am.
10th Census U. S. ix. 95.— Hitchcock, Rep. Missouri

Hist. Select. Stirp. Am. 35, t. 64. — Linneus, Spee. ed.
2, 245. — Icon. Am. Gewiich. i. 11, t. 33. — Swartz, Obs.
72. — Vahl, Skriv. Nat. Selsk. i. 21; Symbd. ii. 37.—
Gertner, Fruct. i. 169, t. 33. — Willdenow, Spec. i. pt. ii.
959. — Gmelin, Syst. Nat. ii. 361. — Lambert, Cinchona,
38, t. 12 (excl. syn.). — Poiret, Lam. Dict. vi. 35; Ill. ii.
261, t. 164, f. 4. — Andrews, Bot. Rep. vii. t. 481. —
Lunan, Hort. Jam. i. 391.

Bot. Gard. iv. 92.
Cinchona Caribea, Jacquin, Hnum. Pl. Carib. 16 (1760) ;

Cinchona Jamaicensis, Wright, Phil. Trans. Ixvii. 504,
t. 10 (1778).

A glabrous tree, in Florida sometimes twenty to twenty-five feet in height, with a trunk ten or
twelve inches in diameter, slender erect branches which form a narrow head, and terete branchlets ;
or often a shrub only a few feet high. The bark of the trunk is an eighth of an inch thick and is
divided by deep fissures into square smooth pale or nearly white plates. The branchlets, when they
first appear, are dark green, but soon become dark red-brown and covered with pale lenticels, and in
their second year are ashy gray and rather conspicuously marked by the elevated leaf-scars. The leaves
are oblong-ovate to lanceolate, contracted into slender points and apiculate at the apex, wedge-shaped
and gradually narrowed at the base into long slender orange-colored petioles, entire, thick and coria-
ceous, dark green on the upper surface and yellow-green on the lower, an inch and a half to three
inches long and half an inch to an inch and a quarter broad, with prominent orange-colored midribs
slightly impressed on the upper side and conspicuous reticulate veins ; they appear in the autumn and
in early spring and summer, and remain on the branches for one or two years. The stipules are a
sixteenth of an inch long, nearly triangular and apiculate, with entire, dentate, or ciliate margins,
and in falling mark the branchlets with ring-like scars. The flowers, which appear from March until
June, are borne on one-flowered axillary peduncles and are exceedingly fragrant; they are three inches
long, with an ovate calyx-tube, persistent nearly triangular calyx-lobes, a glabrous corolla, and filaments
united at the base into a short tube. The fruit is cylindrical, two thirds of an inch long and dark
brown, becoming black in drying. The seed is oblong and an eighth of an inch long, with a dark
brown papillose coat and a light brown wing.

Exostema Caribeum is scattered over the keys of southern Florida and is common on Key West
and Upper Metacombe Keys; it inhabits the West Indies, southern Mexico, and the west coast of
Nicaragua.’

The wood of Exostema Caribeum is very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, and close-grained,
with a satiny surface susceptible of receiving a beautiful polish; it contains numerous obscure
medullary rays, and is light brown handsomely streaked with different shades of yellow and brown, the
bright yellow sapwood being composed of twelve to twenty layers of annual growth. The specific
gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.9310, a cubic foot weighing 58.02 pounds.

Exostema Curibeum was first detected in Florida on Key West by Dr. J. L. Blodgett.

1 Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. ii. 13.

AAO oOo F&O DY eH

Oo OC

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puiate CCXXVI. Exostema CARIBZUM.

. A flowering branch, natural size.

. Diagram of a flower.

. A flower, the corolla removed, enlarged.

. A corolla with stamens, displayed, enlarged.
. Vertical section of an ovary, enlarged.

An anther, enlarged.

. An ovule, much magnified.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a fruit cut parallel with the dissepiment, enlarged.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

Vertical section of a fruit cut at right angles with the dissepiment, enlarged.
Cross section of a fruit, enlarged.

Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.

An embryo, much magnified.

A portion of a young branch showing stipule, enlarged.

Silva of North America. | Tab CCXXVI.

CE. Faacon det. loutlet $c.

EXOSTEMA CARIBAUM,R.: S.

A. Riocreua direa® Imp. R. Taneur, Paris,

RUBIACES. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 107

PINCKNEYA.

FLowERrs perfect; calyx-limb 5-lobed, the lobes unequal, sometimes developed into
colored petaloid leaf-like bodies; corolla gamopetalous, 5-lobed, the lobes valvate in
estivation ; stamens, 5; ovary inferior, 2-celled; ovules numerous, horizontal. Fruit
a many-seeded 2-celled capsule. Leaves opposite, entire, petiolate, stipulate, deciduous.

Pinckneya, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 103 (1803). — End- Hooker, Gen. ii. 47. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. vii. 472 (excl.
licher, Gen. 554.— Meisner, Gen. 158.— Bentham & Pogonopus).

A small tree, with fibrous roots, scaly hight brown bitter bark, resinous buds, stout terete pithy
branchlets coated while young with hoary tomentum, ultimately glabrous and marked with scattered
minute white lenticels and large nearly orbicular or obcordate leaf-scars displaying a lunate row of
numerous crowded fibro-vascular bundle-scars. Terminal buds ovate, terete, contracted above the middle
into slender points, covered with the dark red-brown lanceolate-acute stipules of the last pair of leaves
of the previous year often persistent on the base of the growing shoots and marked at the base with two
broadly ovate pale scar-like shghtly pilose elevations; axillary buds obtuse, minute, and nearly immersed
in the bark. Leaves opposite, complanate in vernation, oblong-oval or ovate, acute at the apex, wedge-
shaped at the base, and gradually narrowed into long stout petioles, entire, membranaceous, coated at first
with pale pubescence, at maturity dark green and puberulous on the upper surface, paler and puberulous
on the lower surface, especially along the stout midribs and primary veins, deciduous ; stipules interpe-
tiolar, conspicuously glandular-punctate at the base on the inner face, inclosing the leaf in the bud,
triangular, subulate, pink, becoming oblong, acute, scarious, ight brown, caducous. Flowers in pedun-
culate terminal and axillary pubescent trichotomous few-flowered cymes. Bracts and bractlets linear-
lanceolate, acute, at first pink, becoming scarious, deciduous, or the bracts sometimes enlarged, and
rose-colored. Flower-buds sulcate, coated with thick pale tomentum. Calyx-tube clavate, bracteolate
at the base, covered with hoary tomentum, not closed in the bud ; calyx-limb five-lobed, the lobes decid-
uous, subulate-lanceolate, green tinged with pink, scarious, or in the central flower of the ultimate
division of the cyme with one or rarely with two produced into oval or ovate acute petaloid rose-colored
puberulous membranaceous leaf-like bodies. Corolla salver-formed, light yellow, cinereo-tomentose, with
a long narrow tube somewhat enlarged in the throat, five-lobed, the lobes oblong-obtuse, marked with
red lines and pilose with long white hairs on the inner surface, recurved after anthesis. Stamens five,
exserted ; filaments filiform, free, inserted opposite the lobes of the calyx on the tube of the corolla
below the middle; anthers oblong, emarginate, attached on the back below the middle, introrse, two-
celled, the cells opening longitudinally. Disk epigynous, fleshy, annular, depressed in the centre.
Ovary two-celled; style filiform, exserted, slightly enlarged, two-lobed and stigmatic at the apex ;
ovules numerous, inserted in two ranks on a thin two-lipped placenta longitudinally adnate to the inner
face of the cell, anatropous; raphe ventral; micropyle superior. Fruit a subglobose obscurely two-
lobed two-celled many-seeded capsule, loculicidally two-valved, the valves thin and papery, light brown,
puberulous especially at the base, faintly rayed and marked with oblong pale spots and with the scars
left. by the falling of the deciduous calyx-limb and style, sometimes tardily septicidally two-parted to
the middle, persistent on the branches during winter, the valves finally falling from the woody axis;
epicarp very thin, brittle, separable from the slightly thicker tough woody endocarp. Seeds horizontal,
two ranked, minute, compressed ; testa thin, light brown, reticulate-veined, produced into a broad thin

108 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. RUBIACER,

lunate-orbicular wing. Embryo elongated, immersed in the thick fleshy albumen ; cotyledons ovate-
oblong, foliaceous, larger than the terete erect radicle turned towards the hilum.

The wood of Pinckneya is close-grained, although soft and weak, and contains obscure remote
medullary rays and bands of four to six rows of large open ducts marking the layers of annual growth;
it is brown, with lighter colored sapwood composed of eight or ten layers of annual growth. The
specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.5350, a cubic foot weighing 33.34 pounds. The bark
has been used successfully in the treatment of intermittent fevers.’

It is supposed that Pinckneya was discovered by John Bartram,’ as specimens of this tree are said
to have been found in the herbarium of the younger Linneus ;* the earliest printed account of it
appears in the Zravels* of his son, William Bartram, published in 1791. It was first brought into
general notice, however, by the French botanist Michaux, who found it on the banks of the St. Mary’s
River in Florida or Georgia in 1791.°

The generic name commemorates the scientific accomplishments of Charles Cotesworth Pinckney of
South Carolina, the Revolutionary patriot and general, who, after the liberty of the United States had
been established, devoted himself to the study of botany and chemistry. The genus is represented by
a single species.

1 Rafinesque, Med. Fi. ii. 57, t. 72.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 433. — 3 See i. 8.
Griffith, Med. Bot. 365, £. 174.— Porcher, Resources of Southern 8 W. P. C. Barton, Fl. N. Am. i. 27,
Fields and Forests, 404. — Naudain, Am. Jour. Pharm. April, 4 16, 468.
1885. — U. S. Dispens. ed. 16, 1894. 5 Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii. 276.

RUBIACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 109

PINCKNEYA PUBENS.
Georgia Bark.

Pinckneya pubens, Michaux, 7. Bor.-Am. i. 105, t. 18 xvii. 143. — Spach, Hist. Vég. viii. 400. — Torrey & Gray,

(1803). — Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, iv. 311. — Fl. N. Am. ii. 37. — Chapman, FV. 179. — Fl. des Serres,
Willdenow, Hnum. Suppl. 10.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. xix. 13, t. 772. —Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. i. pt. ii. 23. —
Am. ii. 276, t. 24.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 158.— Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 95.—
Nuttall, Gen. i. 187. — W. P. C. Barton, FZ. N. Am. i. 25, Engler & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. iv. pt. iv. 21, £. 6, M-O.

t. 7.—Sprengel, Syst. i. 705. — Elliott, Sk. i. 269.— De Cinchona Caroliniana, Poiret, Lam. Dict. vi. 40 (1804).
Candolle, Prodr. iv. 366.— Audubon, Birds, t. 165.— Pinckneya pubescens, Lamarck, JU. ii. 265 (—?).— Per-
Don, Gen. Syst. iii. 486.—D. Don, Trans. Linn. Soe. soon, Syn. i. 197. — Gertner f. Fruct. iii. 81, t. 194, f. 3.

Pinckneya pubens is a tree twenty to thirty feet in height, with a trunk occasionally eight or ten
inches in diameter, and slender spreading branches which usually form a narrow round-topped head.
~The bark of the trunk is a quarter of an inch thick, with a light brown surface divided into minute
appressed scales. The branchlets, when they first appear, are coated with hoary white tomentum ; they
soon turn light red-brown, and are pubescent during the summer and slightly puberulous during the
first winter, but ultimately become glabrous. The leaves, which unfold in March, are five to eight
inches long and three to four inches broad when fully grown, and are borne on petioles two thirds of
an inch to an inch and a half in length. The flowers appear late in May and in the early days of
June, and are produced in open clusters seven or eight inches across; they are an inch and a half long,
their petaloid calyx-lobes being sometimes two inches and a half in length and half an inch in breadth.
_ The fruit ripens in the autumn and is an inch long and two thirds of an inch broad.

Pinckneya pubens is one of the rarest trees of eastern North America ; it inhabits low wet sandy
swamps on the borders of streams and is distributed from the coast region of South Carolina to the
basin of the upper Appalachicola River and its tributaries in Florida and Georgia.

The Georgia Bark, when in flower, is one of the most beautiful of North American trees. It was
planted by Michaux in the experimental garden which he established near Charleston, and was sent by
him to the French horticulturist Cels,! who probably first cultivated’ it in Europe, although, according
to Aiton,’ it was introduced into English gardens by John Fraser as early as 1786. It is occasionally
found in old gardens in South Carolina and Georgia, but is rarely cultivated, and has never received
from gardeners the attention which the beauty and peculiar structure of its flowers would justify.

1 See ii. 4. 3 Hort. Kew. ed. 2. i. 372.
2 Cuvier, Recueil des Eloges Historiques, i. 252.

> oT oo.bo

CNH TP WDE

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Puate CCXXVII. PINCKNEYA PUBENS.

. A flowering branch, natural size.
. Diagram of a flower.
. Vertical section of a flower, natural size.

Vertical section of a flower with petaloid calyx-lobe, the corolla removed, enlarged.
Front and rear views of a stamen, enlarged.

. Cross section of an ovary, enlarged.

An ovule, much magnified.

. Portion of a young branchlet showing stipule, natural size.

PuateE CCXXVIII. PrinckNEYA PUBENS.

A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Cross section of a fruit, natural size.

A seed, natural size.

. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.
. An embryo, much magnified.
. A winter branchlet, natural size.

Tab CCXXVII.

Silva of North America.

foulet se.

CH Faeon del.

PINCKNEYA PUBENS, Michx.

Imp. 2 Taneur, Paris.

A.Riocreuc direa.*

Silva of North America.

Tab. CCXXVIII.

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PINCKNEYA PUBENS, Michx.

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Imp. R.Taneur, Paris.

RUBIACE. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 111

GUETTARDA.

FLoweErs perfect or polygamo-dicecious; calyx produced into an elongated tube ;
corolla gamopetalous, 4 to 9-lobed, the lobes quincuncially imbricated in estivation ;
stamens 4 to 9; ovary inferior, 4 to 9-celled; ovules solitary, suspended. Fruit a
fleshy 1-stoned 4 to 9-seeded drupe. Leaves opposite or rarely verticillate, membra-
naceous, or coriaceous, stipulate.

Guettarda, Ventenat, Choix, 1 (1803).— A. Richard, Wém. Guettarda, Linnzus, Syst.ed. 10,1270 (1759); Gen. ed.
Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, v. 121.— Meisner, Gen. 165. — 6, 492. — Adanson, Fam. Pl. ii. 147. — A. L. de Jussieu,
Endlicher, Gen. 540 (excl. sec. Laugeria).— Bentham Gen. 207.

& Hooker, Gen. ii. 99. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. vii. 423 (excl. Halesia, Browne, Nat. Hist. Jam. 205 (1756).
Timonius, Chomelia, Malanea, Hodgkinsonia, Antirrhea, Laugieria, Jacquin, Hist. Stirp. Am. 64 (1763). — Linneus,
Bobea, and Obbea). — Engler & Prantl, Pjlanzenfam. iv. Gen. ed. 6, 102 (Laugeria).
pt. iv. 97. Cadamba, Sonnerat, Voy. Ind. ii. 228 (1782).
Matthiola, Linneus, Gen. 49 (1737). — Adanson, Fam. Pl. Donkelaaria, Lemaire, Jli. Hort. ii. Misc. 72 (1855).
ii, 159. — A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. 206.

Small trees or shrubs, with bitter bark. Leaves opposite, rarely in verticils of three, subsessile
or petiolate, membranaceous or coriaceous. Stipules interpetiolar, deciduous. Flowers sessile, large or
small, bracteolate or ebracteolate, secund on the branches of axillary forked pedunculate cymes, often
dichotomously branched with a flower between the contracted branches, or rarely one-flowered. Bracts
and bractlets lanceolate, acute, minute, deciduous. Calyx ovoid or globose, the limb produced above
the ovary into a cup-shaped or elongated tube, irregularly two to four or regularly four to nine-toothed,
deciduous or persistent. Corolla salver-shaped, with an elongated cylindrical erect or curved tube
naked in the throat, the limb four to nine-lobed, with oblong acute or rounded lobes. Stamens four to
nine, inserted in the tube of the corolla, alternate with its lobes, included ; filaments short or wanting ;
anthers oblong-linear, attached on the back, introrse, two-celled, the cells opening longitudinally. Disk
epigynous. Ovary four to nine-celled, the cells elongated, tubular; style stout or filiform; stigma
subcapitate or minutely two-lobed; ovules solitary, suspended on the thickened funicle from the inner
angle of the cell, anatropous ; raphe ventral; micropyle superior. Drupe globose or obtusely angled,
or rarely ovoid; sarcocarp thin and fleshy; putamen osseous or ligneous, globose, obtusely angled or
sulcate, four to nine-celled, the cells narrow and often curved upward. Seed compressed, suspended
on the thick funicle closing the orifice of the wall of the stone, straight or excurved ; testa membrana-
ceous ; albumen fleshy, thin or wanting. Embryo elongated, cylindrical or compressed; cotyledons
flat, minute, not longer than the elongated terete radicle turned towards the hilum.

Guettarda is represented by about fifty species, mostly confined to the tropical regions of America,!
where they are found from southern Florida to Mexico, Central America,’ Brazil,? and Peru,‘ although
one species ° is widely distributed on the maritime shores from eastern tropical Africa to Australia and

1 De Candolle, Prodr. iv. 455 (excl. sec. Laugeria). — Walpers, 4 Ruiz & Pavon, Fi. Peruv. ii. 22 (Laugieria). — Humboldt, Bon-
Rep. ii. 486 ; vi. 49; Ann. ii. 764.— Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. pland & Kunth, Nov. Gen. et Spec. iii. 420.— Kunth, Syn. Pi.

331; Cat. Pl. Cub. 130. Aquin. iii. 55.
2 Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. ii. 41.— Donnell Smith, Bot. 5 Guettarda hirsuta.
Gazette, xviii. 204. Nyctanthes hirsuta, Linneus, Spec. 6 (1753).
8 Chamisso & Schlechtendal, Linnea, iv. 181. —J. Miller, Mar- Guettarda speciosa, Linneus, Spec. 991 (1753). — Blume, Bijdr.

tius Fl. Brasil. vi. pt. v. 14. Fl. Ned. Ind. 993. — De Candolle, J. c. — Bot. Reg. xvii. t. 1393. —

112

the islands of the Pacific Ocean.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

RUBIACEX.

Two species are found within the territory of the United States; one

of these is a small tree, and the other a shrub‘ which also inhabits the West Indies and Mexico.

Guettarda has few useful properties.

The bark of some of the American species is occasionally

employed as a tonic and febrifuge, and the powdered bark of the Old World species has been found

valuable in the treatment of ulcers and wounds.’

A few of the species are cultivated for ornament,

particularly Guettarda hirsuta, which is often planted in tropical gardens on account of the delightful

fragrance of its pure white flowers.

The genus was named for Jean Etienne Guettard,? a distinguished French botanist and min-

eralogist.

Miquel, F?. Ind. Bat. ii. 262. — Bentham, Fl. Austral. iii. 419. —
Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr. iii. 125. — Kurz, Forest Fl. Brit. Burm.
ii, 37. — Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 126.
Cadamba jasminiflora, Sonnerat, Voy. Ind. ii. 228, t. 128 (1782).
Jasminum hirsutum, Willdenow, Spec. i. 36 (1797).
Laugieria hirsuta, Ruiz & Pavon, Fl. Peruv. ii. 22, t. 145 (1799).
1 Guettarda scabra, Ventenat, Choiz, 1, t. 1 (1803). — Lamarck,
il. ii. 218, t. 154, f. 3. — De Candolle, Prodr. iv. 456. — Grise-
bach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 332; Cat. Pl. Cub. 131. — Hemsley,
Bot. Biol Am. Cent. ii. 42. — Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. i. pt. ii. 30. —
Eggers, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 13, 60 (Fl. St. Croix and the
Virgin Islands). — Hitchcock, Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard. iv. 93.
Maithiola scabra, Linneus, Spec. 1192 (1753).
Guettarda rugosa, Swartz, Prodr. 59 (1788) ; Fl. Ind. Occ. i.
632.— De Candolle, 7. c. (teste Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind.
I. c.).

Guettarda Havanensis, De Candolle, J. c. 455 (1830). — A. Ri-

chard, Fl. Cub. iii. 19.

Guettarda ambigua, A. Richard, J. c. 20 (not De Candolle)

(1853).— Chapman, Fl. 178 (1865).

2 Rosenthal, Syn. Pl. Diaphor. 332.

8 Jean Etienne Guettard (1715-1786) was born at Etampes, and
at an early age became distinguished for his observations on the
habits of plants, which obtained his admission into the Académie
des Sciences in 1743 and made him known to Linneus. Later he
abandoned botany and devoted himself entirely to mineralogy, which
he studied in many European countries. Guettard was one of the
first naturalists to appreciate the value of mineralogical maps, of
which he constructed several. He is the author of Observations
sur les Plantes, published in two volumes in 1747, of five volumes of
Mémoires sur differentes parties des Sciences et Arts, and of many

papers published in the Memoirs of the French Academy.

RUBIACEA, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 113

GUETTARDA ELLIPTICA.

FLOWERS perfect, 4-parted, in forked few-flowered cymes; calyx tubular; corolla
sericeo-canescent on the outer surface. Fruit globose, 4 to 8-celled. Leaves membra-
naceous.

Guettarda elliptica, Swartz, Prodr. 59 (1788); Fl. Ind. 35. — Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 382; Cut. Pl. Cub.
Occ. i. 634. — Lamarck, Jil. ii. 218. —Persoon, Syn. i. 131.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. i. pt. ii. 30. — Sargent,
200. — Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. ii. 859. — Lunan, Hort. Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. 8. ix. 96. — Hitch-
Jam. ii. 66.— Roemer & Schultes, Syst. iv. 442. — De cock, Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard. iv. 93.

Candolle, Prodr. iv. 457. — Dietrich, Syn. i.787.— Don, Guettarda Blodgettii, Chapman, F7. 178 (1865).
Gen. Syst. iii. 551.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. ii.

A tree, occasionally in Florida eighteen or twenty feet in height, with an irregularly buttressed or
lobed trunk five or six inches in diameter, the deep depressions between the lobes continuous or often
interrupted, slender upright branches, and thin terete branchlets. The bark of the trunk is a sixteenth
of an inch thick, with a smooth dark brown surface covered with large irregularly shaped pale blotches
and numerous small white spots. The branchlets, when they first appear, are coated with long pale or
rufous hairs, and in their second year are light red-brown or ashy gray and conspicuously marked by
pale lenticels and large elevated nearly orbicular leaf-scars. The leaves are opposite, broadly oval to
elliptical-oblong, acute or obtuse and apiculate at the apex, wedge-shaped and rounded at the base, and
entire ; when they unfold they are covered with silky hairs, and at maturity are three quarters of an
inch to two and a half inches in length, half an inch to an inch in breadth, membranaceous, dark
green and pilose or glabrate on the upper surface, lighter and pubescent on the lower, especially
along the stout midribs and in the axils of the four to six pairs of primary veins; they are borne on
stout hairy petioles from a quarter to half an inch long, and unfold in Florida in May and June,
remaining on the branches until the trees begin their growth the followmg year. The flowers, which
in Florida appear in June, are yellowish white and a quarter of an inch in length, and are produced in
slender hairy-stemmed cymes developed near the ends of the branches from the axils of leaves of the
year or from bud-scales at the base of the new shoots. The peduncles, which are shorter than the
leaves, are forked near the apex and produce a flower in the fork and three at the end of each branch,
or the lateral flowers of these clusters are replaced by branches which at their apex produce three
flowers. The bractlets, which subtend the branches of the peduncle and the lateral flowers of the
ultimate divisions of the inflorescence, are linear-lanceolate, acute, coated with hairs, one sixteenth of
an inch long, and deciduous. The calyx is nearly globose and is contracted into an elongated tube,
four-lobed at the apex with nearly triangular acute lobes ; it is coated on the outer surface with long
pale hairs and is half the length of the salver-shaped erect corolla, which is externally canescent and
four-lobed, with rounded lobes. The oblong anthers are borne on short slender filaments inserted above
the middle of the tube of the corolla. The fruit, which ripens in November, is globose, dark purple,
pilose, a third of an inch in diameter, and crowned with the remnants of the persistent calyx-tube; the
flesh is thin, sweet, and mealy. The stone is globose, obscurely ridged, four to eight-celled, and usually
two to four-seeded. The seed is oblong-lanceolate, compressed, nearly straight, and covered with a thin
pale coat.

Guettarda elliptica is found in Florida on the southern keys, growing in the immediate neigh-
borhood of the coast; it also inhabits the Bahama Islands and the coast of Jamaica, where it was
discovered by the Swedish botanist Swartz late in the last century.

114 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. RUBIACEZ.

The wood of Guettarda elliptica is heavy, hard, very close-grained, with a satiny surface suscep-
tible of receiving a beautiful polish ; it contains many thin medullary rays and numerous small scattered
open ducts, and is light brown tinged with red, with thin sapwood composed of six to ten layers of
annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.8337, a cubic foot weighing 51.96

pounds."
Guettarda elliptica was discovered in Florida by Dr. J. L. Blodgett on Key West.

1 In Florida Guettarda elliptica grows slowly. The specimen is six inches in diameter and shows sixty-six layers of annual
collected on Key West for the Jesup Collection of North American growth.
Woods in the American Museum of Natural History in New York

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puiate CCXXIX. GuvETTARDA ELLIPTICA.
. A flowering branch, natural size.

. Diagram of a flower.

A flower, enlarged.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

A stamen, enlarged.

An ovule, much magnified.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.

CONAATE WHE

. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged.

. A seed, enlarged.

- An embryo, much magnified.

. Portion of a young branch showing stipule, enlarged.

bh pe pe
bro

Silva of North America. Tab. CCXXIX.

GUETTARDA ELLIPTICA, Sw.

A, Puocreuz dirext | lap. f. Taneur, Paris.

ERICACE. 115

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

VACCINIUM.

FLowers perfect; calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, the limb 4 or 5-lobed; corolla
gamopetalous, epigynous, 4 or 5-toothed, the teeth imbricated in estivation; stamens
8 or 10; ovary inferior, 4 or 5 or imperfectly 8 to 10-celled; ovules numerous, attached
to a central placenta. Fruit a many-seeded berry. Leaves alternate, membranaceous
or coriaceous, destitute of stipules.

Vaccinium, Linneus, Gen. 110 (1737). — Adanson, Fam.
Pl. ii. 164. — A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. 162. — Endlicher,
Gen. 757. — Meisner, Gen. 243.— Bentham & Hooker,
Gen. ii. 573.— Baillon, Hist. Pl. xi. 182.

Oxycoccus, Adanson, Fam. Pl. ii. 164 (1763). — Endlicher,
Gen. 757. — Bentham & Hooker, Gen. ii. 575. — Baillon,
Hist. Pl. xi. 183.

Schollera, Roth, Tent. Fl. Germ. i. 170 (1788).

Vitis-Ideea, Moench, Meth. 47 (1794).

Cavinium, Petit-Thouars, Roemer Coll. Bot. 204 (1809).

(?) Adnaria, Rafinesque, Fl. Ludovic. 56 (1817).

Batodendron, Nuttall, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. viii.
261 (1843).

Picrococcus, Nuttall, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. viii.
262 (1843).

Metagonia, Nuttall, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. viii. 263
(1843).

Epigynium, Klotzsch, Linnea, xxiv. 49 (1851).

Shrubs, sometimes epiphytal, or rarely small trees, with scaly buds and fibrous roots. Leaves simple,
alternate, entire or dentate, membranaceous or coriaceous, deciduous or often persistent. Flowers small,
bibracteolate, in many-bracted axillary racemes or in terminal or axillary fascicles, or solitary. Bracts
small or rarely foliaceous. Calyx-tube terete, globose, hemispherical or turbinate, the limb short, four
or five-lobed, the lobes equal or rarely unequal, persistent. Corolla white, rose-colored, or red, urceolate,
campanulate, or occasionally tubular or conical, terete, or rarely costate or angled, the limb four or
five-lobed or toothed, the teeth short, or rarely elongated and revolute. Stamens ten or sometimes
eight, epigynous or inserted on the very base of the corolla; filaments filiform, free, short or elongated,
usually hirsute; anthers attached and awned or muticous on the back, introrse, two-celled, the cells
produced upwards into erect, rarely curved, tubes dehiscent by terminal transverse or oblique, rotund, or
elongated pores, or rarely by elongated clefts; pollen-grains compound, of four united grains. Disk
pulvinate or convex, rarely flat, glabrous or pilose, occasionally lobed or angled. Ovary four or five-
celled, the cells sometimes imperfectly divided by the development from the back of a false partition ;+
style filiform, erect; stigma minute, simple or capitate; ovules few or many in each cell, attached to
the interior angle by a two-lipped placenta, anatropous; raphe ventral; the micropyle superior. Fruit
a dry or juicy globose berry crowned with the calyx-limb, four or five, or imperfectly eight or ten-celled,
the cells few or many-seeded. Seed small or minute, compressed, ovoid or reniform; testa crustaceous.
Embryo clavate, minute, surrounded by fleshy albumen, axile, erect; cotyledons ovate, radicle terete,

turned towards the hilum.’

1 Gray, Mfem. Am. Acad. n. ser. iii. 52 (Chlor. Bor.-Am.).

2 The genus has been divided into the following sections : —

BATODENDRON. Flowers in leafy bracted racemes ; corolla open-
campanulate, 5-lobed ; anthers awned on the back, tipped with
slender tubes; ovary incompletely 10-celled. Leaves deciduous.
Eastern North America.

Cyanococcus. Flowers in fascicles or short racemes, appearing

with the leaves ; corolla cylindrical to ovoid or oblong-campanu-
late, 5-lobed ; anthers awned ; ovary completely or incompletely
10-celled. Eastern North America.

Evvaccintum. Flowers solitary or 2 to 4 together on drooping
pedicels, appearing with the leaves ; corolla urceolate or subcylin-
drical, 4 to 5-lobed; anthers awned on the back; ovary 4 or

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

ERICACE.

116

Vaccinium, with about one hundred species, is distributed through the boreal and temperate
recions of the northern hemisphere, and occurs within the tropics at high elevations above the sea north
and south of the equator. In North America twenty-five species and several varieties are distinguished ;'
one is a small tree, while the others are tall or small shrubs.

The fruits of many of the species are edible. The most valuable are the cranberries, the red acid
berries of the North American Vaccinium macrocarpon,’ which are now consumed in enormous quanti-
ties in the form of a conserve, and of Vacciniwm Oxycoccos,* which are used in the same manner in all
northern countries. In the eastern United States blueberries, the sweet blue fruits of several species
of the section Cyanococcus, are eaten in large quantities raw or cooked and are often dried or
preserved. The small dark red acid fruits of Vaccinium Vitis-[dea,* an inhabitant of the Arctic
Circle and of elevated northern regions round the world, are cooked and eaten in the northern countries
of Europe, in Siberia, Japan, and North America. Bulberries, the blue-black sweet fruits of Vaccinium
uliginosum® and of Vaccinium Ayrtillus,’ are eaten raw and cooked in northern Europe and in some

parts of North America; and in California the sweetish fruits of Vacciniwm occidentale’ are gathered

on the Sierra Nevada Mountains in large quantities.

5-celled. North America, Europe, Asia Minor, Madeira, and the
Canary Islands.

Vitis-IpzaA. Flowers in short racemes on clusters from separate
buds ; corolla ovate or globose-urceolate, 4 to 5-lobed ; anthers
awned ; ovary 4 to 5-celled. Leaves coriaceous, persistent. North
America, West Indies, western South America, and Europe.

NEURODESIA. Flowers in short terminal or subterminal racemes ;
corolla urceolate-campanulate or urceolate, 5-lobed; anthers awned
on the back ; ovary 5-celled. Leaves coriaceous, persistent, subim-
bricated. Western South America and Guiana.

DistERIGMA. Flowers axillary, solitary or two or three together ;
corolla urceolate or tubular-campanulate, 4 to 5-lobed; anthers
awned on the back ; ovary 4 to 5-celled. Leaves minute, coriaceous,
usually entire. Western South America.

Macropetma. Flowers axillary, solitary ; corolla cylindrical-
urceolate, 5-lobed ; anthers awned on the back; ovary 5-celled.
Leaves serrate, coriaceous, persistent. Islands of the Pacific
Ocean.

CINCTOSANDRA. Flowers in terminal and axillary racemes ; co-
rolla campanulate, deeply 5-lobed ; anthers awned on the back;
ovary 5-celled. Leaves serrate, coriaceous, persistent. Madagascar
and eastern tropical Africa.

Epicynium. Flowers in corymbs or racemes, rarely solitary ;
corolla urceolate or conical ; stamens inclosed ; filaments pilose ;
ovary 5 or incompletely 10-celled. Leaves coriaceous, persistent.
India, Malay Archipelago, China, and Japan.

LEpTOTHAMNIA. Flowers in axillary many-flowered racemes ;
corolla conico-urceolate, 5-toothed ; anthers awned on the back ;
ovary 5-celled. Leaves acuminate, long-pointed. Western South
America and the West Indies.

Oxycoccus. Flowers axillary and terminal on long slender
pedicels ; corolla deeply 5-parted, the lobes reflexed ; anthers awn-
less, exserted ; ovary 4-celled. Leaves small, entire, persistent.
North America, Europe, and northern Asia.

1 Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. ii. 20.

? Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 13, t. 7 (1789).— Willdenow, Spec. ii.
355.— Bot. Mag. lii. t. 2586. — Gray, l. c. 26.— Watson & Coul-
ter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 314.

Vaccinium hispidulum, Wangenheim, Nordam. Holz. 108, t. 30,

f. 67 (not Linnzus) (1787).

Vaccinium Oxycoccus, var. oblongifolium, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am.

i, 228 (1803).

Citric acid® is obtained from the fruit of

Oxycoccus palustris, var. (?) macrocarpus, Persoon, Syn. i. 419

(1805).

Oxycoccus macrocarpus, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 263 (1814). —

W. P. C. Barton, Fl. N. Am. i. 58, t. 17. —De Candolle, Prodr.

vii. 577. — Emerson, Trees Mass. ed. 2, ii. 458, t.

The cultivation of the Cranberry on carefully prepared bogs so
arranged that they can be flooded with water at certain seasons of
the year, in order to protect the plants from frost or insects, has
become an important industry in the northern United States ; and
a number of varieties have been obtained. These differ in the size
and color of the fruit and in its time of ripening. Barnstable
County, Massachusetts, New Jersey and northern Michigan and
Wisconsin are found more suitable for Cranberry culture than other
parts of the country. (See Garden and Forest, iii. 511, 535; iv. 3,
525, 542.)

8 Linneus, Spec. 351 (1753). — Fi. Dan. i. t. 80.— Willdenow,
l. c. 354.— Guimpel, Willdenow & Hayne, Abbild. Deutsche Holz.
i. 58, t. 44. — Gray, 1. c. 25.— Watson & Coulter, J. c. 314.

Schollera Oxycoccus, Roth, Tent. Fl. Germ. i. 170 (1788) ; ii.

442,

Vaccinium Ozxycoccus, var. ovalifolium, Michaux, I. c. 228 (1803).

Oxycoccus palustris, Persoon, 1. c. 419 (1805).— De Candolle,
lc. 577.

Oxycoccus vulgaris, Pursh, 1. c. 263 (1814).

4 Linneus, J. c. (1753). — Fl. Dan. i. t. 40. — Willdenow, /. c. —
Nouveau Duhamel, ii. 107, t. 30.— Guimpel, Willdenow & Hayne,
I. c. 57, t. 43.— De Candolle, J. c. 568. — Gray, J. c.— Watson &
Coulter, J. ¢.

Vaccinium punctatum, Lamarck, Dict. i. 74 (1783).

5 Linneus, J. c. 350 (1753), — Fl. Dan. ii. t. 231. — Willdenow,
1. c. 350.—Guimpel, Willdenow & Hayne, J. c. 56, t. 42.—De
Candolle, 2. c. 574.— Gray, J. c. 23.— Watson & Coulter, J. ¢.
313.

Vaccinium Sednense, Persoon, I. c. 478 (1805).
Vaccinium pubescens, Hornemann, Fl. Dan. ix. t. 1516 (1820).

6 Linneeus, l. c. 349 (1753). — Fl. Dan. vi. t. 974. — Willdenow,
l. c. 348. — Nouveau Duhamel, ii. 102, t. 29. —Guimpel, Willdenow
& Hayne, 1. c. 54, t.41.— De Candolle, J. c. 573. — Hooker, Fl.
Bor.-Am. ii. 33. — Gray, 1. c. 24.

7 Gray, Brewer § Watson Bot. Cal. i. 451 (1876) ; Syn. Fl. N.
Am, ii. 23.

8 Jour. de Pharm. sér. 4, xviii. 439.

ERICACES. 117

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

Vaccinium macrocarpon, which contains a bitter principle for which the name of oxycoccin has been
proposed. Most of the Vacciniums produce handsome flowers and fruit, and the leaves of several
of the North American species assume brilliant colors in the autumn. Several are desirable garden
plants, especially the High-bush Blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum,? and the Deerberry, Vaccinium

stamineum,*® of eastern America, and the evergreen Vacciniwm ovatum* of the Pacific regions of North

America.

In North America Vaccinium escapes the attacks of disfiguring insects and serious fungal diseases.”
Vaccinium, the classical name of Vaccinium Myrtillus, was adopted by Linnzus as the name of

this genus.

1 Am. Jour. Pharm. 1863, 321.

2 Linneus, Spec. 350 (1753). — Wangenheim, Nordam. Holz. 109,
t. 30, £. 68. — Watson, Dendr. Brit. ii. 123, t. 123. — Bot. Mag. lxii.
t. 3433. — De Candolle, Prodr. vii. 571.— Emerson, Trees Mass.
ed. 2, ii. 454, t. — Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. ii. 22. — Watson & Coul-
ter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 313.

Vaccinium disomorphum, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 231 (1803).

8 Linneus, 1. c. (1753). — Willdenow, Spec. ii. 349. — Andrews,
Bot. Rep. iv. t. 263.— De Candolle, 1. c. 567.— Gray, J. c. 21. —
Watson & Coulter, J. c. 312.

Vaccinium album, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 285 (not Linnzus)

(1814).

Vaccinium elevatum, De Candolle, J. c. (excl. var.) (1838).

Picrococcus stamineus, Nuttall, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser.
viii. 262 (1843).

Picrococcus elevatus, Nuttall, J. c. (1843).

Picrococcus Floridanus, Nuttall, 1. c. (1848).

* Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 290 (1814). — Bot. Reg. xvi. t. 1354. —
Hooker, Fl. Bor-Am. ii. 34.—De Candolle, J. c. 570.— Gray,
Brewer & Watson Bot. Cal. i. 451; Syn. Fl. N. Am. ii. 25.

Vaccinium lanceolatum, De Candolle, J. c. (1838).
Metagonia ovata, Nuttall, J. c. 264 (1843).

5 A number of curious fungi are parasitic on North American
Vacciniee, some being peculiar to this country, and others, occur-
ring also in Europe, being more abundant and more highly devel-
oped here. The most striking are the species of Exobasidium, the
European Exobasidium Vaccinii, Woronin, being exceedingly common
on several species of Gaylussacia and Vaccinium. This attacks the
leaves, causing them to swell up and assume at first a pink color
When this fungus
attacks the flower it causes conspicuous although usually symmetri-
cal distortions often believed to be the work of insects.

Several interesting Rusts are found on American Vacciniezx.

which later is powdered with the white spores.

Melampsora Vacciniorum, Schroeter, affects the leaves of several
species, and Melampsora Geppertiana, Winter, causes the curious
distortions popularly known as “ witches’ brooms,” which are often
of large size on the leaves of Vaccinium corymbosum. A number
of small characteristic Discomycetes affect the leaves of Vacciniee
in this country, which are also injured by the mildews, Microsphera
Vaccinti, Cooke & Peck, and by Rhytisma Vaccinii, Fries.

ERICACER, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 119

VACCINIUM ARBOREUM.
Farkleberry. Sparkleberry.

FLowERs articulate with the pedicels, axillary and solitary or in terminal racemes ;
corolla open-campanulate, 5-lobed; anthers tipped with slender tubes, awned on the
back ; ovary imperfectly 10-celled. Berry globose, dry and astringent.

Vaccinium arboreum, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 157 87. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. 8.
(1785). — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 230. — Persoon, ix. 96. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 312.
Syn. i. 479.— Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, Vaccinium mucronatum, Walter, Fl. Car. 139 (not Lin-
iii. 511. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i. 270. -— Pursh, FV. nus) (1788).
alm. Sept. i. 285. — Nuttall, Gen. i. 263. — Elliott, Sk. Vaccinium diffusum, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 11 (1789).—

i, 495. — Don, Gen. Syst. iii. 853. — De Candolle, Prodr. Bot. Mag. xxxix. t. 1607.— Koch, Dendr. ii. 96. —
vii. 567. — Dietrich, Syn. ii. 1264. — Loddiges, Bot. Cab. Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. ed. 2, 239.

xvil. t, 1885. — Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. n. ser. iii. 53 (?) Arbutus obtusifolius, Rafinesque, Fl. Ludovic. 55
(Chior. Bor. Am.); Syn. Fl. N. Am. ti. 20. — Klotzsch, (1817).

Linnea, xxiv. 55.— Walpers, Ann. ii. 1096.—Chapman, Batodendron arboreum, Nuttall, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
Fl. 259. — Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. n. ser. viii. 261 (1843) ; Sylva, iii. 43.

A tree, twenty to thirty feet in height, with a short often crooked trunk occasionally eight or ten
inches in diameter, and slender more or less contorted branches which form an irregular round head; or
toward the northern limit of its range generally reduced to a low shrub with many divergent stems. The
bark of the trunk, which is barely one sixteenth of an inch thick, is light reddish brown and covered
with minute appressed scales. The branchlets, when they first appear, are light red and coated with
pale pubescence ; in their first winter they are glabrous or puberulous and bright red-brown, and later
become dark red, and are marked by the minute elevated nearly orbicular leaf-scars. The winter-buds
are obtuse, one sixteenth of an inch or less in length, and covered with imbricated ovate-acute chestnut-
brown scales which often remain on the base of the branchlets throughout the season. The leaves
are obovate, oblong-oval, or occasionally nearly orbicular, acute, or rounded and apiculate at the apex,
gradually or abruptly wedge-shaped at the base, obscurely glandular-dentate, or entire with thickened
slightly revolute margins; when they unfold they are light red and more or less pilose or puberulous,
and at maturity they are thin, coriaceous, dark green and lustrous above, paler below, glabrous or often
puberulous along the midribs and veins, which are more prominent on the upper than on the lower
surface, reticulate-venulose, half an inch to two inches and a half long, a quarter of an inch to an inch
broad, and sessile or borne on short broad petioles ; in the southern states they remain on the branches
until after the opening of the flowers in the following year, while farther north they fall during the
winter. The flowers, which appear in March in Florida and in May at the northern limits of the range
of the plant, are a quarter of an inch in length and are borne on slender drooping pedicels half an inch
long and furnished near the middle with two minute acute scarious caducous bractlets; they are solitary
in the axils of leaves of the year, or are arranged in terminal puberulous racemes two or three inches
long, and produced from the axils of leafy or mmute acute scarious bracts. The corolla is white, open-
campanulate, slightly five-lobed, with acute reflexed lobes, and longer than the ten stamens. These are
inserted on its base under the thick obscurely lobed pulvinate disk which is depressed in the centre; the
filaments are hirsute and shorter than the anthers, which are long-awned on the back and tipped by two
long slender tubes with oblique elongated terminal pores. The fruit ripens in October and sometimes
remains on the branches until the end of winter; it is globose, a quarter of an inch in diameter,
black, lustrous, and many-seeded, with dry, granular, slightly astringent flesh of a pleasant flavor.

120 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ERICACEA.

Vaccinium arboreum is distributed from North Carolina, where it is found from the coast region
to the valleys of the Alleghany Mountains in the extreme western part of the state, southward to
Hernando County, Florida; it ranges through the Gulf states and from southern Illinois and Missouri
through Arkansas and eastern Texas to the shores of Matagorda Bay. The Farkleberry usually inhab-
its moist sandy soil along the banks of ponds and streams, and is common in the Pine belt of the
southern Atlantic and Gulf states, reaching its greatest development in eastern Texas near the coast.
In the interior it is less common and usually of small size.

The wood of Vaccinium arboreum is heavy, hard, and very close-grained, with a satiny surface
susceptible of receiving a beautiful polish ; it contains numerous broad conspicuous medullary rays and
is light brown tinged with red, with thick sapwood which is distinguished with difficulty from the
heartwood. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.7610, a cubic foot weighing 47.42
pounds. It is sometimes used for the handles of tools and in the manufacture of other small articles
in which strength and tenacity are required.

Decoctions of the astringent bark of the root and of the leaves of Vaccinium arboreum are
sometimes used domestically in the treatment of diarrhoea, and the bark has been employed by tanners.’

The first description of Vacciniwm arborewm was published by Humphrey Marshall in 1785,
although according to Aiton? it was introduced into English gardens twenty years earlier. With its
lustrous leaves and profusion of pure white flowers the Farkleberry is one of the most beautiful of the
North American species of Vaccinium, and it might well be used to decorate the gardens of temperate
countries ; but, although once cultivated in Europe, it probably is no longer to be found outside its
native home.

1 Porcher, Resources of Southern Fields and Forests, 384. 2 Hort. Kew. ii. 11. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 1159.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puate CCXXX. VaAccINIUM ARBOREUM.

fod

. A flowering branch, natural size.

. Diagram of a flower.

. A flower, enlarged.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

. Front, rear, and side views of a stamen, enlarged.
. An ovule, much magnified.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. A fruit cut transversely, enlarged.

oONA o fF W bd

. A seed, enlarged.

e
Oo

. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged

Siva of North America. Tab. CCXXX

Toulet. sc.

-VACCINIUM ARBOREUM, Marsh

_ A. Rocreur dirext Imp. 2.Taneur, Paris.

ERICACES. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 121

ARBUTUS.

FLoweErs perfect; calyx free from the ovary, 5-parted, the divisions imbricated
in estivation; corolla gamopetalous, 5-toothed, the teeth imbricated in estivation ;
stamens 10; ovary superior, 5 or rarely 4-celled; ovules numerous. Fruit drupaceous
or baccate. Leaves alternate, persistent, destitute of stipules.

Arbutus, Linnzus, G'en. 123 (1737). — Adanson, Fam. Pl. 247. — Endlicher, Gen. 756. — Bentham & Hooker, Gen.
ii. 165.— A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. 160.— Meisner, Gen. ii. 581. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. xi. 191.
Unedo, Hoffmannsegg & Link, FV. Port. i. 415 (1809).

Trees or shrubs, with astringent bark exfoliating from young stems in large thin scales, smooth
terete red branches, thick hard roots, and scaly buds. Leaves alternate, petiolate, entire or dentate,
obscurely penniveined, persistent. Flowers small, in simple compound racemes or panicles. Pedicels
clavate, bibracteolate at the base, developed from the axils of ovate bracts. Bracts and bractlets
searious, scaly, persistent. Calyx five-parted nearly to the base, the divisions ovate, acute, scarious,
persistent. Corolla hypogynous, globose or ovoid-urceolate, white, rose-colored, or greenish white, five-
toothed, the teeth obtuse, recurved. Stamens ten, included ; filaments subulate, dilated and pilose at
the base, free, inserted in the bottom of the corolla; anthers short, compressed laterally, attached on
the back below the apex, dorsally two-awned, introrse, two-celled, the cells opening at the top ante-
riorly by a terminal pore; pollen-grains compound. Ovary superior, glandular-roughened, glabrous
or tomentose, sessile or slightly immersed in a glandular ten-lobed disk; style columnar, simple, exserted,
stigmatose and obscurely five-lobed at the apex; ovules numerous, attached to a central placenta devel-
oped from the inner angle of each cell, amphitropous; raphe ventral; micropyle superior. Fruit
drupaceous or baccate,' globose, smooth or glandular-coated, five-celled, many-seeded ; exocarp firm, dry,
and mealy ; endocarp cartilaginous, often incompletely developed. Seed small, compressed or angled,
narrowed and often apiculate at the apex; testa coriaceous, dark red-brown, slightly pilose. Embryo
axile in copious horny albumen, clavate; radicle terete, erect, turned towards the hilum.

Ten or twelve species of Arbutus are distinguished; they inhabit the western and southern parts
of North America, where in Mexico’ the largest number of species occur, Central America, eastern,
southern, and southwestern Europe,’ Asia Minor,‘ northern Africa,’ and the Canary Islands. Three
species grow naturally within the territory of the United States; two of these are Mexican, and find
their most northern home just north of our southern boundary, one in Texas and the other in Arizona,
and the third inhabits the coast forests of the Pacific states and British Columbia.

Arbutus produces hard close-grained valuable wood often used as charcoal in the manufacture of
gunpowder. In the south of Europe the strawberry-shaped fruits of the European and north African
Arbutus Unedo" are eaten raw or cooked, and possess narcotic properties; the bark and leaves are

1 The fruit of Arbutus has generally been described as baccate. ° Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nov. Gen. et Spec. iii. 279. —
That of the Old World Arbutus Unedo is usually a berry, although Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. ii. 276.

it sometimes contains traces of a thin crustaceous imperfect endo- * Nyman, Conspect. Fl. Europ. 490.
carp, which in Arbutus Andrachne is more developed. In the fruits * Boissier, FZ. Orient. iii. 965.
of all the American species which I have been able to examine 5 Desfontaines, F7. Atlant. i. 340.

there is a distinct more or less complete endocarp, which appears 6 Link, Buch Phys. Beschr. Canar. Ins. 146, 180.— Webb & Ber-
to be most developed in Arbutus Menziesii, in which it is often a thelot, Phytogr. Canar. sec. iii. 11.
distinct five-celled stone with thin papery walls. 7 Linnzeus, Spec. 395 (1753). — Nouveau Duhamel, i. 73, t. 21.—

122 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ERICACE.

used as astringents.' The fruit of the Oriental Arbutus Andrachne’ is edible, and its wood is used
for fuel.

Arbutus is chiefly valuable for the beauty of its smooth red branches, evergreen foliage, and large
clusters of white flowers, and the two European species have been cultivated in gardens since the time
of the ancients.°

Arbutus, the classical Latin name of the species of southern Europe, was adopted by Linnzus as
the name of the genus.

Savi, Flora Italiana, i. t. 5.—Sibthorp, Fl. Grec. iv. 66, t. 373. — 2 Linneus, Spec. ed. 2, 566 (1762). — Savi, J. c. t. 12. — Nouveau
Bot. Mag. xlix. t. 2319. — De Candolle, Prodr. vii. 581. Duhamel, i. 76, t. 22.— Bot. Reg. ii. t. 113.— Bot. Mag. xlvi. t.
Arbutus serratifolia, Salisbury, Prodr. 288 (1796).— Loddiges, 2024. — Sibthorp, J. c. 67, t. 374. — De Candolle, J. c. 582.
Bot. Cab. vi. t. 580. Arbutus integrifolia, Salisbury, J. c. (1796).
Unedo edulis, Hoffmannsegg & Link, Fl. Port. i. 415 (1809). 8 Loudon, /. c. 1118.

1 Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 1119.

CONSPECTUS OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Ovary glabrous; leaves oval or oblong, entire or rarely serrate . . . . . - . - + « ~ J. ArsButous MeEnzzigsit.
Ovary pubescent ; leaves oval, ovate, or lanceolate . . . . . . . . ss + + « « « & ARBUTUS XALAPENSIS.
Ovary glabrous, conspicuously porulose ; leaves lanceolate or rarely narrowly oblong . . . . 3. ARBUTUS ARIZONICA.

ERICACER, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 123

ARBUTUS MENZIESII.

Madrofia.

Ovary glabrous. Leaves oval or oblong, entire or rarely serrate.

Arbutus Menziesii, Pursh, 77. Am. Sept. i. 282 (1814). — Gazette, ii. 88. — Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. ii. 276

Sprengel, Syst. ii. 286.— Don, Gen. Syst. ili. 834. — De (in part).— Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census
Candolle, Prodr. vii. 582.— Dietrich, Syn. ii. 13887. — U.S. ix. 97.
Hooker, #7. Bor.-Am. ii. 36.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Arbutus procera, Lindley, Bot. Reg. xxi. t. 1753 (1836). —
Voy. Beechey, 143. — Klotzsch, Linnea, xxiv. 72. — Loudon, 1rd. Brit. ii. 1121. — De Candolle, Prodr. vii.
Nuttall, Sylva, iii. 42, t. 95.—Torrey, Pacific R. R. 582. — Dietrich, Syn. ii. 1387. — Paxton, Mag. Bot. ii.
Rep. iv. 116; Bot. Wilkes Explor. Exped. 378. — New- 147, t.— Walpers, Rep. vi. 416. — Klotzsch, Linnea,
berry, Pacific Rk. R. Rep. vi. 23, 79, £ 22. — Cooper, xxiv. 71.

Pacific R. R. Rep. xii. pt. ii. 29, 66. — Lyall, Jour. Linn. Arbutus laurifolia, Hooker, #7. Bor.-Am. ii. 36 (not Lind-
Soc. vii. 131.— Gray, Brewer & Watson Bot. Cal. i. 452 ley) (1840).
(in part) ; Syn. Fl. N. Am. ii. 27 (in part).— Hall, Bot.

A tree, eighty to a hundred and ten feet in height, with a tall straight trunk four to seven feet
in diameter and upright or spreading stout branches which form a narrow oblong or broad round-
topped head. The bark of old trunks varies from one third to one half of an inch in thickness, and
has a dark reddish brown surface broken into small thick plate-like scales; that of young stems and of
the branches is smooth and bright red, and separates into large thin scales. The branchlets, when they
first appear, are light red, pea-green, or orange-colored, and are glabrous, or on vigorous young plants
are sometimes covered with pale scattered hairs which usually soon disappear ; in their first winter they
turn bright red-brown. The winter-buds are obtuse, a third of an inch long, and covered by many
imbricated broadly ovate bright brown scales which are keeled on the back, apiculate at the apex, and
slightly ciliate on the margins. The leaves are oval or oblong, rounded or contracted into short points
at the apex, and rounded, subcordate, or wedge-shaped at the base, with slightly thickened revolute
entire, crenate, or occasionally on young plants sharply serrate margins; when they unfold they are
light green or often pink, especially on the lower surface, and are glabrous or slightly puberulous, and
at maturity they are thick and coriaceous, dark green and lustrous above, pale or often nearly white
below, three to five inches long and an inch and a half to three inches wide, with thick pale midribs
rounded on the upper side, and conspicuously reticulated veinlets; they are borne on stout grooved
petioles half an inch to an inch in length and often slightly wing-margined towards their apex ; and,
appearing in early spring, remain on the branches until midsummer of their second year, when they
begin, gradually and irregularly, to turn to an orange or scarlet color, and to fall. The flowers appear
from March at the south to May at the north, and are borne on short slender puberulous pedicels
produced from the axils of acute scarious bracts with ciliate margins, and gathered in spicate pubescent
racemes which form a terminal cluster five or six inches in length and breadth ; they are a third of an
inch long, with scarious white calyx-lobes, white globular corollas, and glabrous ovaries. The fruit,
which is drupaceous, ripens in the autumn and is subglobose or occasionally obovate or oval, half an
inch long, bright orange-red, and covered with thin glandular flesh surrounding a five-celled more or
less perfectly developed thin-walled cartilaginous stone, containing in each cell several seeds tightly
pressed together and angled, and covered with dark brown pilose coats.

Arbutus Menziesii is distributed from the islands of the British Columbia coast at Seymour

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ERICACE,

124

Narrows! southward through the coast region of Washington and Oregon, and through the California
coast ranges to the Santa Lucia Mountains. It usually grows on high well-drained slopes in rich soil
and attains its greatest size in the fog-swept coast region of northern California, where it 1s a common
inhabitant of the Redwood forest;? farther north and south and on the dry eastern slopes of the
California mountains it is much smaller, and in the region south of the Bay of San Francisco it is often
shrubby in habit.’

The wood of Arbutus Menziesii is heavy, hard, strong, and close-grained ; it contains numerous
conspicuous medullary rays, and is light brown shaded with red, with thin lighter colored sapwood
composed of eight to twelve layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood
is 0.7052, a cubic foot weighing 43.95 pounds. It is inclined to check badly in drying, but is used for
furniture, and largely for charcoal in the manufacture of gunpowder, for which purpose it 1s considered
especially valuable. The bark is sometimes employed in tanning leather.

Arbutus Menziesii was discovered near the mouth of the Columbia River late in the last century
by Archibald Menzies,* the surgeon of Vancouver, on his voyage of discovery. Thirty years later it
was introduced by David Douglas ® into the gardens of Europe, where it is occasionally cultivated, and
where it has produced flowers and fruit.°

Arbutus Menziesii is the noblest of all its race; no other inhabitant of the North American
forests with persistent leaves and petalous flowers equals it in size; and among our evergreen trees only
the great Magnolia of the southern Atlantic states, the Kalmia, and the Rhododendron, produce more
beautiful blossoms. Its dark red bark and smooth red branches, its lustrous foliage, abundant white
flowers, and ample clusters of brilliant fruit, make the California Madrona an object of remarkable
beauty at all seasons of the year, and one of the most desirable trees for the decoration of the parks
and gardens of temperate regions.’

1G. M. Dawson, Canadian Nat. n. ser. ix. 331.—Macoun, Cat. enty-five in the other, and the trunk girts twenty-three feet at three

Can. Pl. i. 294.

2 Garden and Forest, iii. 515.

8 The largest specimen of the Madrofia of which there are meas-
urements stands on the slopes of Mt. Tamalpais, in the grounds of
the reservoir of the town of San Rafael, in Marin County, Califor-
nia. This remarkable tree is more than one hundred feet high;
the branches cover a spread of ninety feet in one direction and sev-

feet above the surface of the ground. (See Garden and Forest, v.
146, f. 23.)

4 See ii. 90.

5 See ii. 94.

6 Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 1122.— André, Rev. Hort. 1893, 149, f.
53, 54.

7 Kellogg, Forest Trees of California, 96.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puate CCXXXI. Arsutrus MEnzissm.

- Diagram of a flower.
A flower, enlarged.

An ovule, much magnified.

OWONATEwWDHY

ht pf
HK

. A seed, enlarged.

bE pe
QW bo

. An embryo, much magnified.

. A flowering branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
A stamen, side and front views, enlarged.
A flower, the corolla removed, cut transversely through the ovary, enlarged.

. A branch of a fruit-cluster, natural size.
. Vertical section of a fruit, slightly enlarged.

. Cross section of a fruit, slightly enlarged.

. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.

Silva of North America.

Tab. CCXXX].

q
<r )
eae

(eo)

C.£. Faxon del.

Ny

Lovendal se.
ARBUTUS MENZIESII, Pursh.

A. Riocreuzx direx*

Imp. R. Taneur, Paris.

ERICACES. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 125

ARBUTUS XALAPENSIS.

Madrofia.

Ovary pubescent. Leaves oval, ovate, or lanceolate.

Arbutus Xalapensis, Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nov. Arbutus laurifolia, Lindley, Bot. Reg. xxv. t. 67 (not Lin-
Gen. et Spec. iii. 279 (1818). — Kunth, Syn. Pl. Aquin. neeus f.) (1839).
ii. 327. — Sprengel, Syst. ii. 286.— Don, Gen. Syst. iii. (?) Arbutus macrophylla, Martens & Galeotti, Bull. Acad.

835. — Bentham, Pl. Hartweg. 66. — De Candolle, Prodr. Brux. ix. pt. i. 534 (1842).— Walpers, Rep. ii. 725.

vii. 583. — Dietrich, Syn. ii. 1388. — Walpers, Ann. ii. (?) Arbutus prunifolia, Klotzsch, Linnea, xxiv. 73
1105. — Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. v. 192, t. 8. — Klotzsch, (1851). — Hemlsey, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. ii. 277.
Linnea, xxiv. 72.— Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. ii. Arbutus Menziesii, Torrey, Bot. Mer. Bound. Surv. 108
277. — Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xviii. 111. — Havard, (1859) (not Pursh). — Gray, Brewer & Watson Bot. Cal.
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. viii. 524. i. 452 (in part); Syn. Fl. N. Am. ii. 27 (in part).

Arbutus mollis, Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nov. Gen. Arbutus Texana, Buckley, Proc. Phil. Acad. 1861, 460. —
et Spec. iii. 280 (1818). — Sprengel, Syst. ii. 286. — De Gray, Proc. Phil. Acad. 1862, 165.— Sargent, Forest

Candolle, Prodr. vii. 582.— Dietrich, Syn. ii. 13888. — Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 97.

Bot. Mag. \xxvii. t. 4595. — Klotzsch, Linnea, xxiv.72.— Arbutus Xalapensis, var. Texana, Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am.

Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. ii. 277. ed. 2, i. pt. ii. 397 (1886). — Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat.
Arbutus varians, Bentham, Pl. Hartweg. 77 (1839). — Herb. ii. 253 (Man. Pl. W. Texas).

Klotzsch, Linnea, xxiv. 72.— Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am.

Cent. ii. 277.

A bushy tree, in Texas rarely more than eighteen or twenty feet in height, with a short, often crooked
trunk eight or ten inches in diameter, separating, a foot or two above the ground, into several stout
spreading branches; or often a broad irregularly shaped bush sending up numerous contorted stems.
At the base of old trunks the bark is sometimes a quarter of an inch thick, deeply furrowed, dark
brown on the surface, and broken into thick square plates; on younger stems and on the branches it is
much thinner and tinged with red, and separates into large papery scales, exposing the light red or flesh-
colored inner bark. The branchlets, when they first appear, are light red and thickly coated with
pubescence, and later are covered with dark red-brown bark which divides into small plate-like scales.
The leaves are oval, ovate, or lanceolate, rounded, acute, and often apiculate at the apex and rounded or
wedge-shaped at the base, with slightly thickened margins which are usually entire or sometimes are
remotely crenulate-toothed, or are coarsely serrate with a few obtuse teeth mostly above the middle;
when they unfold they are often tinged with red, especially on the petioles, midribs, and margins, and
are sometimes pubescent on the lower surface, along the upper side of the midribs, and on the petioles ;
at maturity they are thick and coriaceous, dark green, lustrous and glabrous above, pale and glabrous
or covered with pale or cinereous pubescence below, an inch to three inches in length and from two
thirds of an inch to an inch and a half in breadth, with thick light-colored midribs slightly rounded
and sometimes puberulous on the upper side, reticulate veinlets, and stout glabrous pubescent petioles
an inch or an inch and a half long and often furnished towards the apex with several dark glands.
The flowers, which in Texas appear in March, are borne on stout reddish pubescent recurved pedicels
developed from the axils of ovate acute scarious persistent bracts, and arranged in a compact termi-
nal conical pubescent panicle two or two and a half inches long, the lower branches of which are
developed from the axils of upper leaves; the flowers are a third of an inch in length, with acute
scarious calyx-lobes ciliate on their margins, an oblong white corolla more or less abruptly contracted
above the middle, and an ovary sparingly or densely covered with long white scattered hairs. The

126 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ERICACE.

fruit, which is usually produced very sparingly, ripens in summer, and is dark red and a third of an inch
in diameter; it is drupaceous, with thin granular flesh and a rather thick more or less completely
formed five-celled stone containing numerous puberulous compressed seeds in each cell.

In Texas, where it is a rare and local plant, Arbutus Xalapensis is scattered over dry limestone
hills from Travis County and the valley of the Rio Blanco in Hays County westward to the Guadaloupe
and Eagle Mountains. It is common on the Sierra Madre in Nuevo Leon, ranging southward to the
mountains near Jalapa, where it was discovered by Humboldt and Bonpland.

The wood of Arbutus Xalapensis is heavy, hard, close-grained, and contains numerous obscure
medullary rays; itis brown tinged with red, with lighter colored sapwood composed of ten or twelve
layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.7500, a cubic foot
weighing 46.75 pounds. It is sometimes used in Texas for the handles of small tools and in the manu-
facture of mathematical instruments, and by the Mexicans for wooden stirrups.

Arbutus Xalapensis was discovered in Texas in the valley of the Limpia River by Mr. Charles
Wright,’ the botanist of the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey, in June, 1851, although it
was not distinguished from the California species until some years later, when it was found in the valley

of the Rio Blanco in Hays County by Mr. S. B. Buckley.”

1 See i. 94. 2 See iii. 3.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puiate CCXXXII. ARsBurus XALAPENSIS.

. A flowering branch, natural size.

A flower, enlarged.

A flower, the corolla and tube of the calyx-lobes removed, enlarged.
. Vertical section of a corolla with stamens displayed.

. Side views of a stamen, enlarged.

. Vertical section of an ovary, enlarged.

. Cross section of an ovary, enlarged.

- An ovule, much magnified.

CONA TE WD

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

—
oO

. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.

~—
_

. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged.

=
bo

. A seed, enlarged.

=
jew)

- Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.
. An embryo, much magnified.

—
is

Silva of North America. Tab. CCXXXII

ARBUTUS XALAPENSIS, HB.K.

A. Riocreux direx ¢ Imp. Rh. laneur, Paris.

ERICACES. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 127

ARBUTUS ARIZONICA.

Madrofta.

Ovary glabrous, conspicuously porulose. Leaves lanceolate or rarely narrowly
oblong.

Arbutus Arizonica, Sargent, Garden and Forest, iv. 317, Arbutus Xalapensis, Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th

f. 54 (1891). Census U. S. ix. 97 (not Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth)
Arbutus Menziesii, Rothrock, Wheeler’s Rep. vi. 25, 183 (1884).

(not Pursh) (1878). — Gray, Brewer & Watson Bot. Cal. Arbutus Xalapensis, var. Arizonica, Gray, Syn. Fl. N.

i, 452 (in part) ; Syn. Fl. N. Am. ii. 27 (in part). Am. ed. 2, i. pt. ii. 396 (1886).

A tree, forty or fifty feet in height, with a tall straight trunk eighteen to twenty-four inches in
diameter, stout spreading branches which form a rather compact round-topped head, and thick tortuous
divergent branchlets. The bark of the trunk, which varies from one third to one half of an inch in
thickness and is irregularly broken by longitudinal furrows, is divided into square appressed plate-like
scales, and is light gray or nearly white and faintly tinged with red on the surface. The bark of young
stems and of the branches is thin, smooth, and dark red, and exfoliates in large thin scales. The
branchlets, when they first appear, are reddish brown and more or less pubescent, or are light purple
and pilose with a glaucous bloom, and by the end of their first season are covered with bright red bark
which separates freely into thin irregularly shaped more or less persistent scales. The leaves are
lanceolate or rarely oblong, acute or rounded and apiculate at the apex, and wedge-shaped or occasion-
ally rounded at the base, with thickened entire or rarely denticulate margins; when they unfold they
are membranaceous, tinged with red, and slightly puberulous especially on the petioles and margins;
and at maturity they are thin, firm, and rigid, glabrous, light green on the upper surface, pale on the
lower surface, an inch and a half to three inches long and half an inch to an inch wide, with slender
yellow midribs and obscure reticulate veinlets, and are borne on slender petioles often an inch in length ;
they appear in May and after the summer rains in September, and remain for at least one year on the
branches. The flowers, which expand in May, are borne on short stout hairy pedicels developed from
the axils of conspicuous ovate rounded scarious bracts, and are collected in rather loose terminal clusters
two or two and a half inches in length and breadth, their lower branches from the axils of the upper
leaves ; they are a quarter of an inch long, with scarious calyx-lobes, ovate white corollas often much
contracted in the middle, conspicuously lobed disks, and glabrous porulose ovaries. The fruit ripens
in October and November, and is drupaceous, globose or oblong, dark orange-red, porulose, with thin
sweetish flesh, a papery five-celled usually incompletely developed stone, and compressed puberulous
seeds.

Arbutus Arizonica inhabits the Santa Catalina and the Santa Rita Mountains of southern Arizona,
where, associated with Quercus grisea, Quercus Emory’, Quercus chrysolepis, and Pinus ponderosa,
it grows on dry gravelly benches at elevations of from six to eight thousand feet above the sea; and
ranges southward along the Sierra Madre of Chihuahua.’

The wood of Arbutus Arizonica is heavy and close-grained although soft and brittle ; it contains
numerous obscure medullary rays, and is hght brown tinged with red, with lighter colored sapwood com-
posed of thirty to forty layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is
0.7099, a cubic foot weighing 44.24 pounds.

1 Here it was found at an elevation of eight thousand feet by Mr. C. G. Pringle in 1885.

128 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ERICACEA,

The Arizona Madrofia was first noticed in southern Arizona in June, 1851, by Dr. George Thur-
ber,’ while he was attached as botanist to the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey, and for
many years was confounded with the species of the Pacific coast region. In its habit, which is that of
a small White Oak, and in the color of its bark, it is one of the most distinct species of the genus.
The contrast in color between the white bark of the trunk and the bright red branches and pale green
leaves 1aakes this tree a remarkable and beautiful object at all seasons of the year; and in the spring
when the pure white flowers are expanded, and late in the autumn when its branches are covered with
clusters of brilliant fruit, it is particularly beautiful.

1 See iii. 36.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

PuateE CCXXXIII. Arsutus ARIZONICA.

. A flowering branch, natural size.

be

Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

. A flower, the corolla removed, enlarged.
. A stamen, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.

A seed, enlarged.

. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.

CWONAA AP wWHD

. An embryo, much magnified.

Silva of North America. Tab. CCXXXIII.

ce)
(ea)
i

CE.Faxon det. Ficart se.

ARBUTUS ARIZONICA, Sarg.

A. Riocreur durex & Imp. 2. laneur, Paris.

ERICACE.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

129

ANDROMEDA.

FLowErs perfect; calyx 5-toothed, or 5-parted nearly to the base, the divisions
valvate in estivation; corolla globular, urceolate, or nearly cylindrical, 5-toothed or
lobed, the lobes imbricated in estivation; stamens 8 to 10; ovary superior, 5-celled ;

ovules numerous.

Andromeda, Linnzus, Gen. 123 (excl. Cassandra, Cassiope,
and Leucothoe) (1737).— A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. 160
(excl. Cassandra, Cassiope, and Leucothoe). — Endlicher,
Gen. 755 (excl. sec. Cassiope, Cassandra, Leucothoe, and
Agarista). — Bentham & Hooker, Gen. ii. 587. — Baillon,
Hist. Pl. xi. 177.

Rhododendros, Adanson, Fam. Pi. ii. 164 (in part) (1763).

Lyonia, Nuttall, Gen. i. 266 (not Rafinesque nor Elliott)
(1818). — Meisner, Gen. 246.— Endlicher, Gen. 755. —
Bentham & Hooker, Gen. ii. 587.

Zolisma, Rafinesque, 4m. Monthl. Mag. and Crit. Rev. iv.

Leaves alternate, deciduous or persistent, destitute of stipules.

Zenobia, D. Don, Edinburgh New Phil. Jour. xvii. 158
(1834). — Meisner, Gen. 246. — Bentham & Hooker, Gen.
ii. 587. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. xi. 177.

Pieris, D. Don, Edinburgh New Phil. Jour. xvii. 159
(1834). — Meisner, Gen. 246.— Bentham & Hooker,
Gen. ii. 588.

Pieridia, Reichenbach, Deutsch. Botan. 127 (1841).

Portuna, Nuttall, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. viii. 268
(1843).

(?) Aagialea, Klotzsch, Linnea, xxiv. 17 (1851). — Walpers,
Ann. ii. 1118.

193 (1819); Jour. Phys. lxxxix. 259.

Small trees, or shrubs, with terete branchlets and fibrous roots.
petiolate, membranaceous or coriaceous, deciduous or persistent.

Leaves alternate, entire or serrate,
Flowers in axillary and terminal
umbellate fascicles or panicled racemes. Pedicels slender, produced from the axils of ovate acute bracts,
and bibracteolate at the base. Calyx free, persistent, five-toothed or parted nearly to the bottom,
the divisions ovate-acute, sometimes herbaceous. Corolla gamopetalous, deciduous, globose or ovate-
urceolate or nearly cylindrical, five-toothed or five-lobed, glabrous, pubescent, or glandular, white or
rose-colored. Stamens eight or ten, included; filaments flat, broad or narrow, usually slightly adnate
to the base of the corolla, often bearded, narrowed or dilated at the base, sometimes geniculate, and
often furnished below the apex with two horn-like appendages; anthers short, oblong or lanceolate,
attached on the back, two-celled, introrse, the cells opening below the apex by two oblong pores,
furnished on the back with one ascending deflexed awn or with two ascending awn-like appendages, :
or muticous; pollen grain compound. Disk ten-lobed. Ovary five-celled, depressed in the centre ;
style columnar, tipped with a simple truncate stigma; ovules numerous in each cell, attached to a
placenta borne next the summit or near the middle of the axis, anatropous; raphe ventral; micropyle
superior. Fruit dry, capsular, ovoid, globose or subglobose, many-seeded, loculicidally five-valved, the
valves septiferous and separating from the placentiferous axis, sometimes five-ribbed by the thickening
of the valves at the dorsal sutures, the ribs more or less separable in dehiscence. Seeds pendulous or
spreading in all directions, oval, sometimes angled or scobiform ; testa crustaceous, smooth and shining,
or loose, thin, reticulate, and sometimes produced at both ends beyond the nucleus. Embryo axile in
fleshy albumen, cylindrical, elongated ; cotyledons much shorter than the terete radicle, turned towards
the hilum.’

About twenty species of Andromeda, as the genus is here regarded, are distinguished ; they are
chiefly confined to the temperate and southern parts of eastern North America, to the mountains of

1 The following sections of Andromeda, by many authors consid- each cell surmounted by an ascending awn-like appendage ; pla-
ered genera, were established by Asa Gray (Syn. Fl. N. Am.ii.30):— — centas attached near the apex of the axis; ovules and seeds turned
EUANDROMEDA. Calyx small, deeply 5-parted ; corolla globose- in all directions. Capsule globose, 5-lobed. Leaves linear, persist-

urceolate ; filaments bearded, without appendages ; anthers short, ent. A single species, in all boreal and sub-Arctic regions=~

150 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ERICACES.

Mexico! and the West Indies,? and to the Himalayas,’ the Malay Peninsula, China,’ and Japan,’ although
one species ° is found in all temperate and sub-Arctic regions of the northern hemisphere. Andromeda
was once more generally distributed over the surface of the earth, the traces of a number of species
being found in the cretaceous and tertiary remains of northwestern and central North America,’ where
the genus is now represented by a single species, and in the tertiary remains of southern Europe.’ All
the sections of the genus are represented in the flora of eastern North America, where eight species

occur ;°

one of these is a small tree.

Andromeda has few useful properties. The leaves and buds of Andromeda ovalifolia,” a small
tree of the Himalayas, Burmah, China, and Japan, are poisonous to goats in India; an infusion of the
leaves is employed externally in the treatment of cutaneous diseases, and the young leaves are used to
destroy insects." In North America leaves of the Stagger Bush, Andromeda Mariana,” are popularly
supposed to poison lambs and calves. Most of the species of Andromeda produce handsome foliage
and beautiful flowers often arranged in ample clusters, and their value as garden plants is recognized in
all temperate regions. In North America Andromeda is not seriously injured by insects or by fungal
diseases.

The generic name was adopted by Linnzus in fanciful allusion to the fable of Andromeda.”

ZENoBIA. Calyx small, 5-parted, corolla open-campanulate, ob-
tusely 5-lobed ; filaments naked, dilated at the base ; anthers lan-
ceolate, each cell surmounted by two ascending awn-like appendages;
placentas attached to the middle of the short axis. Capsule de-
pressed-globose, obtusely 5-lobed. Leaves deciduous, often covered
with a dense glaucous bloom. A single species of the coast region
of the south Atlantic states.

PorRTUNA.
5-toothed ; filaments without appendages ; anthers oblong, each

Calyx deeply 5-parted ; corolla ovate-urceolate,

cell with a reflexed awn-like appendage on the back ; placentas
Seed mostly
scobiform. Leaves coriaceous, persistent. Eastern North America,

attached near the apex of the axis. Capsule globose.
Himalayas, China, and Japan.

Pieris. Calyx divided nearly to the base into five sometimes
herbaceous sepals ; corolla ovate-urceolate to cylindrical, 5-toothed;
filaments mostly pubescent or ciliate, generally furnished near the
apex with two spreading recurved awn-like appendages ; anthers
oblong ; placentas usually borne above the middle of the axis.
Capsule 5-angled and ridged on the dorsal sutures. Seeds sco-
biform or oblong. Leaves deciduous. Eastern North America,
Mexico, Himalayas, China, and Japan.

LyYonla.

late, pubescent or glandular; filaments flat and, like the short

Calyx 5 or rarely 4-lobed ; corolla globular to urceo-

anthers, without appendages ; placentas at the apex of the axis.
Capsule 5-angled and ridged on the dorsal sutures, the ridges
separable in dehiscence. Seeds pendulous, scobiform. Leaves
persistent or deciduous. Eastern North America, West Indies,
and Mexico.

1 Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. ii. 281.

2 Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 142 (Lyonia); Cat. Pl. Cub. 50.

8 Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 460 (Pieris).

4 Forbes & Hemsley, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxvi. 16 (Pieris).

5 Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. i. 284.

6 Andromeda polifolia, Linneus, Spec. 393 (1753). — Fl. Dan. i.

t. 54.— Nouveau Duhamel, i. 183, t. 38.— Hayne, Arzn. iii. 22. t.

22.— Guimpel, Willdenow & Hayne, Abbild. Deutsche Holz. i. 72,
t. 55. — De Candolle, Prodr. vii. 606. — Franchet & Savatier, J. c. —
Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. ii. 31.— Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man.
ed. 6, 316.
Andromeda rosmarinifolia, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 291 (1814).
Andromeda glaucophylla, Link, Enum. i. 394 (1821).

7 Heer, Phyll. Cret. du Neb. 18, t. 1, f. 5. — Lesquereux, U. S.
Geolog. Rep. vi. 88, t. 23, f.6, 7; t. 28, f.15; Rep. U. S. Geolog.
Surv. viii. 60, t. 2, f. 5; 175, t. 34, f. 10, 11 (Contrib. Foss. Fi.
Western Territories).

8 Zittel, Handb. Paleontolog. ii. 722, f. 376, 377.

® Gray, l. c. 30.

10 Wallich, Asiat. Res. xiii. 391, f. (1820). — Wight, Icon. Pl.
Ind. Orient. t. 1199. — Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg,
xviii. 50 (Mél. Biol. viii. 620). — Franchet & Savatier, l. c. 285.

Pieris ovalifolia, D. Don, Edinburgh New Phil. Jour. xvii. 159

(1834). — Don, Gen. Syst. iii. 832. — De Candolle, J. c.— Kurz,

Forest Fl. Brit. Burm. ii. 92.— Hooker f. 1. c. 460.— Forbes &

Hemsley, J. c. 17.

Andromeda elliptica, Siebold & Zuccarini, Abhand. Akad. Miinch.

iv. pt. ili. 126 (1846).

11 Brandis, Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 280.

12 Linneus, /. c. (1753). — Michaux, FY. Bor.-Am. i. 256.— Bot.
Mag. xxxviii. t. 1579. — Nouveau Duhamel, i. 177, t. 37. — Guimpel,
Otto & Hayne, Abdild. Holz. 138, t. 113. — Gray, 1. c. 32. — Watson
& Coulter, 7. c.

Andromeda pulchella, Salisbury, Prodr. 289 (1796).
Lyonia Mariana, D. Don, 1. c. (1834). — Don, I. c.
Leucothoe Mariana, De Candolle, Prodr. vii. 602 (1839).

18 Among the fungi found on the American species of Andromeda
the most conspicuous is the remarkable Exobasidium Andromeda,
Peck, which appears in the form of irregular bag-like bodies,
often several inches in length, hanging in early summer from the
branches of Andromeda ligustrina, Elliott.

M4 Linneus, Fl. Lapp. 126.

ERICACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 131

ANDROMEDA FERRUGINEA.

FLOWERS in axillary clusters; corolla globose; anthers destitute of appendagcs.
Capsule 5-angled and ridged, the ridges separable in dehiscence. Leaves coriaceous,
persistent, like the young branches lepidote-scurfy.

Andromeda ferruginea, Walter, Fl. Car. 138 (1788). — Syn. Fl. N. Am. ii. 33. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am.
Willdenow, Spec. ii. 609. — Nouveau Duhamel, i. 190. — 10th Census U. S. ix. 96.
Ventenat, Hort. Malm. 80, t. 80.— Persoon, Syn. i. Lyonia ferruginea, Nuttall, Gen. i. 266 (1818). — Don,
480. — Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, iii. 496. — Gen. Syst. iii. 830. — Dietrich, Syn. ii. 1899. —De Can-
Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i. 257. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. dolle, Prodr. vii. 600. — Koch, Dendr. ii. 122. — Lauche,

i, 292. — Elliott, Sk. i. 489. — Chapman, Fl. 263. — Gray, Deutsche Dendr. ed. 2, 229.

A tree, occasionally twenty to thirty feet in height, with a slender crooked or often prostrate
trunk rarely ten inches in diameter, and thin rigid divergent branches which form a tall oblong irregu-
lar head ; or often a shrub two or three feet high. The bark of the trunk, which varies from an eighth
to a quarter of an inch in thickness, is divided into long narrow ridges by shallow longitudinal furrows,
and is reddish brown on the surface, which separates into short thick scales, The branchlets, when they
first appear, are thickly coated with minute ferrugineous scales, and in their second year are covered with
glabrous or pubescent light or dark red-brown bark, which is smooth or exfoliates in small thin scales.
The leaves are cuneate-obovate, rhombic-obovate, or cuneate-oblong, acute or rounded at the apex, and
usually tipped with a cartilaginous mucro, gradually wedge-shaped at the base, and entire, with thickened
revolute margins; when they unfold they are scurfy on both surfaces, but especially on the lower, and
at maturity are thick and firm, pale green, smooth and shining or sometimes obscurely lepidote above,
covered below with ferrugineous or pale scales, one to three inches long and a quarter of an inch to an
inch and a half broad, with midribs and primary veins prominent on the upper as well as on the lower
surface, and broad conspicuous reticulate veinlets ; they are borne on short thick petioles much enlarged
at the base, and, appearing in early spring, do not fall before the summer or autumn of their second
year. The flowers are chiefly produced on the branches of the year or occasionally on those of the
previous year, and open from February until April, when the leaves are fully grown; they are borne in
crowded axillary short-stemmed or sessile ferrugineous-lepidote fascicles, on slender recurved pedicels
much shorter than the leaves, and are an eighth of an inch in diameter. The bracts and bractlets are
minute, acute, and early deciduous. The calyx, which is covered on the outer surface with ferrugineous
scales, is five-lobed, with acute lobes, and is a third as long as the globular white pubescent corolla,
which is five-toothed, with short reflexed acute teeth slightly thickened and ciliate on the margins. The
pubescent filaments are shortened by a conspicuous geniculate fold in the middle, and, like the short
anthers attached just above the middle, are destitute of appendages. The ovary is coated with thick
white tomentum; and the stout style, which is as long as the corolla or a little longer, is glabrous.
The fruit is borne on a stout erect stem, and is an oblong five-angled capsule a quarter of an inch in
length, with thickened ribs at the dorsal sutures, which separate from the valves when the capsule opens.
From the placentas, borne at the apex of the columella or axis, a number of seeds are suspended ; these
are minute, narrow-oblong, and are covered with a loose cellular-reticulate coat produced at both ends
into short fringe-like wings.

Andromeda ferruginea is distributed from the coast region of South Carolina to Cedar Keys on
the west coast of Florida. It is said to inhabit the West Indies and Mexico, where it is reported
from the region of San Luis Potosi as growing at elevations of from six to eight thousand feet above

132 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ERICACES.

the sea, from the mountains of Oaxaca, and from Orizaba, Jitotole, and Talea.1_ In the United States it
is usually found in the neighborhood of the coast, where, in the rich soil of the wooded hummocks which
rise from the sandy Pine-covered coast plain, it grows as a small tree,’ with crowded narrow less con-
spicuously reticulate-veined leaves, or in the dry sandy sterile soil of the Pine barrens as a low shrub*
with remoter broader obovate or rhomboidal leaves conspicuously reticulate-veined.

The wood of Andromeda ferruginea is heavy, hard, and close-grained, although not strong, with
a satiny surface susceptible of receiving a beautiful polish; it contains numerous thin medullary rays,
and is light brown tinged with red, with thick lighter colored sapwood. The specific gravity of the
absolutely dry wood is 0.7500, a cubic foot weighing 46.74 pounds.

First described by Walter in 1788, Andromeda ferruginea had been introduced twelve years
earlier by the nurseryman James Gordon into English gardens,* from which it no doubt disappeared
long ago; and this handsome plant, which covers itself every year with countless flowers, is now
probably unknown in pleasure-grounds, which it would adorn at all seasons of the year.

1 Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. ii. 282. Lyonia rigida, Nuttall, Gen. i. 266 (1818).— Don, Gen. Syst.
2 Andromeda ferruginea, var. arborescens, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. iii. 830. — De Candolle, Prodr. vii. 600.
i. 252 (1803). 8 Andromeda rhomboidalis, Nouveau Duhamel, i. 192 (1801).
Andromeda rigida, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 292 (1814). — Lod- Andromeda ferruginea, var. fruticosa, Michaux, 1. c. (1803).
diges, Bot. Cab. ii. t. 430. Lyonia? rhomboidalis, Don, J. c. 831 (1834).

# Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii.68.— Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 1109 (Lyonia).

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Pirate CCXXXIV. ANDROMEDA FERRUGINEA.

. A flowering branch, natural size.

. Diagram of a flower.

A flower, enlarged.

Rear view of a flower, enlarged.
Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

. A flower, the corolla removed, enlarged.
. A stamen, enlarged.

Cross section of an ovary, enlarged.

WCONATMTE WHY

. An ovule, much magnified.

=)

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

ee
ay

. A fruit, enlarged.

=
bo

. A fruit after the opening of the valves, enlarged.

je)

. A fruit, two of the valves removed, enlarged.

ray
ys

. A seed, enlarged.

—
OU

. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.

o>

. An embryo, much magnified.

Silva of North America » | com CCXXXIV

Rape SO

ANDROMEDA FERRUGINEA, Walt.

A. Riocreuw direx® Imp. R Taneur, Paris

ERICACES. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 133

OXYDENDRUM.

FLoweErs perfect; calyx free, 5-parted, the divisions valvate in estivation; corolla
gamopetalous, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in estivation; stamens 10; ovary superior,
5-celled; ovules numerous, ascending. Fruit a 5-celled many-seeded capsule. Leaves
alternate, membranaceous, deciduous, destitute of stipules.

Oxydendrum, De Candolle, Prodr, vii. 601 (1839).— Meis- Andromeda, Linnzus, Gen. 123 (1737) (in part). —A. L.

ner, Gen. pt. ii. 153. — Endlicher, Gen. Suppl. i. 1412.— de Jussieu, Gen. 160 (in part).
Bentham & Hooker, Gen. ii. 585. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. xi.
180.

A tree, with thick deeply furrowed bark, slender terete glabrous light red or brown branchlets
marked by elevated nearly triangular leaf-scars displaying a lunate row of crowded fibro-vascular bundle-
scars and many elevated oblong dark lenticels, acid foliage, and fibrous roots. Winter-buds axillary,
minute, partly immersed in the bark, obtuse, covered with opposite broadly ovate dark red scales
rounded at the apex, those of the inner ranks accrescent.' Leaves alternate, revolute in vernation,
oblong or lanceolate, acute, gradually contracted at the base into long slender petioles, serrate with
minute incurved callous teeth, penniveined, with conspicuous bright yellow midribs and reticulate
veinlets, thin and firm, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, pale and glaucous on the lower,
glabrous, or at first slightly puberulous, deciduous. Flowers in puberulous panicles of secund racemes
appearing in summer and terminal on axillary leafy shoots of the year, the lower racemes from the axils
of the upper leaves. Pedicels produced from the axils of lanceolate-acute caducous bracts, clavate, erect,
coated with hoary pubescence, and bibracteate above the middle, the bractlets linear-acute, caducous.
Flower-buds ovate-acute, puberulous. Calyx free, divided nearly to the base, pubescent or puberulous
on the outer surface, persistent, the divisions ovate-lanceolate and acute. Corolla hypogynous, cylin-
drical to ovate-conical, white, puberulous, the lobes minute, ovate-acute, reflexed. Stamens ten, included ;
filaments subulate, broad, pilose, inserted on the very base of the corolla; anthers linear-oblong, nar-
rower than the filaments, attached on the back above the base, introrse, two-celled, the cells opening
longitudinally from the apex to the middle; pollen grains compound. Disk thin, obscurely ten-lobed.
Ovary broadly ovoid, pubescent, five-celled; style columnar, thick, exserted, crowned with a simple
stigma ; ovules numerous in each cell, attached to an axile placenta rismg from the base of the cell,
ascending, amphitropous ; raphe ventral; micropyle superior. Capsule small, ovoid-pyramidal, crowned
with the remnants of the persistent style, five-lobed, puberulous, loculicidally five-valved, the valves
ligneous, septiferous, separating from the central persistent placentiferous axis, many-seeded. Seeds
ascending, elongated ; testa membranaceous, loose, reticulated, produced at both ends into long slender
points. Embryo minute, axile in fleshy albumen, cylindrical; radicle terete, next the hilum.

The wood of Oxydendrum is heavy, hard, and very close-grained, with a satiny surface susceptible
of receiving a beautiful polish ; it contains numerous medullary rays, and is brown tinged with red, with
lighter colored sapwood composed of eighty or ninety layers of annual growth. The specific gravity
of the absolutely dry wood is 0.7458, a cubic foot weighing 46.48 pounds. It is sometimes used locally
for the handles of tools and the bearings of machinery.’

1 Oxydendrum does not appear to forma terminal bud, the apex specimen, from the mountains of Tennessee, in the Jesup Collection
of the branchlet appearing as a minute black point close to the of North American Woods in the American Museum of Natural
upper axillary bud, which the following year prolongs the branch. History in New York, is eleven inches in diameter inside the bark,

2 Oxydendrum increases its trunk-diameter slowly. The log- and shows eighty-six layers of annual growth.

134 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ERICACES.

The leaves of Oxydendrum have a pleasant acidulous taste, and when chewed allay thirst; they are
reputed to be tonic, refrigerant, and diuretic, and are occasionally used in domestic practice in infusions
and decoctions for the treatment of fevers.’

The earliest account of Oxydendrum was published in 1739 by Gronovius in the Mlora Virginica
of Clayton, where it is described as an Andromeda.”

The generic name, from dfdg and dévdpor, alludes to the acid leaves. The genus consists of a
single species.

1 Rafinesque, Med. Fi. i. 41, t. 5. — Porcher, Resources of South- 2 Andromeda arborea foliis oblongo-ovatis integerrimis, floribus
ern Fields and Forests, 379. — Rosenthal, Syn. Pl. Diaphor. 516.— paniculatis nutantibus, racemis simplicissimis, 48.
Johnson, Man. Med. Bot. N. Am. 194. Frutex foliis oblongis acuminatis, fioribus spicatis unoversu disposi-

tis, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Car. i. 71, t. 71.

ERICACE.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 135

OXYDENDRUM ARBOREUM.

Sorrel Tree.

Oxydendrum arboreum, De Candolle, Prodr. vii. 601

(1839). — Dietrich, Syn. ii. 1889. — Chapman, Fl. 263. —
Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 79. — Koch,
Dendr. ii. 128.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. ii. 33. — Sar-
gent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 98. —
Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 317.

Andromeda arborea, Linnzus, Spec. 394 (1753). — Miller,

Dict. ed. 8, No. 4. — Lamarck, Dict. i. 158. — Marshall,
Arbust. Am. 7.— Castiglioni, Viag. negli Stati Uniti, ii.
191.— Wangenheim, Nordam. Holz. 105.— Walter, F7.
Car. 138. — Willdenow, Syec. ii. 612; Hnum. 452; Berl.
Baumz. ed. 2, 31.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 255, —

Sour Wood.

Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i. 257.— Du Mont de Courset,
Bot. Cult. ed. 2, iii. 495. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii.
222, t. 7. —Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 295. — Nuttall, Gen.
i. 265. — Elliott, Sk. i. 491. — Mordant de Launay, Herb.
Amat. v. t. 342. — W. P. C. Barton, FU. N. Am. i. 105, t.
30. — Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 59.— Sprengel, Syst. ii. 291. —
Gray, Man. 266.

Andromeda arborescens, Persoon, Syn. i. 480 (1805). —

Loddiges, Bot. Cab. xiii. t. 1210.

Lyonia arborea, D. Don, Edinburgh New Phil. Jour. xvii.

159 (1834).— Don, Gen. Syst. iii. 831.—Spach, Hist.
Vég. ix. 486.

Nouveau Duhamel, i. 178.— Bot. Mag. xxiii. t. 905. —

A tree, occasionally fifty or sixty feet in height, with a tall straight trunk twelve to twenty inches
in diameter, and slender spreading branches which form a narrow oblong round-topped head. The
bark of the trunk is two thirds of an inch to an inch in thickness, gray tinged with red, and divided by
deep longitudinal furrows into broad rounded ridges covered with small thick appressed scales. The
branchlets, when they first appear, are glabrous, light yellow-green, and marked with orange-colored
lenticels, and in their first winter are orange-colored to reddish brown. The inner bud-scales at maturity
are an inch long, an eighth of an inch wide, spatulate, acute at the apex, and slightly puberulous on
the inner surface and the margins. The leaves, when they unfold, are bronze-green, very lustrous,
and glabrous with the exception of a slight pubescence on the upper side of the midribs and of a few
scattered hairs on the under side of the midribs and on the petioles ; at maturity they are five to seven
inches in length, an inch and a half to two inches and a half in breadth, and are borne on petioles two
thirds of an inch long. In the autumn before falling they turn bright scarlet. The flower-clusters
appear on the ends of the leafy shoots of the year late in June or early in July, and the flowers, which
are a third of an inch in length and arranged in lax drooping panicles seven or eight inches long, open
three or four weeks later.

ripens in September, although the empty capsules often remain on the branches until late in the

The fruit, which hangs in drooping clusters sometimes a foot in length,

autumn.

Oxydendrum arboreum is distributed from Mount Pleasant, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania,
to southern Indiana and middle Tennessee, and southward along the Alleghany Mountains to western
Florida and the eastern shores of Mobile Bay, and through the elevated regions of the Gulf states to
western Louisiana. It is usually found in well-drained gravelly soil on ridges rising above the banks
of rivers in forests of White Oaks, Hickories, Tupelos, Walnuts, and Sugar Maples, and attains its
largest size on the western slopes of the Big Smoky Mountains in Tennessee.

According to Aiton, the Sorrel-tree was cultivated in England by Philip Miller as early as 1752.
Among the small trees of North America few are more beautiful or better deserve the attention of
planters. The handsome lustrous leaves are not injured by insects or fungal diseases ; the large droop-
ing clusters of white flowers appear at a season when few other trees are in bloom; and the color of
the foliage in autumn is not surpassed in brilliancy and splendor by that assumed by any other tree.

1 Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 69. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 1111 (Lyonia).

136 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ERICACEZ.

The Sorrel-tree is easily raised from seeds, which germinate readily, although the seedlings grow
slowly ; it is transplanted without difficulty, and is perfectly hardy as far north as eastern New England

and in western and central Europe.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

PLate CCXXXV. OxyYDENDRUM ARBOREUM.

-

A flowering branch, natural size.

. Diagram of a flower.

. A flower, enlarged.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

A stamen, front and rear views, enlarged.
. A flower, the corolla removed, enlarged.

. An ovule, much magnified.

. A portion of a fruit-cluster, natural size.

OCHOARBDA LEWD

. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged.

=
=)

. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.

ary
—

. A seed, enlarged.

_
bo

. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.

=
w

. An ovule, much magnified.

bob
>

A winter branchlet, natural size.

Silva of North America. . . Tab. CCXXXV

C.E. Faxon del.

OXYDENDRUM ARBOREUM, DC.

A. Riccreuw direw © Imp. A. Taneur, Paris.

ERICACE. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 137

KALMIA.

FLOWERS perfect; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in estivation; corolla
gamopetalous, 10-pouched below the 5-lobed limb, the lobes imbricated in estivation ;
stamens 10; anthers held before anthesis in the pouches of the corolla; ovary superior,
5-celled ; ovules numerous. Fruit a septicidal woody capsule. Leaves opposite, alter-
nate, or 3-verticillate, coriaceous, persistent, destitute of stipules.

Kalmia, Linneus, Ameen. iii. 13 (1756) ; Gen. ed. 6, 217. — Meisner, Gen. 246. — Bentham & Hooker, Gen. ii. 596. —
A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. 158. — Endlicher, Gen. 759. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. xi. 172.
Rhododendros, Adanson, Fam. Pl. ii. 164 (in part) (1763).

Small trees or shrubs, with scaly bark, terete or two-edged branchlets, minute axillary leaf-buds,
elongated inflorescence-buds of imbricated scales, and fibrous roots. Leaves opposite, alternate, or
rarely in whorls of three, ovate-oblong or linear, short-petiolate, entire, coriaceous, persistent. Flowers
in simple or clustered axillary umbels, fascicles, or corymbs, or rarely axillary, solitary, and scattered.
Pedicels slender, bibracteolate at the base, produced from the axils of foliaceous coriaceous ovate or
subulate persistent bracts. Calyx five-parted, the divisions small, or large and foliaceous, persistent
or deciduous. Corolla rose-colored, purple, or white, crateriform or saucer-shaped, the tube short, with
ten pouches just below the five-parted limb, the lobes ovate, acute; before anthesis prominently ten-
ribbed from the pouches to the acute apex of the bud, the salient keels of the ribs running to the points
of the lobes and to the sinuses. Stamens ten, hypogynous, shorter than the corolla; filaments filiform ;
anthers oblong, attached on the back, two-celled, each cell opening by a short apical oblong longitudinal
pore, at first free in the bud, the filaments then erect, later received in the pouches of the corolla and
afterwards bent back by its enlargement and expansion and straightening elastically and incurving on
the release of the anthers; pollen grain compound, discharged by the straightening of the filaments.’
Disk prominent, ten-lobed. Ovary subglobose, five-celled ; style filiform, exserted, persistent or decidu-
ous, crowned with a capitate stigma; ovules numerous in each cell, inserted on a two-lipped placenta
pendulous or porrect from near the top of the thin columella, few-ranked, anatropous; raphe ventral ;
micropyle superior. Capsules many-seeded, globose, slightly five-lobed, five-celled, tardily septicidally
five-valved, the valves crustaceous, ultimately opening down the middle by a narrow slit, and separating
from the persistent placenta-bearing axis. Seed oblong or subglobose; testa crustaceous or membrana-
ceous; albumen fleshy. Embryo minute, terete, near the hilum; radicle erect, rather shorter than the
oblong cotyledons.

Kalmia, of which six species are distinguished,’ is North American and Cuban. One species,
Kalmia polifolia,’ inhabits bogs from Newfoundland and Hudson’s Bay to the mountains of Pennsyl-

1 The peculiar structure of the flowers of Kalmia makes their 2 Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. ii. 37.
self-fertilization difficult, as the anthers are not naturally released 8 Wangenheim, Schrift. Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, viii. 130, t. 5
from the corolla-sacks until the elasticity of the filaments is lost, (1788).
and evidently provides for their cross-fertilization through the Kalmia glauca, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 64, t. 8 (1789). — Bot. Mag.
agency of humble-bees, who, in searching in the cup of the flower v. 177.— Nouveau Duhamel, i. 213, t. 45.— Guimpel, Otto &
for honey, free the anthers, and receiving the pollen on their abdo- Hayne, Abbild. Holz. 165, t. 189.— De Candolle, Prodr. vii.
mens spread it on the stigma of the next flower which they visit 729. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 41. — Gray, J. c. 38. — Watson &
(Beal, Am. Nat. i. 257.—Gray, How Plants Behave, 33, f. 26-29 ; Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 319.
American A griculturist, xxxv. 262, f. 1-4; Botanical Tezt-Book, ed.
6, 229, f. 455-458).

138 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ERICACEA.

vania, and in an alpine form ranges from Sitka to the high mountains of California and Colorado.
Two species, one of which under favorable conditions occasionally becomes a small tree, are widely
distributed through the eastern part of North America; two are confined to the coast region of the
southern Atlantic states, and one with rigid heath-like leaves, Kalmia ericoides,' has been seen only in
Cuba.

Kalmia has few useful properties. The leaves of Kalmia latifolia and of Kalmia angustifolia?
are usually believed to be poisonous to animals, and cases of men poisoned by eating the flesh of birds
which have fed upon the buds and leaves are reported.’ The poisonous properties of Kalmia, however,
are probably much exaggerated by popular fancy, and need scientific demonstration. Kalmia is slightly
astringent, sedative, and antisyphilitic, and is occasionally used in medicine,‘ although its value is
doubted by many physicians.> All the species bear handsome and interesting flowers, and those which
inhabit the north are much cultivated. Where they can be successfully grown no other shrubs surpass
these in value or beauty as garden plants.

The generic name commemorates the scientific labors of the Swedish traveler and botanist, Peter
Kalm,° a friend and pupil of Linneus, who traveled in castern North America in the middle of the

last century.

1 Grisebach, Cat. Pl. Cub. 51 (1866). 4G. G. Thomas, /naug. Diss. — B. S. Barton, Coil. ed. 2, !. 18,
? Linneus, Spec. 391 (1753).— Bot. Mag. x. t.331.—Guimpel, 48; ii. 26.—Rafinesque, Med. Fl. ii. 18.— Boston Med. and Surg.
Otto & Hayne, Abbild. Holz. 164, t. 138. — De Candolle, Prodr. vii. Jour. x. 213. — Griffith, Med. Bot. 428, f. 192. — U. S. Dispens. ed.
729. — Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. ii. 37.— Watson & Coulter, Gray’s 16, 1834.
Man. ed. 6, 319. 5 Johnson, Man. Med. Bot. N. Am. 194.
3 Kalm, Travels, English ed. i. 337. — Bigelow, Med. Bot. i. 133, 8 See ii. 86.
t. 13. — Porcher, Resources of Southern Fields and Forests, 381-383.

ERICACE.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 139

KALMIA LATIFOLIA.

Laurel. Mountain Laurel.

FLoweErs in clustered panicles in the axils of upper leaves.
glandular-viscid.

Kalmia latifolia, Linnzus, Spec. 391 (1753). — Bot. Mag.

v. 175. — Wangenheim, Beschreib. Nordam. Holz. 105;
Nordam. Holz. 64, t. 24, £. 50. — Marshall, Arbust. Am.
72.— Castiglioni, Viag. negli Stati Uniti, ii. 270. — La-
marck, Dict. iii. 345; Il. ii. 487, t. 363, f. 1. — Geertner,
Fruct. i. 305, t. 63, £. 7. — Walter, FZ. Car. 138. — Abbot,
Insects of Georgia, i. t. 87. — Willdenow, Berl. Baumz.
161; Spec. ii. 600; Hnum. 450.—Schkuhr, Handbd. i.
359, t. 116. — Schmidt, Oestr. Bawmz. iii. 42, t. 166. —
Nouveau Duhamel, i. 210, t. 44. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-
Am. i. 258.— Persoon, Syn. i. 477.— Thornton, Sez.
Syst. Linn. t.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i. 220. — Du
Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, iii. 322. — Michaux
f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii. 147, t. 5. — Pursh, F2. Am. Sept. i.

Capsules depressed,

Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 54.— Elliott, Sk. i. 481.— Guimpel,
Otto & Hayne, Abbild. Holz. 162, t. 137. — Sprengel, Syst.
ii. 293. — Audubon, Birds, t. 55.— Sertum Botanicum,
iv. t.— Mordant de Launay, Herb. Amat. iii. t. 151.—
Don, Gen. Syst. iii. 850. — De Candolle, Prodr. vii. 729. —
Spach, Hist. Vég. ix. 498, t. 139. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am.
ii. 41. — Dietrich, Syn. ii. 1407.— Torrey, Fl. N. Y. i.
440.— Darlington, F7. Cestr. ed. 3, 172. — Chapman,
Fl. 264. — Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860,
iii. 99. — Koch, Dendr. ii. 152. — Emerson, Trees Mass.
ed. 2, ii. 443, t. — Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. ed. 2, 250,
f. 100. — The Garden, xxii. 6, t. 343. — Gray, Syn. Fl. N.
Am. ii. 38. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census
U. S. ix. 98. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6,

296. — Bigelow, FU. Boston. 103. — Nuttall, Gen. i. 267. — 319.

A tree, rarely thirty to forty feet in height, with a short crooked contorted trunk sometimes
eighteen or twenty inches in diameter, and stout forked divergent branches which form a round-topped
compact head; or more often a dense broad shrub six to ten feet high, sending up from the ground
numerous crooked branches. The bark of the trunk, which is hardly more than a sixteenth of an inch
thick, is dark brown tinged with red, and is divided by longitudinal furrows into narrow ridges which
separate into long narrow scales. The branches, when they first appear, are light green tinged with
red, and are covered with soft white glandular-viscid hairs; they soon become glabrous, and in their
first winter are green tinged with red and very lustrous, turning bright red-brown during their second
year, and paler during the following season, when the bark begins to separate in large thin papery scales,
exposing the cinnamon-red inner bark, and the branches are marked with large deeply depressed leaf-
scars showing near the centre a crowded cluster of fibro-vascular bundle-scars. The young shoots begin
to grow in early spring from buds formed before midsummer in the previous year in the axils of the
leaves just below those from which the clusters of flower-buds are produced, and in which they are
almost completely immersed ; the tip of the branch dies when these axillary buds, two of which usually
produce branches, are formed, and appears during the summer as a small black point between the last
pair of leaves. The inner bud-scales are accrescent at maturity, often an inch long and half an inch
wide, and are ovate, acute, light green, and covered with glandular white hairs, and in falling mark the
base of the shoots with conspicuous broad scars. The leaves are alternate or sometimes in pairs or in
threes, conduplicate in vernation, each leaf in the bud being inclosed by the one immediately below
it, oblong or elliptical-lanceolate, acute, or rounded and tipped at the apex with callous points, and
gradually narrowed at the base ; when they unfold they are slightly tinged with pink and are covered
with glandular white hairs, and at maturity they are thick and rigid, dark and rather dull green above,
lighter and yellow-green below, three to four inches long and an inch to an inch and a half wide, with
broad yellow midribs rounded on both sides, and obscure immersed veins not distinguishable on the
lower surface ; they are borne on stout terete or slighty flattened petioles two thirds of an inch in
length, and begin to fall during their second summer. The inflorescence-buds appear in the autumn

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ERICACEZ.

140

in the axils of the upper leaves in the form of slender acuminate cones of acute pubescent scales ;
they begin to lengthen with the first warm days of spring, and usually develop two or several lateral
branches, the whole forming a compound many-flowered corymb of numerous crowded fascicles,
more or less covered with dark scurfy scales, four or five inches in diameter, and overtopped at the
flowering time by the leafy branches of the year. The branches of the fascicles, and the long slender
pedicels, which are red or green, covered with glandular hairs, and furnished at the base with two minute
acute bractlets, are developed from the axils of acute persistent bracts sometimes a third of an inch long.
The flowers open in May or June, and when fully expanded are nearly an inch in diameter. The
calyx is divided nearly to the base into narrow acute thin green lobes. The corolla is white, rose-
colored, or pink, viscid-pubescent, and marked on the inner surface with a waving dark rose-colored line
and with delicate purple penciling above the sacs. The fruit, which ripens in September, is depressed,
crowned with the persistent style, surrounded at the base by the persistent calyx, three sixteenths of
an inch in diameter, and covered with viscid hairs. The seeds, which are oblong, are scattered by the
opening of the valves of the capsules, which remain on the branches until the following year, the valves
splitting through the middle and generally carrying the placentas with them.

Aalmia latifolia is distributed from New Brunswick to the northern shores of Lake Erie,’ and
southward, generally in the neighborhood of the Appalachian Mountains, to western Florida, and
through the Gulf states to western Louisiana and the valley of the Red River in Arkansas. At the
north it often grows in low moist ground near the margins of swamps, or on dry slopes under the shade
of the deciduous-leaved forest ; on the southern mountains, where it is most abundant and often forms
great dense impenetrable thickets, and where it ascends to elevations of three to four thousand feet
above the level of the sea, it selects as its home rich rocky hillsides. It is usually a shrub, and
assumes the habit and attains the size of a tree only in a few secluded fertile valleys between the Blue
Ridge and the Alleghany Mountains in North and South Carolina.

The wood of Aalmia latifolia is heavy, hard, strong although rather brittle, and close-grained ;
it contains remote broad dark brown conspicuous medullary rays, and between these, numerous thin
inconspicuous rays. It is brown tinged with red, with slightly lighter colored thick sapwood. The
specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.7160, a cubic foot weighing 44.62 pounds. It is used
for the handles of tools, in turnery, and for fuel.

The earliest account of Kalmia latifolia appeared in 1700 in the Almagesti Botanici Mantissa
of Plukenet.* According to Aiton,’ it was introduced into English gardens in 1734 by Peter Collinson.‘

When it is covered with its clusters of delicately marked white or pink flowers, the Mountain
Laurel ® is one of the most beautiful plants of the North American flora. Few shrubs are more desirable
or satisfactory inhabitants of the garden, which it ornaments at all seasons of the year. It is easily
raised from seed; the fine matted roots, which form a compact solid ball, make the operation of moving
the young plants easy and safe; it flowers profusely when only a few inches in height; it is perfectly
hardy except in countries of the most extreme winter cold or of tropical heat, and it is not particular

about soil or exposure, although, like other plants of its family, it does not flourish in soil strongly
impregnated with lime.®

1 Brunet, Cat. Vég. Lig. Can. 39. — Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. i. 300.

? Cistus Chamerhododendros Mariana, Laurifolia, floribus expan-
sis, summo ramulo in umbellam plurimis, 49 ; Amalth. Bot. t.379, £. 6.

Chamedaphne foliis Tint, floribus bullatis umbellatis, Catesby, Nat.
Hist. Car. ii. 98, t. 98.

Andromeda foliis ovatis obtusis, corollis corymbosis infundibuliformi-
bus, genitalibus declinatis, Clayton, Fl. Virgin. 160.

Ledum floribus bullatis confertim in summis caulibus nascentibus,
foliis ex oblongo lanceolatis integerrimis glabris, Trew, Pl. Ehret, t. 38,
f. 1.

8 Hort. Kew. ii. 64.— Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 1151, f. 959.

4 See i. 8.

5 Kalmia latifolia is also sometimes called Calico Bush, Spoon
Wood, and universally by the inhabitants of the southern Alleghany
Mountains, Ivy.

® A curious monstrous form of Kalmia latifolia, in which the
corollas are all deeply divided into five narrowly linear or some-
times nearly thread-shaped petals, the pouches being rudimentary
and represented by slight depressions on the inner surface of the
divisions of the corolla, was discovered several years ago by Miss
M. Bryant near Deerfield, Massachusetts (Gray, Am. Nat. iv.
373. — Sargent, Garden and Forest, iii. 452, f. 56).

Noaorrwne

_
—)

oOo ON HD TP WY

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PiateE CCXXXVI. KALMIA LATIFOLIA.

. A flowering branch, natural size.

. Diagram of a flower.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

. Front and rear views of a stamen, enlarged.

Vertical section of a flower, the corolla removed, enlarged.

. Cross section of an ovary, enlarged.

An ovule, much magnified.

Puate CCXXXVII. Kaumis LATIFOLIA.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

A fruit, enlarged.

Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.
Cross section of a fruit, enlarged.
A seed, enlarged.

. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.

. An embryo, much magnified.

. A cluster of inflorescence-buds in autumn, enlarged.

. An inflorescence-bud in early spring, natural size.

. The end of a sterile shoot in winter, one of the leaves

removed, showing the axillary leaf-buds.

Silva of North America. Tab. CCXXXVI.

KALMIA LATIFOLIA, L.

A Riocreux durex’ Imp. R Taneur, Paris.

Silva of North America. | Tab. CCXXXVII

————

5
CE. Faxon det.

KALMIA LATIFOLIA, L.

A.Ruiocreux direr © Imp. 2. Taneur, Paris.

ERICACE.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 143

RHODODENDRON.

FLoweErs perfect ; calyx 5-parted or toothed, the divisions imbricated in estiva-
tion, often much reduced or obsolete ; corolla gamopetalous, usually 5-lobed, the lobes
imbricated in estivation; stamens usually 8 to 10; ovary superior, 5 to 20-celled ;
ovules numerous in each cell. Fruit a woody 5 to 20-celled septicidal many-seeded
capsule. Leaves alternate, entire, coriaceous or membranaceous, persistent or decidu-

ous, destitute of stipules.

Rhododendron, Maximowicz, Mém. Acad. Sci. St. Péters-
bourg, sér. 7, xvi. 13 (Rhododendree Asie Orientalis)
(1870).— Bentham & Hooker, Gen. ii. 599.— Baillon,
Hist. Pl. xi. 171.

Azalea, Linnzus, Gen. 53 (1737). — A. L. de Jussieu, Gen.
158. — Endlicher, Gen. 758. — Meisner, Gen. 246.

Rhododendron, Linnezus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1023 (1759) ;
Gen. ed. 6, 218. — A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. 158. — End-
licher, Gen. 759. — Meisner, Gen. 246.

Rhododendron, D. Don, Edinburgh New Phil. Jour. vi. 49
(1822).

Vireya, Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 854 (not Rafinesque)
(1826). — Don, Gen. Syst, iii. 848.

Anthodendron, Reichenbach, Moessler Handb. Gewiichsk.
ed. 2, i. 308 (1827). — Meisner, Gen. 246.

Rhododendron, Don, Gen. Syst. iii. 843 (1834).

Osmothamnus, De Candolle, Prodr. vii. 715 (1839). —
Endlicher, Gen. Suppl. i. 1412.

Rhodora, Linnzus, Gren. ed. 6, 218 (1764). — A. L. de Jus-
sieu, Gen. 159. — Meisner, Gen. 246.

Trees or shrubs, sometimes epiphytal, glabrous, pubescent, tomentose, or lepidote,’ with scaly
bark, hard close-grained wood, terete branchlets, scaly leaf-buds, and fibrous roots. Leaves alternate,
usually clustered at the ends of the branches, entire, coriaceous or membranaceous, persistent or
deciduous. Flowers in terminal few or many-flowered umbellate corymbs or fascicles from separate
strobilaceous inflorescence-buds with usually numerous caducous bracts, or rarely axillary or solitary
from leafy or separate buds, or terminal and solitary on leafy shoots of the year. Calyx five-parted or
toothed, disk-shaped, cupular or obsolete, coriaceous or foliaceous, persistent. Corolla usually funnel-
shaped or campanulate, rarely tubular, salver-formed or subrotate, the limb more or less oblique, five or
rarely six to ten-lobed or parted, occasionally twolipped, deciduous. Stamens hypogynous, usually
eight to ten, rarely five, or twelve to eighteen, more or less unequal, often declinate, ultimately spread-
ing; filaments usually subulate-filiform or rarely short and thick, usually pilose or bearded at the base ;
anthers attached on the back, stout or elongated, rarely incurved and connivent, entire, two-celled, each
cell opening by a terminal pore. Disk usually thick and fleshy, crenately lobed. Ovary superior, five
to twenty-celled; style slender, short or elongated, declinate or incurved, crowned with a capitate five
to twenty-lobed stigma; ovules numerous in each cell, attached in many series to an axile two-lipped
placenta projected from the inner angle of the cell, anatropous; raphe ventral; micropyle superior.
Capsule short or elongated, splitting septicidally from the apex into five to twenty valves free from the
placentiferous axis, many-seeded. Seeds scobiform ; testa loose, reticulate, produced beyond the nucleus
at both ends into short often laciniate appendages. Embryo minute, cylindrical, axile in fleshy
albumen ; cotyledons oblong, shorter than the radicle turned towards the hilum.’

1 The character of the covering of the leaves of Rhododendron
has been found useful in grouping the species and for distinguish-
ing them. (See Vesque, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 7, i. 238.)

2 By Maximowiez (Mém. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, sér. 7, xvi.
14) (Rhododendree Asie Orientalis) Rhododendron is divided into

the following sections : —
OsmotHamnus. Flowers in many-flowered terminal clusters

from separate subglobose leafless buds of few caducous bracts on
shoots of the previous year; corolla campanulate or salver-form, the
tube erect or slightly curved, villous in the throat ; stamens 5 to 7,
included; ovary 4 to 5-celled. Dwarf graveolent alpine shrubs with
persistent leaves tomentose on the lower surface. Central Europe,
central Asia, Siberia, and northern China.

EvURHODODENDRON. Flowers in many-flowered terminal clusters

ERICACE.

lit SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

Nearly two hundred species of Rhododendron are already known ;' they abound in western Thibet ”
and on the Himalayas* and their western prolongation in southwestern China ;‘ through the Malay
Peninsula and Archipelago, where several species inhabit the high mountain forests, they range to
New Guinea,’ and through central and northern China and Corea‘ to Japan,® where a dozen species are
found; of these, Rhododendron Camtschaticum® reaches Alaska” by the Kurile Islands.” Fifteen
or sixteen species, representing seven of the nine sections into which the genus has been divided,
inhabit North America,” where they are chiefly confined to northern regions and high mountain ranges,
a larger number occurring in the eastern than in the western part of the continent. Only Lthododen-
dron Lapponicum® crosses the continent, ranging from the shores of Norton Sound to Labrador and
the alpine summits of the White Mountains in New England, and by way of Greenland reaching Europe
and northern Asia. In the extreme western part of Europe two other species “ are found, while a third”
inhabits the high mountain ranges of the central regions of the continent. Five species are found in
the Orient; ' the genus reappears in Afghanistan with two endemic species,” and rapidly increases
in the number of species from west to east on the Himalayas. Rhododendrons were common in the
Arctic regions of both hemispheres during the tertiary period, and traces of several species are found

from separate cone-like buds of many caducous bracts on shoots of
the previous year ; corolla 5 to 10-lobed, glabrous or pilose in the
throat ; stamens 10 to 20. Trees or shrubs with persistent leaves.
Eastern and Pacific North America, Europe, Asia Minor, Hima-
layas, China, and Japan.

AZALEA. Flowers in many-flowered terminal clusters from sepa-
rate cone-like terminal buds of many caducous bracts on shoots of
the previous year ; corolla funnel-form or campanulate-rotate, the
limb 4-lobed or parted, rarely bilobed ; stamens 5 to 10, exserted.
Shrubs with membranaceous or rarely coriaceous deciduous leaves.
Eastern and western North America, Asia Minor, China, and
Japan.

Tsusra. Flowers terminal from leafy buds of few caducous
scales on shoots of the previous year ; corolla campanulate ; sta-
mens 5 to 10; ovary 5-celled. Glandular shrubs with deciduous or
persistent leaves. China and Japan.

Keys1a. Flowers fascicled from axillary buds ; corolla tubular-
cylindric, the lobes incurved ; stamens 10 ; ovary 5-celled. A shrub
with persistent leaves. Himalayas.

RuoporasTruM. Flowers solitary from axillary buds ; corolla
campanulate ; stamens 10. Shrubs with deciduous lepidote slightly
coriaceous leaves.

AZALEASTRUM. Flowers axillary from the same bud as the leafy

Northern Asia, Himalayas, and eastern Thibet.

shoot or from separate 1 to 3-flowered buds ; corolla rotate or sub-
campanulate ; stamens 5 to 10. Shrubs with coriaceous or mem-
branaceous deciduous leaves. Northwestern America, eastern
Thibet, China, and Japan.

THERORHODION. Flowers in 1 or 2-flowered clusters from buds
terminal on the leafy shoots of the year, their bracts persistent on
the base of the branch during the season ; corolla rotate, 5-lobed,
divided on the anterior side to the base ; stamens 10. Low shrubs
with deciduous leaves. Northwestern America and northeastern
Asia.

To these sections Franchet (Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xxxiii. 229)
adds a ninth : —

CHonrAsTRUM. Flowers in 1 or 2-flowered fascicles from axil-
lary buds; corolla infundibular; stamens 13 to 14, exserted. Leaves
Southwestern China and eastern Thibet.

1 Although botanical travelers have as yet hardly penetrated

persistent.

that great central Asiatic region where the Himalayan system is
prolonged to the west and northwest in high mountain ranges,
they have recently made known a large number of previously unde-

scribed Rhododendrons, transferring the headquarters of the genus,
as represented by the greatest number of species, from Sikkim to
Yun-nan ; and a further examination of the forests which cover
the mountains of western and southwestern China, eastern Thibet,
and northern Burmah may be expected to yield large additions to
the number of species.

2 Franchet, Pl. David. ii. 83.

8 Hooker f. Rhododendrons of the Sikkim-Himalaya; Fl. Brit.
Ind. iii. 462.

4 Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xxxiii. 223.

5 Miquel, Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 1057.

6 Beccari, Malesia, i. 199.— Warburg, Engler Bot. Jahrb. xvi.
24.

7 Maximowicz, Mém. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, sér. 7, xvi. 13
(Rhododendree Asie Orientalis).— Forbes & Hemsley, Jour. Linn.
Soc. xxvi. 19.

8 Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. i. 287.

® Pallas, Fl. Ross. i. 48, t. 23 (1784). — De Candolle, Prodr. vii.
726. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 43. — Ledebour, Fi. Ross. ii. 922. —
Regel & Tilling, Tent. Fl. Ajan. 110. — F. Schmidt, Afém. Acad.
Sci. St. Pétershourg, sér. 7, xii. 157 (Fl. Sachal.). — Maximowicz,
L. c. 47.

Rhodothamnus Kamtschaticus, Lindley, Paxton Brit. Fl. Gard. i.

113, t. 22 (1850).

10 Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. ii. 40.

11 Miyabe, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iv.247 (Fl. Kurile Islands).

12 Gray, l. c. 39.

18 Wahlenberg, Fl. Lapp. 104 (1812). — Bot. Mag. lviii. t. 3106. —
Hooker, J. c. — De Candolle, J. c. 724. — Gray, I. c. 42. — Watson
& Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 321.

Azalea Lapponica, Linneus, Spec. 151 (1753). — Fl. Dan. vi.

t. 966. — Pallas, 1. c. ii. 52, t. 70, f. 1.

14 Nyman, Conspect. Fl. Europ. 491. — Hooker f. Bot. Mag. exvi.
t. 7149.

18 Rhododendron ferrugineum, Linneus, 1. c. 392 (1753). — Jac-
quin, Fl. Austr. iii. 31, t. 255. — Hayne, Arzn. x. 25, t. 25. —
Guimpel, Willdenow & Hayne, Abbdild. Deutsche Holz. i. 69, t.
52. — Nees von Esenbeck, Pl. Med. t. 217. — De Candolle, /. c.—
Nyman, J. c. 492.

16 Boissier, Fl. Orient. iii. 971.— Trautvetter, Act. Hort. Petrop.
ix. 513. — Gartenflora, 1886, 377, t. 1226.

17 Aitchison & Hemsley, Jour. Linn. Soc. xviii. 75.

ERICACEA.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 145

in the miocene rocks of central Europe,’ where the genus is now poorly represented by two species
which have been able to retain here only an alpine foothold.

Rhododendron possesses bitter, astringent, and narcotic properties. A decoction of the leaves of
Ehododendron chrysanthum? is employed in Siberia in the treatment of rheumatism and other affec-
tions of the jomts and muscles,’ and is now used in some European countries for the same purpose.’
The buds of hododendron ferrugineum are used in northern Italy in the preparation of an anti-rheu-
matic liniment ;° and in the United States a decoction of the leaves of Rhododendron maximum is
occasionally used domestically for the same purpose. The flowers of Rhododendron flavum® are
believed to be poisonous and to have caused the madness of Xenophon’s Ten Thousand ;7 and in India
honey made in the spring where Rhododendrons abound is believed to be dangerous. The flowers of
the Himalayan Rhodondedron arboreum,? which are said to be slightly intoxicating, are eaten fresh
or made into a conserve,” but its flower-buds and young leaves are thought to be poisonous to cattle.
In Sikkim goats and sheep die from the effects of browsing on the foliage of Rhododendron cinna-
The leaves of
Rhododendron Afghanicum” are injurious to browsing animals and are considered poisonous to the
touch by the natives.”
snuff,” and the leaves of Rhododendron lepidotum” and of Rhododendron Anthopogon™ as stimu-

barinum,” and the smoke produced by its burning wood inflames the face and eyes.

The dried leaves of Rhododendron campanulatum™ are used in India as

lants."* In China the leaves of different species of Rhododendron are employed to adulterate tea.”
Rhododendron produces hard close-grained compact wood; in India that of Rhododendron

arboreum is used in building, in turnery, and for fuel and charcoal; and in Japan Rhododendron

wood is manufactured into many small articles.

Many species of Rhododendrons are cultivated in gardens, and during the last fifty years great

attention has been paid to improving them by selection and cross-breeding.

1 Zittel, Handb. Paleontolog. ii. 728, f. 378.

? Pallas, Reise, iii. 369 ; Appx. 729, t. N. f.1, 2 (1776); Fl. Ross.
i. 44, t. 30. —Linneus f. Syst. ed. 13, Suppl. 237. — Hayne, Arzn.
x. 27, t. 27. — Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Adbbild. Holz. 148, t. 123. —
Nees von Esenbeck, Pl. Med. t. 216.— De Candolle, Prodr. vii.
723, — Ledebour, Fl. Ross. ii. 920.— Turezaninow, Fl. Baicalensi-
Dahurica, ii. pt. ii. 205. — Maximowicz, Prim. Fl. Amur. 189 ;
Mém. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, sér. 7, xvi. 20 (Rhododendree
Asie Orientalis).— Miyabe, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iv. 247 (Fl.
Kurile Islands).

Rhododendron aureum, Georgi, Reise, 214 (1775).
Rhododendron officinale, Salisbury, Parad. Lond. i. pt. ii. t.

80 (1806).

8 Gmelin, Fl. Sibir. iv. 123, t. 54. — Pallas, Reise, ii. 531.

4 Woodville, Med. Bot. iii. 403, t. 149. — Rosenthal, Syn. Pl.
Diaphor. 521. .

5 Le Maout & Decaisne, Traité Gén. Bot. English ed. 517.

6 Don, Gen. Syst. iii. 847 (1834). — Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 1140.

Azalea Pontica, Linnzeus, Spec. 150 (1753). — Pallas, Fl. Ross.

ii. 51, t. 69. — Bot. Mag. xiii. 433 ; 1. t. 2383. — Savi, Flora Ita-

liana, iii. t. 107. —Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, J. c. 135, t. 109. —

De Candolle, J. v. 718.

Rhododendron Ponticum, Schreber, Nov. Act. Upsal. i. 90 (not

Linneus) (1773).

Anthodendron flavum, Reichenbach, Moessler Handb. Gewiichsk.

ed. 2, i. 309 (1827).

7 The Expedition of Cyrus into Persia and the Retreat of the Ten
Thousand Greeks, Spelman, ed. 3, i. Book iv. 358. — Pallas, J. c.
i. 43; ii. 51.—C. Wolley Dod, Gard. Chron. n. ser. xx. 793.

8 Hooker f. Himalayan Journals, i. 190.

9 Smith, Exot. Bot. i. 9, t. 6 (1804). — Hooker, Ezot. Fi. iii. t.

*! The natural species most

168. — Bot. Reg. xi. t. 890; xv. t. 1240; xxiii. t. 1982. — De Can-
dolle, J. c. 720. —Bot. Mag. lxxxviii. t. 5811. — Kurz, Forest Fl. Brit.
Burm. ii. 93. — Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 465.

10 Brandis, Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 281.

11 Hooker f. Rhododendrons of the Sikkim-Himalaya, t. 8; Fl. Brit.
Ind. iii. 474. — Bot. Mag. |xxx. t. 4788.

12 Aitchison & Hemsley, Jour. Linn. Soc. xviii. 75.

18 Aitchison, Jour. Linn. Soc. xviii. 12, 26 (1881).

44D. Don, Edinb. Wern. Soc. Mem. ii. 409 (1820). — Sweet,
Brit. Fl. Gard. vi. t. 241.— De Candolle, 7. c. 721.— Bot. Mag.
Ixvi. t. 3759. — Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 466.

Rhododendron eruginosum, Hooker f. Rhododendrons of the

Sikkim-Himalaya, t. 22 (1849).

18 Brandis, J. c. 282.

16 Don, J. c. iii. 845 (1834). — Royle, Jil. 260, t. 64, f. 1.— De
Candolle, J. c. 724. — Bot. Mag. Ixxviii. t. 4657; lxxx. t. 4802. —
Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. iu. 471.

Rhododendron salignum, Hooker f. Rhododendrons of the Sikkim-

Himalaya, t. 23 A (1849).

Rhododendron eleagnoides, Hooker f. 1. c. t. 23 B (1849).

1 D. Don, J. c. (1820). — Royle, J. c. t. 64, f. 2. — De Candolle,
1. c. 725. — Bot. Mag. Ixviii. t. 3947. Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. iu.
472.

18 Brandis, J. c.

19 Spons, Encyclopedia of the Industrial Arts, Manufactures, and
Raw Commercial Products, u. 2010.

20 Brandis, J. c.— Gamble, Jfan. Ind. Timbers, 236.

21 One of the earliest hybrid Rhododendrons whose history is
recorded was produced in the nursery of a Mr. Thompson of Mile
End, near London, about 1820, by the accidental crossing of Rh.
dodendron Ponticum with some species with deciduous leaves and

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ERICACEE.

146

generally cultivated are the Azaleas and Rhododendrons of eastern North America and the Orient, and
some of the Rhododendrons of the Himalayas, which display their magnificent evergreen foliage and
splendid flowers in the temperate and humid regions of western and southern Europe.’ Rhododendrons
of garden origin and mixed blood are now, however, more often cultivated. These are chiefly of four
races, Indian Azaleas, Ghent Azaleas, Catawbiense Rhododendrons, and Javanese Rhododendrons.
The Indian Azaleas of the garden are improved forms of Ahododendron Indicum,’ a native of China
and Japan, which owes its name to the fact that it was first sent to Europe from India; in its native
countries it is a variable plant with persistent or deciduous leaves and small and usually brick-red
flowers; for centuries it has been cultivated by the Chinese and Japanese, who value it as a chief
ornament of their gardens,’ although improvement in the size, form, and coloring of its flowers is due
to the skill of European gardeners, who, especially in Belgium, have devoted much attention to this
plant. The race of Ghent Azaleas has been produced by crossing the yellow-flowered Oriental Rhodo-
dendron flavum with the North American Rhododendron calendulaceum,* Rhododendron viscosum,
and Rhododendron nudiflorum,® and then by crossing their hybrid progeny with each other and
with the eastern Asiatic Rhododendron Sinense,’ and later with the Californian Rhododendron

occidentale*® and with Rhododendron arborescens® of the Alleghany Mountains.

The product of

these crosses and of years of careful selection, carried on principally in Belgium and England, is a race

fragrant flowers. This plant, known as Rhododendron azaleoides
or as Rhododendron odoratum (Andrews, Bot. Rep. vi. t. 379. —
Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abbild. Holz. 15, t. 15.— Sweet, Brit. Fl.
Gard. v. 117, t. 117. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 1131. — Seidel &
Heynhold, Rhedoracee, 87. — Rand, The Rhododendron, 58.— Gard.
Chron. n. ser. xii. 200. — W. Watson, Gard. Chron. ser. 3, xii. 761),
is still valued in gardens as a hardy free-flowering dwarf shrub.
Other hybrids between species of different sections of the genus
have occasionally appeared. (See Bot. Reg. iii. t. 195; xxviii. t.
25.— Herbert, Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. iv. 45; Jour. Hort. Soc.
Lond. ii. 86; Amaryllidacee, 356. — Bot. Mag. xlix. t. 2308.—
Paxton, Mag. Bot. ix. 79, t.— Anderson-Henry, Jour. Royal Hort.
Soc. n. ser. ili. 106. — André, Traité des Plantes de Terre de Bruyeres,
164; Rev. Hort. 1893, 369. — Burbidge, Cultivated Plants, 121,
297. — Focke, Die Pflanzen-Mischlinge, 243. — Masters, Gard.
Chron. ser. 3, xiii. 665.)

1 Llewelyn, Gard. Chron. n. ser. xvii. 558, 700.— W. Watson,
i. c. 698.

2 Sweet, J. c. v. 128, t. 128 (1833).— De Candolle, Prodr. vii.
726. — Maximowicz, Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, sér. 7, xvi.
37 (Rhododendree Asie Orientalis). —Franchet & Savatier, Enum.
Pl. Jap. i. 291.— Forbes & Hemsley, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxvi. 25
(with synonymy).

Azalea Indica, Linneus, Spec. 150 (1753). — Bot. Mag. xxxvi.
t. 1480 ; hi. t. 2509; lili. t. 2667.— Bot. Reg. x. t. 811; xx. t.
1700, t. 1716 ; xxviii. t. 56.— FU. des Serres, iii. t. 239, 242 ; viii.
t. 796. — Savi, Flora Italiana, ii. t. 67.

8 Kaempfer, Amen. 845, t.— Rein, Industries of Japan, 263,
270.

* Torrey, Fl. U. S. i. 425 (1824). — Chapman, FV. 265. — Gray,
Syn. Fl. N. Am, ii. 41.— Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6,
320.

(?) Azalea lutea, Linnezus, Spec. 150 (in part) (1753).

Azalea calendulacea, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 151 (1803). —
Bot. Mag. xli. t. 1721; xlvii. t. 2143.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i.
151. — Elliott, Sk. i. 238. — De Candolle, J. c. 717. — Gray, Man.
268.

5 Torrey, J. c. (1824) ; Fl. N. Y. i. 439, t. 66.— Gray, Syn. Fl.
N. Am. ii. 40.—Watson & Coulter, J. c.

Azalea viscosa, Linneus, I. c. 151 (1753). — Michaux, J. c.
150. — Elliott, 7. c. 241. — Savi, /. c. ii. t. 46. —Guimpel, Otto &
Hayne, J. c. 38, t. 32.— De Candolle, J. c. 715.— Gray, Man.
l. c. — Emerson, Trees Mass. ed. 2, ii. 438, t.

8 Torrey, Fl. U.S. i. 424 (1824). — Chapman, 1. c. — Gray, Syn.
Fl. N. Am. ii. 41.— Watson & Coulter, 1. c.

(?) Azalea lutea, Linnzeus, J. c. 150 (in part) (1753).

Azalea nudiflora, Linneus, Spec. ed. 2, 214 (1762). — Bot.
Mag. v. t. 180.— Bot. Reg. ii. t. 120; xvi. t. 1367.— Mordant
de Launay, Herb. Amat. iv. t. 213. — Elliott, J. c. — Guimpel, Otto
& Hayne, J. c. 135, t. 110. — De Candolle, 7. c. 716. — Gray, Man.
l. c. — Emerson, l. c. 440, t.

Azalea canescens, Michaux, J. c. 150 (1803). — Pursh, J. c.

Azalea periclymenoides, Michaux, J. c. 151 (1803). — Pursh, J. c.

Azalea bicolor, Pursh, J. c. 153 (1814).

Rhododendron bicolor, Don, Gen. Syst. iii. 847 (1834).

Rhododendron canescens, Don, 1. c. iii. 848 (1834).

7 Sweet, J. c. ili. 290, t. 290 (1829). — Maximowicz, l. c. 28.—
Franchet & Savatier, J. c. 289. — Forbes & Hemsley, 1. c. 30.

Azalea Sinensis, Loddiges, Bot. Cab. ix. t. 885 (1824).

Azalea mollis, Blume, Bidr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 853 (1826).— De
Candolle, J. c. 718.

Azalea Pontica, var. Sinensis, Lindley, Bot. Reg. xv. t. 1253
(1829).

Rhododendron molle, Siebold & Zuccarini, Abhand. Akad. Miinch.
iv. pt. iii. 131 (1846).

Azalea Japonica, Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. n. ser. vi. 400 (1859).
8 Gray, Brewer & Watson Bot. Cal. i. 458 (1876) ; Syn. Fl. N.

Am. l. c.

Rhododendron calendulaceum, Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Voy.
Beechey, 362 (not Torrey) (1841).

Azalea calendulacea, Bentham, Pl. Hartweg. 321 (not Michaux)
(1857).

Azalea occidentalis, Torrey, Pacific R. R. Rep. iv. 116 (1857).
® Torrey, Fl. U. S. i. 425 (1824). — Chapman, J. c.— Gray, Syn.

Fl, N. Am. ii. 41.—Sargent, Garden and Forest, i. 400, f. 64. —
Watson & Coulter, . c.
Azalea arborescens, Pursh, l. c. 152 (1814). — Gray, Man. 268.
Azalea fragrans, Rafinesque, Ann. Nat. 12 (1820).

ERICACE.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 147

of hardy shrubs with fragrant flowers in colors passing from white through yellow and orange to pink
and red." The Catawbiense Rhododendrons have been produced by crossing Rhododendron Catawbi-
ensé, a native of the high summits of the southern Alleghany Mountains, which it sometimes covers with
vast thickets, with Rhododendron Ponticum,® the offspring being again crossed with Rhododendron
arboreum and other Indian species with bright-colored flowers, or with the North American Rhodo-
dendron maximum. The race of Javanese Rhododendrons, conspicuous for their brilliantly colored
flowers and their habit of flowering continuously, has been obtained by English gardeners by inter-
breeding Rhododendron Javanicum,* Rhododendron jasminiflorum, and other Malayan species with

persistent foliage and yellow, orange, and scarlet flowers.‘

The different species of Rhododendron in North America are sometimes injured by insects which
bore into their trunks, and are occasionally disfigured by fungi.”

The generic name, from fddov and dévdpov, was adopted by Linneus for the species with persistent

foliage.

1 Lindley, Bot. Reg. xvi. under t. 1366.— W. Watson, Gard.
Chron. ser. 3, xii. 742.

2 Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 258. — Bot. Mag. xl. t. 1671. — Elliott,
Sk. i. 485.— De Candolle, Prodr. vii. 723. — Chapman, Fl. 266.—
Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. ii. 42.

8 Linneus, Spec. ed. 2, 562 (1762). — Pallas, Fl. Ross. i. 43, t.
29.— Bot. Mag. xvii. t. 650. — Schmidt, Oestr. Baumz. iii. 4, t.
122. — Nouveau Duhamel, ii. 140, t. 41.— Savi, Flora Italiana, iii.
t. 101. —Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abdild. Holz. 136, t. 111.— De
Candolle, l. c. 721. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 1131, £. 931. — Boissier,
Fl. Orient. iii. 971.

Rhododendron speciosum, Salisbury, Prodr. 287 (1796).

4 Bennett, Pl. Jav. Rar. 85, t. 19 (1838). — Bot. Mag. 1xxiii. t.
4336. — Paxton, Mag. Bot. xv.217; Fl. des Serres, iii. t. 293, 294. —
Miquel, FU. Ind. Bat. ii. 1057.

5 Hooker, Bot. Mag. Ixxvi. t. 4524 (1850). — Miquel, /. c.

6 G. Henslow, Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc. xiii. pt. ii. 240. — W. Wat-
son, J. c. 698.

7 Exobasidium Azalee, Peck, forms irregular globose greenish
swellings at the tips of the branchlets of Rhododendron viscosum and
of Rhododendron nudiflorum which are sometimes eaten, and in those
parts of the country where the true May Apple, Podophyllum pelta-
tum, Linnzeus, does not occur, are called may apples. On Rhododen-
dron viscosum, Exobasidium discoideum, Ellis, produces curious disks
or cups usually on the under surface of the leaves; and Synchytrium
Vaccinii, Thomas, which causes a serious disease among Cranberries
and other small Ericacee in the middle states, also appears on this
species. The leaves of the evergreen Rhododendrons are often dis-
colored or killed in large spots by the growth of a number of differ-
ent fungi, like Pestalozzia and Hendersonia, and in eastern Massa-
chusetts are not infrequently affected by a leaf disease caused by
the growth of Phyllosticta Saccardoi, Thuemen.

148 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ERICACES.

RHODODENDRON MAXIMUM.

Great Laurel. Rose Bay.

FLOWERS in terminal umbels from cone-like inflorescence-buds of numerous imbri-
cated caducous bracts ; corolla campanulate, rose-colored or white. Leaves lanceolate-

oblong or lanceolate-obovate.

Rhododendron maximum, Linnezus, Spec. 3892 (1753). — Esenbeck & Sinning, Sammi. Schinb. Gewiich. 138, t. 60.—

Marshall, Arbust. Am. 127.— Geertner, Fruct. i. 304, t.
63, f. 6. — Wangenheim, Nordam. Holz. 63, t. 23, f. 49. —
Moench, Meth. 45. — Willdenow, Berl. Bawmz. 286 ; Spec.
ii. 606; Enum. 451. — Poiret, Lam. Dict. vi. 265; IU. u.
488, t. 364, f. 1. — Schmidt, Oestr. Bawmz. iii. 3, t. 121. —
Nouveau Duhamel, ii. 141.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i.
259. —Schkuhr, Handb. i. 8362. — Persoon, Syn. i. 478. —
Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i. 221.— Bot. Mag. xxiv. t. 951. —
Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, iii. 8326. — Michaux
£. Hist. Arb. Am. iii. 144, t. 4. — Pursh, 27. Am. Sept. i.
297. — Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 102. — Nuttall, Gen. i. 268. —

Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abdidd. Holz. 137, t. 112. — Au-
dubon, Birds, t. 103.— Don, Gen. Syst. iii. 843. — De
Candolle, Prod. vii. 722.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 43. —
Spach, Hist. Vég. ix. 503.— Torrey, Fl. N. Y. i. 437.—
Dietrich, Syn. ii. 1404. — Darlington, Fl. Cestr. ed. 3,
171.— Chapman, FV. 265.— Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv.
N. Car. 1860, iii. 97. — Koch, Dendr. ii. 169. — Emerson,
Trees Mass. ed. 2, ii. 435, t. — Lauche, Deutsche Dendr.
ed. 2, 257.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. ii. 42.— Sargent,
Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 99. — Watson
& Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 321.

Elliott, Sk. i. 483.— Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 57.— Nees von Rhododendron procerum, Salisbury, Prodr. 287 (1796).

A bushy tree, rarely thirty to forty feet in height, with a short crooked often prostrate trunk
occasionally ten or twelve inches in diameter, and stout contorted branches which form a round head ;
The bark of
the trunk is one sixteenth of an inch thick, light red-brown, and broken on the surface into small
thin appressed scales.

or more often a broad shrub with many divergent twisted stems ten or twelve feet tall.

The branchlets, when they first appear, are green tinged with red, and are
covered with dark red or slightly ferrugineous glandular-hispid tomentum ; in their first winter they
are dark green and glabrous; at the end of the second year they gradually turn bright red-brown,
and ultimately are gray tinged with red, the thin bark separating on branches four or five years old
into irregular persistent scales. The leaf-buds, which are formed at midsummer, are conical, dark
green, axillary, or terminal on barren shoots, and are covered with many closely imbricated scales.
The scales of the outer ranks are scarious and remain on the base of the growing shoot until it is
nearly half-grown, and in falling mark it with numerous crowded ring-like scars. The scales of the
inner ranks are accrescent, and are carried up on the growing shoot, which they cover until it is several
inches long; they increase in length from the outer or lower to the inner or upper ranks, and at
maturity are an inch and a half long, a quarter of an inch wide, and are gradually narrowed at the
base and at the apex which terminates in a long slender point; they are light green and glabrous,
and are closely held against the shoot by a resinous exudation from the glandular hairs which
cover it, and in falling mark the branches with numerous conspicuous narrow remote scars which do
not entirely disappear for three or four years. The leaves are ovate-lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate,
acute or short-pointed at the apex, narrowly wedge-shaped, or rounded at the base, and revolute in
vernation ; at first they are coated. with gland-tipped hairs which are pale, or ferrugineous on the
midribs and petioles, and form a thick tomentose covering ; at maturity they are glabrous, thick, and
coriaceous, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, usually pale or whitish on the lower, four
to twelve inches long and an inch and a half to two inches and a half wide, with thickened shghtly
revolute margins, broad pale midribs impressed on the upper side, and obscure reticulate veinlets ;

they are borne on stout petioles ridged above, rounded below, and an inch or an inch and a half

ERICACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 149

in length, and remain on the branches two or three years. The inflorescence-buds are formed in
summer, and at first are surrounded by several loose narrow leaf-like scales; when fully grown in
September they are cone-like, an inch and a half long, half an inch broad, and covered with many
imbricated ovate bracts rounded and contracted at the apex into long slender points; they begin
to open late in June, after the shoots of the year, which develop immediately below the inflorescence-
buds from buds in the axils of upper leaves, have reached their full length. The flowers are produced
in sixteen to twenty-four-flowered umbellate clusters four or five inches in diameter, and are borne on
slender pink pedicels ; these are covered with glandular white hairs, furnished at the base with two
linear scarious bractlets, and are developed from the axils of the bracts of the inner ranks of the
inflorescence-buds. As the flower-buds open, the bracts gradually fall; they are accrescent, scarious,
very resinous, and puberulous, especially on the outer surface near the base; when fully grown, those
of the outer ranks are an inch long and one third of an inch broad, and in falling mark the base of the
stem of the inflorescence with many conspicuous ring-like scars; those of the inner ranks are an inch
and a half long, a quarter of an inch wide, lanceolate, and contracted into long slender points. The
calyx is light green and puberulous, with rounded rather remote lobes, and in the bud does not entirely
inclose the corolla, which is campanulate, gibbous on the posterior side, puberulous in the throat, light
rose-color,’ purplish,’ or white,* an inch in length, cleft to the middle into oval rounded lobes with
conspicuous central veins ; the upper lobe is marked on the inner face by a cluster of yellow-green spots ;
and on the outer surface at the bottom of each sinus there is a conspicuous dark red gland ; before
anthesis the corolla is prominently five-angled or ridged, white below and marked above with five pink
bands corresponding with the lobes. The stamens vary from eight to twelve in number; they are
proterandrous, white, inserted on the bright green disk, and vary in length from the anterior to the
posterior part of the flower ; the filaments are enlarged and flattened at the base, slightly bent mward
above the middle, and bearded with stiff white hairs, the four or five shorter ones at the back of the
flower for more than half their length and the longer ones only near the base. The ovary is ovate,
green, coated with short glandular pale hairs, and crowned with a long slender glabrous white declining
style, which is club-shaped and inflexed at the apex, and terminates in a five-rayed scarlet stigma. The
capsule is dark red-brown, ovate, half an inch im length, glandular-hispid, surrounded at the base by
the persistent calyx, and crowned with the style; it has papery walls, and the thin endocarp is separable
from the light brown slightly thinner exocarp; it ripens and sheds its seed in the autumn, although the
clusters of open capsules remain on the branches until the following summer. The seed is oblong,
flattened, and covered with a loose coat prolonged at both ends into scarious fringed appendages.

Rhododendron maximum is distributed from Nova Scotia to the northern shores of Lake Erie in
the province of Ontario,‘ and southward through New York and New England and along the Alleghany
Mountains to northern Georgia. At the north it is rare, inhabiting deep cold swamps in a few isolated
situations; on the mountains of western Pennsylvania it is more abundant, and farther south becomes
exceedingly common, occupying the steep rocky banks of streams to an elevation of about three
thousand feet above the sea, and reaching its greatest size on the lower slopes of the high mountains
of Tennessee and the Carolinas, where it often forms thickets hundreds of acres in extent, impassable to
man, and the secure retreat of the bear, the fox, and the wild-cat.

The wood of Rhododendron maximuin is heavy, hard, strong, although rather brittle, and close-
grained; it contains numerous thin medullary rays, and is ight clear brown, with thin lighter colored

1 Rhododendron maximum, var. roseum, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 297 8 Rhododendron maximum, var. album, Pursh, 1. c. (1814). — Elli-

(1814). — Elliott, Sk. i. 484. ott, I. c. 484.
2 Rhododendron maximum, var. purpureum, Pursh, l. c. (1814). — Rhododendron Purshii, Don, l. c. (1834). — Loudon, J. c. 1135. —
Elliott, J. c. Dietrich, J. c.
Rhododendron purpureum, Don, Gen. Syst. iii. 843 (1834). — 4 Brunet, Cat. Vég. Lig. Can. 40.— Lawson, Proc. §° Trans. Nova

Loudon, Ard. Brit. ii. 1134. — Dietrich, Sgn. ii. 1404. Scotia Inst. Nat. Sci. iv. pt. ii. 172. — Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. i. 302.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ERICACEZ.

150

sapwood. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.6303, a cubic foot weighing 39.28
pounds. It is occasionally made into the handles of tools, and has been used as a substitute for boxwood
in engraving. A decoction of the leaves is occasionally used in domestic practice in the treatment of
rheumatism.’

The earliest account of Rhododendron maximum appears in the Appendix to Catesby’s Natural
History of Carolina? published in 1748. According to Aiton,’ it was first cultivated in Europe twelve
years earlier by Peter Collinson in his garden near London.

As a garden plant Rhododendron maximum is one of the hardiest and most easily cultivated
of all Rhododendrons, although the young branchlets, rismg above and partly concealing the flower-
clusters, make it less showy when in bloom than those species which do not make their annual growth
until after the flowers have faded. It flourishes in all soils not impregnated with lime, which is fatal
to Rhododendrons; it is easily raised from seed and easily transplanted, and it produces its clusters of
lovely slightly fragrant flowers at midsummer, long after those of the other species have faded. Before
the general introduction into gardens of the hybrids of the Catawbiense race, with larger and more
brilliant flowers, Ahododendron maximum was more valued and more frequently planted than at
present. Its blood can be traced in several distinct and beautiful hybrids.‘

1 B. S. Barton, Coll. ed. 2, i. 18.— Bigelow, Med. Bot. iii. 101,
t. 51. —Griffith, Med. Bot. 428.— Porcher, Resources of Southern
Fields and Forests, 380.— U. S. Dispens. ed. 16, 1907.

2 Chameerhododendros, lauri- folio semper virens, floribus bullatis
corymbosis, ii. Appx. 17, t. 17, f. 2.

Kalmia folits lanceolato-ovatis nitidis subtus ferrugineis, corymbosis
terminalibus, Miller, Dict. Icon. ii. 152, t. 228.

Ledum lauro-cerasi folio, Linnzus, Amen. ii. 201.

Rhododendron foliis nitidis ovalibus, margine acuto reflexo, Clayton,
Fil. Virgin. ed. 2, 66.— Trew, Pl. Ehret, 32, t. 66.

8 Hort. Kew. ii. 67. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 1134, f. 932.

* One of the most distinct of these hybrids was obtained in Eng-
land many years ago by a cross with one of the white-flowered
American Azaleas (Bot. Reg. ili. t. 195. — Bot. Mag. 1xii. t. 3454. —
Seidel & Heynhold, Rhodoracee, 89) ; another, Rhododendron Duc
de Brabant, was obtained by a Belgian nurseryman in 1853 from a
cross with Rhododendron Catawbiense (FI. des Serres, viii. 220, 227, t.
836, 837). The blood of Rhododendron maximum can be traced also
in the well-known Catawbiense hybrid, Delicatissimum, in Rhododen-
dron Wellsianum, raised at the Knaphill Nurseries at Woking in
England, and in Rhododendron Madame van Houtte (Fl. des Serres,
xv. 199, t. 1606).

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Puate CCXXXVIII. RuopvopEnpRon MAXIMUM.

. Diagram of a flower.

A stamen, enlarged.

Ot PR wd

. An ovule, much magnified.

A flowering branch, natural size.

. A flower, the corolla removed, natural size.

- Vertical section of a flower, the corolla removed, enlarged.

PuatE CCXXXIX. Ruopoprenpron MAXIMUM.

. A seed, enlarged.

Qanprwn

- An embryo, much magnified.

. A branch with a cluster of ripe fruit and inflorescence-bud, natural size.
. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged.

A fruit, showing the open valves and the placentiferous central column, enlarged.

- Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.

Silva of North America. Tab. CCXXXVIII.

CE. Faxon del.

ficart sc.

RHODODENDRON MAXIMUM, L.

A.Rvocreur direc ® Imp. R.Taneur, Paris.

Tab. CCXXXIX.

RTT TEE

+f af
JY) a

Silva of North America.

Prwcarv sv.

CLE. Faxon dev.

RHODODENDRON MAXIMUM, L

inp. h.Taneur, Paris.

A. Piocreua dren”

MYRSINEACES, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 151

ICACOREA.

FLoweErs perfect or polygamo-diecious; calyx free, 5 or rarely 4-lobed or parted,
the divisions contorted or imbricated in estivation; corolla gamopetalous, 5 or rarely
4 or 6-parted, the divisions dextrorsely or sinistrorsely contorted in estivation ; stamens
5; Ovary superior, 1-celled; ovules few or numerous. Fruit a dry 1-seeded drupe.
Leaves simple, alternate, membranaceous or coriaceous, destitute of stipules.

Icacorea, Aublet, Pl. Guian. ii. Suppl. 1 (1775). — Baillon, Ardisia, Swartz, Prodr. 48 (1788). — Endlicher, Gen. 736. —

Hist. Pl. xi. 331. Meisner, Gen. 253. — Bentham & Hooker, Gen. ii. 645. —
Bladhia, Thunberg, Nov. Gen. i. 6 (1781); Fl. Jap. 7.— Engler & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. iv. pt. i. 93.
A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. 421. Pyrgus, Louriero, F2. Cochin. 120 (1790).

Small trees or shrubs, sometimes partly herbaceous, glabrous, pubescent or rarely tomentose.
Leaves alternate, sessile or petiolate, entire or rarely dentate or crenate, membranaceous or coriaceous,
punctate with immersed resinous dots or short lines at first pellucid, ultimately dark. Flowers in
terminal or rarely in axillary branched panicles, resinous-punctate, pedicellate, the pedicels bibracteolate
at the base or ebracteolate. Bracts and bractlets minute, scarious, deciduous or caducous. Calyx five
or rarely four-lobed or parted, persistent. Corolla rotate, five or rarely four or six-parted, the segments
short or elongated, white or rose-colored. Stamens five, exserted ; filaments short or nearly obsolete,
rarely somewhat elongated, free, inserted on the throat of the corolla opposite its divisions; anthers
usually sagittate-lanceolate, acute, acuminate or apiculate, attached on the back just above the base,
introrse, two-celled, the cells opening longitudinally sometimes nearly to the base. Ovary globose, one-
celled ; stigma short or elongated, simple, tipped by a minute undivided style; ovules few or numerous,
immersed in a free central globose resinous-punctate placenta, peltate, amphitropous; raphe ventral ;
micropyle superior. Fruit globose or rarely obovoid, naked or crowned at the apex with the remnants
of the style, black, blue, or scarlet; exocarp thin, usually dry ; endocarp usually crustaceous or bony,
one-seeded. Seed solitary, globose, concave and more or less lobed at the base, inclosed with the
abortive lower ovules by the thin membranous remnants of the placenta adnate to the interior surface
of the endocarp ; testa thin, resinous-punctate ; hilum basilar, concave, conspicuous. Embryo cylin-
drical, transverse, in copious corneous or cartilaginous albumen ; cotyledons flat on the inner face,
rounded on the back, shorter than the slender radicle.

About two hundred living species of Icacorea, inhabitants of tropical and subtropical regions of
the two hemispheres, are distinguished,’ and traces of many others appear in the tertiary rocks of central

Europe.”
The genus has few useful properties ; the fruit of some of the species is said to be edible,*? and

1 A. de Candolle, Prodr. viii. 120, 670. — Walpers, Rep. vi. 452; bach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 394. — Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap.
Ann. iii. 10. — Miquel, F?. Ind. Bat. ii. pt. i. 1015 ; Suppl. 574.—Or- i. 304.— Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. ii. 291. — Hooker f. Fl. Brit.
sted, Videnskab. Medd. fra Nat. For. Kjobenh. 1861, 6, t. 2 (exel. Ind. iii. 518. — Forbes & Hemsley, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxvi. 63.
sec. i.). — Bentham, Fl. Hongk. 206; Fi. Austral. iv. 276. — Oliver, 2 Zittel, Handb. Paleontolog. ii. 737.

Fi. Trop. Afr. iii. 495. — Miquel, Martius F'. Brasil. x. 281. — Grise- 8 Le Maout & Decaisne, Traité Gén. Bot. English ed. 534.

152 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. MYRSINEACES.

that of others is occasionally used medicinally in their native countries. A number of species are
cultivated for the beauty of their handsome evergreen foliage and bright-colored fruit.’

The generic name is of Carib origin.

1 Rosenthal, Syn. Pl. Diaphor. 503. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. xi. 3 Bot. Mag. xl. t. 1677, t. 1678 ; xlv. t. 1950; 1. t. 2364. — Bot.
328. Reg. vii. t. 533; viii. t. 638; x. t. 827; xxii. t. 1892. — Nicholson,

Dict. Gard. i. 108.

MYRSINEACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 153

ICACOREA PANICULATA.

Marlberry. Cherry.

FLOWERS in broad terminal many-flowered panicles; corolla-lobes sinistrorsely

contorted in estivation. Fruit black. Leaves ovate to lanceolate-oblong or lanceolate-
obovate.

Icacorea paniculata, Sudworth, Garden and Forest, vi. 324 A. de Candolle, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 2, xvi. 95; Prodr.
(1893). viii. 124. — Chapman, FV. 277. — Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am.
Cyrilla paniculata, Nuttall, Am. Jour. Sci. v. 290 (1822). ii. 65. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S.
Pickeringia paniculata, Nuttall, Jour. Phil. Acad. vii. ix. 100.
pt. i. 95 (1834). — De Candolle, Prodr. vii. 733. Bladhia paniculata, Sudworth, Garden and Forest, iv. 239
Ardisia Pickeringia, Nuttall, Sylva, iii. 69, t. 102 (1849).— (1891).

A slender tree, in Florida rarely more than twenty feet in height, with a short trunk four or five
inches in diameter, many thin upright branches which form a narrow formal head, stout terete often
contorted branchlets, and fibrous roots. The bark of the trunk, which is an eighth of an inch thick
and is light gray or nearly white and roughened with minute lenticels, separates into large thin papery
plates disclosing the dark brown inner bark. The branchlets, when they first appear, are rusty brown
or dark orange-colored and slightly puberulous, and in their second year are dark red-brown or ashy
gray and marked with many minute circular lenticels and with thin nearly orbicular flat leaf-scars which
display in the centre a group of fibro-vascular bundle-scars. The leaves are ovate to lanceolate-oblong
or lanceolate-obovate, acute or rounded at the narrow apex, wedge-shaped and gradually contracted at
the base into stout grooved petioles, and entire, with thickened and slightly revolute margins ; they are
three to six inches long, an inch to an inch and a half broad, thick and coriaceous, glabrous and marked
with minute scattered black dots, dark yellow-green on the upper surface and pale below, with broad
midribs yellow and conspicuous on the under side and slightly grooved on the upper, slender obscure
primary veins and reticulate veinlets ; they appear late in the summer or in early autumn and fall before
the trees flower in the following year. The fragrant flowers are produced in terminal rusty brown
puberulous panicles three or four inches in length and breadth, the branches being often developed
from the axils of the upper leaves; they are borne on slender elongated pedicels without bractlets and
developed from the axils of linear acute caducous bracts; in Florida they usually open in November,
although sometimes as early as J uly. The calyx is ovate and is divided nearly to the base into five ovate
acute lobes, scarious and ciliate on the margins and marked on the back with dark lines. The corolla is
five-parted, with oblong rounded divisions sinistrorsely overlapping, or with one lobe wholly outside and
one inside in the bud, which is oblong, ovate, acute, and marked with longitudinal black lines, and near
the apex with a few minute bright red spots; after opening, the lobes, which are conspicuously marked
with red spots on the inner surface near the base, become reflexed. The stamens consist of short broad
filaments contracted by a geniculate fold in the middle, and of large sagittate orange-colored anthers
longer than the filaments, their cells opening longitudinally almost to the base. The ovary is glandular,
globose, and gradually contracted into a long slender style tipped with a simple stigma, and, before the
opening of the corolla, exserted from its apex. The fruit, which ripens in early spring, is globose, a
quarter of an inch in diameter, surrounded at the base by the persistent calyx, tapped with the remnants
of the style and roughened with resinous glands; when fully grown it is at first dark brown but ulti-
mately becomes black and lustrous; the flesh is thin and dry, and adheres to the thin crustaceous light

154 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. MYRSINEACEE.

brown stone. The seed is conspicuously lobed at the base and covered with a thin bright red-brown
resinous-punctate coat.

Icacorea paniculata is distributed in Florida from Mosquito Inlet to the southern keys on the east
coast, and from the shores of the Caloosa River to Cape Romano on the west coast. Usually a shrub,
on the shores of Bay Biscayne and on some of the southern keys it occasionally attains the size and
habit of a tree. It also inhabits the Bahama Islands,’ Cuba,” and southern Mexico.*

The wood of Icacorea paniculata is heavy, hard, very close-grained, and susceptible of receiving a
beautiful polish ; it contains numerous conspicuous medullary rays, and is rich brown beautifully
marked with darker medullary rays, with thick lighter colored sapwood. The specific gravity of the
absolutely dry wood is 0.8602, a cubic foot weighing 53.61 pounds.

Icacorea paniculata was first discovered early in the present century in eastern Florida by
Nathaniel A. Ware.'

1 Eggers, No. 4196. 8 Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. ii. 294.
2 Grisebach, Cat. Pl. Cub. 163. 4 See i. 86.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Pratt CCXL. IcacoREA PANICULATA.

. A flowering branch, natural size.

. Diagram of a flower.

A flower, enlarged.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

. A corolla, displayed, enlarged.

. A flower, the corolla removed, enlarged.

. An ovule, much magnified.

NAAR OD

PiateE CCXLI. Icacorza PANICULATA.
1. A fruiting branch, natural size.
2. A fruit, enlarged.
3. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.
4. A seed, enlarged.
5. An embryo, much magnified.

Silva of North Reaction Tab, © Ce L:

CE. Faxon del . Himely se.

BLADHIA PANICULATA, Sudw.

A. Riocreux direx® ; Imp. R Taneur, Paris.

Silva of North America. Tab. CORLL.

CL Faxon det. Preart sc.

BLADHIA PANICULATA, Sudw.

A Riocreux trea” - Top. RTaner, Pais.

MYRSINEACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 155

JACQUINIA.

FLoweErs perfect; calyx 5-parted, the lobes imbricated in estivation; corolla
gamopetalous, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in estivation; stamens 5; ovary superior,
1-celled; ovules numerous. Fruit baccate, few or many-seeded. Leaves opposite or
subverticillate, entire, persistent, destitute of stipules.

Jacquinia, Jacquin, Hist. Stirp. Am. 53 (1763). — Lin- & Hooker, Gen. ii. 650. — Engler & Prantl, Pflanzenfam.
nus, Gen. ed. 6, 101.— A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. 151. — iv, pt. i. 89, f. 52, F. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. xi. 329.
Endlicher, Gen. 737.— Meisner, Gen. 252.— Bentham Bonellia, Bertero, Colla Hort. Ripul. 21 (1824).

Trees or shrubs, with terete or slightly many-angled branchlets, and fibrous roots. Leaves opposite
or subverticillate, obovate-cuneate or lanceolate, rounded and sometimes emarginate or acute or cuspidate
at the apex, entire, coriaceous, often punctate with pellucid or ultimately dark glands, persistent.
Flowers in terminal or axillary racemes, corymbs, or fascicles. Pedicels slender, produced from the
axils of minute ovate acute persistent bracts, ebracteolate. Calyx free, five-parted, the lobes slightly
ciliate on the margins, rounded at the apex, persistent. Corolla hypogynous, rotate or campanulate,
yellow or purple, the lobes of the limb obtuse and spreading, furnished in the throat opposite the
sinuses of the limb with five petal-like ovate obtuse spreading staminodia. Stamens five, inserted on
the corolla opposite its lobes near the base of the short tube; filaments complanate, broad at the
bottom ; anthers oblong or ovate, attached on the back above the base, extrorse, two-celled, the cells
opening longitudinally. Ovary ovoid, gradually contracted into a cylindrical or conical style crowned
by a slightly five-lobed stigma; ovules peltate, attached to a free central ovoid fleshy placenta, ascend-
ing, amphitropous; raphe dorsal; micropyle-inferior. Fruit ovoid or globose, crowned by the remnants
of the persistent style, thin-walled, crustaceous or coriaceous. Seeds immersed in the thickened muci-
laginous placenta filling the cavity of the fruit, ovoid, compressed ; testa membranaceous, punctate.
Embryo eccentric, surrounded by thick cartilaginous albumen; cotyledons ovate, shorter than the
elongated inferior radicle turned towards the broad ventral hilum.

Jacquinia is tropical American; the five or six species which are known are distributed through
Mexico,' Central America,” Brazil,? and the West Indies, one species reaching southern Florida.

The genus has few useful properties. The branches of the West Indian species are said to have
been used by the Caribs to poison or stupefy fish in rivers.* The fruits of Jacquinia armillaris are
sometimes strung into bracelets and necklaces, and the leaves have been used on the Bahama Islands
as a substitute for soap.”

The generic name perpetuates the memory of the distinguished botanist Nicolaus Joseph Jacquin.’

1 Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. ii. 294. —Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. pupil in Paris of Bernard de Jussieu, was sent by the Austrian

n. ser. v. 325 (Pl. Thurber.). government to gather plants in tropical America for the Botanic
2 Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nov. Gen. et Spec. iii. 251.— Gardens of Vienna and Schoenbrunn. He remained in the West

Orsted, Videnskab. Medd. fra Nat. For. Kjobenh. 1861, 2. Indies and South America from 1755 to 1763, and returning to
8 Miquel, Martius Fl. Brasil. x. 280. Europe became professor of botany at Chemnitz and then at
4 Martius, Fl. Brasil. x. 322. — Rosenthal, Syn. Pl. Diaphor. 504. Vienna. In 1806 Jacquin was created Baron by the Austrian

—Baillon, Hist. Pl. xi. 328. — Treasury of Botany, 634. government. He is the author of many classical works, including
5 Catesby, Nat. Hist. Car. i. 98. those in which his important American discoveries are described.

6 Nicolaus Joseph Jacquin (1727-1818), a native of Leyden and

MYRSINEACES. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 157

JACQUINIA ARMILLARIS.

Joe Wood.

FLowers straw-colored, in terminal and axillary racemes. Leaves cuneate-spatulate
or obovate-oblong.

Jacquinia armillaris, Jacquin, Hnum. Pl. Carib. 15 (1760); 66. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S.
Hist. Stirp. Am. 53, t. 39; Hist. Select. Stirp. Am. 31, ix. 100.
t. 56. — Linnzeus, Spec. ed. 2, 272.— Miller, Dict. ed. 8, Jacquinia arborea, Vahl, Eclog. i. 26 (1796). — Willde-
No. 2.— Icon. Am. Gewiich. i. 15, t. 49. — Aiton, Hort. now, Spec. i. pt. ii. 1064. — Persoon, Syn. i. 234. —
Kew. i. 257. — Lamarck, Dict. iii. 195; IZ. ii. 46, t. 121, Roemer & Schultes, Syst. iv. 490.— Sprengel, Syst. i.
f. 1.— Willdenow, Spec. i. pt. ii. 1064; Hnum. 246. — 668. — Don, Gen. Syst. iv. 24. — Dietrich, Syn. i.
Persoon, Syn. i. 234. — Roemer & Schultes, Syst. iv. 638. — A. de Candolle, Prodr. viii. 149. — Miquel, Mar-
490. — Sprengel, Syst. i. 668.— Don, Gen. Syst. iv. tius Fl. Brasil. x. 282, t. 27, £. 2.
24, — Dietrich, Syn. i. 638. — A. de Candolle, Prodr. viii. Jacquinia armillaris, 8. arborea, Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W.
149. — Chapman, /7. 276. — Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. ii. Ind. 397 (1864).

A tree, twelve to fifteen feet in height, with a straight trunk six or seven inches in diameter, stout
rigid spreading branches which form a compact regular round-topped head, and slightly many-angled
branchlets. The bark of the trunk is thin, smooth, blue-gray, and usually more or less marked with
pale or nearly white blotches. The branches, when they first appear, are yellow-green or light orange-
colored and are coated with short soft pale or ferrugineous pubescence; in their second year they
become terete, darker and sometimes reddish brown, and are marked with the nearly orbicular depressed
conspicuous leaf-scars and with many scattered black dots; in their third year they turn red-brown or
ashy gray and become glabrous. The leaves, which are alternate and crowded near the ends of the
branches, are cuneate-spatulate or obovate-oblong, rounded or emarginate or often apiculate at the apex,
gradually contracted below into short stout puberulous petioles abruptly enlarged at the base, and are
entire, with thickened slightly revolute margins; they are thick and coriaceous, yellow-green, nearly
veinless, with very obscure midribs, and covered on the lower surface with pale dots; they are from
one to three inches in length and from a quarter of an inch to an inch in breadth, and remain on the
branches until after the appearance of the new leaves of the following year. The flowers, which appear
in Florida from November until June, are produced in terminal and axillary many-flowered glabrous
racemes two or three inches long, on slender club-shaped pedicels half an inch in length and produced
from the axils of minute ovate coriaceous reddish bracts which are slightly ciliate on the margins ; they
are one third of an inch across when expanded, with pale straw-colored corollas. The fruit, which
ripens in the autumn, is nearly globose, one third of an inch in diameter, and orange-red when fully ripe,
with thin crustaceous walls inclosing the thick enlarged mucilaginous placenta in which are immersed
the oblong rounded seeds covered with light red-brown punctate coats.

In Florida Jacquinia armillaris is distributed from Sanibel Island to the southern keys and to
the neighboring borders of the Everglades; it grows close to the shore on dry coral soil, and, always
exceedingly rare, is most abundant and attains its largest size on the Marquesas Keys. It inhabits the
Bahamas! and is scattered along the Antillian coasts’ to those of southern Mexico,’ Central America,

Venezuela, and northern Brazil.”

1 Hitchcock, .VWissouri Bot. Gard. iv. 104. 8 Bentham, Bot. Voy. Sulphur, 123.— Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am.
2 Vahl, Eclog. i. 26. — Swartz, Obs. 85.— Lunan, Hort. Jam. i. Cent. ii. 294.

390. — Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 397.— Eggers, Bull. U. S. 4 Seemann, Jour. Bot. iii. 279.

Nat. Mus. No. 13, 67 (Fl. St. Croix and the Virgin Islands). 5 Miquel, Martius Fl. Brasil. x. 282, t. 27, f. 1.

158 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. MYRSINEACE.

The wood of Jacquinia armillaris is heavy, hard, very close-grained, and susceptible of receiving
a beautiful polish; it contains numerous conspicuous medullary rays, and is rich brown beautifully
marked with darker medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.6948, a cubic
foot weighing 43.30 pounds.

Jacquinia armillaris was discovered on the island of Jamaica by Sir Hans Sloane, and the first
account of it was published in his Catalogue of Jamaica Plants in 1696." In the United States it was
first noticed on Key West by Dr. J. L. Blodgett.

1 Arbor baccifera, laurifolia, fructu corallino ribium instar racemoso Chrysophyllum. Barbasco, Loefling, Iter, 204.
calyculato venenato. Currans-tree, 167 ; Nat. Hist. Jam. ii. 89, t. 190, Chrysophyllo fructu adfinis, foliis pungentibus ; vulgo Barbasco,
f. 2.— Ray, Hist. Pl. iii. Dendr. 50. Loefling, 1. c. 277.

Frutez Buxi foliis oblongis, baccis pallide viridibus apice donatis,
Catesby, Nat. Hist. Car. i. 93, t. 93.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puate CCXLII. JAcQuintA ARMILLARIS.

zy

. A flowering branch, natural size.

. Diagram of a flower.

Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

A flower, the corolla removed, enlarged.

. A corolla displayed, the anthers removed, enlarged.
. A stamen, front and rear views, enlarged.

An ovule, much magnified.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

OWAA AP wr

. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.

=
=)

. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.

=
ar

- An embryo, much magnified.

Silva of North America. Tab. CCXLII.

Basses. -, Aapine sc.
JACQUINIA ARMILLARIS, Jacq.

A.Riocreux direx.® Imp. 2. Taneur, Parcs.

per aecnek SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 159

CHRYSOPHYLLUM.

FLowers perfect; calyx 5 or rarely 6 or 7-parted, the divisions nearly equal,
imbricated in estivation, deciduous; corolla gamopetalous, 5 or rarely 6 or 7-lobed, the
lobes imbricated in estivation; stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla; disk 0;
ovary superior, 5 or rarely 6 to 10-celled; ovules solitary in each cell. Fruit a fleshy
or coriaceous 1 or few-seeded berry. Leaves alternate, usually clothed on the lower
surface with brilliant golden or copper-colored pubescence, persistent, destitute of
stipules.

Chrysophyllum, Linneus, Gen. 361 (1737).—A. L. de & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. iv. pt. i. 147. — Baillon, Hist. Pi.
Jussieu, Gen. 152.— Meisner, Gen. 251. — Endlicher, xi. 293.
Gen. 739. — Bentham & Hooker, Gen. ii. 653.— Engler Cainito, Adanson, Fam. Pl. ii. 166 (1763).
Nycterisition, Ruiz & Pavon, Prodr. Fl. Peruv. 30 (1794).

Trees, with terete unarmed branchlets, usually coated while young with dense tomentum, naked
buds, and milky juice. Leaves short-petiolate, entire, coriaceous, penniveined, the veins usually
numerous and arcuate near the margins, or remote, connected by transverse reticulate veinlets, bright
green and glabrous on the upper surface and coated on the lower with brilliant silky golden or copper-
colored pubescence or tomentum, or in some Old World species naked on the lower surface, persistent.
Flowers pedicellate or subsessile, minute, in dense many-flowered fascicles, axillary or from leafless
thickened nodes of previous years. Pedicels ebracteolate, produced from the axils of minute acute
deciduous bracts. Calyx generally deeply parted, the divisions obtuse, almost one-ranked, persistent.
Corolla hypogynous, tubular, campanulate, or subrotate, white or greenish white. Stamens inserted in
the throat or towards the base of the corolla-tube opposite its lobes; filaments short, subulate or fili-
form, enlarged into a broad connective ; anthers ovate or triangular, attached on the back, extrorse
or rarely partly introrse, two-celled, the cells spreading below, opening longitudmally. Ovary usually
five or rarely six to ten-celled, villose, contracted into a glabrous short or elongated style crowned
by a five-lobed stigma; ovules solitary, attached below the middle of the cell to an axile placenta
projected from its interior angle, ascending, anatropous; raphe ventral; micropyle inferior. Fruit
globose, ovoid or oblong, apiculate, fleshy or coriaceous, usually one or few-seeded by the abortion of
several of the ovules. Seeds ovoid, terete when solitary, or compressed by mutual pressure when more
than one; testa coriaceous, dull or lustrous; hilum subbasilar, elongated, conspicuous. Embryo erect,
surrounded by more or less abundant fleshy albumen ; cotyledons oblong, foliaceous or fleshy ; radicle
terete, inferior.

Chrysophyllum, a tropical genus with fifty or sixty species, is principally confined to the New
World, where it is distributed from southern Florida, where one species is found, to Brazil* and Peru,’
although it also occurs with a small number of species in western and southern tropical Africa,’ southern

Asia,‘ Australia,’ and the Sandwich Islands.°

1 Miquel, Martius Fl. Brasil. vii. 87. 4 Miquel, FV. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 578. — Hooker f. FU. Brit. Ind. iii.
; :

2 Ruiz & Pavon, Fl. Peruv. ii. 47 (Nycterisition). 535.

8 Sonder, Linnea, xxiii. 72. — Oliver, FU. Trop. Afr. iii. 498. 5 Bentham, Fl. Austral. iv. 278.

6 Hillebrand, Fl. Haw. Is. 277.

160 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. SAPOTACE.

The most valuable species of the genus, Chrysophyllum Cainito,! a native of the West Indies and
now cultivated in all tropical countries and widely naturalized in many parts of Central and South
America, produces the so-called star-apple, a succulent edible blue or purple and green fruit of the size
and shape of a small apple, which owes its name to the seven to ten large cells regularly arranged
around the centre and presenting the appearance of a star when the fruit is cut open transversely. The
fruit of several of the South American species is edible,’ although none are so good as the star-apple,
which contains less of the milky juice peculiar to many plants of this family. In India the dried fruit
of Chrysophyllum Roxburghit® is eaten by the inhabitants of Khasia. Several of the species produce
hard handsome and valuable wood. The large leaves, green and shining on the upper surface, and
resplendent on the lower with golden or copper-colored pubescence, make many of the American
species desirable ornamental trees for the decoration of gardens.

The generic name, from ypvods and vAdor, alludes to the golden covering of the under surface

of the leaves.

1 Linneus, Spec. 192 (excl. var. 8.) (1753). — Jacquin, Hist. Stirp. Cainito pomiferum, Tussac, Fl. Antill. ii. 41, t. 9 (1824).
Am. 51, t. 37, f. 1; Hist. Select. Stirp. Am. 30, t. 51. — Descourtilz, 2 Martius, Fl. Brasil. vii. 113.
Fil. Meéd. Antill. ii. 13, t. 70.— Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nov. 8 Don, Gen. Syst. iv. 33 (1838).— A. de Candolle, J. c. 162. —
Gen. et Spec. iii. 236. — Maycock, Fl. Barb. 108. — Bot. Mag. lviii. Kurz, Forest Fl. Brit. Burm. ii. 118.— Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. iii.
t. 3072. — A. de Candolle, Prodr. viii. 157. —Grisebach, Fl. Brit. 535.
W. Ind. 398. — Miquel, Martius Fl. Brasil. vii. 94.— Gray, Syn.
Fl. N. Am. ii. 67.

SAPOTACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 161

CHRYSOPHYLLUM OLIVIFORME.

Fruit ovoid or subglobose, dark purple, I-seeded. Leaves covered on the lower
surface with lustrous copper-colored pubescence.

Chrysophyllum oliviforme, Lamarck, Dict. i. 552 (1783) ; 259. — Roemer & Schultes, Syst. iv. 703. — Sprengel, Syst.
Iii. ii. 44. — A. de Candolle, Prodr. viii. 158. — Gray, i. 666. — Bot. Mag. 1xi. t. 3303. — Don, Gen. Syst. iv.
Syn. Fl. NM. Am. ii. 67. — Chapman, Fl. ed. 2, Suppl. 32. — Dietrich, Syn. i. 638. — Miquel, Martius Fl. Brasil.
634. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. vii. 94 (excl. var. microphyllum).

ix. 100. Chrysophyllum ferrugineum, Gertner f. Fruct. iii. 122,

Chrysophyllum Cainito, Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No. 1 (not t. 202 (1805).

Linnzus) (1768). Chrysophyllum oliviforme, var. monopyrenum, Grise-

Chrysophyllum monopyrenum, Swartz, Prodr. 49 bach, #7. Brit. W. Ind. 398 (1864) ; Cat. Pl. Cub. 163.
(1788); #7. Ind. Occ. i. 480. — Willdenow, Spec. i. pt. Chrysophyllum microphyllum, Chapman, Bot. Gazette,
ii. 1083. — Persoon, Syn. i. 236. — Lunan, Hort. Jam. i. ili. 9 (not A. de Candolle) (1878).

A trée, twenty-five to thirty feet in height, with a tall straight trunk sometimes a foot in diameter,
upright branches which form a compact oblong head, and slender terete slightly zigzag branchlets.
The bark of the trunk is a quarter of an inch thick, light brown slightly tinged with red, and broken
by shallow fissures into large irregularly shaped plates, the surface of which separates into small thin
scales. The branchlets, when they first appear, are coated with ferrugineous tomentum, and in their
second year are light red-brown or ashy gray and covered with small pale elevated circular lenticels.
The leaves are revolute in vernation, oval, acute or contracted into short broad points or sometimes
rounded at the apex, and abruptly wedge-shaped at the base; they are thick and coriaceous, two or
three inches long and an inch and a half or two inches wide, bright blue-green on the upper surface,
and covered on the lower and on the stout petioles with brilliant copper-colored pubescence ; they have
broad prominent midribs deeply impressed on the upper side and numerous straight veins arcuate near
the margins, and are borne on petioles which vary from one half to two thirds of an inch in length.
The flowers are raised on stout pedicels shorter than the petioles and covered like the calyx with rufous
tomentum, and produced in few or many-flowered fascicles in the axils of leaves of the year, or at the
base of lateral branchlets in those of the previous year. The calyx is divided nearly to the base into
broad rounded lobes and is rather shorter than the tube of the subrotate white corolla, the short
spreading lobes of which are rounded at the apex. The ovary is five-celled and pubescent, and is
gradually contracted into a short style crowned by a broad fivelobed stigma. In Florida the flowers
appear irregularly throughout the year, and are often found on the same branch with ripe or half-grown
fruit. The fruit, which is ovoid or sometimes nearly globose, dark purple and roughened with occa-
sional excrescences, hangs gracefully on stems an inch long, usually only a single fruit being produced
from a cluster of flowers. It is covered with a thick tough skin inclosing the juicy sweet mawkishly
flavored flesh, and is light purple on the exterior, lighter towards the interior, and quite white in the
centre ; it is usually only one-seeded by abortion, the seed, which is half an inch long, narrowed at both
ends, and covered with a thin light brown coat, bemg closely invested with a white glutinous aril-like
pulpy mass.

In Florida, where it is always local and nowhere common, Chrysophyllum oliviforme is found on
the east coast from Mosquito Inlet to the southern keys, and on the west coast from the shores of the
Caloosa River to Cape Sable. It also inhabits the Bahamas’ and many of the West Indian islands.’

1 Hitchcock, Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard. iv. 104. 2 Descourtilz, Fl. Mféd. Antill. ii. 17, t. 171. — Grisebach, Fl. Brit.
W. Ind. 398 ; Cat. Pl. Cub. 163.

162 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. SAPOTACES.

The wood of Chrysophyllum oliviforme is very heavy, hard, strong, and close-grained, containing
numerous inconspicuous medullary rays, and is light brown shaded with red, with thin lighter colored
sapwood. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.9360, a cubic foot weighing 58.33
pounds.

Chrysophyllum oliviforme appears to have been first distinguished by Plumier, who described it
in his Nova Plantarum Americanarum Genera,’ published in 1703 ; it was first noticed in Florida
by Dr. A. P. Garber.’

1 Cainito folio subtus aureo, fructu olive-formi, 10; Pl. Am. ed. Chrysophyllum sylvestre, foliis majis aureis fructu minimo subni-
Burmann, 57, t. 69. gro, Pouppé Desportes, Histoire des Maladies de S. Domingue, iii.
Chrysophyllum fructu minori glabro, foliis subtus ferrugineis. The 240.
Damson Plumb, Browne, Nat. Hist. Jam. 171. 2 See i. 65.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

PuiaTtE CCXLITI. CurysopHYLLUM OLIVIFORME.
. A flowering branch, natural size.

. Diagram of a flower.

. A flower, enlarged.

A flower, the corolla displayed, enlarged.

. Rear view of a stamen, enlarged.

Front view of a stamen, enlarged.

. An ovary, enlarged.

. Vertical section of an ovary, enlarged.

CHNAaAP HON

. An ovule, much magnified.

pay
=)

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

_
_

. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.
12. A fruit cut transversely, natural size.

fj
oo

. Side view of a seed, natural size.

—
is

. Front view of a seed, natural size.

pa
ou

. An embryo, magnified.

Silva of North America. Tab. CCXLIII

Ss

oS
\ ~ IS

\

CE Faxon del. , fimety se.
CHRYSOPHYLLUM OLIVIFORME, Lam.

ARiocreux durex ! limp f.Taneur, Paris.

SAPOTACER, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 163

SIDEROXYLUM.

FLowers perfect; calyx 5 or rarely 6-parted, the divisions imbricated in estiva-
tion, persistent ; corolla gamopetalous, furnished with 5 or 6 staminodia, 5 or rarely
6-lobed, the lobes imbricated in estivation ; stamens 5 or 6; disk 0; ovary superior, 5
or rarely 2 to 4-celled; ovules solitary in each cell. Fruit a dry or fleshy usually
I-seeded berry. Leaves alternate, coriaceous or submembranaceous, persistent, destitute
of stipules, or rarely stipulate.

Sideroxylum, Linnzus, Gen. 58 (1737).— Adanson, Fam. 143. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. xi. 277 (excl. Argania and Cal-
Pl. ii. 171. — A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. 151. — Meisner, varia).
Gen. 251.— Endlicher, Gen. 739. — Bentham & Hooker, Robertia, Scopoli, Introduct. 154 (1777).
Gen. ii. 655.— Engler & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. iv. pt. i. Spiniluma, Baillon, Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris, 943 (1891).

Glabrous or pubescent trees or shrubs, with naked buds. Leaves alternate, petiolate, penniveined,
the veins remote, connected by reticulate veinlets, rarely approximate and obscure, or nitidous and
nearly veinless, without stipules, or stipulate in some African species.’ Flowers usually minute, sessile
or pedicellate in crowded many-flowered axillary fascicles often from leafless nodes. Pedicels ebracteo-
late, produced from the axils of minute deciduous bracts. Calyx funnel-shaped or rotate, the divisions
orbicular or ovate, obtuse or rarely acute, nearly equal, not distinctly two-ranked. Corolla hypogynous,
broadly campanulate or subtubular, white or greenish white, the lobes obtuse or acute, longer than the
tube. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and inserted opposite them in the throat of the tube ;
filaments short, or elongated and bent outward at the apex; anthers ovate or lanceolate, attached on
the back, two-celled, the cells opening longitudinally, at first extrorse, sometimes becoming sublateral.
Staminodia linear, scale-like or petaloid, entire or dentate, inserted under the sinuses of the corolla, or
in the same rank and alternately with the stamens. Ovary five or rarely two to four-celled, glabrous
or villose, contracted into a subulate short or elongated simple style tipped with a minute slightly five-
lobed stigma ; ovules solitary, attached to an axile placenta projected from the inner angle of the cell,
ascending, anatropous ; raphe dorsal; micropyle inferior. Fruit ovoid or globose, small, with a thin
coriaceous pericarp, or large, globose, with thick pulpy fruit, usually one or sometimes two to five-
seeded. Seed obovate or oblong; testa lustrous, light brown, thick and bony, and folded on the inner
face into two obscure lobes rounded at the apex; hilum elevated, subbasilar or lateral, oblong or linear.
Embryo erect in thick fleshy albumen ; radicle terete, short or elongated, turned towards the hilum,
much shorter than the oblong fleshy cotyledons.

Sideroxylum, with about sixty species, is widely distributed through the tropics of the two hemi-
spheres ;? it occurs also in Australia, one species reaches the shores and islands of southern Florida,
and the floras of Madeira,‘ southern Africa,® New Zealand,’ and Norfolk Island each include a single

species.
1 Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr. iii. 501. 4 Siderozylum Mermulana, Lowe, Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. iv. 22
2 A. de Candolle, Prodr. viii. 117.— Walpers, Rep. vi. 455.— (1831) ; Man. Fl. Mad. ii. 18.— A. de Candolle, 1. c. 181.

Miquel, Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 1036 ; Suppl. 580; Martius Fl. Brasil. 5 Sideroxylum inerme, Linneus, Spec. 192 (1753). — Jacquin, Coll.
vii. 48. — Bentham, Fl. Hongk. 209. — Oliver, 1. c. —Grisebach, Fl. ii. 250. — Willdenow, Spec. i. pt. ii. 1089. — Lamarck, Jil. ii. 41, t.
Brit. W. Ind. 399. — Baker, Fl. Maur.and Seych. 192.— Hemsley, 120, f. 1. — A. de Candolle, J. c. 182. — Pappe, Sylva Capensis, 22.

Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. ii. 296. — Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 536. — 6 Sideroxylum costatum, F. Mueller, Cens. Austral. Pl. pt. 1. 92
Hillebrand, Fl. Haw. Is. 276. — Forbes & Hemsley, Jour. Linn. Soc. (1882). — Kirk, Forest Fl. New Zealand, 277, t. 133.

xxvi. 68. Achras costata, Endlicher, Prodr. Fl. Norf. 49 (1833) ; Icon.

8 Bentham, Fl. Austral. iv. 280 (Achras). Gen. Pl. t. 83.
Sapota costata, A. de Candolle, /. c, 175 (1844).

164 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. SAPOTACE.

Several species of Sideroxylum are large and valuable timber-trees, producing hard handsome
durable wood. The sweet fruits of Siderorylum dulcificum,' the Miraculous Berry of the English
colonists on the west coast of Africa, are eaten to counteract acidity, and are an article of trade among
the natives.2 From the milky sap of Stderoxylum attenuatum, a native of southeastern Asia from
Burmah to the Philippine Islands, gutta-percha of inferior quality is obtained,’ and the sap of other
species is probably utilized in the same way.

The generic name, from oidypos and £vAor, relates to the hardness of the wood produced by the

different species of this genus.

1 A. de Candolle, Prodr. viii. 183 (1844). — Oliver, F7. Trop. Afr. 3 A. de Candolle, J. c. 178 (1844).— Miquel, Fil. Ind. Bat. ii.

iii. 503. 1036. — Kurz, Forest Fl. Brit. Burm. ii. 117.
Bumelia dulcifica, Schumacher, Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Skrift. 4 Spons, Encyclopedia of the Industrial Arts, Manufactures, and
iii. 150 (Guin. Pl.) (1828). Raw Commercial Products, 11. 1627, 1652.

2 Treasury of Botany, 1057.

SAPOTACER. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 165

SIDEROXYLUM MASTICHODENDRON.

Mastic.

FLoweErs in crowded fascicles shorter than the petioles. Fruit oblong, pulpy,
l-seeded. Leaves oval, long-petiolate.

Sideroxylum Mastichodendron, Jacquin, Coll. ii. 253, t. Achras pallida, Poiret, Lam. Dict. vi. 533 (1804).
17, f. 5 (14788). — Lamarck, JU. ii. 41, t. 120, f. 2.—Gert- Bumelia Mastichodendron, Roemer & Schultes, Syst. iv.

ner f. Fruct. iii. 125. — Sprengel, Syst. i. 666. — Dietrich, 493 (1819).— Don, Gen. Syst. iv. 29. — Cooper, Smith-
Syn. i. 622.— A. de Candolle, Prodr. viii. 181. — Grise- sonian Rep. 1860, 439.
bach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 399. — Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. Sideroxylum pallidum, Sprengel, Syst. i. 666 (1825). —
ii. 67. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. 8. A. de Candolle, Prodr. viii. 180. — A. Richard, FV. Cud.
ix. 101. iii. 84, — Chapman, F7. 274.

Bumelia pallida, Swartz, Prodr. 49 (1788) ; Fl. Ind. Occ. Bumelia footidissima, Nuttall, Sylva, iii. 39, t. 94 (excl.
i. 489. — Willdenow, Syee. i. pt. ii. 1085. — Lunan, Hort. syn.) (not Willdenow) (1849).— Cooper, Smithsonian
Jam. i. 58. Rep. 1858, 265.

Bumelia salicifolia, Willdenow, Spec. i. pt. ii. 1086 (in
part) (1797).

A tree, in Florida sixty or seventy feet in height, with a massive straight trunk three or four feet
in diameter, stout upright branches which form a dense irregular head, thick terete branchlets, and
naked buds. The bark of the trunk varies from one third to one half of an inch in thickness and from
a dark gray color to a light brown tinged with red, and is broken into thick plate-like scales which
separate in thin plates. The branchlets, when they first appear, are orange-colored and slightly puberu-
lous, later becoming light red to ashy gray and quite glabrous, and in the second year they are brown
more or less tinged with red, marked with the conspicuous nearly orbicular leaf-scars, displaying
three large fibro-vascular bundle-scars, and conspicuously roughened by the thickened persistent bases
of the fruit-stalks. The leaves are oval, acute at the apex, or rounded and then occasionally slightly
emarginate, and acute at the base, with thickened cartilaginous slightly undulate margins; when they
unfold they are silky-canescent on the lower surface, and at maturity are thin and firm, glabrous, bright
green and lustrous above, lustrous and yellow-green below, three to five inches long and an inch and a
half to two inches broad, with broad pale conspicuous midribs deeply impressed on the upper side and
inconspicuous primary veins arcuate near the margins and connected by prominent reticulate veinlets ;
they are borne on slender pale petioles an inch to an inch and a half in length, and are mostly clustered
near the ends of the branches, and, unfolding irregularly from early spring until autumn, fall at the
close of the year. The flowers usually appear in Florida in the autumn, but also open in early spring and
during the summer; they are five-parted, produced in many-flowered clusters from the axils of young
leaves or on the branches of the previous year from leafless nodes, and are borne on stout orange-colored
puberulous pedicels developed from the axils of minute acute scarious bracts which usually fall before
the opening of the flower-buds. The calyx is yellow-green, puberulous on the outer surface and deeply
divided into broadly ovate rounded lobes rather shorter than the light yellow corolla, the divisions of
which are ovate-oblong and rounded. The staminodia are lanceolate, nearly entire, tipped with subulate
points, and much shorter than the stamens, which have elongated filaments and lanceolate anthers. The
ovary is oblong-ovate, glabrous, and gradually contracted into an elongated style, stigmatic at the apex.
Usually only one flower in a fascicle produces a fruit; it develops in about six months, in Florida the
principal crop ripening through April and May. The fruit, which is one-seeded, oblong, surrounded
at the base by the persistent calyx, apiculate at the apex with the remnants of the style, and an inch

166 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. SAPOTACEE.

long, has a thick tough clear yellow skin and thin dry flesh of a pleasant subacid flavor ; it stands erect
or nearly at right angles to the branch on a much thickened woody stem, and in falling separates from
the calyx. The seed is obovate, rounded above, narrowed at the base, half an inch long and a third of
an inch broad. Produced in great profusion, the fruit of the Mastic is an important article of food
for many birds and animals, who devour it eagerly.

In the United States Sideroxylum Mastichodendron inhabits southern Florida, where it is dis-
tributed on the eastern coast from Cape Canaveral to the southern keys and on the western coast from
Cape Romano to Cape Sable, usually growing on rich hummocks; on the keys it is found with the
Gumbo Limbo, the Marlberry, the Bustic, the Black Calabash, the Ironwood, the Pigeon Plum, and the
Kugenias, and on the mainland with the Live Oak, the Palmetto, the Mulberry, and the Cuban Pine.
It is also common on the Bahamas and on many of the West Indian islands.

The wood of Sideroxylum Mastichodendron is very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, and close-
grained ; it contains small scattered open ducts and numerous inconspicuous medullary rays, and is
bright orange-colored, with thick yellow sapwood composed of forty or fifty layers of annual growth.
The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 1.0109, a cubic foot weighing 63.00 pounds. It is
not injured by the teredo, and in southern Florida is largely used in ship and boat building.

Sideroxylum Mastichodendron was first distinguished by Catesby, who found it in the Bahama
Islands, and in 1743 published the earliest description of it in the second volume of his Natural
fiistory of Carolina.’ It was discovered in Florida on Key West by Dr. J. L. Blodgett.

The Mastic is the largest, the most valuable, and one of the most beautiful of the tropical trees
which inhabit the coast of Florida; and no other North American tree which equals it in size produces
such heavy wood.

1 Cornus, foliis Laurinis, fructu majore luteo, ii. 75, t. 75.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Puate CCXLIV. Siperoxytum MAstTICHODENDRON.

. A flowering branch, natural size.

. Diagram of a flower.

A flower, enlarged.

A flower, the corolla displayed, enlarged.

A stamen, enlarged.

. Vertical section of a flower, the corolla removed, enlarged.

NAOQor wwe

. An ovule, much magnified.

Puate CCXLV. Siperoxytum MasticHopENDROoN.
. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Cross section of a fruit, slightly enlarged.

Vertical section of a fruit, slightly enlarged.

- A seed, slightly enlarged.

oP 0 tS

. An embryo, slightly enlarged.

— Silva of North America. Tab. CCXLIV 7

CE. Faxon det. frapine sc

SIDEROXYLUM MASTICHODENDRON, Jacq.

A. Riocreux area” Llrp. Rh. Taneur Paris

Silva of North America.

Tab. CCXLV.

(On

CL. Faxon det.

y
“Nee a

SIDEROXYLUM MASTICHODENDRON, Jaca.
pees direa ©

Humely se.

imp. R.Taneur, Paris.

SAPOTACER. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 167

BUMELIA.

FLowERs perfect ; calyx 5 or 6-lobed, the lobes imbricated in estivation, persistent ;
corolla gamopetalous, 5-lobed, the lobes furnished with petal-like appendages and stami-
nodia, imbricated in estivation; stamens 5; disk 0; ovary superior, 5-celled; ovules
solitary, ascending. Fruit a fleshy 1-seeded berry ; seed exalbuminous. Leaves alter-
nate, membranaceous or coriaceous, destitute of stipules.

Bumelia, Swartz, Prodr. 49 (1788). — Meisner, Gen. 251. — zenfam. iv. pt. i. 145. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. xi. 277 (excl.
Endlicher, Gen. 740 (excl. Rostellaria). — Bentham & Dipholis).
Hooker, Gen. ii. 660. — Radlkofer, Sitz. Math.-Phys. Cl. Sclerocladus, Rafinesque, Sylva Tellur. 35 (1838).
Acad. Miinch. xiv. pt. iii. 465. — Engler & Prantl, Pflan-

Small trees or shrubs, with hard close-grained wood, terete often spinescent glabrous or tomentose
branches with short spur-like lateral branchlets, scaly buds, and fibrous roots. Leaves alternate, often
fascicled on the spur-like lateral branchlets, conduplicate in vernation, coriaceous or membranaceous,
short-petiolate, small, obovate, obtuse, or sometimes larger and elliptical, clothed on the lower surface
with silky or tomentose pubescence, or glabrous or nearly so, penniveined with rather inconspicuous
veins arcuate near the entire margins and conspicuous reticulate veinlets, deciduous or persistent.
Flowers small, pedicellate, in many-flowered crowded fascicles in the axils of existing leaves or from
leafless nodes of previous years. Pedicels slender, clavate, ebracteolate, produced from the axils of
lanceolate acute scarious deciduous bracts. Calyx ovate to subcampanulate, tomentose or glabrous,
five-lobed, the lobes in one series, ovate or oblong, rounded at the apex, nearly equal. Corolla hypogy-
nous, campanulate, short-tubed, white, with spreading broadly ovate lobes rounded at the apex and
furnished on each side at the base with an acute ovate or lanceolate petaloid appendage. Stamens five,
inserted in the throat of the tube of the corolla opposite its lobes; filaments filiform, short or elon-
gated ; anthers ovate-sagittate, attached on the back below the middle, two-celled, the cells openmg
longitudinally by subextrorse slits. Staminodia petal-like, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, entire or obscurely
denticulate, complanate or keeled on the back, sometimes furnished at the base with a pair of minute
scales, inserted in the same rank and alternately with the stamens. Ovary hirsute, ovate to ovate-conical,
gradually or abruptly contracted into a slender short or elongated simple style stigmatic at the acute
apex ; ovules solitary, attached by the base to an axile placenta projected from the inner angle of the
cell, ascending, anatropous ; raphe dorsal; micropyle inferior. Fruit an oblong obovate or globose
black one-seeded berry tipped with the remnants of the persistent style and inclosed at the base by the
calyx, solitary or in two or three-fruited clusters; pericarp thin and fleshy. Seed ovate or oblong,
apiculate or rounded at the apex, destitute of albumen ; testa thick, crustaceous, ight brown, smooth
and shining, folded more or less conspicuously on the back into two lobes rounded at the apex. Embryo
filling the cavity of the seed ; cotyledons thick and fleshy, hemispherical, usually consolidated ; radicle
terete, very short, turned toward the basilar or subbasilar, orbicular, or elliptical hilum.

Bumelia, with about twenty species,’ is confined to the New World, where it is distributed from
the southern United States through the West Indies to Mexico, Central America, and Brazil. Five

1 A. de Candolle, Prodr. viii. 189.— Grisebach, F7. Brit. W. Ind. Am. ed. 2, ii. 67. — Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. ii. 297. — Engler,
401. — Miquel, Martius Fl. Brasil. vii. 46. — Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Bot. Jahrb. xii. 519.

168 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. SAPOTACER.

species inhabit the United States; of these four are small trees and the fifth is a low shrub? of the
south Atlantic coast region. :

Bumelia produces hard heavy strong wood which in the North American species contains bands
of numerous large open ducts which define the layers of annual growth and are connected by conspicu-
ous branched groups of similar ducts presenting in cross-section a handsome reticulate appearance.
It is not known to possess other valuable properties.

The generic name is formed from Sovuedia, the ancient classical name of an Ash-tree.

1 Bumelia reclinata, Ventenat, Choix, t. 22 (1803). — Persoon, Syn. Sideroxylon reclinatum, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 122 (1803).—
i. 237.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 155.— Roemer & Schultes, Syst. Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, ui. 302.
iv. 496. — Elliott, Sk. i. 287.— Dietrich, Syn. i. 621.— Don, Gen. Bumelia lycioides, var. reclinata, Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am ii. 68

Syst. iv. 30. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 1193. — A. de Candolle, Prodr. (1878). — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U.S. ix.
viii. 190. — Chapman, FV. 275. — Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. ed. 2, ii. 68. 103.

SYNOPSIS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.

Pedicels and calyx clothed with silky or tomentose pubescence. Leaves silky or tomentose-pubescent on the lower surface,
venulose-reticulate on the upper.
Leaves oblanceolate or spatulate-cuneate, coated on the lower surface with golden or ferrugine-
ous pubescence. . ee ee ee ee ee eee ee ee ee we 1, BS TEN AX.
Leaves oblong-obovate or cuneate-obovate, silky-pubescent on the lower surface . . . - . 2. B. LANUGINOSA.
Pedicels and calyx glabrous. Leaves glabrous or nearly so.
Leaves oblanceolate to obovate-oblong, finely venulose-reticulate, thin . . . . . . . . 9&. B. LYCIOIDES.
Leaves spatulate or linear-oblanceolate to broadly obovate-cuneate, obtuse, coriaceous, obscurely
venulose-reticulate 2. 2 1. 1 1 7 ee ee ee ee we ee ww we ee 64 Be ANGUSTIFOLIA.

SAPOTACE®. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 169

BUMELIA TENAX.

Ironwood.

Leaves oblanceolate or spatulate to cuneate-obovate, obtuse, coated on the lower
surface with golden or ferrugineous pubescence.

Bumelia tenax, Willdenow, Spec. i. pt. ii. 1085 (1797) ; Obs. 92. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i. 204. — Du Mont de
Enum. 248; Berl. Baumz. ed. 2, 67.— Aiton, Hort. Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, iii. 300.
Kew, ed. 2, ii. 12.— Persoon, Syn. i. 237.— Roemer & Chrysophyllum Carolinense, Jacquin, Obs. iii. 3, t. 54
Schultes, Syst. iv. 496. — Elliott, S&. i. 288. — Hayne, (1768).

Dendr. Fl. 18.— Sprengel, Syst. i. 665.— Don, Gen. Sideroxylon sericeum, Walter, FZ. Car. 100 (1788).
Syst. iv. 30.— Dietrich, Syn. i. 621.— Spach, Hist. Vég. Sideroxylon chrysophylloides, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-m.

ix. 388. — Nuttall, Sylva, iii. 35, t. 92. — A. de Candolle, i. 123 (1803).

Prodr. viii. 189.— Chapman, Fl. 275.— Gray, Syn. Fl. Bumelia chrysophylloides, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 155
N. Am. ii. 68.— Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th (1814). — Nuttall, Gen. i. 185. — Watson, Dendr. Brit.
Census U. S. ix. 101. i. 10, t. 10. — Rafinesque, FV. Ludovic. 538.

Sideroxylon tenax, Linnzus, Mant. 48 (1767). — Jacquin, Sclerocladus tenax, Rafinesque, Sylva Tellur. 35 (1838).
Coll. ii, 252. — Lamarck, Dict. i. 245; I71. ii. 42.— Swartz, Sclerozus tenax, Rafinesque, Aut. Bot. 73 (1840).

A tree, twenty to thirty feet in height, with a trunk occasionally five or six inches in diameter, and
straight spreading flexible tough branches unarmed or armed with straight stout rigid spines sometimes
half an inch long. The bark of the trunk is thick, brown tinged with red, and divided irregularly by
deep fissures into narrow flat reticulate ridges covered with minute appressed scales. The branchlets,
when they first appear, are coated with silky pale pubescence often tinged with red, which soon becomes
rusty brown and disappears before winter, when they are dark red and slightly roughened with occa-
sional minute dark lenticels. The winter-buds are minute, subglobose, and covered by imbricated ovate
scales, rounded at the apex and clothed with rusty brown tomentum. The leaves vary from oblanceolate-
spatulate to cuneate-obovate, and are rounded or acute and sometimes apiculate or emarginate at the
apex and wedge-shaped at the base; when they unfold they are coated with thick pale or light red
silky pubescence, and at maturity are thin and firm, dark dull green, glabrous, finely venulose-reticulate
on the upper surface, coated on the lower with soft silky golden ferrugineous pubescence, one to three
inches in length and one half to two thirds of an inch in breadth, with prominent midribs deeply
impressed on the upper side ; they are borne on slender hairy grooved petioles half an inch long, and
turn yellow and fall irregularly during the winter. The flowers, which appear from May in Florida to
July in North Carolina, are produced in many-flowered crowded fascicles from buds which at their first
appearance in the axils of the young leaves are coated with bright red pubescence ; they are an eighth
of an inch long, and are borne on pedicels an inch in length and coated with rufous silky pubescence, as
is also the narrowly ovate calyx with its oblong lobes. The appendages of the corolla are ovate, acute,
crenate, and shorter than the ovate staminodia, which are about equal to the lobes of the corolla in
length. The ovary is narrowly ovate and gradually contracted into an elongated style. The fruit
ripens and falls in the autumn ; it is oblong and varies from a third to half an inch in length.

Bumelia tenax grows in dry sandy soil in the neighborhood of the coast and is distributed from
North Carolina to Cape Canaveral and Cedar Keys, Florida.

The wood of Bumelia tenaz is heavy, hard, close-grained, and susceptible of receiving a beautiful
polish ; it contains numerous thin medullary rays and is light brown streaked with white, with lighter
colored sapwood. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.7293, a cubic foot weighing

45.45 pounds.

170 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. SAPOTACEE.

Bumelia tenax appears to have been discovered in South Carolina by Dr. Alexander Garden,’ who
sent it to Linneus ; according to Aiton,’ it was introduced into England in 1765. Occasionally found
in European gardens in the early years of this century, it has probably now disappeared from
cultivation.

1 See i. 40. 2 Aiton, Hort. Kew. i. 262 (Sideroxylon). — Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 1193, £. 1017.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Piate CCXLVI. BumeE.ia TENAX.

. A flowering branch, natural size.

Diagram of a flower.

. A flower, enlarged.

. A corolla displayed, enlarged.

A flower, two of the calyx-lobes and the corolla removed, enlarged.
A stamen, side views, enlarged.

. Vertical section of an ovary, enlarged.

. An ovule, much magnified.

OC OND oT FP wre

. A fruiting branch, natural size.
10. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.
11. A seed, enlarged.
12. An embryo, enlarged.
3. A winter branchlet, natural size.

Silva of North America Tab. CCXLVI.

CE Faxon del. Toulet- sc.

BUMELIA TENAX, Willd

A Ruocreua dea” Imp. Taneur , Paris.

SAPOTACE.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

171

BUMELIA LANUGINOSA.

Gum Elastic.

Chittim Wood.

Leaves oblong-obovate to cuneate-obovate, silky-pubescent on the lower surface.

Bumelia lanuginosa, Persoon, Syn. i. 237 (1805). — Pursh,
Fl. Am. Sept. i. 155. — Nuttall, Gen. i. 185. — Roemer
& Schultes, Syst. iv. 497. — Elliott, Sk. i. 288. — Don, Gen.
Syst. iv. 30.— A. de Candolle, Prodr. viii. 190. — Chap-
man, FV. 275. — Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. ii. 68. — Sargent,
Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 102. — Wat-
son & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 333. — Coulter, Contrib.
U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 256 (Man. Pl. W. Texas).

? Sideroxylon tenax, Walter, F7. Car. 100 (not Linnzus)
(1788).

Sideroxylon lanuginosum, Michaux, F?. Bor.-Am. i. 122

Chrysophyllum Ludovicianum, Rafinesque, Fl. Ludovic.
53 (1817).

? Bumelia . oblongifolia, Nuttall, Gen. i. 135 (1818) ;
Sylva, iii. 33. — Sprengel, Syst. i. 664.— Don, Gen.
Syst. iv. 30.— Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 1194. — Dietrich,
Syn. i. 621.— A. de Candolle, Prodr. viii. 190.

Bumelia arachnoidea, Rafinesque, New 7. iii. 28 (1836).

Bumelia tomentosa, A. de Candolle, Prodr. viii. 190
(1844).

Bumelia ferruginea, Nuttall, Sylva, iii. 34 (1849).

Bumelia arborea, Buckley, Proc. Phil. Acad. 1861, 461.

(1803). — Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, iii. 302.

A tree, sometimes fifty or sixty feet in height, with a tall straight trunk occasionally three feet in
diameter, short stout tough rigid branches, unarmed or armed with stout rigid straight or slightly
curved spines which frequently develop into spinescent leafy lateral branches, and slender often some-
what zigzag branchlets, forming a narrow oblong round-topped head; or much smaller in the region
east of the Mississippi River, where it rarely attaims the height of twenty feet. The bark of the
trunk is half an inch thick, dark gray-brown and usually divided by deep reticulate fissures into
narrow ridges which are broken into thick appressed scales. The branchlets, when they first appear,
are coated with thick rufous or pale tomentum, and in their first winter vary in color from red-brown to
ashy gray and are glabrous or nearly so, and marked with occasional minute lenticels and with the small
semiorbicular leaf-scars which display two clusters of fibro-vascular bundle-scars. The winter-buds are
obtuse, an eighth of an inch long, and covered with broadly ovate scales clothed with rufous tomentum.
The leaves are oblong-obovate to cuneate-obovate, rounded and often apiculate at the apex and gradually
narrowed at the base; when they unfold they are coated with pale or ferrugineous tomentum, which is
thick on the lower and loose on the upper surface, and at maturity they are thin and firm, dark green
and lustrous above, and covered below with loose dull and usually pale tomentum, which varies greatly
in amount and sometimes almost disappears. They vary from an inch to two inches and a half in
length and from one third to three quarters of an inch in width, and are borne on short slender hairy
petioles; they fall irregularly during the winter. The flowers are produced in summer in sixteen to
eighteen-flowered fascicles on hairy pedicels and are an eighth of an inch long. The calyx is ovate,
with ovate rounded lobes, coated on the outer surface with pale or ferrugineous tomentum, and rather
shorter than the tube of the corolla. The staminodia are ovate, acute, remotely and slightly denticulate,
and as long as the lobes of the corolla, which are furnished with ovate acute appendages. The ovary is
hirsute and abruptly contracted into a slender elongated style. The fruit is oblong or slightly obovate,
half an inch long, and borne on slender drooping stalks; it ripens and falls in the autumn.

Bumelia lanuginosa is distributed from southern Georgia and northern Florida to the shores of
Mobile Bay, Alabama, and from southern Illmois and southern Missouri through Arkansas and Texas
to the mountain slopes of Nuevo Leon. Nowhere common east of the Mississippi River, where it usually
grows in dry and rather sandy soil, it is very abundant and reaches its largest size on the rich river-

bottom lands of eastern Texas.

172 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. SAPOTACE.

The wood of Bumelia lanuginosa is heavy, rather soft, not strong, close-grained, with many thin
medullary rays, and is light brown or yellow, with thick lighter colored sapwood. The specific gravity
of the absolutely dry wood is 0.6544, a cubic foot weighing 40.78 pounds. In Texas it is sometimes
used in cabinet-making. The clear viscid gum which exudes in considerable quantities from the freshly
cut wood is used domestically.

Bumelia lanuginosa was first distinguished by the French botanist Michaux, who found it in
Georgia ; it was introduced into cultivation early in the present century and is still occasionally found
in European gardens.

In the region adjacent to the southern boundary of the United States, from western Texas and
Nuevo Leon to Arizona, a form’ occurs with more rigid spinescent branches and with thick coriaceous
leaves which vary from obovate to cuneate-oblanceolate, and are rather more than an inch in length and
a quarter of an inch in width; at maturity they are covered on the lower surface with sparse pale
tomentum or are nearly glabrous. It is a small tree eighteen to twenty-five feet in height, with a short
trunk covered with red-brown bark divided into long appressed ridge-like scales broken into minute
flakes, and inhabits dry gravelly mountain slopes in the neighborhood of streams.

The wood of Bumelia lanuginosa, var. rigida, is heavy, hard, and very close-grained, with thin
obscure medullary rays, and is a light rich brown or yellow, with thick lighter colored sapwood. The
specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.6603, a cubic foot weighing 41.15 pounds.

1 Bumelia lanuginosa, var. rigida, Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. ed. 2, Candolle) (1883).— Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census
ii. 68 (1886). U. S. ix. 102.
Bumelia spinosa, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xviii. 112 (not De

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Prate CCXLVII. Bumexia LANuGINosSA.

- Flowering branches of the typical and of the spinescent forms, natural size.
A flower, enlarged.

A flower, with the corolla displayed, enlarged.

Front and rear views of a stamen, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.

. A seed, natural size.

. An embryo, natural size.

OMONA MNP Wt Ee

. A winter branchlet, natural size.

Silva of North America Tab. CCXLVII

C.&.Fazxon del. Lovendal sc.

BUMELIA LANUGINOSA , Pers.

A. Riocreuw direx* . Imp. Rh. Taneur, Paris.

SAPOTACE.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 173

BUMELIA LYCIOIDES.

Ironwood. Buckthorn.

LEAVES oblanceolate to obovate-oblong, thin, finely venulose-reticulate.

Bumelia lycioides, Gaertner f. Fruct. iii. 127, t. 202
(1805). — Persoon, Syn. i. 237. — Willdenow, Enum.
249; Berl. Baumz. ed. 2, 68.—Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept.
i. 155.— Nuttall, Gen. i. 185; Sylva, iii. 31, t. 91. —
Roemer & Schultes, Syst. iv. 495.— Hayne, Dendr. Fl.
19. — Elliott, Sk. i. 287. — Sprengel, Syst. i. 664. — Don,
Gen. Syst. iv. 30. — Dietrich, Syn. i. 621. — Spach, Hist.
Vég. ix. 388. — A. de Candolle, Prodr. viii. 189. — Chap-
man, Fl. 275. — Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. ii. 68. — Hems-
ley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. ii. 298. — Sargent, Forest Trees

266-269. — Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 257
(Man. Pl. W. Texas).

Sideroxylon lycioides, Linnzus, Spec. ed. 2, 279 (1762). —

Wangenheim, Nordam. Holz. 117.— Lamarck, Dict. i.
246 ; Ill. ii. 42. — Willdenow, Spec. i. pt. ii. 1090. —
Michaux, 27. Bor.-Am. i. 122.— Du Mont de Courset,
Bot. Cult. ed. 2, iii. 301. — Jaume St. Hilaire, Flore et
Pomone, v. t. 481.

Sideroxylon decandrum, Linnzus, Mant. 48 (1767). —

Willdenow, Spec. i. pt. ii. 1091.

N. Am. 10th Census U.S. ix. 102. — Watson & Coulter, Sideroxylon leeve, Walter, £7. Car. 100 (1788).
Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 332. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. xi. 255, f.

A tree, twenty-five to thirty feet in height, with a short trunk rarely more than six inches in
diameter, stout flexible branches usually unarmed or furnished with short stout slightly curved spines
which occasionally develop into leafy spinescent branches, and short thick spur-like lateral branchlets.
The bark of the trunk is thin and light red-brown, the generally smooth surface being broken into
small thin persistent scales. The branchlets, when they first appear, are slightly puberulous but soon
become glabrous; in midsummer they are light red-brown, rather lustrous and marked by numerous
minute pale lenticels, and in their second year are dark or light brown tinged with red, or ashy gray.
The winter-buds are minute, obtuse, nearly immersed in the bark and covered with pale dark brown
glabrous scales. The leaves are oblanceolate to oblong-obovate, acute and rounded at the apex,
gradually narrowed at the base, bright green and glabrous on the upper surface, light green on the
lower surface, which is sometimes coated at first with pale pubescence, thin and rather firm, finely
venulose-reticulate, an inch and a half to four inches long and half an inch to an inch and a half
broad, with pale thin conspicuous midribs and primary veins rounded on the upper side; they are
borne on slender slightly grooved petioles half an inch in length and fall in the autumn. The flowers,
which appear in midsummer in crowded many-flowered fascicles, are borne on slender glabrous pedicels
half an inch long. The calyx is glabrous, ovate-campanulate, with rounded lobes, and rather shorter
than the corolla. The staminodia are broadly ovate and denticulate. The ovary is ovate, slightly
hairy toward the base only, and gradually contracted into a short thick style. The fruit, which ripens
and falls in the autumn, is ovoid or obovate and about two thirds of an inch long.

Bumelia lycioides, which selects low wet soil along the borders of swamps and streams, is distrib-
uted from the coast of Virginia and southern Illmois to Mosquito Inlet and the shores of the Caloosa
River in Florida, and through southern Missouri, Arkansas, and Texas to the valley of the Rio Concho.

The wood of Bumelia lycioides is heavy, hard, not strong, and close-grained, with numerous thin
medullary rays ; it is light brown or yellow, with thick lighter colored sapwood. The specific gravity of
the absolutely dry wood is 0.7467, a cubic foot weighing 46.53 pounds.

The earliest account of Bumelia lycioides, prepared from a plant grown in the Botanic Garden at
Leyden, was published by Boerhaave in 1720.1 According to Aiton? it was cultivated by Philip Miller

Sideroxilon spinosum, foliis deciduis ; sive Lycioides, Duhamel,
Traité des Arbres, iu. 260, t. 68.

2 Hort. Kew. i. 262 (Sideroxylon).— Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 1193,
f. 1016.

1 Arbor; folio Salicis viridi, alterno, splendente ; spinis longis,
alternis, ad alas foliorum, Ind. Alt. Hort. Ludg. Bat. ii. 263.
Lycioides, Linnzeus, Hort. Cliff. 488 (excl. hab.).

174 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. SAPOTACES.

in 1758 in the Physic Garden at Chelsea near London. It is still an occasional inhabitant of botanic

gardens.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puate CCXLVIII. Bumetia Lyciorwes.

ba

. A flowering branch, natural size.

. A flower, the corolla displayed, enlarged.

. Front and rear views of a stamen, enlarged.
An ovary divided transversely, enlarged.

. Vertical section of an ovary, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a fruit, slightly enlarged.
. A seed, slightly enlarged.

An embryo, slightly enlarged.

. A winter branchlet, natural size.

OOAD HP ww

e
7]

Silva of North America . Tab. CCXLVIII.

CE Faxon det. Homely se.

BUMELIA LYCIOIDES, Gertn. f

A RBiocreux crea? Imp. fe Taneur, Paris

SAPOTACES. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 175

BUMELIA ANGUSTIFOLIA.

Ants’ Wood. Downward Plum.

LEAVES spatulate or linear-oblanceolate to broadly obovate-cuneate, obtuse, coria-
ceous, obscurely venulose-reticulate.

Bumelia angustifolia, Nuttall, Sylva, iii. 38, t. 93 (1849). — Bumelia parvifolia, Chapman, 77.275 (not A. de Candolle)
Radlkofer, Sitz. Math.-Phys. Cl. Acad. Miinch. xiv. pt. (1865).
iil. 481. — Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. ed. 2, ii. 68.— Sargent, Bumelia cuneata, Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. ii. 68 (not
Garden and Forest, ii. 447. —- Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Swartz) (1878). — Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. ii.
Herb. ii. 257 (Man. Pl. W. Texas). 297.— Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S.

Bumelia reclinata, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 109 ix. 103.
(not Ventenat) (1859).

A tree, sometimes twenty feet in height, with a short trunk rarely exceeding six or eight inches in
diameter, graceful pendulous branches which form a compact round head, and rigid spinescent diverging
lateral branchlets often armed with acute slender spines sometimes an inch in length; or occasionally in
Texas a low shrub with spreading stems. The bark of the trunk varies from one third to one half of
an inch in thickness, and is gray tinged with red and deeply divided by longitudinal and cross fissures
into oblong or nearly square plates. The branchlets, when they first appear, are thickly coated with
loose pale or dark brown tomentum which soon disappears, and they become light brown tinged with
red or ashy gray. The winter-buds are ovate, acute, and coated with rufous tomentum. The leaves
are spatulate or linear-oblong, or sometimes broadly obovate-cuneate, rounded and occasionally emargi-
nate at the apex, gradually narrowed at the base, and entire, with slightly thickened and revolute
margins; they are glabrous, thick, and coriaceous, pale blue-green on the upper, and paler on the lower
surface, an inch to an inch and a half long and a quarter of an inch to an inch and a quarter wide,
with slender pale midribs and very obscure veins and veinlets; they are borne on petioles which are
rarely a quarter of an inch in length, and usually remain on the branches until the end of their second
winter. The flowers, which generally appear in October and November, barely exceed one sixteenth of
an inch in length, and are borne in few or many-flowered crowded fascicles on slender glabrous pedicels
seldom more than half an inch long. The calyx is glabrous and divided nearly to the base into narrow
ovate lobes rounded at the apex and half the length of the divisions of the corolla, which are furnished
with linear-lanceolate appendages as long as the ovate acute denticulate staminodia. The ovary is
narrowly ovate, slightly hairy at the very base only, and gradually contracted into an elongated style.
The fruit is oblong-oval and two thirds of an inch in length, with thick sweet flesh ; it hangs on a
slender drooping stem, usually only one fruit being developed from each fascicle of flowers, and ripens
in the spring.

In Florida Bumelia angustifolia is distributed on the east coast, where it is common, from the
shores of Indian River to the southern keys, and on the west coast, where it is much less abundant,
from Cedar Keys to Cape Romano, being most frequently found on rocky shores and in the interior of
low barren islands. It also inhabits the Bahama Islands,’ the valley of the Rio Grande below Laredo,
Texas, and Nuevo Leon.

The wood of Bumelia angustifolia is heavy, hard, although not strong, and very close-grained,
with a satiny surface susceptible of receiving a beautiful polish ; it contains many thin medullary rays,

1 Eggers, No. 4418 ; an unusually narrow-leaved form.

176 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. SAPOTACEZ.

and is light brown or orange-colored, with thick lighter colored sapwood. The specific gravity of the
absolutely dry wood is 0.7959, a cubic foot weighing 49.60 pounds.

Bumelia angustifolia was first discovered on Key West by Dr. J. L. Blodgett. In the valley of
the Rio Grande it was first collected near the city of Matamoras by Jean Louis Berlandier.’

1 See i. 82.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puate CCXLIX. Bumenisa ANGUSTIFOLIA.

. A flowering branch, natural size.

. A flower, enlarged.

Interior view of a corolla displayed, enlarged.

. Exterior view of a corolla displayed, enlarged.

. A flower, the corolla removed, with the ovary cut transversely, enlarged.
. Vertical section of an ovary, enlarged. |

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.

OMAHA P WDB

. A seed, slightly enlarged.

a
So

. An embryo, slightly enlarged.

Silva of North America. Tab. CCXLIX

CE Faxon del. Toulet. se.

BUMELIA ANGUSTIFOLIA | Nutt.

A. Riocreux dtrex © Imp. R.Taneur, Paris.

oer acEe SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 17

=]

DIPHOLIS.

FLowWERS perfect; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes in one series, imbricated in estivation,
persistent ; corolla gamopetalous, 5-lobed, the lobes furnished with lateral petal-like
appendages and staminodia, imbricated in estivation; stamens 5; disk 0; ovary supe-
rior, 5-celled; ovules solitary in each cell, ascending. Fruit a fleshy usually 1-celled
1-seeded berry. Leaves alternate, petiolate, coriaceous, persistent, destitute of stipules.

Dipholis, A. de Candolle, Prodr. viii. 188 (1844). Ben- Bumelia, Baillon, Hist. Pl. xi. 277 (in part) (1891).
tham & Hooker, Gen. ii. 660. — Engler & Prantl, Pflan-
zenfam. iv. pt. i. 145.

Glabrous or pubescent trees or shrubs, with terete unarmed branches and naked buds. Leaves
coriaceous, elliptical to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, short-petiolate, penniveined, the slender veins
arcuate and united near the margins, entire, lustrous, persistent. Flowers minute, short-pedicellate,
in many-flowered fascicles in the axils of existing leaves or from the leafless nodes of previous years.
Pedicels clavate, ebracteolate, from the axils of minute deciduous bracts. Calyx ovate, deeply five-lobed,
the lobes nearly equal, ovate, rounded at the apex. Corolla campanulate, short-tubed, hypogynous,
white, five-lobed, the spreading lobes furnished on each side at the base with exterior linear or
subulate appendages. Stamens five, inserted toward the base of the corolla-tube opposite its lobes,
exserted ; filaments filiform; anthers ovate or oblong-sagittate, attached on the back, extrorse, two-
celled, the cells opening longitudinally. Staminodia five, petaloid, ovate, acute, mostly erosely or
fimbriately cut on the margins, oblique, keeled on the back, inserted in the same rank and alternately
with the stamens. Ovary oblong or narrowly ovate, gradually contracted into a slender style shorter
than the corolla and stigmatic at the apiculate apex; ovules solitary in each cell, attached to an axile
placenta, ascending from near the bottom of the cell, anatropous ; raphe dorsal; micropyle inferior.
Fruit ovate or oblong, tipped with the remnants of the persistent style, mostly one-seeded ; pericarp
thin and fleshy. Seed ovate or subrotund ; testa thick, coriaceous, and lustrous ; hilum oblong, basilar
or slightly lateral. Embryo erect in thick fleshy albumen ; cotyledons ovate, flat, much longer than the
short terete radicle turned towards the hilum.

Dipholis, which differs chiefly from Sideroxylum in the presence of the exterior appendages to the
corolla-lobes and from Bumelia in the copious albumen of the seed, is West Indian’ and Floridian. Of
three species which are recognized, one inhabits southern Florida.

Dipholis produces strong hard wood, but is not known to be otherwise valuable.

The generic name, from dis and ois, relates to the appendages of the corolla.

1 A. de Candolle, Prodr. viii. 188. —Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 400.

SAPOTACES. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 179

DIPHOLIS SALICIFOLIA.
Bustic. Cassada.

FLOWER-CLUSTERS shorter than the petioles. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or obovate,
gradually contracted into slender petioles.

Dipholis salicifolia, A. de Candolle, Prodr. viii. 188 Oce. i. 491. — Willdenow, Spec. i. pt. ii. 1086 (excl. Side-
(1844). — Delessert, Icon. Select. v.17, t. 40. — Miquel, roxylum Mastichodendron).— Aiton, Hort. Kew. ed. 2,
Martius Fl. Brasil. vii. 45, t. 18. — Chapman, F7. 274. — ii. 13. — Roemer & Schultes, Syst. iv. 494. — Don, Gen.
Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. ii. 67.— Sargent, Forest Trees Syst. iv. 29. — Dietrich, Syn. i. 621.

N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 101. Sideroxylum salicifolium, Lamarck, Ji. ii. 42 (1793). —

Achras salicifolia, Linneus, Spec. ed. 2, 470 (1762). Gertner f. Fruct. iti. 124, t. 202.

Bumelia salicifolia, Swartz, Prodr. 50 (1788); Fl. Ind.

A tree, in Florida sometimes forty to fifty feet in height, with a straight trunk eighteen or twenty
inches in diameter, slender upright branches forming a narrow graceful head, and thin terete branchlets.
The bark of the trunk is a third of an inch thick and is broken into thick square plate-like brown scales
tinged with red. The branches, when they first appear, are coated with rufous pubescence, and later
become ashy gray or light brown tinged with red, and are marked by numerous circular pale lenticels
and by small elevated orbicular leaf-scars, displaying near the centre a compact cluster of fibro-vascular
bundle-scars. The leaves are oblong-lanceolate or narrowly obovate, acute, acuminate, or rounded at the
apex, gradually contracted at the base, and entire, with slightly thickened cartilaginous wavy margins ;
when they unfold they are thickly coated with lustrous rufous pubescence, and at maturity are thin and
firm, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, pale yellow-green on the lower, three to five inches
long, half an inch to an inch and a quarter broad, and glabrous or slightly puberulous on the lower side
of the narrow pale midribs, with inconspicuous veins, reticulate veinlets, and slender petioles varying
from half an inch to an inch in length; they appear in Florida in the spring and remain on the branches
between one and two years. The flowers, which open during March and April, are an eighth of an
inch long, and, produced in dense many-flowered fascicles crowded on the branchlets of the year or of
the previous year for a distance of eight or twelve inches, are borne on thick pedicels a quarter of an
inch long, coated with rufous pubescence and developed from the axils of ovate acute scarious bracts
barely a twelfth of an inch in length. The calyx is half the length of the corolla, its outer surface
being covered with rusty silky pubescence ; the linear acute exterior appendages of the corolla-lobes are
as long as the oval acute irregularly toothed staminodia, these being shorter than the stamens, which
are composed of slender filaments and oblong anthers. The ovary is narrowly ovate, glabrous, and
gradually contracted into a slender style shorter than the corolla and stigmatic at the apex. The
fruit, which is solitary or rarely clustered, is produced in Florida rather sparingly and ripens in the
autumn ; it is oblong or subglobose, black, and a quarter of an inch long, with thin dry flesh and a
single oblong seed. . . —

Dipholis salicifolia grows in Florida on the shores of Bay Biscayne, on rich hummock soil, with
the Mastic, the Live Oak, the Cuban Pine, the Palmetto, the Black Calabash, the Marlberry, the Gumbo
Limbo, and Eugenia Garberi, and on several of the southern keys, although here it is nowhere common.
It also inhabits the Bahamas! and many of the West Indian islands.”

The wood of Dipholis salicifolia is very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, and

. ° i 2 A. Richard, Fl. Cub. iii. 85, t. 54°. — Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W.
1 Bi k, Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard. iv. 104. . ’ ’ ’
ee a Ind. 401 ; Cat. Pl. Cub. 164.

180 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. SAPOTACES.

susceptible of receiving a beautiful polish ; it contains numerous large open ducts and obscure medul-
lary rays, and is dark brown or red, with thin sapwood composed of four or five layers of annual
growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.9316, a cubic foot weighing 58.06
pounds.

Dipholis salicifolia appears to have been discovered in Jamaica by Sir Hans Sloane, and the
earliest description of it is found in his Catalogue of Jamaica Plants, published in 1696." In Florida

it was detected by Dr. J. L. Blodgett.

1 Salicis folio lato splendente, arbor floribus parvis pallide luteis pen- Achras? Foliis oblongis nitidis utrinque productis, floribus confertis,

tapetalis & ramulorum lateribus confertim exeuntibus, 170; Nat. Hist. — fasciculis infra frondes sparsis, Browne, Nat. Hist. Jam. 201, t. 17,

Jam. ii. 98, t. 206, f. 2. f. 4.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puate CCL. DrrHouis saLiciFoia.
. A flowering branch, natural size.
Diagram of a flower.

A flower, enlarged.

A flower, with the corolla displayed, enlarged.
. Vertical section of an ovary, enlarged.
. An ovule, much magnified.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

- Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.

. A seed, enlarged.

. An embryo, much magnified.

CHAAAE WHE

_
on)

Silva of North America. Tab. CCL

CE Faxon del... ; | Rapune se.
DIPHOLIS SALICIFOLIA, A.DC.

A. Riocreux diren* Imp. R. Taneur , Paris.

SAPOTACES. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 181

MIMUSOPS.

FLowERS perfect; calyx 6 to 8-parted, the divisions in two series, those of the
exterior valvate in estivation, the others imbricated, persistent ; corolla gamopetalous,
6 to 8-lobed, the lobes imbricated or subcontorted in estivation and furnished at the
base with a pair of petal-like appendages and with scale-like or petaloid staminodia ;
stamens 6 to 8; disk 0; ovary superior, 6 to 8-celled; ovules solitary in each cell.

Fruit a globose, usually 1-seeded berry.

destitute of stipules.

Mimusops, Linneus, Amen. i. 397 (1749). — A. L. de Jus-
sieu, Gen. 152. — Meisner, Gen. 251.— Endlicher, Gen.
741. — Bentham & Hooker, Gen. ii. 661. — Hartog, Jour.
Bot. xvii. 358. — Engler & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. iv. pt. i.
150, f. 82. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. xi. 303 (in part).

Manilkara, Adanson, Fam. Pl. ii. 166 (1763).

Binectaria, Forskal, Fl. Agypt.-Arab. 82 (1775).

Stisseria, Scopoli, Introd. 199 (1777).

Imbricaria, A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. 152 (1789). — Meisner,

Leaves alternate, coriaceous, persistent,

Gen. 251. — Endlicher, Gen. 741. — Bentham & Hooker,
Gen. ii. 661.
? Phlebolithis, Gertner, Fruct. i. 201, t. 43, £. 2 (1788).
Synarrhena, Fischer & Meyer,‘ Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Péters-
bourg, viii. 255 (1841). — Endlicher, Gen. Suppl. iii. 81.
Delastrea, A. de Candolle, Prodr. viii. 195 (not Tulasne)
(1844).
Labramia, A. de Candolle, Prodr. viii. 672 (1844).
Hichleria, Hartog, Jour. Bot. xvi. 72 (not Progel) (1878).

Muriea, Hartog, Jour. Bot. xvi. 145 (1878).

Trees, or rarely shrubs, with stout terete unarmed branches, scaly buds, and sweet milky juice.
Leaves alternate, usually clustered at the ends of the branches, petiolate, penniveined, with slender
inconspicuous transverse veins and minutely reticulated veinlets, persistent. Flowers small, pedicellate
from leaf-bearing or older leafless nodes. Pedicels clavate, short or elongated, ebracteolate, produced
from the axils of minute deciduous bracts. Corolla

hypogynous, white, barely longer than the calyx, subrotate, usually dilated in the throat, the divisions

Calyx six to eight-lobed, the lobes in two series.

ovate-lanceolate, acute, entire or variously cut, each furnished at the base on either side with an exterior
petaloid appendage. Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla opposite its lobes; filaments short,
dilated, free, or united with the staminodia into a spreading tube; anthers lanceolate, attached on the
back below the middle, extrorsely or sublaterally dehiscent, two-celled, the cells opening longitudinally,
the connective excurrent, acute, or sometimes aristate at the apex. Staminodia as many as the lobes of
the corolla, scale-like or petaloid, entire, two-lobed or laciniate, inserted in the same rank and alter-
nately with the stamens. Ovary ovate, hirsute or puberulous, six to eight-celled, gradually narrowed
into a slender style stigmatic at the apex; ovules solitary, attached to an axile placenta projected from
the inner angle of the cell, subbasilar, ascending or horizontal, anatropous; raphe dorsal; micropyle
inferior. Fruit globose or slightly obovate, one or few-seeded by abortion, tipped with a thickened
persistent style, and surrounded at the base by the calyx; epicarp crustaceous, indurate ; endocarp thick
and fleshy. Seed oblong-ovate, slightly compressed; testa crustaceous or hard, chestnut-brown, lus-
trous; hilum elongated and lateral, or mmute and basilar. Embryo surrounded by thick fleshy albu-
men; cotyledons flat, thick, and fleshy, much longer than the short terete erect radicle.

Mimusops, with thirty or forty species,’ is widely distributed through the tropics of the two hemi-

1 A. de Candolle, Prodr. viii. 202. — Walpers, Rep. vi. 456 ; Ann.
iii. 18. — A. Richard, Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 22.—Sonder, Linnea,
xxiii. 74. — Miquel, Jartius Fl. Brasil. vii. 39; Fl. Ind. Bat.
i. 1042. —Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 400.— Bentham, Fl. Aus-

tral. iv. 284. — Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr. iii. 505, 508 (Imbricaria). —
Kurz, Forest Fl. Brit. Burm. ii. 122.— Baker, Fl. Maur. and
Seych. 194. — Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 548.— Engler, Bot. Jahrb.

mi. 523.

SAPOTACEZ.

182 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

spheres, a single species inhabiting the islands of southern Florida. Several species of Mimusops pro-
duce hard heavy timber, fragrant flowers, edible fruits, and valuable milky juices. d/imusops Balata,
the Bully-tree or Balata of the West Indies and Guiana, where it grows to the height of a hundred
feet and produces trunks six feet in diameter, is a valuable timber-tree ;° it yields a small deliciously
flavored fruit, and abundant sweet milky juice which is used as food by the natives of Guiana, and
in recent years has been imported into the United States and Europe in the form of an elastic ductile
gum, the balata of commerce? In India Mimusops hexandra* is often cultivated as a fruit-tree, and its
hard tough even grained wood is used in the construction of buildings, in turnery, and for gun-
stocks.» Mimusops Elengi,’ a native of southern India and Ceylon, is also cultivated in India and
Burmah for its fragrant star-shaped flowers, which are used in garlands, and for its edible fruit; oil is
pressed from its seeds, and its bark is used medicinally in native practice.’ Mimusops Kauki* of Bur-
mah, the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, and of Australia, is often cultivated in tropical countries as
a fruit-tree ;° and J/imusops parvifolia” of Australia exudes a thick milky edible sap with the taste of

fresh cream.

The significance of the generic name, from uiud and dic, given in allusion to the shape of the

corolla, is not apparent.

1 Gertner f. Fruct. iii. 133, t. 205 (1805). — A. de Candolle,
Prodr. viii. 206. — Miquel, Martius Fl. Brasil. vii. 44. — Beauvisage,
Origines Botaniques de la Gutta-Percha, 54.

Achras Balata, Aublet, Pl. Guian. i. 308 (1775).

? Mimusops globosa, Gertner f. J. c. 132, t. 205 (1805). — Grise-
bach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 400. ”

Sapota Mulleri, Bleekrod, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 4, vii. 225 (1857).

2 R. Schomburgk, A Description of British Guiana, 33. — Laslett,
Timber and Timber-trees, 160.

8 Balata-gum when dried resembles leather and is heavier than
water. Treated with sulphur it forms a vulcanized elastic supple
substance intermediate in its properties between gutta-percha and
India - rubber.
ployed for isolating telegraph wires ; its lack of durability when

When first introduced it was extensively em-

exposed to the air, however, lessens its value for this purpose, and
it is now little used except as an ingredient in chewing-gum, for
which purpose its sweetness and excellent masticatory qualities
make it valuable. To obtain the gum the coarse outer bark is
removed from the trees and a number of oblique insertions are
made in the inner bark to the height of about seven feet from
the ground ; a ring of clay wrapped around the base of the tree
collects the sap as it flows from the cuts. The quantity of sap
obtained from a tree varies from six to thirty ounces, which produce
from three quarters of a pound to a pound of the dried gum. This
process, it is said, does not injure the trees. They are often cut
down, however, and the sap extracted from wounds made along
the whole length of the trunks ; in this way as much as forty-five
pounds of dried gum have been obtained from a single tree, while

the average amount is eleven pounds. (See Bleekrod, 1. c. 220. —

Martius, Fl. Brasil. vii. 112. — Guibourt, Hist. Drog. ed. 7, ii. 600. —
Spons, Encyclopedia of the Industrial Arts, Manufactures, and Raw
Commercial Products, ii. 1635.— Jackson, Commercial Botany of
the Nineteenth Century, 33.)

4 Roxburgh, Pl. Corom. i. 16, t.15 (1795). — A. de Candolle, 1. c.
204. — Hooker f. Fil. Brit. Ind. iii. 549.

AMimusops Indica, A. de Candolle, J. c. 205 (1844). — Thwaites,

Enum. Pl. Zeylan. 175. — Brandis, Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 291.

5 Brandis, J. c.— Balfour, Timber-trees of India, ed. 2, 168 ; En-
cyclopedia of India, ed. 3, ii. 950.

* Linneeus, Spec. 349 (1753). — Roxburgh, J. c. 15, t. 14. — Gert-
ner, Fruct. i. 198, t. 42.— A. de Candolle, J. c. 202. —Thwaites,
l. c. — Brandis, J. c. 293. — Kurz, l. c.— Hooker f. 1. c. 548.

7 Beddome, Fl. Sylv. S. Ind. i. t. 40.— Balfour, 1. c. 167 ; 1. c.

8 Linneus, l. c. (1753). — R. Brown, Prodr. 531.— A. de Can-
dolle, 2. c. 203. — Miquel, Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 1042. — Hooker f. J. c.
549.

Mimusops dissecta, R. Brown, J. c. (1810).— Bot. Mag. lix. t.
3157. — A. de Candolle, 7. c. 204.

Mimusops Balota, Blume, Bidr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 673 (not Gert-
ner f.) (1825).

Mimusops Kauki, var. Browniana, A. de Candolle, J. c. 203
(1844).

Mimusops Hookeri, A. de Candolle, 1. c. 204 (1844).

Mimusops Browniana, Bentham, Fl. Austral. iv. 285 (1869).

® Brandis, 1. c.

10 R. Brown, /. c. (1810). — A. de Candolle, 1. c. 203. — Mueller,
Fragm. Phyt. Austral. v. 160. — Bentham, I. c.

1 Maiden, Useful Native Plants of Australia, 45.

SAPOTACES. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 183

MIMUSOPS SIEBERI.
Wild Dilly.

STAMINODIA scale-like, triangular, entire. Leaves elliptical-oblong or slightly obovate,
retuse.

Mimusops Sieberi, A. de Candolle, Prodr. viii. 204 (1844). Mimusops dissecta, Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 400 (in

— Chapman, FV. 275. — Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. ii. 69. — part) (1864).

Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. 8. ix. 103. Achras Bahamensis, Baker, Hooker Icon. xviii. t. 1795
Achras Zapotilla, var. parviflora, Nuttall, Sylva, iii. 28, t. (1888).

90 (1849). Mimusops Floridana, Engler, Bot. Jahrb. xii. 524 (1890).

A tree, in Florida rarely more than thirty feet in height, with a short gnarled trunk twelve or
fifteen inches in diameter, usually hollow and defective, and stout branches and branchlets which form
a compact round head. The bark of the trunk is a quarter of an inch thick, and is irregularly divided
by deep fissures into ridges rounded on the back and broken into small nearly square plates. The
branchlets, which are clustered at the ends of the branches of the previous year, are coated, when they
first appear, with dark rufous pubescence, and at the end of a few weeks are glabrous, or nearly so,
and light orange-brown ; in their second year they are stout, covered with thick ashy gray or light red-
dish brown scaly bark, and marked by the elevated obcordate leaf-scars, which display three large dark
conspicuous fibro-vascular bundle-scars. The buds are ovate, acute, and covered with dark rusty brown
tomentum. The leaves, which are clustered at the ends of the branchlets, are involute in vernation,
elliptical-oblong or occasionally slightly obovate, rounded and retuse at the apex, rounded or wedge-
shaped at the base, and entire, with slightly thickened revolute margins; when they unfold they are
bright red and slightly puberulous on the under surface of the midribs, and at maturity are thick and
coriaceous, bright green and lustrous, covered on the upper surface with a slight glaucous bloom, con-
spicuously reticulate-venulose, three to four inches long and an inch to an inch and a half broad, with
stout midribs glabrous or puberulous with rusty hairs below and deeply impressed above ; they are borne
on slender grooved petioles from half an inch to an inch in length and usually covered with rusty
pubescence, especially while young, and, appearing in Florida in April and May, fall during their
second year. The flowers, which open in the spring, are borne on slender pedicels, coated with rusty
tomentum, an inch or more long, and produced at the ends of the branches from the axils of leaves of
the previous year, or from those of leaves two years old which have fallen. The flower-buds are ovate,
rounded at the apex, and clothed with rusty tomentum. The calyx is narrowly ovate, and divided
nearly to the bottom into six lobes; the lobes of the outer row are lanceolate, acute, covered on the outer
surface with rusty brown tomentum and on the inner with pale pubescence, and thickened at the base,
where they are usually marked on the outer surface with a black spot; those of the inner row are
ovate, acute, keeled towards the base, light greenish yellow and covered with pale pubescence. The
corolla is light yellow, tinged with green, and two thirds of an inch across when expanded, with six
spreading lanceolate acute divisions, entire, or erosely toothed towards the apex, and furnished at the
base on each side with a slender acute appendage one half or two thirds of their length. The stamino-
dia are minute, nearly triangular, entire, and free from the stamens. The ovary is narrowly ovate, dark
red, puberulous toward the base with pale hairs, and gradually narrowed into an elongated exserted
style stigmatic at the apex. The fruit is subglobose or slightly obovate, flattened and compressed at the
apex, surrounded at the base by the remnants of the persistent calyx with its reflexed lobes, and

184. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. SAPOTACES.

crowned by the thickened persistent style; it is an inch or an inch and a half in diameter, and is
borne on a stout erect stem an inch or more long, and, ripening at the end of a year in the spring or
early autumn, is still on the branches when the tree is again in flower; the fruit is usually one-seeded
by abortion, and is covered with a thick dry outer coat, roughened with minute, russet-brown scales,
and inclosing the thick spongy flesh filled with milky juice. The seed is half an inch long, with an
elongated lateral hilum. The fruit is devoured by many birds and other animals.

The wood of Mimusops Siebert is very heavy, hard, strong, and close-grained, with numerous
obscure medullary rays. It is rich very dark brown, with lighter colored sapwood. The specific gravity
of the absolutely dry wood is 1.0838, a cubic foot weighing 67.54 pounds.

Mimusops Siebert is found in Florida only on the southern keys, where it is not uncommon ; it
also inhabits the Bahamas,’ and probably many of the other West Indian islands.

The specific name commemorates the scientific labors of F. W. Sieber,’ the botanical traveler and
collector, who found this tree on the island of Trinidad.

The Wild Dilly was discovered on the Bahama Islands by Mark Catesby, who published the earliest
description of it in his Natural History of Carolina’

1 Hitchcock, Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard. iv. 104. Europe with plants collected in the Orient and in a journey round
2 Franz Wilhelm Sieber (1785-1844), a native of Prague and by the world which he made in 1822-24.
profession an apothecary, who enriched the principal herbaria of 8 Anona foliis Laurinis, in summitate incisis ; fructu compresso

scabre fusco, in medio acumine longo, ii. 87, t. 87.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puate CCLI. Munusors Sieperi.
A flowering and fruiting branch, natural size.
. Diagram of a flower.
A flower, enlarged.
Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
. An ovule, much magnified.
Cross section of a fruit, showing the seed, natural size.
. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.
A seed, natural size.

OWHAAMAR WH

. An embryo, enlarged.

Silva of North America. Tab. hee

CE. Faxon del. Himely se.
MIMUSOPS SIEBERI, A.DCG

A. Biocreux. derex. & Lip. Taneur, Paris

INDEX TO VOL. V.

Names of Orders are in SMALL CAPITALS; of admitted Genera and Species and other proper names, in roman type;

Achras Eahamensis, 183.

Achras Balata, 182.

Achras costata, 163.

Achras pallida, 165.

Achras salicifolia, 179.

Achras Zapotilla, var. parviflora, 183.

Acmena, 39.

Adamaram, 19.

? Adnaria, 115.

Ecidium Sambuci, 87.

? 4Egialea, 129.

A gathisanthes, 73.

A gathisanthes Javanica, 73.

Almond-tree, Indian, 20.

Altingia Chinensis, medical uses of, 8.

Anamomis, 31.

Anamomis dichotoma, 32.

Anamomis esculenta, 31.

Anamomis punctata, 32.

Andromeda, 129.

Andromeda, 133.

Andromeda arborea, 135.

Andromeda arborescens, 135.

Andromeda elliptica, 130.

Andromeda ferruginea, 131.

Andromeda ferruginea, var. arborescens,
132.

Andromeda ferruginea, var. fruticosa, 132.

Andromeda, fungal enemies of, 130.

Andromeda glaucophylla, 130.

Andromeda Mariana, 130.

Andromeda ovalifolia, 130.

Andromeda polifolia, 130.

Andromeda pulchella, 130.

Andromeda rhomboidalis, 132.

Andromeda rigida, 132.

Andromeda rosmarinifolia, 130.

Anthodendron, 143.

Anthodendron flavum, 145, 146.

Antispila cornifoliella, 65.

Antispila nyssefoliella, 74.

Ants’ Wood, 175.

Aphis Viburni, 94.

Apple, Rose, 41.

Aralia, 57.

Aralia Californica, 57.

Aralia canescens, 60.

Aralia Chinensis, 60.

Aralia cordata, 58.

Aralia Decaisneana, 60.

Aralia edulis, 58.

Aralia elata, 60.

Aralia hispida, 58.

Aralia humilis, 57.

Aralia hypoleuca, 58.

Aralia Leroana, 60.

of synonyms, in italics.

Aralia Mandshurica, 60.

Aralia nudicaulis, 58.

Aralia Planchoniana, 60.

Aralia quinquefolia, 58.

Aralia racemosa, 58.

Aralia racemosa, 57.

Aralia racemosa, var. occidentalis, 57.
Aralia spinosa, 59.

Aralia spinosa, 60.

Aralia spinosa, 8., 59.

Aralia spinosa, var. canescens, 60.
Aralia spinosa, var. Chinensis, 60.
Aralia spinosa, var. elata, 60.
Aralia spinosa, var. glabrescens, 60.
ARALIACEA, 57.

Arbutus, 121.

Arbutus Andrachne, 122.
Arbutus Andrachne, fruit of, 121.
Arbutus Arizonica, 127.

Arbutus integrifolia, 122.

Arbutus laurifolia, 123, 125.

? Arbutus macrophylla, 125.
Arbutus Menziesii, 123.

Arbutus Menziesii, 125, 127.
Arbutus mollis, 125.

? Arbutus obtusifolius, 119.
Arbutus procera, 123.

Arbutus prunifolia, 125.

Arbutus serratifolia, 122.

Arbutus Texana, 125.

Arbutus Unedo, 121.

Arbutus Unedo, fruit of, 121.
Arbutus varians, 125.

Arbutus Xalapensis, 125.

Arbutus Xalapensis, 127.

Arbutus Xalapensis, var. Arizonica, 127.
Arbutus Xalapensis, var. Texana, 125.

Ardisia, 151.

Ardisia Pickeringia, 153.
Azalea, 144.

Azalea, 143.

Azalea arborescens, 146.
Azalea bicolor, 146.

Azalea calendulacea, 146.
Azalea canescens, 146.
Azalea fragrans, 146.
Azalea Indica, 146.

Azalea Japonica, 146.
Azalea Lapponica, 144.

? Azalea lutea, 146.

Azalea mollis, 146.

Azalea nudifiora, 146.
Azalea occidentalis, 146.
Azalea periclymenoides, 146.
Azalea Pontica, 145.
Azalea Pontica, var. Sinensis, 146

Azalea Sinensis, 146.
Azalea viscosa, 146.
Azaleas, Ghent, 146.
Azaleas, Indian, 146.
Azaleastrum, 144.

Badamia, 19.

Balata, 182.

Balata-gum, 182.

Balm, copalm, 8.
Batodendron, 115.
Batodendron, 115.
Batodendron arboreum, 119.
Bay, Rose, 148.

Beleric myrobalans, 20.
Benthamia, 63.

Benthamia fragifera, 64.
Benthamia Japonica, 64.
Benthamidia, 63.
Benthamidia florida, 66.
Berry, Miraculous, 164.
Bilberries, 116.

Bilsted, 10.

Binectaria, 181.

Black Gum, 77.

Black Haw, 99.

Black Olive Tree, 21.

Black Plum-tree, 41.
Bladhia, 151.

Bladhia paniculata, 153.
Blueberries, 116.

Blueberry, High-bush, 117.
Bonellia, 155.

Bucida, 19.

Bucida angustifolia, 21.
Bucida Buceras, 21, 29.
Bucida Buceras, var. angustifolia, 21.
Buckthorn, 173.

Bully Tree, 182.

Bumelia, 167.

Bumelia, 177.

Bumelia angustifolia, 175.
Bumelia arachnoidea, 171.
Bumelia arborea, 171.
Bumelia chrysophylloides, 169.
Bumelia cuneata, 175.
Bumelia dulcifica, 164.
Bumelia ferruginea, 171.
Bumelia feetidissima, 165.
Bumelia lanuginosa, 171.
Bumelia lanuginosa, var. rigida, 172.
Bumelia lycioides, 173.
Bumelia lycioides, var. reclinata, 168.
Bumelia Mastichodendron,*165.
? Bumelia oblongifolia, 171.
Bumelia pallida, 165.

186

Bumelia parvifolia, 175.
Bumelia reclinata, 168.
Bumelia reclinata, 175.
Bumelia salicifolia, 165, 179.
Bumelia spinosa, 172.
Bumelia tenax, 169.
Bumelia tomentosa, 171.
Bustic, 179.

Buttonwood, 24.
Buttonwood, White, 29.

CacTAcEé, 51.

Cactus hexagonus, 52.

Cactus Peruvianus, 52.

Cadamba, 111.

Cadamba jasminiflora, 112.

Cainito, 159.

Cainito pomiferum, 160.

Calico Bush, 140.

Calyptranthes, 35.

Calyptranthes aromatica, 35.

Calyptranthes Chytraculia, 36.

Calyptranthes Chytraculia, a., genuina, 36.

Calyptranthes Chytraculia, @., ovalis, 36.

Calyptranthes Chytraculia, ., trichotoma,
36.

Calyptranthes Chytraculia, 6., pauciflora,
36.

Calyptranthes Chytraculia, «, Zuzygium,
36.

Calyptranthes Jambolana, 41.

Calyptranthes obscura, 35.

Calyptranthes paniculata, 35.

Calyptranthes Schiedeana, 35.

Calyptranthes Schlechtendaliana, 35.

Calyptranthes Zuzygium, 36.

Calyptranthus, 35.

CAPRIFOLIACES, 85.

Carden, 52.

Caryophyllus, 39.

Caryophylius aromaticus, 40.

Cassada, 179.

Catappa, 19.

Catastega hamameliella, 2.

Catawbiense Rhododendrons, 146, 147.

Catinga, 39.

Cavinium, 115.

Cecropia moth, 9.

Cephalocereus, 51.

Cephalophorus, 51.

Ceratostachys, 73.

Ceratostachys arborea, 73.

Cercospora Hamamelidis, 2.

Cereus, 51.

Cereus giganteus, 53.

Cereus Pecten-aboriginum, 52.

Cereus Peruvianus, 52.

Cereus Pringlei, 52.

Cerocarpus, 39.

? Cherophyllum arborescens, 59.

Chebulic myrobalans, 20.

Cherry, 153.

Cherry, Surinam, 41.

Chicharronia, 19.

Chinese Liquidambar, 8.

Chionaspis Nysse, 74.

Chittim Wood, 171.

Choniastrum, 144.

Chrysophyllum, 159.

Chrysophyllum Cainito, 160.

Chrysophyllum Cainito, 161.

Chrysophyllum Carolinense, 169.

Chrysophyllum ferrugineum, 161.

Chrysophyllum Ludovicianum, 171.

INDEX.

Chrysophyllum microphyllum, 161.

Chrysophyllum monopyrenum, 161.

Chrysophyllum oliviforme, 161.

Chrysophyllum oliviforme, var. monopyrenum,
161.

Chrysophyllum Roxburghii, 160.

Chii-ling, 8.

Chuncoa, 19.

Chytralia, 35.

Cinchona Caribea, 105.

Cinchona Caroliniana, 109.

Cinchona floribunda, 103.

Cinchona Jamaicensis, 105.

Cinchona Luciana, 103.

Cinchona montana, 103.

Cinctosandra, 116.

Clavimyrtus, 39.

Cleistocalyz, 39.

Cloves, 40.

Cloves, oil of, 41.

Clove-stalks, 41.

Clove-tree, 40.

Clove-tree, cultivation of, 40.

Coleophora cornella, 65.

Coleophora viburniella, 94.

Coleosporium Viburni, 94.

CoMBRETACE, 19.

Conocarpus, 23

Conocarpus acutifolia, 24.

Conocarpus erecta, 24.

Conocarpus erecta, var. arborea, 24.

Conocarpus erecta, var. procumbens, 24.

Conocarpus erecta, var. sericea, 24.

Conocarpus procumbens, 24.

Conocarpus racemosa, 29.

Copalm balm, 8.

CoRNACE4, 63.

Cornus, 63.

2 Cornus alba, 64.

Cornus alterna, 71.

Cornus alternifolia, 71.

Cornus Amomum, 64.

Cornus australis, 64.

Cornus brachypoda, 64.

Cornus capitata, 64.

? Cornus cerulea, 64.

Cornus crispula, 64.

Cornus cyanocarpa, 64.

Cornus florida, 66.

Cornus florida, 69.

Cornus florida, pendulous variety, 68.

Cornus florida, red-bracted variety, 68.

Cornus, fungal enemies of, 65.

Cornus, insect enemies of, 65.

Cornus Kousa, 64.

Cornus lanuginosa, 64.

Cornus macrophylla, 64.

Cornus mas, 64.

Cornus Nuttallii, 69.

Cornus obliqua, 64.

Cornus officinalis, 64.

? Cornus polygama, 64.

Cornus punctata, 71.

Cornus riparia, 71.

Cornus riparia, var. rugosa, 71.

Cornus rotundifolia, 71.

? Cornus rubiginosa, 64.

Cornus sanguinea, 64.

Cornus sericea, 64.

Cornus undulata, 71.

Cortex thymiamatis, 8.

Cotton Gum, 83.

Cranberries, 116.

Cranberry, cultivation of the, 116.

Cyanococeus, 115.
Cynoxylon, 63.
Cyrilla paniculata, 153.

Daphniphyllopsis capitata, 73.
Deerberry, 117.

Delastrea, 181.

Dilly, Wild, 183.
Dimerosporium pulchrum, 65.
Dimorphanthus, 57.
Dimorphanthus elatus, 60.
Dimorphanthus Mandshuricus, 60.
Dipholis, 177.

Dipholis salicifolia, 179.
Disterigma, 116.

Dogwood, 69, 71.

Dogwood, Flowering, 66.
Donkelaaria, 111.

Downward Plum, 175.

Echinocereus, 51.
Echinocereus, 51.
Echinonyctanthus, 51.
Echinopsis, 51.

Echinopsis, 51.

Eichleria, 181.

Elder, 88, 91.

Epigynium, 116.
Epigynium, 115.
ERICACE#, 115.
Euandromeda, 129.
Euaralia, 57.

Eucereus, 51.

Eugenia, 39.

Eugenia, aromatica, 40.
Eugenia axillaris, 45.
Eugenia Baruensis, 47.
Eugenia buxifolia, 43.
Eugenia caryophyllata, 40.
Eugenia ? dichotoma, 32.
Eugenia esculenta, 31.
Eugenia fragrans, 32.
Eugenia Garberi, 49.
Eugenia Jambolana, 41.
Eugenia Jambos, 41.
Eugenia longipes, 40.
Eugenia Micheli, 41.
Eugenia Monticola, 45.
Eugenia Moorei, 41.
Eugenia myrtoides, 43.
Eugenia pallens, 36.
Eugenia Parkeriana, 41.
Eugenia procera, 47.
Eugenia procera, 49.
Eugenia triplinervia, 45.
Eugenia triplinervia, y., buxifolia, 43.
Eugenia uniflora, 41.
Eugenia? Willdenowu, 41.
Eugenia Zeylanica, 41.
Eukrania, 63.
Eurhododendron, 143.
Euvaccinium, 115.

Everyx cherilus, 74.
Exobasidium Andromede, 130.
Exobasidium Azalex, 147.
Exobasidium discoideum, 147.
Exobasidium Vaccinii, 117.
Exostema, 103.

Exostema Caribeum, 105.
Exostema floribundum, 103.

Fairchild, Thomas, 68.
Fall Web-worm, 9.
Farkleberry, 119.

Fatrea, 19.

Flowering Dogwood, 66.

Fungal enemies of Andromeda, 130.
Fungal enemies of Cornus, 65.
Fungal enemies of Hamamelis, 2.

Fungal enemies of Liquidambar Styraci-

flua, 9.
Fungal enemies of Nyssa, 74.
Fungal enemies of Rhododendron, 147.
Fungal enemies of Sambucus, 86.
Fungal enemies of Vaccinium, 117.
Fungal enemies of Viburnum, 94.

Gelpkea, 39.

Georgia Bark, 109.
Ghent Azaleas, 146.
Gimbernatia, 19.

Ginseng, 57.

Ginseng, American, 58.
Ginseng, Chinese, 58.
Ginseng quinquefolium, 58.
Glenospora Curtisii, 74.
Gracilaria superbifrontella, 2.
Great Laurel, 148.
Greggia, 39.

Guapurium, 39.

Guettard, Jean Etienne, 112.
Guettarda, 111.
Guettarda, 111.

Guettarda ambigua, 112.
Guettarda Blodgettit, 113.
Guettarda elliptica, 113.
Guettarda Havanensis, 112.
Guettarda hirsuta, 111.
Guettarda rugosa, 112.
Guettarda scabra, 112.
Guettarda speciosa, 111.
Gum, Black, 77.

Gum, Cotton, 83.

Gum Elastic, 171.

Gun, Red, 12.

Gum, Sour, 77.

Gum, Star-leaved, 12.
Gum, Sweet, 10.

Gum, Tupelo, 83.
Gurgeon Stopper, 43.

Halesia, 111.

Halisidota Carye, 2.
HAMAMELIDES, 1.

Hamamelis, 1.

Hamamelis androgyna, 3.
Hamamelis arborea, 2.
Hamamelis corylifolia, 3.
Hamamelis dioica, 3.
Hamamelis, fungal enemies of, 2.
Hamamelis, insect enemies of, 2.
Hamamelis Japonica, 2.
Hamamelis macrophylla, 3.
Hamamelis mollis, 2.

Hamamelis parvifolia, 3.
Hamamelis Virginiana, 3.

Hamamelis Virginiana, discharge of seeds

of, 2.

Hamamelis Virginiana, var. Japonica, 2.
Hamamelis Virginiana, var. parvifolia, 3.

Hamamelis Zuccariniana, 2.
Harpiphorus varianus, 65.
Haw, Black, 99.

Hazel, Witch, 3.

Hercules’ Club, 59.
Hexachlamys, 39. -
High-bush Blueberry, 117.
? Horau, 27.

INDEX.

Hormaphis Hamamelidis, 2.
Hormaphis spinosus, 2.
Hudsonia, 19.

Hyphantria cunea, 9, 94.

Icacorea, 151.

Icacorea paniculata, 153.

Ilex daphnephylloides, 73.
Imbricaria, 181.

Indian Almond-tree, 20.

Indian Azaleas, 146.

Insect enemies of Cornus, 65.
Insect enemies of Hamamelis, 2.

Insect enemies of Liquidambar Styraciflua, 9.

Insect enemies of Nyssa, 74.
Insect enemies of Viburnum, 94.
Ironwood, 169, 173.

Ivy, 140.

Jacquin, Nicolaus Joseph, 155.
Jacquinia, 155.

Jacquinia arborea, 157.

Jacquinia armillaris, 157.
Jacquinia armillaris, 8., arborea, 157.
Jacquinia armillaris, fruits of, 155.
Jambos, 39.

Jambosa, 39.

Jambosa vulgaris, 41.

Jasminum hirsutum, 112.

Javanese Rhododendrons, 146, 147.
Joe Wood, 157.

Jossinia, 39.

Kalmia, 137.

Kalmia angustifolia, 138.

Kalmia ericoides, 137.

Kalmia glauca, 137.

Kalmia latifolia, 139.

Kalmia latifolia, fertilization of, 137.

Kalmia latifolia, monstrous form of, 140.

Kalnia polifolia, 137.
Keysia, 144.
Kinnikinnie, 64.
Kniphofia, 19.

Labramia, 181.
Laguncularia, 27.
Laguncularia glabrifolia, 29.
Laguncularia racemosa, 29.
Laugeria, 111.

Laugieria, 111.

Laugieria hirsuta, 112.
Laurel, 139.

Laurel, Great, 148.

Laurel, Mountain, 139.
Laurustinus, 94.

Leea spinosa, 60.

Lentago, 93.

Lentago, 93.

Le Page du Pratz, 17.
Lepidocereus, 51.
Leptothamnia, 116.
Leucothoe Mariana, 130.
Lime, Ogeechee, 79.
Liquidambar, 7, 8.
Liquidambar acerifolia, 8.
Liquidambar Californicum, 7.
Liquidambar, Chinese, 8.
Liquidambar Formosana, 8.

Liquidambar Formosana, corky excrescences

of, 8.
Liquidambar Formosana, resin of, 8.
Liquidambar imberbe, 7.
Liquidambar macrophylla, 10.

187

Liquidambar Maximowiczii, 8.

Liquidambar, Oriental, 7.

Liquidambar orientalis, 7, 8.

Liquidambar protensium, 7.

Liquidambar, species, 8.

Liquidambar Styraciflua, 10.

Liquidambar Styraciflua, fungal enemies of,
9.

Liquidambar Styraciflua, insect enemies of,
9.

Liquidambar Styraciflua, medical uses of, 8.

Liquidambar Styraciflua, var. Mexicana, 10.

Liquidambar Styraciflua, resin of, 8.

Liquidamber, 12.

Liquid storax, 8.

Luna moth, 9.

Lyon, John, 80.

Lyonia, 80, 130.

Lyonia, 129.

Lyonia arborea, 135.

Lyonia ferruginea, 131.

Lyonia Mariana, 130.

Lyonia rhomboidalis, 132.

Lyonia rigida, 132.

Macromyrtus, 39.
Macropelma, 116.
Madrofia, 123, 125, 127.
Mangle, 13.

Mangrove, 15.

Mangrove, White, 29.
Manilkara, 181.
Marcgravia, 24.

Margegraf, Georg, 24.
Marlberry, 153.

Massaria Corni, 95.

Mastic, 165.

Matthiola, 111.

Matthiola scabra, 112.

May apples, 147.
Melampsora Geppertiana, 117.
Melampsora Vacciniorum, 117.
Metagonia, 115.

Metagonia ovata, 117.
Microjambosa, 39.
Microsphera Alni, 65, 95.
Microsphera Vaccinii, 117.
Microtinus, 93.

Microtinus, 93.

Mimusops, 181.

Mimusops Balata, 182.
Mimusops Balota, 182.
Mimusops Browniana, 182.
Mimusops dissecta, 182, 183.
Mimusops, economic properties of, 182.
Mimusops Elengi, 182.
Mimusops Floridana, 183.

? Mimusops globosa, 182.
Mimusops hexandra, 182.
Mimusops Hookeri, 182.
Mimusops Indica, 182.
Mimusops Kauki, 182.
Mimusops Kauki, var. Browniana, 182.
Mimusops parviflora, 182.
Mimusops Sieberi, 183.
Miraculous Berry, 164.
Mother-cloves, 41.
Mountain Laurel, 139.
Muriea, 181.

Myrcia? Balbisiana, 32.
Myrciaria, 39.

Myrobalans, 20.
Myrobalans, beleric, 20.
Myrobalans, chebulic, 20.

188

Myrobalanus, 19.
MYRSINEACE#, 151.
MyRrtTAceE&, 31.

Myrtus, 31.

Myrtus axillaris, 43.
Myrtus, Brasiliana, 41.
Myrtus buzxifolia, 43.
Myrtus Caryophyllus, 40.
Myrtus Chytraculia, 36.
Myrtus dichotoma, 32.
Myrtus Jambos, 41.
Myrtus Monticola, 45.
Myrtus Poitreti, 43.
Myrtus procera, 47.
Myrtus Willdenowii, 41.
Myrtus Zuzygium, 36.
Myxosporium nitidum, 65.

Naked Wood, 32.
Nannyberry, 96.

Nepticula nysseella, 74.
Neurodesia, 116.

Nyctanthes hirsuta, 111.
Nycterisition, 159.

Nyssa, 73.

Nyssa angulisans, 83.

Nyssa angulosa, 83.

Nyssa aquatica, 83.

Nyssa aquatica, 75, 76, 83.
Nyssa arborea, 73.

Nyssa biflora, 76.

Nyssa Canadensis, 75.

Nyssa candicans, 79.

Nyssa candicans, var. grandidentata, 83.
Nyssa capitata, 79.

Nyssa Caroliniana, 75.
Nyssa coccinea, 79.

Nyssa denticulata, 83.

Nyssa, fungal enemies of, 74.
Nyssa grandidentata, 83.
Nyssa, insect enemies of, 74.
Nyssa integrifolia, 75.

Nyssa montana, 79.

Nyssa multiflora, 75.

Nyssa multiflora, var. sylvatica, 75.
Nyssa Ogeche, 79.

Nyssa palustris, 83.

Nyssa sessiliflora, 73.

Nyssa sylvatica, 75.

Nyssa sylvatica, var. biflora, 76.
Nyssa tomentosa, 79, 83.
Nyssa uniflora, 83.

Nyssa villosa, 75.

Ogeechee Lime, 79.

Oil of cloves, 41.

Olive-tree, Black, 21.

Olynthia, 39.

Opa, 39.

Opulus, 93.

Opulus, 93.

Oreinotinus, 93.

Oreinotinus, 93.

Oriental Liquidambar, 7.

Osmothamnus, 143.

Osmothamnus, 143.

Oxycoccin, 117.

Oxycoccus, 116.

Oxycoccus, 115.

Oxycoccus macrocarpus, 116.

Oxycoccus palustris, 116.

Oxycoccus palustris, var. (?) macrocarpus,
116.

Oxycoccus vulgaris, 116.

INDEX.

Oxydendrum, 133.
Oxydendrum arboreum, 135.

Pamea, 19.

Panax Americanum, 58.
Panax Ginseng, 58.

Panax quinquefolium, 58.
Pentaptera, 19.
Pepperidge, 75.

? Phiebolithis, 181.
Phyllactinia guttata, 65.
Phyllocalyx, 39.
Phyllocnistis liquidambarisella, 9.
Phyllosticta Hamamelidis, 2.
Phyllosticta Saccardoi, 147.
Phyteuma, 85.

Pickeringia paniculata, 153.
Picrococcus, 115.
Picrococcus elevatus, 117.
Picrococcus Floridanus, 117.
Picrococcus stamineus, 117.
Pieridia, 129.

Pieris, 130.

Pieris, 129.

Pieris ovalifolia, 130.

Pigs’ tubers, 8.

Pilocereus, 51.

Pilocereus, 51.

Pilocereus Engelmanni, 53.
Pilocereus giganteus, 53.
Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth, 108.
Pinckneya, 107.

Pinckneya pubens, 109.
Pinckneya pubescens, 109.
Plinia, 39.

Plinia pedunculata, 41.
Plinia rubra, 41.

Plum, Downward, 175.
Plum-tree, Black, 41.
Podosphera biuncinata, 2.
Polyphemus moth, 9.
Pond’s Extract, 4.

Portuna, 130.

Portuna, 129.

Pratz, Le Page du, 17.
Prince Wood, 105.
Promethea moth, 9.
Puccinia Linkii, 94.

Pyrgus, 151.

Ramularia Hamamelidis, 2.

Red Gum, 12.

Red Stopper, 49.

Resin of Liquidambar Formosana, 8.
Resin of Liquidambar Styraciflua, 8.
Rhizophora, 13.

Rhizophora Americana, 15.
Rhizophora apiculata, 14.

Rhizophora candelaria, 14.
Rhizophora conjugata, 13.
Rhizophora macrorrhiza, 14.
Rhizophora Mangle, 15.

Rhizophora Mangle, 14.

Rhizophora Mangle, a., 15.
Rhizophora Mangle, var. racemosa, 15.
Rhizophora mucronata, 14.
Rhizophora racemosa, 15.
RHIZOPHORACE, 13.

Robertia, 163.

Rhododendron, 143.

Rhododendron, 143.

Rhododendron eruginosum, 145.
Rhododendron Afghanicum, 145.
Rhododendron Anthopogon, 145.

Rhododendron arborescens, 146.
Rhododendron arboreum, 145.
Rhododendron aureum, 145.
Rhododendron azaleoides, 146.
Rhododendron bicolor, 146.
Rhododendron calendulaceum, 146.
Rhododendron calendulaceum, 146.
Rhododendron campanulatum, 145.
Rhododendron Camtschaticum, 144.
Rhododendron canescens, 146.
Rhododendron Catawbiense, 147.
Rhododendron chrysanthum, 145.
Rhododendron cinnabarinum, 145.
Rhododendron Due de Brabant, 150.
Rhododendron eleeagnoides, 145.
Rhododendron ferrugineum, 144.
Rhododendron flavum, 145.
Rhododendron, fungal enemies of, 147.
Rhododendron hybrid, Delicatissimum, 150.
Rhododendron Indicum, 146, 147.
Rhododendron jasminiflorum, 147.
Rhododendron Javanicum, 147.
Rhododendron Lapponicum, 144.
Rhododendron lepidotum, 145.
Rhododendron, Madame van Houtte, 150.
Rhododendron maximum, 148.
Rhododendron maximum, var. album, 149.
Rhododendron maximum, var. purpureum,
149.
Rhododendron maximum, var. roseum, 149.
Rhododendron, medical properties of, 145.
Rhododendron molle, 146.
Rhododendron nudiflorum, 146.
Rhododendron occidentale, 146.
Rhododendron odoratum, 146.
Rhododendron officinale, 145.
Rhododendron, poisonous properties of, 145.
Rhododendron Ponticum, 147.
Rhododendron Ponticum, 145.
Rhododendron procerum, 148.
Rhododendron purpureum, 149.
Rhododendron Purshii, 149.
Rhododendron salignum, 145.
Rhododendron Sinense, 146.
Rhododendron speciosum, 147.
Rhododendron viscosum, 146.
Rhododendron Wellsianum, 150.
Rhododendrons, Catawbiense, 146, 147.
Rhododendrons, cultivated, 145.
Rhododendrons, hybrid, 145.
Rhododendrons, Javanese, 146, 147.
Rhododendros, 129, 137.
Rhodora, 143.
Rhodorastrum, 144.
Rhodothamnus Kamtschaticus, 144.
Rhytisma Vaccinii, 117.
Rose Apple, 41.
Rose Bay, 148.
RuBIacE#, 103.
Rudbeckia, 23.
Rugenia, 39.

Sambucus, 85.

Sambucus adnata, 86.

? Sambucus australis, 86.
Sambucus bipinnata, 86.
Sambucus bipinnata, 89.
Sambucus Californica, 91.
? Sambucus callicarpa, 91.
Sambucus Canadensis, 88.
Sambucus Canadensis, var. Mexicana, 88.
Sambucus cerulea, 91, 92.
Sambucus Chinensis, 86.
Sambucus Ebulus, 86.

Sambucus, fungal enemies of, 86.
Sambucus Gaudichaudiana, 86.
Sambucus glauca, 91.
Sambucus glauca, 88, 89.
Sambucus graveolens, 86.
Sambucus humilis, 89.
Sambucus Javanica, 86.
Sambucus Madeirensis, 86.
Sambucus Mexicana, 88, 91.
Sambucus nigra, 86.
Sambucus nigra, 85, 89.
Sambucus Palmensis, 86
Sambucus Peruviana, 86.
Sambucus pubens, 85.

Sambucus pubens, var. arborescens, 85.

Sambucus pubescens, 85.
Sambucus racemosa, 85.
Sambucus repens, 89.
Sambucus Thunbergiana, 86.
Sambucus velutina, 88.
Sambucus vulgaris, 86.
Sambucus Williamsii, 85.
Sambucus xanthocarpa, 86.
Sapota costata, 163.

Sapota Mulleri, 182.
SapoTacEs, 159.

Schollera, 115.

Schollera Oxycoccus, 116.
Schousboa commutata, 29.
Sclerocladus, 167.
Sclerocladus tenaz, 169.
Sclerozus tenaz, 169.
Scopelosoma Moffatiana, 2.
Seiridium Liquidambaris, 9.
Septoria cornicola, 65.
Septoria Liquidambaris, 9.
Sheepberry, 96.

Sideroxylon chrysophylloides, 169.
Sideroxylon decandrum, 173.
Sideroxylon leve, 173.
Sideroxylon lanuginosum, 171.
Sideroxylon lycioides, 173.
Sideroxylon reclinatum, 168.
Sideroxylon salicifolium, 179.
Sideroxylon sericeum, 169.
Sideroxylon tenax, 169.

? Sideroxylon tenaz, 171.
Sideroxylum, 163.
Sideroxylum attenuatum, 164.
Sideroxylum costatum, 163.
Sideroxylum dulcificum, 164.
Sideroxylum inerme, 163.
Sideroxylum Mastichodendron, 165.
Sideroxylum Mermulana, 163.
Sideroxylum pallidum, 165.
Sieber, Franz Wilhelm, 184.
Siphoneugena, 39.

Solenandra, 103.

Solenotinus, 93.

Solenotinus, 93.

Sorrel Tree, 135.

Sour Gum, 77.

Sour Tupelo, 79.

INDEX.

Sour Wood, 135.
Spanish Stopper, 43.
Sparkleberry, 119.
Sphenocarpus, 27.
Spiniluma, 163.
Spoon Wood, 140.
Stag Bush, 99.
Star-apple, 160.
Star-leaved Gum, 12.
Stenocalyzx, 39.
Stenocalyx Michelii, 41.
Stisseria, 181.
Stopper, 45, 47.
Stopper, Gurgeon, 43.
Stopper, Red, 49.
Stopper, Spanish, 43.
Stopper, White, 45.
Storax, liquid, 8.
Strongylocalyz, 39.

Styrax liquida folio minore, 8.

Surinam Cherry, 41.
Suwarro, 53.

Swartz, Olof, 44.
Swartzia, 44.

Sweet Gum, 10.

Syllysium, 39.

Synarrhena, 181.
Synchytrium Vaccinii, 147.
Syzygium, 39.

Syzygium Jambolanum, 41.

Tanibouca, 19.
Terminalia, 19.
Terminalia, 19, 23.
Terminalia Belerica, 20.
Terminalia Buceras, 21.
Terminalia Catappa, 20.
Terminalia Chebula, 20.
Therorhodion, 144.
Thyrsosma, 93.

Tinus, 93.

Tinus, 93.

Trilopus dentata, 3.
Trilopus, 1.

Trilopus estivalis, 3.
Trilopus nigra, 3.
Trilopus parvifolia, 3.
Trilopus rotundifolia, 3.
Trilopus Virginica, 3.
Tripetelus, 85.

Tripetelus Australasicus, 86.
Tsusia, 144.

Tupelo, 75.

Tupelo, 73.

Tupelo Gum, 83.
Tupelo, Sour, 79.

Unedo, 121.
Unedo edulis, 122.

Vaccinium, 115.
Vaccinium album, 117.
Vaccinium arboreum, 119.

189

Vaccinium corymbosum, 117.
Vaccinium diffusum, 119.
Vaccinium disomorphum, 117.
Vaccinium elevatum, 117.
Vaccinium, fungal enemies of, 117.
Vaccinium hispidulum, 116.
Vaccinium lanceolatum, 117.
Vaccinium macrocarpon, 116.
Vaccinium mucronatum, 119.
Vaccinium Myrtillus, 116.
Vaccinium occidentale, 116.
Vaccinium ovatum, 117.
Vaccinium Oxycoccos, 116.
Vaccinium Oxycoccos, 116.
Vaccinium Oxycoccus, var. oblongifolium, 116.
Vaccinium Oxycoccus, var. ovalifolium, 116.
Vaccinium pubescens, 116.
Vaccinium punctatum, 116.
Vaccinium Sednense, 116.
Vaccinium stamineum, 117.
Vaccinium uliginosum, 116.
Vaccinium Vitis Idea, 116.
Vahl, Martin, 33.
Vahlia, 33.
Valsa Liquidambaris, 9.
Viburnum, 93.
Viburnum, 93.
Viburnum amblodes, 99.
Viburnum Americanum, 94.
Viburnum edule, 94.
Viburnum ellipticum, 94.
Viburnum, fungal enemies of, 94.
Viburnum, insect enemies of, 94.
Viburnum Lantana, 94.
Viburnum Lentago, 96.
Viburnum Opulus, 94.
Viburnum Opulus Americanum, 94.
Viburnum Opulus edule, 94.
Viburnum Opulus Europeanum, 94.
Viburnum Opulus Pimina, 94.
Viburnum Opulus Pimina, var. subcordatum,
94. ,
Viburnum Oxycoccus, 94.
Viburnuwn prunifolium, 99.
Viburnum prunifolium, var. ferrugineum, 99.
Viburnum pyrifolium, 96, 99.
Viburnum Tinus, 94.
Viburnum tomentosum, 84.
Viburnum trilobum, 94.
Vireya, 143.
Vitis Idea, 116.
Vitis Idea, 115.

White Buttonwood, 29.
White Mangrove, 29.
White Stopper, 45.
Wild Dilly, 183.
Witch Hazel, 3.

Zenobia, 130.
Zenobia, 129.
Zolisma, 129.

a