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THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
LuEsther T. Mertz Library
Gift of
The Estate of
Henry Clay Frick, II
2007
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SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA
A DESCRIPTION OF THE TREES WHICH GROW
NATURALLY IN NORTH AMERICA
EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO
BY
CHARLES SPRAGUE SARGENT
DIRECTOR OF THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM
OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY
Gllustrated with figures and Analyses drawn from Nature
BY
CHARLES EDWARD FAXON
VOLUME X
LILIACKH — CONIFERA
BOSTON AND NEW YORK
HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY
Che Kiversive Press, Cambridge
MDCCCXCVI
Copyright, 1896,
By CHARLES SPRAGUE SARGENT.
All rights reserved.
The Riverside Press, Cambridge, Mass., U. 8. A.
Electrotyped and Printed by H. O. Houghton and Company.
MERTZ LIBRARY
NEW YORK
BOTANICAL
GARDEN
TO
EDOUARD-FRANCOIS ANDRE
ARTIST, EXPLORER, AND STUDENT OF PLANTS
THIS TENTH VOLUME OF
THE SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA
IS AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Page
Synopsis or ORDERS. ‘ ‘ ‘ ; : F : ' : : ‘ : - ° ‘ * ° - vil
Yucca ALOIFOLIA ° e e e e e e ° Plate eccexevil. e e e e e e e e 6
Yucca TRECULEANA . : ‘ - : ‘ : . Plate cecexcviii. : ‘ : : , : ‘: - 9
YuccA MACROCARPA ; . : ‘ ‘ : : Plate cecexcix. . 7 ; ; : ;: ‘ : 13
Yucca MowAveEnsis . : F : ‘ ; ; . Plated. . 4 : : ‘ ‘ . : F . 15
Yucca Scuorrir. F ‘ ; ; . 7 ‘ Plate di. . : : ; P ;: 7 ; 17
Yucca ARBORESCENS . Z - ‘ ‘ ; : . Plate dii. : : : : P : : : . 19
YuccA GLORIOSA . ; : ‘ ; : : : Plate diii. . ‘ : ; P : . ; ;: 23
Yucca CONSTRICTA . ‘ P ‘ ‘ ; 7 . Plate div. : ; ‘ ‘ ; : : : e oe
OREODOXA REGIA . : , : : : c : Plate dv. . ; A ;: ; ‘ ‘ ; : 31
PsEUDOPHENIX SARGENTI . ‘ : ‘ ‘ : . Plate dvi. . ° : . : ; : : . 3d
SaBAaL PALMETTO . : : : : : . : Plate dvii. . ; : : ‘ ; : ; : 41
SaBAL MEXICANA ; ‘ : : ; : . Plate dviii, . ; ; ; ‘ : : : . 43
WASHINGTONIA FILAMENTOSA . : ; ; ; F Plate dix. . ¢ : : : . : F : 47
THRINAX PARVIFLORA : é : : ° : . Plate dx. ‘ : ‘ ;: ; ‘ . : . Ol
THRINAX MICROCARPA . F : : : . : Plate dxi. . . : : : ;: : ;: : 53
TUMION TAXIFOLIUM . ‘ ; F : : ‘ . Plate dxii. ; : ; ‘ 7 ‘ . 4 . 57
TuMION CALIFORNICUM . : ; : ‘ ° : Plate dxiii. . : 7 ; F : . : 59
TAXUS BREVIFOLIA . ‘ é ‘ : ; : . Plate dxiv. . : P , - ° ° ‘ . 65
Taxus FLORIDANA. ; : : ‘ ‘ : . Plate dxv. . : F : : : ‘ " 7 ;. 67
JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS : : ° ; : P . Plate dxvi. . : : : ‘ . 7 . - (5
JUNIPERUS CALIFORNICA : ‘ ‘ : : ; Plate dxvii. . : : ‘ ‘ : : ; : 79
JUNIPERUS UTAHENSIS ;: : : F F : . Plate dxviii. . 7 7 . ° : ° : . 81
JUNIPERUS FLACCIDA . ' ‘: : : 3 : Plate dxix. . A : : : : ; ; : 83
JUNIPERUS PACHYPHL#HA . ‘ : ; : : . Plate dxx. : ;: : : : . ‘ : . 85
JUNIPERUS OCCIDENTALIS * ° : : : : Plate dxxi . ‘ : : : ; : : : 87
JUNIPERUS MONOSPERMA . : ; ‘ : ‘ . Plate dxxii. . ; : ; ; ‘ : : . 89
JUNIPERUS SABINOIDES . : : F : : : Plate dxxiii. ; ‘ : : : . : : 91
JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA . : ‘ : : ; . Plate dxxiv. . . 5 ° ; : : ‘ . 93
CUPRESSUS MACROCARPA F : : : , : Plate dxxv. . ‘ . : : é‘ : ;: - 103
Cupressus ARIZONICA ‘ é ; : : : . Plate dxxvi. . . : : ; ; : - . 105
Cupressus GOVENIANA . : ;: ; : : : Plate dxxvii. ‘ : ‘ : i ‘ ‘ - 107
Cupressus MAcNABIANA . : ; : : : . Plate dxxviii. . : ; : : : ‘ : . 109
CUPRESSUS THYOIDES . : : ; : : , Plate dxxix. : ; ‘ r P : ; ~ 111
Cupressus NoorKaTENSIS . ; : : ; ; . Plate dxxx. . : ; : , : : : . 115
Cupressus LAWSONIANA : : : : ° : Plate dxxxi. : : ; ;: : 7 : . 119
THUYA OCCIDENTALIS : : ; ‘ : ‘ . Plate dxxxii. . : ;: ‘ : . . : . 126
THUYA GIGANTEA . : : a ; F ; ; Plate dxxxiii. : : . : : : F . 129
LIBOCEDRUS DECURRENS - ° ° : 7 . Plate dxxxiv. . : : ‘ . F : ‘: . 135
SEQUOIA SEMPERVIRENS . : . : : P : Plate dxxxv. ; : ‘ : : : F . 141
Sequor1A WELLINGTONIA . é : . ° P . Plate dxxxvi. . P ° . . 7 - - . 145
TAXODIUM DISTICHUM . ° e . ° ° . Plate dxxxvii. . ; 7 ° : ‘ . 151
SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS OF PLANTS CONTAINED IN VOLUME X.
OF THE SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
Crass TI. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS or ENDOGENOUS PLANTS.
Stems with woody fibres distributed irregularly through them. Leaves mostly parallel-veined. Embryo with a single
cotyledon.
55. Liliaceze. Flowers perfect, 6-androus. Ovary superior, usually 3-celled. Ovules 2 or numerous. Fruit
3-celled, capsular or baccate.
56. Palmz. Flowers perfect, 6-androus. Ovary superior, 1 to 3-celled. Ovule solitary. Fruit 1 or rarely 2 or
3-seeded, baccate or drupaceous.
Crass II. GYMNOSPERMZS. Resinous trees or shrubs.
Stems increasing in diameter by the annual addition of a layer of wood inside the bark. Flowers unisexual, naked. Stamens
numerous. Ovules 2 or many not inclosed in an ovary. Cotyledons 2 or more. Leaves usually straight-veined, persistent or
deciduous.
57. Taxaceze. Flowers diecious or rarely monecious, axillary, solitary or umbellate. Ovule 1. Fruit surrounded
by or inclosed in the enlarged fleshy aril-like disk of the flower. Cotyledons 2.
58. Coniferee. Flowers monecious, usually solitary, terminal or axillary. Ovules 2 or many. Fruit a woody or
rarely fleshy strobile. Cotyledons 2 or many. Leaves scale-like, linear or subulate, solitary or clustered.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
YUCCA.
FLOWERS perfect ; perigone 6-parted, the segments more or less united at the base;
stamens 6; ovary superior, 3-celled ; ovules numerous in each cell, horizontal. Fruit
baccate, fleshy and indehiscent, or capsular and dehiscent. Leaves clustered at the
summit of the stem, linear-lanceolate, entire, serrate or filamentose, exstipulate, per-
sistent.
Yucca, Linneus, Gen. 99 (1737).— Adanson, Fam. Pl. ii.
49. — A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. 49. — Endlicher, Gen. 144. —
Meisner, Gen. 398. — Engelmann, Trans. St. Lowis Acad.
iii. 17.— Bentham & Hooker, Gen. iii. 778. — Engler,
Engler & Prantl Pflanzenfam. ii. pt. v. 70.
Codonocrinum, Willdenow, Roemer & Schultes Syst. vii.
pt. i. 718 (1829).
Plants, with endogenous stems subterranean or barely emerging from the surface of the ground, or
sometimes rising into tall simple or branched columnar trunks covered with dark thick corky bark,
light fibrous wood in concentric layers, thick stoloniferous saponaceous root-stocks and thick rootlets, or
long tough stout roots. Buds naked, in the axils of upper or of lower leaves, ovate, acute, flattened by
pressure against the leaves, their lowest leaves white, scarious, and early deciduous, prolonging the stem
after the death of its apex with the terminal inflorescence, often remaining dormant in the stem for
years, and then producing lateral clusters of leaves. Leaves involute in the bud, alternate, mostly
closely imbricated at the summit of the stem, erect at first, becoming reflexed,’ elongated, linear-
lanceolate, abruptly narrowed above the broad-clasping often much thickened base, usually widest
near or above the middle, concave and involute toward the apex below the horny usually sharp-pointed,
rarely obtuse, occasionally soft and herbaceous, terminal spine, thick and ridged or thin and flaccid,
more or less concave and sometimes deeply channeled on the upper surface, convex and usually
bluntly keeled toward the base on the lower surface, smooth or scabrous, the margins serrulate with
small remote irregular cartilaginous teeth, or roughened while young with minute deciduous knobs
and soon becoming discolored and brittle, or filamentose by the separation of the marcescent
marginal fibres into thick or thin, straight or curved, white or reddish threads, bright or dull green or
glaucous, persistent for one or many years, exstipulate. Flowers slightly fragrant or strong-smelling,
entomophilous,” produced in large many-flowered terminal compound glabrous pubescent or tomentose
1 The reflexion of the leaves of Yucca aloifolia and other species
as studied by Webber (Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard. vi. 98) is contem-
poraneous with the completion of the definite growths or phytome-
roids of the stem, only the leaves of the last phytomeroid being
erect. After this has produced its panicle of flowers and fruits, or
in about two years after the appearance of the bud at the base of
the panicle of the previous growth, the leaves on this terminal
phytomeroid all begin slowly to reflex, and, becoming more and
more dependent and depressed against the stem, and finally dying
at the end of several years, remain for several years more on the
plant.
2 The structure of the flower of Yucca, with stamens shorter
than the ovary, precludes self-fertilization, and the large pollen-
masses cannot reach the stigmatic tube except through the agency
of insects. Only one species is known to produce fruit when trans-
ferred from its native region and deprived of the visits of the
2 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. LILIACES.
erect or rarely pendulous panicles, or occasionally in simple racemes or spikes ; panicles nearly sessile or
raised on short or elongated peduncles furnished with leaf-hke bracts ; bracts of the inflorescence ovate,
acute or acuminate, concave, thick and fleshy, white, often more or less tinged with purple, decreasing
in size from below upward, those subtending the pedicels thin and scarious; pedicels in two or three-
flowered clusters, or single at the base of the panicle, simple or rarely forked near the middle, shorter
than the flowers, curved, slightly spreading, pendulous, ebracteolate. Perigone cup-shaped, composed
of six segments in two series, more or less united at the base into a short tube, expanding in the
evening for a single night, marcescent ;* segments thick, ovate-lanceolate, creamy white or white tinged
with green, and often flushed with purple on the back, usually furnished at the apex with small tufts
of white hairs, those of the outer rank narrower, shorter, and more colored than the more delicate and
petaloid segments of the inner rank. Stamens six, in two series, hypogynous, free or adnate to the
base of the segments of the perigone, usually shorter than the ovary, white; filaments clavate, fleshy,
obtuse and slightly three-lobed at the apex, covered, especially above the middle, with one-celled
transparent hairs, or acute at the apex and glabrous (Hesperoyucca), erect before anthesis, becoming
recurved after the maturity of the anthers; anthers sagittate or cordate at the base, rounded, entire or
emarginate at the apex, glabrous, or furnished with tufts of apical hairs (Hesperoyucca), attached on
the back, introrse, two-celled, the cells opening longitudinally, curling backward, and expelling the
large globose powdery or agglutinated pollen-grains.
peculiar moths which are necessary to insure the fertilization of
the flowers of these plants. This is Yucca aloifolia of the south-
eastern United States, whose flowers are better adapted than those
of the other species for self-fertilization. The stigmatic lobes are
sessile, and the stigmatic liquid is abundant, often overflowing
from the stigmatic tube, so that there is a chance that the pollen-
grains may be earried accidentally from the comparatively longer
stamens to the stigmatic secretions, or may fall on the papillose
apex of the stigmatic lobes ; and this species often fructifies abun-
dantly in cultivation in regions where the Yucca Moth does not
exist, although in a case where the flowers were protected from the
visits of all insects they were not fertilized. (See Riley, Rep. Mis-
sourt Bot. Gard. iii. 118.)
So far as is now known, the flowers of all the species of the
region east of the Rocky Mountains are fertilized by females of a
nocturnal moth, Pronuba yuccasella, Riley (Trans. St. Louis Acad.
iii. 56, f. 2) ; in California the flowers of Yucca arborescens are fer-
tilized by Pronuba synthetica, Riley (i. c. 141, t. 41, f. 1, 2, t. 43, £.
1), and those of Yucca Whipplei by Pronuba maculata, Riley (Proc.
Am. Ass. Adv. Sct. xxix. 633 [1881] ; Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard. iii.
139, t. 42,.f. 2). When the perigone opens in the evening, the
anthers split and discharge the pollen-grains which adhere in the
anther slits. The female moth now enters the flower and begins to
gather the pollen with her peculiar maxillary prehensile spinose
tentacles, visiting the stamens in turn, and forming a ball of pollen
often three times as large as her head. When this is completed she
visits a flower of another plant, selecting one that has just opened or
which had opened during the previous night, and bearing her load
of pollen held by the rolled-up palpi below and close to the head.
In entering the flower she brings her abdomen against the pistil,
with the body between two of the stamens, which she straddles
with her legs, the head being usually turned toward the stigma,
and in this position she pierces the ovary obliquely just below the
middle, and deposits an egg with her ovipositor in the ovarian cell
next the placenta. When the egg is deposited she slowly with-
draws her ovipositor, and then runs to the tip of the pistil and
pushes the ball of pollen collected in another flower down into the
stigmatic tube. This operation she usually performs after deposit-
Ovary superior, sessile or rarely stipitate,
ing each egg, although two or three eggs are occasionally laid
The larva
hatches at the end of a week, and soon enters one of the developing
ovules by its funicular base ; it matures with the ripening of the
seeds, of which it has destroyed a dozen or less during its growth,
and just before the fruit ripens it bores its way out, and reaches the
ground, probably by the aid of a silken thread. Penetrating the
soil to the depth of several inches, the larva then spins a tough
silky cocoon, in which it remains until a few days before the
before the pollen is transferred to the stigmatic tube.
Yuccas bloom in the following year, when it is transformed into a
chrysalis armed on the head with an acute spine, and on the back
with spatulate spines, by means of which it works its way to the
surface of the ground, and the moth emerges. This wonderful cor-
relation between the insect and the flower is all the more remark-
able because the insect does not derive any direct benefit from it.
She does not visit the flower in search of food and incidentally
transfer the pollen from the stamens to the stigma. The flowers
of Yucca either produce no nectar or produce it in the smallest
quantity, and the Pronuba does not feed upon the pollen. Her
labors appear to be purely maternal, and her only object in gather-
ing the pollen of one flower and thrusting it down the stigma of
another seems to be the development of the seeds which are to sup-
ply her offspring with food. The action of this insect in fertilizing
the flowers of Yucca, first noticed by Dr. George Engelmann, has
been carefully studied by Professor C. V. Riley, and by Professor
William Trelease, who has visited many of the species of Yucca in
their native homes for the purpose of watching their pollination.
(See Engelmann, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, iii. 33; Trans. St. Louis
Acad. iii, 28. — Riley, Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 55 ; Rep. Missouri
Bot. Gard. iu. 99.— Kerner von Marilaun, Pflanzenleben, ii. 155,
f. 1-5. — Trelease, Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard. iv. 181.)
1 The flower of Yucca expands during the evening into a more
or less widely opened bell, and soon after sunrise the next morning
begins to close by the gradual bending in of the points of the
segments, which, during the next two or three days, form a bladder-
like perianth with six broader or narrower openings between the
segments, and then withers and dries up.
LILIACER, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 3
obscurely six-sided, nectariferous,’ glabrous, dull greenish white, three-celled, the cells divided by the
development from the back of the carpels of secondary dissepiments, obtuse, or gradually narrowed
into a short or elongated three-lobed style, the lobes emarginate and bilobed at the apex, ivory-white,
and clothed with short epidermal hairs, and forming a broad triangular stigmatic tube, or slender and
elongated, and crowned with a capitate three-lobed hyaline-papillate stigma penetrated by a narrow
stigmatic tube (Hesperoyucca); ovules in six series, numerous, compressed, horizontal, short-stalked,
anatropous. Fruit oblong or oval, more or less distinctly six-angled, six-celled, pendulous or erect,
usually more or less beaked at the apex, surrounded at the base by the remnants of the perigone,
baccate and indehiscent, or capsular, three-valved and dehiscent, dividing as it opens through the
primary dissepiments, the valves finally splitting at the apex, or through the carpels loculicidally
(Hesperoyucca) ; pericarp of two coats, the outer at maturity thick, succulent, and juicy (Sarcoyucca),
or thin, dry, and leathery, and usually easily separable from the firm membranaceous or rarely
succulent inner coat (Clistoyucca), or thin and woody, and adherent to the rather thinner
membranaceous endocarp (Chenoyucca and Hesperoyucca). Seeds compressed, triangular, obovate
or obliquely ovate or orbicular, thick with a narrow two-edged rim, or thin with a wide or narrow
brittle margin; testa thin, more or less opaque, black, slightly rugose or smooth.” Embryo straight
or more or less curved, diagonal, in plain or rarely ruminate hard farinaceous and oily albumen;°*
cotyledon much longer than the short radicle turned toward the small oblong white hilum.*
1 Septal nectar glands occur within the partitions which separate
the cells of the ovary of Yucca, forming thin pockets extending
from its summit nearly to the base, open at the apex, and, pouring
their scanty secretions down through a capillary tube, discharge
them through pores at the bottom of the ovary and opposite the
inner segments of the perigone. (See Trelease, Bull. Torrey Bot.
Club, xiii. 135, f. See, also, Brongniart, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 4, ii. 9
[Mém. sur les Glandes Nectariferes de I’ Ovaire].)
2 The three types of the fruit of Yucca correspond with three
distinct methods by which the seeds are disseminated. In the first
group (Sarcoyucca) the ripe fruit is thick, sweet, and pulpy, and is
easily separated from the hard firm and core-like endocarp which
closely invests the seeds. The fruits of this group, protected like
those of all the arborescent species from the attacks of climbing
animals by the decumbent sharp-pointed lower leaves, fall as soon
as ripe, with the exception of those of Yucca aloifolia, while the
succulent flesh is tempting to small animals and to birds, who, in
In Yucca aloifolia the
endocarp becomes succulent at maturity, and the fruit does not fall
carrying it away, disseminate the seeds.
when ripe, but dries up on the panicle when it is not eaten by birds,
especially by the mocking-bird, who in feeding upon the pulp swal-
lows many of the seeds, which it voids without affecting their vital-
ity, and appears to be one of the principal agents for the dissemi-
nation of the seeds of this species. (See Webber, Rep. Missouri Bot.
Gard. vi. 96.)
The distribution of the seeds of Yucca aloifolia is also assisted by
the larve of the Bogus Yucca Moth (Prodoxus decipiens, Riley).
The eges of this moth are deposited in the stalk of the young
flower panicle, in which the larve burrow, and by their activity
when preparing to hibernate late in the autumn when the fruits
are dried up often cut it through, and, causing the panicle to fall
to the ground, insure the spreading of the seeds. (See Webber,
1. c. 103.)
In the second group (Clistoyucca) the thick exocarp of Yucca
arborescens becomes thin, dry, and spongy at maturity, and the
lightness and roundness of the fruits which fall easily enable the
wind to blow them about over the desert, thus breaking the peri-
carp and scattering the seeds.
In the fruit of the capsular species (Chenoyucca and Hespero-
yucca) the pericarp becomes woody at maturity, splits through the
centre and at the apex through the backs of the carpels, or opens
loculicidally, allowing the thin seeds to escape from the erect cap-
sules sometimes raised high in the air. (See Trelease, Rep. Mis-
sourt Bot. Gard. iv. 223.)
3 In germinating, the cotyledon remains partly under ground
and within the seed, and does not grow into a leaf organ, the first
leaf issuing from a split in the cotyledon opposite the remnants of
the seed, and the leaves of the first season being in $ order. From
the nodes of the first axis stout rootlets break through the back of
the leaves, the earliest coming from the back of the cotyledon
opposite the first leaf, and the radicle withers, or, in Hesperoyucca,
the axis with the bases of the leaves swells out into a thickened
bulb-like mass (Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 20).
* By Engelmann (i. c. 34) the species of Yucca are grouped in
the following sections : —
Evyvucca. Filaments obtuse, papillose, free, or nearly so, from
the segments of the perigone, spreading or recurved at maturity ;
anthers cordate-sagittate ; pollen powdery ; style stout, papillose,
rarely expanded at the apex.
A. Sarcoyrucca. Panicle usually sessile. Fruit baccate, pen-
dulous; exocarp thick and succulent; seeds thick; albumen
ruminate. Stems generally arborescent.
B. Cuiistoyucca. Panicle sessile or pedunculate. Fruit bac-
cate, indehiscent, spreading or erect ; exocarp becoming dry and
spongy at maturity ; seeds thick ; albumen entire. Stems arbo-
rescent.
C. Coznorucca. Panicles long-stalked. Fruit capsular, erect,
septicidally dehiscent, ultimately splitting through the valves at
the apex ; seeds thin ; albumen entire. Stems short or arbores-
cent.
Hesperorucca. Panicle long-stalked; filaments acute, gla-
brous, erect at maturity ; anthers didymous, transverse, hirsute ;
style slender ; stigma three-lobed, papillose. Fruit capsular, erect,
three-valved, the valves entire; seeds thin; albumen straight.
Stems subterranean.
4 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. LILIACES.
Yucca, of which about eighteen species can be distinguished, is confined to the New World, where
it ranges from Maryland, western Iowa, South Dakota, and southern California, to Lower California,
Yucatan, and Central America, the region of its greatest development being in the territory adjacent
to the boundary between the United States and Mexico. Twelve species’ inhabit the United States,
eight of them assuming the habit, and attaining the size of trees, while the others are stemless. At
least one arborescent species” is endemic in northern Mexico, one* ranges from southern Mexico to
Guatemala; the flora of Yucatan contains another arborescent Yucca,‘ and several still little known
species have been found in Lower California.’ The tertiary rocks of western Europe contain remains
which indicate that Yucca is an ancient form, and that it was once more widely scattered over the
earth’s surface than it is at present.°
The saponaceous root-stocks of Yuccas are used by Mexicans and Indians as a substitute for soap.’
The fibrous wood is occasionally sawed into lumber, and has been manufactured into paper-pulp.
The fleshy fruits of several species, which contain a large amount of sugar, are edible, and in Mexico
are frequently made into a fermented beverage, which is occasionally distilled.* The tough fibres of
the leaves of the Bear Grass, Yucca filamentosa, are used domestically in the United States in binding,
and those of some of the Mexican species are made into ropes. The leaves of most of the species
were woven into baskets by the Indians, who used them also in the manufacture of mats and whips ;
and the tender ends of the growing stems are roasted and eaten in Mexico.”
1 By means of the artificial fecundation of different species per-
formed in his garden at Marseilles several years ago, Monsieur
Deleuil secured large quantities of seed, from which he has raised
a number of hybrid Yuceas. (See Deleuil, Rev. Hort. 1880, 225. —
André, Rev. Hort. 1883, 109.) One of these hybrids, produced by
crossing Yucca levigata, itself a hybrid of Yucca aloifolia and a form
of Yucca glauca, with Yucca glauca is now cultivated in many gar-
dens as Yucca Carrierei (André, J. c. 1895, 81, f. 21-23).
2 Yucca filifera, Chabaud, Rev. Hort. 1876, 432, f. 97. — Car-
riére, Rev. Hort. 1879, 262 ; 1884, 53, f. 12, 13. — Sargent, Garden
and Forest, i. 78, f. 13, 14.— Gard. Chron. ser. 3, i. 743, £. 97,
100. — Fenzi, Bull. Soc. Tosc. Ort. ser. 2, iv. 278, t. 9. — Baker,
Bot. Mag. exvii. t. 7197. —Trelease, Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard. iv.
193.
Yucca baccata, B australis, Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad.
iii. 44 (in part) (1873). — Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xiv. 252 (in
part). — Baker, Jour. Linn. Soc. xviii. 229 (in part).
Yucca australis, Trelease, J. c. iii. 162 (in part), t. 3, 4 (1892) ;
iv. 190 (in part).
Yucca /filifera, the largest of the Yuccas now known, is a tree,
often fifty feet in height, with a trunk frequently twenty feet tall
and. five feet in diameter, and many wide-spreading branches, and
is distinguishable from all other species by its pendulous panicles
of flowers and fruit, which are often six feet in length. It forms
open forests of great extent on the plains which rise from the lower
Rio Grande to the Sierra Madre, and ranges southward to San
Luis Potosi.
of Europe, it is also occasionally cultivated in some of the Texan
Introduced nearly forty years ago into the gardens
towns along the Rio Grande, and in northern Mexico, where it is
often used in the neighborhood of Monterey and Saltillo to form
stockades.
3 Yucca Guatemalensis, Baker, Refugium Bot. v. t. 313 (1872) ;
Jour. Linn. Soc. 1. c. 222.— Engelmann, 1. c. 38. — Watson, 1. c.
251. — Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. iii. 371. — Trelease, J. c. 162;
iv. 184, t. 1, 2, 19.
This arborescent much-branched species, which is little known in
a wild state, is said to be one of the common Yuccas in the gardens
of southern France and the Riviera, where it usually appears as
The young stems of
Yucca Draconis, although it is not the Linnzan plant of that name.
(See Baker, Kew Bull. Misc. Information, January, 1892, 7.)
* Yucca Yucatana, Engelmann, J. c. 37 (1873).— Watson, I. c.
251. — Baker, Jour. Linn. Soc. 1. c. 222.— Hemsley, J. c. —Tre-
lease, 1. c. 45; dl. c.
5 Brandegee, Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. 2, ii. 208, t. 11 (Pl. Baja
Cal.) ; iii. 175.
6 Bureau, Mém. Publiés par le Soc. Philomathique a l’ Occasion du
Centenaire de sa Fondation, 255, t. 23 (Etudes sur la Flore Fossile
du Calcaire Grossier Parisien).
“ Loew, Wheeler’s Rep. iii. 609. — Palmer, Am. Nat. xii. 646. —
Abbott, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. xvi. 254 (A Chemical Study of
Yucca angustifolia). — Newberry, Popular Science Monthly, xxxii.
42 (Food and Fibre Plants of the North American Indians).
8 Havard, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xxiii. 37 (Drink Plants of the
North American Indians).
9 Linneus, Spec. 319 (1753).— Walter, Fl. Car. 124. — Bot.
Mag. xxiii. t. 900. — Redouté, Liliacées, v. t. 277, 278. — Elliott,
Sk. i. 400. — Loiseleur, Herb. Amat. iv. t. 258.— Chapman, £7.
485. — Engelmann, J. c. 51.— Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed.
6, 524.
This stemless and very variable species inhabits sandy barren
soil and abandoned fields in the neighborhood of the coast from
southern Maryland southward to Florida and westward along the
It is the best
known of all the Yuccas in northern gardens, which it enlivens in
southern borders of the Gulf states to Louisiana.
midsummer with its great panicles of large ivory-white flowers.
The tough leaves of this species are twisted and used in the
southern states for hanging hams and for other domestic purposes.
Attempts have been made to utilize their fibre commercially ; but,
though it is exceedingly strong and cheaply produced, the shortness
of Yucca-fibre lessens its value, and it has not yet been success-
fully introduced into commerce. (See Porcher, Resources of South-
ern Fields and Forests, 530. —C. R. Dodge, U. S. Dept. Agric.
Fibre Investigation Rep. No. 5, 70 [A Report on the Leaf Fibres of the
United States.)
10 Havard, Garden and Forest, iii. 631.
1 Bartlett, Personal Narrative of Explorations and Incidents in
LILIACE. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 5
some of the arborescent species, which are often beset with leaves from the surface of the ground
upward, are employed to protect dwellings and gardens from the intrusion of cattle.
Yucca is rarely attacked by insects,’ and is comparatively free from fungal diseases.’
Owing to their numerous clusters of beautiful large waxy white flowers and their habit, unfamiliar
to northern eyes and the people of the Old World, Yuccas have become favorite garden plants, and
many of the species may now be seen in the pleasure-grounds of the northern states, and of Europe,
where they grow without protection in the countries bordering the Mediterranean.
Yuccas can be raised from seeds, which germinate readily and quickly, by cutting off the terminal
or lateral crowns of leaves and placing them on the surface of the soil of propagating beds, where they
will soon develop roots, or from pieces of the stolons.
The generic name is derived from the Carib name of the root of the Cassava.‘
Texas, New Mexico, California, Sonora, and Chihuahua, ii. 490.— on other species also. It appears in the form of very numerous
Rev. Hort. 1886, 508.
1 In the coast region of the south Atlantic states Yuccas, espe-
cially Yucca aloifolia, are frequently injured by the larve of Mega-
thymus Yucce, Walker, which bore into the underground stems and,
by weakening the trunk and inducing decay, frequently cause the
prostration of the plant. The presence of the borer can be detected
by its excrements at the base of the leaves and by chimney-like
projections formed by the bases of the flower-stalk and of the
tender partly devoured young leaves, through which they are
expelled. (See Riley, Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 223 [Notes on the
Yucca Borer]; 8th Ann. Rep. Insects of Missouri, 169.)
2 The fungi which are known to attack the different species of
minute spots which have a black border and a paler-colored centre
and hardly protrude above the surface of the leaf, and is one of
Ap-
parently it attacks the living leaves, which it at first disfigures, and
the imperfect forms as yet unknown in a perfect condition.
ultimately destroys, and in the case of cultivated Yuccas it might
become a serious disease. A larger and more striking, although
less widely distributed fungus, Dothidea Pringlei, Peck, attacks the
leaves of Yucca aloifolia and Yucca Schottii, forming prominent
The other fungi which
attack Yuceas are all small, the most characteristic being Nectria
hard black tubercles of considerable size.
depauperata, Cooke, Leptospheria jilamentosa, Ellis & Everhart,
Phyllachora scapincola, Saccardo, and Anthostomella nigroannulata,
The most
widely diffused among them is probably Kellermannia yuccegena,
Ellis & Everhart, which infests the leaves of Yucca aloifolia, Yucca
arborescens, Yucca glauca, Yucca filamentosa, and probably occurs
Saccardo, belonging to the Pyrenomycetes, and the imperfect Cer-
cospora Yucce, Cooke, and Septoria Yuccce, Saccardo.
3 Baines, The Garden, xxxiil. 487.
‘ Parkinson, Theatr. 154, 1624.
Yucca belong almost exclusively to the Pyrenomycetes.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES OF THE UNITED STATES.
Kuyucca.
anthers cordate, emarginate, glabrous; pollen powdery; ovary sessile or stipitate ; style 3-lobed,
Filaments clavate, papillose, free from the perigone, spreading or recurved at maturity ;
short or elongated.
Sarcoyucca. Panicle usually sessile. Fruit baccate, pendulous, the exocarp thick and succulent ;
seeds thick ;
Panicle glabrous or puberulous.
albumen ruminate.
Ovary stipitate. Leaves serrulate, slightly concave, smooth, dark green . . . . 1. Y. ALorronia.
Leaves concave, blue-green, rough on the lower surface . . .. . 2. Y. TRECULEANA.
Leaves flat, smooth, dark green . . . a ee a ee ee 3. Y. MACROCARPA.
Leaves concave above the middle, smooth, light yellow-green. . . . 4. Y. MoHAVENSIS.
Panicle coated with hoary tomentum.
Leaves concave, smooth, light yellow-green . . a «= = 5. Y. Scuorrmn.
Clistoyucca. Panicle stalked or sessile, inclosed at first in a ieee seeciaped bud joaned by
its closely imbricated bracts. Fruit baccate, erect or spreading, the exocarp becoming thin
and dry at maturity ; seeds thin ; albumen entire.
Leaves concave above the middle, blue-green, sharply serrate . . . . . . . . 6. Y. ARBORESCENS.
Leaves thin, flat or concave toward the apex, rough on the lower surface, dull or glau-
cous green, more or less plicately folded. . . . . 7. Y. GLORIOSA.
Chenoyucca. Panicle pedunculate. Fruit capsular, erect, septicidally and loculicidally dehis.
cent; seeds thin, albumen entire.
Leaves thin and flat, filamentose on the margins, smooth, pale yellow-green . . . . 8. Y. CONSTRICTA.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
LILIACE.
YUCCA ALOIFOLIA.
Spanish Bayonet.
Ovary stipitate.
Yucca aloifolia, Linneus, Spec. 319 (1753). — Miller,
Dict. ed. 8, No. 2.— Walter, Fl. Car. 124. — Aiton,
Hort. Kew. i. 465. — Salisbury, Prodr. 246. — Willdenow,
Spec. ii. pt. i. 184. — De Candolle, Pl. Hist. Succ. i. t.
21. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 196. — Persoon, Syn. i.
378. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i. 18.— Du Mont de
Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, ii. 201. — Pursh, £7. Am. Sept.
i. 228. — Redouté, Liliacées, vii. t. 401, 402. — Bot.
Mag. xii. t. 1700. — Tussac, Fl. Antill. ii. 108, t. 29. —
Nuttall, Gen. i. 218. — Haworth, Suppl. Pl. Suce. 32.—
Sprengel, Syst. ii. 41. — Roemer & Schultes, Syst. vii. pt.
i. 716; pt. ii. 1715. — Paxton, Mag. Bot. iii. 25, t.—
Dietrich, Syn. ii. 1093. — Kunth, Hnum. iv. 270. — Spach,
Hist. Vég. xii. 283. — Regel, Gartenflora, viii. 34. —
Chapman, 7. 485. — Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car.
1860, iii. 94.— Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii.
34.— Hemsley, The Garden, viii. 131, f.; Bot. Biol. Am.
Cent. iii. 369. — Baker, Gard. Chron. 1870, 828, f. 154 ;
Jour. Linn. Soe. xviii. 221; Kew Bull. ALisc. Informa-
Leaves serrulate, slightly concave, smooth, dark green.
251. — Trelease, Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard. iii. 162 ; iv.
182, t. 18, f. 1-3. — Webber, Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard.
vi. 93, t. 45, 46, 47, £. 1-4.
Yucca serrulata, Haworth, Syn. Pl. Succ. 70 (1812).—
Roemer & Schultes, Sys¢. vii. pt. i. 716. — Kunth, Hnum.
iv. 270. — Regel, Gartenjlora, viii. 35.
Yucca crenulata, Haworth, Suppl. Pl. Succ. 33 (1819). —
Roemer & Schultes, Syst. vii. pt. i. 717. — Kunth, Enum.
iv. 271.
Yucca arcuata, Haworth, Suppl. Pl. Succ. 33 (1819).—
Roemer & Schultes, Syst. vii. pt. i. 717. — Kunth, Hnum.
iv. 271. |
Yucca tenuifolia, Haworth, Suppl. Pl. Succ. 34 (1819). —
Roemer & Schultes, Syst. vii. pt. i. 717. — Kunth, Hnum.
iv. 271. — Regel, Gartenjlora, viii. 35.
Yucca serrulata, a vera, Regel, Gartenflora, viii. 35
(1859).
Yucca serrulata, 8 robusta, Regel, Gartenfloru, viii. 35
(1859).
tion, January, 1892, 7.— Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xiv.
A tree, occasionally twenty-five feet in height, although usually much smaller, with a single erect
or more or less inclining trunk, which is slightly swollen at the base and is simple or produces two or
three short erect branches, rarely more than six inches in diameter, or with several spreading stems, and
a long stout caudex. The leaves, which clothe the stem to the ground while the plant is young, are
erect and rather remote except at the apex, where they are closely imbricated into a dense cluster ; and
in old age only the base of the trunk is covered with thick rough dark brown bark, while the scars left
by the falling leaves mark the remaining portion where it is not hidden by the withered decumbent
leaves which press closely against it and usually do not fall until many years after their death. The
leaves are linear-lanceolate, ridged, and conspicuously narrowed above the broad thin light green base
which is from an inch and a half to two inches broad and marked with a red transverse band ; they are
widest above the middle, slightly concave on the upper surface, finely and irregularly serrate with
minute dark cartilaginous obtuse teeth, mucronate with a stout stiff dark red-brown spine-like tip one
third of an inch im length, smooth dark rich green, from eighteen to thirty-two inches, but usually
about twenty-four inches long, and from one and a quarter to two and a half inches wide. The flowers
appear from June until August in nearly sessile glabrous or slightly pubescent panicles from eighteen to
twenty-four inches in length; their bracts are ovate or oblong, acute, mucronate, thick, white, leathery,
and glabrous, and wither without falling, the largest being four or five inches long and often an inch
wide, while those at the base of the pedicels toward the ends of the branches of the panicle are not more
than half an inch long and an eighth of an inch wide; they are borne on stout pedicels from one to
two inches long, and vary from an inch to an inch and a half in length, and when expanded during the
night are from three to four inches across. The base of the perigone is greenish and sometimes
flushed with purple ; its segments are ovate, and thick and tumid toward the base; those of the outer
LILIACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 7
rank are rounded and often marked with dark purple at the apex, and the inner are acuminate and
short-pointed. The stamens are usually about as long as or sometimes a little longer than the light
green ovary, which is raised on a short stout stipe,’ and is crowned by the sessile stigmatic lobes. The
fruit, which is often produced abundantly without the aid of the Yucca Moth, ripens from August to
October ; it is elongated, elliptical, hexagonal by the spreading of the septal glands, the sides alternate
with the carpels being sharply depressed, rounded at the base, and gradually narrowed at the apex,
which is tipped with the stigmatic lobes; it has a thick outer coat and a thin firm white membranaceous
endocarp, and is from three to four inches long and from an inch and a quarter to an inch and a half
thick ; when fully grown it is light green and rather lustrous, and in ripening turns a deep dark rich
purple throughout, the outer and inner coats of the pericarp forming a thick imdehiscent succulent
homogeneous tender mass of bitter-sweet juicy flesh, which finally turns black and dries up on the
panicle. The seed is from one quarter to one third of an inch broad and about one sixteenth of an
inch thick, with thin narrow wing-like borders to the rim?
Fucca aloifolia grows only in the neighborhood of the coast and on its islands, and is distributed
In the
Atlantic states it usually grows close to the sea, generally on the sand-dunes of beaches and the sandy
borders of brackish swamps ; in Florida it is abundant on the sand-dunes of the coast, and occasionally
occurs on rich hummocks, whither it may have been carried by the Indians, who used the fibres of its
leaves ; and west of the Appalachicola River, where it attains its largest size, Yucca aloifolia is
common on the islands and beaches of the coast, and extends inland for thirty or forty miles, growing
with stunted Oaks in the dry sandy soil of the Pine forest.
The wood of Yucca aloifolia has not been examined.
from North Carolina southward to southern Florida, and along the Gulf to eastern Louisiana.
The succulent fruits, which have a sweet and rather pleasant flavor, are eagerly devoured by
birds, and are occasionally eaten by whites and negroes in the southern states, where they are often
called bananas.
Yucca aloifolia was one of the first Yuccas known to Europeans, and one form of it appears to
have been described by Caspar Bauhin in 1623.° After the settlement of the southern coast of North
America by Europeans it must soon have been carried to the West Indies, as it was thoroughly
naturalized in Jamaica and other islands more than a century ago, and to the Mexican Gulf coast,
where it is also naturalized and is believed by many authors to be indigenous.
Yucca aloifolia is now a familiar object in the gardens of all temperate countries, and accidental
forms with leaves variously striped with green, white, and yellow are common in cultivation.’
1 Trelease, Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard. iv. 184.
2 A form of this plant which is said to bear longer, less crowded,
soft, and somewhat curved and pendulous leaves, and is known
only in European gardens, is : —
Yucca aloifolia, var. B Draconis, Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis
Acad. iii. 35 (1873).
Yucca Draconis, Linneus, Spec. 319 (1753). — Miller, Dict. ed.
8, No. 3. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. i. 465. — Gertner, Fruct. ii. 34, t.
85, f. 9.— Persoon, Syn. i. 378. — Desfontaines, Hist. Ard. i.
18. — Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, ii. 201. — Elliott, Sk.
i. 401. — Haworth, Suppl. Pl. Succ. 32. — Sprengel, Syst. ii. 41. —
Roemer & Schultes, Syst. vii. pt. i. 716.— Bot. Reg. xxii. t.
1894. — Dietrich, Syn. i. 1093. — Kunth, Enum. iv. 270. — Spach,
Hist. Vég. xii. 284. — Baker, Gard. Chron. 1870, 828.
Yucca Haruckeriana, Crantz, Duab. Drac. Arbor. 29 (1768).
Another form known only in gardens, with soft although not
pendulous leaves, with green and less ridged points, is : —
Var. y conspicua, Engelmann, 1. c. (1873).
Yucca conspicua, Haworth, J. c. 32 (1819). — Sprengel, l. c. —
Roemer & Schultes, J. c. 715. — Kunth, J. ¢.
8 Draconi arbori affinis Americana, Pinaz, 506.
Aloe Americana jucce foliis arborescens, Kigglaer, Cat. Hort.
Beaum. 5. — K. Commelin, Prel. Bot. 64, t. 14.
dloé Yucce foliis, caulescens, Hermann, Parad. Bat. Prodr.
306. — Plukenet, Phyt. t. 256, f. 4; Alm. Bot. 19.
Aloé ; Americana ; folio Yucce ; arborescens, Boerhaave, Ind. Alt.
Hort. Lugd. Bat. pt. 11. 131.
Yucca arborescens, foliis rigidioribus rectis serratis, Dillenius, Hort.
Eth. 435, t. 323, £. 416.
Yucca Draconis folio serrato reflexo, Dillenius, 1. c. 437, t. 324,
f. 417 (excl. syn. Commelin).
Yucca foliorum margine crenulato, Linnzus, Hort. Cliff. 130 (excl.
syn. Sloane, ? J. Bauhin and ? Clusius) ; Hort. Ups. 88.
Yucca foliis crenulatis, Linneus, Virid. Cliff. 29.
Cordyline foliis pungentibus crenulatis, Royen, Fl. Leyd. Prodr. 221.
4 Yucca tricolor, Yucca lineata lutea, Yucca quadricolor, Hort. —
Yucca serrata, y argenteo-marginata, and 6 roseo-marginata, Regel,
Gartenflora, viii. 55 (1859).
In gardens Yucca aloifolia sometimes appears as Yucca pur-
purea and as Yucca Atkinsi.
CHA A NXP ON
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Puate CCCCXCVII. Yucca ALOIFOLIA.
. A branch of a flowering panicle, natural size.
. Vertical section of a flower, natural size.
A stamen, natural size.
A pistil, natural size.
. Portion of a fruit-cluster, natural size.
A fruit, basal view, natural size.
A seed, natural size.
. A leaf, natural size.
. A leaf-bud, natural size.
Tab. CCCCXCVII .
Silva of North America.
wee
Lovendal sc.
CE. Faxon del.
YUCCA ALOIFOLIA, L
Imp. J. Taneur, Paris.
LILIACER. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 7)
YUCCA TRECULEANA.
Spanish Bayonet. Spanish Dagger.
LEAVES concave, blue-green, rough on the lower surface.
Yucca Treculeana, Carritre, Rev. Hort. 1858, 580 ; 1869, Yucca aspera, Regel, Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 1858, 24;
406, f. 82.— Baker, Gard. Chron. 1870, 828; Jour. Gartenflora, viii. 35.
Linn. Soc. xviii. 226. — Engelmann, Trans. St. Lowis Yucca canaliculata, Hooker, Bot. Mag. Ixxxvi. t. 5201
Acad. iii. 41, 210, 212. — Hemsley, The Garden, viii. 131, (1860). — Baker, Gard. Chron. 1870, 1217. — Engel-
f.; xii. 328, t.; Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. iii. 371. — André, mann, Trans. St. Lowis Acad. iii. 43. — Watson, Proc.
Rev. Hort. 1887, 369, f. 74.— Trelease, Rep. Missouri Am. Acad. xiv. 252.— Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am.
Bot. Gard. iii. 162, t. 47; iv. 185, t. 18, £. 4, 5. — Coulter, 10th Census U. S. ix. 218.
Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 486 (Man. Pl. W. Texas). Yucca longifolia, Buckley, Proc. Phil. Acad. 1862, 8.
A tree, occasionally twenty-five or thirty feet in height, with a trunk sometimes two feet in
diameter, and numerous stout wide-spreading branches, but usually smaller, and often forming broad
low thickets of simple stems four or five feet high. The bark of old trunks is from one fourth to
one half of an inch in thickness, dark red-brown, and broken into thick oblong plates covered with
small irregular rather closely appressed scales. The leaves are lanceolate, slightly or not at all
contracted above the broad dark red lustrous base, concave, and tipped with short stout dark red-brown
spines, their margins being at first dark brown, with a pale cartilaginous edge roughened by minute
deciduous teeth, and ultimately separating into slender dark fibres; they vary from two and a half to
four feet in length, and from two to three and a quarter inches in width, and are stiff and rigid, dark
blue-green, rough on the lower surface and nearly smooth on the upper, and do not fall for many years,
the dead leaves hanging closely pressed against the trunk below the terminal crown of closely imbricated
upright living leaves. The flowers appear in March and April, and are borne on slender pedicels from
half an inch to an inch and a half in length, in a dense many-flowered much-branched glabrous or
puberulous panicle from two to four feet long, and raised on a short stalk from one to two inches in
diameter; the bracts are ovate-oblong, gradually or abruptly contracted toward the apex, which is
tipped with a long rigid brown spine, concave, white, and leathery, five or six inches long, from one
to three inches wide, and often green above the middle, especially those at the very base of the
inflorescence; on its ultimate divisions they are thinner, and flushed with purple above the middle,
ovate-lanceolate, and about an inch long and a quarter of an inch wide, with stout soft points. The
perigone when fully expanded varies from two to four inches across, and is from one to two inches in
length ; its narrow elongated segments are ovate-lanceolate or rarely ovate, about a quarter of an inch
wide, thin and delicate, acute, and furnished at the apex with conspicuous tufts of short pale hairs.
The filaments are slightly papillose, and about as long as the prismatic ovary, which is gradually
narrowed above, and crowned by the deeply divided stigmatic lobes. The fruit, which ripens in the
summer, is indehiscent, cylindrical, or obscurely hexagonal, somewhat sulcate or three-lobed, and
abruptly narrowed at the apex into a short stout point; it is from three to four inches long, and about
an inch thick, and is borne on a stout recurved stalk from an inch and a half to two inches in length ;
the outer coat is dark reddish brown, thin, and succulent, with a sweet, although slightly bitter, rather
agreeable flavor, and easily separates from the thin light brown membranaceous inner coat. The seeds
are about an eighth of an inch broad, and nearly a sixteenth of an inch thick, with slightly winged rims.!
1 No observations have been made on the pollination of Yucca undescribed species of Pronuba. (See Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard. iii.
Treculeana. Cultivated plants are habitually sterile ; and Professor 122; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vii. 96 ; Insect Life, iv. 371.)
Riley believed that the flowers were fertilized by a distinct and
LILIACEZ.
10 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
Yucca Treculeana is distributed from the shores of Matagorda Bay southward through western
Texas to the valleys of the Sierra Madre of Nuevo Leon, and westward up the valley of the Rio Grande
to the high plateau at the eastern base of the mountain ranges of western Texas. Just within the
coast dunes at the mouth of the Rio Grande in Texas lwcca Tieculeana forms open stunted forests,
and farther inland, where it is one of the common chapparal plants, it spreads into great impenetrable
thickets. On the margins of the high plains and valleys, where they rise to meet the foothills of the
Sierra Madre, Vucca Treculeana is the most conspicuous feature of the vegetation,’ forming open
forests, and growing to a large size; in western Texas it is less abundant and smaller.
The wood of Jwcca Treculeana is light brown, fibrous, spongy, heavy, and difficult to cut and
work. ‘The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.6677, a cubic foot weighing 41.61 pounds.
The fruit is cooked and eaten by the Mexicans of the valley of the Rio Grande, and the
root-stock is used as a substitute for soap.
Described from a plant cultivated in France, where it was probably first introduced by the
French naturalist? whose service to botany its specific name commemorates, Yucca Treculeana has long
ornamented the gardens of southern Europe, growing to a large size, and flowering profusely,’ as it
does in the gardens of Austin and other Texas cities, which it often enlivens in early spring with
enormous abundant and splendid clusters of brilliant flowers.*
1 C. G. Pringle, Garden and Forest, iii. 338.
? Auguste Adolph Lucien Trécul was born in Mondoubleau, near
Vendéme, in France, on the 18th of January, 1818, where his
father was a baker, and was educated in the primary school of his
native place and in the college at Venddme. On graduating from
college he went to Paris to study pharmacy, and in 1841 was
admitted as an assistant in the Paris hospitals, and began the study
of natural history. A paper published in 1843 in the Annales des
Sciences Naturelles on the Fruits of Prismatocarpus and on that of
the Crucifers attracted the attention of the authorities of the Mu-
seum, who engaged him temporarily to assist in the arrangement
of the herbarium. At this time Trécul prepared a monograph of
the Artocarpacee, published in the eighth volume of the third series
of the Annales, and continued his studies upon the organs of plants,
to which most of his attention as a botanist has been devoted. In
1814 he was sent by the Museum to North America to collect
plants and animals, being also commissioned by the Minister of
Agriculture and Commerce to study the esculent plants used by
the Indians of the western plains. Arriving in North America in
1848, he traveled through the region between the Mississippi River
and the Rocky Mountains for nearly three years, and returned to
France in the autumn of 1850. His collections made during the
first year of his stay in America were lost in the wreck of the ship
to which they had been intrusted ; but those made in Texas and
northern Mexico, where he passed the winter of 1849, reached
France in good condition, and included living plants of Ungnadia
speciosa, Yucca Treculeana, Sophora secundiflora, Guaiacum angusti-
Since 1850
Trécul has devoted himself to morphology and physiology, and has
folium, Rhus virens, and several species of Cactus.
published many papers on these subjects in the Comptes Rendus
de Academie des Sciences, the Journal de Pharmacie, Annales des
In 1851 he delivered a
course of lectures on botany before the Institut National Agro-
Sciences Naturelles, Revue Horticole, etc.
nomique at Versailles ; but since his return from America has
occupied no official position.
° Naudin, Manuel de l’ Acclimateur, 558. — Baker, Kew Bull. Mis-
cellaneous Information, January, 1892, 8.
In European gardens Yucca Treculeana is sometimes cultivated
under the names of Yucca agavoides, Yucca concava, Yucca cornuta,
Yucca revoluta, and Yucca undulata. (See Carriére, Rev. Hort.
1858, 580. — Baker, Jour. Linn. Soc. xviii. 226.)
4 Sargent, Garden and Forest, i. 54, f£. 10.
=
j=)
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Puate CCCCXCVIII. Yucca TrREcuLEANA.
. Portion of a branch of a flowering panicle, natural size.
Diagram of a flower.
. Vertical section of a flower, natural size.
A pistil, natural size.
. Portion of a branch of a fruiting panicle, natural size.
. Vertical section of a portion of a fruit, natural size.
. A seed divided transversely, enlarged.
. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.
. An embryo, enlarged.
. The base of a leaf, natural size.
Tab. CCCCXCVIIL.
merica.
Silva of North A
CL. Faxon del«
YUCCA TRECULEANA, Carr.
Paris.
Imp. J. Taneur,
A. Riocreuzx direz.*
LILIACER, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 13
YUCCA MACROCARPA.
Spanish Dagger.
LzEAvVEs flat, dark green. Fruit long-beaked.
Yucca macrocarpa, Coville, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. Yucca baccata, Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census
202 (Bot. Death Valley Exped.) (1893). — Sargent, Gar- U. S. ix. 219 (in part) (not Torrey) (1884). — Hemsley,
den and Forest, ix. 104. Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. iii. 370 (in part).
Yucca baccata, var. macrocarpa, Torrey, Bot. Mex. ‘Yucca filifera, Trelease, Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard. iii. 162,
Bound. Surv. 222 (1858). (in part) (not Chabaud) (1892).
Yucca baccata, 6 australis, Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Yucca australis, Trelease, Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard. iv.
Acad. iii. 44 (in part) (1873).— Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. 190, t. 4,5 (excl. hab. Parras) (1893). — Coulter, Contrib.
xiv. 252 (in part). — Baker, Jour. Linn. Soc. xviii. 229 U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 436 (Man. Pl. W. Texas).
(in part).
A tree, often forty feet in height, with a trunk sometimes two feet in diameter above the broad
abruptly enlarged base, from which hard tough roots a third of an inch in thickness and covered with
bright red-brown lustrous bark descend deep into the soil, and simple, or divided into several short
branches ; frequently smaller, and until ten or fifteen years old clothed from the ground with erect
living leaves. Near the base the stems of old trees are covered with dark reddish brown bark from a
third to a half of an inch in thickness and broken on the surface into small thin loose scales, and above
are protected by a thick thatch of the pendent dry leaves of many seasons. The leaves are lanceolate,
rigid, and from two and a half to four feet in length; they are abruptly contracted above the
conspicuously thickened dark red and lustrous base, which is six or seven inches broad, and then
gradually widen to above the middle, where they are from two and a half to three inches in breadth ;
they are flat on the upper surface, thickened and rounded on the lower toward the base, tipped
with short stout dark spines, smooth, and clear dark green, their margins, which at first are brown
and entire, breaking later into numerous stout gray or brown fibres, short and spreading near the apex
of the leaf and long and more remote toward the base, where they form a thick cobweb-like mass
between the leaves. The flowers, which in Texas appear in April, hang on thin drooping pedicels
from three quarters of an inch to nearly three inches long, forming dense many-flowered glabrous
panicles from three to four feet in length, with elongated pendulous branches and short peduncles ;
the bracts are ovate, acute or acuminate, mucronate at the apex, white, thick and leathery; often from
ten to fourteen inches long and from three to four inches broad at the base of the panicle, they
decrease in size upward, those at the base of its branches being from four to six inches long and about
an inch wide, and those at the base of the pedicels, which do not fall until after the flowers, from an
inch to an inch and a half long, a quarter of an inch wide, and membranaceous. The perigone is
about two and a half inches in length, with obovate thin concave acute white waxy segments, narrowed
at both ends and united at the base into a short tube, those of the outer rank bemg not more than
half as wide as those of the inner rank and about two thirds as long. The stamens are much shorter
than the ovary, with slender filaments pilose above the middle with short rigid hairs, and abruptly
dilated and clavate at the apex. The ovary is sessile, conspicuously ridged, light yellow, marked with
large pale raised lenticels, and gradually narrowed above into an elongated slender style deeply three-
lobed at the apex. The fruit, which ripens in early summer, is indehiscent, shghtly or not at all
angled, abruptly contracted at the apex into a longer or shorter slender hooked beak, from three to
four inches long and from an inch to an inch and a half thick, light orange-colored and lustrous
14 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. LILIACEE.
when it first ripens, and ultimately nearly black, with a thick succulent, although not juicy, bitter sweet
and luscious outer coat and a thin light brown membranaceous inner coat. The seed 1s a quarter of
an inch in length and about an eighth of an inch in thickness, with narrow or nearly obsolete margins
to the rim.’
Yucea macrocarpa, which is the largest of the Yuccas that inhabit the United States, 1s common
on the high desert plateau of southwestern Texas, where it is the most conspicuous feature of the
vegetation, growing with Agaves, Nolinas, Cacti, and smaller Yuccas, in an open forest, and attaining
its greatest size on the wide slopes leading up to the base of the mountains; it ranges westward into
New Mexico and southward over the highlands of northern Mexico.’
The wood of Yucca macrocarpa has not been examined.
When slightly dried over a fire the green leaves of this plant become supple and can easily be
slit into narrow shreds, which are used as withes, or substitutes for ropes in binding sheaves of grain,
bundles of hay, and the loads of pack-saddles. Mexicans and Indians also obtain from the green leaves
a strong smooth white fibre about three feet in length, by scraping them with a knife, leaving the
shreds to dry for a short time upon the ground, washing them to remove the pith, and then combing
the fibres or pulling them apart by hand.’
In the United States Vucca macrocarpa was first noticed in September, 1852, in southwestern
Texas by Dr. J. M. Bigelow,* one of the botanists of the Mexican Boundary Survey.
The arid and inhospitable region which is the home of this tree is made beautiful in early spring
by its broad panicles rising above the dense clusters of long dark green sword-shaped leaves with their
drooping branches and large closely crowded flowers, and gleaming in the sunlight like countless
spray-covered fountains.”
1 No observations on the pollination of this species have been
made. It blooms with or a little later than Yucca Treculeana, and.
a month earlier than Yucca constricta, with which species it is
associated in western Texas, and the fruit shows the work of the
larve of a Pronuba (Trelease, Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard. iv. 192).
* 2 Jt is probably Yucca macrocarpa which attracts the attention of
travelers on the Mexican Central Railway in Chihuahua. It was
collected by Pringle on limestone hills in the Carneros Pass, Chi-
huahua, in 1889 and 1891 (Nos. 2841, 3912), and is perhaps the
No. 1571 of Coulter’s Mexican collection in Herb. Gray.
3 Havard, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. viii. 516 (Yucca baccata).
* See i. 88.
5 Garden and Forest, viii. 301, f. 42.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Pirate CCCCXCIX.
. Portion of a branch of a flowering panicle, natural size.
. A fruit, natural size.
. A seed, natural size.
SO Oo P CO DN
. A seedling, natural size.
YuccA MACROCARPA.
. The base of a leaf, natural size.
. The point of a leaf, natural size.
Silva of North America. . Tab. CCCCXCIX.
h\
j
RE eS Se a a
Se eetrease
J
YUCCA MACROCARPA, Cov. #
A, Riocreuax. direz* Imp. 7 Taneur, Paris.
LILIACER. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 15
YUCCA MOHAVENSIS.
Spanish Dagger.
LEAVES concave, smooth, light yellow-green.
Yucca Mohavensis, Sargent, Garden and Forest, ix. 104 (in part). —S. B. Parish, Garden and Forest, iv. 136 ;
(1896). Zoé, iv. 348. — Trelease, Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard. iii.
Yucca filamentosa ? Wood, Proc. Phil. Acad. 1868, 167 162 (in part), t. 2; iv. 185 (in part).
(not Linnzus). Yucca macrocarpa, Merriam, North American Fauna,
Yucca baccata, Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. No. 7, 358, t. 14 (Death Valley Exped. ii.) (not Yucca
44 (in part) (1873). — Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xiv. baccata, var. macrocarpa, Torrey, nor Yucca macrocarpa,
252 (in part). — Baker, Jour. Linn. Soc. xviii. 229 (in Engelmann) (1893). — Coville, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb.
part). — Brewer & Watson, Bot. Cal. ii. 164 (in part). — iv. 202 (Bot. Death Valley Exped.) (in part).
Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 219
A tree, rarely exceeding fifteen feet in height, with a trunk which is usually simple, or occasionally
furnished with short spreading branches, and is six or eight inches in diameter, covered toward the
base with dark brown bark, and generally surrounded by a cluster of shorter more or less spreading
stems often clothed to the ground with living leaves, and thus forming small thickets, and thick
branching root-stocks. The leaves are lanceolate, abruptly contracted above the thickened dark red
and lustrous base, which is from three to three and a half inches wide, gradually narrowed upward
to above the middle, where they are often an inch and a half in width, thin and concave except toward
the slightly thickened base of the blade, the two edges being almost closed together near the apex,
which terminates in a stout dark rigid sharp-pointed tip; they are light yellow-green, smooth on
both surfaces, and from eighteen to twenty-four inches in length, with entire margins which at first
are bright red-brown but soon begin to separate into numerous long pale smooth thick filaments.
The flowers appear from March on the deserts of the interior to the begmning of May on the coast ;
they are produced in densely flowered panicles which are glabrous or roughened with reddish brown
scurfy pubescence, usually more or less flushed with purple, sessile or short-stemmed, from twelve to
eighteen inches in length, and furnished near the base of the rachis and below the lowest branch with a
pair of flowers, and are borne on slender nearly erect ultimately drooping pedicels from an inch to an
inch and a half in length, and occasionally forked near the middle and two-flowered ; the bracts at the
base of the panicle are linear-lanceolate, sharp-pointed, from eight to ten inches in length, white
below and green and leaf-like above the middle; those at the base of the short and rather slender
branches of the panicle are from five to seven inches in length, creamy white on the inner surface, and
more or less deeply tinged with purple on the outer; and those at the base of the pedicels near the apex
of the panicle are often not more than half an inch long and an eighth of an inch wide. The
flowers vary much in size, even on neighboring plants, on some the perigone being two and a half
inches and on others not more than an inch in length; the segments are united at the base into a
short tube, and are thickened and hood-shaped at the apex, which is furnished with a tuft of pale
hairs; those of the outer rank, which are often deeply flushed with purple, are much thickened
externally toward the base and keeled along the back with a stout keel extending slightly above the
rounded apex, narrowed below, concave and slightly grooved on the inner face and but little longer
than the less prominently ribbed usually wider and thinner segments of the inner rank. The stamens
rise nearly to the base of the stigma, with filaments which are rounded or flattened on the back and
more or less pilose from the base upward. The ovary is sessile, slightly three-lobed, pale green,
gradually narrowed above into a short stout three-lobed style penetrated by a wide stigmatic tube, the
16 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. LILIACEE.
lobes deeply emarginate at the apex. The fruit, which is rather sparingly produced, ripens in August
and September, and is pendulous, indehiscent, from three to four inches long, about an inch and a
half thick, usually much constricted near the middle and abruptly contracted at the apex into a short
stout point, and in ripening turns from green to a tawny yellow color, and then passes through shades
of brownish purple, finally becoming dark dull brown or nearly black; it has sweet succulent flesh,
often half an inch in thickness, and a thin light brown inner coat. The seeds are a third of an inch
wide, rather less than an eighth of an inch thick, and furnished with narrow borders to the rm.
An inhabitant of the desert, where it is scattered either sigly or in small groups, Yucca
Mohavensis grows on mountain slopes, which it sometimes ascends to elevations of about four thousand
feet above the level of the sea, and on the sides of the depressions made by sudden torrents, and is
distributed from southern Nevada and northeastern Arizona across the Mohave Desert, where it attains
its largest size, over the western rim of the Colorado Desert and from the southern base of the San
Bernardino Mountains to the California coast, along which it extends from northern Lower California ’
to the neighborhood of Monterey, being less abundant here than in the interior, and often remaining
stemless in the California coast region.
The wood of a plant from San Diego, California, is soft, spongy, light brown, and difficult to
work. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.2724, a cubic foot weighing 16.98
pounds.
From the fibres of the leaves gayly decorated blankets are woven by the Indians of southern
California, who also make them into cords.”
First noticed in California in 1852 by Dr. C. C. Parry,’ one of the botanists of the expedition sent
to determine the boundary between the United States and Mexico, Yucca Mohavensis was long
confounded with the stemless Yucca baccata* of the Colorado plateau and with Yucca macrocarpa of
western Texas and Chihuahua.
1 Brandegee, Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. 2, ii. 208 (Pl. Baja Cal.).
2 Palmer, Am. Nat. xii. 646.
8 See vii. 130.
4 Yucca baccata (Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 221 (in part)
[1859]) is a plant with a subterranean stem, or a stem some eight
or ten feet long lying prostrate on the surface of the ground, tufts
of glaucous concave leaves much roughened on the back and from
three to four feet in length, larger flowers than those of any other
species of Yucca now known, the perigone often exceeding four
inches in length, and large indehiscent succulent fruits narrowed at
Yucca baccata is an inhabitant of the
Colorado plateau, where it is distributed from southwestern Col-
the apex into short beaks.
orado to northern New Mexico and northern Arizona, being abun-
dant on the high Pine-covered plains south of the caiion of the
Colorado River, but apparently not extending south of the rim of
the plateau or descending into the desert.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Puate D. Yucca Mo#AveEnsIs.
AID OP WON
. A fruit, natural size.
A seed, natural size.
. A branch of a flowering panicle, natural size.
. Outer segment of the perigone, rear view, enlarged.
A flower, natural size.
. The base of a leaf, natural size.
. The point of a leaf, natural size.
Silva of North America,
Rapine se.
CE Faxon del.
YUCCA MOHAVENSIS, Sarg.
Imp. J Taneur, Paris.
A, Riocreuk direxe ©
LILIACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 17
YUCCA SCHOTTII.
Spanish Dagger.
PANICLE coated with hoary tomentum. Leaves concave above the middle, smooth,
light yellow-green.
Yucca Schottii, Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 46 Yucca baccata, Engelmann, Rothrock Wheeler's Rep. vi.
(1873). — Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xiv. 252. — Baker, 270 (in part) (1878).
Jour. Linn. Soc. xviii. 228. — Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Yucca macrocarpa, Engelmann, Bot. Gazette, vi. 224 (not
Cent. iii. 371. — Trelease, Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard. Yucca baccata var. macrocarpa, Torrey) (1881). —
iii. 162; iv. 185, t. 3. Baker, Kew Bull. Misc. Information, January, 1892, 8. —
Yucca puberula, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 221 Trelease, Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard. iii. 162, ‘t. 46. —
(not Haworth) (1859). Toumey, Garden and Forest, viii. 22.
A tree, in Arizona rarely eighteen or twenty feet in height, with a trunk which is often crooked
or slightly inclining, and is simple or furnished with two or three short erect branches, not more than
ten inches in diameter, covered below with dark red-brown scaly bark from a third to a half of an inch
in thickness, roughened for many years by the persistent scars of the leaf-bases, and clothed above by
the pendent dead leaves of many seasons. The leaves are lanceolate, from two and a half to three feet
in length, and gradually narrowed upward from the thin lustrous red base, which is three or three and
a half inches in width, to above the middle, where they are an inch and a half broad; they are light
yellow-green and smooth, with thick entire red-brown margins, which eventually separate sparingly into
short thin smooth brittle threads, and are flat except toward the apex, where they gradually become
strongly concave, and end in long rigid sharp light red-brown points, and toward the base, where they
are slightly thickened and rounded. ‘The flowers appear from July to September in an erect
pedunculate panicle with a short rachis and stout slender branches growing from it at nearly right
angles, and then turning abruptly upward, the whole clothed with loose hoary tomentum, which also
covers the short stout erect or spreading pedicels; the bracts are lanceolate, white and fleshy, and vary
from eighteen inches in length at the base of the panicle, where they terminate in long rigid points, to
less than an inch on its ultimate divisions, where they are thin and membranaceous, often falling before
the flowers. The perigone is from an inch to an inch and three quarters long, and on the outer
surface is pubescent at the base, its broad oval or oblong-obovate thin segments being tipped at the
apex with conspicuous clusters of white tomentum, and often slightly pilose on the back. The stamens
are not more than two thirds as long as the ovary, with flattened filaments pilose from the base, and
only slightly enlarged at the apex. The ovary is cylindrical, gradually narrowed above, and crowned
by a short stout deeply lobed style. The fruit, which in Arizona is produced sparingly, and ripens in
October and November, is pendulous, indehiscent, slightly angled, from three and a half to four inches
in length, about an inch and a quarter in thickness, often narrowed above the middle, tipped by a stout
thick point, and surrounded at the base with the remains of the perigone; at first pale green when
fully grown, it turns orange-color and finally black in ripening ; the flesh is thin, sweet, and succulent,
and closely invests the thin light brown inner coat. The seeds are a quarter of an inch broad, and
about an eighth of an inch thick, with thin conspicuous marginal rims.
In the United States, where it is nowhere abundant, Yucca Schottii inhabits the dry slopes of the
mountain ranges of Arizona adjacent to the Mexican boundary, usually at elevations of between five
and six thousand feet above the level of the sea, but occasionally following their canons down to the
high mesas at their base, and ranges southward through Sonora.
18
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
LILIACEA,
The wood of Yucca Schottii has not been examined.
Yucca Schottii was discovered by Mr. A. Schott’ in June, 1849, in the valley of the Santa Cruz
River in northern Sonora.
1 Arthur Carl Victor Schott (February 27, 1814-July 26, 1875)
was born in Stuttgart, and educated in the gymnasium and the
technical school of his native city. After graduating at the age
of fifteen he worked as an apprentice for a year in the Royal
Gardens of Stuttgart preparatory to entering the Institute of
Agriculture at Hohenheim. When he had thus completed his
education Schott managed various rural estates in Germany, and
then took charge of a mining property in Hungary, where he
remained for ten years, devoting himself assiduously to the study
of botany, geology, and zodlogy. In 1848 he traveled through
southern Europe, Turkey, and Arabia, and in August, 1850, came
to America, where he obtained employment in the office of the
United States Topographical Engineers at Washington. A few
years later, upon the recommendation of Dr. John Torrey, he was
appointed a member of the scientific corps of the commission estab-
lished to fix the boundary between the United States and Mexico,
In addition
to his regular work as one of the surveyors of the Commission,
Mr. Schott formed large botanical collections, made the sketches
of the scenery which accompanied the reports of Lieutenant Mich-
and was given charge of one of the surveying parties.
ler, published in the general Boundary Report and in separate
memoirs, and also sketched the geology of the lower Rio Grande,
and wrote the account of the geology of the territory lying between
the one hundred and eleventh degree of longitude and the initial
point on the Colorado River of the West. In 1857, his work in
connection with the Mexican Boundary Commission being com-
pleted, he became a member of a Government Commission to sur-
vey the Atrato River in the United States of Colombia, serving
there for several months, and returning with the Commission to
Washington, where its report was completed in 1864.
In 1864 Mr. Schott was commissioned by Governor Salazar of
Yucatan to make a geological survey of that State, and was en-
gaged on this work until 1866, when it was interrupted by political
revolutions. He was afterwards employed in the Topographical
Bureau of the War Department of the United States, and then,
until his death, in the office of the Coast Survey.
Mr. Schott is described as a man of many talents, a good lin-
guist, an accomplished scholar and artist, and a thorough naturalist.
He was an indefatigable worker, careful and systematic in his
methods, and untiring in his efforts to advance the cause of science.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Prats DI. Yucca Scuorrnu.
bo oe
CAH AP w
. A fruit, natural size.
A seed, natural size.
. Portion of a flowering panicle, natural size.
Vertical section of a flower, natural size.
. The base of a leaf, natural size.
. The point of a leaf, natural size.
A bract from the base of an inflorescence, natural size.
. A seedling, natural size.
Tab. Dl:
Silva of North America.
WW VY
\\
1
|
\
A
r)
a
CE Faxon de.
Migneaux se.
YUCCA SCHOTTII, Engelm.
Imp. J. Taneur, Paris.
A. Riocreux direx*®
LILIACE. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 19
YUCCA ARBORESCENS.
Joshua Tree.
LEAVES concave above the middle, blue-green, sharply serrate.
Yucca arborescens, Trelease, Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard. Nat. ix. 141, 351.— Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xiv.
ili. 163, t. 5, 49 (1893). — Coville, Contrib. U. S. Nat. 252. — Baker, Jour. Linn. Soc. xviii. 221.— Brewer &
Herb. iv. 201, t. (Bot. Death Valley Exped.). Watson, Bot. Cal. ii. 164.— Sargent, Forest Trees N.
Yucca Draconis, var. arborescens, Torrey, Pacific R. R. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 218.— Gard. Chron. ser. 3, i.
Fep. iv. pt. v. 147 (1857). 772, {. 145. —S. B. Parish, Garden and Forest, iv. 135;
Yucca brevifolia, Engelmann, Watson King’s Rep. v. 496 Zoé, iv. 349.—Trelease, Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard. iv.
(1871); Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 47. — Parry, Am. 193, t. 6-9, 21.
A tree, from thirty to forty feet tall, with stout tough roots descending deeply into the soil from a
broad thick basal disk from which the trunk rises abruptly. Until the stem attains a height of eight
or ten feet it is simple and clothed to the ground with leaves which are erect until after the appearance
of the first panicle of flowers, when they spread at right angles, and, finally becoming reflexed, do not
disappear for many years; after flowering the stem forms two or three branches, ultimately becomes
two or three feet in diameter, covered, like the short stout limbs, with gray bark from an inch to
an inch and a half in thickness, and deeply divided into oblong plates frequently two inches in length,
and bears a broad and often symmetrical head formed by the continued forking of the branches at the
base of the terminal flower-clusters. The rigid leaves, which are crowded in densely imbricated clusters
at the end of the branches, are lanceolate, and taper gradually or rarely are slightly contracted above
the bright red-brown lustrous base, which is from an inch and a half to two inches wide; they are from
five to eight, or rarely on vigorous young plants ten or twelve inches in length, and from one quarter
to one half of an inch in width; they are concave above the middle, flat or only slightly concave
toward the base, tipped with sharp gradually tapering dark red-brown points from one half to three
quarters of an inch long, bluish green and glaucous, and smooth or slightly roughened, with thin
yellow margins armed with sharp minute teeth. The flowers appear from March until the beginning of
May, the creamy white closely imbricated bracts of the panicle, which are often flushed with purple at
the apex, forming before its appearance a conspicuous conical cone-like bud eight or ten inches in
length. The panicle is nearly sessile, pubescent, densely flowered, fifteen or sixteen inches long and
about eight inches broad, with a stout rachis an inch and a half thick at the base, and gradually
tapering to the apex, and short stout branches; the lower bracts are sterile, and, although rather
shorter, resemble the leaves except at the base, which is oblong, leathery, creamy white, about two and
a half inches long and an inch and a quarter broad; by the gradual lengthening of the wide base and
the shortening of the green leaf-like tip, the inner bracts, from which the branches of the inflorescence
spring, are oblong-ovate or oblong-obovate, acuminate, leathery, creamy white, and seven or eight
inches long, and from one to two inches broad, gradually decreasing im size toward the apex of the
panicle, those at the base of the upper branches being not more than three inches in length ; the lowest
fertile bract bears one or two flowers in its axil; and at the base of each branch are usually two solitary
flowers, while the rest of its flowers, eight or ten in number, are arranged above its middle, each in the
axis of a creamy white bract, the bracts decreasing im size toward the end of the branch, the largest
being about an inch and a half long and a quarter of an inch broad, and the smallest not more than
half that size. The flowers, which vary from globose to oblong in shape and from one to two inches in
length, are greenish white, waxy, and dull or lustrous, and emit a strong and rather disagreeable odor ;
20 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. LILIACEZ.
the segments of the perigone, which are united at the base into a short tube, are keeled on the back,
thin below the middle, and gradually thickened upward above it to the much thickened concave
incurved rounded tip, those of the outer rank bemg rather broader and thicker and more prominently
keeled than those of the inner rank ; they are glabrous with the exception of a few scattered hairs at
the base and at the apex, or are covered with pubescence on the outer surface. The stamens are about
half as long as the ovary, with filaments which are villous-papillate from the base, flattened below by
pressure against the ovary, spreading above and clavately thickened toward the apex, and with anthers
which do not open and discharge their pollen until the second evening after the expansion of the
flowers The ovary is sessile, conical, three-lobed above the middle, and bright green, with narrow
slightly developed septal nectar glands,’ and is crowned with a sessile nearly equally six-lobed star-like
white stigma penetrated by a wide stigmatic canal. The fruit, which mpens m May or June, is
spreading or more or less pendent at maturity, oblong-ovate, acute, and tipped at the apex by the point
of the ovary and the stigma, surrounded at the base by the withered remnants of the perigone, slightly
three-angled, from two to four inches long and from an inch and a half to two inches broad, hght
reddish or yellow brown and indehiscent, although when thoroughly dry showing a tendency to split
between the primary dissepiments; the outer coat, which is sometimes a quarter of an inch thick,
becomes dry and spongy in texture as the fruit ripens, and closely invests the light brown case-like
inner coat. The seeds are sometimes nearly half an inch in length, rather less in breadth, and not
quite one sixteenth of an inch in thickness, with broad well-developed margins to the rim, and large
conspicuous hilums.
Yucca arborescens is distributed from southwestern Utah to the western and northern rims of the
Mohave Desert in California, inhabiting the high gravelly slopes which border arid plains and the lower
slopes of dry mountain ranges, and, in distinct zones and belts, forming open forests often of
considerable extent. In Utah, where it rarely exceeds ten feet in height, it forms such a belt five or
six miles wide on the western slope of the Beaverdam Mountains, at elevations of between 2,300 and
4,400 feet above the level of the sea. In southern and southwestern Nevada it is not uncommon
at the base of many of the mountain ranges, often growing in forests of considerable extent at
elevations of nearly 7,000 feet, and ranging northward nearly to the thirty-eighth degree of latitude;
in northwestern Arizona it is found in a scattered belt in the valley of the Virgin River, and extends
southward over the low divide between the Detrital and Sacramento valleys; and in California it
abounds on the Mohave Desert, where it grows to its largest size, making a belt several miles wide
along the western margin of the desert, covering the northern foothills of the San Bernardino
Mountains up to elevations of nearly 4,000 feet, spreading westward up Antelope Valley, and along
the northern side of the desert to the foothills of the Tehachapi Mountains with forests sometimes
twelve miles wide, and extending with small and isolated groves nearly to Walker Pass, where it
becomes abundant again.’
The wood of Yucca arborescens is light, soft, spongy, difficult to work, very light brown or nearly
white. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.3737, a cubic foot weighing 23.29 pounds.
It has been made into pulp for the manufacture of paper,* and is cut into thin layers, which are used
as wrapping material or manufactured into boxes and other small articles.
The seeds are gathered and eaten by the Indians, who grind them into meal.®
1 Trelease, Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard. iv. 195. of Yucca arborescens into paper-pulp. A quantity of paper was
2 Trelease, J. c. made from the pulp, and it is said that several editions of the Lon-
3 Merriam, North American Fauna, No. 7, 352, t. (Death Valley don Telegraph were printed upon it ; but the high cost of manufac-
Exped. ii.). ture more than consumed the profits of the enterprise, and it was
* About twenty-five years ago at Ravenna in the Solidad Pass, soon abandoned. (See Shinn, Am. Agric. 1. 689.)
just south of the Mohave Desert in California, a company of Eng- 5 Palmer, Am. Nat. xii. 647.
lish capitalists established a mill for the manufacture of the wood
LILIACER. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 21
First noticed by Frémont in 1844 on the Mohave Desert,' the Joshua Tree, as it was called by
the Mormons of southern Utah, was not described until many years later.
Railroads now cross the Mohave Desert, and from the window of his car the traveler can see the
forests of Yucca arborescens stretching indefinitely into the hazy distance, unlike any other forest on
the continent, and without a rival in singularity and weirdness.
1 “We continued in a southerly direction across the plain, to Yucca trees gave a strange and singular character.” (Frémont,
which, as well as to all the country so far as we could see, the Rep. 257.)
a=
Oo
OWN AHNE WH
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Puate DIL. Yucca ARBORESCENS.
. A branch of a flowering panicle, natural size.
. A small pubescent flower, natural size.
. Vertical section of a flower, natural size.
. A pistil divided transversely, enlarged.
. Portion of a branch of a fruiting panicle, natural size.
. Cross section of a fruit, natural size.
Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.
. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.
. A leaf, natural size.
. A bract from the base of an inflorescence, natural size.
Tab. DII.
‘Silva of North America.
fiimety se.
u tT | |
SOL
A}
N
LL LAM
k whe LAX LA Le
\ap WR ERR UO pay?
10
\
: |
Cy
1
)
Re |
Boe ias aeiae se \
pone ee
oe e
LS \
——————— \
foAyprl rh /VIEIDRLAWAAY,
CE Faxon det.
)
/
|
N/a
YUCCA ARBORESCENS, Trel.
Imp. J. Taneur, Paris.
A Riocreux direx™
LILIACE.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
23
YUCCA GLORIOSA.
Spanish Dagger.
LzEavEs thin, flat, or concave toward the apex, rough on the lower surface, dull or
glaucous green.
Yucca gloriosa, Linneus, Spec. 319 (1753). — Miller, Dict.
ed. 8, No. 1. —Schoepf, Mat. Med. Amer. 48. — Walter,
Fl. Car. 124. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. i. 465. — Salisbury,
Prodr. 246. — Willdenow, Spec. ii. pt. i. 183. — Michaux,
Fl. Bor-Am. i. 196. — Persoon, Syn. i. 378. — Andrews,
: Bot. Rep. vii. t. 473. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i. 18. —
Bot. Mag. xxxi. t. 1260. — Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult.
ed. 2, ii. 201.— Pursh, #7. Am. Sept. i. 228. — Redouté,
Liliacées, vi. t. 326, 327. — Nuttall, Gen. i. 218. —
Haworth, Suppl. Pl. Succ. 37.— Elliott, Sk. i. 400. —
Sprengel, Syst. ii. 41. — Roemer & Schultes, Syst. vii. pt.
i. 720.— Dietrich, Syn. ii. 1094. — Kunth, Enum. iv.
273. — Spach, Hist. Vég. xii. 286. — Regel, Gartenjlora,
viii. 36. — Chapman, F7. 485. — Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv.
N. Car. 1860, iti. 94.— Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis
Acad. iii. 38, 211, 213. — K. Koch, Dend’r. ii. pt. ii. 343. —
Hemsley, The Garden, viii. 133, f£. — Watson, Proc. Am.
Acad. xiv. 251.— Baker, Refugium Bot. v. t. 320; Jour.
Linn. Soc. xviii. 225. — Trelease, Rep. Missouri Bot.
Gard. ii. 163, t. 6, 7, 50; iv. 199.
Yucca integerrima, Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med. ii. 267 (1812).
Yucca obliqua, Haworth, Syn. Pl. Succ. 69 (1812) ; Suppl.
Pil. Succ. 37.— Sprengel, Syst. ii. 41.— Roemer &
Schultes, Syst. vii. pt. i. 721. — Kunth, Hnum. iv. 274. —
Spach, Hist. Vég. xii. 287. — Regel, Gartenflora, viii. 36;
xvii. t. 580. .
Yucca acuminata, Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ii. t. 195
(1827). — Kunth, Enum. iv. 274. — Spach, Hist. Vég. xii.
287. — Baker, Gard. Chron. 1870, 1123; Refugium Bot.
vy. t. 316.
Yucca gloriosa maculata, Carritre, Rev. Hort. 1859,
430.
Yucca gloriosa glaucescens, Carritre, Rev. Hort. 1860,
360.
Yucca gloriosa nobilis, Carritre, Rev. Hort. 1860, 360.
Yucca gloriosa nobilis parviflora, Carritre, Rev. Hort.
1860, 361.
Yucca gloriosa minor, Carritre, Rev. Hort. 1860, 361. —
Baker, Refugium Bot. v. t. 319; Jour. Linn. Soc. xviii.
225.
Yucca gloriosa mollis, Carritre, Rev. Hort. 1860, 362.
Yucca gloriosa tristis, Carritre, Rev. Hort. 1860, 363.
Yucca gloriosa acuminata, Carritre, Rev. Hort. 1868,
157. — Baker, Jour. Linn. Soc. xviii. 226.
Yucca gloriosa robusta, Carritre, Rev. Hort. 1868, 158.
Yucca patens, André, Jl. Hort. 1870, 121, t.
Yucca tortulata, Baker, Gard. Chron. 1870, 1122.
Yucca pruinosa, Baker, Gard. Chron. 1870, 1122.
Yucca Boerhaavii, Baker, Gard. Chron. 1870, 1217 ; Jour.
Linn. Soc. xviti. 224.
Yucca Ellacombei, Baker, Refugiwm Bot. v. t. 317 (1872).
Yucca gloriosa, var. obliqua, Baker, Jour. Linn. Soe.
xviii. 225 (1881).
Yucca gloriosa, var. Ellacombei, Baker, Jour. Linn. Soc.
xviii. 226 (1881).
Yucca gloriosa, var. tortulata, Baker, Jour. Linn. Soc.
xviii. 226 (1881).
Yucca gloriosa, var. pruinosa, Baker, Jour. Linn. Soc.
xviii. 226 (1881).
On the coast of South Carolina a tree, with a stem which varies from a few inches to six or eight
feet in height and from four to six inches in diameter, simple or rarely furnished with a few short
branches, and usually clothed to the base with pendent dead leaves; or in the gardens of more
temperate regions often larger, with a stout trunk covered with smooth thick hght gray bark. The
leaves are from two to two feet and a half in length, gradually narrowed above the broad base, and
then gradually broadened to above the middle, where they vary from one and a half to two and a half
inches in width; they are thin, flat, or slightly concave toward the apex, which is tipped with a stout
dark red point, frequently longitudinally folded, dull and often glaucous green, and roughened on the
under surface, especially above the middle, with margins which at first are pale and serrulate toward
the base of the leaf but soon grow dark reddish brown, and usually, losing their teeth and becoming
brittle, crumble away or occasionally separate into thin fibres. The flowers generally appear in October,
or occasionally on some plants as early as July, in pubescent or glabrous panicles tapering toward
LILIACE.
24 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
both ends, from two to four feet long, from twelve to eighteen inches in diameter, and raised on
stout peduncles which are sometimes three or four feet in length, although frequently shorter, and are
furnished with creamy white acute bracts often flushed with purple toward the apex, and forming
before the panicle emerges a conspicuous egg-shaped bud from four to six inches long ; the first
fertile bracts bear in their axils one or usually two flowers; higher on the panicle the bracts are
smaller, and at the base of the pedicels at the extremities of its branches they are often less than an
inch in length. The perigone when fully expanded is from three and a half to four inches across, with
thin ovate acute or lance-ovate creamy white segments often tinged externally with green or purple,
slightly united at the base, and pubescent at the apex. The stamens are about as long as the ovary,
with filaments which at first are erect or patulous but commonly become recurved or variously twisted,
and are hispid or slightly papillose, and with anthers which are usually deeply emarginate at the apex.
The ovary is sessile, slightly lobed and six-sided, light green, and gradually narrowed upward into
elongated divergent stigmatic lobes thickened on the back and emarginate at the apex. The fruit,
which is rarely produced,! is indehiscent, pendulous, about three inches long and an inch in diameter,
cuspidate at the apex, and raised on a short stout stipe ; when fully grown it is hexagonal, prominently
six-ridged, with three wide sides corresponding to the backs of the carpels and three alternate much
narrower depressed sides ; and at maturity the thick outer coat becomes thin, leathery, and almost black,
and closely invests the thin firm light brown inner coat. The seeds are a quarter of an inch wide and
about one thirty-second of an inch thick, with smooth testas and uniform albumen.’
1 Only two authentic instances of plants of Yucca gloriosa pro-
ducing fruits are recorded. Several years ago Dr. J. H. Melli-
champ noticed ripe fruit on a plant near Bluffton, South Carolina,
which had bloomed early in the season, and in the autumn of 1873
a plant in the congressional gardens in Washington bore a number
of fruits which contained fertile seeds. Plants of Yucca gloriosa
or of some of its forms are said to have borne abortive fruits and
even mature fruits with fertile seeds in Europe (see Ellacombe,
Gard. Chron. n. ser. xiii. 21; xxiv. 628), but such statements must
be accepted with caution, for the determination of the species of
cultivated Yuccas is difficult and uncertain, and Yucca aloifolia,
which frequently fruits in European gardens, is often mistaken for
This habitual infertility
is probably due to the absence of « Pronuba in the autumn, when
Yucca gloriosa or for one of its varieties.
this species generally flowers ; and in the rare instances when it
has fruited the plants had flowered early in the season before the
disappearance of Pronuba yuccasella, which no doubt visits early
blooming individuals and secures the pollination of their flowers.
It is hardly possible that the existence of this species can always
have been dependent upon the occasional production of summer
flowers and the chances of their fertilization; it seems more
probable that it was formerly visited by an autumn Pronuba which
has now become extinct, as Kerner von Marilaun suggests (Pflanz-
enleben, ii. 155); or that it was brought without its peculiar
Pronuba to Carolina by man or by ocean currents from the coast of
some of the West Indian islands, or of Mexico or the Spanish main.
The fact that Yucca gloriosa attains a larger size in warmer regions
than on the Carolina coast may seem to indicate its introduction
from a more southern latitude; but, on the other hand, it has
proved in cultivation one of the hardiest Yuccas, able to thrive,
although in a stemless form, in regions with much severer climates
than that of Carolina. It is not easy to account for its spontaneous
spread along the Carolina coast from one or even several introduced
individuals, as it usually produces no seed there; and as it is not
known to grow naturally or even spontaneously elsewhere, it may
perhaps best be considered a native of the coast of Carolina,
where, for at least a hundred and fifty years, it has been growing
apparently naturally and as plentifully as at the present time.
2 Slight variations in foliage or in the habit of young flowerless
individuals of this species cultivated in gardens have been seized
upon by European botanists as evidences of distinct species, and
the greatest confusion in the names of cultivated Yuccas has
resulted. The following forms, not known now to occur on the
Carolina coast but frequently cultivated, are distinguished by
Engelmann : —
Yucca gloriosa, var. plicata, Carritre, Rev. Hort. 1860, 359. —
Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 39.— Baker, Jour. Linn.
Soc. xviil. 225.
In this form the leaves are conspicuously plicate, the upper
and inner being erect and the lowest spreading.
Var. y recurvifolia, Engelmann, 1. c. (1873). — Baker, 1. c.
Yucca recurvifolia, Salisbury, Parad. Lond. i. t. 31 (1806). —
Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 228. — Nuttall, Gen. i. 218. — Elliott, Sk.
i, 401. — Kunth, Enum. iv. 272. — Spach, Hist. Vég. xii. 286. —
Chapman, FV. 485. — Baker, Refugium Bot. v. t. 326. — Hemsley,
The Garden, viii. 133, f.
Yucca recurva, Haworth, Syn. Pl. Succ. 67 (1812); Suppl. Pl.
Succ. 35.— Sprengel, Syst. ii. 41.— Roemer & Schultes, Syst.
vil. pt. i. 719.— Dietrich, Syn. ii. 1094.— The Garden, xlvii.
337, f.
Yucca rufocincta, Haworth, Suppl. Pl. Succ. 37 (1819). — Regel,
Gartenflora, viii. 36.
Yucca superba, Haworth, 1. c. 36 (1819).— Bot. Reg. xx. t.
1690. — Roemer & Schultes, Syst. vii. pt. i. 720. — Kunth, 1. c.
273.— Spach, Hist. Vég. xii. 286.
Yucca pendula, Carriére, Rev. Hort. 1859, 488, t. 104. — The
Garden, xiii. 455, f.
Yucca gloriosa nobilis, Carriére, J. c. 1868, 157.
Yucca gloriosa, var. superba, Baker, Jour. Linn. Soc. xviii. 225
(1881).
In this, one of the commonest forms of cultivated Yuccas, the
leaves are glaucous while young and are thin and recurved ; the
LILIACEZ.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
25
Yucca gloriosa inhabits the coasts and islands of South Carolina, in the immediate neighborhood
of the sea, where it grows among sand-dunes and on the borders of beaches, and is exceedingly rare.
The wood of Yucca gloriosa has not been examined.
Yucca gloriosa, notwithstanding its rarity in its native country, was one of the first species of
the genus cultivated in Europe,' where several forms are recognized, and it is now found in the
gardens and pleasure grounds of all temperate countries.”
panicle is puberulous, and the filaments, which equal the pistil in
length, are slightly papillose.
By Engelmann (Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 41), Yucca ensifolia
(Baker, Gard. Chron. 1870, 1217; Refugium Bot. v. t. 318) and
Yucca Ellacombei (Baker, Refugium Bot. t. 317 [1873] are con-
sidered forms connecting his variety recurvifolia with the typical
plant.
Yucca gloriosa, var. 6 planifolia (Engelmann, J. c. 39 [1873]) is
based on a single specimen, cultivated in the Botanic Garden at
Genoa as Yucca glauca, with a short trunk, long, narrow, and not at
all plicated leaves, smaller whitish flowers with filaments as long as
the pistil, and small anthers entire above.
1 Yucca or Jucca, Gerarde, Herball, 1359. — Ray, Hist. Pl. ii.
1201.
Yucca foliis Aloes, C. Bauhin, Pinax, 91. — Boerhaave, Ind. Alt.
Hort. Lugd. Bat. ii. 132.
Lucca sive Yucca, India putata. — Parkinson, Theatr. 153, f.
Yuca sive Iucca, Parkinson, Parad. 434, £
Yucca sive Iucca vera foliis Aloes, Morison, Pl. Hist. ii. 419, t. 23,
f. 1.
Yucca foliorum margino integerrimo, Linneus, Hort. Cliff. 130 ;
Hort. Ups. 88.
Yucca foliis jntegerrimis, Linneus, Virid. Cliff. 29.
Cordyline foliis pungentibus integerrimis, Royen, Fl. Leyd. Prodr.
22.
Yucca Indica, foliis aloes, Barrelier, Icon. Pl. 70, t. 1194 (teste
Linneus, Spec. 319).
2 Varieties with leaves striped with white or yellow are occa-
sionally cultivated in European gardens as Yucca pendula variegata,
Carriére (Rev. Hort. 1875, 400), Yucca gloriosa medio picta, and
Yucca gloriosa marginata, Carriére (J. c. 1880, 259).
In European gardens, Yucca gloriosa recurvifolia is sometimes
cultivated as Yucca Japonica (see Carriére, l. c. 1859, 488).
Oo»rFr ON F
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Puate DITI. Yucca GLoriosa.
. Branch of a flowering panicle, natural size.
. Vertical section of a flower, natural size.
- Portion of a fruiting panicle, natural size.
. Cross section of a fruit, natural size.
. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.
. A leaf, natural size.
Tab. DIT.
Silva of North America.
a
SS
Se
C.E Faxon del> Himely sc.
YUCCA GLORIOSA A.L.
A.Riocreux direx* Imp. J, Taneur, Parts,
LILIACER. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 27
YUCCA CONSTRICTA.
Spanish Dagger.
LEAVES thin and flat, filamentose on the margins, smooth, pale yellow-green.
Yucca constricta, Buckley, Proc. Phil. Acad. 1862,8.— Yucca angustifolia, 8 elata, Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis
Baker, Jour. Linn. Soe. xviii. 229. — Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Acad. iii. 50 (1873) ; Rothrock Wheeler's Rep. vi. 270.
Am. Cent. iii. 370. Yucca elata, Engelmann, Bot. Gazette, vii. 17 (1882). —
Yucca polyphylla, Baker, Gard. Chron. 1870, 1088. Sargent, Forest Trees North Am. 10th Census U.S. ix.
Yucca angustifolia, 8 radiosa, Engelmann, Watson King’s 219; Garden and Forest, ii. 569, f. 146. — Coulter,
Rep. v. 496 (1871). Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 437 (Alan. Pl. W. Texas). —
Toumey, Garden and Forest, viii. 22.
A tree, with a trunk often ten or twelve feet in height and seven or eight inches in diameter,
covered above with a thick thatch of the pendent dead leaves of many years, and below with dark
brown irregularly fissured bark broken into thin plates and about a quarter of an inch in thickness,
often simple and sometimes beginning to flower when only a few inches tall, or branched with many
short stout branches densely covered with leaves which are at first erect, then spread nearly at right
angles and are pendulous at the bottom of the clusters, and a tough and much-branched underground
stem penetrating deeply into the soil. The leaves are lanceolate and rigid, gradually diminish in
width from the thin base, which is from two to two and a half inches broad and white and marked with
an orange-colored band where it narrows into the blade, and taper toward the apex or are sometimes
somewhat broader at the middle than below; they are thin and flat on the upper surface, slightly
thickened and rounded on the back toward the base, tipped with slender stiff red-brown points from
one half to three quarters of an inch long, smooth, pale yellow-green, from twenty to thirty inches in
length and from one quarter to one half of an inch wide, with thickened entire pale margins which soon
split into numerous long slender filaments ; or on young plants or at the base of the panicle of flowers
they are often not more than a foot long and an eighth of an inch wide. The flowers, which open in
May and June, are borne on slender spreading or more or less recurved pedicels in glabrous much-
branched panicles from four to six feet in length and raised on stout naked stems from three to seven
feet long ; their bracts are ovate, acute, white, membranaceous, deciduous, and from four to six inches
in length, or toward the apex of the panicle not more than an inch long. The perigone is ovate and
acute in the bud, and when fully expanded is from three and a half to four inches across; the segments
are thin and creamy white and united at the base into a short slender distinct tube, ovate or slightly
obovate and tipped by small pubescent mucros, those of the outer rank being usually acute and not
more than half as broad as those of the inner rank, which are often an inch wide and are frequently
rounded at the apex. The stamens are as long as the ovary or a little longer, with slender nearly terete
villous-papillate filaments, and anthers which discharge their pollen when the flowers first open. The
ovary is sessile, almost terete, furnished with well developed active septal nectar glands,’ pale green and
abruptly contracted into a stout white style from one quarter to one third of an inch long and crowned
by white stigmatic lobes slightly thickened dorsally. The fruit is an erect oblong capsule rounded and
obtuse at both ends, tipped by a short stout mucro, raised on a short thickened stipe, conspicuously
three-ribbed with rounded ridges on the backs of the carpels, from an inch and a half to two inches in
length and from an inch to an inch and a half wide, with a thin firm light brown ligneous outer coat
closely adherent to the slightly thinner tough inner coat which is lustrous, light yellow, and marked with
1 Trelease, Trans. St. Louis Acad. iv. 203. ? Trelease, J. c. 202.
28 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. LILIACEE.
ol
broad brown bands on the inner surface; in ripening the capsule splits from top to bottom between the
carpels and through their backs at the apex only where a triangular opening is made from which the
seeds are gradually scattered, the empty capsule often persisting until the following season on the panicle,
whose basé often remains for many years pressed close against the side of the lengthening stem of the
plant. The seeds are one third of an inch wide and about one thirty-second of an inch thick, with a
smooth testa, thin brittle wide margins to the rim, and uniform albumen.
Yucca constricta inhabits high desert plateaus, and is distributed from southwestern Texas to
southern Arizona and southward in northern Mexico. Rarely exceeding six feet in height in Texas,
where it is less abundant than farther west, Yucca constricta grows in the greatest profusion and attains
its largest size on the eastern slope of the low continental divide in southern New Mexico and along the
northern rim of the Tucson Desert in Arizona, and is found scattered in countless millions over the high
mesas of many of the valleys of southern New Mexico and Arizona.’
The wood of Yucca constricta is light, soft, spongy, and pale brown or yellow. The specific
gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.4470, a cubic foot weighing 27.86 pounds.
The young panicles, before their branches unfold, are eaten by Indians and Mexicans.’
Yucca constricta was discovered by Dr. A. Wislizenus* in the valley of the Rio Grande above
El] Paso in July, 1846, and the following April it was found in flower by Mr. Josiah Gregg * near the
city of Chihuahua.
In appearance Yucca constricta is one of the most remarkable of North American trees, with its
trunk slender below but thick above from the mass of dead leaves which inclose it, and its broad
disheveled head of long narrow crowded leaves; and when its great flower-clusters, raised’ high in the
air on long slender staffs, wave like snowy banners over the desert, it perhaps surpasses all other Yuccas
in beauty.
1 The narrow-leaved stemless Yucca of southeastern Utah, which the Colorado plateau, over which, in so far as I have been able to
has been referred to this species (Engelmann, King’s Rep. v.497.— observe, Yucca constricta does not extend.
Merriam, North American Fauna, No.7, 358 [Death Valley Exped. ii.]. 2 Palmer, Am. Nat. xii. 646.
— Coville, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 203 [ Bot. Death Valley Exped.] 3 See vi. 94.
[as Yucca radiosa]), is probably an undescribed species common on * See vi. 33.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Puate DIV. Yucca constricta.
. Anend of a branch of the flowering panicle, natural size.
. Vertical section of a flower, natural size.
. A stamen, enlarged.
. A pistil, divided transversely, enlarged.
An ovule, enlarged.
- The end of a branch of a fruiting panicle, natural size.
. Portion of a capsule laid open.
A seed divided transversely, natural size.
CONATATR ON HB
- Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.
—
oS
. The base of a leaf, natural size.
re
- The point of a leaf, natural size.
Silva of North America.
Tab. DIV.
CE Faxon del.
L*p.J. Taneur, Fares .
YUCCA CONSTRICTA, Buckl.
A. Riocreux adtrex *
PALM. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 29
OREODOXA.
FLOWERS monecious, the staminate and pistillate on the same branches of an
infrafoliar compound spadix; staminate flowers symmetrical; stamens 6, 9, or 12,
ovary rudimentary ; pistillate flowers smaller; staminodia 6, ovary subglobose, 2 to
3-celled, ovule solitary, lateral, ascending. Fruit drupaceous, l-celled. Leaves alter-
nate, equally pinnate.
Oreodoxa, Willdenow, Mém. Acad. Berlin, sér. 2, vi. 34 Prantl Pflanzenfam. ii. pt. iii. 67. — Baillon, Hist. Pl.
(1807). — Endlicher, Gen. 247. — Meisner, Gen. 355. — xill. 356.
Bentham & Hooker, Gen. iii. 899.— Drude, Engler &
Lofty, or small and alpine, unarmed trees, with stout endogenous stems cylindrical, or swollen at the
middle, marked for many years with the remote conspicuous scars of fallen leaves, often abruptly
enlarged at the base, and crowned with slender bright green cylinders several feet in length formed
by the closely imbricated sheaths of the leaf-stalks. Leaves terminal, alternate, equally pinnate, the
pinne linear-lanceolate, long-pointed, plicately folded in estivation, unequally two-cleft, inserted
obliquely on the upper side of the rachis, folded together at the base, their midribs and margins
thin ; rachises convex on the back, above broad and three-ridged toward the base of the leaf and acute
toward its apex; petioles semicylindrical, sulcate above, gradually enlarged into the thick elongated
vaginas. Spadix large, decompound, produced near the base of the green part of the stem, its
branches long and pendulous; spathes two, the outer semicylindrical, as long as the spadix, the inner
ensiform, splitting ventrally, inclosing the branches of the spadix. Flowers minute, white, in a loose
spiral, toward the base of the branch in three-flowered clusters with a central staminate and smaller
lateral pistillate flowers, above the staminate solitary or in two-flowered clusters ; bracts and bractlets
obscure, caducous. Calyx of the stamimate flower of three minute broadly ovate obtuse scarious
sepals imbricated in estivation, much’ shorter than the corolla. Petals three, nearly equal, ovate, or
obovate, acute, connate at the base, coriaceous, shghtly valvate in estivation. Stamens six, nine, or
twelve, exserted ; filaments subulate, united below and adnate to the base of the corolla, slender and
acute at the apex; anthers large, ovate-sagittate, attached on the back, versatile, two-celled, the cells
free below, opening longitudinally. Ovary rudimentary, subglobose, or three-lobed. ’ Pistillate flowers
much smaller, ovoid-conical. Sepals subreniform, obtuse, mbricated in estivation. Corolla urceolate,
divided nearly to the middle into three acute erect lobes, incurved at the apex, valvate in estivation.
Staminodia six, scale-like, united into a cup adnate on the mouth of the corolla. Ovary superior,
subglobose, obscurely two or three-lobed, gibbous, two or three-celled, crowned with a thick three-
lobed stigma, the lobes ovate, acuminate, erect, becommg subbasilar on the fruit; ovule solitary,
ascending, attached ventrally, semianatropous ; micropyle extrorse, inferior. Fruit drupaceous, obovoid
or oblong-ovoid, curved, one-celled; exocarp crustaceous, much thicker than the dry fibrous endocarp
adnate to the seed. Seed oblong-reniform, marked with the conspicuous fibrous reticulate branches of
the raphe radiating from the narrow basal hilum ; testa thin, crustaceous ; albumen uniform. Embryo
cylindrical, minute, lateral, the radicle turned toward the base of the fruit.
Oreodoxa is confined to the New World, where four species are now recognized. Of these Oreodo.wa
30
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
PALME.
regia inhabits southern Florida, Cuba, and the Isthmus of Panama, Oreodoxa oleracea: the Antilles,
Oreodoxa Sancona* the mountain valleys of Colombia, and Oreodoxa frigida, a small alpine tree, the
Andes of Ecuador.
The durable trunks of three of the species are used for wharf-piles and in construction ; and the
buds are cooked and eaten as a vegetable.
The West Indian species are stately, graceful, magnificent
trees, and are now cultivated in all tropical countries.’
The generic name, from dpoc and dd£a, alludes to the lofty stature and mountain home of some of
the species.
1 Martius, Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 166, t. 156, f. 1, 2, ; t. 163 (1833-
50). — Kunth, Enum. iii. 181. — Spach, Hist. Vég. xii. 67.— A.
Richard, Fl. Cub. ii. 276. —Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 517.
Areca oleracea, Jacquin, Hist. Stirp. Am. 278, t. 170 (1763);
Hist. Select. Stirp. Am. 135, t. 235. — Linneus, Syst. Nat. ed. 12,
i. 730. — Willdenow, Spec. iv. pt. i. 596. — Lunan, Hort. Jam. i.
133. — Maycock, Fl. Barb. 371.
Euterpe Caribea, Sprengel, Syst. ii. 140 (1825).
One of the tallest and most beautiful of American Palms,
Oreodora oleracea, the Cabbage Palm of the Antilles, sends up
a stout trunk, sometimes nearly two hundred feet tall, surmounted
by a crown of long arching graceful leaves frequently twenty feet
in length and nearly six feet broad. Young trees are often
destroyed by removing the terminal buds, which are eaten raw in
salads, boiled like cabbages, or pickled. The clasping sheaths of
the petioles serve as cradles for negro children, and are split into
surgeons’ splints; their thin inner coat when removed from the
living leaf and dried resembles vellum, and can be used as a
substitute for writing-paper, and from their fibres mats are woven.
A sort of sago is manufactured from the pith of the stem, and an
oil is obtained from the seeds. The stems split longitudinally, and,
hollowed out by the removal of the spongy inner portion, are used
for gutters ; and the thin hard rind-like exterior is manufactured
into canes, ramrods, and many small articles. (See Seemann, Pop-
ular History of the Palms, 277.)
The tall columnar stem and enormous crown of waving leaves of
this Palm have delighted all travelers in the Antilles, and for two
centuries and a half their chronicles have praised its beauty and
extolled its value. (See Rochefort, Histoire Naturelle et Morale des
Isles Antilles, 78. — Ligon, A true and exact History of the Island
of Barbados, 125, t. — Labat, Nouveau Voyage aux Isles de Amée-
rique, i. 420. — Sloane, Cat. Pl. Jam. 176 ; Nat. Hist. Jam. ii. 115,
t. 215. — Browne, Nat. Hist. Jam. 342.)
2 Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nov. Gen. et Spec. i. 304
(1815). — Kunth, Syn. Pl. Equin. i. 306 ; Enum. iii. 182. — Roemer
& Schultes, Syst. vii. pt. ii. 1491. — Spach, J. c. 69.
@nocarpus Sancona, Sprengel, J. c. (1825).
Discovered by Humboldt on the mountains near the city of
Carthagena, Oreodoxa Sancona is remarkable for its lofty stem,
sometimes more than one hundred and fifty feet in height, and the
durability of its wood, which is used in construction and is said to
be so hard that it may turn the edge of a sharp axe. (See Kerchove,
Les Palmers, 262.)
3 Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, 1. c. (1815). — Kunth, Syn. Pl.
Equin. i. 307 ; Enum. iii. 183. — Roemer & Schultes, /. c.
Gnocarpus frigidus, Sprengel, 1. c. (1825).
One of the most alpine of Palms, Oreodoza frigida is not
uncommon at elevations of ten thousand feet above the sea on the
rocky slopes of the Andes of Zuindien, forming a stem only a few
feet in height.
4 H. Wendland, Index Palmarum, 31.
The great avenue of Palms in the Botanic Garden of Rio de
Janeiro, which all travelers praise, is composed of Oreodoxa ole-
racea. (See L. & E. C. Agassiz, Journey to Brazil, 61, t.)
PALME. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 3]
OREODOXA REGIA.
Royal Palm.
SPADIX puberulous. Fruit oblong-obovate. Pinne linear, acuminate. Stem en-
larged near the middle.
Oreodoxa regia, Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nov. Gen. St. Croix and the Virgin Islands). — Chapman, F7. ed. 2,
et Spec. i. 305 (1815). — Kunth, Syn. Pl. Hquin. i. 307 ; Suppl. 651. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census
Linum. iii. 182. — Martius, Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 168, t. U. S. ix. 218. — Beccari, Reliquie Schefferiane, 147,
156, f. 3-5.— Spach, Hist. Vég. xii. 68. — Roemer & ti.
Schultes, Syst. vii. pt. ii. 1491. — A. Richard, Fl. Cud. iii. CHnocarpus regius, Sprengel, Syst. ii. 140 (1825).
276. — Ill. Hort. ii. 28, t.— Walpers, Ann. v. 807.— Oreodoxa oleracea (?), Cooper, Smithsonian Rep. 1860,
Grisebach, 77. Brit. W. Ind. 517. — Sauvalle, Fl. Cud. 440 (1861).
153. — Eggers, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 18, 100 (Fi.
A tree, from eighty to one hundred feet in height, with a trunk rising from an abruptly enlarged
base, gradually tapering from the middle to both ends and often two feet in diameter, covered with
light gray rind tinged with orange-color, marked with regular dark blotches and irregularly broken
into minute plates, and surmounted with a slender dark green and lustrous cylinder eight or ten feet
in length. The leaves are ten or twelve feet long, closely pmmnate with numerous linear acuminate
pinne which are longest near the base of the leaf, where they are from two and a half to three feet
in length and an inch and a half in width, and gradually decrease in size toward the apex of the leaf;
they are deep green, with slender rather conspicuous veins, and covered on the lower surface with
minute pale glandular dots, and are inserted obliquely on the upper side of the rachis; this is convex
on the back and covered by dark scurfy scales, and nearly flat on the upper side, although slightly
concave between the central and the prominent marginal ridges at the base, and, gradually decreasing
in width from below upward, becomes thin and acute at the apex of the leaf; the petioles are almost
terete, except at the base, where they become concave with thin edges separating irregularly into pale
fibres as they enlarge into the bright green cylindrical clasping bases which are eight or nine feet in
length and more or less thickly covered on the back with dark chaffy scales. The spadix is about
two feet long, with a nearly terete peduncle an inch in diameter and slightly ridged longitudinally,
and primary and secondary branches compressed above, abruptly enlarged at the base, concave on the
upper side and convex on the lower, the flower-bearing branchlets being simple, slender, terete except
at the very base, flexuous, long-pointed, from three and a half to five inches long, pendent, and
rather closely pressed against the secondary branches. The flowers, which in Florida open in January
and February, are subtended by triangular subulate caducous membranaceous white bracts and are
bibracteolate with minute triangular bractlets, the staminate flowers being nearly a quarter of an inch
in length and rather more than twice as long as the pistillate. The fruit is oblong-obovate, full and
rounded at the apex, narrowed at the base, which is surrounded by the remnants of the perianth of the
flower, violet-blue, and about half an inch long, with a thin outer coat and a light red-brown inner
coat loose and fibrous on the outer surface and closely investing the thin light brown testa of the seed,
which is covered at the base by the numerous pale radiating branches of the star-like raphe.
In Florida Oreodozxa regia inhabits hummocks on Rogue’s River, about twenty miles east of
Caximbas Bay, Long’s Key off the southern coast, and the shores of Bay Biscayne, near the mouth of
Little River! It is common in Cuba and other West Indian islands, and in Central America.
1 Garden and Forest, ix. 152, f. 21.
32 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. PALME.
The wood of the interior of the stem is spongy, pale brown, and much lighter than the hard
heavy exterior rim, which contains numerous dark conspicuous fibro-vascular bundles. The specific
gravity of the absolutely dry wood of the exterior of the stem is 0.7982, a cubic foot weighing 49.73
pounds, the specific gravity of the interior being only 0.2128. The outer rim is sometimes manufac-
tured into canes, its hardness and strength and the beauty of the markings caused by the dark-colored
fibro-vascular bundles adapting it for this use.
The name of the person who discovered Oreodoxa regia in the United States is not known.’ In
Cuba it is often planted to form avenues, for which purpose its tall slender pale columnar stems and
noble heads of foliage make it particularly valuable. It was cultivated in Europe as early as 1836,
and now graces the gardens of all tropical countries.
1 Nuttall, in his preface to The Sylva of North America (p. viii.), Garber subsequently collected it, and its existence on Rogue’s
states that he was informed of the existence of a Palm ninety River and Long’s Key was established by Mr. A. H. Curtiss.
feet high growing at some distance from the coast in east Florida. 2 H. Wendland, Index Palmarum, 31.
This Palm must have been Oreodora regia. It was seen by Dr. J. 3 Gard. Chron. n. ser. iv. 302, £. 66.— Massart, Bull. Soc. Bot.
G. Cooper, in 1859, on the shores of Bay Biscayne, where Dr. A.P. Belg. xxxiv. 159, f. 3.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
PuLatE DV. OREODOXA REGIA.
. Portion of a flowering spadix, natural size.
. Diagram of a staminate flower.
A staminate flower, enlarged.
Vertical section of a staminate flower, enlarged.
. Diagram of a pistillate flower.
. A pistillate flower, enlarged.
. A pistillate flower, the perianth displayed, enlarged.
. Vertical section of a pistil, enlarged.
CMOAA TE WHY
. A pistil divided transversely, enlarged.
=
fon)
. Portion of a fruiting spadix, natural size.
ft
—
. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.
bb
bo
. A nutlet, enlarged.
f=
©
. A seed, basal view.
~
is
. A seed, lateral view.
Ol
. Portion of a leaf, much reduced.
Silva of North America. Tab. DV.
OREODOXA REGIA, Mart.
A. Riocreux direx © — Imp. J. Taneur, Paris.
PALM. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 33
PSEUDOPHENIX.
FLOWERS monecious; calyx of the pistillate flower cupular, 3-toothed; petals 3,
ovate, acute; staminodia 6. Fruit drupaceous, 1 to 8-lobed. Spadix compound,
interfoliar. Leaves alternate, pinnatifid.
Pseudopheenix, H. Wendland, Garden and Forest, i. 352 (1888).— Drude, Engler & Prantl Pflanzenfam. ii. pt. iii.
64. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. xiii. 381.
A tree, with an endogenous stem abruptly enlarged at the base, cylindrical, or tapering gradually
from the middle to both ends, conspicuously marked at distances of five or six inches by the narrow
ring-like dark scars left by the falling of the petioles, and thin pale blue or nearly white rind about one
sixteenth of an inch in thickness. Leaves abruptly pinnatifid, terminal, alternate, erect and arching ;
pine numerous, crowded, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, increasing in length and width from the ends of
the leaf to the middle, springing from the rachis at acute angles, and pointing toward the apex of the
leaf, convex and bright green on the upper side, concave and glaucous on the lower, folded together at
the base, thick and firm in texture, with thickened pale margins, inserted obliquely on the sides of the
rachis near its top, toward the base of the leaf in deep grooves and above the middle on its slightly
rounded sides; rachises near the base of the leaf convex below, and concave above, with thin margins,
gradually decreasing in width upward, and toward the apex of the leaf flat and narrow below and acute
above, marked on the sides at the base of the pinne, with dark conspicuous gland-like excrescences ;
petioles short, concave above, with thin entire margins separating sparingly into slender fibres, convex
below, gradually enlarged at the base into broad thick vaginas composed of stout pale longitudinal
brittle fibres. Spadix interfoliar, compound, pendulous, pedunculate, glabrous, light yellow-green,
much shorter than the leaves, its primary branches spreading from the stem nearly at right angles,
slightly zigzag, stout and much flattened toward the base, slender and terete above the middle,
secondary branches slightly compressed below, and furnished at the base on the upper side with a
thickened ear-like body; ultimate branches short, rigid, spreading at right angles, densely flowered.
Spathes and flowers unknown. Fruit drupaceous, globose, or two or three-lobed by the development of
the second and third carpels, marked on the side near the base or centrally when the fruit is lobed with
the remnants of the style, surrounded below by the withered obscurely three-lobed calyx, the ovate-
oblong reflexed petals rounded or acute, thickened and apiculate at the apex, as long as the peduncle,
and the six slender spreading staminodia tipped with minute acute abortive anthers, pedunculate, the
peduncle slender, abruptly enlarged at the bottom, articulate from a persistent cushion-like body
apiculate in the centre, its point penetrating a cavity in the base of the peduncle; epicarp coriaceous,
bright orange-scarlet; mesocarp grumose, adherent to the thin crustaceous brittle dark orange-brown
endocarp. Seed subglobose, free, erect ; hilum basal, shghtly depressed ; testa very thin, light red-
brown marked with the pale conspicuous ascending two or three-branched raphe, closely investing the
horny white uniform albumen. Embryo minute, basilar.
The wood of Pseudopheenix is soft and light, with a thin solid outer rim and numerous large dark-
colored conspicuous fibro-vascular bundles. It decays as soon as it is cut. It has not been examined
scientifically.
Pseudophenix inhabits Elliott’s Key, where it was discovered on April 19, 1886," and Key Largo,
Florida.
1 Early on the morning of April 19, 1886, A. H. Curtiss, C. E. house Steamer Laurel at Mr. Henry Filer’s plantation near the
Faxon, and C. S. Sargent landed from the United States Light- eastern end of Elliott’s Key, and found Pseudophenix growing on
34 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. PALME.
The genus, which owes its name to its fancied resemblance to Phcenix, belongs to another tribe,
probably the Chamedore. It is represented by a single species.
the border of a field which had recently been cleared for the culti- André in the Revue Horticole (1887, 34) ; and also in the Bullettino
vation of Pineapples. della Societa R. Toscana di Orticultura (xii.64). In 1889 Sprenger
The first account of the genus without characters, based on a published a popular description, without characters, of this Palm
letter from Dr. Hermann Wendland, to whom its discovery had under the name of Sargentia Aricocca in the Bullettino della Societt
been communicated, appeared in November, 1886, in The Botanical R. Toscana di Orticultura (xiv. 341).
Gazette (xi. 314), and was afterward substantially reproduced by
PALM. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 30
PSEUDOPHG@NIX SARGENTI.
Pseudophcenix Sargenti, H. Wendland, Garden and iv. 408, f. 56.— André, Rev. Hort. 1888, 482, 574, f.
Forest, i. 352, £. 55, 56 (1888). — Gard. Chron. ser. 3, 140, 141.
A tree, from twenty to twenty-five feet in height, with a trunk twelve or fifteen feet long and ten
or twelve inches in diameter. The leaves are five or six feet in length, with pinne often eighteen
inches long and an inch wide near the middle of the leaf, and at its extremities six or eight inches long
and from one third to one half of an inch wide, rachises an inch wide at the base, and petioles six or
eight inches in length. The spadix is three feet long and two and a half feet wide, and, as the fruit
ripens in May and June, probably appears in the autumn. The fruit, which is showy in color, is from
one half to three quarters of an inch across, and is raised on a peduncle a quarter of an inch long. The
seed is a quarter of au inch in diameter.
Pseudophenix Sargenti inhabits the east end of Elliott?s Key, Florida, where there are a few
individuals ; and in sandy soil mingled with Reynosia latifolia and Pisonia obtusata, on the eastern
end of Key Largo, a short distance from the southern shore, it forms a grove containing about two
hundred plants, varying from seedlings two or three feet high to full-grown trees.
Attempts have been made to transfer young plants from the grove on Key Largo’ into gardens,
but they have not yet proved particularly successful, and unless Pseudophenia Sargenti also inhabits
some of the Bahama Islands, as is not improbable, it seems destined to speedy extermination.
1 Curtiss, Garden and Forest, i. 279.
OW OND oP w
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
PuLateE DVI. PsEuDOPH@NIx SARGENTI.
. A branch of a fruiting panicle, natural size.
. A 1-seeded fruit, with subbasal lateral style and remnants of the
flower, one of the petals removed, natural size.
. Vertical section of a 3-lobed fruit, natural size.
. A stone, natural size.
. A seed, lateral views, showing the branching raphe, natural size.
. Vertical section of a seed, natural size.
An embryo, much magnified.
. A calyx, and peduncle showing its articulation, enlarged.
. A leaf, much reduced.
Tab. DVI.
Silva of North America.
fapine sc.
CE. Faxon del.
PSEUDOPHCNIX SARGENTI, Wendl.
Imp. J. Taneur, Paris.
A. Riocreux direc!
PALMA, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 37
SABAL.
FLoweErs perfect; calyx cupular, unequally 3-lobed; corolla 3-lobed; stamens 6,
dilated and united at the base; ovary superior, 3-celled; ovules basilar, erect. Fruit
baccate, globose, or 2 or 3-lobed. Spadix short or elongated, compound, interfoliar.
Leaves alternate, flabellate, orbicular, or cuneate at the base, petiolate, the petioles
unarmed.
Sabal, Adanson, Fam. Pl. ii. 495 (1763). — Endlicher, Gen. ii. 922. — Drude, Engler & Prantl Pflanzenfam. ii. pt.
253. — Meisner, Gen. 357. — Bentham & Hooker, Gen. ii. 37. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. xiii. 313.
Unarmed trees or shrubs, with columnar and often stout or short annulated endogenous stems
ascending while young from a subterranean thickened descending clavate caudex, clothed above for
many years with the remnants of the sheathing bases of the petioles of the fallen leaves, and below
with light red-brown rind, and long stout tough roots, which ultimately often form a great densely
matted ball at the base of a short underground stem. Leaves terminal, induplicate in vernation,
alternate, flabellate, orbicular, or cuneate at the base, tough and coriaceous, divided from the apex
deeply or slightly into many narrow two-parted long-pointed segments plicately folded at the base,
inserted obliquely on the ‘sides of the rachis, often filamentose on the thickened margins, with narrow
midribs prominent below, and numerous slender straight veins; rachises on the lower surface rounded
and broadly winged toward the base, nearly flat and wingless toward the apex, and gradually narrowed
to above the middle of the blade of the leaf, thin and acute on the upper surface ; ligulas adnate to the
rachises, short or elongated, acute, concave, with thin incurved entire margins; petioles rounded on the
back, biconcave with a central ridge on the upper side toward the apex, their margins acute, unarmed,
concave and enlarged at the base into elongated chestnut-brown lustrous vaginas of stout tough fibres ;
juvenile leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, gradually narrowed into slender petioles, entire. Spadix
axillary, pedunculate, elongated, decompound, at first erect, its rachis compressed and flattened
horizontally ; primary branches short and pendulous or decurved, angled or compressed, bearing
numerous slender densely flowered secondary branches in the axils of ovate apiculate scarious persistent
bracts; spathes numerous, the outer acuminate, inclosing the spadix in the bud, persistent on its
peduncle, becoming hard and woody at maturity; the second tubular, conspicuously veined, thick and
firm in texture, scarious and oblique at the apex, prolonged on the lower side into a long narrow
point, infolding the base of the rachis, each branch with its short thin spathe and the node of the
rachis below it inclosed in a smaller although otherwise similar spathe. Flowers perfect, minute,
glabrous, white or greenish white, solitary on the ultimate branches of the spadix, bibracteolate,in the
axils of minute ovate acute persistent bracts. Calyx tubular, truncate at the base, unequally three-lobed,
the lobes slightly imbricated in estivation, acute. Corolla deeply three-lobed, narrowed at the base into
a short tube, the lobes ovate-oblong, concave, acute, in the bud slightly imbricated below, valvate at the
apex. Stamens six, those opposite the petals rather longer than the others; filaments white, subulate,
dilated at the base, united into a shallow cup adnate to the tube of the corolla; anthers ovate, acute,
bright yellow, attached on the back, introrse, two-celled, the cells free and spreading at the base,
opening longitudinally. Ovary superior, sessile, composed of three carpels, three-lobed, three-celled,
gradually narrowed into an elongated three-lobed columnar style, truncate and stigmatic at the apex,
becoming subbasilar on the fruit ; ovule solitary in each cell, basilar, erect, semianatropous ; micropyle
superior, extrorse. Fruit small, baccate, globose, or obovate and gradually narrowed below, black and
38 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. PALMA,
rather lustrous, one or rarely two or three-lobed, raised on a short stout stem adjacent to the remnants
of the style; pericarp separable into three coats, the outer thin, sweet, and fleshy, mesocarp dry and
spongy, closely investing the membranaceous inner coat lustrous on the inner surface. Seed depressed-
globose, free, erect, marked on the side by the prominent micropyle, depressed near the minute basal
light-colored hilum by a shallow pit rugose on the margins ; testa thin, light or dark chestnut-brown,
and lustrous; raphe ventral, its branches obsolete; albumen uniform, horny, penetrated by a broad
shallow basal cavity filled by the thickening of the testa. Embryo minute, dorsal.
Sabal is confined to the New World, where it is distributed from the Bermuda Islands and the
south Atlantic and Gulf coasts of North America through the West Indies to Venezuela.? Of the
seven species which are now distinguished, four inhabit the United States ; two of these are trees, and
the others are acaulescent.? The type has survived from the period when Palm-trees abounded in
North America and Europe, and traces of its ancestors have been found in the lower eocene of western
Europe and in the lignitic formations of Colorado; during the lower miocene period a large Sabal-like
tree inhabited Europe as far north as 55 degrees, and existed in Italy until the later miocene.!
The large succulent leaf-buds of the arborescent species are cooked and eaten as a vegetable,
although their removal kills the trees.
Coarse hats, mats, and baskets are manufactured from the
leaves, which also afford durable thatch for the roofs of buildings.
Pieces of the spongy part of the
stem are used as a substitute for scrubbing-brushes, and in the southern United States brushes are made
with the stout strong fibres of the sheaths of the leaf-stalks.
In North America dangerous insect enemies are unknown to Sabal, and it does not suffer seriously
from fungal diseases.®
The generic name is of uncertain origin.
1 In germinating, the apex of the cotyledon is transformed into
a spongy body, through which the albumen is absorbed, and the
thick conical caulicle penetrates the pericarp of the fruit, carrying
with it the plumule inclosed in the free cylindrical base of the
cotyledon and descends two or three inches into the ground. From
the interior part of the base of the cotyledon a protuberance is
developed, which grows rapidly toward the surface, and is at last
ruptured by the plumule, around which it forms a cylindrical
sheath. The first leaf, which is alternate with the cotyledon, is
white and scale-like, and incloses the base of the second leaf ; this,
like the others formed during the first year, is lanceolate and en-
tire. The caulicle withers, and disappears usually soon after the
appearance of the second leaf, and a thick conical body appears at
the base of the plumule, which, descending into the ground, forms
a thickened club-shaped yellow caudex marked by the scars of
fallen leaves, furnished with numerous slender tough roots, and
closely pressed against the ascending axis of the plant. (For the
germination of Sabal, see Martius, Hist. Nat. Palm. i. t. Z ii. £. 3. —
Micheels, Recherches sur les Jeunes Palmiers, 59, t. 1, £.2; Holm,
Mem. Torrey Bot. Club, ii. 76, t. xiii. f. 84, 86.)
” Martius, /. ¢. iii. 245. — Kunth, Enum. iii. 245. — Karsten, Fl.
Colomb. ii. 137 (Trithrinax).— Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 514.
8 Sabal glabra.
Chamerops glabra, Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No. 2 ( 1768).
Corypha minor, Jacquin, Hort. Vind. iii. 8, t. 8 (1776). — Mur-
ray, Syst. Veg. ed. 14, 984. — Lamarck, Dict. ii. 131.
Corypha pumila, Walter, Fl. Cur. 119 (1788).
Chameerops acaulis, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 207 (1803). —
Shecut, Fl. Car. i. 383.
Sabal Adansoni, Guersent, Bull. Soc. Philom. iii. 206, t. 25
(1803). — Bot. Mag. xxxv. t. 1434.— Trattinick, Archiv. t. 362,
362°. — Pursh, Fi. Am. Sept. i. 239. — Nuttall, Gen. i. 230. — Roe-
mer & Schultes, Syst. vii. pt. ii. 1485.— Croom, Am. Jour. Sci.
xxvi. 315.— Martius, J. ¢. iii. 246, t. 103, f. 2, i. t. Y, £.4.—
Dietrich, Syn. ii. 1201. — Kunth, J. ¢. iii. 246.— Chapman, Fi.
438. — Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 65.
Rhapis acaulis, Willdenow, Spec. iv. pt. ii. 1093 (1805). —
Aiton, Hort. Kew. ed. 2, v. 474.
Sabal minor, Persoon, Syn. i. 399 (1805). — Sprengel, Syst. ii.
137.
Sabal pumila, Elliott, Sk. i. 430 (1817).
Sabal glabra is a low plant of the southern coast region of the
United States, with a short subterranean stem, glaucous fan-shaped,
slightly pinnatifid leaves nearly circular in outline, an erect spadix
much longer than the leaves, and small fruit.
The second shrubby species, Sabal Etonia, Nash (Bull. Torrey
Bot. Club, xxiii. 99 [1896]) is distinguished by its elongated con-
torted root-stalk, small thin orbicular deeply cleft leaves, short
spadix, and large fruit.
4 Lesquereux, Rep. U.S. Geolog. Surv. vii. 112, t. 11, f. 3, 3%, t.
12, f. 1, 2.—Saporta, Origine Paléontologique des Arbres, 118. —
Zittel, Handb. Palcontolog. ii. 372.
5 The most interesting fungi botanically which attack the Palms
in this country are species of Graphiola which belong to a genus
usually placed in the order of Smuts, although in certain pecul-
iarities they differ considerably from the typical members of the
order ; they form small black powdery tufts or cups sparsely scat-
tered over the surface of the leaves, Graphiola congesta, Berkeley
& Ravenel, attacking the leaves of Sabal Palmetto.
In the tropics the leaves of Palms are frequently covered with a
sooty black growth, caused by different species of Meliola, of
which two species, Aeliola palmicola, Winter, and Meliola furcata,
Léveillé, are found on Sabal in North America. In addition to
these, Spherella sabaligena, Ellis & Everhart, Venturia sabalicola,
Ellis & Everhart, Helminthosporium Palmetto, Gerard, and Phyllo-
sticta Palmetto, Ellis & Everhart, have been noticed on the leaves
of Sabal Palmetto.
PALME. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
39
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Spadix short.
Fruit subglobose, 1-celled ; seed-coat light bright chestnut-color .
Spadix elongated.
Fruit often 2 or 3-lobed, with 2 or 3 seeds; seed-coat dark chestnut-brown .
1. S. PatMETTO.
2, S. MEXICANA.
PALMA, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 41
SABAL PALMETTO.
Cabbage Tree. Cabbage Palmetto.
SPADIX short. Fruit subglobose, 1-celled ; seed-coat light bright chestnut-color.
Sabal Palmetto, Roemer & Schultes, Syst. vii. pt. ii. 1487 Corypha Palmetto, Walter, FV. Car. 119 (1788).
(1830). — Martius, Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 247. — Dietrich, Chamerops Palmetto, Michaux, FV. Bor.-Am. i. 206
Syn. ii. 1201. — Kunth, Hnum. iii. 247. — Spach, Hist. (1803). — Willdenow, Spec. iv. pt. ii. 1158. — Michaux, f.
Vég. xii. 107. — Chapman, FV. 438. — Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Hist. Arb. Am. ii. 186, t. 10. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i.
Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 64.— Sargent, Forest Trees N. 240. — Nuttall, Gen. i. 231. — Elliott, Sk. i. 431. —
Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 217.— Nash, Bull. Torrey Sprengel, Syst. ii. 137. — Croom, Am. Jour. Sct. xxvi.
Bot. Club, xxiii. 99. 315. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2532.
A tree, with a trunk often thirty or forty feet in height and two feet in diameter, broken by
shallow irregular interrupted fissures into broad ridges, with a short pointed knob-like: caudex sur-
rounded by a dense mass of contorted roots, often four or five feet in diameter and five or six feet
deep, from which tough hght orange-colored roots, often nearly half an inch in diameter, covered
with thick loose rind easily broken into narrow fibres, and furnished with short slender brittle rootlets,
penetrate the soul for a distance of fifteen or twenty feet, and crowned with a broad head of leaves
which are at first upright, then spread nearly at right angles with the stem, and are finally pendulous.
They are wedge-shaped at the base and broad at the apex, which is recurved and deeply divided into
narrow two-parted segments, with thin pale margins which separate into long slender threads, and
thin light orange-colored midribs; they are thick and firm, dark green and lustrous, five or six feet
long and seven or eight feet broad, and are borne on petioles six or seven feet in length and an
inch and a half wide at the apex, the ligula being about four inches in length. The spadix is from
two to two and a half feet long, with slender incurved branches, thin ultimate divisions, and thin
secondary spathes flushed with red at the apex and conspicuously marked by pale slender longitudinal
veins. The flowers, which are produced in the axils of minute deciduous acute bracts much shorter
than the perianth, open in June, and are nearly a quarter of an inch across. The fruit, which ripens
late in the autumn, is subglobose or slightly obovate, and gradually narrowed at the base, black and
lustrous, one-seeded, raised on a short stout peduncle, and about a third of an inch in diameter, with
rather thick sweet dry flesh. The seed is a quarter of an inch broad, with a light bright chestnut-
colored coat and a small micropyle.
Sabal Palmetto inhabits sandy soil in the immediate neighborhood of the coast, and is distributed
from Smith’s Island at the mouth of the Cape Fear River, North Carolina, to Key Largo, Florida, and
along the Gulf coast to the mouth of the Appalachicola River. Often forming groves of considerable
extent on the Atlantic coast, it is most abundant and grows to its largest size on the west coast of the
Florida peninsula south of Cedar Keys.’
The wood of Sabal Palmetto is light, soft, and pale brown in color, and contains numerous hard
fibro-vascular bundles which make it difficult to work, the outer rim of the stem, about two inches in
thickness, being much lighter and softer. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.4404, a
cubic foot weighing 27.45 pounds. In the southern states the trunks are used for wharf-piles ;
polished cross sections of the stem sometimes serve for the tops of small tables, and the wood is largely
manufactured into canes. From the sheaths of young leaves the bristles of scrubbing-brushes are made
in Florida in considerable quantities.’
1 Wilson, Forest Leaves, iii. 53, f. bing-brushes now often used in the United States, three or four
2 To obtain the fibre used in the manufacture of the coarse scrub- feet of the top of the tree, “the bud,” as it is technically called,
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. PALME.
42
The earliest description of Sabal Palmetto appears in Catesby’s Hortus Britano-Americanus,
published in 1763.’ According to Aiton,’ it was not introduced into English gardens until 1809, and,
although occasionally cultivated in the cities of the south Atlantic states, it is still exceedingly rare in
gardens.°
The survival of Sabal Palmetto, with its tall columnar trunk and broad crown of foliage, the
most boreal of existing Palm-trees in a region where the flora is northern in its predominating types,
gives special interest to the coast of the southeastern United States, where it is the most conspicuous
feature of the vegetation.’
consisting of the closely imbricated young leaf-stalks, is cut off and
trimmed down to a diameter of about eight inches. In this form
the bud is received at the factory, where the soft edible core, con-
sisting of the youngest leaves, is removed, leaving a cylinder with
walls about three inches in thickness. This is boiled and shredded
by machinery specially devised for the purpose, and when the fibre
is dried, it is ready for the brush-maker. One factory in Jackson-
ville, Florida, uses weekly 7,500 buds obtained principally from the
west coast of the peninsula. As only young and healthy trees are
used, and as the removal of the bud kills the tree, the industry is a
wasteful and expensive one, destined to exterminate the Palmetto ;
and its existence is also threatened by the use for culinary pur-
poses of the cabbage, or terminal bud, which is considered a great
delicacy by the negroes of the southern states.
1 Palma Brasiliensis prunifera folio plicatili seu flabelli forma cau-
dice squammato, 40.
2 Aiton, Hort. Kew. ed. 2, v. 490.
* It is remarkable that Sabal Palmetto, which might be expected
to be the hardiest of all arborescent Palms, has remained so rare in
gardens. A plant has long been cultivated in the Palm House of
the Royal Gardens at Kew, in England, and the species is said to
be established in Ceylon. In California, where nearly all the
Palms of temperate regions grow vigorously, it has not proved a
success ; and it appears to be unknown in the gardens of southern
France and the Riviera, although it is said to flourish in those of
southern Italy. ‘(See Sprenger, Bull. Soc. Tosc. Ort. xiv. 318. See,
also, Garden and Forest, ii. 186 ; v. 158, 215.)
4 On June 28, 1776, a force of less than one hundred Caro-
linians, under command of Moultrie, protected by the rude fortifi-
cation on Sullivan’s Island in Charleston Harbor, made of the
trunks of the Palmetto, repulsed the attack of a British fleet under
command of Sir Peter Parker, and when the state of South Caro-
lina was organized, the state seal, which was first used in May,
1777, was made to commemorate this victory. A Palm-tree grow-
ing erect on the seashore represents the strength of the fort, while
at its base an Oak-tree torn from the ground and deprived of its
branches recalls the British fleet built of oak timber overcome by
the Palmetto. (See John Drayton, Memoirs of the American Revo-
lution, ii. 372.)
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Prate DVII. Sapat Patmerro.
Pow Nh
e
A pistil, enlarged.
DO WNAD 1
. A seed, enlarged.
fuk
co)
Diagram of a flower.
A flower, enlarged.
Portion of a flowering spadix, natural size.
. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
A corolla, with stamens displayed, enlarged.
- Portion of a fruiting spadix, natural size.
. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.
. An embryo, much magnified.
11. A leaf, upper surface, much reduced.
12. Diagram of a section of one of the divisions of a leaf.
13. A seedling, natural size.
Tab: DVII.
Silva of North America .
/ " Fe R / ;
Z SS i ; ¢ EN 5 = | | |
\ ~ wi . /| Y
y
= Ss
aalta’
\
‘i
N
= Z,
ne
_ SABAL PALMETTO, R.x S.
A. Riocreux direx®
Imp. 7. Taneur, Paris.
Lovendal sc.
PALMA, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 43
SABAL MEXICANA.
Palmetto.
SPADIx elongated. Fruit often 2 or 3-lobed, with 2 or 3 seeds; seed-coat dark
chestnut-brown.
Sabal Mexicana, Martius, Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 246, i. t.S, Chamzerops Palmetto, Schott, Mex. Bound. Surv. i. pt.
f. 2-7, t. 5, f. 4 (1833-50). — Kunth, Enum. iii. 246. — ii. 44 (not Michaux) (1857).
Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. iii. 410. — Sprenger, Bull. Sabal Palmetto (?), Havard, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. viii.
Soc. Tose. Ort. xiv. 317. — Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. 524 (not Roemer & Schultes) (1885). — Coulter, Contrib.
xxv. 135. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 452 (Man. Pl. W. Texas).
A tree, with a trunk from thirty to fifty feet in height and often two and a half feet in diameter,
marked with distinct rings, and covered below with bright reddish brown rind and above with the wide
persistent sheaths of the leaf-stalks. The leaves are cuneate below, dark yellow-green and lustrous, five
or six feet long, often seven feet wide, and divided nearly to the middle into two-parted segments, which
are about two inches wide, with thickened pale margins separating into long thin threads; they are
borne on petioles seven or eight feet in length and an inch and a half wide at the apex, the ligulas
being about six inches long; erect when they first unfold, they gradually spread at right angles to the
stem and finally become pendulous. The flowers, which in Texas appear late in March or early in
April, are borne in the axils of the acute scarious persistent bracts half as long as the perianth on the
stout elongated simple or rarely branched secondary branches of a spadix which is seven or eight feet in
length, with stout ultimate divisions. The fruit ripens early in the summer and is about half an inch
in diameter, with thin dry flesh, and globose or often two or three-lobed by the development of the
second and third carpels. The seed, which is nearly half an inch broad and about a quarter of an inch
high, is very dark chestnut-brown, with a broad shallow basal cavity and a conspicuous orange-colored
hilum, and is marked on the side with the prominent micropyle.
In Texas, where it was first detected about seventy years ago by the Belgian botanist Berlandier,’
Sabal Mexicana grows in the rich soil of the bottom-lands of the Rio Grande from the neighborhood
of Edinburgh nearly to the Gulf, with Ulmus crassifolia, Acacia Berlandieri Fraxinus Berlandieriana,
Leucena pulverulenta, and Erythrina herbacea ; and below the Rio Grande it ranges southward in
the neighborhood of the coast to southern Mexico.
The wood of Sabal Mexicana is exceedingly light, soft, and pale brown tinged with red, and
contains thick light-colored rather inconspicuous fibro-vascular bundles, the outer rim, about an inch in
thickness, being softer and rather lighter colored. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is
0.2607, a cubic foot weighing 16.25 pounds.’
On the Gulf coast the trunks of Sabal Alexicana are used for wharf-piles, and on the lower Rio
Grande its leaves are cut almost as fast as they appear to supply thatch for houses. In southern
Mexico it is cultivated to produce leaves which are manufactured into hats.2 In Brownsville,
Matamoras, and other towns on the lower Rio Grande, Sabal Mexicana is frequently planted as a street
tree, and in some of the gardens of Monterey noble old specimens exist.
1 See i. 82. ” Garden and Forest, iii. 356. 8 Heller, Bonplandia, ii. 157.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Puate DVITI. Sasau Mexicana.
Portion of a flowering panicle.
. A flower, enlarged.
. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
. Perianth of a flower, with stamens displayed, enlarged.
. A pistil divided transversely, enlarged.
. Portion of a fruiting panicle, natural size.
. A 2-lobed fruit, showing a third abortive lobe, natural size.
. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.
CONDE WHE
. A seed, basal view, natural size.
a
ra)
. A seed, lateral view, with micropyle, natural size.
em
ar
. An embryo, much magnified.
. A leaf, much reduced.
fo.
bo
Silva of North America. Tab. DVIII.
iZy Zh Y, YO
as RTS
/
if Vp
CM iy,
ase ro L. cy “in ees
WS ny %\ mix
apne sc.
SABAL MEXICANA, Mart.
A. Riocreuz direa® Imp. J. Taneur, Paris.
PALM. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 45
WASHINGTONIA.
FLowers perfect; calyx tubular, slightly 3-lobed; corolla funnel-formed, 3-lobed;
stamens 6; ovary superior, 3-celled; ovule solitary, erect. Fruit baccate, ellipsoidal,
l-celled. Spadix elongated, compound, interfoliar. Leaves alternate, flabellate,
orbicular, long-petioled ; petioles spinose on the margins.
Washingtonia, H. Wendland, Bot. Zeit. xxxvii. 68 i. 35 (in part) (1889). — Baillon, Hist. Pl. xiii. 319 (in
(1879). — Bentham & Hooker, Gen. iii. 923. part).
Pritchardia, Drude, Engler & Prantl Pflanzenfam. ii. pt.
Trees, with stout columnar endogenous trunks covered below with thick pale rind and above with
the persistent sheaths of many dead leaves, long tough roots, and a broad terminal crown of erect, then.
spreading, and ultimately pendulous leaves. Leaves induplicate in vernation, alternate, flabellate,
orbicular, divided nearly to the middle into many narrow deeply two-cleft recurved segments, separating
on the margins into numerous slender pale fibres, long-petiolate; those of the first year lnear-
lanceolate ; rachises short, slightly rounded on the back, gradually contracted from a broad base, their
margins concave, and furnished below with narrow erect wings, slender and acute above; ligulas oblong,
elongated, thin, broad and conspicuously laciniate at the apex; petioles broad and thin, plano-convex
or slightly concave on the upper side, rounded on the lower, armed irregularly with broad thin large
and small, straight or hooked spines confluent into a thin bright orange-colored cartilaginous margin,
gradually enlarged at the base into the thick elongated broad concave light bright chestnut-brown
vaginas composed of a network of thin strong fibres. Spadix interfoliar, paniculate, elongated,
pedunculate, glabrous, its numerous branches flexuose and pendulous; spathes numerous, narrow,
elongated, glabrous. Flowers minute, white, articulate on thickened disk-like pedicels in the axils of
ovate acute scarious bracts, slender and acuminate before anthesis. Calyx tubular, indurate at the base,
gradually enlarged and slightly three-lobed at the apex, scarious, persistent under the fruit, the lobes
retuse, scarious, erose, imbricated in estivation. Corolla funnel-formed, the fleshy tube included in the
calyx, half as long as the lanceolate acute striate lobes thickened and glandular on the inner surface at
the base, reflexed, imbricated in estivation, deciduous. Stamens six, inserted on the throat of the
corolla; filaments free and flattened below, much thickened near the middle, slender and terete toward
the apex, exserted; anthers linear-oblong, attached on the back, versatile, pale yellow, two-celled, the
cells spreading below, opening longitudinally. Ovary superior, sessile on a thin disk, depressed-obovoid,
three-lobed, three-celled, crowned by an elongated flexuose exserted white horny style stigmatic at the
apex; ovule solitary in each cell, lateral, erect, anatropous. Fruit baccate, small, ellipsoidal, one-celled,
one-seeded, short-stalked, crowned with the remnants of the abortive carpels and of the style; pericarp
of two coats, the outer thin, dry, black, and fleshy, the inner membranaceous dark orange-colored,
lustrous on the inner surface. Seed free, erect, oblong-ovate, convex above, the base flat, depressed in
the centre, marked by the minute sublateral hilum and the broad conspicuous raphe ; micropyle lateral,
minute; testa thin, light chestnut-brown, closely investing the uniform horny albumen. Embryo
minute, lateral, the radicle turned toward the base of the fruit.
Two species of Washingtonia are known; one inhabits the interior desert region of southern
California and the adjacent part of Lower California, and the second’ the mountain caiions of western
Sonora and southern Lower California.
1 Washingtonia Sonore, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xxiv. 79 First collected by Dr. Edward Palmer in 1887 in secluded
(1889) ; xxv. 136. ceafions of the mountains about Guaymas and subsequently at La
The fruit is eaten by Indians.
The genus is dedicated to George Washington.
Paz, Lower California, Washingtonia Sonore, which is still very
imperfectly known, is described as a tree twenty-five feet in
height, with a trunk a foot in diameter, and glaucous filiferous
leaves three or four feet in diameter, borne on comparatively slen-
der petioles beset on the margins with variously curved spines,
connected by a web of floccose hairs. The spadix is shorter, more
slender, and more sparingly branched, and the perianth is thinner
and more scarious than those of Washingtonia jfilamentosa. The
seeds, which are flattened-globose, and about an eighth of an inch
long, are used by the Indians of Lower California as food.
Another species, Washingtonia robusta, has been described (H.
Wendland, Berlin. Gartenzeit. ii. 198 (1883).— André, Rev. Hort.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
PALMAE.
1885, 401, f. 73; 1895, 155. — Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xxv. 136. —
8. B. Parish, Garden and Forest, iii. 52, 542 ; Zoé, iv. 350. — Orcutt,
W. Am. Scientist, i. 63, 76). Washingtonia robusta appeared about
1869, in Linden’s nursery in Ghent, among a number of plants of
Washingtonia filamentosa which were raised from seed believed to
have been obtained from Lower California, and may be a seminal
form of this species, as is now usually believed, or more probably
a species from Lower California still unknown in a wild state. In
gardens, where it has not flowered, Washingtonia robusta is a more
vigorous and more rapid-growing plant than Washingtonia filamen-
tosa, and its darker green and more lustrous leaves on shorter
petioles give it a more robust appearance.
PALMA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 47
WASHINGTONIA FILAMENTOSA.
Desert Palm. Fan Palm.
Leaves light green, their petioles stout and elongated.
Washingtonia filamentosa, 0. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. ii. Pritchardia filifera, Linden, JJ. Hort. xxiv. 32, 107
737 (1891). (1877).
Brahea dulcis (?), Cooper, Smithsonian Rep. 1860, 342 Washingtonia filifera, H. Wendland, Bot. Zeit. xxxvii.
(not Martius) (1861). 68 (1879). — Brewer & Watson, Bot. Cal. ii. 211, 485. —
Pritchardia filamentosa, H. Wendland, Bot. Zeit. xxxiv. Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix.
807 (1876). — Fenzi, Bull. Soc. Tose. Ort. i. 116, f. 217. — Sprenger, Bull. Soc. Tosc. Ort. xiv. 319, £. 37.
A tree, occasionally seventy-five feet in height, with a trunk sometimes fifty or sixty feet tall, from
two to three feet in diameter, covered with a thick light red-brown slightly scaly rind, and clothed
layer over layer with a thick thatch of dead pendent leaves descending in a regular cone from the living
crown sometimes nearly to the ground.’ The living leaves, which vary from forty to sixty in number,
are light green, slightly tomentose on the folds, five or six feet in length and four or five feet in width,
and are borne on petioles from four to six feet long, about two inches broad at the apex, where they
widen slightly into the lgulas, which are about four inches in length and cut irregularly into long
narrow lobes, about five inches wide at the base, where they dilate into the sheaths, which are sixteen
or eighteen inches long and twelve or fourteen inches wide, and are armed with broad thin large and
small straight or hooked spines. The flower-clusters are from ten to twelve feet in length, three or
four being produced each year from the axils of upper leaves, the shghtly fragrant flowers opening late
in May or early in June; they are at first erect and spreading, becoming pendulous as the fruit matures,
glabrous and hght green; the stems and branches are compressed and slightly wing-margined toward
the base, slender and terete above, and divided into three or four primary branches bearing elongated
pendulous secondary branches furnished with numerous long densely flowered branchlets, the upper
bemg simple and erect, and the lower spreading and paniculate; the outer spathe which incloses the
panicle in the bud is narrow, elongated, and glabrous; and those of the secondary branches are
coriaceous, yellow tinged with brown, laciniate at the apex, the upper being lorate and coated on the
margins with loose pale caducous tomentum. The fruit, which is produced in great profusion, ripens
in September, and is a third of an inch in length. The seed is a quarter of an inch long and an eighth
of an inch thick.
Washingtoma filamentosa, which is the largest of the Palms of the United States, sometimes
forms extensive open groves” or small isolated clumps, and grows in wet usually alkaline soil along the
eastern borders of the depression in the Colorado Desert, which an land sea once filled, following the
line of connection between this depression and the Gulf of California into Lower California, and
sometimes extending for several miles up the canons of the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains,
a small grove in White Water Cafion on the eastern slope of the San Bernardino Mountains marking
the western and northern limits of its range.’
1 This thatch of dead leaves makes the best possible protection desert, and the vitality of this Palm is shown by its ability to with-
for the trunk from the burning heat and drying winds of the stand the effects of such constant abuse, and the removal of its
desert. Its inflammable material, however, is easily kindled by protective covering. (See S. B. Parish, Garden and Forest, iii. 51.)
accidental fires, and is usually burned off by Indians in order to * Garden and Forest, viii. 472, £. 65.
facilitate the ascent of the trunk to gather the fruit. The dead 3 §. B. Parish, Zoé, iv. 349.
leaves have thus been burned from nearly all the trees in the
48 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. PALMA.
The wood of Washingtonia filamentosa is light and. soft, and contains numerous conspicuous
dark orange-colored fibro-vascular bundles. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.5173,
a cubic foot weighing 32.24 pounds. It contains a quantity of sugar; and the ashes, which amount to
11.86 per cent. of the dry wood, contain 25 per cent. of salt."
The fruit is gathered and used as food by the Indians, who also grind the seeds into flour.’
First cultivated by the Jesuit priests in their mission gardens of southern California long before
this region became a part of the United States,’ Washingtonia filamentosa was noticed by the botanists
connected with the commission intrusted with the establishment of the boundary between the United
States and Mexico, but was not described until many years later. It has now become one of the
commonest trees in the gardens and streets of the southwestern part of California, growing rapidly and
vigorously there,’ as it does in southern Europe, where, in a comparatively short time, it has attained a
large size and produced flowers and fruit,’ and also in Rio de Janeiro.°
1 Trimble, Garden and Forest, ix. 133. 4 Garden and Forest, vi. 535, f. 77.
2 Palmer, Am. Nat. xii. 598. 5 W. Watson, Garden and Forest, vii. 45.— André, Rev. Hort.
3 Two specimens in San Pedro Street, Los Angeles, believed to 1895, 153, f. 40-42.
_have been planted by the Jesuit missionaries, with stems nearly ® Nicholson, Garden and Forest, ii. 578.
nine feet through at the ground, are estimated to be one hundred
feet high. (See Kinney, Scientific American, lx. 263, f.)
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Puate DIX. WaAsHINGTONIA FILAMENTOSA.
A branch of a flowering spadix, natural size.
Diagram of a flower.
A flower, enlarged.
Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
. A stamen, enlarged.
anak Ob
. Portion of a corolla laid open, showing the glands at the
base of the petals, enlarged.
. Portion of a fruiting spadix, natural size.
. A fruit divided transversely, enlarged.
© 0 9
Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.
10. A seed, basal view, enlarged.
11. An embryo, much magnified.
12. A leaf, upper side, much reduced.
13. Portion of a leaf-stalk, somewhat reduced.
Silva of North America. Tab. DIX.
CH#. Faxon del,
apie. Go
WASHINGTONIA FILAMENTOSA,O.K.
A. Riocreux direx © Imp. J. Taneur, Paris.
PALMA.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 49
THRINAX.
FLowERs perfect; calyx and corolla confluent into a short cup, 6-toothed on the
margin; stamens 6 to 12; ovary usually 1-celled; ovule basilar, erect. Fruit
drupaceous ; pericarp dry or fleshy. Spadix interfoliar, paniculate. Leaves orbicular,
or truncate at the base, petiolate, the petioles unarmed.
Thrinax, Swartz, Prodr. 57 (1788). — Endlicher, Gen.
253. — Meisner, Gen. 357. — Bentham & Hooker, Gen.
iii. 930.— Drude, Engler & Prantl Pflanzenfam. ii. pt.
iii. 34. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. xiii. 317.
Hemithrinax, Hooker f. Bentham & Hooker Gen. iii. 930
(1883).
Small unarmed trees or shrubs, with simple or clustered endogenous stems marked below by the
ring-like scars of fallen leaves, and clothed above with the long-persistent petiole-sheaths. Leaves
terminal, induplicate in vernation, alternate, flabellate, orbicular, or truncate at the base, more or less
deeply divided into narrow acute two-parted plicately folded lobes; rachises short or wanting; ligulas
free, erect, concave, often apiculate; petioles compressed, slightly rounded and ridged on both sides,
their margins thin and smooth, gradually enlarged below into elongated vaginas of coarse fibres often
forming an open conspicuous network and generally clothed while young with thick felt-like hoary
tomentum. Spadix interfoliar, paniculate, elongated, pedunculate, its primary branches alternate,
furnished with numerous short slender graceful flower-bearing secondary branchlets produced in the
axils of scarious acute bracts; spathes numerous, tubular, coriaceous or papyraceous, splitting at
the apex, inserted on the rachis of the panicle, each primary branch with its spathe and the node of the
rachis below it inclosed in a separate spathe, the whole surrounded by the larger spathe of the node
next below. Flowers solitary or rarely in two or three-flowered clusters, minute, articulate on slender
elongated or short broad pedicels in the axils of caducous bracts, usually bibracteolate, the bractlets
minute and caducous. Sepals and petals confluent into a cup-shaped or ring-hke perianth, truncate at
the base, six-toothed on the margin. Stamens six, nine, or twelve, inserted on the base of the perianth;
filaments subulate, filiform or triangular, slightly united at the base, exserted, or wanting; anthers
oblong or linear-oblong, attached on the back, introrse or extrorse, two-celled, the cells free below,
opening longitudinally. Ovary superior, ovoid, or globose, one or rarely two or three-celled, narrowed
above into a slender columnar style crowned by a funnel-formed often oblique stigma; ovule solitary in
Fruit subglobose, black,
or light orange-colored, crowned with the remnants of the style, raised on a thickened stalk,
each cell, basilar, erect, semianatropous, the micropyle inferior or sublateral.
surrounded at the base by the persistent perianth of the flower; exocarp thick or thin, fleshy or
crustaceous, closely investing the thin membranaceous endocarp. Seed free, globose or depressed-
globose ; testa thin, hght tawny brown and vertically sulcate, or dark chestnut-brown and lustrous ;
albumen horny, ruminate, or uniform and deeply penetrated by a broad basal cavity; hilum minute,
or oblong and conspicuous, basilar or subbasilar ; raphe branched, inconspicuous.’
1 By Drude (Engler & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. ii. pt. ili. 34) the
following sections are proposed : —
EvutTHrinax. Flowers solitary, long-pedicellate ; perianth lobes
minute ; filaments elongated ; anthers introrse ; pericarp thin and
subsucculent, or thick and succulent ; seed vertically sulcate by
the infolding of the light tawny brown testa into the ruminate
albumen.
HEMITHRINAX.
clusters, sessile or short-pedicellate ; perianth lobes setulose ; an-
Flowers solitary or rarely in 2 or 3-flowered
thers sessile, extrorse ; pericarp crustaceous ; seed depressed at the
base, dark chestnut-brown and lustrous ; albumen uniform, pene-
trated by a broad deep basal cavity.
PoroTHRINAX. Flowers solitary, short-pedicellate ; perianth
lobes broadly ovate, acute ; filaments triangular ; anthers introrse,
becoming reflexed and extrorse at maturity ; pericarp crustaceons ;
seed depressed at the base, dark chestnut-brown and lustrous ;
albumen uniform, penetrated by a braad deep basal cavity.
50 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. PALMA.
Thrinax is confined to the New World, where it is distributed from the Bahama Islands and
southern Florida through the West Indies to the Isthmus of Panama. Twelve species are described,
although with regard to several of them little is yet known. Four and probably five species! inhabit
southern Florida, one of them being a low shrub.’
The large coriaceous tough fan-shaped leaves of many of the species are used to thatch the roofs
of buildings ; and several of the species are cultivated as ornamental plants in the tropics and in the
glass-houses of northern gardens.’
The generic name, from Opiva£, alludes to the form of the leaves.
1 In addition to the species of Thrinax described in this volume, lected by Dr. A. P. Garber at Cape Sabal in October, 1879, and
there is another arborescent Euthrinax on the Marquesas Keys and preserved in the Gray Herbarium, indicate the presence of another
probably on some of the keys east of Key West. It isa low tree, Porothrinax in Florida.
with a thick trunk raised above the surface of the ground by a 2 Thrinax Garberi, Chapman, Bot. Gazette, iii. 12 (1878) ; Fil. ed.
cluster of stout roots, large leaves, and fruit remarkable for the 2, Suppl. 651.
thickness of the fleshy pericarp. 3 H. Wendland, Index Palmarum, 39.
Portions of a leaf and a few fruits of a Thrinax-like Palm col-
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
EUTHRINAX.
Pedicels stout, elongated; filaments filamentose ; fruit dark brown, with thin dry flesh ; seed
light tawny brown, conspicuously sulcate; albumen ruminate . . . . . - - . + + + 4d. T. PARVIFLORA.
PoROTHRINAX.
Pedicels short, disk-like; filaments triangular; fruit orange-brown, the pericarp crustaceous ;
seed dark chestnut-brown and lustrous; albumen uniform . . . . . . +--+ + © « & T. MICROCARPA.
PALME. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 51
THRINAX PARVIFLORA.
Silk-Top Palmetto.
PEDICELS stout, elongated ; filaments filamentose. Fruit dark brown, with thin
dry flesh; seed light tawny brown, conspicuously sulcate.
Thrinax parviflora, Swartz, Prodr. 57 (1788); Fl. Ind. Dietrich, Syn. ii. 1091. — Walpers, Ann. v. 818. — Grise-
Oce. i. 614, t. 13. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 473. — Willde- bach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 515. — Vasey, Rep. U. S. Dept.
now, Spec. ii. pt. i. 202. — Persoon, Syn. i. 383. — Lunan, Agric. 1875, 186 (Cat. Forest Trees U. S.). — Chapman,
Hort. Jam. ii. 28.— Poiret, Lam. Dict. vii. 635. — Tit- Bot. Gazette, iii. 12; Fl. ed. 2, Suppl. 651. — Eggers,
ford, Hort. Bot. Am. 112.— Sprengel, Syst. ii. 20. — Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 13, 118 (£2. St. Croix and the
Roemer & Schultes, Syst. vii. pt. ii. 1800. — Martius, Hist. Virgin Islands). — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th
Nat. Palm. iii. 255, t. 103. — Kunth, Enum. iii. 253. — Census U. S. ix. 217.
A tree, in Florida from twenty to thirty feet in height, with a slender stem four or five inches in
diameter, covered with thin smooth blue-gray rind. The leaves are orbicular, from three to four feet
in diameter, thin, bright green on the upper surface, paler and coated while young on the lower
surface with pale caducous tomentum, and, except at the base, where they are split nearly to the ligula,
divided for about two thirds of their diameter into laciniate lobes, with stout yellow midribs prominent
on the upper side, and with much thickened reflexed margins; the lobes near the middle of the leaf
are from an inch to an inch and a quarter broad, diminishing in width toward the base of the leaf,
where they are not more than a quarter of an inch wide; the rachis of the leaf is reduced to a thin
truncate undulate border, and the ligula is crescent-shaped, about an eighth of an inch long, a quarter
of an inch thick, and an inch wide, and is furnished near the middle with a flat nearly triangular point
half an inch long; the petiole is thin and flexible, three quarters of an inch wide at the base of the
blade, rounded and ridged on the upper and lower sides, about as long as the blade of the leaf, and
enlarged below into the elongated sheath, which is coated while young with a thick felt-like hoary
tomentum. Three or four panicles of flowers, from two to three feet in length, usually appear each
year, the flowers opening in Florida in the autumn; their secondary branches are much flattened,
recurved, and from four to six inches in length, the slender flower-bearing branchlets being from an
inch and a half to five inches long, and in the axils of ovate acute scarious brownish bracts about three
quarters of an inch long and an eighth of an inch wide; the spathes are coriaceous, pubescent above
the middle, and often ciliate on the margins at the apex. The flowers, which are raised on rigid
spreading pedicels an eighth of an inch in length, consist of a cup-lke six-lobed perianth, six or nine
stamens, with slender exserted filaments slightly united below and large oblong light yellow anthers,
and a subglobose dark orange-colored ovary surmounted by an elongated style dilated into a broad
oblique stigma. The fruit, which ripens in April, is dark chestnut-brown or nearly black, and rather
less than a quarter of an inch in diameter, with a thin somewhat fleshy outer coat closely investing the
rather thicker crustaceous light brown inner coat, and a deeply furrowed depressed-globose tawny
brown seed an eighth of an inch in diameter, with ruminate albumen.
In Florida Thrinaz parviflora has been found only on the southern keys from Bahia Honda to
Long’s Key, usually growing in low moist sandy soil or in sandy swamps. It also inhabits the Bahama
Islands and many of the Antilles.
The wood of Zhrinax parviflora is light, soft, and pale brown, with a hard outer rim about an
eighth of an inch in thickness, and contains numerous hard inconspicuous fibro-vascular bundles. The
specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.5991, a cubic foot weighing 37.34 pounds.
52
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. PALME.
In Florida the trunks are sometimes used in making sponge and turtle-crawls.
Thrinax parviflora appears to have been first noticed in Florida by Dr. A. W. Chapman’ in 1875.
1 See vii. 110.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Puate DX. THRINAX PARVIFLORA.
. Portion of a flowering spadix, natural size.
. Diagram of a flower.
A flower, enlarged.
. Vertical section of a pistil, enlarged.
An embryo, much magnified.
. A branch of a fruiting spadix, natural size.
. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.
. A seed, enlarged.
OWN ATP WN
. An embryo, much magnified.
1
—)
. A leaf, upper surface, much reduced.
Silva of North America.
CE. Faxon del
A. Ptocreux direx*
THRINAX PARVIFLORA, Sw.
imp. J. Taneur, Pari.
Tab. DX.
fit wrety SO.
PALME SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 53
THRINAX MICROCARPA.
Silver-Top Palmetto. Brittle Thatch.
PEpIcELs short, disk-like ; filaments triangular. Fruit orange-brown, the pericarp
crustaceous; seed dark chestnut-brown and lustrous.
Thrinax microcarpa, Sargent, Garden and Forest, ix. 162 Roemer & Schultes) (1883). — Sargent, Forest Trees N.
(1896). Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 218.
Thrinax argentea, Chapman, Fl. ed. 2, Suppl. 651 (not
A tree, in Florida rarely more than thirty feet in height, with a trunk eight or ten inches in
diameter, covered with thin smooth pale blue-green rind. The leaves are orbicular, coriaceous, pale
green above, silvery white below, more or less thickly coated while young with hoary tomentum at the
base, especially on the lower surface, from two to three feet across, and split to below the middle or
near the base of the leaf almost to the rachis into divisions which are an inch wide at the middle of the
leaf, and rather less than a quarter of an inch wide at its base, and are thickened and revolute on
the margins, with midribs thickened and prominent on the upper side and slender veins; the rachises
are short, slightly convex, and gradually narrowed and rounded at the apex; the ligulas are orbicular,
thick, concave, an inch wide, and lned with a thick coat of white tomentum ; the petioles are thin and
flexuose, an inch wide at the apex, and gradually widened below into elongated light brown sheaths of
slender fibres. The flower-clusters, which appear in April, are elongated, with short compressed erect
secondary branches, slightly spreading below, gracefully incurved above the middle, and furnished with
numerous slender pendulous flower-bearmg branchlets subtended by small lanceolate acute scarious
bracts; the spathes are elongated, acute, deeply parted at the apex, coriaceous, and coated above the
middle with thick hoary tomentum. The flowers are solitary, articulate on short thick disk-like
pedicels, and about an eighth of an inch long; the cupular perianth is truncate at the base and
six-lobed, with broadly ovate acute lobes half as long as the ovary. The stamens are six in number,
with thin nearly triangular exserted filaments slightly united at the base and slender at the apex, and
oblong anthers, which are attached on the back near the bottom and versatile, becoming reversed and
extrorse at maturity. The ovary is ovoid, deep orange-colored, one-celled, and narrowed above into a
short thick style dilated into a large funnel-formed stigma. The fruit, which ripens late in the autumn
or during the winter, is globose, an eighth of an inch in diameter, dull yellow-brown, surmounted by
the remnants of the style, surrounded at the base by the slightly enlarged obscurely six-lobed thickened
perianth of the flower, and raised on a short thick stalk; the outer coat is thin, brittle, and closely
invests the much thinner membranaceous inner coat, which is ight brown and lustrous on the inner
surface. The seed is subglobose, with uniform albumen, bright dark chestnut-brown, and depressed
and marked at the base by the conspicuous oblong pale hilum.
The wood of Thrinax microcarpa is light and soft, and contains numerous small fibro-vascular
bundles, the interior of the trunk being spongy and much lighter than the hard exterior rim, which is
from half an inch to an inch in thickness, and, when absolutely dry, has a specific gravity of 0.7172, a
cubic foot weighing 44.70 pounds. The stems are used for wharf-piles, and the thick coriaceous
brittle leaves are employed as thatch, and manufactured into coarse ropes.
Thrinax microcarpa grows in dry coral soil, and inhabits No-name Key, Bahia Honda Key, and
the shores of Sugar Loaf Sound in southern Florida. It was discovered by Mr. A. H. Curtiss* in 1879.
1 See ui. 50.
CONOakrwne
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Puate DXI. THRINAX MICROCARPA.
. A branch of a flowering spadix, natural size.
A flower, enlarged.
. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
A perianth with stamens, displayed, enlarged.
. A branch of a fruiting spadix, natural size.
. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.
A seed, basal view, enlarged.
. An embryo, much magnified.
. A leaf, upper surface, much reduced.
Silva of North America. Tab. DX. —
CE. Faxon del. Himely SC
THRINAX MICROCARPA, Sarge.
A. Riocreux direx © Imp. JS. Taneur, Paris.
TAXACER, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 55
TUMION.
FLowers naked, diccious, solitary, axillary ; stamens numerous; filaments dilated
above into 4 anthers connate into a half ring; ovule solitary, erect, surrounded by
a fleshy aril becoming confluent with the woody testa of the seed. Leaves lanceolate,
alternate, spreading in two ranks, persistent.
Tumion, Rafinesque, Amen. Nat. 63 (1840). — Greene, i. 111.— Baillon, Hist. Pl. xii. 31.— Masters, Jour.
Pittonia, ii. 193. Linn. Soc. xxx. 5.
Torreya, Arnott, Ann. Nat. Hist. i. 130 (not Rafinesque, Caryotaxus, Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn. Nadelh. 365
Sprengel, nor Eaton) (1838). — Endlicher, Gen. Suppl. i. (1865).
1373. — Meisner, Gen. 353. — Bentham & Hooker, Gen. Feoetataxus (Nelson) Senilis, Pinacee, 167 (1866).
iii, 431. — Eichler, Engler & Prantl Pflanzenfam. ii. pt.
Glabrous fcetid or pungent-aromatic trees, with fissured bark, close-grained light-colored wood,
ovate acute ternate buds in the axils of the upper leaves, the lateral rather smaller than the central,
covered with numerous imbricated scales, increasing in size from below upward, the outer long-persistent
on the base of the branchlet, those of the inner ranks scarious, accrescent, often erose on the margins,
verticillate or opposite, spreading or drooping branches, slender terete branchlets marked in their fifth
or sixth year with small slightly elevated oval transverse scars of fallen leaves, and fibrous roots.
Leaves disposed in a subspiral, distichously spreading and suberect by the twisting of the short
compressed petioles, lnear-lanceolate, thin, gradually narrowed at the apex into long sharp rigid callous
points, and abruptly contracted at the base, slightly rounded on the back, ecarinate, bisulcate below
with a broad or narrow stomatiferous groove on each side of the midvein, revolute and slightly
thickened on the entire margins, covered with a thick epidermis, dark green and lustrous on the upper
surface, often rather paler on the lower; resin-canal solitary, central; fibro-vascular bundle semilunar,
surrounded by an epiderm with thick-walled cells. Flowers appearing in very early spring, the
staminate crowded in adjacent axils from globose buds formed in the autumn on branchlets of the year,
and covered with numerous closely imbricated decussate ovate acute thick scales yellow tinged with red
below, increasing in size from below upward, persistent, the inner accrescent, thin, erose on the
margins; the pistillate scattered, and less numerous in the axils of leaves of the year or of the previous
year, covered with broadly ovate rounded or apiculate thinner scales persistent under the fruit.
Staminate flower ovoid or oblong, composed of six or eight close whorls, each of four divaricate
stamens, subverticillately arranged on a slender subsessile axis, surrounded at the base by the persistent
bud-scales ; filaments short, flattened and expanded above into four globose pendulous anthers connate
into a half ring, two-valved, introrse, their connective produced above the cells, shghtly dilated, often
denticulate on the upper margin ; pollen-grains globose. Pistillate flower sessile, surrounded by the bud-
scales, composed of a single orthotropous ovule, surrounded by and finally inclosed in an ovate fleshy
urceolate sack, becoming at maturity an ovoid or obovate drupe-like purple or green fruit short-pointed
at the apex, and separating when ripe from the basal scales persistent on a short stout peduncle, with a
thin resinous leathery purple or green outer coat, developed from the aril-lke covering of the ovule,
closely investing the seed. Seed ovoid, acute at both ends, apiculate at the apex, marked at the base
by the large conspicuous dark hilum ; testa thick and woody ; tegmen membranaceous or laminate, its
56 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. TAXACES.
folds penetrating the fleshy more or less deeply ruminate white albumen. Embryo axile; cotyledons
two, semiterete, shorter than the superior radicle.
Four species of Tumion have survived from the tertiary period, when the genus inhabited the
Arctic Circle, and then, spreading southward, existed for a long time in Europe, whence it has now
disappeared.’ Of existing species, one, the type of the genus, mhabits Florida, a second is widely
scattered through the forests of western California, one occurs on the mountains of central and
southern Japan,” and another in northern China.*
Tumion produces handsome light-colored wood, occasionally used in cabinet-making, and sweet
edible oily seeds.
In North America Tumion is not injured by insects or affected by fungal diseases.
The species can be easily raised from seeds, which, however, soon lose their vitality if allowed to
become dry. They are occasionally cultivated, but as ornamental plants give little promise of attaining
the size and beauty which they display in their native forests.
The generic name, from vor, is said to have been given by Dioscorides to a species of Yew-tree.
a tree unequaled in the massiveness of its appearance and in the
beauty of its bright red bark and lustrous dark green, almost black
1 Saporta, Origine Paléontologique des Arbres, 59.
2 Tumion nuciferum, Greene, Pittonia, ii. 194 (1891).
Torreya nucifera, Siebold & Zuccarini, Abhand. Akad. Miinch.
iv. pt. ili, 232 (1846) ; Fl. Jap. ii. 64, t. 129. — Endlicher, Syn.
Conif. 240. — Miquel, Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. iii. 169 (Prol. Fi.
Jap.).— Parlatore, De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 505. — Franchet
& Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. i. 473. — Masters, Jour. Linn. Soc.
xviil. 500 (Conifers of Japan). — Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 186.
Taxus nucifera, Linneus, Spec. 1040 (1753). — Thunberg, Fl.
Jap. 275. —Gertner, Fruct. ii. 66, t. 91.— A. Richard, Comm.
Bot. Conf. ii. t. 2, £. 3.
Podocarpus (?) nucifera, Persoon, Syn. ii. 633 (1807).
Caryotaxus nucifera, Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn. Nadelh. 366
(1865).
Fetataxus nucifera (Nelson) Senilis, Pinacece, 168 (1866).
foliage.
The kernels of the seeds, which possess a slightly resinous pleas-
ant flavor, are an important article of food in Japan, and by pres-
sure yield an oil, Kaya-no-abura, which is used in cooking, and is
of considerable commercial importance. The light yellow wood is
straight-grained, and is employed in building and cabinet-making
(Rein, Industries of Japan, 94, 157, 231. — Sargent, Forest Fl. Jap.
76).
3 Tumion grande, Greene, I. c. (1891).
Torreya (?) grandis, Gordon, Pinetum, 326 (1858). — Parla-
tore, J. c. — Franchet, Nouv. Arch. Mus. sér. 2, v. 292 (Pl. David.
i.). — Masters, /. c. — Beissner, J. c. 185.
Caryotaxus grandis, Henkel & Hochstetter, l. c. 367 (1865).
The Kaya, as Tumion nuciferum is called in Japan, is common in
the forests of central and southern Hondo and in those of the
southern islands, growing often as an undershrub or as a small tree
from twenty to thirty feet high, but occasionally, especially on the
banks of the Kisagawa in central Hondo, rising to the height of
eighty feet, with a trunk four or five feet in diameter, and forming
Little is known in regard to the distribution and uses of this
inhabitant of the mountain forests of northern China, which was
introduced into English gardens by Fortune in 1847, and it is not
improbable that it may prove to be specifically identical with the
Japanese species.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Leaves slightly rounded on the back, pale on the lower surface.
and wood fetid .
Leaves nearly flat, green below, elongated. Fruit green, slightly tinged with purple. Leaves
and branches pungent-aromatic. . . . . . . .
Fruit purple. Leaves, branches,
1. T. TAXIFOLIUM.
soe ee we ee lw le C:CO OT. « CAnrroRNICUM.
TAXACES. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. oT
TUMION TAXIFOLIUM.
Stinking Cedar. Torreya.
Leaves slightly rounded on the back, pale on the lower surface. Fruit purple.
Leaves and branches feetid.
Tumion taxifolium, Greene, Pittonia, ii. 194 (1891). 10th Census U.S. ix. 186. — Lauche, Deutsche Dendr.
Torreya taxifolia, Arnott, Ann. Nat. Hist. i. 130, t. ed. 2, 49, f. 2.— Eichler, Hngler & Prantl Pflanzen-
(1838). — Hooker, Icon. iii. t. 232, 233. — Nuttall, fam. ii. pt. i. 111, f. 70, a, b. — Beissner, Handb. Nadelh.
Sylva, iii. 91, t. 109. — Spach, Hist. Vég. xi. 298. — End- 186, f. 46.— Masters, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 254. —
licher, Syn. Conif. 241. — Lindley & Gordon, Jour. Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 6.
Hort. Soc. Lond. v. 226. —Carritre, Traité Conif.514.— Caryotaxus taxifolia, Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn. Nadelh.
Gordon, Pinetum, 329.— Chapman, Fl. 436. — Hoopes, 367 (1865).
Evergreens, 387, f. 62. — Parlatore, De Candolle Prodr. Fotataxus montana (Nelson) Senilis, Pinacew, 167
xvi. pt. ii. 505. — K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 100. — (1866).
Veitch, Man. Conif. 311. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am.
A feetid tree, occasionally forty feet in height, with a short trunk from one to two feet in diameter,
or usually much smaller, producing when cut many vigorous shoots from the stump and roots, and
whorls of spreading slightly pendulous branches, which form a rather open pyramidal head tapering
from a broad base. The bark of the trunk is about half an inch in thickness, brown, faintly tinged
with orange-color, and irregularly divided by broad shallow fissures into wide low ridges slightly
rounded on the back, and covered with thin closely appressed scales, which, in falling, disclose the
yellow inner bark. The branchlets are slender, and are bright green for two or three years, and then
gradually turn to a dark orange-red color. The winter-buds are covered with loosely imbricated scales ;
those of the outer ranks are keeled and thickened on the back, narrowed at the apex into short callous
tips, and light green, lustrous and more or less tinged with purple on the outer surface, those of the
inner ranks being thin and scarious, erose on the margins, and from one half to three quarters of an
inch long when fully grown. The leaves are slightly falcate, an inch and a half long, about an eighth
of an inch wide, tipped with elongate slender rigid callous points, somewhat rounded, dark green and
lustrous above, rather paler and marked below with broad shallow grooves. The flowers appear during
March and April, the staminate being a quarter of an inch in length, with pale yellow anthers and thick
rigid ovate acute scales rounded on the back, while the broadly ovate female flower, which is abruptly
narrowed and short-pointed at the apex, with a dark purple fleshy covering to the ovule, is an eighth
of an inch long, and inclosed at the base by broad thin rounded scales. The fruit, which is produced
rather sparingly, attains its full size at midsummer, but does not fall from the branches until late in
the autumn ; it is slightly obovate, dark purple, from an inch to an inch and a quarter long, and three
quarters of an inch broad, with a thin leathery covering, a ight red-brown seed furnished on the inner
surface of the brittle woody testa with two opposite longitudinal thin ridges extending from the base
toward the apex,’ and conspicuously ruminate albumen penetrated by the red-brown inner seed-coat.
Tumion taxifolium is distributed for a distance of forty miles on the eastern bank of the
Appalachicola River, Florida, from River Junction® to the neighborhood of Bristol, Gadsden County,
1 The projecting summits of these ridges on the inner surface of surface of the nut.” I have not seen them on the other species
the testa of Twmion taxifolium were found by Torrey, who first which I have examined.
noticed them (Ann. Nat. Hist. i. 129), to be perforated and to com- > River Junction, which was formerly called Chattahoochee, is at
municate “obliquely downwards with a foramen on the external the junction of the Chattahoochee and Flint Rivers, where their
united streams form the Appalachicola.
58
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
TAXACEX,
growing in calcareous soil on the bluffs of the river and for a few miles along its tributaries, on the
slopes of ravines, which open to the river through the bluffs, and on the borders of its swamps.’
The wood of Tumion tauxifolium is hard and strong, although light and rather brittle, and is close-
grained, with a satiny surface, susceptible of receiving a beautiful polish ; it contains thin inconspicuous
bands of small summer-cells and numerous obscure medullary rays.
The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.5145, a cubic foot
lighter colored sapwood.
It is clear bright yellow, with thin
weighing 32.06 pounds.? Exceedingly durable in contact with the soil, it has been largely used locally
for fence-posts, with the result that most of the large specimens have been destroyed.
Tumion tavifolium was found in 1833* by Mr. H. B. Croom * on the bluffs of the Appalachicola,
opposite the town of Aspalaga.
Introduced by its discoverer into northern gardens, it has proved
hardy as far north as eastern Massachusetts, although a mild climate is necessary to develop all its
beauty, and in western Europe.
1 Gray, Scientific Papers, ii. 187 (A Pilgrimage to Torreya).—
Chapman, Bot. Gazette, x. 251, with a map of the country occupied
by this tree.
2 Tumion taxifolium appears to grow comparatively slowly. The
specimen in the Jesup Collection of North American Woods in
the American Museum of Natural History in New York is fourteen
inches in diameter inside the bark, and displays ninety-nine layers
of annual growth. This tree, however, was probably shaded during
the first fifty years of its life, as it grew less rapidly then than in
its second half century.
3 The first notice of Tumion was published in 1834 by Nuttall
(Jour. Phil. Acad. vii. 96), who suggested that it might be the
Mexican Taxus montana.
4 Hardy B. Croom (1799-1836) was born of wealthy parents in
Lenoir County, North Carolina, and was graduated with honor
from the State University. He studied law in New Berne, and was
admitted to the bar, but never practiced. Having married in New
Berne, he devoted himself to the care of large cotton plantations,
and became interested in planting in western Florida, which he
visited annually for several years, traveling from North Carolina
in his private carriage, attended by outriders, and accompanied by
a supply-wagon containing a tent and camping outfit. On one of
these journeys he discovered Tumion on the bluffs of the Appala-
chicola opposite Aspalaga, where one of his plantations was situ-
ated. Mr. Croom with his wife and three children passed the
summer of 1836 in New York, and, embarking for Charleston on
the steamship Hope in September, the whole family was lost at
sea by the foundering of the vessel.
Mr. Croom published in The American Journal of Science in 1834
and 1835 three papers on the botany of the southern states, in
which several new species were proposed, and much information
upon the distribution of others was first printed. A paper by him
on the genus Sarracenia, in which he first described Sarracenia
Drummondii, appeared in the fourth volume of the Annals of the
Lyceum of Natural History of New York. In 1837, after his death,
his Catalogue of Plants, native or naturalized in the vicinity of New
Bern, North Carolina, appeared with a preface by Dr. Torrey, a
previous edition prepared in connection with Dr. H. Loomis having
been issued in 1833. Intending to devote himself to the study of
botany and the exploration of Florida, Mr. Croom had begun
arrangements for the publication of that sequel to Michaux’s Sylva
of North America which was afterwards executed by Nuttall.
Croomia, an humble herb found by him growing under the shade
of Tumion on the banks of the Appalachicola, with one species
confined to the southeastern United States and another to Japan,
recalls the name of a modest, amiable, and scholarly man. (See
preface to Catalogue of Plants of New Bern, ed. 2.)
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Puate DXII. Toumion Taxiroiium.
WCWHARDAPWONDH
A seed, natural size.
bob
—)
. An embryo, enlarged.
b+ ph fee
oo be
A flowering branch of the staminate tree, natural size.
. A staminate flower, enlarged.
A stamen, rear view, enlarged.
. A stamen, front view, enlarged.
A flowering branch of the pistillate tree, natural size.
. A pistillate flower, enlarged.
. A fruiting branch, natural size.
Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.
. End of a branch with winter-buds, natural size.
. Portion of a branchlet with leaf-scars, natural size.
. A leaf divided transversely, enlarged.
Silva of North America, Tab. DXIl.
CE Faron del,
TUMION TAXIFOLIUM, Greene.
A Riocreux direr © | Imp. 7. Taneur, Paris.
TAXACE,
TUMION
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
59
CALIFORNICUM.
California Nutmeg.
LEAVES nearly flat, green below, elongated.
purple.
Tumion Californicum, Greene, Pittonia, ii. 195 (1891). —
Merriam, North American Fauna, No. 7, 343 (Death
Valley Exped. ii.).— Coville, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb.
iv. 225 (Bot. Death Valley Haxped.).— Lemmon, West-
American Cone-Bearers, 83.
Torreya Californica, Torrey, N. Y. Jour. Pharm. iii. 49
(1854); Pacific KR. Rk. Rep. iv. pt. v. 140.— J. M.
Bigelow, Pacific R. R. Rep. iv. pt. v. 24. — Kellogg,
Proc. Cal. Acad. i. 35. — Newberry, Pacific R. R. Rep.
vi. 61, 90, £. 27. — Hoopes, Hvergreens, 385. — Parlatore,
De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 506. — K. Koch, Dendr.
ii. pt. ii. 101. — Gordon, Pinetum, ed. 2, 410. — Brewer
Fruit green, slightly tinged with
Leaves and branches pungent-aromatic.
Board Forestry, iii. 186, t. 29 (Cone-Bearers of Cali-
fornia). — Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 188. — Masters,
Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 254. — Hansen, Jour. R. Hort.
Soc. xiv. 318 (Pinetum Danicum).— Koehne, Deutsche
Dendr. 6.
Torreya Myristica, Hooker f. Bot. Mag. lxxx. t. 4780
(1854). — Van Houtte, #7. des Serres, ix. 175, t. — Car-
ritre, Traité Conif. 515.— Gordon, Pinetum, 327. — A.
Murray, Edinburgh New Phil. Jour. n. ser. x. 7, t. 3 —
Veitch, Man. Conif. 311.
Caryotaxus Myristica, Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn. Na-
delh. 368 (1865).
& Watson, Bot. Cal. ii. 110.— Sargent, Forest Trees N. Foetataxus Myristica (Nelson) Senilis, Pinacee, 168
Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 186. — Lauche, Deutsche (1866).
Dendr. ed. 2, 50. — Hooker f. Gard. Chron. n. ser. Tumion Californicum, var. littorale, Lemmon, West-
xxiv. 553, f. 125.— Lemmon, ep. California State Amerivan Cone-Bearers, 84 (1895).
A tree, from fifty to seventy or, occasionally, one hundred feet in height,’ with a trunk one or two
or rarely four feet in diameter, sending up from the stem when cut numerous vigorous stems, and
whorls of spreading slender slightly pendulous branches, which form a handsome pyramidal or, in old
age, a round-topped head. The bark of the trunk is from one third to one half of an inch in thickness,
gray-brown tinged with orange-color, and deeply and irregularly divided by broad fissures into narrow
ridges covered with elongated loosely appressed plate-like scales. The slender branchlets are light
green when they first appear, and become more or less tinged with olive-color during their first winter,
and bright red-brown during their second season. The buds are ovate, acute, and a quarter of an inch
long, and are covered by thick acute apiculate lustrous light red-brown scales. The leaves are slightly
falcate, nearly flat, dark green and lustrous on the upper and somewhat lighter and marked with deep
narrow grooves on the lower surface, tipped with slender callous points, from one inch to three inches
and a half long, and from one sixteenth to nearly one eighth of an inch wide. The flowers appear in
March and April; the staminate are about a third of an inch in length, with thin broadly ovate acute
scales, the inner being scarious and erose on the margins; the pistillate are nearly a quarter of an
inch long, with oblong-ovate rounded scales. The fruit is ovate or oblong-ovate, from an inch to an
inch and a half in length, and light green more or less streaked with purple; the testa is thin and
brittle, with a pale laminate inner seed-coat, deeply infolded into the ruminate albumen, which,
resembling in structure that of the Nutmeg, has given to this tree its common name.
An inhabitant of the borders of mountain streams, and nowhere common, the California Nutmeg
is widely distributed in California from Mendocino County to the Santa Cruz Mountains in Santa Clara
County in the coast region, where, especially at the north, it grows to its largest size and is most
abundant, and along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada from Eldorado to Tulare County at
elevations of from three to five thousand feet above the level of the sea.
1 Kellogg, Forest Trees of California, 3.
60
The wood of Tumion Californicum is light, soft, close-graimed, and not strong.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
TAXACES.
It is a clear
light yellow, with thin nearly white sapwood, and contains numerous obscure medullary rays and broad
although not conspicuous bands of small summer cells.
It is very durable in contact with the soil, and
has a fine satiny surface susceptible of receivmg a handsome polish. The specific gravity of the
absolutely dry wood is 0.4760, a cubic foot weighing 29.66 pounds.
posts."
It is occasionally used for fence-
It is not known who discovered Tumion Californicum.’ It was introduced into English gardens
in 1851 by William Lobb,’ and is occasionally cultivated in European collections, where, although it
has produced its flowers,’ it does not grow with much vigor or promise to acquire the beauty which
distinguishes this noble tree in the forests of northern California.
1 The log specimen of Tumion Californicum in the Jesup Collec-
tion of North American Woods in the American Museum of Natu-
ral History in New York is fourteen and one quarter inches in
diameter inside the bark, and is two hundred and seven years old,
the layers of annual growth having steadily diminished in thickness
after the first forty years.
2 In 1853 Dr. Torrey received from a Mr. Sheldon specimens of
Tumion Californicum which had been collected on the headwaters
of the Feather and Yuba Rivers on the Sierra Nevada, with the
information that the tree had been discovered two or three years
previously, and had attracted considerable attention owing to the
resemblance of its seeds to those of the Nutmeg. At about the
same time seedling plants raised in the Parsons’ Nursery in Flush-
ing, New York, were seen by Dr. Torrey. (See N. Y. Jour.
Pharm. iii. 49.)
3 William Lobb (1809-1863), a native of Cornwall, applied him-
self to gardening as a young man, and entered the Veitchs’ nursery
at Exeter, where he devoted his leisure time to the study of bot-
any. In 1840 he was sent by Mr. Veitch to South America for the
purpose of collecting plants. Arriving in Rio de Janeiro, he ex-
plored the Orgios Mountains, where he discovered a number of
orchids and the beautiful Pleroma elegans. From Brazil he went
to Buenos Ayres, crossed by the pampas and the Chilian Andes to
Valparaiso, and then visited the forests of Araucaria imbricata to
gather seeds of that conifer, which had previously been extremely
rare in European plantations. He afterwards proceeded to Peru
and Ecuador, and for two years collected plants on the Pacific
coast. Returning to England in 1844, he sailed again for Brazil in
April of the following year, and then went to Valparaiso for the
purpose of exploring southern Chili, a region at that time little
known to botanists. From Chili he introduced into cultivation at
this time Lapageria rosea, Escallonia macrantha, Philesia buzifolia,
Embothrium coccineum, Desfontainea spinosa, and several other
plants, which have retained popular favor for garden decoration.
He continued his explorations in Valdivia, Chiloe, and northern
Patagonia, whence he introduced Libocedrus cupressoides, Fitzroya
Patagonica, Saxegothea conspicua, Podocarpus nubigena, and the
beautiful Berberis Darwinii.
In 1848 Lobb returned to England, and was sent by Mr. Veitch
to California to collect seeds of the then rare conifers known to
science, and, if possible, to discover others. He landed in San
Francisco in the autumn of 1849, and remained in California and
Oregon for the remainder of his life, introducing into English gar-
dens Abves venusta, Abies magnifica, Abies concolor, and Sequoia Wel-
lingtonia. Of this last-named tree, he first sent cones and seeds to
England, and when he returned home for a short visit in 1854, car-
In 1857 his connection with the
Veitchs terminated ; but he remained in California, and died of
William Lobb was one of the most
successful of the botanists and explorers who helped to make
ried with him two living plants.
paralysis in San Francisco.
known the trees of western North America, and in this connection
his name will always be gratefully remembered with those of
Douglas and Jeffrey.
* Gard. Chron. ser. 3, v. 800, f£. 126, 127.
EXPLANATION
OF THE PLATE.
Puate DXIII. Tumion Carirornicum.
. A stamen, enlarged.
OHARA TNPE HON PR
. Winter-buds, natural size.
. A flowering branch of the staminate tree, natural size.
A staminate flower, enlarged.
A flowering branch of the pistillate tree, natural size.
. A pistillate flower, enlarged.
. A fruiting branch, natural size.
. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.
An embryo, much magnified.
Silva of North America. - ° Tab. DXIIl.
CE. Faaon det Lim.Himely we.
TUMION CALIFORNICUM Greene.
A, Riocreux direax © Imp ./.Taneur, Paris .
TAXACER, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 61
TAXUS.
FLoweErs naked, dicecious or monecious, solitary, axillary; the staminate stipi-
tate; stamens 4 to 12; the pistillate sessile; ovule erect on a ring-like accrescent
disk becoming a fleshy aril nearly inclosing the ripe seed. Leaves alternate, linear,
persistent.
Taxus, Linneus, Gen. 312 (1753). — Adanson, Fam. PI. ii. i, 112. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. xii. 31. — Masters, Jour.
481. — A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. 412.— Endlicher, Gen. Linn. Soc. xxx. 7.
216. — Meisner, Gen. 353. — Bentham & Hooker, Gen. Verataxus (Nelson) Senilis, Pinacew, 168 (1866).
iii. 431. — Eichler, Engler & Prantl Pflanzenfam. ii. pt.
Long-lived slow-growing glabrous trees or shrubs, producing, when cut, numerous vigorous shoots
from the stumps, with brown or dark purple bark, hard close-grained slightly resinous durable wood,
slender terete green branchlets, small ovate acute buds in the axils of the two or three upper leaves,
covered with numerous loosely imbricated acute light yellow-green scales increasing in size from below
upward, the outer thick and firm, persistent on the base of the branchlet, the inner membranaceous and
accrescent, and long fibrous roots. Leaves subspirally disposed, spreading, appearing distichous on
lateral branchlets by the twisting of the short compressed petioles,’ linear, often falcate, flat, acute and
mucronate at the apex with slender ridged acute callous tips, gradually narrowed at the base, dark
green, smooth and carinate on the upper surface, paler, papillate and stomatiferous on the lower, their
margins slightly thickened and reflexed, vascular bundle single, ellipsoidal in section, without resin-
canals, persistent for many years. Flowers opening in very early spring from globose buds covered
with many thin ovate acute loosely imbricated light yellow-green scales often slightly tinged with red,
decussate, appearing in autumn on branches of the year, the staminate numerous in adjacent axils,
the pistillate scattered and less abundant. Staminate flower a quarter of an inch long, composed of a
slender stipe surrounded at the base by the persistent bud-scales increasing in size from below upward,
bearing at the apex a globose turbinate head of from four to eight pale yellow stamens; anthers
subglobose before opening, depressed above, four to six-angled, ight yellow, composed of from four
to six conical pendent cells peltately connate from the apex of a short cylindrical filament, opening
below introrsely, spreading and umbraculiform after the discharge of the globose pollen-grains, their
connectives scarcely mucronulate. Pistillate flower sessile in the axil of the upper scale-like bract of
a short’ axillary simple or rarely two-forked branch, and close to its minute tip,’ subtended by five
broadly ovate rounded thin decussate scales, more or less connate into a cup persistent under the
fruit ; ovule erect, orthotropous, sessile on an annular accrescent disk. Seed ripening and falling in
the autumn, ovate-oblong, often obscurely three-angled, gradually narrowed and short-pointed at the
apex, marked at the base by the large depressed triangular or oval hilum showing the ends of three
fibro-vascular bundles, about a third of an inch long, entirely or nearly surrounded by, but free from,
the now thickened succulent translucent sweet scarlet aril-like disk of the flower, truncate and open at
the apex, separating in falling from the scales at its base and the short peduncle; seed-coat thick, of
two layers, the outer thin and membranaceous or fleshy, the inner much thicker, subligneous. Embryo
axile in copious fleshy uniform albumen; cotyledons two, shorter than the superior radicle.
Taxus, which is confined to the northern hemisphere, is homomorphous, the six species which are
1 On the leading shoots and on the fastigiate branches of some spiral arrangement of the leaves is apparent. (See Masters, Jour.
of the forms of Taxus baccata the petioles are not twisted, and the Linn. Soc. xxx. 7.)
? Eichler, Bliithendiagramme, pt. i. 6+.
62
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
TAXACEA.
now recognized being only distinguishable by trivial leaf-characters and by habit. Four species are
found in North America; one,’ the type of the genus, is widely distributed through Europe, northern
Africa, and Asia, and another” is confined to western continental Asia and Japan.
1 Taxus baccata, Linneus, Spec. 1040 (1753). — De Candolle,
Lamarck Fl. Frang. ed. 3, iii. 280.— Spach, Hist. Vég. xi. 292, t.
132. — Ledebour, Fl. Ross. iii. 666. — Reichenbach, Icon. Fl. Ger-
man. xi. 7, t. 5388. — Hartig, Forst. Culturpfl. Deutschl. 92, t. 9. —
Willkomm & Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hispan. i. 23.— Parlatore, Fi.
Ttal. iv. 95; De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 500.— Boissier, 7.
Orient. v. 711.— Franchet, Nouv. Arch. Mus. sér. 2, v. 293 (Pl.
David. i.). — Conwentz, Abhand. Landesk. Prov. Westpreussen, ili.
1, t. 1, 2 (Die Eibe in Westpreussen). — Hempel & Wilhelm,
Béume und Striiucher, i. 198, £. 117, 118, t. 11.
Taxus lugubris, Salisbury, Prodr. 396 (1796).
Taxus nucifera, Wallich, Tent. Fl. Nepal. 57, t. 44 (not Lin-
neus) (1826).
Taxus polyplea, Spadoni, Xilolog. iii. 195 (1828).
Taxus Wallichiana, Zucearini, Abhand. Akad. Miinch. iii. 803,
t. 5 (Beir. Morphologie der Coniferen) (1837-43).
? Taxus baccata, var. microcarpa, Maximowicz, Mém. Sav. Etr.
Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, ix. 259 (Prim. Fl. Amur.) (1859).
Taxus orientalis, Bertoloni, Misc. Bot. xxiv. 17, t. 2 (1862).
Taxus baccata, which usually grows in shady situations on the
northern slopes of hills or under the shade of deciduous-leaved
trees, and is rarely gregarious, sometimes attains a height of a
hundred feet, with a tall straight trunk five or six feet in diameter,
but is usually much smaller and of a bushy habit ; it is widely dis-
tributed over western and central Europe and the mountains of
southern Europe and northern Africa, reaching southern Scandina-
via on the north, and ranging through western Asia to the temper-
ate Himalayas, where it is common, especially in the northwest
provinces, up to elevations of 10,000 or 12,000 feet above the sea-
level and probably attains its largest size, and to northern China
and Manchuria.
The wood of Taxus baccata is strong and hard, with a fine close
grain, and is flexible, elastic, and easy to split ; it is of a handsome
orange-red or dark red-brown color, with thin almost white sap-
wood, and is little affected by contact with the soil or atmosphere.
From the time of the ancients the wood of Taxus baccata has been
valued in the manufacture of bows, which, for centuries after the
Anglo-Saxon conquest, were the principal weapons of the English,
and before the introduction of firearms Yew wood was largely
imported into England from southern Europe. (See Hansard,
The Book of Archery, 325.) The wood is considered more valuable
than that of any other European tree for cabinet-making, and is
largely used for this purpose in the form of veneers; it is also
made into boxes, vases, musical instruments, and whip handles, and
is employed for fence-posts, stakes, and palings.
In some of the districts of northwestern India the Yew is vener-
ated, and its wood is burned as incense ; in other parts of India
its branches are sometimes carried in religious processions, and are
used for the decoration of houses during religious festivals. The
powdered bark is mixed with tea, and is employed as a red dye ; it
is sometimes utilized in the treatment of rheumatism; and the
powdered leaves are used as a tonic and as an expectorant in the
treatment of catarrh. The sweet covering of the seed is eaten by
the mountaineers of northwestern India, and domestic animals
browse on the leaves and branches. (See Brandis, Forest Fl. Brit.
Ind. 541.— Gamble, Man. Indian Timbers, 413. — Balfour, Cyclo-
pedia of India, ed. 3, iii. 827.)
In North America
Of slow growth, Taxus baccata attains a great age, and the
oldest trees in Europe are believed to be Yew-trees, which appear
occasionally to live under favorable conditions for more than a
thousand years. (See De Candolle, Bibl. de Gencve, xlvii. 30 [No-
tice sur la Longévit’ des Arbres].— Bowman, Mag. Nat. Hist. n.
ser. i. 28, 85.) In England Yew-trees have been planted for cen-
turies in the neighborhood of churches or have influenced the selec-
tion of their sites, and some of these venerable Yews with enormous
stems and broad picturesque heads of dark foliage were ancient
trees when Columbus was born. (See Strutt, Sylva Britannica, 12,
t. 21.— Bree, Mag. Nat. Hist. vi. 47, f£.— Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv.
2073. — Selby, Brit. Forest Trees, 368.)
During the seventeenth century Yew-trees, which can endure
an annua! shortening of the branches, were cut into all sorts of
fantastic shapes to decorate the gardens of France, England, and
Holland, and were largely employed in forming hedges, for which
purpose they are admirably adapted and still frequently used.
In the eastern United States Taxus baccata flourishes south of
Cape Cod, and was probably mtroduced early in the eighteenth
century, as large specimens are not uncommon in the neighborhood
of New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore.
A number of abnormal forms of Taxus baccata have appeared.
The most distinct of them is the Florence Court or Irish Yew
(Taxus baccata fastigiata, Loudon, 1. c. 2066, f. 1981 [1838]), distin-
guished by its upright branches and its larger leaves, which are
spirally disposed and not distichous, as in the common form. The
plants of this variety are all female, and have been propagated
from one of two trees found during the last century on the moun-
tains of County Fermanagh, in Ireland, and planted in the garden
of Florence Court, a seat of the Earl of Enniskillen. (See Gard.
Chron. 1873, 1336.)
Taxus baccata Dovastonii (Carriére, Rev. Hort. 1861, 175, f.),
distinguished by its long pendulous branchlets and by the color and
size of its leaves, which are longer and darker than those of the
type, was purchased as a seedling from a peddler and planted by
Mr. John Dovaston about one hundred and twenty years ago in his
garden in Westfelton, near Shrewsbury, in England. It is a hand-
some ornamental tree, now common in gardens. (See Loudon, l. c.
2068, f. 1990.)
A dwarf Yew (Taxus baccata adpressa, Carriére, Traité Conif.
520 [1855]), with numerous spreading branches, distinguished by
its short broad leaves, and known in plants of one sex only, is also
frequently cultivated. Its origin has not been determined, but,
although believed at one time to have been introduced from China
or Japan, it is more probably a seedling form of Taxus baccata
raised in some European nursery. Other seedling forms of dwarf
or otherwise unusual habit, or with yellow or silvery leaves, are
common in cultivation, and are prized by the admirers of abnormal
plant-forms. (See Carriére, l. c.ed. 2, 731. — Gordon, Pinetum, ed. 2,
388. — Veitch, Man. Conif. 301. — Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 169.)
2 Taxus cuspidata, Siebold & Zuccarini, Abhand. Akad. Miinch.
iv. pt. ii, 232 (1846); Fl. Jap. ii. 62, t. 128.— Endlicher, Syn.
Conif. 243. — Miquel, Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. iii. 169 (Prol. Fl.
Jap.). — Parlatore, De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 502. — Franchet
& Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. i. 472. — Masters, Jour. Linn. Soc.
xviii. 499 (Conifers of Japan). — Miyabe, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat.
Hist. iv. 261 (Fl. Kurile Islands).
63
TAXACEX. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
the genus is represented by a shrub! of the northern Atlantic region, by a small shrubby tree of
western Florida, by a tree of the Pacific region, and by a little known species endemic in Mexico.” The
genus 1s an ancient one, its fossil remains attesting the fact that Yew-trees have existed since miocene
times.®
Taxus produces wood valued in the arts. The leaves and seeds contain taxine, an alkaloid to
which actively poisonous properties are ascribed,‘ and the bark is rich in tannin. Several of the
species have long been planted for the adornment of parks and gardens.
In North America Taxus is not injured by insects, and has no serious fungal enemies.°
The different species can be propagated by seeds, and the varieties and abnormal forms multiplied
by cuttings.
The generic name, from Tos, is the classical name for the Yew-tree.
Taxus baccata, Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 275 (not Linnzus) (1784).
Taxus baccata cuspidata, Carriére, Traité Conif. ed. 2, 733
(1867). — Beissner. Handb. Nadelh. 173.
Taxus cuspidata inhabits Manchuria, Corea, and the island of
Yezo, where, although not common, it is widely scattered through
the forests of deciduous-leaved trees, often rising to a height of
fifty feet, and forming a tall straight trunk frequently two feet in
diameter. The wood, which resembles that of Taxus baccata, is
used by the Ainos for their bows, and is also employed in cabinet-
making and for the interior decoration of expensive houses. (See
Sargent, Forest Fl. Jap. 76.)
Taxus cuspidata is often used to decorate Japanese gardens,
where it is frequently cut into fantastic shapes. It was introduced
into the gardens of the eastern United States in 1862 through the
agency of the Parsons’ nursery at Flushing, New York, and is per-
fectly hardy as far north at least as eastern Massachusetts, grow-
ing in cultivation more rapidly than other Yew-trees, and promising
to become a valuable decorative plant in the northern states. A
dwarf form of this species with a more compact and upright habit
and shorter leaves, of Japanese origin, and now common in Ameri-
can gardens, is evidently 1. seminal variety, and probably, in part
at least, the Taxus tardiva of Parlatore (De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt.
ii. 502 [1868]).
1 Taxus Canadensis, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 151 (1785). — Will-
denow, Spec. iv. pt. ii. 856. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 647. — Bige-
low, Fl. Boston. ed. 3, 399. — Emerson, Trees Mass. 111 ; ed. 2, i.
127. — Darlington, Fl. Cestr. ed. 3, 296. — Parlatore, J. c. 501. —
Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 494.
Taxus baccata, 8 minor, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 245 (1803).
Taxus baccata, p, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-im. ii. 167 (in part)
(1839).
Taxus baccata, var. Canadensis, Gray, Man. ed. 2,425 (1856). —
Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 463.
Taxus minor, Britton, Mem. Torrey Bot. Club, v. 19 (1893).
Taxus Canadensis is a shrub with prostrate wide-spreading
branches and a stem occasionally one or two feet in height ; it is a
common inhabitant of northern woods, often forming under their
dense shade in low rich soil broad masses or sometimes nearly im-
penetrable thickets, and is distributed from Newfoundland to the
northern shores of Lake Superior and to those of Lake Winnipeg,
and southward through the northern states to New Jersey and
Minnesota.
2 Taxus globosa, Schlechtendal, Linnea, xii. 496 (1838). — End-
licher, Syn. Conif. 244. — Lindley & Gordon, Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond.
v. 227. —Carriére, 1. c. 524. — Parlatore, 1. c.— Hemsley, Bot.
Biol. Am. Cent. iii. 185.
This south-Mexican species, which is described as a small tree,
has not been seen by any of the botanists who have lately visited
Mexico, and is very imperfectly known.
3 Saporta, Origine Paléontologique des Arbres, 59. — Zittel, Handb.
Paleontolog. ii. 256.
* No cases of poisoning by Taxus in North America appear to be
recorded, and in India domestic animals are said to browse upon
Taxus baccata without experiencing any bad effects (Brandis, For-
est Fl. Brit. Ind. 541). On the other hand, Taxus has been credited
in Europe with toxic properties since the time of the Greeks, and
numerous instances are cited of fatal results following the medi-
cinal use of the leaves, and of the death of animals fed upon them.
Other cases, however, are reported of animals, gradually accus-
tomed to a diet of Yew, being nourished on the branches without
bad effects.
most people, and is not poisonous, although often believed to be so,
The sweet pulpy covering of the seed is palatable to
and flour made from the seeds is used to fatten poultry. (See
Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2089.— Marméd, Liebig’s Annalen, exxv.
71. — Redwood, Pharm. Jour. Trans. ser. 3, vii. 36.— Amato &
Capparelli, Gazzetta di Chimica, x. 349.— Johnson, Jan. Med. Bot.
N. Am. 262. —Cornevin, Plantes Vénéneuses, 43. — Pharmacogra-
phia Indica, vi. 373. — Hilger & Brande, Berichte der deutsch. Chem.
Gesell. xxiii. 464. — U. S. Dispens. ed. 16, 1933.)
5 Leptospheria taxicola, Saccardo, and Diplodea Tazi, De Notaris,
two minute fungi, have been noticed on Taxus Canadensis.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES OF THE UNITED STATES.
Leaves short, yellow-green . :
Leaves elongated, usually falcate, dark green .
1. T. BREVIFOLIA.
oe ee ee le le le el eCe:COUD TS. FDORIDANA.
TAXACEA.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 65
TAXUS BREVIFOLIA.
Yew.
LEAVES short, yellow-green.
Taxus brevifolia, Nuttall, Sylva, iii. 86, t. 108 (1849). —
Torrey, Pacific R. R. Rep. iv. pt. v. 140.— Newberry,
Pacific Rk. Rh. Rep. vi. 60, 90, f. 26. — Cooper, Pacific
KR. R. Rep. xii. pt. ii. 26, 69; Am. Nat. iii. 414. — Car-
ritre, Traité Conif. ed. 2, 742. — Hoopes, Evergreens,
383. — Parlatore, De Cundolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 501. —
K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 95. — Gordon, Pinetum, ed. 2,
392. — Hall, Bot. Gazette, ii. 95.— Brewer & Watson,
Bot. Cal. ii. 110. — Veitch, Man. Conif. 305. — Kel-
logg, Forest Trees California, 6.— Sargent, Forest Trees
N. Am. 10th Cénsus U. S. ix. 185.— Lemmon, Rep.
California State Board Forestry, iii. 185, t. 30 (Cone-
Bearers of California) ; West-American Cone-Bearers,
83. — Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 177. — Masters, Jour. R.
Hort. Soc. xiv. 249. — Hansen, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv.
Taxus baccata, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 167, in part (not
Linneus) (1839).
Taxus Boursieri, Carritre, Rev. Hort. 1854, 228, t.;
Traité Conif. 523. — Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. ed. 2, 47.
Taxus Lindleyana, A. Murray, Hvinburgh New Phil.
Jour. n. ser. i. 294 (1855); Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh,
vi. 370. — Carritre, Traité Conif. 523.— Gordon, Pine-
tum, 316; Suppl. 99. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn. Na-
delh. 560. — (Nelson) Senilis, Pinacee, 174.
Taxus baccata, var. Canadensis, Bentham, Pl. Hartweg.
338 (not Gray) (1857).
Taxus Canadensis, J. M. Bigelow, Pacific R. kh. Rep. iv.
pt. v. 25 (not Marshall) (1856).
Taxus baccata, var. a brevifolia, Koehne, Deutsche Dendr.
6 (1893).
312 (Pinetum Danicum).
A tree, usually forty or fifty, but occasionally seventy or eighty feet in height, with a tall straight
trunk one or two or rarely four and a half feet thick, frequently unsymmetrical, with one diameter much
exceeding the other, and irregularly lobed with broad rounded lobes, and long slender horizontal or
slightly pendulous branches, which form a broad open conical head. The bark of the trunk is about a
quarter of an inch in thickness, and covered with small thin dark red-purple scales, which, in falling,
disclose the brighter red-purple inner bark. The branchlets are slender, and in their fourth or fifth
year turn bright cinnamon brown. ‘The buds are from one sixteenth to nearly one eighth of an inch
in length, with loosely imbricated pale yellow-green scales. The leaves are from one half to five
eighths of an inch long and about one sixteenth of an inch wide, dark yellow-green above and rather
paler below, with stout midribs, and slender yellow petioles one twelfth of an inch in length, and
remain on the branches four or five years.
Taxus brevifolia inhabits the shady banks of mountain streams, deep gorges, and damp ravines,
growing usually under larger coniferous trees; although nowhere abundant or gregarious, it is widely
distributed, usually in single individuals or in small clumps, from Queen Charlotte’s Islands and the
valley of the Skeena River southward through the coast ranges of British Columbia,’ through western
Washington and Oregon, where it attains its greatest size, and the coast-ranges of California, as far
south as the Bay of Monterey, and along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada, where it is found at
elevations of between five and eight thousand feet above the sea-level, to Tulare County, and ranges
eastward in British Columbia to the Selkirk Mountains and over the mountains of eastern Oregon and
Washington to the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains of Montana, being of smaller size in the
interior than near the coast, and often shrubby in habit.
The wood of Taxus brevifolia is heavy, hard, strong, although brittle, close-grained, very durable
in contact with the soil, and susceptible of receiving a beautiful polish. It is light bright red, with
thin light yellow sapwood, and contains thin dark-colored conspicuous bands of small summer cells and
1 G. M. Dawson, Can. Nat. n. ser. ix. 329. — Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 436.
66 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. TAXACEZ.
many thin obscure medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.6391, a cubic
foot weighing 39.83 pounds.’ It is used for fence-posts and by the Indians of the northwest coast for
paddles, spear-handles, bows, fish-hooks, and other small articles.
Taxus brevifolia was discovered on the lower Columbia River by David Douglas*® in 1825, and
was introduced in 1854 by Mr. William Lobb into European gardens, where it is occasionally
cultivated.
1 The log specimen in the Jesup Collection of North American eighteen inches and three quarters in diameter inside the bark, and
Woods in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, is shows one hundred and eighty-seven layers of annual growth.
2 See ii. 94.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Puate DXIV. Taxus BREVIFOLIA.
. A flowering branch of the staminate tree, natural size.
. A staminate flower, enlarged.
A stamen, enlarged.
A stamen, seen from below, enlarged.
. A flowering branch of the pistillate tree, natural size.
. Diagram of a pistillate flower.
. A pistillate flower with its scales, enlarged.
. Vertical section of a pistillate flower, enlarged.
OWMDADATPE WD
. A fruiting branch, natural size.
. A fruit, enlarged.
. A fruit divided transversely, enlarged.
Se ee
wpoeFH ©
. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.
. A seed, enlarged.
. An embryo, much magnified.
nt pk be
Oo ye OO
. A winter-bud, enlarged.
Tab. DXIV.
Silva of North America.
C.F. Faxon det.
TAXUS BREVIFOLIA, Nutt.
Imp.J.Taneur, Paris.
A.ltiocreux. atresx *®
TAXACER. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 67
TAXUS FLORIDANA.
Yew.
LEAVES elongated, usually falcate, dark green.
Taxus Floridana, Chapman, F7. 436 (1860). — Carriére,
Traité Conif. ed. 2, 741. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 384. —
Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix.
186.
A bushy tree, rarely twenty-five feet in height, with a short trunk, occasionally a foot in diameter,
and numerous stout spreading branches; or more often shrubby in habit, and twelve or fifteen feet tall.
The bark of the trunk is an eighth of an inch in thickness, dark purple-brown, smooth and compact,
occasionally separating into large thin irregular plate-like scales. The branchlets are slender and lght
yellow-green, and in their second or third year turn dark dull brown tinged with red. The buds are
about one sixteenth of an inch long, and covered with loosely imbricated pale yellow scales. The leaves
are usually conspicuously faleate, from three quarters of an inch to nearly an inch in length, from one
sixteenth to one twelfth of an inch in width, dark green above and pale below, with rather obscure
midribs,and slender petioles nearly one sixteenth of an inch long. The flowers appear in March and
April, and the fruit, which is very sparingly produced, ripens in October.’
Taxus Floridana, growing with Tumion taxifolium, inhabits the bluffs and ravines of the eastern
bank of the Appalachicola River in Gadsden County, western Florida, where it is distributed from
Aspalaga to the neighborhood of Bristol, a distance of about thirty miles, and eastward to the woody
borders of Flat Creek, six miles from Aspalaga.
The wood of Taxus Floridana is heavy, hard, and very close-grained. It is dark brown tinged
with red, with thin nearly white sapwood, and contains thin dark-colored inconspicuous bands of small
summer cells and numerous obscure medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is
0.6340, a cubic foot weighing 39.51 pounds.’
Taxas Floridana was discovered near Aspalaga in 1833 by Mr. Hardy B. Croom.? One of the
rarest of the trees of North America, and, except by its habit, not easily distinguishable from the
northern Taxus Canadensis, it is still untried in gardens.*
1 Ripe fruit of Taxus Floridana was first collected by Dr.
Charles Mohr in October, 1895. The pistillate flowers were gath-
ered by W. M. Canby and C. S. Sargent, March 16, 1890.
2 The log specimen in the Jesup Collection of North American
Woods in the American Museum of Natural History, New York,
is three inches and three quarters in diameter inside the bark, and
has two hundred and seventy-five layers of annual growth, five of
which are of sapwood.
8 The first notice of this tree, without description or specific
name, was published in 1834 in the American Journal of Science
(xxvi. 314) by Mr. Croom, who considered it probably identical
with the European Yew. It was next mentioned by Nuttall in
1849 (Sylva, iii. 92), who doubtfully attached to it the name of
Taxus montana, although Croom’s specimen in the herbarium of
the Philadelphia Academy was, he says, marked Taxus Floridana,
the name adopted by Chapman when the species was finally de-
scribed in 1860.
* During the winter of 1896 living plants of Taxus Floridana
have been introduced into Mr. George W. Vanderbilt’s Arboretum
on his estate of Biltmore in North Carolina.
o
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
PuatE DXV. Taxus FLoORIDANA.
. A flowering branch of the staminate tree, natural size.
A staminate flower, enlarged.
A stamen, enlarged.
A stamen, basal view, two of the cells open, enlarged.
. A pistillate flower, enlarged.
Vertical section of a pistillate flower, enlarged.
. A fruiting branch, natural size.
. A half-grown fruit, enlarged.
PHANFAA Rw!
. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.
. A leaf divided transversely, upper surface, enlarged.
Silva of North America. Tab. DXV.
CE. Faxon del. Rapine se.
TAXUS FLORIDANA, Chapm.
A. Riocreux. direx ¢ Imp. 7. Taneur, Paris.
CONIFERZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 69
JUNIPERUS.
Flowers naked, usually dicecious, axillary or terminal, the staminate with numerous
stamens verticillate or opposite on a central axis; anther-cells 2 to 6; the pistillate of
numerous scales bearing 1 or 2 erect ovules. Fruit a fleshy strobile. Leaves binate or
ternate, subulate or scale-like, often of two forms on the same plant, persistent.
Juniperus, Linneus, Gen. 311 (1737). — Adanson, Fam. Sabina, Haller, Ruppius Fl. Jen. ed. 2, 336 (1745).
Pl. ii. 481.— A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. 413. — Endlicher, Thuizecarpus, Trautvetter, Pl. Imay. Fl. Russ. 11, t. 6
Gen. 258. — Meisner, Gen. 352. — Bentham & Hooker, (1844).
Gen. iii. 427. — Eichler, Hngler & Prantl Pflanzenfam. Arceuthos, Antoine & Kotschy, Oestr. Bot. Wochenbl.
ii. pt. i. 101. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. xii. 38. — Masters, Jour. 1854, 249.
Linn. Soc. xxx. 12.
Pungent-aromatic trees or shrubs, with thin shreddy, or rarely thick bark broken into oblong
plates, soft close-grained durable fragrant wood, slender branches, scaly or naked buds, and fibrous
roots. Leaves sessile, entire or denticulate, convex on the lower surface, concave and stomatiferous
above, persistent for many years, linear-subulate, disposed in whorls of threes, free and jointed at the
base, sharp-pointed, eglandular, channeled and white-glaucous above (Caryocedrus, Oxycedrus), or
opposite and decussate or ternate, scale-like, closely imbricated, more or less appressed and adnate to the
branch, frequently glandular-pitted on the back, on young plants or vigorous shoots often free and
acicular, dying and becoming brown and woody on the branch (Sabina). Flowers minute, dicecious or
very rarely moneecious, axillary or terminal on short axillary branches, opening from buds formed in
the autumn on branches of the year. Staminate flower solitary, or rarely capitate im a three to six-
flowered head (Arceuthos), oblong-ovate, composed of a slender sessile or stipitate axis bearing
numerous crowded or remote decussately opposite or ternate stamens; filaments short, enlarged into
ovate or peltate scale-like light yellow connectives, entire or denticulate, bearing on the inner face
near the base from two to six globose two-valved cells opening longitudinally ; pollen-grains simple.
Pistillate flower ovoid, composed of from three to six opposite or ternate ovate pointed fleshy scales
alternate with or bearing on the inner face at the base on a minute ovuliferous scale one or two
erect free orthotropous ovules, and subtended by numerous minute scale-like bracts persistent and
unchanged under the fruit. Fruit a berry-like short-stalked strobile ripening during the first or
second or rarely the third autumn, formed by the coalition of the flower scales, blue, blue-black, or
reddish, inclosed in a thick close or loose membranaceous epidermis covered with a glaucous bloom,
smooth or marked with the points and margins of the scales of the flower, or with the pointed tips of the
ovules, closed, or rarely open and exposing the seeds at the apex; flesh succulent and juicy, penetrated
by numerous large or small irregularly shaped resin glands, in one group becoming sweet, dry, and
fibrous by the absorption or change of the fragrant resin. Seeds from one to twelve, ovate, acute or
obtuse, terete or variously angled by mutual pressure, often longitudinally grooved by depressions
caused by the pressure of the resin-cells of the pericarp, smooth, roughened or tuberculate, brown and
lustrous above, marked below with large conspicuous usually bilobed hilums, free, or united into a
thick globose woody stone-like mass separated into distinct one-seeded nutlets (Caryocedrus) ; seed-
coat of two layers, the outer thick, indurate or bony, the inner thin, membranaceous or crustaceous.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CONIFERZ.
70
Embryo terete, straight, axile in fleshy albumen ; cotyledons two or rarely five or six, the radicle
superior.’
Juniperus is confined to the northern hemisphere, where it is widely scattered from the Arctic
Circle to the highlands of Mexico, Lower California, and the West Indies in the New World, and to
the Azores and Canary Islands, northern Africa, Abyssinia, and the mountains of east tropical Africa,
Sikkim, and the mountains of southern Japan in the Old World. From thirty to thirty-five species are
now distinguished ;* of these ten inhabit the United States; one is endemic in Mexico;
3 one occurs on
the islands of Lower California* and another in Bermuda and the Antilles;° in the Old World the
largest number of species are found in the Mediterranean Basin ;° the genus has several representatives
in the Atlantic Islands,’ and one in east tropical Africa;
1 By Endlicher (Syn. Conif. 8 [1847]) the species of Juniperus
are grouped in the following sections : —
CaRYOCEDRUS. Staminate flowers in 3 to 6-flowered heads,
spreading after anthesis, their axes stipitate; stamens 9 to 12,
their connections ovate acute, incurved at the apex. Seeds joined
into a thick globose woody 3-angled mass. Leaves acicular.
OXYCEDRUS.
axis stipitate, the stipe clothed with minute scale-like bracts ; sta-
Flowers axillary ; staminate flower solitary, its
mens opposite, decussate ; anther-cells prominent, subdorsal ;
ovules three, alternate with the inner scales of the flower, their
enlarged stigma-shaped tips persistent on the fruit. Seeds free,
usually 3, or fewer by abortion. Leaves ternate, linear, acicular,
free and jointed at the base, eglandular, channeled and white-
glaucous on the upper surface. Buds scaly.
Sapina. Flowers terminal on short axillary branches ; stami-
nate flower solitary ; anther-cells basal ; stamens ternate or op-
Seeds 1 to 12, free.
adnate and scale-like, closely appressed, crowded and adnate on the
posite. Leaves ternate or opposite, mostly
branches, glandular or eglandular on the back, or on vigorous
branches and young plants free and acicular.
° Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 2, xvi. 282 (Révision des Juniperus). —
Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 7. — Antoine, Cupressineen-Gattungen. — Par-
latore, De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 475.
3 Juniperus gigantea, K. Koch, Berl. Allg. Gartenzeit. 1858, 341.
Juniperus Mexicana, Schlechtendal, Linnea, v. 77 (not Spreng-
el) (1830); xii. 494. — Parlatore, 7. c. 491. — Engelmann,
Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 589.— Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent.
iii. 184.
Sabina gigantea, Antoine, J. c. 36, t. 48, 50, f. E-L (1857).
Sabina Mexicana, Antoine, I. ¢. 38, t. 51,55 f. A~D (1857).
This species, which appears to be common on the mountains of
northeastern Mexico, is also abundant on the high plains lying
inland from the mountain chain dominated by Mt. Orizaba in the
state of Vera Cruz, flourishing in arid sterile calcareous soil, and
varying in size from a broad low-branched shrub to a handsome
shapely tree of medium size (C. G. Pringle, in litt.).
4 Juniperus Cerrosiana, Kellogg, Proc. Cal. Acad. ii. 37
(1863). — M. K. Curran, Bull. Cal. Acad. i. 147.— Greene, Pit-
tonia, 1. 197, 207.
? Juniperus Californica, var. osteosperma, Watson, Proc. Am.
Acad. xi. 119 (1876). — Lemmon, West-American Cone-Bearers,
79.
This bushy tree, with large blue-black fruit containing three or
four seeds, has given its name to Cerros Island, off the coast of
Lower California. It is probably also the species of Guadaloupe
Island of the same region, where a low Juniper covers the ravines
and valleys in the central and southern part of the island.
5 Juniperus Bermudiana, Linneus, Spec. 1039 (1753). — Willde-
* one endemic species * inhabits the Himalayas,
now, Spec. iv. pt. ii. 851. — Nouveau Duhamel, vi. 50. — Lunan, Hort.
Jam. i. 83.— Maycock, Fl. Barb. 394. — Hooker, Lond. Jour. Bot.
ii. 141, t. 1.— Lefroy, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 25, 108 (Bot.
Bermuda).
Juniperus Barbadensis, Linnzus, 1. cv. (1753). — Willdenow,
l. c. — Maycock, 1. c. —Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 503.
Juniperus oppositifolia, Moench, Meth. 698 (1794).
Juniperus pyramidalis, Salisbury, Prodr. 397 (1796).
Sabina Bermudiana, Antoine, J. c. 65, t. 87, 88, f. A~D (1857).
Biota Meldensis, Gordon, Pinetum, 37 (1858) ; ed. 2, 57.
Juniperus Bermudiana, which is said to attain a large size on the
mountains of Jamaica and on several of the other West Indian
islands, is the most abundant and conspicuous tree of the Bermuda
group, growing everywhere on the poor dry limestone hills, and in
the brackish swamps common on some of the islands. It is a bushy
tree, with stout tough spreading branches and pale blue-green
leaves glandular on the back, and is occasionally forty or fifty feet
in height, with an irregularly lobed trunk five or six feet in
diameter, although individuals of this size are now rare, nearly all
the large trees having been cut for timber. The wood is very
durable, dark red-brown with thin nearly white sapwood and a
For-
merly it was largely used on the islands for shipbuilding, for the
(See Garden and
close compact surface capable of receiving a beautiful polish.
interior finish of houses, and in cabinet-making.
Forest, iv. 289, £. 51, 52.)
§ Desfontaines, Fl. Atlant. ii. 370.— Brotero, Fl. Lusitan. i.
126. — Sibthorp & Smith, Fl. Gree. Prodr. ii. 262. — Willkomm &
Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hispan. i. 21.— Parlatore, Fl. Ital. iv. 75.—
Laguna, Fl. Forestal Espaiola, i. 96. — Boissier, Fl. Orient. v.
705.
* Link, Buch Phys. Beschr. Canar. Ins. 159.— Webb & Berthe-
lot, Phytogr. Canar. sect. iii. 277.
8 Juniperus procera, Endlicher, 1. c. 26 (1847). — A. Richard,
Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 278. — Parlatore, J. c. 485. — Oliver, Jour. Linn.
Soc. xxi. 404.
Sabina procera, Antoine, 1. c. 36, t. 47 (1857).
9° Juniperus recurva, D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 55 (1825). — Par-
latore, J. c. 481. — Boissier, /. c. 708. — Hooker f. Fl. Brit, Ind. v.
O47.
Sabina religiosa, Antoine, 1. c. 47, t. 61, 62, f. C, B (1857).
Sabina recurva, Antoine, 1. c. 67, t. 88, f. E-M; t. 90, 91
(1857).
Sabina recurva, var. a tenuifolia, Antoine, J. c. t. 88, £. N, t. 92
(1857).
Sabina recurva, var. 8 densa, Antoine, I. c. (1857).
Juniperus recurva is a tree twenty or thirty feet in height, with a
conical crown of graceful pendulous branches (see figure in Hooker
f. Himalayan Journals, ii. 51), which, at high elevations, becomes
CONIFERA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 71
in whose forests Juniperus has four representatives, and in eastern Asia five or six species are widely
distributed.’ One of the endemic species of North America crosses the continent, another is confined to
western Texas and the adjacent portions of Mexico, and the remainder belong to the forests of the Rocky
Mountains and the Pacific side of the continent. Two species common to both hemispheres extend at
the north across the continent, one of them a small tree and the other, in its American form, a prostrate
shrub.”
Impressions of Juniperus found in the tertiary rocks of Europe, although not abundant,
indicate that the genus, nearly in its present form, has long inhabited the earth?
The close-grained durable fragrant wood of Juniperus is used for posts, in construction, and in the
manufacture of many small articles, the most valuable timber-trees of the genus being the North
American Juniperus Virginiana and the Asiatic Juniperus excelsa ;* and the bark of many of the
stunted, and assumes a decumbent or prostrate habit. It is then
the :—
var. squamata, Parlatore, De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 482
(1868). — Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 647.
Juniperus squamata, D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 55 (1825).—
Lambert, Pinus, ii. 17.
Juniperus excelsa, B nana, Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 26 (1847).
Sabina squamata, Antoine, Cupressineen-Gattungen, 66, t. 89, 90
(1857).
Juniperus densa, Gordon, Pinetum, Suppl. 32 (1862).
Juniperus recurva is distributed over high mountain-slopes from
Afghanistan to Sikkim and Bhotan, rarely descending below alti-
tudes of seven thousand feet, and often in its prostrate form reach-
ing elevations of fifteen thousand feet. Common as a tree in Sik-
kim between nine thousand and twelve thousand feet above the
sea-level, it is shrubby on the northwestern Himalayas, where it
often covers large areas with long decumbent stems running on or
just below the surface of the ground, and numerous short erect
branches.
fuel.
also for the decoration of temples during religious festivals.
At high elevations the fragrant red wood is used as
The young branches are employed in distilling spirits, and
The
fragrant resinous leaves are used in the manufacture of incense,
and are gathered in large quantities in Sikkim and sent to the
plains for this purpose. (See Brandis, Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 537.—
Gamble, Man. Indian Timbers, 412.)
1 Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 264. — Siebold & Zuccarini, Abhand. Akad.
Miinch. iv. 233 ; Fl. Jap. ii. 55. — Maximowiez, Bull. Acad. Sci. St.
Pétersbourg, xii. 230 (Mél. Biol. vi. 374). —Miquel, Ann. Jus.
Lugd. Bat. iii. 167 (Prol. Fl. Jap.). —Franchet & Savatier, Enum.
Pl. Jap. i. 471.— Franchet, Nouv. Arch. Mus. sér. 2, v. 291 (Pl.
David. i.).
2 Juniperus Sabina prostrata, Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2498, f. 2361
(1838). — Beissner, Handb. Nadeth. 111.
Juniperus Sabina, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 246 (not Linnzus)
(1803). — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ui. 166.
Juniperus prostrata, Persoon, Syn. ii. 632 (1807). — Richardson,
Franklin Jour. Appx. No. 7, 753. — Torrey, Compend. Fl. N.
States, 377. —Carriére, Traité Conif. 26.— Gordon, Pinetum,
106.
Juniperus Sabina, var. procumbens, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 11. 647
(1814). — Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 591. — Macoun,
Cat. Can. Pl. 463. — Watson & Coulter, Gray's Man. ed. 6, 494.
Juniperus repens, Nuttall, Gen. ii. 245 (1818).
Cupressus thyoides, Hooker, J. c. 165 (not Linnzus) (1839).
Juniperus Sabina, B humilis, Hooker, 1. c. 166 (1839).
Juniperus Hudsonica, Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 208 (1839).
Juniperus Virginiana prostrata, Torrey, Fl. N. ¥. i. 235
(1843). — Provancher, Flore Canadienne, ii. 559.
Juniperus Virginiana, var. humilis, Gray, Man. ed. 2, 425
(1856).
Juniperus Sabina (Linneus, Spec. 1039 [1753]), of which the North
American plant is considered a prostrate form, is an erect shrub
or small bushy tree occasionally twelve or fifteen feet tall, widely
spread through central and southern Europe and Siberia, with bit-
In North America the
prostrate form is distributed from southern Maine northward to
the shores of Hudson’s Bay, and westward in British America from
Newfoundland through Quebee and Ontario and across the central
ter strong-smelling wood and branchlets.
prairie region to the summits of the Rocky Mountains, and through
northern New England and New York, along the shores of the
Great Lakes to northern Minnesota, and over the mountain ranges
as far west as the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains of Mon-
tana.
° Saporta, Origine Paléontologique des Arbres, 100. — Zittel,
Handb. Palcontolog. ii. 329, f. 228.
+ Marschall von Bieberstein, Beschreih. Land. Casp. Meer. 204,
Appx. No. 72 (1800) ; Fl. Taur.-Cauc. ii. 425. — Willdenow, Spec.
iv. pt. ii. 854. — Forbes, J. c. 205, t. 64. — Trautvetter, Pl.
Imag. Fl. Russ. 21, t. 15.— Endlicher, /. c. 25. — Parlatore, J. c.
484.
Juniperus Sabina, Pallas, Fl. Ross. ii.
(1788).
Juniperus Sabina, var. excelsa, Georgi, Beschreib. Russ. Reichs,
iii. 1358 (1802).
Juniperus fetida, ¢« excelsa, Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 2, xvi.
297 (Révision des Juniperus) (excel. hab. America) (1841).
Juniperus polycarpos, K. Koch, Linnea, xxii. 303 (1849). —
Tehihatcheff, Asie Jfineure, iii. 492.
Juniperus isophylla, K. Koch, l. c. 304 (1849). — Tchihatcheff,
lc.
Juniperus Olivieri, Carriére, 1. c. 57 (1855). — Tchihatcheff, J. c.
493.
Sabina excelsa, Antoine, I. c. 45, t. 60, 62, f. E-T (1847).
Sabina polycarpos, Antoine, /. c. 47, t. 63, 66, f. A-D (1857).
Sabina isophyllos, Antoine, 7. c. 48, t. 64, 65, 66, f. E-G
(1857).
Juniperus macropoda, Boissier, Fl. Orient. v. 709 (1884). —
Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 647. — Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 114.
Juniperus excelsa is distributed from the islands of the Grecian
15 (not Linnzus)
Archipelago over the mountain ranges of Asia Minor, Arabia, and
Persia to northwestern India and Thibet, where it inhabits bare
arid regions at high elevations, sometimes ascending to 15,000 feet
above the sea-level. In habit it varies from a low bush to a tree,
which on the Himalayas is sometimes fifty feet in height, with a
short gnarled crooked trunk occasionally ten feet in diameter, and
an irregular head of short contorted branches. The wood is fra-
72 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CONIFERZ.
species is rich in tannin.’ The fruits of Juniperus contain an essential aromatic oil; they were used
by the Greeks and Romans and by the Arabs in medicine, and are still gathered in Europe, especially
in southern France, Italy, and Austria, and employed, generally as an adjuvant to more active
medicines, as a diuretic and stimulant; those of Juniperus communis, a native of both hemispheres, are
used to give the peculiar flavor to gin.’ Savin oil is distilled from the young tender fragrant branchlets
of Juniperus Sabina, and is a powerful uterine stimulant employed in medicine;* and the ointment of
savin is used as a stimulating dressing for wounds and sores.* Tar obtained by the destructive
distillation of the wood of Juniperus Oxycedrus® was once utilized in southern Europe in veterinary
practice.
The large blue fleshy succulent fruits of Juniperus drupacea® of Asia Minor are edible.
Several of the species of Juniperus are cultivated for the decoration of gardens, and during the
eighteenth century were frequently cut into curious and fantastic forms.
In North America the species of insects’ attackmg Juniperus are not numerous, although those
grant, light or dark red, and close-grained ; in India it is used in
It burns
quickly, emitting a peculiar odor, and is used as incense and largely
The
resinous fruit is employed medicinally, and is also made into in-
cense (Madden, Jour. Agric. and Hort. Soc. Ind. iv. pt. iv. 256; vii. pt.
ii. 188 [Himalayan Conifere]. — Brandis, Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 538,
t. 68. — Gamble, Man. Indian Timbers, 412. — Balfour, Cyclopedia
of India, ed. 3, ii. 455).
pure open forests sometimes of great extent.
building and in the manufacture of many small articles.
for fuel in some of the dry nearly treeless interior valleys.
Tn southern Afghanistan it forms nearly
The soft light wood
is used in building and largely for fuel ; strips of the thick bark
are utilized by the Pathans for roofing their huts. The fruit is
used in tanning leather and in the preparation of a spirituous
liquor. (See Lace & Hemsley, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 296, 305,
307, 320 [ Veg. Brit. Baluchistan].)
1 Trimble, Garden and Forest, ix. 162.
2 Oleum Juniperi is of a greenish oily color, with a sweetish resin-
ous flavor ; it is stimulant, carminative and diuretic, and is generally
combined with more active remedies (Recluz, Jour. de Pharm. xiii.
215 [Note sur les fruits de Genévricr].— Nicolet, Jour. de Pharm.
xvii. 309 [Essais physiologique et chimique sur les fruits du genre
Juniperus]. — Soubeiran & Capitaine, Jour. de Pharm. xxvi. 78
[Essence de Genievre].— U. S. Dispens. ed. 16, 1013). The pe-
culiar flavor and diuretic properties of gin are due to the oil of
Juniper berries, and are secured by adding the crushed. fruit, usu-
ally that of Juniperus communis, to undistilled grain spirit, or by
allowing the spirit vapor to pass over it before condensation
(Spons, Encyclopedia of the Manufactures, Industrial Arts, and Raw
Commercial Products, i. 22).
8 Fliickiger & Hanbury, Pharmacographia, 565.— Johnson, Man.
Med. Bot. N. Am. 261.
4 Fliickiger & Hanbury, J. c. 567.
5 Linneus, Spec. 1038 (1735).— Desfontaines, Fl. Atlant. ii.
370.— De Candolle, Lamarck Fl. Frang. ed. 3, iii. 278. — Willde-
now, Spec. iv. pt. ii. 854. — Nouveau Duhamel, vi. 47, t. 15, f. 2. —
Visiani, Fl. Dalmat. i. 202. — Reichenbach, Icon. Fl. German. xi.
6, t. 537. — Antoine, Cupressineen-Gattungen, 12, t. 11, f. A-J, t.
12-15. — Willkomm & Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hispan. i. 22. — Techihat-
cheff, Asie Mineure, iii. 489.— Parlatore, Fl. Ital. iv. 80; De Can-
dolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 477. — Laguna, Fl. Forestal Espajola, pt. i.
98, t. 11 in (part).— Boissier, Fl. Orient. ii. 707.— Hempel &
Wilhelm, Béume und Strducher, i. 192, f. 112, A, D, E, L,
(ai 8
Juniperus macrocarpa, Tenore, Syll. Fl. Neap. 483 (in part)
(not Sibthorp & Smith) (1831).
Juniperus rufescens. — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 11 (1847). —
K. Koch, Linnea, xxii. 302. — Antoine, /. c. 18, t. 23-25.
Juniperus Oxycedrus, «a gibbosa, Antoine, J. c. 12, t. 11, f. T-V
(1857).
Juniperus rufescens, var. a Noéi, Antoine, J. c. 18, t. 26 (1857).
Juniperus Oxycedrus is a much-branched shrub common on arid
mountain slopes in all the Mediterranean Basin, and distributed
from Madeira to Asia Minor, northern Syria, and northern Persia.
Pyroleum cadinum or huile de cade, so called from the French
name of this Juniper, was popular two centuries ago in southern
Europe as an external remedy, chiefly in veterinary practice. (See
Olivier des Serres, Theatre d’ Agriculture, 941. — Parkinson, Theatr.
1033.— Pomet, Hist. Gen. Drog. 289.) The huile de cade now
manufactured in France, and sometimes recommended for the
treatment of skin diseases, is of unknown origin (Fliickiger & Han-
bury, 2. c. 563).
6 La Billardiére, Icon. Pl. Syr. ii. 14, t. 8 (1791). — Nouveau
Duhamel, vi. 47.— Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 2, xvi. 289; Hist.
Vég. xi. 312. — Endlicher, J. c. 8.— Tchihatcheff, Rev. Hort. 1854,
165, 10 ; Aste Mineure, l. c. — Boissier, 1. c. v. 706.
Arceuthos drupacea, Antoine & Kotschy, Oestr. Bot. Wochenbdl.
1854, 249 ; Conif. Cilic. Taurus, i. t. 1 to 3.— Antoine, 1. c. 3,
t. 4, 5.
Arceuthos drupacea, var. a acerosa, Antoine, J. c. t. 1 (1857).
Arceuthos drupacea, var. B obtusiuscula, Antoine, J. c. t. 2, 3
(1857).
Juniperus drupacea, which is a small shrubby tree, occasionally
thirty feet in height, although usually much smaller, is the only
species of the section Caryocedrus, distinguished by capitate stami-
nate flowers and united seeds ; it is widely distributed through
Greece, Asia Minor, and northern Syria, and is common on moun-
tain slopes at elevations of from two to five thousand feet above
the sea-level, where it is often gregarious, or is scattered through
the forests of Oak or Pine.
7 Packard (5th Rep. U. S. Entomolog. Comm. 1890, 904) records
only twenty-two species as having been found on Juniperus in
North America, and several of these probably attack only diseased
or dead plants. Most of them are uncommon, and borers in the
living wood are unknown.
Phleosinus dentatus, Say, has been found in its larval state as a
bark-borer in dead or decaying trees, and in Kansas the beetles are
said to do much damage by boring under the bark and by girdling
The larva of Callidium antennatum, Newman, is a
common borer under the bark of dead or dying Junipers, which are
young twigs.
supposed to be bored also by Hylotrupes ligneus, Fabricius.
CONIFER.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 73
affecting the trees of the Pacific forests are scarcely known; but the different species, especially
Juniperus Virginiana, ave the hosts of several conspicuous fungi! and of peculiar mistletoes.”
Juniperus can be raised from seed which require two years for germination, and the varieties can
be propagated by grafting.
Juniperus, the classical name of the Juniper, used by the pre-Linnzan botanists, was adopted by
Linneus.
The Bag-worm, Thyridopteryx ephemereformis, Haworth, some-
times strips the trees of their leaves. Dapsilia rutilana, Hiibner, a
web-worm’ introduced from Europe, injured Junipers on Long
Island, New York, in 1877, and has since probably extended its
range ; and an inch-worm, Drepanodes varus, Grote & Robinson,
also lives upon the leaves. Other species of Lepidoptera and sev-
eral Coleoptera are reported as feeding on Junipers, but rarely in
sufficient numbers to be injurious ; and the larva of a saw-fly has
been found on them.
Seale insects occasionally infest Junipers, one of them, Diaspis
Carueli, Targioni-Tozzetti, sometimes being very abundant and
covering the leaves and green twigs with small circular white
scales. ‘The fruit is infested at times by small lepidopterous
larve.
1 The species of Juniperus in the United States are hosts of a
number of striking fungi interesting to mycologists, and of practi-
cal significance in horticulture and arboriculture. These fungi be-
long to the Uredinez, or Rust family, and are popularly known as
Cedar-apples. The plants of this order have usually three differ-
ent stages, the teleutosporic or final stage, the rust stage, and the
cluster-cup, the different stages not always occurring on the same
host-plant. Gymnosporangium, the genus to which the Cedar-
apples belong, has but two stages, the teleutosporic, which is found
only on Cupressinez, and the cluster-cup or ecidial stage, which is
confined to the pomaceous section of the order Rosacex. Juni-
perus Virginiana is especially subject to the attacks of Gymnosporan-
gia, five species being found on this host in the United States, while
still others are suspected. The common Cedar-apple, Gymnospo-
rangium macropus, Link, is a familiar object in the northern states in
late spring and early summer, and still earlier in the south. It
forms the tufts of bright yellow gelatinous club-shaped masses on
the smaller twigs, which are often popularly believed to be the
flowers of the tree.
been swollen by rain, but in dry weather, when the gelatinous
masses are contracted, they are seen to rise from kidney-shaped
tumors composed of a spongy hypertrophied tissue of very young
twigs. The cluster-cup stage of this fungus, Zcidium pyratum,
Schweinitz, grows on the leaves of cultivated Apple-trees and on
those of the wild Crab, Pyrus coronaria.
from Maine to Mississippi, and occurs, although less frequently, as
They are most apparent after the jelly has
The species is common
far west as Kansas. It is a source of danger to Apple-orchards in
the vicinity of Juniper-trees.
A sinilar but smaller and more compact Cedar-apple on Juniperus
Virginiana is Gymnosporangium globosum, Farlow, whose cluster-cups
are also found on apple-leaves and on those of Pyrus Americana
and Cratcgus tomentosa. Gymnosporangium clavipes, Cooke & Peck,
a smaller species, is mainly confined to the branches of Juniperus
Virginiana and Juniperus communis, which it does not distort to any
great extent. Its cluster-cup is the brilliant Restelia aurantiaca,
Peck, which attacks the fruit of several species of Crategus, Ame-
lanchier, and cultivated Quinces and Apple-trees. Gymnosporangium
Nidus-avis, Thaxter, unlike the last species, causes the distortion of
both branches and leaves of Juniperus Virginiana, and its presence
can be recognized from a distance by the bird’s-nest-like distortions
scattered among the normal branches. In Mississippi Juniperus
Virginiana is attacked by Gymnosporangium Bermudianum, Earle, a
species in which both the teleutosporic and cluster-cup stages occur
on the Juniper itself. The cluster-cup stage was first observed in
Bermuda on Juniperus Bermudiana. Juniperus communis is also
attacked by Gymnosporangium clavariceforme, De Candolle, in which
the separate masses of jelly somewhat resemble those of Gymnospo-
rangium macropus, but are borne directly on the branches, which are
not hypertrophied. Gymnosporangium speciosum, Peck, occurs on
Juniperus monosperma; its development has not been observed.
See Farlow, Anniversary Memoirs, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. [The Gym-
nosporangia or Cedar-Apples of the U. S.}).
Besides the Rust fungi, Juniperus is infested by a number of
fungi belonging to other orders. The bark of Juniperus Virginiana
is often whitened in patches by Corticium acerinum, var. niveum,
Thuemen. Streptothrix atra, Berkeley & Curtis, is also common on
the bark of this tree, as well as Cenangium deformatum, Peck.
The leaves of Juniperus communis are frequently attacked and
killed by Lophodermium juniperinum, De Notaris, which, living on
their lower surface, form short black oval spots.
2 In the southern states and territories Junipers are often killed
by different species of Phoradendron, which grows on them with
the greatest luxuriance, Phoradendron juniperinum, Engelmann
(Mem. Am. Acad. iv. 58 [Gray, Pl. Fendler.] [1849]), growing
exclusively on these plants in New Mexico, Arizona, and southern
California.
Land
4 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
CONIFER.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Oxyceprus. Flowers axillary, monecious; stamens decussately opposite ; ovules 3, alternate with
the scales of the flower, their tips persistent on the fruit; seeds usually 3; leaves ternate,
acicular, free and jointed at the base, eglandular.
Fruit subglobose, bright blue covered with a glaucous bloom ; leaves spreading, dark
yellow-green, channeled and white-glaucous on the upper surface .
Sapina. Flowers terminal on short axillary branches; stamens binate or ternate; ovules in the
axils of small fleshy scales, often enlarged and conspicuous on the fruit; seeds 1 to 12; leaves
ternate or opposite, mostly scale-like, crowded, closely appressed and adnate on the branches,
glandular or eglandular on the back, on vigorous shoots and young plants acicular.
Fruit large, reddish brown, with dry fibrous sweet flesh.
Seeds single or few, cotyledons 4 to 6; leaves fringe-margined or denticulate.
Fruit usually oblong; seeds 1 or 2; leaves ternate, rounded at the apex, conspicuously
glandular on the back; branchlets stout
Fruit mostly globose; seeds usually solitary; leaves ternate or binate, acute or
acuminate, eglandular ; branchlets slender .
Seeds 4 to 12; cotyledons 2; leaves slightly denticulate.
Fruit oblong or globose; seeds 4 to 12; leaves binate, glandular, often slightly
spreading at the acute or acuminate apex; branchlets slender
Fruit globose; seeds usually 4; leaves binate, acute, glandular; branchlets slender ;
bark thick, broken into small oblong plates
Fruit small, blue or blue-black or rarely copper-colored, with juicy resinous flesh; seeds 1 to 4;
cotyledons 2.
Leaves ciliate or denticulate.
Fruit large, subglobose or oblong, the flesh filled with large resin glands ; seeds 2 or
3; leaves ternate, acute or acuminate, conspicuously glandular ; branchlets stout
Fruit small, globose or oblong ; seeds 1 or rarely 2; leaves acute or acuminate at the
apex, usually eglandular; branchlets slender . :
Fruit small, globose; seeds 1 to 4; leaves binate, obtuse or rarely acute, closely
appressed, carinate, glandular; branchlets slender, sharply quadrangular .
Leaves entire.
Fruit small, subglobose; seeds 1 to 4; leaves binate, acute, acuminate or rarely
obtuse, glandular; branchlets slender
1. J. communis.
2. J. CALIFORNICA.
3. J. UTAHENSIS.
4. J. FUACCIDA.
5. J. PACHYPHLEA.
6. J. OCCIDENTALIS.
7. J. MONOSPERMA.
8. J. SABINOIDES.
9. J. VIRGINIANA.
CONIFER.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
15
JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS.
Juniper.
Ground Cedar.
Fruit subglobose, bright blue, covered with a glaucous bloom. Leaves ternate,
spreading, dark yellow-green, channeled and white-glaucous on the upper surface.
Juniperus communis, Linneus, Spec. 1040 (1753).—
Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No. 1.— Muenchhausen, Hausv. v.
182.— Du Roi, Harbk. Baumz. i. 338. — Evelyn, Silva,
ed. Hunter, ii. 8. — Lamarck, Dict. ii. 625; Jil. iti. 416, t.
829. — Pallas, Fl. Ross. i. pt. ii. 12, t. 4. — Geertner,
Fruct. ii. 62, t. 91.— Woodville, Med. Bot. ii. 259, t.
95.— Moench, Meth. 699.— Willdenow, Berl. Baumz.
158; Spec. iv. pt. ii. 853; Hnum. 1023. — Borkhausen,
Handb. Forstbot. i. 763. — Georgi, Beschreib. Russ. Reichs,
iii. 1358. — Smith & Sowerby, Hnglish Bot. xvi. t. 1110. —
Vahl, Fl. Dan. vii. t. 1119. — De Candolle, Lamarck FI.
Frang. ed. 3, iii. 278. — Michaux, F7. Bor.-Am. ii. 245. —
Schkuhr, Handb. iii. 287, t. 338. — Brotero, Fl. Lusitan.
i, 126.— Persoon, Syn. ii. 632.—Schliimbach, Abbdld.
Nadelbiume, 94, t. 14. — Marschall von Bieberstein, 77.
Taur.-Cauc. ii. 425. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 558. —
Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, vi. 443. — Wahl-
enberg, Fl. Lapp. 276. — Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med. iv.
511. — Nuttall, Gen. ii. 245. — Nouveau Duhamel, vi. 46,
t. 15, f. 1. — Bigelow, Med. Bot. iii. 43, t. 44; Fl. Bos-
ton. ed. 3, 399. — Guimpel, Willdenow & Hayne, Abdild.
Deutsche Holz. ii. 271, t. 206. — Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 205. —
Richard, Comm. Bot. Conif. 33, t. 5. — Sprengel. Syst.
iii. 908. —S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. ii. 226. —
Smith, English Bot. iv. 251. — Dietrich, Forstbot. i.
128, t.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 165, — Forbes, Pinetum
Woburn. 202.— Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 2, xvi. 289
(Révision des Juniperus) (excl. « macrocarpa); Hist.
Vég. xi. 308 (excl. var. « macrocarpa). — Roxburgh, FV.
Ind. ed. 2, iii. 839. — Visiani, Fl. Dalm. i. 206. — Tor-
rey, Fl. N. Y. ii. 234. —Schouw, Ann. Scr. Nat. sér. 3,
iii. 242 (Coniferes d’Italie).— Emerson, Trees Mass.
108; ed. 2, i. 124. — Ledebour, Fl. Foss. iii. 684. —
Reichenbach, Icon. Fl. German. xi. 5, t. 535. — Lindley
& Gordon, Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. v. 200. — Carriere,
Traité Conif. 21. — Turezaninow, Fl. Baicalenst-Dahu-
rica, ii. 144. — Antoine, Cupressineen-Gattungen, 26, t.
38-40. — Koch, Syn. Fl. German. ed. 3, ii. 575. — Gordon,
Pinetum, 93. — Maximowicz, Mém. Sav. Etr. Acad. St.
Pétersbourg, ix. 264 (Prim. Fl. Amur.).— Willkomm &
Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hispan. i. 22.— Provancher, Flore
Canadienne, ii. 559.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn. Nadelh.
320. — (Nelson) Senilis, Pinacew, 144. — Tchihatchetf,
Asie Mineure, iii. 491.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 270, f.
34. — Parlatore, Fl. Ital. iv. 82; De Candolle Prodr.
xvi. pt. ii, 479. — Fr. Schmidt, Mém. Acad. Sci. St.
Pétersbourg, sér. 7. xii. 178 (Fl. Sachalinensis). —
K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 114. — Nordlinger, Forstbot.
467, f£. — Mathieu, Fl. Forestiere, ed. 3, 448. — Veitch,
Man. Conif. 274. — Regel, Russ. Dendr. 12.— Masters,
Jour. Linn, Soc. xviii. 497 (Conifers of Japan) ; Jour.
RR. Hort. Soc. xiv. 212. — Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. ed.
2, 57, f. 6. — Laguna, Fl. Forestal Espaftola, i. 101,
t. 12. — Boissier, Fl. Orient. v. 707. — Macoun, Cat. Can.
Pl. 462. —Schiibeler, Virid. Norveg. i. 357. — Watson &
Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 494. — Hooker, f. Fl. Brit.
Ind. v. 646. — Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 133, f. 31, 32. —
Hansen, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 290 (Pinetum Dani-
cum). — Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 52.— Hempel & Wil-
helm, Biéiwme und Striéucher, i. 191, f. 112, B, C, M, R,
t. 10, f. 1-6.
Juniperus deformis, Gilibert, Hxercit. Phyt. ii. 216 (1792).
Juniperus borealis, Salisbury, Prodr. 397 (1796).
Juniperus oblonga, Marschall von Bieberstein, FU. Taur.-
Caue. ii. 426 (1808) ; iii. 634. — Ledebour, FU. Ross. iii.
685. — Antoine, Cupressineen-Gattungen, 24, t. 34, 35.
Juniperus communis, a erecta, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept.
ii. 146 (1814). — K. Koch, Linnea, xxii. 302.
Juniperus hemispherica, Presl, Delic. Prag. i. 142
(1822). — Tenore, Syll. Fl. Neap. 483; Fl. Nap. v.
282. — Gussone, F7. Sic. Syn. ii. 634.— Schouw, Ann.
Sci. Nat. sér. 3, iii. 243 (Coniferes ad’ Italie). — Endlicher,
Syn. Conif. 12.— Lindley & Gordon, Jour. Hort. Soc.
Lond. v. 200. — Carritre, Traité Conif. 17. — Henkel &
Hochstetter, Syn. Nadelh. 318.
Juniperus repens, Bigelow, FZ. Boston. ed. 2, 371 (not
Nuttall) (1824).
Juniperus depressa, Rafinesque, Med. F7. ii. 13 (1830).
Juniperus dealbata, Loudon, Encyclopedia of Trees, 1090
(1842).
Thuizcarpus juniperinus, Trautvetter, Pl. Imag. FI.
Russ. 11, t. 6 (1844).
Juniperus communis, a vulgaris, Endlicher, Syn. Conif.
15 (1847).
Juniperus communis, 8 Hispanica, Endlicher, Syn.
Conif. 15 (1847).
Juniperus communis, y Caucasica, Endlicher, Syn.
Conif. 16 (1847).
Juniperus communis, 6 arborescens, Endlicher, Syn.
Conif. 16 (excl. Syn. Loudon) (1847).
Juniperus communis, @ hemispheerica, Parlatore, FV.
Ital. iv. 83 (1867) ; De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 479.
Juniperus communis, 6 oblonga, Parlatore, De Candolle
Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 479 (1868).
76 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CONIFER.
A shrub, with many short slender stems prostrate at the base and then turning upward and
forming broad dense mats sometimes fifteen or twenty feet across and three or four feet high ; or
occasionally tree-like and from twenty to thirty feet in height, with a short eccentric irregularly lobed
trunk rarely a foot in diameter, and slender erect branches forming an irregular open head ; or at high
elevations and in boreal regions prostrate with long decumbent stems.* The bark of the trunk is
about one sixth of an inch thick and dark reddish brown, separating irregularly into many loose papery
persistent scales. The branchlets during their first and second years are slender, smooth and lustrous,
and conspicuously three-angled between the short nodes ; light yellow tinged with red during their first
season, they gradually grow darker and more suffused with red, and in the third season their dark red-
brown bark begins to separate into small thin scales. The buds are ovate, acute, about an eighth of an
inch long, and loosely covered with scale-like leaves.*? The leaves are disposed in rather remote ternate
whorls, and spread nearly at right angles to the branches; they are linear-lanceolate, acute and tipped
with sharp slender rigid cartilaginous points, articulate and truncate at the base, thickened, rounded,
obscurely ridged and dark green and lustrous on the back, snowy white and covered with stomata on
the upper surface, from one third to one half of an inch long, about one thirty-second of an inch wide,
and persistent for many years; they have a strong unpleasant slightly astringent flavor, and during the
winter turn a deep rich bronze color on the lower surface. The flowers open late in the spring from
buds formed in the autumn in the axils of leaves of the year. The staminate flower, which is about
one sixteenth of an inch long, is composed of a slender short-stalked axis, its stipe being covered
with minute closely mmbricated scales, and of five or six whorls, each of three stamens, with broadly
obovate acute and short-pointed connectives slightly thickened and keeled on the back, and bearing at
the very base three or rarely four globose anther cells. The pistillate flower consists of three slightly
spreading ovules abruptly enlarged and open at the apex, where a drop of clear stigmatic liquid is
secreted when the ovule is ready for fecundation ; below the ovules and alternate with them are three
minute obtuse fleshy scales slightly united at the base and with the ovules, and subtended by five or six
alternate whorls of ternate leaf-like scales. During the first year the fruit does not enlarge, resembling
the flower-bud in its first winter; but, commencing to grow rapidly when the plant is in bloom in
Prodr. Fl. Hispan. i. 23. — Henkel & Hochstetter, 1. cv. 318. —
(Nelson) Senilis, J. c. 145. — Regel, Russ. Dendr. 13. — Will-
komm, Forst. Fl. ed. 2, 267. — Hansen, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv.
1 Juniperus communis, var. Sibirica, Rydberg, Contrib. U. S. Nat.
Herb. iii. 533 (1896).
Juniperus communis, y, Linneus, Spec. 1040 (1753).
Juniperus communis, B, Lamarck, Dict. ii. 625 (1786). — Smith
& Sowerby, English Bot. iii. t. 1086.
Juniperus Sibirica, Burgsdorf, Anlett. ii. 124 (1787).— K. Koch,
Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 116. — Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. ed. 2, 57.
Juniperus Canadensis, Burgsdorf, I. c. (1787). — Loudon, Arb.
Brit. iv. 2490, f£. 2347. — Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 204. — Car-
riere, Traité Conif. 20.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 11. — Gordon,
Pinetum, 92. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn. Nadelh. 318. —
(Nelson) Senilis, Pinaceew, 144.
Juniperus communis, y montana, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 414
(1788). — Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 2, xvi. 290 (Révision des
Juniperus) ; Hist. Vég. xi. 309.
Juniperus nana, Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 159 (1796) ; Spec. iv.
pt. ii. 854 ; Enum. 1023. — Borkhausen, Handb. Forstbot. i. 766. —
Schkuhr, Handb. iii. 496, t. 338. —Guimpel, Willdenow & Hayne,
Abbild. Deutsche Holz. ii. 273, t. 207. — Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 205. —
Smith, English Fl. iv. 252.— Ledebour, Fl. Alt. iv. 299; FY.
Ross. iii. 683. — Visiani, Fl. Dalm. i. 203. — Schouw, Ann. Sci.
Nat. sér. 3, iii. 243 (Coniferes d’ Italie). — Reichenbach, Icon. Fl.
German. xi. 5, t. 535.— Lindley & Gordon, Jour. Hort. Soc.
Lond. v. 200. — Carriere, l. c. 18. — Knight, 1. c. 11. — Koch, Syn.
Fi. German. ed. 3, ii. 575. — Antoine, Cupressineen-Gattungen, 30,
t. 42, f. O-U, 43-45. — Gordon, /. c. 97. — Willkomm & Lange,
294 (Pinetum Danicum).— Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 52.
Juniperus communis, B alpina, Wahlenberg, Fl. Lapp. 276
(1812).— Gaudin, Fl. Helv. vi. 301.— Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat.
l.c.; Hist. Vég. l. c. 309. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 273. — Parlatore,
De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 480. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. Cal.
ii. 113.—Coulter, Man. Rocky Mt. Bot. 429.— Macoun, Cat.
Can. Pl. 462; iv. 361. —Schiibeler, Virid. Norveg. i. 357.—
Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 494. — Otto Kuntze, Rev.
Gen. Pl. ii. 798.
Juniperus communis nana, Baumgarten, Enum. Stirp. Transs.
ii. 380 (1816). — Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2489, f. 2344. — Hooker,
Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 165. — Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 203. — Veitch,
Man. Conif. 275. — Boissier, Fl. Orient. v. 707.
Juniperus communis, 8 depressa, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 646
(1814).
Juniperus alpina, S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. ii. 226
(1821). — Grenier & Godron, Fl. France, iii. 157.
Juniperus communis vulgaris, Loudon, I. c. iv. 2489 (1838).
Juniperus nana, A montana, Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 14 (1847).
Juniperus nana, B alpina, Endlicher, l. c. (1847). — Regel,
Ll. c. 13.
Juniperus pygmea, K. Koch, Linnea, xxii. 302 (1849).
? Henry, Nov. Act. Acad. Cas. Leop. xix. 103, t. 14.
CONIFER.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 17
the following spring, its three upper scales become consolidated above the ovules, and at the beginning
of the second winter it is globose, hard, light green, and about three quarters of its full size, the
albumen of the seeds being soft and milky; it continues to develop during the following season, the
albumen of the seeds gradually hardening; late in the summer it becomes dark blue or bluish black
and covered with a glaucous bloom, and at maturity is subglobose or oblong, tipped with the remnants
of the enlarged points of the ovules and raised on a short stem clothed by the unchanged scales
which formed the outer covering of the female flower; the fruit is then about a quarter of an inch in
diameter, with soft mealy resinous sweet flesh and from one to three seeds; when not eaten by birds it
often remains on the branches one or two years after ripening.’ The seeds are ovate, acute, irregularly
angled or flattened by mutual pressure, deeply penetrated by the numerous prominent thin-walled
uregularly shaped resin-glands, and free from the flesh only near the bright brown lustrous apex,
about an eighth of an inch long, with a thick bony outer coat, a membranaceous light chestnut-brown
inner coat, and a large two-lobed basal hilum to which the flesh is firmly attached.
Juniperus communis, which is the most widely distributed tree of the northern hemisphere, ranges
in the New World across the continent and from southern Greenland? to the highlands of Pennsyl-
vania on the Atlantic coast, and to northern Nebraska*® and along the Rocky Mountains to Arizona,*
New Mexico, and western Texas,> and on the Pacific coast from Alaska® to northern California.’ In
the Old World it inhabits the Kurile Islands * and Kamtschatka, and is widely spread over the remainder
of northern, central, and eastern Asia, ranging southward to the northwestern Himalayas, where it
sometimes ascends to 14,000 feet above the sea-level ; it is common all through northern and central
Europe, ascending’ mountain ranges to elevations of four or five thousand feet, and occurs, although
less commonly, in the countries of the Mediterranean basin. In North America, although nowhere very
abundant, it is generally distributed, growing, toward the southern limits of its range in the east, on
gravelly sterile slopes or worn-out pastures, and in the west on high exposed mountain-slopes, and
usually in shrubby forms only a few feet high, not assuming the habit of a small tree except in southern
Illinois. Here on the bald and broken summits of conglomerate sandstone and limestone hills, in
Union, Williamson, Johnson, Saline, Pope, Gallatin, and Hardin counties, it frequently attains a height
of twenty-five feet and forms a trunk eight or ten inches in diameter, growing with Juniperus
Virginiana, Acer spicatum, Crategus cordata, Quercus minor, Quercus rubra, and Vaccinium
vacillans. In northern Maine and on the alpine summits of the mountains of New England and New
York, in northern Minnesota, on the Rocky Mountains, where it sometimes ascends to elevations of
10,000 feet, and on the mountains of British America and farther northward on both sides of the
continent, it assumes its prostrate decumbent form on which the leaves are usually somewhat broader
than on plants with erect stems. In northern and central Europe Juniperus communis inhabits plains
and mountain-slopes, often ascending above the upper limit of the forest, and in some parts of northern
Germany it is often gregarious, covering great areas with an open growth of shrubby plants which
frequently, under the shade of trees, assume an arborescent habit and attain a height of thirty or forty
feet ;° in the countries bordering the Mediterranean and in western Asia it is usually found only on
high mountain-slopes, sometimes ascending to elevations of nearly six thousand feet, although on the
1 J. G. Jack, Bot. Gazette, xviii. 369, t. 33.
Mr. Jack’s observations on the development of the flowers and
fruit of Juniperus communis in the Arnold Arboretum first estab-
lished the fact that the fruit of this species, in New England at
least, does not mature until the third year.
2 Hooker f. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 302 (Arctic Plants). — Rink,
Danish Greenland, 410.
3 Bessey, Rep. Nebraska State Board Agric. 1894, 101.
4 Juniperus communis occurs on the high San Francisco peaks.
5 Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii.555 (Man. Pl. W. Teas).
6 Bongard, Mem. Phys. Nat. Pt. 2, Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, ii.
163 (Veg. Sitcha) (Juniperus nana). — Rothrock, Smithsonian Rep.
1867, 455 (Fl. Alaska) (Juniperus nana). — F. Kurtz, Bot. Jahrb.
xix. 425 (Fl. Chilcatgebietes).
7 Engelmann, Brewer & Watson Bot. Cal. ii. 113. — Lemmon,
Rep. California State Board Forestry, iii. 184 (Cone-Bearers of Cali-
fornia); West-American Cone-Bearers, 78.
8 Miyabe, Afem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iv. 260 (Fl. Aurile Islands).
9 Willkomm, Forst. Fl. ed. 2, 261, f. 34.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CONIFER 2.
78
Italian Riviera occasionally descending to the sea-level. On the northwestern Himalayas and in Thibet
it inhabits high dry steep slopes, often reaching elevations of twelve or fourteen thousand feet, and
forming, far above the upper limits of the forest, great thickets a few feet high, growing gregariously
or mixed with Juniperus recurva.
The wood of Juniperus communis grown in the United States has not been examined scientifically.
It is hard, close-grained, very durable in contact with the soil, and light brown, with pale sapwood
and a fine surface susceptible of receiving a beautiful polish. In Europe it is sometimes used for
In India it is burned, like the twigs, as
The sweet aromatic fruit is gathered in
vine-stakes, and is made into canes and other small articles.’
incense, and on the high Himalayan passes is used as fuel.”
northern Europe in large quantities for the sake of the peculiar flavor and diuretic properties which it
imparts to gin; and, although no longer believed to possess the peculiar virtues ascribed to it by
herbalists two centuries ago,‘ it is still occasionally employed medicinally in the United States® and
Europe, and in native Indian practice.
Juniperus communis has long been cultivated in the gardens of Europe; in the seventeenth
century it was a favorite subject for topiary decoration, and it may still be seen in English and Dutch
gardens cut into bowls, globes, animals, and other fantastic shapes.© Of the many forms which are
recognized in gardens, the most distinct is the Swedish Juniper,’ which, with erect branches making
a narrow compact pyramidal head, occasionally attains a height of eighteen or twenty feet; other
forms, distinguished by a columnar or a dwarfed and compact habit, by pendulous branches ® or by
yellow foliage, are also frequently cultivated.®
1 Madden, Jour. Agric. and Hort. Soc. Ind. vii. pt. ti. 153 (Hima- Juniperus communis pyramidalis, Hansen, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv.
layan Conifere).— Brandis, Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 535.
2 Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2489.
* Gamble, Man. Indian Timbers, 411.— Balfour, Cyclopedia of
India, ed. 3, ii. 454.
4 Parkinson, Theatr. 1030.
5 Johnson, Man. Med. Bot. N. Am. 261, f. 156.
® Loudon, J. c. 2493.
7 Juniperus communis Suecica, Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2489, £.
2343 (1838).— Knight, Syn. Conif. 11.—Carriére, Traité Conif.
22. — Gordon, Pinetum, 24. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn. Nadelh.
321.— (Nelson) Senilis, Pinaceew, 145. — Hoopes, Evergreens,
274. — Veitch, Alan. Conif. 276. — Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 136.
Juniperus Suecica, Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No. 2 (1768). — Forbes,
Pinetum Woburn. 203.
? Juniperus communis, p Hispanica, Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 15
(1847).
Juniperus communis, pB fastigiata, Parlatore, De Candolle Prodr.
xvi. pt. ii. 479 (in part) (1868).— Masters, Jour. R. Hort. Soc.
xiv. 212 (in part).
293 (Pinetum Danicum).
The Swedish Juniper, which is said to grow naturally in southern
Seandinavia, and to reproduce its peculiar habit from seed, has
long been a favorite garden plant.
8 Juniperus communis oblonga-pendula, Carriére, Man. Pl. iv.
310. — Beissner, J. c. 137.
Juniperus oblonga pendula, Loudon, Arb. Brit. 2490, £. 2345
(1838). — Carriere, Traité Conif. ed. 2, 20.
Juniperus communis, Bp reflexa, Carriére, l. c. 22 (1855). — Par-
latore, J. c.
Juniperus communis, B reflera, B pendula, Carriere, 1. c. 23
(1855).
Juniperus oblonga, Gordon, 1. c. 98 (not Marschall von Bie-
berstein). — Henkel & Hochstetter, 2. c. 322 (excl. syn.). —
Hoopes, 1. c. 277.
° For other garden forms of Juniperus communis, see Veitch, I. c.
275. — Beissner, l. c. 136.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Piatt DXVI. JuNIPERUS COMMUNIS.
. A flowering branch, natural size.
A staminate flower, enlarged.
. A stamen, front view, enlarged.
. Diagram of a pistillate flower.
. A pistillate flower, enlarged.
OTP & De
- A fruiting branch, natural size.
7. A fruit divided transversely, enlarged.
8. A seed, enlarged.
9. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.
10. A leaf, upper surface, enlarged.
11. A bud, enlarged.
12. A fruiting branch of the var. Sibirica, natural size.
Tab. DXVI.
Silva of North America.
CE Faxon del. Himely sc.
JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS,L.
4. Riocreux direx™ ; Imp. 7. Taneur, Faris.
CONIFER. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 79
JUNIPERUS CALIFORNICA.
Juniper.
Fruit usually oblong; seeds 1 or 2. Leaves ternate, rounded at the apex,
conspicuously glandular. Branchlets stout.
Juniperus Californica, Carritre, Rev. Hort. 1854, 352, f. Sabina Californica, Antoine, Cupressineen-Gattungen, 52,
21; Traité Conif. 58, ed. 2, 41. — Gordon, Pinetum, t. 71, 72 (1857).
121. — Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 588 (excl. Juniperus tetragona, var. osteosperma, Torrey, Pacific
syn. Juniperus Cerrosiana) ; Rothrock Wheeler’s Rep. Ri. R. Rep. iv. pt. v. 141 (1858); Bot. Mex. Bound.
vi. 375; Brewer & Watson Bot. Cal. ii. 113. — Sargent, Surv. 210 ; Ives’ Rep. 28.
Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U.S. ix. 180 (excl. Juniperus tetragona, Cooper, Smithsonian Rep. 1858,
syn. Juniperus Cerrosiana). — Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 263 (not Schlechtendal) (1859).
129. — Lemmon, ep. California State Board Forestry, Juniperus occidentalis, Gordon, Pinetum, Suppl. 38 (in
iii. 183, t. 28, f. 1 (Cone-Bearers of California); West- part) (1864) ; Pinetwm, ed. 2, 162 (in part). — Henkel &
American Cone-Bearers, 79. Hochstetter, Syn. Nadelh. 345 (in part). — Hoopes, Hver-
Juniperus pyriformis, Lindley, Gard. Chron. 1855, 420. greens, 299 (in part). — Parlatore, De Candolle Prodr.
Sabina osteosperma, Antoine, Cupressineen-Gattungen, xvi. pt. ii. 489 (in part). — Veitch, Man. Conif. 286 (in
51 (1857). part).
A conical tree, occasionally forty feet in height, with a straight large-lobed unsymmetrical trunk
from one to two feet in diameter ; or more often shrubby, with numerous stout irregular often contorted
erect branches which form a broad open head. The bark of the trunk is thin and divided into long
loose shred-like scales which are ashy gray on the outer surface and persistent for many years, and in
separating display the reddish brown inner bark. The branchlets are stout, light yellow-green at
first, rather bright red-brown in their third or fourth season, and at the end of four or five years, after
the leaves have fallen, covered with thin light gray-brown scaly bark. The leaves are usually in threes,
closely appressed, thickened, slightly keeled and conspicuously glandular-pitted on the back, rounded at
the apex, distinctly cartilaginously fringed on the margins, light yellow-green, and about an eighth of
an inch long, and die and turn brown on the branch at the end of two or three years; those on
vigorous shoots and young plants are linear-lanceolate, rigid, sharp-pointed, from one quarter to one
third of an mch long, and whitish on the upper surface. The flowers open from January to March.
The staminate flower is from one eighth to nearly one quarter of an inch in length, with from eighteen
to twenty-four stamens; these are usually disposed in threes, with rhomboidal short-pointed connectives
or anther-scales. The scales of the pistillate flower are ovate, acute, spreading, and usually six in
number, and are obliterated or minute on the fruit. This ripens in the early autumn of the second
season and is globose or oblong, from one third to one quarter of an inch long, reddish brown, with a
membranaceous loose epidermis covered by a thick glaucous bloom, thin fibrous dry sweet flesh, and
one or two large seeds. The seeds are ovate, acute, and short-pointed, irregularly lobed and angled,
flattened by mutual pressure on the inner surface when more than one is produced, hght chestnut-
brown and lustrous toward the apex, marked below by a large bilobed whitish hilum, and thick-walled,
the outer layer of the wall being hard and bony and the inner thin, white, and cartilaginous; the
cotyledons are from four to six in number.
Juniperus Californica inhabits dry mountain-slopes and plains, and is distributed from the valley
of the lower Sacramento River southward through the California coast ranges to Lower California ;
spreading inland along the coast mountains to their union with the Sierra Nevada, it ranges northward
along the western slopes of these at least as far as the neighborhood of Kernville, descending as low
80 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CONIFER &.
as two thousand six hundred feet above the sea-level and ascending to the summit of Walker’s Pass.
It occurs on the desert slopes of the Tehachapi Mountains, and is abundant on the northern foothills
of the San Bernardino Mountains, where it is scattered through the upper part of the forest of Yucca
arborescens at elevations of three or four thousand feet.’ It is common on the southern foothills of
these mountains and on the seaward slopes of the San Jacinto and Cuyamaca ranges.
The wood of Juniperus Californica is light, soft, close-grained, and durable in contact with the
soil ; it contains numerous obscure medullary rays and dark inconspicuous bands of small summer-cells,
and is light brown slightly tinged with red, with thin nearly white sapwood. The specific gravity of
the absolutely dry wood is 0.6282, a cubic foot weighing 39.15 pounds. In southern California it is
used for fencing and fuel.
The fruit is gathered in large quantities by Indians, who eat it fresh, or grind it into flour which
they bake into nutritious fattening cakes.’
Long confounded with Juniperus occidentalis by European botanists, probably Juniperus Cali-
fornica is not now cultivated in gardens.°
1 Merriam, North American Fauna, No. 7, 340 (Death Valley have been discovered by a Monsieur Boursier de la Riviére. Lind-
Exped. ii.). — Coville, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 224 (Bot. Death ley, in his description of Juniperus pyriformis (Gard. Chron. 1854,
Valley Exped.).—S. B. Parish, Zoé, iv. 352. 420), which from the characters and the locality must be referred
2 Palmer, Am. Nat. xii. 594. to Juniperus Californica, speaks of its introduction by William Lobb
8 By Carriére, who first described this tree in 1854, it is said to into the Veitchs’ nursery at Exeter, England, probably in 1852.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Puate DXVII. Juntreerus CALIFORNICA.
. A flowering branch of the staminate tree, natural size.
A staminate flower, enlarged.
A stamen, front view, enlarged.
A flowering branch of the pistillate tree, natural size.
. A pistillate flower, enlarged.
. A scale of the pistillate flower with its ovules, front view, enlarged.
. A fruiting branch, natural size.
- Cross section of a fruit, enlarged.
OCOHAADHA Pwd
. A seed, enlarged.
ay
—)
- Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.
=
faeh
. An embryo, enlarged.
_
bo
- End of a branchlet, enlarged.
. End of a leaf, enlarged.
- Cross section of a branchlet, enlarged.
fb fe
m 09
Tab. DXVII.
Silva of North America.
4
aN
4
SO Shoo)
— “NR =SNS cease)
Sees
<2
fff EEF IR
YP OE GE
ao PIL
SRL
ZF
ch
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SOS
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7
1 SS My _
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SSR AS ds. Ae ora
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ap SS Oh Sy ~ SS
fA AY sy NX Ah SSS SES
a a Weal SO FLO £7
G we A Sa, A = Ss
& Sey Ry
. yy yas
BR “h nae
<I> No ie El
Soe Ny by c= aaa LA
Sr TIA ty |W x
. OT Sea 22416
eee WY SEE’
664 SS. VF :
59oZ Ba Sd N\ \. B AP 1 ny
OL by SA ZIP ; ee,
Po SN She Re . “We
C4
£Y) = a Wg ba
FL SS se) | a
a SQ GSR
SD OS a
=
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BOT Ry es
z SSO
SEER SSS
> 2G
LH seat
SE CO TH
AW <1
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&
imely SC.
Imp. J. Taneur, Paris.
JUNIPERUS CALIFORNICA, Carr.
A. hiocreuxa direx ©
C£. Faxon del.
CONIFER, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 81
JUNIPERUS UTAHENSIS.
Juniper.
Fruit usually globose; seeds solitary or rarely in pairs. Leaves ternate or binate,
acute or acuminate, eglandular. Branchlets slender.
Juniperus Utahensis, Lemmon, ep. California State vi. 264; Brewer & Watson Bot. Cal. ii. 113. — Sargent,
Lourd Lorestry, iii. 183, t. 28, £. 2 (Cone-Bearers of Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U.S. ix. 180.
Culifornia) (1890). Juniperus occidentalis, Watson, King’s Rep. v. 336 (in
Juniperus Californica, var. Utahensis, Engelmann, Trans. part) (not Hooker) (1871); Pl. Wheeler, 18.
St. Louis Acad. iii. 588 (1877) ; Rothrock Wheeler's Rep. Juniperus occidentalis, var. Utahensis, Veitch, Man.
Conif. 289 (1881).
A bushy tree, rarely exceeding twenty feet in height, with a short usually eccentric trunk
sometimes two feet in diameter, and generally divided near the ground by irregular deep fissures into
broad rounded ridges, and with many erect contorted branches which form a broad open head ; or more
often with numerous stems springing from the ground and frequently not more than eight or ten feet
in height. The bark of the trunk is about a quarter of an inch in thickness, ashy gray or sometimes
nearly white, and broken into long thin persistent scales. The branchlets are slender and light yellow-
green, and after the falling of the leaves are covered with thin light red-brown scaly bark. The leaves
are opposite or occasionally in threes, closely appressed, rounded and eglandular on the back, acute or
often acuminate, slightly toothed on the margins, light yellow-green, and rather less than an eighth of
an inch long, and, dying and turning brown on the branches, are persistent for many years ; on young
shoots they are often elongated and long-pointed, passing gradually into the acerose leaves of more
vigorous shoots and of seedling plants. The staminate flower is composed of from eighteen to twenty-
four opposite or ternate stamens, with rhomboidal connectives or anther-scales. The scales of the
pistillate flower are acute, spreading, and often in pairs. The fruit, which ripens during the autumn of
the second season, is subglobose or oblong, marked by the more or less prominent tips of the flower-
scales, reddish brown, with a thick firm epidermis closely investing the thin dry fibrous sweet flesh, and
covered with a glaucous bloom which often gives it, especially during its first season, a bluish
appearance; it is from one eighth to one quarter of an inch long, and contains one or rarely two
seeds. The seed is ovate, acute, conspicuously and acutely angled, marked nearly to the apex by the
two-lobed pale hilum, and from one sixteenth to one eighth of an inch long, with a hard bony outer
wall, a membranaceous pale brown inner coat; the embryo has from four to six cotyledons.
Juniperus Utahensis is found only in the desert region between the Rocky Mountains and the
Sierra Nevada, where it is the most abundant and generally distributed tree, ranging from the western
foothills of the Wasatch Mountains in eastern Utah to southeastern California, northern Arizona, and
western Colorado.! In central Nevada it is the only tree which descends into the valleys, where it is
often abundant and forms open stunted forests at elevations of about five thousand feet above the
sea-level; on the arid slopes of the mountains of this region it is still more common and of larger
size, forming with the Nut Pine the forest growth at elevations up to eight thousand feet.? It is
common on the mountain ranges of southern Nevada, clothing with the Nut Pine many of their
summits, and occurs, although less abundantly, on those of southeastern California ; it covers with a
continuous nearly pure forest twenty miles wide the Juniper Mountains, a rolling plateau six or seven
1 Juniperus Utahensis is the common Juniper on the high plateaus 2 Sargent, Am. Jour. Sct. ser. 3, xvii. 418 (The Forests of Central
of western Colorado, and the valley of Grand River. Nevada).
82 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CONIFER.E.
thousand feet above the sea which extends from Nevada into southwestern Utah ;* abundant also on
many of the other mountain ranges of southern Utah, it spreads southward over northeastern Arizona
to the plateau immediately south of the Grand Canon of the Colorado,’ where it grows with Juniperus
monosperina, Pinus ponderosa, and the Nut Pine.
The wood of Juniperus Utahensis is light, soft, close-grained, compact, and very durable in
contact with the soil.
It is light brown, and slightly fragrant, with thick nearly white sapwood.
The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.5522, a cubic foot weighing 34.41 pounds.
The cheapest and most accessible fuel and the best fencing material of the desert region which it
inhabits, this tree is rapidly disappearing to supply the wants of farmers and miners.
The fruit is gathered by Indians, who eat it fresh or bake it into cakes.*
Usually considered a variety of Juniperus Californica, Juniperus Utahensis appears to be
specifically distinct in its more slender branches and usually glandless opposite leaves, in its smaller and
generally one-seeded fruit, and in its range, the two forms being separated by the Mohave Desert and
never mingling.
1 Merriam, North American Fauna, No. 7, 120 (Death Valley
Exped. ii.). — Coville, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 224 (Bot. Death
Valley Exped.).
2 Merriam, North American Fauna, No. 3, 120.
8 Juniperus Utahensis grows very slowly. A specimen of the
wood which I collected on the Monitor Range of mountains in
central Nevada, and which is four and a half inches in diameter,
shows one hundred and five layers of annual growth, or an annual
average growth of a little less than one fiftieth of an inch (see Am.
Jour. Sci. ser. 3, xvii. 418 [The Forests of Central Nevada]) ; while
the log specimen in the Jesup Collection of North American Woods
in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, collected
by Mr. T. S. Brandegee at Fish Creek, near Eureka, Nevada, is
eleven and three quarters inches in diameter inside the bark, and
two hundred and fifteen years old.
4 Palmer, Am. Nat. xii. 594.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Puate DXVIII. Junteperus UTAHENsIs.
CHONARAP WN
A seed, enlarged.
he ee
re >
. An embryo, enlarged.
pet
ww
. Tip of a leaf, enlarged.
as
i
. A seedling, natural size.
. A flowering branch of the staminate tree, natural size.
A staminate flower, enlarged.
A stamen, front view, enlarged.
A flowering branch of the pistillate tree, natural size.
A pistillate flower, enlarged.
. A scale of the pistillate flower with its ovules, front view, enlarged.
. A fruiting branch, natural size.
. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged.
Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.
- End of a branch, enlarged.
Tab. DXVIII .
f North America.
y
Dilva oO
oe
RS SS SSS
Ses ee
Es A
2 oe SS SY,
SS ~ ry ‘
ab ass VY =.
S “* SSA on ©
| ath NY
= ~~ Sa Sy awn
SSS SSS, ah
> me oe Ss = i SN ‘ Q
~~ 7 SSS CNY
we ape
E mets Pa
(YY COLES
Sr SSS
-— ee
=
LESS Sery
a
tay
Tg 2 daw
a ae Pe
Rapine SC.
CE. Faxon del.
JUNIPERUS UTAHENSIS, Lemm.
ARiocreuc diez.
lap. 7. Taneur, Paris,
CONIFERS. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 83
JUNIPERUS FLACCIDA.
Juniper.
Fruit oblong or globose; seeds 4 to 12. Leaves binate, glandular, often slightly
spreading at the acute or acuminate apex. Branchlets slender.
Juniperus flaccida, Schlechtendal, Linnea, xii. 495 Mus. viii. 504. — Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 115. — Coul-
(1838). — Bentham, Pl. Hartweg. 57.— Endlicher, Syn. ter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 556 (Man. Pl. W.
Conif. 29. — Lindley & Gordon, Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. v. Texas).
202. — Knight, Syn. Conif. 12. — Carritre, Traité Conif. Juniperus foetida, 6 flaccida, Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér.
48.— Gordon, Pinetum, 103. — Henkel & Hochstetter, 2, xvi. 300 (Révision des Juniperus) (1841).
Syn. Nadelh. 341. — Parlatore, De Candolle Prodr. xvi. Sabina flaccida, Antoine, Cupressineen-Gattungen, 37, t.
pt. ii, 492.—K. Koeh, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 143. — Engel- 49, 50, £. M-T (1857).
mann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 589.— Hemsley, Bot. Juniperus gracilis, K. Koch, Berl. Allg. Gartenzeit. 1858,
Biol. Am. Cent. iii. 184. —Havard, Proc. U. S. Nat. 341 (not Endlicher).
A tree, occasionally thirty feet in height, with graceful spreading branches and long slender
drooping branchlets covered, after the leaves have fallen, with thin bright cinnamon-brown bark
separating into thin loose papery scales, or more often shrubby. The leaves are opposite, long-pointed,
and sometimes slightly spreading at the apex, rounded and conspicuously glandular on the back,
slightly denticulate, light yellow-green, and rather more than an eighth of an inch long, and turn
cinnamon-red as they die on the branch before falling; on vigorous young shoots they are ovate-
lanceolate, and sometimes half an inch in length, and terminate in elongated rigid callous tips. The
staminate flowers are slender, quadrangular, and composed of from sixteen to twenty stamens, with
ovate long-pointed connectives or anther-scales prominently keeled on the back. The fruit is globose
or oblong, irregularly tuberculate, dull red-brown, more or less covered with a glaucous bloom, marked
by the numerous reflexed tips of the flower-scales, and from one half to three quarters of an inch long,
with a close firm epidermis and dry mealy flesh in which are imbedded in several tiers from four to
twelve often abortive distorted seeds, with an embryo with two cotyledons, and about an eighth of an
inch in length.
In the United States Juniperus flaccida is known to grow only on the slopes of the Chisos
Mountains in southwestern Texas, where it was found in September, 1883, by Dr. Valéry Havard.’ It
is common in northeastern Mexico, growing at elevations of from six to eight thousand feet on the hills
to the east of the Mexican table-lands, ranging from the state of Coahuila to that of Oaxaca, and
extending eastward to about the distance of one hundred miles from the coast.
The wood of Juniperus flaccida has not been examined.
According to Carriére,” Juniperus flaccida was introduced into Europe in 1838; it is occasionally
cultivated in the gardens of southern France, where it ripens its fruit, and in Algeria.’
1 See i. 81. * Traité Conif. 48. 3 Carriére, J. c. ed. 2, 48.
jt kt
rer
CHOARAAP OND
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
f
Pratt DXIX. JUNIPERUS FLACCIDA.
. A flowering branch of the staminate tree, natural size.
. A staminate flower, enlarged.
. A stamen, front view, enlarged.
A flowering branch of the pistillate tree, natural size.
. A pistillate flower, enlarged.
. A fruiting branch, natural size.
. A fruit divided transversely, enlarged.
. A seed, enlarged.
- Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.
. An embryo, enlarged.
. End of a branchlet, enlarged.
. End of a leaf, enlarged.
Silva of North America . Tab. DXIX.
Z
Zs
tf
z
CE Faxon det .
JUNIPERUS FLACCIDA, Schlecht.
A. Riocreux, direa.® Imp. J Taneur, Paris
CONIFERZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 85
JUNIPERUS PACHYPHLAHA.
Juniper. Checkered-barked Juniper.
Fruit globose; seeds usually 4. Leaves opposite, closely appressed, rounded and
apiculate at the apex, glandular. Branchlets slender. Bark thick, broken into small
oblong plates.
Juniperus pachyphlea, Torrey, Pacific R. R. Rep. iv. Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 130.— Lemmon, Rep. Califor-
pt. v. 142 (1858) ; Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 210 ; Ives’ Rep. nia State Board Forestry, iii. 182 (Cone-Bearers of Cali-
28. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn Nadelh. 347. — Car- fornia) ; West-American Cone-Bearers, 81.
ritre, Traité Conif. ed. 2, 56.— Parlatore, De Candolle Sabina pachyphlea, Antoine, Cupressineen-Gattungen, 39
Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 490. — Gordon, Pinetum, ed. 2, 164. — (1857).
Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 589; Rothrock Sabina plochyderma, Antoine, Cupressineen-Gattungen,
Wheeler’s Rep. vi. 264. — Rusby, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 40, t. 52 (1857).
ix. 79. — Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. iii. 184.—Sar- Juniperus plochyderma, Parlatore, De Candolle Prodr.
gent, Morest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 181. — xvi. pt. ii. 492 (1868).
A tree, in the United States often fifty or sixty feet in height, with a short trunk from three to
five feet in diameter, and long stout spreading branches which form a broad-based, pyramidal, open, or
ultimately a compact round-topped head. The bark of the trunk is from three quarters of an inch to
almost four inches in thickness, and is dark brown tinged with red, deeply fissured and divided into
nearly square plates an inch or two in length, which separate on the surface into small thin closely
appressed scales. The branchlets are slender, and after the disappearance of the leaves are covered
with thin light red-brown bark, usually smooth and close, but occasionally broken into large thin scales.
The leaves are in pairs, appressed, ovate, rounded and apiculate at the apex, slightly denticulate,
thickened, obscurely keeled and conspicuously glandular on the back, bluish green, and rather less than
an eighth of an inch long; those on vigorous shoots and young branches are linear-lanceolate, rigid,
tipped with slender elongated cartilaginous points, and, like the young branchlets, pale blue-green.
The flowers open in February and March. The staminate flowers are stout, about an eighth of an inch
in length, with ten or twelve stamens, their connectives or anther-scales being broadly ovate, obscurely
keeled on the back, and short-pointed. The scales of the pistillate flower are ovate, acuminate, and
spreading. The fruit, which ripens in the autumn of the second season, is globose or oblong, often
irregularly tuberculate, about half an inch long, usually marked with the short tips of the flower-scales,
occasionally open and exposing the seeds at the apex, dark red-brown, and more or less covered with a
glaucous bloom, especially during the first season, when it is often bluish in color; it is inclosed in
a thin firm epidermis, closely investing the thick dry mealy flesh, which is filled during the first season
with small resin glands, and usually contains four seeds; these are acute, conspicuously ridged and
gibbous on the back, light brown at the apex, marked below by large pale bilobed hilums, and thick-
walled, with a pale inner coat, and an embryo with two cotyledons.
Juniperus pachyphiea inhabits dry arid mountain-slopes, where it grows with Pines and Ever-
green Oaks, usually at elevations of from four to six thousand feet above the level of the sea, and is
distributed from the Eagle and Limpia Mountains in southwestern Texas westward along the desert
ranges of New Mexico and Arizona south of the Colorado plateau, but extending northward to the
lower slopes of many of the high mountains of northern Arizona.’ In Mexico it ranges southward
along the Sierra Madre to the state of Jalisco and over the mountains of northern Sonora, often growing
1 Merriam, North American Fauna, No. 3, 120. — Coville, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 225 (Bot. Death Valley Exped.).
86 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CONIFER. &.
on the Mexican highlands to a height of fifty feet, and forming a trunk frequently three or four feet in
diameter. Flourishing with the greatest luxuriance in rich well-watered cajions, it thrives also on high
dry elevated slopes and rocky ledges, ranging through nearly five thousand feet of elevation on the
cordilleras of Chihuahua.’
The wood of Juniperus pachyphlea is light, soft, not strong, brittle, and close-grained ; it
contains numerous obscure medullary rays and inconspicuous thin bands of small summer-cells, and is
clear light red often streaked with yellow, with thin nearly white sapwood. The specific gravity of the
absolutely dry wood is 0.5829, a cubic foot weighing 36.32 pounds.’
The fruit is gathered and eaten by Indians.’
Juniperus pachyphlea was discovered in August, 1851, on the Zuni Mountains of eastern New
Mexico by Dr. 8S. W. Woodhouse,’ the surgeon and naturalist of Captain Sitgreaves’ expedition down
the Zuni and Colorado Rivers.°
The open shapely head, the cheerful color, and massive trunk of Juniperus pachyphlea covered
with thick checkered bark unlike that of any other Juniper, make it the most beautiful of the species
of western America, and a handsome and always an interesting object in the elevated mountain cafions
which are its home. .
Juniperus pachyphlea is occasionally cultivated in the gardens of Kurope.°
1 Pringle, Garden and Forest, 1. 441. over by Sitgreaves’ expedition (Sitgreaves’ Rep. 35). On page
2 The log specimen of Juniperus pachyphiea in the Jesup Collec- 173 of the same report Torrey describes the tree briefly, without
tion of North American Woods in the American Museum of Natu- giving it a name, and plate 16 of the volume is devoted to a por-
ral History in New York is seventeen and three quarters inches in trait of one of the trees which, on the plate, is called Juniperus
diameter inside the bark, and shows two hundred and forty-eight plochyderma.
layers of annual growth, thirty-four of which are of sapwood. 6 Veitch, Man. Conif. 289.
8 Palmer, Am. Nat. xii. 593. In England Juniperus pachyphlea appears to be sometimes culti-
4 See viii. 88. vated as Juniperus pendula. (See Masters, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv.
5 The first mention of Juniperus pachyphlea appears in Dr. 214.)
Woodhouse’s report of the natural history of the country passed
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
PuatE DXX. JUNIPERUS PACHYPHLAA.
. A flowering branch of the staminate tree, natural size.
A staminate flower, enlarged.
A stamen, front view, enlarged.
. A flowering branch of the pistillate tree, natural size.
. A pistillate flower, enlarged.
A fruiting branch, natural size.
A fruit with protruding seeds, enlarged.
. A fruit divided transversely, enlarged.
WON DTP wd
. A seed, enlarged.
fa
So
. Vertical section of a seed,. enlarged.
—_
fae
. An embryo, enlarged.
=
bo
. End of a branchlet, enlarged.
=
ies)
. End of a leaf, enlarged.
Silva of North America.
a)
8
i 4
Wa
1
L
YY
Y
12
CE Faxon det.
(q
HY ge
1 7,
og meat
aC
GALE
JUNIPERUS PACHYPHLAA, Torr.
A. Riocreux dirext Imp. J. Taneur, Parts.
Tab.
i)
DXX.
CONIFER.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 87
JUNIPERUS OCCIDENTALIS.
Juniper.
Fruit large, subglobose or oblong, the flesh filled with large resin glands; seeds
Juniperus occidentalis, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 166
(1839). — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 26. — Lindley & Gor-
don, Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. v. 202. — Carritre, Traité
Conif. 42 (in part) ; ed. 2, 40 (in part). — Torrey, Pacific
RR. R. Rep. iv. pt. v. 142. — Gordon, Pinetum, 117 (excl.
syn.) ; Suppl. 38 (excl. syn.) ; ed. 2, 162 (excl. syn.). —
2 or 3. Leaves ternate, acute or acuminate, conspicuously glandular. Branchlets stout.
Masters, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 213 (excl. syn. Juni-
perus pyriformis). — Hansen, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv.
294 (Pinetum Danicum).— Merriam, North American
Fauna, No. 7, 343 (Death Valley Exped. ii.). — Coville,
Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 225 (Bot. Death Valley
EHxped.).
Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn. Nadelh. 345 (in part). — Juniperus excelsa, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 647 (not Mar-
(Nelson) Senilis, Pinacew, 142. — Hoopes, Hvergreens, schall von Bieberstein) (1814). — Nuttall, Gen. ii. 245.
299 (excel. syn. Juniperus Californica).— Parlatore, De Juniperus Andina, Nuttall, Sylva, iii. 95, t.110 (1849). —
Carritre, Traité Conif. ed. 2, 55.
Sabina occidentalis, Antoine, Cupressineen-Gattungen, 64,
t. 84-86 (1857).
Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 489 (in part). — Engelmann,
Brewer & Watson Bot. Cal. ii. 113.— Veitch, Man.
Conif. 289. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census
U. S. ix. 181. — Coulter, Man. Rocky Mt. Bot. 429. — Juniperus Hermanni, K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 141 (excl.
Lemmon, Rep. California State Board Forestry, iii. 183, syn. Juniperus Culifornica) (not Sprengel) (1863).
t. 28, £. 1 (Cone-Bearers of California); West-American Juniperus occidentalis, u pleiosperma, Engelmann,
Cone-Bearers, 80.— Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 128.— Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 590 (1877).
A tree, occasionally sixty feet in height, with a tall straight trunk two or three feet in diameter, but
more often not exceeding twenty feet in height, with a short trunk sometimes ten feet in diameter, and
enormous branches spreading nearly at right angles and forming a broad low head ; or usually smaller,
and frequently, when growing on dry rocky slopes and toward the northern limits of its range, shrubby
The bark of the trunk is about half an inch in
thickness, bright cinnamon-red, and divided by broad shallow fissures into wide flat irregularly connected
The branchlets are stout, and after the
leaves fall are covered with thin bright red-brown bark which breaks imto loose papery scales. The
with many short erect or semiprostrate stems.
ridges separating on the surface into thin lustrous scales.
leaves are disposed in threes and are closely appressed, ovate, acute or acuminate, denticulately frmged
on the margins, rounded and conspicuously glandular on the back, gray-green, and about an eighth
of an inch in length. The staminate flowers are stout, obtuse, and about an eighth of an inch long,
with from twelve to eighteen broadly ovate rounded acute or apiculate connectives or anther-scales thin
and scarious or slightly ciliate on the margins. The scales of the staminate flower are ovate, acute,
spreading, and mostly obliterated from the fruit; this is subglobose or oblong, and from a quarter to
a third of an inch in length, with a thick firm blue-black epidermis coated with a glaucous bloom,
thin dry flesh filled with large resin glands, and two or three seeds. The seeds are ovate, acute,
rounded and deeply grooved or pitted on the back, flattened on the inner surface, hght brown and
lustrous above, marked below by the large pale two-lobed hilums, and about an eighth of an inch long,
with a thick bony outer coat, a thin firm light brown inner coat, and an embryo with two cotyledons.
Juniperus occidentalis grows on the mountain-slopes and high prairies of western Idaho and
eastern Washington and Oregon and along the summits and upper slopes of the Cascade and Sierra
Nevada Mountains southward to the San Bernardino Mountains in California. Standing, most often
singly, on bald rocky mountain domes, and rarely descending below an altitude of six thousand feet,
it attains its greatest trunk-diameter on the wind-swept peaks of the California Sierras, where it often
88 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CONIFER Z.
ascends to elevations of nearly ten thousand feet above the sea, standing like a sentinel with its massive
stem and far-spreading branches impervious to the fiercest winter gales ; '
in the company of Pinus
Murrayana and Pinus albicaulis 1t grows tall and symmetrical on rich moraine soil bordering alpine
meadows ; and in Bear Valley on the northern slope of the San Bernardino Mountains, between six
and seven thousand feet above the sea-level, it forms a nearly pure forest of considerable extent.’
The wood of Juniperus occidentalis is light, soft, very close-grained, and exceedingly durable in
contact with the soil; it is light red or brown, with thick nearly white sapwood, and contains thin
inconspicuous bands of small summer-cells and numerous very obscure medullary rays.
gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.5765, a cubic foot weighing 35.93 pounds.
fencing and fuel.
The specific
It is used for
The fruit is gathered and eaten by the Indians of California.*
Juniperus occidentalis was discovered in 1806 by Lewis and Clark on the mountains of the basin
of the Columbia River.®
1 Mr. John Muir (The Mountains of California, 204, f.) points out
the fact that Juniperus occidentalis has such a hold on the ground
and offers such resistance to the elements that “it dies standing,
and wastes insensibly out of existence like granite, the wind exert-
ing as little control over it alive or dead as it does over a glacier
boulder.”
2 §. B. Parish, Zod, iv. 353.
8 Palmer, Am. Nat. xii. 594.
4 Juniperus occidentalis grows very slowly, especially on exposed
rocky slopes, and Muir (J. c.) believes that some of the old speci-
mens on the Sierra Nevada are over two thousand years of age.
The log specimen in the Jesup Collection of North American
Woods in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, is
twenty-three inches in diameter inside the bark, and shows only one
hundred and thirteen layers of annual growth, the tree from which
it was cut having, after the first forty years, increased rapidly and
regularly, many annual layers being an eighth of an inch thick.
On this specimen the sapwood is seven and a quarter inches in
thickness with eighty-six layers of annual growth.
5 In Coues’s edition of the Journal of Lewis and Clark no mention
is made of this Juniper, but it was described by Pursh from speci-
mens brought back by this expedition.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Pruate DXXI. JUNIPERUS OCCIDENTALIS.
A seed, enlarged.
WOON OA FP wD
=
=)
. An embryo, enlarged.
a
an
. End of a leaf, enlarged.
A flowering branch of the staminate tree, natural size.
. A staminate flower, enlarged.
. A stamen, front view, enlarged.
A flowering branch of the pistillate tree, natural size.
. A pistillate flower, enlarged.
A fruiting branch, natural size.
. A fruit with part of the flesh removed, enlarged.
. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.
. End of a branchlet, enlarged.
Silva of North America. Tab . DXXI.
<I ES
Sse iss
Q or
A\
Q\
4
Dy (PY
4 Rg Y
Wy
\ iy
NA Mh KEY
=> 4x8 i
B) poly Sy
in AY 4
NX
i
NY i
SS wT
SSF
5
4 biseto
i KZ
RK a) sae gk
eg
: fiimety SO.
JUNIPERUS OCCIDENTALIS, Hook.
A. Riocreux, direx™. Imp. 7. Taneur, Paris.
CONIFER, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 89
JUNIPERUS MONOSPERMA.
Juniper.
FRvIT small, globose or oblong; seeds 1 or rarely 2. Leaves acute or acuminate
at the apex, usually eglandular. Branchlets slender.
Juniperus monosperma. N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 181.— Coulter, Man.
Juniperus occidentalis, Parlatore, De Candolle Prodr. Rocky Mt. Bot. 410.— Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 129. —
xvi. pt. ii. 489 (in part) (not Hooker) (1868). — Watson, Masters, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 213. — Lemmon, JVest-
King’s Rep. vi. 336. American Cone-Bearers, 80.
Juniperus occidentalis, 8 monosperma, Engelmann, Juniperus Virginiana, Rothrock, Wheeler’s Rep. vi. 6
Trans. St. Lowis Acad. iii. 590 (1877) ; Rothrock Whee- (not Linneus) (1878).
ler’s Rep. vi. 263. — Veitch, Man. Conif. 289. — Rusby, Juniperus occidentalis, var. gymnocarpa, Lemmon, West-
Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix. 79. —Sargent, Forest Trees ‘American Cone-Bearers, 80 (1895).
A tree, occasionally forty or fifty feet tall, with a stout much-lobed and buttressed trunk
sometimes three feet in diameter, short stout branches which form an open and very irregular head,
and often with one or two branches near the ground much more developed than the others; or most
frequently sending up numerous contorted stems which form a broad open unsightly bush from ten
to twenty feet in height. The bark of the trunk is thin, ashy gray, divided into irregular narrow
connected ridges which break up into long narrow persistent shreddy scales, disclosing by their
separation the red-brown inner bark. The branchlets are slender and covered after the falling of the
leaves with hight red-brown bark which splits freely into thin loose scales. The leaves are disposed
in pairs or rarely in threes and are often slightly spreading at the apex; they are ovate, acute or
occasionally acuminate, much thickened and rounded on the back, usually eglandular but occasionally
furnished with rather obscure dorsal glands, gray-green, and rather less than an eighth of an inch in
length, and turn a bright red-brown before they fall; those on vigorous shoots and on younger plants
are ovate, acute, tipped with long rigid points, thin, conspicuously glandular on the back, and often
half an inch in length. The staminate flower consists of from eight to twelve stamens with broadly
ovate rounded connectives or anther-scales slightly erose on the margins. The fruit is globose or
oblong, from an eighth to a quarter of an inch long, and dark blue or occasionally copper-colored,
with a thick firm epidermis covered by a conspicuous glaucous bloom, thin sweetish resinous flesh from
which on some individuals the seed protrudes, and with one or rarely with two or three seeds. The seed
1S broadly ovate, often four-angled, with numerous slender grooves between the ridges, light chestnut-
brown, lustrous at the somewhat obtuse apex, and marked below with the large pale two-lobed hilum ;
it has a comparatively thin and brittle outer wall, a pale brown membranaceous inner seed-coat, and an
embryo with two cotyledons.
Juniperus monosperma is distributed from the divide between the Platte and Arkansas Rivers at
the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, where, accompanied by the Nut Pine and the
Yellow Pine, it clothes with an open stunted forest arid slopes between 5,500 and 7,000 feet above
the sea-level, southward along the foothills of the Rocky Mountains to’ the mountain ranges of western
Texas; it is common and the prevailing Juniper over the whole of the Colorado plateau, where in
southern Colorado and Utah and in northern and central New Mexico and Arizona it often covers,
usually with the Nut Pine or occasionally alone, great areas of rolling hills from six to seven thousand
feet above the sea-level, forming a forest belt just above the desert and below the belt in which the
Yellow Pine is the predominating tree,’ and probably reaching its largest size in northern Arizona ; it
! Merriam, North American Fauna, No. 3, 120.
90 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CONIFER 2.
grows at high elevations on the mountain ranges of southern Nevada,’ and as a bush on the upper
slopes of those of southern New Mexico and Arizona, where it is small and not abundant,’ and of
northern Mexico.
The wood of Juniperus monosperma is heavy, rather soft, close-grained, slightly fragrant, and
very durable in contact with the soul; it contams numerous obscure medullary rays and thin inconspicu-
ous bands of small summer-cells, and is light reddish brown, with nearly white sapwood and very
eccentric layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.7118, a cubic
foot weighing 44.36 pounds. It is largely used for fencing, and furnishes the cheapest and most
available fuel over much of the great arid territory which this Juniper inhabits.
The fruit is gathered, ground, and baked into bread by the Indians, who utilize the thin strips of
fibrous bark in making saddles, breech-cloths, skirts, and sleeping-mats.*
Juniperus monosperma was introduced into the Arnold Aboretum in 1882, and has proved hardy
in eastern New England.
Formerly united with Juniperus occidentalis of the Pacific coast region, Juniperus monosperma
differs from that species in its habit, in its thinner branchlets, and in its smaller and usually one-seeded
fruit, and also in its range, and is best considered specifically distinct.
* Merriam, North American Fauna, No.7, 343 (Death Valley W.Toumey on the high slopes of the Santa Rita and Chiricahua
Exped. ii.). — Coville, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 225 (Bot. Death Mountains of Arizona.
Valley Exped.). 3 Rep. U. S. Dept. Agric. 1870, 411. — Palmer, Am. Nat. xii.
2 In 1894 Juniperus monosperma was collected by Professor J. 594.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
PuatE DXXII. Juniperus MoNosPERMA.
A flowering branch of the staminate tree, natural size.
eae
A staminate flower, enlarged.
A stamen, enlarged.
A fruiting branch, natural size.
A fruit with protruding seeds, enlarged.
A fruit laid open transversely, enlarged.
TP Ew
. A seed, enlarged.
End of a branchlet, enlarged.
c© 90
- End of a leaf, enlarged.
Tab. DXXII.
Silva of North America.
SQN
ANN \ SSN
S SN , ii WY oy
SSN . SS). SS
SS
SSS
a
Z a
ozs
Rapine sc,
CE Faxon det.
JUNIPERUS MONOSPERMA. Sarg.
Imp. J. Laneur, Paris.
4. Riocreuxr dies?
CONIFER.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 91
JUNIPERUS SABINOIDES.
Cedar.
FRvuIT small, globose; seeds 1 to 4.
Branchlets slender, sharply quadrangular.
Juniperus sabinoides (not Endlicher nor Grisebach).
Cupressus sabinoides, Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth,
Nov. Gen. et Spec. ii. 3 (1817).— Kunth, Syn. Pi.
Afquin. i. 351.
Juniperus Mexicana, Sprengel, Syst. iii. 909 (1826).
Juniperus tetragona, Schlechtendal, Linnea, xii. 495
Rock Cedar.
Leaves opposite, obtuse or rarely acute.
Sabina tetragona, Antoine, Cupressineen-Gattungen, 40,
t. 53 (1857).
Juniperus occidentalis, var. Texana, Vasey, Rep. U. S.
Dept. Agric. 1875, 185 (Cat. Forest Trees U. S.) (1876).
Juniperus occidentalis, var. ? y conjungens, Engelmann,
Trans. St. Lowis Acad. iii. 590 (1877). — Veitch, Man.
(1838).— Bentham, Pl. Hartweg. 57. —Endlicher, Syn.
Conif. 29. — Lindley & Gordon, Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond.
v. 202.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 12.— Carriére, Traité
Conif. 50. — Gordon, Pinetum, 120.— Henkel & Hoch-
stetter, Syn. Nadelh. 346. — Parlatore, De Candolle Prodr.
xvi. pt. ii. 491. — Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii.
340.— Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. iii. 184. — Beiss-
ner, Handb. Nadeth. 115.
Conif. 289. — Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xviii. 158. —
Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix.
182. — Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 556 (Man.
Pl. W. Texas).
Juniperus tetragona, var. oligosperma, Engelmann,
Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 591 (1877).
A tree, in Texas occasionally forty feet, but generally not more than twenty feet in height, with a
short or rarely elongated slightly lobed trunk, seldom exceeding a foot in diameter, and small spreading
branches which form a wide round-topped open and irregular or a narrow pyramidal head; or often
shrubby, with numerous spreading stems. The bark of the trunk is from one quarter to one half of an
inch in thickness, brown tinged with red, and divided into long narrow slightly attached scales, which,
persistent for many years, clothe it with a loose thatch-like covering; on the young stems and on the
branches it is gray tinged with red, and covered with a network of narrow flat plates, scaly on the
surface, and broken along the margins into thin pale shreds. The branchlets are slender, sharply
quadrangular, and after the fall of the leaves become terete, light reddish brown or ashy gray, with
smooth or slightly scaly bark. The leaves are four-ranked, closely appressed, thickened and carinate
on the back, obtuse or acute at the apex, slightly denticulate on the margins, usually eglandular, rather
more than a sixteenth of an inch long, and dark blue-green; those on vigorous young shoots and on
seedling plants are lanceolate, long-pointed, rigid, and from one quarter to one half of an inch in
The
staminate flower is composed of from twelve to eighteen stamens with ovate obtuse or slightly cuspidate
length. The flowers appear from January in Texas until April on the mountains of Mexico.
connectives or anther-scales. The scales of the pistillate flower are ovate, acute and spreading, and very
The fruit is
subglobose, from a quarter to a third of an inch in diameter, and dark blue, with a thin epidermis
The seed is broadly
ovate, acute, slightly or conspicuously ridged, rarely tuberculate, flattened on the inner surface by
conspicuous when the fruit is half grown, but obliterated when it attains its full size.
covered by a glaucous bloom, sweet resinous flesh, and one or rarely two seeds.
mutual pressure when more than one is formed, dark chestnut-brown and lustrous, nearly a quarter of
an inch long and an eighth of an inch thick, with a small hilum, which does not extend far above the
base, a thin outer coat, a membranaceous dark brown inner coat, and an embryo with two cotyledons.
Juniperus sabinoides, in the valley of the Colorado River in central Texas, in the neighborhood
of Austin, covers great areas of low limestone hills, with nearly pure forests, and ranges southward and
westward over the low rolling Texas hills; and in Mexico, where it is of small size, and usually shrubby
92 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CONIFERZ.
in habit, it spreads at high elevations over the mountains of Nuevo Leon, Coahuila, Chihuahua, and
San Luis Potosi, and southward to the mountains in the neighborhood of the City of Mexico, ascending
the high peaks of central Mexico to the limits of vegetation.’
The wood of Juniperus sabinoides from Texas is light, hard, not strong, close-grained, slightly
fragrant, and very durable in contact with the soil; it is slightly fragrant, and brown, often streaked
with red, with thin nearly white sapwood, and contains numerous obscure medullary rays and thin dark-
colored conspicuous bands of small summer-cells.? The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is
0.6907, a cubic foot weighing 43.04 pounds. It is largely used for fencing, fuel, telegraph-poles, and
railway-ties.
Discovered by Humboldt on the mountains in the state of Mexico, Juniperus sabinoides appears
to have been first noticed in Texas by Berlandier.’
1 Pringle, Garden and Forest, i. 141, 441 ; iii. 338. bark, with one hundred and fifteen layers of annual growth, twenty
? The specimen of Juniperus sabinoides in the Jesup Collection of being of sapwood.
North American Woods in the American Museum of Natural His- ® See i. 82.
ory, New York, is nine and a quarter inches in diameter inside the
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Prate DXXIII. JuNIPERUS SABINOIDES.
. A flowering branch of the staminate tree, natural size.
. A staminate flower, enlarged.
A stamen, front view, enlarged.
. A branch of the pistillate tree, natural size.
. A pistillate flower, enlarged.
. Vertical section of a pistillate flower, enlarged.
. A fruiting branch, natural size.
. A fruit with part of the fleshy covering removed, enlarged.
CONATR WON
. A seed, enlarged.
—_
cr)
. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.
—
a
. An embryo, enlarged.
12. End of a branchlet, enlarged.
. End of a leaf, enlarged.
—_
isN)
Tab. DXXIII.
Silva of North America.
—
SS ae
Lftapine se.
CE. Faxon del.
JUNIPERUS SABINOIDES, Sarg.
Imp .J. Taneur, Paris.
CONIFER.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
93
JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA.
Red Cedar.
Savin.
FRUvIT small, subglobose; seeds 1 to 4. Leaves opposite, acute or rarely obtuse,
glandular. Branchlets slender.
Juniperus Virginiana, Linneus, Spec. 1039 (1753). —
Du Roi, Harbk. Baumz. i. 346. — Wangenheim, Be-
schreib. Nordam. Holz. 51; Nordam. Holz. 9, t. 2, £.5.—
Schoepf, Mat. Med. Amer. 151. — Marshall, Arbust. Am.
70. — Moench, Béume Weiss. 55. — Evelyn, Silva, ed.
Hunter, ii. 11. — Burgsdorf, Anleit. pt. ii. 122. — Wal-
ter, Fl. Car. 248. — Castiglioni, Viag. negli Stati
Uniti, ii. 266. — Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 157; Spec.
iv. pt. ii. 853; Hnum. 1023. — Lamarck, Dict. ii. 627. —
Borkhausen, Handb. Forstbot. i. 767. — Michaux, FU. Bor.-
Am. ii. 245. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 632. — Desfontaines, Hist.
Arb. ii. 559. — Schliimbach, Addild. Nadelbéiume, 98, t.
15.— Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, vi. 445. —
Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii. 42, t. 5. — Bigelow, FI.
Boston. 242; Med. Bot. iii. 49, t. 45. — Nuttall, Gen. ii.
245. — Elliott, Sk. ii. 717. — Jaume St. Hilaire, Traité
des Arbres Forestiers, t. 36. — Sprengel, Syst. iii. 908. —
Richard, Comm. Bot. Conif. 37, t. 6, f. 2. — Rafi-
nesque, Med. Fl. ii. 18. — Audubon, Birds, t. 43. —
Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 199.— Torrey, Fl. N. VY. ii.
235; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv. pt. v. 142. — Emerson, Trees
Mass. 102; ed. 2, i. 118, t. — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 27
(in part). — Lindley & Gordon, Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. v.
202. — Knight Syn. Conif. 12.— Darlington, FU. Cestr.
ed. 3, 295. — Carritre, Traité Conif. 43.— Gordon,
Pinetum, 112. — Cooper, Am. Nat. iii. 413. — Chapman,
Fil. 435.— Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860,
iii. 71.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn. Nadelh. 334. —
(Nelson) Senilis, Pinacece, 153. — Hoopes, Evergreens,
291. — Parlatore, De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 488. —
Noérdlinger, Forstbot. 471, f£.— Engelmann, Trans. St.
Louis Acad. iii. 591 ; Rothrock Wheeler’s Rep. vi. 263. —
K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 138. — Watson, King’s Rep. v.
335. — Porter & Coulter, FZ. Colorado; Hayden’s Surv.
Misc. Pub. No. 4, 132. — Veitch, Man. Conif. 282. —
Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. v. 87.— Regel, Russ.
Dendr. ed. 2, 15.— Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. iii.
184. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S.
ix. 182. — Willkomm, Forst. Fl. ed. 2, 257. — Watson &
Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 494. — Beissner, Handb.
Nadelh. 122, £. 30. — Masters, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv.
215.— Hansen, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 298 (Pinetum
Danicum).
Juniperus Caroliniana, Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No. 4 (1768).—
Muenchhausen, Hausv. v. 183.— Du Roi, Harbk. Baume.
“i. 346. — Marshall, Arbust. Am. 71. — Burgsdorf, Anleit.
pt. ii. 123.
Juniperus arborescens, Moench, Meth. 699 (1794).
Juniperus fragrans, Salisbury, Prodr. 397 (1796). —
Knight, Syn. Conif. 13.
Juniperus Virginiana, 8 Caroliniana, Willdenow, Berl.
Baumz. 157 (1796). — Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 205. — Lou-
don, Arb. Brit. iv. 2495.
Juniperus Barbadensis, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 246
(not Linneus) (1803). — Pursh, FU. Am. Sept. ii. 647. —
Nuttall, Gen. ii. 245; Sylva, iii. 96.
Juniperus Virginiana Hermanni, Persoon, Syn. ii. 632
(1807).
Juniperus Virginiana, a vulgaris, Hayne, Dendr. FI.
205 (1822). — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 28.
Juniperus Hermanni, Sprengel, Syst. iii. 908 (1826).
Juniperus Bermudiana, Rafinesque, Med. Fl. ii. 13 (in
part) (not Linnzus) (1830).
Juniperus fotida, y Virginiana, Spach, Ann. Sct. Nat.
sér. 2, xvi. 298 (Révision des Juniperus) (1841) ; Hist.
Vég. xi. 318.
Juniperus Virginiana, B australis, Endlicher, Syn. Conif.
28 (1847).
Sabina Virginiana, Antoine, Cupressineen-Gattungen, 61,
t. 83, 84 (1857).
Juniperus Virginiana, var. Bermudiana, Vasey, Rep. U.
S. Dept. Agric. 1875, 185 (Cat. Forest Trees U. S.) (1876).
Juniperus Virginiana, var. montana, Vasey, Rep. U. S.
Dept. Agric. 1875, 185 (Cat. Forest Trees U. S.) (1876).
Juniperus occidentalis, Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 461
(1886) (not Hooker) (1884).
A tree, occasionally one hundred feet tall, with a long straight trunk three or four feet in diameter,
often lobed and eccentric, and frequently buttressed toward the base, but usually much smaller, and
averaging forty or fifty feet in height, and with short slender branches, horizontal on the lower part of
the tree, erect above, and forming a narrow compact pyramidal head of tufted foliage, which in old age
usually becomes broad and round-topped or irregular; or with long slightly pendulous branches forming
a broad open graceful crown ; or occasionally reduced to a low shrub with decumbent stems. The bark
94 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CONIFERZ.
of the trunk is from an eighth to a quarter of an inch in thickness, light brown tinged with red,
and separated into long narrow scales, fringed on the margins, and persistent for many years.
The branchlets are slender and four-angled, but after the disappearance of the leaves become terete,
and are covered with close dark brown bark tinged with red or gray, or occasionally with brighter
red slightly scaly bark. The leaves are opposite in pairs, closely appressed, acute, acuminate with short
slender points or occasionally obtuse, rounded and eglandular or often glandular on the back, entire,
about one sixteenth of an inch long, and dark blue-green or glaucous, turning russet or yellow-brown
during the winter at the north, beginning usually in their third season to grow hard and woody,
and remaining for two or three years longer on the branches; those of young plants and vigorous
branches are linear-lanceolate, long-pointed, light yellow-green, eglandular, and from one half to three
quarters of an inch in length. The flowers are dicecious or very rarely monecious, opening after the
first warm days of spring from February at the south to May at the north. The staminate flower is
about an eighth of an inch long, with from ten to twelve stamens, their connectives or anther-scales
being rounded and entire, with four or occasionally five or six pollen-sacs. The scales of the
pistillate flower are spreading and acute, and become obliterated from the fruit. This is subglobose,
from a quarter to a third of an inch in diameter, pale green when fully grown, and dark blue and
covered with a glaucous bloom at maturity, with a firm epidermis, thin sweetish resmous flesh, and one
or two or rarely three or four seeds... The seeds are ovate, acute and occasionally apiculate at the
apex, nearly terete, or variously angled and grooved, light chestnut-brown and lustrous, marked below
with comparatively small two-lobed hilums, and from one sixteenth to nearly one eighth of an inch in
length, with a thick bony outer coat, a pale brown membranaceous inner coat, and an embryo with two
cotyledons.
Juniperus Virginiana, which is the largest and most valuable of the American Junipers, is the
most widely distributed coniferous tree of North America. From southern Nova Scotia and New
Brunswick it ranges southward to Cape Malabar and the shores of Tampa Bay, Florida, westward to
the valley of the lower Ottawa River and the shores of Georgian Bay,’ eastern Dakota,’ central
Nebraska* and Kansas,® the Indian Territory, and the valley of the Colorado River in Texas, and from
the Black Hills of Dakota and the hills of northern and western Nebraska through the mountain
regions of Montana, Idaho, northern Washington, and southern British Columbia to Vancouver’s
Island, and southward along the Rocky Mountains to northern New Mexico and to Utah, Nevada, and
northern Arizona.® Comparatively rare in the maritime provinces of Canada, and in Quebec, where it is
usually confined to rocky river banks, ascending for some distance the streams flowing into the St.
Lawrence above Montreal, it is generally found in similar situations in Ontario, but is more common,
especially in the neighborhood of the Bay of Quente, covering large areas around its shores. In the
northern, middle, and south Atlantic states Juniperus Virginiana is scattered over dry gravelly slopes
and rocky ridges often immediately on the seacoast, resisting with its stunted stem and short tough
branches the fiercest gales, or grows in rich soil by the borders of highways and fences, when birds have
scattered its seeds, but does not ascend the mountains of New England and New York nor the high
Alleghanies ; in middle Kentucky and Tennessee and in northern Alabama and Mississippi it covers
great areas of low rolling limestone hills, with nearly pure forests of small bushy trees; in the coast
region of the eastern Gulf states it grows in deep swamps to a large size, becoming a tall wide-topped
tree, with graceful somewhat pendulous branches; in western Louisiana, Texas, and southern Arkansas
1 The statement universally made that the fruit of Juniperus ® Williams, Bull. No. 43 South Dakota Agric. College, 103.
Virginana does not ripen until the second season is probably cor- * Bessey, Rep. Nebraska State Board Agric. 1894, 101.
rect for some parts of the country, but Mr. J. G. Jack has noticed 5 Mason, 8th Bienn. Rep. State Board Agric. Kansas, 273.
that the trees in the neighborhood of Boston ripen their fruit dur- § Juniperus Virginiana was collected on the upper slopes of the
ing the first autumn (Bot. Gazette, xviii. 372). Grand Cafion of the Colorado by J. W. Toumey and C. S. Sargent
2 Brunet, Cat. Vég. Lig. Can. 60. — Provancher, Flore Canadienne, in September, 1894.
ii. 559.— Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 462.
CONIFER. 95
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
it attains its greatest dimensions on rich alluvial bottom-lands, and in Kansas and eastern and central
Nebraska grows usually on dry limestone river-bluffs, where, before the coming of white men, it
often formed groves of considerable extent. Farther west it is smaller, and is usually scattered in
isolated individuals along the rocky banks of cations and lakes, generally at elevations of six or seven
thousand feet above the sea, sometimes, in the valley of the Columbia River in southern British
Columbia, growing in bogs ;' in Utah, Nevada, and Arizona it is exceedingly rare.
The wood of Juniperus Virginians is light, soft, close-grained, brittle, and not strong; it contains
numerous very obscure medullary rays and broad conspicuous bands of small summer-cells, and is dull
red, with thin nearly white sapwood, very fragrant, easily worked, and extremely durable in contact
with the soil. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.4826, a cubic foot weighing 30.70
pounds. It is largely used for posts and railway-ties, the sills of buildings and the interior finish of
houses, and for lining closets and chests in which woolens are preserved against the attacks of moths ;?
it is also employed in cabinet-making and almost exclusively in the manufacture of lead-pencils,? while
its lightness, durability, cheerful color, and pleasant fragrance recommend it to the makers of pails and
tubs and many other small articles.
A decoction of the fruit and leaves is occasionally used medicinally, and an infusion of the berries
as a diuretic,* and in homeopathic remedies.®
and is used principally in perfumery.®
Oil of Red Cedar is distilled from the leaves and wood,
The virtue of the Red Cedar was extolled in Morton’s New English Canaan, published in 1632 ;7
and other early European travelers praised its qualities; it was described in 1640 by Parkinson,* who
united it with the Juniper of Bermuda, and, according to Aiton,’ it was introduced into English gardens
in 1664.
' Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 462 (Juniperus occidentalis).
2«The Dust and Shavings of Cedar, laid amongst Linnen or
Woollen, destroys the moth and all Verminous Insects : It never
rots, breeding no Worm, by which many other Woods are consumed
and destroyed. Of Cedar there are many sorts ; this in Carolina
is esteemed of equal Goodness for Grain, Smell and Colour with
the Bermudian Cedar, which of all the West Indian is esteemed the
most excellent.” (Thomas Ashe, Carolina, or a Description of the
Present State of that Country, 5.)
8 The straightest grained and most easily worked Cedar wood
is obtained from the swamps near the western coast of the Florida
peninsula, and large factories have been established at Cedar Keys,
Florida, and at other points in the southern states, by German
manufacturers, to cut up the wood for pencil-making.
4 Jenks, Am. Jour. Pharm. xiv. 235. — Johnson, Man. Med. Bot.
N. Am. 261.
An ointment is prepared by boiling the fresh leaves of Juniperus
Virginiana with lard, which is occasionally employed in the United
States as a substitute for savine cerate in the treatment of blis-
ters, and the powdered leaves are used for the same purpose (U. S.
Dispens. ed. 16, 1833).
Cases of poisoning from the use of the volatile oil, which has a
reputation for producing abortion, are recorded. (See Boston Med.
and Surg. Jour. xl. 469.)
° Millspaugh, Am. Med. Pl. in Homeopathic Remedies, ii. 166, t,
166.
6 Burkett, Proc. Linn. Soc. i. 58.
7 “Cedar, of this sorte there is abundance ; and this wood was
such as Saloman used for the building of that glorious temple at
Hierusalem ; . . . this wood cutts red, and is cut for bedsteads,
tables and chests, and may be placed in the Catalogue of commod-
ities.” (Force, Hist. Coll. ii. No. 5, 44.)
“There are oaks of very close grain ; yea, harder than any in this
There is Red-wood which
being burned, smells very agreeably ; when men sit by the fire on
When
they keep watch by night against their enemies then they place it
(the fire) in the centre of their huts to warm their feet by it ; they
do not sit, then, up in the tree, but make a hole in the roof, and
country, as thick as three or four men.
benches made from it, the whole house is perfumed by it.
keep watch there to prevent attacks.” (Documentary History of New
York, iii. 40.)
“ Juniper, which Cardanus saith is Cedar in hot Countries, and
Juniper in cold Countries ; it is hear very dwarfish and shrubby,
growing for the most part by the Seaside.” (Josselyn, New Eng-
land Rarities, 95.)
This probably relates in part to Juniperus communis.
“ Juniper grows for the most part by the Sea-side, it bears abun-
dance of skie-coloured berries fed upon by Partridges, and hath
a woody root. ... They write that Juniper-coals preserve fire
longest of any, keeping fire a whole year without supply, yet, the
Indian never burns of it.’? (Josselyn, Account of Two Voyages
to New England, 71.)
8 Juniperus major Americana, Theatr. 1029 (in part).
Cedrus Americana vulgo dicta. Juniperus Virginiana & Barbaden-
sis, Ray, Hist. Pl. ii. 1413 (in part).
Juniperus Virginiana Cupressi foliis rartoribus acutis Sabinam redo-
lens, Plukenet, Alm. Bot. 201.
Juniperus ; Virginiana. Folio ubique, Juniperino. Cedrus ; Vir-
giniana, Boerhaave, Ind. Alt. Hort. Ludg. Bat. ii. 208.— Duha-
mel, Traité des Arbres, 1. 322.
Juniperus ; Virginiana ; foliis inferioribus juniperinis, superioribus
Sabinam, vel Cypressum, referentibus, Boerhaave, 1. c. — Duhamel, J. c.
Juniperus foliis basi adnatis : junioribus imbricatis, senioribus patu-
lis, Linneus, Hort. Cliff. 464 (excl. syn. Plukenet & Sloane). —
Royen, Fl. Leyd. Prodr. 90. — Clayton, Fl. Virgin. 194.
9 Hort. Kew. iii. 414. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2495, f. 2357.
96
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
CONIFER.
For two centuries Juniperus Virginiana has been a favorite garden plant, and numerous forms,
varying in habit and in the color of the foliage, have appeared in cultivation.’
The Red Cedar is one
of the most familiar and picturesque objects in the landscapes of the northeastern United States, and in
this region it is better adapted than any other tree for the production of those formal effects, sometimes
desired by artists in gardening, which are secured in more temperate climates by the use of the Cypress-
trees of the Old World.”
1 One of the best of the cultivated forms of Juniperus Virginiana
known in European gardens is, —
Juniperus Virginiana gracilis.
Juniperus gracilis, Endlicher, Syn. Conif: 31 (1847).
Juniperus Gossainthanea, Carriére, Traité Conif. 56 (1855).
Juniperus Virginiana Barbadensis, Gordon, Pinetum, 114
(1858).
Juniperus Virginiana, y Bedfordiana, Parlatore, De Candolle
Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 489 (1868). — Veitch, Man. Conif. 284. —
Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 124.— Hansen, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv.
299 (Pinetum Danicum).— Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 54.
The Bedford Juniper is distinguished by long slender somewhat
pendulous branches and bright green foliage. It has long been an
inhabitant of European gardens, where it is known, not only by its
published names, but also as Juniperus Bedfordiana and Juniperus
This tree has at different times been con-
Be-
Virginiana Caroliniana.
sidered a native of Mexico, of the West Indies, and of India.
ing rather tender in England, it is not improbable that the seed
from which it was raised there originated in the swamps of Florida.
Forms with glaucous leaves, which are comparatively common
on wild trees in the northeastern states, are distinguished in gar-
dens as Juniperus Virginiana, B glauca (Carriére, 1. c. 45 (1855). —
Gordon, J. c. 113.— Parlatore, I. c.— Veitch, J. c.— Beissner, 1. c.
126). This is the Juniperus glauca of Willdenow (Enum. Suppl.
67), of Link (Enum. Hort. Berol. ed. 2, ii. 435), and of many gardens.
Other varieties of Juniperus Virginiana are described by Car-
riére (J. cv. ed. 2,45), Gordon (i. c. ed. 2, 155), and Veitch (1. c.
284). Most of the twenty-six varieties described by Beissner
(i. c. 125) as cultivated in European nurseries scarcely vary from
the type, or are distinguished from it by trivial peculiarities, the
only really distinct forms of this tree in cultivation being those
with pendulous branches, with a dwarf compact habit, and with
glaucous or variegated leaves.
2 Forest Leaves, ii. 148, t.— Garden and Forest, viii. 61, f. 9.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
PratE DXXIV. Juniperus VIRGINIANA.
CONAN wOND HE
. A seed, enlarged.
eH pe
no RF ©
. A leaf, enlarged.
poh
oo
. A seedling, natural size.
_
is
. A flowering branch of the staminate tree, natural size.
. A staminate flower, enlarged.
. A stamen, front view, enlarged.
A branch of the pistillate tree, natural size.
. A pistillate flower, enlarged.
A scale of a pistillate flower with its ovules, front view, enlarged.
. A fruiting branch, natural size.
. A fruit divided transversely, enlarged.
- Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.
. End of a branchlet, enlarged.
. Cross section of a branchlet, enlarged.
Tab .DXXIV.
Rapine sc.
Lng. J. Taneur, Paris,
AN
Sa — =
> a PSF Se
a
eg
SS
Silva of North America.
CE. Faxon del.
JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA, L.
A. Riocreu. direa ©
CONIFERS. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 97
CUPRESSUS.
FLowERS naked, monecious, terminal, the staminate solitary ; stamens numerous,
opposite ; anther-cells 2 to 6; the pistillate solitary or rarely clustered ; scales opposite,
bearing numerous or | to 5 ovules. Fruit a subglobose woody strobile. Leaves scale-
like or subulate, persistent.
Cupressus, Linnzus, Gen. 294 (1737). — Adanson, Fam. licher, Gen. Suppl. iv. pt. ii. 4. — Eichler, Engler & Prantl
Pil. ii. 480. — A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. 413. — Endlicher, Phlanzenfam. ii. pt. i. 100.
Gen. 259. — Meisner, Gen. 352.— Bentham & Hooker, Platycladus, Spach, Hist. Vég. xi. 333 (in part) (1842).
Gen. iii. 427. — Kichler, Engler & Prantl Pflanzenfam. Thujopsis, Siebold & Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. ii. 32 (1842 ?).
ii. pt. 1. 99. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. xii. 34 (in part). — Mas- Retinospora, Siebold & Zucearini, Fl. Jap. ii. 36 (1842 ?).
ters, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxx. 18; xxxi. 325. Thuya, Bentham & Hooker, Gen. iii. 426 (in part) (not Lin-
- Chameecyparis, Spach, Hist. Vég. xi. 329 (1842). — End- nus) (1880). — Baillon, Hist. Pl. xii. 34 (in part).
Resinous often aromatic polymorphic trees, with thin and scaly or rarely thick and deeply furrowed
bark, usually pale straight-grained durable frequently fragrant wood, spreading or erect branches, slender
often deciduous branchlets, quadrangular (Eucupressus) or flattened and two-ranked in one horizontal
plane (Chamecyparis), naked buds, and fibrous roots. Leaves ovate, small, scale-like, decurrent and
adnate on the stem, thickened, rounded or carinate and glandular or eglandular on the back, denticulate
or entire, acute, acuminate or rounded and appressed or slightly spreading at the apex, decussately
opposite, closely imbricated, or on leading shoots often remote by the lengthening of the nodes, usually
dying and becoming brown and woody before falling; on vigorous sterile branchlets or young plants
acicular or linear-lanceolate and spreading. Flowers minute, moncecious on separate branches, opening
in early spring from buds formed the previous autumn. Staminate flower terminal on a leafy branch,
oblong or cylindrical, composed of a subsessile axis bearing numerous decussately opposite stamens ;
filaments short, enlarged into ovate or orbicular subpeltate yellow, brown, or scarlet connectives bearing
on their inner face from two to six globose two-valved pendulous anther-cells opening below longitu-
dinally ; pollen-grains simple. Pistillate flower terminal on a short axillary branch, solitary or rarely
fascicled, subglobose, composed of ovate acute membranaceous peltate opposite scales verticillately
disposed in from three to six ranks or decussate, those of the lower and sometimes of the upper ranks
sterile, slightly thickened at the base on the inner surface by the ovuliferous scales bearing one to four
or numerous free erect orthotropous bottle-shaped ovules. Fruit a short-stalked erect globose or sub-
globose strobile maturing the second or the first year, more or less rugose and glandular, often covered
with a glaucous bloom, formed by the enlargement of the ovuliferous scales, abruptly dilated, clavate
and flattened at the apex, or obpyramidal, bearing the remnants of the flower-scales developed into
short central more or less thickened mucros or bosses, closed before maturity, ultimately opening at the
apex of the scales, persistent on the branch after the discharge of the seeds. Seeds numerous, in
several rows (Eucupressus), or from one to five (Chamzcyparis), erect on the slender stalk-like base of
the scale, thick, acutely angled (Kucupressus), or subcylindrical and slightly compressed ; seed-coat of
two layers, produced into narrow or broad lateral wings, the outer thin and membranaceous, the inner
thicker and crustaceous. Embryo axile, erect in copious fleshy equal albumen; radicle superior,
shorter than the two or rarely three or four cotyledons turned away from the conspicuous or minute
hilum.?
1 The species of Cupressus may be grouped in the following numerous, in several rows with narrow wings, thick seed-coats,
sechons ees and conspicuous hilums ; branchlets quadrangular ; leaves denticu-
Evcurressus. Fruit large, maturing the second year; seeds late. Inhabitants of California, Arizona, Mexico, Lower Califor-
98
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
CONIFER.
Cupressus, of which about eighteen species can be distinguished, inhabits eastern and western North
America, Mexico, and Lower California,! eastern Asia, the temperate Himalayas, the Levant, and south-
eastern Europe. Seven species are found in the territory of the United States; of these one is
widely distributed in the Atlantic and Gulf coast regions, and the others are confined to the Pacific slope
of the continent. The genus is an ancient one, existing in Greenland in the tertiary period and later
extending into western Europe, from which it has now entirely disappeared.”
Many of the species of Cupressus produce wood esteemed in the arts, the most valuable timber-
trees of the genus being the North American Cupressus Lawsoniana, Cupressus Nootkatensis, and
Cupressus thyoides, the Japanese Cupressus obtusa® and Cupressus pisifera,' the Himalayan Cu-
nia, China, the Himalayas, southwestern Asia, and southeastern
Europe.
CHAM&cyYpPARIS (Sections Chamecyparis and Thuyopsis, Ben-
tham & Hooker Gen. iii. 427). Fruit small, maturing the first
year; seeds 1 to 4, with broad wings, thin seed-coats, and minute
hilums ; branchlets flattened, in one plane, often deciduous ; leaves
entire, those of the lateral ranks conduplicate, nearly covering
those of the other ranks. Inhabitants of the coast regions of At-
lantic and Pacific North America and of Japan.
1 Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. iii. 183.
Little is known of the specific characters, distribution, or uses
of the Mexican Cypresses which appear to be common in highland
forests. Three species have been described, but two of them are
perhaps merely forms of the same tree, and it is not improbable
that the Arizona Cypress, included in this work, should be referred
to one of the described Mexican species, although material to
establish its identification is not available.
Cupressus Guadalupensis (Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xiv. 300
[1879].— Engelmann, Brewer § Watson Bot. Cal. ii. 114), of
Guadaloupe Island and the mainland of Lower California, although
sometimes considered a variety of the California Cupressus mac-
rocarpa (Cupressus macrocarpa, var. G'uadaloupensis, Masters, Gard.
Chron. ser. 3, xviii. 62, f. 9, 11, 12 [1895]), appears distinct in its
more flaky bark, more slender branchlets, and glaucous and more
glandular foliage.
This beautiful tree has been cultivated for the last twenty years
in several gardens near San Francisco, and has been introduced
into Europe.
2 Saporta, Origine Paléontologique des Arbres, 98.— Zittel, Handb.
Paleontolog. ii. 323, 325.
3 K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. uu. 168 (1873). — Masters, Jour. R.
Hort. Soc. xiv. 207.
Retinospora obtusa, Siebold & Zuccarini, F7. Jap. ii. 38, t. 121
(1842?),
Chamecyparis obtusa, Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 63 (1847). —
Miquel, Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. iii. 168 (Prol. Fl. Jap.). — Parla-
tore, De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 466. — Franchet & Savatier,
Enum. Pl. Jap.i. 471. — Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 92. — Hansen,
Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 281 (Pinetum Danicum).
Chamcecyparis breviramea, Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pé-
tersburg, x. 489 (Meél. Biol. vi. 25) (1866). — Franchet & Sava-
tier, l. c. 470. — Beissner, J. c. 97.
Chameecyparis pendula, Maximowicz, I. c. (I. c.) (1866).—
Franchet & Savatier, J. c. 471. — Beissner, 1. c. 98.
Thuya obtusa, Masters, Jour. Linn. Soc. xviii. 491 (Conifers of
Japan) (1881).
Cupressus obtusa, var. breviramea, Masters, Jour. R. Hort. Soc.
Zl. v. (1892).
Cupressus obtusa, the Hi-no-ki of the Japanese, a native of the
southern mountain provinces, is the most valuable coniferous timber-
tree of Japan. Sacred to the disciples of the Shinto faith, it is
planted in the neighborhood of Shinto temples, which are built of
its wood ; and it is also largely cultivated for its timber in central
Japan, usually at elevations of two or three thousand feet above
the sea on northern slopes and in granite soil. In the planted
forests and in the temple gardens of Nikko the Hi-no-ki often
attains the height of a hundred feet, with a tall straight trunk
three feet in diameter near the ground and free of branches for
fifty or sixty feet, a narrow round-topped head, and pendulous
branchlets. The wood is light, strong, tough, and very durable
in contact with the soil, straight-grained, free from knots and resin,
pleasantly fragrant, and white, straw-colored, or pink, with a lus-
trous surface. The palaces of the Mikado in Kyoto were made
from the wood of this tree, and the roof was covered with strips of
its bark ; it serves for the frames of Buddhist temples and the
interior finish of the most expensive houses, and is considered the
best wood to lacquer ; during festivals food and drink are offered
to the gods on lacquered tables made of Hi-no-ki wood, and from
a table of Hi-no-ki the victim of Harikari received the fatal
dagger. (See Dupont, Essences Forestiéres du Japon, 18. — Rein,
Industries of Japan, 233. — Sargent, Forest Fl. Jap. 73.)
Introduced into the eastern United States in 1862, Cupressus
obtusa is hardy as far north as Halifax on the coast of Nova
Scotia, although, like many other Japanese trees, it suffers in the
New England and Middle States from summer droughts, and does
not promise to attain a large size.
In Japan Cupressus obtusa is a favorite subject for dwarfing, and
is often cut into eccentric shapes. Many abnormal varieties or
juvenile forms have long been cultivated, and have been introduced
The most distinct of these
abnormal forms are Retinospora lycopodioides (Gordon, Pinetum,
Suppl. 92 [1862]), in which the stout erect branchlets are densely
clothed with bluntly awl-shaped dark green leaves, and Retinospora
Jilicoides (Gordon, Pinetum, ed. 2, 363 [1875]), with long slender
branches clothed with short broad sprays of quadrangular branch-
lets.
For other garden varieties of Cupressus obtusa, see Carriére,
Traité Conif. ed. 2, 135. — Gard. Chron. n. ser. v. 235. — Veitch,
Man. Conif. 242. — Beissner, 1. c. 93.
4 K. Koch, Dendr. I. c. 170 (1873). — Masters, J. c. 207.
Retinospora pisifera, Siebold & Zuccarini, J. c. 39, t. 122
(1842 ?).
Chamecyparis pisifera, Endlicher, J. c. 64 (1847).— Miquel,
1. c. — Parlatore, J. c. 467. — Franchet & Savatier, l. c. 470. —
Beissner, J. c. 83. — Hansen, 1. c. 281.
Thuya pisifera, Masters, Jour. Linn. Soc. xviii. 489 (Conifers
of Japan) (1881).
into American and European gardens.
CONIFER.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
99
pressus torulosa,' and the Cupressus sempervirens ? of southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia.
Cupressus pisifera, the Sawara of the J apanese, is planted in
forests, and in temple grounds with Cupressus obtusa, from which it
can be distinguished by its smaller fruit and by its narrower and
more ragged crown of looser and more upright branches. The
wood is redder, with a coarse grain, and is less valuable than that
of the Hi-no-ki, although in Japan the two species are planted in
about equal numbers (Sargent, Forest Fl. Jap. 73). In the eastern
United States, where it is rather hardier than Cupressus obtusa, it
grows more rapidly, and promises to attain a larger size, but is
less desirable as an ornamental tree.
The most remarkable of the numerous abnormal forms of this
tree cultivated in gardens is one on which the leaves are all short
and acicular and disposed in decussate pairs, and are pale blue-
green and spreading or slightly bent toward the branchlets. It
is a low broad bushy tree or dense shrub with large divided and
forked branches, and is : —
Cupressus pisifera, var. a squarrosa, Masters, Jour. R. Hort. Soc.
xiv. 207 (1892).
fvetinospora squarrosa, Siebold & Zuccarini, Fi. Jap. ii. 40, t.
123 (1842 ?). — Gordon, Pinetum, ed. 2, 371.
Chamecyparis squarrosa, Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 65 (1847). —
Parlatore, De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 466.— Franchet &
Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. i. 471.
Cupressus squarrosa, K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 171 (1873).
Thuya pisifera, var. squarrosa, Masters, Jour. Linn. Soc. xviii.
490 (Conifers of Japan) (1881).
Chamecyparis pisifera squarrosa, Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 85
(1891).
Almost as remarkable is a form with long slender pendulous
thread-like branchlets clothed with subulate acute dark green
This is : —
Cupressus pisifera, var. ¢ filifera, Masters, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. l. c.
(1892).
Retinospora filifera, Gordon, 1. c. 365 (1875). — Syme, Gard.
Chron. n. ser. v. 237, f. 43.— Veitch, Man. Conif. 243.
Thuya pisifera, var. filifera, Masters, Jour. Linn. Soc. l. c. 491
(1881).
Chamecyparis pisifera filifera, Beissner, J. c. 90, f. 23 (1891).
Other forms of Cupressus pisifera are distinguished by their
leaves distributed in remote alternate pairs.
yellow or silvery leaves, by their dwarf and compact habit, and by
their more slender or stouter branches ; but the parentage of all
these abnormal forms of the Japanese Retinosporas is sooner or
later declared by the appearance of occasional branches covered
with normal leaves. (For varieties of Cupressus pisifera, see Car-
riére, Traité Conif. ed. 2, 137. — Gordon, 1. c. 362. — Veitch, J. ¢.
242. — Beissner, /. c. 87.)
1D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 55 (1825). — Lambert, Pinus, ii.
18.— Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2478, £. 2329-2331. — Forbes, Pine-
tum Woburn. 189.— Spach, Hist. Vég. xi. 329. — Flore des Serres,
vii. 192, f. 236. — Endlicher, J. c. 57. — Griffith, Icon. Pl. Asiat. iv.
t. 372. —Carriére, Traité Conif. 117.— Gordon, Pinetum, 69. —
Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn. Nadelh. 233.— Parlatore, 1. v. 469. —
Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 645. — Masters, Jour. R. Hort. Soe.
xvii. 11 (The Cedar of Goa).
Cupressus Tournefortii, Tenore, Mem. Soc. Ital. Sci. Modena,
xxv. pt. ii. 194, t. 1, 2 (exel. syn.) (1855).
Cupressus torulosa inhabits dry slopes on the western Himalayas
from Nepal to Chamba at elevations of from 5,500 to 8,000 feet,
and is widely distributed, although less common than many of the
other Himalayan Conifers. It is usually seventy or eighty feet
tall, with a trunk two or three feet in diameter, but occasionally
attains a height of one hundred and fifty feet, with a trunk five
feet through ; its whorls of horizontal branches, pendulous at the
extremities, form a broad pyramidal crown, and its thin bark
separates into long narrow scales which are often spirally twisted
around the stem. The wood is soft and straight-grained but not
strong ; it is nearly white tinged with red or yellow, and is occa-
sionally used in building ; matches are made from it, and it is
burned as incense. (See Madden, Proc. Agric. and Hort. Soc. India,
iv. pt. ii, 129 [Himalayan Conifere].— Brandis, Forest Fil. Brit.
Ind. 533. — Gamble, Man. Indian Timbers, 410. — Balfour, Cyclope-
dia of India, ed. 3, i. 857.)
2 Linnzus, Spec. 1002 (1753).— Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No. 1.—
Seopoli, Fl. Carn. ed.-2, ii. 249. —Geertner, Fruct. ii. 64, t. 91. —
Schkuhr, Handb. iii. 286, t. 310.— Nouveau Duhamel, iii. 2, t. 1.—
Willdenow, Spec. iv. pt.i.511.— Poiret, Lam. Dict. Ill. iti. 369, t.
787. — Watson, Dendr. Brit. ii. 155, t. 155. — Richard, Comm. Bot.
Conif. t. 9. —Schouw, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 3, iii. 241 (Coniferes
d’Italie). — Reichenbach, Icon. Fl. German. xi. 5, t. 534.— Will-
komm & Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hispan. i. 20.— Parlatore, Fi. Ital.
iv. 71; De Candolle Prodr. 1. c. 468. — Boissier, Fl. Orient. v.
705. — Hooker f. 1. c. 645. — Masters, J. c.
Cupressus sempervirens, a, Lamarck, Dict. ii. 241 (1786).
Cupressus lugubris, Salisbury, Prodr. 397 (1796).
Cupressus pyramidalis, Targioni-Tozzetti, Obs. Bot. iii. — v. 73
(1810). — Savi, Tratt. Alb. Tosc. ed. 2, ii. 64.
Cupressus fastigiata, De Candolle, Lamarck Fil. Franc. ed. 3,
v. 536 (1815).
Cupressus conoidea, Spadoni, Xilolog. i. 189 (1826). — Carriére,
Ll. c. 128.
Cupressus sempervirens stricta, Loudon, J. c. iv. 2465, f. 2320,
2326, t. (1838).
Cupressus Whitleyana, Carriére, 1. c. 128 (1855).
Cupressus umbilicata, Parlatore, Ind. Sem. Hort. Firenze, 22
(1860) ; Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 4, xiii. 378.
Cupressus sempervirens, « Indica, Parlatore, De Candolle Prodr.
I. c. 469 (1868).
Cupressus sempervirens, y umbilicata, Parlatore, 1. v. (1868).
Cupressus sempervirens, a fastigiata, Beissner, J. c. 102 (1891).
Cupressus sempervirens, which often grows to a great age, is a tree
with erect branches pressed against the trunk and forming a nar-
row compact cylindrical head, and occasionally attains the height
of one hundred feet, but is rarely more than seventy or eighty feet
tall.
early times, and was carried from Greece to Italy by the Romans.
Unknown in a wild state, it has been cultivated since very
The wood is fragrant, light red-brown in color, and close-grained
and very durable, although not hard or strong ; mummy cases are
believed to have been made of it in Egypt, and it is said to have
furnished the material from which the doors of the temple of Diana
at Ephesus and the statue of Jupiter in the Capitol at Rome were
made. The Romans used posts and stakes of Cupressus wood for
many rural purposes, and in the countries of southeastern Europe it
is now made into chests to protect woolens from the attacks of insects.
Among the ancients the evergreen foliage of the Cypress and
the fact that it would immediately rise again to an upright position
if bent down by the wind or by manual force, ranked it among the
symbols of immortality ; it was also regarded as an emblem of
mortality and bereavement because, when it was cut down, its
stump threw out no fresh shoots. In medieval Persia the pyram-
idal outline of the Cypress was thought to resemble a flame, and
100
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
CONIFER.
Cupressus sempervirens and Cupressus funebris* have long been used to decorate gardens and burial-
places, and Cupressus Lusitanica® and several of the American species are often planted in parks.
In North America Cupressus is not seriously injured by insect enemies * or subject to destructive
fungal diseases.*
The
people of the Levant still plant Cypress-trees in their burial-
For
centuries it has been cultivated in gardens in Afghanistan, Cash-
The Romans
used it for garden decoration, cutting it into fantastic shapes ; it is
it was planted near the temples of the fire-worshipers.
grounds, and the Turks place one at either end of the grave.
mere, and the other states of northwestern India.
still one of the chief ornaments of the formal gardens of southern
Europe, and its dark slender forms, rising singly or in groups or
rows from the court-yards of houses, give charm and individuality
to the towns of southern and southeastern Europe and southwestern
Asia. (See Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2464.— Brandis, Forest Fl. Brit.
Ind. 533. — Garden and Forest, ii. 458.)
Botanists are now nearly unanimous in believing the pyramidal
Cypress to be a form of the Cypress of the mountainous districts
of the eastern Mediterranean Basin where it is distributed from
This is : —
Cupressus sempervirens horizontalis, Loudon, 1. c. 2465 (1838). —
Gordon, Pinetum, 68. — Parlatore, Fl. Ital. iv. 72; De Candolle
Prodr. xvi. pt. 1i. 468. — Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 102.
Cupressus sempervirens, B, Linnzeus, Spec. 1003 (1753). — La-
marek, Dict. ii. 242. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 372. — Spach, Hist.
Vég. xi. 326.
Cupressus horizontalis, Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No. 2 (1768). —
Nouveau Duhamel, iii. 6. — Willdenow, Spec. iv. pt. i. 511.—
Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 56. — Reichenbach, Icon. Fl. German. xi.
5, t. 534. — Carriére, Traité Conif. 115. — Willkomm & Lange,
Prodr. Fl. Hispan. i. 21.
Cupressus elongata, Salisbury, Prodr. 397 (1796).
Cupressus patula, Spadoni, Xilolog. i. 193 (1826).
Cupressus horizontalis, B pendula, Endlicher, J. v. (1847).
Cupressus globulifera, Parlatore, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 4, xiii. 377
(1860).
Cupressus spherocarpa, Parlatore, 1. c. 378 (1860).
the island of Crete to northern Persia.
Cupressus sempervirens, y spherocarpa, Parlatore, De Candolle
Prodr. l. v. 468 (1868).
Cupressus sempervirens, 6 globulifera, Parlatore, 1. c. 469 (1868).
1 «These monuments of departed greatness are surrounded by
trees, such as different species of Cypress, whose deep and melan-
choly hue seems to have pointed them everywhere out, as well
suited for scenes of woe: the Church-yard Yew did not, however,
grow there, nor was it observed in any part of China: but a
species of weeping thuya, or lignum vite, with long and pendent
branches, unknown in Europe, overhung many of the graves.”
(Staunton, Embassy to China, ii. 445, t. 41 [1797].) This is the
first reference in western literature to this tree, which is : —
Cupressus funebris, Endlicher, 1. c. 58 (1847). — Carriére, 1. c.
120. — Planchon, Fi. des Serres, vi. 90, t. — Gard. Chron. 1850,
439, £. 31-33.— Gordon, J. v. 60.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn.
Nadelh. 236. — Parlatore, De Candolle Prodr.exvi. pt. ii. 471. —
Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 646.
Cupressus pendula, Lambert, Pinus, ii. 115, t. 50 (not Thunberg
nor L’Heritier [1824]).
Cupressus funebris is a tree, sometimes eighty feet in height,
with a tall erect cylindrical trunk, and long slender pendulous
branches which form a broad symmetrical head. Light glaucous
acicular leaves clothe the young plants, and are followed by scale-
like closely appressed yellow-green leaves ; erect in habit while
young, its horizontal branches lengthen and become pendulous
with age and develop long slender branchlets which descend to-
ward the ground. Cupressus funebris appears to be indigenous in
western China, and is frequently used in the Celestial Empire to
mark graves and to decorate gardenssand temple grounds ; and in
Nepaul, Sikkim, and Bhotan, at elevations of from four to eight
thousand feet, it is planted near Buddhist temples. (See Hooker, f.
Himalayan Journals, i. 314, f.) It was introduced into England
in 1849 by Robert Fortune, who found it in a garden not far from
Shanghai, and afterward also farther west, “frequently in clumps
on the sides of the hills, where it has a most striking and beau-
tiful effect on the Chinese landscape” (Fortune, Gard. Chron.
1850, 228). In the United States and in Europe Cupressus fune-
bris has not yet developed the beauty which it displays in its native
country (Veitch, Man. Conif. 229).
2 Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No. 3 (1768).— Willdenow, Spec. iv. pt.
i. 511. — Loudon, J. c. 2477, f. 2328.— Tenore, Mem. Soc. Ital.
Sct. Modena, xxv. pt. ii. 189. — Carriére, J. c. 119. — Gordon, 1. c.
63.
Cupressus pendula, L’Héritier, Stirp. Nov. 15, t. 8 (not Thun-
berg nor Lamarck) (1784).
Cupressus glauca, Lamarck, Dict. ii. 243 (1786). — Brotero, Fi.
Lusitan. i. 216. — Spach, Hist. Vég. xi. 328. — Endlicher, lc.
58.— Henkel & Hochstetter, /. c. 235. -— Parlatore, J. c. 470.
Cupressus Lusitanica, usually called the Cedar of Goa, is a tree
sixty or seventy feet tall, with spreading flexuose branches and
pendulous branchlets clothed with glaucous leaves; it has been
cultivated in Portugal, where it has been naturalized for more
than two hundred and fifty years, and near Coimbra in the forest
of Bussaco it now forms an ancient grove in which more than
five thousand trees are said to grow (Gomes, Jorn. Hort. Prat.
ii. 64. — Magalhiaes, Relatorio da Administragdo geral das Mattas
do Reino, 1872-73, 141. — Daveau, Rev. Hort. 1884, 184); in
England it has been cultivated at least since 1680. Cupressus
Lusitanica is not believed by Portuguese botanists to be a native
of that country ; and it is probably, as its popular name indicates,
a native of India, where it is still cultivated in the gardens of the
western Ghats. Several Indian botanists believe it to be a form
of Cupressus sempervirens or of Cupressus torulosa (see Dalzell &
Gibson, Bomb. Fl. Suppl. 83.— Hooker f. 1. c. 645), but Brandis
(i. c. 534) considers that the specific distinctions between these
species invite further investigation, and Masters, who has written
the history of the Cedar of Goa, reaches the same conclusion. (See
Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xvii. 1 [The Cedar of Goa].)
3 Few species of insects are known to affect Cupressus in North
America, although these trees and their insect enemies have re-
A bark beetle, Phlaosi-
nus cristatus, Leconte, is said to be destructive to hedges and wind-
ceived little attention from entomologists.
breaks of Cupressus macrocarpa in Contra Costa County, California
(Insect Life, v. 262); and a twig borer, Argyresthia cupressella,
Walsingham, is described as causing the twigs of cultivated Cy-
press-trees in the neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, to turn
brown and die in the spring (Insect Life, iii. 116).
like swellings are found on the tips of twigs of Cupressus macro-
Small cone-
carpa at Monterey, California, but the insects which cause them
have not been studied.
4 Little is known of the species of fungi which grow on the
CONIFER.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
101
Cupressus may be raised from seeds, which germinate the first season, and by cuttings made from
leading branchlets of the year.’
Cupressus, the classical name of the Cypress-tree, was adopted by Linneus from Tournefort® and
other pre-Linnzan botanists.
Cypress-trees of Pacific North America, although half a dozen are
reported on the leaves and branches of Cupressus macrocarpa,
including two species of Pestalozzia, which, however, are not con-
fined to Cupressus. Cupressus thyoides of the Atlantic coast region
is attacked, however, by two very characteristic Rust fungi, Gym-
nosporangium biseptatum, Ellis, and G'ymnosporangium Ellisii, Far-
low. The former causes oval or nodular swellings on the branch-
lets, attacking even the larger branches and sometimes the main
trunk. These tumor-like bodies are often of a large size, so that
a tree affected by this fungus can be recognized from a consider-
able distance. Its cluster-cup, Restelia Botryapites, Schweinitz, is
found on the leaves of Amelanchier Canadensis, Medicus. G'ym-
nosporangium Ellisii causes a fasciation of the smaller branches,
which then resemble more or less fan-shaped brooms. The external
portion of the fungus is smaller and less gelatinous than in any
other species of this genus ; its cluster-cup stage is unknown. A
few small fungi also attack the leaves and twigs of these trees,
including two species of Hendersonia and Pestalozzia ; and Pitya
Cupressi, Saccardo, appears on the leaves with small flat cups or
disks of an agreeable orange-color. A rotting of railway-ties
made of the wood of this species is reported to be due to the
growth of Agaricus Campanella, Batsch, a small toad-stool common
on the trunks of several trees in Europe and America.
! Daveau, Rev. Hort. 1887, 88.
2 Inst. 587, t. 358.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
EUCUPRESSUS.
rangular; leaves centiculate.
Leaves obscurely glandular.
Branchlets stout ; leaves dark green .
Branchlets stout; leaves glaucous .
Branchlets slender ; leaves dark green
Leaves conspicuously glandular.
Branchlets slender; leaves dark green, often slightly glaucous . . woe ee we A
Cones small, maturing the first season; seeds 1 to 4; branchlets flattened in
CHAMZCYPARIS.
one horizontal plane ; leaves entire.
Bark thin, divided into flat ridges.
Branchlets slender, compressed, their leaves often conspicuously glandular . . . . 5.
Branchlets stout, slightly flattened or subterete ; leaves usually eglandular . . . . 6.
Bark thick, divided into broad rounded ridges.
Branchlets slender, compressed ; leaves conspicuously glandular. . - - - - + + 7.
Cones large, maturing the second season; seeds numerous; branchlets quad-
1. C. MACROCARPA.
. C. ARIZONICA.
3. C. GOVENIANA.
bo
C. MAcNABIANA.
C. THYOIDES.
C. NooTKATENSIS.
C. LAWSONIANA.
CONIFER,
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
103
CUPRESSUS MACROCARPA.
Monterey Cypress.
Fruit large. Branchlets stout.
Cupressus macrocarpa, Gordon, Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond.
iv. 296, f. (1849) ; Pinetwm, 65. — Lindley & Gordon,
Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. v. 206. — Knight, Syn. Conif.
20.— Bentham, Pl. Hartweg. 337.— Torrey, Bot. Mex.
Bound. Surv. 211. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn. Nadelh.
239. — (Nelson) Senilis, Pinacee, 73. — Hoopes, Hver-
greens, 353. — Parlatore, De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii.
473. — K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 148. — Engelmann,
Brewer & Watson Bot. Cal. ii. 113. — Veitch, Man.
Conif. 234. — Lawson, Pinetum Brit. ii. 195, t. 32. —
Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S.ix.179. —
Lemmon, Rep. California State Board Forestry, iii. 180,
t. 25, 26 (Cone-Bearers of California) ; West-American
Cone-Bearers, 76. — Mayr, Wald. Nordam. 271, £. 8. —
Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 103. — Masters, Jour. R. Hort.
Soc. xiv. 206; Jour. Linn. Soc. xxxi. 342 (excel. var.
Guadeloupensis and var. Farallonensis). — Hansen, Jour.
Leaves dark green, obscurely glandular.
fi. Hort. Soc. xiv. 286 (Pinetum Danicum). — Koehne,
Deutsche Dendr. 50.
Cupressus macrocarpa, var. fastigiata, Knight, Syn.
Conif. 20 (1850). — Parlatore, De Candolle Prodr. xvi.
pt. ii. 473. — Veitch, Man. Conif. 234.
Cupressus torulosa, Lindley & Paxton, Fl. Gard. i. 167,
f. 105 (not D. Don) (1851) ; #2. des Serres, vii. 192, f. —
The Garden, xxvii. 39, f.
Cupressus Lambertiana, Carritre, Traité Conif. 124
(1855) ; Rev. Hort. 1855, 233.
Cupressus Lambertiana, var. fastigiata, Carriére, Traité
Conif. 124 (1855).
Cupressus Hartwegii, Carritre, Rev. Hort. 1855, 233:
Traité Conif. ed. 2, 168.
Cupressus Hartwegii, var. fastigiata, Carritre, Ziaité
Conif. ed. 2, 169 (1867).
Cupressus macrocarpa, var. Lambertiana, Masters,
Jour. Linn. Soc. xxxi. 343 (1896).
A tree, often sixty or seventy feet in height, with a short trunk two or three, or exceptionally five
or six feet in diameter ; while it is young the branches are slender and erect, forming a narrow or
broad bushy pyramidal head, and when uncrowded by other trees they become stout and spreading in
old age, and form a broad flat-topped head.’ The bark of the trunk is from three quarters of an inch
to an inch in thickness, and irregularly divided into broad flat connected ridges, which separate freely
into narrow elongated thick persistent scales; on young stems and on the upper branches it is dark red-
brown, but on old and storm-worn trees becomes at last almost white. The branchlets are stout, and
when the leaves fall, at the end of three or four years, are covered with thin light or dark reddish
brown bark, which separates sparingly into small papery scales.
appressed or slightly spreading at the acute apex, thickened on the back, which is obscurely glandular-
pitted, and frequently marked with two longitudinal furrows, about an eighth of an inch long, and
The leaves are broadly ovate, closely
dark green; those on young plants are spreading and acicular, prominently ridged below, and from one
quarter to one half of an inch in length. The flowers are yellow, and open late in February or early in
March. The staminate flowers are oblong, quadrangular, and an eighth of an inch long, with six or
eight decussately opposite stamens, their broadly ovate peltate connectives, which are slightly erose on the
margins, bearing four or five dark orange-colored pollen-sacs. The pistillate flowers are oblong and
about an eighth of an inch in length, with spreading acuminate scales.
second season, and is clustered, is raised on a stout peduncle from a quarter to a third of an inch in
length, and is oblong, from an inch to an inch and a half long, and about two thirds of an inch broad,
with four or six pairs of scales, slightly puberulous, especially on the margins, furnished with broadly
The fruit, which ripens in the
ovate thickened or occasionally on the upper scales subconical bosses, the scales of the upper and lower
pairs being smaller than the others and sterile. About twenty seeds are produced under each fertile
scale; they are angled by mutual pressure, light chestnut-brown, and about three sixteenths of an inch
lone.
° 1 Hooker f. Gard. Chron. n. ser. xxiii. 176, f. 34. — Garden and Forest, vii. 241, f. 7.
104 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CONIFERE
Cupressus macrocarpa inhabits the coast of California south of the Bay of Monterey, where it
occupies an area about two miles long and two hundred yards wide, extending from Cypress Point
southward to the shores of Carmel Bay, and forms a smaller grove on Point Lobos, the southern
boundary of the bay. In this restricted region the Monterey Cypress gives a peculiar picturesqueness
to one of the most beautiful reaches of coast on the continent. The high bright red granite cliffs
perpetually bathed in spray are crowned by solitary, sentinel-like trees, with low flat heads and branches
contorted by the gales of the Pacific; just back of the cliffs it forms a grove broken into grass-covered
glades bright in early spring with countless flowers, where scattered individuals display the greatest size
and beauty attained by this tree; and farther inland it mingles gradually with Pinus insignis, which
at this point is the principal inhabitant of the forests of the low rolling coast-hills.’
The wood of Cupressus macrocarpa is heavy, hard, and strong, although rather brittle, very
durable in contact with the soil, close-grained, easily worked, and slightly fragrant, with a satiny sur-
face susceptible of receiving a beautiful polish; it is clear bright brown streaked with red and yellow,
with thin light yellow sapwood, and contains thin dark-colored conspicuous bands of small summer-
cells and numerous hardly distinguishable medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely
dry wood is 0.6261, a cubic foot weighing 39.02 pounds.
Although its seeds appear to have reached England in 1838,’ Cupressus macrocarpa was first
made known to botanists in 1847 by Karl Theodor Hartweg,? who had found it at Cypress Point the
previous autumn.’ It is now the most universally cultivated coniferous tree in the Pacific states, where
it has proved hardy from Vancouver’s Island to Lower California, and grows with remarkable rapidity ;
it is one of the chief ornaments of the parks and gardens of central California, and, enduring an
annual shortening of the branches, it is often cut into fantastic forms, and is also successfully used in
hedges and wind-breaks. Cupressus macrocarpa has proved hardy in the southeastern states, where,
however, it has not been largely planted, in western and southern Europe, where it grows as rapidly as
it does in California, and has already attained a large size,’ and in temperate South America and Austra-
ha. In European nurseries a few abnormal seminal forms have appeared, and are occasionally cultivated.°
1 The vigorous constitution which this tree shows in its ability 3 See ii. 34.
to withstand long exposure to gales and saline spray on the cliffs
of the Pacific Ocean, and in its unusual power to adapt itself to
very different climatic conditions, would seem to indicate that it
once occupied a much larger area of central California, and has
been restricted to the shores of Carmel Bay by the gradual drying
of the climate, or by the direct action of fire during comparatively
recent times.
2 Seeds of a Cupressus were given by Mr. Lambert to the Horti-
cultural Society of London in 1838. These produced plants to
which the name of Cupressus Lambertiana was provisionally given,
and which afterwards proved to be Hartweg’s Cupressus macro-
carpa. (See Gordon, Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. iv. 296.)
4 Hartweg, Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. ii. 187.
5 Fowler, Gard. Chron. 1872, 285; n. ser. xx. 603. — Gard.
Chron. ser. 3, xvi. 658.
§ Cupressus macrocarpa Crippsi (Gordon, Pinetum, ed. 2, 93
[1875]) is distinguished by its compact habit and the silvery white-
ness of the young leaves. In Cupressus macrocarpa flagelliformis
(Gordon, l. c. [1875]) the branches are long and slightly pendulous,
with elongated branchlets clothed with light glaucous green foliage.
For other varieties of Cupressus macrocarpa, see Carriére, Traité
Conif. ed. 2, 167 ; Rev. Hort. 1870, 191, f£. 37.
In European gardens Cupressus macrocarpa is occasionally culti-
vated as Cupressus Reinwardtit.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Pirate DXXV. CUPRESSUS MACROCARPA.
A flowering and fruiting branch, natural size.
A staminate flower, enlarged.
A stamen, front view, enlarged.
A pistillate flower, enlarged.
ee a te ae
enlarged.
6. A seed, enlarged.
- A scale of a pistillate flower with its ovules, front view,
7. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.
8. An embryo, enlarged.
9. End of a branchlet, enlarged.
10. A leaf, enlarged.
11. Cross section of a branchlet, enlarged.
12. A seedling, natural size.
Tab. DXXV.
Silva of North America.
Rapine sc.
Imp. J Taneur, Paris.
CUPRESSUS MACROCARPA., Gord.
A Rivocreux arex c
CE. Faxon del,
CONIFER. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 105
CUPRESSUS ARIZONICA.
Cypress.
Fruit large. Branchlets stout. Leaves glaucous, usually eglandular.
Cupressus Arizonica, Greene, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix. Cupressus Guadalupensis, Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am.
64 (1882).— Rusby, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix. 79. — 10th Census U. S. ix. 180 (not Watson) (1884).
Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xviii. 157.— Lemmon, Rep. Cupressus Arizonica var. bonita, Lemmon, West-Ameri-
California State Board Forestry, iii. 179 (Cone-Bearers can Cone-Bearers, 76 (1895).
of California); West-American Cone-Bearers, 75.— Cupressus Benthami, var. Arizonica, Masters, Kew
Masters, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 204. Hand-List of Conifere, 37 (1896); Jour. Linn. Soe.
xxxi. 340, f. 14, 17.
A tree, usually thirty or forty, but occasionally seventy feet in height, with a trunk from two to
four feet in diameter, and horizontal branches forming a narrow pyramidal or occasionally a broad flat
head. The bark on old trunks is thin and dark red-brown, and separates freely into long shreds one
or two inches in width, which often remain hanging upon it for years; on young trunks and on the
branches it breaks into large irregular thin scales, which, in falling, disclose the bright red inner bark.
The branchlets are stout, and after the leaves have fallen are covered with smooth close thin light red-
brown bark, more or less covered with a glaucous bloom. The leaves are ovate, acute, thickened,
carinate and eglandular or occasionally obscurely glandular-pitted on the back, pale glaucous green,
closely appressed or often slightly spreading, and about an eighth of an inch in length; dying usually
during the second season, they become light red-brown and glaucous, and remain on the branches for
two or three years longer. The staminate flowers are oblong, obtuse, nearly a quarter of an inch in
length, and composed of six or eight stamens, with broadly ovate acute yellow connectives slightly
erose on the margins. The pistillate flowers are unknown. The fruit is subglobose, slightly puberu-
lous, about an inch in diameter, dark red-brown, covered with a thick glaucous bloom, and raised on a
stout peduncle from one quarter to one third of an inch in length, with six, or occasionally eight scales,
furnished with stout cylindrical pointed often incurved prominent bosses. The seeds vary in shape
from oblong to nearly triangular, and from one sixteenth to nearly one eighth of an inch in length, and
are dark red-brown, with thin narrow wings.
Cupressus Arizonica inhabits the mountains of central, eastern, and southern Arizona, often
constituting, usually on northern slopes, almost pure forests of considerable extent, at elevations of from
five to eight thousand feet above the sea, and also the mountains of northern Sonora and Chihuahua.
Local in its distribution in Arizona, it forms a grove of several thousand trees at the natural bridge
over Pine Creek, a tributary of the Verde River near Payson, in central Arizona ;’
Santa Rita, Santa Catalina, and Chiracahua Mountains in the southern part of the territory, and on the
San Francisco Mountains in the extreme eastern part, where it was discovered in the neighborhood
of the town of Clifton on September 1, 1880, by Professor Edward L. Greene;* and on the mountain
ranges north of Mt. Graham it is common, and forms extensive forests.
The wood of Cupressus Arizonica is light, soft, close-grained, and easily worked. It is gray,
often faintly streaked with yellow, with thick light yellow sapwood, and contains broad conspicuous
bands of small summer-cells and numerous obscure medullary rays. The specific gravity of the
absolutely dry wood is 0.4843, a cubic foot weighing 30.18 pounds.
Cupressus Arizonica was introduced into European gardens in 1882 through the agency of the
Arnold Arboretum, and has proved hardy in England.’
1 Toumey, Garden and Forest, viii. 22. 2 See viii. 84. 8 Masters, Gard. Chron. ser. 3, x. 364.
it grows on the
es
oS
CHNAMe RWHP
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Puatt DXXVI. Cupressus ARIZONICA.
. A fruiting branch, natural size.
A branch with staminate flowers, natural size.
A staminate flower, enlarged.
A stamen, front view, enlarged.
. A seed divided transversely, enlarged.
Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.
An embryo, enlarged.
. The end of a branchlet, enlarged.
. Cross section of a branchlet, enlarged.
. A leaf, enlarged.
Tab. DXXVI.
Silva of North America.
Ys
%
SQ
Humely SC.
CE. Faxon del.
CUPRESSUS ARIZONICA, Greene.
Imp. J. Taneur, Paris .
A. Riocreux direx ©
CONIFERS. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 107
CUPRESSUS GOVENIANA.
Cypress.
Fruit large or small. Branchlets slender. Leaves dark green, eglandular or
obscurely glandular.
Cupressus Goveniana, Gordon, Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. iv. 346, f. 21, 22.— Hansen, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 284
295, f. (1849) ; Pinetum, 60.— Lindley & Gordon, Jour. (Pinetum Danicum). — Lemmon, West-American Cone-
Hort. Soc. Lond. vy. 206. — Carritre, Traité Conif. 125. — Bearers, 76.
Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 211. — Bentham, Pi. Cupressus Californica, Carritre, Traité Conif. 127 (1855).
Hartweg. 337.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn. Nadelh. Cupressus Californica gracilis, (Nelson) Senilis, Pina-
240. — Hoopes, Hvergreens, 352. — Parlatore, De Candolle cee, 70 (in part) (1866).
Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 472. — Engelmann, Brewer & Watson Cupressus cornuta, Carritre, Rev. Hort. 1866, 250, f.
Bot. Cal. ii. 114. — Veitch, Man. Conif. 230. — Sargent, Cupressus macrocarpa, ? var. Farallonensis, Masters,
Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 179. — Mas- Jour. Linn. Soc. xxxi. 344 (1896).
ters, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 205; Jour. Linn. Soc. xxxi.
A tree, occasionally fifty feet tall, with a short trunk two feet in diameter, and slender erect or
spreading branches which form a handsome open head; usually much smaller, often shrubby in habit,
and frequently producing fruit when only twelve or eighteen inches in height. The bark of the trunk
varies from one quarter to one half of an inch in thickness, and is dark brown tinged with red, and
divided irregularly into narrow flat connected ridges which separate into thin persistent oblong scales
displaying, when they fall, the bright red-brown inner bark. The branchlets are slender and covered
with close thin smooth bark orange-colored at first, but soon turning bright reddish brown, and often at
the end of two or three years becoming purplish in color, and finally a dark brown more or less tinged
with gray. The leaves, which on vigorous young shoots are remote by the lengthening of the nodes,
are ovate, acute, rounded and obscurely glandular-pitted or eglandular on the back, closely appressed,
dark green, and from one sixteenth to one eighth of an inch in length; in dying they turn bright red-
brown, and fall at the end of three or four years; those on young plants are acicular, spreading, and
from one eighth to one quarter of an inch in length. The flowers are yellow, and appear im early
spring. The staminate flowers are four-angled, with thin broadly ovate slightly erose peltate connectives ;
and the pistillate are usually composed of six or eight acute slightly spreading scales, and are about an
eighth of an inch long. The fruit is subglobose or oblong, from half an inch to nearly an inch in
length, reddish brown or purple, lustrous, and slightly puberulous, especially along the margins of the
scales; these are six or eight in number, with broadly ovate, generally rounded and flattened, or rarely
short and conical bosses. The seeds are light brown and lustrous, about one sixth of an inch in length,
and flattened or four-angled, about twenty being produced under each fertile scale.
Exceedingly variable in size and habit and in the thickness of its branchlets and the size of its
cones, Cupressus Goveniana, although nowhere very abundant, is widely distributed through the
California coast region, from the plains of Mendocino County to the mountains of San Diego County,
frequently ascending the cafions of the mountain ranges of central California to elevations of nearly
three thousand feet above the level of the sea, and attaining its largest size near mountain streams,
where it is often associated with the Douglas Fir and the Yellow Pine; more abundant at lower
elevations, it often covers in Monterey and Mendocino Counties extensive tracts of sandy barrens or
rocky slopes extending inland a few miles from the coast, growing as a low bush frequently only a few
inches in height.
The wood of Cupressus Goveniana is light, soft, not strong, brittle, and close-grained ; it is light
108 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CONIFER.
brown, with thick nearly white sapwood, and contains broad dark-colored conspicuous bands of small
summer-cells and thin obscure medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is
0.4689, a cubic foot weighing 29.22 pounds.
Cupressus Goveniana was discovered in 1846 by Karl Theodor Hartweg, by whom it was
introduced into English gardens. It has proved hardy in western and southern Europe, where it is
frequently cultivated as an ornamental tree,’ and has attained a large size and produced its fruit.
Forms abnormal in habit and in the color of the foliage which have appeared in European nurseries are
occasionally cultivated.’
The specific name commemorates the services to horticulture of James Robert Gowen.’
1 Fowler, Gard. Chron. 1872, 285. Caernarvon” (Hooker, Bot. Mag. lxv. under t. 3676). Mr. Gowen
2 See Carriére, ed. 2, 171. was a member of the council of the Horticultural Society of Lon-
3 “Mr. Gowen is a gentleman of independent fortune, much de- don from 1836 to the end of 1856, and also served it as secretary.
voted to Science, and well known in the most respectable circles in He was the author of several papers on the hybridization of
London ; and under whose advice and direction many of the im- Amaryllis, published in the Transactions of this Society.
provements at High Clere had been effected by the late Earl of
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Puate DXXVII. Cupressus GOVENIANA.
. A flowering and fruiting branch, natural size.
. A staminate flower, enlarged.
. A stamen, front view, enlarged.
. A pistillate flower, enlarged.
. A scale of a pistillate flower with ovules, front view, enlarged.
A seed, enlarged.
. A seed, enlarged.
. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.
OWDADADAP WD
. An embryo, enlarged.
ay
—)
. A leaf, enlarged.
an
. Cross section of a branchlet, enlarged.
Tab. DXXVII.
Lovendal sc.
ZZZ
Z
YF
=S
WZ
i
SSS et
pO aN \
==
SSH
4 iy
d/
f
Silva of North America.
CLE Fazon del.
CUPRESSUS GOVENIANA, Gord.
Lup. J. Taneur, Paris
A. Riocreux aires. *
CONIFER. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 109
CUPRESSUS MACNABIANA.
Cypress.
Fruit large. Branchlets slender. Leaves dark green, often glaucous, conspicu-
ously glandular.
Cupressus Macnabiana, A. Murray, Edinburgh New Soc. xxxi. 347, f. 23, 24. — Hansen, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv.
Phil. Jour. n. ser. i. 293, t. 11 (1855). — Gard. Chron. 286 (Pinetum Danicum). — Koehne, Deutsche Dendr.
1855, 420.— Gordon, Pinetum, 64.— Carriere, Traité 50. — Lemmon, West-American Cone-Bearers, 77.
Conf. ed. 2, 165; Rev. Hort. 1870, 155, £. 26.— Hoopes, Cupressus glandulosa, Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn. Na-
Evergreens, 353. — Parlatore, De Candolle Prodr. xvi. delh. 241 (1865).
pt. i. 473. —K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 150.— Engel- Cupressus Californica gracilis (Nelson) Senilis, Pina-
mann, Brewer & Watson Bot. Cal. ii. 114. — Veitch, cee, 70 (in part) (1866).
Man. Conif. 233.— Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Cupressus Nabiana, Masters, Gard. Chron. ser. 3, ix. 403,
Census U. S. ix. 180. — Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. f. 90 (1891).
100. — Masters, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 206; Jour. Linn.
A bushy tree, rarely thirty feet in height, with a short trunk twelve or fifteen inches in diameter ;
or more often a shrub with numerous stems from six to twelve feet tall forming a broad open irregular
head. The bark of the trunk is thin, dark reddish brown, and broken into broad flat ridges, which form
a network of diamond-shaped depressions, and separate on the surface into elongated thin slightly
attached long-persistent scales. The branchlets are slender, and are covered with close smooth compact
bark, which is bright purplish red after the fallmg of the leaves, but soon becomes dark brown. The
leaves are ovate, acute or rounded at the apex, rounded and conspicuously glandular on the back,
closely appressed, or on vigorous young shoots long-pointed and more or less spreading, deep green,
and often slightly glaucous, and usually not more than a sixteenth of an inch in length. The flowers
open in March and April. The staminate flowers are nearly cylindrical, obtuse, and about a sixteenth
of an inch long, with broadly ovate rounded peltate connectives; and the pistillate are subglobose and a
sixteenth of an inch long, with broadly ovate scales short-pointed and rounded at the apex. The fruit
is oblong, from three quarters of an inch to an inch in length, subsessile or raised on a rather slender
peduncle often a quarter of an inch in length, dark reddish brown, more or less covered with a
glaucous bloom, and slightly puberulous, especially along the margims of the scales; these are six or
rarely eight in number, with prominent bosses, which are thin and recurved on the lower scales, and
much thickened, conical and more or less incurved at the apex on the upper scales. The seeds are
numerous, dark chestnut-brown, variously flattened by mutual pressure, usually rather less than a
sixteenth of an inch long, and furnished with narrow wings.
Cupressus Macnabiana, which is one of the rarest trees of California, is now known to inhabit
only a few dry slopes on the hills south and west of Clear Lake in Lake County.’ At the southern
base of Mt. Shasta, where it was discovered by Mr. William Murray in the autumn of 1854, it has not
been again seen.
The wood of Cupressus Macnabiana is light, soft, very close-grained, and pale brown, with thick
nearly white sapwood; it contains narrow dark-colored conspicuous bands of small summer-cells and
thin obscure medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.5575, a cubic foot
weighing 34.74 pounds.’
Introduced by its discoverer into English gardens, Cupressus Jlacnabiana is occasionally culti-
vated in western and southern Europe.
1 Purdy, Garden and Forest, ix. 232. 2 Garden and Forest, iii. 355.
110
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
CONIFER.
The specific name commemorates the horticultural and botanical labors of James MacNab,’ the
distinguished curator of the Edinburgh Botanic Garden.
1 James MacNab (April 25, 1810-November 19, 1878), the son
of William MacNab, curator of the Edinburgh Botanic Garden
from 1810 to 1848, was born in Richmond, near London, and
learned the theory and practice of horticulture under his father at
Edinburgh. From 1829 to 1834 he served as clerk and assistant to
the secretary of the Caledonian Horticultural Society, and in 1834
visited America, and traveled extensively in Canada and the United
States, where he made a large herbarium and collections of living
plants and seeds. An account of the interesting plants which he
gathered during this journey was published in the Edinburgh Philo-
sophical Journal of 1835 and in the early volumes of the Transac-
tions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh. Returning to Scotland
in 1835, Mr. MacNab was appointed superintendent of the gardens
of the Caledonian Horticultural Society at Inverleith, and held this
position until the death of his father, whom he succeeded in the
curatorship of the Edinburgh Botanical Garden, continuing to man-
age this institution during the remainder of his life, and greatly
improving and enlarging it. He was one of the founders of the
Edinburgh Botanical Society, and in 1872 served as its president.
One of the best practical gardeners of his time, James MacNab
was also the author of numerous papers on botany, horticulture,
and arboriculture.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
PLATE DXXVIII. Cupressus MAcNABIANA.
CWONATE WN HE
ray
)
. An embryo, enlarged.
ay
. A leaf, enlarged.
f
bo
A flowering and fruiting branch, natural size.
A staminate flower, enlarged.
. A stamen, front view, enlarged.
A pistillate flower, enlarged.
A scale of a pistillate flower with ovules, front view, enlarged
. A scale of a cone with seeds, lateral view, enlarged.
. A seed, back view, enlarged.
. A seed, front view, enlarged.
. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.
. Cross section of a branchlet, enlarged.
Tab. DXXVIII.
Silva of North America.
TAA, 4
iS) ~ ad
ay SS A
SEEN
SESE S ~
Fapine sc.
CE. Faxon del
Imp. J Taneur, Paris.
.
CUPRESSUS MACNABIANA, A.Murr.
A, Ptocreux Grex é
CONIFERA,
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 111
CUPRESSUS THYOIDES.
White Cedar.
BRANCHLETS slender, compressed. Leaves dark blue-green, often conspicuously
glandular.
Cupressus thyoides, Linnzns, Spec. 1003 (1753). — Mil-
ler, Dict. ed. 8, No. 5. — Muenchhausen, Hausv. v. 148. —
Du Roi, Harbdk. Baume. ii. 198. —Wangenheim, Beschreib.
Nordam. Holz. 45; Nordam. Holz. 8, t. 2, £. 4. — Mar-
Nordlinger, Forstbot. 459. — Veitch, Man. Conif. 238. —
Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. ed. 2, 63.— Masters, Jour. R.
Hort. Soc. xiv. 208; Jour Linn. Soc. xxxi. 352. —
Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 150.
shall, Arbust. Am. 39.— Moench, Baume Weiss. 33. — Cupressus palustris, Salisbury, Prodr. 398 (1796).
Lamarck, Dict. ii. 243.—Schoepf, Mat. Med. Amer. Thuya spheroidea, Sprengel, Syst. iii. 889 (1826).
144. —Castiglioni, Viag. negli Stati Uniti, ii. 228.— Thuya spheeroidalis, Richard, Comm. Bot. Conif. 45, t. 8,
Willdenow, Berl. Bawmz. 92; Spec. iv. pt. i. 512; Enum.
991. — Borkhausen, Handb. Forstbot. i. 461. — Michaux,
f. 2 (1826).
Chameecyparis sphzroidea, Spach, Hist. Vég. xi. 331
Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 208. — Schkuhr, Handb. iii. 286, t. 310. —
Nouveau Duhamel, iii. 6, t. 2.— Persoon, Syn. ii. 580. —
Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 567. —Du Mont de Courset,
Bot. Cult. ed. 2, yi. 448. — Michaux, Hist. Arb. Am. iii.
20, t. 2.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 646. — Nuttall, Gen.
ii. 224. — Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 178. — Elliott, Sk. ii. 644. —
Watson, Dendr. Brit. ii. 156, t. 156. — Forbes, Pinetum
Woburn. 183. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 165. — Bigelow,
(1842). —Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 61.— Lindley & Gor-
don, Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. v. 207. — Knight, Syn. Conif.
20. — Carritre, Traité Conif. 133. — Gordon, Pinetum,
49.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn. Nadelh. 248.— (Nel-
son) Senilis, Pinacee, 69. — Parlatore, De Candolle Prodr.
xvi. pt. i. 464. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Cen-
sus U. S. ix. 177. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed.
6, 493. — Mayr, Wald. Nordam. 193, t. 6, £., t. 8, £. —
£1. Boston. ed. 3, 387. — Torrey, Fl. N. Y.ii. 233. — Em- Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 65, f. 12-15. — Hansen, Jour.
erson, Z'rees Mass. 98; ed. 2, i. 114. — Richardson, Arc- h. Hort. Soc. xiv. 281 (Pinetum Danicum).
tic Searching Exped. ii. 318. — Chapman, Fl. 435.—Cur- Chameecyparis thyoides, Britton, Cat. Pl. New Jersey, 299
tis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 28. — Hoopes, (1889). — Sudworth, Rep. U. S. Dept. Agric. 1892, 328.
Lvergreens, 346, f. 55. — K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 162. -—
A fragrant tree, seventy or eighty feet in height, with a tall trunk usually about two, but
occasionally three or four feet in diameter, slender horizontal branches which form a narrow spire-like
head, graceful distichous branchlets disposed in an open flat fan-shaped more or less deciduous spray,
bright red-brown roots, and long thin brittle rootlets. The bark of the trunk is from three quarters of
an inch to nearly an inch in thickness, light reddish brown, and divided irregularly into narrow flat
connected ridges which are often spirally twisted round the stem, and separate into elongated loose or
closely appressed plate-like fibrous scales. The branchlets are compressed during the first season, and
then gradually become terete ; they are slender, light green tinged with red when they first appear, light
reddish brown during the first winter and then dark brown, their thin close bark beginning to separate
slightly at the end of three or four years into small papery scales. The leaves are ovate, acuminate
with slender callous tips, and closely appressed or spreading at the apex, especially on vigorous leading
shoots, on which they are often remote; they are keeled and eglandular or conspicuously glandular-
punctate on the back, dark dull blue-green, becoming at the north rusty brown during the winter when
exposed to the sun, and from one sixteenth to one eighth of an inch in length; dying and turning a
bright red-brown on leading shoots during their second season, they remain for many years on the
branches ; on seedling plants the leaves are linear-lanceolate, acuminate, light green above, marked
below on each side of the prominent midrib with pale stomatiferous bands, and about a quarter of an inch
long. The flowers appear in very early spring. The staminate flowers are oblong, four-sided, and about
an eighth of an inch long, with five or six pairs of stamens, their connectives being ovate, rounded at
112 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CONIFER.
the apex, and decreasing in size from below upward, dark brown below the middle, nearly black toward
the apex, and furnished with two pollen-sacs. The pistillate flowers are subglobose, from one sixteenth
to one eighth of an inch long, with usually six ovate acute spreading pale liver-colored scales bearing
generally two black ovules. The fruit, which ripens at the end of the first season, is globose and
about a quarter of an inch in diameter, sessile on a short leafy branch, surrounded at the base by the
persistent lower scales of the flower, with six scales furnished with thin ovate acute often reflexed
bosses: it is light green and covered with a glaucous bloom when fully grown, then bluish purple and
very glaucous, and finally dark red-brown. The seeds, of which there are usually one or two under
each fertile scale, are ovate, acute, full and rounded at the base, slightly compressed, and about an
eighth of an inch in length, with a thin testa produced into wings as broad as the body of the seed
and darker in color, and a minute pale hilum.
Cupressus thyoides inhabits the cold swamps of the Atlantic and Gulf coast plains usually
immersed during several months of the year, frequently covering them at the north with dense pure
forests, or at the south mingling with the Bald Cypress. Rarely extending far inland,’ it ranges from
southern Maine? southward to northern Florida and westward to the valley of the Pearl River in
Mississippi. Very abundant in New England south of Massachusetts Bay and in the middle and south
Atlantic states, it is comparatively rare east of Boston and west of Mobile Bay.
The wood of Cupressus thyoides is light, soft, not strong, close-grained, easily worked, slightly
fragrant, and very durable in contact with the soil. It seasons rapidly and perfectly without warping
or checking; it is light brown tinged with red, with thin lighter colored sapwood, but grows darker
with exposure, and contains dark-colored conspicuous narrow bands of small summer-cells and numerous
The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.3322, a cubic foot
It is largely used in boatbuilding and cooperage, for wooden-ware, shingles,*
obscure medullary rays.’
weighing 20.70 pounds.
the interior finish of houses, telegraph and fence posts and railway-ties, and for other purposes where
a light soft durable wood easy to work and of even grain is desired.°
The earliest account of Cupressus thyoides appears in Morton’s New English Canaan, published
in London in 1635 ;° it was first described by Plukenet’ in 1700 from a plant in Bishop Compton’s ®
garden at Clapham, and, according to Aiton,’ it was cultivated by Peter Collinson in 1736. The White
Cedar is still found in European gardens, where a number of forms varying in habit and in the color
and marking of the leaves have appeared and are prized by lovers of curious plants.”
One of the most beautiful of the coniferous trees of eastern America, the White Cedar is also one
of the valuable timber-trees of the country, and its importance is increased by the fact that, attaining its
greatest perfection in situations where no other useful timber-tree can flourish, it gives value to lands
which without it would be worthless.
1 The highest elevation at which the White Cedar has been
reported above the sea-level is at High Point in New Jersey, a
few miles from Port Jervis, New York, and close to the boun-
daries of New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania, where at an
elevation of fifteen hundred feet it grows in a cold deep swamp.
(See Gifford, Garden and Forest, ix. 63.)
2 Goodale, Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist. i. pt. ii. 129.
8 Roth, The Forester, i. 15.
4 Kalm, Travels, English ed. ii. 174.— Porcher, Resources of
Southern Fields and Forests, 509.
5 The wood of trunks of the White Cedar, which have probably
lain for centuries buried deep in the swamps of New Jersey and
Pennsylvania, retains its character and furnishes excellent lumber,
and the mining of these trunks has proved a profitable industry.
6 “Cypress, of this there is great plenty, and vulgarly this tree
hath bin taken for an other sort of Cedar: but now men put a dif-
ference between this Cypress and the Cedars, especially in the
color.” (Force, Historical Collections, ii. No. 5, 44.)
“The white Cedar is a stately Tree, and is taken by some to be
Tamarisk, this tree the English saw into boards to floor their rooms,
for which purpose it is excellent, long lasting, and wears very
smooth and white.”
England, 67.)
7 Cupressus nana Mariana fructu ceruleo parvo, Alm. Bot. Mant.
61, t. 345, f. 1.
Cupressus semper virens seu cupressus Thyoides, Romans, Nat.
Hist. Florida, 25.
5 See i. 6.
® Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 372.— Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2475, f.
2327.
10 Beissner (Handb. Nadelh. 67) describes twelve of these gar-
den forms, the most distinct, perhaps, being one which retains the
juvenile leaves (Cupressus thyoides ericoides. Chamecyparis ericoides,
Carriere, Traité Conif. 140 (1855), and one in which the young
branchlets and leaves are blotched with yellow (Cupressus thyoides
aurea).
(Josselyn, Account of Two Voyages to New
ore
eH
oer
op OO
CHONABDAPEWH Ee
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Puate DXXIX. Cupressus THYOIDES.
. A flowering branch, natural size.
. A staminate flower, enlarged.
A stamen, rear view, enlarged.
. A stamen, front view, enlarged.
. A pistillate flower, enlarged.
A scale of a pistillate flower with ovules, front view, enlarged.
. A fruiting branch, natural size.
. A fruit, enlarged.
» A seed, enlarged.
. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.
. An embryo, enlarged.
12.
. End of a branchlet, enlarged.
. Cross section of a branchlet, enlarged.
A leaf, enlarged.
. A seedling, natural size.
Tab. DXXIX.
Silva of North America.
ll
Ga wre
Zs <3 ~
=.
a
See
flapire sc.
CE Faxon del.
CUPRESSUS THYOIDES, L.
Imp. J. Taneur, Faris.
A Bi C7 OUR direa”®
CONIFER &. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 115
CUPRESSUS NOOTKATENSIS.
Yellow Cypress. Sitka Cypress.
BRANCHLETS stout, slightly flattened or subterete. Leaves usually eglandular.
Cupressus Nootkatensis, Lambert, Pinus, ii. 18 (1824).—
Nuttall, Sylva, iii. 105. — K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii.
165.— Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. ed. 2, 64, £. 7. — Masters,
Thuya excelsa, Bongard, Mém. Phys. et Nat. Pt. 2, Acad.
Sci. St. Pétersbourg, ti. 164 (Vég. Siteha) (1831).
Cupressus Nutkatensis, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 165
Jour. KR. Hort. Soc. xiv. 206; Jour. Linn. Soe. xxxi. 352.
Chamecyparis Nutkatensis, Spach, Hist. Vég. xi. 333
(1842). — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 62. — Ledebour, FY.
Foss. iii. 680. — Lindley & Gordon, Jour. Hort. Soc.
Lond. v. 207. — Carriere, Traité Conif. 134. — Wal-
pers, Ann. v. 796. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn. Nadelh.
(1839). — Newberry, Pacific R. R. Rep. vi. pt. iii. 63, f.
28. — Gordon, Pinetwm, 66. — (Nelson) Senilis, Pinacee,
74. — Hoopes, Hvergreens, 345. — Lawson, Pinetum
Brit. ii. 199, t. 34, f. 1-12. — Veitch, Man. Conif. 235. —
Schiibeler, Virid. MNorveg. i. 373. —Koehne, Deutsche
Dendr. 50, £. 19.
250. — Parlatore, De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 465. —
Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix.
178.— Mayr, Wald. Nordam. 344, t. 6, £.— Beissner,
Handb. Nadeth. 79, £. 18, 19. — Hansen, Jour. R. Hort.
Soc. xiv. 280 (Pinetum Danicum).
Cupressus Americana, Trautvetter, Pl. Imag. Fl. Russ.
12, t. 7 (1844).
Thuiopsis borealis, Carritre, Traité Conif. 113 (1855).
Chamecyparis Nutkaensis, 6 glauca, Walpers, Ann. v.
796 (1858).
A tree, often one hundred and twenty feet in height, with a tall trunk five or six feet in diameter,
horizontal branches which form a narrow pyramidal head, stout distichous branchlets, and crowded
elongated deciduous spray. The bark of the trunk is from one half to three quarters of an inch in
thickness, light gray tinged with brown, irregularly fissured, and separated on the surface into large
loose thin scales which in falling disclose the bright cimnamon-red inner bark. The branchlets are
comparatively stout, somewhat flattened or subterete, light yellow often tinged with red when they first
appear, dark or bright red-brown during their third season, when they are clothed with dead leaves, and
ultimately paler and covered with close thin smooth bark. The leaves are ovate, long-pointed, rounded,
eglandular or glandular-pitted on the back, dark blue-green, closely appressed, and about an eighth of
an inch long, or on the vigorous leading branchlets somewhat spreading and often a quarter of an inch
in length, with more elongated and sharper points; beginning to die at the end of their second year,
they usually fall during the third season ; those on seedling plants are acicular, spreading, light green,
and from one quarter to one half of an inch in length. The flowers open in very early spring on
lateral branchlets of the previous year, the staminate usually on the lower and the pistillate clustered
near the ends of the upper branchlets. The staminate flower is oblong, nearly a quarter of an inch
in length, and composed of four or five pairs of stamens, with ovate rounded slightly erose light
yellow connectives more or less covered with a dark blotch and bearing usually two pollen-sacs.
The pistillate flower is one sixteenth of an inch long and consists of ovate acute spreading dark liver-
colored scales, the fertile bearing at their base from two to four ovules each. The fruit, which ripens
in September and October, is subglobose, nearly half an inch in diameter, surrounded at the base by
the slightly enlarged upper leaves of the branchlet, dark red-brown, and covered by a thick glaucous
or blue bloom, with usually four or six scales, which are tipped with prominent erect pointed bosses,
and are frequently covered with conspicuous resin-glands. From two to four seeds are produced under
each fertile scale ; they are ovate, acute, slightly flattened, about a quarter of an inch long, dark red-
brown, and furnished with thin light red-brown wings often nearly twice as wide as the body of the
seed.
116 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CONIFERS.
Cupressus Nootkatensis is distributed from Sitka? southward through the islands and coast
mountains of Alaska and British Columbia, along the Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon
to the valley of the Santiam River and the slopes of Mt. Jefferson, and in Washington eastward to
the headwaters of the Yakima River on the eastern slope of the range. In southern Alaska and
northern British Columbia it attains its largest size in the forests of Spruce and Hemlock, ranging
from the sea-level to elevations of two or three thousand feet; it is abundant at the sea-level on
the west coast of Queen Charlotte’s Islands ;? it occurs sparingly in the interior of Vancouver’s
Island,’ and on the high mountains immediately south of the Fraser River it grows to a large size in
small isolated groups at an elevation of four thousand five hundred feet, and in small and shrubby
forms a thousand feet higher. It is abundant in Washington on the Olympic Mountains and on the
slopes of Mt. Ranier, frequently attaining the height of one hundred feet and forming a trunk three
feet in diameter, while at high elevations it is reduced to a low shrub; farther south it is seldom
large and is rare and local, growing usually as a low contorted tree on rocky cliffs and slopes generally
at altitudes of about five thousand feet, or occasionally around the bases of the high isolated volcanic
peaks descending to four thousand feet.
Cupressus Nootkatensis is one of the most valuable timber-trees of North America, producing
wood which is unsurpassed for cabinet-making by that of any other inhabitant of the continent; it is
light and hard, rather brittle, very close-grained, exceedingly durable in contact with the soil, and easily
worked, with a satiny surface susceptible of receiving a beautiful polish. It has an agreeable resinous
odor, and is bright clear light yellow, with very thin nearly white sapwood, thin inconspicuous bands
of small summer-cells, and numerous hardly distinguishable medullary rays. The specific gravity of
the absolutely dry wood is 0.4782, a cubic foot weighing 29.80 pounds. In Alaska and British
Columbia it is used in boat and ship building, the interior finish of houses, and the manufacture of
furniture, and for many years was exported in large quantities to China, where it was employed as a
substitute for satinwood.
Cupressus Nootkatensis was discovered in October, 1793, on the shores of Nootka Sound by
Menzies,* the surgeon and naturalist of Vancouver, on his voyage around the world. It was introduced
into European gardens in 1850 through the Botanic Garden at St. Petersburg,’ and has proved hardy
in western and central Europe, where many forms with peculiar habit and abnormally colored foliage
have been produced in nurseries,’ and in the middle Atlantic states and in California, where it is
occasionally cultivated.’
1 Rothrock, Smithsonian Rep. 1867, 455 (Fl. Alaska) (Thuya 5 Veitch, Man. Conif. 235.
excelsa). — Meehan, Proc. Phil. Acad. 1884, 92.—F. Kurtz, Bot. 6 Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 82.
Jahrb. xix. 425 (Fl. Chilcatgebietes). — Funston, Contrib. U. S. Nat. 7 In the gardens of the United States and usually also in those
Herb. iii. 328. of Europe, Cupressus Nootkatensis is cultivated under the name of
2G. M. Dawson, Can. Nat. ser. 2, ix. 329. Thujopsis borealis. In European gardens it is also occasionally
8 Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 461 (Thuya excelsa). cultivated as Thujopsis Tchugatskoy and as Thujopsis Tchugat-
* See ii. 90. skoye.
a oe oe
rPwneH oo
DHARMA APOD
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
PLuatE DXXX. Cupressus NootKaTENsISs.
. A flowering branch, natural size.
. A staminate flower, enlarged.
A stamen, rear view, enlarged.
. A stamen, front view, enlarged.
. A pistillate flower, enlarged.
. A scale of a pistillate flower with ovules, front view, enlarged.
. A fruiting branch, natural size.
. A scale of a fruit, enlarged.
. A seed, enlarged.
. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.
. Anembryo, enlarged. °
. A leaf, enlarged.
. End of a branchlet, enlarged.
. Cross section of a branchlet, enlarged.
Tab. DXXX.
Silva of North ee oe
>
13
apine SC,
CE. Faxon del.
CUPRESSUS NOOTKATENSIS, Lamb.
Imp. J. Taneur, Parts.
A. Riocreux direx™
CONIFER. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 119
CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA.
Port Orford Cedar. Lawson’s Cypress.
BRANCHLETS slender, compressed. Leaves conspicuously glandular. Staminate
flowers bright red. Bark thick, deeply furrowed.
Cupressus Lawsoniana, A. Murray, Edinburgh New Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 464 (1868). — Gordon, Pinetum, ed. 2,
Phil. Jour. n. ser. i. 292, t. 10 (1855); The Garden, vii.
508, t. — Bot. Mag. xci. t. 5581. — Henkel & Hochstetter,
Syn. Nadelh. 246. — (Nelson) Senilis, Pinacee, 72. —
Hoopes, Evergreens, 342, £. 53. — Veitch, Man. Conif.
231.— Eichler, Monatsh. Acad. Berl. 1881, £. 29, 30. —
Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. ed. 2, 63. — Lawson, Pinetum
Brit. ii. 191, t. 31, £. 1-13. — Schiibeler, Virid. Norveg.
i. 374, — Masters, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 205; Jour.
Linn. Soc. xxxi. 353, £. 28. — Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 51.
85. — Engelmann, Brewer & Watson Bot. Cal. ii. 114. —
Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. 8S. ix.
178. — Wilkomm, Forst. Fl. ed. 2, 247. — Mayr, Wald.
Nordam. 314, f. 12, t. 6, f. t. 8, £.— Lemmon, Rep.
California State Board Forestry, iii. 177, t. 24 (Cone-
Bearers of California); West-American Cone-Bearers,
74. — Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 70, £. 16, 17. — Hansen,
Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 278 (Pinetum Danicum).— R.
Hartig, Forstbot. Zeit. 1892, 21.
Cupressus fragrans, Kellogg, Proc. Cal. Acad. i. 103 Cupressus Boursierii, Carritre, Traité Conif. ed. 2, 125
(1856). (1867).
Cupressus attenuata, Gordon, Pinetum, 57 (1858). Cupressus Nutkana, Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Explor. Exped.
Chameecyparis Lawsonii, Parlatore, Ann. Mus. Stor. Nat. t. 16 (1874).
Firenze, i. 175, t. 3, £. 22-25 (Stud. Organ. Conif.) (1864). ? Cupressus Balfouriana, Gordon, Pinetum, ed. 2, 79
Chameecyparis Lawsoniana, Parlatore, De Cundolle (1879).
A tree, often two hundred feet in height, with a tall trunk frequently twelve feet in diameter
above its abruptly enlarged base and often free of branches for one hundred and fifty feet, small
horizontal or pendulous branches which form a narrow spire-like head, and slender branchlets clothed
with remote narrow flat spray frequently six or eight inches in length. The bark of the trunk, which
is often ten inches in thickness at the base of old trees, is three or four inches thick on smaller stems ;
it is dark reddish brown, with two distinct layers, the inner being from an eighth to a quarter of an
inch in thickness, darker, more compact and firmer than the outer, which is divided into great broad-
based rounded ridges separated on the surface into small thick closely appressed scales ; on young stems
and on the branches the bark is thin, dark reddish brown and slightly scaly. The branchlets are
slender, compressed during the first season, light green for two years, and then light reddish brown.
The leaves on lateral branchlets are ovate, acute, conspicuously glandular on the back, closely appressed,
usually not more than one sixteenth of an inch long, and bright green ; on leading shoots they are
long-pointed and often spreading at the apex, from an eighth to nearly a quarter of an inch in length,
and usually die, turn bright red-brown, and fall during the third year or occasionally remain another
season on the branches; on seedling plants they are linear-lanceolate, thin and spreading, acute or
rounded at the apex, from one quarter to one half of an inch in length, and bright green with obscure
midribs. The flowers appear in early spring, the staminate with bright red connectives bearing usually
two pollen-sacs, and the pistillate with dark ovate acute spreading scales. The fruit, which is
clustered on the upper lateral branchlets and is usually produced in great profusion, ripens in September
and October; it is globose, about a third of an inch in diameter, pale green and glaucous when fully
grown, and red-brown and often covered with a bloom at maturity, with eight or ten rugose scales
furnished with thin broadly ovate acute reflexed bosses. From two to four seeds are produced under
each fertile scale; they are ovate, acute, slightly compressed, an eighth of an inch long, and light
chestnut-brown, with thin broad wings.
CONIFER.
120 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
Cupressus Lawsoniana is distributed from the shores of Coos Bay in southwestern Oregon
southward to the mouth of the Klamath River, California, and ranges inland for about thirty miles
from the coast; it occurs on the mountains near Waldo in Josephine County, Oregon, and in small
isolated groves on the slopes of the Siskiyou Mountains and on the southern flanks of Mt. Shasta in
California, where, growing on the banks of streams and lakes at an elevation of about five thou-
sand feet above the sea, it was discovered in the autumn of 1854 by Mr. William Murray. North of
Rogue River on the coast of Oregon it is most abundant, and, mingled with Pseudotsuga taxifolia,
Picea Sitchensis, Thuya gigantea, Tsuga Mertensiana, and Abies grandis, forms one of the most
prolific and beautiful coniferous forests of the continent, unsurpassed in the variety and luxuriance of
its undergrowth of Rhododendrons, Vacciniums, Raspberries, Buckthorns, and Ferns. Here Cupressus
Lawsoniana grows on rather high dry sandy ridges, its seedlings soon covering the ground which
has been stripped of its forest mantle, and flourishes even on the sand-dunes of sea-beaches, where it
is often bathed in saline spray. It attains its largest size, however, on the western slopes of the Coast
Range foothills, where, about three miles from the shore, between Point Gregory and the mouth of the
Coquille River, it is the principal tree in a nearly continuous forest belt about twenty miles in length
and twelve in width.’
Cupressus Lawsoniana, which is probably the largest and most valuable of the Cupressinex, and
remarkable for the great thickness of the bark of its trunk, is one of the important timber-trees of
North America. The wood is light, hard, strong, and very close-grained, abounding in fragrant resin,
and is very durable in contact with the soil and easily worked, with a satiny surface susceptible of
receiving a beautiful polish ; itis light yellow or almost white, with thin hardly distinguishable sapwood,
and contains thin inconspicuous layers of small summer-cells and numerous obscure medullary rays.
The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.4621, a cubic foot weighing 28.80 pounds. It is
largely manufactured into lumber, and on the Pacific coast is used for the interior finish and flooring
of buildings, for railway-ties and fence-posts, in ship and boat building, and almost exclusively in the
manufacture of matches. The resin is a powerful diuretic.’
Cupressus Lawsoniana* was first cultivated in the nursery of Peter Lawson & Company of
Edinburgh, where it was raised from seeds sent from California in 1854 by William Murray. With
its delicate feathery branches, its graceful drooping leading shoots, and its ight and cheerful color,
Cupressus Lawsoniana in youth is one of the most beautiful of the conifers cultivated in gardens.
In western, central, and southern Europe, where it has already attained a considerable size, it is a
favorite ornament of parks and gardens, and under cultivation has developed many abnormal forms.‘
It is occasionally planted in the middle and south Atlantic states, although here it displays less beauty
than in western Europe.
The specific name commemorates Sir Charles Lawson® of Bothwick Hall, Mid-Lothian, the
distinguished rural economist, and Lord Provost of the city of Edinburgh.
1 Sargent, Gard. Chron. n. ser. xvi. 8.
2 The odor of the resin of the newly cut wood is so powerful
that men employed in the saw-mills where it is manufactured into
lumber become, at the end of a few days, so weakened by diuresis
that they have to abandon work unless a change to some other
wood is made.
8 In Oregon Cupressus Lawsoniana is also called Oregon Cedar,
White Cedar, and Ginger Pine.
* See Gard. Chron. 1870, 279, f. 49 (Cupressus Lawsoniana, erecta
viridis). — Gard. Chron. ser. 3, i. 176, £. 41. — The Garden, xxx.
75. — Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 72.
§ Charles Lawson (1794-1873) was a son of Peter Lawson, the
founder of the seed and nursery business of Peter Lawson & Sons,
of Edinburgh. In 1821 he succeeded his father, with whom he had
been associated, in the management of the affairs of the firm, which
by his intelligence and energy he soon made a power in the de-
velopment of Scottish agriculture, extending its connections to all
parts of the world. He introduced many useful plants into his
native land, including the Italian Rye-grass, the Austrian Pine,
and Lawson’s Cypress. He was the author of The A grostographia,
or Book of Grasses, which passed through several editions and was
long considered the standard British book on agricultural grasses,
and of The «1 griculturist’s Manual, published in 1836, and containing
familiar descriptions of the agricultural plants cultivated in
Europe, with practical observations respecting those suited to the
climate of Great Britain. Some time before his death Mr. Lawson
began the publication of the Pinetum Britannicum, an illustrated
folio devoted to the description of the hardy coniferous trees cul-
CONIFERS. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 1z1
tivated in Great Britain. This book, which suffered a number of which he devoted to the public affairs of Edinburgh, becoming
interruptions, was finally completed by several editors in 1884 in chairman of the Chamber of Commerce, Master of the Merchants’
three volumes, one hundred copies only being printed. Mr. Law- Company, and in 1861 Lord Provost. (See The Scotsman, Decem-
son’s active participation in the affairs of his firm ceased about ber 13, 1873.)
1850, although he remained a partner during the rest of his life,
oe ee ee
oF Wd BH O&O
WWONHAoeP WH
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Puate DXXXI. Cupressus LAwsoniANa.
. A flowering branch, natural size.
. A staminate flower, enlarged.
. A stamen, front view, enlarged.
A stamen, rear view, enlarged.
. A pistillate flower, enlarged.
. A scale of a pistillate flower with its ovules, front view, enlarged.
. A fruiting branch, natural size.
A scale of a fruit, enlarged.
. A seed, enlarged.
. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.
. An embryo, enlarged.
. A leaf, enlarged.
. End of a branchlet, enlarged.
. Cross section of a branchlet, enlarged.
. A seedling, natural size.
Silva of North America. Tab. DXXAI.
LAN
CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA, A. Murr.
A Biocreua direx® ; imp. J Taneur, Paris.
CONIFER. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 123
THUYA.
_ FLowers naked, monecious, terminal, solitary ; stamens decussately opposite;
anther-cells 2 to 4; scales of the pistillate flower 8 to 12, oblong, acute; ovules 2 or 3.
Fruit an erect strobile maturing in one season. Leaves dimorphic, persistent.
Thuya, Linneus, Gen. 378 (1737). — A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. i. pt. i. 97. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. xii. 34 (in part). — Mas-
413. — Endlicher, Gen. 258. — Meisner, Gen. 352. — Ben- ters, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxx. 19.
tham & Hooker, Gen. iii. 426 (excl. secs. Thuyopsis and Biota, D. Don, Lambert Pinus, ed. 2, ii. 129 (1828). —
Chamecyparis). — Eichler, Engler & Prantl Pflanzenfam. Endlicher, Gen. Suppl. iv. pt. ii. 3:
Platycladus, Spach, Hist. Vég. xi. 333 (in part) (1842).
Resinous aromatic trees, with thin scaly bark, soft light yellow or red-brown durable straight-
grained slightly fragrant wood, slender spreading or erect branches, pyramidal heads, flattened lateral
pendulous or erect branchlets disposed in one horizontal plane forming an open distichous spray
usually pale and stomatiferous below and often ultimately deciduous, naked buds and fibrous roots.
Leaves opposite, imbricated in four ranks, scale-like, ovate, acute, glandular or eglandular on the back,
persistent ; on leading shoots nearly equally decussate, appressed or spreading, remote by the lengthening
of the nodes, rounded or slightly keeled on the back, acuminate with long slender points; on lateral
branchlets, those of the lateral ranks much compressed, conspicuously carinate, and nearly covering
those of the other ranks; on seedling plants linear-lanceolate, acuminate, spreading or reflexed, pale
and stomatiferous on the lower surface. Flowers minute, moneecious, appearing in very early spring
from buds formed the previous winter, the staminate and pistillate usually on different branchlets,
terminal, solitary. Staminate flower ovoid, composed of a subsessile axis, with four or six decussately
opposite stamens ; filaments short, enlarged into suborbicular eccentrically peltate connectives bearing
on their inner face from two to four subglobose two-valved pendulous anther-cells opening below
longitudinally ; pollen-grains simple. Pistillate flower ovoid or oblong, composed of from eight to
twelve erect oblong acute slightly imbricated decussate scales, the central, or the lower (Biota) fertile,
slightly thickened at the base on the inner surface by the ovuliferous scales bearing from two to four
erect collateral orthotropous bottle-shaped ovules. Fruit ripening the first season, pale cinnamon
brown, ovoid-oblong, erect; scales thin, leathery, oblong, acute, marked near the apex by the thickened
more or less free mucronulate border of the enlarged flower-scales, those of the two or three middle
ranks larger than the others, and fertile, with two or rarely three seeds, or, under the lowest, with
one (Euthuya); or oblong, somewhat fleshy when fully grown, becoming woody at maturity, with
thicker conspicuously umbonate scales, the lowest four usually fertile, and bearing each from two
to four seeds (Biota). Seeds erect on the base of the scale, ovate, acute, compressed, light chestnut-
brown ; testa membranaceous, produced into broad lateral wings, distinct at the apex, often slightly
unequal and lighter colored than the body of the seed; hilum minute (Euthuya) ; or thickened, rounded
or obscurely angled on the back, wingless, dark red-purple, marked on the oblique base by large
oblong pale hilums; seed-coat thick, of two layers, the outer thick and crustaceous, marked externally
with rufous fibres, the inner membranaceous (Biota). Embryo axile," in copious fleshy albumen ;
cotyledons two, longer than the superior radicle.”
1 Mirbel & Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 2, xx. 261, t. 10. Gen. iii. 427). Fruit erect, its scales thin, leathery, oblong, acute,
2 By Eichler (Engler & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. ii. pt. i. 97) Thuya mucronulate, those of the two or three middle ranks larger than
has been divided into the following sections : — the others and fertile ; seeds compressed, light chestnut-brown,
Evruuya. (Euthuya and Macrothuya, Bentham & Hooker,
124
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
CONIFER.
Four species of Thuya are known ; one species, the type of the genus, inhabits northeastern North
America, and one inhabits northwestern North America; another grows on the mountains of central
Japan,' and the fourth in China.’
was widely distributed through both hemispheres.’
The type is an ancient one, and during the tertiary period Thuya
Thuya produces valuable wood used in construction and for purposes where durability in contact
with the soil is demanded. The eastern American species, which contains a volatile oil and thujin, a
crystalline principle, possesses stimulating properties, and is occasionally used medicinally in the United
States. The bark of Thuya is rich in tannin.’
Its species are valuable ornamental trees, and with
their varieties are cultivated in the parks and gardens of all temperate countries.
In North America Thuya is not seriously injured by insects ° or fungal diseases.°
the membranaceous testa produced into broad lateral wings ; hilum
minute.
Biota. Fruit erect, its scales thick, conspicuously umbonate,
the lowest four usually fertile, and bearing from two to four seeds
each ; seeds thickened, rounded or obscurely angled on the back,
wingless, the thick seed-coat dark red-purple ; hilum large, oblong,
conspicuous.
1 Thuya Standishii, Carriere, Traité Conif. ed. 2, 108 (1867). —
Masters, Gard. Chron. n. ser. xiii. 589, f. 102. — Beissner, Handb.
Nadelh. 49.
Thujopsis ? Standishii, Gordon, Pinetum, Suppl. 100 (1865). —
Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn. Nadelh. 289.
Thuya Japonica, Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Petersbourg,
x. 490 (Mél. Biol. vi. 26) (1866).— Masters, Jour. Linn. Soc.
xviii. 486 (Conifers of Japan).
Thuya gigantea, Parlatore, De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. 11. 457
(in part) (not Nuttall) (1868).— K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 176.
Thuya gigantea var. Japonica, Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl.
Jap. i. 469 (1875).
A rare inhabitant of the forests of central Hondo, the Japanese
Arbor-vite is a pyramidal tree occasionally thirty feet high, grow-
ing by the borders of streams and lakes at elevations of from four
to five thousand feet above the level of the sea. It was introduced
into European and American gardens about thirty years ago, and
in the United States has proved hardy in eastern Massachusetts,
where a plant about eighteen feet high in Mr. Hunnewell’s Pine-
tum at Wellesley has ripened its fruit.
2 Thuya orientalis, Linnzeus, Spec. 1002 (1753). — Thunberg, F?.
Jap. 266. — Willdenow, Spec. iv. pt. i. 509. — Richard, Comm. Bot.
Conif. 40, t. 7, f£. 2.— Siebold & Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. ii. 31, t. 118. —
Masters, J. c. 488.
Thuya acuta, Moench, Meth. 692 (1794).
Thuya decora, Salisbury, Prodr. 398 (1796).
Cupressus Thuya, Targioni-Tozzetti, Obs. Bot. iii-v. 72 (1808-
10).
Platycladus stricta, Spach, Hist. Vég. xi. 335 (1842).
Biota orientalis, Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 47 (1847). — Carriére,
Traité Conif. 92.— Gordon, Pinetum, 32. — Henkel & Hochstet-
ter, Syn. Nadelh. 270. — Miquel, Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. iii. 167
(Prol. Fl. Jap.).— Parlatore, De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii.
461.— K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 181. — Franchet & Savatier,
Enum. Pl. Jap. i. 470.
This slender dense bushy bright green tree inhabits the mountain
forests of central and northern China, and in cultivation rarely at-
tains a height of twenty feet. Although it has generally been con-
sidered indigenous in Japan, it was probably introduced there by
Buddhist priests.
in Japan, where numerous seminal varieties have been propagated
For centuries it has been a favorite garden plant
and whence it was carried to Europe about the middle of the eigh-
teenth century ; it is now one of the most generally cultivated
coniferous plants in the gardens of all temperate countries. Curi-
ous among the innumerable varieties which have been raised from
its seeds, and which are mostly distinguished by their more open
or their dwarfer habit and by the color of their foliage, which in
some forms is bright golden, is the tree with long slender flexible
pensile branchlets found by Thunberg in the temple gardens of
Japan, and for many years believed to be a distinct species. It is:
Thuya orientalis, var. B pendula, Masters, 1. c. (1881).
Cupressus pendula, Thunberg, J. c. 265 (1784).
Cupressus patula, Persoon, Syn. ii. 580 (1807).
Thuya pendula, Lambert, Pinus, ed. 2, ii. 115, t. (1828). —
Siebold & Zuccarini, J. c. 30, t. 117. — Forbes, Pinetum Woburn.
197, t. 63. — Miquel, J. c.
Thuya filiformis, Lindley, Bot. Reg. xxviii. t. 20 (1842).
Biota pendula, Endlicher, J. c. 49.— Lindley & Gordon, Jour.
Hort. Soc. Lond. v. 205. — Carriére, l. c. 97. —Gordon, J. c. 35.
Biota orientalis filiformis, Henkel & MHochstetter, 2. c. 272
(1865).
Biota orientalis, 8 pendula, Parlatore, J. c. 462 (1868).
For other varieties of Thuya orientalis, see Veitch, Man. Conif.
252. — Beissner, J. c. 56. — Masters, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 252.
3 Saporta, Origine Paléontologique des Arbres, 98.— Zittel, Handb.
Paleontolog. ii. 320.
4 Trimble, Garden and Forest, ix. 162.
° Few species of insects are known to live upon Thuya in North
America, and only two or three cause serious injury to healthy
trees. No borers in the living wood are recorded, although the
larve of several species of beetle live under the bark of dead trees.
Among foliage destroyers, the Bag-worm, Thyridopteryx ephemere-
formis, Haworth, sometimes injures trees planted in the regions
south of Massachusetts ; but it does not seem to thrive in the north
or to affect trees growing naturally. Among other Lepidoptera
found feeding on Thuya, but not known to be specially injurious to
it, are Attacus Promethea, Harris, Eupithecia miserulata, Grote, Ema-
turga Faxonii, Minot, and Bucculatriz thuiella, Packard. Lophyrus
Abietis, Harris, and probably the larve of other sawflies, are also
occasionally found on this tree. A mite, Phytoptus Thuye, Garman,
has been described as occurring on Thuya occidentalis, cultivated in
Illinois. :
® Little is known of the fungi which attack the western Thuya
ggantea in its native forests, but planted trees in Germany have
suffered from Pestalozzia funerea, Desmaziéres, which causes the
death of the young branches (see Gard. Chron. ser. 3, xix. 554) ; and
Thuya occidentalis does not suffer seriously from fungal disease.
The species which have been noted on this tree are mostly small
forms of Discomycetes, Hysteriacex, and various Fungi Imperfecti
CONIFER. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 125
Plants of the species can be easily raised from seeds, and the varieties can be propagated by
cuttings made from young branches.
Thuya,' the classical name of some coniferous trees, was adopted by Tournefort” and afterward by
Linneus for this genus.
which also attack related genera, like Pitya Cupressi, Saccardo, Adanson, Fam. Pl. ii. 480), Thuja (Linneus, Hort. Cliff. 449
which also occurs on Cupressus thyoides. [1737] ; Spec. 1002), and Thuia (Scopoli, Introduct. 353 [1777]).
1 Thuya has been written Thya (Rumphius, FV. Jen. 315 [1718]. — 2 Inst. 586, t. 358.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Evurnuya. Fruit erect, its thin scales mucronulate; seeds compressed, the thin testa produced
into broad lateral wings.
Fruit small, with usually four fertile scales ©... ee ee ee ee es 1. T. occIDENTALIs.
Fruit larger, with usually six fertile seales. . . 1 ee ee ee ee ee ww ee 62, T. GIGANTEA.
126 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CONIFER.
THUYA OCCIDENTALIS.
White Cedar. Arbor-Vite.
Fruit small, with usually 4 fertile scales. Wood light yellow-brown.
Thuya occidentalis, Linneus, Spec. 1002 (excl. hab. Sibe- Syn. Conif. 51. — Lindley & Gordon, Jour. Hort. Soc.
ria) (1753). — Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No. 1. — Muenchhausen,
Hausv. v. 333. — Wangenheim, Beschreib. Nordam. Holz.
49; Nordam. Holz. 7, t. 2, £. 3. — Marshall, Arbust.
Am. 152. — Moench, Biuwme Weiss. 135. — Evelyn,
Silva, ed. Hunter, ii. 35.— Walter, Fl. Car. 238. —
Castiglioni, Viag. negli Stati Uniti, ii. 386. — Gert-
ner, Fruct. ii. 62, t. 91. — Willdenow, Berl. Baumz.
383; Spec. iv. pt. i. 508; Hnum. 990. — Borkhausen,
Handb. Forstbot. i. 456. — Nouveau Duhamel, iii. 12,
t. 4. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 209. — Schkuhr,
Handb. iii. 287, t. 309. — Poiret, Lam. Dict. vii. 639;
Ill. iii. 369, t. 787. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 580. — Des-
fontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 575. — Du Mont de Courset,
Bot. Cult. ed. 2, vi. 452.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am.
98. — Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med. iv. 437. — Michaux f.
Hist. Arb. Am. iii. 29, t. 3.— Pursh, FZ. Am. Sept. ii.
646. — Nuttall, Gen. ii. 224. — Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 177. —
Elliott, Sk. i. 641. — Jaume St. Hilaire, Traité des Arbres
Forestiers, t. 87. — Watson, Dendr. Brit. ii. 150, t. 150. —
Lond. v. 206.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 16. — Darlington,
Fl. Cestr. ed. 3, 294. — Carritre, Rev. Hort. 1854, 225;
Traite Conif. 103. — Gordon, Pinetum, 323. — Chap-
man, Fl. 436.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn. Nadeth.
278. — (Nelson) Senilis, Pinacee, 68. — R. Brown
Campst. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, ix. 363. — Hoopes,
Evergreens, 317.— Parlatore, De Candolle Prodr. xvi.
pt. ii. 458. — Schnizlein, Icon. t. 76, f. 2.— K. Koch,
Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 173. — Nérdlinger, Forstbot. 465, f£. —
Veitch, Man. Conif. 261. — Regel, Russ. Dendr. ed. 2,
18.— Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S.
ix. 176. — Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. ed. 2, 67, f. 8. —
Schiibeler, Virid. Norveg. i. 370. — Willkomm, Forst. Fl.
ed. 2, 249.— Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6,
494. — Mayr, Wald. Nordam. 196, t. 6, f., t. 8, £. — Beiss-
ner, Handb. Nadelh. 32, f. 3-5. — Masters, Jour. RK.
Hort. Soc. xiv. 252.— Hansen, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv.
272 (Pinetum Danicum).— Koehne, Deutsche Dendr.
48.
Sprengel, Syst. iii. 888. — Richard, Comm. Bot. Conif. 43,
t. 7, f. 1. — Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 193. — Hooker,
Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 165. — Bigelow, FU. Boston. ed. 3, 388. —
Spach, Hist. Vég. xi. 339. — Torrey, Fl. N. Y. ii. 234. —
Emerson, Trees Mass. 96; ed. 2, i. 112. — Endlicher,
Thuya odorata, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 152 (1785).
Thuya obtusa, Mench, Meth. 691 (1794).
Thuya procera, Salisbury, Prodr. 398 (1796).
Cupressus Arbor-vitz, Targioni-Tozzetti, Obs. Bot. iii.—v.
71 (1808-10).
A tree, fifty or sixty feet in height, with a short often lobed and buttressed trunk occasionally six,
although usually not more than two or three feet in diameter, often dividing into two or three stout
upright secondary stems, and with short horizontal branches which soon turn upward and form a narrow
rather compact head, and deciduous pendulous lateral branchlets three or four inches in length. The
bark of the trunk is from one quarter to one third of an inch in thickness and is light red-brown often
tinged with orange-color and broken by shallow fissures into narrow flat connected ridges which separate
into elongated fibrous more or less persistent scales. The branchlets when they first appear are lhght
yellow-green and paler on the lower surface than on the upper, changing with the death of the leaves
during their second season to light cinnamon-red and growing darker during the following year; grad-
ually becoming terete and abruptly enlarged at the base, they are finally covered with smooth lustrous
dark orange-brown bark and marked by conspicuous elevated scars left by the falling of the lateral
branchlets. On leading shoots the leaves are often nearly a quarter of an inch in length, long-pointed,
and usually conspicuously glandular ; on lateral branchlets they are much flattened, rounded and apiculate
at the apex, eglandular or obscurely glandular-pitted, and about an eighth of an inch long. The flowers
open in April and May and are liver-colored. The fruit ripens and discharges its seeds in the early
autumn, but remains on the branch until after the appearance of the new growth the following spring ;
it varies from one third to nearly one half of an inch in length; the scales of the two central ranks are
CONIFER.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 127
fertile, although those of the lower of these ranks often bear only single seeds. The seed is about
an eighth of an inch long and nearly surrounded by thin wings as wide as its body.
Thuya occidentalis is distributed from the neighborhood of Annapolis, Nova Scotia, through New
Brunswick, Quebec, and Ontario, where it is abundant, northward nearly to Lake Mistassinni and the
shores of James Bay, the line of the northern limits of its range, then crossing the Albany River at
some distance from its mouth, trends southwestward to the southern borders of Lake Winnipeg, its
most northwesterly recorded station being on the shores of Cedar Lake, near the mouth of the Saskatch-
ewan ;* it ranges through the northern states to southern New Hampshire, central Massachusetts and
New York, northern Pennsylvania, central Michigan, northern Illinois and central Minnesota, and along
the high Alleghany Mountains to southern Virginia. Very common in the north, except in the
elevated mountain regions of northern New England and New York, and the coast region south of
New Hampshire, it is frequently spread over great areas of springy swamp-land, which it covers with
nearly impenetrable forests, and often occupies the rocky banks of streams where its roots can penetrate
between the crevices of the ledges and obtain an abundant supply of moisture. Toward the southern
limits of its range it is less abundant and smaller, and on the southern Alleghany Mountains it is
found only at high elevations on the borders of streams where individual trees sometimes grow to a
large size.
The wood of Thuya occidentalis is light, soft, brittle, and rather coarse-grained, and very
durable in contact with the soil; it is fragrant and light yellow-brown, turning darker with exposure,
with thin nearly white sapwood, and contains thin dark-colored bands of small summer-cells and
numerous obscure medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.3164, a cubic
foot weighing 19.72 pounds. It is largely used in Canada and the northern states for fence-posts and
rails, railway-ties, and shingles. The thick layers of sapwood, which are easily separated, are
manufactured by the Canadian Indians into baskets and are used to strengthen birch-bark canoes ; *
and the fresh branches frequently serve as brooms.’ Fluid extracts and tinctures are made from the
young branchlets, and are sometimes employed in the treatment of amenorrhea and catarrhal affections,
and externally to remove warts and fungal growths,‘ and also in homeopathic practice.®
Thuya occidentalis, which was probably the first North American tree introduced into Europe,
was cultivated in Paris before the middle of the sixteenth century, and the earliest account of it was
published by Belon in 1558. For at least a hundred years it has been a favorite garden plant, and in
cultivation has produced many forms distinguished by their abnormal habit and by the coloring of the
leaves, which sometimes are bright yellow ;7 in the northern United States it has been largely planted
to form hedges,’ although on high dry ground, or when fully exposed to the wind, these frequently suffer
during severe winters.
1 Brunet, Cat. Vég. Lig. Can. 59. — Bell, Rep. Geolog. Surv. Can.
1879-80, 47°. — Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 459.
2 Provancher, Flore Canadienne, ii. 558. — Porcher, Resources of
Southern Fields and Forests, 507.
8 Kalm, Travels, English ed. iii. 173.
4 Schoepf, Mat. Med. Amer. 143. — Rafinesque, Med. Fl. ii.
268. — Griffith, Med. Bot. 609. — Johnson, Man. Med. Bot. N. Am.
260. — U. S. Dispens. ed. 16, 1492.
5 Hamilton, Fl. Homeopathica, ii. 202, t. 63. — Millspaugh, Am.
Med. Pl. in Homeopathic Remedies, ii. 165, t. 165.
6 Arbor Vite, Belon, Arb. Conif. 13.—Dodoens, Hist. Stirp.
Pemp. 857, f. —Gerarde, Herball, 1186, f. — Clusius, Hist. Pl. 1.
36. — Parkinson, Theatr. 1478, f.
Cedrus Lycia. Arbor vite, Lobel, Stirp. Hist. 630, f.
Arbor vite Gallis, Dalechamps, Hist. Gen. Pl. i. 60.
Thuya Theophrasti, C. Bauhin, Pinaz, 488.
Arbor Vitae, sive Paradisiaca vulgo dicta, odorata ad Sabinam
accedens, J. Bauhin, Hist. Pl. i. lib. ix. 286, f.
Thuja strobilis levibus: squamis obtusis, Linneus, Hort. Cliff.
449; Hort. Ups. 289. — Royen, Fl. Leyd. Prodr. 87.
7 Beissner (Handb. Nadelh. 32) enumerates forty varieties of
Thuya occidentalis, and there are several others which are known
only in American gardens. Many of them show their distinctive
peculiarities only while young, and soon grow into the normal
form, and to several originating independently in different nurseries
more than one name has been given. Although interesting as show-
ing the tendency of the tree to vary in cultivation, none of these
forms equals in beauty the original type, which, stiff and formal in
outline when planted as an isolated specimen on high ground, is
admirably suited for massing on the borders of streams and lakes.
8 Downing, Landscape Gardening, ed. H. W. Sargent, 267.—
Warder, Hedges and Evergreens, 42, 260.
he i et
oP © YH OS
CONIA TP HWONH
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Pirate DXXXII. TuHvuyva occipENTALIS.
. A flowering branch, natural size.
. A staminate flower, enlarged.
. A stamen, front view, enlarged.
A pollen-sac, enlarged.
. A pistillate flower, enlarged.
A scale of a pistillate flower with its ovules, front view, enlarged.
A fruiting branch, natural size.
. A fruit, enlarged.
. A scale of fruit with its seeds, front view, enlarged.
. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.
. An embryo, enlarged.
. A leaf, enlarged.
. End of a branchlet, enlarged.
. Cross section of a branchlet, enlarged.
. A seedling, natural size.
Tab, DXXXII.
Silva of North America.
Gn
ce PZ NTA NS ae
ey Ve pe uy Lk SS BAe
£3 md WY fe ee hy Wl R oy;
oie SVE ant Ke WIAs
Lt ess SS Lf ‘BS .
y 1D rere ZEON BW Zane Se
ESP Pg ee,
SWC pees
f a
/ We, Oy Ae, Y 9 AWE K
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CONIFERA,
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 129
THUYA GIGANTEA.
Red Cedar. Canoe Cedar.
Fruit large, with usually 6 fertile scales. Wood dull red-brown.
Thuya gigantea, Nuttall, Jour. Phil. Acad. vii. pt. i. 52 Man. Conif. 256. — Regel, Russ. Dendr. ed. 2, i. 20. —
(1834) ; Sylva, iii. 102, t. 91.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am.
ii. 165. — Spach, Hist. Vég. xi. 342. — Endlicher, Syn.
Conif. 52.— Lindley & Gordon, Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond.
v. 206.— Newberry, Pacific R. R. Rep. vi. pt. ii. 56, f.
22. —Carritre, Traité Conif. 105 (in part). — Gordon,
Pinetum, 321 (in part); Suppl. 102. — Torrey, Bot.
Mex. Bound. Surv. 211.— Cooper, Pacific R. R. Rep.
xii. pt. li. 69; Am. Nat. iii. 413.— Lyall, Jour. Linn.
Soc. vii. 1383, 144. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn. Nadelh.
280 (in part). — (Nelson) Senilis, Pinacee, 67.— Parla-
tore, De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 457.— R. Brown
Campst. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, ix. 367. — Hoopes,
Evergreens, 315. — K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 176. — En-
gelmann, Brewer & Watson Bot. Cal. ii. 115. — Veitch,
Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix.
177. — Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. ed. 2, 68. — Mayr,
Wald. Nordam. 319, f. 13, t. 6, £., t. 8, £. — Lemmon, Rep.
California State Board Forestry, iii. 171, t. 20, 21 (Cone-
Bearers of California). — Beissner, Handb. Nadeth. 46,
f. 6, 7. — Masters, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 251. — Han-
sen, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 270 (Pinetum Danicum). —
Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 48.
Thuya Menziesii, Carriére, Traité Conif. 106 (1855). —
Gordon, Pinetum, 323. — (Nelson) Senilis, Pinacee,
67. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn. Nadelh. 281.
Thuya plicata, Sudworth, Rep. U. S. Dept. Agric. 1892, 328
(probably not D. Don) (1893).— Lemmon, West-Ameri-
can Cone-Bearers, 72.
A tree, with short horizontal branches, usually pendulous at the extremities, which often clothe the
stem nearly to the ground until it is sixty or seventy feet tall, frequently attaining a height of two
hundred feet, with a broad buttressed base sometimes fifteen feet in diameter and tapering gradually
until the trunk is not more than five or six feet thick at twelve or fifteen feet above the ground ;* in old
age the trunk often separates toward the summit into two or three erect divisions, and forms a dense
narrow pyramidal spire, or, when the tree has been crowded in the forest, a short narrow crown. The
bark of the trunk is bright cinnamon-red, from one half to three quarters of an inch in thickness, and
irregularly divided by narrow shallow fissures into broad ridges rounded on the back and broken on
the surface into long narrow rather loose plate-like fibrous scales. The branchlets are slender, much
compressed, often slightly zigzag, light bright yellow-green during their first year, then cinnamon-
brown, and when the leaves have fallen, usually in their third year, lustrous and dark reddish brown
often tinged with purple; the lateral branchlets, which turn yellow and fall generally at the end of
their second season, are often five or six inches in length, light yellow-green and lustrous on the upper
surface,and somewhat paler on the lower. On leading shoots the leaves are ovate, long-pointed, often
conspicuously glandular on the back, and frequently a quarter of an inch in length, and on the lateral
branchlets they are ovate, apiculate, eglandular or obscurely glandular-pitted, and usually not more
than an eighth of an inch long. The flowers are about one twelfth of an inch in length and dark
brown. The fruit, which ripens early in the autumn, is clustered near the ends of the branches and
much reflexed, and is half an inch long, with thin leathery scales conspicuously marked near the apex
by the free border of the flower-scales, which are furnished with short stout erect or recurved dark
mucros. The scales of two or of three of the central ranks bear seeds ; there are often three in number
under each scale, and rather shorter than their wings, which are nearly one quarter of an inch in
length, and usually slightly unequal.
Thuya gigantea is widely and generally distributed, but nowhere forms pure forests, growing
singly or in small groves generally on low moist bottom-lands or near the banks of mountain streams,
1 Garden and Forest, iv. 109, f. 23.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CONIFER.
130
and also, although less commonly, on dry ridges and mountain slopes, which in the interior it sometimes
ascends to elevations of six thousand feet above the level of the sea. It is distributed from the coast
region of southern Alaska,’ where it is scattered through the forests of Spruce and Hemlock, southward
along the coast ranges and islands of British Columbia, through western Washington and Oregon,
where it is most abundant and grows to its largest size on low lands in the immediate neighborhood of
the coast associated with the Tide-water Spruce, and through the California coast region, where its
ordinary companions are the Redwood, the Douglas Fir, and the White Fir, to Mendocino County ; it
spreads eastward along many of the interior ranges of British Columbia to the western slope of the
continental divide, which, as a low shrub, it sometimes ascends to elevations of six thousand feet,’ and
along those of northern Washington and the Coeur d’Aléne, Bitter Root, and Salmon River Mountains
of Idaho, to the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains of northern Montana, where it rarely descends
below elevations of five thousand feet.
The wood of Thuya gigantea is very light, soft, not strong, brittle, rather coarse-grained, easily
split, and very durable in contact with the soil;* it is dull brown tinged with red, with thin nearly
white sapwood, and contains thin dark-colored distinct bands of small summer-cells and numerous
The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.3796, a cubic foot
It is largely used in Washington and Oregon for the interior finish of
obscure medullary rays.
weighing 23.66 pounds.
buildings, for doors, sashes, fences, and shingles, and in cabinet-making and cooperage. From the trunks
of this tree the Indians of the northwest coast split the planks used in the construction of their lodges,
carved the totems which decorated their villages, and hollowed out their great war canoes. From the
fibres of the inner bark they made ropes, blankets and cloaks, and the thatch for their cabins.*
Thuya gigantea was discovered by Menzies, the surgeon and naturalist of Vancouver in 1796.°
It was not described until many years later, when it was found by Douglas on the lower Columbia
River. Introduced into English gardens about half a century ago, Thuya gigantea® has proved
hardy in western and central Europe, where it has already attained a large size;’ and occasionally
cultivated in the middle and northern United States, it survives the winters of eastern Massachusetts.
The noblest of its race and one of the most valuable timber-trees of northwestern America, Thuya
gigantea is rapidly disappearing with the spread of forest fires, which, burning through their thin bark,
soon kill these trees.
1 Meehan, Proc. Phil. Acad. 1884, 93. — F. Kurtz, Bot. Jahrb.
xix. 424 (Fl. Chilcatgebietes).
2 J. M. Dawson, Can. Nat. n. ser. ix. 324. — Macoun, Cat. Can.
Pl. 460.
3 The durability of the wood of Thuya gigantea is shown by the
sound condition of logs which must have lain on the ground for
more than a century, as other trees sprung from seed deposited
upon them after they had fallen have in one recorded instance at-
tained a trunk diameter of from three to four feet ; and near the
shores of Shoal Water Bay, Washington, submerged by the grad-
ual sinking of the land, the trunks of Thuya long stood erect as the
last witnesses to the fact that forests had once covered the spot.
(See Cooper, Pacific R. R. Rep. xii. pt. ii. 25.)
4 R. Brown Campst. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, ix. 369.
5 A small compact Thuya, regular in outline, and said to have
been discovered by Menzies on Vancouver’s Island in 1796, as well
as several forms raised in gardens, has long been cultivated in
Europe under the name of Thuya plicata (D. Don, Cat. Hort. Can-
tab. ed. 6, 249 [1811]. — Lambert, Pinus, ii. 19.— Spach, Hist.
Vég. xi. 342. — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 51.— Carriére, Traité Conif.
102.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn. Nadelh. 277. — Gordon, Pine-
tum, ed. 2, 406. — Parlatore, De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 457. —
Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 44). ‘There is great uncertainty in regard
to the true character of the plant originally described by Don, but
most of the individuals now cultivated under this name are forms
of Thuya occidentalis, although Thuya gigantea is also occasionally
cultivated as Thuya plicata. No tree resembling the Thuya plicata
of gardens has been found in northwestern America, and this plant,
like most of its varieties, is best considered a garden form referable
to Thuya occidentalis rather than to Thuya gigantea.
6 In English gardens Thuya gigantea is frequently cultivated as
Thuya Lobbii and as Thuya Lobbiana ; and in most European gar-
dens the names of Thuya gigantea and of Libocedrus decurrens have
been exchanged through a mistake in identification made by one of
the early collectors of the seeds of these trees. (See R. Brown
Campst. Gard. Chron. 1873, 8.) Forms slightly differing in habit
and in the color of the branchlets are occasionally cultivated in
European collections. (See Beissner, J. c. 48.)
7 Fowler, Gard. Chron. 1872, 1527.— Webster, Trans. Scottish
Arboricultural Soc. xi. 66 (Thuja Lobbii). — R. Hartig, Forst.-Nat.
Zeit. 1892, 28.
WCWAAAP WYN
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be Oo
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Pirate DXXXIII. Tuuyva GIGANTEA.
A flowering branch, natural size.
. A staminate flower, enlarged.
A stamen, front view, enlarged.
A stamen, rear view, enlarged.
. A pistillate flower, enlarged.
A seale of a pistillate flower with its ovules, front view, enlarged.
. A fruiting branch, natural size.
. A scale of a fruit, front view, enlarged.
. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.
. An embryo, enlarged.
. End of a branchlet, enlarged.
. Seedlings, natural size.
Tab. DXXXIII.
Silva of North America.
flimely se.
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THUYA CIGANTEA, Nutt.
imp. 7. Taneur, Paris,
A, Riocreue direx®
CONIFERS. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 133
LIBOCEDRUS.
FLowers naked, monecious or diccious, terminal, solitary; stamens numerous, in
many ranks, decussately opposite ; anther-cells usually 4; scales of the pistillate flower
4 or 6, acuminate; ovules 2. Fruit a strobile maturing in one season. Leaves
dimorphic, persistent.
Libocedrus, Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 42 (1847); Gen. Suppl. Heyderia, K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 177 (1873).
iv. pt. ii. 3. — Bentham & Hooker, Gen. iii. 426.— Eichler, Calocedrus, Kurz, Jour. Bot. xi. 196 (1873).
Engler & Prantl Pflanzenfam. ii. pt. i. 95.— Masters, Thuya, Baillon, Hist. Pl. xii. 34 (in part) (not Linnzeus)
Jour. Linn. Soc. xxx. 19. (1892).
Resinous aromatic trees, with scaly bark, soft straight-grained durable fragrant wood, spreading
branches, flattened branchlets disposed in one horizontal plane forming an open distichous spray, and
often ultimately deciduous, naked buds, and fibrous roots. Leaves scale-like, opposite, imbricated in
four ranks, glandular or eglandular on the back, entire with thin cartilaginous margins, persistent ; on
leading shoots nearly equally decussate, closely appressed or spreading, often remote by the lengthening
of the nodes, dying and becoming woody before falling ; on lateral flattened branchlets those of the
lateral ranks much compressed, conspicuously carinate and nearly covering those of the other ranks;
on seedling plants linear-lanceolate and spreading. Flowers appearing in winter or very early spring
from buds formed the previous autumn, monecious, with those of the two sexes on different branchlets
or dicecious, solitary, terminal. Staminate flower subsessile, globose or ovoid; stamens from twelve
to sixteen, decussately opposite on a slender axis; filaments short, dilated into scale-like broadly ovate
or orbicular eccentrically peltate connectives bearing usually four subglobose two-valved anther-cells
opening on the back; pollen-grains-simple. Pistillate flower subglobose, ovoid or oblong, terminal on
a short lateral branchlet, often subtended by several pairs of leaf-like scales slightly enlarged and
persistent under the fruit, composed of four or rarely of six decussately opposite scales, acuminate with
long or short points; scales of the upper or of the middle rank much longer than those of the lower
rank, ovate or oblong, fertile, bearing at the base on a minute accrescent ovuliferous scale two erect
collateral orthotropous ovules. Fruit maturing in one season, ovoid or oblong, surrounded at the
base by the somewhat enlarged upper leaves of the branchlet, persistent after the discharge of the
seeds until the following season, its scales subcoriaceous, marked at the apex by the free slightly
thickened mucronulate border of the enlarged flower-scale; the lowest pair thin, ovate, reflexed, much
shorter than the oblong or ovate thickened woody scales of the second rank widely spreading at
maturity ; those of the third rank, when present, confluent into an erect woody septum. Seeds in
pairs or solitary by abortion, erect, oblong-lanceolate, compressed; testa coriaceous, produced into
lateral membranaceous wings, the one narrow, the other broad, oblique and nearly as long as the
scale, free, or united, with a conspicuous suture; embryo axile in fleshy albumen ; cotyledons two,
radicle cylindrical, superior.
Eight species of Libocedrus, which is perhaps too closely connected with Thuya to be con-
sidered generically distinct, are now distinguished; one is widely scattered through the mountain
forests of western North America; two inhabit western South America, where they are distributed from
Chili to Patagonia ; two occur in New Zealand, two in New Caledonia,’ and one in southwestern
1 Libocedrus austro-caledonica, Brongniart & Gris, Bull. Soc. ii. 32 (Records of Observations on Sir W. McGregor’s Highiand-
Bot. France, xviii. 140 (1871), and Plants from New G'uinea) (1889). — Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 31.
Libocedrus Papuana, F. Mueller, Trans. R. Soc. Victoria, i. pt.
134
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
CONIFER.
China.’ Species of Libocedrus analogous to those now existing in South America inhabited Greenland
during the cretaceous period and then spread over Europe, well-defined traces of their existence in tertiary
times appearing in the miocene rocks of Spitzenbergen and in central Europe, and in amber deposits.”
Libocedrus produces durable wood used in construction and for many rural purposes, the most
valuable timber-trees of the genus being the South American Libocedrus cupressoides,’ the New
Zealand Libocedrus Bidwillii* and Libocedrus plumosa,® the North American Libocedrus decurrens,
and the Chilian Libocedrus Chilensis.®
The North American Libocedrus is not known to suffer from insect enemies, but its value as a
timber-tree is seriously impaired by fungal disease.’
The species of Libocedrus can be propagated by seeds and by cuttings made from branches of
the year.
The generic name, from AGé¢ and Cedrus, relates to the resinous character of these trees.
1 Libocedrus macrolepis, Bentham & MHooker, Gen. iii. 426
(1880). — Beissner, Handb. Nadelth. 30.
Calocedrus macrolepis, Kurz, Jour. Bot. xi. 196, t. 133 (1873).
2 Saporta, Origine Paléontologique des Arbres, 97. — Zittel, Handb.
Paleontolog. ii. 315.
8 Libocedrus cupressoides.
Pinus cupressoides, Molina, Saggio sulla storia naturale del
Chile, 168 (1782).
Thuya tetragona, Hooker, Lond. Jour. Bot. iii. 148, t. 4 (1844).
Libocedrus tetragona, Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 44 (1847). — Par-
latore, De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 454.
Libocedrus cupressoides, the Alerse of Chili, which in the shel-
tered ravines of the Valdivian Andes is a tree from eighty to one
hundred feet high, with a trunk occasionally ten feet in diameter,
and at high elevations and on the shores of the Straits of Magellan
a low much-branched bush, is distributed from southern Chili to
Patagonia. The soft straight-grained wood is easily split and
worked, and is almost indestructible by the action of weather.
The trunks of the Alerse are used for the masts and spars of
vessels, and are often manufactured into shingles and lumber
employed for fencing and in construction of all sorts. The inner
bark, which is imperishable in water, is used to calk the seams
of boats and small vessels. (See P. Parker King, Narratwe of the
Surveying Voyage of His Majesty’s Ships Adventure and Beagle, i.
282. — C. Gay, Fl. Chil. v. 407.)
* Hooker f. Fl. New Zeal. i. 257 (1867).
Libocedrus Bidwillii is a tree from fifty to eighty feet in height,
with a trunk sometimes three feet in diameter, which is widely
scattered through the mountain forests of New Zealand, some-
times ascending on the west coast of the Southern Island to ele-
vations of nearly four thousand feet. The wood is red, straight-
grained, light and brittle, but extremely durable ; in New Zealand
it is used in construction and for piles, the posts and rails of
fences, railway-ties, telegraph-poles, shingles, and weather-boards.
(See Kirk, Forest Fl. New Zeal. 159, t. 82°, f. 2, 83.)
5 Libocedrus plumosa.
Dacrydium plumosum, D. Don, Lambert Pinus, ed. 2, ii. Appx.
143 (1828). —A. Cunningham, Ann. Nat. Hist. i. 213.
Thuya Doniana, Hooker, Lond. Jour. Bot. i. 571, t. 18 (1842). —
Hooker f. J. c. 231.
Libocedrus Doniana, Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 43. — Parlatore,
De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. 11. 454.
Libocedrus plumosa, a comparatively rare tree and confined to
the Northern Island, is distinguished while young by its much
flattened crowded branchlets giving a plume-like appearance to
the branches, and is often one hundred feet high, with a straight
naked trunk four or five feet in diameter, covered with the long
ribbon-like loose scales of the reddish bark. The wood is light,
strong, very durable, straight-grained, and dark red handsomely
marked with darker stripes ; it is used in fencing, in construction,
and for shingles, and is highly esteemed for cabinet-making and
the interior finish of houses. (See Kirk, J. c. 158, t. 82, 82°, f. 1.)
6 Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 44 (1847).— Parlatore, De Candolle
Prodr. xvi. pt. i. 455.
Thuya Chilensis, D. Don, Lambert Pinus, ii. 19 (1824).—
Hooker, Lond. Jour. Bot. ii. 199, t. 4.
Thuya Andina, Poeppig & Endlicher, Nov. Gen. et Spec. iii. 17
t. 220 (1845).
Libocedrus Chilensis is a tree fifty or sixty feet in height, with
a short trunk frequently branched from the base and a compact
symmetrical pyramidal head, growing on the lower slopes of the
Andes of southern Chili from latitude 34° south to Valdivia. The
soft straight-grained red wood is largely used in Chili in the interior
finish of houses. (See C. Gay, l. c. 406.)
7 The trunks of Libocedrus decurrens are frequently honey-
combed and its value as a timber-tree destroyed by Dedalea vorax
(Harkness, Pacific Rural Press, Jan. 25, 1879), which destroys
rounded masses of the wood, disposed in long rows sometimes
extending through the length of the trunk, reducing them to cin-
der-like powder. It is also said to be attacked by Gymnosporan-
gium biseptatum, Ellis, which in the eastern states lives upon Cu-
pressus thyoides, and by a few other unimportant fungi.
CONIFER.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 135
LIBOCEDRUS DECURRENS.
White Cedar.
Incense Cedar.
FRuirT pendulous, composed of six scales ; seeds two under each fertile scale.
Libocedrus decurrens, Torrey, Smithsonian Contrib. vi.
7, t.3 (Pl. Frémont.) (1854) ; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv. pt. v.
140; Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii. 211. — Lindley, Gard.
Chron. 1853, 695. — Bentham, Pl. Hartweg. 338. — New-
berry, Pacific R. Kh. Rep. vi. pt. iii. 63. — Walpers, Ann. v.
795. — Parlatore, De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 456. —
R. Brown Campst. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, ix. 373. —
A. Murray, The Garden, ii. 540, f£.— Hoopes, Ever-
greens, 309, f. 40. — Engelmann, Brewer & Watson Bot.
Cal. ii. 116.— Gordon, Pinetwm, ed. 2, 181.—Veitch, Man.
Conif. 267. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census
U. S. ix. 176. — Lemmon, Rep. California State Board
Forestry, iii. 173, t. 22, 23 (Cone-Bearers of California) ;
West-American Cone-Bearers, 73.— Beissner, Handb.
Nadelh. 28, f. 1, 2. — Masters, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv.
219. — Hansen, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 268 (Pinetum
Danicum). — Merriam, North American Fauna, No. 7,
340. — Coville, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 224 (Bot.
Death Valley Exped.).
Thuya Craigana, A. Murray, Rep. Oregon Haped. 2, t. 5
(October, 1854).
Thuya gigantea, Carritre, Rev. Hort. 1854, 224, f. 12, 14
(in part) (not Nuttall); Flore des Serres, ix. 199, £. 3-5
(in part); Traité Conif. 105 (in part). — Gordon, Pine-
tum, 321 (in part); Suppl. 102 (in part). — Henkel &
Hochstetter, Syn. Nadeth. 280 (in part).
Heyderia decurrens, K. Koch, Dendr. pt. ii. 179 (1873). —
Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. ed. 2, 70, f. 9.
A tree, frequently one hundred and fifty feet in height, with a tall straight slightly and irregularly
lobed trunk tapering gradually from a broad base and sometimes seven or eight feet in diameter ;
during its first century the slender branches are erect at the top of the tree and below sweep downward
in bold curves, forming a narrow open feathery crown, but in old age it becomes irregular in outline by
the greater development of a few branches which, at first horizontal, soon turn upward and form
secondary stems. The bark of the trunk is from one half of an inch to nearly an inch in thickness,
bright cinnamon-red, and broken into irregular ridges covered with closely appressed plate-like scales.
The leading branchlets are rather stout, and when they first appear are somewhat flattened and light
yellow-green, turning light red-brown during the summer and ultimately brown more or less tinged
with purple, and bearing for many years the nodal leaves or their narrow ring-like scars; the lateral
branchlets are much flattened, and form an open pale yellow spray from four to six inches in length
and usually deciduous at the end of the second or third season. The leaves are decussately opposite,
with two pairs at each joint, and are oblong-obovate, decurrent and closely adnate on the branchlet
except at the free callous apex, and from one eighth of an inch in length on the ultimate lateral
branchlets to nearly one half of an inch on leading shoots, those of the lateral ranks being gradually
narrowed and acuminate at the apex, and keeled and glandular on the back, and nearly covering those
of the inner ranks, which are flattened, obscurely glandular-pitted, and abruptly pointed; on young
seedlings the leaves are linear-lanceolate, acuminate, conspicuously ribbed, from one quarter to one half
of an inch long, spreading and light yellow-green ; and on the earliest flattened branchlets they are
elongated and spreading. The flowers appear in January on the ends of short lateral branchlets of
the previous year, the staminate, which are produced in great numbers, tingeing the tree with gold during
the winter and early spring. The stamimate flower is ovate, nearly a quarter of an inch long, and
composed of from twelve to sixteen stamens with nearly orbicular or broadly ovate connectives rounded,
acute, or acuminate at the apex and slightly erose on the margins. The pistillate flower is subtended
by from two to six pairs of leaf-like scales slightly enlarged and persistent under the fruit, and is
about an eighth of an inch in length, with six ovate acute light yellow-green slightly spreading: scales,
those of the second rank bearing two pale yellow ovules. The fruit ripens and discharges its seeds in
136 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CONIFER.
the autumn, but does not fall until the following spring or summer ; it is oblong, more or less gibbous
at the base, from three quarters of an inch to an inch in length, pendulous, light red-brown, and
composed of six scales mucronulate below the apex ; those of the lowest rank are thin, broadly ovate,
much recurved, and rather less than a quarter of an inch in length; those of the second rank are
ovate-oblong, thick and woody in texture, nearly as long as the fruit, and often a third of an inch in
width, wide-spreading at maturity from the thick erect woody septum formed by the union of the
upper scales and marked at the base on the inner surface with two oblong collateral depressions caused
by the growth of the seeds; these are two in number under each of the two middle scales, and are
oblong-lanceolate, from one third to one half of an inch in length, semiterete and marked below by
conspicuous pale basal hilums extending up both sides of the seed to above the middle; the seed-coat
is membranaceous, of two layers, the inner being penetrated by large elongated resin-chambers filled
with red liquid balsamic resin, and the outer produced into a lght red-brown membranaceous very
oblique wing as long as the scale of the fruit and marked by a dark longitudinal suture.
Libocedrus decurrens is distributed from the basin of the North Fork of the Santiam River in
Oregon southward along the western slopes of the Cascade Mountains and the California Sierra Nevada,
and along the California coast ranges from the southern borders of Mendocino County to the San
Bernardino, San Jacinto, and Cuayamaca Mountains, finding its most southern home on the high Mount
San Pedro Martir, half way down the peninsula of lower California,’ and occasionally crossing the
Sierra Nevada of central California to western Nevada.’ Although widely scattered and not rare, it
usually grows singly or in small isolated groves and does not form forests. It is comparatively rare in
Oregon, where it ascends to altitudes of about five thousand feet, and also in the California coast
ranges, growing on the San Jacinto and San Bernardino Mountains at elevations of from five to seven
thousand feet ;° it is most abundant and attains its greatest size on the western slopes of the Sierras of
central California, where it thrives in all sorts of soils at elevations of from three to five thousand feet.
Although able to support more moisture at the roots than most of the other California conifers,’ it
attains its greatest perfection on warm dry hillsides, on plateaus, and on the floors of open valleys,
where, mingled with the Yellow Pine and the Black Oak, it is a magnificent feature of the forest, with
its symmetrical crown of graceful yellow-green branchlets and its bright red-brown bark.
Although often injured by dry rot, Libocedrus decurrens when in a healthy condition is
one of the most valuable timber-trees of western North America. The wood is light, soft, close-
grained, and very durable in contact with the soil, but not strong; it contains thin dark-colored
conspicuous bands of small summer-cells and numerous obscure medullary rays, and is ight reddish
brown, with thin nearly white sapwood. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.4017, a
cubic foot weighing 25.03 pounds. It is largely used for fencing, for laths and shingles, for the
interior finish of buildings and for furniture, and in the construction of flumes. The bark is rich in
tannin.”
Lnbocedrus decurrens ° was discovered by Frémont on the upper waters of the Sacramento River
in 1846, and appears to have been first cultivated in 1853 at Edinburgh. It is now a common
inhabitant of the parks and gardens of western and central Europe, where it grows rapidly and promises
to attain a large size ; it is also occasionally cultivated in the eastern United States, growing luxuriantly
in the neighborhood of the city of Washington, and proving precariously hardy as far north as the
valley of the lower Hudson River. Forms of Libocedrus decurrens of abnormal habit and with
glaucous foliage which have originated in European gardens are occasionally cultivated.’
1 Brandegee, Zod. iv. 210. 6 In California Libocedrus decurrens is sometimes also called
2 ‘Watson, King’s Rep. v. 335. Bastard Cedar and Post Cedar.
3S. B. Parish, Zoé, iv. 352. 7 Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 30.
* Muir, Mountains of California, 169, f. In European gardens Libocedrus decurrens is still frequently cul-
5 Trimble, Garden and Forest, ix. 162. tivated as Thuya gigantea. (See R. Brown Campst. Gard. Chron.
1873, 8.)
CHNOTAR WHE
ob fh fed fed feb fe
a Pwd eH OS
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Puate DXXXIV. LIBOCEDRUS DECURRENS.
. A flowering branch, natural size.
A staminate flower, enlarged.
A stamen, rear view, enlarged.
. A stamen, front view, enlarged.
. A pistillate flower, enlarged.
. A fertile scale of a pistillate flower with its ovules, front view, enlarged.
. A fruiting branch, natural size.
. A scale of a fruit, rear view, enlarged.
. A scale of a fruit with its seeds, front view, enlarged.
. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.
. An embryo, enlarged.
. A leaf, enlarged.
- End of a branchlet, enlarged.
. Vertical section of a branchlet, enlarged.
. A seedling, natural size.
Silva of North America. Tab. DXXAIV
i
A y at
cf A
fl hi AA Al}
CEL axon del, Rapine sc,
LIBOCEDRUS DECURRENS, Torr.
A. Riocreux direx.™ Imp. 7. Taneur, Paris.
CONIFERA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 139
SEQUOTA.
FLowers naked, monecious, solitary, the staminate terminal or axillary ; stamens
numerous; anther-cells 2 to 5; the pistillate terminal; scales numerous, bearing 3
to 7 ovules. Fruit a woody strobile. Leaves alternate, often dimorphic, persistent.
Sequoia, Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 197 (1847); Gen. Suppl. Wellingtonia, Lindley, Gard. Chron. 1853, 823.
iv. pt. 11. 7. — Bentham & Hooker, Gen. iii. 429. — Eich- Gigantabies (Nelson), Senilis, Pinacew, 77 (1866).
ler, Engler & Prantl Pflanzenfam. ii. pt. i. 85. — Masters, Athrotaxis, Baillon, Hist. Pl. xii. 39 (in part) (not G.
Jour. Linn. Soc. xxx. 22. Don) (1892).
Resinous aromatic trees, with tall massive lobed trunks, thick bark of two layers, the outer deeply
lobed and composed of fibrous scales, the inner close and firm and from half an inch to an inch in thick-
ness, soft durable straight-grained dark red heartwood, thin nearly white sapwood, stout short horizontal
branches, slender terete branchlets deciduous in the autumn, scaly or naked buds, and fibrous roots.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate or linear and distichously spreading, especially on young trees and branches, or
linear, acute, compressed and keeled on the back, closely appressed or spreading at the apex, the two
forms sometimes appearing on the same branch or on different branches of the same tree. Flowers
minute, solitary, moncecious, appearing in early spring from buds formed the previous autumn. Stami-
nate flowers terminal or in the axils of upper leaves, ovoid or oblong, stipitate, subtended by numerous
decussately imbricated scale-like bracts, their axes bearing in many series numerous spirally disposed
spreading stamens ; filaments short, dilated into ovate acute subpeltate connectives incurved at the apex,
often denticulate on the margins, bearing on their inner face at the base from two to five but usually
three pendulous globose two-valved anther-cells opening below dorsally ; pollen-grains simple. _Pistillate
flower terminal, ovoid or oblong, composed of numerous ovate scales bluntly keeled on the back, the keels
produced into short or elongated points, spirally imbricated in numerous series, closely adnate to the thick
fleshy much shorter ovuliferous scales rounded above and bearing below their upper margin in two rows
from five to seven free orthotropous bottle-shaped ovules erect at first but afterward horizontal and finally
reversed. Fruit an ovoid or shortly oblong pendulous strobile, maturing during its first season,
persistent after the opening of the scales and the discharge of the seeds; its scales, formed by the
enlargement of the united flower and ovuliferous scales, indurate and woody, contracted at the base into
slender stipes or gradually enlarged upward, widened at the apex into narrow thickened transverse
oblong rugose disks, transversely depressed through the middle, and often mucronulate. Seeds from
five to seven under each scale, reversed and pendulous, oblong-ovate, compressed ; testa membranaceous
or slightly crustaceous, produced into broad thin wings. Embryo axile, straight in copious fleshy
albumen ; cotyledons from four to six, longer than the inferior radicle, turned away from the small
depressed pale hilum.
Sequoia, which inhabited the Arctic Circle during the cretaceous and tertiary epochs, and was
then a conspicuous feature of the vegetation of Europe and of the interior regions of North America,
where several species existed,’ is now confined to the mountain forests of California, and reduced to two
species, one inhabiting the northern and central coast ranges, and the other the western slopes of the
Sierra Nevada.
1 Gray, Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci. xxi. 1 (Sequoia and its His- 15-18*. — Saporta, Origine Paléontologique des Arbres, 89. — Zittel,
tory) ; Scientific Papers, ii. 142.— Lesquereux, Rep. U. S. Geolog. Handb. Paleontolog. ii. 296, f. 205.
Surv. vii. 75, t. 7, £. 3-16"; t. 65, £. 1-4; t. 61, £. 25-29; t. 62, f
140 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CONIFER.
The trunks of Sequoia are largely manufactured into lumber used in construction and the interior
finish of houses, and for fencing and railway-ties.
Comparatively few insects’ prey upon Sequoia, which is free from serious fungal diseases.”
Sequoia can be easily raised from seeds, which germinate usually at the end of a few weeks.
The name of the genus immortalizes Sequoyah,* the inventor of the Cherokee alphabet.
1 Little is known of the insects which attack Sequoia. The most
destructive is Bembecia Sequoie, Henry Edwards, which, it is said,
“is devastating the Pine forests of Mendocino County, California,
and is particularly destructive to Sequoia sempervirens, Pinus pon-
derosa and Pinus Lambertiana. The eggs appear to be laid in the
axils of the branches, the young caterpillar boring in a tortuous
manner about its retreat, thus diverting the flow of sap, and caus-
ing large resinous nodules to form at the place of its workings.
These gradually harden, the branch beyond them dies, and the tree
Hundreds of fine
trees in the forests of the region indicated are to be seen in various
stages of decay.” (Bull. No.7, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1881, 261
[Insects Injurious to Forest and Shade Trees ].)
2 Both the species of Sequoia are infested by a number of small
characteristic fungi, although none of them are known to cause
More than thirty species have been recorded on
at last succumbs to its insignificant enemies.
serious diseases.
Sequoia sempervirens and about ten on Sequoia Wellingtonia. Among
the latter may be mentioned Scleroderris Sequoic, Saccardo, which
occurs on the trunks, and Lachnea Sequoia, Saccardo, and Lestadia
consociata, Cooke, on the leaves. Sequoia sempervirens is attacked
by such widely spread species as Hypocrea rufa, Fries, Pitya Cu-
pressi, Saceardo, Stictis versicolor, Fries, and by special parasites
like Amphispheria Wellingtonie, Berlese & Voglino, Leptostroma
Sequoie, Cooke & Harkness, Melanopsamma confertissima, Saccardo,
and other small species not found upon other hosts. Young plants
of Sequoia Wellingtonia cultivated in Europe are said to suffer from
attacks of a species of Botrytis, and a species of the same genus
has been reported on wild trees in this country, although it is not
known whether or not the same species attacks these trees in Cali-
fornia and Europe.
° George Guess or Sequoyah (about 1770-August, 1843), a
Cherokee half-breed, was first known as a small farmer in the
Cherokee country of Georgia, and as a skillful silversmith. In
1826 he published his syllabic Cherokee alphabet of eighty-five
characters, each representing a single sound, which was afterward
used in printing The Cherokee Phenix, a journal devcted to the
interests of the Cherokee nation, and a portion of the New Testa-
ment. Guess moved with his tribe to the Indian Territory, and
died in San Fernando in northern Mexico.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Scales of the pistillate flower usually about 20, long or short-pointed ; leaves dimorphic,
mostly distichously spreading, acute or acuminate; buds scaly . . . . ... .
1. SEQUOIA SEMPERVIRENS.
Scales of the pistillate flower usually from 25-30, long-pointed ; leaves ovate, acute, or
lanceolate, slightly spreading or appressed ; buds naked .
2. SEQUOIA WELLINGTONIA.
e e e e e . e e . e
CONIFER,
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
141
SEQUOIA SEMPERVIRENS.
Redwood.
ScaLes of the pistillate flower usually about 20.
into the terminal discs.
acuminate. Buds scaly.
Sequoia sempervirens, Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 198
(1847). — Lindley & Gordon, Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. v.
222. — Decaisne, Rev. Hort. 1859, 9, f. 2. — Carriere,
Praité Conif. 164. — J. M. Bigelow, Pacific R. R. Rep.
iv. pt. v. 23.— Torrey, Pacific R. R. Rep. iv. pt. v.
140; Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 210; Ives’ Rep. 28. —
Newberry, Pacific R. R. Rep. vi. pt. iii. 57, 90, £.23. —
Gordon, Pinetum, 303. — A. Murray, Edinburgh New
Phil. Jour. n. ser. xi. 221; Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh,
vi. 346. — Seemann, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, iii.
165.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 244. — Parlatore, De Can-
dolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 436. — K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii.
193. — Engelmann, Brewer & Watson Bot. Cal. ii. 116. —
Veitch, Man. Conif. 212. — Lawson, Pinetum Brit. iii. t.
52, f. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S.
ix. 184. — Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. ed. 2, 79. — Lem-
mon, ep. California State Board Forestry, iii. 163, t. 18
(Cone-Bearers of California); West-American Cone-
Bearers, 68. — Masters, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 247;
Cone-scales abruptly enlarged
Leaves dimorphic, mostly distichously spreading, acute or
Gard. Chron. ser. 3, xix. 556, f. 86. — Hansen, Jour. R.
Hort. Soc. xiv. 309 (Pinetum Danicum). — Koehne,
Deutsche Dendr. 44, f. 14, A-G.
Taxodium sempervirens, Lambert, Pinus, ii. 24, t. 7
(1824).— Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2487, £. 2340, 2341. —
Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 164; Icon. iv. t. 379. — Hooker
& Arnott, Bot. Voy. Beechey, 392. — Henkel & Hochstet-
ter, Syn. Nadelh. 262.
Abies religiosa, Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Voy. Beechey, 160
(not Lindley) (1841).
Schubertia sempervirens, Spach, Hist. Vég. xi. 353
(1842).
Sequoia gigantea, Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 198 (1847). —
Lindley & Gordon, Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. v. 222. —
Bentham, Pl. Hartweg. 338.
Sequoia religiosa, Presl, Epimel. Bot. 237 (1849). —
Walpers, Ann. iii. 448.
Gigantabies taxifolia, (Nelson) Senilis, Pinacee, 78
(1866).
A tree, from two to three hundred feet in height, with a slightly tapering and irregularly lobed
trunk, usually free of branches for seventy-five or one hundred feet, and frum ten to fifteen or rarely
from twenty to twenty-eight feet in diameter at the much buttressed base, and three hundred and
fifty * feet tall, throwing up from the stump when cut and from fallen stems many vigorous long-lived
shoots. On young trees the slender branches are erect above, and below sweep downward in graceful
curves, forming an open slender pyramid of distichous flat spray, but long before the tree attains its full
size the lower branches disappear, and those toward the summit become stout and horizontal, and the
narrow rather compact and very irregular head is remarkably small in proportion to the height and size
of the trunk. The bark of the trunk, which is from six to twelve inches in thickness, is divided into
rounded ridges corresponding to the ridges of the trunk and frequently two or three feet wide, and
separates on the surface into long narrow dark brown fibrous scales, often broken transversely, and
disclosing in falling the bright cinnamon-red inner bark. The branchlets are slender and distichously
spreading, and when they first appear are light yellow-green like the young leaves, but soon become
dark green, and during their third or fourth season are covered with thin cinnamon-brown bark
which breaks irregularly into loose papery scales. The buds are about one eighth of an inch in
length, and are covered with many loosely imbricated ovate acute scales, prominently keeled on the
back, slightly accrescent and persistent on the base of the branchlet. The leaves, which are persistent
for two or three years, on the lateral branchlets of lower branches and of young trees are lanceolate,
more or less falcate, acute or acuminate and usually tipped with slender rigid points, decurrent at the
base, distichous and spreading at right angles to the branchlet by a half-turn at the base, from one
tallest specimen I have measured was three hundred and forty
feet high.
1 The Redwood, which is the tallest American tree, probably
oceasionally attains the height of four hundred feet or more. The
142 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CONIFER.
quarter to one half of an inch in length, about one eighth of an inch in width, obscurely keeled, and
marked above with two narrow longitudinal bands of stomata, and glaucous and stomatiferous below,
with slightly thickened revolute margins and conspicuous midribs; on leading shoots they are disposed
in many ranks, frequently scale-like, more or less spreading or appressed, ovate or ovate-oblong,
incurved at the rounded apiculate apex, thickened, rounded and stomatiferous on the lower surface,
concave, prominently keeled and covered with stomata on the upper surface, and usually about a
quarter of an inch long, and die and turn red-brown at least two years before falling. Such scale-like
leaves often occur on isolated branchlets among those bearing leaves of the normal form, and frequently
cover entire branches, especially the upper branches of large trees, or rarely all the branches of trees
growing at high elevations... The flowers open late in the winter or in very early spring. The
staminate flower is ovate, obtuse, about one sixteenth of an inch long, raised at maturity on a slender
elongated stipe, and surrounded by numerous broadly ovate scales, which are acute and apiculate at the
apex, rounded and obscurely keeled on the outer face and concave on the inner; the connectives are
ovate, rounded or short-pointed at the apex, and denticulate. The pistillate flower is oblong, and
composed of about twenty more or less broadly ovate acute scales tipped with elongated incurved or
short points.” The cone is oblong, from three quarters of an inch to an inch long and half an inch
broad, with scales which are abruptly dilated above into disks penetrated by deep narrow grooves,
usually destitute of mucros, about a third of an inch long and an eighth of an inch wide, and furnished
on the inner surface with numerous resin glands. Usually from three to five seeds are produced under
each scale; they are about one sixteenth of an inch long and light brown, with wings as broad as the
body.
Sequoia sempervirens is distributed from the southern borders of Oregon* southward near the
coast to Salmon Creek Canon about twelve miles south of Punta Gorda, Monterey County, California,
rarely ranging more than twenty or thirty miles from the coast or beyond the influence of ocean fogs,
or ascending more than three thousand feet above the sea-level. In this narrow mountain forest belt,
which the Redwood has made the most prolific in the world,* it often forms at the north, on moist
sandstone soil, pure forests, occupying the sides of cafons and ravines watered by abundant springs,
and the banks of streams, the trees being separated by only a few feet, and at the south grows
usually in small groves scattered among Pines and Firs, the Madrofia, and the Tan Bark Oak. Usually
confined to the western slopes of the coast ranges, it is most abundant and attains its largest size north
of Cape Mendocino; and south of the Bay of San Francisco it is comparatively rare and usually
small, although large individual trees were once scattered throughout the entire Redwood region.
Sequoia sempervirens is the most valuable timber-tree of the forests of Pacific North America.
The wood is light and soft, brittle and not very strong; it is close-grained, easily split and worked,
very durable in contact with the soil, and susceptible of receiving a good polish.’ It is clear light red,
with thin nearly white sapwood, and contains thin conspicuous dark-colored bands of small summer-
cells and numerous obscure medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.4208,
a cubic foot weighing 26.22 pounds. Largely manufactured into lumber, it is the most common and
most valuable building material produced in the Pacific states, and in California is used almost
exclusively for shingles, fence-posts, telegraph-poles, railway-ties, wine butts, tanning and water tanks,
and coffins. It is largely exported to Australia, the Pacific islands and China, and is now frequently
used in building in the states east of the Rocky Mountains, and is occasionally exported to Europe,
1 Eastwood, Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. 2, v. 170, t. 15-17 (Heteromor- Chetco River, about four miles from its mouth. The Redwood
phic Organs of Sequoia sempervirens). also grows in Oregon on the Winchuck River, just within the bor-
* Eastwood, 1. c. 173, t. 18.— Masters, Gard. Chron. ser. 3, xix. ders of the state.
556, f. 86. * Alvord, Garden and Forest, v. 237 (The Forests of California).
° What is probably the most northern Redwood grove stands in 5 Frémont, Geographical Memoir upon Upper California, 36, 37
Oregon, about eight miles north of the California state line on the (Senate Doc. Miscellaneous, No. 148, 30th Congress U.S. 1st Sess.).
CONIFER. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 143
where it is employed as a substitute for red cedar in the manufacture of lead pencils. Logs with
curled or contorted grain are cut into veneers, which are valued by the cabinet-maker. In California
the bark has been utilized to stuff furniture, and to cover the logs of corduroy roads and of bridges
over forest streams.’
Sequoia sempervirens was discovered in 1796 by Archibald Menzies, the surgeon and naturalist of
Vancouver’s voyage of exploration, probably on the shores of the Bay of San Francisco, where it was
once common and a conspicuous feature of the vegetation, and was rediscovered by David Douglas. It
was introduced into English gardens in 1846 by Karl Theodor Hartweg, and flourishes in the regions
of western and southern Europe,’ and in the southeastern United States, where it has proved hardy in
the neighborhood of Charleston, South Carolina. In European nurseries a few abnormal seedling
varieties have appeared, and are occasionally cultivated by the lovers of curious trees.
Among American trees the Redwood is exceeded in size only by Sequoia Wellingtonia.
Towering above its companions in the forest, with its bright colored massive trunk and its lustrous
foliage, it is unsurpassed in magnificence by any other conifer, and no coniferous forest of the continent
equals in impressiveness, beauty, and luxuriance the Redwood forests of northern California. The
demand for the wood of this tree, and its accessibility to tide-water, are rapidly destroying the best
forests, which soon will be dim memories only ; but the peculiar and remarkable power of the Redwood
when cut to reproduce itself by numerous shoots from the stump, which soon attain a large size, and
often coalesce, forming circular groves, which mark the site of the original trunk, promises to insure
its existence as long as the California coast ranges are bathed in the fogs of the Pacific Ocean.
1 Kellogg, Forest Trees of California, 26. 3 Veitch, Man. Conif. 212.
2 Gard. Chron. ser. 3, vi. 240 ; viii. 302.
CNA oP wD pe
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Pirate DXXXV. SEQUOIA SEMPERVIRENS.
. A branch with staminate flowers, natural size.
A staminate flower, enlarged.
A stamen, rear view, enlarged.
. A stamen, front view, enlarged.
. A branch, with pistillate flowers, natural size.
. Diagram of a pistillate flower.
A pistillate flower, enlarged.
Vertical section of a scale of a pistillate flower, with ovules,
front view, enlarged.
Vertical section of a scale of a pistillate flower, side view,
enlarged.
. A fruiting branch, natural size.
. A scale of a cone with seeds, front view, enlarged.
. A scale of a cone with seeds, rear view, enlarged.
. A seed, enlarged.
. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.
. An embryo, much magnified.
. A branch with winter buds, natural size.
. Cross section of a leaf, magnified.
. A seedling, natural size.
Tab. DXXXV.
Silva of North America.
ES
Y
A
A
LA
Y
i] A
4
SSS
Za
Migneauax sc.
CE Faxon del.
SEQUOIA SEMPERVIRENS, Endl.
Imp.7. Taneur, Paris
A Riocreux direa:*
CONIFER,
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
145
SEQUOIA WELLINGTONIA.
Big Tree.
ScaLEs of the pistillate flower, usually from 25 to 30, long-pointed. Leaves ovate,
acute, or lanceolate, slightly spreading or appressed. Buds naked.
Sequoia Wellingtonia, Seemann, Bonplandia, iii. 27
(Jan. 1855) ; vi. 343; Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, iii.
165. — Lawson, Pinetum Brit. iii. 299, t. 35, 51, 53, £.
1-37.
Sequoia gigantea, Decaisne, Rev. Hort. Jan. 1855, 9, £.
1 (not Endlicher).— Torrey, Pacific R. R. Rep. iv. pt.
v. 140.—Carriére, Traité Conif. 166.— Bloomer, Proc.
Cal. Acad. iii. 399. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 239, f. 29. —
Parlatore, De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 437. — Koch,
Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 194.— Engelmann, Brewer & Watson
Bot. Cal. ii. 117. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th ©
Census U. S. ix. 184.— Lemmon, Rep. California State
Board Forestry, iii. 165, Frontispiece, t. 19 (Cone-Bearers
of California); West-American Cone-Bearers, 69, t.
12. — Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 44, f.14, H-K. — Masters,
Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 247; Gard. Chron. ser. 3, xix.
556, f. 85. — Hansen, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 306 (Pine-
tum Danicum).— Merriam, North American Fauna, No.
7, 340 (Death Valley Exped. ii.). — Coville, Contrib. U.S.
Nat. Herb. iv. 224 (Bot. Death Valley Exped.).
Wellingtonia gigantea, Lindley, Gard. Chron. 1853,
823. — Bot. Mag. \xxx. t. 4777, 4778. — Lemaire, J7l.
Hort. 1854, 14, t. — Naudin, Rev. Hort. 1854, 166; FV.
des Serres, ix. 93, t. 892, 893. — Planchon, FV. des Serres,
ix. 121, t. 903. — Floricultural Cabinet, 1854, 121, t.—
J. M. Bigelow, Pacific Rk. R. Rep. iv. pt. v. 22. — Gordon,
Pinetum, 330. — A. Murray, Edinburgh New Phil. Jour.
n. ser. xi. 205, t. 3-9; Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vi.
330, t. 6, £. 8, 9. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn. Nudelh.
222. — Carritre, Traité Conif. ed. 2, 217. — Nordlinger,
Forstbot. 463, f.— Veitch, Man. Conif. 204. — Lauche,
Deutsche Dendr. ed. 2, 78, £. 14.—Schiibeler, Virid.
Norveg. i. 445.
Taxodium giganteum, Kellogg & Behr, Proc. Cal. Acad.
i. 51 (May, 1855).
Gigantabies Wellingtoniana, (Nelson) Senilis, Pinaceae,
79 (1866).
The average height of Sequoia Wellingtonia’ is about two hundred and seventy-five feet, and its
trunk diameter near the ground twenty feet, although individuals from three hundred to three hundred
and twenty feet tall, with trunks from twenty-five to thirty-five feet thick are not rare? During four
or five centuries the tapering stem is clothed with slender crowded branches, which are erect above and
horizontal near the middle of the tree, and below sweep toward the ground in graceful curves, thus
forming a dense narrow strict pyramid. Gradually the lower branches disappear, and those at the top
of the tree lose their aspiring habit; the trunk, which is much enlarged and buttressed at the base, and
fluted with broad low rounded ridges, becomes naked for one hundred or one hundred and fifty
1 Dr. C. F. Winslow, who visited the Calaveras grove in August,
1854, proposed in a letter to The California Farmer, a weekly jour-
nal published in San Francisco, that the Big Tree, if it should be a
Taxodium, should be called Tazodium Washingtonianum, or if it
proved to be the representative of an undescribed genus, that, as
Washingtonia Californica, it should commemorate the name of
George Washington. (See Hooker, Jour. Bot. and Kew Gard.
Misc. vii. 29.) Neither of these names, however, was ever pub-
lished technically, and Lindley’s and Decaisne’s specific name gigan-
tea being unavailable from previous use in connection with the other
species of this genus, the first available specific name for the largest
and one of the most interesting trees of North America is that of
the English general in whose honor the genus Wellingtonia was
established on this tree.
2 In the Calaveras grove there are three trees over three hundred
feet high, the tallest measuring three hundred and twenty-five feet.
The largest tree measured by Muir is standing in the King’s River
forest, and four feet above the ground has a trunk diameter of
thirty-five feet eight inches inside the bark. Muir’s examination
of the trunk of this tree, which is burned nearly half through,
showed that it has lived not less than four thousand years, although
the layers of annual growth were in places so contorted and in-
volved that it was impossible to count them all; and he believes
that other trees now standing are at least five thousand years old.
The layers of annual growth, counted by Asa Gray on the stump
of a tree which was cut several years ago in the Calaveras grove in
order that the top of the stump might serve as a dancing-floor,
showed that it had attained a diameter of twenty-four feet inside
the bark in about thirteen hundred years. A tree of nearly the
same size, which had been cut down, in the King’s River forest,
examined by Muir, was twenty-three hundred years old. (See
Muir, The Mountains of California, 179. See, also, Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. iii. 94.)
146 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CONIFER.
feet; and the narrow rounded crown of short horizontal branches loses its regularity, and gains
picturesqueness from the eccentric development of some of the branches or the destruction of others.
The bark of old trees is from one to two feet in thickness, and is divided into flat rounded lobes four
or five feet wide, corresponding to the lobes of the trunk, and separating into loose fibrous scales; it is
light cinnamon-red, and the outer scales are slightly tinged with purple, which is more conspicuous on
the much thinner bark of young trees. The leading branchlets are stout, pendulous, and furnished
with numerous slender crowded much-divided rather closely appressed lateral branchlets, forming dense
masses of spray; dark blue-green, like the leaves, when they first appear, at the end of two or three
years and after the disappearance of their leaves the branchlets are reddish brown, more or less tinged
with purple, and covered with thin close or slightly scaly bark. The leaves are ovate, acuminate, or
lanceolate, rounded and thickened on the lower surface, concave on the upper surface, and marked with
bands of stomata on both sides of the obscure midribs, rigid and sharp-pointed, decurrent below,
spreading or closely appressed above the middle, and from one eighth to one quarter of an inch, or on
stout leading shoots often half an inch in length; on young seedling plants they are linear-lanceolate,
short-pointed, thin, spreading, pilose, often ciliate on the margins, and from one half to three quarters
of an inch in length. The flowers, which open late in the winter or in early spring, are produced in
great profusion, especially the staminate, which often cover the whole tree, and dust the forest and the
ground below it with their golden pollen. The staminate flower, which is usually terminal, varies from
one sixth to one third of an inch in length, with ovate acute or acuminate denticulate connectives, and
is subtended by broadly ovate scales rounded or acute at the apex, keeled on the back, concave on the
inner face, and slightly erose on the margins. The pistillate flower is about one third of an inch long,
with from twenty-five to thirty, or rarely from thirty-five to forty pale yellow scales, slightly keeled on
the back, gradually narrowed into long slender points, and bearing from three to seven ovules under
each scale. The fruit is ovate-oblong, from two to three and a half inches in length, from an inch and
a half to two inches and a quarter in width, and dark red-brown; the scales are furnished on the upper
side, near the base, with two or three large deciduous dark resin glands,’ and are gradually thickened
upward from the base to the apex, which is only slightly dilated, and is from three quarters of an inch
to an inch and a quarter long, and from one quarter to one half of an inch wide, deeply pitted in the
middle, which is often furnished with an elongated reflexed mucro, and frequently transversely ridged ;
at maturity they remain straight and rigid and open only slightly, the cone retaining its original form
even when dry. From three to seven seeds are produced under each scale; they are linear-lanceolate,
compressed, from one eighth to one quarter of an inch in length, light brown, and surrounded by
lateral united wings broader than the body of the seed, apiculate at the apex, and often unequal.
Sequoia Wellingtonia is the largest inhabitant of the American forests, and the most massive-
stemmed although not the tallest tree in the world. It grows in an uninterrupted belt, chiefly associated
with the Sugar Pine, the Douglas Fir, and the Incense Cedar, from the middle fork of the American
River southward along the western flank of the California Sierras for a distance of about two hundred
and sixty miles to the head of Deer Creek, the northern limit of this belt being near the thirty-ninth
and its southern just south of the thirty-sixth degree of north latitude, and its elevation from five
thousand to eight thousand four hundred feet above the level of the sea. North of King’s River it
appears in isolated groves, sometimes standing from forty to sixty miles apart, and the largest covering
an area of three or four square miles; on the rim of the cation of the South Fork of King’s River it
constitutes a forest six miles long and nearly two miles wide; and in the broken rugged basins of the
Kaweah and Tule Rivers it forms forests which for a distance of seventy miles are interrupted only by
deep caiions and attain their greatest perfection on the North Fork of the Tule. Restricted to small
1 These resin glands are thus described by Muir (in litt.): “a soluble in water, and colors it a beautiful purple. It makes good
dark gritty astringent substance is produced in the cones, and falls ink ; and letters which I wrote with it twenty years ago are still
out with the seeds, when they are dry, in irregular grains. It is legible.”
CONIFERE, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 147
isolated groves! at the north by the topography of the country and by the unexplained absence of
seedlings and sapling plants, its existence at the south is assured by numerous seedlings and by young
trees in every stage of development.
The wood of Sequoia Wellingtonia is very light, soft, not strong, brittle, and coarse-grained, but
very durable in contact with the soil It is bright clear red, turning darker on exposure, with thin
nearly white sapwood, and contains thin dark-colored conspicuous bands of small summer-cells and
The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.2882, a cubic foot
weighing 17.96 pounds. Manufactured into lumber, it is used locally for fencing and in construction,
and is made into shingles. |
numerous thin medullary rays.
More than one white man * has claimed the honor of discovering this tree ; but the first authentic
account of it was obtained from William Lobb, who visited the Calaveras grove in 1854, and succeeded
in introducing this Sequoia into English gardens. It is now one of the most universally cultivated
coniferous trees in all the countries of central and southern Europe, but while it has grown rapidly, it is
already beginning to show that the existing climates of Europe do not suit it, and that this glory of
the Sierra forests need fear no rival among the emigrants of its race. It has been also occasionally
cultivated in the eastern United States, where it does not flourish, although it has occasionally survived
in a few sheltered or peculiarly favorable situations." In European nurseries a number of abnormal
forms have been produced, the most distinct being one in which all the branches are pendulous and
closely pressed against the stem.®
1 Wherever the Big Trees now grow are long deep depressions
in the ground, caused by the fall and subsequent disappearance
through decay or through the action of fire, of giant trees of older
generations. The fact that such trenches do not exist except in the
Big Tree forests and near the Big Tree groves seems to show, as
Muir has pointed out, that this tree has not been more widely dis-
tributed since the glacial epoch than it now is ; and on this hypoth-
esis he explains the isolation of the northern groves by the corre-
spondence of the gaps between them with the beds of glaciers,
which continued to fill the broad basins of streams long after the
ice-sheet had melted from the intervening ridges. Upon these
ridges the first post-glacial Sequoias must have found a foothold
in the very places where their descendants are growing to-day, the
greatest development of the Big-Tree forest occurring “just where
the ground had been most perfectly protected from the main ice-
rivers that continued to pour past from the summit fountains long
after the smaller local glaciers had been melted.”” (See Muir, The
Mountains of California, 195. See, also, Muir, Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv.
Sci. xxv. 242 [Post Glacial History of Sequoia gigantea ].)
2 The wonderful durability of the wood of Sequoia Wellingtonia
is shown by the fact that it has remained perfectly sound in fallen
logs, above which trees have grown for three or four hundred years,
and which may have lain on the ground for centuries before the
germination of the seeds from which these trees sprang. (See
Muir, The Mountains of California, 179.)
3 The first white man who saw one of these trees was probably
John Bidwell, the proprietor of the well known Rancho Chico, near
Chico, California, a pioneer in California fruit-farming, and in 1891
the nominee of the Prohibition party for President of the United
States. In 1841 Bidwell crossed the Sierra Nevada from the east ;
descending the Stanislaus River, he became separated from his
party while hunting, and in the evening of October 20th, when it
was too dark to see distinctly, he came upon an enormous fallen
tree, which many years afterward he recognized in the tree of the
Bidwell
entered the grove, and found a hiding-place for the night near its
Calaveras grove known as “The Father of the Forest.”
eastern side without, however, noticing the standing trees, being
disturbed, as he supposes, by want of provisions and by the dread
of Indians, signs of whom he had seen during the day, and because
the trees of the Sierra forests were all new and wonderful to him
(Bidwell in litt.). Mr. A. T. Dowd, a hunter of Murphy’s Camp
in Calaveras County, stumbled into the Calaveras grove in the
spring of 1852 ; and a few weeks later Dr. Albert Kellogg ex-
hibited before a meeting of the California Academy of Sciences in
San Francisco branches of the Big Tree, which he had received
from Mr. J. M. Hutchins, who was living at that time in or near
the Yosemite Valley. (See Shinn, Garden and Forest, ii. 614.)
These specimens were shown by Dr. Kellogg to William Lobb,
the English botanical collector, who immediately started for the
Sierras, where he secured specimens and two living trees, which he
carried to England on the first steamer leaving San Francisco.
(See Kellogg, Trees of California, 21.)
4 Several of these trees have lived for many years in the nursery
of Messrs. Ellwanger & Barry, in Rochester, New York, where, how-
ever, they have grown very slowly. There are small specimens in
the Central Park and in other New York gardens, and a tree near
West Chester, Chester County, Pennsylvania. This was probably
the largest specimen in the eastern states until a few years ago,
when a negro cut off the top for a Christmas-tree and ruined its
symmetry.
5 The weeping Sequoia Wellingtonia, which is common in Euro-
pean collections, was raised in the nursery of Lalande jeune near
Nantes, France, in 1863. (Ed. André in litt.)
DHAAMNPE WN
eek eh fk he
or OND FO
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Pratt DXXXVI. Srquora WELLINGTONIA.
. A branch with staminate flowers, natural size.
A staminate flower, enlarged.
. A stamen, rear view, enlarged.
. A stamen, front view, enlarged.
. A branch with pistillate flowers, natural size.
A scale of a pistillate flower with ovules, front view, enlarged.
. A seale of a pistillate flower with ovules, side view, enlarged.
A fruiting branch, natural size.
. A scale of a cone with seeds, front view, natural size.
. A seed divided transversely, enlarged.
- Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.
. An embryo, enlarged.
. A leaf, enlarged.
. Cross section of a leaf, magnified.
. A seedling, natural size.
Silva of North America .
ye
' \
I,
|
=
SEQUOIA GIGANTEA, Decne.
A. Riocreux diree® Lrp. J Taneur, Paris.
CONIFERE. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 149
TAXODIUM.
FLoweErs naked, monecious, the staminate panicled ; stamens 6 to 8; anther-cells
4 to 8; the pistillate terminal, solitary; scales spirally disposed; ovules 2. Fruit a
globose or obovoid woody strobile ripening in one season.
lanceolate or scale-like, deciduous or subpersistent.
Leaves alternate, linear-
Taxodium, Richard, Ann. Mus. xvi. 298 (1810). — End-
licher, Gen. 259. — Meisner, Gen. 352. — Bentham &
Hooker, Gen. iii. 429.— Eichler, Engler & Prantl Pflan-
zenfam. ii. pt. i. 90.— Baillon, Hist. Pl. xii. 37. — Mas-
ters, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxx. 24.
Schubertia, Mirbel, Nouv. Bull. Soc. Philom. iii. 123
(1812).
Cuprespinnata, (Nelson) Senilis, Pinacee, 61 (1866).
Resinous polymorphic trees, with furrowed scaly bark, light brown durable wood, erect, ultimately
spreading branches, deciduous, usually distichous lateral branchlets, scaly buds,’ stout horizontal roots,
often producing erect woody projections, and fibrous rootlets. Leaves alternate, subspirally disposed,
pale and stomatiferous below on both sides of the obscure midribs, dark green above, linear-lanceolate,
spreading distichously, or scale-like and appressed on lateral branchlets, the two forms appearing on the
same or on different branches of the same tree or on separate trees, deciduous in the autumn or in the
spring. Flowers opening in very early spring from buds formed the previous year, and covered with
numerous thin broadly ovate concave scales increasing in size from below upward, or in the autumn.
Staminate flowers short-pedicellate or subsessile in the axils of scale-like bracts in long terminal
drooping panicles, obovate before anthesis. Stamens from six to eight, distichously opposite on a
slender elongated stipe; filaments slender, abruptly enlarged into broadly ovate eccentrically peltate
membranaceous yellow connectives truncate below, bearing at the base on the inner surface in two
rows four or five or from six to nine globose two-valved pendulous anther-cells opening on the back
longitudinally ; pollen-grains simple. Pistillate flowers scattered near the ends of branches of the
previous year, solitary, terminal on abbreviated axillary scaly branchlets, subglobose, composed of
numerous ovate spirally imbricated scales long-pointed and spreading at the apex, adnate below to the
thickened fleshy ovuliferous scales bearing at their base two erect collateral bottle-shaped orthotropous
ovules. Fruit a globose or obovoid short-stalked woody strobile, maturing the first year, and persistent
after the escape of the seeds, formed by the enlargement and coalescence of the flower and the ovu-
liferous scales abruptly dilated from slender stipes into irregularly four-sided thin disks, conspicuously
marked when half grown with the reflexed tips of the flower-scales, often mucronulate at maturity,
furnished on the inner face, especially on the stipes, with numerous large dark glands filled with blood-
red fragrant liquid resin. Seeds in pairs under each scale, attached laterally to the stipe by large pale
hilums, erect, unequally three-angled; testa light brown and lustrous, thick, coriaceous or corky,
produced into three thick unequal lateral wings, and below into a slender elongated pomt. Embryo
axile in copious fleshy albumen ; cotyledons from four to nine,shorter than the superior radicle.
1 Taxodium rarely if ever forms a terminal bud in the United
States, the branches being continued by axillary globose buds, usu-
ally two in number, produced in summer or autumn in the axils of
the upper scale-like leaves of leading shoots, and covered with
numerous loosely imbricated ovate acute carinate scales accrescent
and persistent during the summer on the base of the branchlet.
The deciduous lateral branchlets, which continue to appear for
three or four years, are developed from minute globose buds, cov-
ered with linear-lanceolate apiculate green leaf-like scales persist-
ent on the base of the branchlet, and inclosed in two broadly ovate
rounded concave membranaceous scales ; on the branchlets of the
year they are produced in the axils of its primary leaves, and in
succeeding years usually close to the small elevated scars left by
fallen branchlets. (See Henry, Nov. Act. Acad. Cas. Leop. xix.
101, t. 14.)
150 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CONIFERZ.
Taxodium during the miocene and pliocene times flourished in the Arctic Circle, and was widely
distributed over central Europe, which it inhabited until the late miocene period, the interior of North
America, Kamtschatka, and the Aleutian Islands, but is now confined to the coast region of the
southern United States and to Mexico.’ Two species are distinguished ; one is an inhabitant of the
United States and the other of the Mexican highlands.’
Taxodium produces wood valued in construction and the arts, and its bark is rich in tannin.°
In the United States Taxodium is not seriously injured by insects* or attacked by dangerous
fungal diseases.°
Taxodium can be easily raised from seeds, which germinate at the end of a few weeks.
The generic name, from ré£os and eidos, indicates the resemblance of the leaves to those of the
Yew-tree.
1 Heer, Fl. Foss. Arct. 12.— Lesquereux, U. S. Geolog. Surv.
vii. 73, t. 6, f. 12-14°. — Saporta, Origine Paléontologique des Arbres,
89. — Zittel, Handb. Paleontolog. ii. 294.
2 Taxodium mucronulatum, Tenore, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 3, xix.
355 (1853) (Ind. Sem. Hort. Neap.1853) ; Mem. Soc. Ital. Modena,
xxv. pt. ii. 203, t. 1, 2. — Parlatore, De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii.
441.— Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. iii. 185. — K. Koch, Dendr.
ii. pt. ii. 198.
Taxodium distichum, Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nov. Gen.
et Spec. ii. 4 (not Richard) (1817).— Kunth, Syn. Pl. Aoquin. i.
351. — Seemann, Bot. Voy. Herald, 335.
Taxodium Mexicanum, Carriere, Traité Conif. 147 (1855). —
Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn. Nadelh. 261. — Beissner, Handb.
Nadeth. 155.
Taxodium distichum Mexicanum, Gordon, Pinetum, 307 (1858).
The Mexican Bald Cypress, which I have seen growing only in
the neighborhood of Monterey in Nuevo Leon, where I was unable
to distinguish it by habit or foliage from the species of the southern
states, differs from this tree in its flowering season, which is the
autumn, in the persistence of its leaves during the winter, in its
more elongated panicles of staminate flowers, and in its more nu-
The
autumnal flowers and more persistent leaves might be accounted
merous anther-cells, often from seven to nine in number.
for by the warmer climate of Mexico ; the greater or lesser number
of anther-cells is a character of little stability, and further inves-
tigation will probably show that the tree of the swamps of the
southern states and the tree of the Mexican highlands are specifi-
cally identical, although with the scanty information at my disposal
it seems necessary to adopt the opinion of the best European bota-
nists who have seen the Mexican tree in Italian gardens, where it
was first distinguished, and consider it specifically distinct.
Taxodium mucronulatum is said to be widely scattered over east-
ern and southern Mexico, where it grows near streams, and to form
extensive forests on mountain slopes. It is best known by a few
individuals which have attained a great age and size. The largest
of these trees of which authentic measurements are recorded stands
within the grounds of the village church in the centre of the little
town of Tule on the road from Oaxaca to Guatemala by way of
Tehuantepec. According to latest measurements, its trunk at five
feet from the ground has, in following all its sinuosities, a cireum-
ference of one hundred and forty-six feet, while the actual girth
is one hundred and four feet, the greatest diameter forty feet and
Its height is one hundred and fifty feet, and
It is
the least twenty feet.
the spread of its branches one hundred and forty-one feet.
believed to be two thousand years old.
The Cypress of Montezuma, which is the largest of the Cypress-
trees in the gardens of Chepultepec, standing near the spring from
which the water-supply of the Aztec capital was obtained, was a
noted tree four centuries ago. It is about one hundred and seventy
feet high, with a trunk to which different travelers have ascribed a
It has been
In the
valley of Peopatella a Taxodium with a trunk about twenty feet in
circumference varying from forty to nearly fifty feet.
estimated that this tree has lived through seven centuries.
diameter raises its head, now shorn by decay of much of its gran-
deur, high above the little church built to commemorate the battle
in which the soldiers of Cortes went down before the Aztec hordes.
(See Humboldt, Essai Pol. Nouv. Esp. ed. 2, 54.— A. De Candolle,
Bib. Univ. Genéve, lxvi. 392.— Gray, Scientific Papers, ii. 113. —
Garden and Forest, iii. 150, £. 28.)
8 Trimble, Garden and Forest, ix. 162.
* Borers in the living trunks of Taxodium are undescribed, but
the larve of Eacles imperialis, Drury, Orgyia inornata, Beutenmul-
ler, Oiketicus Abbotii, Grote, and other insects have been found on
the foliage. A gall, Cecidomyia Cupressi-ananassa, Riley, has been
described as abundant on these trees in Tennessee (Am. Entomol.
ii. 244).
5 Taxodium in the United States seems to be remarkably exempt
from the attacks of fungi. About a dozen species have been re-
corded upon it, but they are insignificant in their effects. Spherella
Tazodii, Cooke, and Metaspheria cavernosa, Ellis & Everhart, are
the principal parasitic fungi attacking Taxodium distichum, the for-
mer injuring the leaves and the latter the branches. A species of
dry rot in living timber often diminishes its value, and in Louisiana
and Mississippi is said to affect at least one third of all the trees.
(See Dickson & Brown, Am. Jour. Sct. ser. 2, v. 15 (On the Cypress
Timber of Mississippi and Louisiana.)
CONIFER.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
151
TAXODIUM DISTICHUM.
Bald Cypress.
Anther-cells usually 4 or 5.
Taxodium distichum, Richard, Ann. Mus. xvi. 298 (1810) ;
Comm. Bot. Conif. 52, t. 10.— Lambert, Pinus, ed. 2, ii.
t. — Brongniart, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 1, xxx. 182. — Lou-
don, Arb. Brit. iv. 2481, f. 2335. — Forbes, Pinetum
Woburn. 177, t. 60.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 68 (in
part). — Scheele, Roemer Texas, 447.— Lindley & Gor-
don, Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. v. 207. — Knight, Syn. Co-
nif. 20. — Darlington, Fl. Cestr. ed. 3, 294. — Carriere,
Traité Conif. 144.— Morren, Belg. Hort. vi. 305, t. 74. —
Gordon, Pinetum, 305. — Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound.
Surv. 210.— Chapman, Fl. 435.— Curtis, Rep. Geolog.
Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 29. — Henkel & Hochstetter,
Syn. Nadelh. 259.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 364, f. 58. —
Parlatore, De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 440. — Lawson,
Pinetum Brit. ii. 205, f. 1-9. —K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt.
ii. 195. — Nérdlinger, Forstbot. 460, f. — Regel, Russ.
Dendr. ed. 2, i. 28, £. 8. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am.
10th Census U. S. ix. 183. — Lauche, Deutsche Dendr.
ed. 2, 74, f. 12. —Schiibeler, Virid. Norveg. i. 374. —
Mayr, Wald. Nordam. 120, £. 3. — Watson & Coulter,
Gray Man. ed. 6, 493. — Masters, Gard. Chron. ser. 3,
vii. 324, f. 49; Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 248. — Hansen,
Jour. Rk. Hort. Soc. xiv. 303 (Pinetum Danicum). —
Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 43, f. 13, A-J.
Cupressus disticha, Linnzus, Spec. 1003 (1753). — Miller,
Dict. ed. 8, No. 4. — Muenchhausen, Hausv. v. 149. — Du
Deciduous Cypress.
Leaves dimorphic.
Roi, Harbk. Baumz. i. 201. — Marshall, Arbust. Am.
39.— Lamarck, Dict. ii. 244. — Wangenheim, Nordam.
Holz. 43. — Schoepf, Mat. Med. Amer. 143. — Walter,
Fl. Car. 238. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 372. — Castiglioni,
Viag. negli Stati Uniti, ii. 228. — Willdenow, Berl.
Baumz. 91; Spec. iv. pt. i. 512; Hnum. 991. — Borkhau-
sen, Forstbot. i. 460.— Nouveau Duhamel, iii. 8.— Mi-
chaux, 27. Bor.-Am. ii. 208. — Schkuhr, Handb. iii.
286. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 567. — Cubitres, Mém.
Cyp. Louisiane, £. — Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed.
2, vi. 449. — Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med. iv. 438. — Michaux,
f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii. 4, t. 1. — Pursh, FZ. Am. Sept. ii.
645. — Nuttall, Gen. ii. 224. — Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 178. —
Jaume St. Hilaire, Traité des Arbres Forestiers, t. 24,
25. — Elliott, Sk. ii. 642. — De Chambray, Traité Arbr.
fés. Conif. 349.
Cupressus disticha, var. patens, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii.
372 (1789).
Schubertia disticha, Mirbel, Mém. Mus. xiii. 75 (1825). —
Rafinesque, F7. Ludovic. 151. — Sprengel, Syst. iii. 890. —
Spach, Hist. Vég. xi. 349.
Taxodium distichum, A patens, Endlicher, Syn. Conif.
68 (1847). — Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2481.
Cuprespinnata disticha, (Nelson) Senilis, Pinacew, 61
(1866).
A tree, with a tall lobed gradually tapering trunk, rarely twelve and generally four or five feet in
diameter above the abruptly enlarged strongly buttressed and usually hollow base, and occasionally one
hundred and fifty feet im height. In its youth the short and comparatively slender distichously forked
branches are erect and spreading, forming a narrow strict formal pyramid; later they are often
elongated and slightly pendulous, and as the tree reaches maturity the lower branches disappear,
while those above spread out into a broad low rounded crown often a hundred feet across, or, when the
trees grow close together, into crowns remarkably narrow in proportion to the height of the tall stems.
From the stout wide-spreading horizontal roots woody cylindrical projections, rounded at the apex and
often a foot in diameter, rise in great numbers, frequently to a height of several feet above the surface
of the ground.’ The bark of the trunk is from one to two inches in thickness, ight cinnamon-red, and
1 These developments, called “Cypress knees,” on the roots of
Taxodium distichum, are produced when the tree grows in wet
places, and vary in size and number with the depth of the water or
to high dry ground often develop small knees, barely rising above
the surface of the soil.
W. P. Wilson (Proc. Phil. Acad. 1889, 67) has noted that the
knees develop by two distinct methods: by the first the roots of
seedling plants in wet places, when only six or eight inches below
the amount of moisture in the soil. From fifty to one hundred
knees spring from the roots of one tree, rising sometimes to a
height of ten or twelve feet in order to emerge from the water ;
or, when the tree grows on land covered with shallower water or
on ground merely saturated with moisture throughout the year, the
knees remain low, but increase in number ; while trees transplanted
the surface, grow upward at angles varying from twenty to thirty-
five degrees, and then on reaching the surface turn and crow down-
ward again at about the same angle; if the soil is very wet or
submerged during a portion of the year, some of the roots repeat
152 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CONIFERS.
divided by shallow fissures into broad flat ridges, which separate on the surface into long thin closely
appressed fibrous scales. The branchlets are slender, light green when they first appear, hght red-
brown and rather lustrous during their first winter, and darker during the following year, when the
thin bark separates irregularly into fibrous scales. The deciduous lateral branchlets are three or four
inches in length, and spread at right angles to the branch, or in the form with acicular leaves they are
pendulous or erect, and often six or seven inches long.’ The leaves on the distichously spreading
branchlets are linear-lanceolate, apiculate, from one half to three quarters of an inch in length,
about one twelfth of an inch in width, and light bright yellow-green on both surfaces, or, especially on
trees growing toward the southwestern limits of the range of the species, silvery white below; and on
the form with pendulous or erect branchlets they are compressed, long-pointed, keeled and stomatiferous
below, concave above, more or less spreading at the free apex, and about half an inch in length; in the
autumn the branchlets with their leaves turn dull orange-brown before falling. The panicles of
staminate flowers are four or five inches long and from an inch and a half to two inches wide, with
slender light red-brown stems; the flower-buds are obovate, nearly an eighth of an inch in length, pale
silvery gray during the winter, and purple when the flowers expand in the spring. The cones, which
are usually produced in pairs at the extremity of the branch, or are irregularly scattered along it for
several inches, are nearly globose, or obovate, rugose, usually about an inch in diameter, and generally
destitute of mucros. The seeds with their wings are about a quarter of an inch long, and nearly an
eighth of an inch wide, but vary considerably in size.
this downward and upward growth several times within a distance
of six or eight feet ; and at each point where the root approaches
By the
second method knees are produced by the more active growth of the
the surface of the soil a knee grows from its upper side.
upper surface of old roots of submerged trees at certain definite
points. When the ascending and descending parts of the roots are
close together they become, with increased diameter, united in the
formation of the knees ; several knees which began their growth
near together often become consolidated into one; and the root
between the tree and the knee is smaller than it is beyond the knee,
at the base of which a cluster of roots is frequently developed, later
becoming consolidated with it.
The most usually accepted belief with regard to the functions of
these root-developments is that they serve to aerate the submerged
roots, which, without their aid, would be entirely deprived of air.
(See Berkeley, Gard. Chron. 1857, 549, f.— Shaler, Mem. Mus.
Comp. Zoil. xvi. No. 1 [Notes on Taxodium distichum].— W. P.
Wilson, Proc. Phil. Acad. 1889, 67; Forest Leaves, ii. 110, f. —
Lotsy, Studies Biol. Lab. Johns Hopkins Univ. v. 269, t. 17, 18.)
The hypothesis has also been advanced that the function of the
knees is mechanical, aiding the roots to anchor the tree in the soft
muddy ground in which it grows. (See Lamborn, Garden and For-
est, iii. 21, f. 4. —Shaler, Garden and Forest, iii. 57.)
Cypress knees, which are frequently hollow in old age, consist of
soft spongy pale fibres, covered with thin red-brown scaly bark,
and are exceedingly light, the average of four determinations, two
from the top of a large knee and two from the base of the interior
of the same knee, giving a specific gravity of only 0.2303. They
have been occasionally manufactured into razor strops, which, how-
ever, are soon ruined unless preserved from dust, as this adheres
to the soft wood and becomes imbedded in the grain. (See Gar-
den and Forest, i. 480.)
1 No one unfamiliar with the fact that branches of the two forms
occasionally appear on the same individual would imagine that the
Cypress-trees with erect or pendulous thread-like branchlets and
closely appressed acerose leaves belong to the same species as those
with spreading distichous branchlets and flat leaves. The acerose
form, which, so far as I have been able to observe, is not uncom-
mon in South Carolina, in northern Florida, and in the neighbor-
hood of Mobile, Alabama, but does attain a large size, appears to
have been first noticed by Nuttall ; it has long been an inhabitant
of the gardens of the eastern United States and Europe, and is
generally cultivated as Glyptostrobus pendulus, and believed to be a
native of China. The synonymy of this form is :—
Taxodium distichum, var. imbricarium.
Cupressus disticha, B imbricaria, Nuttall, Gen. ii. 224 (1818) ;
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. u. ser. v. 163. — Elliott, Sk. ii. 643. —
Croom, Am. Jour. Sci. xxviii. 166.
Taxodium microphyllum, Brongniart, Ann. Sci. Nat. xxx. 182
(1833). — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 68.
Taxodium ascendens, Brongniart, /. c. (1833). — Endlicher, J. c.
69.
Taxodium distichum Sinense pendulum, Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv.
2482 (1838).
Taxodium Sinense, y pendulum, Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 180
(1839).
Schubertia disticha, B, Spach, Hist. Vég. xi. 349 (1842).
Schubertia disticha, y, Spach, l. c. 350 (1842).
Glyptostrobus pendulus, Endlicher, J. c. 71 (1847). — Lindley &
Gordon, Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. v. 208. — Knight, Syn. Conif. 21.'—
Carriére, Traité Conif. 152. — Bot. Mag. xcii. t. 5603. — Hoopes,
Evergreens, 369, f. 59, 60.
Taxodium Sinense, Gordon, Pinetum, 309 (1858).
Taxodium distichum pendulum, Carriere, 1. c. ed. 2, 182
(1867). — Veitch, Man. Conif. 215. — Beissner, Handb. Nadelh.
152. — Hansen, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 304 (Pinetum Danicum).
Elliott (/. c.) describes this as a small tree growing in Pine-bar-
ren ponds, and producing more numerous knees than individuals of
the more common form. He noticed that the branchlets on upper
branches were often distichous.
It is possible that it was this tree, which was described by Aiton
(Hort. Kew. iii. 372 [1789]) and figured by Loudon (Arb. Brit. iv.
CONIFER.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 153
Taxodium distichum inhabits river-swamps, usually submerged during several months of the year,
the low saturated banks of streams, and the wet depressions of Pine barrens. It is distributed from
southern Delaware, where it grows on the banks of the Nanticoke River near Seaford, and covers the
great swamp of Sussex County at the head of the Pocamoke River, where trees of almost the largest size
stood until a few years ago, southward near the coast to the shores of Mosquito Inlet and Cape Romano,
Florida, through the coast region of the Gulf states to the valley of the Devil River in Texas,’ and
through Louisiana and Arkansas to southeastern Missouri, eastern Mississippi and Tennessee, western
and northwestern Kentucky, southern Illinois, and Knox County in southwestern Indiana. In the south
Atlantic and Gulf ‘states, where it attains its largest size, Taxodiwm distichum often covers with nearly
pure forests great areas of river-swamps, from which the water rarely disappears ;? in drier situations it
grows with the Red Maple, the Water Ash, the Liquidamber, and the Bay, and in the Mississippi valley
its common associates are the Swamp Poplar and the Water Locust.
The wood of Taxodium distichum is light and soft, close, straight-grained, not strong, easily
worked, and very durable in contact with the soil. It is light or dark brown, sometimes nearly black,
with thin nearly white sapwood, and contains broad conspicuous resinous bands of small summer-cells
The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.4543,
It is largely used in construction and cooperage and for railway-
ties, posts, and fences, and is one of the most valuable woods produced by the forests of North America.
Most of the wooden houses in Louisiana and the other Gulf states are made from the wood of this tree,
and it is now sent in large quantities to the northern states, where it is used principally in the
and numerous very obscure medullary rays.
a cubic foot weighing 28.31 pounds.
manufacture of doors, sashes, balustrades, and the rafters of glass houses.’
From the trunks of the
Bald Cypress the Indians of the lower Mississippi valley formerly hollowed their canoes.’
The resin which can be obtained from the stems and from the cones is said to possess balsamic and
healing properties.”
William Strachey, who visited the English colony on the James River in 1610, probably wrote the
first account of the Bald Cypress,° and it was first described by Parkinson’ in 1640 from a plant
2481, f. 2336, 2337) as Cupressus disticha, var. nutans, although I
have no means of determining the fact.
1 Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 555 (Man. Bot. W. Texas).
2 In the great river-swamps of the Gulf coast, where the Bald
Cypress grows to its greatest size, the water is so deep through
nearly the whole year that its seeds cannot germinate, and there
are no young trees and comparatively few small ones growing up
to replace the old ones, which are being fast converted into lumber.
Some of the large inhabitants of these swamps must have attained
a great age, for the Bald Cypress, after its early years, grows
slowly. (See Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. iii. 96.) The log specimen in
the Jesup Collection of North American Woods in the American
Museum of Natural History, New York, is seventeen and three
quarters inches in diameter inside the bark, and shows two hundred
and thirty-four layers of annual growth, having increased only five
and one half inches in diameter during the last one hundred and
thirty-four years of its life. When these old swamp trees began
their career the seeds from which they sprung must have fallen on
ground warmed by the sun, and the present depth of the water
beneath them can be explained only by the hypothesis that the
whole Gulf coast of the United States is gradually sinking.
The depth of water in these southern swamps prevents natural
reproduction, and facilitates the operation of the lumber-getter,
who would otherwise be unable to drag the heavy logs through the
swamp mud. As the trees when cut alive sink to the bottom of
the water and are lost, it is necessary to kill them standing by
girdling them the year before the negro wood-choppers, balancing
themselves in frail canoes, cut through the stems above their
This work must be done
in winter when the water is high so that the trunks may be towed
through the swamps into the rivers to reach the mills.
8 Two varieties of Cypress wood, the black and the white, are
recognized by lumbermen.
swollen bases, and trim off the branches.
The former, which is rather harder
than the other and is considered more durable, appears to be pro-
duced near the base of large trees. But no differences in the habit
or in the external aspect of the trees indicate a difference in the
color of their wood ; and this seems to be due either to the age at
which the tree is cut or to unknown individual causes.
# “On en fait communément des Pirogues d’un seul trone d’un
pouce & plus d’épaisseur, qui portent des trois & quatre milliers, il
s’en fait encore de plus grosses: il y a un de ces arbres au Baton
Rouge, qui a douze brasses de tour & une hauteur tout-d-fait
(Le Page du Pratz, Histoire de la Louisiane, ii. 31.)
5 Charlevoix, Histoire dela Nouvelle France, ed. 12™. iv. 300, t. —
Porcher, Resources of Southern Fields and Forests, 508.
6 « There is a kynd of wood which we call cypres, because both
the wood, the fruict, and leafe, did most resemble yt ; and of these
trees there are some neere three fathome about at the root very
streight, and fifty, sixty, or eighty foote without a braunch.”
(William Strachey, Historie of Travaile into Virginia Britannia, ed.
Major, 129.)
7 Cupressus Americana, Parkinson, Theatr. 1477, £.— Catesby,
Nat. Hist. Car. i. 11, t.
Cupressus Virginiana, foliis Acacie deciduis, Hermann, Cat. Hort.
Lugd. Bat. 207. — J. Commelin, Hort. Amst. i. 113, t. 59.— Boer-
haave, Ind. Alt. Hort. Lugd. Bat. ii. 181.
extraordinaire.”
154 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CONIFERS.
cultivated in England, where it had been introduced by John Tradescant.’ It is often cultivated in the
parks and gardens of the eastern United States, especially in the form with acicular leaves, and is hardy
as far north as eastern Massachusetts. In Europe it has been a favorite ornamental tree for at least a
century and a half, and in France, Italy, southern Germany, and Great Britain large specimens, which,
however, still retain their juvenile pyramidal habit, are often conspicuous objects in old parks and public
gardens.” Numerous abnormal seminal forms have appeared in Europe,’ the most distinct being one
with pendulous branchlets closely appressed to the trunk.
The glory of the maritime forests of the south and one of the most valuable and interesting trees
of the continent, the Bald Cypress,‘ with its tall massive trunk rising high above waters darkened by the
shadows of its great crown draped in streamers of the gray Tillandsia, is an object at once magnificent
and mournful.
Cupressus Virginiana, foliis Acacie cornigere paribus, & deciduis,
Plukenet, Phyt. 85, £.6; Alm. Bot. 125.
Cupressus Virginiana, foliis Abietis moilibus atque deciduis, Breyn,
Prodr. Sec. 40; ed. 2, ii. 59.
Cupressus foliis distiche patentibus, Linneus, Hort. Cliff. 449. —
Clayton, Fl. Virgin. 119.— Royen, Fl. Leyd. Prodr. 88.
Cupressus Americana foliis deciduis, Romans, Nat. Hist. Florida,
25.
3 Carriére, Rev. Hort. 1859, 62, f. 10-12. — Beissner, Handb. Na-
delh. 152.
4 Taxodium distichum is also called Black Cypress, Red Cypress,
and White Cypress.
5 « The Cupressus disticha stands in the first order of North Amer-
ican trees. Its majestic stature is surprising, and on approaching
them, we are struck with a kind of awe at beholding the stateliness
of the trunk, lifting its cumbrous top towards the skies, and casting
1 See i. 20. a wide shade upon the ground, as a dark intervening cloud, which,
? Veitch, Man. Conif. 214. —J.G. Jack, Garden and Forest, v. for a time, precludes the rays of the sun. The delicacy of its color,
232. and texture of its leaves, exceed everything in vegetation.” (W.
Bartram, Travels, 88.)
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Pirate DXXXVII. Taxopium pDistTicHum.
. A flowering branch, natural size.
A staminate flower, enlarged.
. A scale of a staminate flower, rear view, enlarged.
. A scale of a staminate flower, front view, enlarged.
A pistillate flower, enlarged.
. Diagram of a pistillate flower.
A scale of a pistillate flower with ovaries, front view, enlarged.
. Vertical section of a scale of a pistillate flower, side view, enlarged.
. A fruiting branch, natural size.
COMONAOAR WHE
ay
=)
. A partly grown fruit, enlarged.
—_
job
. A scale of a cone with its seeds, side view, natural size.
12. A scale of a cone, its seeds removed, natural size.
—_
(su)
. A seed, natural size.
=
iy
. Cross section of a seed, natural size.
peub
OO
. Vertical section of a seed, natural size.
fab
or)
. An embryo, enlarged.
=
QJ
. Staminate winter flower-buds, natural size.
b=
oo
. Pistillate winter-buds, natural size.
—_
te)
. Winter leaf-buds, enlarged.
bo
So
- Vertical section of a branch with leaf-bud, enlarged.
bo
pe
. A seedling, natural size.
bo
bo
. Portion of a branch with acicular leaves, natural size.
Silva-of North America. Tab. DXXXVII.
es NEN
%
— 2
——_ =
Sm
CEFazxon del. Rapine sc.
TAXODIUM DISTICHUM, Rich.
A. Riocreux direc lrp.J. Taneur, Paris,
INDEX TO VOL. X.
Names of Orders are in SMALL CAPITALS; of admitted Genera and Species and other proper names, in roman type;
Abies religiosa, 141.
fEcidium pyratum, 73.
Agaricus Campanella, 101.
Alerse, 134.
Amphispheria Wellingtonie, 140.
Anthostomella nigroannulata, 5.
Arbor Vitz, 126.
Arbor-vite, Japanese, 124.
Arceuthos, 69.
Arceuthos drupacea, 72.
Arceuthos drupacea, var. « acerosa, 72.
Arceuthos drupacea, var. B obtusiuscula, 72.
Areca oleracea, 30.
Argyresthia cupressella, 100.
Athrotazis, 139.
Attacus Promethea, 124.
Bag-worm, 73.
Bald Cypress, 151.
Bald Cypress, Mexican, 150.
Bastard Cedar, 136.
Bayonet, Spanish, 6, 9.
Bear Grass, 4.
Bedford Juniper, 96.
Bembecia Sequoie, 140.
Big Tree, 145.
Biota, 124.
Biota, 123.
Biota Meldensis, 70.
Biota orientalis, 124.
Biota orientalis, B pendula, 124.
Biota orientalis filiformis, 124.
Biota pendula, 124.
Black Cypress, 153, 154.
Bogus Yucca Moth, 3.
Brahea dulcis (?), 47.
Brittle Thatch, 53.
Brushes, Palmetto, 41.
Bucculatrix thuiella, 124.
Cabbage Palm, 30.
Cabbage Palmetto, 41.
Cabbage Tree, 41.
Cade, huile de, 72.
California Nutmeg, 59.
Callidium antennatum, 72.
Calocedrus, 133.
Calocedrus macrolepis, 134.
Canoe Cedar, 129.
Caryocedrus, 70.
Caryotaxus, 55.
Caryotaxus grandis, 56.
Caryotaxus Myristica, 59.
Caryotaxus nucifera, 56.
Caryotaxus taxifolia, 57.
Cecidomyia Cupressi-ananassa, 150.
Cedar, 91.
of synonyms, in italics.
Cedar-apples, 73.
Cedar, Bastard, 136.
Cedar, Canoe, 129.
Cedar, Ground, 75.
Cedar, Incense, 135.
Cedar of Goa, 100.
Cedar, Oregon, 120.
Cedar, Port Orford, 119.
Cedar, Post, 136.
Cedar, Red, 93, 129.
Cedar, Rock, 91.
Cedar, Stinking, 57.
Cedar, White, 111, 120, 126, 135.
Cenangium deformatum, 73.
Cercospora Yucce, 5.
Chenoyucca, 3.
Chamecyparis, 98.
Chamecyparis, 97, 98.
Chamecyparis breviramea, 98.
Chameecyparis ericoides, 112.
Chamecyparis Lawsoniana, 119.
Chamecyparis Lawsoni, 119.
Chamecyparis Nutkaensis, B glauca, 115.
Chamecyparis Nutkatensis, 115.
Chamecyparis obtusa, 98.
Chamecyparis pendula, 98.
Chamecyparis pisifera, 99.
Chamecyparis pisifera filifera, 99.
Chamecyparis pisifera squarrosa, 99.
Chamecyparis spheroidea, 111.
Chamecyparis squarrosa, 98.
Chamecyparis thyoides, 111.
Chameerops acaulis, 38.
Chameerops glabra, 38.
Chamerops Palmetto, 41, 43.
Checkered-barked Juniper, 85.
Clistoyucca, 3.
Codonocrinum, 1.
Conifer, 69.
Corticium acerinum, var. niveum, 73.
Corypha minor, 38.
Corypha Palmetto, 41.
Corypha pumila, 38.
Croom, Hardy B., 58.
Croomia, 58.
Cuprespinnata, 149.
Cuprespinnata disticha, 151.
Cupressus, 97.
Cupressus Americana, 115.°
Cupressus Arbor-vite, 126.
Cupressus Arizonica, 105.
Cupressus Arizonica, var. bonita, 105.
Cupressus attenuata, 119.
Cupressus Balfouriana, 119.
Cupressus Benthami, var. Arizonica, 105.
Cupressus Boursierti, 119.
Cupressus Californica, 107.
Y
Cupressus Californica gracilis, 107, 109.
Cupressus conoidea, 99.
Cupressus cornuta, 107.
Cupressus disticha, 151.
Cupressus disticha, B imbricaria, 152.
Cupressus disticha, var. nutans, 153.
Cupressus disticha, var. patens, 151.
Cupressus, economic properties of, 98.
Cupressus elongata, 100.
Cupressus fastigiata, 99.
Cupressus fragrans, 119.
Cupressus funebris, 100.
Cupressus, fungal diseases of, 100.
Cupressus glandulosa, 109.
Cupressus glauca, 100.
Cupressus globulifera, 100.
Cupressus Goveniana, 107.
Cupressus Guadalupensis, 98.
Cupressus Guadalupensis, 105.
Cupressus Hartwegii, 103.
Cupressus Hartwegit, var. fastigiata, 103.
Cupressus horizontalis, 100.
Cupressus horizontalis, B pendula, 100.
Cupressus, insect enemies of, 100.
Cupressus Lambertiana, 103, 104.
Cupressus Lambertiana, var. fastigiata, 103.
Cupressus Lawsoniana, 119.
Cupressus lugubris, 99.
Cupressus Lusitanica, 100.
Cupressus Macnabiana, 109.
Cupressus macrocarpa, 103.
Cupressus macrocarpa Crippsi, 104.
Cupressus macrocarpa flagelliformis, 104.
Cupressus macrocarpa, ? var. Farallonensis, 107.
Cupressus macrocarpa, var. fastigiata, 103.
Cupressus macrocarpa, var. Guadaloupensis,
98.
Cupressus macrocarpa, var. Lambertiana, 103.
Cupressus Nabiana, 109.
Cupressus Nootkatensis, 115.
Cupressus Nutkana, 119.
Cupressus Nutkatensis, 115.
Cupressus obtusa, 98.
Cupressus obtusa, economic properties of, 98.
Cupressus obtusa, var. breviramea, 98.
Cupressus palustris, 111.
Cupressus patula, 100, 124.
Cupressus pendula, 100, 124.
Cupressus pisifera, 98.
Cupressus pisifera, var. a squarrosa, 99.
Cupressus pisifera, var. ¢ filifera, 99.
Cupressus pyramidalis, 99.
Cupressus Reinwardtii, 104.
Cupressus sabinoides, 91.
Cupressus sempervirens, 99.
Cupressus sempervirens horizontalis, 100.
Cupressus sempervirens stricta, 99.
156
Cupressus sempervirens, a, 99.
Cupressus sempervirens, a fastigiata, 99.
Cupressus sempervirens, B, 100.
Cupressus sempervirens, yy spherocarpa, 100.
Cupressus sempervirens, y umbilicata, 99.
Cupressus sempervirens, 5 globulifera, 100.
Cupressus sempervirens, « Indica, 99.
Cupressus spherocarpa, 100.
Cupressus squarrosa, 99.
Cupressus Thuya, 124.
Cupressus thyoides, 111.
Cupressus thyoides, 71.
Cupressus thyoides aurea, 112.
Cupressus thyoides ericoides, 112.
Cupressus torulosa, 99.
Cupressus torulosa, 103.
Cupressus Tournefortii, 99.
Cupressus umbilicata, 99.
Cupressus Whitleyana, 99.
Cypress, 105, 107, 109.
Cypress, Bald, 151.
Cypress, Black, 153, 154.
Cypress, Deciduous, 151.
Cypress knees, 151.
Cypress, Lawson’s, 119.
Cypress, Mexican Bald, 150.
Cypress, Monterey, 103.
Cypress of Montezuma, 150.
Cypress of Peopatella, 150.
Cypress of Tule, 150.
Cypress, Pyramidal, 100.
Cypress, Red, 154.
Cypress, Sitka, 115.
Cypress, White, 153, 154.
Cypress, Yellow, 115.
Cypresses, Mexican, 98.
Dacrydium plumosum, 134.
Deedalia vorax, 134.
Dagger, Spanish, 9, 13, 15, 17, 23, 27.
Dapsilia rutilana, 73.
Deciduous Cypress, 151.
Desert Palm, 47.
Diaspis Carueli, 73.
Diplodea Taxi, 63.
Dissemination of Yucca, 3.
Dothidea Pringlei, 5.
Drepnodes varus, 73.
Dry rot of Taxodium, 150.
Eacles imperialis, 150.
Ematurga Faxonii, 124.
Eucupressus, 97.
Eupithecia miserulata, 124.
Euterpe Caribea, 30.
Euthrinax, 49.
Euthuya, 123.
Euyucca, 3.
Fan Palm, 47.
Florence Court Yew, 62.
Fetataxus, 55.
Fetataxus montana, 57.
Fetataxus Myristica, 59.
Fetataxus nucifera, 56.
Germination of Yucca, 3.
Gigantabies, 139.
Gigantabies taxifolia, 141.
Gigantabies Wellingtonia, 145.
Gin, flavoring of, 72, 78.
Ginger Pine, 120.
Glyptostrobus pendulus, 152.
Goa, Cedar of, 100.
INDEX.
Gowen, James Robert, 108.
Graphiola congesta, 38.
Ground Cedar, 75.
Guess, George, 140.
Gymnosporangium Bermudianum, 73.
Gymnosporangium biseptatum, 101, 134.
Gymnosporangium clavarieforme, 73.
Gymnosporangium clavipes, 73.
Gymnosporangium Ellisii, 101.
Gymunosporangium globosum, 73.
Gymnosporangium macropus, 73.
Gymnosporangium Nidus-avis, 73.
Gymnosporangium speciosum, 73.
Helminthosporium Palmetto, 38.
Hemithrinax, 49.
Hemithrinaz, 49.
Hesperoyucca, 3.
Heyderia, 133.
Heyderia decurrens, 135.
Hi-no-ki, 98.
Huile de cade, 72.
Hybrid Yuccas, 4.
Hylotrupes ligneus, 72.
Hypocrea rufa, 140.
Incense Cedar, 135.
Irish Yew, 62.
Japanese Arbor-vite, 124.
Joshua Tree, 19.
Juniper, 75, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89.
Juniper, Bedford, 96.
Juniper, Checkered-barked, 85.
Juniper, Swedish, 78.
Juniper, tar of, 72.
Juniperus, 69.
Juniperus alpina, 76.
Juniperus Andina, 87.
Juniperus arborescens, 93.
Juniperus Barbadensis, 70, 93.
Juniperus Bedfordiana, 96.
Juniperus Bermudiana, 70.
Juniperus Bermudiana, 93.
Juniperus borealis, 75.
Juniperus Californica, 79.
Juniperus Californica, var. osteosperma, 70.
Juniperus Californica, var. Utahensis, 81.
Juniperus Canadensis, 76.
Juniperus Caroliniana, 93.
Juniperus Cerrosiana, 70.
Juniperus communis, 75.
Juniperus communis, B reflexa, B pendula,
78.
Juniperus communis, a erecta, 75.
Juniperus communis, a vulgaris, 75.
Juniperus communis, B, 76.
Juniperus communis, B alpina, 76.
Juniperus communis, B depressa, 76.
Juniperus communis, B fastigiata, 78.
Juniperus communis, B hemispherica, 75.
Juniperus communis, B Hispanica, 75, 78.
Juniperus communis, B reflexa, 78.
Juniperus communis, y, 76.
Juniperus communis, y Caucasica, 75.
Juniperus communis, y montana, 76.
Juniperus communis, 8 arborescens, 75.
Juniperus communis, 8 oblonga, 75.
Juniperus communis nana, 76.
Juniperus communis, oblonga-pendula, 78.
Juniperus communis pyramidalis, 78.
Juniperus communis Suecica, 78.
Juniperus communis, var. Sibirica, 75.
Juniperus communis vulgaris, 76.
Juniperus dealbata, 75.
Juniperus deformis, 75.
Juniperus densa, 71.
Juniperus depressa, 75.
Juniperus drupacea, 72.
Juniperus, economic properties of, 71.
Juniperus, essential oil of, 72.
Juniperus excelsa, 71.
Juniperus excelsa, 87.
Juniperus excelsa, B nana, 71.
Juniperus flaccida, 83.
Juniperus fetida, ¢ excelsa, 71.
Juniperus fetida, 0 flaccida, 83.
Juniperus fetida, n Virginiana, 93.
Juniperus fragrans, 93.
Juniperus, fungal diseases of, 73.
Juniperus gigantea, 70.
Juniperus glauca, 96.
Juniperus Gossainthanea, 96.
Juniperus gracilis, 83, 96.
Juniperus hemispherica, 75.
Juniperus Hermanni, 87, 93.
Juniperus Hudsonica, 71.
Juniperus, insect enemies of, 72.
Juniperus isophylla, 71.
Juniperus macrocarpa, 72.
Juniperus macropoda, 71.
Juniperus Mexicana, 70, 91.
Juniperus monosperma, 89.
Juniperus nana, 76.
Juniperus nana, A montana, 76.
Juniperus nana, B alpina, 76.
Juniperus oblonga, 75, 78.
Juniperus oblonga pendula, 78.
Juniperus occidentalis, 87.
Juniperus occidentalis, 79, 81, 89, 93.
Juniperus occidentalis, a pleiosperma, 87.
Juniperus occidentalis, B monosperma, 89.
Juniperus occidentalis, var. gymnocarpa, 89.
Juniperus occidentalis, var. Texana, 91.
Juniperus occidentalis, var. Utahensis, 81.
Juniperus occidentalis, var. ? y conjungens, 91.
Juniperus Olivieri, 71.
Juniperus oppositifolia, 70.
Juniperus Oxycedrus, 72.
Juniperus Oxycedrus, a gibbosa, 72.
Juniperus pachyphlea, 85.
Juniperus pendula, 86.
Juniperus plochyderma, 85.
Juniperus polycarpos, 71.
Juniperus procera, 70.
Juniperus prostrata, 71.
Juniperus pygmea, 76.
Juniperus pyramidalis, 70.
Juniperus pyriformis, 79, 80.
Juniperus recurva, 70.
Juniperus recurva, var. squamata, 71.
Juniperus repens, 71, 75.
Juniperus rufescens, 72.
Juniperus rufescens, var. u Noéi, 72.
Juniperus Sabina, 71.
Juniperus Sabina, 71.
Juniperus Sabina prostrata, 71.
Juniperus Sabina, B humilis, 71.
Juniperus Sabina, var. excelsa, 71.
Juniperus Sabina, var. procumbens, 71.
Juniperus sabinoides, 91.
Juniperus Sibirica, 76.
Juniperus squamata, 71.
Juniperus Suecica, 78.
Juniperus tetragona, 79, 91.
Juniperus tetragona, var. oligosperma, 91.
Juniperus tetragona, var. osteosperma, 79.
Juniperus Utahensis, 81.
Juniperus Virginiana, 93.
Juniperus Virginiana, 89.
Juniperus Virginiana Barbadensis, 96.
Juniperus Virginiana Caroliniana, 96.
Juniperus Virginiana gracilis, 95.
Juniperus Virginiana Hermanni, 93.
Juniperus Virginiana prostrata, 71.
Juniperus Virginiana, B australis, 93.
Juniperus Virginiana, a vulgaris, 93.
Juniperus Virginiana, 8 Caroliniana, 93.
Juniperus Virginiana, B glauca, 96.
Juniperus Virginiana, y Bedfordiana, 96.
Juniperus Virginiana, var. Bermudiana, 93.
Juniperus Virginiana, var. humilis, 71.
Juniperus Virginiana, var. montana, 98.
Kaya, 56.
Kaya-no-abura, 56.
Kellermannia yuccegena, 5.
Knees, Cypress, 151.
Lachnea Sequoiz, 140.
Lestadia consociata, 140.
Lawson, Charles, 120.
Lawson’s Cypress, 119.
Leptospheria filamentosa, 5.
Leptospheria taxicola, 63.
Leptostroma Sequoia, 140.
Libocedrus, 133.
Libocedrus, austro-caledonica, 133.
Libocedrus Bidwillii, 134.
Libocedrus Chilensis, 134.
Libocedrus cupressoides, 134.
Libocedrus decurrens, 135.
Libocedrus Doniana, 134.
Libocedrus, economic properties of, 134.
Libocedrus, fungal diseases of, 134.
Libocedrus macrolepis, 134.
Libocedrus Papuana, 133.
Libocedrus plumosa, 134.
Libocedrus tetragona, 134.
LILIACcE4, 1.
Lobb, William, 60.
Lophodermium juniperinum, 73.
Lophyrus Abietis, 124.
MacNab, James, 110.
Macrothuya, 123.
Megathymus Yucce, 5.
Melanopsamma confertissima, 140.
Meliola furcata, 38.
Meliola palmicola, 38.
Metaspheria cavernosa, 150.
Mexican Bald Cypress, 150.
Mistletoes on Juniperus, 73.
Monterey Cypress, 103.
Montezuma, Cypress of, 150.
Nectar glands of Yucca, 3.
Nectria depauperata, 5.
Nutmeg, California, 59.
Gnocarpus frigidus, 30.
Ginocarpus regius, 31.
GEnocarpus Sancona, 30.
Oiketicus Abbotii, 150.
Oil of Red Cedar, 95.
Oil, savin, 72.
Oleum Juniperi, 72.
Oregon Cedar, 120.
Oreodoxa, 29.
Oreodoxa, economic properties of, 30.
Oreodoxa frigida, 30.
Oreodoxa oleracea, 30.
INDEX.
Oreodoxa oleracea (?), 31.
Oreodoxa regia, 31.
Oreodoxa Sancona, 30.
Orgyia inornata, 150.
Oxycedrus, 70.
Palm, Cabbage, 30.
Palm, Desert, 47.
Palm, Fan, 47.
Palm, Royal, 31.
Palme, 29.
Palmetto, 43.
Palmetto brushes, 41.
Palmetto, Cabbage, 41.
Palmetto, Silk-top, 51.
Palmetto, Silver-top, 53.
Paper-pulp manufactured from Yucca ar-
borescens, 20.
Peopatella, Cypress of, 150.
Pestalozzia funerea, 124.
Phleosinus cristatus, 100.
Phicosinus dentatus, 72.
Phoradendron juniperinum, 73.
Phyllachora scapincola, 5.
Phyllosticta Palmetto, 38.
Phytoptus Thuye, 124.
Pine, Ginger, 120.
Pinus cupressoides, 134.
Pitya Cupressi, 101, 125, 140.
Platycladus, 97, 123.
Platycladus stricta, 124.
Podocarpus (?) nucifera, 56.
Pollination of Yucca, 2.
Porothrinax, 49.
Port Orford Cedar, 119.
Post Cedar, 136.
Pritchardia, 45.
Pritchardia filamentosa, 47.
Pritchardia filifera, 47.
Prodoxus decipiens, 3.
Pronuba maculata, ~.
Pronuba synthetica, 2.
Pronuba yuccasella, 2.
Pseudophenix, 33.
Pseudophenix Sargenti, 35.
Pyramidal Cypress, 100.
Pyroleum cadinum, 72.
Red Cedar, 93, 129.
Red Cedar oil, 95.
Red Cypress, 154.
Redwood, 141.
Retinospora, 97.
Retinospora filicoides, 98.
Retinospora filifera, 99.
Retinospora lycopodioides, 98.
Retinospora obtusa, 98.
Retinospora pisifera, 98.
Retinospora squarrosa, 99.
Retinosporas, Japanese, forms of, 99.
Rhapis acaulis, 38.
Rock Cedar, 91.
Restelia aurantiaca, 73.
Restelia Botryapites, 101.
Royal Palm, 31.
Sabal, 37.
Sabal Adansoni, 38.
Sabal, economic properties of, 38.
Sabal Etonia, 38.
Sabal, fungal diseases of, 38.
Sabal, germination of, 38.
Sabal glabra, 38.
Sabal Mexicana, 43.
157
Sabal minor, 38.
Sabal Palmetto, 41.
Sabal Palmetto (?), 43.
Sabal pumila, 38.
Sabina, 70.
Sabina, 69.
Sabina Bermudiana, 70.
Sabina Californica, 79.
Sabina excelsa, 71.
Sabina flaccida, 83.
Sabina gigantea, 70, 141, 145.
Sabina isophyllos, 71.
Sabina Mexicana, 70.
Sabina occidentalis, 87.
Sabina osteosperma, 79.
Sabina pachyphlea, 85.
Sabina plochyderma, 85.
Sabina polycarpos, 71.
Sabina procera, 70.
Sabina recurva, 70.
Sabina recurva, var. a tenuifolia, TO.
Sabina recurva, var. B densa, 70.
Sabina religiosa, 70.
Sabina squamata, 71.
Sabina tetragona, 91.
Sabina Virginiana, 93.
Sarcoyucea, 3.
Sargentia Aricocca, 34.
Savin, 93.
Savin oil, 72.
Sawara, 99.
Schott, Arthur Carl Victor, 18.
Schubertia, 149.
Schubertia disticha, 151.
Schubertia disticha, B, 152.
Schubertia disticha, y, 152.
Schubertia sempervirens, 141.
Seleroderris Sequoie, 140.
Septoria Yucce, 5.
Sequoia, 139.
Sequoia, fungal diseases of, 140.
Sequoia gigantea, 141, 145.
Sequoia, insect enemies of, 140.
Sequoia religiosa, 141.
Sequoia sempervirens, 141.
Sequoia Wellingtonia, 145.
Sequoia Wellingtonia, weeping, 147.
Sequoyah, 140.
Silk-top Palmetto, 51.
Silver-top Palmetto, 53.
Sitka Cypress, 115.
Spanish Bayonet, 6, 9.
Spanish Dagger, 9, 13, 15, 17, 23, 27.
Spherella sabaligena, 38.
Spherella Taxodii, 150.
Stictis versicolor, 140.
Stinking Cedar, 57.
Streptothrix atra, 73.
Swedish Juniper, 78.
Tar of Juniper, 72.
TAXACE, 55.
Taxine, 63.
Taxodium, 149.
Taxodium ascendens, 152.
Taxodium, buds of, 149.
Taxodium, economic properties of, 150.
Taxodium distichum, 151.
Taxodium distichum, 150.
Taxodium distichum Mexicanum, 150.
Taxodium distichum pendulum, 152.
Taxodium distichum Sinense pendulum, 152.
Taxodium distichum, .\ patens, 151.
Taxodium distichum, var. imbricarium, 152.
158
Taxodium, dry rot of, 150.
Taxodium, fungal diseases of, 150.
Taxodium giganteum, 145.
Taxodium, insect enemies of, 150.
Taxodium Mexicanum, 150.
Taxodium microphyllum, 152.
Taxodium mucronulatum, 150.
Taxodium sempervirens, 141.
Taxodium Sinense, 152.
Taxodium Sinense, y pendulum, 152.
Taxodium Washingtonianum, 145.
Taxus, 61.
Taxus baccata, 62.
Taxus baccata, 63, 65.
Taxus baccata adpressa, 62.
Taxus baccata cuspidata, 63.
Taxus baccata Dovastonii, 62.
Taxus baccata, economic properties of, 62.
Taxus baccata fastigiata, 62.
Taxus baccata, poisonous properties of, 63.
Taxus baccata, B, 63.
Taxus baccata, B minor, 63.
Taxus baccata, var. Canadensis, 63, 65.
Taxus baccata, var. microcarpa, 62.
Taxus baccata, var. a brevifolia, 65.
Taxus Boursieri, 65.
Taxus brevifolia, 65.
Taxus Canadensis, 63.
Tazus Canadensis, 65.
Taxus cuspidata, 62.
Taxus, economic properties of, 63.
Taxus Floridana, 67.
Taxus, fungal diseases of, 63.
Taxus globosa, 63.
Taxus Lindleyana, 65.
Taxus lugubris, 62.
Taxus minor, 63.
Taxus montana, 58, 67.
Taxus nucifera, 56, 62.
Taxus orientalis, 62.
Taxus polyplea, 62.
Taxus tardiva, 63.
Taxus Wallichiana, 62.
Thatch, Brittle, 53.
Thrinax, 49.
Thrinax argentea, 53.
Thrinax, economic properties of, 50.
Thrinax Garberi, 50.
Thrinax microcarpa, 53.
Thrinax parviflora, 51.
Thuia, 125.
Thuiecarpus, 69.
Thuiecarpus juniperinus, T5.
Thwopsis borealis, 115.
Thuja, 125.
Thujin, 124.
Thujopsis, 97.
Thujopsis borealis, 116.
Thujopsis ? Standishii, 124.
Thujopsis Tchugatskoy, 116.
Thujopsis Tchugatskoye, 116.
Thuya, 123.
Thuya, 97, 133.
Thuya acuta, 124.
Thuya Andina, 134.
Thuya Chilensis, 134.
Thuya Craigana, 135.
Thuya decora, 124.
Thuya Doniana, 134.
Thuya, economic uses of, 124.
Thuya excelsa, 115.
Thuya filiformis, 124.
Thuya, fungal diseases of, 124.
Thuya gigantea, 129.
INDEX.
Thuya gigantea, 124, 135, 136.
Thuya gigantea, var. Japonica, 124.
Thuya, insect enemies of, 124.
Thuya Japonica, 124.
Thuya Lobbiana, 130.
Thuya Lobbi, 130.
Thuya Menziesti, 129.
Thuya obtusa, 98, 126.
Thuya occidentalis, 126.
Thuya odorata, 126.
Thuya orientalis, 124.
Thuya orientalis, var. 8 pendula, 124.
Thuya pendula, 124.
Thuya pisifera, 98.
Thuya pisifera, var. filifera, 99.
Thuya pisifera, var. squarrosa, 99.
Thuya plicata, 129, 130.
Thuya procera, 126.
Thuya spheroidalis, 111.
Thuya spheroidea, 111.
Thuya Standishii, 124.
Thuya tetragona, 134.
Thuyopsis, 98.
Thya, 125.
Thyridopteryx ephemereformis, 73, 124.
Torreya, 57.
Torreya, 55.
Torreya Californica, 59.
Torreya (?) grandis, 56.
Torreya Myristica, 59.
Torreya nucifera, 56.
Torreya taxifolia, 57.
Trécul, Auguste Adolph Lucien, 10.
Trithrinaz, 38.
Tule, Cypress of, 150.
Tumion, 55.
Tumion Californicum, 59.
Tumion Californicum, var. littorale, 59.
Tumion, economic properties of, 56.
Tumion grande, 56.
Tumion nuciferum, 56.
Tumion taxifolium, 57.
Venturia sabalicola, 38.
Verataxus, 61.
Washingtonia, 45.
Washingtonia Californica, 145.
Washingtonia filamentosa, 47.
Washingtonia filifera, 47.
Washingtonia robusta, 46.
Washingtonia Sonore, 45.
Wellingtonia, 139.
Wellingtonia gigantea, 145.
White Cedar, 111, 120, 126, 135.
White Cypress, 153, 154.
Yellow Cypress, 115.
Yew, 62, 65, 67.
Yew, Florence Court, 62.
Yew, Irish, 62.
Yueea, 1.
Yucca acuminata, 23.
Yucca agavoides, 10.
Yucca aloifolia, 6.
Yucca aloifolia, var. 8 Draconis, 7.
Yucca aloifolia, var. y conspicua, 7.
Yucca angustifolia, B elata, 27.
Yucca angustifolia, B radiosa, 27.
Yucca arborescens, 19.
Yucca arcuata, 6.
Yucca aspera, 9.
Yucca Atkinsi, 7.
Yucca australis, 4, 13.
Yucca baceata, 16.
Yucca baccata, 13, 15, 17.
Yucca baccata, B australis, 4, 13.
Yucca baccata, var. macrocarpa, 13.
Yucca Boerhaavii, 23.
Yucca brevifolia, 19.
Yucca canaliculata, 9.
Yucea Carrierei, 4.
Yucca concava, 10.
Yucca conspicua, 7.
Yucea constricta, 27.
Yucca cornuta, 10.
Yucca crenulata, 6.
Yucea, dissemination of, 3.
Yucca Draconis, 4, 7.
Yucca Draconis, var. arborescens, 19.
Yucca, economic properties of, 4.
Yucca elata, 27.
Yucca Ellacombei, 23, 25.
Yucca ensifolia, 25.
Yucea, fertilization of, 1.
Yucca fibre, 4.
Yucca filamentosa, 4.
Yucca filamentosa ?, 15.
Yucea filifera, 4.
Yucca filifera, 13.
Yucca, fungal diseases of, 5.
Yucca, germination of, 3.
Yucca glauca, 25.
Yucca gloriosa, 23.
Yucca gloriosa acuminata, 23.
Yucca gloriosa, fructification of, 24.
Yucca gloriosa glaucescens, 23.
Yucca gloriosa maculata, 23.
Yucca gloriosa marginata, 25.
Yucca gloriosa medio picta, 25.
Yucca gloriosa minor, 23.
Yucca gloriosa mollis, 23.
Yucca gloriosa nobilis, 23, 24.
Yucca gloriosa nobilis parviflora, 23.
Yucca gloriosa robusta, 23.
Yucca gloriosa tristis, 23.
Yucca gloriosa, var. Ellacombei, 23.
Yucca gloriosa, var. obliqua, 23.
Yucca gloriosa, var. plicata, 24.
Yucca gloriosa, var. pruinosa, 23.
Yucca gloriosa, var. superba, 24.
Yucca gloriosa, var. tortulata, 23.
Yucca gloriosa, var. y recurvifolia, 24.
Yucca gloriosa, var. 5 planifolia, 25.
Yucca Guatemalensis, 4.
Yucca Haruckeriana, 7.
Yucca, hybrids of, 4.
Yucca, insect enemies of, 5.
Yucca integerrima, 23.
Yucca Japonica, 25.
Yucca lineata lutea, 7.
Yucca longifolia, 9.
Yucca macrocarpa, 13.
Yucca macrocarpa, 15, 17.
Yucca Mohavensis, 15.
Yucea Moth, 2.
Yucca Moth, Bogus, 3.
Yucea, nectar glands of, 3.
Yucca, nocturnal opening of the flowers
of, 2.
Yucca obliqua, 23.
Yucca patens, 23.
Yucca pendula, 24.
Yucca pendula variegata, 25.
Yucea, pollination of, 2.
Yucca polyphylla, 27.
Yucca pruinosa, 23.
Yucca puberula, 17.
Yucca purpurea, 7.
Yucca quadricolor, 7.
Yucca radiosa, 28.
Yucca recurva, 24.
Yucca recurvifolia, 24.
Yucca, reflexion of the leaves of, 1.
Yucca revoluta, 10.
INDEX.
Yucca rufocincta, 24.
Yucea Schottii, 17.
Yucca serrata, y argenteo-marginata, 7.
Yucca serrata, 5 roseo-marginata, 7.
Yucca serrulata, 6.
Yucca serrulata, « vera, 6.
Yucca serrulata, B robusta, 6.
159
Yucca superba, 24.
Yucca tenuifolia, 6.
Yucca tortulata, 23.
Yueca Treculeana, 9.
Yucca tricolor, 7.
Yucca undulata, 10.
Yucea Yucatana, 4. »
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