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THE

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA

A DESCRIPTION OF THE TREES WHICH GROW
NATURALLY IN NORTH AMERICA
EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO

CHARLES SPRAGUE SARGENT

DIRECTOR OF THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM
OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY

Gilustrated with figures and Analyses drawn from Mature

CHARLES EDWARD FAXON

SUPPLEMENT
VOLUME XIII

RHAMNACEHA—ROSACEH

BOSTON AND NEW YORK
HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY
Zhe thivergive Press, Cambridge

MpDcCcCCIZ

The Riverside Press, Cambridge, Mass., U. 8. A.
Electrotyped and Printed by H. O. Houghton and Company.

MERTZ LIBRARY
NEW YORK
BOTANICAL

GARDEN

THE TRUSTEES OF THE MASSACHUSETTS SOCIETY
FOR THE PROMOTION OF AGRICULTURE

THIS THIRTEENTH VOLUME OF
THE SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA
IS AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED

BY THEIR ASSOCIATE OF THIRTY YEARS.

NOTE.

Tue first volume of this work was issued in October, 1890. At that time it was believed that
the forests of North America, exclusive of Mexico, contained only 422 species of trees and that these
could be described in twelve volumes illustrated by 600 plates.

The interest in trees and dendrological study have greatly increased in the United States since the
first volumes of this Silva appeared; and recent researches have disclosed the presence on this continent
of a number of arborescent species whose existence was not even suspected ten years ago, and have
added much to the knowledge of the geographical distribution of North American trees. Most of
these additions to our silva are new to science; others were formerly considered shrubs but are now
known to be often arborescent in habit, and others regarded as varieties in earlier volumes are now
believed to be best treated as species. Two supplementary volumes are needed for the description and
illustration of these additions, and the completed work contains the descriptions of 585 trees, of several
varieties of trees and of a number of shrubs, and 740 plates.

C. S. SARGENT.

ARNOLD ARBORETUM,
June, 1902.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Intropuctory Notre . ; :

CEANOTHUS SPINOSUS.

LESCULUS AUSTRINA

SAPINDUS MARGINATUS

ACER SACCHARUM, var. LEUCODERME
ACER NIGRUM

ACER RUBRUM, var. TRIDENS .

GLEDITSIA

TEXANA . : : . :

PROSOPIS JULIFLORA, var. VELUTINA
LEUCENA GREGGII
ACACIA TORTUOSA .

PRUNUS UMBELLATA, var. INJUCUNDA
PRUNUS TARDA : : :

Prunus ALABAMENSIS . ‘ : :

CERCOCARPUS BREVIFLORUS

CERCOCARPUS TRASKLE

CRATGUS
CRATZGUS
CRATZGUS
CRATEGUS
CRATZGUS
CRATZGUS
CRATGUS
CRAT&GUS
CRATZGUS
CRATZGUS
CRATZGUS
CRATZGUS
CRATZGUS
CRATZGUS
CRATEGUS
CRATZGUS
CRATGUS
CRATAGUS
CRATEGUS
CrAaTzZGUS
CRATEGUS
CraAT&GUS
CRATGUS
CRAT2GUS
CRATGUS
CRATZGUS
CRATZGUS
CRATZGUS

SALIGNA

Crus-GALLI, var. PYRACANTHIFOLIA .

CANBYI

ENGELMANNI

PEORIENSIS

FECUNDA .

ERECTA : : ‘
ACUTIFOLIA

SIGNATA

BusHir. : :

EDITA

Mouri. . . :
PRUINOSA. :
GEORGIANA

BoyntTonti

VENUSTA . :

SARGENTI

SUBORBICULATA

COLLINA

SORDIDA

BRAZORIA

LETTERMANI

PRATENSIS

MOLLIS . : : : :
ARKANSANA . ‘ . ‘ ‘
SERA : : : : ;
CANADENSIS . : : : :
BERLANDIERI . : : :

Plate dexxi.
Plate dexxii.
Plate dexxiii. .
Plate dexxiv.
Plate dexxv.
Plate dexxvi.

Plate dexxvil. .

Plate dexxviii.

Plate dexxix. .

Plate dexxx.

Plate dexxxi. .

Plate dexxxii.
Plate dexxxiii.

Plate dexxxiv.

Plate dexxxv. .

Plate dexxxvi.

Plate dexxxvii.

Plate dexxxviii.

Plate dexxxix.
Plate dexl. .
Plate dexli.
Plate dexlii.
Plate dexliii.
Plate dexliv.
Plate dexlv.
Plate dexlvi.

Plate dexlvii. .

Plate dexlviii.
Plate dexlix.
Plate del.
Plate deli.
Plate delii. .
Plate dceliii.
Plate deliv. .
Plate delv.
Plate delvi.
Plate delvii.
Plate delviii.
Plate delix.
Plate delx. .
Plate delxi.
Plate delxii.
Plate delxiii.

vill Table of Contents.

Crarzcus TEXANA : ; : : . Plate delxiv. : P ; : ; . ; : 93
CRATEHGUS QUERCINA . : F . : : : . Plate delxv. 95
CRATGUS PYRIFORMIS . : : : : : : Plate delxvi. : : : : : : P : 97
CRATHGUS CORUSCA . . . . . . . . Plate delxvii. . : : : : : : : . 99
CRATHGUS SUBMOLLIS. : F : : : : Plate clxxxii. (volume iv.) . . . : . . 101
CratmGus ARNOLDIANA . : : : : . . Plate delxviii. . : : : . . . . . 103
CrAT#GUS CHAMPLAINENSIS . ; : : : , Plate dclxix. : ; : : : ; : . 105
CRATEGUS ANOMALA . : , : ‘ : : . Plate delxx. . : : . : ' ; : . 107
Cratzeus ELLWANGERIANA . : . ; : : Plate delxxi. : : . : : : : . 109
CratzcGus PRINGLEI. . . : , . : . Plate delxxii. . : . ; : : : ‘ . 111
CRATHGUS DILATATA . : F P : . : Plate delxxili. . : : : : ; : . 113
CRATHGUS COCCINIOIDES . : : : ; ; . Plate delxxiv. . : ; ; : . : : . 115
CRATHGUS LOBULATA . P : , : : : Plate delxxv. : : : : ; ; ; . 117
Cratzeus HoLMESIANA . ‘ : : . . . Plate delxxvi. . : : : . : : : . 119
CRATHGUS PEDICELLATA ‘ : : P . : Plate delxxvii. . . : : : : : . 121
CRATZGUS SCABRIDA . : , : ; : : . Plate delxxviii. ‘ : , ; : : : . 123
CRATHGUS LUCORUM : : . . ; : Plate delxxix. . : ; . : ; ; ~ 125
CRATZGUS LACERA . . : : : : : . Plate delxxx. . : : ; : : ; ; . 127
CRATHGUS PENTANDRA . : F . : : : Plate delxxxi. . : : : . , . . 129
CRATZGUS SILVICOLA . : : ‘ : : : . Plate delxxxii. : P : . : : ; . 131
CRATHGUS COCCINEA : : : ; ; . : Plate delxxxiii. . : : ; ; : : . 133
CRATEGUS JONESE . : , ; : : : . Plate delxxxiv. : : : : ; : ‘ . 135
Cratzaus MARGARETTA . , ; ‘ ; ‘ Plate delxxxv. . F : ; : : . . 187
CRATHGUS SUCCULENTA . , : : : ' . Plate clxxxi. (volume iv.) : : : : : . 139
CRATEGUS GEMMOSA : F : : : : : Plate delxxxvi. . . : ; ; : , . 141
Crataeus ILLINOIENSIS . ; : : : . . Plate delxxxvii. : , : : : . : . 143
CRAT#GUS INTEGRILOBA : : : , : : Plate delxxxviii. . : ; . : : : . 145
CRATHGUS MACRACANTHA . ; 2 : : : . Plate delxxxix. . , . . : ; : . 147
Cratzeus ASHEI . ; : : P : : : Plate dexe. . : : : : : : ; . 149
Crat&ous HARBISONI : , : : ; . . Plate dexci. . : , : . : , , . 151
CrRaTzGUS VAILLE , : : : : : : Plate dexcii. , : : ; : ; . . 1538
CRATEHGUS FLAVA. : : : : ; ‘ . Plate dexciii. . : ; : ‘ : : : . 155
CRATHGUS CONSANGUINEA : : , ; : Plate dexciv. : : : : : : . . 157
CRATHGUS FLORIDANA ; : : : é . Plate clxxxix. (volume iv.) . : ; ; : . 159
CRATEGUS LACRIMATA . : : ; : : : Plate dexcv. ‘ : . : : : : - 161
Cratzous RAVENELII : : F : . F . Plate dexcvi. . ; ‘ ; , . : : . 163
CRATZEGUS DISPAR . ‘ : : ; ; : : Plate exc. (volume iv.) : : : : : - 165
CRATEGUS SENTA : ; ; ; ; . : . Plate dexevii. . : ; : : ; ; F . 167
CRATZGUS APRICA . : ‘ : : , . ; Plate dexeviii. . : P , : : : . 169
CRATEGUS OPIMA : : : : ; : : . Plate dexcix. . ; : : , : : : . 171
CRATZGUS VULSA . , : ‘ : : : : Plate dee. . : : : ; . : : . 178
CRATZGUS GLABRIUSCULA . : ; : : : . Plate deci. : : ; : : : : : . 175
CRATEGUS BLANDA ; : ‘< : : : : Plate decii. . : : ; ; , ; : . 17
CRATHGUS NITIDA . : : : . : : . Plate deciii. . : F : ; : : : . 179

CRATEGUS ATRORUBENS . : . : : . . Plate deciv. : : : . : . : . 181

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

CEANOTHUS SPINOSUS.

Lilac.

BRANCHLETS angled, spinescent. Inflorescence compound, on leafy branches. Leaves
coriaceous, rarely 3-nerved, persistent.

Ceanothus spinosus, Nuttall, Torrey & Gray Fl. N. Am. 411.— Parry, Proc. Davenport Acad. vy. 172. — Greene,
i. 267 (1838). — Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 337. — Garden and Forest, v. 447. —K. Brandegee, Proc. Cal.
Brewer & Watson, Bot. Cal. i. 103. — Trelease, Proc. Acad. ser. 2, iv. 185 (excl. var. Palmeri).

Cal. Acad. ser. 2,i1.109; Gray Syn. Fl. N. Am. i. pt. i.

Usually shrubby in habit, Ceanothus spinosus in the canons of the San Rafael Mountains
sometimes becomes a shapely tree, eighteen or twenty feet in height, with a stem five or six inches in
diameter covered with dark red-brown bark roughened by small closely appressed scales, and upright
branches forming an narrow open head. The branchlets are slender, divaricate, angled, pubescent or
puberulous when they first appear, soon glabrous, bright green, ultimately reddish brown, and frequently
end in sharp leafless thorn-like points. The leaves are elliptical, full and rounded and apiculate or often
slightly emarginate or gradually narrowed and pointed or rarely three-lobed at the apex, rounded or
cuneate at the base, villose-pubescent below when they first unfold along the stout midribs and obscure
primary veins, soon glabrous, coriaceous, and persistent ; they are usually about an inch long and half
an inch wide, and are borne on stout petioles which vary from one sixth to one third of an inch in
length and, at first villose, finally become nearly glabrous. On vigorous shoots the leaves are sometimes
ovate, conspicuously three-nerved, irregularly serrate, with incurved apiculate teeth, or coarsely dentate,
and often an inch and a half long and five eighths of an inch wide. The stipules are minute, acute, and
early deciduous. The flowers, which vary from light to dark blue and are very fragrant, open from
March until May, and are produced in lax corymbs from the axils of acute pubescent red caducous
bracts on upper leafy branchlets of the year, the whole inflorescence forming an open thyrsus often five
or six inches long and three or four inches thick and destitute of leaves toward the apex. The fruit
is depressed, obscurely lobed, crestless, black, and from one quarter to one third of an inch in diameter.

Ceanothus spinosus is a common inhabitant of mountain cahons near the coast of southern
California in Santa Barbara, Ventura, and Los Angeles counties, where it grows down nearly to the
sea-level in forests composed of Quercus agrifolia, Platanus racemosa, Sambucus glauca, Umbellu-
laria Californica, Alnus rhombifola, Juglans Californica, and often forms a heavy undergrowth
with other small trees and many species of shrubs, its large clusters of bright blue flowers enlivening
these forests for many weeks in early spring, when it is one of the most beautiful of all the members of
this genus.’

Ceanothus spinosus was discovered in 1836 by Thomas Nuttall,’ near Santa Barbara, California.’

1 There appears to be no record of the introduction of Ceanothus 2 See ii. 34.
spinosus into American or European gardens. 8 See Coville, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xiii. 117.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puate DCXXI. CEANOTHUS SPINOSUS.
1. A flowering branch, natural size.

2. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
3. A fruiting branch, natural size.

4. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.

d. A nutlet divided transversely, enlarged.

Silva of North America -_ | Tab. DCX]

= NGG.
ee,
SAY.

CZ Faxon det, Raping se

CEANOTHUS SPINOSUS, Nutt.

A. Riocreucz dire! Lip. J, laneur, Paris

SAPINDACE, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 3

JESCULUS AUSTRINA.

Buckeye.
PETALS shorter than the stamens. Leaves 5-foliolate. Seeds pale yellow-brown.

4@sculus austrina, Small, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xxviii. Adsculus octandra, var. hybrida, Sargent, Silva N. Am.
359 (1901). ii. 60 (in part) (1891).— Robinson, Gray Syn. Fl. N.
4Msculus Pavia, 8 discolor, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. Am. i. pt. i. 447 (in part).
i. 252 (in part) (not #sculus discolor, Pursh) (1838).

A tree, occasionally twenty-five or thirty feet in height, with a straight trunk five or six inches in
diameter covered with pale smooth bark, and rather stout branches forming a narrow symmetrical head ;
or often shrubby. The branchlets, which are unusually slender for those of a Horsechestnut, are marked
by numerous small pale lenticels, and when they first unfold are green and puberulous, becoming gray
shghtly tinged with red during their first winter and only slightly darker in their second year. The
winter-buds are broadly ovate, obtusely pointed, and about a quarter of an inch in length, with ovate
rounded apiculate light red-brown outer scales. The leaves are generally composed of five leaflets,’ and
are borne on slender grooved villose or pubescent usually ultimately glabrous petioles from three to
five inches long. The leaflets are oblong-obovate or elliptical, acuminate at the apex, gradually
narrowed from near the middle and acute at the entire base, finely or coarsely and sometimes doubly
crenulate-serrate above, dark green, lustrous, and glabrous, except along the slender yellow midribs
and veins, on the upper surface, lighter colored and coated on the lower surface, early in the season at
least, with soft pale pubescence, nearly sessile or petiolulate, from four to five inches long and from an
inch and a half to two inches wide. The flowers appear in southern Arkansas from the first to the
middle of April,’ and are usually from three quarters of an inch to an inch in length, and bright red;
they are borne on slender pubescent pedicels which become much thickened on the fruit and are
sometimes a quarter of an inch long, and are mostly aggregated toward the ends of the short branches
of the narrow pubescent inflorescence which varies from six to eight inches in length. The calyx is
tubular, short and broad or elongated, puberulous on the outer surface and tomentose on the inner
surface, with rounded lobes. The petals are connivent, unequal, oblong-obovate, rounded at the apex,
puberulous on the outer surface, and glandular, with minute dark glands, those of the superior pair being
about half as wide as those of the lateral pair, with claws much longer than the calyx. The filaments,
which are longer than the petals, and the ovary are villose. The fruit ripens and falls in October, and
is borne on the much elongated thickened and now drooping rachis of the inflorescence, usually only a
few fruits maturing. These are usually pear-shaped or occasionally subglobose, mostly two-seeded, and
generally from an inch and a half to two inches and a half in length, with very thin pale brown slightly
pitted valves. The seeds are sometimes an inch and a half in diameter, hight yellow-brown, with a

small hilum and a thin testa.®

1 On a specimen of Asculus collected by B. F. Bush at Columbia, western Texas, with which Zsculus austrina is now provisionally
Texas, April 5, 1901 (No. 48), which should probably be referred united.
to this species, the leaves all have six or seven leaflets. 8 It is with considerable hesitation and without having seen the

2 At Fulton, Arkansas, where this red-flowered Horsechestnut is type of sculus austrina that I adopt this name for a common
in bloom from the first to the middle of April, I found on the 23d Horsechestnut of the trans-Mississippi region, for too little is still
of April, 1891, Horsechestnut-trees with leaves just beginning to known about it and about some other peculiar forms of Hsculus of
unfold and minute flower-buds. The under surface of the leaflets the same region, especially those of eastern Texas, where fruit has
of these trees was coated with thick silvery white tomentum similar not yet been collected. /Esculus austrina approaches on the one
to that found on the young leaflets of the shrubby Horsechestnut of hand sculus octandra, var. hybrida, with which it has previously

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

SAPINDACE.

° . 7 . 1 . +2
fsculus austrina grows in rich upland woods from Memphis, Tennessee,! and southern Missouri

to eastern Texas* and northwestern Alabama.’

been united, in the color of the flowers, in the short broad calyx of
some individuals, and in the pubescence which covers the under
surface of the leaflets, differing from the Appalachian tree in its
exserted stamens. On the other hand, it approaches 4sculus Pavia
in the long narrow calyx of some individuals and in the exserted
filaments, differing from it in its pubescent leaflets and more
numerous and crowded flowers. From all the American species,
with the exception of sculus parviflora, it differs in the color of
its light yellow-brown seeds, which furnish the best character for
distinguishing this tree.

1 A. Fendler, April 13, 1851 (in Herb. Gray).

* Butler County, G. W. Letterman, May 9, 1884. This speci-
men has the long tubular calyx of Zsculus Pavia, but the leaves

are very pubescent. Neeleysville, Butler County, B. F. Bush, April
22, 1898 ; Grandin, B. F. Bush, May 6, 1901, with only slightly
pubescent leaflets and « long tubular calyx. Arkansas: Camden,
A. Fendler, 1850; Little Rock, G. W. Letterman, May 6, 1881 ;
Fulton, B. F. Bush, April 4, 1900 ; W. M. Canby, B. F. Bush, and
C. S. Sargent, April 18, 1901.

3 Rio Guadaloupe, Berlandier, April, 1828 (Nos. 1743 and 422,
in Herb. Gray); near Boerne, C. S. Sargent, March, 1887 ; Colum-
bia, B. F. Bush, April 5, 1901 (No. 48).

4 A specimen collected in 1854, at Moulton, Lawrence County,
Alabama, and preserved in the Gray Herbarium, appears identical
with Zsculus austrina from southern Arkansas, except in its smaller

leaflets.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Pirate DCXXII. AscuLus AvSTRINA.

A flowering branch, natural size.

An upper petal, natural size.
A lateral petal, natural size.

The end of a cluster of fruit, natural size.

1.
2.
3.
4. A stamen, natural size.
5.
6.

A nut, natural size.

Silva of North America. Tab. DCXXII

CE Faaworn del. Lartaud se.

ASSCULUS AUSTRINA, Small.

A. Riocreuc direa ! _ Imp. J laneur, Paris.

SAPINDACEZt

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 5

SAPINDUS MARGINATUS.

Soapberry.

SEPALS rounded ; petals appendiculate.
lance-oblong.

Sapindus marginatus, Willdenow, Enum. 432 (1809). —
Muehlenberg, Cat. 41.— De Candolle, Prodr. i. 607. —
Sprengel, Syst. ii. 250.— Don, Gen. Syst. i. 665.—
Spach, Hist. Vég. iii. 54. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i.
255 (in part). — Nuttall, Sylva, ii. 72, t. 65. — Engel-
mann & Gray, Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. v. 241 (Pl.
Lindheim. i.) (in part).— Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 214 (in
part). — Schnizlein, Zcon. t. 230, f. 22.— Chapman, FV.
79.— Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. i. 214 (in part). —
Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 44
(in part); Silva N. Am. ii. 71 (in part). — Robinson,
Gray Syn. Fl. N. Am. i. pt. i. 444.

Fruit dorsally carinate. Leaflets 7 to 13,

Sapindus Saponaria, Lamarck, Jil. ii. 441, t. 307 (not
Linneus) (1793).— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 242.—
Poiret, Lamarck Dict. vi. 663 (in part). — Persoon, Syn.
i. 444, — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 274. — Nuttall, Gen. i.
257. — Elliott, Sk. i. 460.

Sapindus falcatus, Rafinesque, Med. FI. ii. 261 (1830).

Sapindus acuminatus, Rafinesque, New Fl. iii. 22
(1836). — Radlkofer, Sitz. Akad. Miinch. 1878, 316,
393.— Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 116 (in part).

Sapindus Manatensis, Radlkofer, Sitz. Akad. Miinch.
1878, 318, 400.—Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xxiii.
102.

A tree, rarely more than twenty-five or thirty feet in height, with a trunk sometimes a foot in

diameter, and stout pale brown or ultimately ashy gray branchlets.

The leaves are six or seven inches

long, with from seven to thirteen leaflets which are borne on a slender wingless or narrowly margined

or marginless rachis, the lower leaflets being usually alternate and the upper opposite.

The leaflets are

lance-oblong, acuminate, more or less falcate, glabrous, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface,
paler and glabrous or puberulous below along the slender midnerves, sessile or very short-petiolulate, from
two to five inches in length and from three quarters of an inch to an inch and a quarter in width. The
panicles of flowers, which appear in early spring, are pyramidal, four or five inches long and usually
about three inches wide, with villose stems and branches. The flowers, which are borne on short stout
tomentose pedicels, are more or less tinged with red and are nearly an eighth of an inch in diameter.
The sepals are villose on the outer surface toward the base and ciliate on the margins, the outer being
rounded at the narrowed apex and much narrower than the inner, which are obovate and rounded at the
broad apex. The petals are ovate-oblong, short-clawed, ciliate on the margins, and furnished on the
inner surface near the base with a two-lobed villose scale. The berries are conspicuously keeled on the
back, short-oblong, and often three quarters of an inch in length, with thin light yellow translucent flesh
and obovate dark brown seeds villose at the hilum with tufted pale hairs.’

21 In the Synoptical Flora of North America (i. pt. i. 444 which are globose, destitute of the dorsal keel which distinguishes

[1897]), Dr. B. L. Robinson first pointed out the characters which
separate Sapindus marginatus of Florida from the Sapindus of the
region west of the Mississippi River, for which the name of Sapin-
dus Drummondi must be adopted. In the second volume of The
Silva of North America the Texas tree was confounded with the
Florida species, and the description of Sapindus marginatus, includ-
ing that of the wood, was largely drawn up from the former, which

those of Sapindus marginatus, and in drying turn black.

The range of Sapindus Drummondi, as laid down in the descrip-
tion of Sapindus marginatus in volume ii., can now be extended
northward to southwestern Missouri, where this tree is abundant on
the Cowshed River, near Pineyville, McDonald County, and on
White River in Barry County, and to central Kansas. (See Hitch-
cock, The Industrialist, xxiv. 387 [Flora of Kansas].) Sapindus

is figured on plates Ixxvi. and lxxvii. of this work.

From Sapindus marginatus the trans-Mississippi species can be
distinguished by its wingless rachis, more numerous and narrower
lanceolate leaflets, which vary from eight to nineteen in number
and are pubescent or ultimately glabrate on the lower surface ;
by its rhombic-lanceolate unguiculate petals and smaller berries,

Drummondi was discovered in 1819 by Thomas Nuttall during his
journey to Arkansas.

The corrected synonymy of Sapindus Drummondi is, —

Sapindus Drummondi, Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Voy. Beechey, 281
(1838?). — Walpers, Rep. i. 417. — Robinson, Gray Syn. Fl. N.
Am. i. pt. i. 444. — Britton, Man. 610.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ern

Sapindus marginatus inhabits the coast of Florida from the mouth of the St. John’s River and

Cedar Keys southward.?

Sapindus Saponaria, Torrey, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. 172 (not Lin-
neus) (1827).

Sapindus marginatus, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am.i. 255 (in
part) (not Willdenow) (1838) ; Pacific R. R. Rep. ii. 162.—
Engelmann & Gray, Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. v. 241 (PI.
Lindheim. i.).— Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 214 (in part), t. 180; Jour.
Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. vi. 168 (Pl. Lindheim. ii.) ; Smithsonian
Contrib. iii. 38 (Pl. Wright. i.). — Engelmann, Wislizenus Memoir
of a Tour to Northern Mexico (Senate Doc. 1848, Bot. Appx.),
96. — Torrey, Emory’s Rep. 138; Marcy’s Rep. 250 ; Pacific R. R.
Rep. iv. pt. v. 74; Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 47.— J. M. Bigelow,
Pacific R. R. Rep. iv. pt. v. 2.— Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent.
i, 214 (in part). — Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 337. — Sar-

gent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 44 (in part) ;

Silva N. Am. ii. 71 (in part), t. 76, 77. — Havard, Proc. U. S. Nat.

Mus. viii. 508. — Britton & Brown, Jil. Fi. ii. 402 (in part), f.

2386.

Sapindus acuminatus, Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6,

116 (in part) (not Rafinesque) (1890).

1 Knowledge of the range of Sapindus marginatus, which is
probably everywhere a rare tree, is still unsatisfactory. It is not
now known to grow north of the mouth of the St. John’s River in
Florida, although it was once believed to inhabit the coast of South
Carolina and Georgia, where the elder Michaux is said to have

discovered this tree.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Pirate DCXXIII. SaApinpus MARGINATUS.

OCOHOARD AP WH

he
HM

. A pistil, enlarged.

. A flowering branch, natural size.

. A flower-bud, enlarged.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
. An outer sepal, enlarged.

. An inner sepal, enlarged.

. A petal, inner face, enlarged.

A stamen, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.
. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.
. A seed, natural size.

Silva of North America Tab. DCXXIII

CE. Faron det apie se

SAPINDUS MARGINATUS, Willd.

A Riocreua direa = : imp. 7 Taneur, Paris

SAPINDACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 7

ACER SACCHARUM, var. LEUCODERME.

Sugar Maple.

LEAVEs 3 to 5-lobed, yellow-green and pubescent on the lower surface.

Acer Saccharum, var. leucoderme. Acer leucoderme, Small, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xxii. 367

Acer barbatum, var. Floridanum, Sargent, Silva N. Am. (1895) ; xxiv. 64. — Robinson, Gray Syn. Fl. N. Am. i.
ii. 100 (in part) (1891). pt. i. 440.— Mohr, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. vi. 606

Acer Floridanum, var. acuminatum, Trelease, hep. Mis- (Plant Life of Alabama). —Gattinger, Fl. Tennessee,
sourt Bot. Gard. v. 99, t. 11 (not Acer acuminatum, Wal- 116.

lich) (1894).

A tree, usually from twenty to twenty-five feet in height, with a trunk a foot in diameter, but
occasionally attaining a height of forty feet and forming a trunk eighteen or twenty inches in diameter,
and with a rather compact round-topped head of comparatively short and slender branches. The
bark on the trunk of old individuals, particularly near the ground, is dark brown or often nearly
black, and broken by deep furrows into narrow ridges covered with closely appressed scales, but on
younger stems and on the large branches it is close and light gray or grayish brown. The branchlets
are slender and glabrous; dark green when they first appear, they become bright red-brown and
lustrous during their first summer, when they are marked by numerous small oblong pale lenticels, and,
gradually growing darker in their second year, finally become light gray-brown. The winter-buds are
ovate, acute, dark brown, glabrous, and rarely more than a sixteenth of an inch in length, with accrescent
inner scales which are bright crimson and very conspicuous when the trees are in flower in early spring.
The leaves are borne on elongated slender glabrous petioles and vary from two inches to three inches
and a half in diameter; they are usually truncate or slightly subcordate at the base, and more or less
deeply divided into from three to five acute lobes which are caudate-acuminate and coarsely and sinuately
dentate or undulate ; coated below as they unfold with long matted pale caducous hairs, at maturity the
leaves are thin, dark dull green above and bright yellow-green and coated below with soft close velvety
pubescence. In the autumn the leaves often turn bright scarlet on the upper surface before falling.
The flowers are produced on slender glabrous pedicels, and are glabrous or slightly villose and rather
smaller than those of the northern Sugar Maple. The carpels of the fruit are villose until nearly
grown, with long scattered pale hairs, but are glabrous at maturity; their wings are wide-spreading
or divergent.

Acer Saccharum, var. leucoderme inhabits the banks of streams and rocky gorges, and is distributed
from the valley of the Yadkin River in Stanly County, North Carolina, to northern Georgia, eastern
Tennessee, central Alabama, western Louisiana, and southern Arkansas. It was long confounded with
the variety Floridanum of the Sugar Maple, from which it chiefly differs in the yellow-green lower
surface of the rather thinner leaves and in their less prominent secondary lobes.’

1 Acer barbatum of Michaux was adopted in the second volume almost universally adopted by American botanists as the name of
of this work as the name of the Sugar Maple and its varieties. the Sugar Maple, and although the identity of Marshall’s species is
Acer barbatum, however, appears to have been based originally on certainly open to doubt, and the name is not distinct enough from
two species, for Michaux’s type of his Acer barbatum, preserved that of the Silver Maple, the Acer saccharinum of Linneus, to really
at the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, in Paris, consists of flowering justify its use, it will perhaps be best, for the sake of uniformity of
branches of the Sugar Maple, a branch of the Red Maple with nomenclature, to adopt Marshall’s name rather than to find another
leaves only, and a branch with fruit of the Red Maple; and the for the Sugar Maple. If this view is adopted, Acer barbatum, Sar-
name, therefore, can hardly be used for the Sugar Maple. The gent, Silva N. Am. ii. 97, becomes Acer Saccharum, Marshall ; Acer
older Acer Saccharum of Marshall (Arbust. Am. 4) has recently been barbatum, var. Floridanum, Sargent, becomes Acer Saccharum, var.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

SAPINDACEAE.

Acer Saccharum, var. leucoderme has been planted, with other forms of the Sugar Maple, along
the streets of Rome, Georgia, where there are now many large and handsome specimens of this tree.

Floridanum, Sargent ; and Acer barbatum, var. grandidentatum, Sar-
gent, becomes Acer Saccharum, var. grandidentatum, Sargent.

In the second volume of this work « form of the Sugar Maple
with somewhat coriaceous leaves of firm texture, usually rather
broader than long, pale or glaucous and pubescent or rarely gla-
brous below, cordate, with 4 broad open sinus, or truncate at the
base, and usually three-lobed with open round sinuses and acumi-
nate generally nearly entire lobes, was confounded with the Black
Sugar Maple, and figures 1-3 of plate xci. of this work represent
this form and not the Black Maple. The synonymy of this form is
as follows : —

Acer Saccharum, var. Rugelii, Rehder, Cyclopedia Am. Hort. i.
13 (1900).

Acer saccharinum, Schmidt, Oestr. Baumz. i. 12, t. 8 (not Lin-

neus nor Wangenheim) (1792). — Elliott, Sk. i. 450.

? Acer nigrum, Elliott, 2. c. (not Michaux f.) (1817).
Acer saccharinum, var. glaucum, Pax, Engler Bot. Jahrb. vii. 242

(in part) (1886).

Acer Rugelii, Pax, l. c. 243 (1886). — Schwerin, Gartenflora,

xlii. 457.

Acer palmifolium, var. nigrum, Schwerin, l. c. 456, £. 95, No. 4

(1893).

Acer saccharinum, subspec. saccharinum, var. glaucum, Wes-

mael, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. xxix. 61 (in part) (Gen. Acer) (1890).

Acer saccharinum, subspec. Rugelii, Wesmael, J. c. (1890).
Acer saccharinum, var. nigrum, Newhall, Trees of N. E. Am.
152 (in part), f. 76 (1890).

Acer barbatum, var. nigrum, Sargent, Silva N. Am. i. 99 (in
part), t. 91, f. 1-3 (1891).

Acer Saccharum, var. barbatum, Trelease, Rep. Missouri Bot.
Gard. v. 94, t. 6 (not Acer barbatum, Michaux) (1894). — Robin-
son, Gray Syn. Fl. N. Am. i. pt. i. 439. — Chapman, Fi. ed. 3, 87.
This is the common and frequently the only form of the Sugar

Maple in the region from North Carolina and Georgia to Missouri,
and although rare at the north, trees with leaves like those of the
southern tree occur as far north as Michigan and Prince Edward’s
Island, and, as Professor Beal has pointed out, such leaves some-
times appear on the upper branches of trees which bear on their
lower branches the typical leaves of the northern Sugar Maple.
(See Rep. Sec. State Board Agric. Michigan, xxxiii. 148 [The Sugar
Maple of Central Michigan].)

On the one hand, therefore, Acer Saccharum, var. Rugelii, passes
into the northern Acer Saccharum, and on the other some of its
forms seem to pass into the variety Floridanum, which replaces it
from northern Florida to eastern Texas, and which in its turn
passes through western Texas into the variety grandidentatum of the
Rocky Mountain region.

Acer Saccharum, var. Rugelii, is the form which is usually culti-
vated in the southern states, and splendid specimens growing in
the streets and gardens of Huntsville, Alabama, and other cities
and towns of the southern Piedmont region show that this is one
of the most beautiful of all Maple-trees, particularly in autumn,
when the leaves assume the most brilliant tints of scarlet and

orange.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puate DCXXIV. Acer SaccHAaRUM, var. LEUCODERME.

1. A flowering branch, natural size.

WOAD AP ww

. A fruit, natural size.

. A staminate flower, enlarged.

- Vertical section of a staminate flower, enlarged.
. A pistillate flower, enlarged.

- Vertical section of a pistillate flower, enlarged.
A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Cross section of a seed, enlarged.
- An embryo, enlarged.

Silva of North America Tab. DCXXIV .

| C.E.Fawon deb D. Jochum se,

ACER SACCHARUM var. leucoderme. Sarg. .

"A Piocreua direa’ | Imp. J. Taneur Paris.

SAPINDACEA,

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 9

ACER NIGRUM.

Black Maple.

LEAVES 8 to 5-lobed, deeply cordate, the basal sinus often closed, pubescent below,

stipulate. Branchlets light orange-colored.
Acer nigrum, Michaux, f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii. 238, t. 16
(1812). — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 266. — Poiret, La-
marck Dict. Suppl. v. 669. — Nuttall, Gen. i. 253. — De
Candolle, Prodr. i. 595. — Sprengel, Syst. ii. 225.— Don,
Gen. Syst. i. 650. — Spach, Hist. Vég. iii. 104; Ann. Sci.
Nat. sér. 2, ii. 170. — Dietrich, Syn. ii. 1282. —C. Koch,
Dendr. i. 5382. — Bailey, Popular Gardening, iii. 24; Bot.
Gazette, xiii. 213.— Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 382. —

Acer saccharinum, var. glaucum, Pax, Engler Bot. Jahrb.
vii. 242 (in part) (1886).— Wesmael, Bull. Soc. Bot.
Belg. xxix. 61 (Gen. Acer) (in part).

Acer Saccharum, var. nigrum, Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad.
Sci. ix. 9 (1889). — Trelease, Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard.
v. 96, t. 7.— Robinson, Gray Syn. Fl. N. Am. i. pt. i.
439.

Acer barbatum, var. nigrum, Sargent, Garden and Forest,

Britton & Brown, Jil. FV. ii. 398, £. 2376.

Acer saccharinum, 8 nigrum, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N.
Am. i. 248 (1838). — Gray, Man. 80. — Torrey, Fl. N.Y.
i. 136.— Loudon, Arb. Brit. i. 411. — Sargent, Forest
Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 49.— Watson &
Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 117. — Dippel, Handb. Laub-
holzk. ii. 439, £. 206.

iv. 148 (1891) ; Silva N. Am. ii. 99 (in part). — Beal,
Rep. State Board Agric. Michigan, xxxiii. 148, t. 1, f.
8-10, t. 2, f. 46, t. 3 (The Sugar Maple of Central
Michigan).

Acer palmifolium, var. concolor, Schwerin, Gartenflora,
xlii. 457, f. 6, 7 (1893).

The Black Maple is a tree, sometimes eighty feet in height, with a trunk frequently three feet in
diameter, and stout spreading or often erect branches. The bark of young trees is close, smooth, and
generally rather lighter colored than that of the Sugar Maple of the same age, but on old trunks it becomes
deeply furrowed and often nearly black. The branchlets are stout, marked by oblong pale lenticels,
and when they first appear are orange-green in color and pilose, with scattered pale caducous hairs ;
during their first year they are orange or orange-brown and lustrous, and in the following season become
pale gray-brown and lose their lustre. The winter-buds are sessile, ovate, acute, and an eighth of an inch
long or less, with dark red-brown scales coated on the outer surface with hoary pubescence and often
slightly ciliate on the margins. The leaves are cordate, with a broad basal sinus usually more or less
closed by the approximation or imbrication of the basal lobes, generally three or occasionally five-lobed
with acute or acuminate lobes undulately narrowed from broad shallow sinuses or rarely furnished with
short spreading lateral lobes; when they unfold they are coated below with thick hoary tomentum and
clothed above with caducous pale hairs, and at maturity they are thick and firm in texture, dull green
on the upper surface, yellow-green and soft-pubescent particularly along the yellow vems on the lower
surface, and five or six inches across, with drooping sides; they are often conspicuously pendant, and
are borne on stout tomentose or pubescent sometimes ultimately glabrous petioles from three to five
inches long, much dilated at the base and frequently nearly inclosing the buds, and in falling leave
narrow scars which almost encircle the branchlet, and are furnished in their axils with tufts of long pale
hairs. The stipules are triangular and dentate or foliaceous, sessile or stipitate, oblong, acute, tomentose
or pubescent, sometimes slightly lobed, and frequently an inch and a half in length.” In the autumn

1 The Black Maple differs from the other forms of the Sugar
Maple in the light orange-brown color of the young branchlets,
those of all the others being bright red-brown and very lustrous,
in the presence of stipules and in important leaf characters; and as
these appear constant throughout the region occupied by this tree

it can perhaps best be separated from the other members of the
Sugar Maple group and treated as a species.

2 Gray, Am. Nat. vi. 767; vii. 422. — Sargent, Garden and For-
est, iv. 148, f£. 27.

On the fertile branches found in herbaria the stipules are not

SAPINDACE.

10 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

the leaves turn a dull yellow-brown color and fall rather earlier than those of the Sugar Maple. The
flowers are produced in many-flowered nearly sessile umbel-like corymbs, the sterile and fertile flowers
in separate or in the same clusters on the same or on different trees ; they appear with the leaves and are
greenish yellow, and droop on slender thread-like hairy pedicels from two and a half to three inches in
length. The calyx is broadly campanulate, five-lobed by the partial union of the sepals and pilose on
the outer surface toward the base. There are seven or eight stamens with slender glabrous filaments
which in the sterile flower are nearly twice as long as the calyx, and in the fertile flower are shorter
than the calyx. The ovary, which is minute in the sterile flower, is obtusely lobed, pale green, and
covered with long scattered hairs. The fruit is glabrous, with wings varying from one half of an inch
to an inch in length, and convergent or wide-spreading.

Acer nigrum is distributed from the valley of the St. Lawrence River in the neighborhood of
Montreal ' southward to the valley of Cold River, New Hampshire,’ and through western Vermont,’ and
westward through northern New York, Ontario,’ the southern peninsula of Michigan, Indiana, Ilinois,
and Iowa, to northeastern South Dakota,® western Missouri,® and eastern Kansas,’ and southward through
western New York and Pennsylvania to southwestern Virginia® and Kentucky. Comparatively rare
near Montreal and in Vermont, the Black Maple becomes more abundant farther west, and, growing with
the Sugar Maple, it can be distinguished at a glance from that tree in summer by its heavy drooping
leaves, which make it a conspicuous object in the forest or by the roadside, and at all seasons of the
year by the color of its young branches. In Iowa it almost entirely replaces Acer Saccharum, and
it is the only Sugar Maple of South Dakota.

The Black Maple was first distinguished by the younger Michaux. It is often cultivated as a shade
tree, particularly in those parts of the country where it grows spontaneously.

always present, but they often occur on such branches, and they 5 In South Dakota Acer nigrum grows in Roberts County, where

can always be found on vigorous shoots so far as I have been able
to examine them on both cultivated and wild trees.

1 Acer nigrum was collected by Mr. J. G. Jack in August, 1895,
at Rockfield, Quebec.

2 Acer nigrum was collected by Mr. M. L. Fernald in the allu-
vium of Cold River, in Cheshire County, New Hampshire. (See
Rhodora, iii. 234.)

8 Acer nigrum was collected by Mr. Ezra Brainerd in Middle-
bury, Vermont, in 1879, and by Miss M. A. Day at Manchester,
Vermont, on June 25, 1898. The younger Michaux speaks of
having noticed the Black Maple at Windsor, Vermont, on the Con-
necticut River, but I have seen no specimens from the eastern part
of the state.

* See Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. i. 99.

it is abundant in deep ravines along the small streams which form
the Little Minnesota. (See D. H. Saunders, Bull. 64, South Dakota
Agric. College, 169 [Ferns and Flowering Plants of South Dakota}.)
In the second volume of this work the range of the Sugar Maple was
probably incorrectly extended to eastern Nebraska. Later obser-
vation indicates that the Sugar Maples of that state have been
planted since the settlement of the region by white men, and that
this tree, although reaching South Dakota and Kansas, is not a
native of Nebraska. (See Bessey, Rep. Nebraska State Board
Agric. 1899, 89 [The Forests and Forest Trees of Nebraska.)

° Near Independence, Missouri, 1894, B. F. Bush (No. 130).

7 Lawrence, Kansas, J. H. Carruth, 1894.

® Falls of the Holston, Smythe County, Virginia, John K. Small,

July, 1892. Alleghany Springs, C. Mohr, August 10, 1898.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puate DCXXV. AceER nigRUM.

oe i

“ID Cr

. A flowering branch, natural size.
A staminate flower, enlarged.

A pistillate flower, enlarged.

A fruiting branch, natural size.
A fruit, natural size.

A fruit, natural size.

. A winter branchlet, natural size.

Silva of North America | Tab. DCXXV

CE Faxon del: — Em Himely se.
ACER NIGRUM, Michx. 1.

APiocreua direw’ Imp. J. Taneur, Paris

SAPINDACEZ.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

ACER RUBRUM, var. TRIDENS.

Red Maple.

LeEavEs 3-lobed at the apex, usually rounded at the base.

Acer rubrum, var. tridens, Wood, Class Book, 286 (1860);
Am. Bot. and Flor. pt. iv. 74; Fl. Atlant. 74.

Acer rubrum, 8 Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 249
(1838).

Acer microphyllum, Pax, Engler Bot. Jahrb. vii. 180
(1886).

Acer semiorbiculatum, Pax, Engler Bot. Jahrb. vii. 181
(1886).

Acer rubrum, subspec. semiorbiculatum, Wesmael, Buil.

Soc. Bot. Belg. xxix. 29 (Gen. Acer) (1890). — Schwerin,
Gartenjlora, xlii. 166, £. 38, No. 4.

Acer rubrum, subspec. microphyllum, Wesmael, Bull.
Soc. Bot. Belg. xxix. 29 (Gen. Acer) (1890). — Schwerin,
Gartenflora, xiii. 167.

Acer rubrum, Chapman, F7. 81 (in part) (1860). — Sar-
gent, Silva N. Am. ii. 107 (in part). — Robinson, Gray
Syn. Fl. i. pt. i. 437 (in part).

In the coast region of the south Atlantic and Gulf states the leaves of the Red Maple differ so

much and often so constantly from those which are usually produced by this tree at the north, and
which are figured on plate xciv. of this work, that a supplementary plate now seems necessary properly
to illustrate this variable species.

On the southern tree, which is generally smaller than the northern Red Maple, the leaves are
normally obovate, usually narrowed from above the middle to the rounded or rarely cuneate base, three-
lobed at the apex with acute or acuminate lobes which are simple or furnished with short lateral
secondary lobes; they are remotely serrate except toward the base, with incurved glandular teeth, and
are often ovate by the suppression of the lateral lobes and acute ; they are thick and firm in texture, dark
green above, very glaucous and usually pubescent or rarely tomentose below, from two to three inches
in length and from an inch and a half to two inches and a half in width.’ The flowers of the southern
form are sometimes tawny-yellow in color,’ and the fruit, which is usually much smaller on this form
than on northern trees and on the variety Drummond of the lower Mississippi basin, is rarely also

yellow.?

Acer rubrum, var. tridens, is distributed from southern New Jersey southward through the coast
region and the middle districts to southern Florida, and along the Gulf coast to eastern Texas.‘

1 Individual leaves, similar in shape to those usually produced on
the southern tree, can generally be found on the Red Maple at the
north, particularly on the stunted trees which grow in swamps,
although the majority of the leaves of this tree at the north are
mostly ovate, with broad bases, and from three to five-lobed.

2 Darlington, Fl, Cestr. 245.

8 In April, 1890, I found at Meridian, Mississippi, a Red Maple
with bright canary-yellow fruit.

4 It was by an error, due to the fact that trees which had been

planted were reported as growing naturally in this region, that the
range of Acer rubrum as laid down on page 108 of the second
volume of this work was extended to eastern Nebraska and Dakota.
The most western station in this part of the country where the Red
Maple is known by me to grow spontaneously is in the valley of the
Kickapoo River in western Wisconsin (L. H. Pammel), and in a
Tamarack swamp near La Crosse, Iowa, about seven miles from
the Mississippi River, where it was found in the summer of 1901
by Professor Pammel.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Pirate DCXXVI. AcER RUBRUM, var. TRIDENS.
. A flowering branch of the staminate tree, natural size.
Vertical section of a staminate flower, enlarged.
A flowering branch of the pistillate tree, natural size.
. Vertical section of a pistillate flower, enlarged.
. A fruiting branch, natural size.
. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.
. End of a sterile branch, natural size.
8, 9, 10. Leaves from one tree, natural size.

NOoP WD

Tab. DCZXVI

Silva of North Reece,

Leartaud. ne.

CL. Faxon del.

ACER RUBRUM VAR. TRIDENS, Wood.

lip. J Taneur, Paris.

A Riocreux direzt.’

LEGUMINOSZ, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 13

GLEDITSIA TEXANA.

Locust.

LEGuME straight, elongated, many-seeded, destitute of pulp, indehiscent. Leaflets
oblong-ovate.

Gleditsia Texana, Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxxi. 1 (1901).

A tree, from one hundred to one hundred and twenty feet in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding
two feet and a half in diameter covered with pale smooth close bark, and erect slightly spreading
branches. The branchlets, which are comparatively slender, more or less zigzag, and roughened by
numerous small round lenticels, are ight orange-brown when they first appear, gray or orange-brown
during their first year, and ashy gray the following season. The leaves are six or seven inches long,
with a slender rachis which is at first puberulous but ultimately glabrous, and from twelve to twenty-
two leaflets, and often bipinnate usually with six or seven pairs of pinne, the lower pairs being
frequently reduced to single large leaflets. The leaflets are oblong-ovate, often somewhat falcate,
rounded or acute or apiculate at the apex, obliquely rounded at the base, finely crenulate-serrate, thick
and firm in texture, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, pale on the lower surface, and from
one half of an inch to an inch in length, with short petiolules coated while young with soft pale hairs,
which also occur along the base of the slender orange-colored midnerves. The staminate flowers are
dark orange-yellow, and appear toward the end of April in slender glabrous often clustered racemes,
which, lengthening after the flowers begin to open, are finally from three to four inches in length.
The calyx is campanulate, with acute lobes which are thickened on the margins, villose-pubescent on the
two surfaces, and rather shorter and narrower than the puberulous petals. The stamens are exserted,
with slender filaments villose near the base, and green anthers. The pistillate flowers are still
unknown. The legumes, which are four or five inches long and an inch wide, are straight, much
compressed, rounded or short-pointed at the apex, full and rounded at the broad base, thin-walled, dark
chestnut-brown, puberulous, only slightly thickened at the margins, many-seeded, and destitute of pulp.
The seeds are oval, compressed, dark chestnut-brown, very lustrous, and nearly half an inch in length.’

A few individuals only of Gleditsia Texana are now known in a single grove on the bottom-lands
of the Brazos River, near the town of Brazoria, Texas, where it grows in dense woods composed
principally of G@leditsia triacanthos, Platanus occidentalis, and Populus deltoidea. The peculiar
pods which distinguish this species were first noticed in February, 1892, by Mr. E. N. Plank,’ and led

to the study of this tree in 1899 and 1900 by Mr. B. F. Bush.

nearly half grown on the lower Brazos before the flowers of Gle-
ditsia Texana open, while the flowers of Gleditsia aquatica do not

1 Resembling Gleditsia triacanthos in foliage and in the staminate
flowers, Gleditsia Texana is distinguished from that species by its
spineless branches and smoother pale bark. From all species of
the genus it differs in the legumes. These resemble those of the
many-seeded species in their general form and color and in their
numerous seeds ; they differ from them in their much smaller size,
thin compressed walls, with thinner margins, and in the absence of

open until ten or twelve days after those of Gleditsia Texana have
fallen.

2 Elisha Newton Plank, a descendant through his father and
mother of old New England families which had furnished sol-
diers to the Continental army, was born on March 23, 1831, in

the sweet pulp which surrounds their thinner lighter-colored seeds.
From the compressed pulpless legume of Gileditsia aquatica they
differ in form and in their much more numerous seeds.

Known only in a single grove, and sharing something of the char-
acter of each of the other American species which grow near it, the
hypothesis of the hybrid origin of this tree might be considered
were it not for the fact that the legumes of Gleditsia triacanthos are

Wolcott, Wayne County, New York, where his grandfather had
settled in 1813. Having received an academic education and
studied law, he remained in New York until 1879, when he
moved with his family to Kansas, where he became a journalist ;
and then traveled for several years through Kansas and Texas
delivering popular and successful lectures on literary and philo-

sophical subjects. During these years he devoted much atten-

14 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. LEGUMINOS.

the author of papers on pomology and forestry published in the
reports of the Kansas State Horticultural Society, and of a paper
on Buchloé dactyloides, printed in the nineteenth volume of the
Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club.

tion to botany, in which he had been interested from boyhood,
and made large collections of many new and little known plants.
From 1892 to 1896 Mr. Plank contributed a long series of im-
portant papers on the flora of Texas to Garden and Forest, and he is

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Pirate DCXXVII. Gueprtsia TExAna.
1. A flowering branch of the staminate tree, natural size.
2. A staminate flower, enlarged.
3. A fruiting branch, natural size.
4. Vertical section of a portion of a legume, natural size.
5. Cross section of a seed, natural size.

Silva of North America — Tab. DCXXVII

CE. Fawon del , fapine se

GLEDITSIA TEXANA, Sarg

A. Riocreuw dire” Imp. J. Taneur, Faris

LEGUMINOS 2,

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

PROSOPIS JULIFLORA, var. VELUTINA.

Mesquite.

LEAFLETS crowded, cinereo-pubescent.

Prosopis juliflora, var. velutina.

Algarobia glandulosa, Torrey, Pacific Rk. R. Rep. vii.
pt. iii. 10 (not Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. 192, t. 2) (an part)
(1856).

Prosopis juliflora, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 60 (in

Calyx pubescent.

part) (not De Candolle) (1859). — Rothrock, Wheeler’s
Fep. vi. 106 (in part). — Sargent, Silva N. Am. iii. 101
(in part).

Prosopis velutina, Wooton, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xxv.
456 (1898).

Prosopis juliflora was first described from trees growing on the island of Jamaica, where it is
believed to have been introduced from the mainland before the middle of the eighteenth century. The
Mesquite of western Texas,’ where it is one of the most conspicuous features of vegetation, appears
identical with the plant which grows on Jamaica; but eastward and westward the Mesquite diverges
from the western Texas plant, and its extreme forms, distinct enough when seen locally, are connected
by intermediate forms which make it difficult to find characters by which these can be satisfactorily
separated as species. The two extreme forms, however, can be well treated as varieties.

The first of these varieties is the eastern and California tree, Prosopis juliflora, var. glandulosa?
This is the common Mesquite of eastern Texas, where it is frequently a round-topped tree, twenty feet
in height, with a trunk a foot in diameter and long gracefully drooping branches forming a symmetrical
round-topped head, leaves with distant linear mostly acute glabrous dark green leaflets often two inches
in length, and a glabrous calyx.? This form ranges westward to about the ninety-eighth meridian,

northward into southern Kansas,‘ and southward into northern Mexico,’ and with rather shorter and

more crowded leaflets is common in southern California, extending southward into Lower California.’
The second variety, Prosopis juliflora, var. velutina, is a tree found only in the hot semitropical

1 Prosopis juliflora in western Texas and eastern New Mexico is
usually a shrub sending up a number of stout stems from enormous
roots, but occasionally becomes a low tree, with a trunk six or
eight inches in diameter. The leaves are glabrous, with from
fifteen to twenty pairs of leaflets; these are crowded or more or less
remote, linear-oblong, rounded or acute at the apex, and from one
third to one half of an inch in length. The calyx is glabrous.
Leaves and a flower-spike of Prosopis juliflora are figured on plate
exxxvi. f. 27 of this work.

On specimens collected along the shore of Corpus Christi Bay in
March, 1894, by A. A. Heller, the leaves, with short and compara-
tively crowded leaflets, are not. distinguishable from those of the
western Texas Prosopis juliflora.

2 Prosopis juliflora, var. glandulosa.

Prosopis glandulosa, Torrey, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. 192, t. 2
(1828); Emory’s Rep. 139 (in part). — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 400. —
Dietrich, Syn. ii. 1424. — Walpers, Rep. i. 861. — Bentham,
Hooker Jour. Bot. iv. 348; Lond. Jour. Bot. v. 81.

Algarobia glandulosa, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 399
(1838); Pacific R. R. Rep. ii. 164. — Engelmann & Gray, Jour.
Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. v. 242 (Pl. Lindheim. i.).— Engelmann,
Wislizenus Mem. of a Tour to Northern Mexico (Senate Doc.
1848, Bot. Appx.), 94. — Gray, Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. vi. 181
(Pl. Lindheim. ii.) ; Smithsonian Contrib. iii. 60; v. 51 (PI.

Wright. i., ii.); Ives’ Rep. 11.— Torrey, Sitgreaves’ Rep. 158 ;

Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 60 (in part).

8 The most constant character, perhaps, by which the Texas
and California Mesquite can be distinguished from the form of
southern Arizona is in the glabrous calyx, for the leaves of this
form show great variations ; but on a specimen with typical leaves
collected by Pope in Texas, without other indication, from the
Thurber Herbarium and now in the Gray Herbarium, the flowers
and leaflets are tomentose ; and on specimens collected by N. A.
Carlton in Oldham County, Texas, in 1891, also with leaves of
the typical var. glandulosa, the calyx is puberulous. These species
seem to indicate a transition into the pubescent form of southern
Arizona.

4 The Mesquite was first collected in Kansas in 1880 by Mr. E.
N. Plank. See, also, L. F. Ward, Plant World, i. 48, and C. N.
Gould, Plant World, iv. 74, 193.

5 Near Matamoras, Berlandier (No. 2344 equals 914), 1831, and
Gregg, May 10, 1847 (in Herb. Gray); San Luis Potos{, Palmer,
1878; Parras, and near Saltillo, Palmer, 1880; Manzanilla, Palmer,
1890; Monterey, C. K. Dodge, April and May, 1891 (in U. S. Nat.
Herb.).

6 The specimens collected by T. S. Brandegee at San Gregoria
in Lower California, February, 1887, and distributed as Prosopis
pubescens, probably belong to this form.

16 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. LEGUMINOSAE.

valleys of southern Arizona and Sonora,! where it often attains the height of fifty feet, with a
trunk two feet in diameter covered with rough dark brown bark, and with heavy irregularly arranged

usually crooked branches. This form grows to a larger size than any of the other Mesquites in the

United States. The leaves are five or six inches long, often fascicled and cinereo-pubescent, with

short petioles and from twelve to twenty-two pairs of oblong or linear-oblong obtuse or acute pale
green leaflets from one quarter to one half of an inch in length, and with densely flowered spikes of

flowers two or three inches long. The calyx is villose.’

1 From Nogales to Guaymas, Rose, January, 1897 (No. 1296); ? The earliest specimen of this pubescent form was collected by

Guaymas, Rose, June, 1897 (No. 1296); El Grupo, Dr. W. J. Dr. George Thurber (No. 667) on the Gila River, and is preserved
McGee, December, 1896. in the Gray Herbarium.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

PrateE DCXXVIII. Prosopis sULIFLORA, var. VELUTINA.

. A flowering branch, natural size.

. A flower, enlarged.

. A pistil, enlarged.

A stamen, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a portion of a legume, natural size.
. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.

. An embryo, enlarged.

ONO oT FP wwe

Silva of North America Tab. DOXXVII

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PROSOPIS JULIFLORA,VAR.VELUTINA, Sarg

A.Fuocreuc direc! ° Imp. 7 Taneur, Pari

LEGUMINOS 2, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 17

LEUCAINA GREGGII.

LEAvEs 10 to 14-pinnate, glandular, the pinne 30 to 60-foliolate ; stipules spinescent.

Leuceena Greggii, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xxiii. 272 sus U. S. ix. 62 (in part) (not Bentham) (1884); Silva
(1888). N. Am. iii. 111 (in part). — Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat.
Leucena glauca, Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Cen- Herb. ii. 98 (Man. Pl. W. Texas) (in part).

A tree, from fifteen to twenty feet in height, with a stem four or five inches in diameter covered
with dark brown bark three eighths of an inch in thickness divided into low ridges and broken on
the surface into small closely appressed persistent scales, and stout zigzag red-brown branchlets marked
by numerous pale lenticels and coated at first with short spreading deciduous lustrous yellow hairs,
which also clothe the young petioles, the lower surface of the unfolding leaves, and the peduncles of
the flower-heads and their bracts. The leaves are six or seven inches long and broad, with slender
rachises which are furnished on the upper side with a single elongated bottle-shaped gland between the
stalks of each pair of pinnez. The pinne are remote and short-stalked, and their leaflets are lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, often somewhat falcate, nearly sessile or short-petiolulate, full and rounded toward
the base on the lower margin and nearly straight on the upper margin, gray-green, ultimately nearly
glabrous, from one quarter to one third of an inch long and about one eighth of an inch wide,
with narrow midveins and obscure lateral nerves. The stipules are gradually narrowed into long
slender points which, becoming rigid and spinescent and from one third to nearly one half of an inch in
length, continue to arm the branches for two or three years. The flowers are produced in heads from
three quarters of an inch to nearly an inch in diameter which are borne on stout peduncles furnished at
the apex with two irregularly three-lobed bracts and are from two to three inches in length, and solitary
or in pairs; they are numerous, white, and sessile in the axils of small peltate bracts villose at the
apex and raised on slender stalks which lengthen with the growing flower-buds and at maturity are
as long as the calyx. This is coated with hairs only near the apex and is much shorter than the
spatulate glabrous more or less boat-shaped petals. The stamens are much exserted, with small
glabrous oblong anthers, and the ovary is villose, with a few short scattered hairs. The legume is
linear, from six to eight inches long, from one third to one half of an inch wide, narrowed below
to a short stout stipe, acuminate and crowned at the apex with the thickened style which varies
from one third to three quarters of an inch in length, cinereo-pubescent until nearly fully grown but
nearly glabrous at maturity, and much compressed, with narrow wing-like margins. The seeds are
conspicuously notched by the hilum, dark chestnut-brown, very lustrous, half an inch long and a third
of an inch wide.

Leucena Greggii inhabits mountain ravines and the steep rocky banks of streams, and is
distributed in western Texas from the valley of the upper San Saba River to that of Devil’s River, and
southward into Mexico, where it was discovered in the neighborhood of Rinconardo in 1847 by Dr.
Josiah Gregg.’

The wood of Leucena Greggii is heavy, hard, and close-grained, and contains many small regularly
distributed open ducts, the layers of annual growth and medullary rays being hardly distinguishable.
It is rich brown streaked with red, with thin clear sapwood. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry
wood is 0.9235, a cubic foot weighing 57.55 pounds.’

l See vi. 33. species, and the description was based partly on Mexican specimens

2 In preparing the account of Leucena glauca for the fourth of Leucena Greggit. Owing to this mistake, which was subse-
volume of this work Leucena Greggit was confounded with that quently pointed out to me by Dr. B. L. Robinson of the Gray

Herbarium, Leucena glauca was considered a native of Texas. In
reality this species, which is now widely distributed through the
warm parts of the world by cultivation, does not appear to have
obtained a foothold in Texas, and probably grows spontaneously
in the United States only on the island of Key West, where it
is shrubby in habit. I have seen no flower or foliage of Leucena
Greggii from Texas, and this tree is now admitted into The Silva of
North America on the testimony of the late S. B. Buckley, who in
1882 wrote to me that this tree, which he had previously collected
on the Lampasas Mountains in Mexico, “is also quite common
along Devil’s River of western Texas, also in the valley of the

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

LEGUMINOS.

San Saba River in San Saba County. On Devil’s River I saw it
as a small tree in 1875. It grows singly or in groups, single trees
not being uncommon. It grows in limestone soils of the cretaceous
period in Texas. It ought to be cultivated in all the southern
states. It would certainly be a valuable acquisition to the orna-
mental trees of the south.”

My description of the bark and of the wood of Leucena glauca
(Silva N. Am. iii. 111) was drawn up from the wood specimen col-
lected by Mr. S. B. Buckley on the San Saba River for the Jesup
Collection of North American Woods in the American Museum of
Natural History, New York.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

PuateE DCXXIX. Lruc#na GREGGII.

COND POW HE

. A flowering branch, natural size.

. A flower with its bractlet, enlarged.
. A petal, enlarged.
. A pistil, enlarged.
. A cluster of legumes, natural size.

. A seed, natural size.
. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.
. An embryo, enlarged.

Silva of North America | Tab. DOXXIX

Quo

CE Fanon del Himely se

LEUCANA GREGGII, Wats.

ARiocreuc direa? Imp. J. Taneur, Faris

LEGUMINOS &. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 19

ACACIA TORTUOSA.

FLowers in globose heads on elongated peduncles. Legume slender, elongated,
puberulous. Branches armed with persistent spinescent stipules.

Acacia tortuosa, Willdenow, Spec. iv. 1083 (1805). — De Am. Cent. i. 355.— Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb.

Candolle, Prodr. ii. 461.— Sprengel, Syst. iii. 144. — ii. 99 (Man. Pl. W. Texas).

Bentham, Lond. Jour. Bot. i. 392 ; Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. Mimosa tortuosa, Linnzus, Spec. ed. 2, 1505 (1768).

501 (Rev. Mim.).— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv.62.— Acacia leucacantha, Sprengel, Syst. iii. 144 (1826).

Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 222.— Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Acacia albida, Lindley, Bot. Reg. xvi. t. 1317 (not Delile)
(1830).

Usually shrubby in Texas, with numerous stems forming a symmetrical round-topped bush only
a few feet high, Acacia tortuosa on the plain of the Rio Grande near Spofford occasionally becomes
arborescent in habit and, reaching a height of from fifteen to twenty feet, forms a straight stem five or
six inches in diameter covered with dark deeply furrowed bark and surmounted by an open irregular
head of stout wide-spreading branches. The branchlets are slender, somewhat zigzag, slightly angled,
roughened by numerous minute round lenticels, reddish brown, villose, with short pale hairs, and armed
with thin terete puberulous spines developed from the persistent stipules and occasionally three
quarters of an inch long. The leaves are alternate on the young branchlets and are fascicled from
earlier axils; they are generally less than an inch in length, short-petiolate, with slender puberulous
rachises and with usually three or four pairs of pinne, and are early deciduous ; the pinne are sessile
or short-stalked and remote, with from ten to fifteen pairs of leaflets. These are linear, somewhat
falcate, acute, tipped with minute points, subsessile, light green, glabrous, and from one twentieth to one
sixteenth of an inch in length. The peduncles appear in March with or just before the unfolding of
the leaves and are axillary, solitary or usually clustered, slender, puberulous, from one half to three
quarters of an inch in length, and furnished at the apex with two minute connate bracts. Before the
flowers open the flower-heads are glabrous, and after the flowers open they are from one quarter to
three eighths of an inch in diameter. The flowers are bright yellow and very fragrant, and are
produced from the axils of minute clavate pilose bractlets. The calyx is only about one third as long
as the corolla, with short lobes puberulous like those of the corolla, which is less than half as long
as the filaments. The ovary is nearly sessile and covered with short close pubescence. The legumes
are indehiscent, elongated, linear, slightly compressed, somewhat constricted between the numerous
seeds, from three to five inches long and about a quarter of an inch wide, dark red-brown, and
cinereo-puberulous. The seeds are in one series, obovate, compressed, dark red-brown, lustrous, and
about a quarter of an inch long; their coat is crustaceous, with a thin testa and a thicker pale
and harder tegmen. The embryo is pale yellow, with thick cotyledons and a short slightly exserted
radicle.

In Texas Acacia tortuosa is distributed from the valley of the Rio Cibolo to Eagle Pass on the
Rio Grande. What is considered the same species is common in northern and southern Mexico, the
West Indies, Venezuela, and on the Galapagos Islands.’

Acacia tortuosa was collected by Lindheimer on the Rio Cibolo in 1850. It had been
previously collected by Berlandier in 1843 in Tamaulipas, probably in the Rio Grande valley, and it

1 I have followed Bentham and Gray in considering this western the adjacent parts of Mexico appears to be so restricted, it is not
Texas Acacia identical with the West Indian, Mexican, tropical improbable that a better knowledge than is now available of the

American, and Galapagos species, but as its range in Texas and in tropical American species will show it to be distinct.

20 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. LEGUMINOS.

was collected on the Rio Grande by the botanists of the Mexican Boundary Survey at about the same
time, and near Kagle Pass by Schott in 1854.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puarte DCXXX. ACACIA TORTUOSA.

. A flowering branch, natural size.

A flower, with its bractlet, enlarged.
. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Portion of a legume, natural size.

se ao

. A seed, enlarged.

Tab. DCXXX

Silva of North America

VY,
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ACACIA TORTUOSA, Willd.

imp.J Taneur, Paris

A.Riocreue direc =

ROSACES. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 21

PRUNUS UMBELLATA, var. INJUCUNDA.
Sloe.

CALYX-LOBES entire, pubescent on the outer, tomentose on the inner surface. Fruit
subglobose to short-oblong. Leaves oblong to obovate-lanceolate, tomentose below.

Prunus umbellata, var. injucunda. Prunus injucunda, Small, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xxv. 149

(1898).

A tree, sometimes twenty feet in height, with a trunk occasionally six or eight inches in diameter
covered with nearly black furrowed bark, and stout erect or ascending branches forming an open
uregular head; or often shrubby and spreading into broad thickets. The slender and frequently
spinescent branches are coated with hoary tomentum when they first appear, and become reddish brown
and pubescent during their first season, dark purple and puberulous in their second year, and ultimately
dull gray-brown. The leaves are oblong or rarely obovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex,
gradually narrowed and cuneate at the base, finely serrate, with minute glandular teeth, and often
furnished at the base with two large conspicuous dark glands; when they unfold they are coated
below with hoary tomentum and are villose above, and at maturity they are membranaceous, dark yellow-
green, tomentose or pubescent on the lower surface, particularly along the stout yellow midribs and
slender primary veins, roughened above by short pale hairs, and usually about two inches long and an
inch wide ; they are borne on stout tomentose petioles a quarter of an inch in length. The stipules are
linear, glandular-serrate, from one eighth to one quarter of an inch long, and caducous. The flowers
appear from the tenth to the middle of April, just before the leaves, in subsessile usually five-flowered
umbels on slender pubescent pedicels from one half to five eighths of an inch in length. The calyx-
tube is narrowly obconic and villose, with acuminate entire lobes villose on the outer surface and
tomentose on the inner surface. The petals are nearly orbicular and abruptly contracted into short

The
fruit ripens in July and is short-oblong or subglobose, dark purple, slightly pruinose, and about half

claws. The filaments are glabrous, and the pistil is villose toward the base, with short pale hairs.

an inch in diameter, with thin austere flesh. The stone is ovoid, pointed at the ends, somewhat
compressed, only slightly rugose, acutely ridged on the ventral suture, with a broad grooved ridge,
conspicuously grooved on the dorsal suture, and about one third of an inch long, with thin brittle walls.
Prunus umbellata, var. injucunda, is common about the base of Stone Mountain and of Little
Stone Mountain in the granitic district of De Kalb County, central Georgia,’ where it was first noticed
in July, 1893, by Mr. John K. Small’
From Prunus wmbellata of the south Atlantic and Gulf states this Plum-tree differs only in its

1 Leaves of a low shrubby Plum gathered by Dr. Charles Mohr
on sandstone cliffs at the summit of the Alpine Mountains, Talla-
dega County, Alabama, in September, 1892, have been referred by
Small to his Prunus injucunda. (See Mohr, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club,
xxvi. 118; Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. vi. 552 [Plant Life of Alabama].)

2 John Kunkel Small (January 31, 1869) was born at Harris-
burg, Pennsylvania, of German ancestry, and was educated in pri-
vate schools in his native city, at Franklin and Marshall College
and Columbia University. A natural love of plants, fostered by
that of his father and mother and stimulated by visits at his home

from Professor Thomas C. Porter, who married his mother’s sister,

early directed the thoughts of the boy to botany. From 1892 to
1894 he held a botanical fellowship in Columbia, and in 1895 he
received the degree of Ph. D. from that university, and was ap-
pointed curator of its herbarium. He is now curator of the museum
and herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden. Since 1888
Mr. Small has been active in exploring the flora of the eastern
and southern states, and has published numerous botanical papers,
principally in the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, in which
many previously undescribed species have been distinguished.
Species in Xyris, Smilax, Listera, Pentstemon, and Senecio com-
memorate his zeal in this field.

22 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEZ.

tomentose young branches, its tomentose or pubescent leaves, in its hairy umbels, tomentose calyx and

pistil, and in the shape of the fruit, which varies from subglobose to short-oblong.'

1 Prunus umbellata is often quite glabrous with the exception of the Plum-trees which grow about the base of Stone Mountain
a few hairs along the under surface of the young leaves and the
tomentum on the inner side of the calyx-lobe, but more or less
pubescent individuals occur in widely scattered regions, and among

there are plants which are pubescent rather than tomentose, and

others which are nearly glabrous.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

PiateE DCXXXI. Prunus UMBELLATA, var. INJUCUNDA.
1. A flowering branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a fruit, showing stone, natural size.

A stone, natural size.

Ot ow bo

Silva of North America

Tab. DCXXX]

=
Shan

a
a a

CE Fazon det. Himely se
PRUNUS UMBELLATA,VAR. INJUCUNDA, Sard.

‘A Fiocrese direx

Imp. J Taneur, Paris .

ROSACE:. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 23

PRUNUS TARDA.

Sloe.

CALYX-LOBES acuminate, entire, villose on the outer, tomentose on the inner surface.
Fruit red, yellow, purple, black, or blue. Leaves oblong to obovate.

Prunus tarda, Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxxiii. 108 (1902).

A tree, from twenty to twenty-five feet in height, with a tall trunk eighteen or twenty inches in
diameter, and wide-spreading branches forming an open symmetrical head. The bark of the trunk is
light brown tinged with red, from one half to five eighths of an inch in thickness, and divided by
shallow interrupted fissures into flat ridges broken on the surface into small loose plate-like scales.
The branchlets are slender and marked by small scattered dark lenticels, and when they first appear
they are light green and coated with hoary tomentum, becoming glabrous, light red-brown and lustrous
during their first summer, and darker at the end of their second year, when they lose their lustre.
The winter-buds are narrow, acute, the color of the branchlets, and from one sixteenth to one eighth
of an inch in length. The leaves are oblong or occasionally somewhat obovate, acute or acuminate
and short-pointed at the apex, gradually narrowed and rounded or cuneate at the base, and finely
serrate, with straight or incurved teeth tipped with dark minute persistent glands; as they unfold they
are glabrous or rarely scabrous or puberulous above and cinereo-tomentose below, and at maturity
they are thick and firm in texture, dark yellow-green and glabrous on the upper surface, pale and
pubescent or puberulous on the lower surface, particularly along the prominent light yellow midribs and
thin primary veins, from an inch and a half to three inches long and from three quarters of an inch
to an inch and a quarter wide; they are borne on stout tomentose or ultimately pubescent petioles
which vary from one third to one half of an inch in length and are furnished at the apex with two
large round stalked dark glands or are often eglandular. The stipules are acicular, often bright red,
and about a third of an inch long. The flowers, which are about three quarters of an inch in diameter,
appear early in April with or before the leaves, and are borne in subsessile two or three-flowered
umbels, on slender glabrous pedicels from five eighths to three quarters of an inch in length. The
calyx-tube is narrowly obconic, glabrous toward the base, villose above, with acute entire lobes villose on
the outer surface and coated on the inner surface with thick hoary tomentum. The petals are oblong-
obovate and gradually contracted below into short claws. The filaments and pistils are glabrous. The
fruits, which ripen late in October or early in November and sometimes do not entirely fall until
nearly the beginning of December, are borne on stout rigid peduncles, and vary from short-oblong to
subglobose and from one third to one half of an inch in length. The skin is tough and thick; and
clear bright yellow on some trees, it is bright red on others, and on others either purple, dark blue, or
black. The flesh is thick and very acid and adheres firmly to the stone, which is ovoid, more or less
compressed, very rugose, obscurely ridged on the ventral suture and slightly grooved on the dorsal
suture, acute and apiculate at the apex, and rounded at the base.

Prunus tarda inhabits glades and open woods in the neighborhood of Marshall, Texas, where it
was discovered in April, 1901, by W. M. Canby, B. F. Bush, and C. S. Sargent, and ranges to western
Louisiana and southern Arkansas. Resembling in many of its characters Prunus umbellata, with
which it has been sometimes confounded, Prunus tarda is well distinguished from that species by its
remarkable bark, which is unlike that of any other American Plum-tree and which is hardly to be
distinguished from that of Castanea pumila, growing with it, by the pubescence of the leaves, which

24 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEA.

usually does not occur on those of the ordinary form of Prunus umbellata, and by its variously colored

and unusually late-ripening fruit.
The fruit, which is produced in great quantities, is used locally in pies and for preserves.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

PrateE DCX XXII. Prunus TARDA.

. A flowering branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.

. A stone, natural size.

. A stone, divided transversely, natural size.

O OF Rm © bO em

— Silva of North America.

- Tab. DCXXXII. -

CE Fazon ae | . Lartaud so.

PRUNUS TARDA Sarg.

A.Riocreux dirert imp. J Taneur Paris.

ROSACEA, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 25

PRUNUS ALABAMENSIS.

Wild Cherry.

CALYX-LOBES persistent. Stone ovoid, compressed. Leaves oval, broadly ovate or
obovate, pubescent below.

Prunus Alabamensis, Mohr, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xxvi. Prunus serotina neo-montana, Mohr, Contrib. U. S. Nat.
118 (1899); Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. vi. 552 (Plant Herb. vi. 552 (Plant Life of Alabama) (not Sudworth)
Life of Alabama). (1901).

A tree, from twenty-five to thirty feet in height, with a short trunk covered with dark rough bark
separating freely into small thin scales and rarely ten inches in diameter, and spreading, somewhat
drooping branches. The branchlets, which are slender and marked by numerous small dark lenticels,
are coated when they first appear with pale tomentum and are dark red-brown during their first
season, nearly glabrous before winter, and much darker in their second year. The leaves are oval,
broadly ovate, or occasionally obovate, acute, short-pointed or rounded at the apex, cuneate, rounded,
or rarely slightly obcordate at the base, and finely serrate, with incurved teeth tipped with minute or
sometimes near the base of the blade with larger dark glands ; when they unfold they are coated below
and on the upper side of the midribs with fine pubescence, and at maturity they are thick and firm in
texture, four or five inches long and usually about two inches wide, dark dull green and glabrous on
the upper surface, and dull and covered on the lower surface with short simple or forked hairs which
lengthen, are most abundant and sometimes rufescent on the slender midribs and primary veins; they
are borne on short grooved tomentose ultimately pubescent petioles which are eglandular or occasionally
furnished near the apex with one or two large dark glands. The stipules are lanceolate, acuminate,
glandular-serrate, bright red like the accrescent inner bud-scales, about half an inch long, and caducous.
The flowers, which appear during the first week of May when the leaves are about half grown, are
produced on spreading or erect pubescent racemes three or four inches long, and are borne on
pubescent pedicels from the axils of ovate or obovate acuminate bright pink caducous bracts; they
are about one quarter of an inch in diameter when fully expanded, with a broad cup-shaped puberulous
calyx-tube, short almost triangular calyx-lobes, white nearly orbicular petals abruptly narrowed into
short claws, glabrous filaments and pistil, and a thick club-shaped stigma. The fruit ripens late in
September and is subglobose or short-oblong, surrounded at the base by the persistent calyx and
filaments of the flower, one third of an inch in diameter, and dark red or finally nearly black. The
stone is ovoid, somewhat compressed, ridged on the ventral margin, with a broad low ridge, slightly
grooved on the dorsal margin, and a quarter of an inch long.

Prunus Alabamensis grows on a few of the summits of the low mountains of central Alabama,’ and
was discovered in July, 1892, by Dr. Charles Mohr.’ It is well distinguished from Prunus serotina
by its usually oval comparatively broader and less acuminate dull leaves pubescent on the lower surface,
by its pubescent racemes and calyx, and by the fact that it flowers and ripens its fruit several weeks

later in the season than that species.

1 Rocky heights of the Alpine Mountains, Talladega County, at plers’ Mountain, Childersburg, Talladega County, C. D. Beadle,
two thousand feet altitude, C. Mohr, September, 1892, and Septem- 1899.
ber, 1893 ; summit of Red Mountain, Birmingham, at an elevation 2 Seeiv.90. Dr. Mohr died at Asheville, North Carolina, on the
of one thousand feet, C. Mohr, May, 1898, C. S. Sargent, October, 17th of July, 1901, only a few days before the publication by the
1898, April, 1900, C. D. Beadle, July, 1899 ; Talladega and Crum- United States of his Plant Life of Alabama, his most important
botanical work.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puate DCXXXIII. Prunus ALABAMENSIS.

. Part of a raceme of flowers, natural size.

Oop we

A flowering branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

A fruiting branch, natural size.

. A stone, enlarged.
. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.

Silva of North America - Tab. DCXXXIII.

CE Fazon dee.

Lim.tumely SC
PRUNUS ALABAMENSIS, Mohr.

A Rivcrenuz. girez* . imp. J Taneur Paris.

ROSACEZL. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 27

CERCOCARPUS BREVIFLORUS.

Mountain Mahogany.

Leaves oblong-obovate to narrowly elliptic, rounded or acute at the apex.

Cercocarpus breviflorus, Gray, Smithsonian Contrib. v.
54 (Pl. Wright. ii.) (1853). — Walpers, Ann. iv. 665.—
Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. i. 373.

Cercocarpus parvifolius, Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent.
i. 374 (in part) (not Nuttall) (1879). — Sargent, Silva N.
Am. iv. 65 (in part).

Cercocarpus parvifolius, var. breviflorus, M. E. Jones,
Zoé, ii. 245 (1891) ; iii. 295.

Cercocarpus paucidentatus, Britton & Kearney, Trans.
N. Y. Acad. xiv. 31 (probably not Cercocarpus parvifo-
lius, var. paucidentatus, Watson) (1894).

A tree, from twenty to twenty-five feet tall, with a long straight stem sometimes six or eight
inches in diameter, and erect rigid branches forming a narrow open or irregular head ; or frequently
shrubby with numerous clustered stems often only a few feet in height.! The bark of the trunk is
about one eighth of an inch in thickness, divided by shallow fissures and broken on the surface into
small light red-brown scales. The branchlets are slender, rigid, bright red-brown, lustrous, marked
irregularly by large scattered pale lenticels, and when they first appear are covered with a thick coat of
hoary tomentum which, gradually disappearing, leaves them villose or pubescent for two or three years,
and ultimately ashy gray or gray tinged with red, the spur-like lateral branchlets being much roughened
by the ring-like scars of fallen leaves. The leaves vary from oblong-obovate to narrowly elliptic, and
are acute or rounded and often apiculate at the apex, gradually narrowed from above the middle and
acute at the base, with margins which are revolute, often undulate, and entire or dentate toward the
apex, with few small straight or incurved apiculate teeth ; when they unfold they are coated with hoary
tomentum, and at maturity they are thick, gray-green on the upper surface, pale on the lower surface,
covered with soft pale hairs which are most abundant on the under side of the stout midribs and
primary veins, from one half of an inch to an inch long, and usually about one quarter of an inch
wide; they are borne on stout tomentose petioles which ultimately sometimes become light red in
color and are pubescent or nearly glabrous. The stipules are linear-lanceolate, tomentose, about as long
as the petioles, and caducous. The flowers, which appear from March to May, and often again in
August, are nearly sessile, and solitary or in pairs in the axils of the crowded leaves. The calyx-tube
is slender and varies from one sixteenth to one quarter of an inch in length, and like the short rounded
calyx-lobes is coated on the outer surface with dense white tomentum. The mature calyx-tube is
stalked, spindle-shaped, light red-brown, pubescent above, tomentose toward the base, deeply cleft at the
apex, and about a quarter of an inch long. The akene is nearly terete and covered with long white
hairs, which also clothe the persistent style.’

Cercocarpus breviflorus grows in forests of Pines and Oaks on the dry ridges of the mountains of

southern Arizona and New Mexico, and of the extreme western part of Texas,’ usually at elevations of

1 The wood specimen of Cercocarpus breviflorus in the Jesup
Collection of North American Woods in the American Museum
of Natural History, New York, is six inches in diameter inside
the bark, and shows forty-seven layers of annual growth, the sap-
wood being one sixteenth of an inch in thickness, with sixteen layers
of annual growth.

* Since the fourth volume of this work was published I have
revisited southern Arizona and restudied the peculiar Cercocarpus
which grows in the mountain forests of this region, and, finding its

characters constant and the trees always easily distinguishable
from those growing in other parts of the country, I believe that it
can be best treated as a species; or if it is still to be considered
only a geographical variety of the extremely variable Cercocarpus
parviflorus, that it is worthy of a plate in The Silva of North
America.

8 Foothills of the Guadaloupe Mountains, Havard, 1882 (No.
246 in Herb. Gray).

28 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEZ.

over five thousand feet above the level of the sea, and ranges southward over some of the mountains of
northern Mexico.' It was discovered near Frontera, New Mexico, in July, 1851, by Mr. Charles
Wright.’

1 Chihuahua, Thurber, August, 1852 (No. 772 in Herb. Gray). 2 See i. 94,

Pifion, Sonora, Hartmann, 1894 (Archeological Expedition to
Northwestern Mexico, No. 366) (In Herb. Gray).

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Pirate DCXXXIV. CrERcocARPUS BREVIFLORUS.
. A flowering branch, natural size.

A flower, enlarged.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

. An anther, enlarged.

A fruiting branch, natural size.

. A fruit, enlarged.

- Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.

PADA PWD

. A seed, enlarged.

Siivaer Nort Arserce. Tab. DCXXXIV

CERCOCARPUS BREVIFLORUS, Gray.

A. Riocreuz durex tmp. 7. Faneur, Farts.

ROSACE. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 29

CERCOCARPUS TRASKIA.

LEAVES broadly oval to orbicular, cinereo-tomentose on the lower surface.
Cercocarpus Traskizw, Eastwood, Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. 3, i. 136, t. 11, £. Ta—7e (1898).

A tree, occasionally twenty-five feet in height, with stout wide-spreading branches, and with a trunk
which is often inclining, usually much contorted, from two to ten inches in diameter and from six to
eight feet long to the first branches, and which is covered with smooth light gray-brown bark sometimes
slightly broken by shallow fissures and marked by irregular cream-colored blotches. The branchlets
are stout, marked by numerous small scattered lenticels, coated at first with hoary tomentum, bright
reddish brown during two or three years, ultimately dark gray-brown and conspicuously roughened by
the enlarged ring-like leaf-scars. The leaves are oval or semiorbicular, rounded or acute at the apex,
cuneate, rounded, or occasionally somewhat cordate at the narrow base, and revolute at the margins, which
are entire below the middle and coarsely sinuate-dentate above, with slender teeth tipped with minute dark
glands ; when they unfold covered above with soft pale hairs and below with thick hoary tomentum,
at maturity they are coriaceous, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, cinereo-tomentose on
the lower surface, from an inch and a half to two inches long and from an inch to an inch and a
half wide, with prominent primary veins running obliquely to the points of the teeth and, like the
stout midribs, conspicuously impressed on the upper side, and stout tomentose petioles about a
quarter of an inch long. The flowers, which are nearly sessile in axillary many-flowered umbels and
appear early in March, are coated on the outer surface with thick white tomentum, and vary from one
half to three quarters of an inch in length. The calyx is broad and abruptly enlarged into the broad
campanulate five-toothed border which is glabrous on the inner surface. The anthers are tomentose,
with short-oblong cells united by a broad connective. The fruiting calyx is spindle-shaped, light
reddish brown, villose-pubescent, deeply cleft at the apex, and about half an inch in length. The akene
is slightly ridged on the back, one third of an inch long, covered with long lustrous white hairs, and
tipped with the persistent hairy style which varies from an inch and a half to two inches in length.

Cercocarpus Traskie inhabits the south coast of Santa Catalina Island, southern California, where
it grows only on the steep sides of a deep narrow hot arroyo with walls only a few feet apart and rising
to a height of from one hundred to five hundred feet, in a broken volcanic and inaccessible region.
Here forty or fifty individuals of this tree, growing at elevations varying from two hundred to three
hundred feet above the sea-level, with Adenostoma fasciculatum, Rhus integrifolia, Rhus ovata, and
Ceanothus cuneatus, var. macrocarpus, were discovered in March, 1897, by Mrs. Blanche Trask.’

Cercocarpus Traskic, with its large leaves dark green and lustrous above and white below, and its

numerous clusters of snow-white flowers, is the most beautiful species of the genus.’

1 Luella Blanche Trask was born Engle, July 25, 1865, at Wa-
terloo, Iowa. For seven years Mrs. Trask has lived at Avalon, on
Santa Catalina Island, which she has explored with enthusiasm and
In 1897 she made a collection of plants on San Nicholas,
a small reef-bound island fifty miles to the westward of Santa

success.

Catalina, which she was the first woman to visit ; and on San Cle-
mente she made interesting discoveries in 1896. (See Erythea, viii.
107.) Mrs. Trask has written The Heart of Catalina, published in

The Land of Sunshine, and has made several other contributions to
that magazine.

2 Very unlike the other species which inhabit the United
States, Cercocarpus Traskie most resembles the Mexican Cerco-
carpus fothergilloides, from which it differs in its broader often
orbicular thicker and more coarsely dentate leaves, in its larger
and more tomentose flowers with stouter calyx-tubes and broader
calyx-lobes, and in its tomentose anthers.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

PuateE DCXXXV. CerRcocarpus TRASKIZ.

NrAoaPwdbe

A flowering branch, natural size.

Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

. A stamen, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.
. A seed, enlarged.

An embryo, enlarged.

Silva of North America. Vy Tab. DCOXZ XV.

CE Faxon deb. 2m Himely se.

CERCOCARPUS TRASKIA Eastw.

A Hiocreur dren? , Limp. J laneur Paris.

ROSACEAE, : SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 31

CRAT AGUS.

In the fourth volume of this work, published in 1892, fourteen species with four varieties of
Crataegus were described. During the ten years which have passed since that volume appeared, the
genus has received much attention from the students of trees in the United States, and a large number
of forms previously unknown have been characterized. A number of these are now described and
figured in this volume. In addition to these are now known several shrubby species which do not
necessarily find a place in a work devoted to trees, and a number of trees which are imperfectly known.
To study these sufficiently to bring them into this Silva would require several years of additional field
work, and an attempt to include them all would delay perhaps indefinitely the appearance of these
supplementary volumes. The fact, therefore, must be recognized that this Silva does not include all
the arborescent forms of Cratzegus which are now known to exist in North America. These must find
their places in some later work of North American dendrology.

In this study of the genus particular attention is paid to the number of stamens and the color
of the anthers as important characters for distinguishing species. The simplest arrangement of stamens
in the flowers of Crategus is in one series of five stamens which are opposite the sepals and alternate
with the petals. In certain species these five stamens split, and there are then ten stamens in five pairs
opposite the sepals, but in some individuals this division is only partial, and flowers of species which
normally have ten stamens are occasionally found with from seven to nine stamens. In some species
the one row of five pairs of stamens is supplemented by a second and inner row of five stamens which
are rather shorter than the stamens of the outer row and are opposite the petals. Some of the stamens
of this second row may not develop, and the whole number may vary from eleven to fifteen. In
some species there is a third row of five stamens which are shorter than those of the second row and
alternate with them. Species with the three rows of stamens have therefore normally twenty stamens,
but one or more of the inner row may not develop, and species with normally twenty stamens have
sometimes a number which may vary from sixteen to twenty. In a small group of shrubby southern
species there is sometimes a fourth row and twenty-five stamens. The flowers of Crategus then
have normally five stamens in one row, ten stamens in one row of five pairs, fifteen stamens in two
rows, twenty stamens in three rows, and rarely twenty-five stamens in four rows, the number in each
group varying by the suppression of one or more of the stamens.

The color of the anthers, which are either pale yellow or various shades of rose color or purple,
generally affords a constant specific character. In Crategus punctata, however, the anthers are rose
color on some trees and yellow on others, trees with yellow anthers usually producing yellow fruit and
those with red anthers red fruit. In some parts of New England there is a Thorn which is still very
imperfectly known, and which apparently differs from Crategus prwinosa with its rose-colored anthers
only in its pale yellow anthers, and there are indications that Crategus Crus-galli in the middle states
and in Missouri sometimes at least has flowers with yellow anthers. But these variations, except in the
case of Crategus punctata, must not be considered conclusive, for it is not improbable that besides the
color of the anthers there may be other characters which will make it possible to distinguish these plants
specifically. Flowers with from five to ten stamens usually have two or three styles and nutlets, while
the species with fifteen stamens or more have generally five but often four styles and nutlets. There are,

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

ROSACEA.

however, several variations from this arrangement, and the number of styles and nutlets appears a less

satisfactory character for distinguishing species than

the number of stamens. The nature and amount

of the hairy covering of the young branchlets, leaves, and calyx, and the time of flowering and of the
ripening and falling of the fruit of Crataegus also afford useful characters for determining species.'

1 In this restudy of the genus Crategus I have been assisted by
many correspondents, particularly by Mr. C. D. Beadle of the
Biltmore Herbarium, Mr. William M. Canby of Wilmington, Del-
aware, Mr. B. F. Bush of Courtney, Missouri, Mr. E. J. Hill of
Chicago, Illinois, Mr. D. W. Beadle of Toronto, Ontario, Mr. C.
C. Laney and Mr. John Dunbar of the Park Department of the

city of Rochester, New York, Miss Emma J. Cole of Grand
Rapids, Michigan, Mr. J. G. Jack of the Arnold Arboretum, Mr,
A. H. Curtiss of Jacksonville, Florida, Mr. Julius Reverchon of
Dallas, Texas, and Mr. J. B. S. Norton of the Missouri Botanical
Garden.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.

MaAcrocarRP2&.

Fruit medium size, black or blue; nutlets 5, grooved or ridged on the back; corymbs many-

flowered. Melanocarpe.
Leaves broadly ovate to oblong-ovate.
Leaves rhombic or oval. Fruit blue-black

Leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate.

slightly pruinose; nutlets 2 or 3 (Nos. 9, 3-4, 11, 3-5),

Fruit black .

Fruit bright blue . :
Fruit medium size, dull red or green tinged with red (except Nos. 6, 7, 10, 13, and 15), often

. Doveuasit.?
. SALIGNA.
. BRACHYACANTHA.

obtuse, prominently ridged on the

back ; corymbs many-flowered ; leaves subcoriaceous (except Nos. 8, 11, and 13), dark green

and lustrous. Crus-galli.
Stamens 10.
Anthers rose color or purple.
Leaves obovate-cuneiform to broadly ovate
Leaves oblong-oval to ovate, usually acute .
Leaves obovate or elliptical, villose .

Leaves obovate, usually short-pointed

Leaves thin, oblong-obovate to oval or broadly ovate

Anthers probably yellow (No. 11 doubtful).
Leaves broadly oval to obovate
Leaves oval te oblong-obovate, acute or acuminate
Leaves thin, obovate, rounded or acute .

Stamens 20.

Anthers rose color.
Leaves obovate to elliptical . :
Leaves thin, obovate, rounded at the apex, villose
Leaves oblong-obovate, acute, scabrate .

Anthers yellow.
Leaves usually obovate, acute .

Fruit medium size, red or green, often slightly five-angled, pruinose; nutlets 5, more or less

. CRUS-GALLI.
. CANBYI.

. ENGELMANNI.
PrEORIENSIS.

. FECUNDA.

- ERECTA.
- ACUTIFOLIA.
- SIGNATA.

. Busurt.
. BERBERIFOLIA.
EDITA.

. Mouri.

grooved on the back; corymbs many-flowered ; stamens 20; anthers rose color; leaves blue-

green, subcoriaceous, nearly glabrous. Pruinose.
Leaves elliptical to ovate

Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate

Fruit medium size, greenish red or yellow; nutlets 3-5, ridged on the back; corymbs few-

flowered ; leaves subcoriaceous, yellow-green.
Stamens 10; anthers yellow.
Leaves ovate or oval .
Stamens 15-20 ;

Leaves oval to ovate, acute .

anthers yellow.

Intricate.

16.
17.

PRUINOSA.
GEORGIANA.

18. Boyntont.

19. VENUSTA.

ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 33

Stamens 20; anthers dark purple.
Leaves ovate-oblong to elliptical . . 2. 2. 1. 1 1 we wwe ee ee «20. SARGENTI.
Fruit large, red or yellow, conspicuously punctate ; nutlets usually 5, prominently ridged on the
back ; corymbs many-flowered ; stamens 20; anthers rose color (occasionally yellow in No.
21). Punctate.
Leaves obovate-cuneiform, prominently veined . . . . . ..... . . . Q4. PUNCTATA.?
Leaves suborbicular to oval or rarely oblong . . . . . «©. =... . « « + 22. SUBORBICULATA.
Fruit medium size, globose (subglobose in No. 25), red or yellow ; nutlets 2 or 3, or 5, promi-
nently ridged on the back ; corymbs many-flowered, villose. Colline.

Stamens 20.
Leaves obovate to oval, acute; anthers pale yellow. . . . . . . . . . . . 28. COLLINA.
Leaves rhombic to obovate; anthers rose color . . . . . . . =... «. « « 24. SORDIDA.
Leaves oval to obovate; anthers dark red. . . ..... =... . 6. « . 25. BRAZORIA.
Stamens 10.
Leaves obovate to broadly oval; anthers white . . . . .... =... . . 26. LerrerRMAnI.
Leaves obovate-oblong; anthers rose-colored . . . . 27. PRATENSIS.

Fruit large, subglobose to pyriform, scarlet, often edible; nutlets sual 5, vosusiosaliy 4, thin,
pointed at the ends, usually obscurely grooved or slightly ridged on the back ; corymbs many-
flowered, tomentose or pubescent; leaves broad, rounded, cordate or cuneate at the base.

Molles.
Stamens 20.
Anthers light yellow.
Leaves broadly ovate, thick and firm . . . . . . . . ee «© «© «© © « . 28, MOLLIS.
Leaves oblong-ovate to oval, coriaceous. . . . . » + + « « « © « «© . « 29, ARKANSANA.
Leaves oblong-ovate, membranaceous . . . . « «+ « « «+ « « « « « « « 80. SERA.
Leaves ovate, cuneate atthe base . . . . . . ee we eee ehhh «CSL. CANADENSIS.
Leaves oblong-obovate to oval, cuneate at the base . . . . . . « « . . . . 32, BERLANDIERI.
Anthers rose color.
Leaves broadly ovate, concave-cuneate at the base . . . . . . «. . « « . . 83. TEXAN.
Leaves oval to obovate, rounded or cuneate at the base . . ... =... +. . 384. QUERCINA.
Leaves oval to broadly ovate, cuneate atthe base . . . . . .. . =. =. . . 985, PYRIFORMIS.
Leaves ovate, lustrous, glabrous . . . «ee ee ee te ew ew ee «86. CORTSCA.
Stamens 10.
Anthers light yellow.
Leaves ovate, cuneate at the base . . «. «ee 1 ew ew ee eee he eh) «O87. SUBMOLLIS.
Leaves broadly ovate or oval, mostly rounded or truncate at the broad base. . . . 38. ARNOLDIANA.

Leaves ovate, mostly rounded or truncate at the broad base . . . . . . - + ~ 39. CHAMPLAINENSIS.
Anthers rose color.

Leaves ovate, acute, mostly broadly cuneate at the base . . . - . - «. - - ~ 40. ANOMALA.
Leaves oval, rounded or broadly cuneate at the base . . . . . . . - + « . 4i. ELLWANGERIANA.
Leaves oval, rounded at the base. . . ee 2 se ete we ee eo 42. PRINGLEI.

Fruit large, subglobose, scarlet ; fruiting calyx sanch enlarged, prominent, the lobes dark red
on the upper side toward the base; nutlets 5, ridged on the back; corymbs many or few-
flowered, slightly villose; stamens 20; anthers rose color; leaves membranaceous, on
vigorous shoots as broad or broader than long. Dvlatate.
Leaves broadly ovate ; corymbs broad, many-flowered. - - + + + + + + + + 43. DILATATA.
Leaves broadly ovate; corymbs compact, few-flowered. - - - + + ; . . 44. COCCINIOIDEs.
Fruit large to medium size, oblong, scarlet; nutlets 3-5, prominently grooved and setelly
ridged on the back; corymbs many-flowered, glabrous or tomentose ; stamens 5-15. Lobu-

late.
Anthers dark purple.
Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, acutely lobed, membranaceous, dark yellow-green . . 45. LOBULATA.
Leaves oval or ovate, thick and firm, pale yellow-green . . - - - + + + + + 46, Honmestana.
Leaves broadly ovate or oval, dark green, scabrate . «© + 2 + + s+ e+ + ee 47. PEDICELLATA.

Leaves oval to obovate, acuminate . . - - + «© + © © © © © © © © 48. SCABRIDA.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

Fruit medium size, oblong (globose and greenish red in No. 52), crimson ; nutlets 3-5, more
or less ridged on the back ; corymbs many-flowered, glabrous or villose; anthers dark red or
rose color. Tenuifolie.

Stamens 20.
Leaves broadly ovate to oval
Leaves rhombic to broadly ovate .
Stamens 5-10.
Leaves oval to ovate .
Leaves ovate, acute ; 2 = = a ee

Fruit medium-sized, subglobose (large and acauioae in No. BA) ; nutlets 2 or 3, conspicuously
ridged on the back ; corymbs many-flowered, glabrous or tomentose ; leaves coriaceous or
subcoriaceous, lustrous. Coccinee.

Stamens 10.
Leaves elliptical to obovate ; anthers yellow
Leaves elliptical to ovate ; anthers rose color .
Stamens 20.
Leaves broadly rhombic to oblong-obovate ; anthers yellow

Fruit medium size or small, usually scarlet (sometimes orange-red in No. 56), nutlets 2 or 3,
penetrated on each of the inner faces by a longitudinal cavity ; corymbs many-flowered, gla-
brous or villose; calyx-lobes glandular-serrate (except in No. 60); leaves coriaceous (mem-
branaceous in No. 56), mostly pubescent on the lower surface. Tomentose.

Anthers rose color.
Stamens 20.
Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong
Leaves elliptical, acute at the ends
Leaves broadly oval or obovate
Stamens 10.
Leaves broadly obovate or oval
Leaves broadly obovate to oval or rhomboidal
Anthers yellow.
Leaves broadly obovate to elliptical or oval

Fruit large, red or orange-red; nutlets 3-5, ridged on the back; corymbs few or many-
flowered, villose; bracts conspicuous ; calyx-lobes foliaceous ; stamens 20; anthers yellow.
Bracteate.

Corymbs few-flowered.
Leaves broadly ovate or obovate
Corymbs many-flowered.
Leaves broadly oval to obovate : - 3 ; = =

Fruit large, globose, green or red; nutlets 5, slightly grooved on the bade: chen one or

few-flowered, tomentose; calyx-lobes foliaceous ; stamens 20; anthers yellow. Parviflore.
Leaves obovate-spatulate
Leaves oval or rarely obovate, acute :

Fruit medium size, globose or pyriform, green, orange or red; nutlets, 3-5, mostly ridged on
the back ; corymbs few-flowered, villose or tomentose (glabrous in No. 69) ; leaves, bracts,
and inner bud-scales conspicuously glandular ; branchlets usually strongly zigzag. lave.

Stamens 20.

Anthers purple.
Leaves elliptical to obovate, usually acute .
Leaves obovate to suborbicular :

Anthers light yellow (Nos. 71 and 72 doubtful).
Leaves obovate-cuneiform
Leaves obovate-cuneiform, glabrous .
Leaves obovate, rounded or short-pointed or acute
Leaves obovate to orbicular

Leaves obovate to obovate-cuneiform

49.
50.

51.
52.

53.

54.

55.

56.
57.
58.

59.
60.

61.

62.

63.

64.
65.

66.
67.

68.
69.
70.
71.
72.

ROSACEA,

LUCORUM.
LACERA.

PENTANDRA.
SILVICOLA.

COCCINEA.
JONES.

MARGARETTA.

TOMENTOSA.®
SUCCULENTA.
GEMMOSA.

ILLINOIENSIS.
INTEGRILOBA.

MACRACANTHA.

ASHEI.

HARBISONI.

UNIFLORA.
VAILIZ.

FLAVA.
CONSANGUINEA.

FLORIDANA.
LACRIMATA.
RAVENELII.
DISPAR.
SENTA.

ROSACEA.

Stamens 10.
Anthers yellow.

Leaves obovate to orbicular . .....

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 30

ee ew ew ele le lw) 68. APRICA.

Fruit large, globose, zstival; nutlets 3-5, prominently ridged; corymbs few-flowered, gla-

brous ; stamens 20; anthers purple. stivales.
Leaves elliptical to oblong-cuneiform

MicrocaRPz.

. . . . . V4, STIVALIS,

Fruit small, depressed-globose, scarlet ; nutlets 2 to 5, ridged or grooved on the back ; corymbs
many-flowered, glabrous (villose in No. 77); stamens 20; anthers rose color or purple.

Humicrocarpe.

Leaves broadly ovate to triangular

75. CORDATA.4

Leaves spatulate to oblanceolate. . . . . . -s = = & : 76. SPATHULATA.
Leaves orbicular to broadly ovate, pinnately 5-7- cleft soe ee ew ww we eh 6U0T. APITFOLIA.
Leaves oval to ovate or nearly orbicular . . : 78. OPIMA.

Fruit small (medium size in Nos. 83 and 84), globose; nutlets 3-5, slightly ery on ‘the

back; corymbs few or many-flowered, glabrous; stamens 20; anthers pale yellow (No. 84

doubtful). Virides.
Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong or oblong-obovate 79. VIRIDIS.
Leaves oval to ovate, acute . 80. VULSA.
Leaves oblong-ovate to semiorbicular, subcoriaceous . . . . . . . . . . . 81. GLABRIUSCULA.

Leaves ovalto rhombic. . . .. .
Leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate, acuminate .

Leaves ovate, acute . . . .. .

1 Crategus Douglasii, iv. 86. The range of this species can now
be extended to Clifton, near the shores of Lake Superior in Kewee-
naw County, in the extreme northern part of the upper peninsula
of Michigan, where it is common on hills and bluffs, and where it
was found in July, 1894, by Mr. O. A. Farwell ; to Michipicoten
Island in Lake Superior, where it was collected on July 24, 1869,
by Mr. John Macoun (teste Herb. Gray); and to the shores of
Thunder Bay, Michigan, where it was found in August, 1895, by
Mr. C. F. Wheeler (teste Herb. Gray).

According to Meehan Crategus Douglasti was discovered by
Lewis and Clark on the Columbia River, April 29, 1806. (See
Proc. Phil. Acad. 1898, 24 [The Plants of Lewis and Clark’s Expe-
dition across the Country, 1804-1806].)

Crategus Douglasii, var. rivularis. The range of this tree can be
extended eastward of the central divide in Wyoming to Caspar on
a small tributary of the Platte River, to Paris Creek near the
northern boundary of the state, and to the eastern slope of the
Big Horn Mountains (teste Professor Aven Nelson).

82. BLANDA.
- . . . . . 83. NITIDA.
84. ATRORUBENS.

? Crategus punctata, iv. 103. The range of this species can now
be extended westward to eastern Minnesota, where it was found by
Mr. E. P. Sheldon at Lakeville, Dakota County, in May, 1894, and
near Cedar Lake, Hennepin County, in May, 1895. It probably
does not cross the Mississippi River.

3 Crategus tomentosa, iv. 101. The range of this species can be
extended to southeastern Kansas. (See Hitchcock, The Industrial-
ist, xxiv. 383 [Flora of Kansas ].)

4 Crategus cordata,iv.107. The range of this species can be
extended to beyond the Mississippi River. It is common in south-
eastern Missouri, where it was found on Birch Tree Creek in Shan-
non County by Mr. B. F. Bush in 1893, and by Professor Trelease
in 1897 between Bismarck and Iron Mountain in Iron County,
and at Williamsville, Wayne County. It has been found by Mr.
J. B. S. Norton at Osage, Missouri, on the Missouri River, and
in northwestern Arkansas near Fayetteville by Professor F. L.

Harvey.

ROSACES. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ot

CRATAGUS SALIGNA.

Haw.

STAMENS 20; anthers yellow. Leaves narrow, rhombic or oval, acute or acumi-
nate, subcoriaceous, dark green, and lustrous.

Cratzgus saligna, Greene, Pittonia, iii. 99 (1896).

A tree, occasionally twenty feet in height, with a short stem and long slender spreading branches
gracefully drooping at the ends; or often forming clumps or small thickets with numerous stems, from
eight to fifteen feet tall, springing from one root. The bark of the large branches and small stems
is close and bright red or reddish brown, and on old trunks it separates near the ground into long
slightly attached narrow plate-like gray scales. The branchlets are slender and wand-like, marked by
large scattered pale lenticels, and armed with thin ndged nearly straight bright chestnut-brown shining
spines from three quarters of an inch to an inch anda half m length; when they appear they are
orange color deeply tinged with red and soon become bright red and very lustrous, and dull red-brown
in their second season. The leaves vary from narrowly rhombic to oval, and are gradually narrowed at
the ends, and acute or acuminate and apiculate at the apex, entire toward the base, and finely serrate
above, with incurved teeth tipped with minute bright red glands; they are nearly fully grown when
the flowers open toward the middle of June, light yellow-green, covered on the upper surface with short
pale hairs, and pale and glabrous below, with slender bright red petioles about a third of an inch in
length, and usually furnished near the base with two or three large stipitate dark red caducous glands;
at maturity the leaves are thick and firm in texture, dark green, glabrous and lustrous above, pale below,
from an inch and a half to two inches long and from three quarters of an inch to an inch wide, with
stout midribs rose-colored on the under side, particularly toward the base, very obscure forked veins, and
reticulate veinlets. On vigorous leading shoots the leaves are lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely serrate,
often deeply and irregularly divided into one or two pairs of acute lateral lobes, from three inches to
three inches and a half long and from an inch and a quarter to an inch and a half wide; and their
stipules are foliaceous, lunate, stalked, coarsely dentate, and often three quarters of an inch in length.
Late in the autumn the leaves turn to brilliant shades of orange and bright scarlet. The flowers are
about five eighths of an inch in diameter and are produced on short slender pedicels, in compact
glabrous few or many-flowered compound corymbs, with linear glandular bright red bracts and bractlets.
The calyx-tube is broadly obconic and glabrous, and the lobes are nearly triangular, entire, and often
bright red toward the apex. There are twenty stamens with small yellow anthers, and five styles. The
fruit, which ripens toward the end of September and sometimes remains on the branches at least as late
as the middle of October, is borne on stout peduncles, in compact few-fruited drooping clusters, and is
globose, a quarter of an inch in diameter, dull vinous red and very lustrous when fully grown, and
ultimately blue-black; the calyx is small, with a narrow cavity and reflexed persistent lobes, and the
flesh is thin, yellow, dry and sweet, and of a pleasant flavor. The five nutlets are thick, rounded and
slightly ridged on the back, and about three sixteenths of an inch in length.

Crategus saligna grows along the banks of the Cimmaron, Gunnison, and White rivers and other
Colorado streams on both slopes of the continental divide at elevations varying from six thousand to

eight thousand feet above the sea-level.’

1 Crategus saligna appears to have been first collected by Fré- Herb. Kew). It was collected by Hayden in 1869 (in Herb. Gray,
mont in 1845 on his second transcontinental journey (No. 185 in without locality) and by Brandegee at Punch’s Springs in August,

38 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEX.

Late in the autumn, when the foliage has assumed its brilliant hues and the slender bright red
branches droop under the weight of its abundant blue-black fruit, this Rocky Mountain Hawthorn
enlivens the banks of mountain streams and is an object of striking and remarkable beauty.

1877 (in Herb. Gray). It has also been collected by Crandall in White River plateau in October, 1896 ; by Purpus at Sapinero on
Gypsum Creek Cajion in August, 1894, and in the Black Cajion of the Elk Mountains in July, 1898; and by Jack at Grant, Park
the Gunnison in August, 1896, and June, 1899; by Beadle at Wal- County, in October, 1898.

cott on the Eagle River in July, 1896 ; by Sargent at Meeker on the

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

PLaTE DCXXXVI. Cratacus SALIGNA.
1. A flowering branch, natural size.

Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.

. A nutlet, front view, enlarged.

Oo Pp wr

- The end of a vigorous shoot, natural size.

Tab. DCXXXVI.

Silva of North America.

\
S
‘:
\
\

RAPULe” LO,

CE. Fazcon deb, .

CRATAGUS SALIGNA, Greene.

ar mY, ee,

ing. Taneur,

A Piocreux direc: ©

ROSACEA.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

CRATAGUS CRUS-GALLI, var. PYRACANTHIFOLIA.

Cockspur Thorn.

STAMENS 10; anthers rose color.
rounded at the apex.

Cratzgus Crus-galli, 8 pyracanthifolia, Aiton, Hort.
Kew. ii. 170 (1789). — De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 626. —
Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 464. — Loudon, Ard. Brit.
ii. 820, f. 580. — Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. i. 109 (in

Leaves narrowly obovate, acute or sometimes

part). — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S.
ix. 76; Silva N. Am. iv. 92.

Mespilus Crus-galli, var. pyracanthifolia, Hayne, Dendr.
Fil. 80 (1882).

This form of the Cockspur Thorn, which has been known in European gardens for more than a
century, has recently been found in eastern Pennsylvania and in northern Delaware and appears to

range southward to Florida and middle Tennessee.

It has the ten stamens and rose-colored anthers of

Crategus Crus-galh, but rather smaller flowers and smaller comparatively narrower and often bright

red fruit.

The leaves vary from elliptical to obovate and are acute or often rounded at the apex, and

when young are sometimes slightly pubescent along the upper side of the midribs, a few hairs being also
found occasionally on the young corymbs. Very distinct in its extreme forms, it appears to pass into
the ordinary forms of Crategus Crus-galli, which is distinguished by its larger leaves, mostly rounded

at the apex except on vigorous shoots, larger flowers, and larger and usually pruinose fruits, and with

the present knowledge of this narrower-leaved form it is perhaps best considered a variety."

1 The northeastern station of Crategus Crus-galli is near Mon-
treal in Quebec, where it was first noticed by Mr. J. G. Jack in
August, 1892; it is rare in western Vermont (see Sargent, Rho-
dora, iii. 19), and with the exception of a few stations in Connecti-
cut (E. B. Harger, East Haven, 1887, and Oxford, 1900, E. H.
Eames, Stratford, 1895, C. B. Graves, Waterford and Groton,
1901) it is not known to grow naturally in other parts of New Eng-
land. It grows probably naturally on the Shinnecock Hills and
the shores of Peconic Bay, Long Island, where it was found in 1897
by Miss A. M. Vail, and is very abundant westward to Illinois and
West

of the Missouri River, where there are a number of distinct species

southward particularly in the Appalachian foothill region.

of this group, Crategus Crus-galli either does not grow at all or
varies constantly from the eastern tree in its yellow anthers.
Another form of the Cockspur Thorn cultivated in Europe under

the name of Crategus Crus-galli, var. salicifolia (Aiton, Hort.
Kew. ii. 170), with thinner narrower and more elongated lanceolate
or oblanceolate leaves, has not yet been found growing naturally in
this country, and, like a number of other peculiar plants in this
group known only in European and American gardens, it is perhaps
the product of cultivation or hybridization.

In the fourth volume of this work Crataegus berberifolia of Tor-
rey & Gray of western Louisiana was considered a variety of Cra-
tegus Crus-galli. It varies from that species in its twenty not ten
stamens, in its thinner and less lustrous leaves, in the persistent
pubescent or tomentose covering of the young branches, leaves, and
calyx, and in its orange-colored red-cheeked fruit, and with the
present idea of the limitation of species of Crategus it should be
considered a species.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puate DCXXXVI. Cratmeus Crus-GALLi, var. PYRACANTHIFOLIA.

1.
. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
. A calyx-lobe, enlarged.

SD Oe W dD

A flowering branch, natural size.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.
. A fruit divided transversely, enlarged.
. A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

Silva of North America. ‘Tab. DCXXXVII.

CE Fazon det. , Lartaud sre.

CRAT&A&GUS CRUS-GALLI VAR. PYRACANTHIFOLIA, Ait.

4A Riocreuc direce * ; Imp. J Taneur, Paris,

ROSACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 41

CRATAIGUS CANBYI.

Haw.

STAMENS usually 10; anthers rose color. Leaves oblong or oval to ovate, usually
acute, coriaceous.

Crategus Canbyi, Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxxi. 3 (1901).

A bushy glabrous or rarely slightly villose* tree, sometimes twenty feet in height, with a trunk
from twelve to eighteen inches in diameter covered with thin dark brown bark broken into small closely
appressed scales, and heavy ascending and wide-spreading branches which form a broad open irregular
head occasionally from thirty to thirty-five feet across. The branchlets are stout, elongated, slightly
zigzag, marked by numerous pale conspicuous lenticels, and sparingly armed with thick usually straight
chestnut-brown spines from three quarters of an inch to an inch and a half in length. The leaves are
oblong-ovate to ovate or rarely obovate, acute or rarely rounded at the apex, gradually narrowed, cuneate
and entire at the base, and coarsely and doubly serrate above the middle, with glandular incurved
teeth; they are thin but coriaceous at maturity, dark green and very lustrous above, pale and dull
below, from two inches to two inches and a half long and from an inch to an inch and a half wide,
with thick pale midribs and four or five pairs of remote primary veins impressed on the upper
surface and raised and conspicuous on the lower surface ; they are borne on stout petioles which are
more or less winged above, grooved on the upper side, glandular, with scattered dark red persistent
glands, red below the middle and from one half to three quarters of an inch in length. The stipules
are oblong-obovate to linear-lanceolate, glandular-serrate, and generally about half an inch long. On
vigorous leading shoots the leaves are often deeply and irregularly divided into broad acute lobes and
are frequently three or four inches long and two inches wide. The flowers, which are five eighths of
en inch in diameter and open about the middle of May, are produced in broad loose many-flowered
long-branched compound corymbs, with linear finely glandular-serrate caducous bracts and bractlets.
The calyx-tube is narrowly obconic and the lobes are entire, or serrate, with minute scattered glandular
teeth, and mostly reflexed after the flowers open. There are usually ten but occasionally twelve or
thirteen stamens with slender elongated filaments and small rose-colored anthers, and from three to five
styles. The fruit ripens during the month of October but does not fall until after the beginning of
winter; it hangs on elongated slender stems, in loose many-fruited drooping clusters, and is oblong to
subglobose, full and rounded at the ends, with distinct depressions at the insertion of the stalks, lustrous,
dark crimson, marked by occasional large pale lenticels, and from one half to five eighths of an inch in
length ; the calyx-cavity is deep but narrow, and the lobes are nearly entire, reflexed and closely
appressed, and often deciduous before the fruit ripens; the flesh is thick, bright red, and very juicy.
The nutlets vary from three to five in number and are prominently ridged, with broad rounded ridges,
bright chestnut-brown, and about a quarter of an inch long.

Crategus Canbyi grows in hedges and thickets in the neighborhood of Wilmington, Delaware,
where it was first noticed in October, 1898, by Mr. William M. Canby ;* and on the shores of Chesapeake

1 Specimens of a plant collected by Mr. Alexander MacElwee on 2 William Marriott Canby (March 17, 1831) was born in Phila-
the shores of Chesapeake Bay at Perryville in Cecil County, Mary- delphia, and was the son of a merchant of that city but a native of
land, in May, 1899, which is not otherwise distinguishable from Wilmington, Delaware, where his family had lived since 1742. In
Crategus Canbyi, have a few hairs scattered along the upper side that year it moved to Wilmington from Bristol, Pennsylvania,
of the midribs and slightly villose corymbs. where the first of the family to come to America, a native of

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

ROSACEZ.

Bay in Cecil County, Maryland. It grows also in the meadows of Tohickon Creek at Quakerstown,
Pennsylvania, and on Tenicum Island, at Haddington, and at Gray’s Ferry, Philadelphia.

Yorkshire in England, had settled in 1680. William M. Canby
was educated principally at Westhouse, the Friends’ School near
Chansford in Chester County, Pennsylvania, and by private tutors.
He was brought up on a farm, and when he was twenty years old
he began to manage a farm for himself. In 1866, fifteen years
later, family affairs carried him to Wilmington. Since that time
he has been principally occupied in various business affairs there,
having been receiver and afterwards president of the Delaware
Western Railroad, director in the Union National Bank, and for
more than twenty years president of the Wilmington Saving Fund
Society. He acquired a taste for botany early in life from rela-
tives and afterward in school, and since 1858, when he visited
Florida for the first time in search of health and began to gather
plants, he has been an active and assiduous collector in many
parts of the United States during long and frequent journeys, and

his specimens, which have been distributed with a lavish hand,
are found in all the large herbaria of the world. His own herba-
rium of about 30,000 species, the harvest of many years of work in
the field, supplemented by liberal purchases and by exchanges,
having outgrown the space at its disposal, is now in possession of
the College of Pharmacy of New York ; and since 1893 Mr. Canby
has been engaged in forming an herbarium for the Natural History
Society of Delaware, which now contains about 13,000 species.
Canbya, a genus of delicate and interesting annual plants of the
Poppy family, natives of the deserts of the west, dedicated to him
by his friend Asa Gray, will recall to botanists the name of Canby
and his important and unselfish labors in increasing the knowledge
of the American flora after the memory of his kindness, geniality,
and helpfulness has passed with the generations of his friends and

associates.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Pirate DCXXXVIII. Cratzeus Cansyi.

Do fF WD &

. A flowering branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.

. Cross section of a fruit showing the nutlets, natural size.
. A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

Silva‘of North America.

Tah DCXXXVITT

CE Fazon del. . Raping so.

CRATAGUS CANBY. Saré.

4 Riocreum direw* ' Imp. ] Taneur, Paris"

ROSACE. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 43

CRATAIGUS ENGELMANNI.

Haw.

STAMENS 10; anthers rose color. Leaves broadly obovate or elliptical, coriaceous,
villose.

Cratzegus Engelmanni, Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxxi. 2 Cratzgus berberifolia, Britton, Man. 519 (in part) (not
(1901). Torrey & Gray) (1901).

A tree, from fifteen to twenty feet in height, with a trunk five or six inches in diameter covered
with dark red-brown scaly bark, and wide-spreading usually horizontal branches forming a low flat-
topped or a rounded head ; or occasionally shrubby. The branchlets are slender, straight or somewhat
zigzag, marked by large pale lenticels, and armed with few thin straight or slightly curved chestnut-
brown lustrous spines from an inch and a half to two inches and a half in length; when they first
appear they are orange-brown or green tinged with red and covered with long pale hairs which soon
disappear, and during their first summer they are nearly glabrous and bright red-brown, becoming
lighter colored and gray or gray tinged with red during their second year. The leaves are broadly
obovate or rarely elliptical, rounded or often short-pointed and acute at the apex, gradually narrowed
or entire below, and finely crenulate-serrate usually only above the middle and generally only at the
apex ; nearly fully grown when the flowers open about the middle of May, they are then roughened
above by short rigid pale hairs, and at maturity they are coriaceous, dark green, lustrous, and scabrous
on the upper surface, pale on the lower surface, pilose above and below along the slender midribs and
on the obscure primary veins and veinlets, from an inch to an inch and a half long and from half an
inch to an inch wide; they are borne on slender grooved glandular petioles winged above by the
decurrent bases of the leaf-blades, at first slightly villose but soon glabrous, and usually about a quarter
of an inch in length. The stipules are linear-lanceolate, glabrous, light red, one third of an inch long,
and caducous. The flowers, which are three quarters of an inch in diameter, are produced on slender
pedicels, in broad loose eight to twelve-flowered thin-branched villose corymbs, with linear-lanceolate
or narrowly obovate tomentose or villose glandular-serrate bracts and bractlets. The calyx-tube is
narrowly obconic, villose, or nearly glabrous, and the lobes are narrow, acuminate, entire, glabrous
on the outer surface, usually puberulous on the inner surface, and reflexed after the flowers open.
There are ten stamens with long slender filaments and small rose-colored anthers, and two or three
styles. The fruit, which ripens early in November, hangs on slender pedicels, in drooping many-
fruited glabrous clusters; it is globose or short-oblong, bright orange-red, with a yellow cheek, and
about a third of an inch in diameter; the calyx is prominent, with a broad shallow cavity, and enlarged
spreading lobes which usually fall before the fruit ripens; the flesh is thin, green, dry, and mealy.
The two or three nutlets are thick, prominently ridged on the back, with high rounded ridges, and a
quarter of an inch long.

Crategus Engelmanni inhabits dry limestone slopes and ridges, and is common through central
and southern Missouri.! Long confounded with Crategus Crus-galli, 1t appears to have been first
collected at Kimmswick at the mouth of the Maramec River by Dr. George Engelmann.

1 The first description of Crategus Engelmanni was made to been referred by Mr. C. D. Beadle to his Crataegus sinistra (Bilt-
include a number of specimens of Crus-galli-like species with more more Bot. Studies, i. 44 [1901]); and further study in the field is
or less pilose leaves and villose corymbs collected at West Nash- needed before it can be satisfactorily determined whether any of
ville, Tennessee, in northern and central Alabama, and at Rome the forms of the Crus-galli group growing east of the Mississippi
and Augusta, Georgia. The specimens from Nashville have since River belong with Crategus Engelmanni.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

PLATE

QO oT fF WD

DCXXXIX. Cratrzaeus ENGELMANNI.

. A flowering branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. A fruit divided transversely, enlarged.
. A nutlet, front view, enlarged.

. A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

Tab, DCXXXIX,

Silva of North America

SF!

Lartaud se.

GELMANNI, Sarg.

CE Fazon det.

CRATAGUS EN

Lrp. J Taneur, Paris.

ROSACESE. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 45

CRATAIGUS PEORIENSIS.

Haw.

STAMENS 10; anthers rose color. Leaves obovate, usually acute, coriaceous, dark
green, and lustrous.

Cratzgus Peoriensis, Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxxi. 5 (1901).

A nearly glabrous tree, usually from twenty to twenty-five feet in height, with a trunk occasionally
a foot in diameter covered with dark brown scaly bark, and stout spreading branches forming a broad
flat-topped symmetrical head. The branchlets are slender, somewhat zigzag, marked by numerous small
pale lenticels, and armed with straight or slightly curved thin dull chestnut-brown spines from two inches
to two inches and a half in length; green more or less tinged with red when they first appear, they
become light orange-brown and lustrous during their first season, lighter colored during their second
year, and ultimately ashy gray. The leaves are obovate, short-pointed or occasionally rounded at the
broad apex, gradually narrowed, cuneate, and entire below, sharply and often doubly serrate, usually
only above the middle, with straight or incurved glandular teeth, and sometimes irregularly lobed, with
short broad terminal lobes; when they unfold they are villose on the upper surface, particularly
toward the base of the midribs, and are bright bronze color, and when the flowers open during the
latter part of May they are nearly fully grown and still slightly villose; in the autumn they are thick
and firm, glabrous, dark green and very lustrous on the upper surface and pale on the lower surface,
an inch and a half to two inches long and three quarters of an inch wide, with four or five pairs of thin
primary veins raised and conspicuous on the under side, deeply impressed on the upper side, and
extending very obliquely from the slender midribs to the ends of the lobes; they are borne on broad
deeply grooved petioles usually about a quarter of an inch in length, more or less wing-margined and
slightly glandular above the middle, and covered early in the season with short pale deciduous hairs.
The stipules are linear-lanceolate, glandular-serrate, and caducous. On vigorous leading shoots the
leaves are sometimes deeply divided into broad acute lateral lobes, and are from two to three inches
long and an inch and a half wide, and their stipules are foliaceous, lunate, coarsely glandular-serrate,
and sometimes an inch in length. The flowers are cup-shaped and about half an inch in diameter,
and are borne on slender elongated pedicels, in broad loose compound many-flowered thin-branched
glabrous corymbs, with linear conspicuously glandular caducous bracts and bractlets. The calyx-tube is
narrowly obconic, and the lobes are narrow, acuminate, entire or irregularly glandular-serrate, with
minute scattered dark red glands, pubescent below the middle on the upper surface, and spreading or
reflexed when the flowers open. There are ten stamens with slender elongated filaments and small
rose-colored anthers, and two or three styles surrounded at the base by a narrow ring of pale tomentum.
The fruit ripens early in October, and hangs in droopmg many-fruited clusters, on slender elon-
gated pedicels; it is oblong or obovate, full and rounded at the ends, slightly depressed at the
insertion of the stalk, bright scarlet marked by many small dark dots, and from one half to three
quarters of an inch in length; the calyx-cavity is broad and deep, and the enlarged lobes are usually
erect and incurved and persistent; and the flesh is thick, nearly white, firm, and dry. The two or
rarely three nutlets are thick, prominently ridged on the back, with broad rounded ridges, and about a

quarter of an inch long.
Crategus Peoriensis grows in open woods by the moist borders of streams and depressions in the

46 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEA,

prairie and on hillsides in clay soils in Short and Peoria counties, linois, where it was discovered in

September, 1897, by Mr. Virginius H. Chase.’

1 Virginius Heber Chase (January 8, 1876), a great-grandson of been a telegraph operator since 1893, devoting his spare time
Philander Chase, the first Episcopal bishop of Ohio and Illinois to good advantage in studying the plants of central Illinois, where
and the founder of Kenyon College, Ohio, and of Jubilee College, he has discovered and distinguished three interesting species of

Jubilee, Illinois, was born at Wady Petra, Llinois, where he has Crategus.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

PuiaTE DCXL. Crataeus PEORIENSIS.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

Oo Oo FP W b

A flowering branch, natural size.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. A fruit divided transversely, enlarged.
. A nutlet, front view, enlarged.

. A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

Silva of North America. 7 Tab. DCXL.

C.F. Faxon del. Lartaud so.

CRATHGUS PEORIENSIS, Sarg.

A Riocreua direa® imp. J Taneur, Paris.

ROSACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 47

CRATAGUS FECUNDA.

Haw.

STAMENS usually 10; anthers dark purple. Leaves oblong-obovate to oval or
broadly ovate, thin, lustrous, coarsely serrate.

Crateegus fecunda, Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxxiii. 111 (1902).

A tree, from twenty to twenty-five feet in height, with a trunk ten or twelve inches in diameter
covered with thin bark broken into small closely appressed dark red-brown scales, and stout wide-
spreading branches forming a broad symmetrical round-topped rather open head. The branchlets are
stout, slightly zigzag, marked by large pale oblong lenticels, and armed with numerous very slender
straight or slightly curved chestnut-brown shining spines which vary from two to two and a half inches
in length ; covered when they first appear with soft matted pale hairs, they become during their first
summer glabrous, lustrous, and light orange-green, and ashy gray in their second season. The leaves
vary from oblong-obovate to oval or broadly ovate, and are acute, or rarely rounded and short-pointed
at the apex, gradually or abruptly narrowed below, and coarsely and usually doubly serrate, with broad
spreading glandular teeth except toward the base, which is ciliate with short scattered pale hairs; when
they unfold they are dark green, lustrous, and roughened on the upper surface by short pale appressed
caducous hairs, and on the lower surface pale yellow-green, and villose along the midribs and primary
veins, with occasional white hairs; at maturity the leaves are thin but firm in texture, dark green and
lustrous above, pale yellow-green below, from two to two and a half inches in length and from one inch
and a half to two inches in width, with stout midribs and remote primary veins only slightly impressed
on the upper surface and after midsummer often bright red below; they are borne on stout more or less
winged petioles which are grooved on the upper side, often glandular, coated with pale hairs when they
first appear but soon glabrous, dull red at maturity, and from one half to three quarters of an inch
long. The stipules are linear-lanceolate to narrowly obovate, and glandular-serrate. On vigorous
leading shoots the leaves are often slightly lobed with short broad acute lobes, and appear convex by the
hanging down of the margins; they are from three to four inches long and from two to three inches
broad, and their stipules are semilunate, coarsely glandular-serrate, and frequently three quarters of an
inch in length. Late in the autumn the leaves turn to brillant shades of orange and scarlet or assume
a deep rich bronze color. The flowers, which are three quarters of an inch in diameter, open at the end
of May and are borne in wide many-flowered compact slightly villose compound corymbs, with linear
or oblong-obovate coarsely glandular-serrate bracts and bractlets. The calyx-tube is narrowly obconic
and more or less villose, and the lobes are elongated, acute, and coarsely glandular-serrate, with stipitate
dark red glands villose on the inner surface. There are usually ten but occasionally from twelve to
fifteen stamens with small dark purple anthers, and two or three styles. The fruit ripens at the end of
October and hangs on slender pedicels, which are often half an inch in length, in broad many-fruited
drooping clusters ; it is short-oblong to subglobose, full and rounded at the ends, covered until nearly
fully grown with long soft pale hairs, and at maturity dull orange-red marked by many small dark
dots, and from seven eighths of an inch to an inch im length; the calyx-cavity is deep but com-
paratively narrow, and the lobes are linear-lanceolate, erect and incurved, coarsely glandular-serrate
above the middle, and dark red on the upper side toward the base; the flesh is very thick, firm and
hard, pale green, dry, and sweet. The two or three nutlets are hght-colored, rounded and prominently

ridged on the back, and one third of an inch long.

48 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

Crategus fecunda grows in rich woodlands near Allenton, Missouri, where it was first noticed in
September, 1882, by Mr. George W. Letterman, and on the bottom-lands of the Mississippi River in

Ilhnois opposite St. Louis.

For many years this tree has inhabited the Arnold Arboretum, where it was raised from seeds
collected by Mr. Letterman, and where in the autumn, when it is covered with its large showy fruits and

lustrous brilliant leaves, it is a magnificent object.

oAN HD OT Sw DDH

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Pirate DCXLI. Crat#ceus FECUNDA.

. A flowering branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

. A calyx-lobe, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.

. Cross section of a fruit, showing the nutlets, natural size.
. A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

. A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

. A leaf of a vigorous leading shoot, natural size.

Silva of North America.

Tab. DCXLI.

CE. Faxon dew. Lartaud se,

CRATAHAGUS FECUNDA, Sarg.

A Riocreuzw direa* lip. J Taneur, Pari.

ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 49

CRATAIGUS ERECTA.

Haw.

STAMENS usually 10; anthers pale yellow. Leaves oval to obovate, acute, thin,
dull green.

Cratzgus erecta, Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxxi. 218 (1901).

A nearly glabrous tree, usually from twenty-five to thirty feet in height, with a trunk a foot in
diameter, but occasionally much larger, and thick ascending branches which form a wide open but
rather symmetrical head. The bark of the trunk is divided irregularly into thick plate-like scales,
and is dark gray-brown, or nearly black near the base of large trees. The branchlets are spreading,
slender, slightly zigzag, marked by numerous large oblong pale lenticels, and armed with thin straight
chestnut-brown spines from one to two inches in length; more or less tinged with red when they first
appear, they are orange or reddish brown during their first season and gray or gray-brown during their
second year. The leaves are oval or obovate, or on leading vigorous shoots nearly orbicular, acute and
short-pointed at the apex, cuneate and entire at the base, and finely glandular-serrate ; when they unfold
they are often villose, with a few short caducous pale hairs on the upper side of the midribs, and are
nearly fully grown and dull green when the flowers open; in the autumn they are thin but firm in
texture, dark dull green on the upper surface, pale on the lower surface, from an inch and a half to
two inches long and from an inch to an inch and a quarter wide, with slender midribs and thin but
prominent primary veins; they are borne on slender deeply grooved petioles which are often wing-
margined above, glandular, with minute dark glands, usually dark red after midsummer, and from one
quarter to one half of an inch in length. The stipules are linear, glandular-serrate, about half an inch
long, caducous, and turn red before falling. On vigorous leading shoots the leaves are coarsely dentate,
with broad nearly straight glandular teeth, and are sometimes three inches long and two inches and
a half wide. In the autumn the leaves become a dull orange color. The flowers, which vary from
one half to five eighths of an inch in diameter and open about the tenth of May, are produced
in broad loose many-flowered very thin-branched compound corymbs, with linear glandular-serrate
caducous bracts and bractlets. The calyx-tube is narrowly obconic, and the lobes are narrow, elongated,
acuminate, entire, or occasionally obscurely and irregularly serrate. There are usually ten but occa-
sionally from eleven to thirteen stamens with slender filaments and small pale yellow anthers, and three
or four styles which are surrounded at the base by a narrow ring of short pale hairs. The fruit is
borne in few-fruited drooping clusters, on slender elongated pedicels ; it 1s subglobose and usually a
little longer than broad, full and flattened at the ends, dark dull crimson, marked by occasional dark-
colored dots, and from one quarter to one third of an inch in length; the calyx-tube is short, with a
broad shallow cavity and closely appressed lobes which are gradually narrowed from broad bases and are
usually persistent on the ripe fruit ; the flesh is thin, yellow, dry, and mealy. The three or four nutlets
are broad, prominently and doubly ridged on the back, and about three sixteenths of an inch long.

Crategus erecta inhabits the rich bottom-lands of the Mississippi River in Illinois opposite the
city of St. Louis, where it was first noticed by me in October, 1899, and where it is common at least as
far south as Fish Lake.

1 In a field near Fish Lake, four miles south of the village of divides into a number of large ascending branches, which is three
Cahokia, Illinois, there is a tree of Crategus erecta which is at least feet in diameter at a point three feet above the surface of the
forty feet in height, with a trunk now somewhat injured where it ground.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Pirate DCXLIT. Crataeus ERECTA.
. A flowering branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
. A calyx-lobe, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged.

. A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

JID Oo PR WD

. A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

Silva of North America. Tab. DCXLII.

CE Facon del, . ; Lartaud st.
CRATEGUS ERECTA Sarg.

A. Riocreus direa* Lmp. J. Taneur, Parié.

ROSACE:. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 51

CRATAGUS ACUTIFOLIA.

Haw.

StaMENS 10; anthers pale yellow. Leaves oval to oblong-obovate, acuteor acuminate,
thin, and lustrous.

Cratzgus acutifolia, Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxxi. 217 (1901).

A nearly glabrous tree, often thirty feet in height, with a trunk eighteen inches in diameter, and
stout wide-spreading branches forming a symmetrical round-topped rather open head. The bark of the
trunk is thin, dark reddish brown, and broken into thick closely appressed scales. The branchlets are
slender, usually straight, marked by oblong pale lenticels, and occasionally armed with scattered thin
straight chestnut-brown spines which vary from one to nearly two inches in length; during their first year
they are dark chestnut-brown or orange-brown, and in their second season dull gray-brown. The leaves
vary from oval to oblong-obovate, and are acute or acuminate or rarely rounded at the apex, cuneate at
the usually entire base, and finely crenulate-serrate often only above the middle, with gland-tipped teeth ;
when the flowers open they are nearly fully grown, membranaceous, and lustrous above, with occasional
short scattered pale caducous hairs along the upper side of the midribs, and at maturity they are thin
and firm in texture, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, pale yellow-green on the lower sur-
face, about an inch and a half long and an inch wide, with slender light yellow midribs compara-
tively deeply impressed above and four or five pairs of thin slightly raised primary veins ; they are borne
on slender deeply grooved petioles which are more or less winged above, glandular when they first appear,
with minute dark caducous glands, and from one quarter to one half of an inch in length. The stipules
are linear, elongated, glandular-serrate, and caducous. On vigorous leading shoots the leaves are fre-
quently divided toward the apex into two or three pairs of short acute lobes, and are often three inches
long and two inches broad. The flowers, which are half an inch in diameter, open about the tenth of
May and are borne on slender pedicels, in compound many-flowered compact corymbs, with linear
glandular-serrate bracts and bractlets. The calyx-tube is narrowly obconic and the lobes are lanceolate,
acuminate, and entire or obscurely and irregularly glandular-serrate, with minute stipitate dark
glands. There are ten stamens with small pale yellow anthers, and two or three styles. The fruit
ripens and falls at the end of September and hangs on slender pedicels from one half to three quarters
of an inch in length, in few-fruited drooping clusters; it is oblong, full and rounded at the ends,
bright scarlet, marked by occasional large dark dots, and about half an inch long; the calyx-tube is
prominent, with a broad deep cavity, and the lobes, which are reflexed and closely appressed, are often
deciduous before the fruit ripens; the flesh is thin, yellow, dry, and mealy. The two or three nutlets
are thick, prominently ridged on the back, with broad rounded ridges, and about three sixteenths of an
inch in length.

Crategus acutifolia inhabits bluffs on the Mississippi River in South St. Louis, Missouri, where
it grows in open Oak woods and where it appears to have been first collected in May, 1887, by Mr.

Henry Eggert.’

1 Heinrich Karl Daniel Eggert (March 3, 1841) was born at collections in the Harz Mountains and on short journeys to Kreuz-
Osterwieck in Prussia. He was educated at the seminary in Hal- nach and in Bohemia. Dissatisfied with the small salary of a
berstadt, and became a teacher in the public schools in the neigh- German school-teacher, Eggert came to America in 1873, and for a
boring city of Magdeburg. He early became interested in the few months worked on a farm in southern New York. From New
study of plants, and before leaving Europe he had made botanical York he went to St. Louis, and for nearly twenty years devoted

himself to unremitting labor in distributing newspapers, by which
he secured a competence sufficient to enable him in recent years to
devote his time to the collection and study of plants. Stimulated
by the advice and assistance of Dr. George Engelmann, who became
his friend soon after his arrival in St. Louis, Eggert explored the
flora of the immediate neighborhood of the city during the early

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

ROSACEA.

years of his residence in St. Louis, and at this time collected large
quantities of the seeds of the native Grape-vines to stock European
vineyards ravaged by the Phylloxera. After retiring from busi-
ness Mr. Eggert made several annual journeys to southern Mis-
souri and Arkansas and to Texas and the southeastern United

States, and has discovered several interesting plants.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puate DCXLIII. Craraeus Acutiro.ia.

1. A flowering branch, natural size.

CNP oP ww

- Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
A calyx-lobe, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.
. Cross section of a fruit, natural size.

. A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

- A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

Silva of North America.

ee SS OO,

\ Vs bh;
‘ WA ; Yb : Y tr,
" aly eee i. He Lt e AN \, Ba

’
\ \

ics)
oO

CL Faxon del,
CRATAHGUS ACUTIFOLIA, Sarg.

4A Riocreux dren? limp. J. Taneur, Paris.

Tab. DCXL11,

Fel)

ROSACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 53

CRATZiGUS SIGNATA.

Haw.

STAMENS 10. Leaves obovate, rounded or acute, thin, bright green, and lustrous.

Crategus signata, Beadle, Biltmore Bot. Studies, i. 42 Crategus elliptica, Mohr, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. vi.
(1901). 550 (Plant Life of Alabama) (not Aiton) (1901).
Crateegus Crus-galli, var. berberifolia, Sargent, Silva
N. Am. iv. 93 (in part) (not Torrey & Gray) (1892).

A tree, usually from fifteen to eighteen feet in height, with a tall stem four or five inches in diameter
covered with ashy gray bark, which is often nearly black near the base of old stems, and separates freely
into thin plate-like scales displaying when they fall the bright red inner bark, and many ascending or
spreading branches forming a round-topped or oval compact head. The branchlets are stout, more or
less zigzag, marked by numerous large pale lenticels, and armed with stout nearly straight bright
chestnut-brown spines from one to two inches in length; when they first appear they are dark green
tinged with red and covered with long white matted hairs; soon becoming glabrous, they are bright
reddish brown during their first season, dull gray-brown during their second year, and ultimately ashy
gray. The leaves are obovate, rounded and often short-poimted or acute at the apex, gradually
narrowed from near the middle and cuneate at the entire base, and sharply glandular-serrate generally
only above the middle; when the flowers open early in April they are usually only half grown and are
then gray-green, and coated on the upper surface and on the lower side of the midribs and principal
veins with short pale hairs; and at maturity they vary from an inch and a half to two inches in length
and from three quarters of an inch to an inch in width, and are thin but firm in texture, dark green,
lustrous, and slightly pilose on the upper surface, paler and pubescent below along the slender midribs
and the two to five pairs of primary veins which extend toward the apex of the leaf; they are borne
on slender glandular grooved petioles winged above by the decurrent bases of the leaf-blades, and
usually about a third of an inch in length. The stipules are linear, coarsely glandular-serrate, bright
red before falling, and caducous. On leading shoots the leaves are often broadly oval, more coarsely
dentate than the leaves of lateral branchlets, sometimes incisely lobed, and frequently two inches and a
half long and two inches wide, and their stipules are foliaceous, lunate, and coarsely glandular-dentate.
The flowers are about three quarters of an inch in diameter and bad-smelling, and are produced on
slender pedicels coated with pale matted hairs, like the branches of the compound few-flowered compact
corymbs and their linear glandular-serrate bracts and bractlets. The calyx-tube is narrowly obconic and
villose, with long matted hairs, and the lobes are narrow, acute, entire or irregularly glandular-serrate,
usually glabrous on the outer surface, villose on the inner surface, and reflexed after the flowers open.
There are ten stamens with slender filaments and small anthers, and from three to five styles surrounded
at the base by a few pale hairs. The fruit ripens and falls toward the end of October and is borne in
few-fruited drooping slightly villose clusters; it is oblong, full and rounded at the ends, dark red,
more or less pruinose, marked by numerous large pale dots, and about half an inch long; the calyx is
prominent, with a deep narrow cavity and elongated closely appressed lobes which are usually persistent
on the ripe fruit ; the flesh is thin, yellow, dry, and insipid. The nutlets vary from three to five in
number and are prominently ridged and grooved on the back, and about a quarter of an inch in length.

Crategus signata inhabits open glades and dry copses of the Pine-covered coast plain of southern
Alabama, where it is common in Washington and Mobile counties. Discovered many years ago by Dr.
Charles Mohr, it has been variously considered one of the forms of the flava group and as a variety of
Crategus Crus-galli until its true characters were determined by Mr. C. D. Beadle.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puate DCXLIV. Cratmaus SIGNATA.

. A flowering branch, natural size.

- Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

. A calyx-lobe, enlarged.

A fruiting branch, natural size.
Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.
Cross section of a fruit, natural size.

A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

Oa Se SY

A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

- Silva of North America. Tab. DCXLIV

CRATAGUS SI GNATA, Bead.

A.Riocreua dire! , Lip. J. Taneur, Paris,

ROSACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 55

CRATZiGUS BUSHII.

Haw.

STAMENS 20; anthers rose-colored. Leaves obovate to elliptical, broad and rounded
or acute at the apex.

Cratzgus Bushii, Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxxiii. 109 (1902).

A tree, from fifteen to twenty feet in height, with a trunk eight or ten inches in diameter covered
with dark red-brown fissured bark broken on the surface into closely appressed scales, and small
spreading branches forming a broad open irregular head. The branchlets are slender, nearly straight,
marked by occasional oblong pale lenticels, and unarmed or sparingly armed with stout straight
chestnut-brown spines varying from an inch and a half to an inch and three quarters in length ; when
they first appear they are orange-green and glabrous, becoming bright red-brown and lustrous during
their first season and dull gray-brown in their second year. The leaves are obovate, broad and rounded
or acute at the apex, or elliptical and acute, gradually narrowed from near the middle, cuneate and
entire at the base, and coarsely serrate above, with straight gland-tipped teeth; when they unfold they
are dark green above, pale below, and villose, with short white hairs on both sides of the midribs and
veins ; nearly fully grown when the flowers open about the twentieth of April, they are then dark green
and very lustrous on the upper surface and glabrous, with the exception of a few hairs on the upper
side of the midribs, and at maturity they are coriaceous, very lustrous, glabrous, from an inch and a
quarter to an inch and a half in length and from half an inch to an inch in width, with stout yellow
midribs deeply impressed above and few slender prominent primary veins; they are borne on stout
grooved villose ultimately glabrous petioles margined above and usually about half an inch long. The
stipules are linear-lanceolate or oblanceolate, glandular-serrate or entire, about a quarter of an inch
long, and caducous. On vigorous leading shoots the leaves are usually elliptical, acute, coarsely
serrate, and frequently three inches long and an inch and a half wide, with stouter and more broadly
winged petioles than those of the leaves of fertile branches. The flowers vary from three quarters of
an inch to an inch in diameter and are produced in broad compound many-flowered glabrous corymbs,
with linear entire caducous bracts and bractlets. The calyx-tube is broadly obconic and glabrous, and
the lobes are elongated, linear-lanceolate, entire or occasionally shghtly dentate, and reflexed after
anthesis. There are twenty stamens with large bright rose-colored anthers, and two or three styles
surrounded at the base by conspicuous tufts of white hairs. The fruit, which ripens late in October or
in November, is borne on slender pedicels about half an inch long, in few-fruited drooping clusters ; it
is oblong, full and rounded at the ends, green tinged with dull red, and a third of an inch in length,
with a broad shallow calyx-cavity and only slightly enlarged erect and incurved lobes which mostly fall
before the fruit ripens; the flesh is thin, green, dry, and hard. The two or three nutlets are broad,
prominently ridged on the back, with high rounded ridges, and a quarter of an inch long.

Crategus Bushii inhabits rich upland woods near Fulton on the Red River in southern Arkansas,
where it was discovered in April, 1900, by Mr. B. F. Bush.’

This tree, one of the most beautiful of the American Thorns, with its large and abundant pure
white flowers and lustrous leaves, is fittingly associated with the name of its discoverer, who for many
years has industriously explored the forests and prairies of the region immediately west of the lower
Mississippi River.

1 See vii. 110.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Pirate DCXLV. Cratzeus Busut.

. A flowering branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

. A calyx-lobe, enlarged.

A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.

. Cross section of a fruit, natural size.

. A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

. A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

. A leaf of a small-leaved form, natural size.

CONAN wd ED

Silva of North America. Tab. DCXLV.

CE. Faxon del . | Lartaud se.
CRATAGUS BUSHI, Sarg.

A Riocreuz direz* Lnp. J Laneur, Paris,

ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 57

CRATAGGUS EDITA.

‘Haw.
STAMENS 20; anthers rose-colored. Leaves oblong-obovate, acute, scabrous.
Cratzgus edita, Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxxiii. 110 (1902).

A tree, in low moist ground sometimes forty feet in height, with a trunk a foot in diameter free of
branches for eighteen or twenty feet and covered with dark red-brown fissured scaly bark, and stout
horizontal branches forming a broad rounded symmetrical head ; or on the drier soil of low hills much
smaller and generally from twenty to twenty-five feet in height. The branchlets are slender, nearly
straight, marked by numerous large oblong dark lenticels, and armed with few scattered stout straight
chestnut-brown ultimately dull gray spines which vary from one to two inches in length; when they
first appear the branchlets are orange-brown and villose, and in their second year they are dull red-brown
and often sparingly villose, becoming dull light gray-brown during the followmg year. The leaves are
oblong-obovate or rarely oval, acute at the gradually narrowed apex, gradually narrowed from near the
middle and cuneate at the entire base, and coarsely and often doubly serrate above, with glandular
teeth ; when the flowers open they are lustrous and scabrous above, with short rigid pale hairs, and are
pubescent or puberulous below, particularly on the slender midribs and remote slightly raised primary
veins ; and at maturity they are dark green, lustrous, and slightly roughened on the upper surface,
pale yellow-green and scabrous on the lower surface, from an inch and a half to two inches in
length and from one half of an inch to an inch in width; they are borne on stout grooved petioles
winged above by the decurrent bases of the leaf-blades, villose, ultimately pubescent or puberulous, and
from one third to one half of an inch long. The stipules are linear, glandular-serrate, villose, and
caducous. On vigorous leading shoots the leaves are often slightly divided into lateral lobes, more
coarsely serrate than the leaves of fertile branches, and sometimes three inches long and an inch and a
half wide, with stouter and more broadly margined petioles. The flowers, which open from the
fifteenth to the twentieth of April, vary from one half to two thirds of an inch in diameter, and are
produced in villose few-flowered slender-branched compound narrow corymbs, with lnear glandular
caducous bracts and bractlets. The calyx-tube is narrowly obconic, glabrous or slightly villose below,
and the lobes are linear-lanceolate, usually entire or obscurely glandular-serrate, glabrous on the outer
surface, puberulous on the inner surface, and reflexed after the flowers open. There are twenty
stamens with small rose-colored anthers, and two or three styles. The fruit ripens late in October or
early in November, and is borne on stout glabrous or slightly villose pedicels usually about one half
of an inch in length, in few-fruited drooping clusters ; it is short-oblong, full and rounded at the ends,
slightly pruinose, dull green tinged with red, from one quarter to one third of an inch in length, and
surmounted by the now prominent calyx-tube with a broad cavity and elongated spreading lobes which are
puberulous on the inner surface and often deciduous before the ripening of the fruit; the flesh is very
thin, green, dry, and hard. The two or three nutlets are thick, prominently ridged on the back, with
broad low rounded ridges, light brown, and a quarter of an inch long.

Crategus edita, which is one of the tallest and most beautiful of the Thorn-trees of the southern
states, inhabits low wet woods and the borders of streams, where it grows to its largest size, and the
Oak and Pine forests which cover dry hills, and is distributed from the valley of the Sabine River in
Texas to western Louisiana.' It was first distinguished in April, 1901, by W. M. Canby, B. F. Bush,
and C. 8. Sargent, near Marshall, Texas.

1 Near Shreveport, Louisiana, Canby, Bush, and Sargent, April collected by me at Opelousas, Louisiana, March 29, 1900, is proba-
21, 1901. A specimen of Crategus, with very young buds only, bly of this species.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Pirate DCXLVI. Craracus EDITA.

ONOA Pr WN

. A flowering branch, natural size.

- Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
. A calyx-lobe, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.
. Cross section of a fruit, natural size.

. A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

. A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

Silva of North America Tab. DCXLVI.

CE Faxon del. ‘Lartauad se.

CRATAGUS EDITA, Sarg.

A.Riocreur direa* Inp. J Taneur Paris.

ROSACEZS. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 59

CRATAiGUS MOHRI.

Haw.

STAMENS 20; anthers light yellow. Leaves usually obovate, acute, dark green,
and lustrous.

Cratzgus Mohri, Beadle, Bot. Gazette, xxviii. 416 (1899).— Mohr, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. vi. 548 (Plant Life of
Alabama). — Gattinger, Fl. Tennessee, 98.

A tree, from twenty to thirty feet in height, with a tall straight stem six or eight inches in
diameter covered with thin ashy gray or light red-brown bark and sometimes armed with long simple
or branched spines, and spreading, slightly pendulous branches forming a broad rather open sym-
metrical head. The branchlets are slender, straight or slightly zigzag, marked by occasional dark
oblong lenticels and armed with thin nearly straight bright chestnut-brown shining spines from an
inch to an inch and a half in length; when they first appear they ‘are dark green and glabrous
or slightly villose,’ and during their first season they are bright chestnut-brown and lustrous, and dark
brown or gray in their second year. The leaves are obovate or rhomboidal, acute or acuminate
at the apex, gradually narrowed and cuneate at the entire base, and coarsely and occasionally doubly
serrate above, with straight or usually incurved eglandular teeth; when they unfold they are glabrous
and slightly villose along the midribs and the lower side of the principal veins, and at maturity
they are thin and firm or subcoriaceous, dark green and very lustrous above, pale below, from an
inch to an inch and a half long and from two thirds of an inch to an inch wide, with usually four
pairs of thin primary veins and stout midribs which in the autumn are bright red and sometimes
puberulous on the under side; they are borne on short stout grooved petioles more or less winged
toward the apex and frequently red at maturity. The stipules are linear, finely glandular-serrate,
and often half an inch long. On vigorous leading shoots the leaves are sometimes three inches long
and two inches wide, and mostly broadly oval and rounded at the apex, or ovate and acute; more
coarsely and more generally doubly serrate than the leaves of lateral branchlets, they are frequently
divided toward the apex into short broad acute lobes, and their petioles are broadly winged and
occasionally glandular, with minute dark glands. The flowers, which open in the beginning of May
when the leaves are nearly fully grown and are cup-shaped and about three quarters of an inch in
diameter, are produced on slender elongated pedicels, in loose thin-branched many-flowered compound
glabrous or villose lax corymbs, with linear-acute caducous bracts and bractlets. The calyx-tube is
narrowly obconic, glabrous or occasionally pilose below, and the lobes are linear-lanceolate, entire or
finely glandular-serrate, and reflexed after the flowers open. There are twenty stamens with small
light yellow anthers, and from three to five styles surrounded at the base by a narrow ring of pale
hairs. he fruit ripens about the middle of October and hangs gracefully on the elongated thin
bright red pedicels, in many-fruited drooping clusters; it is subglobose or short-oblong, somewhat
flattened at the apex, full and rounded at the base, bight orange-red,” and about a third of an inch

1 At Birmingham, where this species is very abundant on the low
wet flats west of the city and on the dry hills which surround it, it
is quite glabrous with the exception of a few caducous hairs on the
upper side of the midribs of very young leaves. The specimens,
however, collected at Rome, Georgia, and distributed from the
Biltmore Herbarium are more or less villose while young along
the midribs and veins, and the corymbs are pubescent or villose.

These hairs seem to disappear early in the season, but on a speci-
men which I collected on the limestone hills of West Nashville,
Tennessee, on October 12, 1899, the under side of the midribs was
still puberulous.

2 Mr. Beadle describes the fruit of Crategus Mohri as “dark
red or greenish red, or frequently covered with black spots and

60 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACER,

in diameter ; the calyx is prominent, with a short tube, a deep broad cavity, and usually erect lobes
which often fall before the fruit ripens; the flesh is thin, yellow, dry, and mealy. The nutlets, which
are generally three in number, are prominently ridged and grooved on the back and about a quarter of
an inch long.

Crategus Mohri is distributed from western Georgia to central Alabama and Mississippi,’ and
northward to middle Tennessee. Attaining its largest size in the low flat woods of central Alabama,
where it is often very abundant, it also ascends into the poorer and drier soil of hillsides and low
mountain slopes. This handsome tree will help to keep green the name of Charles Mohr, the student

of the flora of Alabama.

blotches,” but at Birmingham, Alabama, where I first saw this tree Mohri was Dr. A. W. Chapman, as there is in his herbarium pre-

on October 5, 1898, the fruit is bright orange-red. served at Biltmore a specimen of this species labeled Crategus Crus-
1 A specimen of Crategus Mohri was collected at Columbus, gall: collected at Rome, Georgia, without date or name of collector,

Mississippi, by Dr. Charles Mohr in November, 1893. He had but no doubt gathered by Chapman himself previous to 1890 dur-

previously collected it in the Lookout Mountain region of north- ing one of his visits to Rome.

eastern Alabama, but probably the earliest collector of Crataegus

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

PiateE DCXLVII. Crataaus Moust.

A flowering branch, natural size.

. A flower before the expansion of the petals, natural size.

- Vertical section of a flower with the petals removed, natural size.
. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Cross section of a fruit showing the nutlets, natural size.

. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.

. A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

COND TP wD

. A nutlet, front view, enlarged.

Silva of North America.

La
Ss

) « \ \
‘ i / ( - :
= = %& S j \ \ \ \
~ ‘ N x \]

=
cis

Tab

. DCXLVI,

C.EFacon deb.

CRATAGUS MOHRI, Saré

A. Riocreuc direto®

dup. J. Taneur, Paris.

ROSACE. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 61

CRATA&GGUS PRUINOSA.

Scarlet Haw.

STAMENS 20; anthers bright rose color. Leaves elliptical to ovate, acute, subcori-
aceous, dark blue-green.

Cratzgus pruinosa, K. Koch, Verhandl. Preuss. Gart. ?Crateegus chlorocarpa, K. Koch, Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol.

Verein. 246 (Crategus und Mespilus) (1854). — Koehne, 1855, 17.
Deutsche Dendr. 232.— Lange, Rev. Spec. Gen. Cra- Mespilus viridis, K. Koch, Dendr. i. 148 (not Sweet) (1869).
tegi, 40, f. G. Crategus viridis, Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. ed. 2,573 (not
Mespilus pruinosa, Wendland, Flora, 1823, pt. ii. 701. Linnezus) (1883).
Phzenopyrum pruinosum, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. Cratzgus coccinea pruinosa, Dippel, Handb. Laubholzk.
154 (1847). iii. 436 (1893).

A nearly glabrous tree, from fifteen to twenty feet in height, with a stem a few inches in diameter
covered with thin bark separating into large loose pale gray scales, and spreading horizontal branches
forming a broad open irregular head; or often shrubby with several intricately branched stems.
The branchlets are slender, nearly straight, marked by oblong pale lenticels, and armed with numerous
stout nearly straight light chestnut-brown spines from an inch to an inch and a half in length; when
they first appear the branchlets are dark green more or less tinged with red, and gradually growing
darker they are bright red and lustrous during their first winter, pale gray-brown in their second year,
and ultimately ashy gray. The leaves are elliptical, acute, gradually or abruptly narrowed and cuneate
at the entire base, irregularly and often doubly serrate above, with glandular straight or incurved
teeth, and divided into three or four pairs of short acute or acuminate lateral lobes; when they unfold
they are bright red and glabrous with the exception of a few short caducous hairs on the upper side of
the base of the midribs; and nearly fully grown when the flowers open from the middle to the end of
May, they are then membranaceous and bluish green; in the autumn the leaves are subcoriaceous,
dark blue-green and often glaucous on the upper surface, pale on the lower surface, from an inch to an
inch and a half long and from three quarters of an inch to an inch wide, with midribs only slightly
impressed on the upper side and three or four pairs of thin primary veins running to the points of
the lobes ; they are borne on very slender glandular petioles slightly winged at the apex by the decurrent
bases of the leaf-blades and from an inch to an inch and a quarter in length, and in early spring
and in the autumn often bright red. The stipules are linear, straight or falcate, deeply divided into
slender teeth tipped with large dark glands, and often nearly half an inch long. On leading shoots
the leaves are broadly ovate, often rounded at the base, more coarsely dentate and more deeply lobed
than the leaves of lateral branchlets, and frequently two inches and a half long and wide, with stouter
and more broadly winged petioles. Late in the autumn the leaves turn dull orange-red. The flowers
are produced on long pedicels, in few-flowered thin-branched compound corymbs, with linear showy red
glandular bracts and bractlets. The calyx-tube is broadly obconic and the lobes are gradually narrowed
from wide bases, long-pointed, and finely glandular-serrate only below the middle. There are twenty
stamens? with large light rose-colored anthers, and five styles surrounded at the base by a thick ring of
hoary tomentum. The fruit, which is borne in few-fruited drooping clusters on long thin light green
but ultimately bright red pedicels, is five-angled, apple-green, and covered with a glaucous bloom until

1 Lange (Rev. Spec. Gen. Crategi) describes the number of Copenhagen, sent to the herbarium of the Arnold Arboretum by
stamens as ten to fifteen, but fruiting specimens from the Arbore- Lange’s son, have twenty stamens.

tum at Charlottesburg, connected with the Agricultural College at

62 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACES.

it is nearly fully ripe; and at maturity late in October it is subglobose but rather broader than it is
long, barely angled, with a deep depression at the insertion of the stalk, from one half to five eighths
of an inch in diameter, dark purple-red marked by numerous small pale dots, and very lustrous after
the bloom has worn off ; the calyx is prominent, with a long well-developed tube, a broad deep cavity,
and enlarged usually erect lobes which often disappear before the fruit ripens ; the flesh is thick, light
yellow, sweet, dry, and mealy. The five nutlets are light-colored, deeply grooved on the back, and a
quarter of an inch long.’

Crategus pruinosa grows on the slopes of low hills often in limestone soil, and is distributed from
southwestern Vermont southward to the foothill region of the southern Appalachian Mountains,
where it sometimes ascends to elevations of twenty-five hundred feet above the sea-level, and westward
to central Illinois and central Missouri. First described nearly eighty years ago from plants cultivated
in Europe, this beautiful and distinct species, which is now known to be one of the commonest and
most widely distributed Thorn-trees of the eastern states, has until recently been confounded with

Crategus coccinea by American botanists.

1 The plate of this species is made from specimens of a tree Arboretum, where it was raised from seeds given to me by Dr.
which has been growing for more than twenty years in the Arnold Asa Gray without indication of their origin.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puate DCXLVIII. Crataevus prurnosa.
1. A flowering branch, natural size.
2. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
3. A fruiting branch, natural size.
4. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.
5. Cross section of a fruit showing the nutlets, natural size.

Silva of North America. Tab. DCXLVIII.

‘CRFaxon deb. Lartaud so.

CRATAGUS PRUINOSA, C.Kock.

ROSACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 63

CRATAGUS GEORGIANA.

Haw.

STAMENS 20; anthers rose color. Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate, membrana-
ceous, dark blue-green.

Crategus Georgiana, Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxxiii. 113 (1902).

A nearly glabrous tree, sometimes twenty-five or thirty feet in height, with a tall trunk ten or twelve
inches in diameter covered with dark red-brown scaly bark, and stout wide-spreading branches forming a
broad symmetrical round-topped head. The branchlets are slender, straight or somewhat zigzag, marked
by occasional small pale lenticels, and armed with straight or slightly curved thin bright chestnut-
brown lustrous spines rarely more than an inch and a half in length; when they first appear they are
dark green tinged with red, becoming dull reddish brown during their first season and gray or light
reddish brown during their second year. The leaves are ovate, acute or acuminate at the apex, full
and rounded or broadly cuneate at the base, finely and often doubly serrate, with straight or incurved
gland-tipped teeth, and divided into numerous short acute lateral lobes; glabrous with the exception
of a few pale caducous hairs on the upper surface and bronze-yellow when they unfold, they are
nearly half grown when the flowers open about the twentieth of April, and are then thin, dark yellow-
green above and pale below, and at maturity they are thin but firm in texture, dark blue-green on the
upper surface, pale on the lower surface, from an inch and a half to two inches long and from an inch to
an inch and a quarter wide, with slender yellow midribs and three or four pairs of thin primary veins
only slightly impressed above ; they are borne on slender grooved petioles often short-winged at the
apex by the abruptly decurrent bases of the leaf-blades and usually about three quarters of an inch in
length. The stipules are linear-lanceolate, finely glandular-serrate, more or less deeply tinged with red,
from one half to three quarters of an inch in length, and caducous. On leading shoots the leaves are
often three inches long and two inches wide, or are sometimes deltoid, and usually much more deeply
lobed than the leaves of lateral branchlets. The flowers are three quarters of an inch in diameter, and
are produced on slender pedicels, in usually five to seven-flowered compact thin-branched compound
corymbs, with linear glandular bracts and bractlets which turn bright red in fadmg. The calyx-tube is
broadly obconic and the lobes are gradually narrowed from broad bases, acuminate, and entire or
obscurely and irregularly serrate. There are twenty stamens with small light rose-colored anthers, and
five styles surrounded at the base bya narrow ring of pale tomentum. The fruit, which ripens and falls
early in October, is borne on slender pedicels, in drooping few-fruited clusters; it is oblong, full and
rounded at the ends, often obscurely five-angled, dull russet-green, and from three eighths to one half
of an inch in length, with very thin light green dry hard flesh and only shghtly enlarged calyx-lobes
which mostly disappear before the fruit falls, leaving a well-defined ring at the summit of the short
calyx-tube. The five nutlets are thin, rounded and irregularly grooved on the back, and about a
quarter of an inch long.

Crategus Georgiana inhabits low rich river-bottoms and meadows in the neighborhood of Rome,
Georgia.’

1 In company with Mr. William M. Canby I first noticed a large following year I gathered the flowers and fruit from this tree from
specimen of this tree growing near the road leading from Rome _ which the plate of this species has been made.
to the cliffs of the Coosa River on the 6th of May, 1899, and the

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puate DCXLIX. Crata&cus GEORGIANA.

1.
. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
. A calyx-lobe, enlarged.

OND of W dD

A flowering branch, natural size.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Cross section of a fruit, natural size.

. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.
. A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

. Anutlet, rear view, enlarged.

Stive of Nom Auence. Tab. DOXLIX

Vu VL ptt
y ruil ye V TI

CE Paxon det. Lévendal se.

CRATZAGUS GEORGIANA, Sarg.

A. Biocreuz cirex* Imp. J laneur, Paris.

ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 65

CRATZAEGUS BOYNTONI.

Haw.

STAMENS 10; anthers pale yellow. Leaves ovate or oval, subcoriaceous, yellow-
green.

Cratzegus Boyntoni, Beadle, Bot. Gazette, xxviii. 409 Crategus rotundifolia, Britton & Brown, Jil. Fi. ii. 243
(1899). — Mohr, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. vi. 547 (Plant (in part) (not Moench) (1897). — Beadle, Bot. Gazette,
Life of Alabama). — Gattinger, Fl. Tennessee, 98. xxv. 446.

A nearly glabrous tree, occasionally twenty feet in height, with a tall straight trunk six or eight
inches in diameter and sometimes armed with long gray branched spines, and stout ascending branches
forming a narrow open irregular or occasionally round-topped head; or more often a shrub with
numerous stems. The bark of the trunk is thick, slightly fissured, and broken into small plate-like
scales which are gray often tinged with brown, or dark brown when the tree has grown in the shade of
the forest. The branchlets are slender, straight or sometimes slightly zigzag, glabrous, marked by
oblong dark lenticels, and armed with numerous thin nearly straight light chestnut-brown spines from
an inch and a half to two inches in length; when they first appear they are light orange-brown,
soon becoming dark red-brown and lustrous, and in their second season, losing their lustre, they are
dark gray-brown, and ultimately ashy gray. The leaves are broadly ovate or oval, acute at the apex,
full and rounded or cuneate at the entire glandular base, sharply and often doubly serrate above, with
glandular teeth, and frequently divided into two or three pairs of short broad acute lateral lobes; as
they unfold they are slightly glandular, viscid, and deep bronze-red in color, and when the flowers open
early in May they are nearly fully grown and are membranaceous and glabrous or occasionally slightly
pilose, becoming at maturity thick and firm in texture, glabrous, yellow-green on the upper surface,
pale on the lower surface, from one to two inches and a half long and from one to two inches wide,
with thin pale yellow midribs and from four to seven pairs of slender veins;* they are borne on stout
petioles which are glandular, with bright red glands, shghtly winged above by the decurrent bases
of the leaf-blades, and usually about half an inch long. The stipules are linear, finely glandular-serrate,
and caducous. On vigorous leading shoots the leaves are often as broad as they are long, truncate
or cordate at the base, and more coarsely dentate and more deeply lobed than the leaves of lateral
branchlets; and their stipules are foliaceous, lunate, and coarsely glandular-dentate. The flowers,
which are about three quarters of an inch in diameter and bad-smelling, are produced on short slender
pedicels in compact four to ten-flowered compound corymbs, with large obovate-oblong bracts and
bractlets rounded or acute at the apex and deeply divided into slender teeth tipped with large bright
red glands. The calyx-tube is broadly obconic and the lobes are abruptly narrowed from broad bases,
acute or rounded at the apex, and entire or obscurely and irregularly glandular-serrate above the
middle. There are ten stamens with slender filaments and large pale yellow anthers, and from three to
five styles surrounded at the base by a broad thick ring of hoary tomentum. The fruit ripens and
falls early in October, and is produced in few-fruited erect clusters on short stout pedicels; it is
depressed-globose, more or less angled, yellow-green flushed with russet-red, marked by small dark
dots, and usually about half an inch in diameter; the calyx is prominent, with a broad deep cavity
and large spreading lobes which often disappear before the fruit mpens. The nutlets vary from three

1 The leaves of seedling plants are pubescent on the lower surface, particularly along the midribs and veins, and puberulous on the

upper surface.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

ROSACES.

to five in number and are prominently ridged on the back, with high rounded ridges, and about a quarter

of an inch long.

Crategus Boyntoni inhabits the banks of streams, the borders of old fields and upland woods in
the southern Appalachian foothill region from southern Virginia to northern Georgia and Alabama,
southeastern Kentucky and eastern Tennessee, sometimes ascending to elevations of 3000 feet above

the level of the sea.

First distinguished by Mr. C. D. Beadle! in the neighborhood of Asheville, North Carolina, where
this tree is abundant, it was named by him for Mr. F. E. Boynton”

1 Chauncey Delos Beadle (August 5, 1866) was born in the city
of St. Catharines, Ontario, of New England parentage. His father,
Delos White Beadle, a son of Dr. Chauncey Beadle, was a lawyer
in the city of New York, and later a nurseryman at St. Catharines.
His mother, Harriet Converse Steele, was the eldest daughter of
Hon. Jason Steele of Windsor, Vermont. C.D. Beadle was edu-
cated in the public and private schools of St. Catharines, the Agri-
cultural College of Guelph, Ontario, and at Cornell University.
Being obliged in order to support himself to leave Cornell, after a
residence of two years at the university, Mr. Beadle found occupa-
tion in nurseries in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey, devoting
his spare time to the study of botany and the formation of an
herbarium, and in 1890 having been called to Biltmore, North
Carolina, he was placed in charge of the planting operations on the
estate of Mr. George W. Vanderbilt. At Biltmore he has estab-
lished for Mr. Vanderbilt an important herbarium and botanical
library and large nurseries, and now, in addition to his duties as
head of the botanical and nursery departments of the estate, he is
superintendent of the home grounds and gardens. During his
residence at Biltmore Mr. Beadle has made the most of excellent
opportunities for exploring the flora of the southern states ; he has
rediscovered either himself or with the aid of his collectors many

plants which had not before been seen for many years, and has
found a number of entirely undescribed species particularly in the
genus Crategus, to which he has devoted special attention for the
past three years. Mr. Beadle has published the results of these
studies in The Botanical Gazette and in the Biltmore Botanical Studies,
a Journal of Botany, the first number of which appeared in 1901.
Through his efforts many rare southern plants are now common in
gardens, and the Biltmore nurseries under his direction are becom-
ing a potent factor in American horticulture.

2 Frank Ellis Boynton (July 19, 1859) was born in Hyde Park,
Vermont. When he was five years old his family moved to Vine-
land, New Jersey, where he was educated in the public schools and
then learned the carpenter’s trade, at which he worked in New
England until 1881, when he moved to Highlands, North Carolina,
in search of a milder climate. Mr. Boynton’s early taste for botany
now had good opportunity for development, and he began to gather
specimens for exchange and plants and seeds for sale, soon becom-
ing a recognized authority on the flora of the southern Appalachian
region. In 1893 he left Highlands to assume a position in the
Biltmore Herbarium, where he has been active and remarkably
successful in increasing the knowledge of the southern Appalachian
plants, and where he is still employed.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Piate DCL. Crataaus Boyntont.

oF OD

. A flowering branch, natural size.

- Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. A fruit divided transversely, enlarged.

. A nutlet divided transversely, much enlarged.

Tab; DCL,

Silva of North Aeveri ce

4 NY ‘
‘ Wi

NW N
} Ww)

° Lartaud se.

CE Faxon del.
CRATAGUS BOYNTONI, Bead.
Dap. JS Laneur, Paris.

ROSACEZ:. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 67

CRATAGUS VENUSTA.

Haw.

STAMENS 15 to 20; anthers pale yellow. Leaves oval to ovate, acute, coriaceous,
dark dull green.

Cratzgus venusta, Beadle, Bot. Gazette, xxx. 338 (1900).

A bushy nearly glabrous tree, often twenty-five feet in height, with a short trunk a foot in
diameter and horribly armed, like the large branches, with stout much-branched spines frequently six
inches in length. The bark of the trunk is thick and broken into small closely appressed dark red-
brown scales which near the base of old trees are frequently nearly black. The branches are thick,
dark brown, ascending, and form a wide irregular rather compact head. The branchlets are stout,
somewhat zigzag, and armed with numerous straight or slightly curved dark chestnut-brown shining
spines which frequently point toward the base of the branch and are from an inch and a half to two
inches and a half in length; when they first appear they are dark green more or less tinged with
red, light reddish brown or orange-brown during their first season, and often very lustrous during
their second summer they become dark dull gray during their third year. The leaves vary in shape
from oval to ovate or occasionally to oblong-obovate, and are acute at the apex, gradually or abruptly
narrowed and cuneate or rounded at the entire base, finely serrate above, with usually incurved
glandular teeth, and frequently slightly and irregularly divided above the middle into from one to three
pairs of short broad acute lobes; when they first unfold they are of a dark bronze color, with a few
scattered pale caducous hairs on the upper surface, and when the flowers open about the twentieth of
April they are yellow-green, smooth, and glabrous ; at maturity they are thick and firm in texture, dark
dull green above, pale below, and about two inches and a half long and an inch and a half wide, with
stout midribs deeply impressed above and from four to seven pairs of thin primary veins ; they are borne
on stout glandular grooved petioles more or less winged above, from one half to three quarters of an inch
in length, and in the autumn often bright red below the middle. The stipules are linear to linear-
lanceolate, coarsely glandular-serrate, about half an inch long, and caducous. On vigorous leading
shoots the leaves are generally broadly ovate, full and rounded at the base, deeply lobed with broad
lobes, and often three and a half inches long and three inches wide. Late in the autumn before falling
the leaves, especially those on leading shoots, turn deep orange or scarlet. The flowers, which are an
inch in diameter and bad-smelling, are produced in from four to nine-flowered compact compound
corymbs, with linear or linear-obovate bracts and bractlets which, like the inner bud-scales, are very
coarsely glandular-serrate and turn bright red in fading. The calyx-cup is broadly obconic, and the
lobes are gradually narrowed from broad bases, acute, and coarsely glandular-serrate often only below
the middle. There are from fifteen to twenty but usually fifteen or seventeen stamens with slender
elongated filaments and small pale yellow anthers, and from three to five styles surrounded at the base
by a ring of pale hairs. The fruit ripens and falls from the first to the middle of October and is
borne on stout pedicels often nearly an inch long, in few-fruited drooping clusters ; it is oblong, full
and rounded at the ends, dull red often with a bright russet face, and marked by occasional large dark
dots; the calyx is prominent, with a long tube and a broad deep cavity, and the lobes, which are not
greatly enlarged, are spreading and often deciduous before the fruit ripens; the flesh is thick, yellow,
dry, and mealy. The nutlets vary from three to five in number, and are thick, full and rounded on

the back, and about a quarter of an inch long.

68 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEZ,

Crategus venusta grows in open Oak and Hickory woods on the dry slopes of a low hill known as
Red Mountain in the southern part of the city of Birmingham, Alabama, where it was first collected in
September, 1899, by Mr. C. L. Boynton of the Biltmore Herbarium, and by me in October of the same
year and in the following April.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puate DCLI. Crataeus vEeNusta.
. A flowering branch, natural size.
. Vertical section of a flower, the petals removed, enlarged.
A calyx-lobe, enlarged.
. A fruiting branch, natural size.
A fruit divided transversely, natural size.
A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

DoT P wn

. A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

ioe)

- A leaf of a vigorous leading shoot, natural size.

Sigea? Noe fen: | Tab an

\
A
\
\ |
¥
\

CE Faxor del. . Raping se.

CRATEAGUS VENUSTA, Bead.»

A Piocrenz diraxt . imp. J Taneur. Paris.

ROSACE. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 69

CRATAGUS SARGENTI.

Haw.

STAMENS 20; anthers dark purple. Leaves ovate-oblong to elliptical, subcoriaceous,
lustrous, yellow-green.

Crategus Sargenti, Beadle, Bot. Gazette, xxviii. 407 (1899). — Mohr, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. vi. 547 (Plant Life of
Alabama). — Gattinger, Fl. Tennessee, 98.

An intricately branched nearly glabrous tree, rarely more than twenty feet in height, with a tall
trunk six or seven inches in diameter, and stout ascending branches forming a narrow or sometimes a
round or flat-topped head ; or often a large shrub with few or many stems. The bark of the trunk is
thin, gray, or ight brown, slightly fissured and broken into numerous thin plate-like scales or nearly
smooth and covered with minute closely appressed scales. The branchlets are slender, straight or
occasionally somewhat zigzag, often short and frequently forked, marked by numerous small pale
lenticels, and armed with thin straight or slightly curved dark chestnut-brown shining spines from three
quarters of an inch to an inch and a half in length; glabrous and pale yellow-green when they first
appear, they become bright red-brown and lustrous during their first summer, and dull gray-brown in
their second season. The leaves vary from oblong-ovate to elliptical or rarely to ovate, and are acute
or acuminate at the apex, gradually or abruptly narrowed and cuneate or rounded at the nearly entire
base, irregularly doubly serrate above, with glandular straight or incurved teeth, and usually irregularly
divided into three or four pairs of short broad acute or acuminate lobes; nearly fully grown when the
flowers open late in April, they are then subcoriaceous, pale yellow-green, and villose along the midribs,
with scattered pale caducous hairs, and at maturity they are lustrous, dark yellow-green on the upper
surface, pale on the lower surface, from two to three inches long and from an inch and a half to two
inches broad, with thin midribs only slightly impressed above and from five to seven pairs of thin light
yellow veins and conspicuous reticulate veinlets ; they are borne on slender grooved glandular petioles
more or less broadly winged toward the apex by the decurrent bases of the leaf-blades, and from one
half to three quarters of an inch in length. The stipules are linear or linear-lanceolate, glandular, and
caducous, and on vigorous leading shoots they are often foliaceous, lunate, and coarsely glandular-
dentate. Late in the autumn the leaves assume before falling bright yellow and red tints. The
flowers, which are nearly an inch in diameter, are raised on long thin slightly villose pedicels, in from
two to five-flowered but usually in three-flowered simple corymbs, with lanceolate coarsely glandular
caducous bracts and bractlets. The calyx-tube is narrowly obconic and glabrous or slightly villose,
and the lobes are foliaceous, acute, coarsely glandular-serrate above the middle, and reflexed after the
flowers open. There are twenty stamens with long slender filaments and large purple anthers, and
from three to five but usually four styles surrounded at the base by a narrow ring of pale hairs. The
fruit ripens and falls after the middle of September, often only a single fruit maturing from a flower-
cluster ; it is subglobose or short-oblong, full and rounded at the ends, yellow or orange-yellow,
generally more or less flushed with red, marked by occasional large dark dots, and from one third
to one half of an inch in length ; the calyx is prominent, with an elongated tube and closely appressed
lobes; and the flesh is yellow, thin, and firm. The nutlets, although usually four in number, vary
from three to five, and are grooved and prominently ridged on the back, and about a quarter of an

inch long.
Crategus Sargenti inhabits rocky woods and bluffs in the foothill region of northwestern

70 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACES.

Georgia, southeastern Tennessee, and northeastern Alabama. It is very abundant in Alabama, at Valley
Head, which is the most northern station where this species has been observed, and on the low ridges
known as Sand Mountain southward to the neighborhood of Birmingham, which is its most southern
known station. It was probably first collected by William M. Canby and C. 8. Sargent on May 6, 1899,
on the high rocky cliffs of the Coosa River a few miles below the city of Rome, Georgia.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Pirate DCLII. Crataeus Sarcenti.
. A flowering branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
. A calyx-lobe, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.
. Cross section of a fruit, natural size.

. A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

. A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

. A leaf of a leading shoot, natural size.

Oo AON MD oO Ff &w DY Be

Silva of North America. Tab. DCLII

="
=
3

.f
iy
:

CE. Favon del. Lartaud ta. -

CRATEGUS SARGENTI Bead.

A Piocreua direa! imp. J Taneur, Paria.

ROSACEZ, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 71

CRATZIGUS SUBORBICULATA.

Red Haw.

STAMENS 20; anthers rose color. Leaves suborbicular to oval or rarely oblong,
short-pointed, thin, dark dull green.

Crategus suborbiculata, Sargent, Rhodora, iii. 72 (1901).

A nearly glabrous tree, rarely more than fifteen or sixteen feet in height, with a well-developed
stem five or six inches in diameter covered with pale gray scaly bark, and stout spreading branches
forming a broad low flat-topped head. The branchlets are stout, slightly zigzag, marked by oblong
pale lenticels, and armed with thick straight or slightly curved bright chestnut-brown shining spines
from one to two inches in length; when they first appear they are dark orange or red-brown, soon
becoming bright orange-brown and very lustrous, lighter colored during their second year, and
ultimately dull ashy gray. The leaves vary from nearly orbicular to oval or rarely to oblong, and are
short-pointed at the apex, full and rounded or broadly cuneate at the entire base, sharply and doubly
serrate above, with slender straight or incurved glandular teeth, and often divided above the middle
into three or four pairs of short acute lobes ; when they unfold they are pale yellow-green and some-
what villose on the upper surface toward the base and below in the axils of the principal veins, with
a few short caducous hairs, and in the autumn they are thin but firm in texture, dull dark green
above, paler below, and usually about an inch and a half long and broad, with slender midribs
and four or five pairs of thin primary veins deeply impressed above; they are borne on slender
grooved shghtly glandular petioles more or less winged above by the decurrent leaf-blades and from
five eighths of an inch to an inch in length. The stipules are linear-lanceolate, coarsely glandular-
serrate, and from one third to one half of an inch long. On vigorous leading shoots the leaves
are nearly orbicular or short-oval, more coarsely serrate and more deeply lobed than the leaves of
lateral branchlets, and frequently three inches long and broad, and their petioles are often broadly
winged and conspicuously glandular. The flowers open during the first week in June, when the
leaves are about a third grown, and are three quarters of an inch in diameter ; they are produced on
short stout pedicels, in compact six to twelve-flowered glabrous compound corymbs, with linear finely
glandular serrate bracts and bractlets. The calyx-tube is broadly obconic, and the lobes are gradually
narrowed from broad bases, elongated, acuminate, entire or occasionally obscurely denticulate, and
reflexed after the flowers open. There are twenty stamens with slender filaments and small rose-
colored anthers turning dark purple in fading, and five styles surrounded at the base by a broad ring
of hoary tomentum. The fruit is borne on short rigid pedicels, in few-fruited erect clusters, and falls
in October without becoming mellow; it is subglobose but often rather longer than broad, about five
eighths of an inch in diameter, and dull red more or less blotched with green, or often wholly green on
one face; the calyx is enlarged and prominent, with a broad deep cavity and nearly entire wide-spreading
often closely appressed lobes; the flesh is yellow, thin, dry, and hard ; the five nutlets are broad and
thick, obscurely and unequally grooved on the back, and about a quarter of an inch in length.

Crategus suborbiculata grows opposite Lachine on low limestone ridges near the south bank of
the St. Lawrence River in the Province of Quebec, where it was discovered at Caughnawaga in August,

1899, by Mr. J. G. Jack.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puate DCLIII. Crataaus sUBORBICULATA.

DADE WY

A flowering branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

. A calyx-lobe, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Cross section of a fruit showing the nutlets, natural size.
. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.

. A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

. A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

Silva of North America

Tab. DCLIT.

LE. favor ada. Lartaud se.

CRATZGUS SUBORBICULATA. Sarg

A Piotreun dirext imp. J Taneur, Paris.

ROSACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 73

CRATAiGUS COLLINA.

Haw.

STAMENS 20; anthers pale yellow. Leaves obovate to oval, acute, subcoriaceous,
dull yellow-green.

Cratzgus collina, Chapman, Fi. S. States, ed. 2, Suppl. 2, Life of Alabama). — Britton, Man. 520. — Gattinger,
684 (1892); ed. 3, 140.— Beadle, Bot. Gazette, xxv. Fl. Tennessee, 100.
357. — Mohr, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. vi. 548 (Plant Crategus collicola, Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc.
xvi. pt. ii. 75 (1900).

A tree, usually from fifteen to twenty but occasionally twenty-five feet in height, with a tall
straight stem often buttressed at the base, and frequently armed with many large much-branched spines
sometimes six or eight inches long, and stout nearly horizontal wide-spreading branches forming a
handsome flat-topped symmetrical head. The bark of the trunk is thin and covered with small closely
appressed dark red-brown scales which in falling disclose the bright cinnamon-red mner bark. The
branchlets are slender, slightly zigzag, marked by small oblong pale lenticels, and furnished with
numerous stout lustrous spines from two to three inches in length; when they first appear they are
dark red or green tinged with red, and villose, with long matted silky white hairs; these soon disappear
and during the remainder of the season they are rather bright red-brown and puberulous, becoming
lighter-colored during their second season, and ultimately ashy gray. The leaves vary from obovate to
oval or occasionally to rhomboidal, and are acute at the apex, gradually narrowed or broadly cuneate at
the entire base, irregularly and often doubly serrate above, with glandular incurved or straight teeth ;
when they unfold they are bright red and covered with soft pale hairs which are most abundant along
the under side of the midribs and principal veins, and in the autumn they are subcoriaceous, yellow-
green on the upper surface, paler on the lower surface, and glabrous with the exception of a few hairs
on the under side of the stout yellow midribs and four or five pairs of slender primary veins which are
only slightly impressed on the upper side of the leaf; they vary from an inch and a half to two inches
in length, and from an inch to an inch and a quarter in width, and are borne on slender villose but
soon glabrous petioles more or less winged toward the apex by the decurrent bases of the leaf-blades
and from one quarter to one half of an inch in length. The stipules are linear, villose, entire, rarely
glandular, and caducous. On vigorous leading shoots the leaves are frequently divided into short
broad acute lateral lobes, are much more coarsely dentate than the leaves of lateral branchlets, and are
often three inches long and two inches and a half wide, with stout petioles broadly winged above and
generally bright red like the lower side of the base of the midribs; and their stipules are often lunate,
stipitate, and a quarter of an inch long. The flowers, which appear at the end of April when the leaves
are less than a third grown, and earlier than those of the other species of the region, are three quarters
of an inch in diameter and are produced on long stout pedicels, in broad compound many-flowered
villose corymbs, with lanceolate or linear finely glandular-serrate caducous bracts and bractlets which
turn bright red before falling. The calyx-tube is broadly obconic and villose, particularly toward the
base, and the lobes are gradually contracted from broad bases, acuminate, usually glabrous on the outer
surface, villose on the inner surface, finely glandular-serrate, with dark glands, bright red toward the
apex, and reflexed after the flowers open. There are usually twenty stamens with slender filaments and
large pale yellow anthers, and five styles. The fruit, which ripens in September and has mostly fallen
before the middle of October, is borne in few-fruited erect or drooping puberulous clusters, on stout

74 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACES,

elongated pedicels; it is globose but sometimes rather broader than long, dull red marked by small pale
dots, and from one third to one half of an inch in diameter ; the calyx is enlarged and prominent,
with a broad shallow cavity and closely appressed glandular-serrate usually persistent lobes; the flesh
is yellow, dry, and mealy. The five nutlets are thick, rounded, ridged, and often grooved on the back,
and about a quarter of an inch long.

Although perhaps nowhere very abundant, Crategus collina is a common inhabitant of the foothill
region of the southern Appalachian Mountains, where it grows on hillsides in rich soil from south-
western Virginia’ to central Georgia,’ and westward to middle Tennessee’ and central Alabama,'
ascending in western North Carolina to elevations of twenty-five hundred feet above the sea. Long
confounded with Crategus Crus-galli and Crategus punctata, which it resembles in habit, Crategus
collina was first distinguished at Rome, Georgia, by Dr. A. W. Chapman.°

1 On June 23, 1892, Crategus collina was collected in the north 8 In Tennessee Crategus collina ranges at least as far west as
fork of the Holston River valley, Smythe County, Virginia, by Nashville, where it is common on the limestone hills west of the
N. L. and E. G. Britton and Anna Murray Vail. city.

2 In central Georgia Crategus collina is abundant in Grant Park 4 The most southern point in Alabama where I have seen this
and on the banks of the Chattahoochee River at Atlanta, and ranges tree is in the neighborhood of Birmingham.
eastward at least as far as Augusta. The most southern point at 5 See vii. 110.

which I have seen this tree is at Columbus on the Chattahoochee.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

PuatE DCLIV. Cratmeus coLuina.

. A flowering branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. A fruit divided transversely, enlarged.

. A nutlet divided transversely, enlarged.

. A spine from the trunk of an old tree, natural size.

aOoFrP WHY

Silva of North America, Tab. DCLIV.

Ch
1,

MOVer

4
s
N
aN
x
AY
.

fw
, yy

CL LPatcor det,

. CRATHGUS COLLINA, Chapm.

A Piocreus derew© imp. 7 Taneur Paris.

ROSACEZ:. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 75

CRATAiGUS SORDIDA.

Haw.

STAMENS 20; anthers rose color. Leaves rhombic to obovate, subcoriaceous, dark
green and lustrous on the upper surface.

Cratzgus sordida, Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxxiii. 114 (1902).

A slender tree, from twenty to twenty-five feet in height, with a tall stem five or six inches in
diameter covered with dark furrowed and scaly bark, and often armed with long branched spines,
and small ascending branches forming a narrow oval head. The branchlets are very slender, nearly
straight or slightly zigzag, marked by large oblong pale lenticels, and armed with numerous thin nearly
straight bright chestnut-brown shining spines from one inch to two inches and a half in length, or
often unarmed ; when they first appear they are dark orange-green and villose, with long scattered pale
hairs which sometimes do not entirely disappear until autumn, and in their second season they are
bright chestnut-brown and lustrous, becoming dull reddish-brown the following year. The leaves are
rhombic, acute, or occasionally obovate and very rarely rounded at the apex, cuneate and entire below,
serrate above, with narrow straight or incurved glandular teeth, and rarely irregularly divided above
the middle into short acute lobes; about half grown when the flowers open during the first week of
May, they are then membranaceous, bright, lustrous, and glabrous with the exception of a few
short caducous hairs on the upper surface, particularly along the midribs and principal veins; and at
maturity they are subcoriaceous, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, paler on the lower
surface, and generally about an inch and a half long and an inch and a quarter wide; they are borne
on stout grooved petioles slightly winged toward the apex by the decurrent leaf-blades, at first villose
but soon glabrous, about half an inch long, and in the autumn often bright red. The stipules are linear,
acuminate, glandular, with minute bright red glands, and caducous. On vigorous leading shoots the
leaves are sometimes oblong-obovate or oval, coarsely dentate, usually divided above the middle into
short broad acute lobes, from three to four inches long, from two inches to two inches and a half wide,
and decurrent on the stout glandular petioles. The flowers, which vary from an inch to an inch and a
quarter in diameter and are very fragrant, are produced on slender pedicels, in few-flowered compact
compound slightly villose corymbs, with linear glandular-serrate caducous bracts and bractlets. The
calyx-tube is narrowly obconic and the lobes are narrow, acuminate, villose on the inner surface, and
reflexed after the flowers open. The petals are dull sordid white, and there are twenty stamens with
slender elongated filaments and small rose-colored anthers, and two or three styles surrounded at the
base by a narrow ring of pale hairs. The fruit, which ripens about the middle of September and soon
falls, is borne on short pedicels, in few-fruited drooping clusters; it is globose, from one third to one
half of an inch in diameter, and dark dull red; the calyx is prominent, with a broad shallow cavity,
and elongated coarsely serrate appressed or incurved lobes; the flesh is thin, yellow, dry, and mealy.
The two or three nutlets are broad, rounded and ridged on the back, with low wide ridges, and a
quarter of an inch long.

Crategus sordida inhabits low woods and the gravelly banks of streams in Ripley County,
southeastern Missouri, where it was discovered at Pleasant Grove in August, 1899, by Mr. B. F. Bush.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Pirate DCLV. CRATHGUS SORDIDA.

. A flowering branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
. A calyx-lobe, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Cross section of a fruit, natural size.
Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.

. A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

ONATN EP WL

A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

Silva of North Peres:

Tab. DCLV.

CEFazon ded. Lartaiut fe.

CRATASGUS SORDIDA, Sarg.

Afuocrenz trex? Eup. J Taneur, Parws.

ROSACEZ:. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 17

CRATZIGUS BRAZORIA.

Haw.

STAMENS 20; anthers dark red. Leaves oval to obovate, acute, thin, dark green,
and lustrous.

Cratzgus Brazoria, Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxxi. 233 (1901).

A tree, from twenty to twenty-five feet in height, with a tall straight stem eight or ten inches
in diameter, and numerous ascending branches forming a handsome symmetrical round-topped head.
The bark near the base of large stems is thick, deeply furrowed, and nearly black, and on smaller stems
and large branches it is ashy gray, and covered with smooth closely appressed scales. The branchlets
are slender, slightly zigzag, marked by small oblong pale lenticels, and unarmed or occasionally armed
with long thin gray thorns; covered with matted pale hairs when they first appear, the branchlets
soon become glabrous, and during their first season they are light red-brown and lustrous, and ashy
gray in their second year. The leaves vary from oval to obovate and are acute or acuminate at the
apex, gradually narrowed, cuneate and entire at the base, and coarsely and irregularly glandular-
serrate above, with straight spreading teeth; they are coated with hoary tomentum and often bright
red as they unfold, and are nearly fully grown when the flowers open from the middle to the end of
March, when they are covered with short soft pale hairs which are most abundant on the under side of
the thin midribs, and three or four pairs of primary veins; and at maturity they are thin and firm in
texture, glabrous, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, paler on the lower surface, from two
inches to two inches and a half long and from an inch and a quarter to an inch and a half wide; they
are borne on slender slightly grooved petioles, more or less winged toward the apex, at first tomentose
but ultimately glabrous or puberulous, and from one half to three quarters of an inch in length. The
stipules are foliaceous, somewhat falcate, acuminate, usually entire, villose, and about a quarter of an inch
long. On vigorous leading shoots the leaves are broadly ovate or oblong, full and rounded or broadly
cuneate at the base, very coarsely dentate, and often five inches long and two inches and a half wide;
and their stipules are foliaceous, lunate, short-pointed, sometimes coarsely glandular-serrate, long-stalked,
and frequently half an inch in length. The flowers are three quarters of an inch in diameter, on
slender elongated pedicels, in broad thin-branched slightly villose corymbs, with long linear-obovate
acuminate glandular villose bracts and bractlets. The calyx-tube is narrowly obconic and coated with
long matted pale hairs, and the lobes are narrow, acuminate, obscurely glandular-serrate or nearly
entire, villose on both surfaces, and reflexed after the flowers open. There are twenty stamens with
slender filaments and small dark red anthers, and five styles surrounded at the base by a thin ring
of hoary tomentum. The fruit, which ripens after the first of October, and is borne in spreading or
drooping few-fruited clusters, is subglobose or often rather longer than broad, bright canary-yellow,
marked by occasional dark dots, and from one third to one half of an inch in length; the calyx is
prominent, with a broad deep cavity and lobes which usually disappear before the fruit ripens; the
flesh is thin, light yellow, rather dry, but sweet and edible. The five nutlets are rounded and grooved
on the back, and nearly a quarter of an inch in length.

Crategus Brazoria inhabits low rich woods near the banks of the Brazos River in Brazoria,
Texas, where I first saw it on March 25, 1900, and where subsequently it has been collected several
times by Mr. B. F. Bush.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Piatt DCLVI. Crataeus BRAZORIA.

CONDO FP WD &

. A flowering branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
. A calyx-lobe, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.
. Cross section of a fruit, natural size.

. A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

. A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

Silva of North America. Tab. DCLVI.

CL Faaor deb, Lartaud st,

CRATHAGUS BRAZORIA, Saré.

APiocreu direoe | Limp. J. Taneur, Paris.

ROSACE, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 79

CRATAIGUS LETTERMANI.

Haw.

STAMENS 10; anthers white. Leaves obovate to broadly oval.
Cratzgus Lettermani, Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxxi. 220 (1901).

A tree, eighteen or twenty feet in height, with a trunk six or eight inches in diameter covered
with thin dark brown or nearly black bark separating freely into small plate-like scales, and often armed
with thin much-branched spines frequently seven or eight inches long, and rather small erect branches
forming a wide open head. The branchlets are slender, nearly straight, marked by minute pale lenticels,
and armed with stout straight bright red-brown shining spines from an inch and a half to two inches
in length ; coated when they first appear with hoary tomentum, they are dull red-brown and villose or
pubescent during their first season, and dark gray-brown the following year. The leaves are obovate,
acute or acuminate or rounded and short-pointed at the apex, gradually narrowed from near the middle
and cuneate at the mostly entire base, coarsely and often doubly serrate, with straight or incurved
glandular teeth, and frequently slightly and irregularly divided above the middle into three or four
pairs of short acute lobes; when they unfold they are strongly plicate and covered with a thick coat of
hoary tomentum, and when the flowers open in May they are nearly half grown, roughened above by
short pale hairs and pubescent below, and in the autumn they are about two inches long and an inch
and a half wide, thick and firm in texture, bright yellow-green and scabrous on the upper surface,
and pale and pubescent on the lower surface along the stout midribs, four or five pairs of primary
veins, conspicuously forked secondary veins, and reticulate veinlets ; they are borne on stout grooved
petioles more or less winged above the middle by the decurrent bases of the leaf-blades, at first
tomentose, ultimately pubescent or nearly glabrous, and usually about three quarters of an inch in
length. The stipules are linear, glandular-serrate, tomentose, about a quarter of an inch long, and
caducous. On vigorous leading shoots the leaves are broadly oval, acute or acuminate, more coarsely
serrate than the leaves of fertile branches, from two inches and a half to three inches long and from
two to two and a half inches wide, with broad lunate coarsely glandular-serrate stipules frequently
half an inch in length. The flowers are about three quarters of an inch in diameter, and are produced
in compact many-flowered compound thick-branched tomentose corymbs, with linear glandular-serrate
caducous bracts and bractlets. The calyx-tube is narrowly obconic and tomentose, and the lobes are
narrow, acuminate, finely glandular-serrate, villose, and reflexed after the flowers open. There are ten
stamens with small anthers, and five styles surrounded at the base by a broad ring of hoary tomentum.
The fruit, which ripens early in October and is borne on stout pubescent pedicels, in few-fruited
spreading or drooping clusters, is subglobose or occasionally slightly obovate, full and rounded and
puberulous at the ends, dull orange-red, marked by large pale dots, and about half an inch in
diameter ; the calyx-cavity is broad and shallow, and the lobes, which often fall before the fruit ripens,
are enlarged, coarsely glandular-serrate, and reflexed ; the flesh is thin, yellow, dry, and mealy. The
five nutlets are acute at the ends, very prominently ridged on the back, with high rounded ridges,
dark brown, and a quarter of an inch long.

Crategus Lettermani grows in low rich soil among Oaks and Hickories in situations where it is
often inundated during several weeks in winter, near Allenton, Missouri, where it was discovered in

1882 by Mr. George W. Letterman.’

1 George Washington Letterman (1884), the son of John and County, Pennsylvania, of a family which had lived for three gen-
Charlotte (Blair) Letterman, was born near Bellefonte, Centre erations in Pennsylvania, his father being of Dutch and his mother

80 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

of Irish descent. From the public schools he entered the State
College in Centre County, but left before graduation to join the
Union army, in which he enlisted as a private. Serving until the
end of the war he was mustered out of the service with the rank of
captain of volunteers. After crossing the plains to New Mexico in
1866, he returned to Pennsylvania, and then going west again to
Kansas, with the idea of becoming a farmer in that state, he finally
in 1869 settled in Allenton, Missouri, a railroad hamlet about
thirty miles west of St. Louis. Here Mr. Letterman taught in
the public school uninterruptedly for twenty years, and then for
two years served as superintendent of schools in St. Louis County.
Shortly after settling in Allenton, Mr. Letterman met August
Fendler (see xii. 123) the botanist, who had a farm at this time in
the neighborhood. This meeting with Fendler stimulated his inter-

ROSACEZ.

est in plants, especially in trees, and led to an acquaintance with
Dr. Engelmann, for whom Letterman made large collections of
plants in the neighborhood of Allenton, with many notes on the
Oaks and Hickories. In 1880 he was appointed a special agent
of the Census Department of the United States to collect informa-
tion about the trees and forests of Missouri, Arkansas, western
Louisiana, and eastern Texas, and later he was employed as an
agent of the American Museum of Natural History in New York
to collect specimens of the trees of the same region for the Jesup
Collection of North American Woods. The distribution of the
trees of this region before Mr. Letterman’s travels was little
known, and much useful information concerning them was first
gathered by him. Of his numerous discoveries, species of Ver-
nonia, Poa, and Stipa also commemorate the name of Letterman.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Piate DCLVII. Cratacus LETTERMANI.

1. A flowering branch, natural size.

Do PP W dD

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
. A calyx-lobe, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Cross section of a fruit, natural size.

. A nutlet, natural size.

‘Silva of North America.

Tab. DCLVII.

CL£.Fazon ded, ; Rapine So,

CRATAGUS LETTERMANNI, Sarg.

A.Riocreua direc? inp. J Taneur, Paris.

ROSACEZE, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 81

CRATAiGUS PRATENSIS.

Red Haw.

STAMENS 10; anthers rose color. Leaves oblong-obovate, subcoriaceous, dark green,
and lustrous.

Crategus pratensis, Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxxi. 6 (1901).

A tree, occasionally twenty feet in height, with a tall stem from three to seven inches in diameter
covered with dark brown scaly bark, and often armed with long slender much-branched ashy gray
spines, and spreading branches forming a broad round-topped symmetrical head. The branchlets are
slender, somewhat zigzag, marked by many small pale lenticels, and furnished with numerous thin
straight or slightly curved shining chestnut-brown spines from two inches to two inches and a half in
length ; light yellow-green and occasionally slightly villose when they first appear, they soon become
glabrous, and are light chestnut-brown or orange-brown and lustrous during their first summer, and
dark gray-brown during their second year. The leaves are oblong-obovate, acute or rounded at the
apex, gradually narrowed below from near the middle and cuneate and entire at the base, sharply and
often doubly serrate, usually only above the middle, with straight or incurved teeth tipped early in the
season with minute dark red caducous glands, and often more or less deeply divided toward the apex
into short broad acute lobes; when they unfold they are bright bronze-yellow or dark red, and covered
on both surfaces with short pale hairs; these soon disappear, and when the flowers open at the end
of May the leaves are almost smooth, nearly fully grown, and membranaceous; in the autumn they
are glabrous, thick and firm in texture, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, pale on the lower
surface, from an inch and a half to two inches long and from an inch to an inch and a half wide, with
thin midribs and four or five pairs of primary veins which, extending obliquely toward the apex of the
leaf, are deeply impressed on the upper side and raised and prominent on the lower side ; they are borne
on slender grooved glabrous petioles usually about half an inch long and more or less winged above.
The stipules are linear, straight or faleate, and finely glandular-serrate. On vigorous leading shoots the
leaves are often oval or broadly ovate, and frequently three inches long and two and a half inches
wide, with foliaceous, lunate, stalked, coarsely glandular-dentate stipules often an inch in length.
The flowers are one third of an inch in diameter, and are produced on slender elongated pedicels, in
broad loose thin-branched many-flowered compound corymbs which are pubescent or puberulous at
first but soon become glabrous, and are furnished with small linear glandular-serrate caducous bracts
and bractlets. The calyx-tube is narrowly obconic, coated particularly toward the base with long matted
pale hairs, and the lobes are narrow, acuminate, coarsely glandular-serrate, glabrous on the outer
surface, villose on the inner surface, and reflexed when the flowers open. There are ten stamens with
slender elongated filaments and small rose-colored anthers, and two or three styles surrounded at the
base by a narrow ring of pale tomentum. The fruit, which ripens early in October but does not fall
until November, hangs on the elongated pedicels, in loose drooping many-fruited clusters ; it is globose,
bright scarlet, slightly pruinose, marked by occasional large pale dots, and about a third of an inch
in diameter ; the calyx-cavity is deep and narrow, and the lobes are much enlarged, coarsely glandular-
serrate, and often deciduous before the fruit becomes entirely ripe; the flesh is thin, yellow, dry, and
mealy. The two or three nutlets are thick and broad, rounded and conspicuously ridged on the back,
with prominent grooved ridges, and about a quarter of an inch long.

Crategus pratensis grows in open woods near the banks of small streams in the prairie region of

82 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACE,

Stark and Peoria counties, Illinois. It was first distinguished in May, 1895, by Mr. Virginius H.
Chase.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Piate DCLVIII. Cratmcus PRATENSIS.
1. A flowering branch, natural size.

- Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

. A calyx-lobe, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. A fruit divided transversely, natural size.

. A nutlet, front view, enlarged.

Im OF RP W bb

. A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

Silva of North America.

Tab. DCLVIII.

Ww
v Lie Ly
| ] W/

| | |
“W{ =
"\ \Ry
Wait

CL. Faawon det. fapine se.

CRATAGUS PRATENSIS, Sarg.

A. Frocreua: direa* Imp. J. Taneur, Pariz.

ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 83

CRATAiGUS MOLLIS.

Red Haw.

STAMENS 20; anthers light yellow. Leaves broadly ovate, thick and firm.

Cratzgus mollis, Scheele, Linnwa, xxi. 569 (1848).— Cratezgus subvillosa ? Torrey, Pacific R. R. Rep. iv. 86
Walpers, Ann. ii. 523. — Sargent, Silva N. Am. iv. 99 (1857). — Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 66. —
(in part), t. 182, f. 4. — Dippel, Handb. Laubholzk. ii. Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. 8. ix. 78
436. — Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 232 (in part). — Brit- (in part).
ton, Man. 521 (in part). — Gattinger, F7. Tennessee, 97. Cratazegus tomentosa, var. mollis, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 160

Cratezegus coccinea «, ? mollis, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. (in part) (1867).

i. 465 (in part) (1838).— Watson & Coulter, Gray’s
Man. ed. 6, 165 (in part).

A tree, sometimes forty feet in height, with a tall trunk often eighteen inches in diameter, and
stout wide-spreading smooth ashy gray branches forming a broad round-topped and often symmetrical
head. The bark of the trunk is thin and broken into small closely appressed scales usually dark brown
near the base of old trees and light gray on young stems. The branchlets are stout, slightly zigzag,
marked by numerous small pale lenticels, and unarmed or armed with occasional straight thick bright
chestnut-brown shining spines from one to two inches in length; when they first appear they are
covered with a thick coat of long white matted hairs, and during their first summer they are orange-
brown or reddish brown and villose, becoming glabrous and lustrous in their second year, and ultimately
dark gray-brown. The leaves are broadly ovate, acute, usually cordate or rounded at the broad base,
coarsely and generally doubly serrate, with straight glandular teeth, and more or less deeply divided
into four or five pairs of acute lateral lobes; when they unfold the upper surface is covered with short
pale hairs and the lower surface is thickly clothed with hoary tomentum ; and about half grown when
the flowers open early in May, they are then membranaceous, light yellow-green, and still hairy above
and pubescent or tomentose below ; in the autumn they are usually from three to four inches long and
broad, thick and firm in texture, dark yellow-green and slightly rugose on the upper surface, and
paler and pubescent or puberulous on the lower surface along the stout midribs and four or five pairs
of slender primary veins which extend to the points of the lobes; they are borne on stout nearly
terete petioles tomentose at first, ultimately pubescent or nearly glabrous, often slightly glandular, with
small dark caducous glands, and from an inch to an inch and a quarter in length. The stipules
are lanceolate, acuminate, straight or falcate, coarsely serrate, and frequently half an inch in length.
On vigorous shoots the leaves are more deeply lobed, with a deeper basal sinus than the leaves of
fertile branchlets, and frequently five or six inches long and broad, with foliaceous lunate coarsely
serrate stipules sometimes an inch in length. The flowers are an inch in diameter and are borne in
broad thick-branched compound many-flowered tomentose corymbs, with conspicuous oblong-obovate
acuminate glandular-serrate slightly villose bracts and _bractlets which are at first pale green, and turn
red or brown in fading. The calyx-tube is narrowly obconic and covered with hoary tomentum, and
the lobes are narrow, acuminate, coarsely glandular-serrate, with bright red glands, villose on the outer
surface, tomentose on the inner surface, and reflexed after the petals fall. There are twenty stamens
with large light yellow anthers, and four or usually five styles surrounded at the base by a broad
ring of hoary tomentum. The fruit ripens late in August and in September, and is borne on stout
pedicels, in drooping few-fruited villose clusters ; it is short-oblong or subglobose, full and rounded at
the ends, more or less pubescent, scarlet, marked by occasional large pale dots, from three quarters

84 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEA.

of an inch to an inch in diameter, and surmounted by the prominent hairy calyx, with a broad deep
cavity and enlarged erect and incurved lobes which mostly fall before the fruit ripens; the flesh is
thick, yellow, subacid, dry, and mealy. The four or usually five nutlets are thin, rounded and some-

times obscurely ridged on the back, light brown, and a quarter of an inch long.’
Crategus mollis grows in low rich soil usually on the bottom-lands of streams, and is distributed
from northern Ohio? to eastern Dakota* and Nebraska,* eastern Kansas, and central Tennessee.

1 In the fourth volume of this work several Thorn-trees which tiliefolia, Lange (Rev. Gen. et Spec. Crategi, 31), is not distin-
are now believed to be distinct species were united with the Cra- guishable from specimens of Cratcegus mollis gathered in Illinois.
teegus mollis of Scheele, originally described from specimens gath- 2 E. L. Moseley, Perkins, Essex County, 1895.
ered in Illinois. Scheele’s description leaves little doubt of the 8 D. H. Saunders, Bull. 64, South Dakota Agric. College, 157
identity of his species with the common large-fruited Thorn of (Ferns and Flowering Plants of South Dakota).

Illinois and the neighboring states, which I now call Crategus * Bessey, Rep. Neb. State Board Agric. 1899, 87 (The Forests
mollis, although it does not include an account of the flowers. and Forest Trees of Nebraska).

A flowering specimen of a tree cultivated in Germany, sent to me 5 A. Gattinger, without date.
by Professor Koehne of Berlin as a representative of Crataegus

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puate DCLIX. Cratr#eus MOLLIS.

. A flowering branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

. A calyx-lobe, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

Cross section of a fruit showing the nutlets, natural size.
. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.

. A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

. A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

WOWOAATAP ww

. A leaf of a shoot, somewhat reduced in size.

Silva of North America. . Tab. DCLIX.

CL Faaor del, ; eee Se.

CRATA GUS MOLLIS, Scheele.

A. Riocreue diren inp. J Taneur, Paris.

ROSACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 85

CRATAIGUS ARKANSANA.

Red Haw.

STAMENS 20; anthers pale yellow. Leaves oblong-ovate to oval, acute, coriaceous,
dull dark green.

Crategus Arkansana, Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxxi. 223 (1901).

A tree, twenty feet in height, with a tall straight stem covered with pale scaly bark, and thick
slightly ascending and wide-spreading branches forming a broad open irregular head. The branchlets
are very stout, somewhat zigzag, marked by many small pale lenticels, and unarmed or armed with
occasional straight light chestnut-brown shining spines gradually narrowed from broad bases, and
usually from one third to one half of an inch in length; dark green and covered when they first appear
with long pale hairs, at midsummer the lateral fertile branchlets are coated with rusty pubescence, and
the leading shoots are often glabrous and light orange-brown and lustrous, and during their first winter
the branchlets are orange-brown and very lustrous, becoming ashy gray in their second year. The
winter-buds are acute, about an eighth of an inch long, nearly as broad as they are long, dark red, and
puberulous along the margins of the outer scales. The leaves are oblong-ovate or oval, acute at the
apex, broadly cuneate, rounded or truncate at the base, usually divided above the middle into three or
four pairs of short broad acute lobes, and serrate, sometimes to the base, with short straight glandular
teeth ; when the flowers open about the middle of May they are nearly one third grown and are
coated with soft white hairs which are most abundant on the under surface of the midribs and veins,
and in the autumn they are thick and leathery, dull dark green and glabrous on the upper surface, pale
yellow-green on the lower surface, from two to three inches in length and from an inch and three
quarters to two inches in width, with stout light yellow midribs and primary veins deeply impressed
above and slightly villose below, with scattered pale hairs, and conspicuous secondary veins and reticulate
veinlets ; they are borne on stout deeply grooved petioles more or less winged toward the apex, glandular,
with minute usually deciduous dark glands, at first tomentose but ultimately glabrous or puberulous,
generally dark red after midsummer, and from an inch to an inch and a half long. The stipules
are glandular-serrate, villose, linear-lanceolate or narrowly obovate, and about half an inch long. On
vigorous leading shoots the leaves are usually broadly ovate, rounded or truncate at the base, and often
four inches long and three inches wide, with foliaceous, lunate, coarsely glandular-dentate stipules
sometimes nearly an inch in length. Late in October or early in November the leaves turn bright
clear yellow. The flowers are an inch in diameter, and are produced on short stout pedicels, in broad
rather compact many-flowered thin-branched villose compound corymbs, with oblong-obovate and acute
or linear-lanceolate finely glandular-serrate often persistent bracts and bractlets. The calyx-tube is
narrowly obconic, coated with long matted pale hairs, and the lobes are short, acute, very coarsely
glandular-serrate, and glabrous or slightly villose. There are twenty stamens with slender filaments
and large pale yellow anthers, and five styles. The fruit, which ripens at the end of October, and then
remaining on the branches for several weeks falls gradually, hangs in few-fruited drooping clusters, on
stout villose pedicels; it is oblong or rarely obovate, full and rounded and slightly tomentose at the
ends, bright crimson, very lustrous, marked by few large dark dots, from three quarters of an inch
to an inch long, and about three quarters of an inch thick ; the calyx-cavity is deep but comparatively
narrow, and the lobes are small, linear-lanceolate, coarsely glandular-serrate, red on the upper side
toward the base, erect, and persistent; the flesh is thick, yellow, and subacid. The five nutlets are

86 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEZ.

small in comparison to the size of the fruit, thin, rounded, or slightly and irregularly ridged on the
back, and a third of an inch long.

First distinguished from trees in the Arnold Arboretum raised from seeds collected in 1883 in
Newport, Arkansas, by Mr. George W. Letterman, Crataegus Arkansana has not been rediscovered.
Perfectly hardy in eastern Massachusetts, where it has grown rapidly to a large size, this handsome
tree is unsurpassed late in the autumn in the beauty of its large brilliant and abundant fruits, which
remain on the branches long after those of the other species of this group have disappeared, and make

it one of the most desirable garden plants of the genus.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Pirate DCLX. Cratzeus ARKANSANA.
. The end of a flowering branch, natural size.
. Vertical section of a flower, natural size.
. A fruiting branch, natural size.
. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.
. Cross section of a fruit showing the nutlets, natural size.
. A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

NID OF BR CO De

. A nutlet, front view, enlarged.

Silva of North America. Tab DCLX
ab. .

CRATH GUS ARKANSANA, Saré.

A.Riocreusw direco? Imp. J Taneur, Paris.

ROSACE, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 87

CRATAiGUS SERA.

Haw.
STAMENS 20; anthers pale yellow. Leaves oblong-ovate, membranaceous.
Cratzgus sera, Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxxiii. 115 (1902).

A tree, from thirty to forty feet in height, with a tall straight trunk twelve or eighteen inches
in diameter covered with pale slightly fissured bark, and thick branches forming a broad round-
topped symmetrical head. The branchlets are slender, somewhat agzag, marked by small oblong pale
lenticels, and unarmed, or armed with occasional straight slightly curved bright chestnut-brown lustrous
spines from an inch and a quarter to an inch and a half in length; coated when they first appear with
thick hoary tomentum, they are light red-brown and puberulous during their first summer, and ulti-
mately pale orange-brown. The leaves are oblong-ovate, acute at the apex, rounded, truncate or
slightly cordate, particularly on vigorous shoots, at the broad base, irregularly divided into four or five
pairs of short acute lateral lobes, and sharply and sometimes doubly serrate nearly to the base, with
straight glandular teeth; unfolding about the first of May with the opening of the flowers, they are
then covered above with short soft white hairs and coated below with thick hoary tomentum ; and at
maturity they are membranaceous, dark yellow-green and glabrous on the upper surface, pubescent
on the lower surface, from two to four inches long and from two and a half to three inches wide,
with slender midribs slightly impressed above and thin remote primary veins extending to the points
of the lobes; they are borne on slender tomentose ultimately pubescent petioles which vary from an
inch to an inch and a half in length. The stipules are linear, acute, glandular-serrate, villose, a quarter
of an inch long, and on vigorous leading shoots often lunate, abruptly acuminate, and half an inch in
length. The flowers are three quarters of an inch in diameter, and are borne in compact compound
many-flowered tomentose corymbs, with lanceolate or oblanceolate coarsely glandular-serrate villose or
tomentose bracts and bractlets. The calyx-tube is broadly obconic and coated with long matted pale
hairs, and the lobes are broad, acute or acuminate, glandular-serrate, with large dark glands, tomentose
on the outer surface, and villose on the inner surface. There are twenty stamens with pale yellow
anthers, and four or usually five styles. The fruit ripens about the first of October and is borne on
stout puberulous pedicels, in drooping few-fruited clusters; it is obovate or oblong, dull dark red,
marked by small pale dots, usually slightly villose or pubescent at the ends, two thirds of an inch
long and half an inch wide; the calyx-cavity is broad and shallow, and the lobes are enlarged, coarsely
glandular-serrate, erect and incurved, and often deciduous before the ripening of the fruit; the flesh
is thick, yellow, dry, and mealy. The four or usually five nutlets are thin, light brown, irregularly
depressed on the back, with broad shallow grooves, and a quarter of an inch in length.

Crategus sera grows in low moist ground in the neighborhood of streams on Belle Isle in the
Detroit River, Michigan, and near Chicago, Illinois, on the bottoms of the Calumet and Desplaines

rivers.!

1 T first noticed this handsome Thorn-tree on Belle Isle in May, sera will be found to be common in southern Michigan, northern
1899. It had been previously collected by Mr. E. J. Hill in rich Indiana, and northern and central Illinois. From Crategus mollis it
woods adjacent to the Calumet River in 1896 and 1897, and near differs in its more oblong and much thinner leaves and in its late
Glendon Park on the Desplaines River in 1900. Itis probable that ripening fruit.
it has often been confounded with Crategus mollis, and that Crategus

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

PLuate DCLXI. Cratacus sERA.
A flowering branch, natural size.
Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
A calyx-lobe, enlarged.
. A fruiting branch, natural size.
Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.
. Cross section of a fruit, natural size.

. A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

OANA PE wD H

. A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

Silva of North America. : | Tab. DCLXI.

CL. Fazon del, ; Lartauad sc.

GRATAGUS SERA, Saré.

A.Riocreuxc dares * tinp. J. Taneur, Paris.

ROSACEZ:. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 89

CRATAiGUS CANADENSIS.

Haw.
STAMENS 20; anthers white. Leaves ovate, cuneate at the base.
Crategus Canadensis, Sargent, Rhodora, iii. 73 (1901).

A tree, eighteen or twenty feet in height, with a trunk six or eight inches in diameter covered
with pale gray-brown scaly bark, and stout spreading branches which form a broad round-topped
symmetrical head. The branchlets are slender, conspicuously zigzag, marked by large oblong pale
lenticels, and armed with numerous stout straight or slightly curved dark chestnut-brown shining spines
which vary from two inches to two inches and a half in length ; dark green and covered with matted
pale hairs when they first appear, they become light orange-brown and very lustrous during their first
season, and turn ashy gray in their third year. The leaves are ovate, short-pointed at the apex,
broadly cuneate or, on leading shoots, truncate at the base, slightly lobed usually only above the middle,
with short broad acute lobes, and coarsely and frequently doubly serrate often nearly to the base, with
spreading glandular teeth ; in early spring they are coated above with soft white hairs and below with
dense hoary tomentum, and at maturity they are thin but firm in texture, blue-green and glabrous or
scabrous on the upper surface, pale and pubescent on the lower surface, particularly along the slender
midribs and primary veins, from two inches to two inches and a half in length and from an inch and a
half to nearly three inches in width; they are borne on slender grooved glandular petioles which are
often more or less winged above, tomentose at first but ultimately nearly glabrous, and from three
quarters of an inch to an inch long. The stipules are linear, finely glandular-serrate, from one half
to three quarters of an inch in length, and caducous. The flowers, which open at the end of May and
are about three quarters of an inch in diameter, are borne in broad loose compact thin-branched
tomentose corymbs, with linear-lanceolate glandular-serrate bracts and bractlets which become dark red
in fading. The calyx-tube is broadly obconic and villose, with long matted white hairs, and the lobes
are lanceolate, glandular, with large red stipitate glands, villose on both surfaces, and reflexed after the
flowers open. There are twenty stamens with small nearly white anthers, and five styles which are
surrounded at the base by a thin ring of pale tomentum. The fruit ripens early in October and, falling
gradually, does not entirely disappear until after midwinter ; it is borne in erect thick-stemmed slightly
villose clusters, and is short-oblong or subglobose, crimson, lustrous, marked by large scattered pale
dots, slightly villose toward the ends, from one half to five eighths of an inch long and from one
third to one half of an inch wide; the calyx-tube is prominent, with a broad deep cavity, and the
lobes, which are gradually narrowed from broad bases, are elongated, glandular, villose, spreading or
reflexed, and often deciduous before the fruit ripens; the flesh is thin, pale yellow, dry, and mealy.
The five nutlets are thin, rounded, and irregularly ridged on the back, and about a quarter of an inch
in length.

Crategus Canadensis inhabits limestone ridges near the St. Lawrence River at Chateaugay,
Caughnawaga, and La Tortue, in the Province of Quebec, where it was found in October, 1899, by Mr.
J. G. Jack.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puate DCLXII. Cratmaus CANADENSIS.

- Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

o> oP oo bw

A flowering branch, natural size.

. A calyx-lobe, enlarged.
. A fruiting branch, natural size.

Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.

. Cross section of a fruit, natural size.

Silva of North America.

Tab. DCLXII.

GLEFaaon del. TAPine se.

CRATAHGUS CANADENSIS, Sarg.

4. Piocrewue direa = lmp. J. Taneur Paris.

ROSACE. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 91

CRATAiGUS BERLANDIERI.

Haw.

STAMENS 20; anthers yellow. Leaves oblong-obovate to oval, gradually narrowed
and cuneate below, thin, dark green, and lustrous.

Crategus Berlandieri, Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxxi. 230 (1901).

A tree, from fifteen to twenty feet in height, with a tall straight stem eight or ten inches in
diameter covered with thin dark brown furrowed bark, and spreading branches forming a broad open
head. The branchlets are slender, slightly zigzag, marked by occasional oblong dark lenticels, and
unarmed, or armed with few straight gray spines about an inch in length; coated with hoary tomentum
when they first appear, they become puberulous, dull reddish brown or yellow-brown by midsummer,
and ashy gray late in the autumn or during the following season. The leaves are oblong-obovate or
oval, acute or acuminate at the apex, and gradually narrowed, cuneate and entire below the middle,
unequally divided above into numerous acute or acuminate lobes, and coarsely and often doubly serrate,
with broad straight or incurved gland-tipped teeth; when the flowers open from the middle to the end
of March they are coated above with short pale caducous hairs, and below with thick hoary tomentum ;
and at maturity they are thin but firm in texture, glabrous, dark green, and very lustrous on the upper
surface, pale and pubescent below, and usually about three inches long and two inches wide, with slender
midribs, remote primary veins extending to the points of the lobes and only slightly impressed on the
upper side, conspicuous secondary veins, and reticulate veinlets; they are borne on stout petioles more
or less winged toward the apex, tomentose at first but finally pubescent, and from one half to three
quarters of an inch in length. The stipules are falcate, long-pointed, entire or finely glandular-serrate,
villose, and about a quarter of an inch long. On vigorous leading shoots the leaves are often five
inches long and three inches wide, with rounded or acute lobes, and foliaceous, lunate, coarsely
glandular-dentate stipules frequently half an inch in length. The flowers are three quarters of an inch
in diameter, and are produced on stout elongated pedicels covered with hoary tomentum, which also
clothes the stout lax branches of the broad loose many-flowered compound corymbs, with oblong-obovate
or lanceolate finely glandular-serrate villose conspicuous bracts and bractlets. The calyx-tube is broadly
obconic, covered with thick pale tomentum, and the lobes are broad, acute, very coarsely glandular-
serrate, tomentose on the outer surface, villose on the inner surface, and reflexed after the flowers open.
There are twenty stamens with slender elongated filaments and small yellow anthers, and five styles
surrounded at the base by tufts of white hairs. The fruit, which ripens after the middle of October
and hangs in loose drooping clusters, is short-oblong to subglobose, scarlet, and about half an inch
long ; the calyx-cavity is deep and broad, and the much enlarged lobes are coarsely serrate, villose, erect,
and persistent ; the flesh is thin, yellow, dry, and mealy. The five nutlets are rounded and occasionally
obscurely grooved on the back, and about a quarter of an inch long.

Crategus Berlandieri inhabits low rich woods on the bottom-lands of the Brazos River near
Columbia and Brazoria, Texas, where it is not common and where it was first collected’ in 1828 by
Berlandier,? whose specimens of this handsome tree were usually referred to Crategus tomentosa until

the collections made by Mr. B. F. Bush* in 1899 and 1900 showed its true characters.

1 As shown by Berlandier’s specimens in Herb. Gray (Nos. 267 2 See i. 82.
and 356). 3 See vii. 110.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Piate DCLXIII. Cratzacus BERLANDIERI.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

ON AMR wh

A flowering branch, natural size.

. A calyx-lobe, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.
Cross section of a fruit, natural size.
A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

“Silva of North America. Tab. DCLXIII

wert - ae L V

MW
N

pen

Wy INNS

LE Fazon ded, LAPIN SO.

CRATHGUS BERLANDIERI, Sarg.

4. Riocreua direa =! imp. J Taneur, Paris.

ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 93

CRATAiGUS TEXANA.

Scarlet Haw.
STAMENS 20; anthers dark red. Leaves broadly ovate, cuneate at the base.

Crategus Texana, Buckley, Proc. Phil. Acad. 1861, Cratzgus mollis, Gray, Proc. Phil. Acad. 1862, 163 (not
454. — Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxxi. 225. Scheele). — Sargent, Silva N. Am. iv. 99 (in part).

A tree, often thirty feet in height, with a tall trunk sometimes a foot in diameter covered with
dark closely appressed scales, and thick branches which ascending while the tree is young form an open
irregular crown and spread in old age into a broad symmetrical round-topped head. The branchlets
are slender, slightly zigzag, marked by large oblong pale lenticels, and armed with occasional thin nearly
straight bright chestnut-brown lustrous spines usually about two inches in length, or often unarmed ;
dark bronze green and villose when they first appear, they soon become dull reddish brown, and,
growing lighter-colored in their second season, are ultimately pale ashy gray. The leaves are broadly
ovate, acute or rarely rounded at the apex, broadly concave-cuneate or on leading shoots sometimes
truncate or slightly cordate at the entire base, coarsely and doubly glandular-serrate, and usually divided
above the middle into four or five pairs of wide acute lobes ; when they unfold they are covered above
with short soft pale hairs, and below with a thick coat of hoary tomentum, and are more than half
grown when the flowers open late in March; at maturity they are from three to four inches long
and from two and a half to three inches wide, thick and firm in texture, dark green and lustrous
on the upper surface, pale and pubescent or tomentose on the lower surface, particularly along the
stout light-colored midribs and primary veins and on the prominent secondary veins and reticulate
veinlets ; they are borne on stout deeply grooved petioles which are more or less winged above, at first
tomentose but ultimately nearly glabrous, and from one half to three quarters of an inch in length.
The stipules are lunate, apiculate, often stalked, coarsely serrate, and from an inch and a quarter to an
inch and a half in length. The flowers are three quarters of an inch in diameter, and are produced
on elongated slender pedicels, in broad open many-flowered compound tomentose corymbs, with oblong
or oblong-obovate broad acute villose conspicuous bracts and bractlets often half an inch long. The
calyx-tube is broadly obconic and coated with pale tomentum, and the lobes are foliaceous, gradually
narrowed from broad bases, acuminate, coarsely glandular-serrate, villose, with long matted pale hairs,
and reflexed after the flowers open. There are twenty stamens with large dark red anthers, and five
styles surrounded at the base by a narrow ring of pale tomentum. The fruit ripens toward the end of
October, and is borne in drooping many-fruited tomentose ultimately glabrous clusters; pear-shaped
and tomentose until nearly grown, when fully ripe it is short-oblong or slightly obovate, rounded at
the ends, bright scarlet, marked by occasional large pale dots, puberulous toward the apex, and from
three quarters of an inch to an inch in length, with a broad deep calyx-cavity and much enlarged
glandular-serrate usually erect lobes dark red at the base on the upper side, and often deciduous before
the ripening of the fruit; the flesh is thick, yellow, sweet, and edible. The five nutlets are thick,
slightly grooved on the back, and from one quarter to one third of an inch in length.

Crategus Tecana inhabits rich bottom-lands in central and western Texas, where it was first
distinguished by Mr. 8S. B. Buckley.’

1 See iii. 3.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puate DCLXIV. Cratacus TEXANA.

. A flowering branch, natural size.
Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
. A calyx-lobe, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.

Cross section of a fruit, natural size.

TAA Tr WON

A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

ioe)

. A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

Silva of North America.

Tab. DCLXIV.

\ . eS

cr 4

CL Faxon dat . Lapin se,

CRATAGUS TEXANA, Buckl.

Aftiocreut adiren”™ imp. J Taneur, Pari.

ROSACEZ, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 95

CRATAGUS QUERCINA.

Haw.

STAMENS 20; anthers dark red. Leaves oval to obovate, membranaceous, dark
green and lustrous above, canescent below.

Cratzgus quercina, Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. Crateegus Columbiana, Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxxi. 229
xviii. pt. i. 27 (1902). (not Howell) (1901).

A tree, remarkable in early spring for the lustre of the white coating of tomentum on the
branchlets and under side of the leaves, occasionally twenty-five feet in height, with a tall trunk from
six to eight inches in diameter, and ascending branches which form a broad symmetrical head. The bark
of the trunk, which is ight gray and broken into small closely appressed scales, becomes near the base
of old trees deeply furrowed and nearly black. The branchlets are slender, somewhat zigzag, marked
by many small lenticels, and armed with numerous straight or slightly curved chestnut-brown lustrous
spines usually from an inch to an inch and a quarter in length; coated when they first appear with
hoary tomentum, they become light red-brown and more or less villose during their first season, glabrous
and rather darker in their second year, and ultimately pale ashy gray. The leaves vary from oval to
obovate and are usually acute or occasionally rounded at the apex, full and rounded and gradually or
abruptly narrowed to the entire base, and irregularly doubly serrate above, with slender glandular teeth ;
they are conspicuously plicate when they unfold, and the upper surface, which is coated with long soft
pale hairs, is then often dark red and the lower surface is covered with a thick coat of silvery white
shining tomentum ; and at maturity they are thin but firm in texture, dark green, lustrous and scabrous
above, pale and pubescent or tomentose below, and from two inches to two inches and a half long and
broad, with slender midribs and four or five pairs of thin primary veins only slightly impressed on the
upper side and conspicuous reticulate veinlets ; they are borne on stout tomentose petioles about half an
inch long, and their stipules are narrow, falcate, acuminate, and finely glandular-serrate. On leading
shoots the leaves are broadly ovate or oblong-oval, full and rounded at the base, somewhat divided into
three or four pairs of short acute lobes, and frequently four inches long and broad, with foliaceous
lunate coarsely glandular-dentate stipitate stipules frequently three quarters of an inch in length.
The flowers open from the middle to the end of March when the leaves are only about one third
grown, and are three quarters of an inch in diameter; they are produced on long slender pedicels, in
broad many-flowered thin-branched lax corymbs covered with hoary tomentum, with oblong-obovate
glandular-serrate villose bracts and bractlets acute or rounded and apiculate at the apex. The calyx-
tube is narrowly obconic and coated with hoary tomentum, and the lobes are short, acute, coarsely
glandular-serrate, tomentose on both surfaces, and reflexed after the flowers open. There are twenty
stamens with slender elongated filaments and small dark red anthers, and five styles surrounded at the
base by tufts of long snow-white hairs. The fruit ripens after the middle of October and hangs in
few-fruited tomentose spreading clusters; it is subglobose but often rather longer than broad, full and
rounded at the ends, tomentose until nearly fully grown but glabrous at maturity, dark red, marked
by numerous large pale dots, and about one half of an inch in diameter ; the calyx is prominent, with
a broad deep cavity and short spreading often deciduous lobes ; the flesh is thin, hght yellow, hard, and
dry, and generally shrivels before the fruit falls. The five nutlets are rounded and usually ridged on
the back, and about a quarter of an inch long.

Crategus quercina inhabits the sandy bottom-lands of the Brazos River at Columbia, Texas, where
it grows in open Live Oak forests and where it was discovered in November, 1899, by Mr. B. F. Bush.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Prate DCLXV. CratzcGus QUERCINA.
1. A flowering branch, natural size.

Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

. A calyx-lobe, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

Cross section of a fruit, natural size.

. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.

. A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

DNA TP wD

. A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

Silva of North America.

Tab. DCLXV.

CE. Faawon del, : Lartaud se.

CRATAGUS QUERCINA Ashe.

A. Riocreua dires? imp. J. Taneur, Paris.

ROSACEE. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 97

CRATAiGUS PYRIFORMIS.

Haw.

STAMENS 20; anthers pale rose color. Leaves oval to broadly ovate, cuneate at

the base.
Crategus pyriformis, Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. i. 449 (1900) ; Man. 522.

A tree, twenty-five or thirty feet in height, with a trunk a foot in diameter covered with thick dark
scaly bark, and spreading branches forming a broad symmetrical head. The branchlets are slender,
somewhat zigzag, marked by small oblong pale lenticels, and armed with occasional thin nearly straight
bright chestnut-brown lustrous spines usually about an inch and a half in length; light green and
villose when they first appear, with long matted pale hairs, they are dull red-brown and pubescent in
their first summer, light brown and glabrous the following year, and ultimately ashy gray. The leaves
are oval or broadly ovate, acute and often short-pointed at the apex, gradually narrowed and concave-
cuneate at the entire base, sharply and sometimes doubly serrate above, with straight glandular teeth,
and often slightly and irregularly lobed above the middle; when the flowers open about the tenth of
May they are fully grown and membranaceous, light yellow-green, roughened on the upper surface by
short rigid pale hairs and pubescent on the lower surface, particularly along the slender midribs and five
or six pairs of remote primary veins; and at maturity they are thin and firm, lustrous and scabrous on
the upper surface, pale and pubescent on the lower surface, and generally about three inches long and
two inches wide ; they are borne on slender grooved tomentose ultimately pubescent petioles broadened at
the apex by the decurrent bases of the leaf-blades, and from an inch to an inch and a quarter in length.
The stipules are minute, linear-lanceolate, bright red, and caducous. On vigorous leading shoots the
leaves are usually ovate, coarsely serrate, more deeply lobed than the leaves of fertile branchlets, and
frequently four or five inches long and three or four inches wide, with foliaceous lunate acuminate
villose coarsely serrate stipules sometimes half an inch long. The flowers are an inch in diameter, and
are produced on elongated slender tomentose pedicels, in broad compound many-flowered lax corymbs,
with linear-lanceolate or oblanceolate glandular-serrate elongated caducous bracts and bractlets. The
calyx-tube is narrowly obconic and villose, and the lobes are narrow, acuminate, glandular-serrate, and
more or less villose. There are twenty stamens with pale rose-colored anthers, and four or usually five
styles surrounded at the base by a broad ring of white tomentum. The fruit ripens in October, and
hangs on long slender pubescent pedicels, in drooping few-fruited clusters; it is obovate, full and
rounded at the ends, bright cherry-red, lustrous, marked by occasional large pale dots, and about five
eighths of an inch long and one half of an inch wide; the calyx is prominent, with a broad shallow
cavity, and linear glandular-serrate closely appressed lobes often deciduous before the fruit ripens ; the
flesh is thin, light yellow, and juicy. The four or usually five nutlets are deeply divided along the back
into two rounded ridges, dark brown, and five eighths of an inch in length.

Crategus pyriformis grows on the rich bottom-lands of streams in Ripley County, southeastern
Missouri, where it was discovered near Monteer in August, 1899, by Mr. B. F. Bush.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

PuateE DCLXVI. CRATHGUS PYRIFORMIS.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

OrAInaep wr

A flowering branch, natural size.

A calyx-lobe, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.
. Cross section of a fruit, natural size.

. A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

. A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

Silva of North America | Tab. DCLXVI.

CE. Fazon del. , . Lartaud sc..
CRATACUS PYRIFORMIS, Britt.

A Riocreun direz* limp. J Taneur, Paris.

ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

CRATAiGUS CORUSCA.

Haw.
STAMENS 20; anthers pale pink. Leaves ovate, firm, bright, and shining.
Crategus corusca, Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxxiii. 117 (1902).

A tree, eighteen or twenty feet in height, with a tall trunk eight or ten inches in diameter, and
wide-spreading branches which form a handsome symmetrical head. The bark of the trunk is thin,
light gray-brown, and broken into small closely appressed scales. The branchlets are stout, marked by
numerous small white lenticels, and armed with thick nearly straight bright chestnut-brown spines often
three inches in length; dark green and coated with matted pale hairs when they first appear, during
their first summer they become bright red-brown, and in their second year light orange-brown and very
lustrous. The leaves are ovate, acute, truncate, rounded or slightly cordate at the broad base, regularly
divided into four or five pairs of short acute lateral lobes, and doubly serrate, with straight slender
glandular teeth ; in early spring they are covered on the upper surface with short soft pale hairs and
are glabrous on the lower surface, and at maturity, although thin, they are firm and rigid in texture,
glabrous, dark yellow-green and very bright and shining above, pale yellow-green below, and from
two inches to two inches and a half long and wide, with slender pale midribs and primary veins only
slightly impressed on the upper side; they are borne on slender, nearly terete, slightly grooved petioles
which, villose at first, soon become glabrous and dark red below the middle, and are from one inch and
a half to two inches and a half in length. The stipules are narrowly obovate, acute, and coarsely
glandular-serrate. On vigorous leading shoots the leaves are frequently divided into narrow acute
lobes, and are from three and a half to four inches long and wide, with lunate coarsely dentate
stipules from one half to three quarters of an inch broad. The flowers, which are three quarters of an
inch in diameter, open about the middle of May and are borne in compact rather narrow compound
many-flowered corymbs covered with matted pale hairs, and furnished with linear-lanceolate or narrowly
obovate glandular-serrate bracts and bractlets. The calyx-tube is broadly obconic, and glabrous or
villose below, and the lobes, which are gradually narrowed from broad bases, are acute, coarsely
glandular-serrate, and villose on the inner surface. There are twenty stamens with small pale pink
anthers, and four or five styles. The fruit begins to ripen and fall about the twentieth of September,
and continues to fall until the end of October; it is borne in glabrous drooping few-fruited clusters on
stout pedicels which vary from three quarters of an inch to nearly an inch in length; it is oblong
or obovate, bright cherry-red, lustrous, marked by scattered dark dots, from five eighths to three
quarters of an inch in length and from one half to five eighths of an inch in width; the calyx-cavity is
deep but comparatively narrow, and the lobes are gradually narrowed, acute, slightly glandular-serrate,
and usually deciduous before the fruit ripens; the flesh is thick, yellow, dry, and mealy. The four or
five nutlets are dark-colored, rounded on the back, and a quarter of an inch long.

Crataegus corusca inhabits the sandy shores of Lake Zurich in Lake County, Illinois, where it was

discovered in September, 1899, by Mr. E. J. Hill.’

1 Ellsworth Jerome Hill (December 1, 1833) was born at Le
Roy, New York, where his father, a descendant of one of the colo-
nists from England who settled at Guilford, under Nathaniel Whit-
field, had moved from Middlesex County, Connecticut. An early
love of reading induced his parents to allow the boy to attend a
village academy during the winter months with the idea of his

becoming a teacher ; the summers were spent in helping his father
in farm work. In order to secure a college education he engaged
in teaching while still a boy, but his health breaking down he was
obliged to reside for three years in the south, and it was not until
1860 that Mr. Hill entered the Union Theological Seminary in the
city of New York. Graduating three years later, he went to Illinois

100

and engaged in pastoral work in the Presbyterian Church until
1869, when ill health compelled him to retire. Two years later he
became a teacher again until 1888, when he found himself in a posi-
tion to devote his time to the study of botany in which he had been
interested, as well as in geology and other natural sciences, since
boyhood. Mr. Hill’s botanical work, which includes the collection
of a large herbarium and valuable library, has been carried on

chiefly in the region bordering the western shores of Lake Michi-

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

ROSACEA.

gan, especially in the neighborhood of Chicago, where he has resided
He has published the results of these studies in
many papers communicated to the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical
Club, The Botanical G‘azette, Garden and Forest, The Naturalist, and
other technical journals. For the last two or three years Mr. Hill

for several years.

has been particularly interested in the genus Crategus, in which he
has discovered a number of new and interesting forms.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puate DCLXVII. CRrat#Gus CORUSCA.

1. A flowering branch, natural size.

AD oT wv

Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

. A calyx-lobe, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.
. Cross section of a fruit, natural size.

. A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

Silva of North America.

Tab. DCLXVII.

nt www i Z4,

CLE. Facon del. Lartaud se.

CRATAGUS CORUSCA, Saré.

4. Riocreux diren e lip. 7 Taneur, Paris.

ROSACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 101

CRATAIGUS SUBMOLLIS.

Red Haw.

STAMENS 10; anthers pale yellow. Leaves ovate, acute, membranaceous, dark
yellow-green.

Crategus submollis, Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxxi.7 (1901). Cratzegus mollis, Sargent, Silva N. Am. iv. 99 (in part), t.

Cratzgus tomentosa, Emerson, Trees Mass. 435 (not Lin- 182 (not Scheele) (1892). — Koehne, Herb. Dendr. No.
neus) (1846); ed. 2, ii. 494, t. 232.

Crataegus coccinea, var. mollis, Watson & Coulter, Gray's Crateegus coccinea subvillosa, Lange, Rev. Spec. Gen.
Man. ed. 6, 165 (in part) (1890). Crategi, 31, f. (not Crategus subvillosa, Torrey) (1897).

A tree, from twenty to twenty-five feet mm height, with a tall trunk occasionally a foot in diameter
covered with light gray-brown scaly bark, and ascending or spreading ashy gray branches forming a
broad handsome head ; or often a tall intricately branched shrub. The branchlets are slender, more or
less zigzag, marked by small oblong orange-colored lenticels, and armed with numerous thin straight or
somewhat curved bright chestnut-brown shining spines from two inches and a half to three inches in
length; dark green and coated with hoary tomentum when they first appear, they become light or dark
orange-brown by midsummer, when they are still slightly tomentose, and during their first autumn they
are glabrous, lustrous, and light red-brown or dark orange-brown ; they are gray tinged with green or
pale orange-brown during their second summer, and finally slowly losing their lustre turn ashy gray. The
leaves are ovate, acute, gradually narrowed and cuneate at the nearly entire base, coarsely doubly serrate
above, with straight glandular teeth, and divided into three or four pairs of short acute lobes; at the
end of May or early in June when the flowers open they are about half grown, and are then roughened
on the upper surface by short stiff pale haus and are soft-pubescent below, particularly along the
midribs and veins, and in the autumn they are membranaceous, dark yellow-green and scabrous above,
pale below, from three inches to three inches and a half long and from two inches to two inches and a
half wide, with thick yellow midribs and remote primary veins only slightly impressed on the upper
side and puberulous on the lower side; they are borne on stout nearly terete grooved petioles more
or less winged at the apex, tomentose when they first appear, puberulous at maturity, often bright red
toward the base, and from one to two inches long. The stipules vary from linear to narrowly obovate
and are acute, glandular-serrate, tomentose, and from one third to one half of an inch in length. On
vigorous leading shoots the leaves are broadly ovate, cuneate, rounded, truncate or occasionally slightly
cordate at the base, often four inches long and from three inches to three inches and a half wide, with
lunate coarsely glandular-dentate stipules frequently nearly an inch in length. The flowers are an inch
in diameter, in broad many-flowered thick-branched tomentose compound corymbs, with narrowly obovate
acute coarsely glandular-serrate tomentose bracts and bractlets. The calyx-tube is narrowly obconic
and covered with a thick coat of long matted white hairs, and the lobes are gradually narrowed from
broad bases and are acute, glandular, with large red stipitate glands, glabrous, or sometimes villose on
the outer surface, and usually spreading when the flowers open. There are ten stamens with slender
elongated filaments and small pale yellow anthers, and from three to five styles surrounded at the base
by a narrow ring of long white hairs. The fruit, which ripens and falls in Massachusetts during the
first half of September, hangs on elongated slender villose pedicels, in broad gracefully drooping many-
fruited clusters; it is pear-shaped, bright orange-red, lustrous, marked by large scattered pale dots,
puberulous toward the base, and about three quarters of an inch long; the calyx is much enlarged,
and persistent, with a broad deep cavity and erect coarsely glandular-serrate lobes ; the flesh is yellow,

102 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEA

he nutlets, which are usually five in number, are rounded and slightly

thin, subacid, dry, and mealy. T
ridged on the back, and about a third of an inch in length.

Crategus submollis inhabits rich damp hillsides and the borders of woods and roads, and is dis-
tributed from the valley of the St. Lawrence River, where it has been found near Montreal and the city
cot River and Gerrish Island, Maine, and to eastern Massachusetts,

of Quebec, to the valley of the Penobs
e neighborhood of the coast, it is not common.!

where, although widely scattered in th

cuneate leaves, in its ten not twenty stamens, in its much less down
smaller pear-shaped fruits drooping on slender pedicels, and if
the color of its branchlets. Figure 4 on plate elxxxii. represents
one of the subglobose fruits of Crataegus mollis.

1 It was this species which appears as Crategus mollis on plate
elxxxii. in the fourth volume of this work, for it was then supposed
that the Massachusetts tree was identical with the Crategus mollis
of the Mississippi basin. From that species it is now known to dif-
fer in its smaller and less tomentose more deeply lobed and usually

ROSACE. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 103

CRATAIGUS ARN OLDIANA.
Scarlet Haw.

STAMENS 10; anthers pale yellow. Leaves ovate or rarely oval, thin, dark green,
and lustrous.
Cratzegus Arnoldiana, Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxxi. 221 (1901).

A tree, from fifteen to twenty feet in height, with a short trunk ten or twelve inches in diameter,
and stout ascending branches which form a broad open irregular head. The bark of young stems and
large branches is thin, smooth, and light gray, but near the base of old trunks it becomes nearly black
and is broken into large closely appressed thick scales. The branchlets are slender, very zigzag, and
armed with many stout straight or slightly curved bright chestnut-brown shining spines which vary from
two inches and a half to three inches in length and retain their brilliancy for four or five years ; clothed
with long matted pale hairs when they first appear and marked by numerous large oblong pale lenticels,
the branchlets become dark orange-brown and very lustrous before midsummer, glabrous or puberulous
during their first winter, bright orange-brown or gray-brown during their second season, and finally ashy
gray. The winter-buds are oblong, gradually narrowed to the obtuse apex, bright red and lustrous, and
about three sixteenths of an inch long. The leaves are broadly ovate or rarely oval, acute at the apex,
irregularly divided above the middle into numerous short acute lobes, and coarsely doubly serrate, with
straight glandular teeth except at the rounded truncate or occasionally cuneate base; when they unfold
they are coated with dense matted pale hairs, and at maturity are membranaceous, smooth, very dark
green and lustrous on the upper surface, paler on the lower surface, from two to three inches long and
broad, and slightly villose on the under side of the slender midribs and the thin although prominent
remote primary veins which extend to the points of the lobes and are but little impressed above; they
are borne on slender nearly terete petioles which vary from three quarters of an inch to an inch and a
half in length, and at first densely villose are ultimately puberulous. The stipules are linear, coarsely
glandular-serrate, often an inch long, and caducous. The flowers, which are three quarters of an inch
in diameter, open during the last week in May and are borne on slender pedicels, in broad compound
many-flowered thin-branched tomentose corymbs, with lanceolate or oblanceolate coarsely glandular-serrate
bracts. The calyx-tube is broadly obconic and densely tomentose, and the lobes are narrow, elongated,
acuminate, glandular-serrate, villose on both surfaces, and reflexed after the flowers open. There are
ten stamens with slender filaments and large pale yellow anthers, and from three to five but usually
three or four styles which are surrounded at the base by a broad ring of thick white tomentum. The
fruit, which ripens about the middle of August and falls before the first of September, is borne on stout
pedicels, in erect spreading or rarely drooping few-fruited villose clusters; it is subglobose, but rather
longer than broad, bright crimson, marked by numerous large pale dots, villose particularly toward
the ends, with long scattered white hairs, and three quarters of an inch long; the calyx-cavity is broad
and shallow, and the lobes are elongated, coarsely glandular-serrate, villose, wide-spreading, and often
deciduous before the fruit ripens ; the flesh is thick, bright yellow, and subacid. The three or four
nutlets are thick, light-colored, prominently ridged on the back, with high rounded ridges, and about a
quarter of an inch long.

Crategus Arnoldiana forms thickets on a dry bank in the Arnold Arboretum, where for many
years it was confounded with the Crategus mollis of Illinois, and grows in the valley of the Mystic

104

River at Medford, Massachusetts.’

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

ROSACEZ.

It is now common in parks and gardens in the neighborhood of

Boston, where it develops a tall straight stem and promises to grow to a large size.
This handsome Thorn is named in memory of James Arnold,’ through whose enlightenment and

liberality the establishment of the Arnold Arboretum was made possible.

1 Two large tree-like plants of Crategus Arnoldiana have been
found by Mr. L. L. Dame at the foot of a wooded bank on the
Mystic River near the end of Hastings Lane, West Medford.

2 James Arnold (September 9, 1781-December 3, 1868), a native
of Providence, Rhode Island, was a strong member of a strong New
England family, born neither to poverty nor riches. On October
29, 1807, he married Sarah, daughter of William Rotch, Jr., of
New Bedford, and removed to that town to become the business
partner of his father-in-law, who was engaged in whale-fishing.
Mr. Arnold devoted himself to his business with such energy and
intelligence that he was able to retire from its active pursuit with
a large fortune at the age of fifty. He was described as a man
of acute and powerful intellect, able to compel success in whatever
direction his judgment might determine. The book of nature had
probably little charm for him, although his garden was long famous
as the most beautiful in southern Massachusetts. Originally laid
out on straight rectangular lines, it was transformed by an excel-
lent Welsh gardener, Llewellyn, into a delightful retreat with wind-
ing walks and shrubbery arranged to conceal the boundaries, to
open and close vistas, and to give to an area of about three acres

an idea of extent far beyond its true dimensions.

One of Mr. Arnold’s friends was George B. Emerson, the author
of A Report on the Trees and Shrubs growing naturally in the Forests
of Massachusetts.
son’s judgment in everything that related to agriculture and horti-
culture, and there is little doubt that it was at his suggestion that

Mr. Arnold had great confidence in Mr. Emer-

this clause was inserted in Mr. Arnold’s will: “To George B.
Emerson, John James Dixwell and Francis E. Parker, Esqrs of
Boston, in trust, to be by them applied for the promotion of agri-
cultural or horticultural improvements or other philosophical or
philanthropical purposes at their discretion, and to provide for the
continuance of this Trust hereafter to such persons, on such con-
ditions as they or a majority of them may deem proper, to carry
out the intention of the donor, one and one-quarter of one of said
twenty-four parts.”

These trustees under the inspiration, no doubt, of Mr. Emerson,
seconded certainly by John James Dixwell, who was a lover and
successful cultivator of trees, conceived the idea of an arboretum
to be established in Massachusetts, and made with the Corporation
of Harvard College the arrangement by which the Arnold Arbore-
tum was secured for the University.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Pirate DCLXVIII. Crate#eus ARNOLDIANA.

1. A flowering branch, natural size.

NH SO RP w LW

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

. A calyx-lobe, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size>

. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.
. A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

- A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

_ Silva of North America.

“Tab. DCLXVIL.

J 8 =
7
ri ® 4 Dk WL
{So YY ? ¢, y/o } ir
Bina A 4 &

ry
\
rw

\
N

py A
AAV nN

CE Hazxory del.

Lovendal se.

CRATZAGUS ARNOLDIANA, Sar@.

A. Riocreuz dirext imp. J faneur, Paris.

ROSACEZE. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 105

CRATZIGUS CHAMPLAINENSIS.

Haw.

STAMENS 10; anthers light yellow. Leaves ovate, acute, thick, blue-green.
Cratzegus Champlainensis, Sargent, Rhodora, iii. 20 (1901).

A tree, from fifteen to twenty feet in height, with a tall stem eight or ten inches in diameter
covered with dark deeply fissured bark broken on the surface into thin loose plate-like scales, and
stout wide-spreading branches which form a round-topped and often symmetrical head. The branchlets
are slender, somewhat zigzag, marked by numerous large oblong pale lenticels, and armed with straight
or slightly curved chestnut-brown spines from an inch and a half to two inches in length ; light green
and coated with hoary tomentum when they first appear, they become glabrous and light chestnut-
brown and lustrous during their first season and ashy gray during their second year. The leaves are
ovate, acute, rounded, truncate, slightly cordate or broadly cuneate at the base, usually divided into
two or three pairs of short narrow acute lobes, and coarsely and frequently doubly serrate, with glandular
teeth ; in early spring they are roughened above by short pale hairs and are villose-pubescent below,
and at maturity they are thick and firm in texture, conspicuously blue-green and glabrous on the upper
surface, light yellow-green on the lower surface, which is somewhat pubescent on the slender midribs
and remote primary veins, from two inches to two inches and a half long and from an inch to an
inch and a half wide; they are borne on slender deeply grooved petioles which, more or less
tomentose at first, usually become glabrous and bright red below the middle before the autumn, and
are from three quarters of an inch to an inch in length. The flowers, which are three quarters of
an inch in diameter and open during the first week in June, are borne on short slender pedicels,
in compact few-flowered compound densely villose corymbs, with lanceolate or oblanceolate coarsely
glandular-serrate caducous bracts and bractlets. The calyx-tube is narrowly obconic and coated with
thick hoary tomentum, and the lobes are lanceolate, finely glandular-serrate, tomentose on the outer
surface usually only below the middle, villose on the inner surface, and reflexed after the flowers
open. There are ten stamens with small light yellow anthers, and five styles surrounded at the
base by tufts of pale hairs. The fruit, which ripens early in September and remains on the branches
until after the new year, is borne on short pedicels, in compact erect villose clusters ; it is obovate
or oblong, bright scarlet, marked by scattered pale lenticels, and more or less villose or pubescent
toward the ends ; the calyx is prominent and persistent, with a long tube and broad shallow cavity,
and the lobes are gradually narrowed from broad bases, acuminate, finely glandular-serrate, villose,
dark red on the upper side below the middle, and spreading or erect; the flesh is thick, yellow, dry,
and mealy. The five nutlets are thick, broadly ridged on the back, and five sixteenths of an inch in
length.

Crategus Champlainensis grows on heavy clay soil, and is a frequent inhabitant of the hmestone
ridges of the Champlain valley, from Middlebury, Vermont, and Crown Point, New York, northward,
and of the valley of the St. Lawrence, where it has been found at Chateaugay, Adirondack Junction,
and Caughnawaga in the Province of Quebec, and where it was discovered in September, 1899, by

Mr. J. G. Jack.

1 John George Jack (April 15, 1861) was born at Chateaugay father’s family about 1830, and later engaged in farming and in
near Montreal in the Province of Quebec, the son of a Scotch fruit-growing until his death in 1900, testing during his career as a

farmer of French Huguenot descent who came to Canada with his fruit-grower of more than forty years hundreds of varieties of

106

fruits previously unknown in the Province of Quebec. J.G. Jack’s
early education was obtained principally in the schools near his
home and in working on his father’s farm, and later at Cambridge,
where he spent two winters in studying entomology with Dr. H. A.
Hagen. He spent the summer of 1883 in the private horticultural
experiment grounds of Mr. E. S. Carmen, editor of 7’he Rural New
Yorker, at River Edge, New Jersey, and in 1886 he became con-
nected with the Arnold Arboretum as an assistant and teacher of
dendrology. He passed the summers of 1898 and 1900 as an agent

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

ROSACE.

of the Geological Survey and of the Department of Agriculture
of the United States in exploring the forests of central Colorado
and of the Big Horn Mountains of Wyoming. In 1900 Mr. Jack
became instructor in dendrology in the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, in addition to his duties in the Arboretum. For many
years he was a constant contributor to Garden and Forest. In the
neighborhood of Montreal he has discovered a number of pre-
viously unknown forms of Crategus. (See Sargent, Rhodora, iii.

71.)

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Pratt DCLXIX. Cratzeaus CHAMPLAINENSIS.

CONHA TP WwW dw

. A flowering branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

A calyx-lobe, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Cross section of a fruit, natural size.
Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.

. A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

. A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

The end of a vigorous shoot, natural size.

Silva of North America,

CE Faxon del,

ay, ON ria - \

ah Ne) ap ee

CRATEGUS CHAMPLAINENSIS, Sarg.

A. Riocreuz direa£ imp. J. Taneur, Paris.

Tab. DCLXIX

LEQ SLY,

ROSACEA, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 107

CRATAIGUS ANOMALA.

Haw.

STAMENS 10; anthers bright red. Leaves ovate, acutely lobed, membranaceous,

yellow-green.
Crataegus anomala, Sargent, Rhodora, iii. 74 (1901).

A bushy tree, sometimes twenty feet in height, with a short trunk six inches in diameter covered
with pale gray-brown scaly bark, and stout ascending branches. The branchlets, which are slender
and somewhat zigzag, are marked by pale lenticels and armed with numerous stout straight or slightly
curved bright chestnut-brown spines from an inch and a quarter to two inches in length; when they
first appear they are dark green and villose, with long matted white hairs, and during their first season
they are puberulous and light orange-brown, becoming in their second year orange-brown or bright red.
The leaves are ovate, acute, divided above the middle into five or six pairs of short acute or acuminate
lobes, and coarsely doubly serrate, with spreading glandular teeth except toward the broadly cuneate or
occasionally rounded base; as they unfold they are conspicuously plicate, scabrous above, with short
appressed pale hairs, and villose below, particularly along the slender midribs and thin remote primary
veins which arch to the points of the lobes and are only slightly impressed on the upper side; at
maturity they are membranaceous, yellow-green, smooth and glabrous on the upper surface, paler
and villose on the lower surface, from two and a half to three inches long and from two to three
inches wide; they are borne on stout slightly grooved petioles glandular on the upper side, with
scattered dark glands, and from three quarters of an inch to an inch in length. The stipules are
linear-lanceolate or, on leading vigorous shoots, falcate and very oblique at the base, and often half
an inch long. The flowers, which are half an inch in diameter and become distinctly saucer-shaped
when fully expanded, open at the end of May, and are borne on elongated slender pedicels, in broad
loose many-flowered thin-branched villose corymbs, with lanceolate or oblanceolate finely glandular-
serrate bracts and bractlets. The calyx-tube is narrowly obconic and covered with a thick coat of long
matted pale hairs, and the lobes are elongated, acuminate, coarsely glandular-serrate, pubescent on the
lower surface, and tomentose on the upper surface. There are usually ten but occasionally seven or
eight stamens with large bright red anthers, and four or five styles which are surrounded at the base
by a narrow ring of pale tomentum. The fruit ripens in October and hangs on slender stems from
one half to three quarters of an inch in length, in loose many-fruited slightly villose clusters ; it is
obovate to oblong, gradually narrowed to the rounded base, crimson, lustrous, marked by large pale
scattered dots, and slightly villose, particularly toward the full and rounded apex, from three quarters
to seven eighths of an inch long and from one half to five eighths of an inch wide; the calyx 1s large
and prominent, with a broad shallow cavity, and elongated acuminate lobes which are abruptly narrowed
from broad bases, dark red on the upper side, tomentose, finely glandular-serrate, spreading or closely
appressed, and often deciduous before the ripening of the fruit; the flesh is thin, light yellow, and
somewhat juicy. The four or five nutlets are thin, prominently and irregularly ridged on the back, and
from one quarter to five sixteenths of an inch in length.

Crategus anomala, of which only a few individuals are now known, inhabits the low hmestone
ridges near the banks of the St. Lawrence River in the Caughnawaga Indian Reservation opposite

Lachine in the Province of Quebec. It was discovered in May, 1900, by Mr. J. G. Jack.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

PuatE DCLXX. CratTHeus ANOMALA.
1. A flowering branch, natural size.
2. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
. A calyx-lobe, enlarged.
. A fruiting branch, natural size.
Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.
. Cross section of a fruit showing the nutlets, natural size.
. A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

COND TP OO

. A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

Silva of North America. Tab. DCLXX.
NY y

\ |

sen

( \ \
‘ Vig ell ae
“> \ aN » ve
YS RRO \
; APs) Fea

CE Faxon del,

CRATAGUS -ANOMALA, Sarg.

A. Fiocreud dire! imp. J Taneur, Paris,

ROSACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 109

CRATAiGUS ELLWANGERIANA.

Scarlet Haw.

STAMENS 10; anthers rose color. Leaves oval, rounded or broadly cuneate at the
base, membranaceous.

Crategus Ellwangeriana, Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxxiii. 118 (1902).

A tree, sometimes twenty feet in height, with a tall trunk often a foot in diameter covered with
pale gray bark broken into small closely appressed scales, and divided into several ascending branches
which form a broad symmetrical head ; or frequently shrub-like, with numerous stems springing from
a single root, and beginning to flower when only six or eight feet tall. The branchlets are slender,
zigzag, marked by occasional small pale lenticels, and armed with stout straight or somewhat curved
dark chestnut-brown shining spines from an inch and a half to two inches in length, or unarmed; when
they first appear they are dark green and covered with long matted pale hairs, and during their first
summer they are light chestnut-brown and slightly villose, becoming dark chestnut-brown and very
lustrous m their second year, and ultimately ashy gray. The leaves are oval, acute at the apex, full
and rounded or broadly cuneate at the base, irregularly divided, usually only above the middle, into
numerous short acute lobes, and coarsely and often doubly serrate, with straight or incurved glandular
teeth ; about half grown when the flowers open the middle of May, they are then roughened above
by short pale hairs, and villose below along the slender midribs and primary veins, and in the autumn
they are membranaceous, light green and scabrous on the upper surface, pale and nearly glabrous on
the lower surface, from two inches and a half to three inches and a half long and from two to three
inches wide; they are borne on slender nearly terete petioles which, at first villose, are finally glabrous
and vary from an inch and a half to two inches in length. The stipules are oblong-obovate, acute,
villose, coarsely glandular-serrate, and half an inch long, those of upper leaves being mostly persistent
until after the ripening of the fruit. The flowers are an inch in diameter, and are produced on short
stout pedicels, in many-flowered densely villose corymbs, with lanceolate coarsely serrate caducous
bracts and bractlets. The calyx-tube is broadly obconic and villose, and the lobes are elongated,
lanceolate, glandular, with small pale stalked glands, villose on both surfaces, and generally reflexed
after the flowers open. There are usually ten but sometimes eight stamens with small rose-colored
anthers, and from three to five styles. The fruit, which ripens and falls from the middle to the end of
September, is borne on slender glabrous pedicels from three quarters of an inch to an inch and a half in
length, in drooping villose many-fruited crowded clusters; it is oblong, full, and rounded at the ends,
bright crimson, very lustrous, covered, particularly near the ends, with scattered pale hairs, about an inch
long and from one half to three quarters of an inch wide; the calyx-cavity is narrow and shallow, and
the lobes are elongated, glandular-serrate above the middle, villose on the inner surface, and spreading,
or erect and incurved ; the flesh is thin, yellow, juicy, and acid. The nutlets, which vary from three to
five in number and from one quarter to one third of an inch in length, are thick, pale brown, and
deeply and often doubly and irregularly grooved on the back.

Crategus Ellwangeriana is common in the neighborhood of Rochester, New York.

This handsome Thorn-tree, which is one of the largest and most beautiful in the northern states,
was named for Mr. George Ellwanger,! the distinguished horticulturist, in whose nurseries at Rochester a

1 George Ellwanger (December 2, 1816) was born in the pic- | Wiirtemburg, where he attended the village school until the age of
turesque village of Gross-Heppach in the valley of the Rems in fourteen, and from early childhood assisted his father, who was a

110

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

ROSACE.

tree of this species, still standing, was large enough sixty years ago to be an object of interest and

e ° 1
consideration.

vineyardist and small farmer. Realizing that his native land, im-
poverished by the Napoleonic wars, offered to the rural population
little opportunity for advancement, George Ellwanger, while still a
boy, turned his thoughts to America, and having determined to emi-
grate to the United States, apprenticed himself for four years in
the principal horticultural establishment in Stuttgart, in order to
learn the nursery and florist business, paying a hundred guilders for
the privilege of working without pay from sunrise to sunset.

In 1835 George Ellwanger landed in New York, and after a visit
to relatives in Ohio settled in Rochester, which had attracted his
attention on his journey westward over the Erie Canal. The fol-
lowing spring he became the manager of Reynolds & Bateham’s
nursery in that town, then the only commercial horticultural estab-
lishment in western New York, and in the spring of 1838, the pro-
prietors having dissolved partnership, their nursery came into his
possession. The following year Mr. Ellwanger purchased part of
the land now occupied by the Mount Hope nurseries, and planted
the best selected and most complete collection of fruit-trees which
had been brought to this country. This standard and carefully
named collection laid the foundation of the great usefulness and
prosperity of the Mount Hope nurseries, which for more than sixty
years have been an important factor in the development of horti-
cultural and rural prosperity in the United States, and have made
Rochester the chief horticultural centre in America.

In 1840 Mr. Ellwanger associated with himself Mr. Patrick

Barry, and although in 1843 a disastrous fire destroyed nearly all
their growing stock and the buildings of the nursery, the career of
the firm has been one of great and sustained enterprise and suc-
cess ; and from the fruit-trees propagated at Mount Hope have
The wealth which
his industry, intelligence, and force of character has brought to Mr.

sprung the orchards of the west and of Japan.

Ellwanger has been liberally used for the benefit of the public. In
1890 the firm presented to the city of Rochester Highland Park, with
its great pavilion dedicated for all time to the children of the city.
In 1890 Mr. Ellwanger established and endowed in Rochester a home
for aged Germans, and in 1893 he restored the old church in his
native village. He is vice-president of the Reynolds Library Asso-
ciation of Rochester, and a trustee or director of many of the prin-
cipal charitable and financial associations of that city, to whose
prosperity and fame he has largely contributed.

1 The tree in the Mount Hope nurseries at Rochester which first
attracted my attention to this species was measured in July, 1901,
by Mr. C. C. Laney, the superintendent of the Rochester Parks,
who found it to be 23.4 feet high, with a spread of branches of 26.6
feet from north to south, and of 29 feet from east to west, and
with a trunk circumference of 3.68 feet at the level of the ground,
of 3.35 feet at 3 feet above the ground, and of 3.45 feet at 5.5
feet above the ground at the point where it begins to divide into
three principal branches.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puate DCLXXI.

Cratacous ELLWANGERIANA.

1. A flowering branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

. A calyx-lobe, enlarged.

. A fruit cut transversely, showing the nutlets.

. A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

2
3
4. A fruiting branch, natural size.
5
6
¢

. A winter branchlet, natural size.

Silva of North America Tab. DCLXX1.

CE. Faxon del. Aapine sce.

CRATEGUS. ELWANGERIANA Saré.

AFtiocreux dren * lip. J Taneur, Paris.

ROSACE:. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 111

CRATAZ&EGUS PRINGLEI.

Haw.

STAMENS usually 10; anthers dark purple. Leaves oval, acute, thin, bright
yellow-green, drooping, and often convex.

Cratzegus Pringlei, Sargent, Rhodora, iii. 21 (1901).

A tree, occasionally twenty-five feet in height, with a tall trunk ten or twelve inches in diameter
covered with thin bark readily separating in large flakes broken into small loose dark red-brown
scales, and stout branches which form a wide symmetrical head. The branchlets are of medium
stoutness, slightly zigzag, marked by small pale lenticels, and armed with thick straight or somewhat
curved chestnut-brown spines often an inch and a half in length; when they first appear they are
dark green and villose, and soon becoming glabrous they are chestnut-brown and lustrous during their
first summer, bright orange-brown during their second year, and ultimately ashy gray. The leaves are
oval, acute at the apex, rounded or often abruptly narrowed and cuneate at the base, occasionally
irregularly lobed above the middle, with short broad acute lobes, and coarsely and often doubly serrate,
with glandular teeth ; as they unfold they are villose on both surfaces and often more or less tinged
with red, and when the flowers open, usually during the last week of May, they are roughened above
by short closely appressed pale hairs and glabrous below with the exception of a few hairs on the
slender midribs and remote primary veins ; and at maturity they are thin, glabrous and bright yellow-
green on the upper surface, pale on the lower surface, from two inches to two inches and a half
long and from an inch and three quarters to two inches and a quarter wide; they are usually con-
spicuously concave by the gradual turning down of the blades from the midribs to the margins, and
droop on thin slender glandular petioles which, villose at first, are ultimately glabrous, and from an
inch to an inch and three quarters in length. The stipules are slightly faleate, conspicuously glandular-
serrate, and caducous. On vigorous leading shoots the leaves are sometimes truncate or slightly cordate
at the base, and frequently three inches long and broad. The flowers, which are about three quarters
of an inch in diameter, are produced in many-flowered compound thin-branched villose corymbs, with
linear acute straight or faleate bracts and bractlets. The calyx-tube is narrowly obconic and villose,
particularly toward the base, and the lobes are narrow, acuminate, coarsely glandular-serrate, and villose
on both surfaces or only on the inner surface, and generally reflexed after the flowers open. There are
usually ten but occasionally from five to ten stamens with slender elongated filaments and small purple
anthers, and from three to five styles surrounded at the base by conspicuous tufts of pale tomentum.
The fruit, which ripens and falls late in September or early in October, is borne on stout pedicels
often three quarters of an inch in length, in erect villose mostly few-fruited clusters ; it is oblong, dark
dull red marked by a few large dark dots, villose at the ends, with long scattered pale hairs, three
quarters of an inch long and about five eighths of an inch thick; the calyx-cavity is deep and narrow,
and the lobes are gradually narrowed from broad bases, acuminate, glandular-serrate, and often erect ;
the flesh is thick, yellow, dry, and acid, with a disagreeable flavor. The nutlets, which vary from three
to five in number, are rounded and slightly ridged on the back, and a third of an inch in length.

Crategus Pringlei is distributed from southern New Hampshire through the Champlain valley,
where it is common on both sides of Lake Champlain as far north at least as Burlington, Vermont, to
Rochester, New York, and Toronto, Canada, and through the southern peninsula of Michigan to

Barrington, Illinois.

112

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

ROSACEZ.

First collected in May, 1877, at Charlotte, Vermont, by Mr. C. G. Pringle,’ it has been
confounded with both Crategus tomentosa and Crategus mollis until its distinct characters were

first pointed out in 1900 by Mr. Ezra Brainerd.”

1 See ix. 129.

2 Ezra Brainerd (December 17, 1844) was born at St. Albans,
Vermont, where he passed his early life and was prepared for col-
lege. In the autumn of 1860 he entered Middlebury College, from
which he was graduated in 1864 with the highest honors, and was
appointed a tutor for the following year. After serving his college
for two years as tutor Mr. Brainerd entered the Theological Semi-
nary at Andover, Massachusetts, and in 1868 was appointed to the
chair of rhetoric and English literature in Middlebury, a position
which he filled until 1880, when he was made professor of physics

and applied mathematics. Six years later he was elected the eighth
President Brainerd has devoted much
study to natural sciences, and has contributed to the knowledge

president of his college.
of the botany and geology of Vermont. During the last three
years he has made a careful and thorough investigation of the
numerous species of Crategus in the upper Champlain valley, and
has discovered several new and interesting forms, including the
handsome shrub which connects his name with the flora of his
native state.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puiate DCLXXII. Cratmaus PRINGLE.

NOt Pp wrnoe

. A flowering branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Cross section of a fruit showing the nutlets, natural size.
. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.

. A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

. A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

Tab. DCLXXII.

Silva of “North America,

CLE. Fazor del. , Lartaud fe.

CRATAZGUS PRINGLEI, Saré.

. A.Riooreux direat imp. 7. Taneur, Paris .

ROSACEZ!. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 113

CRATAIGUS DILATATA.
Red Haw.

STAMENS 20; anthers rose color. Leaves broadly ovate, membranaceous, dark

green.
Cratzgus dilatata, Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxxi. 9 (1901).

A tree, occasionally twenty feet in height, with a tall straight stem covered with light gray-brown
bark broken into small thick plate-lke scales, and spreading branches which form a wide round-topped
symmetrical head; or often a tall broad shrub with many stout stems. The branchlets are slender,
glabrous, slightly zigzag, marked by numerous large pale lenticels, and armed with few stout straight
light chestnut-brown shining spines from one to two inches in length, or occasionally nearly spineless;
when they first appear they are dark green more or less tinged with red, and during their first summer
they become light chestnut-brown and very lustrous and ashy gray in their second year. The leaves
are broadly ovate, acute, truncate, cordate or slightly rounded at the broad base, coarsely and except at
the base generally doubly and irregularly serrate, with straight teeth tipped with large dark glands, and
unequally lobed, usually with two or three pairs of acute or acuminate lateral lobes; when the flowers
open at the end of May they are about a third grown and are then light yellow-green, conspicuously
plicate, roughened on the upper surface by short stiff white hairs and glabrous on the lower surface,
and in the autumn they are smooth and glabrous, dark green above, pale below, from two inches to two
inches and a half long and almost as wide as they are long, with slender midribs and four or five pairs
of thin primary veins only slightly impressed on the upper side; they are borne on slender grooved
somewhat glandular petioles, at first villose but soon glabrous, often dark red toward the base after
midsummer, and from one to two inches long. The stipules are linear-lanceolate, glandular, with dark
red glands, and caducous. On vigorous leading shoots the leaves are often four or five inches long
and frequently rather broader than they are long, and their stipules are foliaceous, lunate, and often
half an inch in length. The flowers are from an inch to an inch and an eighth in diameter, and are
produced on slender elongated pedicels, in broad loose many-flowered compound slightly villose corymbs,
with lanceolate bracts and bractlets glandular, like the inner bud-scales, with dark red glands. The
calyx-tube is broadly obconic, covered toward the base with matted pale hairs or nearly glabrous, and
the lobes are broad, acuminate, coarsely glandular, with large stalked dark red glands, glabrous on the
outer surface and generally slightly villose on the inner surface. There are twenty stamens with slender
elongated filaments and large rose-colored anthers, and usually five styles surrounded at the base by
small tufts of white hairs. The fruit, which ripens and falls early in September, hangs in many-
fruited drooping clusters, and is subglobose, bright scarlet, lustrous, marked by numerous small dark
dots, and about three quarters of an inch in diameter; the calyx is much enlarged, with a broad
shallow cup and spreading coarsely serrate lobes bright red on the upper side of their broad bases ; the
flesh is thin, sweet, and yellow. The five nutlets are comparatively small for the size of the fruit,
rounded and prominently ridged on the back, and about a quarter of an inch long.

Crategus dilatata grows along the low borders of salt marshes and estuaries from Ipswich to
Somerset, Massachusetts, on the shores of Mount Hope Bay in Tiverton, Rhode Island, on rich hillsides

114 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA, ROSACEA,

in the Champlain valley of southwestern Vermont, and probably ranges northward to the valley of

the St. Lawrence River.!

1 Specimens of what is probably this species have been collected September, is described, however, by Mr. Jack as pink and juicy.
by Mr. J. G. Jack at Caughnawaga on the southern bank of the St. The flesh of the fruit of the earlier ripening Massachusetts plant
Lawrence River opposite Lachine. The flesh of the fruit of the appears to be always dry and yellow.

Canadian plant, which does not ripen and fall until the very end of

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puate DCLXXIII. Craraeus pvILATATA.

- Vertical section of a flower, the petals removed, enlarged.

OND Oo fP LH KD

A flowering branch, natural size.

. A calyx-lobe, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged.

. A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

. A nuitlet, side view, enlarged.

. Leaf of a vigorous shoot, natural size.

Silva of North America. Tab. DCLXXIII.

CE Faaorn dat. Hapine so.

CRATAGUS. DILATATA, Sarg,

A Riocreun direwt imp. J Taneur Paris

ROSACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 115

CRATAiGUS COCCINIOIDES.
Red Haw.

STAMENS 20; anthers rose color. Leaves broadly ovate, acute, sharply lobed, thin,
dull green.

Cratzegus coccinioides, Ashe, Jour. Hlisha Mitchell Sci. Crategus Eggertii, Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. i. 447
Soc. xvi. pt. ii. 74 (February, 1900). (in part) (March, 1900); Man. 520.

A tree, sometimes twenty feet in height, with a stem eight or ten inches in diameter covered with
dark brown bark broken into small closely appressed scales, and stout spreading light gray branches
forming a broad handsome head. The branchlets are stout, nearly straight, marked by small scattered
pale lenticels, and armed with thick dark reddish purple shining spines which are rather remote from
each other and from an inch and a half to two inches in length ; when they first appear the branchlets
are glabrous, dark green, and more or less tinged with red, becoming bright chestnut-brown and very
lustrous before autumn, gray or reddish brown during their second year, and dull ashy gray during
their third season. The leaves are broadly ovate, acute, full and rounded or truncate, and on vigorous
shoots frequently more or less cordate, at the base, sharply and often doubly serrate, with straight
glandular teeth, and divided above the middle into a number of short acute lobes; as they unfold they
are conspicuously plicate, very lustrous, yellow-green, and villose on the lower side of the midribs, with
a few short pale hairs which are usually persistent during the season ; they soon lose their lustre, and at
maturity the leaves are thin but firm in texture, rather rigid, dull dark green and smooth on the upper
surface, pale on the lower surface, from two inches and a half to three inches long, and on vigorous
shoots often three inches and a half long and broad, with thin pale yellow midribs deeply impressed
above and often bright red toward the base after midsummer, and slender primary veins arching to the
points of the lobes; they are borne on slender ridged petioles slightly grooved and glandular on the
upper side, with minute stalked dark red glands, at first villose but soon glabrous, often bright red or
pink toward the base, and from three quarters of an inch to an inch in length. The stipules are
coarsely serrate, with gland-tipped teeth, and are lanceolate, and on leading shoots often lunate. Late
in October the leaves turn gradually bright orange and scarlet. The flowers, which open early in May
and are an inch and a quarter in diameter, are produced in very compact five to seven-flowered
glabrous or slightly villose corymbs, with coarsely serrate oblong-obovate acute bracts and bractlets,
conspicuous like the inner bud-scales from their large bright red glands. The calyx-tube is broadly
obconic and the lobes are gradually narrowed from broad bases, acute, and coarsely glandular-serrate.
There are twenty stamens with stout filaments and large rose-colored anthers, and five styles surrounded
at the base by a ring of pale tomentum. The fruit, which ripens early in October and falls gradually
during a month or six weeks, is borne on stout bright red pedicels about half an inch long, in few-
fruited erect compact clusters; it is subglobose, much flattened at the ends, with a deep cavity at the
insertion of the stalk, often obscurely five-angled, dark crimson, very lustrous, marked by numerous
large pale dots, and about three quarters of an inch long and seven eighths of an inch broad ; the calyx
is much enlarged and conspicuous, with a broad deep cavity and spreading or erect lobes bright red
on the upper side near the base; the flesh is thick, firm, subacid, and more or less deeply tinged with
red. The five nutlets, which are small in comparison with the size of the fruit, are light-colored and
are rounded and slightly ridged on the back, and about one third of an inch in length.

Crategus coccinioides inhabits rather dry woods, and is distributed from the neighborhood of St.

116

Louis to eastern Kansas.?

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

ROSACEA.

It appears to have been first noticed in October, 1882, at Allenton, Mis-

souri, by Mr. George W. Letterman, by whom the following year seeds were sent to the Arnold
Arboretum, where this interesting tree has grown to a large size and flowers and fruits profusely every

year.”

1 In April and October, 1895, Crategus coccinioides was collected
by Mr. J. B. S. Norton in Riley County, Kansas (No. 146).

2 In spite of its large and very beautiful individual flowers and
fruits and handsome foliage, Crataegus coccinioides is not one of the
showiest of the American Thorns, as the flowers and fruits are pro-
duced in such compact clusters that they are often nearly hidden

by the large leaves. It is beautiful, however, in the autumn when
the foliage is turning, and the brillianey of the bright orange and
scarlet leaves at the ends of the leading branches is heightened by
contrast with the dark green leaves with their red petioles on the

lateral branchlets.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puate DCLXXIV. CRat#Gus COCCINIOIDES.

1. A flowering branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a flower, the petals removed, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.
. Cross section of a fruit showing the nutlets, natural size.

. A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

3
4
5. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.
6
7

. A nutlet, front view, enlarged.

Tab. DCLXXIV.

Silva of North America.

Raping se,

LE Favor ded.

CRATEGUS COCCINIOIDES , Ashe

Imp. J. Taneur, Paria.

A. Riocreua cderewat

ROSACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 117

CRATAiGUS LOBULATA.

Red Haw.

StaMENS usually 10; anthers dark red-purple. Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate,
acutely lobed, membranaceous, dark yellow-green.

Cratzgus lobulata, Sargent, Rhodora, iii. 22 (1901).

A tree, occasionally thirty-five feet in height, with a straight trunk often a foot in diameter
covered with dark red-brown fissured bark broken into small thick plate-like scales, and stout generally
ascending light gray-brown branches forming an open usually narrow irregular head. The branchlets
are thin, slightly zigzag, marked by many small pale lenticels, and armed with numerous stout nearly
straight chestnut-brown spines rarely more than an inch in length; dark green and coated with matted
pale hairs when they first appear, they become bright chestnut-brown and very lustrous during their
first season, and hight orange-brown in their second year. The leaves vary from oval to oblong-ovate,
and are acute at the apex, broadly cuneate or rounded at the entire base, sharply and often doubly
serrate above, with straight glandular teeth, and deeply divided into numerous narrow acute or acuminate
lobes, with tips which are spreading or point to the apex or to the base of the leaf; when they first
appear and until after the opening of the flowers during the last week in May, when they are about
half grown, the leaves are covered above with short soft pale hairs and are slightly pubescent below
along the slender midribs and thin primary veins arching to the points of the lobes, and at maturity
they are thin, dark yellow-green and glabrous on the upper surface, paler on the lower surface, with
occasional short white hairs toward the base of the midribs, from two inches and a half to three
inches and a half in length and from two inches to two inches and a half in width ; they are borne on
slender nearly terete slightly grooved petioles tomentose at first, particularly toward the base, and at
maturity pubescent or nearly glabrous, bright red, and from an inch to an inch and a half in length.
g, and caducous. The flowers are three
quarters of an inch in diameter on elongated slender pedicels, in rather compact many-flowered thin-

The stipules are linear, acuminate, bright red before fadin

branched tomentose compound corymbs, with linear-lanceolate glandular-serrate bright red bracts and
bractlets. The calyx-tube is broadly obconic, glabrous or villose toward the base, and dark red, and
the lobes are gradually narrowed from broad bases, acute, glabrous, and coarsely glandular-serrate, with
large dark red stipitate glands. There are usually ten but occasionally from five to ten stamens with
slender elongated filaments and small dark reddish purple anthers, and from three to five styles
sometimes surrounded at the base by a ring of pale tomentum. The fruit, which ripens and falls early
in October, is borne in erect compact slightly tomentose clusters, on short stout pedicels ; it is oblong,
somewhat flattened at the full and rounded ends, bright crimson, very lustrous, marked by occasional
small white dots, and about three quarters of an inch long and five eighths of an inch thick ; the
calyx-cavity is deep and narrow, and the lobes are small, lanceolate, coarsely glandular-serrate, tomentose
on the upper surface, erect and incurved, and persistent; the flesh is thick, yellow, sweet, and juicy.
The nutlets vary from three to five in number, and are thin, dark-colored, ridged and often grooved
on the back, and a quarter of an inch long.

Crategus lobulata inhabits the Champlain valley, where it is not rare, from Middlebury,
Vermont, and Crown Point, New York, as far north at least as Burlington, Vermont, and ranges
southward through western Massachusetts to northern Connecticut.’ It is one of the largest of the

1 Crategus lobulata was collected on August 29, 1901, by Mr. C. H. Bissell on Shelden’s Cove near Lyme.

118 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEZ.

Thorns of the northern states, and in the autumn, when it is covered with its large and abundant fruits,
it is not surpassed in beauty by many other species of the genus.

Crategus lobulata appears to have been first collected in September, 1899, by Mr. Ezra Brainerd
at Crown Point, where a number of trees of this species have grown to a large size on the slopes and
in the ditch of the abandoned fort, which is now nearly covered with great thickets of Crategus of

several species.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puate DCLXXV. Crataeus LOBULATA.
. A flowering branch, natural size.
. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
. A calyx-lobe, enlarged.
. A fruiting branch, natural size.
Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.
. Cross section of a fruit showing the nutlets, natural size.
. A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

. A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

CMA MT Pwd

- A leaf of a vigorous shoot, natural size.

Sila of North America. | Tab. DCLXXV.

\
_
> 0 aN
x ” NNN A AD
XN" . e- oe WE,

| f
| LLz,
| 4
b aa |
=e
Ls
a

i CU

Hi 1\

w% 7 8

vi
u

\ We %

| CE Faaorn deb. apie’ SC.

CRATAGUS LOBULATA, Sar6

” A Fiocreun direx™ Imp. J Taneur, Paris.

ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 119

CRATAGUS HOLMESIANA.

Red Haw.

STAMENS usually 5; anthers dark reddish purple. Leaves oval or ovate, acute,
thick and firm, pale yellow green.

Cratzwgus Holmesiana, Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. xvi. pt. ii. 78 (1900). — Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxxi. 10;
Ehodora, iii. 76.

A tree, often thirty feet in height, with a tall straight trunk from ten to fifteen inches in diameter
covered with pale gray-brown or nearly white bark broken into small thin closely appressed scales, and
stout ascending branches forming an open irregular or a broad compact head. The branchlets are
stout, nearly straight or sometimes zigzag, marked by small oblong dark lenticels, and armed with
infrequent thick mostly straight bright chestnut-brown shining spines from an inch and a half to two
inches in length ; when they first appear they are glabrous or rarely puberulous ' and dark green more
or less tinged with red; and during their first season they become bright chestnut-brown or orange-
brown and lustrous, lighter colored during their second season, and ultimately ashy gray. The leaves
are oval or ovate, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded or broadly cuneate at the base, coarsely and,
above the middle, doubly serrate, with spreading teeth tipped at first, with prominent dark red caducous
glands, and usually lobed with three or four pairs of short acute or acuminate lateral lobes; generally
dark red and glabrous or sometimes villose on the lower surface and coated with rigid pale hairs on the
upper surface when they unfold, they are scabrous above, pale yellow-green and nearly half grown when
the flowers open early nm May, and in the autumn they are thick and firm in texture, almost smooth,
conspicuously yellow-green, and usually about two inches long and an inch and three quarters wide,
with prominent midribs often bright red on the lower side toward the base of the leaf, and from four to
six pairs of slender primary veins arching to the points of the lobes and deeply impressed on the upper
side ; they are borne on slender nearly terete slightly grooved glandular petioles which are glabrous or
sometimes puberulous while young, and from an inch to an inch and a half in length. The stipules
are linear or lunate and are small, glandular-serrate, and caducous. On vigorous leading shoots the
leaves are often broadly ovate, truncate or slightly cordate at the base, frequently four inches long and
three inches wide, and more coarsely serrate and more deeply lobed than the leaves of lateral branchlets.
The flowers are cup-shaped and from one half to three quarters of an inch in diameter, and are produced
on slender elongated pedicels, in loose compound glabrous or rarely puberulous many-flowered corymbs,
with oblanceolate or linear acute glandular caducous bracts and bractlets. The calyx-tube is narrowly
obconic, glabrous, more or less deeply tinged with red, and the lobes are elongated, acuminate,
glandular-serrate or often nearly entire, and generally reflexed after the flowers open. There are
usually five but sometimes six, seven, or eight stamens with stout filaments and large dark reddish
purple anthers, and generally three styles surrounded at the base by a narrow ring of pale tomentum.
The fruit ripens and falls early in September, and hangs gracefully on slender pedicels, in many-
fruited drooping clusters ; it is oblong, full and rounded at the ends, crimson, very lustrous, marked
by occasional small dark dots, and crowned with the conspicuous erect and incurved glandular-serrate

1 Crategus Holmesiana is usually glabrous with the exception of and veins (Crategus Holmesiana villipes, Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell
the upper surface of the young leaves, but on the trees which grow Sci. Soc. xvii. pt. ii. 11 [1901]). A few hairs can occasionally be
in meadows at Sellersville, Pennsylvania, the young branchlets, found on the corymbs of New England plants, although they are
petioles, and corymbs are often puberulous, and the under surfaces _ generally glabrous.
of the leaves are more or less villose, particularly along the midribs

120 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEA.

calyx-lobes, which are bright red toward the base on the upper side; the flesh is thin, yellow, dry, and
mealy, with a disagreeable flavor. The nutlets are usually three in number and are light chestnut-
brown, prominently grooved and ridged on the back, with broad rounded ridges, and about a quarter of
an inch long.

Crategus Holmesiana grows on rich moist hillsides and the borders of streams and swamps, and
is easily distinguished by its pale bark and the distinctly yellow color of the leaves, and in eastern
New England by its large size. It is distributed from the neighborhood of Montreal and from
southern Ontario to the coast of Maine, central and western Massachusetts, western New York, Rhode
Island, and eastern Pennsylvania, being perhaps most abundant and attaining its largest size on the

hills of Worcester County, Massachusetts.’
This handsome tree was named for Joseph Austin Holmes,’ director of the Geological Survey of

North Carolina.

1 Crategus Holmesiana is one of the species which has been long
confounded with Crataegus coccinea of Linnzus. The oldest speci-
men which I have seen is one in the Gray Herbarium, without
date or name of collector, from northern New York. A specimen
collected at Haverhill, New Hampshire, by Mr. Edwin Faxon in
June, 1885, led to the investigation of this tree in New England,
and its subsequent discovery in other parts of the country.

2 Joseph Austin Holmes (November 28, 1859) was born in Lau-
rens, South Carolina, where he received his early education. He
was graduated from Cornell University in 1881, and was at once
appointed professor of geology and natural history in the Univer-
sity of North Carolina.
become director of the geological survey of that state, a position
which he still fills.

From this position he retired in 1891 to

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

PuatE DCLXXVI. Cratacaus HoLMEsIANA.

WDADAP WN

A calyx-lobe, enlarged.

. A flowering branch, natural size.
Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Cross section of a fruit showing the nutlets, natural size.
. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.

. A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

. A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

‘Silva of North ‘America. Tab. DCLXXVI.

CF Facon del, Lartaud se.

-CRATEH&GUS HOLMESIANA, Ashe.

A. Puocreus deren? | imp. 7. Taneur, Paris.

ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 121

CRATAiGUS PEDICELLATA.

Haw.

STAMENS usually 10; anthers rose color. Leaves broadly ovate or oval, dark green,
and scabrous above.

Crategus pedicellata, Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxxi. 226 (1901).

A tree, eighteen or twenty feet in height, with a tall trunk sometimes a foot in diameter covered
with close red-brown scaly bark, and comparatively slender elongated ascending or spreading branches
which form a broad handsome symmetrical head. The branchlets are thin, somewhat zigzag, marked
by numerous small pale lenticels, and armed with straight or slightly curved shining chestnut-brown
spines from an inch and a half to two inches in length ; when they first appear they are dark chestnut-
brown and slightly villose, and during their first season become very lustrous, and ashy gray in their
second year. The winter-buds are nearly globose, bright red, and an eighth of an inch in diameter.
The leaves are broadly ovate or occasionally obovate or rhomboidal, acute or acuminate, broadly
cuneate or rounded, and on vigorous leading shoots sometimes truncate or slightly cordate at the base,
divided above the middle into four or five pairs of short acute or acuminate lobes and coarsely and
often doubly serrate, except toward the base, with spreading glandular teeth; in early spring they
are roughened above by short rigid pale hairs and are glabrous below, and at maturity they are mem-
branaceous, dark rich green and scabrous on the upper surface and pale on the lower surface, from three
to four inches long and from two to three inches wide, with slender midribs only slightly impressed
above and thin remote primary veins arching to the points of the lobes; they are borne on slender
slightly grooved nearly terete petioles which are glandular, with obscure scattered minute dark glands,
at first villose, ultimately glabrous, and from an inch and a half to two inches and a half in length.
The stipules on vigorous shoots are strongly falcate, stipitate, coarsely glandular-serrate, and one third
of an inch long. The flowers, which open during the last week in May when the leaves are nearly two
thirds grown, are half an inch in diameter and are borne on thin pedicels, in loose lax many-flowered
slender-branched slightly villose corymbs, with lanceolate glandular caducous bracts and bractlets. The
calyx-tube is narrowly obconic and glabrous, and the lobes are broad, acute, very coarsely glandular-
serrate, and reflexed after the flowers open. There are usually ten stamens with elongated filaments
and rose-colored anthers, and five styles surrounded at the base by a conspicuous ring of pale tomentum.
The fruit, which mostly falls before the end of September, hangs in few-fruited drooping glabrous
clusters, on slender pedicels generally about three quarters of an inch in length; pyriform until nearly
fully grown, it is oblong when ripe, full and rounded at the ends, bright scarlet, lustrous, marked by
numerous small dark dots, three quarters of an inch long, and from one half to five eighths of an
inch thick; the calyx-cavity is broad and deep and the lobes are much enlarged, coarsely serrate, and
usually erect and incurved; the flesh is pale, thin, dry, and mealy. The five nutlets are rounded and
deeply grooved on the back and about one third of an inch in length.

Cratequs pedicellata is not rare in the neighborhood of Rochester, New York, where it was first

distinguished in 1899 by Mr. John Dunbar.!

1 John Dunbar (June 4, 1859) was born in the parish of Rafford, several large estates in England. Coming to the United States
Elginshire, Scotland, and was bred a gardener first in the gardens in 1887, he found employment in the garden of Mr. Charles A.
of Sir William Gordon Cumming at Altyre in his native parish, Dana at Dosoris on Long Island, where he had an excellent oppor-
which he entered when he was seventeen years old, and then on tunity to become familiar with the trees and shrubs which grow

122 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEZ,

in the north Atlantic states. This knowledge he has turned to During the last three years Mr. Dunbar has carefully studied the
good account in Rochester, where he is now assistant superin- numerous species of Cratzegus which abound near Rochester in the
tendent of the city parks, and has charge of the Pinetum and the valley of the Genesee River, where he has first distinguished a
large shrub collection in Highland Park. number of interesting forms.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puate DCLXXVII. Cratmeus PEDICELLATA.
. A flowering branch, natural size.
. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
. A calyx-lobe, enlarged.
. A fruiting branch, natural size.
. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.
. Cross section of a fruit showing the nutlets, natural size.

NAOT PF WN &

. A nutlet, enlarged.

- Silva of North America.

Tab. DCLXXVII.

CE. Faron deb. Lartaud so.

CRATA GUS PEDICELLATA , Saré.

4A Piocreue diretw! imp. 7. Taneur, Paris.

ROSACEE. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 123

CRATA4GUS SCABRIDA.

Haw.

Stamens usually 10; anthers dark red-purple. Leaves oval to oblong-obovate,
acuminate, thick and firm, dark green and scabrous above.

Crategus scabrida, Sargent, Rhodora, iii. 29; 76 (1901).

A tree, from fifteen to twenty feet in height, with a short trunk six or eight inches in diameter
covered with lustrous pale gray-brown bark broken into large thin plate-like scales, and horizontal
branches which form a broad round-topped head ; or often shrubby, with numerous small stems. The
branchlets are stout, somewhat mgzag, glabrous, marked by oblong pale lenticels, and armed with
slender straight or slightly curved light chestnut-brown spines from an inch and a half to two inches in
length ; dark orange-green when they first appear, they become dark chestnut-brown or orange-brown
and lustrous before midsummer, and mostly ashy gray during their second year. The leaves vary from
oval to oblong-obovate, and are acuminate, gradually narrowed from near the middle to the cuneate
entire base, irregularly and often doubly glandular serrate above, and usually divided, generally only
above the middle, into several short acute or acuminate lobes; glabrous below and coated above with
short soft pale hairs when the flowers open at the end of May, when they are about half grown, the
leaves are thick and firm in texture at maturity, dark green and scabrous on the upper surface, pale
yellow-green on the lower surface, from two to three inches long and from an inch and a half to two
inches wide, with slender midribs deeply impressed above and often more or less tinged with red below,
particularly on vigorous shoots, and four or five pairs of thin prominent primary veins running to the
points of the lobes; they are borne on slender grooved petioles which are sometimes glandular, often
slightly winged toward the apex, glabrous or occasionally villose, and from one half to three quarters
of an inch in length. The stipules are linear, acuminate, and caducous. The flowers are three quarters
of an inch in diameter, and are produced on slender elongated pedicels, in loose broad many-flowered
thin-branched glabrous or somewhat villose corymbs, with linear acute glandular-serrate bracts and bract-
lets. The calyx-tube is narrowly obconic and glabrous, and the lobes are linear-lanceolate, acuminate,
finely glandular-serrate, and reflexed and bright red at the tips after the flowers open. There are
usually ten or rarely from five to ten stamens with slender filaments and small dark red-purple anthers,
and two or three styles surrounded at the base by a thick ring of pale tomentum. The fruit hangs
in loose drooping many-fruited clusters, on long thin pedicels, and ripens and mostly falls from the
middle to the end of September ; it is subglobose or short-oblong, full and rounded at the ends, and is
usually about an inch long; the calyx-cavity is broad and shallow, and generally only the bases of the
elongated reflexed lobes are found on the ripe fruit; the flesh is thick, dry, and mealy. The two or
three nutlets are thick, rounded and prominently ridged on the back, and a third of an inch in length.

Crategus scabrida inhabits limestone ridges and is distributed from the neighborhood of Mon-
treal' to southwestern Vermont and southwestern New Hampshire. Of the specimens of this species
which I have seen the first was collected by Mr. J. G. Jack in August, 1899, at the village of Caughna-
waga in the Province of Quebec.

1 The specimens collected by Mr. Jack at several points opposite petioles and corymbs, but do not otherwise appear to differ from
Lachine on the St. Lawrence are slightly pubescent on the young the Vermont and New Hampshire trees.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puate DCLXXVIII. CrataGus scaABRIDA.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

on HD OP w DY

A flowering branch, natural size.

. A calyx-lobe, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.
. Cross section of a fruit, natural size.

. A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

. A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

Silva of North America.

Tab. DCLXXVIII.

CE Facon del. Lartaud se.

CRATAGUS SCABRIDA, Sarg

A. Riocreuz dire Imp. J. Taneur, Paric.

ROSACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 125

CRATAGGUS LUCORUM.

Red Haw.

STaMENS 20; anthers dark purple. Leaves broadly ovate to oval, membranaceous,
dull dark green.

Cratzegus lucorum, Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxxi. 227 (1901).

A tree, from twenty to twenty-five feet in height, with a tall straight stem six or eight inches in
diameter covered with close dark red-brown bark, and slender ascending branches forming a narrow
open head. The branchlets are thin, zigzag, marked by many oblong pale lenticels, and occasionally
armed with straight or slightly curved bright red-brown lustrous spines from an inch to an inch and a
half in length ; dark green and somewhat villose when they first appear, they become dull orange-brown
in their first summer, and ultimately dark gray-brown. The leaves vary from broad-ovate to obovate or
rarely to oval, and are acute or acumimate at the apex, gradually narrowed and broadly cuneate or full
and rounded at the entire base, coarsely serrate above, with straight teeth tipped with large persistent
bright red finally dark glands, and deeply divided above the middle into three or four pairs of wide
acute or acuminate lobes; in early May when the flowers open they are more than one third grown and
are then hight yellow-bronze color, covered on the upper surface with short soft pale hairs and glabrous
on the lower surface, and in the autumn they are membranaceous, smooth, dark dull green and glabrous
above, pale yellow-green below, about two inches long and an inch and a quarter wide, with slender
yellow midribs only slightly impressed on the upper side and three or four pairs of thin primary veins
extending obliquely to the points of the lobes; they are borne on slender glandular petioles often some-
what winged toward the apex and from an inch to an inch and a half in length. The stipules vary
from linear-lanceolate to oblanceolate and are glandular-serrate, from one quarter to one half of an inch
in length, and caducous. On leading vigorous shoots the leaves are usually ovate and rounded at the
broad base, more deeply lobed than the leaves of fertile branchlets, and sometimes three inches long
and broad. The flowers are three quarters of an inch in diameter and are produced on thin pedicels,
in narrow compact few-flowered thin-branched small villose corymbs, with narrow acuminate finely
glandular-serrate caducous bracts and bractlets. The calyx-tube is broadly obconic and glabrous, and
the lobes are narrow, acuminate, coarsely glandular-serrate, villose on the upper surface, and reflexed
after the flowers open. There are twenty stamens with slender filaments and small dark purple anthers,
and four or five styles. The fruit, which ripens about the middle of September and soon falls, is borne
in erect few-fruited slightly villose clusters, on short stout pedicels; it is pear-shaped until nearly fully
grown, and at maturity it is oblong or somewhat obovate, full and rounded at the ends, crimson,
lustrous, marked by small pale dots, and from one half to five eighths of an inch in length; the
calyx-cavity is deep but narrow and the lobes are elongated, coarsely glandular-serrate, villose above,
spreading and closely appressed, and often deciduous before the fruit ripens ; the flesh is thick, yellow,
dry, and mealy. The four or five nutlets are thin, rounded and sometimes obscurely ridged on the back,
and about a quarter of an inch long.

Crategus lucorum grows in rich moist soil along the margins of Oak groves on the banks of

sloughs near Barrington, Illinois, and was probably first collected in May, 1899, by Mr. K. J. Hill.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puate DCLXXIX. Crataeus LUcORUM.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

AAT PP wD

A flowering branch, natural size.

. A calyx-lobe, enlarged.

A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Cross section of a fruit, natural size.
. A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.
. A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

Silva of North America

Tab. DCLXNIX.

CLE Faxon del. Lartaud se.

CRATHAGUS LUCORUM. Sarg.

A Riocreux direc? imp. J Taneur, Paris.

ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 127

CRATAiGUS LACERA.
Haw.
STAMENS 20; anthers rose color. Leaves rhombic to broadly ovate.
Crataegus lacera, Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxxiii. 123 (1902).

A slender tree, from twenty-five to thirty feet in height, with a tall trunk only four or five inches
in diameter covered with pale gray-brown scaly bark, and small short branches forming a narrow head.
The branchlets are slender, shghtly zigzag, marked by small oblong pale lenticels, and armed with thin
straight bright chestnut-brown lustrous spines from three quarters of an inch to an inch and three
quarters in length; when they first appear they are dark olive-green and villose, becoming light red-
brown and glabrous during their first summer, and ultimately dull light gray. The leaves vary from
rhombic to broadly ovate or rarely to obovate, and are acute at the apex, broadly cuneate and entire at
the base, divided above the middle into numerous acute lobes, and coarsely and often doubly serrate,
with straight glandular teeth ; coated below with thick hoary tomentum and villose above when they
unfold, they are nearly fully grown when the flowers open about the twentieth of April, and are then
glabrous on the lower surface and covered on the upper surface with short scattered pale hairs; and at
maturity they are glabrous, light yellow-green, paler below than above, thin but firm in texture, about
an inch and a half long and an inch and a quarter wide, with thin yellow midribs and few remote
primary veins only slightly impressed on the upper side; they are borne on slender grooved villose
ultimately glabrous or puberulous petioles slightly winged at the apex, often red toward the base, and
from one quarter to one third of an inch in length. The stipules are linear, acuminate, villose, and
caducous. On vigorous leading shoots the leaves are broadly ovate, often deeply three-lobed, very
coarsely serrate, and from three to four inches long and broad, with lunate long-pointed coarsely glan-
dular-serrate villose stipules sometimes a quarter of an inch in length. The flowers are three quarters
of an inch in diameter, and are produced in somewhat villose many-flowered compound corymbs, with
linear caducous bracts and bractlets. The calyx-tube is narrowly obconic and glabrous, and the lobes
are linear lanceolate, elongated, coarsely glandular-serrate, glabrous on the outer surface, villose on the
inner surface, and reflexed after the flowers open. There are twenty stamens with small rose-colored
anthers, and four or five styles. The fruit, which ripens toward the end of October, is borne on short
stout glabrous pedicels, in erect few-fruited clusters ; it is oblong, full and rounded at the ends, bright
cherry-red, lustrous, marked by occasional large dark dots, and half an inch long; the calyx-cavity
is broad and shallow, and the lobes are small, nearly triangular, villose above, spreading, and mostly
deciduous before the fruit ripens; the flesh is thick and orange color. The nutlets, which vary from
three to five in number, are thin, broad, only slightly ridged on the rounded back, light brown, and five
sixteenths of an inch in length.

Crategus lacera inhabits the low rich glades between the rolling hills which rise above the bottoms
of the Red River near Fulton, Arkansas, where I first found this handsome and distinct tree on the
second of October, 1900.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puate DCLXXX. CRAT#GUS LACERA.

CONA Se P wpe

. A flowering branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

. A calyx-lobe, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.

. Cross section of a fruit, natural size.

. A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

. A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

. The end of a vigorous shoot, natural size.

Silva‘ of North America.

Tab. DCLXXX.

CLE. Faxon ded, . fraud vO.
CRATEGUS LACERA, Sarg.

A. Riocreua direa* Imp. J Taneur Paris.

ROSACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 129

CRATAGUS PENTANDRA.

Red Haw.

StaMENsS usually 5; anthers dark red-purple. Leaves oval to ovate, acuminate,
dark green and scabrous above.

Cratzgus pentandra, Sargent, Rhodora, iii. 25 (1901).

A tree, rarely more than fifteen feet in height, with a straight trunk five or six inches in diameter
covered with thin bark separating into papery lustrous pale scales, and stout branches which form a broad
rather open head irregular in outline. The branchlets are slender, often zigzag, marked by large pale
lenticels, and armed with many thick straight or curved bright chestnut-brown or red-brown spines
from an inch to an inch and a half in length; when they first appear they are dark yellow-green and
glabrous, becoming in their first summer bright chestnut-brown or sometimes light orange-green when
the shoots have grown vigorously, and ashy gray in their second year. The leaves are oval or ovate,
acuminate, broadly cuneate or rarely rounded at the entire base, divided above the middle into numerous
short acute or acuminate lobes, and coarsely and often doubly serrate, with straight or incurved teeth
tipped with small dark glands; nearly fully grown and very thin when the flowers open at the end of
May, at maturity they are membranaceous, dark green and roughened above with short rigid pale hairs,
pale and glabrous below, from two inches to two inches and a half long and from an inch and a half
to two inches wide, with slender yellow midribs and thin primary veins extending to the points of the
lobes and only slightly impressed on the upper side ; they are borne on slender grooved petioles often
winged toward the apex, glandular, with minute dark glands, and usually about an inch long. The
stipules are linear, glandular-serrate, and caducous. On vigorous leading shoots the leaves are more
deeply lobed than the leaves of lateral branchlets, and are often four inches long and three inches
wide, and their stipules are foliaceous, lunate, very coarsely glandular-serrate, and often half an inch in
length. The flowers are produced on elongated slender pedicels, in compact compound thin-branched
few-flowered glabrous corymbs, with linear or oblong-obovate acute glandular bright red bracts and
bractlets. The calyx-tube is narrowly obconic, glabrous, and dark red, and the lobes are lmear-
lanceolate, entire or finely glandular-serrate, and reflexed after the flowers open. There are usually
five but occasionally from six to ten stamens with slender filaments and large dark red-purple anthers,
and three styles surrounded at the base by a thin ring of hoary tomentum. The fruit, which ripens
about the middle of September and soon falls, is produced in drooping narrow clusters ; it is oblong,
full and rounded at the ends, dark crimson, lustrous, marked by minute pale dots, and usually about
five eighths of an inch long and half an inch thick ; the calyx is enlarged and persistent, with elongated
strongly incurved lobes which are frequently deciduous before the fruit ripens; the flesh is yellow,
thick, dry, and mealy. The three nutlets are thick, with broad and prominent dorsal ridges, and a
third of an inch in length.

Crategus pentandra is not a rare inhabitant of low hills and limestone ridges in the Champlain
valley of Vermont, where it is distributed from Bennington and Rutland to Charlotte.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Pirate DCLXXXI. Crat#GuUS PENTANDRA.

poh

. A flowering branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
. A calyx-lobe, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.
Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.
Cross section of a fruit, natural size.
A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

. A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

CON AME wh

A leaf of a vigorous shoot, natural size.

Silva of North America.

Tab. DCLXXXI.

LE Faxon del. ftapine SC

CRATAGUS PENTANDRA, Sarg.

4. Fiocreuc direg* Imp. J Taneur, Paris.

ROSACEA SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 131

CRATAIGUS SILVICOLA.

Haw.

STAMENS 10; anthers purple. Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate, membranaceous,
yellow-green.

Cratzwgus silvicola, Beadle, Bot. Gazette, xxviii. 414 (1899).— Mohr, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. vi. 549 (Plant Life of
Alabama).

A tree, sometimes thirty feet in height, with a tall straight stem six or eight inches in diameter
covered with close or slightly fissured bark broken into small gray or red-brown scales, and often armed
with long stout branched gray spines, and ascending or spreading branches forming a narrow irregular
or round-topped head ; or on the dry soil of upland forests usually a shrub with several stems. The
branchlets are slender, nearly straight, marked by small pale lenticels, and armed with few or many
thin straight or somewhat curved bright chestnut-brown spines from an inch and a half to nearly two
inches in length ; when they first appear they are dark green more or less tinged with red and covered
with long pale scattered white hairs; soon becoming glabrous, they are bright red-brown during their
first year, and then gradually growing lighter colored they are ultimately ashy gray. The leaves are
ovate, acute or acuminate at the apex, full and rounded at the entire base, sharply and often doubly
serrate, with gland-tipped teeth, and slightly and irregularly divided into short acute lateral lobes ; when
they unfold they are dark red and coated with short soft pale hairs which are most abundant on the
upper surface, and are about half grown when the flowers open at the end of April, when they are
nearly glabrous, and in the autumn they are thin, dark yellow-green and smooth or scabrous above, pale
and glabrous below or occasionally villose along the under side of the slender midribs and three or
four pairs of thin primary veins extending to the points of the lobes, about two inches long and from an
inch and a half to an inch and three quarters wide ; they are borne on very slender grooved glandular
petioles which are about an inch in length.’ The stipules are narrow, acuminate, straight or falcate,
conspicuously glandular-serrate, and bright red like the inner bud-scales. On vigorous leading shoots
the leaves are often deltoid and truncate or slightly cordate at the base, more coarsely serrate and
more deeply lobed than the leaves of lateral branchlets, and frequently two inches and a half long and
broad. The flowers are about three quarters of an inch in diameter, and are produced on slender
pedicels, in compact few-flowered thin-branched compound glabrous corymbs, with linear glandular
caducous bright red bracts and bractlets. The calyx-tube is narrowly obconic and glabrous, and the
lobes are gradually narrowed, acuminate, glabrous, and entire or glandular-serrate. There are ten
stamens with long filaments and large purple anthers, and from three to five styles surrounded at
the base by a narrow ring of short pale hairs. The fruit, which ripens late in September and soon
falls, is borne on short pedicels, in erect few-fruited clusters, and is subglobose but often a little
broader than it is long, red or greenish yellow with a rosy cheek, and about half an inch in diameter,
with a broad shallow calyx-cavity and spreading calyx-lobes which usually disappear before the fruit
ripens ; the flesh is thin, yellow, dry, and mealy. The nutlets vary from three to five in number, and
are thick, prominently ridged and grooved on the back, with a high broad ridge, and about a quarter
of an inch in length.

Crategus silvicola is common in the low moist flat woods of northern Alabama and northwestern

1 Mr. C. D. Beadle has observed that the leaves from the lower branches and of young plants are much rougher to the touch than the
leaves from upper branches and of large and old trees.

132 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACE.

and central Georgia, and is occasionally found in the drier uplands of the surrounding country. It
was first collected near Dalton, Georgia, in May, 1899, by Mr. F. E. Boynton.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

PuateE DCLXXXII. Crataxeus sILvIcoua.
1. A flowering branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

. A calyx-lobe, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Cross section of a fruit, natural size.

A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

ARP oP ww

. A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

Silva of North America. Tab..DCLXXXII.

0 «

Lartaud sc.

' CF Fason del.

CRATA.GUS SILVICOLA Bead.

A.Riocreus direa & Imp. J Taneur, Paris.

ROSACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 133

CRATAiGUS COCCINEA.

Red Haw.

STtaMENS 10; anthers pale yellow. Leaves elliptical to obovate, coriaceous, dark
green, and lustrous.

Cratezgus coccinea, Linneus, Spec. i. 476 (1753). — Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxxi. 11.

A bushy tree, occasionally twenty feet in height, with a short trunk eight or ten inches in
diameter covered with dark red-brown scaly bark, and stout ascending branches forming a broad
round-topped symmetrical head ; or often a shrub with many intricately branched stems spreading into
broad thickets. The branchlets are slender, straight or somewhat zigzag, marked by oblong pale lenti-
cels and armed with numerous stout straight or slightly curved chestnut-brown lustrous spines from an
inch to an inch and a half in length; when they first appear they are light green and covered with
long matted pale hairs, and soon becoming glabrous they are bright red-brown and lustrous during
their first year, and ultimately ashy gray. The leaves are elliptical or obovate, acute or acuminate at
the apex, gradually narrowed from above the middle to the cuneate and entire base, finely and often
doubly serrate above, with incurved or straight teeth tipped with minute dark glands, and divided
above the middle into several short acute lateral lobes ; when the flowers open at the end of May
the leaves are about half grown, and are then membranaceous, light yellow-green, covered on the
upper surface with soft pale hairs and pubescent along the under side of the thin midribs and four
or five pairs of arcuate primary veins extending to the points of the lobes; and in the autumn they
are coriaceous, dark green, smooth and very lustrous on the upper surface, paler and rarely pilose
on the veins below, from an inch and a half to two inches long and from an inch to an inch and a
half wide; they are borne on slender glandular petioles slightly winged at the apex by the decurrent
leaf-blades, villose at first but usually glabrous before the autumn, often dark red toward the base, and
from three quarters of an inch to an inch long. The stipules vary from lanceolate to oblanceolate,
and are straight or falcate, conspicuously glandular-serrate, with dark red glands, and from one half to
three quarters of an inch in length. On vigorous leading shoots the leaves are oblong-ovate, oval or
often nearly orbicular, more deeply lobed than the leaves of lateral branchlets, and frequently from
two inches and a half to three inches long. The flowers vary from one half to three quarters of
an inch in diameter, and are produced on slender pedicels, in broad loose compound thin-branched
many-flowered villose or tomentose corymbs, with linear-lanceolate coarsely glandular-serrate caducous
bracts and bractlets. The calyx-tube is broadly obconic and tomentose or villose, and the lobes are
gradually narrowed from broad bases, acute, coarsely glandular-serrate, glabrous or villose, and often
bright red toward the apex. There are ten stamens with slender filaments and small pale yellow
anthers, and three or four styles. The fruit ripens and falls late in October, and is borne on short stout
pedicels, in drooping many-fruited pilose clusters; it is subglobose but occasionally rather longer
than broad, dark crimson, marked by scattered dark dots, and about half an inch in diameter; the
calyx-cavity is broad and shallow, and the lobes, which are bright red on the upper side toward the
base, are wide-spreading or erect; the flesh is thin, yellow, dry, and sweet. The three or four nutlets
are prominently ridged on the back, with high grooved ridges, and about a quarter of an inch long.’

1 The name Crategus coccinea was first used by Linneus in the angulatis serratis glabris,” had, however, appeared in 1737 in his
first edition of his Species Plantarum (i. 476) published in 1753. Hortus Cliffortianus. In both works a species of Plukenet (Phyt.
His description of this species, “Crategus foliis ovatis repando- Bot. t. 46, f. 4) and a species of Miller (Cat. Pl. Hort. Angl. t. 13,

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEZE.

134

Crategus coccinea inhabits the slopes of hills and the high banks of salt marshes, growing
usually in rich well-drained soil from Essex County, Massachusetts, to Newfoundland, usually in the
neighborhood of the sea, and through the valley of the St. Lawrence to western Quebec.

A variety of this species, Crategus coccinea rotundifolia,’ often grows with it in the same
thickets, and can only be distinguished by its glabrous young branches, leaves, and corymbs, while
connecting these glabrous plants with those which are extremely villose are others which display all
degrees of variation in the development of their villose covering. Crategus coccinea rotundifolia is
one of the commonest New England shrubby Thorns, and ranges southward to eastern Pennsylvania.”

f. 1) were referred by Linneus to his Crategus coccinea. Pluke-
net’s plant is preserved in the British Museum. It belongs to the
mollis group, but the specimen is so meagre that I have been
unable to identify it. Miller’s figure perhaps represents a species
of the mollis group, but it is certainly not the same plant as the one
figured by Plukenet, and I am unable to recognize it. The only
representative of Crategus coccinea in Linneus’s herbarium, a
specimen so labeled by him, is an entirely different plant from
either of those represented in Plukenet’s or Miller’s figures which
Linnzus had referred to his species. Moreover, the specimen is
not glabrous but villose on the leaves, corymb, and young branches,
and the leaves can hardly be described as “ repando-angulatis ser-
ratis.” The Linnean specimen is not dated, and it is therefore
possible that it was not from this specimen but from Plukenet’s or
Miller’s figure that Linnzus drew his description of Crategus coc-
cinea. There seems in this case, therefore, but one of two courses
to follow in considering this name. Either the specimen in Lin-
neus’s herbarium must be ignored as not agreeing with his de-
scription, and the name dropped entirely because it was given to a
species founded on two distinct plants, neither of which can be sat-
isfactorily determined, or the specimen in the Linnean herbarium
labeled Crataegus coccinea by Linneus himself must be accepted as
his type of this species. In view of the fact that the name Cra-
teegus coccinea is one of the best known of the names which have
been applied to American species of the genus, and as the plant
labeled Crategus coccinea by Linneus is now known to be a com-
mon and widely distributed species in the north Atlantic coast
region, it is perhaps best to consider the specimen in the Linnean
herbarium as the type of Crategus coccinea.
1 Crategus coccinea rotundifolia, Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxxi. 14
(1901).
Crategus rotundifolia, Moench, Baume Weiss. 29, t. 1 (1785). —
Poiret, Lamarck Dict.iv. 447. —K. Koch, Verhandl. Preuss. Gart.
Vereins, 236 (Crataegus und Mespilus). — Koehne, Deutsche Dendr.

231. — Lange, Rev. Spec. Gen. Crategi, 66.

Mespilus glandulosa, Ehrhart, Beitr. iii. 20 (1788). — Willde-
now, Enum. 523. — Schmidt, Oestr. Baumz. iv. 33, t. 213. —Wat-
son, Dendr. Brit. i. 58, t. 58. — Sprengel, Syst. ii. 507 (excl. syn.
Crategus sanguinea, Pallas). — Spach, Hist. Vég. ii. 62. — Poiret,
I. c. Suppl. iv. 69. — K. Koch, Dendr. i. 145 (excl. syn. Crataegus
sanguinea, Torrey & Gray).

Crategus glandulosa, Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 84 (excl. syn.
Crategus sanguinea). — Pursh, Fl. i. 337 (excl. syn. Crataegus
sanguinea). — Wendland, Flora, 1823, ii. 700.— Torrey, Fi.
Northern and Middle States, 475.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 627
(excl. syn. Crategus sanguinea). — Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. 1012. —
Hooker, Fl. Bor. Am. i. 201.— Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 817 (in
part). — Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. i. 120.

Crategus horrida, Medicus, Gresch. Bot. 84 (1793).

Mespilus rotundifolia, Du Roi, Harbk. Baumz. ed. 2, ii. 607 (excl.
syn. Crategus glandulosa, Aiton) (1795). — K. Koch, J. c. 148.

Crategus coccinea, Lindley, Bot. Reg. xxiii. t. 1957 (not Lin-
neus) (1837).— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 465 (in part)
(not Linnzus).

? Crategus glandulosa, B rotundifolia, Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop.
i. 120 (1870).

Crategus coccinea, var. macracantha, Sargent, Silva N. Am. iv.
96 (in part) (not Dudley) (1892).

2 The description of Crategus coccinea in an earlier volume of
this work (iv. 95) includes a number of forms which are now
believed to be distinct, although among them is not the plant which
was called Crategus coccinea by Linneus as shown by his her-
barium. The description of Crategus coccinea, var. macracantha
in that volume was partly drawn from the form now called Cra-
The plate of Crategus coccinea (t. 130)
represents one of the thin-leaved shrubby species long confounded

teegus coccinea rotundifolia.

with Crataegus coccinea, which I have recently described as Cra-
tegus pastorum (Rhodora, iii. 24 [1901]).

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puate DCLX XXIII.

CRATEGUS COCCINEA.

1. A flowering branch, natural size.

AID oO FP W bO

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
. A calyx-lobe, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Cross section of a fruit, natural size.

. A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

. A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

Tab. DCLXXXIII.

Silva of North America.

Lartaud se.

C£. Faxon del.

CRATAGUS COCCINEA,.L.

ARiocreux dhrex*

ROSACE. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 135

CRATAIGUS JONESA.

Haw.

STAMENS 10; anthers rose color. Leaves elliptical to ovate, coriaceous, dark green
and lustrous.

Cratwgus Jonese, Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxxi. 14 (1901). Cratzgus coccinea macracantha, Rand & Redfield, FV.
Mt. Desert Island, 98 (1894).

A bushy tree, occasionally twenty feet in height, with a short trunk a foot in diameter covered
with dark brown scaly bark, and ascending branches forming a broad open irregular head; or more
often a tall broad shrub with numerous thick stems. The branchlets are stout, zigzag for many years,
armed with stout straight or occasionally curved bright chestnut-brown lustrous spines from two to three
inches in length, and usually pointed toward the base of the branch; when they first appear they are
dark green, tomentose, and marked by light red oblong lenticels, becoming orange-brown, glabrous, and
very lustrous during their first season, and light gray in their second year. The leaves vary from
elliptical to ovate and are acute at the apex, gradually narrowed or broadly cuneate at the entire base,
coarsely and doubly serrate above, with spreading or incurved teeth tipped with deciduous dark red
glands, and usually divided above the middle into two or three pairs of short acute or acuminate lobes ;
when the flowers open during the first week of June they are more than half grown, membranaceous,
and coated with soft pale hairs, which are most abundant on the under side of the midribs and principal
veins, and in the autumn they are thick and coriaceous, dark green and very lustrous on the upper
surface, pale and puberulous on the lower surface, from three to four inches long and from two to three
inches broad, with stout midribs deeply impressed on the upper side and from four to six pairs of
primary veins and conspicuous secondary veinlets; they are borne on stout deeply grooved petioles
more or less winged toward the apex by the decurrent bases of the leaf-blades, villose, ultimately
glabrous, tinged with red below the middle, from an inch and a half to two inches long, and after
midsummer often twisted near the base, thus bringing the lower surface of the leaves to the light.
The stipules are linear-lanceolate, entire, from one quarter to one half of an inch in length, and dark
green, fading red. On vigorous leading shoots the leaves are often more coarsely serrate and are usually
much more deeply lobed than the leaves of lateral branchlets, with broadly winged petioles and falcate
coarsely glandular-serrate stipules sometimes an inch in length. The flowers, which are an inch in
diameter and bad-smelling, are produced on long slender pedicels, in broad loose lax compound many-
flowered thin-branched tomentose corymbs, with linear finely glandular-serrate caducous bracts and
bractlets. The calyx-tube is narrowly obconic and tomentose, and the lobes are abruptly narrowed
from broad bases, elongated, acute, entire, villose, and reflexed after the flowers open. There are ten
stamens with long slender filaments and large pale rose-colored anthers, and two or generally three styles
surrounded at the base by a narrow ring of pale tomentum. The fruit ripens usually early in October
and hangs on the slender elongated pedicels, in broad many-fruited drooping glabrous or puberulous
clusters ; it varies from oblong to oblong-obovate and is full and rounded at the ends, bright carmine
red, marked by occasional large dark dots, from three quarters of an inch to an inch long and three
quarters of an inch broad; the calyx-cavity is broad and shallow, and the lobes are elongated and
closely pressed against the fruit; the flesh is thick, yellow, sweet, and mealy. The three or rarely two
nutlets are thick, rounded and ridged on the back, with high broad ridges, and about seven sixteenths

of an inch long.

136

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

ROSACEZ.

Crategus Jonese inhabits the rocky shores of ocean sounds and bays in southeastern Maine, where
it is distributed from Belfast Bay to the island of Bar Harbor.’ This handsome and distinct species has
been named for Miss Beatrix Jones,’ landscape-gardener.

1 In my original description of Crategus Jonese it was said to
grow at Orono on the Penobscot River, a fruiting specimen of an-
other species having been mistaken for it. I now know Crategus
Jonese only in the neighborhood of the ocean.

2 Beatrix Jones (June 19, 1872), the daughter of Frederick
Rhinelander Jones and Mary Cadwallader Rawle, was born in
New York. On her father’s side she is descended from the Rhine-

lander and Stevens families of New York, who for several genera-

On her mother’s side
she is descended from the Rawle and Cadwallader families of

tions have been interested in horticulture.

Pennsylvania. Endowed with unusual natural gifts, cultivated by
a liberal education, and carefully trained in the United States and
Europe to a technical knowledge of the art of landscape-gardening,
Miss Jones is the first American woman who has successfully prac-
ticed that art as a profession.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Prate DCLXXXIV. Cratacus JonEse.

oCAOaAN Ao fF WD

. A flowering branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a flower, natural size.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.

. Cross section of a fruit showing the nutlets, natural size.
- A calyx removed from a ripe fruit, natural size.

. A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

. A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

. End of a winter branchlet, natural size.

Silva of North America. Tab. DCLXXXIV.

GE. Fawon, del.

CRATAGUS JONESA, Sarg

ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 137

CRATAIGUS MARGARETTA.

Haw.

STAMENS usually 20; anthers yellow. Leaves broadly rhombic to oblong-obovate,
thick and firm, dark green.

Crategus Margaretta, Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. xvi. pt. ii. 72 (1900). — Gattinger, FZ. Tennessee, 100.

A tree, occasionally twenty-five feet in height, with a straight trunk from four to six inches in
diameter covered with thin dark gray-brown bark broken into small plate-like closely appressed scales,
and thin rather erect branches which form a narrow open head; or sometimes a wide bush with
numerous stout spreading stems. The branchlets are slender, generally nearly straight, marked by small
oblong pale lenticels, and armed with thin straight or slightly curved bright chestnut-brown spines from
three quarters of an inch to an inch and a half in length, or occasionally unarmed ; when they first
appear they are orange-green, and glabrous or sometimes pubescent for a short time, and during their
first summer they become bright chestnut-brown and lustrous, and ashy gray or gray tinged with red
during their second year. The leaves are broadly rhombic, oblong-obovate or rarely ovate, acute or
rounded at the apex, gradually narrowed and usually entire below, coarsely and often doubly crenulate-
serrate above, with mostly glandless teeth, and often divided above the middle, or frequently only at the
apex, into short broad rounded or acute lobes; when the flowers open early in May they are membrana-
ceous, roughened above by short pale hairs and glabrous below, and in the autumn they are firm and
rather leathery in texture or subcoriaceous, glabrous, smooth, dark green and somewhat lustrous on the
upper surface, pale on the lower surface, from an inch to an inch and a quarter long and about an inch
wide, with yellow midribs and from three to five pairs of thin primary veins extending very obliquely to
the points of the lobes and deeply impressed on the upper side; they are borne on slender grooved
petioles often slightly winged toward the apex, glandular at first on the upper side, with minute dark
red caducous glands, and from half an inch to an inch in length. The stipules are linear, acuminate,
glandular-serrate, and soon disappear. On vigorous leading shoots the leaves are broadly ovate or
semiorbicular, usually more deeply and more generally lobed than the leaves of lateral branchlets, often
three inches long and from two to three inches wide. The flowers are about three quarters of an
inch in diameter, and are produced on slender elongated pedicels, in three to twelve-flowered compound
thin-branched slightly villose corymbs, with narrow oblong-obovate acute or acuminate conspicuously
glandular bracts and bractlets. The calyx-tube is narrowly obconic and slightly villose toward the base,
or glabrous, and the lobes are gradually narrowed from broad bases, acuminate or short-pointed at the
apex, finely and irregularly glandular-serrate, glabrous, or villose on the inner surface, and reflexed after
the flowers open. There are usually twenty stamens with slender filaments and small yellow anthers,
and two or three styles surrounded at the base by a narrow ring of pale tomentum and villose below the
middle with occasional long spreading hairs. The fruit ripens and mostly falls toward the end of
September and is borne in few-fruited drooping clusters ; it is short-oblong and full and rounded at the
ends or subglobose and flattened at the ends, dull dark red or rusty orange-red marked by occasional
dark dots, and about half an inch long; the calyx-cavity is broad and shallow, and the lobes are
spreading or erect and frequently deciduous before the fruit ripens; the flesh is thin, yellow, dry, and
mealy. The two or three nutlets are thick, conspicuously grooved and ridged on the back, with broad
rounded ridges, and about a quarter of an inch long.

Crategus Margaretta grows by the banks of streams and on open hillsides. It has been found in

138

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

central Michigan,’ central Iowa,’-along the Des Peres River at Webster, St. Louis County, Missouri,’ at

Springfield, Missouri, and in middle Tennessee.*

The specific name is formed from the Christian name of Mrs. J. O. Wilcox of Ashe County, North

Carolina.®

1 Crategus Margaretta was collected near Lansing, Michigan, in
May, 1901, by Professor W. J. Beal.

2 Quarry, Iowa, F. W. Forest, May 19, 1900 (No. 1996); Steam-
boat Rock, Iowa, L. H. Pammel, June 14, 1900 (No. 1989).

8 In the Gray Herbarium there is a specimen of Crategus Mar-
garetta collected in Missouri by E. Hall in 1870, the place of
collection being not otherwise given ; and in the Gray Herbarium
there is also an Iowa specimen collected by M. Jones in 1877.

Crategus Margaretta was first collected on the Des Peres River
by H. Eggert in the spring of 1886 ; and in Springfield, Missouri,
where this tree grows to a large size and is abundant, it was first
noticed by Professor Trelease and myself in September, 1900.

4 Crategus Margaretta was collected on limestone hills in West
Nashville, Tennessee, where it is a low shrub, on May 2, 1900, by
Mr. T. G. Harbison.

5 W. W. Ashe, in litt.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

PuateE DCLXXXV. Cratmcus MARGARETTA.

1. Portion of a flowering branch, natural size.

AP oF wp

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
. A calyx-lobe, enlarged.

A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Cross section of a fruit, natural size.
. A nutlet, front view, enlarged.

. A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

Silva of North America. - Tab. DCLXXXV
: : aod. ;

ARTY Ne >.

t Sy) \ V N Ue. Na \ 4
NX Ve SS ) hyp § Q/
ls) ans
ee td te g us

> Ay
OG
Nas

CE Fazon deb. . oo Lartaud se.

CRATEGUS MARGARETTA, Ashe.

A. Puocreux direx™® imp. J Taneur, Paris.

ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 139

CRATAGUS SUCCULENTA.

Scarlet Haw.

STAMENS 20; anthers rose color. Leaves elliptical, gradually narrowed at the
ends, coriaceous, dark green, and lustrous.

Crategus succulenta, Link, Handd. ii. 78 (1831).— Cratzgus glandulosa, d succulenta, Lauche, Deutsche
Lange, Rev. Spec. Gen. Crategi, 82, t. 8 B. Dendr. ed. 2, 573 (1883).

? Mespilus corallina, Tausch, Flora, 1838, ii. 717 (mot Crategus coccinea, var. macracantha, Sargent, Garden
Desfontaines). and Forest, ii. 412 (in part) (1889) ; Silva N. Am. iv.

? Crategus macracantha, Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 819, f. 96 (in part) t. 131.— Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man.
572 (not Lindley) (1838). ed. 6, 165 (in part).

? Phonopyrum corallinum, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. Crategus rotundifolia, b succulenta, Dippel, Handb.
154 (1847). Laubholzk. iii. 441 (1893).

A bushy tree, occasionally twenty feet in height, with a short stem five or six inches in diameter
covered with dark red-brown scaly bark, and stout ascending branches forming a broad irregular head ;
or usually shrubby and much smaller and often flowering when only a few feet in height. The
branchlets are stout, more or less zigzag, marked by large oblong pale lenticels, and armed with
numerous stout slightly curved bright chestnut-brown lustrous spines from an inch and a half to two
inches and a half in length; when they appear they are glabrous, green tinged with red or orange,
becoming dark orange-brown and very lustrous before midsummer, dull gray-brown in their second
season, and ultimately ashy gray. The leaves are elliptical, acute or acuminate at the apex, gradually
narrowed from near the middle and entire at the base, coarsely and usually doubly serrate, with
spreading glandular teeth, and divided above the middle into numerous short acute lobes; nearly
fully grown when the flowers open at the end of May or early in June, they are then membranaceous,
covered above with soft pale hairs and puberulous or rarely nearly glabrous on the lower surface, and
at maturity they are coriaceous, dark green, glabrous and somewhat lustrous above, pale yellow-green
and mostly puberulous along the stout yellow midribs and four to seven pairs of slender veins
extending obliquely to the points of the lobes and deeply impressed on the upper side, usually from
two inches to two inches and a half long and from an inch to an inch and a half wide; or on leading
shoots occasionally ovate and often three inches and a half long and three inches wide; they are
borne on stout grooved petioles more or less winged above by the decurrent bases of the leaf-blades,
generally about half an inch long and frequently bright red after midsummer. The stipules are linear,
acuminate, finely glandular-serrate, and caducous. The flowers are about two thirds of an inch in
diameter, and are produced on long slender pedicels, in broad lax compound many-flowered villose
corymbs, with linear-acuminate glandular-serrate bracts and bractlets. The calyx-tube is narrowly
obconic, villose or glabrous, and the lobes are broad, acute, laciniate, glandular, with large bright red
glands, generally villose, and reflexed after the flowers open. There are usually twenty but sometimes
only fifteen stamens with slender filaments and small rose-colored anthers, and two or three styles
surrounded at the base by a ring of pale hairs. The fruit, which begins to ripen about the middle
of September and sometimes does not fall until the end of October, is borne on slender elongated
pedicels, in broad loose many-fruited drooping clusters; it is globose, bright scarlet marked by
occasional large pale dots, and from one third to two thirds of an inch in diameter; the calyx is
prominent, with a broad shallow depression and much enlarged coarsely serrate closely appressed
persistent lobes; the flesh is thick, yellow, very juicy, sweet, and pulpy. The two or three nutlets are

140 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEZ.

broad, prominently ridged on the back, with broad rounded ridges, and penetrated on each of the inner

faces by a broad deep depression.

Crategus succulenta is common from the valley of the St. Lawrence River near Montreal to the
coast of New England, and through northern New York and southern Ontario to northern Illinois,
growing on open hillsides often on limestone. First distinguished in Europe from cultivated plants,
and long an inhabitant of American and European gardens, it was formerly confounded with Crataegus

coccinea by American botanists.

1 The earliest mention of Crategus succulenta was in the seed-list
of the Gottingen Botanic Garden for the year 1823, when the name
only is mentioned; and a Mespilus succulenta appears without de-
scription in the second and third editions of Sweet’s Hortus Botani-
cus published in 1830 and 1839. This species is sometimes found
in gardens under the name of Crategus Downingii, a name which

has probably never been published. Plate No. exxxi., in the fourth
volume of this work, purporting to represent Crategus coccinea, var.
macracantha, properly represents Crategus succulenta, as I now
understand this species.

The range of Crategus succulenta is still very imperfectly known.

ROSACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA 141

CRATAEGUS GEMMOSA.

Haw.
STAMENS 20; anthers rose color. Leaves broadly oval or rarely obovate.
Cratzegus gemmosa, Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxxiii. 119 (1902).

A tree, occasionally thirty feet in height, with a tall trunk ten or twelve inches in diameter covered
with dark brown scaly bark, and stout spreading or ascending branches forming a broad rather open
symmetrical head ; or often shrubby and frequently flowering when only a few feet tall. The branchlets
are stout, zigzag, glabrous, marked by numerous oblong pale lenticels, and armed with straight or
slightly curved thick chestnut-brown spines usually about two inches in length; dark orange-brown
when they first appear, the branchlets are bright red-brown or gray-brown and lustrous for two or
three years, and ultimately become dark brown. The winter-buds are globose, and sometimes nearly
a quarter of an inch in diameter, with broad ovate rounded shining bright red-brown outer scales pale
and scarious on the margins. The leaves are broadly oval or rarely broadly obovate, acute or
acuminate, gradually narrowed and cuneate or occasionally rounded at the base, sharply and usually
doubly serrate from below the middle, with straight glandular teeth, and often slightly lobed toward
the apex, with short acute lobes; dark red and villose as they unfold, they are nearly fully grown when
the flowers open from the middle to the end of May, and are then membranaceous, light yellow-green,
nearly glabrous above and pale and villose below, and at maturity they are thick and firm in texture,
very dark dull green on the upper surface, and pale and pubescent on the lower surface along the
stout yellow midribs which are deeply impressed and occasionally puberulous on the upper side and
along the four or five pairs of slender primary veins extending obliquely to the apex of the leaf; they
vary from an inch and a half to two inches and a half in length and from an inch to two inches in width,
and are borne on stout deeply grooved villose or pubescent petioles more or less winged above, glandular
while young, with minute bright red caducous glands, usually pk in the autumn, and from one quarter
to one half of an inch in length. The stipules are linear, acuminate, glandular, bright red, and
caducous. On vigorous leading shoots the leaves are more coarsely serrate, frequently divided into
short acute lateral lobes, and often four inches long and three inches wide, with rose-colored midribs
and stout spreading primary veins; and their stipules are often lunate, acuminate, coarsely glandular-
serrate, and frequently a quarter of an inch long. The flowers vary from one half to three quarters
of an inch in diameter, and are produced in slender-branched open compound villose many-flowered
corymbs, with lanceolate or oblanceolate acuminate glandular-serrate conspicuous bracts and bractlets.
The calyx-tube is narrowly obconic, more or less villose, with matted pale hairs, or nearly glabrous, and
the lobes are lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous or villose on the outer surface, villose on the inner surface,
coarsely glandular-serrate, with bright red glands, and reflexed after anthesis. There are twenty
stamens with small rose-colored anthers, and two or three styles surrounded at the base by a narrow
ring of pale tomentum. The fruit, which ripens early in October and becomes very succulent just
before it is ready to fall, is borne in drooping many-fruited glabrous or puberulous clusters ; it is
subglobose or short-oblong, scarlet, lustrous, half an inch in diameter when fully ripe, and crowned by
the persistent calyx with an elongated narrow tube and reflexed villose lobes which are bright red
toward the base on the upper side; the flesh is thick, yellow, sweet, and succulent, and only slightly
adheres to the two or usually three nutlets. These are broad and flat and a quarter of an inch in
length, with prominent rounded dorsal ridges, and are penetrated on each of the inner faces by a short

broad deep cavity.

142

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

ROSACE.

Crategus gemimosa grows in rich forest glades and on the margins of woods usually in low
moist rich soil, and is distributed from the neighborhood of Rochester, New York,’ and Toronto,
Ontario, through Ontario” to the southern peninsula of Michigan,’ where it is very abundant as far
north at least as the neighborhood of Saginaw,’ and where it probably grows to its largest size.°

1 Crategus gemmosa was found in October, 1901, by Mr. John
Dunbar in the Genesee Valley Park, Rochester.

2 In Ontario Crategus gemmosa is common in the neighborhood
of Toronto, where it was collected in May and October, 1901, by
Mr. D. W. Beadle, and near London, where it was found by C. S.
Sargent in September, 1901.

8 The earliest specimen of this tree which I have seen was col-
lected near Grand Rapids, Michigan, by Mr. C. W. Fallass in
May, 1895.

4 Teste Miss E. J. Cole.

5 The largest specimen of Crategus gemmosa which I have seen
is growing at the southeast corner of Curtis and Forests streets in
Grand Rapids, Michigan. This tree as measured by Miss Cole
of that city in the autumn of 1901 is thirty feet high, with a
trunk circumference two feet above the ground of thirty-four
inches, and a spread of branches in one direction of twenty-five
feet and seven inches, and of twenty-two feet in the other direc-

tion.

EXPLANATION

Pirate DCLXXXVI.

. A flowering branch, natural size.

—_

COWARD OP ww

OF THE PLATE.

CRATZEGUS GEMMOSA.

- Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
. A calyx-lobe, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

- Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.

. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged.

A nutlet, inner face, enlarged.

. A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

. A winter branchlet, natural size.

Lartaud se,

CLE Faxon dal,

CRATHAGUS GEMMOSA Sars.

Imp. J. Taneur, Paris.

ROSACEE. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 143

CRATAiGUS ILLINOIENSIS.

Scarlet Haw.

STAMENS 10; anthers rose color. Leaves broadly obovate to oval, acute or rounded
at the apex, subcoriaceous, dark green.

Cratzgus Illinoiensis, Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. xvi. pt. ii. 76 (1900).

A tree, rarely more than seventeen or eighteen feet in height, with a stem four or five inches in
diameter covered with thin close bark broken on the surface into pale plate-like scales, and divided into
several virgate branches forming a wide open-topped head. The branchlets are stout, somewhat zigzag,
marked by small dark lenticels, and armed with numerous slender straight or somewhat curved bright
chestnut-brown shining spines from an inch and a half to nearly three inches in length; dark orange-
green and covered with scattered pale caducous hairs when they first appear, they become bright orange-
brown and lustrous during their first season, dark brown in their second year, and ultimately ashy gray.
The leaves vary from broadly obovate to oval, and are rounded or rarely acute at the wide apex, broadly
cuneate and entire at the base, coarsely and often doubly serrate above, with straight or incurved teeth
tipped with minute deciduous glands, and sometimes slightly and irregularly divided toward the apex
into short acute lobes; when they first unfold they are covered on the lower surface with a thick coat
of hoary tomentum and are pilose on the upper surface, and when the flowers open about the twentieth
of May they are membranaceous, yellow-green, and covered above with short pale hairs and pubescent
below ; in the autumn they are thick and firm in texture, dark green and glabrous above, pale and
pubescent below, particularly along the stout midribs and four to six pairs of primary veins deeply
impressed on the upper side, from two inches to two inches and a half in length and from an inch and
a half to two inches in width; they are borne on stout grooved petioles shghtly winged toward the
apex by the decurrent bases of the leaf-blades, usually from one half to two thirds of an inch long, and
generally bright red below the middle after midsummer. The stipules are linear, acuminate, finely
glandular-serrate, and caducous. On vigorous leading shoots the leaves are usually elliptical, acute, or
acuminate, more coarsely dentate and more often lobed than the leaves of lateral branchlets, sometimes
decurrent nearly to the base of the stout petioles, from three to four mches long and from two inches
and a half to three inches wide, with foliaceous, lunate, coarsely glandular-dentate, stipitate stipules
often three quarters of an inch in length. The flowers are about five eighths of an inch in diameter,
and are produced on slender pedicels, in broad compact many-flowered villose compound corymbs, with
narrow obovate acute or acuminate glandular bracts and bractlets. The calyx-tube is narrowly
obconic and coated with long matted pale hairs, and the lobes are broad, acuminate, very coarsely
glandular-serrate, with large stipitate bright red glands, glabrous on the outer surface except at the base,
villose on the inner surface, and reflexed after the flowers open. There are ten stamens with small rose-
colored anthers, and two or usually three styles. The fruit, which ripens early in October but does not
fall until after the beginning of winter, is borne on stout bright red pedicels, in few-fruited drooping
villose clusters, and is globose, scarlet, lustrous, marked by occasional dark dots, more or less villose
at the ends, and half an inch in diameter; the calyx is prominent, with a short villose tube, a deep
narrow cavity, and spreading lobes which are lanceolate from broad bases, sparingly glandular-serrate
or nearly entire, villose and mostly deciduous before the fruit ripens; the flesh is thin, yellow, dry,
and mealy, and very firm and solid until after the fruit falls. The two or three nutlets are broad
and thick, prominently ridged and grooved on the back, with broad high ridges, penetrated on each of
the inner faces by a broad deep depression, and a quarter of an inch long.

144 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEZ.

Crategus Illinoiensis grows in open woods along the gravelly banks of small streams in Stark and
Peoria counties, Uhnois, where it is not common. It was first collected in May, 1889, by Mr. Virginius

H. Chase.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Pirate DCLXXXVII. Crataeus ILLINoIENsIS.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

ND OF Bm WLW b

A flowering branch, natural size.

. A calyx-lobe, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Cross section of a fruit, natural size.
. A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

. A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

Silva of Nérth Armerica. Tab. DCLXXXVII
ao. . F

)
fe ‘ p Dey
ee XY J ¢ Oé -

\
eR mal
NIN

F Yury tet,
Pied

CLE Faxon del,

CRATAGUS ILLINOIENSIS, Ashe.

A Riocreue dire" Lmp. J Taneur, Paris.

ROSACE. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 145

CRATAIGUS INTEGRILOBA.
Red Haw.

STAMENS 10; anthers pink ; calyx-lobes entire. Leaves broadly obovate to oval or
rhomboidal, dark green, and lustrous.

Cratzegus integriloba, Sargent, Rhodora, iii. 78 (1901).

A tree, occasionally eighteen or twenty feet in height, with a straight erect stem six or eight inches
in diameter, and wide-spreading or erect branches forming an open irregular head. The branchlets are
stout, nearly straight or occasionally slightly zigzag, marked by small scattered pale lenticels, and armed
with stout nearly straight bright chestnut-brown lustrous spines from an inch and a half to two inches
and a half in length and often pointed toward the base of the branch; dark orange-green and glabrous
when they first appear, the branchlets become very lustrous and red-brown or orange-brown during their
first summer, and ultimately dull ashy gray. The leaves are broadly obovate, oval or rhomboidal, acute
at the apex, gradually or abruptly narrowed and cuneate below the middle, entire toward the base,
coarsely doubly serrate above, with spreading glandular teeth, and irregularly divided into numerous
short acute or acuminate lobes; in early spring they are coated with soft pale caducous hairs, and in
the autumn they are glabrous, thin but firm in texture, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface,
pale yellow-green on the lower surface, from an inch and a half to three inches long and from an inch
and a quarter to two inches wide, with slender midribs often dark red at the base, and with from four
to six pairs of slender primary veins deeply impressed on the upper side; they are borne on stout
grooved petioles more or less broadly winged toward the apex, puberulous at first but soon glabrous,
often red on the lower side, and from one third to three quarters of an inch in length. The stipules
are linear, finely glandular-serrate, villose, light red, from three quarters of an inch to an inch long,
and caducous. The flowers open during the first week in June, when the leaves are nearly fully grown,
and are three quarters of an inch in diameter; they are produced in broad open many-flowered com-
pound thin-branched villose corymbs, with linear glandular-serrate caducous bracts and bractlets. The
calyx-tube is broadly obconic, coated toward the base with long matted white hairs and glabrous above,
and the lobes are linear-lanceolate, elongated, entire, or very rarely furnished with an occasional
caducous gland. There are ten stamens with stout slender filaments and large rose-colored anthers,
and two or three styles surrounded at the base by a narrow ring of soft white hairs. The fruit ripens
at the end of September or early in October and is borne on short stout pedicels, in drooping or erect
many-fruited slightly villose clusters; it is subglobose, bright scarlet, lustrous, rarely marked by large
pale dots, and from one third to one half of an inch in diameter; the calyx is prominent, with a
comparatively broad deep cavity and elongated entire lobes which are dark red on the upper side at
the base, much reflexed and persistent ; the flesh is thin, yellow, sweet, and pulpy. The two or three
nutlets are thick and broad, prominently and often doubly ridged on the back, penetrated on each of
the inner faces by a broad deep longitudinal groove, and about a quarter of an inch long.

Crategus integriloba grows on low limestone ridges in the region south of the St. Lawrence River
near the Lachine Rapids, where it was discovered at Beauharnois in August, 1899, by Mr. J. G. Jack,
who has found it also at Caughnawaga, Rockfield, and Adirondack Junction.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puate DCLXXXVIII. CraAtr#Gus INTEGRILOBA.

AD oP DS

. A flowering branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
. A calyx-lobe, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged.

. A nutlet, front view, enlarged.

. A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

Silva of North America . Tab. DCLXXXVIII

} NO {
Q Om ] Q \
\ SAY ; po
SVE, .
“or OD 2,
LS ULANY
5 ;
® |
Ne x — 1) 3

C.E.Faaon ‘dal. _ Lartaud ft.

CRATA GUS: INTEGRILOBA, Saré.

A. Riocreum direa* Imp J. Taneur, Paris.

ROSACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 147

CRATAIGUS MACRACANTHA.

Scarlet Haw.

STAMENS 10; anthers pale yellow. Leaves broadly obovate to elliptical or oval,
coriaceous, dark green, and lustrous.

Crategus macracantha, Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 236 Cratzgus coccinea, var. macracantha, Dudley, Bull.

(in part) (not Loudon) (1893). — Lange, Rev. Spec. Gen. Cornell Univ. ii. 33 (Cayuga Flora) (1886). — Sargent,
Crategi, 67, t. 8 A. Garden and Forest, ii. 412 (in part) ; Silva N. Am. iv. 96
Mespilus odorata, Wendland, Flora, 1823, ii. 700 (not (in part). — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 165
Crategus odorata, Bosc). (in part). — Lange, Rev. Spec. Gen. Crategi, 30.
Cratzgus glandulosa, 8 macracantha, Lindley, Bot.Reg. Cratzgus rotundifolia, a minor, Dippel, Handb. Laub-
xxii. t. 1912 (1836). holzk, iii. 440, £. 215 (1893).

Cratzgus macracantha, var. minor, Loudon, Arb. Brit.
ii. 819, £. 573 (1838).

A tree, occasionally fifteen feet in height, with a tall stem five or six inches in diameter covered
with pale close bark, and stout wide-spreading branches forming an open rather irregular head ; or more
often a tall broad shrub sometimes flowering when only a few feet high. The branchlets are stout,
slightly zigzag, marked by large pale lenticels, and armed with numerous slender usually curved very
sharp bright chestnut-brown lustrous spines from two inches and a half to four inches in length ; when
they appear they are glabrous and dark green more or less tinged with red, and during their first
season they become light chestnut-brown and very lustrous, and dull reddish brown the following
season. The leaves vary from broadly obovate to elliptical or oval, and are acute or rounded and
sometimes short-pointed at the apex, gradually or abruptly narrowed and cuneate at the entire base,
coarsely and often doubly serrate above, with straight or incurved gland-tipped teeth, and usually
divided above the middle into numerous short acute or acuminate lobes ; coated on the upper surface
with soft pale hairs and often bright red when they unfold, they are more than half grown when the
flowers open late in May, and are then dull yellow-green and nearly glabrous on the upper surface and
pale and puberulous below, particularly along the midribs and veins, and in the autumn they are
coriaceous, dark green, lustrous, and glabrous above, frequently puberulous below along the stout
midribs and four to six pairs of slender primary veins extending obliquely to the points of the lobes
and deeply impressed on the upper side, and usually from two inches to two inches and a half long
and from an inch and a half to two inches wide; they are borne on stout grooved petioles more or
less winged above by the decurrent bases of the leaf-blades, generally about half an inch long and
frequently bright red after midsummer. Their stipules are linear, finely glandular-serrate, and caducous.
On vigorous leading shoots the leaves are often full and rounded at the base, coarsely dentate, from
three to four inches long, and from two inches and a half to three inches wide. The flowers are about
three quarters of an inch in diameter, and are produced on long slender pedicels, in broad loose thin-
branched more or less villose many-flowered compound corymbs, with linear acuminate finely glandular-
serrate caducous bracts and bractlets. The calyx-tube is narrowly obconic, more or less villose or
nearly glabrous, and the lobes are narrow, elongated, acuminate, glandular, with minute dark glands,
glabrous on the outer surface, slightly villose on the inner surface, and reflexed after the flowers open.
There are usually ten but occasionally from eight to twelve stamens with pale yellow anthers, and two
or three styles surrounded at the base by a broad ring of hoary tomentum. The fruit, which ripens at
the end of September and often does not entirely fall until a month later, is borne in broad erect

148 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEZ.

many-fruited usually slightly villose clusters; it is globose, often hairy at the ends until nearly ripe,
when it is crimson, very lustrous, and from one quarter to one third of an inch in diameter ; the calyx-
cavity is broad and shallow, and the lobes, which are much enlarged, are coarsely serrate, reflexed, and
persistent ; the flesh is thin, dark yellow, dry, and mealy. The two or three nutlets are ridged on
the back, with broad high ridges, and are penetrated on each of the imner faces by a deep irregular
depression.

Crategus macracantha is distributed from the valley of the St. Lawrence River in the neighbor-
hood of Montreal through New England, and southward to eastern Pennsylvania and through the
region south of the Great Lakes to northern Illinois and southern Wisconsin, growing usually on rich
hillsides often in limestone soil, and near the banks of streams.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puare DCLXXXIX. Cratr#eus MACRACANTHA.
. A flowering branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged.

. A nutlet, front view, enlarged.

ao oP Wid

. A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

Silva of North America. | Tab. DOLXXXIX

CE. Faxon del. . fapine sc.

CRATE GUS MACRACANTHA, Kehne.

Afiocreuw direa.® imp. ] Taneur, Faris.

ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 149

CRATZiGUS ASHEI.

Haw.

STAMENS 20; anthers yellow. Leaves broadly ovate or obovate, lustrous, dark
green, thick, and firm.

Cratzgus Ashei, Beadle, Bot. Gazette, xxx. 339 (1900).

A tree, rarely more than twenty feet in height, with a slender trunk covered with smooth hight
gray or red-brown bark which becomes fissured and scaly on old individuals, and stout ascending
branches forming a pyramidal or oval head; or often shrubby with numerous stems. The branchlets
are slender, somewhat zigzag, marked by small oblong pale lenticels, and armed with straight or slightly
curved thin dark red-brown shining spines from an inch to an inch and a half in length; when they
first appear they are light red-brown and coated with long pale matted reflexed hairs which gradually
disappear, and during their first season they become nearly glabrous, lustrous, and orange-brown or red-
brown, and light gray or gray tinged with red during their second season. The leaves are broadly
ovate or occasionally obovate, acute, and generally short-pointed at the apex, gradually or abruptly
narrowed and cuneate and usually entire at the base, coarsely and occasionally doubly serrate above,
with straight or incurved teeth tipped with small dark glands, roughened on the upper surface by short
pale hairs and pubescent below, particularly on the thin midribs and slender primary veins; nearly fully
grown and membranaceous when the flowers open, at maturity they are thin but firm in texture, dark
green and lustrous on the upper surface, pale on the lower surface, and about two inches long and an
inch and a half wide. They are borne on stout petioles which are broadly winged above by the
decurrent bases of the leaf-blades, glandular, pubescent at first but ultimately nearly glabrous, and about
half an inch long. The stipules are narrowly lanceolate, straight or falcate, and glandular-serrate. On
vigorous leading shoots the leaves are usually broadly oval or nearly orbicular, rounded or short-pointed
at the apex, from two inches and a half to three mches long and from two inches to two inches and a
half wide. The flowers, which open early in May and are three quarters of an inch in diameter, are
produced in three to ten-flowered simple or compound thin-branched villose corymbs, with large wide
conspicuous glandular bracts and bractlets. The calyx-tube is broadly obconic, thickly coated with
long matted reflexed white hairs, and the lobes are foliaceous, broad, acute, nearly glabrous on the outer
surface, villose on the inner surface, glandular, with small dark long-stalked glands, and strongly reflexed
after the petals fall. There are twenty stamens with elongated slender filaments and small yellow
anthers, and from three to five styles surrounded at the base by a narrow ring of pale hairs. The fruit,
which ripens and falls late in September or in early October, is borne on stout villose or glabrous
pedicels, in few-fruited drooping clusters; it is globose or often rather longer than broad, bright red,
marked by large scattered dots, more or less villose toward the ends, and about an inch im diameter ;
the calyx-cavity is broad and deep and the lobes are elongated, coarsely glandular-serrate, erect, and
incurved or reflexed; the flesh is thick and yellow. The nutlets, which vary from three to five in
number, are deeply grooved and ridged on the back, rather thin, and a third of an inch in length.

Crategus Ashei inhabits abandoned fields and woods, growing usually on clay soils in the neigh-
borhood of Montgomery, Alabama, where it was first collected in September, 1899, by Mr. C. M.
Boynton of the Biltmore Herbarium. It has been named for Mr. W. W. Ashe.’

1 William Willard Ashe (June 4, 1872), a descendant of a family _ born in Raleigh, in that state. He was educated at the University
famous in North Carolina during the Revolutionary period, was of North Carolina, where he was graduated in 1891, and at once

150

became an assistant in the Geological Survey of the state. The
following winter he spent at Cornell University, studying geology
and botany, obtaining the degree of Master of Science. The
following year Mr. Ashe was appointed forester of the North
Carolina Geological Survey, a position which he still holds, and
began a study of the Pine lands of the eastern part of that state.
He has also become connected with the Forestry Division of the
United States Department of Agriculture, and has made numerous
journeys, principally through the southern states, for the purpose of

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

ROSACE.

examining their forest resources and of studying their flora. Among
his numerous publications are papers on The Forests and Forest Lands
of Eastern North Carolina, Forest Fires and their Prevention, Timber
Trees of North Carolina, and The Manufacture of Maple Syrup and
Sugar, published in the Bulletins of the North Carolina Geological
Survey. He has also published « number of botanical papers,
chiefly in the Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, in
which he has described many species of plants, principally in the
genera Panicum and Crategus.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Pirate DCXC. Cratacus ASHEI.

DANA fF Wd

. A flowering branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
. A calyx-lobe, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.
. Cross section of a fruit, natural size.

. A nutlet, side view, enlarged. .

. A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

Silva of North America.

Tab. DCXC

WA AAA A ALN

\ Wy
ay

Ya
SGADLA” L/

7 hail 0 oe

Y at or ae
pa
7
Z —
L— =,
a —
<=
P NN
| “.
! \
Q
\
\
AN
\ \ .
\ \ \
\ one \
\L \. ' \ , A
\
\ Rl
\
a <
Arn —
KA aa
NO Nas
\
CE Fazon del, Himety so

CRATE GUS ASHEI, Bead.

A Piocreute direte # Imp. 7. Taneur Paris.

ms AY Ds}

V4 4

ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 151

CRATAIGUS HARBISONI.

Haw.

STAMENS 20; anthers light yellow. Leaves oval to obovate, lustrous, subcoria-
ceous, dark green, and scabrous above.

Cratzgus Harbisoni, Beadle, Bot. Gazette, xxviii. 413 (1899).— Gattinger, Fl. Tennessee, 98.

A tree, sometimes twenty-five feet in height, with a trunk ten or twelve inches in diameter covered
with light gray or gray-brown fissured and scaly bark, and often armed with straight or much-branched
spines, and stout wide-spreading light gray or reddish branches formmg a wide rather open and
symmetrical head. The branchlets are slender, nearly straight or occasionally slightly zigzag, marked
by large scattered oblong pale lenticels, and furnished with numerous usually stout straight dark
red-brown lustrous spines from an inch and a half to two inches in length; when they first appear
they are dark red-brown and coated with long spreading white hairs, and during their first summer
they are pubescent or glabrous and light reddish brown or orange-brown, becoming light or dark
gray during their second year. The leaves are oval or broadly obovate, acute at the apex, cuneate or
full and rounded at the entire base, coarsely serrate above, with straight glandular teeth, roughened
on the upper surface by stout rigid pale hairs and soft and pubescent below; nearly fully grown
early in May when the flowers open, they are then thin, dark yellow-green above and pale below, and
in the autumn they are thick and firm in texture, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, pale
on the lower surface, from two inches to two inches and a half long and from an inch to an inch and
a half wide, with stout midribs and primary veins deeply impressed on the upper side of the leaf, and
conspicuous reticulate veinlets; they are borne on stout villose petioles more or less winged above,
furnished like the base of the leaf-blade with numerous large stipitate dark glands, and from one
quarter to one half of an inch in length. The stipules are acute, straight or falcate, and conspicuously
glandular-serrate. On vigorous leading shoots the leaves are often broadly ovate, cuneate and decurrent
below on their stouter petioles, three or four inches long and from two inches and a half to three
inches wide, and their stipules are lunate, coarsely glandular-dentate, and frequently half an inch in
length. The flowers are three quarters of an inch in diameter, and are produced in broad loose long-
branched compound many-flowered villose corymbs, with broad acute glandular-serrate bracts and
bractlets. The calyx-tube is broadly obconic, densely villose at the base and glabrous or pubescent
above, and the lobes are foliaceous, elongated, gradually narrowed from broad bases, acute, bright
green, more or less villose, and coarsely glandular-serrate, with large stipitate dark red glands. There
are usually twenty or from ten to twenty stamens with elongated filaments and large light yellow
anthers, and from three to five styles. The fruit ripens and falls early in October, and is subglobose
but often rather longer than broad, bright red or orange-red, and marked by numerous large dark
dots; the calyx is enlarged with a broad shallow cavity and wide-spreading glandular lobes which
often fall before the fruit ripens; the flesh is yellow, thick, dry, and mealy. The nutlets vary from
three to five in number, and are thin, rounded and sometimes prominently ridged on the back, and
about a quarter of an inch in length.

Crategus Harbisoni inhabits the dry limestone hills and ridges of West Nashville, Tennessee,

152

where it is common.

it was collected in May, 1899.’

1 Thomas Grant Harbison (April 23, 1862) was born in Lewis-
burg, Union County, Pennsylvania, where he attended the public
schools and acquired a love for plants from one of his teachers,
Mr. C. E. Edmonds, an enthusiastic amateur botanist. After
leaving school Mr. Harbison taught in the public schools of Union
County for seven years, pursuing at the same time studies in
science under a private tutor. In the spring of 1886 he made a
botanical tour on foot along the Appalachian Mountains from Penn-
sylvania to Georgia, and in the autumn of that year settled at
Highlands, North Carolina, where for several years he conducted a

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

ROSACE.

It has been named for Mr. T. G. Harbison ' of the Biltmore Herbarium, by whom

private school, which was afterwards removed to Waynesville,
North Carolina.
nected with the herbarium on Mr. George W. Vanderbilt’s estate
at Biltmore, North Carolina, where he is employed as a botanical

In the spring of 1897 Mr. Harbison became con-

collector.

? In the Engelmann herbarium there is a specimen of Crategus
Harbisoni collected at Nashville in September, 1877, by Dr. A.
Gattinger, who was therefore probably the discoverer of this spe-
cies.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puate DCXCI. Cratacaus HARBISONI.

1. A flowering branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

ro)
3. A calyx-lobe, enlarged.
4

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Cross section of a fruit showing the nutlets, natural size.

. A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

5
6. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.
7
8

. A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

Silva of North America.

Tab. DC XCI,

V Abo
KsiVytr

GE. Facon del. Lartaud sen

CRATAGUS HARBISONTI, Bead.

A. Riocreuc dire! imp. J Taneur, Paris.

ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 153

CRATAIGUS VAILIA.

Haw.

STAMENS 20; anthers yellow. Leaves oval or rarely obovate, acute, coriaceous,
dark green, and lustrous.

Crategus Vailiz, Britton, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xxiv. 53 (1897). — Britton & Brown, Jil. FI. ii. 245, £. 2005. — Britton,
Man. 522. — Gattinger, FU. Tennessee, 100.

A shrub, sometimes eight or nine feet in height, but usually much smaller, with intricately branched
stems covered with thin bark which near their base is ashy gray and broken into small plate-like scales.
The branchlets are slender, nearly straight, marked by occasional pale lenticels, and armed with
numerous thin straight or slightly curved bright chestnut-brown lustrous spines from an inch and a
half to two inches and a half in length; dark green and coated with long matted pale hairs when they
first appear, they are dark red-brown and puberulous during their first year, and then gradually become
dark gray-brown or reddish brown and glabrous. The leaves are oval or rarely obovate, acute,
gradually or abruptly narrowed to the entire base, and crenulate-serrate generally only above the middle,
with glandular teeth ; they are villose on the upper surface and tomentose on the lower surface as they
unfold; more than half grown when the flowers open about the middle of May, they are then thin,
dark yellow-green, and covered above with short appressed hairs and paler below; and at maturity
they are coriaceous, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, pale yellow-green on the lower
surface, from an inch to an inch and a half long and about three quarters of an inch wide, with stout
midribs and usually four pairs of primary veins only slightly impressed above and pubescent or
puberulous below, and conspicuous reticulate veinlets; they are borne on stout grooved petioles more
or less winged toward the apex, at first tomentose but ultimately puberulous, and from an eighth to a
quarter of an inch in length. The stipules are narrow-obovate, usually somewhat falcate, very oblique
at the base, bright red, coarsely glandular-serrate, about a quarter of an inch long, and caducous.
On vigorous leading shoots the leaves often vary from broadly ovate to nearly orbicular, and are
generally divided into several short broad acute lobes; they are more coarsely serrate than the leaves
of lateral branchlets and are frequently two inches long and broad, with stout midribs often tinged
with red on the lower side toward the base, and foliaceous lunate coarsely glandular-serrate stipules
sometimes half an inch in length. The flowers are about three quarters of an inch in diameter, and are
produced on short stout pedicels in sessile compact simple four or five-flowered tomentose corymbs,
with small lanceolate glandular-serrate caducous bracts and bractlets. The calyx-tube is broadly obconic
and villose, particularly toward the base, and the lobes are broad, foliaceous, acute, laciniately divided,
glandular, with minute dark red glands, glabrous on the outer surface, villose on the inner surface,
and reflexed after the flowers open. There are twenty stamens with stout filaments and large pale
yellow anthers, and five styles surrounded at the base by a broad ring of hoary tomentum. The fruit,
which ripens at the end of September, is borne in erect compact clusters, on short stout villose pedicels,
and is subglobose, red sometimes more or less tinged with green, and about a third of an inch in
diameter, with thin bright yellow flesh; the calyx is much enlarged, with a broad deep cavity and
reflexed persistent glandular-serrate lobes. The five nutlets are thick, rounded, and slightly grooved
on the back, and about a quarter of an inch long.

Crategus Vailie, which was long confounded with Crategus uniflora, grows in dry soil along
the borders of woods and fields, and is distributed from southwestern Virginia to western North

154

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

ROSACEZ.

Carolina, where it is common up to elevations of twenty-five hundred feet above the sea and to eastern

Tennessee.

Crategus Vailie was named for Miss Anna Murray Vail,’ who gathered it in May, 1890, on the

banks of the Roanoke River near Roanoke, Virginia.”

1 Anna Murray Vail (January 7, 1865), the librarian of the New
York Botanical Garden and the author of a number of phytogra-
phical papers published in the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club,
was born in New York, the daughter of David Olyphant Vail, for
many years a merchant in China, and through her mother a de-
scendant of the first Patroon of Rensselaerwyck through Hendrick
Van Rensselaer of the Greenbush Manor.

? The oldest specimen of Crategus Vailie that I have seen is
preserved in the Gray Herbarium, and was collected by Asa Gray
on the French Broad River, probably in 1841 or 1842. This species
was gathered by C. E. Faxon at Kittrell’s Spring, North Caro-
lina, in 1873; and by C.S. Sargent in September, 1885, on the
Little Tennessee River and on Callisaga Creek, North Carolina, in

September, 1886.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Pirate DCXCII.

Cratmeus VAILIZ.

- A flowering branch, natural size.

- Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

. A fruit divided transversely, enlarged.

1
2
3. A fruiting branch, natural size.
4
5

. A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

- Silva of North America.

Tab. DCXCII.

CE. Faaor del.

llapine so, _

CRATA GUS VAILIA, Britt.

ROSACEZS. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 155

CRATAiGUS FLAVA.

Haw.

STAMENS 20; anthers purple. Leaves elliptical to obovate, usually acute, membra-
naceous, yellow-green.

Crategus flava, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 169 (1789).

A tree, from fifteen to twenty feet in height, with a tall trunk eight or ten inches in diameter
covered with thick dark brown bark tinged with red, and deeply divided into narrow rounded ridges,
and stout wide-spreading branches forming an open and somewhat irregular head sometimes twenty
feet across. The branchlets are slender, slightly zigzag, glabrous, marked by numerous small pale lenti-
cels, and armed with thin nearly straight bright chestnut-brown spines from three quarters of an inch
to an inch and a quarter in length; they are dark green deeply tinged with red when they first
appear, and dull red-brown or orange-brown during their first season, becoming gradually darker the
following year, and ultimately dark gray-brown. The leaves are elliptical or broadly obovate, acute or
rarely rounded at the apex, gradually narrowed and cuneate at the base, coarsely and doubly serrate,
with broad straight or incurved teeth tipped with large dark red stipitate glands which are also con-
spicuous on the entire base; when they unfold they are bronze color, villose above with occasional short
pale caducous hairs which are most abundant near the base of the midribs, and pubescent below on the
midribs and veins; they are about half grown when the flowers open from the tenth to the twentieth of
April, and at maturity are membranaceous, yellow-green, usually about two inches long and an inch
and a half wide, with slender yellow midribs and three or four pairs of thin primary veins usually
puberulous on the under side and only slightly impressed above; they are borne on slender grooved
glandular petioles winged often nearly to the base by the decurrent leaf-blades, generally about half an
inch long, more or less villose, and after midsummer often light red on the lower side. The stipules
are linear, acute, and, like the inner scales of the leaf-buds, bright red and glandular. On vigorous
leading shoots the leaves are frequently three inches long and two inches wide, and are sometimes
broadly ovate, and three-lobed or divided into two or three pairs of lateral lobes, with petioles which
vary from an inch to an inch and a half in length and are broadly winged and conspicuously glandular,
and foliaceous lunate or elliptical coarsely glandular-serrate stipules. The flowers are about three
quarters of an inch in diameter, and are produced on short slender pedicels, in few-flowered simple or
compound slightly villose compact corymbs, with lanceolate acute coarsely glandular-serrate bracts and
bractlets which become light red before falling. The calyx-tube is broadly obeonic and glabrous, and
the lobes are wide, acute, usually laciniately divided, and very glandular. There are twenty stamens
with long filaments and large purple anthers, and five styles. The fruit, which ripens early in October
and soon falls, is produced in few-fruited drooping clusters ; it is oblong, full and rounded at the ends,
dark orange-brown, from one half to five eighths of an inch long and from one third to one half of an
inch wide; the calyx is prominent, with a long narrow tube and enlarged closely appressed lobes often
deciduous before the fruit ripens; the flesh is thick, orange-colored, dry, and mealy. The five nutlets
are ridged and deeply grooved on the back, with high narrow ridges, and about a quarter of an inch
long.

Crategus flava grows in dry sandy soil and is now known to me only in the neighborhood of

156

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

ROSACEA,

River Junction, Florida, and on the sand hills of Summerville west of the city of Augusta, Georgia.
According to Aiton it was cultivated in London in 1758 by Philip Miller.’

1 Aiton’s specimen of Crategus flava is in the British Museum,
and although it was made some time after the petals had fallen, it
evidently represents the plant which now grows at River Junction
and Augusta. Eighty years ago this species was cultivated in Eu-
rope, as specimens of cultivated plants in different herbaria show,
but I can find no indication of its existence now in any of the Eu-
ropean collections of living plants which I have examined. The
Crategus flava of authors later than Aiton may be his species, but
it is impossible to judge of this from their descriptions. The Cra-

tegus flava of Lindley (Bot. Reg. xxiii. t. 1939) is evidently not
Aiton’s species, and is probably the same plant as his Crategus flava,
var. lobata (1. c. t. 1932). This plant, which is not now known to me
in a wild state, is still cultivated in the Royal Gardens at Kew. It
differs from Crategus flava in its ten stamens and pear-shaped hard
green fruits which do not fall until January or February. It is
probably this plant which was figured by Loudon as Crategus flava.
The plant figured for Crategus flava in the fourth volume of The
Silva of North America is Crategus Floridana, Sargent.

EXPLANATION

OF THE PLATE.

Pirate DCXCIII. Crataeus FLAVA.

ON Do FP WDHB

. A flowering branch, natural size.

- Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
. A calyx-lobe, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Cross section of a fruit, natural size.

. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.
. A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

. A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

Silva of North America. Tab. DCXCIII.

at ~
> eae

CLE Faxon ded. Lartaud se.

CRATAGUS FLAVA, Ait.

A.fiocreuz direx ? Imp. J Taneur, Parus, -

ROSACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 157

CRATZEGUS CONSANGUINEA,

Haw.
STAMENS 20; anthers purple. Leaves obovate or suborbicular.
Cratzgus consanguinea, Beadle, Biltmore Bot. Studies, i. 34 (1901).

A tree, often twenty feet in height, with a tall trunk six or eight inches in diameter covered with
nearly black deeply furrowed bark broken into short thick closely appressed scales, and wide-spreading
and often pendulous branches forming a broad symmetrical handsome head. The branchlets are slender,
slightly zigzag, marked by small pale lenticels, and armed with short nearly straight gray or chestnut-
brown spines varying from one third to three quarters of an inch in length ; green more or less tinged
with red and covered with pale caducous hairs when they first appear, they soon become bright red-
brown and lustrous, and in their second season are dull reddish brown. The leaves are broadly ovate,
nearly orbicular, or occasionally oval or rhombic, acute and generally short-pointed at the apex,
gradually narrowed and concave-cuneate or sometimes rounded at the entire base, finely and often
doubly serrate, with glandular teeth, and frequently irregularly divided above the middle into short
acute lobes; nearly fully grown when the flowers open at the end of March or early in April, they are
then very thin, blue-green, and slightly villose, particularly along the midribs and veins, and at maturity
they are thin but firm in texture, bright green, glabrous with the exception of a few hairs on the under
sides of the slender midribs and thin primary veins extending very obliquely toward the apex of the
leaf, about an inch in length and from three quarters of an inch to seven eighths of an inch in width,
or on vigorous shoots from an inch and a half to two inches long and wide ; they are borne on slender
grooved glandular petioles broadened above by the gradually narrowed base of the leaf-blades, at first
villose, ultimately glabrous, and from one third to three quarters of an inch long. The stipules vary
from linear to lunate, and are glandular, often bright red before falling, small, and caducous. The
flowers are three quarters of an inch in diameter, and are produced on slender elongated villose pedicels
in simple one to five-flowered corymbs, with oblanceolate acuminate bright red caducous bracts and
bractlets. The calyx-tube is broadly obconic and sparingly furnished with long pale caducous hairs,
and the lobes are gradually narrowed from broad bases, acute, glandular, with minute bright red
glands, glabrous, and reflexed after the flowers open. There are twenty stamens with small purple
anthers, and from three to five styles surrounded at the base by a narrow ring of short pale hairs.
The fruit, which ripens and falls about the middle of September, is borne on slender glabrous pedicels,
often only a single fruit of a cluster developing ; it is globose or depressed globose, bright red, marked
by small dark dots, and nearly half an inch in diameter ; the calyx is prominent, with a narrow deep
cavity and enlarged appressed lobes; and the flesh is thin, yellow, dry, and mealy. The nutlets vary
from three to five in number, and are thick, ridged on the back, with low broad rounded ridges, and
about five sixteenths of an inch in length.

Crategus consanguinea inhabits dry upland Oak woods in western Florida, and is distributed from
the neighborhood of Tallahassee to the Appalachicola River. It is very abundant in the neighborhood
of River Junction and at Aspalaga, where it was probably first collected in April, 1897, by Dr. A. W.
Chapman.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

PLiatE DCXCIV. CRATHGUS CONSANGUINEA,

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

AD Oo SP W Kw”

A flowering branch, natural size.

. A calyx-lobe, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.
. A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

. A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

~ ‘Tab. DCXCIV.

Silva: of North “America .

NAY MACKRR

Pritel se.

CL Fazon de. a
CRATE GUS CONSANGUINEA Bead.

Afuocreux Grext imp. J Taneur, Parws

ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 159

CRATAhGUS FLORIDANA.

Haw.

STAMENS 20; anthers light yellow. Leaves obovate-cuneate, acute, and often
lobed at the apex.

Crategus Floridana. Cratzgus flava, Sargent, Silva N. Am. iv. 113 (in part),
t. 189 (not Aiton) (1892).

A tree, rarely more than fifteen feet in height, with a tall straight stem six or eight inches in
diameter covered with thick nearly black deeply furrowed bark broken into short thick plate-like scales,
and small drooping branches forming a handsome symmetrical head. The branchlets are slender, very
conspicuously zigzag, pendulous, and armed with long thin straight spines, or unarmed; when they
first appear they are coated with long pale matted hairs which gradually disappear, and during their
first summer they are dark red-brown and more or less villose, becoming dull dark brown the following
season. The leaves are obovate-cuneate and frequently three-lobed at the apex, with short rounded
lobes, gradually narrowed and cuneate at the entire base, finely serrate above, with straight or incurved
teeth tipped with showy bright red ultimately dark persistent glands and three-nerved, with slender
nerves, and with numerous thin secondary veins and reticulate veinlets; slightly villose above as they
unfold, they are nearly fully grown when the flowers open about the middle of March, and are then
light yellow-green and glabrous, with the exception of a few mostly persistent hairs along the upper and
the lower sides of the nerves and in their axils, and in the autumn they are thick and firm, dark green
and lustrous on the upper surface, pale on the lower surface, from an inch to an inch and a half long
and about half an inch wide; they are borne on slender tomentose ultimately pubescent or glabrous
glandular petioles more or less broadly winged above by the decurrent bases of the leaf-blades, and
usually about half an inch long. On vigorous leading shoots the leaves are frequently two inches long
and an inch wide, and are sometimes divided by deep rounded sinuses into numerous narrow lateral
lobes, and their stipules are lunate, foliaceous, pointed, and coarsely glandular-serrate. The flowers,
which are about five eighths of an inch in diameter, are produced in few usually three-flowered simple
compact tomentose corymbs, with linear-lanceolate or oblanceolate glandular caducous bracts and
bractlets. The calyx-tube is broadly obconic, coated with long matted white hairs, and the lobes are
narrow, acuminate, glandular, with bright red stipitate glands, villose toward the base on the outer
surface and on the inner surface, and reflexed after the flowers open. There are twenty stamens
with small pale yellow anthers, and four or usually five styles surrounded at the base by a broad ring
of long shining white hairs. The fruit ripens from the middle to the end of August, and is solitary
or in two or three-fruited drooping clusters, on short stout pubescent pedicels ; it is obovate, usually
about three quarters of an inch in length, bright orange-red, lustrous, and marked by numerous pale
dots; the calyx is prominent, with a wide elongated tube, puberulous on the outer surface, and
reflexed glandular-serrate lobes; the flesh is thin, yellow, dry, and mealy. The four or five nutlets
are rounded and occasionally slightly ridged on the back, and about one third of an inch in length.

Crategus Floridana inhabits the dry sandy soil of the Pine barrens of northeastern Florida,
where it is very abundant in the neighborhood of Jacksonville, and probably extends northward along
the coast of Georgia.

Formerly confounded with the Crategus flava of Aiton, Crategus Floridana was figured in the

fourth volume of this work for that species.

ROSACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 161

CRATAIGUS LACRIMATA.

Yellow Haw. Sandhill Haw.

STAMENS 20; anthers yellow. Leaves obovate, round or acute at the apex, subco-
riaceous, dark yellow-green, and lustrous.

Cratzgus lacrimata, Small, Torreya, i. 97 (1901).

A nearly glabrous tree, occasionally twenty but usually not more than ten feet in height, with
a tall stem from four to six inches in diameter covered with thick deeply furrowed nearly black
bark broken on the surface into thick plate-like closely appressed scales, and long slender drooping
branches forming a narrow handsome symmetrical round-topped head. The branchlets are thin, very
zigzag, and armed with numerous small nearly straight dark chestnut-brown spines from one half to
three quarters of an inch in length ; when they first appear they are light orange-brown, soon becoming
reddish brown and lustrous, and dark gray-brown in their second year. The leaves are obovate,
rounded or acute and glandular-serrate at the apex, usually with incurved teeth, entire and glandular
below, gradually narrowed from above the middle to the base, and three-nerved, with slender yellow
nerves, and with numerous thin secondary veins and reticulate veinlets; when the flowers open early
in April they are nearly fully grown, and are then light yellow and glabrous, with the exception of
small tufts of pale caducous hairs on the lower side in the axils of the nerves, and at maturity they
are subcoriaceous, yellow-green and lustrous, from one half to three quarters of an inch long and
about one third of an inch wide; they are borne on slender grooved petioles which vary from one
quarter to one half of an inch in length, and are winged above by the decurrent bases of the leaf-
blades, dark orange-brown and at first puberulous, soon become glabrous. The flowers are about two
thirds of an inch in diameter, and are produced on short stout pedicels, in from three to five-flowered
simple glabrous corymbs, with long linear entire caducous bracts and bractlets which turn red in
fading. The calyx-tube is broadly obconic, and the lobes are gradually narrowed from broad bases,
acuminate, entire, tipped with large dark glands, and reflexed after the flowers open. There are twenty
stamens with slender filaments and large light yellow anthers, and usually three styles surrounded
at the base by a narrow ring of pale hairs. The fruit ripens toward the end of August, and is
subglobose or short-oblong, full and rounded at the ends, dull brownish yellow marked by occasional
large dark dots, and about a third of an inch in diameter, with a prominent elongated calyx-tube and
spreading lobes which usually disappear before the fruit ripens; the flesh is thin, yellow, dry, and
mealy. The three nutlets are very broad, rounded and sometimes obscurely grooved on the back, about
three eighths of an inch long, and usually three in number.

Crategus lacrimata inhabits western Florida, where it is common and often a conspicuous feature
of the vegetation from Pensacola to De Funiak Springs, sometimes growing in moist sand, but more
often in dry barrens covered principally with a stunted growth of Quercus Catesbei. It appears to
have been first collected at Crest View on May 11, 1898, by Mr. A. H. Curtiss.’

1 See ii. 50.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Prate DCXCV. CRAT#GUS LACRIMATA.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

CoN MD OF FP W LO

A flowering branch, natural size.

. A calyx-lobe, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Cross section of a fruit, natural size.

. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.
. Anutlet, front view, enlarged.

. A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

Tab. DCXCV.

Silva of North America.

Lartaiud. se.

CE Pazvon det.

CRATAZ.GUS LACRIMATA. Small.

timp. J laneur, Paris.

4 Fuocreuz drex 2

ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 163

CRATAGUS RAVENELII.

Haw.

STAMENS 20; anthers pale yellow. Leaves obovate, rounded, and abruptly short-
pointed or acute at the broad apex.

Cratzegus Ravenelii, Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxxiii. 122 (1902).

A tree, twenty-five or thirty feet in height, with a trunk often fourteen or fifteen inches in diameter
covered with thick dark brown bark deeply divided into narrow interrupted ridges broken on the surface
into short thick plate-like scales, and stout spreading or ascending branches forming a broad open
irregular head. The branchlets are stout, somewhat zigzag, and armed with thick straight dull gray-
brown spines usually about an inch and a half in length; thickly coated with hoary tomentum when
they first appear, they are dark purple or reddish brown and pubescent during their first summer and dark
red-brown and glabrous the following season. The leaves are obovate, rounded and abruptly short-
pointed or acute at the broad sometimes slightly lobed apex, gradually narrowed from above the middle
to the elongated cuneate base, which is more or less undulate on the margins, and coarsely and usually
doubly glandular-serrate above, with large bright red ultimately dark persistent glands; they are nearly
fully grown when the flowers open about the middle of April, and are then coated with long scattered
pale hairs which mostly soon disappear, and at maturity they are thin but firm in texture, yellow-green,
scabrous on the upper surface, pale and pubescent on the lower surface along the slender veins, from an
inch to an inch and a half long and about three quarters of an inch wide ; they are borne on slender
glandular petioles winged above by the decurrent bases of the leaf-blades, tomentose at first but ulti-
mately pubescent, and from one quarter to one half of an inch in length. The stipules vary from
linear to lunate, and are conspicuously glandular-serrate, tomentose, and caducous. On vigorous leading
shoots the leaves are often two inches long and an inch and a half wide, and are frequently divided
above the middle into two or three pairs of broad lateral lobes. The flowers are about three quarters
of an inch in diameter, in few-flowered simple tomentose corymbs, with linear glandular caducous bracts
and bractlets. The calyx-tube is narrowly obconic, thickly coated with long white hairs, and the lobes
are lanceolate, villose on the outer surface, glabrous on the inner surface, glandular with small red
glands, and reflexed after anthesis. There are twenty stamens with small pale yellow anthers, and five
styles surrounded at the base by a broad ring of pale tomentum. The fruit, which ripens early in
October, is borne on short thick pedicels, in few-fruited drooping or spreading clusters, and is globose
or short-oblong, bright orange-red marked by occasional large dark dots, puberulous at the ends,
and from one third to one half of an inch in diameter ; the calyx is prominent, with a broad shallow
cavity and enlarged spreading and appressed lobes, and the flesh is thick, yellow, and subacid. The
five nutlets are ridged on the back, with narrow elevated ridges, pale brown, and a quarter of an inch
long.

Crategus Ravenelii inhabits the sand hills near Aiken, South Carolina, and in Summerville, the
western suburb of Augusta, Georgia.

Long confounded with Crategus flava of Aiton, Crategus Ravenelit was collected by William
Henry Ravenel! as early as 1880, and the name of this distinguished South Carolina botanist may

fittingly be associated with this handsome tree.

1 See viii. 160.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puate DCXCVI. Crataeus RAvVENELII.
1. A flowering branch, natural size.
. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
. A fruiting branch, natural size.
. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.
. Cross section of a fruit showing the nutlets, natural size.

. A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

NAD oF GW bb

. A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

Silva of North America, 3

Tab. DCXCVI.

LE Faawon del, | Lartaud va,

CRATAGUS RAVENELII, Sarg.

4. Hiocreuz aren? inp. J Taneur, Paris. .

ROSACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 165

CRATAiGUS DISPAR.

Summer Haw.

STAMENS 20; anthers light yellow. Leaves obovate or orbicular, incisely lobed,
blue-green.

Crategus dispar, Beadle, Biltmore Bot. Studies, i. 28 Crataegus flava, var. elliptica, Sargent, Silva N. Am. iv.
(1901). 114 (excl. syn.) t. 190 (1892).

A tree, from twenty to twenty-five feet in height, with a short trunk a foot in diameter, and stout
ascending branches forming a broad irregular head; or often shrubby and beginning to flower when
only a few feet tall. The bark of the trunk is thin and separates freely into large pale reddish brown
or gray-brown scales which in falling disclose the bright red-brown inner bark. The branchlets are
stout, zigzag, and armed with thick or thin nearly straight dark red-brown ultimately gray spines from
an inch and a half to two inches in length; when they first appear they are coated with thick hoary
tomentum, and during their first summer they are dark red-brown and pubescent, becoming darker
colored and glabrous the following season. The leaves are usually three-nerved, broadly ovate or
orbicular, acute or rounded at the apex, generally narrowed and cuneate or concave-cuneate at the
glandular entire base, serrate or doubly serrate above, with straight or incurved glandular teeth, and
mostly divided above the middle into several short acute lobes; when they unfold they are coated with
long matted snow-white hairs which are more abundant on the lower than on the upper surface, and
when the flowers open about the middle of April they are more than half grown, blue-green and villose
above and still tomentose below; in the autumn they are thin but firm in texture, blue-green and
glabrous on the upper surface, pale and slightly pubescent on the lower surface, particularly along the
slender nerves, and usually about an inch long and from three quarters of an inch to an inch wide;
they are borne on slender tomentose ultimately pubescent or villose broadly grooved glandular petioles
slightly widened above by the decurrent bases of the leaf-blades, and usually about a third of an inch in
length. The stipules are lunate, coarsely glandular-serrate, from one sixteenth to one eighth of an inch
long, and caducous. On vigorous leading shoots the leaves are broadly ovate or suborbicular, full and
rounded at the broad base, coarsely serrate, often deeply divided above the middle into three wide acute
lobes, and frequently broader than they are long. The flowers are about five eighths of an inch in diam-
eter, and are produced on slender tomentose pedicels, in simple three to seven-flowered corymbs, with
narrow obovate acute glandular bracts and bractlets. The calyx-tube is narrowly obconic, coated with
pale tomentum, and the lobes are narrow, acute, glandular-serrate, with minute bright red glands, tomen-
tose on the outer surface, glabrous on the inner surface, and reflexed after the petals fall. There are
twenty stamens with small light yellow anthers, and from three to five styles surrounded at the base by a
ring of pale tomentum. The fruit ripens late in August or early in September, and is borne on slender
pubescent pedicels, in few-fruited clusters; it is subglobose or oblong, light red, puberulous toward the
ends, and about a third of an inch in diameter, with a prominent calyx, and thin subacid yellow flesh.
The nutlets vary from three to five in number, and are thick, rounded, and obscurely ridged on the back,
dark brown, and a quarter of an inch long.’

Crategus dispar grows on the dry sand hills near Aiken and Trenton, South Carolina, and near
Augusta, Georgia, where it is very abundant in Summerville its western suburb.

1 Crataegus dispar is one of several species which has long been of this work it appears on plate cxc. as a variety of that species.
confounded with Crategus flava of Aiton, and in the fourth volume It is easily distinguished from the species of the flava group which

166 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEZ:.

The fruit is gathered in large quantities and is made into jelly, which can hardly be distinguished
from that made in the West Indies from the fruit of the Guava.

grow with it in great quantities near Augusta and Aiken by its flaky light red or gray-brown bark which is unlike that of any
blue-green laciniately divided leaves coated while young with snow- _ other species of the flava group.
white hairs, by its early flowers and early ripening fruit, and by its

ROSACES. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 167

CRATAGUS SENTA.

Haw.
STAMENS 20. Leaves obovate to obovate-cuneiform.

Cratzgus senta, Beadle, Bot. Gazette, xxx. 341 (1900). Cratzgus elliptica, Beadle, Bot. Gazette, xxv. 447 (not
Aiton) (1898).

A tree, occasionally twenty feet in height, with a short trunk sometimes a foot in diameter covered
with deeply furrowed bark, often nearly black near the base of old trees and dark gray above, and stout
pendulous or recurved branches forming a broad open irregular head; or more frequently a large
shrub with few or numerous stems. The branchlets are slender, zigzag, marked by occasional small
pale lenticels, and armed with nearly straight thin bright chestnut-brown ultimately gray spines from
three quarters of an inch to an inch and a half in length; when they first appear they are coated
with long matted white hairs which gradually disappear, and before the autumn they are rather bright
reddish brown and pubescent, growing glabrous and dull red-brown in their second season, and finally
dark gray slightly tmged with red. The leaves are obovate or obovate-cuneiform, acute or sometimes
rounded and frequently slightly divided into several short acute lobes at the broad apex, gradually
narrowed from above the middle to the base, and serrate or doubly serrate, with incurved conspicuously
glandular teeth ; when they unfold the upper surface is often dark red and is covered with long pale
caducous hairs which also occur on the under surface of the midribs and veins, and when the flowers
open from the first to the tenth of May they are nearly fully grown, bright yellow-green, and almost
glabrous with the exception of the tufts of pale hairs in the axils of the veims, which are mostly
persistent through the season; in the autumn they are thin but firm im texture, dark green and
lustrous above and paler below, and usually about an inch and a half long and an inch wide, with
prominent orange-colored midribs, generally three pairs of slender primary veins extending obliquely to
the points of the lobes, and dark conspicuous reticulate veinlets; they are borne on slender deeply
grooved glandular petioles which are more or less broadened above by the gradually narrowed bases of
the leaf-blades, tomentose at first, ultimately pubescent or nearly glabrous, and about three quarters of
an inch in length. The stipules are lanceolate, acuminate, glandular, about an eighth of an inch long,
and caducous. On vigorous shoots the leaves are broadly ovate or often nearly orbicular, more deeply
lobed than the leaves of fertile branches, with broad rounded or acute lobes, and from two to two
and a half inches in diameter, with foliaceous lunate coarsely glandular-dentate stipules sometimes half
an inch in length. In the autumn the leaves turn red, yellow, and brown before falling. The flowers,
which are about three quarters of an inch in diameter, are produced on slender elongated pedicels
coated with long matted pale hairs which cover the branches of the lax compound three to six-
flowered corymbs, with lanceolate straight or falcate glandular bracts and bractlets. The calyx-tube
is broadly obconic and villose, particularly toward the base, and the lobes are narrow, elongated,
acuminate, nearly glabrous, and coarsely and irregularly glandular-serrate. The petals are longer than
broad, and there are twenty stamens and from three to five styles surrounded at the base by a broad
ring of hoary tomentum. The fruit ripens and falls at the end of September or early in October,
and is produced on slender slightly hairy elongated pedicels, in few-fruited drooping clusters ; it is
globose, bright red, and from one third to one half of an inch in diameter, with a broad deep calyx-
cavity, closely appressed calyx-lobes, and dry mealy flesh. The nutlets vary from three to five in
number, and are slightly grooved on the back, and about a quarter of an inch in length.

168 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEE.

Crategus senta grows in abandoned fields and in open Oak and Pine woods near Asheville,
North Carolina, at elevations of about twenty-two hundred feet above the sea-level, where it was

first distinguished by Mr. C. D. Beadle.’

1 What appears to be the same species, judging by the imperfect material which I have seen, grows near Aiken, South Carolina, and

on the banks of the Savannah River at Augusta, Georgia.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

PuatE DCXCVII. CrataGus sENTA.
. A flowering branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
A calyx-lobe, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.
. Cross section of a fruit, natural size.

. A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

WA ATP WY

. A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

Silva of North America:

Tab. DCXCVII.

CLliFaron ded. Lartaud se. _

CRATA GUS SENTA, Bead.

A Piocreuz dren? Lup. J Taneur, Paris.

ROSACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 169

CRATZiGUS APRICA.

Haw.

STAMENS 10; anthers yellow. Leaves obovate to orbicular, subcoriaceous, dark
green, and lustrous.

Crateegus aprica, Beadle, Bot. Gazette, xxx. 335 (1900). — Gattinger, FU. Tennessee, 99.

A tree, occasionally twenty feet in height, with a stem six or eight inches in diameter covered
with deeply furrowed bark broken irregularly into small persistent plate-like scales, and dark gray or
on old stems often nearly black, and spreading more or less contorted elongated branches forming a
broad open irregular head ; or frequently a much-branched shrub with several stout spreading stems.
The branchlets are slender, zigzag, marked by many small oblong dark lenticels, and armed with thin
nearly straight chestnut-brown spines from an inch to an inch and a half in length; when they first
appear they are dark green tinged with red, and villose ; soon becoming nearly glabrous, at midsummer
they are light orange-brown, dark reddish brown or purple before winter, and ultimately ashy gray.
The winter-buds are globose, bright red-brown, and about an eighth of an inch in diameter. The
leaves are broadly obovate, oval, or rhomboidal, acute and short-pomted or rounded at the apex,
gradually or abruptly narrowed and cuneate at the base, dentate usually only above the middle, with
small incurved teeth terminating in conspicuous rose-colored ultimately dark red persistent glands, and
often somewhat lobed toward the apex, particularly on vigorous shoots, with short acute lobes ; when
they first unfold they are of a deep orange color, roughened above by short pale appressed hairs and
sparingly villose below, particularly along the slender midribs and remote primary veins, and at maturity
they are thick and firm in texture, glabrous, very smooth, dark yellow-green on the upper surface, paler
on the lower surface, from an inch to an inch and a quarter long and an inch wide ; they are borne on
stout grooved conspicuously glandular petioles, which are more or less winged above by the decurrent
bases of the leaf-blades, at first villose, ultimately nearly glabrous, usually bright red on the lower
side and toward the base after midsummer, and about half an inch long. The stipules are linear or
linear-lanceolate, acute, and glandular-serrate. On vigorous leading shoots the leaves are often nearly
orbicular, more frequently and more deeply lobed than the leaves of lateral branchlets, and from an
inch and a half to two inches long and wide, with stout broad-margined petioles and foliaceous lunate
stipules. The flowers, which open about the tenth of May, when the leaves are nearly fully grown,
are three quarters of an inch in diameter, and are produced on slender pedicels, in small three to
six-flowered villose nearly sessile corymbs. The calyx-tube is broadly obconic, villose at the base,
glabrous above, and the lobes are gradually narrowed from broad bases, acuminate, glabrous, coarsely
glandular-serrate, and reflexed after the flowers open. There are ten stamens with short slender
filaments and small bright yellow anthers, and from three to five styles surrounded at the base by a
narrow ring of pale hairs. The fruit ripens late in the autumn, and is borne on stout glabrous or
slightly villose pedicels from one quarter to one half of an inch in length, in erect or drooping
usually two or three-fruited clusters ; it is subglobose, rarely rather longer than broad, dull orange-
red, often slightly villose at the ends, and marked by numerous small dark dots; the calyx is much
enlarged, with a broad prominent deep tube and wide-spreading coarsely glandular acuminate lobes
which are bright red at the base on the upper side; the flesh is thin, light yellow, sweet, and rather
juicy. The nutlets, which are large in proportion to the size of the fruit, vary from three to five in

170 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEZ.

number, and are light-colored, about a quarter of an inch long, and rounded and ridged on the back,
with a broad low ridge.

Crategus aprica inhabits dry woods in the foothill region of the southern Appalachian Mountains,
where it is common from southwestern Virginia through western North Carolina to eastern Tennessee,
northern Georgia, and Alabama, growing usually at elevations between fifteen hundred feet and thirty-
five hundred feet above the sea-level.

Long confounded with Crategus flava of Aiton, its true characters were first made known by Mr.
C. D. Beadle of the Biltmore herbarium. Since 1876 Crategus aprica has inhabited the Arnold
Arboretum, where it is perfectly hardy and produces its flowers and fruit in the greatest abundance.’

1 In the Arnold Arboretum this tree was raised from seeds given _the flava group which has proved hardy in the northern states,
to me by Dr. Asa Gray under the name of Crategus uniflora, and Crategus aprica is particularly beautiful in the Arboretum late in
without any indication of its origin. One of the most distinct and October and in early November, when the long branches are loaded
interesting species in the collection and the only representative of with their abundant fruits, and the leaves turn to a deep purple color.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Pirate DCXCVIII. Cratamaus APRICA.

. A flowering branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.

. Cross section of a fruit showing the nutlets, natural size.
. A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

. A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

. A nutlet, front view, enlarged.

OoON Do FP WD

. A winter branchlet, natural size.

Silva of North America. Tab. DCXCVIII

CE Fawon del.

CRATEGUS APRICA, Bead.

4 Biocreua direx* Imp. J. Taneur, Paris.

ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 171

CRATAKGUS OPIMA.

Haw.

STAMENS 20; anthers purple. Leaves oval to ovate or nearly orbicular, acute,
membranaceous, bright green.

Cratzgus opima, Beadle, Biltmore Bot. Studies, i. 40 (1901).

A nearly glabrous tree, from twenty to twenty-five feet in height, with a tall slender often spiny
stem covered with ashy gray bark generally blackened near the base of old trunks, and spreading or
ascending branches forming a round or oval usually open head. The branchlets are small, nearly
straight, marked by minute pale lenticels, and armed with numerous thin nearly straight bright chestnut-
brown lustrous spines from an inch to an inch and a half in length; green more or less tinged with
red when they first appear, they soon become bright red-brown, and during their second season grow
gray tinged with red or brown. The leaves vary from oval to ovate or to nearly orbicular, and are
acute at the apex, gradually or abruptly narrowed and cuneate at the entire base, finely serrate above,
with incurved teeth, and usually divided above the middle into several short acute acuminate or rounded
lobes ; they are half grown when the flowers open about the middle of April, and are then glabrous with
the exception of a few short caducous hairs along the midribs and veins, which are most abundant on the
upper side; and at maturity they are thin but firm in texture, light green on the upper surface, pale on
the lower surface, about an inch and a half long and an inch and a quarter wide, with slender midribs
only slightly impressed above, and five or six pairs of arcuate primary veins spreading to the points of
the lobes; they are borne on very slender grooved glandular petioles narrowly winged at the apex by the
decurrent bases of the leaf-blades, and usually about three quarters of an inch in length. The stipules
are linear, straight or falcate, glandular-serrate, and caducous. On vigorous leading shoots the leaves
are sometimes rounded or nearly truncate at the base, and from an inch and a half to two inches long
and broad. The flowers are about two thirds of an inch in diameter, and are produced on short slender
pedicels, in compact few-flowered thin-branched compound corymbs, with linear glandular bracts and
bractlets. The calyx-tube is broadly obconic and glabrous, and the lobes are gradually narrowed from
broad bases, acute, entire, or sparingly glandular-serrate, tipped with dark red glands, puberulous on
the inner surface, and reflexed after the flowers open. There are twenty stamens with purple anthers,
and from three to five styles surrounded at the base by a narrow ring of snowy white tomentum. The
fruit is borne on short stout pedicels, in compact few-fruited erect or drooping clusters, and, ripening
about the first of October, hangs on the branches for several weeks before falling ; it is subglobose but
often rather longer than it is wide, bright red, and about a quarter of an inch in diameter ; the calyx is
prominent, with a well-developed tube, a broad deep cavity, and much enlarged closely appressed lobes
which often fall with the tube before the fruit becomes entirely ripe; the flesh is thin, yellow, dry, and
mealy. The nutlets vary from three to five in number, and are thin, slightly grooved and ridged on the
back, and an eighth of an inch in length.

Crategus opima is abundant in the neighborhood of Greenville, Alabama, where it grows in open
woods in clay soil and where it was discovered in April, 1900, by Mr. C. L. Boynton.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puate DCXCIX. Cratmeus OPIMA.
. A flowering branch, natural size.
Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
. A calyx-lobe, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Cross section of a fruit, natural size.

. A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

Aon Ppw ve

. A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

Silva of North America. Tab. DCXCIX.

Z
o

CH Faxon det. Lartaud se.

CRATA.GUS OPIMA, Bead.

A Fuiocreux deren? , Imp. J Taneur, Paris

ROSACER. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 173

CRATZiGUS VULSA.

Haw.

STAMENS 20; anthers pale yellow. Leaves oval or ovate, acute, membranaceous,

bright green.
Cratzgus vulsa, Beadle, Biltmore Bot. Studies, i. 39 (1901).

A nearly glabrous tree, occasionally twenty feet in height, with a tall stem five or six inches in
diameter covered with thin fissured bark broken on the surface into light gray scales tinged with brown,
and often armed with long compound spines, and ascending or spreading branches forming an oval
usually compact symmetrical head; or sometimes a shrub with numerous stems. The branchlets are
slender, nearly straight, marked by small scattered pale lenticels, and armed with thin nearly straight
bright chestnut-brown shining spines from an inch to an inch and a half in length; dark yellow-green
and glabrous when they first appear, they are bright reddish brown and lustrous during their first season,
and light gray-brown in their second year. The leaves are oval or ovate, acute at the apex, full and
rounded or broadly cuneate at the entire base, irregularly and often doubly serrate above, with straight
or incurved gland-tipped teeth, and often divided into several short acute lateral lobes; as they unfold
they are dark bronze-red and pilose, with scattered caducous hairs, and furnished with tufts of pale
often persistent hairs in the axils of the principal veins ; they are nearly fully grown when the flowers
open late in April, and at maturity they are thin, bright green on the upper surface, paler on the lower
surface, about two inches long and an inch and a half wide, with slender midribs and four or five pairs
of thin pale yellow primary veins; they are borne on slender grooved petioles somewhat villose at first
but soon glabrous, and about three quarters of an inch in length. The stipules are linear, straight, or
faleate, finely glandular-serrate, and turn bright red in fading. On vigorous leading shoots the leaves
are broadly ovate, acute, or acuminate, full and rounded or occasionally truncate or broadly cuneate at the
base, more coarsely dentate and more deeply lobed than the leaves of lateral branchlets, and often three
inches long and two inches and a half wide, with stout winged often glandular petioles and narrow
faleate acuminate glandular stipules. In the autumn before falling the leaves turn yellow or brown.
The flowers are three quarters of an inch in diameter, and are produced on slender pedicels in compact
compound three to ten-flowered corymbs, with linear acuminate glandular red bracts and bractlets.
The calyx-tube is broadly obconic and the lobes are gradually narrowed from broad bases, acuminate,
and entire or occasionally obscurely serrate toward the apex. There are twenty stamens with small
pale yellow anthers, and from three to five styles surrounded at the base by a thin ring of pale hairs.
The fruit ripens at the end of September or early in October, and is borne on slender pedicels, in few-
fruited drooping clusters ; it is globose, yellow-green flushed with red, and a third of an inch in diameter ;
the calyx is prominent, with a well-developed tube, a broad and comparatively deep cavity, and closely
appressed lobes; the flesh is yellow-green, thin, dry, and mealy. The nutlets vary from three to five
in number, and are thin, rounded, and sometimes slightly ridged and grooved on the back, and about
three sixteenths of an inch in length.

Crategus vulsa grows in rich moist soil on the borders of Horseleg Creek at Rome, Georgia, and
in the low flat woods in the neighborhood of Gadsden on the Coosa River in northeastern Alabama,
where it was discovered in the spring of 1899 by Mr. C. L. Boynton.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

PuiatE DCC. CRATHGUS VULSA.
. A flowering branch, natural size.
. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
. A calyx-lobe, enlarged.
. A fruiting branch, natural size.
Vertical section of a fruit, natural size.

Cross section of a fruit, natural size.

PoP WH

A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.
A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

A leaf of a vigorous shoot, natural size.

~ Silva of North America.

CE Fawcon det.

Afiocreun direto®

CRATEGUS VULSA, Bead.

limp. J Taneur, Paris,

Tab. DCC.

Ne eS

nN : AN

Lartaud sro.

ROSACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 175

CRATAGUS GLABRIUSCULA.

Haw.

STAMENS 20; anthers white. Leaves oblong-ovate to semiorbicular, subcoriaceous,
dark green, and lustrous.

Crategus glabriuscula, Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxxi. 235 (1901).

A tree, from twenty to twenty-five feet in height, with a tall straight stem often a foot in diameter
covered with thin dark brown scaly bark, and long ascending branches forming a narrow head. The
branchlets are slender, nearly straight or rarely somewhat zigzag, marked by numerous small pale
lenticels, and unarmed or furnished with occasional very thin straight chestnut-brown lustrous spines
generally from three quarters of an inch to an inch in length. The leaves vary from oblong-ovate to
semiorbicular, and are acute and often short-pointed or rarely rounded at the apex, gradually narrowed
from below the middle and decurrent on the long slender slightly grooved glandular petioles, coarsely
and often doubly serrate usually only above the middle, with broad straight gland-tipped teeth, and
sometimes divided toward the apex into two or three short acute lobes; when the flowers open about the
first of April they are nearly fully grown, and are membranaceous and slightly pilose above, with scattered
pale hairs which are most abundant along the base of the midribs and soon disappear; and at maturity
they are subcoriaceous, hard, and firm in texture, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, pale on
the lower surface, from an inch and a half to two inches long and from three quarters of an inch to an
inch wide, with thin light yellow midribs and primary veins extending obliquely toward the apex of the
leaf and conspicuous secondary veins and reticulated veinlets. The stipules are linear, entire, and about
a third of an inch in length. On vigorous leading shoots the leaves are often ovate, broadly cuneate
at the base, much more coarsely dentate and more frequently lobed than the leaves of lateral branchlets,
and from two inches to two inches and a half long and wide, with foliaceous lunate coarsely glandular-
dentate stipules sometimes an inch broad. The flowers, which are about half an imch in diameter, are
borne on long slender pedicels, in few-flowered rather compact thin-branched corymbs, with minute linear
finely glandular-serrate caducous bracts and bractlets. The calyx-tube is broadly obconic, and the lobes
are short, gradually narrowed from broad bases, acute, entire, villose on the upper surface, and reflexed
after the flowers open. There are twenty stamens with elongated filaments and nearly white anthers,
and five styles. The fruit, which ripens in September and often does not fall until late in the winter,
hangs on slender stems in compact many-fruited drooping clusters; it varies from short-oblong to
obovate or to nearly globose, and is dull orange color marked by minute dark dots, and about a
quarter of an inch long; the calyx is conspicuous, with a deep broad cavity and spreading or closely
appressed lobes which are but slightly enlarged, dull red on the upper side at the base, and often
deciduous before the fruit ripens; the flesh is very thin, yellow, dry, and hard. The five nutlets are
rounded and sometimes obscurely grooved on the back, and about three sixteenths of an inch long.

Crategus glabriuscula inhabits the dry parts of the bottom-lands of the Trinity River and its
branches near Dallas, Texas, where it grows in forests of Ulmus crassifolia and Celtis Mississippiensis,
and where it was discovered in June, 1899, by Mr. Julien Reverchon.’

1 Julien Reverchon (August 3, 1837) was born in the little vil- tution of the first French Republic, and his father and uncle active
lage of Diemoz near Lyons in France, of a family well known for participants in the Revolution of 1848. In 1855 he came with his
its strong republican principles, his grandfather Jacques Reverchon father to Texas, where the family purchased a farm in the neighbor-
having been a member of the convention which framed the consti- hood of Dallas. Here he was able to turn the knowledge of botany

176

which he had acquired in his native village as a boy to good use in
making large collections of the then little known plants growing in
the neighborhood of his home. These brought him the correspond-
ence of Asa Gray and other botanists, who induced him to extend
his botanical excursions, and in 1885 he was able to devote several
months to exploring a part of southwestern Texas which had not
been previously visited by botanists. After this journey, rich in
many discoveries, his profitable dairy farm kept him at bome for
several years, but now relieved from the cares of business, Mr.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

ROSACEA.

Reverchon has recommenced botanical work and is devoting him-
self to collecting the still imperfectly known plants of eastern
Texas. Reverchonia, a genus of the Euphorbia family, was named
in his honor by Asa Gray, and the name of Reverchon is also asso-
ciated with the flora of his adopted state in species of Gyrostachys,
Andrachne, Aristida, Muehlenbergia, Panicum, Vicia, Hedeoma,
Campanula, Psoralea, Petalostemon, and Astragalus, discovered by

him.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Pirate DCCI. CratecGus GLABRIUSCULA.

WCOAADTP wre

. A flowering branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

. A calyx-lobe, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Cross section of a fruit, natural size.

. A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

. A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

- Leaf of a shoot with a stipule, natural size.
A leaf, natural size.

Silva of North America. Tab. DCC!
ab. DCC!.

Owns

“«
i \) \ ty AE FED
‘ = ¢ }
= | | ey
/ ae! \ | J
y - \ \| 7
\ /

CL. Faxon del. LLADINE $C,

CRATEGUS GLABRIUSCULA Sarg.

ARiocreus direat imp. J Taneur, Paris.

ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 177

CRATZEGUS BLANDA.

Haw.

STAMENS 20; anthers canary-yellow. Leaves oval to rhombic, acute, or acumi-

nate.
Cratzgus blanda, Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxxiii. 121 (1902).

A nearly glabrous unarmed tree, from twenty-five to thirty feet in height, with a tall trunk ten
or twelve inches in diameter covered with dark brown or nearly black bark divided by shallow fissures
and broken on the surface into small plate-like scales, and stout ascending branches forming a broad
open uregular head. The branchlets are slender, nearly straight, glabrous, and marked by large
scattered pale lenticels ; and when they first appear they are dark orange-green, becoming dull red-
brown during their first season, and darker brown the following year. The leaves vary from oval to
rhombic, and are acute or acuminate and occasionally slightly lobed toward the apex, broadly cuneate
or concave-cuneate at the entire base, and coarsely crenulate-serrate above the middle, with gland-tipped
teeth ; coated with soft pale hairs when they unfold, they are fully grown when the flowers open about
the first of May, and are then membranaceous, dark green and lustrous above and glabrous below,
with the exception of large tufts of snow-white tomentum in the axils of the primary veins, from an
inch and a half to two inches in length and from an inch to an inch and a half in width, and in the
autumn they are subcoriaceous, yellow-green and lustrous on the upper surface and paler on the lower
surface, with slender midribs deeply impressed above, and two or three pairs of thin primary veins
extending very obliquely toward the apex of the leaf ; they are borne on slender petioles slightly winged
above, villose at first along the upper side but soon glabrous, and from three quarters of an inch to an
inch long. On vigorous leading shoots the leaves are often broadly ovate, full and rounded at the
base, more deeply lobed above the middle, from two inches to two inches and a half in length, and
from an inch and a half to two inches in width. The stipules are linear-lanceolate, entire, from one
third to one quarter of an inch long, and caducous. The flowers, which are an inch in diameter, are
borne on slender elongated pedicels, in broad many-flowered compound glabrous corymbs, with linear
entire bracts and bractlets. The calyx-tube is broadly obconic and glabrous, and the lobes, which are
gradually narrowed from broad bases, are acuminate, entire or obscurely dentate, glabrous, and reflexed
after the flowers open. There are twenty stamens with small canary-yellow anthers, and five styles.
The fruit ripens about the middle of October, and is produced in many-fruited drooping clusters ; it is
subglobose or short-oblong, bright orange-red, marked by few large pale dots, a quarter of an inch in
diameter, and crowned by the prominent calyx, with a broad deep cavity and spreading lobes which
are usually deciduous before the fruit ripens; the flesh is thin, yellow, dry, and mealy. The five
nutlets are thin, deeply grooved on the back, pale brown, and three quarters of an inch in length.

Crategus blanda was discovered in April, 1901, by W. M. Canby, B. F. Bush, and C. 8S. Sargent,
growing on dry uplands and low rolling hills near Fulton on the Red River in southern Arkansas.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puiate DCCII. Cratzcus BLANDA.

OCADaAPE wo Dt

. A flowering branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
. A calyx-lobe, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.

. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged.

A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

. A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

Silva-of North America.

Tab. DCCIL

yy ml

GL Faacor del. fiabouille se.

CRATHAGUS BLANDA, Sarg,

A Ruocreus drei? Imp. J Taneur Paris.

ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 179

CRATAIGUS NITIDA.

Haw.

STAMENS 15 to 20; anthers yellow. Leaves lanceolate to oblong-obovate, acuminate,
coriaceous, dark green, and lustrous.

Cratzgus nitida, Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxxi. 231 (1901).— Crataegus viridis, var. nitida, Britton & Brown, JU. FV.
Britton, Man. 520. ii. 242 (1897).

Crategus viridis, Sargent, Silva N. Am. iv. 109 (in part)
(not Linnzeus) (1892).

A nearly glabrous tree, often thirty feet in height, with a tall straight trunk sometimes eighteen
inches in diameter covered with close dark bark broken into thick plate-like scales, and stout spreading
lower branches and erect upper branches forming a broad open rather irregular head. The branchlets
are slender, nearly straight, marked by small pale lenticels, and are unarmed or armed with occasional
straight thin bright chestnut-brown lustrous spines from an inch to an inch and a half in length ;
during their first and second seasons they are bright orange-brown and lustrous, becoming pale reddish
brown during their third year, and ultimately ashy gray. The leaves vary from lanceolate to oblong-
obovate, and are acuminate, abruptly or gradually narrowed and cuneate at the entire base, coarsely
serrate above, with straight or incurved glandular teeth, and often more or less divided into two or
three pairs of broad acute lobes; when they unfold they are membranaceous, slightly villose along the
upper side of the midribs, with scattered pale caducous hairs, and dark red; soon becoming green and
lustrous, at maturity they are thick and coriaceous, dark green and very lustrous on the upper surface,
pale and dull on the lower surface, from two to three inches long and from an inch to an inch and a
half wide, with prominent midribs usually red on the lower side and few thin prominent. primary
veins slightly impressed above and generally running to the points of the lobes; they are borne on
stout grooved glandular petioles which are more or less winged above, villose while young on the upper
side, and from one half to three quarters of an inch in length. On vigorous leading shoots the leaves
are frequently five inches long and two and a half inches wide, and more deeply lobed than the leaves
of fertile branchlets, with lunate, stipitate, coarsely glandular-serrate stipules occasionally half an inch
in length. The flowers, which open early in May when the leaves are nearly fully grown and are
about three quarters of an inch in diameter, are borne on slender elongated pedicels in broad compound
very thin-branched many-flowered corymbs, with minute linear bracts and bractlets. The calyx-tube
is narrowly obconic, and the lobes are narrow, elongated, acuminate, entire or sparingly and irregularly
glandular-serrate, and reflexed after the flowers open. There are from fifteen to twenty stamens with
slender pale yellow anthers, and from two to five styles. The fruit rpens at the end of October,
and hangs on slender elongated pedicels, in many-fruited drooping clusters; it is oblong, full and
rounded at the ends, dull brick red, pruinose, with a slight glaucous bloom, marked by small dark dots,
from one half to five eighths of an inch in length and about one third of an inch in thickness ; the
calyx-cavity is deep and narrow, and the lobes, which are only slightly enlarged, are dark red at the
base on the upper side, usually erect and often deciduous before the fruit ripens; the flesh is thick,
yellow, dry, and mealy. The nutlets, which vary from two to five in number, are rounded and ridged
on the back, with low broad rounded ridges, light-colored, and a quarter of an inch in length.

Crategus nitida is a common tree in the woods which cover the higher parts of the bottoms of
the Mississippi River in Illinois opposite the city of St. Louis, where it was first collected in June,

180 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEZ.

1881, by Mr. G. W. Letterman, by whom seeds were sent in 1883 to the Arnold Arboretum, where
this tree is now fully established.

1 In the Arnold Arboretum the flowers of Crataegus nitida open ing gradually turned to a rich orange-yellow color through shades
during the first week in June, and the fruit ripens toward the end _ of bronze and orange-red, while the leaves on the shoots of lateral
of October, and falls gradually. At this season of the year it is a branchlets are still green and very lustrous, and make a beautiful
handsome object, the large leaves of the long vigorous shoots hav- _ contrast with the abundant but rather dull-colored fruits.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puiate DCCII. Craracus nrrma.
1A flowering branch, natural size.
2. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.
3. A fruiting branch, natural size.
4. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged.
5. A nutlet, enlarged

Silva of North America. Tab. DCCIIL

CF Facon det. Lm Lfimely se.

CRATEGUS NITIDA, Saré.

ARiocreus direa * lip. J. Taneur, Parir,

ROSACE. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 181

CRATAIGUS ATRORUBENS.

Red Haw.

STAMENS 20. Leaves ovate, acute, membranaceous.

Cratzgus atrorubens, Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. xvi. pt. ii. 78 (1900).

A tree, sometimes thirty feet in height, with a tall trunk from twelve to eighteen inches in
diameter covered with dark red-brown scaly bark, and comparatively thin erect and spreading branches
forming a compact rather narrow head. The branchlets are slender, nearly straight, marked by
occasional oblong dark lenticels, and usually unarmed; dark green and more or less tinged with red
when they first appear, during their first season they become dark chestnut-brown and very lustrous,
and bright reddish brown in their second year. The leaves are ovate, acute, usually full and rounded
but sometimes broadly cuneate or truncate at the entire base, coarsely and usually doubly serrate, and
often divided into two or three pairs of short acute lobes ; about half grown when the flowers open late
in April or early in May, they are then slightly roughened above by short scattered white hairs, and are
furnished below with conspicuous tufts of pale tomentum in the axils of the principal veins; and at
maturity they are very thin, glabrous, dark dull green and smooth on the upper surface, light yellow-
green on the lower surface, and about two inches long and an inch and a half wide, and on leading
shoots frequently three inches long and two inches and a half wide, with thin midribs and four or five
pairs of slender primary veins only slightly impressed on the upper side; they are borne on slender
nearly terete slightly grooved petioles which, more or less densely villose at first, soon become glabrous
and vary from an inch to an inch and a half in length. The flowers are about five eighths of an inch
in diameter, and are produced on slender elongated villose pedicels, in broad loose compound glabrous
or villose corymbs, with oblong-obovate acute minutely glandular-serrate bracts and bractlets. The
calyx-tube is narrowly obconic, coated throughout or only at the base with hoary tomentum, and the
lobes are short, acute, finely glandular-serrate, villose particularly on the inner surface, and reflexed
after the flowers open. There are twenty stamens with slender filaments and small anthers, and four
or five styles surrounded at the base by a narrow ring of pale tomentum. The fruit ripens and falls
early in October, and is borne in drooping few-fruited clusters ; it is subglobose or short-oblong, full
and rounded at the ends, and dark red; the calyx-cavity is broad and shallow, and the lobes are
spreading and usually disappear before the fruit ripens. The four or five nutlets are thin, rounded,
and sometimes obscurely grooved on the back, and about three sixteenths of an inch in length.

Crategus atrorubens inhabits the rich bottom-lands of the Mississippi River in Kast St. Louis,
Illinois,’ where it is not common, and where it was first collected in 1882 by Mr. G. W. Letterman.

1 Crategus atrorubens was described by Mr. Ashe as growing in and I have not been able to find any specimen of this tree from
St. Louis County, Missouri. This is probably a mistake, as his Missouri.
type specimen was collected by Eggert in East St. Louis, Illinois,

No» rwns»

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puiate DCCIV. Crat&Gus ATRORUBENS.

. A flowering branch, natural size.

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged.

. A calyx-lobe, enlarged.

. A fruiting branch, natural size.

. Cross section of a fruit showing the nutlets, natural size.
. A nutlet, side view, enlarged.

. A nutlet, rear view, enlarged.

Silva of North America.

Tab. DCCIV.

LE. Famon dee. Lartaud se.

CRATAGUS ATRORUBENS , Ashe.

A Riocreua direc! imp. 7. Taneur Paris.

INDEX TO VOL. XIII.

Names of Orders are in SMALL CAPITALS ; of admitted Genera and Species and other proper names, in roman type ;

Acacia albida, 19.

Acacia leucacantha, 19.

Acacia tortuosa, 19.

Acer barbatum, 7.

Acer barbatum, var. Floridanum, 7.
Acer barbatum, var. grandidentatum, 8.
Acer barbatum, var. nigrum, 8, 9.

Acer Floridanum, var. acuminatum, 7.
Acer leucoderme, 7.

Acer microphyllum, 11.

Acer nigrum, 9.

? Acer mgrum, 8.

Acer palmifolium, var. concolor, 9.
Acer palmifolium, var. nigrum, 8.

Acer rubrum, distribution of, 11.
Acer rubrum, 11.

Acer rubrum, B, 11.

Acer rubrum, subspec. microphyllum, 11.
Acer rubrum, subspec. semiorbiculatum, 11.
Acer rubrum, var. tridens, 11.

Acer Rugeli, 8.

Acer saccharinum, 8.

Acer saccharinum, subspec. Rugelii, 8.

acer saccharinum, subspec. saccharinum, var.

glaucum, 8.
Acer saccharinum, var. glaucum, 8, 9.
Acer saccharinum, var. nigrum, 8, 9.
Acer Saccharun, 7.
Acer Saccharum, var. barbatum, 8.
Acer Saccharum, var. Floridanum, 7.
Acer Saccharum, var. grandidentatum, 8.
Acer Saccharum, var. leucoderme, 7.
Acer Saccharum, var. nigrum, 9.
Acer Saccharum, var. Rugelii, 8.
Acer semiorbiculatum, 11.
#sculus austrina, 3.
Zesculus octandra, var. hybrida, 3.
4esculus Pavia, B discolor, 3.
Algarobia glandulosa, 15.
Arnold, James, 104.
Ashe, William Willard, 149.

Beadle, Chauncey Delos, 66.
Black Maple, 9.

Boynton, Frank Ellis, 66.
Brainerd, Ezra, 112.
Buckeye, 3.

Canby, William Mariott, 41.
Ceanothus spinosus, 1.
Cercocarpus breviflorus, 27.
Cercocarpus fothergilloides, 29.
Cercocarpus parvifolius, 27.

Cercocarpus parvifolius, var. brevifiorus, 27.

Cercocarpus paucidentatus, 27.
Cercocarpus Traskiz, 29.

of synonyms, in italics.

Chase, Virginius Heber, 46.
Cherry, Wild, 25.

Cockspur Thorn, 39.

Crategus, 31.

Crategus acutifolia, 51.
Crategus anomala, 107.
Crategus aprica, 169.

Crategus Arkansana, 85.
Crategus Arnoldiana, 103.
Cratzegus Ashei, 149.

Crategus atrorubens, 181.
Crategus berberifolia, 39.
Crategus berberifolia, 43.
Crategus Berlandieri, 91.
Crategus blanda, 177.

Crategus Boyntoni, 65.
Crategus Brazoria, 77.
Crategus Bushii, 55.

Crategus Canadensis, 89.
Crategus Canbyi, 41.

Crategus candida, 95.

Crategus Champlainensis, 105.
? Crategus chlorocarpa, 61.
Crategus coccinea, 133.
Crategus coccinea, 134.
Crategus coccinea macracantha, 135.
Crategus coccinea pruinosa, 61.
Crategus coccinea rotundifolia, 134.
Crategus coccinea subvillosa, 101.
Crateegus coccinea «, ? mollis, 83.

Crategus coccinea, var. macracantha, 134, 139,

147.
Crataegus coccinea, var. mollis, 101.
Crategus coccinioides, 115.
Crategus collicola, 73.
Crategus collina, 73.
Crategus Columbiana, 95.
Crategus consanguinea, 157.
Crategus cordata, distribution of, 35.
Crategus corusea, 99.
Crategus Crus-galli, distribution of, 39.

Crategus Crus-galli, var. berberifolia, 53.
Crategus Crus-galli, var. pyracanthifolia, 39.
Crategus Crus-galli, var. salicifolia, 39.

Crategus dilatata, 113.
Crategus dispar, 165.
Crategus Douglasii, distribution of, 35.

Crategus Douglasii, var. rivularis, distribu-

tion of, 35.
Crategus Downingii, 140.
Crategus edita, 57.
Crategus Eggerti, 115.
Crategus elliptica, 53, 167.
Crategus Ellwangeriana, 109.
Crategus Engelmanni, 43.
Crategus erecta, 49.

Crategus fecunda, 47.

Crategus flava, 155.

Crateegus flava, 156, 159.

Crategus flava, var. elliptica, 165.
Crategus flava, var. lobata, 156.
Crategus Floridana, 159.

Crategus gemmosa, 141.

Crategus Georgiana, 63.

Crategus glabriuscula, 175.

Crategus glandulosa, 134.

Crategus glandulosa, 8 macracantha, 147.
? Crategus glandulosa, B rotundifolia, 134.
Crategus glandulosa, d succulenta, 139.
Crategus Harbisoni, 151.

Crategus Holmesiana, 119.

Crategus Holmesiana villipes, 119.
Crategus horrida, 134.

Crategus Illinoiensis, 143.

Crategus integriloba, 145.

Crategus Jonese, 135.

Crategus lacera, 127.

Crategus lacrimata, 161.

Crategus Lettermani, 79.

Crategus lobulata, 117.

Crategus lucorum, 125.

Crategus macracantha, 147.

? Crategus macracantha, 139.

Crategus macracantha, var. minor, 147.
Crategus Margaretta, 137.

Crategus Mohri, 59.

Crategus mollis, 83, 84.

Crategus mollis, 93, 101.

Crategus nitida, 179.

Crategus opima, 171.

Crategus pastorum, 134.

Crategus pedicellata, 121.

Crategus pentandra, 129.

Crategus Peoriensis, 45.

Crategus pratensis, 81.

Crategus Pringlei, 111.

Crategus pruinosa, 61.

Crategus punctata, distribution of, 35.
Crategus pyriformis, 97.

Crategus quercina, 95.

Crategus Ravenelii, 163.

Crategus rotundifolia, 65, 134.
Crategus rotundifolia, a minor, 147.
Crategus rotundifolia, b succulenta, 139.
Crategus saligna, 37.

Crategus Sargenti, 69.

Crategus scabrida, 123.

Crategus senta, 167.

Crategus sera, 87.

Crategus signatay 53.

Crategus silvicola, 131.

Crategus sinistra, 43.

184

Crategus sordida, 75.

Crategus submollis, 101.
Crategus suborbiculata, 71.
Crategus subvillosa ? 83.

Crategus succulenta, 139.
Crategus Texana, 93.

Crateegus tiliefolia, 84.

Crategus tomentosa, distribution of, 35.
Cratcegus tomentosa, 101.

Crategus tomentosa, var. mollis, 83.
Crategus Vailie, 153.

Crategus venusta, 67.

Crategus viridis, 61, 179.

Crategus viridis, var. nitida, 179.
Crategus vulsa, 173.

Dunbar, John, 121.

Eggert, Heinrich Karl Daniel, 51.
Ellwanger, George, 109.

Gleditsia Texana, 13.

INDEX.

Jack, John George, 105.
Jones, Beatrix, 136.

LEGUMINOS&, 13.

Letterman, George Washington, 79.
Leucena glauca, 17.

Leucena Greggii, 17.

Lilae, 1.

Locust, 13.

Mahogany, Mountain, 27.
Maple, Black, 9.

Maple, Red, 11.

Maple, Red, distribution of, 11.
Maple, Sugar, 7.

? Mespilus corallina, 139.

Mespilus Crus-galli, var. pyracanthifolia, 39.

Mespilus glandulosa, 134.
Mespilus odorata, 147.
Mespilus pruinosa, 61.
Mespilus rotundifolia, 134.
Mespilus succulenta, 140.

Prunus Alabamensis, 25.

Prunus injucunda, 21.

Prunus serotina neo-montana, 25.
Prunus tarda, 23.

Prunus umbellata, var. injucunda, 21.

Red Haw, 71, 81, 83, 85, 101, 113, 115, 117,

119, 125, 129, 133, 145, 181.
Red Maple, 11.
Red Maple, distribution of, 11.
Reverchon, Julien, 175.
RosacEs#, 21.

Sandhill Haw, 161.
SAPINDACES, 3.

Sapindus acuminatus, 5, 6.
Sapindus Drummondi, 5.
Sapindus falcatus, 5.
Sapindus Manatensis, 5.
Sapindus marginatus, 5.
Sapindus marginatus, 6.
Sapindus Saponaria, 5, 6.

Scarlet Haw, 61, 93, 103, 109, 139, 143, 147.
Sloe, 21, 23.

Small, John Kunkel, 21.

Soapberry, 5.

Sugar Maple, 7.

Summer Haw, 165.

Mespilus viridis, 61.

Harbison, Thomas Grant, 152. Mesquite, 15.
Haw, 37, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53,55, 57,59, Mimosa tortuosa, 19.

63, 65, 67, 69, 73, 75, 77, 79, 87, 89, 91,95, Mohr, Charles, 25.

97, 99, 105, 107, 111, 121, 123, 127, 131, Mountain Mahogany, 27.

135, 137, 141, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159,

163, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179. ? Phenopyrum corallinum, 139.
Haw, Red, 71, 81, 83, 85, 101, 113, 115, 117, Pheenopyrum pruinosum, 61.

119, 125, 129, 133, 145, 181. Plank, Elisha Newton, 13.
Haw, Sandhill, 161. Prosopis glandulosa, 15.
Haw, Searlet, 61, 93, 103, 109, 139, 143, 147. Prosopis juliflora, 15.
Haw, Summer, 165. Prosopis juliflora, 15.
Haw, Yellow, 161. Prosopis juliflora, var. glandulosa, 15.
Hill, Ellsworth Jerome, 99. Prosopis juliflora, var. velutina, 15.
Holmes, Joseph Austin, 120. Prosopis velutina, 15.

Thorn, Cockspur, 39.
Trask, Luella Blanche, 29.

Vail, Anna Murray, 154.
Wild Cherry, 25.

Yellow Haw, 161.

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Full text of "The silva of North America ?a description of the trees which grow naturally in North America exclusive of Mexico /by Charles Sprague Sargent ... illustrated with figures and analyses drawn from nature by Charles Edward Faxon ..."

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