ROYAL GARDENS, KEW.
BULLETIN
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION.
189 3.
Mo. Bot. Garden,
1894
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE,
BY EYKE AND SPOTTISWOODE,
EYRE akd SPOTTISWOODE,
JOHN MENZIB8 A
Price Thra \
CONTENT!
P., ! A„ i0 ,e.
8*^
Pa,e.
January CCLXXXIX.
ocxc.
'', CCXOill.
| CCXCIV.
February and OCXCY.
April and May CCXCV1II.
1 CCXCIX.
! CCCL
i CCCII.
CCCIII.
June CCCIV.
cccv.
CCCVI.
(TCVII.
:; ] ^Bt
CCCXIII.
July CCCXV.
" '. (ViWii.
: cccxvui.
',', ( «'C'XXl'.
i cccxxvr.
August CCCXXVII.
,, CCCXXVIII.
;; ^ VVv\Vx v
i cccxxxi.
: cccxxxi i.
CCCXXXIII.
Food Grains of India (continued), (Kan-
i'al.n Weevil in British Honduras, with
Greenheart {Neclandra Rodiai) -
Coth-f Knt.T]»rise in thr Fast Indies
-
K:i,h Ili>tnr_N „f Buin-nzorg Botanic Gar"
Plant hn! i^tries in the Caucasus -
ill
141
175
I CCCXXXV. j Flora o
l [ CCCXXXYI. Botanic
U'< XLVI]
('XVXLIX
CCCL.
P.otanical Station
\Vc>t AtVican Ho
calyce 3-plo. lougiore.
Habitat. — In s\l\is montis .Mai owe in ditione Griqualand Orien-
talis, alt. circa l.oOO p<-d. Martio legit //". Tyson, ;)iiu. 1886. -ffer&.
Austro- Africa, turn, No. 1300; JF. 2>so», 2766.
7^<a 2^-3 poll, longa, 1 1-2 poll, lata ; petiolus l|-2 poll, longus.
Nearest to I,, intermedia. Lindl., from which it is well distinguished
by the much broader, almost triangularly ovate saturate green leaves,
which lire- thinner, Iaxer. and more glabroseout than those of any other
species. The armat urc of the calyx is less tirmly spinose than that of
L. avata. Spr., more so than the almost unarmed L. intermedia , Lindl.
Besides the specimens distributed from Tyson's collection, there is a
characteristic example in the Cap, Government Herbarium, marked
" Port Natal," probably from Queinzius.
38. Achyrosperamm urens, Bah eofettfb* ramis
foliistpie pilis uientibus eopiosis prajditis. lolii- petiolatis ovatis
pedicillis brevissimis, calycis dentibiis u\;iiis tn n
brevioribus, corolla} rubrae tubo e basi ad apiccm sensim amplialo
lobis parvis rotundis triplo longiori, genitalibus breviler exsertis.
Habitat.— North Madagascar, Rev. R. Baron, 6296, 6314.
Folia 3-6 poll, longa. Calyx 2 lin. Imigus. Corolla 7-8 lin. longa.
This is the Labiate with stinging hairs mentioned in the Kew
Bulletin, 1892, p. 150. It is a small shrub, with leaves resembling
those of Urtica dioica and flowers like those of Salvia coccinea.
39. Selaginella (Heterostachys) Kunstleri, Baker [Selaginellacea?] ;
caulibus continuis late repentibu- nitricatis, lil>ris radicalii.us ad caulis
apiccm pruduotis, rami.- disiantibus erectopalentibus, ramnlis paucis
amplexicaulibus antice productis ma-k rotuudalk. plaid superioris
minoribus ina'quilateralifer ovatis aristatis, spicis brevibus densissimis,
bracteis valde difformibus majoribus linearibus dense ciliatis mi noribus
Habitat* - 300 ft., Dr. King's collector, 1866.
Folia majora £ lin. longa. Spica 2-3 lin. longa', interdum furcat;e.
Resembles S. Kraussiana in general liabit. It belongs to the group
Bhmlcatmt of which only four species were known previously. It was
the only new species of Selaginella contained in the large set of
Vascular ( 'rvptoe-amia of the Malay peninsular which has been gathered
lately by Dr. King's collectors.
40. Bambusa Wrayi, Stapf. i (Irainiiiea-j ; alto scandens, eulmo
secumlarik utrinque ,-
semi vert icillatis vel elongatis, spicnlis
laxius dissitis vel saepius fasciculatim congestis, fertilibus paucis,
2-3 pleruinque gemmiparis ianceoi a r coriaccis
opacis marginibus ,-ikuk. norifera rachillam tenuem elongatam
This species, like II. tiritiitlua.ut, lUunio. is closely sillied to Xmtus,
so far as the composition" of the spicula is concerned. The fertile
spici'!:! begins with an empty hiearinnte glume which is pressed against
the relative primary axis. Then follow 1-'-' empty and 2-3 mostly
bud-bearing flumes which increase in hzc and arc, except the lower-
most, but indistinctly unicarinate ; above these is the single fertile
glume and a rudimentary bud b >rne by a long pedicel, a prolonged
intcrncdc of the axis of the spicula. Sometime- the buds ^gemime)
tine Banib usee hy B. Wrayi and />'. Griffit/i/i. From a geographical
point of view it is very interesting to note that the centre of Xastus
lies quite at the periphery of the common area of the other Bambutee,
in Madagascar and in the island of Bourbon, and that it just reaches
Western Sumatra ( An-k .la. Junghuhu, according to Munro). Here in
the most western part of the Malavan flora it is joined by its nearest
ally, B. Wrayi, whiKt 11. '/. ■//////, ,7 was found in the extreme north of
Burma and in Manipur by Mr. C. B. Clarke.
Mr. L. Wray. jtm., states that this Bamboo was only found in the
two localities mentioned above. According to him it dies off after
having fruited. The Lemangs call it Bnloh Bertumpitan, and they
" use the large canes for the outer case of their arrow blowpipes ; the
" small ones for the inner tube. They strengthen them over a fire when
" green and hang them up in the smoke of their cooking places to dry."
In numerous Merile spicubn the 4th or 5th glume was deformed by
insect action. The basal poriiou was much enlarged and adnate to the
likewise enlarged next internode of tjie rachilla. This portion, a kind
of oblong gall, contained the larva of the insect in the cavity.
In
foll.m
ing interesting
ed at Kew from
B.
at described above
;iculars respecting it
Wray, dated Perak
(Bambusa Wrayi)
; are contained in a 1c
, June 14th, 1892 :—
Mr. L.
w
, junr., to Koyal Gardens, Kew.
1);:\r
SlK,
Perak Government Museum, Larut, Pera
Straits .Settlements, June 14th, 1802.
I beckntly went up a mountain called Gunong Inas, in the
north of this State, and procure! live plants of the bamboo of which the
Semangs make their blowpipes, known by the Malay name of Buloh
If these plants grow I will send them to you before the cold weather
sets in. I have sent them up the hills here, where they will be at
nearly the same elevation as their natural habitat.
1 was also fortunate enough to find a clump of these bamboos in
flower, and I send you the specimens. As I expect this is a new
species, and that you will describe it. I have sent you all the specimens,
as it is better to have the whole material available to describe from. I
would ask you, after having kept what you require for your herbarium,
to kindly send the duplicates to Dr. King, of Calcutta.
The plant grows at from 4,500 feet to nearly 6,000 feet elevation,
generally on the ridges of the hills. The canes are about 1 inch in
diameter near the ground, and taper away to T \r inch. These long thin
ends drop down till (they touch the ground. The canes are from 40 to
60 feet long. They are furnished with whorls of leaves at all the
upper joints, and, as can be imagined, the bamboo is about the most
elegant of its kind. from what 1 saw I arrived at the conclusion that
form any idea at what age this happens, but I saw a cane which had
been partly cut through by a knife, and it was still in vigorous
growth ; and as this hill has not been visited since 1886 this particular
cane must be at least six rears old, and as there would be many
successions of canes before a plant reaches maturity the age of these
bamboos must be very considerable. When they fruit, the barren canes
die and arc replaced hv mrics on which Mowers .'i]>| >»■:» r- at all the upper
joints. I saw two dead clumps which had fruited.
The joints are often over 7 feet in length. The longest joint of :i
cane is generally the third or Fourth from the ground. The Seman-s
small oiicslor the inner tmV They straighten them over a lire when
green, and hang them up in ihe smoke oi their cooking places to dry.
They appear to grow in two places only in Perak. That is on the
specimens now sent were obtained,
The parcel goes by this mail, and I hope will reach you in safety.
(Signed) ' L. Wkay.
CCXCIII.— CLOVE INDUSTRY OF ZANZIBAR.
An account of the agricultural resources of the island of Zanzibar was
given in the Kcw Btdletin for April 1892, p. 87, and reference was
made to a report on the same subject prepared by Sir Gerald Portal
and issued by the Foreign Office (Annual Series, 1892, No. 982).
Another report has now been issued by the Foreign Office on the
"Spice and other cultivation of Zanzibar and Pemba Islands," prepared
for Sir Gerald Porter by Mr. FitzGerald, a specialist on tropical
agriculture in the employment of the Imperial British Kast Africa
Company.* From this l.-uter rcnoit the following extract is taken
respecting the clove industry of Zanzibar and Pemba.
vation of Zanzibar, and "grown, wherever Ihp <oil is suitable! from the
large and extensive plantations belonging to the Sultan and his family
to the few trees owned by the more humble cultivator.
The soil of Zanzibar, with the exception, however, of that of Pemba,
which excels it in this respect, is ■ inted for this
cultivation. The soil most -nimble for "clove cultivation is "a dark
. ml : and the finest trees were ; dwa\ - cither -rowim- on
clav. or else a still* dark red to darker chocolate soil.
The elove tree (( a^u/,/,////^ an.^nn^) is a native of ,],e Moluc
;,„;.."'...'.' : , " .:
The seeds are first, soaked in wafer for three days, and when germi-
nation has set in they are planted out <! indies apart, with the had end
above ground, into shaded beds — the usual practice being to put down
two seeds together in case of failure. If a large number of plants are to
be grown the seeds are only put down 3 inches to 4 inches apart.
lieds rue about 6 feet wide, ami of any length. They are shaded by
aflat framework of sticks, over which is placed a layer of either dry
grass or eocoanut leaves ; the height of this framework is about 3 feet
to 34 feet.
There is no regular rule for watering the seedlings, the important
point being to keep the beds constanty damp. The slaves in charge go
over the nursery beds both morning and evening, watering any of which
the surface has become dry, the practice being to sprinkle water with
the hand from the water jar. The plants are kept, on an average, from
nine months to one year in shaded beds. When the plants are about
6 inches high they are by degrees hardened by the thatch of the frame-
work being gradually removed, and they are then left in the open beds
freely exposed to sunshine for the -pace of one month or two months
Planting.
The usual planting distances appear to vary, and no regular or fixed
The most customary, as given to me by Eagu, the head overseer of
the Sultan".- plantations, is 21 leef apart, but also ju small plantations it
is 18 feet, rising in larger ones to 36 feet.
Lining is done by rope, but no pegs are used, the distances being
marked by a cut with the hoe. This work is very carefully carried out,
and the appearance of tin- .- very striking in this
respect, whichever way one looks the trees presenting an unbroken
and uniform straight, line.
The process of holing is as follows : — A large circular sloping hole,
4 feet in diameter, is cut, in the centre of which is cut a smaller hole,
1 foot by 1 foot or 9 inches wide; this smaller hole receives the plant;
the wide upper portion remains unfilled, and serves as a catch drain or
reservoir. This is in process of time gradually tilled up by weeds,
.
Special care is also taken in planting out. The earth round the plant
is loo-rued by a peeuliai triangular-shaped spade u-ed especially on
t, or in the event of drought, the young plant is
g daily, and watering i- continued as required until
; hoighl of IS inches, or, roughly speaking, during
ar. The young plants are not shaded in any woy
were destroyed, that the average age of
put down as below 20 years, and the age 01 the trees in the Nutans
'-.. a from 18 year- to 17 years.
The appearance oi tlie (dove plantation- i-, a- a rule, im.-t healthy an.;
luxuriant, the height of the more matured rne- averaging fully 40 U>r-\
and the brandies of the two row- often completely -hading the ground.
Clove trees generally have forked -tern-, and often a- many a- three and
Diseases and Enemies.
So far as I have been able to ascertain, and I haw? made careful
inquiries on this subject, the clove tree is not subject to any fungoid
disease, and the per-centage of dead, dying, and unhealthy trees
noticed by me was very small, and the cause generally was either a
The clove tree, however, suffers from the attacks of two enemies: —
one, a caterpillar, wdiieh attacks the foliage in the dry weather and often
denudes the tree of its leaves, but the tree recovers ar once as soon as
the rains set in. The other is the white ant, which occasionally attacl- -
Time of Bearing.
Clove trees begin to yield, in good situation-, o years from planting ;.
n inferior Foil, 6 years to (>.\ year- from planting.
seer of Indo, informed me that he
bs.).* Also the head overseer of the
ed me with the following averages :—
1,000 trees, 50 fra.silas.
The unexpanded buds on the trees are at first a pinkish Yellow,
becoming a deeper red as they mature. The stalks and bud- are
leathered at the same time, and thrown on to grass mat- spread on tin-
ground; the picking of the higher branches is done by means of
triangular bamboo ladders.
Other slaves pick off the buds from the stalks, and they are then
spread out to dry in the sun. being taken in every night. The cloves
are dried on mats in direct sunlight. The drying "is continued for the
space of 6 days or one week.
Green cloves dry down to iibout hah their weight ; thus 1 frasila,
ow held by (Joverninent every lortnight to allow open eompeti
specially to admit Kmropean merchant's. Zanzibar cloves are
differing much in this respect from (he IVmba produce. Zan:
Tvllt as poss
irble,
as
others
.vise the
loss from "shortage"
° A good dry
of Pen
iba clove;
i is smalle
rand blacker-
m"
Zanzib
r cloves are lar
the red appei
■e ol
1 the ,
lried bu.l
■stakeable, and t
well-known as
• ■'/.
iauz
ibar re,
i-heads."
Cloves are
gen<
:,-all
y expc
tl *r*\
louble ma
Ua*8 <f< akan
difference is n
"""double.
The dil
; " : iv ol
'"!»"
ght of the cloves e
difference bet
I X.-
m/.ibar
and Pei
Shi,
of both v
bly mixe
;d. .Vbo 1
.arge exports o
, 'r,., ,
»av ami \
The export-
- of,
■s t'ruiii
Zanzibar
•and I'e.n,;
ba for 1890-91
'
nf time Zanzibar unfortunately hohls tin
market as regards prices. I annex qu
reports of May 13, 1892:—
77 packa-- \mboyn ;j at ;);«'. to ;)\ f (. 3SK l,;,!^" Zanzibar
-old)
CCXCIV.— MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.
ately.
e very poorly represented in etilti-
xceptional interest and decidedly
r there are about 70 specie; in
ints. B. Candida and B. .squa/iuita have recently been introduced
n general way as having >te:ii- like ('ora'/jUnt, leaves like Pandanus,
no. or violet flowers.
Melon Pear.— Up. lor the name of '.
tropics tin- Melon Pear may prove useful. It probably requires similar
conditions to such sub-tropical plants as the Tree Tomato {Cyphomandra
betacea), the Chocho (Sechium edule), and the Cherimoyer {Anona
Cherimolia) described in the K>,r Bull, tin iV. r August 1887.
Attar of Roses. — It is well known that the great centre of the pro-
eduction of Attar, or Otto, of roses O&rupies the northern portion of the
old Turkish province of Eastern Ronmelia. The cultivation of roses
for this purpose is, however, limited to the southern slopes of the Great
Balkans, as the flowers are nowhere produced successfully on the north.
The distillation of the petals is carried on in a very primitive manner
whh a copper still of m. The first runnings are
returned to the still and the second are received into glass flasks, where
they are kept for a day or two at a cool temperature to allow the oil to
rise to the surface. From the latter it is skimmed by a small tin pipette
or funnel, with a long slender handle attached to the top and a very
small aperture at the lower pointed end. This funnel is not more
than f-ineh diameter at the widest part, so that it is easily inserted into
the flask, and plunged below between the oily layer and the water. It
is then at once brought up. and tion of the oily
stratum Vv it li a small quantity of water. The water escapes through
the small hole at the bottom, while the oil or otto is emptied into the
collecting flasks. For exportation the commercial attar is transferred to
flat circular zinc receptacles known as " coppers," which are carefully
sewn up in white felt and sealed with the exporter's stamp, the brand
being also stencilled on the felt outside. Two of these "coppers," one
covered with the felt, and the other without, are contained in the
Museums of Economic Botany at Kew, and to these Messrs. Piesse and
Lubin have now courteously added a specimen of the pipette or funnel
for the purpose of making tin rolled inn more complete. As regards
the identification of the plants cultivated for Attar of Roses, it may
be useful to mention that in 1S74 the late Mr. Daniel Hanbury,
F.R.S., presented to the Kew Herbarium specimens of " Roses culti-
" vated on the slopes of th<- Balkan for the production of Attar of
" Roses," received from Mr. Vice-Consul Dupuis of Adrianople. These
contained specimens of two species, a red rose (7?. damascene!. Miller).
and a white rose (7?. alba, L. ). Neither of these is known in a wild state,
and there can be little doubt that both are hybrids between E. galtica and
B. canina. The subject is more fully discussed in Pharmacographia
(1879), p. 262.
Gift of rare and valuable Books.— Mr. Thomas Hanbury, F.L.S.,
of La Mortela. Italy, has presented to Kew a selection of about 30
volumes, in memory of his brother, the late Daniel Hanbury, F.R.S.
{part of whose library they formed ;,n accomplished lmtanist, who suc-
cessfully devoted himself to the investigation of the sources of vegetable
drugs. He pul 1 -la I, - ".n mi tion with l'i r'liiel iger, of Strass-
burg, u Pharmacographia," which will long remain the standard and
classical authority on the history of drugs. The portion of his library
now acquired h\ Kew i- of e-peeial interest as having been used by him
in the preparation of his book. Most of the books treat of economic or
medical botany, and several of them are of very early date. A fifteenth
■century translation of an Arabian author (Serapion) on medicinal plants
As Mover states (Geschiehto der l.otanik,
Tii. •;•■• i- M-. -eparate title-page, the title being at tl
head of the first column, the whole work being beautifully printed
double columns, on paper of admirable quality. It runs : —
gatus 1 liH.licii- simplieib' Trasla-
to Symois Ianiiesis interpte Abraa
iudeo tortuosiesi <le arabieo I latinu
Inquit Serapion.
This first edition was printed at Milan, as recorded at the end : —
Opus Impressum Ml'i Per Antiiium Zarotum Parmesem Anno domini
Mcceelxxiii Die Mercufi iiii August. There were several editions,
but the first appears to be exceedingly rare. Indeed, neither Pritzel
nor Dryander mentions it. Dryamler '(( 'at. IJibl. Banks., i. p. 277)
enumerates only a Venetian edition of 1552. Pritzel gives only the
Brunt'el's edition, published at Strassburg in 1531. This, according to
Meyer, is the editiuii usually cited, as it is easier 10 read and has an
index, which is wanting in previous editions. The first edition is a
small folio of 370 page-, not numbered: and the sheets have no signa-
ls difficult to ascertain
■' Das Destillier Buch das liuoch der reehten Kunst zu distiliiren,"
a curious bcok in this collection, tirst appeared in 1500, and again in
1505, under a somewhat difieivnt title ; and another edition -,sa> published
in 1512. The edition in [the Hanbmy gift was printed in 1515. The
:itle-page and pail of the preface ar.- wanting in this copy, and here and
there aleaf is imperfect, otherwise it is in excellent condition. Appended
ed. l.
n.4457) says:— In t
B uuctor de se ips.
.ha
hit : - lch
;k." Devitaau'toris,
:1
£H£3
;J'"
:t / : . -/
.'■^"!X
and h
The
.■tiling the |
.ed ii
.,tly v
of t
■nt -p.
are especiallv ic<
anus (Die Anwendi
jng
Uolzschnitte: zur
dli'rhe
ti Daratel-
lung
ion Pflanzen, p. 6),
the
figures of plants are
all taken
from the
jondon by ,'Iohn I >;:ie. dwelling ever A Idersgate, beneath
res. "Cum privikgio ad imprimendum solum." The
nth an address by John Daye " to the Christian Reader,"
This book is l rad Gesn< ' '"
do Roniediis Secretis," Lu£
woodcuts mostly recognisat
Thus, the figure lepre^enti
of J in the Key Flan. It was the oldest specimen of 1
xisting in tliis country, and for many years, before t
" the lion of the garden*." It had had an eventful eare
curiosity/ The following account of it was given in t
ii, 1891, pp. 299-300 :—
puny phaeton, ami at all events looked into every house, delighted
point out this superb tree to such strangers as might be with him."
Ionjr period of stagnation, th
iberica) is likely to become in
e West Coast of Africa, the plai
it will grow in the lowlands i
as are found so advantageous for the ordinary culler < < o(f\ a anihira).
Particulars respecting tie- cultivation of Liberian coffee have Keen yiwn
in the Kcu- Bulletin (1888, p. 261 ; 1890, pp. 107 and 'lib) ; and
latteriy in the number for November last, pp. 272-282, it was shown
from results obtaine.1 in tin- .straits Settlements that a gross return,
over a wide area, at The rate of 42/. to 52/. per acre could be realised.
In the West India Islands and other colonies in tropical America,
where the coffee leaf disease has not yet appeared, the prospects of
planting enterprise in Siberian coffee are promising. Even where the
leaf disense i- present, as in Java, Liberian coffee is found with present
prices to be a very remunerative industry. In a report by the United
States Consul on the trade of Java for 1891 it is stated that "The
" cultivation of Liberian coffee has this year again attracted consider-
" able attention, and if the planting of this description continues at the
il present rate, the production in a few \ears will be a verv important
Owing to tlu- high prices which consignments of Liberia have
gradually abamh
Beefwood Trees in West Africa.— In a note in the Kt ir Ihilh tin tor
1892, p. 73, attention was drawn to the -.eat value of the Bkei w*...i>
Tkee (Casta, rina rt/iiiscfifa/i,/. Foist ) tor planting on sandy shores in
tropical countries. At the request of the Government of Lagos. con-
West Africa. In a report on the sanitary
Dr. Rowland states: — "Another tree which
nt is the Beefwood (Casituriua
id growth and seems
ght be c '
" race course, but owing to negligence nearh all
" on the Embankment are loaded with fruit s
" multiplied to any extent." In a despatch f
<;riilith. K.C.M.G.. Governor of the Gold Coasi
1892, it is stated :— " It will be seen that at th
" at the Botanical Station about 5,000 young
" Tree on hand. It is proposed to put them ir
" they may be ready for distribution and planting at the
** of the rainy season. The Curator states that he will th
'■;..;.:•-,
" be taken to have them distributed to suitable localities." The results
from the Gambia and Sierra Leone are so far disappointing. This is
owing to the fact that, in the absence of a Botanical Station, there is
evidently no one possessing the requisite knowledge to undertake the
work of raising seedlings and of caring for them until they are ready to
be planted out.
British Fungus Flora.— Mr. G. Masgee has published the first
volume of a new synopsis of all th ted in Great
Britain. This volume contains the first part, of tli«- Iia^idioinv <tt, -,,
"s. ami the
Af/ariciuctr. It is wholly in English, and. m addition to the descrip-
tions critical notes by various authors are given under many of the
species. Spore measurements are given of all the type or authentic
species in the Kew Herbarium. It is twenty-one years since a
complete British .Mvvoio-iral Kiorn was published, namely Cooke's
"Handbook," and during that period the number of known British
fungi has been nearly doubled. That work contained 2,810 species, and
Mr. Massee estimates the present number at 4,895, so that a new work
is very much needed. In fact, students of mycology in this country
have been at a standstill from the want of a complete synopsis.
ROYAL GARDENS, KEW.
BULLETIN
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION.
Nos. 74-75.] FEBRUARY and MARCH. [1893.
CCXCV.— PALM WEEVIL IN BRITISH HONDURAS.
{With two Plates.)
I.— Introduction.
The industry of cocoa-nut palm growing, established within recent
years in British Honduras, has been seriously discouraged during the
past five or six years by the attacks of the insect commonly known as
the Palm Weevil on the trees, a large proportion of which have been
killed.
In the year 1888, the Government of Hritish Honduras recognised
the fact that the annual loss thus incurred menaced the prosperity of
the Colony, and therefore appointed a Commission to examine into and
report on these attacks.
The Commissioners issued their rep-i! ,L'fi, eaiiy in 1 s^>. :l n ; the
Government, acting upon the recoim ■ it, issued a
: . e. ' This ordinance, which was designed to enforce under
penalties the destruction of attacked tree-, and was of a very stringent
character, was not persevered in and did not become law.
A defect in the Commissioners' report was the absence of any
evidence of steps having been taken to identify or describe the insect
concerned, or to submit it for the purpose of being examined by a com-
petent entomologist. In order to remove all possibility of doubt as to
its identity, the Government, of ]>riti.-l Honduras sent j\er a series of
specimens. These consisted of the cocoons and of the pupa- preserved
In the
received
from Mr
,f perb'Cl iiiM-cts they could
i autumn of 1892, specin
at the lloval Gardens, Kew.
. C. T. Hunter, of Belize,
s
exactly d«
is largely
Government
interested in
the
"'"n;:;\
355,
It WHS
pecimens belonged to two
then decided to publish an
specie
mid b.
s of weevils,
of w hich
the
► This and similar figures in the text refer to the bibliography at the e
form for the use of planters engaged in cocoa-nut palm growing, who,
according to the Commissioners, appear to be generally " unacquainted
with the various stages in the existence of the Weevil ; " and to serve
as a guide towards obtaining a more thorough knowledge of the insect's
habits and of the class of measures most efficient in keeping it in check.
The present paper has been written and is published as the result of
that decision.
As the insect under consideration, as well as the species im-
mediately allied to it, is confined to tropical or sub-tropical regions,
and no observations whatever can be made in this country upon its
habits or life-history, the present account is of the nature of a com-
pilation, and the accuracy of much of its information depends upon
and is limited by that of the records supplied by investigators in
tropical countries. That informal ion lient in some
respects, and the responsibility of adding to and correcting it rests
with those engaged in cocoa-nut growing, who have opportunities for
testing fli. sMti mentis made.
However, the comparison of accounts written by individual observers
both of this insect and of allied species is most valuable in order to
bring out the importance of certain facts and to check erroneous con-
clusions arrived at by persons who have no previous experience of such
questions to guide them.
In order to keep the text free from technicalities, which are confusing
to a non-scientific reader, these have been reduced to a minimum, and
terminology and systematic description'-- have been relegated to a
final section, while a certain amount of information which is already
familiar to the cocoa-nut planter is given to complete the account for
of de-eriptive facts.
The order adopted is as follows : firstly, a summary of the materials
upon which the following ■ a dly, • description of the
life-history and habits of the Palm Weevil in all its stages ; thirdly, a
discussion of the economic features of its attacks ; and lastly, practical
Highest ions.
At the end is a list of those works and reports in which the life-
history of the Palm Weevil is mentioned at greater or less length, and of
some others to which reference is made. It has not been thought
necessary to give a list of all the older works on insects in which this
insect is referred to. Such accounts are frequently copied from some
other source and are of no value. A fuller list will be found, if desired,
in Schonherr's Q\ ultonidum.
The Palm Weevil of Central and South America ( liln/iichophnri's
jHilmnnim, Linn.) is one of the tropical insects, with which zoologists
have been longest familiar, lor Mdile. Merian, in her remarkable
because ii seed- on th.it tree. In the trunk of the palm tree swarm
certain worms feeding on the pith. A.t first no larger than cheese-
maggots, they grow like the one here represented. Certain folk grill
them, and consider them a most savoury morsel. From this worm
beetle, such a- I h.- li.dians and
the Dutch both call tlio Mother of the palm worm" .(p. 48).
The insect having become known at this early date, was figured in
many of the early works on entomology down to the present century,
and received from Linnaeus the scientific name of Curculio pfdntotwm-
>ologists, and the
by Fabricins Ca/awlra palmar urn ; both names are common and used
to denote the same insect, but the former is now definitely established and
accepted. Other generic names proposed for it have never come into
The early entomologists worked out the position of the insect in
n, but added nothing to Mdlle. ."Uerian'- account, upon which
they were content to draw. The fact of the grub or gru-t/rn worm
being eaten by the natives and even by Europeans proved of more
interest than its n ri is] ibits. tin i« l'irrlo mpoi nice, and certain
ingenious statements were made, with an apparent disrespect for
■how that it was the Cossus of Pliny and the Soman
epicures. Many authors (1, 3, 6, 9, 11), among whom are Kirov and
Spence, and Schomburgk, speak of the grub being served as a delieacy.
and it is obtainable by epicures of the present day at some of the West
Indian hotels particularly in Martinique. This interesting fact need
not be further dwelt upon, for it is improbable that there will be a suffi-
cient demand for this dainty to counterbalance the insect's capacity
for deslruetivcncss: but it' it should become popular as an article of
food in Honduras, a cert- - will be forthcoming to
the work of searching i^v and destn ing, the grubs.
In 1828, the Rev. Lansdown Guilding, in a valuable but rarely
consulted paper (3), described briefiy the injuries winch this weevil
inflicts upon sugar-ennc. as did Sir IJobert Se.homhurgk in his book on
Barbados (11) published in 1847.
From that date, and owing to the increased importance of tropical
agriculture in modern times, scattered references to it as an injurious
inject are to be found in different works, but the only detail
of its habits appears to be that presented to the Government of British
Honduras in 1880, in the Report of Messrs. Phillips Bellamy and Dr.
Gabb (26). In 1880, Miss Ormerod gave particulars of its attacks
on sugar-cane in British Guiana (19). There are some valuable notes
on it in Insect Lift; U. S. Department of Agriculture, contributed by
Mr. J. B. Hickey and the editors (32) ; and information is given in the
same journal (25), and b\ Mr. S. V. Summer* the Ca a 1 /. / »-
I'Hjkt (13). on a eloselv-allicd species, the Palmetto Weevil. lih i/u, ho-
phorus rruenfatus, Fabr. ( = Zim,, . • of Florida
and the Southern States of North America.
particulars given in conversation with the writer by
Belize. These have been most valuable in several
Besides the American Palm Weevil, there is :
Rhynchophorus or Calandra palmararu are referring
ffifieus, and not to the American weevil.
Attention to this point is necessary, particularly in
peril idiciils devoted to tropical agriculture, in which the n
stantly made.
It is desirable to examine into the habits of both
order to solve the problems which they present, but
in the comparison and in reconciling any discrepancies which they may
present. At the same time the writer cannot point to any well-marked
difference in their habits.
The information on the Asiatic Palm Weevil consists of letters to
Tln> Tropical Agriculturist (21). for the most part reproduced in
All about the Coeo-Xut Palm (22). and of short accounts in other
agricultural works (21, &c.) ; also of reports made to the Government of
the Strait^ Settlement, who proposed an ordinance similar to that of
the Government of liritish Honduras. The best of these is a valuable
one by Mr. H. N. Ridley, F.L.S., Director of Gardens and Forests,
Singapore (30). There are also various letters in newspapers of that
colony (27).
III. — Habits and Life History i
The Palm Weevil is one of the largest,
important and extensive group of beetles, the Weevils, of which
characteristic feature is the prolongation of the head forward:
ich the most
form a snout or rostrum, sometimes of great length, into the sides of
which the horns or antenna are inserted.
The snout, which is always
distinguishable in the
its extreme tip the mouth,
verv -mall but neverth
The mouth is used fo
feeding, and by the fe
miles in drilling holes, which
operation is rendered possible by its position
it the end of the snout, or in
hi eh t'm- eggs are then laid.
There ha< been a good
ling about the snout of the
Indian Palm Weevil, a
This is not the case. The
Is, which are, as a rule, long-lived insects in the
adult Mate, can and doe
feed, and the observe
, mindful of the elephant, has
d. at the base of the snout,
which lie i,a- taken to
e merely a horn wit!
penetrating power limited
the beetle can drive
it in. The insect can pierce
•far harder tissues by gt
awing than it could
wor do by mere pushing.
hwiv'!^ ! T7*, {I i,;
rd convex body of o\
il or cylindrical shape, rigid
."rie'~ tin-
'es of transformations after
generally much wrinkled, and bent into a more or less conspicuous curve;
so that the under side is concave. Legs are entirely absent, or are at
most, represented by six small tubercles on the three rings succeeding
the head, so that the grub can only move in its burrow by the writhing of
its body, and in some kinds by the assistance of horny projections with
If attention is paid to the above features, it is easy to distinguish a
weevil grid) from that of any other insect, but the points of diil'erence
between the larva- of diil'erent weevils are small, and but little known,
identity is doubtful.
When the grub has become mature by continuous feeding, broker),
however, by intervals when it changes its skin and emerges from its old
garment clad in a new and larger one, it transforms l>y a further change
of skin into a j»rp<f. This takes place near the surface of the plant, so that
the perfect insect, wh >se burrowing powers are inmost of the true weevils
limited, can break without difficulty through the structures which
shield it from the air.
The pupa, sometimes enclosed in a cocoon or covering constructed
by the grab, resembles the perfect insect, but is soft and pak with
the wings and limbs neatly folded down on its under side. The limbs
arc separately enclosed in a thin skin which is not continuous over the
surface, as in the pupa of a moth. As a pupa the insect lies dormant for
a shorter or longer time, taking no food and beiuu absolutely harmless.
At last the perfect beetle. ■:■ -\ in the pupal covet ing,
throws it oil' ami issues forth. It is at first soft and pale, and remains in
shelter till its outer integuments have hardened, when it sets forth on its
If an American Palm \Vce\il is carefully examined from above, it is
vlltim) and are
of the same hornv eonsis-
\ h v . V ',
der. and its base is studded
titer, so that th
e surface is wrinkled, and
and there are minute differences in the structure of the hind segment, but
these are not to be depended on. The statement that all the larger and
more bulky Bf) Is wrong; both sexes are very variable
At the base of the snout are inserted the antenna or horns, constructed
of eight join!- ng, and set at
an angle to the rest ; the following six joints are small and bead-like,
and the last is large and flattened, and looks as if it had been cut off
abruptly, having a soft and .-pon-jy i.-rnii: al surface.
The thorn,) . i i he anterior part of the
true thorax, which can be seen on the under side to extend as Ear M the
hind legs, is apparently ?nade up of one piece without join except for the
insertion of the fore legs, another fra* the weevils.
The legs an pair being attached to
the body very far back ; each consists of a thigh, a shank, and a four-
jointed foot.
The shank is not set with spines except at the apex, where there is
one directed inwardly.
The structure of the weevil is not adapted for burrowing into hard
vegetable tissues, and it does not do so, though it may creep into
crevios, or dig its way into loose, rotten material and soft structures
found. In boring beetles the body is na I . so as to fit the
burrow, and the snout, if present, is short and strong, while the shanks,
as a rule, are strengthened with teeth or spines set along their outer
edge, sometimes for exea;= the friction of burrow-
ing, and to throw out of tin - burrow the debris that is bitten away.
The Palm Weevil, with its unarmed shanks and its very small mouth,
would have gn < h >l »% < m ft :!. to accommodate
it in the trunk of a tree, an 1 w im -p ei i s are ft mid inside a tree,
they have got there either through a wound, by entering the hole of
another insect, or the soft parts of the split bud, or have been bred in
the tree and not yet quitted it. In the latter case the immature hurtles
will be found near the surface with a thin layer of rind between them
and the outer air, through which they can easily break. One observer
speaks of find e and three large grubs wrapped in
the fibre about three inches from the bark " (26). The beetle certainly
was not the parent of the grubs, and it must be distinctly borne in mind
that, except perhaps when the tiv< has external wounds, the beetle
does not bore but lays its eggs from the outside.
•They also freq
>on hatching, get
the food it requires.
Whether a tree is selected for egg-laying in preference to others is
obviously deter] at thai time. As a rule, the act
of egg-laying passes unnoticed, and the health of the tree only becomes
a subject for inquiry some time later, when the work of the grubs is
apparent; and the inquiry is therefore complicated by the necessity for
distinguishing between an unhealthy condition occurring as a result of
the infestation, and one which may hav originally brought it about.
The female is stated to lay her eggs singly, in accordance with the
habit of other weevils, by perforating the rin 1 ol the tree and depositing
an egg in the hole made. The appearance of the eggs and the number
laid by each female have not yet been recorded.
It is desirable to know the exact spot selected for oviposition in order
that it may be artificially protected. At present the evidence does not
place it beyond doubt. It is generally admitted ihat eggs are not laid in
the leaf-stalks nor upon the leaf-spike, when their hard -ilieious surface is
unbroken; and the laying of eggs on the stem is limited below by its
maturity, and the consequent presence under the rind of hard wood, for
the grub is not a hard- wood feeder, but devours the pithy interior of the
stem, and, as before stated, the beetle will not lay its eggs where the
young larva cannot get its proper food.
The vulnerable point lies, therefore, about the upper part of the stem,
below the attachments of the leaves, and above the woody portion. In
young trees, where the wood has hardly begun to form, and the stem
is only from one to three feet long, any point above ground is open to
attack, and even, according to Mr. Bellamy, below it (28). But fuller
evidence is required in support of this statement, which may rest on the
erroneous interpretation of observed facts.
In the Commissioners' report, Dr. Gabb states that out of the
trees he examined "a large number . . . especially those which
" were inclined to one side, or on other protected parts, [sic] had the
" eggs of the weevil deposited in them near the ground on the under
Mr. Bellamy says " it lays its eggs in the inequalities of the bark
" at or near the surface of the ground" (28).
These are all the particulars about its egg-lacing, a.nd no detailed
evidence is given in support of them ; this ought to be done to prevent
sub.-equcnt doubt, lor, unless the act of oviposition is observed, it is
difficult to exclude the possibility of a mistake.
Even though any point between the head of the tree and the ground
conditions, there is in trees trimmed by the planter a weak spot readily
available for egg-laying, and one where the majority of eggs are almost
certainly hud.
palm-leaf widens out into a tri-
stem, so as to overlap its fellow and
encircle about one-half the circumference of the trunk: and the space
between adjoining leaves is filled up by the coarse matted fibres of the
leaf-sheaths. In this way the tender part of the stem is thoroughly
protected above the line of attachment of the lowest pair of leaves.
As the leaves grow old they droop and hang down ; and to improve
the appearance of the plantation and rough it "
j the n
successive leaves is unduly exposed before the rind is mature. In
cocoa-nut palms grown at Kew, this ring is pale, and its rind is
tender and easily penetrated at least a year and a half after the
protecting leaf-sheaths have been removed. It would harden more
quickly in a tropical climate, but, nevertheless, this surface of immature
stem is a spot that should be most carefully protected.
In the Commissioners' report, the practice of trimming the leaves is
condemned, but a reason is not given., and cannot be inferred from the
statements there made about egg-laying.
But in India this fact has been more generally recognised. Mr.
Ridley writes about the weevil, " it finds its way to the base of the leaf-
" stalk of the palm, and pushes the egg as deeply into the body of the
" tree as it can. Some persons affirm that the beetle lays its eggs in
" the base of the tree, and that the grubs t lien burrow upwards. I
" have seen no case of this I have certainly seen burrows
** made by some insect in the old stems of the coco palm, but I do not
" believe that they were the work of this animal, but probably of some
" Longicorn beetle " (30).
All observers agree in condemning the practice of stripping off the
old fronds, which by their leaf-sheaths so thoroughly protect the
tenderest part of the stem. The simplest plan of dealing with them is
to bend them down without breaking them, or even to tie them up. It is
doubtful whether it is sufficient to cut off the fronds at some distance
from the stem. If the stalks are not dry the exudation of sap from the
cut ends probably attracts the beetles.
ready to take advantage of any wounds
the bark * *
of the tree in which to lay her eggs.
Such wounds may be made by other insects, for example in India by
the Ithinoceros or Elephant beetle (Oryctcs rhinnnro.s. Linn.), in the
burrows of which into the head of the palm the weevils take shelter;
they may also be caused I the leaves and fibrous
sheaths, and thus afford another reason for giving up this practice. The
cracking of the rind is to a large extent due to the same act which
prematurely exposes it.
From the egg the grub, at first minute, hatches and begins to bore
into the pith of the tree. An observer should be able to recognise the
grub, and distinguish it, even when small, from other laroe to be found
in the palm, those of longicorn beetles and of other weevils especially.
decay, there is nothing to show that they did not belong to some other
: insect.
The larva, or gru-ijru tcorm is, when fully grown, about two to
three inches long, and of a yellowish-white or brownish-yellow colour.
Its body is slightly bent and" is very stout in proportion to its length, so
that the skin when stripped off is nearly circular.
The head is large and horny, and the mouth is at its lower and
anterior part; the jaws, which work, as in all insects, sideways, are
short, stout and rather blunt. Its colour is a deep pitchy brown and
continued round to the upper side, where there is between most of
them an additional transverse fold. The body is stoutest at the seventh
or eighth segment and tapers sharply from the ninth to the tail.
35
The skin of the body is somewhat velvety in texture, hut that
covering the back of the first segment is horny, brown and
polished, forming a shield-like protection, mid the hack and sides of
the three following segments present a series of small irregular horny
patches : these are the points where the skin, being much rubbed in
burrowing, loses its velvety pile mid becomes thickened, so as to form
callosities, the shape of which depends on the- surface wrinkling. The
hind segment of the body is also horny and terminates in a flat plate
strengthened at the edge with four bristle-bearing tubercles; above it
there is a triangular depression with thick raised edges.
Insects breathe by holes or spiracles placed at the sides of most of
the segments, one pair to each. The grub of the Palm Weevil has but
two well-developed pairs, a most remarkable feature; the lirst pair
are to be seen as distinct vertical slits at the lower ends of the horny
shield which covers the back of the first segment, the last pair on the
inner margin of the thick raised edges above the tail-plate are also
conspicuous. (See VI.) Legs are only represented, if at all, by six
small tubercles on the underside of the three first segments.
The shape of the hind segment, the position of the two pairs of well
developed spiracles and the large size of the full-grown larva, will
probably distinguish the grub of the Palm Weevil from that of any
-.except a very lew mo-t nearly allied to it and of similar
Kidley contests. They feed on the soft pith that tills the inside of the
stein up to the growing point, ami can he found in a in part of it. The
tree is killed by their feeding at the base of the cabbage and injuring
the growing point, whereas damage done to the pith in the lower part
of the stem does not mvessanlv prove fatal. There is some confusion
as to their feeding in the head of the tree or not, due partly to the
larva' of other insects being mistaken for them, partly to a loose use of
the term " cabbage," the limits of which are not taken to be the same
by different observers. It is die pith immediately below the true cabbage
thai appears lo form 1 li. ir fuw.urite source of food. The grub in boring
make- a tunnel corresponding
larger as the latter increases ir
of the trunk which can serve as a conspicuous sign ot its presence. \V ben
i nirn- to the outside of the tree, according to
Dr. Gabb, by enlarging the channel along which it has come, a process
thick
ness of foo
Iscap paper, wtween l
t and the on
ter'air
1 shel
1 the beetle
ovareocoon^of'the^fi
I 1 ;;: 1 ;;;;;;;;;;
ndim''
is. of
the fibro-
vascular bundles ruin
ling to ti.
from
three or more inches long and
1 of a dense mass of
interlacing
'fibre,
god' C
ircnlarly a
nd Suggesting a bird':
* nest. No
gum
gs, the wings
projecting beyond the wins? cases. The upper side of the abdomen is
exposed and its spiracles are now conspicuous.
Under the investing skin of the pupa the beetle slowly develops its
organs, and at hist splits it and emerges Soft and pale, it does not
leave the tree at once, but waits until its integuments have hardened
and have acquired their full colour. Then it breaks through the rind
which shelters it and comes out as an adult weevil. A certain number
are unable to escape from different causes and perish in the tree.
The holes made by the exit of beetles are conspicuous, and may afford
the careless observer the first clear sign of the mischief that is going
on. They occur anywhere in the soft part of the palm .stem, and most
frequently just below the head. Cocoons are not to be found in the
cabbage, but only close to the outside in the neighbourhood of the fibre
from which they are made.
The length of life of the perfect weevil and the time passed in the
early stages have not been ascertained, nor have the periods at which
egg-laying i> performed. These points are less important in tropical
than in temperate countries, where the life-periods of an insect are
closely related to seasonal change. But in the tropics the dry and wet
seasons, at least, influence the stages of insect-life, and an effort should
be made to obtain accurate knowledge of matters which are of so great
importance. Prevention of egg-laying for example is likely to be
more successful if carried out in reference to the seasons of oviposition,
should any such exist.
The Palmetto Weevil of the Gulf States of North America (a feeder
on Sabal Palmetto) is said by Summers (13) to emerge as a perfect
insect in September and October, to live through the winter and lay
eggs m the early summer, the grubs being found in the latter part of
.June and duly. Adult weevils are usually long-lived, and it is possible
that the Palm Weevil lives nearly a year as a perfect insect.
Mr. Hunter believes that there is more than one brood a year, which
is probable, and specimens in all stages are said to have been taken from
the same tree (26). This would show that seasonal development is not
well marked, but the observer may have been mistaken as to the
identity of some of the younger specimens found.
IV.— Economic Features of :
, have alone been described,
economic questions involved, the appearance of the injured trees and the
extent of the damage inflicted, the circumstances which favour the
Weevil's destruetiveness and those that tend to limit it.
The American Palm Weevil feeds on several kinds of palm, probably
oh almost any kind, particularly of the soft-stemmed palm- ; among the
species it is known to attack are the Cocoa-nut palm ( Coros intcij'vra),
the Cohoon palm (Attalai Co/nun ). t'he Cabbage palm ( < ' )rtti(l<>,ca oh ra-
ced), the Big Thatch palm [Sahul mnbranilift m) and the .Macaw Tree
It also attacks sugar-cane. Its range extends from South California
over Central and South America a- far as Brazil, and it is found in the
West Indian Islands. The Indian species occurs throughout the
Oriental region of naturalists (India, Borneo, Java, &c), and is also a
general feeder on palms, particularly on the Cocoa-nut palm and the
Toddy- tree (Phamix sylvestris) (35)".
The range of the cocoa-nut palm is therefore wider than that of cither
insect, and bein so extensive —
while iis original home, which De Candolle finally considered as being
in the Old World, is -o doubtful -that if i- now impossible to speculate
on the length of time that the tree and either species of weevil have
been in association. [Jul whether it has always served as food for the
American I 'aim Weevil or not, it is now perfectly clear that the insect is
not dependent on that tree alone, and that i/s cc(ir/>a//on could not be
effected in Honduras b// ca/f/ia/ (bun,- and dcslroi/iiuj ever;/ .single
cocoa-, nit palm in tin colon)/.
Honduras possesses as large if not a larger variety and number of
palms than perhaps any other region where the cocoa-nut is cultivated,
and the greater proportion of the country is in a wild state and
cannot be dealt with by any economic measures ; there, at all events,
it would appeal that the natural food of the insect consists of wild
palms, from which its attention has been diverted to the cocoa-nut
plantations.
Of these wild species the chief is the common Cohoon or Corozo palm,
which does not grow in the same situations as the cocoa-nut tree,
but in the rich alluvial soil of the Corozal, or cohoon ridges. These
ridges are really depressions between the series of quartz elevations
running more or less at right angles to the seaboard.
The cocoa-nut, a lover of sandy soil near the coast, is grown in planta-
tions as a rule not nearer than five or six miles to the cohoon ridges, but
for banana growing, a id for growing cocoa-nuts
for which the soil is unsuitable, the cohoon and other palms have been
extensively felled and allowed to lie upon the ground ; this has resulted
the felled trunks. As long as they are feeding on wild plants they are
not likely to multiply fast, because a balance will have established itself
ending 1
diinini-h the number ot the beetles on the one hand, and the rate of pro-
1 destructiveness of the latter on th
e other hand — otherwise
beetles or palms must gradually die out; and ol
India have noticed that the number of wild pain
is is not sensibly affected
by the presence of the weevils.
But if this balance i- a uses such as the euttimr
of cohoon palms, which favour the weevils, a
ise in their
numbers will result.
There IS g : tha? the e
the Commissioners' report. Mr. Haber in his evi,
Mr. Hunter has informed the writer that little -
vas known of the beetle
until about 1SSS, a period which coincided \>
nth wholesale felling of
cohoon palms in order to bring the ridges under
cultivation.
As there is a particular age when the coc<
>a-nut becomes liable to
attack, namely, at the time of it; first bearin;
further connexion between the elearingof the rii
!ge and the damage done
f lsss, " sonic five trees altogether having succumbed to the attacks of
th<; bug " ( -26). This tends to negative the idea of a coincidence, for the
majority oi in- iiv,'- mu.-t have reached maturity without being immedi-
ately attacked.
If the development of weevils has been tbu . nco ;: aged, il will be
difficult to check it by the destruction of the felled cohoon palms. Wild
palms are so abundant that ilic removal of them, living and dead, is
impiactieable, and the interest of the banana planter on the cohoon
ridge do not necessarily coincide with those of the cocoa-nut plantei,
so that he cannot be expected to go to the expense of destroying felled
palms which do him no barm. The cohoon palm is a soft pithy tree
that will not readily burn, even if that be the proper method of prevent-
ing beetles breeding in it. The destruction of felled palms will be
It is doubtful whether cocoa-nut plantations should be established at
all in the immediate proximity of the cohoon ridges, and it is important
that the amount of injury sustained by cocals at different distances from
them shall be carefullv compared, as ibis question must arise in the estab-
lishment <»f further plantations.
Mr. D. Morris, F.L.S., of Kew, made, when Director of the Botanic
on this point which it is desirable to quote in full (20) ; —
" It has been remarked as somewhat strange that while the cocoa-nut
palm u rows freely everywhere along the coast of Jamaica, it is almost
entirely absent from Alligator Fond to Black Fiver, and, indeed,
taken as an accidental circumstance, but careful inquiry on the spot
has convinced me that although the soil and climate diller very slightly
from those in other portions of the island where the cocoa-nut thrives
luxuriantly, jill efforts to 'aboard of the parish of
St. Klizabefh, and especially in the Pedro district, have signally failed.
The plants appear to thrive for a few years and to grow reuiarkjibly
jn , if 1; ot the chid' cause of theabse
nee of the cocoa-nut palm was
fundance of this beetle. Furthering
iew. The Big Thatch appears
ist, and. indeed, to thrive u . i ianth
in spite of the beetle, but the
,-nut fails. The terminal bud of the h
itter offers an easily accessible
tempting bonne hum-he to the larva, ;
and it succumbs to its attacks.
ic other hand the Big Thatch thrives
and covers the country.
must be made between the Big
jh and the cocoa-nut palm. The wor
k ol exterminating the former
eou-ring several thousand acres, is a
n alternative which is neither
;ed desirable, if the ravages
As before i
palm ,h
es not prove t
Ve tO th
till it begins
in.-d
and it remain;
- Li'Ue
it is about 12 j
1 2 or 1 1 feet
of stei
111. lfi
up to that age
!t
is rarely
attacked
afterwards.
The greatest
, period of egg-laying
at the beginning of the season. It has been stated of the Indian weevil
(33), ''insects of the above class multiply rapidly in times of protracted
" drought, and it is during such periods of abnormal weather that they
" commit the greatest amount of mischief."
An infested tree shows at first little or no signs of injury, uidess the
points at which eggs are laid are discoverable by a skilful observer.
The Commissioners' report says that "by careful observation small
" holes may be discovered with a ' > them, but by
" that time the larvae have attained considerable -i/e and have eaten
" their way far into the heart of the tree " (26). Mr. Ridley says of the
Indian weevil :—" It works entirely inside the tree, and makes little or
'« no external marks. By listening at the side of the tree the grub can
" be heard gnawing the wood. But usually the withering and fall of
" the central shoot is the first sign that r.nylhiug is wrong. In some
" cases a tree exudes a shiny liquid, having an unpleasant -our smell,
" which is a sign of serious damage "(30). To listen for the grub feeding
may be more practical than it sounds ; the ear should be placed against
the tree, or against the end of a piece of seasoned deal, used like a
stethoscope, with its other end on the trunk. Another account of the same
insect, evidently from the pen of a careful observer, states that " if
" the beads of the trees are frequently inspected by skilful beetle
" searchers many trees may be saved by cutting out fhe grubs, their
" presence being known by the searcher eitht r linding a cocoon in
allv, by noticing slight wo
so) oftl
« skin (if 1 might call it so) of the leaf spike, which a
" made by the grub iu eatiug the soft pithy mass through which it
" pushes its way" (27).
The origin of the small holes exuding gum, to which the Commis-
sioners refer, is not clear, unless they are due to the grub having
accidentally broken through the rind at that point. That the larva*
do occasionally penetrate the rind slightly is shown from the last
account quoted, and from the good effects which sometimes a t least
have been found to follow the application of salt or lime to the head of
the trees, which pre-uaiabK act- by i- ;n 1 1 i n _r tin grubs through wounds
in the silicious surface. There is just a possibility of the small holes
being made by other insects attracted to a sickly tree ; and this point
and the character of the external signs of injury, are worthy the
attention of a naturalist who has had previous experience of the" work
of internal-feeding insects. Mr. Mickey mentions that after a rainy
spell of a few days he has noticed a golden-coloured glue or sap
running out of some of the trees, but he tailed to mid any borers in them
enormous quantity
" inside of the tree was completely rotten and stank, presenting the
" appearance of fresh dung or manure "(26). There is nothing to show
to what species these maggots heloDged.
The beetles will lay their e^-^s in 'elled frees, and the grubs continue
to feed in them, at least so long as there is undeeomposed pith for them
to consume, and in this way a dead tree will continue to breed beetles
for some time. But weevils are not as a rule Attracted to vegetable
matter that is far advanced in decay, and particulars are required of
the length of time that a felled trunk will continue to attract the
parent^, and to serve as a place of growth for the larva of this par-
ticular insect.
Mr. Hickey says, u I cut down a small cohoon tree, very much
'• resembling the cocoa-nut palm, cutting it through the tender portion,
" the bud. In two or three days it began to sour, and for a few
" evenings, between sunset and dark, I noticed several of these beetles
" remaining there all day. In about 10 days they were all gone. A
" month later I cut the stump off about 3 feet lower down and found it
" full of holes, and some 10 or 12 worms the size of a man's thumb,
" 1£ inches long, with a short hard head, resembling very much the
" common grub worm "(32). It follows from this readiness of the insect
to breed in stumps and fallen trees that the practice of cutting down
injured palms at the height of 3 feet from the ground, and neglecting
tin stumps, is <idn i calculated ti nerea il nn . < t, and on this
point the evidence of Mr. Baber to the Commissioners may be
given : " He saw no sign of damage on Long Beach Sittee until he
'• began thinning: the trees had been too thickly planted. AVhen
" thinning he left the fallen trees lying in the plantation, and considers
" that they were or might have been a source of attraction to the
" weevils, and that they ought to have been removed or destroyed.
40 per cent., that on Mr. Phillips's to about 30 per cent. (1,000 out of
3,500). Other owners have lost equally large numbers. But the
amount of injurv has not been uniform over the dillerent plantations ; Mr.
Baber believed 'that although the weevil was abundant in Sittee River,
they had not affected his plantations at Serango Bight or False Sittee
oft
many planters,
w
disputed, but it turns up so regularly and is so often urged by persons
who have only the facts and no previous experience, of such economic
questions to guide them, that it is impossible to escape from the duty
of giving it careful consideration in every case. The present attack
is no exception, and the point is raised in the Commissioners' report,
to be summarily dismissed. Insects are well known to prefer as a rule
an unhealthy plant to one that is sound, and the only questions for
consideration are whether any given insect is equally ready to attack
trees irrespective of their state of health, and whether any given case
of excessive insect injury is traceable in greater or less degree to a
previously unsound condition of the host-plants.
V.— Fever.
The cocoa-nut palms of Honduras appear also to suffer from disease, and
and at present no accurate account has been given of its symptoms, nor
of its prevalence, so that it cannot yet be accepted as a cause of the
weevils' increase, but it must be taken merely as a hypothesis to be
inquired into. From the little known about it, it appears to be allied
to one or other of the diseases (if. indeed, they are not the same)
observed in Demerara in 1375-6, and in Mont ego ]>ay. Jamaica, in ISO l.
Attention has been called to it in Honduras in a recent communication
by Mr. Sony to the Colonial Office, of which the writer has only seen
an abstract." According to Mr. Hunter, 50 to 80 per cent, of the trees
attacked by the weevil show signs of the disease at the top first. This
may be merely a misinterpretation of the early signs of injury due to
ment is of importance and should be confirmed or refuted. In his
evidence, Mr. Baber says he "has a small spot on the sea-side in
" Serango 1 5 ight (very swampy). He there noticed that the trees died oft'
"not affected'" W). Mr! ScirnhVld states" that hN 'plantation was
apparently healthy on the 21th December. No tree or plant showed
any signs of sickness. The hands went away for the Christmas holi-
some had actually fallen over, others had their fronds broken mid trailing
on the ground, while the rest from their yellow and drooping appear-
ance showed plainly that theyal-o were diseased. Commentinv; on this,
42
species of insect?. He says of it ti i in full bear-
" ing commence to fail in a few weeks ; all the leaves fall down, and
" the centre falls off. No beetle or worm is to be found ; the disease
'' seems more like what id known as plantain disease "( 1 1). In a pamphlet
published at Georgetown and not generally accessible, he gives the
following account:— '• My first dissection of a tree diseased from blight
u led me to suppose that the cause of the disease was the attack of the
" weevil in question [presumably the Palm Weevil, though not tnen-
M tioned by name]. The part of the stem immediately under the
" cabbage portion was completely riddled by this insect, and hundreds
" of grubs, in all stages of development, were found On
" dissecting the top of the tree, all the fruit germs were found quite
" rotten (putrid ferm .■ntati..n\ and gave a most offensive smell, and at
'■ the point where the last frond or central spike divides from the
" lower fronds, the state of putrefaction was fearful. Fortunately, 1
" decided upon trying another tree. This time the stem was perfectly
" sound, and without a speck; but on dissecting upwards, and care-
" fully removing each frond and its integuments, the outer part was
" found to be more or less tainted, and the fruit stalk from which the
" fruit had fallen was quite offensive. As the top of the tree was
" the integuments of each frond being removed, the cabbage in the centre
" was quite sound, so that I could eat the centre to within six inches
" of the diseased point, which, when reached, was quite as putrid as
" my first specimen. The crimped form of the bottom of this central
" spire left uo doubt on my mind that the seat of the disease was at
" that spot, and that there had been abundance of vitality in the lower
" part of the tree to send forth the central shoot until the parts im-
" mediately in contact with the putrid matter were poisoned by it. A
" without finding a trace of an insect, even with the aid of a powerful
" magnifier, and afterwards under the microscope. One small beetle
" was found on one subject which is before you, and was named by my
" friend, Dr. Whitlock. as Papains tridens Seeing that
" only one specimen of this diminutive beetle was found in my many
'• investiirations. I can scarcely believe that the disease can bo attribut-
" able to it "(15). What insect is meant is not clear. The generic name
is obviously a misprint for Passtthis, but Pasadus ( pri ocae mis) tridens,
Wied. is a native of Malacca, &c. The Passali lay their eggs in
decayed wood, and are harmless. Specimens of the diseased trees,
preserved .and sent to Kew, were carefully examined by Dr. M. C.
Cooke for injurious fungi. His search resulted in the description of
several new species, but he could not find one that appeared to be the
true cause of the disease. Since 187(> the study of disease-producing
infectious and sj
, F.L.S., Directoi
his report in the Bulletin of the Botanical Depart-
Iso advisable to give in full, is as follows :—
ere cut down, and the roots, stem, leaves, and cabbage
w:ts no evidence whatever of attacks by a beetle ;
there were some small larva-, some wood lice, earwigs. it
species, ami other insect.-; <n the affected parts, but tliey '
only preying on the diseased juices, and were not the
uts of several
,vere evidently
cause of the
"There
Both stem
ots were quite sound
and leaves were of i
£if*r
mi appeared to
he unaffected.
no indication
of a gradual dwindling of vitality due 10 lark of proper nourishment
extending over a long period. The disease, whatever it might be,
seemed to be quick in destruction.
" The youngest parts were those affected. The leaves and flowers
in the bud were sometimes able, though affected, to withstand the
their full development, before the tree succumbed. In the case of tall
trees, the first indication of the disease was the dropping of the young
fruit, It was stated that the disease in this condition had been checked
by setting fire to the fibrous material at the base of the leaves, which
process burnt all the leaves; new fronds, however, developed, and the
trees were, at any rate for the time, saved. The application of salt, to
the cabbage had also, it was alleged, been successful.
"In almost all the trees examined the sour smell of a putrefactive
fermentation was very noticeable, and f am of the opinion that the disease
is due to an organised ferment, which is able to attack the very tender
tissues of the youngest parts, even outside the terminal bud. If this
ferment can be de-t roved by fire or other means before it reaches the
terminal bud in the heart of the cabbage, the tree may be saved.
" Any remedy should therefore be applied
disease. If delayed too long
" Although to fire the fibre at the base of the h
the production of fruit is for a long time retarded,
" I would recommend that those who do not cai
proportion of '2 lbs. of sulphate to 1 gallon of
sulphate of copper might also be trie! in the p
100 of water and a solution of borae'e acid in tin
to 100 of water.
"All diseaseil trees which cannot be saved shoi
burnt, to prevent infection. In order to give i
of recovery, the soil might be scraped nwa. from t
"It maybe said that these remedial experime
the other hand, the annual value of each tree IB Btt
VI. — Other Insects.
Another question for consideration is the possibility of other kinds
of insects aiding or preceding the weevil in its work of destruction.
There is no evidence whatever lliat such is the ease in Honduras, if we
except another species of weevil, but it is not so elsewhere.
The Indian weevil shares its ro.-ponsibility with two other beetles,
Xylotnipcs gideon, Linn., and Ori/chs rltiimecros. Linn., both quite
distinct in appearance and allied to the chafers. The latter, the
Ehinoceros, Elephant or " black beetle" of the Indian planter, is a stout
cylindrical insect about 2\ inches long ; the head lias no snout whatever,
hut is short and hroad with small cluhbed antenna 1 , whose ends are formed
of several flat plates placed side by ado. Between the eyes is a fixed
horn, like that of the ihinoceros, large in the male, small in the female.
The legs are very strong, with stout shanks set on the outer edge with
three teeth, and five- join ted feet.
The grubs are large, soft and curved, with six stout legs and a baggy
hinder end ; they are harmless, and live in heaps of rotting vegetable .
matter or the manuredike inside of decayed palm trees. The beetles
are the destroyers, and attack the palm at night, boring in at the base
of the leaf-stalks till they reach the cabbage, thus forming holes which
attract the weevils. They bite through the young folded leaves which
become characteristically ragged, and may kill the tree by injuring
the bud.
Treatment consists in the removal or destruction of the heaps of rotting
matter in which they breed, and in extracting the beetles from the holes
These two insects are not natives of America, but many allied species
are there common.
The Hon. W. Ru.-v-ell has described the ravages in Demerara of
the Klephant beetle on palms (1.5). The insect referred to is nrohal.lv
Meijasomu actaon, Linn., as Dr. Sharp, F.R.S., has kindly informed the
writer. A similar -p.-cie-, Metpisoiiia th pitas, Fal >r., occurs in Hon-
duras and is an enormous insect, some 4. 1 , inches long in the male and
'J inches hroad. It is stout and square, black in colour, hut densely
covered with a fine brown pile. The head in the male is prolonged into
a long horn with a forked tip, which is turned up and is not, as in the
weevil, a snout with its mouth at the end ; there is a shorter horn
behind and two on the shoulders. The legs are very stout, and the
shanks spined.
The Elephant beetle, according to Mr. Kussell, burrows into the earth
at the roots of young trees. It makes small holes " like crab holes,"
and works its way down until the blanched part of the palm is reached,
all white-winged fly. Alvuradts rorois,
est the leave-s. For the latter syrinx
uld he the proper means to adopt.
the Bearded We
general plan ..I structure, but it differs in (he f«»| lowing points : It has a
straight snout, with the mouth in front of it and nor. below, the jaws
being hooked outwards a .<! distinctly visible. The horns are long, with
a slender club, and ar.> inserted in the middle of the snout. The eyes
almost meet above, heing only separated by a very narrow ridge. The
wing cast's extend to the tip of the hody.
The peculiar and characteristic shape of this insect (PI. II. 1) will
distinguish it without further description. In the male the snout is
longer and stouter than in the female, ami its anterior half, as well as
the breast, is covered with a dense yellow down.
The gruh of an allied species, Rhina nigra, Drury. has heen figured
by Coqueivl, who found it abundant in the decayed interior of a screw-
pine ( l>u„<h,,r>.s Htilis) in Madagascar (10).
The writer knows of no other description of the habits or economy
of any species of Rhina. Possibly some of the smaller grubs so
frequently found in the stem or the rotting cabbage of decayed palms
are those of the Bearded Weevil.
Nothing much is known of causes which check the weevil's increase.
" > favoured by an unusually dry season, and is presumably
which attack it have yet to be identified. Ants seem to prey 01
reference to this fact will be found in the next chapter.
Attention is drawn to the following points, as being likely t
further attentive observations made to determine them : —
1. The spots usually selected for egg-laying in wounded and i
trees, care being taken not to mistake the work of any other ii
will be worth while to make observations at that time.
2. The length of time passed in each of the different stage
may be associated
ase; the effects of
The females alone are of im-
to prevent attack upon trees hitherto i
save injured plants. The former are
the opinion of many expei-ienced men do not exist,
1. Methods of Growth and Cultivation.
Care should be taken in the choice of sites for new p
special attention paid to the avoidance of undue proximity to a cohoon
ridge. Drain:! ,. for the trees have been observed
to suffer in swampy ground. I'hey should not be planted too close;
every occasion of felling a tree in order to thin out a plantation affords
a source of atti . and imposts a consequent necessity
for destroying the felled trees and stumps that they may not serve as
breeding-places. Moreover the spread of any infectious disease is
materially assisted l>y close planting. How far it is expedient or possible
to grow the trees in small plantations separated from each other by
large plantations are particularly t'a\ ourable to the spread and mull ipli-
cation of any insect that has established itself in them.
The trees should be left as far Be tral state, and
unnecessary trimming either of fronds or of the fibre avoided. It may be
necessary to tie up the older fronds, and if they must be removed the
stalk should be cut through sufficiently far from the stem to leave the
nore than one-third of the original plant- peri.diod, before the estate
,vas ten years old, and they iverc going at the r,4te of three trees
veokly. The work of trimming was -topped for the reasons offered
ib'.ive; the loss of nets continued for some time afterwards, but at
he end of six months it had entirely ceased. On another property
tantly lost: from the day that the btetlers were discontinued two
rces periled within the monili. and not another was lost in the sub-
equent seven years " (22). And AV. 15. L. writes in the Tropical
ricHltarist to "the same effect :—" The red-beetle \_IUnjnclu phonis
All wounds, whether made by i
of the stem, leaf shea
of tar mi xed with fine sand. Holes should be probed with a " beetle
spear" or hooked wire to extract insect which may haw canned them,
and then plugged with a tuft of I ' -1 in tar.
The parts -el< < t< 1 toi i __ ' ning on the stem may be plastered with
lime-wash, to whi -h. when cold, there may he ad-. Km 1, as an experiment,
a small quantity ical poison).
Tarring the .stem will probably keep off the beetles, but should he
tried with great caution till its effects on the tree have been ascertained.
Mr. C. T. Hunter states that he has kept away the beetles by pouring
tar on the leaf -spike and the leaf sheaths; he claims for this
last for some three years. Application of tar to the leaf --heaths
would probably do no harm, but may not be necessary if they
themselves .-; ly l>eing left intact. It might, how-
ever, lessen any jx.-sibiliiy of beetles creeping in to oviposit '«etwoen
loosely fitting sheaths. Such ;• remedy ought only to b ' tried on a small
number of trees, so that the loss may not he felt if it prows injurious.
Most disastrous results have before now followed the application on a
large scale of an untested to plants. ('eatings of
moist (day have been found useful in similar
position which has met with success in Grerm
thus prepared : Five pounds of coarse tobac
half full of boiling water and allowed to
vessel is then tilled with ox-blood and one
sixteen offresh cow-dung are added (quantity
mixed and allowed to ferment for two or thr
then applied to the parts requiring protectic
suited for the lower parts of the stem.
It is not supposed that the above mixta:
ployed in Honduras, but it is given as a
Coarse soaps and rank oils (whale oil) havt
3. Destruction of Injured Trees.
This treatment is the one most generally recommended,
taken to treat it when felled so as to make it unsuitabh
place. In fact it will be probably less harmful if left b
felled and neglected.
To the reckless felling and, subsequent neglect of inju
be attributed much of the recent increase in the insects'
it may be buried u
be cut off so high *
Perhaps the be-t w;iy, when practicable, el' dealing with felled palms
is to sink them underwater. Burial in sand has been recommended,
and will possibly suffice, but it will not prevent the development of
grubs already in the tree, and liie subsequent emergence of the weevils,
it', as is asserted, they are able to burrow.
Burning is objectionable, because the parts which the grubs inhabit
are too soft to burn. Dr. Grabb found healthy larva' in a tree that had
been subjected to burning; and according to Summers, the grubs of the
Palmetto Weevil are more partial to the older and more injured plants,
particularly to those which have been burnt.
A good method of deali is the following: split
them open lengthways so as to expose I he soft parts, and extract all
grubs or beetles found ; visit the trees daily and collect the weevils
attracted to them, as the surface dries split them again, so as to expose
a fresh moist surface, and continue the capture of beetles and the
splitting, till the tree is too dry to prove attractive. When the tree has
been thus thoroughly hacked up and dried by degrees it will probably
be found to burn easily. As it will take some time tor the eggs laid by
the weevils which visit them to reach maturity, no fear need be felt
about their breeding fresh swarms, provided thai they are not allowed
to lie too long. Other insects will lay their eggs in the exposed tissues,
but their grubs maybe neglected, if a look-out is kept against the
development n - that are not at present regarded as
important. Si, -i . weeks f ( r the weevil to mature,
and the period is probably much longer, no eggs laid after the tree is
felled will produce beetles if destruction is completed within that time.
Of course half-grown grubs overlooked in the tree may mature sooner.
Cohoon and othei pa !m> felled in the neighbourhood of cocals ought
to be similarly treated, and not allowed to lie and infect the
neighbourhood.
4. Capture of the Weevils.
This plan has also been generally recommended, and is in some ways
preferable to the last. It is attended with no destruction of trees, and
is applicable to plantations which have not yet become seriously infested,
whereas the felling of palms can only be resorted to when they are
already injured.
There are three ways of taking the perfect insects : on the wing or
when crawling about ; when lurking in the crevices of the leaf-sheaths
and fibre ; when attracted to baits.
The best way — that by which the greatest number can be caught with
the least labour — is the last. It has been mentioned in the preceding
section that the stumps and soft tissues -the -pi it cabbage — of felled palms
which the weevils can be dropped.
As the weevil, like many other kinds, seeks shelter bv day, the stumps
and other baits should be visited at different times particularly at
daybreak, to find out when the insect- frequent them most; and" the
stumps will probably last longer and keep fresher if protected from the
sun with a light covering of leaves and fibre, which can be removed to
When 110 felling of palms is going on, other suitable baits are
mangoes or other l'rnit crushed and allowed to fermeut. It has been
suggested (32) to rut wild palm- in the neighbourhood in order to catch
the beetles visiting the stumps. This is open to the objection that
these palms must be carefully destroyed, or by becoming binding
places they will be more dangerous than if left standing.
Now the practice of attracting the weevils to fermenting mangoes
cannot, however carelessly carried out, increase their numbers.
The search for weevils hiding in the crannies of the palms is more
suitable lor Indian plantations, where the tree- are regular!-, examined to
catch Rhinoceros beetles and the Palm Weevils are taken incidentally.
It is simply a question of convenience and the amount of labour
involved. Observations may be made to see if there is any hour when
the weevils can best be taken on the trees. The Females are the
important sex, and any means of capture which only takes males will
One advantage of the method of capture, at baits is that it can be
carried out by children and unskilled labourers.
Attraction by fires, into which the weevils plunge at night, has been
tried in Asia, but the Palmetto Weevil, according to Summers, does not
come to light.
5. Encouragement of Insectivorous Animals.
Till the habits of the weevils' natural enemies have been more
studied, not much can be done in this way, and it is unlikely that there
is at present any large destruction of insectivorous birds that requires
checking.
Mr. Hunter in the Report (26) ascribed the immunity of his planta-
tions to his keeping a herd of 190 pigs. The practice o4 letting swine
forage is well known and employed in Continental Ion-try. They are
greedy devoi
Mr. Cr
ground or 1
<■' the eggs of the beetles.
" Did not understand the various stages of insect lift
" female ants ; accidentally smoked some ants out of i
" old ; the next year it was attacked by beetles and died
The following notes on ants may therefore prove us<
of ants consists not only of males and females, but of nt
gathering sticks, grain, insects, &e. Their size is small
large head, the segments of the thorax are very narro
with the first one or two abdominal segments, resemble
or five beads joining the head and hind body, which are
size; wings are absent. The neuters, of which there
kinds, the large-headed ''soldiers " and the small-headed
reproduce, so that an attempt to colonise them alone :
males and females are much bigger, with a well-develop,
and a large abdomen which forms the chief mass of the hi
appear above ground at the " swarming " time and then
The males soon die. and the temale>. the larger of the st
50
ground, lose or tear oil" their wings, and are placed in nests by the
worker.--, who lend them and their eggs and young. They are no more
seen above ground. hu1 can he Ibund l>y examining the contents of an
ant-hill. In temperate countries, at least, they die at the approach of
winter, after which the nest only contains workers, and the eggs and
grubs of the various forms. Ants have been frequently colonised with
success in order to utilise them against other insects. The nest and its
contents should be placed in a barrel anil transferred to some suitable
spot, The disagreeable task can be made more easy by smearing the
boots of the labourers, the shafts of the tools used, and the margin of the
barrel with grease, oil, or fiv.-h tar. Many tropical species of ants are
most injurious, for example, the Parasol ants which cut off and carry
away leaves of many trees ; therefore due care must be taken to see
figures of the male and worker of the l.'arasol ants are given on
Plate II. 4a, 4ft, which show sufficiently the differences between these
6. The Cure of Injured Trees.
This, though little tried in Honduras, has met v
n-eat
skill, both ir
i observing the
early stages of
o try it ou a i
operation itself.
It is preferable
ill it by the
injection into
•r Pa
ris green suspendec
, but there is a
in t
I wounds shoul
Id be properly
irc-aiinably are carried down to holes made by the grubs at the base of
he spike. It is questionable whether these applications are not more of
i prevention than a remedy.
An Indian native ne-thod of de-iroying them •• i> to hang little bags of
■ salt over the affected parts of the tree. Water is then poured over
' the salt, so thai the brine soaks into the borings and drives out the
' beetle. It is believed that the latter will never return to a tree where
• it has bee/i subjected to the above treatment" (35).
The above quotation from a recent report is intended to refer to
he Palm- Weevil. It appears, however, to the writer that the plan is
lsed for the Rhinoceros beetle.
Othei applications said to have met with success in some persons'
>est, and should be used a- Paris given or London purple, stirred up in
rater in the proportion of aboul 1 oz. of Paris green and 2 of flour
iia ile into a paste, to 10 or 12 gallon-- of water and sprayed into the head
>e used. Lime deserves a further trial, and nitrate of soda might be
.ised. None of the above methods should be tried on a large scale till
Iiey are proved to be harmless to the plant Firing the head of the
- greatly weakened, and a further attack is thereby invited. Perhaps
The treatment of - fever." or whatever tho disease maybe, has been
already given in the report of Mr. Fawcett (32). For such purposes a
solution of sulphate of copper is hardly safe, as it will concentrate by
evaporation in the bases of the leaf-she ove injurious ;
this is true to some extent of any po*-\ imented with,
and observations on their ett'eei should be carried out tor a long time
and not merely for a wee! -m. Sulphate of copper
can be much more safely employed in the form of bouillie bordelaise
made as follows : —
1 lb. copper sulphate (bluestone).
1 lb. freshly burned quicklime.
to the proper quantity with water. It should be used fresh, and must
he kept stirred, as tile copper hydrate formed soon settles. It can be
b a syringe or spraying pump, and is not to be regarded as
an insecticide.
The above list of remedies is intended to include all that have been
tried and are likely to be of success under different conditions. The
protection of the trees against egg-laying by noi trimming them, and
the capture of the weevils are, together with the careful destruction of
killed trees, the most promising.
Concerted action has been generally recommended to planters in
respect to the destruction of trees, and in order to secure this ordinances
have been proposed but not passed into law, both in British Honduras
and the Straits Settlements. The reasons for and against such ordi-
nances are in large measure independent of the soundness of the economic
principles on which they are based. It may be desirable to destroy all
infested trees, and yet it may be impolitic to enforce the execution of
Whether the impulse towards efficient treatment of the evil afforded
by the interests of the individual is fitly supplanted by the coercion
of the State is a question in ethics beyond the scope of the present
paper; but it may be asked whether the destruction of injured trees 18
not likely to be as actively carried out by the co-operation of planters,
who are clearly made to understand that it is t,» their interest and profit
For unless the duty of inspection : nied, the des-
truction will probably be more perfu net or v than if "the planter is left to
Previous attempts to enforce penal enactments of a similar character
suitably enforced
of all palms in the districts where cocoa-nut growing is practised will
annihilate the weevils without the assistance of other methods, and an
ordinance which does not provide for the destruction of the cohoon
palms is incomplete. These are cut down by planters, not necessarily
interested in cocoa-nut growing, who cannot fitly be included in the
clauses of an enactment passed in the interests of another class of the
community. It' it is necessary to ensure the dotiuelion of felled cohoon
palms some other means must be sought.
VIII.— Systematic Notes.
In order to complete this account of the Palm Weevil, it is desirahle
to give the . thai species, together with a list
" incidentally .
ORDER. COLEOPTERA.
FAMILY. LUCANIDiE.
Passalus (Eriocnemis) tkidens, Perch.
Wiedemann. Zool. Mag. II. p. 109.
Percheron. Mon. des Passales, p. 24, pi. 2, fig. 3.
(Vtelnau. Hist. Nat. II. p. 179.
See also (15, 16).
FAMILY. DYNASTIDiE.
Oryctes rhinoceros, Linn.
Limneus. Syst. Nat. 1. 2, p. 544.
Burmeister. Ha,
Dohrn. Stett. Eut. Zi-it. XL I. p. 297.
Seei.lso (21,22,23,27,29,30).
by the larvas of Orya
Fabncius. Si/sf. hid. I. p. 7.
Chevrolat. GW>\ 3/«r/. Zoo/.
Girard. La Nature, isS6 ( 1 )•
FAMILY. CALANDRIDjE.
or rice. The beetles feed a!mo-t with. mi exception in various portions
of monocotyledouous plants, and. besides the two specie- mentioned
above, others are known to attack sugar cane and maize (Sjiheiiup/iorns),
cycads (Phacecnri/iinx), bananas (Sphcunphorits), kv. A list of the
food plants of North American species is given in Insect Life, I.
included in accordance with the
Hcrbst. Xafnrsi/s(. K»f. VI. 1795, p. 3.
= Cahrmlra (par-), Fahncius. i V/A ,,,/w ( pars), Clairville.
».i-s),TI»..nl.,T g . rVW^.Kirhy.
lUuj.n-hiiphnrus. Schonherr. r/<'«. r///r. III. 2, ]). 816.
All of which the habits are known feed upon palms.
R. palmaeum, Linn.
Currnlio pahnarum. Linnteus, Mu s. Lvd. I '/,•„ p. 12. 1. Olivier
Ent. V. 83, p. 77. 4. PI. 2, fig. 16, a, b.
Rhynchophorus pahnarum. Herbst, Co/., VI., p. 5. 1. PI. 60,
Schonherr. Gen. Cure, IV, ii, p. 820.
Calandra pahnarum, Fabi icius. SyH. El., II., p. 430, 3.
Guilding. Trans. S<>v. Arts, XLVI, p. 144.
Other references are given by Schonherr {loc. cit.).
See also (1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 15, 17, 19, 20, 26, 28, 31, 32).
Deep black, above dull with velvety pubescence ; below, shining. Head
finely punctured with intovocular sulcus ; eye- approximate. Thorax
■flattened, narrowed towards apex, base slightly produced posteriorly,
punctured, more strongly at sides and apex, with traces of a median
Thor:
ix and
elytra son
lewl
lat variable in ^
vidt
Mali
.—Rust
upper
S::R
r
Sli
:i
Jitly v.
'/'■, ,1,
le.— Rostrum sk
ml.'-:
rmly cm
■ve«i
pe.tcrior
,sal pur
■ illld le
than i
itrrinr
femora
. very shoi
rt.
Pygidi
Dm nan
( » Vl
ed and
more po
h, exel
usive of :
rest,
urn, 14
^-20 lines;
length
of rostr
"fluhii
to*.— C
antral and
Itfa Am,
■rica, W
est,
Indian
Mauds.
The
!h-iti>h
AIiiM-um
lection
contain
wo Ixlii/hchoplx,
helled
-.Java
," the otl
ier
"Dr. 1
Pearson,
Da
Reeling
.- which
7). Of these figures the best are those of Guilding and
55
Blanchard (7). The larva of ihe allied species //. cnmttatiu, Fain-.
(— Zi»u»tnna»nii, Fahr.) has l.eni .Inscribed and figured by Candeze
( 12) : as well as by Summers (13), and Dr. Horn (18).
There is a rough figure of the larva of B. ferrugineus, published by
Ridley (30).
Description of Larva.
Stour, fusiform, largest at third or fourth abdominal segment,
and diminishing rapidly from sixth posteriorly; with slight ventral
extremity. Head corneous, oval, mouth at lower part ; face
inclined "obliquely forwards, sidis uniformly rounded, vertex somewhat
(latter: median sagittal (epicranial) -utuiv distinct throughout, bordered
behind by a raised margin on either side, thence continued forwards as
a tine impressed line dividing at tipper third of face to form the lateral
branches of the Y suture, which branches (frontal sutures ; run to the in-
ferior lateral angles of the face ; on either side of the median suture a
longitudinal suture running lack from upper third oi each frontal suture
to become lost on occiput, bearing a setigerous pore at its anterior
extremity and another midway between frontal suture and neck.
Surface of head above frontal sutures divided by fine furrows into
small hexagonal areas, their surface depressed and dull with a slightly
raised shining border; five to six bristle pits along either frontal suture
Face transversely rugose, with four longitudinal impressions, of which
the middle are the deepest, and several bristle pits, one at anterior
Body with intersegment;) i sulci deep on ventral surface, less marked
on dorsum, where between them secondary folds extend to sides of
body, ton-ether with less marked tertiary fold-, so that the dorsal sur-
sion along vortical surface in which a -cries of raised pads are marked
off by short tran-verse furrows; last five abdominal segments with a
anterior part wide, covered above and at sides by a corneous plate, pos-
of second am! : h. a ring a mnnher of small irregular
fabercles.
with four setigerous tubercles, between which the margin is crenate ;
above, a deep triangular depression with corneous surface, margined by
prominent raised lips, and occupying the dorsum of the pre-anal as well
Stigmata nine pairs : the first well-developed, at lower angles of pro-
ami nod wore too decomposed to allow of the connexion with the first seven
abdominal stigmata being carefully examined, bin the communicating
tracheae are certainly very small. The writer lias found thai the presence
of the posterior stigmata did not o.-capc ( Juilding's attention. The objects
Legs are entirely absent, for the most ventral series of thoracic tuber-
cles represents them only in position and is probabh not homologous;
legs appear in one of Blanchard's plates (17), but the originals are really
bristles.
Description of Pupa.
The general features of this arc to be seen in the drawing (PI. I.
3a, 3b). Rostrum extending to the base of the second pair ot legs,
with two transverse tubercular elevations above base of antennae,
and two small tubercles below ; posterior part of prothorax asperate at
sides; posterior legs covered by elytra and win»s. the former widely
separated and ending in a blunt process, the latter almost meeting in the
middle line.
Length, 18-20 lines.
The immature insect is brownish black with the following parts
brown or testaceous ; the apex of the rostrum, the head and antenna' ;
the anterior border, and some patches at the sides of the thorax; the
on disc; the apical half of the "iibi;e and the tarsi.
Guilding (3), Schomburgk (11), and Mi-s < )rm> -rod (I'd). According
to Schomburgk they seldom attack full-grown canes, but only those
newly stuck into the ground. Mi.-- Ormerod received specimens
Jlhijucliophorus Zin
Rhynchophoru* cm
See also (13, 1>. 2
FAMILY. SIPAL1DAE.
51hina barbirostris. Fabr.
Schonherr. Gen. Cure. IV. 2.
ORDER. HEMIPTERA— HOMOPTERA.
FAMILY ALEURODLD7E.
Aleurodes cocois. Curt.
J. Curtis (Ruricola). (lard. Citron., 1846, p. 284.
FraueniV'M. Verb, zool. bot. (Jcs. in Wien. xvii. pp. 793, 801.
Bignoret. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (4) torn. viii. pp. 398, 399.
See also (11), pp.649, 650.
Though the name of this insect has been often referred to in con-
nexion with cocoa-nut diseases, no accurate observations have been
made on it since the time of Curtis and Schomburgk. It is clear (hat
it is not a true Ah urodt-s, and ace; i <eriptioii and
figure of its larva given by Curtis suggest affinities with the Scale-
Rev. L\NSDo«-x(h-ir.i)lNO. Inv^ls affect in- Su-ar-
5<>c. Arts, LXVI.
H. Burmeister. Zur Nuturgiwhichti- der Gattung
J. (). WestwoOD. Introduction to the Modern Classi-
cs. Pp. 347-8.
^y. Kirbv and W. Spexce. An Introduction to
rdeiio/ Chronicle. Ma\
• ,;,s Zimn
.eoond edition, p. 5-17. (Translated by P. Martin Dincax as ••
(18.) 1878. Dr. G.H.Horn. Note on larv f Rhynchopl
(19.) 1880. Miss E. A. Okmkrod. Proc. Ent. Soc. Lor,
(20.) 1881. D. Morris, M.A., F.L.S. Ai al Report of
(21.) 1885. W. B. L. in The Tropical Agriculturist. \ T ol. IV.,
(22.) 1885. A. M. and J. Ferguson. All about the Coo
•aim. Colombo.
(23.) 1887. Dr. M. F. Simon. Report on 13r.-tl.-s injuriou
(24.) 1888.' John Shortt. M. I).. F.L.S.. &«•. A Monograph <>
'ocoiinut Palm, or ( 'ucos Xucifi ni. illustrated. Madras.
(25J 1888. An Enemv to the Date Palm in Florida (flhifuchoph
ruentatus). Insect Life'; vol. I., p. 14. Washington, D.C.
(26..- 1889. J. H. Phillips, P. E. Gabb, M.R.C.S., and .1. ]
Preservation Hill. Penally Straits Settlements, Dec. 23.
(30.) 1889. H.N.Kioi.KV. Director of (iardetis and Forests Strait;
Settlements. Report on the Destruction of Coco-nut Palms by Beetles
"(:;i l !') Ul, iss9. W. Har.-kr. Timehri, N.S. ii. pp. 66, 84. George-
(32.) 1891. John B. Hickey. Notes on the Palm Weevil
i Parth reproduced from //out, and Far in. Louisville. Kv.) ; also note by
Editors. Insect Life, IV., p. 136. Washington, D.C.
(33.) 1891. W. Fawc kit, F.L.S., Dire-tor of Public < lardens anci
Plantations. Report on the Cocoa-nut Disease at Mont. go P.av
linlletin of the Botanical Department. Jamaica, Sept.
(34.) 1892 Correspondence on the Cocoa-nut Pina, e
/iitlletiu of the 15 .tanical Department. Jamaica. May.
Banga'lore, Mysore, for 1891-2, p. 12.
Note. — In this bibliography are included all important warks whid
describe or tigure the early stages of lihynchophiiri, as well as thost
giving the details of their lifeJiistories.
W. F. H. Blahdford.
London, February 1893.
PLATE I.
tlCAjr Palm Wekvil, Uluimhophurns pahnannn, Linn,
-The Perfect Insect:
Fio. 2.— The Larv
c. Dorsal view of posterior extremity, * ]
d. Anterior view of head, with part of i
PLATE II.
Fig. 1— The Bearded Weevil, Rhina barbirostris, Linn.:
b. The female.
Fig, 2.— Rhina nigra, Drury (after Coquerel) :
a. The larva.
b. The pupa.
Ftg. 3.— The Elephant Beetle, Megasoma elepkas, Fahr.
a. The female.
b. The soldier (worker-major).
Rhync iiop nor us p almarum ,L
(
I
Rhma barcirostris, Fabr.
.Khma nigra , Drvury ( after CoqixereL)
.Megasoma elephas.jFo&r.
'CEcodoma rri^^\ca,xia.,Srrufh.( after Pouckar-aL)
CCXCVL— NEW ORCHIDS : DECADE 5.
41. Physosiphon Lindleyi, Rolfe ; caulibus foliis brevioribu:
a ■ pinlilnYs, foliis anguste oblongis obtusi
-I'm | >i- foliis longioribus, bracteis spathaceis apiee triaogulis aeutis,
perianfhii tubo triquetro obloDgo lobis rohYxis ligulato-oblongis apicn-
latis tubo aequalibus, petal is ol.ovato-obloiigis ol.fusK lahello triloho
lobis latoralibus erectis subcarnosis rotnndatis lob., intermedio suhorhieu-
Hab. Mexico, near Chiapas, Linden, n. 1234 !
Caules 2 poll, longi v. ultra. Folia 2i-3£ poll, longa. Seapi 4 poll.
longi. Bracteee 2 liu. longa?. Sepala 7 lin. longa. Petala \ lin.
longa. Labcllum J lin. longum.
This is the largest-flowered JUiiisosiphon known, the flowers measur-
Mr. F. W. Moore, Glasnevin I'.otani. <l .- !•■- . Dal) in, in April 1892,
without any note of its
by M. J. Linden, as 1
specimen is wrongly 1
a species described by him in 1S38 (" Bot. Reg.,'
p. 72), from a specimen collected by Schied(
Mexico. Lindley also states that it had been obta
from Mexico, by Mr. G. Barker, of Birmingham
cannot be confirmed, as the specimen is not preset-'
Herbarium. Schiede's specimen is very imperfect, I
flowers, though there are four loose ones in a caps
One only has the lip denticulate ;
description and drawing, the other
but none of them agree with the one now described.
just mentioned really belongs to Smiede'x specimen, -P.
flow.rs scarcely half as large a> those of the present species. The lobes
of the sepals of /'. Li ndlti/i an deep , •; a n .:. :v<l <>r hi ick-red in colour,
the tube and the rest of' the flower light green. It may be placed next
to P. Loddigesii, Lindl. Good specimens of P. carina turn, Lindl., and
42. Bulbophylhim racemosum, Rolfe ; pseud,
compreaau i
laxifloro, bracteis ovato-ohln
pe.Ii.vlli> elongatis, sepalo postico ellipt ieo-oblong.
petalis ovato-ohlongis ohtusis, la
(lot l poll, longi.
us. Bractecr, 3-4
Petala 4 lin. long
from most other known species (
dorsal sepal and the petals spottt
minutely spotted on the upper half, and striped on the lower one with
the same colour. The lip is purple, covered with numerous black dots,
paler near the tip. The face of the column, also its foot, is spotted
with purple on a pale ground. It flowered in the collection of Sir
Trevor Lawrence. Bait., of Iiurt'onl, Dorking, last August, when it was
sent to Kew for determination.
43. Cirrhopetalum brienianum, Rolfe ; pseudobulbis ovoideis mo-
nophyllis, foliis elliptico-oblongis obtusis eoriaeeis, seapo suberecto
elongate gracili. florii.ns umbelialis, bracteis <ubulatodanci>olatis acutis,
sepalo postico elliptico-oblongo concavo setifero ciliato, lateralibus con-
natis elongato-linearibus, petalis suborbicularibus ciliatis, labello recurvo
obhmgoduneeolato subobtuso. columna 1 >i t-vi-s'una ib-iitihus minutis.
Hab. Borneo.
Pseudobulbi \ poll, longi. Folia 2\ poll, longa, , ! poll. lata. Sat pus
poll, altus. Bractece \\-2 lin. longa?. Sepal tun posticuw 1{ liti.
longum; lateralia 10-11 lin. longa. Petala £ lin. longa. Labellum
This species was introduced from Borneo by Messrs. Linden, of
L'Horticulture Internationale, Brussels, with whom it flowered in March
1891, when it was sent to Kew for determination. A plant from the
same source flowered with Mr. James O'Brien, of Harrow-on-the-llill,
in the following October. It belongs to the group having the dorsal
sepal and petals ciliate or appendaged, and is allied to C. malmy n nutu,
Rehb. f., in " Gard. Chron.," 1879, i., p. 234, next which it may be
placed. The lateral sepals are light straw-colour, except a small portion
near the base, which, as well as the greater part of the dorsal sepal,
petals and lip, isVery dark dull maroon.
44. Ccelogyne borneeiisis, Rolfe ; pseudobulbis aggregatis basi
ovoideis api.-c atteuuatis gracilibus diphyllis, folds obovatis apieulatis
subsessilibus trinerviis, scapis erectis, racemis nexuosis multifloris,
fioribus heterochronicis, braeteis oblongo-lanceolatis subobtusis con-
volutis irnbricatis deciduis, pedicellis gracilibus, sepalis oblongo-
lanceolatis acutis concavis, petalis linearibus acutis, labello late
elliptico ttilubo lobis lateralibus rotundatis obtusis intermedio ovato
subobtuso undulato, disco bicarinato, columna arcuata basi gracili
Hab. Borneo.
littcctni 5 poll, longi. Bracterr 1 poll, longie. Pedicclli 7 lin. longi.
Sepala 7 lin. longa, 2 lin. lata. Petala 7 lin. longa, £ lin. lata.
Labellum 6 lin. longum, 4 lin. latum. Columna 5 lin. longa.
This species belongs to Lindley's small section Flexnosa, and may
be placed next to the Javan C. longifolia, 1,'mdl., which has longer and
narrower lea without a slender attenuated neck.
It is a native of Borneo, winner it was introduced by Messrs. Linden.
of L'Horticulture Internationale, Brussels, in whose collection it
flowered last August. The flowers are whitish or light buff (this point
remains doubtful owing to the flowers being somewhat withered), with
red-brown reticulations on the side lobe- of the lip, and some markings
of similar colour on the front lobe. Hie pseudobulbs and leaves are
described from a reduced sketch seat by Messrs. Linden.
Rolfe i caule elongato folioso, foliis
tis, pedunculo terminali elongato com-
multifloro, braeteis liuemi-laneeol.-.tis
nu r i- subaeutis v. apieulatis, petalis
august is ol.IaiKvolato-linearibus acutis, labello columnar adnato cordato
obtuso integro subconduplicato apice recurvo, columna clavata.
Hab. New Granada, at Popayan.
Caules circa 8 poll, longi. Folia 2\-Q\ poll, longa, 3-5 lin. lata.
Prdnnoili : \-l ped. longi. Rucemi 3-S poll, longi. Bract,,, \-\\ lin.
longa3. Pe^ce/ft 2 lin. longi. Sepala 3-t lin. longa, 1£-U lin. lata.
I'vtuln 2-2i I'm. longa, .'. lin. lata. Labellum 2^-3 lin. longmn,
2-2-| lin. latum. Columna 1 lin. longa.
A very distinct Epidcudnim of the section Spat/iium, allied to E.
(jramViflnnnn, Lindl., but has leaves and Mowers not half the size of
that species, and the latter far more numerous and produced on a long
flattened peduncle. The sepals and petals, as well as the peduncles and
rachis, are of a light ochreous brown, or sometimes dull purple-brown,
and the lip light glaucous green. It was introduced from Popayan
by Messrs. F. Sander & Co., of St. Albans, with whom it flowered in
November 1889. It was also received from Mr. F. W. Moore,
Ghisnevin Botanic Garden. Dublin, in September 1892.
46. Epidendrum tricolor, Rolfe ; caule erecto subcompresso f.lioso.
foliis lineari-oblongis subobtusis, racemi- pendulis multilloris, !loribu-
is oblongo-la'ICeoUti-
rilobo lobis hiteralihus
Hab. Venezuela.
Caulis 5 poll, longus v. ultra. Folia 3-4 poll, long*, (i lin. lata.
liacemi 4-5 poll, longi. Bractetr \ lin. longa*. Bedice/fi 2i lin. longi.
Sepala 3 [ lin. longa. Petala 3 lin. longa. Lab, Hum l! 1 , lin. Ionium.
Columna \\ lin. longa.
A graceful little "species, imported from Venezuela (together with
Caftleija Mos.sia; Hook.) by Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., of Clapton, with
whom it (lowered la>t November. It is closely allied to E. piirum,
Lindl., but is readily distinguished, among other characters, l.v its
orange coloured lip. The sepals and thread-like petals are light yellow,
and the column green. The (lower- are small and numerous, and -mell
remarkably like cucumber.
47. Stanhopea Lowii, Rolfe ; pseudobulbis ovoidei-, racemis pcmlulis
bithtris, sepalo postico oblongo subobtuso concave), lateraliluis ovatis
subobtusis, petalis elliptico-oblongis subaeutis. labello vahle carnoso,
hypochilio subgloboso ore obcordato-orbiculari Levi prop* apicem
utrinque obtuse dentato mesochilio crasso integro truncato apice iitrin.pie
earinato-alato epichilio triangulo subobtuso convexo, columna areuata
supra medium late alata apice ovato-triangula subobtusa.
Hah. New Granada.
Pseitdobulbi 21 poll, longi. Sepalum postivum 2£ poll, loinnim U
poll, latum; la/cndia 2h poll, longa, If poll. lata. Petala •» ' poll'
longa, 1| poll. lata. Lab, Ihnn 2 poll, longum; hypochilium 1 poll"
longum; mesochilium \ poll, longum; epichilium V> li !:
4 lin. latum. Columna 2\ poll, longa.
This handsome Stanhopea is allied to X. tb/irnra, Lindl, and
S. nir/n nharhmna, Roezl.. differing from the former
hypochil and differently-coloured flowers, and from the !
only from description) in having the mesnchil solid, n,.-
i
t be doubted. JS, Lpwii was introduced from New
The sepals and petals are of a creamy buff
shade, the latter with numerous minute lno wn spots on the disc. The
lip is ivory-white, the upper half of the hypochil with bands of dull
maroon, formed of numerous suffused spots with some scattered dots
between them. The column is pale gn
The flowers exhale a powerful, almost Nai
48. Aerides platychilu:
scapis descendentibus i
o\atis snliobtusis, sepalo postico elliptico-oblongo
majoribu- triangulo-ovatis oblusis ad pedem colunma' adnatis, potalis
ollipfico-obiomrb olifiois laliello piano trilobo iobis lateialihus oblon^is
obtusis internieilio latissime ovato-oblou«:n apice biwiter bilobo. 'loci
nervis paullo incrassatis, calcare valide reflexo conico obtuso, colunma
Hab. Not recorded.
Folia 6 poll. longa. \\ poll. lata. Scapi i
longae. Pedicelli 1 poll, longi. Sepal urn pos
2\ lin. latum; lateralia 5 lin. longa, basi 4V I in.
longa, 21 lin. lata. Labellum 9 lin. longum, 8 1
This distinct and pretty Aerides flowered with Mr. F. W. Moore,
(ilasnevin Botanie Harden" Dublin, in April 1 .892. when it was sent to
Kew fur determination. Nothing is known of its native country. It
is allied to A. ItonlleliauuM, li>hb. I'., bavin- similar colours and a very
sharply reflexed spur, but the lip is flat, not plicate, and the side lobes
arc; free for less than half their length, not divided nearly to the base
and spreading. The sepals and petals are light buff, with a faint purple
stain near the tips. The lip is flat or slightly convex, pale yellow i-h
with the middle and apex bright purple, and a few similar spots on the
sides. The spur is buff-pink, it is an interesting addition to the genus.
49. Saccplabitun mooreanum, Rolfc ; foliis lineari-oblongi- api.-e
brevissime bilobis, scapis descendentibus, racemis densifloris brevibus,
' .- .
" te ellipticis
) trilobo lobis lateralibus semiorbicularibus erectis
intermedio triangulo-ovato obtuso concavo, calcare clavato elongato,
colunma brevi fronte in appendicem decurvum bicuspidatum producta.
Hab. New Guinea.
Folia 4-6 poll, longa, \\ poll. lata. Scapi 5-8 poll, longi. Racemi
1-2 poll, longi. Bracteee 1-2 lin. longae. Pedicelli 2-3 lin. longi.
Sepala et petala 2 lin. longa. Label li limbus lj-H lin. longus ; calcar
2-3 lin. longum.
A small-flower. -d Samdabit/m. introduced from New Guinea (together
With Dnidrobbim Phala nnpsis) by Me-is. F Sander \ Co., of St.
Albans, and now represented in several collections. 1 1 flowered with
Mr. F. W. Moore, (ilusnev in Botanic Garden. Dublin, in October hist,
November, and shortly afterwards with ( .1. Luea-, K-u,.. YVarnham
Court, Horsham, from all of whom ^pecim. i - wciv roc i\.-d tor determina-
tion. It is allied to S. Mimns. Kcho. f., and two or three other
Polynesian species, which have a pr . . lage in front
of the column, looking down, as it were, into the spur, as in the genua
Uneifera. The flowers of >'. woorcaiiUin niv densely arranged in a
short i-vliinli I' (lie ^oginouts tipju-il
with green, and the side lobe- <.f (he lip and the column white.
50. Angraecum bistortum, liolfe ; caule scandente radieante. foliis
■ i'« \ iter et in;iMii;i!iier hilobis lobis
rotundatis, raeomis lblii> l>r<\ im ilui< pain-illoris hraeteis tnbulosn-
vaginatis apiee ohliquis -uliohtu-i-. (U.ril .us secundis sepalis nrlexis
petalis panllo angusti<>ril>u<. lal-cllo- ovato-lanceolato suhaeuto, ealeare
olongnto historfo apiee l.raetea tul.ulo<-i ineludenle. eolumna l.revissima,
pollinarii 2fl:iTi< ! uln lane. < ■ 1 : « t . .- 1 an ]-« «llini^ ovoideis stipitihus geminis.
Hab. W. Trop. Africa, Lagos, Moloney !
Folia 3-5 poll, longa, f-lj- poll. lata. Racemi 2\ poll, longi.
Bractcfr 2 lin. longa-. Pniicel'li 4 lin. longi. Sepal a et petala 4 lin.
longa. Letbelli calcar 9-10 lin. longum.
This species is allied to Am/neeimi oramhnn. Lindl., and A.
chii'iHuanirm. ITooh . f., I.ut has considerably smaller flowers, with the
additional peculiarity that the s]>ur is curved into a loop, and its tip
remain^ tightly clasped hy the sheathing bract; in which respect it
appears to differ from every other species in the group. This character.
which seems quite constant, gives the spur the appearance of a looper
caterpillar. It evidently arises from the unequal growth of the pedicel
and gpur. "When the flowers are quite young these two organs are
equal in length, and the tip of the spur is . nrolled ly the sheathing bract.
Then the spur elongates rapidly, but failing to free" itself forms a double
bend, in allusion to which the name is given. It was collected J
of the co"
Alfred I
late Curator of the Lagos
January 1892.
CCXCVIL— MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.
Mr. Daniel Dewar, Foreman of the Herbaceous Department in the
Royal Gardens, has been appointed Curator of the Botanic Garden at
Glasgow.
Mr. Walter Irving, a member of the gardening staff of the Royal
Gardens, has been appointed Foreman fori probation) of the Herbaceous
Department in succession to Mr. Dewar.
Gardens, has been appointed t
Ihe Government of His High:
the Bombay Presidency.
Mr. Frederick Enos Willky, in the employ of the R >val Gardens,
as been appointed Acting Curator of the Botanical Station at Aburi,
nder the Government of the Gold Coast, during the absence on leave
\Mr. W. Crowther.
Melhania erythroxylon, Ait.— This is the redwood of St. Helena, an
endemic tree 20 feet high, hearing large tubular flowers, white when
first expanding, changing in a day or two to pink, and finally to red.
It is now almost extinct in the island. In 1883 Mr. Morris, the
Assistant Director of Kew, when on a visit to St. Helena brought home
seeds of this plant, which were widely distributed. Plants were success-
fully grown at. Jamaica and put out at the Hill Garden attached to the
Government Cinchona Plantations. It is doubtful, however, whether
any of them have since survived, as the tree is, evidently, difficult to
grow under cultivation to a mature utate. One of the last of the plants
raised from the same seed at Kew was killed during the winter of 1891.
It would be interesting to learn whether the tree has been successfully
grown elsewhere outside St, Helena. In order to make further trial of
it application for a good supply of seed was made a short time ago
to Mr. W. Grey Wilson, C.M.G., Governor of St. Helena. This was
obligingly sent in November last, and a portion was at once distributed
to the following W'tanica I gardens, viz. :— Berlin, Kdinburgh, Glasnevin,
Paris, Antigua (Leeward Islands), Hakgala (Ceylon), Jamaica, Natal,
Port Elizabeth, Svdiu y, Trinidad, and to T. Ilsmi.urv. Ksq., at Meutone.
The seeds sown at Kew germinated in a few days, and there are now
i healthy young plants.
Californian Plants. — Kew is indebted to Professor E. L. Greene, of
the University of California, for a parcel of about 300 dried plants, from
western North An- riea. mostly from California, and largely consisting
of types of novelties described by him from time to time. The specimens
are excellent, and form a valuable addition to the Herbarium.
Garbelling of Spices. — Probably few persons of the present
generation understand what was meant by " garbelling of spices."
though the us,, of the term may still linger in the rrade. The sense in
which it is used in this connexion is to pick, cleanse, and sort into
different qualities. In the »jft of hooks to Kew Iron, Mr. TJios. Ilan-
bury, F.L.S., referred to in the last number of the Bulletin, p. 22, is a
pamphlet of 87 pages entitled :
A profitable and necessarie Discourse for the meeting with the bad
Garbelling of Spice*. u>«\ in these duies. And against the Combination
of the vvorkemeu of that office contrarie vnto common good. Composed
by diuers Grocers of London, wherein are bandied such principall matters
differently -applied or ditleivnth spelled; thus, mases (mace). e;allin-
gall (Ci/penis hnKjusY). -etual 1 (zedoary'). Moro>\va\ and Stavesacre
Visitors during the Year 1892. — In the Ken- Ih/llitm.
p. 51, a review was given of the number of visitors to the ]
Gardens during the last 50 years. It was shown that there had
a gradual increase of visitor/ from J),174 in the year 1841 to 1,37.
in 1891. The detailed numbers for last year (1892) are as follows
m™,„
Month.
Jamiarv
21,583
Brought for*
rd
682,008
February -
July -
May
June
248.9<;5
dSE- '
30,367
18,828
w*m
T.,t„, -
WM.
The total number of i
181)2 was i.:;.vi.i
248.9(35 ; the
idance (on Jamiarv ITih) wa, 9S0. The -reai.-t week .lav artei.d-
(on June 6th, Whit Mondav). was 82.571: the smallest week
attendance (October 28th) was 146,
disease of coffee
amfl). ■
type in c
he Rev. M J. Berk
was t lis* t the (license had possibly been introduced into Mysore from
South America. Of late years little has been heard of the disease in
cither hemispheres. It was at no period so virulent in its character as
the well-known coffee-leaf disease of Ceylon {/fe/tii/cia rasfatrir), and
with ordinary care on the part of cultivation it was not anticipated it
would become a formidable enemy to coffee cultivation. Interest in
this disease has now been revived, as it has been found by Mr. T. D. A.
Cockerell on coffee in Jamaica, where, however, it was suspected to have
existed for some time. Reference is evidently made to it in the follow-
ing words, which appeared in the Kew Report, 1876, p. 20: — " A some-
" what similar <li-ea-<- to the /', llicnlnriu. but described in too vasrue a
" manner to speak definitely upon, seems to have occurred in 1864 in
" Jamaica, the leaves of the coffee plants being covered 'with a white
" substance of a gelatinous nature.'" Further, in the Kew Report, 1877,
p. 27, it is stated, after showing the identity of the " Koleroga " of
Mysore with the " Caudelillo of Venezuela, that " it is possible that the
"disease which I mentioned last yar as having occurred in Jamaica
"may also be identical with the ' Caudelillo. '" In forwarding a specimen
to Kew Mr. Cockerell state- that the diseased leaves were found on
an estate in the neighbourhood of Mandeville. The disease was quite
local in its character though abundant in one spot. As it is external
in its habit it is needless to add that it may be oasilv treated in the early
stages with powdered lime and sulphur. The fallen leaves should be
carefully gathered and burnt at regular intervals. The latter treatment
is probably the more convenient to the planter, and if carried out with
cai-e and regularity it might be sufficient to keep the disease from
spreading to ether plantations. The coffee industry in Jamaica, is eon-
fined to two comparatively small areas, one in the "parish of Manchester
at an elevation of 1,500 ft. to 2,500 ft., and another in the Blue
Mountains at elevations up to 6,000 ft. The best qualities of Jamaica
coffee (for which the highest juices reach l.'io.*. to 1 I2.v. per cwt.) are
entirely produced in the Blue Mountains district. The occurrence of
the present disease in Jamaica coffee suggests that careful steps should
be taken to prevent it from spreading and that cultivators should be
keenly alive to notice the existence of any disease on their coffee trees,
in order that prompt and decisive action may be taken to prevent serious
injury.
Grape Rust.— A specimen of grape rust on leaves of the comm
nne ( I'itis rnnjh-a) in Jamaica has just Veen forwarded to Mew
Mr. The.,. !). A. Cockerell, Curator of the Museum of the Institute
Jamaica. Mr. Cockerell describes the fungus in the following extr;
from X,>t,sfm„, th< .lf„,e„ tlt . No. 28 :-•• On Nov. Stb. I found a nu
" surface. . . . Specimens of this fungus wero sent to Mr. 15. T.
<• Calloway, of the United State- Department of Agriculture, who writes
"J hat it is I ruin I mla . tin- only rn-t fungus ktmu n to attack the grape."
obtained at Boekfort (near King-to,,) in l.H'.K). The disease had, how-
ever, been noticed in Jamaica in 1879, and specimens of leaves were
forwarded to Kew and submitted to the late Bev. M. J. Berkeley
{Report Jamaica Hot. Department, 1880, p. 24). Mr. George Massee
has now identified the same fungus as Credo vitis, Thiim., and he has
furnished the following not.- -Mn- the hi-tory of its occurrence : —
" Uredo W//.-J. Tliiinicn. Die Pilze des Weiustockes, p. 182, tab. 5,
fig. 10 (187S), was described from specimens parasitic on living leaves
of lift's linifera from Aiken, S. Carolina, collected by H. W. Ravenel.
Specimens of this fungus were sent to the Eev. M. J. Berkeley in 1879
from Jamaica by Mr. D. Morris, at that time Director of the Botanic
Gardens in Jamaica. The fungus now sent by Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell
to Kew from Jamaica, and determined by Mr. B. J. Galloway, of the
United States Department of Agriculture, to be Credo Halts, Lag., proves
to be identical with I'rtdo r/'fis, Thiim.. as proved bv comparison with a
portion of Thiimen'stype specimen, now in the Kew Herbarium. The
type of Lagerheim's species, Credo Viala-, was collected near Kingston,
Jamaica, and is undoubtedly synonymous with C. rifts. Thiim., the some-
wlui! imperfect description of the latter having led to tin 1 founding of a
second species. The aeudial form of the fungus is mixed with the uredo-
form in Mr. Morris's specimens." A treatment for this disease in vines
might be devised as already recommended in the ease of the coffee disease.
Jn the younger stages of the disease it would be found useful to du*1 the
growing leaves, as well as the surface of the -oil. at frequent interval-
with, sulphur, or a mixture of sulphur and lime. When the orange-
yellow spores are already developed any remedial treatment then is
practically useless. The "leaves should, however, be carefully collected
and burnt, in order to lessen the danger of the fungus spreading to other
Tropical Agriculture. — An introductory Text Book of Tropieal
Agriculture lias been published by Messrs. Macmillan & Co. from :he
pen of Dr. H. A. Alford Nicho'ls. M.I).. F.L.S., of Dominica. It is
a crown octavo volume of 312 pages, the published price being 6s.
per copy. This is practically the English edition of a work tha
uhtaine.fthe premium of 100/. offered bv the Government of Jamaica
Iruns first of all published at the Government Printing Office »t
Jamaica, and adopted as a text book for the use of the colleges a<d
higher schools in that Colony. It has ^\wcr ben adopted by t>ie
(Jovernment of other colonies, and it is cvi«i> t.;. a- stated by the ;.uth'i'i
" that it has supplied a distinct want." The first part deals with the
elementary principles of tropical agriculture connected with n conshera-
irrigation, tillage operations, pruning, budding, and grafting. I» the
second part the application of these principles to the various cultivaions
undertaken in tropical countries is considered, and useful hints given
respecting coffee, cocoa, tea, sugar-cane, fruits, spices, drugs, and tood
Ferns of South Africa.— Mr. T. B. Sim, Curator of the Botanic
Garden of King William'- Town, has just published a haidhook of the
Fems and Fern AUi, so!' South Africa. Ir < .mains descriptions of all the
in number, which are known to occur soutb of the tropic of
Capricorn, and plates of nearly all of them. Of these 170 specie, only
12 arc peculiar to tin 1 Cape, 75 of the 157 true ferns being found in the
south-west district, 78 in the fouth-east, 89 in Kaffraria, 61 in the
Transvaal, and 130 in Xatal. The synonymy of'lhe species is carefully
worked out, and theii li I the seven geographical
districts e-tablislied by Mr. Bolus. The fern-flora of South Africa does
not show the same richness and remarkable individuality which
characterises the Phanerogamic botany of the Colony, and continental
Africa as a whole is much poorer in ferns and in endemic species than
Asia and America Madaga>car, Mauritius, and Bourbon have a very
rich fern-flora. Mr. Sim is far behind the time instating the number
of ferns Vnown in Madagascar at 144. The number of species at present
known is 366. The per-centage he states for the number of ferns peculiar
to Africa (67 per cent.) is far too high. The proper number for the
Seychelles is H>. not 30. The hook, with its plates, makes all about the
Cape ferns so clear, that r.o doubt it will give a great impulse to
the collecting and study of ferns by the inhabitants of the colony.
RO^AL GARDENS, KEW.
BULLETIN
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION.
Nos. 76-77.] APRIL and MAY. [1893.
CCXCVIII.— AMERICAN GINSENG.
{Aralia quinquefolia, A. Gray.)
With Plate.
In a recent number of the Kew Bulletin t IS«)l\ p. 107) a note was
published on Ginseng, :i tonic and stimulant medicine highly valued by
the Chinese. It was pointed out that there were two principal sorts of
Ginseng known — the North American Ginseng {Aralia qaim/iajolia,
A. Gray), collected in the Eastern United States and Canada and ex-
ported to China, and the Corean Ginseng {Aralia quinquefolia var.
(Unseat/, Keg. el Mack ). a principal article of export from Corea into
China. The produce of the American plant is used only as a substitute
for the Chinese article. It is ranked as about fourth in quality; that
from Japan being the least esteemed.
Seeds of the V orean Ginseng were recently received at Kew from Mr.
Walter C. Hillier, Her Majesty's Consul General in Corea. It is, how-
ever, too early, yet, to give the results. In the meantime, the following
information may prove of interest in regard to the American piaut,
which is proposed to be protected from extinction in Canada by legisla-
tive enactment, while in the United State- experiments are being
carried on to increase the supply by cultivation. The industry, such as
it is in the New World, has, hitherto, been entirely dependent on the
plants found wild in the forests.
The American Ginseng belongs to the natural order Araliaceee, an
Fatsia, the tropical Sciadopht/lhun and Uedera (the common ivy)'.
than a font or 1 o inches high, the leave- are long-talked, palmatiscct, witli
usually live leaflets (hence the specific name), arranged in a whorl of
ies expand into small round bright ivd berries about the aize of
s each with two seeds. The root (the part used) is tuberous,
'"in' inches h>:ig and usually branching into two or three tap-
visions. It is \. transverse ridges, and gives
number of fibrous rootlets. The upper portion- <A' I he root-tuber
The spring shoots of Ginseng come out of the ground in New
" very small ami d-licam. The hurries develop rapidly, and are li-hi
- S ; -j.tenibc.-r they are bright scarlet, and make a very showy appearance.
" according to the number in the cluster. They are often as large as a
" small pea, and are pleasant to the taste. They fall to the ground
and Forest, 1892. p. 223.)
An account of the Ginseng plant published by the Department of
Agriculture. Canada.' gi\es the following information: "The plant
" has a wide distribution, and is found usually in upland woods and
great did the ti
sidered whether
» LXV. Ginseng,
In order to prevent the t-xt< rmiinri- »n <>l the i.in->ng plant in Canada,
the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Ontario has passed a
Statute (54 Victoria, 1891) enacting that—
"Except for the purpose of clearing or bringing land into cultivation,
no person shall, between the first day of January and the first day of
September in any year, cut, root up, gather, or destroy the plant known
by the name of ginseng, whenever such plant may be found growing in
a wild or uncultivated state."
The penalty for contravening the provisions of tin- Art is " not less
" than five dollars or more than twenty dollars together with the costs
" of prosecution, and one-half of such penalty shall be paid to the
•• prosecutor."
The search for Ginseng roots appeals to be as keenly followed
■vr
that if the steps
" From Minnesota to Carolina the gathering [of Ginseng n
been carried on until, in the places Avhere this beautiful plant a
so abundant that one could hardly step without treading 01
single roots can now be found. It is only a question of tin
Ginseng at the present rate of destruction will be utterly <
from our forests. Last year more of the root was exported to China
from this country by 80,000 pounds than was ever sent before in any
single year, and notwithstanding the growing scarcity there are 10
persons hunting for the roots now where there was one ten years ago."
Until quite recently there appears to have been a general opinion in
America that Ginseng could not he successfully grown as a garden crop.
The attempt, it is said, ! --by planting the roofs
and sowing the seed, but they never grew." Mr. G. Stanton. Summit
Station, New York, who may be regarded as the pioneer of the move-
ment to cultivate Ginseng, states : — " My first .-owing of seed did not pro-
•' duce a plant ; 2(H) root- which I put into the ground in 1886 made
•' little growth the first year, and the outlook was - unfavourable that
" I almost abandoned the attempt. In J887 I put in some roots and
" sowed some ^eeds. and the next \vav my plants made a better showing.
*' I then commenced to study the habits and charact ristics of the plant,
" and with the exp< Hence gained mv success lias been complete. I
" had thousands of fine plants growing in my ground in 1891 ... in
« my opinion the growing of the plant can bo "made profitable, even if
" the root does not bring more than two dollar?! per pound." The
price r< dise ! r C'a ida n I89<> !'< G iseng, was from three dollars to
three dollars 50 cents per pound for dry roots.
In August last the Marquess of Lorn- for wauled to Kew an interest-
ing letter received by him from the United States respecting the
cultivation of Ginseng. The plant was not at the time in the Kew
collections, but application was made for seed, which was received from
Mr. Stanton, together with the following letter in regard to the treat-
ment and the general cultivation of the plant: —
l your request of the 20th August, I send you by
Giuseng seed, which I hope will reach you in good
74
condition, and that you may be successful in getting plants from them.
You will please keep them in moist earth till they are planted, which
should be done as soon as convenient ; they must not be allowed to get
dry. It takes Ginseng seed 18 months to germinate ; planted this
autumn, they should send up small 3-leaf plants in the spring of 1894.
To obtain best results they should be sown in a bed in the forest, where
they could be protected from stock or being trampled upon. A bed
three feet wide and four feet long will be ample for one ounce of seed.
Ginseng is found mostly in hard-wood forests, upon dry ground, where
beech, maple, and basswood predominate.
In garden culture any light, loose, rich soil will meet the requirements,
only it must be put in condition that will not bake. The plants must be
kept shaded. Meet the natural requirements of the forest as nearly as
possible. My methods are to form outlines of beds with boards six inches
wide, held in position by stakes ; beds three feet wide, any length desired.
I sow in drills two to three inches apart, seed one inch apart in drill,
put them in about one inch deep, then cover the bed with muck or leaf
loam, or some kind of mulching, so as to keep the ground moist. I place
brush upon the beds to protect them till the plants come up. When the
roots are two or three years old they may be taken up and transplanted,
four to six inches apart each way. I have not made much advancement
as yet in cultivating from seed, as I have not been in the business long,
but I have some fine plants second and first season from seed. In garden
culture there is some loss of young plants from snails and insects ; worms
are also liable to injure the roots. I have placed in one corner of the
package 25 last year's seeds, which should give you plants next spring;
they were put into the ground one year ago. Those that 1 have examined
look all right. Please examine the germ of one of these with magnifying
glass, also one of the fresh seeds. Enclosed you will liud four last year's
seeds, dry, please examine them also. In package with seed are two
fresh berries, one ripe and one green ; also a stem from which the
berries have been taken ; also a stem with three small leaves.
I shall be pleased to hear from you at any time. Should you care to
give this matter any further trial I can furnish you with roots next
season, providing an order was sent early in August.
A very interesting article on Ginseng, !>\ NU-hoI; V ke, appeared in
the Srk-iitific American, January 10, 1891 ; also by the writer in
Garden and Forest, May 11, 1892. The Bulletin LXV., Ontario
Agricultural College Kxperimental Station, Toronto, is also of interest.
G. Stanton.
qninquefolia).
American Ginseng {Aralia quingue/olia).
CCXCIX.-Y-DZI OF TONQUIN.
(Coixgif/antea, Roxb.)
In July 1881, there appeared in the Bulletin de la Societe (TAcclimo-
tution of Fiance a note on the economic value of the Y-dzi, a plant
native of Ann ina, and Tonquin. It was described
as a grass closely allied to the common Job's teajrs (Coix Lachryma),
but believed to be a new species. The name Coix Ma-yiCen was sug-
gested for it. The siem was said to attain a height of between 6 and
7 feet. The fruits were smaller than those of the ordinary Job's
tears, softer in texture, and not marked with the grey marbling found on
the latter. The grains were believed to possess peculiar medicinal pro-
perties and to yield a valuable food, either parched, made into a
refreshing beverage, or a nutritious soup. In a further note which
appeared in the same Bulletin for December 1881, a chemical analysis of
the grains of Y-dzi was given. There was nothing remarkable indicated
in this. and. - ith analyses of
of ordinary Coix :
given to the merits of Y-dzi in Fl being made at
K< \\ respecting lb. advi>abilit\ of introducing the plant to some of the
British Colonies. The impression which the French account produced
Mr. E. J. Ackroyd to Royal Gardens, Kew.
29, Oriental Place, Brighton,
Dear Sir, 1st March 1889.
I beg to enclose an extract from a Hong Kong paper, The
Catholic Ii<(/is!( r, respecting a shrub called the Y-dzi which is said to
grow in Annan and Tonquin.
The article ascribes various valuable properties to this shrub, and I
should be much obliged if you would kindly let me know whether it is
Seeing that it could be substituted for the Eucalyptus, I was thinking
(if that is really the case) of getting some seeds
Mauritius, Where they would prove invaluable if they really destroy
I hope to return to Hong Kong in October, and, should your report
. r think, through the Rev. Pere Limonier, Head of' the
French Mission, I could obtain some of the seeds. I am spending only
a few days here, my permanent address is St. George's Club, Hanover
SiMiaie. London.
(Sigi iems
Regis
Ho
P.S.— If you think it would be worth while, I would bring the matter
to the notice of the Government in Hong Kong, and if I obtained M.me
of the seeds I would ask that the plant be cultivated in tin Government
Botanic Gardens there. \ believe I have, through Pere Limonier and
other persons connected with Tonquin whom I know, facilities of
pun la. in Rome, some s
eeds ..1 th.- \-«
:zi.
This"<:
.
)\v six :..-. i
a half hiirh, and cot
l.-titnted lor
ovei
Eucalyptus. The
■ Cochin China and
Y-dzi is indige
''.'";
;!';;iT
L!:-it
; is found all
he Annanite
'I
'he' grains of the \
f-dzi, stripped
of
their hi
isk, are
eatable like
mon grains, and po
ssess a peeuliai
aste. The Y-dzi is
nt.
The inhabitant?
of Tonquin
it "the grass of lif
of Tonquin
extremely unhealthy
• Ninh ami
Huang (),. 1
dr, the \
rater of the
• as that of
p. Travellers use t
: ;e, i'-d Z i iuYhe
Chii
1a. The grains of the Y-dzi, eatjn
id an efficacious enn
) of disease of t
e bad effect
" The grains o
flh
C Y-d/.i/
i missionary
■■ 'ileiit proport
They
atibrd a
•
« beverag
ties the blood,
the stomach, and is
iuretic. To obtain
it they take on
th.
tie almonds,
id boil them in wat
er. Wcll-to-d(
: make very
" fl
equent use of the Y
-dzi during the
sm:
imer. Here the"
plant easily
Mr. E. J. ACKKOYD to RoYAT. GARDENS. K E W.
Kensington Talaec Hotei,
Dear Sir, 7th September 1892.
In November or December, 188>, 1 wrote to you about a tree or
shrub in Tonquin called the Y-dzi, said to possess valuable properties
for drying up ; .and other purposes.
. I ,. .!. :,. • : ! ; .• • .:. ... ■ • .. ■
Mission in Hon- Kon-. He sends seeds and an extract from a letter
written by one of the Missionaries in Tonquii,. whi< li says .—
The Bpecimens of seeds of the Y-dzi forwarded by Mr. Justice
Ackrojd were duly received at Kew. Tt was evident that they were
derived from a species of Coir, and thev very closed v resembled those
of Coiv gigantea, Roxb., Fl. J ml. iii., p. 370. This plant is fully
discussed' in the Kew Bulletin, 1888, pp. 266-268. It is needless to
say it is not a shrub, and it possesses no merits for counteracting the
malarial influence- of marshy hv-alities beyond that possessed by any
coarse, quick -growing - - _ • .rbir>g a large quantity
of water. The sperms of Coix arc well-known tropical grasses, found
in dam]) and marshy places. The host known is Coir Locliri/tna, and
this is widely distributed iu both hemispheres. In many countries it is
regarded as a troublesome weed, and a source of annoyance, especially
in rice fields. The drop-like fruits known as Job's Tears are used for
necklaces and in various ways as articles of ornamentation. The usual
colour is white, but they are sometimes found slightly tinned with pink,
and sometimes grey or almost black. An account of Ci.ir Lachr>/ma
vax.stenocarpa with h>ng cylindrical involucres, used by the Karens (a
semi-aboriginal tribe inhabiting certain districts of Lower Burma) for
ornamenting their dresses, is given in the Kew Bulletin, 1888, p. 144
■(with plate).
The peculiar medicinal and nutritive properties attributed to the Y-dzi
•plant in Tonquin and Cochin China have not been associated before
with any species of Coix. The results of chemical analysis of the
grains after the removal of the involucre, show only a slight Increase in
the amount of oil or fat pivsein in the groat majority of cereals.
A comparison of the analysis of Y-dzi -rains given in the Bulb-tin <l-
la Socie'te d ' Acclimatation, December 1881, with that given of Coir
gigantea in the Kew Bulletin, 1888, p. 267, leaves little doubt of the
practical identity of their chemical composition, and, for the present,
we may assume that the Y-dzi is only a form of the Indian Coir
gigantea, Roxb., yielding a grain (a kind of pearl barley), long known to
yield "an excellent diet drink for hospital patients in China" [Dr.
Smith, quoted in "A Classified and I>o-oriptive Catalogue of the Indian
Department," Vienna Exhibition, 1873. p. 59].
CCC— MANILA ALOE FIBRE.
{Agave vivipara, L.)
e given to a fibre exported from Manila
in moderate quantities, but quite di
from the Manila hemp of commerce. This latter is, as is well known,
obtained from a wild banana of the Philippines Musa tcxtilis {Kew
Bulletin, 1S87. April, p. 1). The origin of the Aloe fibre was ap-
parently unknown. It was, however, regularly met. with in commerce,
■dthough the price realised for it was always much below that paid for
various sorts of Manila hemp.
Royal Gardens, Kew, to Foreign Office.
Royal Gardens, Kew,
Sir, October 8, 1890.
I am desired by Mr. Thiselton-Dyer to inform you that a sample
of " Manila Aloe Fibre" has recently been presented to the Museums
Botany at Kew, and a portion of this sample is enclosed
herewith
. This Aloe fibre coim
»S ivgi:
ilarlj into
and is quoted as woi
•th about 14/.
to \6l
. per ton.
2. Th.
■ plant ynd,
'
■ dees i
London market.
evidently
nlii .nv Manila liomp. Probably it is a species of Agave, closely allied
> that -. ielding the Sisal hemp of commerce.
3. [•]' order to determine the plant exactly, Mr. Thiselton-Dyer would
v glad if the -■ • approve ol" a reference
ii the subject to Her Majesty's Consul at Manila, with a request that ono
r two moderately largo leaves ol' the plant he forwarded in a dry box
-> thi- e>taoli-liiiient. In the ease of Agave leaves, it maybe mentioned
hat they travel very well it' packed in a perfectly dry state without soil
r nnv other mat- rial. If the box is pierced with holes to afford
ontilaiii.n all the belter. It would add to the interest of the specimens
" the C.'ousui eotdd add a few words in regard to the methods employed
I have, &c.
Sir Villiers Lister, K C.M.G., (Signed) D. Morris.
Foreign Office to Royal Gardens, Kew.
Sir, Foreign Office, July 7, 1891.
WiTn reference to your letter of the 8th of October last, I am
directed by the Marquis of Salisbury to request you to inform Mr.
Thiselton-Dyer that Her Majesty's Consul at Manila reports that he
has forwarded to Kew CI aniens, under the charge of Captain Wilson,
of the s.s. " Barden Tower," a small box containing a lew leaves of the
Manila Alee plant (Maguay).
The Assistant Director, I am, &C.
Royal Gardens, Kew. (Signed) James Ferguson.
Mr. Consul Gollan to Rotal Gardens, Kew.
British Consulate, Manila,
Sik, May 20, 1891.
I beg to inform you that under directions from the Foreign OfhYe
I, this day, forward to you a small box containing four leave- rf the
Manila Aloe (Maguay), which 1 trust may arrive in good condition and
answer the purpose you have in view. I enclose a few notes from Mr.
Osmond, a gentleman who is a considerable expert in such matter-, as to
the preparat ion of the fibre.
I send, in the same box, a small specimen of rope of great strength
and durability made from another fibre called "Cabo Xegro."*
(Signed) ' Alex. Goixan,
Her Majesty's Consul.
(Enclosure.)
Preparation of Maguay Fibre.
The leaf is first soaked in water until it becomes quite soft and pulpy,
which takes place in about a fortuight. It is then drawn between the
thumb and finger* which easily presses ell tin' |>ui|>, having a clean fibre.
pressed together, nothing but the fibres passing through. But this
method is a very wasteful one, as many fibres are broken.
Amongst the many iws to whieli maguay is applied may be mentioned
that of violin strings, for which it is much appreciated by the natives.
Manila, May 1891. (Signed) J. H. Osmond.
The specimens kindly obtained tor Kew through the good offices of
Mr. Alexander Gollan, Her Majesty's Consul at Manila, were received
in good order. They consisted of fresh leaves of an Agave in different
stages of growth, and therms as little difficulty in recognising them as
bslonging to Agave vivipara,L. (A. Cantala, fioxb.), the plant which
(according to Kite Hull, tin. IS 90, p. 50) yields also Bombay Aloe
fibre. The distribution of this plant so tar eastward as the Philippine
Islands does not appear to have been specially noticed before. It is
originally an American p 1 — *
given t
people 10 n
Europe it is often
South America is distinguishei
of Mexico Agave vivipara is 1
The method of preparing the fibre at Manila, described by Mr.
process of maceration is no! at ad well adapted tor extracting the fibres
from leaves of monocotyledonous plants. The fibres are discoloured by
long immersion in water, and during the process of fermentation, ex-
tending over a fortnight, the strength of the ultimate fibres is greatly
weakened. It may. therefore, be readily understood the value of Manila
Aloe fibre is comparatively small, and it can onh be profitable to produce
it when the price of white-rope fibres is exceptionaUv liiirli. In the last
Monthly Circular (dated the lCth March 1*9:5), issued by Messrs. Ide
and Chrhtie, of Mark Lane, Manila Aloe Fibre is dismissed with a few
^ords. — '■ nothing doing, 17.?." ! per cut.'. In the same circular Bombay
Aloe Fibre is described as "dull at 8v. to 135." [per cwt.].
CCCL— BOTANICAL ENTERPRISE IN 1796.
-•.nice of the efforts made nearly 100 years
to draw attention, in the pages of the Kcu-
tree to the island of Dominica and of the reception in this country of
probably the first sample of cured cloves that was grown in any British
colony in the JSew "World. The publication of this document, at the
suggestion of Sir Joseph Banks, with the view of serving as an expe-
ditious mode of commuii u economic products and
plants to distant pail- < »t 1 1n- hinpire almost exactly anticipated the
object for which the Kite [iulhfin. was started six years ago. What
may very suitably be looked upon as the llullctin of 179(> is entitled
" A Narrative of the successful ma;; the Clove Tree
" in the Island of Dominica, in the Windward Carrihhoe I -lands.
" By "William Urban IJuee, Esquire. London: Printed in the year
" 1797." It appeal- thai M. lUice, a Frenchman settled for many
years at Dominica, had successfully introduced clove plant- from
Cayenne to the former island in 17M». Afterwards, in 1791, he bought
more trees, 14 in number, from a gardener from Cayenne, whom he
met at Martinique. Afterwards these were increased by 1,500 trees
raised from seed obtained direct from (.'incline in 179o. The clove
trees planted in 1789 "appeared with clove buds on or about the
" 20th January 1795; some of the cloves were fit to be gathered in
" May and June following ; and such of the cloves as were left on the
" trees for the purpose of obtaining the mother of cloves for seeds
" acquired a proper degree of maturity in July and August ; so that,
'• allowing those two trees to be about one year old when they came to
" me from the seeds, L think the clove tree becomes productive in the
The close relationship of the clove and the indigenous pimento tree
(both belonging to the natural order Myrtuccce) was readily noticed by
our author, who deduced the inference that where one flourished the
other would also be likely to grow.
Several experiment- were undertaken to test the best kind of soils
suited for clow cultivation. In one instance the author states, "since
«' the planting of the last 11 trees it is with satisfaction I can assert
" that the four trees planted in clay have grown with at least as
" pasture ground, formerly in coffee, of a compact, strong, gravelly
" soil, with some part- of a clayey nature," W
■ other] observations, I hope, wi
; ground which is fittest for the clove tree, and to prove clearly that it
does not require a rich soil or a loose one; but, on the contrary, will
' thrive best in a strong, conq act soil, whether of a gravelly or clayey
nature." It will he remembered that in the account of the clove
ndu-try at Zanzibar given in Kvir Built tin for January hist. p. 17, it
lavev. In Dominica our anther anticipated that the onh drawback
o Hove cultivation (e-pecialh in the district of J.a Soye, where the soil
uarter. he say-, '-bad imfortunatch and \er\ imprudently cut down all
the wood- along the seaside, a thick hedge of whieh'thev ought to
have left standing, to prevent the wind from shaking and the sea air
from parching their plants. To remedy tit:'- hedge- of juiids dnu.r
which I bine left on the trees to obtain mother of chores, for
" the multiple : and besides this I have about half a
" pound of cloves, which having fallen on the ground before their
" degree of maturity, have been dried and are very good for domestic
" use ; these last are strong but small, so that these two [young] trees
u have produced more than seven pounds of cloves." The author then
proceeds to describe with great minuteness the manner of u planting ami
rearing the clove tree from the mother clove." In transplanting for the
nursery beds a very ingenious transplanting machine was used, consist -
ing of a tube i, hinges at the side t.nd furnished
with two handles at the top. The manner of using this machine was as
follows : u Take the planting machine, shut the hinge, lay it over the
" plant, taking < • the latf r is in the centre ; push the machine down
" as far as: it can gc— the deeper the better; then with a flat trowel dig
" into the earth till you have reached the bottom of the planting
'•' machine, and holding it (with the seedling in it), with the left hand
" and raising it witli the trowel in the ri<rhl hand, take up the plant and
" carry it to the place of its destination." This transplanting' machine
of one hundred years ago is almost identical with the new and patented
machines in use in Ceylon and elsewhere at the present time. M. Buee
cured the produce of his clove trees and forwarded a sample
country in order to obtain the opinion of experts upon the produ
sample appears to have been forwarded to '' T "
Banks, the President of the Royal Society,
manuscript was also referred by the Earl of Liverpool, afterwards a
Secretary of State for the Colonial and War Department. A copy of
Sir Joseph Banks's reply is reproduced below. It is an interesting
document. It clearly points the way to the policy in regard to botanical
enterprise in the colonies which Par! ! to the Royal
Gardens at Kew, and which has been consistently followed dnrinir the
last fifty years. It may be added that M. Buee's report was published
in this country as recommended by Sir Joseph Banks, and it was illus-
trated by an excellent double-quarto plate of the clove plant with buds,
flowers, and fruit, and a drawing of the transplanting machine.
Sir Joseph Banks to the Earl of Liverpool.
Mr Lord, Soho Square. August 11, 1796.
I beg leave to acquaint your Lordship that 1
tion the paper on the successful culture of the clove tree in Dominica, which
vour Lordship did me the honour of referring to me, and am of opinion
that it ought to be printed for the information of His Majesty's subjects
in the We-t Indies and other intertropical colonies.
Mr. Buee is, as far as I know, the first person who has observed that
the pimento tree prospers best in those sterile soils where trees whose
wood is of a hard texture abound, and that sugar cannot be cultivated
to advantage in such places; also on the other hand, that where trees,
whose wood is soft, are naturally found, pimento trees are rarely met
with, and sugar plantations will succeed ; on such sterile soils he has
tried clove trees, and found them congenial to its nature.
These observations open to the cultivators of hot climates a new
source of wealth, which will not probably be confined to the growth of
clover,; other spices may ateo prosper best in the barren soils of the
West Indies, as lavender, thyme, and other aromatic plants are known
to do in those of Europe.
I have the honour of sending to your Lordship, with this, a paper
containing samples of clove3 received by me from Mr. Buee some months
ago. Nos. 1 and 2, mentioned l>y him |>. lit, aiv mixed; No. 3, his
best sort, are separate. Yoar Lordship may, if you think fit, order a
comparison to l>e made, by some dealers in spice, between these ami the
cloves we usually receive from the Dutch. I shall only add that when
I applied for information on the same subject to an eminent wholesale
dealer in that article, the only answer I obtained was that he thought
me grievously deceived in supposing the cloves to be the produce of the
West Indies, he being absolutely certain they came from the East.
Tn case your Lordship should think lit to order any explanatory
matter to be added to Mr. Buee's dissertation, I enclose a list of the
u-ef'ul plants cultivated in the royal gardens at the Isle of France in
i7i)(), and at that time ready for distribution among the colonist-. The
publication of Mich a document will not only show the attention paid by
the French nation, while under their ancient covcrnmeiit, to the trans-
portation of useful plants from one part of the globe to another, but
set an example to our Royal (hardens at Saint Vincent's, instituted for
similar purposes, though p<>s-il.ly not supplied with equal funds,* and
will also encourage the West India planters to apply for and receive
such plants, of which there are many, as are now there ready for
delivery.
I have, &c.
Earl of Liverpool. (Signed) Joseph Banks.
Mr. Thomas Rutton to Mr. William Fawkexek.
Sir, Charing Cross, 14th November 1*796.
I take the liberty of request ing you to represent to the Right
Honourable the Lords ..I the Committee ot Council appointed for the
Consideration of all Matters relating to Trade and Foreign Plantations—
ject of the cloves [from Dominica], who, upon examining the samples,
produced by the Lords to Messrs. Bourdillon. Aruaitd, Nanson, and
Wm. Fawkener, Esq. (Signed) Thomas Button".
n> the clove tree, M. lStu'r \v;i- instrumental in
3 Dominica "the bread fruit, the cinnamon the Mack pepper, and
of which," he savs, -1 am indebted lo Mr. Anderson, of 1 lV Maj-tCs
Botanic Garden at St. Vincent." ( )f the cinnamon tree lie writes in
le last paragraph of h's report as follows: ■■ Ihning succeeded in pro-
pagating the cinnamon tree from slips, and from them having now a
^i-f^- many trees in my possession, this will he the subject ot my
future remarks. I will only observe at present that hedge- mi^ht be
made of that tree to shelter other productions, and by thai means
The subsequent history of M. Bu
Text-Book of Agriculture, lately published in this country, p. 184, the
following account is given :—
"The clove, like the nutmeg tree, is a native of the Moluccas <»r
Spice Islands The French succeeded in carrying living
plants to Cayenne, and from thence it was brought in the year
1789 to Dominica by a M. Buee, who successfully cultivated the
clove and other spices only to be ruined in the end by the ope-
ration of the" duties imposed on West Indian spices in Kngland,
through the jealousy of influential persons who were interested in
the trade of the East. Although 100 years have elapsed since the
unfortunate M. Buee introduced the spices into Dominica, one of the
clove trees planted by him is still alive and flourishing, and the
cinnamon bushes have become almost wild, as the seeds are dis-
seminated by birds."
At the present time the clove tree is found in nearly everyone of
the West Indian Islands, and especially at Jamaica, Trinidad, (Jrenada.
St. Vincent, and Dominica. It is nowhere yet established m regular
plantations, and the export of West Indian cloves is comparatively
trifling. The largest number of trees is probably found in Grenada,
and in that " Spice Island," nutmegs, mace and cloves are exported
to the value of about 10,000/. to 12,000/. Very shortly this value
will be considerably increased, as there is extensive planting of spice
trees going on, and one proprietor alone has planted about 250 to
300 acres with nutmeg trees, all of which are in excellent condition,
and promising heavy crops (Kew Bulletin, 1891, p. 147). In
Jamaica clove trees would probably flourish on the rich clay lands
of the Red Hills, in the parish of St. Andrew, and recently, we
notice, the Director of the Botanical Department in that island has
issued hints on the treatment of plants which were offered in quan-
tities at the local Botanical Gardens.
CCCIL— CHINESE WHITE WAX.
Chemically this is Cetyl Cerotate. It is defined in Watts's
Dictionary of Chcoiisfri/ as "a peculiar waxy substance obtained from
" China, where it is produced on certain trees by the puncture of a
" species of Coccus." Dr. Bretschneider in "Notes on some botanical
" questions connected with the Export Trade of China," (1880),
remarks, "whilst the insect which produces this wax (Coccus Vela}
" and its habits have been well studied, the trees on which it is fed are
" still imperfectly known."
In 1883 Mr. Field delivered a course of lectures on « Illuminating
agents." He stated then that the consumption of insect way by the
Chinese is very large. Little of it apparently finds its way into British
trade, " its chief use being to break the grain of spermaceti, the two
" crystallisations neutralising each other." A subsequent corre-
spondence with Mr. Field revealed the paucity and uncertainty of
our knowledge of the product. Kew accordingly suggested to the
Foreign Office that it might be made the subject of inquiry by Her
Majesty's Consuls in China.
The five very able reports which are now printed were the result.
Their contents have reached the public eye in various forms. If they
have not appeared earlier in the pages of the Bulletin, it is owing to the
i-xtivmc pressure on its space. They are now published, if somewhat
tardily, in recognition of the pains bestowed upon them by the able
officials who prepared tin-in. and also because in this form they will reach
the eye of many persons who perhaps would not obtain otherwi*« the
information they contain.
The reports taken together supplement one another, and, as a whole,
irive an exhaustive account of one of the most curious industries in the
world. The tree on which the insect deposits its egg.s is undoubtedly
Litjiistnun h'ciiluhi. Ait., ot' this the specimens collected by Scott and
Hosie leave no doubt. According to Dr. Henry, in the Province of
liupfeh, ;il Ichang, Nan to, and the mountains to the northward, it is the
commonest evergreen tree, from 20 to 30 feet high. According to
Hance (Journ. Linn. Soc, xiii., p. 82) Ligustrinn ja/xniictn/i, Thunh..
Dr. Bretschneider states, "on native authority, is used for rearing the
wax insect oil." This is an eastern species ; if used at all it is probably
The tree on which the wax is produced i- an Ah which has usually
been referred to Frajintis eltincn.sis, Koxb. To this Mr. Ilemslev, in
the Index Flora Sinensis, refers the specimens collected by Cooper,
Hosie, and Scott. Roxburgh's species is not, however, wholly free
from ambiguity, and M. Franchet, who was consulted on the subject.
preferred to refer Hosie's specimens to Fru.vin"--. rln/m'itphylla, Hance.
He remarks, however, that the Chinese embrace under one name,
lY-la-shn. all the species of Frit.r'nius capable of supporting the
species of ,\ Ax is dillieult and uncertain, and he reduces Hance's species
The most extraordinary feature in the industry is the process, so
graphically described in the reports of transporting the eggs of the
Cmrns from the district where they are prodmvd to that in which the
wax is obtained. The nttiomih of rhis still seems obscure. Mr. Baber
states: — " No reproduction of the insect occur- in the Chia-tine- plain,
" because the twi-s of the trees a iv lopped off and ladled." But it is
not obvious why all should be boiled, and why nurseries should not be
maintained. A statement of Mr. Cooper's may perhaps supply the clue
to the explanation : — ~ The ins* cts owing to their loss ,.f fecundity, have
" to be renewed Tin Chekiaug; every third year, the e<_g pouches being
" imported f ; < nee of Fuh Kien."
The industi-
will be l
preserved of it. In a Foreign Office Report [1892, No. 1,097] i
'• mineral oil having no doubt s-ipplanted to some
" lights. The crop was reported fair, but the price i
" is very much less than that which it formerly ex
" some years ago priced at 200 tads. Under the
" bulk of the crop is retained for local use."
as to the' details, 'in the Keu Museum, u, spec ,-ns of "ibota wax
obtained from Lit/nstrum Ibota, Sieb., which also occurs in China.
This is no doubt an ir.sect wax. the produce of a Coccus living on the plant.
(No. 10.) Her Majesty'* Consulate, Ningpo,
My Lord, June 20th, 1884.
On receipt of Mr. Currie's despatch, dated Foreign Office,
February 1st, I at once applied myself towards ascertaining what in for-
mation regarding the wax insect had been already acquired and
recorded by Europeans. I enclose a list of authorities, noting those
to which I have obtained access. Having studied these, 1 paid a visit
to the Fathers Rathouis and Hende, of the Jesuit Mis-ion of Siccawei,
near Shanghai, and subsequently instituted inquiries as to the localities
in this consular district that produced the wax, and under what condi-
tions. Unable, however, to obtain any positive information from the
natives whose services I had engaged, I requested and obtained the
permission of Her Majesty's Minister to explore the country myself, and
more particularly those parts in which I knew that native wax was
offered for sale. I have now the honour to report to your Lordship the
result of my expedition.
In the Feng-hua district, whose town is 40 miles from this, I first
noticed the ash tree (Frajlnas cl,iiic„sis) growing on the banks of canals
at the places where water was being raised for irrigating the paddy
fields. The tree is a handsome one, with a straight stem, a shapely head,
and abundant foliage. It is planted as a shade for the labourers and
cattle. Its height of trunk hinders its coining into general u.3e for this
purpose. In the neighbourhood of Ningpo, the Persian lilac, camphor,
and tallow trees are preferred. This ash does not thrive on sodden
ground. Regarding this ash, the intendant of this circuit, a Yiin-nan
the shoots of the ash attain a height of eight feet in a year, and it is
from them that abundant wax is formed. lr is ea-ilv propagated by
means of cuttings. I have now in the garden of this consulate shoots
of near lhr<e feet long from -lip- given me by Father Rathouis.
I failed, however, to discover during my tour of some 100 miles
anything tending toslnnv that the practice exists of placing the pouches
be affixed to the lai - 1. a\. d privet ( L„,„si,,>,„ /., ,' „ . on,\ Of this
or three groves or plantations.
On my journey, despite the constant inquiries I made, I was unable
to find anyone who kn -w anything of the culture of the wax insect till
my arrival at the temple near the summit of the F'ien-t'ai mountain,
the head-quarters of Ruddhism in the province. There the steward of
the monastery told no that the priests yearly gathered the wild wax
from the privets that gnu in the woods about the hills, but he was not
*7
taken as CO dollars lor 1(H) catties, say, some U/. per ml. The custom
when dealing in it. I purchased a small quantity, .">.'; oz., and tor this
uas charged' 190 cash, or about, 7f'/.
Tlie wax is brought to Kiu-hua from the three districts of Yung-
kang, Tung-yang, and Wu-i. It is the product of insects kept on the
large-leaved privet. The tree is grown from cuttings, and the planta-
tions are carefully kept clear of undergrowth of any kind in order to
prevent the insects straying. The slopes and infertile ground at the
foot of hills are preferred for this purpose.
The insects, owing to their loss of fecundity, have to be renewed
every third year, the egg pouches being imported from the neighbouring
infallibly dying out. These pouches will only bear carriage during the
fifteen days of inclination, which appears to be also the only time in
which the insects arc capable of being transferred.
Insects that escape and are found wild take not only to the Imih hut
I wo or three other shrubs, i.s the (uirrfoiia Jlorirfa and Lujiistnun
(jhihrt'ui. The wax produced on these is not nearly as abundant as that
88
The demand for insect wax i- principally i'or the exterior coating of
the candles in common use. Though beeswax is abundant and cheap
at Kiu-hua, insect wax is found to be more economical for this purpose.
The introduction of kerosene, while it has reduced the consumption
of rapeseed oil in these pan.-, has not effected the sale of candles,
these being employed for celebrations, such as feasts, religious obser-
vances, and the like, and for lanterns, which are carried by every one out
after dark.
Another very general purpose for which it is employed is in sizing
certain kinds of paper in common use for notes and visiting cards, with
the object of giving them a lustrous appearance.
At T'ai-chou-fu an industry is carried on for the manufacture of light
articles of Chinese furniture. These are made from the wood of the
weeping cypres- (('tt],n>ss)<s Fort unci). After being smoothed with the
dry sheath of a certain rush they are polished with insect wax.
At Amoy years ago many of the inner surfaces of the walls of
European houses were coated with shell lime, to which a very smooth
surface was given. This was then stained by being washed with some
colour, not distemper, and when dry I "o ax. The walls
thus treated stood the climate well, and were found preferable to those
lime-washed or oil-painted, as having a brighter appearance, while at
the same time they were more cleanly.
Women employ the wax as a fixatrice for their hair, chemists as a
component of plaisters and a coating for pills, though for these purpos< -
bleached beeswax is frequently used. I cannot find that here it is
applied to wove materials of any kind,
I have preferred retailing the results of my own observation and
inquiry, to furnishing the elaborate report that appears called for in
Mr. Currie's despatch, as I have not access to much that has been
written on the subject, nor have I the. leisure or means for spending so
much time away from my consular duties in t in- insect wax country as
to fit me to write an exhaustive monograph.
Apart from this, in treating such a subject I need the science of a
trained observer to make it worth my own or another's while for me to
devote so much time and work as such a task would require; neither
can I look to the natives for assistance, as their knowledge of natural
history is as limited as their credulity and appetite for the marvellous
are unbounded. I trust, however, thai the practical information now
supplied by me may be found of some value.
I append a list of prices ruling at this port during the last six years,
whereby were compiled the quarterly returns of the maritime customs.
The tables from which this list is extracted are drawn up with great
The specimens asked lor I am sending direct to Ivew Gardens, such
of them, that is, as ! have been able to collect as yet. I hope in the
autumn 1o obtain twigs coated with the wax and seeds to complete the
I have, &c.
(Signed) Wm. M. Cooper.
Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of State,
for Foreign Affairs.
Pun i - of the Imported 1
■ Wax at Ningpo during the Years
These prices were obtained by the Foreign Customs for the
purpose of estimating the values in their returns. They are given in
Hai-kwan Taels per Treaty Pieul of 133f lbs.
List of Authoritie
ai-kuan Tad
White Insect Wax
1. Martini's Atlas Sinensis, 1655.
2. Pere Gaspar Chauseaune : Memoir published in Panth. lib. III.
830, 1750.
3. Id. : Memoir in Lettres Edifiantes, &c., vol. XXIIL, pp. 146seqq.
(Paris 1781.)
4. L'Abbe Grosier.
5. Sir George Staunton.
6. Comptes itendus for 1844. Tome X., page 618.
7. Stanislaus .Tulien: Industries do TEmpire ChinoK p. 109. Trans-
lated from the " Nung Cheng Ch' iian Shu."
8. Dr. Macgowan's paper in the Journal of the Agricultural and
Horticultural Society of India, vol. VII., 1850.
9. Pharmaceutical Journal, Feb. 1862.
10. Hanbury : Notes on Chinese Materia Medica, p. 46, 1862.
11. Id. : Science Papers, page 60.
12. Roxburgh : Flora Indica, vol. I., p. 148.
13 WyKe : Memoir in th China Branch of the
ftoyal Asiatic Suiety for 1868.
14. Mesny : Monograph in ' k N. China Dady News."
fen: Letters to the Shanghai Chamber of Commerce,
No. VII, of May 1872, page 52.
•ct of thes. vi stable tallows is that the_
e. Stillini/ia tallow begins to run at about 95° Fahrenheit
■r wax* ar -ome nine or ten degrees higher, and it becom-j
i procure a harder wa
lem. For this purpose the fan
J ' "
i country so uniformly hilly as Ssi-eh'uan
that of the plain of Ch'Sng-tu Fit but nut
vallev of Ximf-i/miH Fit, which is better
in-vfr a,,,! ami liiirhlv reputed for the beautv
imblo sagacity the Chinese have found that
sect, and the production of the wax thiongli
SB which cannot be combined profitably in
and the profits. In Chien-cliany, near the cities of Xioy-yiun, Fv
and Ifni-li Chow, the insect tree is planted, an evergreen tree with
large and pointed ovate leaves. It is so valuable thai it constitutes a
separate article of property, distinct from the soil on which it unm>.
is evidently under conditions best fitted for its healthy development.
local consumption and ill, -npnlv ol' Yn-.num. At the end of April the
cribed as a substance resembling Hour, and contained in a
size and shaj 1 a pea. Three hundred of the littie bags
Tuc/. Tiny are eagerly bought up in Chiu-tuig /'/', and i
put upon the wax-tree. This tree is said to produce no seed
ting Fit, and to be easily multiplied by cuttings. It is not
grow freely, but is kept short as a stump six or seven feet
shoots grow very rapidly. In the following year they serve f
required. After a lew days the insects commen
for attacking convoys and caravans. The compara-
- of Chivn-cltan;/, through which the An-niny river
e of the egg culture, but there are besides many out-
. cannot be produced in
the districts where the insect is propagated, and conversely that repro-
duction does not take place in regions which are favourable to the
deposit of wax, has led hi 1 the plentiful excretion
results from a diseased state of the in.-ect, broughl about by its trans-
iucompalibilily ofwav-makh g with breeding is accounted for in a much
■el.
Dpped off and 1
•oiled:
It
nvi
i. ' lint in Chi
n'-jl)
-7/,'/
2, m
■(•!;
<'t"'of rliu-zL
,.,',,,!
rhin
,,-vh
7 Us,
awes as in the egg dis
trict
of a
are very wilii; ftboul their new industry, I easily
acquired a plentiful stock of fact and fiction. My second visit was in
May 1878. when the eggs had just been placed on the trees. The eggs
are contained in a spherical gall of a dark brown colour, a quarter of an
inch to three-eighths in diameter, which is thin, hard, and brittle in <nh-
more or less circular npmim: <»r iuva'eh at, the ,„,;„( where the -all"
was detached from the tree on which it was originally formed. Of such
powder resembling wheat-Hour, but coarser, which acquires a yellow
tinge as the time approaches for the birth of the insects. Each grain
of this is an egg. In most of the galls which I examined the eggs
were nearly all hatched, and the brood was actively crawlimr out
through the circular breach. Every gall must certainly yield, on a
moderate estimate, more than a thousand insect -, for when these first
march out into the world they are so exceedingly small tlial the un-
assisted eye can hardly detect individuals except under favourable con-
ditions of light and colour. Close and sustained scrutiny with a strong
magnifying glass shows that they have six leg3 and a pair of antennae,
and that they are of two kinds, white and red, which it may be assumed
are the two sexes. The white are reported to grow larger than the
red, ultimately reaching the size of a Sesanmm grain. I suppose the
red kind to be th« female. What appears Co be tier alimentary canal ie
perceptible through her back, bur the nude ; - tuoie opaque.
The natives affirm that one reason why the egg-galls must be carried
with all speed to the wax country is to forestall the ravages of the
" irav-diK/," a parasite which, in their opinion, is formed in the gall
along with the nascent insects, and soon devours them unless they are
forthwith put to the trees. I was very eager to discover this insect
cuckoo, but I found a specimen without any search in the first gall J
* "Gall" is nn ina'vurnt.Mrnn in thi« npplionti.m, but if r-erv^ the purpow of
cammed— ;! -ub, about a
undred lii - l,ig flS ii m +,„, . i j rrible para ite indeed. It is
died the c ax-dog on account of its supposed voracitv, and sometime*
10 '' iru.i buffalo '' from its eompara'ively gigantic size. If lies in a
1 Li. is) i ! ill', . 11- oni ) ~s< (1 !») i - pn y. Fiie - c ond » ill I opened
iso contained a buffalo ; and so did the third, and. so did the fourth,
ad so did every one I examined which contained anything at all.
had counted somewhere into the twenties, when in a gall of not
lore than average size came suddenly upon no less than six of these
lor such conditions s, em- scarcely worth having, if, that
us time I had collected a whole herd of I >u Haloes, and, on comparing
i empty withered husks ; and ii
exceeding surprise and excitement, a jet black
sprang actively from the hu-k. lifted its elytra, unpacked i
r solemnly down the breeze before I could secure it.
Very possibly, therefore, the natives are right in supposing the t
to 1).' an interloper ; and yet 1 was for a long time persuaded tha
waxy grub is the mother of the brood, and e\en now 1 am reluctant k
abandon the belief. Hut according to all analogy the Coccus-mothej
ought to die some time before the young are hatched, and dry up into ;
mummy attached to the inside of the gall, which is a kind of carapace
?d, but the quantity they consume is iinper-
main to all appearance uninjured. In about
le thin upper twigs, where, according to the
excrete wax, and the females to form the
ix or apart from it. The deposit of wax
hundred days from the date when the galls
and the twigs are then almost entirely coated
I an inch or less in thickness. The whole
niddle of May to the end of August. While
osit is a kind of dense greasy fluff, and looks
i bag through which it is
The wax must l><> gal
ofF.^If tli.''
told, would be lost.
The gall first appeal
- .veils until V
tin bark by the lip of :
and being folded up
of the Fung-tzu {El
tree. But nearly
veyed to Chia-tlng
Most of the carriers are natives of the C
market to which they repair for the purehas
of Te-ch'ang, on the right bank of the An
Those who are unable to procure eggs, the
and not seldom insufficient, travel to IIu
>f these insects, resembling sniiili moths of :i very
olour with a fluffy tail curling cmt the back."* So
t cannot be questioned, and the account of the fluff)/
the bark is supported by what Dr. Wells Williams
lar insect. "The Pvh-la-sh„, or white wax tree.
•ts Baron
and of a deeper green, with perfectly smooth edges. I have observed
it growing among orange trees near Fu-liu. The leaf stems spring in
pairs, and not alternately, from the central twig. I w:is too late to see
the (lowers, but a description of them is supplied by Captain Gill.
" These trees,* 1 he writes, '"are in appearance like an orange, with a
" small leaf. They have a very small white flower, that grows in large
** sprays now (20th July), covered with masses of blossom, and a strong
" smell, which was not very sweet, filled the air."*
The wax tree of Chia-ting is kept polled so as to supply young
shoots, and in this state it resembles i dg reduced to
a wry ugly stump some eight or nine feet high. All over the Chia-tiny
plain it is planted on the divisions of the rieefieids, in such quantities
that at 80 or 100 yards distance from the traveller the trees close in
upon one another, as it were, and shut out the view. The wax tree is
deciduous. It has pointed ovate leaves of a light green colour, smaller
than those of i i rnately from
the twigs.
Passages from native works referring to the trees have been extracted
and translated by Professor Stanislaus Julien, and are reproduced in the
"Univers Pittoresque," in the volumes which treat of China. The
Professor sums up his deductions in the statement that "the Chinese
" rear wax insects from three kinds (of trees), of which two are well
" known in Europe. 'They are the Xil-<i,.,t {Rhus sum danea, accord-
" ing to Adolphe Brogniart), the T'uug-ch' iug l Li gust rum. glahruui,
" according to A. Remusat), and the Sliui-chiu (recognised by A.
" Remusat as Hibiscus syria-cus.)"
These native names arej unknown in Svi-cImkiii, hut the description
given above may perhaps aid botanists in judging whether they are
justified.
The decline of so simple and curious ;ni indu<trv eannot be viewed
without a feeling of regret, but the following figures show how the
production and trade is failing. The export of eggs from Chku-rh'aug
In 1876 about 30,000 burdens.
„ 1877 „ 12,000 „
„ 1878 „ 1,200
A burden consists of 64 packets, each packet containing 18
Chinese ounces (or 24 English ounces) of eggs ; but the heat of the
s the weight by a"
1 1 nearly four cc
The production of
has therefore been roughly —
In 1876, 10,000,000 lbs.
„ 1877, 4,000,000 „
„ 1878, 400,000 „
The cost price of the eggs in Chien-ch'ang ranges from 6/. to
per burden, and about 26.?. per burden must be paid at various po
b Chinese book-nai
Thf markci price of the wax in < 'hm-thtii is about 91. per hundred-
weight, baring continuously fallen of late year.-. It is said that 20
years ago the price was as hi<jh as 70/. pin- <-wt., but this seems quite
incredible. There can be no doubt that the depreciation is consequent
upon the enormous import of kerosene oil ; but Cliu»t}-I;i)t<i merchants
persuade themselves that it should be attributed to the invention of gas
and its introduction into Shanghai.
(Signed) E. Colborne Baber.
Chung-king, 10th June 1879.
Note. — The places mentioned above will be found in the map attached
to my " Travels and Researches in Western China," published by the
Royal Geographical Society. It will be useless to look for them
Insect White Wax.
The subject of Insi
3Ct white wax may be briefly
I.— The Insect Tree.
II.— The Insects.
III.— The Wax Tree.
IV.— The Wax.
Ins ( rt Tn
of Ssu-ch'u
as the c/i'ini;/ ,shi< [" Insect 'five ""] and the Tmuj vVintj shu [" Winter
(Ireeu" or •' Evergreen Tree "J, while in the east of the province it is
generally calh-d the I'ao-hn-lsno [-Crackling Flea Tree"] owing, as
Mr. Baber has explained, to the sputtering of the wood when burned.
It is probably the Lujustrmn /milium { ?] of the botanist ; but the
specimens I am forwarding to Kew will decide this point. Although
it is found scattered about the whole of Ssu-ch'uan, its chief habitat is
the valley ofNingyuan Fu or Chien-ch'ang in the west oi the province.
It is an evergreen with leaves which spring in pairs from the 1 ranches.
They are thick, dark green, glossy, ovate, and pointed. In the end of
May or beginning of June the tree bears clusters of small white flowers
place to small seeds of a dark blue colour.
In the month of March 1883 I passed through the Chien-ch'an^
valley; but, knowing that Mr. Baber had already reported on the
subject <»f win!.' wax. I confined myself to a mere cursory examination
of the insect tree. In this month 1 found attached to the bark of the
n various stages of development. In the earlier stages they
like minute univalves clinging to the bark. The larger galls
readily detachable, and when opened, presented either a whitey
iring I lie present year, in tin/ month of .May Mini June r<
I the opportunity of examining these -all.s and their coi
he neighbourhood of Ch'ungk'ing and
Cbia-ting Fu, the chief wax-producing coin
oiu Chia-ting Fu by short anni
ree in the country lying betwc
st of Ch'ungk'ing I plucked t
them, they are very brittle,
watched day by day tor signs of life. At last my patience was rcwai
by seeing the pincers of the beetle gradually boring a hole through
gall. This hole, when completed, was circular and of sufficient siz
allow him to escape from his imprisonment. Although he did
issue when he had broken his prison wall but continued to burroi
the inner lining, the wax insects began to crawl out and in, and ]
persuaded that the beetle is a wise provision of nature to afford
well be doubted, for I endeavoured, but without success, to feed
I e-ca'pil 'tin
(1 the animal headlong flight of
s from Chien-ch'ang to Chia-ting;
i that their (light is not routined to the night. In
carriers hurrying in the heat of the day through
the province of Hunan; hut, owing to the greater length
y, it is just possible that they wire travelling both night
ir galls I saw in Kuei-chou were packed loose in trays in
baskets, throtigli which a current of air could freely pas-,
ng, on the other hand, the galls are made up in paper
weighing about V2 Chinese ounces, and a load usually
uhl packet,. At their resting places the carriers open up
lit the packets in cool places in order that the heat may
IV.— The Wax.
The wax insects which reach the wax tree <
and Chien-wei about tin- beginning of May, are made up into smal
packets of twenty or thirty galls, which are inclosed in a leaf of the
wood-oil tree, whose edges are fastened together with rice straw. These
small packets are then suspended close to the branches under which they
hang. A few rough holes are made in the leaf by means of a large
needle, so that the insects may find their way through them to the
branches.
On emerging from the galls the insects creep rapidly up the branches
to the leaves, where they remain for 13 days until their mouths and
limbs are strong. During this period they jire said to moult, casting
off " a hairy garment " which has grown in this short period. They
then descend to the tender branches, on the under sides of which they
fix themselves to the bark by their mouths. Gradually the upper
surfaces of the branches are also dotted witk the insects. From the
spots where they fix themselves they are said not to move, and I have
watched them thickly studded on the bark apparently motionless. The
day after removing a branch from a tree, however. I have seen them
rushing about wildly, and it may be that they derive their nourishment
from the bark ; but, unfortunately, I have no microscope sufficiently
powerful to discover the nature of their food or the method of excreting
the wax. The Chinese idea is that they live on dew, and that the wax
perspires from the bodies of the insects. Be this as it may, the speci-
mens of the branches encrusted with the wax show that the insects
construct a series of galleries stretching from the bark to the outer
surface of the wax.
But I must here introduce the La kou, or " Wax Dog," which is
developed in the early stage of wax production. I was unable to obtain
a specimen of this insect ; but it was described to me as a caterpillar in
size and appearance like a brown bean. I have a theory, which, how-
ever, is unsupported by outside evidence. It may be assumed that
there are both sexes of the beetle or " buffalo." On emerging from the
gall the beetle is at first unable to fly, or at least unable to fly far, and
both sexes doubtless remain for a time among the branches of the wax
tree or the insect tree as the case may be. My theory is that the
female beetle deposits eggs on the boughs, and that the "wax dog" is
the offspring of the "buffalo." I will not go further, but there may be
some connexion between this caterpillar and the galls containing the
It is said that during the night and early morning the insects relax
their hold of the bark, and that during the heat of the day they again
take firm hold of it. I saw the owners of the trees moving from tree to
tree armed with thick Hubs, wherewith they belaboured the stumps in
order to shake off the " wax dog," which they assert destroys the wax
insects. After the first month or so, however, when the branches are
coated with the wax, the " wax dog " is unable to reach the insects, and
the trees are no longer belaboured.
Wind and rain are greatly dreaded when the insects are first suspended
on the trees, for the tiny creatures are liable to be blown away or
drowned.
I have said that whit
Ch'ungk'ing ; but, as the wax tree does not
containing the insects are taken from or
on other insect trees. This production
When the wax is ready the branches are lopped off, and as much of
the wax as possible is removed by hand. This is placed in an iron pot
with water, and the wax rising to the surface at melting point is
skimmed off and placed in round moulds, whence it emerges as the
white wax of commerce. The wax which cannot be removed by hand
is placed with the twigs in a pot with water, and the same process
is gone through. This wax, as might be expected, is less white, and of
an inferior quality. Not -citisiied, ho\w\ cr. that all the wax lias been
collected, the operator takes the insects, which have meantime sunk to
the bottom of the pot, and placing them in a bag squeezes them until
they have given up the last drop of their special product. They are
then, an ignominious ending to their short and industrious career,
thrown to the pigs.
When I was in Chia-ting in Jin hi to wax was
40 tails a picul, but, owing to the anticipated decrease in the production
of the present year, a rise was soon expected.
White wax is used chiefly in the manufacture of candles. Mr. Baber
has pointed out that ibis wax melts at 1 GO degrees Fahrenheit, whereas
tallow, which forms the general bulk of the candles, melts at 9.5 degrees.
In Ch'ungk'ing an allowance of 3^ mace of white wax is melted up
with each catty of tallow to give the latter greater consistency, and the
candles of this mixture are dipped in melted white wax, which gives
them a harder sheathing and prevents the tallow from running over
(Signed) Alex. Hosie.
Notes on the Production of Insect White Wax in China.
Having read the interesting reports of Mr. Baber and Mr. Hosie on
the production of insect wax in the pro\ inee of Ssii-cb'uan. 1 am induced
to offer a few notes on its production in < "bina generally, accompanied
by some translations from Chinese authors, which may perhaps throw a
little additional light upon the subject.
The earliest mention of this wax in Europe appears to be in Martini's
Xor?/s Atlas Shu lists-, a short geosrra; ■ provinces
of China, published in lb\5o, after the return of the author after a
residence of ten years in the country. It is referred to among the pro-
ductions of two provinces.
" Urbs Te-gan (prov. Hu-quang).
"Est in line regione rarum quid, Alba Cera, quae a vermiculis
elaboratur eo fere artificio quo apes favos suos struunt. Sunt autem hi
favi multo minores ac candidissimi, nee vermiculi culti sunt, ant
domestic!, s» -•• Ej ddlectls favis candelaa at ex
communi nostrate cera conticiunt, at long.' magis alba sunt, a magnatibus,
quod majori constent pretio, fere tai turn adhiberi solent; nam praeter
i etiam suavem emittunt cum comburuntur. mhilqu ■■
foedant, licet guttao liquefactae investes incidant.
imeque temperatum reddunt" (p. 76).
" Urbs Ping-lo (prov. Quang-si).
"In hujus urbis territorio reperitur c< ru iila alba ab animalcuUs illis
insectis elaborata, de quibus supra dixi " (p. 145).
There is also an account of it in the Xonvclle Jlelation de la Chine by
Gabriel de Magalhaes, published in 1668. He describes it (p. 173) as
produced in the provinces of Shan-tung and Hu-kuang.
yie de la province
ipagnie de Jesus, pi
.lured by the French into Alg<
neighbourhood of Ningpo by Fi
it was named Coccus Pela. Tl
ing the cochineal insect > . lac in-ecL of China, the
destructive coffee bug, and many of the pests of our own greenhouses.
It has the following characteristics. The female lias a thick, globular,
wingless liudy, composed of 14 rings; small inconspicuous eyes ; short
antenna 1 with nine joints ; a short heak, and the abdomen furnished at
its extremity with two rdmrt threads. In the malt the antenna 1 are Ion;:
ite of
the numerous ova. It incloses also the "beetle'' or "buffalo" so
graphically described by Mr. Baber, which would seem to be a parasite
developed in tin l.ody oi' the female wax insect, ready to emerge, a fullv
formed insect, in the" summer, serving mav be, as Mr. I Tosie ingeniously
<urmi<e.s as a provision of nature to affonl an exit for the newlv hatched
Fra.iinHs Chincusi.s, Roxb., judging f
ns call it la-shn
" to distinguish it from the tah'vl; i ' „iva: k'uli'), the Fraxliias
" bungeana, DC, which is a tall tree with largo loaves also frequent
of both of these species, which are now growint; in l he .Jaruin <l«js
Plantes.
Insect white wax is produced as far north even a; Manchuria, acorn d-
ing to the statistical account of the province, S/,-\<g-ciiiig Cu<ig chili
(set; W} lie's Chinese Literalure. ]>. .'U!; in vviiieh, eh. xxvii. I. '.)", ', Hie
wax insects (hi cfi'ung) are described as o\ (lie size of lice, feeding ii] on
the h>ia rhuliii otherwise called hi t'inv or wax twig tree, the small
brandies of which are collected and heated to extract the wax, which is
noted to be somewhat yellower than the Ssu-ch'uan wax. This tre2 is
doubtless also a species of ash (Fra.rinrs), it being mentioned in another
According to the Kuang tour, f 'inn/ <■;,:/,, the statistical description
of the Canton province, pai-la (" white w.fx "). i- abundantly produced
in the prefecture oi' ( 'himiL'-chuu, in the tropical island of Hainan, on
a tree called ch'iiig c/i'ou slut, described as an eveigceen resunhliug the
tung ch'ing.
The insect is thus shown to range from Hainan in the south to
Manchuria in the north, and from S-su-cFit in in the west to Kiang-su
in the east, so that Mr. Baber is doubtless right in his conjecture that
the wax may be produced in every province in China.
The Chih wu ming sink foil k'ao, the large illustrated book on
Chinese Botany published in 1848, which is, I believe, in the Library
attached to the Kew Herbarium, ligures lour in-ae: wax-producing
trees, giving a short description of each, which I will translate.
I. The Nu chen (Ch. xxiii. f. 23).
The Nu chen (Virgin tree) was included in the Pen ching (the most
always commonly called Tung ch'ing (evergreen tree).
" i chen has dark purple fruir,
tree"), the branches, leaves (low* -. : i he In ight
not exceeding four or five feet. The Chui-huang pen ts'ao (a treatise
ou plants fit for supporting life in times of scarcity) gives Tung-ch'imi
leaf-buds and leaves as eatable, pointing to this tree.
II. The Tung ch'ing (Ch. xxxv. f. 51).
The Tung-ch'ing (evergreen tree) is described in the Sung T'ose
ching (an illustrated materia medica in l!l books, published by Imperial
order in the 11th century) under Nil chen. The Pen ts'ao hang mu
(the celebrated in: Una medica by Li Shih-ehen) first distinguished it
by its leaves being a little rounder and its fruit of red colour. It is
commonly used to graft the Olea frag mm upon. Wax can also be
produced upon it.
III. The La shu (Ch. xxxvi. f. 49).
The La shu (wax tree) is planted in the province of Kuei-ehou at
Kuei ting ILicn in gropes, lor the profitable cultivation of wax. They
lop off the branches in place ef which :i m:i^ of twigs sprout out
winch are again cut off, to grow thicker than ever. The trees line the
101
two sides of the way like the rows of willows ox
The leaves a r somewhat round, in the autumn it produces small pods,
like those of the Ch'un (Ailantus glandulosa) but thinner and smaller,
which hang down in the midst of the leaves. The Kuei hsin tsa chih
(written by Chou Mi in the 14th century, v. Wylie I.e. p. 158),
describing the method of cultivation of wax by tying pots to trees, the
leaves of which are like the leaves of the Chu yii {Boymia [Evodia]
rutascarpa ?), perhaps refers to this tree.
IV. Hsiao la shu (Ch. xxxvii. f. 18).
hills of the province of Hu-nan. It is five or six feet high. The
branches, leaves, ami flowers ail resemble those of the Nil chen but are
smaller, and it produces small dark coloured fruit in great profusion.
In Hu-nan two kinds of trees* are used for the production of wax, the
yu la (lit. "lish wa\ "') and the shui la ("water wax "). The Yu la
tree is small eu la tree is tall with large
thick leaves. The latter is the Nil chen, the former the plant here
figured. Some call it the water tung ch'ing, the leaves being delicate
and soft not very unlike those of the Tung ch'ing, also used for the
cultivation of wax, but these are arl based on the
differences between eul? ; The water tung ch'ing
referred to in •' >uii'_'- Miscellanies"' a- havir : -.lender leaves and
being profits h ! cn i$ this tree'. Li Shih oh'en sav.s
there is a water wax tree with leaves like those of the elm on which
insects can also be raised for the production of wax, which must be a
different species.
In the desci MJg pien) of the same book, as an
appendix to the account of the Nii chen tree, there is a special article
compiled from older authers — On the Production of Wax (Ch. xix.
f. 60, 63).
Wang chi, in the Pen ts'ao hui pi i in 20 books
" of the reign of Chia-ching (1522-67)), says:—" White insect wax is
" different from the white sort of beeswax and is made by small insects.
" These insects feed upon the sap of the tunch'ing tree, and after a long
" time change into white fat, which adheres to the twigs of the tree, ft
" is said by some to be only the excrement of the insects sticking to the
" tree, but this is wrong. In autumn this is scraped off and collected,
" melted witl 'lien poured into cold water, when it
« solidifies into a hard ma?s which when broken exhibits markings like
" gypsum but is more transparent It is mixed with fat to make candles,
" which are much superior to those of beeswax."
Sung, in his Miscellanies, says :—-" The seeds of the Tung ch'ing can be
" plunn^ 1 or used f.u u.-ivouiiri!; wine when the tree is full grown, the
" 022s of the insect are hatched upon if in the- fifth month and the wax
M collected in thesevi nth month. It must not be entirely taken, but somo
" left till the following year, so that In rig eggs • i\ I igain ttiki in
" the fourth month for the new crop. Having been dried in the sun,
" and a cotton cloth tied over the mouth of an -arthern steamer, the
" wax is placed thereupon. A vessel is placed inside t\ir steamer, and
" when the water in the pan boils the wax flows down into the vessel.
-tance used for the manufacture of
a silk bag which is placed in hot
attracted, and the wax can be at once made into
« candle?. W lien trees have been employed three years to feed the wax
" insect they must rest for three years."
He says again : — "In the province of Ssu-chu'an, when the seeds are
" sown they are first steeped for ten days in water in which rice has
" tion of the wax all the undergrowth near the trees must be carefully
" removed. Before the insects can be again raised tlie tree must rest one
" year. When the was is collected the wood must be all cut off and no
il old branches left."
In the Nung ch'eng ch'uan shu (the celebrated Thesaurus of Agri-
culture compiled by Hsu kuang-ch'i, A.D. 156&4633, a native of
Shanghai, the learned patron of the early .Jesuit missionaries in China
often mentioned in Du Haidc's Description as Paul Sin, Colon, Premier
Miuistre d'Etat, his portrait being also given there: which Thesaurus
was published by imperial command after ins death, m K>10, insixtv
honks, illustrated" by mam woodcuts. Wylie. I.e. p. 76) we Unci :—
"There are two kind- of wax collected from the Nnrhen tree, the one
growing spontaneously, the other after the application of eggs, when it
grows spontaneously it is not known whence the insects come, but all at
once the tree is covered with a growth of white 'flowers.' the wax
produced upon the branches like hoar frost or snow is known by the
natives as 'flowers,' which is gathered and boiled into wax; next" year
the insect eggs are again hatched ; and so or. afterwards in continuous
annual generation. If the method of raising the insects be unknown the
tree is soon killed, whereas if the eggs are collected and applied, the
process may be continued indefinitely. When the eggs are applied the*
are brought from another tree and put upon this tree. The process may
be repeated either each year or in alternate years, either on the same
tree or upon cuttings. Should the tree be very" \ igorous the insects may
allowed to rest a year to reirain it- strem-rth. I . inv; manured till v.
Tins i
During tl
be cut ofl
if I he weal liei 1 be hot many oi the insecls wuiitl escape, ami they must
When about to put on, the four corners of the little bundles must be
cut off, so as to leave holes as large as small beans. They are then tied
with grass upon the branches of the tree, in greater or le-s numbers,
according to the size of the branches. They must he tied on branches
about the size of the finger, not upon the smaller twigs nor upon the
large branches. For some day- after they have been tied on the birds will
come pecking at the bundles to get at the eggs, and they must be care-
fully driven away. As the weather becomes wanner th •■ insects begin
to emerge from the bundles. At first they run up and down the tree,
and if there be weeds at the foot of the tree many will be lost in the
undergrowth instead of climbing, therefore the ground must be kept per-
fectly clear. Next they travel to the under surface of the leaves and
fix themselves there. Some days later they remove to the branches and
twigs, burying their beaks in the bark and sucking nourishment from
the juices of the tree. Thus do they made the "flowers." When it
that all have come out, the bundles are taken down and
see if any eggs are left, and if there are they are made into
i and put on another tree.
inning of October the " flowers " must be examined, for if
no wax will be obtained, nor will it be if they are not ripe;
.vill be impossible to strip them off. When the time comes
be snipped as it stands, or the branches may be cut off first-
* water must tirst be sprinkled on so thai they may be easily
it be rainy or at early dawn while the d.-w still remains still
er the wax "flowers" have been collected they are thrown
water. The melted wax rises to the surface, and when cool
when cold, it is drawn up as a solid rake of wax.
been -lee; !'[ )nl g them in haves is the praeiie
atWu-chou (now Chin-hua Fu, in the province of Ohe-kiang). In Wu
hsing (now Hu-chou Fu, in the same province) the natives wait til
the nrddle of May before they cut off the eggs, which they wrap up ii
bund I ■ s and hang upon the branches of the old trees to produce a ne\
crop of wax. At Tsui-li (now Chia-hsing Fu) and in my own distric
to bring them from other trees. It is evident that in the succeediii]
generations natural growth is the essential thing, and in my nativ
country thev sav that with their own eggs, without regard todays o
the month, i: ) their full growth am
in the beginning of M.i\.
natives of my country who go to Wu-hsii
must cut off the eggs ten days later, so a;
end of May. Those who come from the e
must, on the other hand, cut oil' the eggs before May. To the north of
my country, where it is -till colder, the injects must be put on even later.
When the insect eggs are not produced in the country They must
be bought in ether places, distant sometimes 1,000 It, Thus in the
province of Che-Kiang, at Chin-hua Fu, where this industry is most.
nourishing, they buy the eggs in the prefecture of Shao-hsing, T'ai-ehou,
and Ilu-chou In the province of Ssii-ch'uan it flourishes most in
ITsi-chung Ilsicu and in Chia-ting Fu, and they buy the eggs in
T'ung-chuan Fu. The distance in all these cases amounts to
several hundred li. The eggs of the wax insect are mature before
May, and they may be suspended on the new trees some time
before they are hatched. They must be conveyed with all possible
speed, otherwise the insects will escape before they can be put upon the
trees, to the great loss of the purchasers. Hence the common saying,
" Swift horses for buying the wax insects." If they are wrapped in
leaves in the way described above, and put into earthen jars, the insects,
even if they are hatched, remain in the bundle-, and a delay of two or
three days before they are put on the trees is of no consequence.
From Chin-hua they go every year to Hu-chou, and from Chia-ting
to Tnng-ch'nan, to buy eggs, the eggs not being produced in their own
country. When asked why, they reply, "Because Chin-hua and C'hia-
ting produce the 'flowers' only, not eggs." Hut at Chin-hua native eggs
I only, not eggs.
: value is one-hal
are produced, and the eggs brought there are 10 times dearer
their original cost at Tung-clru
have often thought over it, and it st
lems that a you
ng tree will produce
■ flowers," an old tree
" flowers," a tall one many eggs. I
will pi 'i luo- ;.; \\.<-\\ ally " flowers,"
'ggs principally eggs.
I. and cultivati-
d in the south many
igned) S. W. Eusuell, B.Se., M.D., &c
London University Scholar in Biology,
jspondiug Member of the Zoological Society.
In compliance with instructions received from Earl Granville,
conveyed to me in a despatch from Mr. Philip W. Currie, dated
February Lst. fsSl, ! instituted inquiries relating to the production
of insect or white wax in this district, and in the province of Anhui
generally.
For some time my inquiries led only to directly negative results, and
to show the difficulty I experienced in obtaining information on the
subject, I may mention that \ was at the outset assured, not only by
the dealers in white Avav in Wuhu, but by the Fastai, the chief local
authority here (who was good enough to refer to official publications in
0, that no white wax was produced in Anhui, nor in any
other province of the empire besides Ssii-chuan. The dealers also
scouted the idea that white wax was produced elsewhere, and it seemed
that 1 should only be able to report that in this province no production
While, however, making those inquiries, I obtained the loan of
Father RathouiV inonognigh on the insect, and after its persual, as a
last resort wrote to Father Seckinger, the head of the Jesuit .Mission
at Nganking. and it is from him and. through him that T am indebted for
such meagr' ■■'> ns 1 am able to supply: and 1
wish at once to acknowledge the obligation I am under to him for his
kind interest, in the matter.
The specimens of the wax insect i xamined and described by Father
[Jatiiouis, were supplied to him by Father Seckinger from the grounds
of the Jesuit Mission at Nganking. Father Seckinger observed the
white deposit on tiie branches of a dn e - tree, which
tion. 'idle insect was umloubtei
II v- produced spontaneously in this
• wax' was cultivated m'arvr than the
iwhouin ih- extreme i
iorth-we>1 corner of Anhui, about 300
or 350 miles from Xganking. I h
e neighbourhood of the district city
Wuhu. The wax pr lducod is eor
siimed h.eally.'and the [.reduction is
comparatively tritiing. Thespecin
tens forwarded direct to Few ( iardens
Pochou is the Anhui centre of a
Thedi-tri.-t throughout which it i
< produced is very large, and extends
Pochou and the neighbouring i
." useful result in less than t\
isiderable, and even on the
intities produced would be exti
The wax produced near iWnou I i 1 1 < I - it- \va\ to market to the north-
ward, and ft < ■ - > reaches Shanghai by the Grand
Canal and other waterways. N"one of it comes 10 Xganking or Wuhu
which t'.-u-t no doubt accounts for the profound ignorance existing in
Wuhu on the subject.
The quantity of the wax produced near Pochou is said to be quite
equal to that of S>u-chuau ; there appear- at any rate to be no such
ivnce as to make it noticeable either one way or the other.
I cannot learn when the industry was first intredueid into Pochou, or
that at any time insects were transferred from Ssii-chuan to Anhui. I
am much inclined to think that it is indigenous, and its spontaneous
appearance in the garden of the Jesuit Mission ai NTganking tends to
S-u-ehuaii, or rather, as in the case of the wax. no difference is com-
monly known to exist. With such minute insects even specific differ-
ences would be invisible to unscientific eyes, and to the Chinese, so
long as there was no startlin<r divergence in the colour or quality of
the habitat or size of the insect , it would be the same ; nio-t prol.ablv
differed essentially in all those
it would be
so
reckoned eve
In Anhui,
as in Ssu-
insect from i
ree to another
obtain any expla
nation of the
following, w
hich
I suggested
the case, but gradually it was found
the scale and with the speed required
sitated the partial or total destruei
spontaneously produced. It therefo
transferred, and the subsequent operat
.as it is called in Father RathomV u
vhen the wax has heen secreted on the Pai-la tree, a selection of a
u Hi cient number of the most thickly coated of the twigs mid smaller
ranches is made, and that from these the next year's crop is raised.
The Paida tree is systematically cultivated from cuttings. Large
urseries are formed, and the young trees are planted out when they
:ive attained a suilicient growth. They are sometimes formed into
from the mam stem ; the poles ;irc then, as has been stated, used for
various purposes.
Before the trees are cut down, a sufficiency of the most thickly coated
branches are removed, and put in baskets which are placed in a warm
airy room. As the weather gets cooler the room is very slightly ! ted.
In the month of December the cocoons, which apparently by this time
have been formed, are removed. They are placed in small boxes filled
with cotton wool, and are kept during the winter in moderately warm
rooms, from whieh all draughts are carefulh excluded. In very cold
are placed on -lightly heated stoves. The pre-
-:try tor the!
r presen
,-ation were
descr
ibed to n;e
those for tt
ndofMard
i. when
are Tea, b
ms, baskets
foot long 7 a,
. Ill thes
! containing
the eoe«
.ons i< place
d, an(
1 dio-ilv a
whether tin
other insects
; colled the " La-mu :
• or
" La-kou,"
probably is the c
The wax is obtained by boiling the leaves, branches, and the bark of
the Pai-la trees in iron pans. Tins operation i> repeated several times
until all the wax has been obtained. The wax itself is also subjected to
repeated boiling for the purpose of removing all impurities. It is then
finally poured into earthenware bowls and allowed to cool. Ssu-ch'uan
wax as seen in the market here is made up into large discs about 5
inches thick and some 20 inches in diameter, weighing between 50 and
60 pounds. The average price of this wax in Wuhu is about 3s. a
pound, and I cannot learn that of late years there has been any serious
fluctuations in the production or the cost. The small quantities of
obtain has evidently been eooled in much smaller quantities than that
from Ssu-ch'uan. 'it is possible that after the wax has passed from the
hands of the retail producer in'O diosr of the wholesale dealer it is run
into larger moulds for the market. I cannot learn that any substance
is added to the wax in the course of m ■ - to be pure;
that it is not adulterated is scarcely possible, unless indeed it has been
substance with it without
the wax is applied are three in number. It is used
idles made of vegetable* tallow with rush wicks.
1 for imperial use are said to be made entirely of
is to coal pill* and boluses, simply to preserve the
drugs ; the wax is no
t swallowed. Thirdly i
t is largely used
whei
„,,,,.
it is desired to put a gloss on articles of almo
Tl.<
operation is always pe
rformed in the same w.i]
,-. The'
■«,.(!.
be it fine paper, cottc
vhitc
soles of Chinese shoes
, is first rubbed with a i
and is then polished w
■ith a smooth stone rube
informed, in reply to
my inquiries, that this
gloss on silk fabrics.
I cannot of course vouch for t
he accuracy of
this
I must in conclusion a<ld a word of apology for the meagreness of this
report, which I hope on a future occasion to supplement, and for the
incompleteness of the information at second ami third hand with which
I have been compelled to content myself. It has not, however, been
possible for me to visit even T'ung ch'eng during the past summer. An
expedition of the kind to be of much use would have necessitated an
absence from my post that would not have been convenient at the present
juncture. To obtain the specimens of the T'ung-ch'ing and Pai-la trees,
the twigs coated wi:h wax. the small specimen of the wax itself, manu-
factured on the spot, accompanying this report, I was obliged to avail
myself of the services o£ a Chinese furnished me by Fath
The dried specimens are, I am afraid, not satisfactory in themselves or
at all skilfully dried, but I trust they will prove sufficient to determine
accurately the nature of the two trees. The wax coated candles were
bought in "\Yuhu, and are coated with Ssu-chuan wax.
(Signed) B. C. George Scott,
Her Britannic Majesty's Consulate. Consul.
Wuhu, October 23rd, 1884.
CCCIIL— MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.
Mr. William Granger, Office-keeper and Store-keeper :.
Jjirden.s retired on the 30th April last, after iorfv-three ve
Ir. Grander was hi-hlv respected ami estocmed'bv the wl
■, ,p. ,-t.r-._
faithful service th? Lords
ring pension.
Se; - ■• ■-'.! ro Mons. K. An
plant of this remarkable Senecio which he discovered i
and introduced into France in 1890. It forms a rosette I
each over a yard in length and a foot in width, sagittate ^
edg^es, and a raised frill like midrib. The stem rises
112
lanceolate erect leave- and hears at the apex an enormous corymb of
daisy-like flowers, each over an inch in diameter and white with a yellow
disc. In the garden of Mons. Lacrcix in Tonraine, a specimen of this
Senecio in the open air last summer grew to a large size, and on being
removed to a greenhouse for the winter, it developed a flower stem over
»ix feet high and a corymb of 140 flowers. The Kew specimen flowered
in March, and a figure of it has been prepared for publication in
the Botanical Mayazine.
Plants from the Shire Highlands. — A small coll vtion of living vni>
and bulbous plants was recently received at Kew from Mr. John Moir,
of Mandala, near Blantyre, in East Tropical Africa. They were
packed in a small liox and were enlni-t.ed to Mis- Florence E. Turner,
who took care of them during the voyage. Although they had been in
the box from November to February, and had been at sea about a
month, yet almost every one of the plants was alive on arrival. The
fact that almost all kind- of living plants may be sent long distances in
wooden boxes with ordinary care, and that seeds may be despatched in
an ordinary canvas bag by post, without appreciable suffering, should
lead to the introduction of many new and interesting plants from remote
parts of Africa, from New Guinea, and other [dace- in course of being
opened by European enterprise.
Australian Alpine Plants. — In a communication to The Garden la-t
year (Vol. xlii. p. 153), Mr. A. E. Wallace drew attention to the
alpine and sub-alpine plants of Australia, and suggested that many
ot them would prove hardy in this country. It is remarkable that
among the hosts of plants introduced into England from Australia in
a- Mr. \Y:
iliac- said
, - probabh
« plants t
on thishii
of Mr. WjiI
Mueller i,
'
•ne, to whr
- r had i
" Baw B:
iw (in Vi
ctoria). tirsr
along with it Copn^ni t
of Pcrnititr <• '/r/„ rat. t'onii the only Australian
representatives of the large order Ericaceee. Coprosnta pumilu.
Hook, f., is described as a prostrate densely-matted glabrous shrub,
creeping and rooting sometimes to a great extent, with small ovate
-liiiiini leaves and solitary terminal flowers £-inch long. It grows
on snowy mossy plains on the Baw Baw and other of the Australian
Alps, at an elevation of 4,000 to 6,000 feet. It is also a native of
Tasmania ami New Zealand. There are four other species of Coprosmo
in Australia, none of which is known to be in cultivation here.
It is to be hoped that other- beside Sir F. von Mueller will take up
Mr. Wallace's suggestion, as (]„. behaviour of the alpine plants of
l.—Miss i:. Sar-ant. working in the Jodrell
Laboratory, has made a thorough in\ e-ti nation of the structure and
development of the ascidia of Disvhulia mjffcxhina (see AY/r lir.Ih-tin,
1892, p. 284), with the following results :—
The structure of the pitcher of /;. rnjfl, .w</ )ia is, in essentials, that of
the leaf. The similarity is most striking in the younger stages of
development of the pitcher, when its mesophyll is of "uniform structure
throughout, and resembles that of the mature leaf. The orientation of
the usually bicollateral vascular bundles is such that their protoxylem is
always directed towards the upper surface of the leaf, and the outer
surface of the pitcher. This confirms Dr. Treub's view, based on the
history of development of the pitcher, thai its outer surface corres-
ponds to the superior surface of the normal leaf. Certain structural
differences which exist between the mature pitcher and the leaf
are interesting in their bearing on the question of the function of the
tivorous pitcher-plants are to be found. The -'processes " described b\
probably resin also, hut they cease to be fnuci ional lone; before the pitcher
is mature. These processes are common to the young pitcher and tie-
young leaf. They occur at the base of the petiole, and on the superior
surface of the lamina near it* base, ami a -land is also present at the
apex of the lamina. The Lrlai-.dnlar and woolly hairs found on the
young leaf and pit. her are- also transitory structure.-, having no relation
to the functions of the mature organ. In the normal leaf the stomata
are about equally numerous on both surfaces (2o or 2(5 per square
more freely on one side, showing a tendency to become dorsiventral.
this peculiarity, however, is not confined to the pitcher-roots. In the
roots of D. bengalensis, a species which is destitute of pitchers, a still
more marked d- >r~i vorit r.ii Mructure was observed. The root-hairs
adhere firmly to the particles of the humus contained in the pitchers.
The roots, both those in the pitchers and those external to them, show
several anatomical peculiarities described. These are published in the
full account of the investigation in the Annals of Botany (1893, p. 2 13).
The observations made all go to support the view that these ascidia
serve as reservoirs both for water and for vegetable detritus, from which
the roots derive nourishment. They also serve to condense, and thus to
economise, the aqueous vapour given off in transpiration. Both as
regards the morphology and physiology of these organs, the results of
tins investigation are confirmatory oi'tlm-e arrived at !.y Dr. Treub.
like one picked up in Swansea Bay, and supposed to hav
veyed thither by the Gulf stream. In all probability this is the correct
explanation of its presence there, but of course a large handsome seed
such as this is often brought away from the tropics by travellers.
Two hundred years ago Sloane recorded {Philosophical Transaction*
of the Royal Society of London, 1696, xix. p. 298) the fact that this
seed and three other West Indian seeds were commonly cast ashore in
the Orkneys. And Linnaeus (Ameenitates Academics, viii. p. 3),
mentions this among other seeds thrown up on the Norwegian coast.
Some few years ago, too. several plants of Entada scandens were raised
at Kew from seeds cast up in the Azores. There is little doubt that in
all these instances the seeds had drifted from tropical America obliquely
across the Atlantic. But the most interesting point is that after floating
for weeks, and may be months, in sea-water they retnm their germinating
ROYAL GARDENS, KEW.
BULLETIN
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION.
No. 78.] JUNE. [1893.
CCCIV.— TAGASASTE.
(Cytisus proliferus, L. xnv. palmensis, Chr.)
'■ ■ ;
p. 18; 1880, p. 16; 1881, p. 13; 1882° p. 22 and huh'- k'! ,"' Ih.ilc'ti.i
1891, p. 239. This plant was brought into notice by the late Dr.
Victor Perez of Orotava, Teneriffe, and it was entirely ilinm-li the
personal exertions of this estimable g« nil.-mnn that so much informati m
has l>een obtained respecting it and that seed of so useful a plant h&s
been placed at the disposal of persons in various parts of the world for
experimental purposes. Dr. IVivz sent many supplies direct to Kew
with results that have already been recorded. During a visit to Teneriffe
in the early part of this year I had many opportunities of seeing the
Canary hut probably to a much le-s extent than in Teneriffe. It is not
infrequently seen as a cultivated plant in English ureenhouses where its
silky leaves and abundant white flowers render it a very attractive
object. In Teneriffe it forms a large bush or tree with a stout woody
stein sometimes attaining a height of 8 to 10 feet. The branches are of
a ilender di ; overed with teraate leaves on short
clothed on the underside by copious silky adpro-sed hair-. These hairs
are ^enerallv white but in some case- they are fulvous or e\en of a rich
brown colour. The flowers ( 'also silky in bud), are snow-white when
fully expanded and attached in loo-ely-paehed umbel- on the -ides of the
branches. The pedicels are of a rosy colour. After flowering the bud in
the centre of each umbel usually grows out into a branch— an appearance
of proliferation which has suggested the -pontic name. The pods are
oblong pointed an 1 densely pilose m the \ouie_: -tale. I Ins is the typical
plant known as •' Hsrabon " oidinarih met vv ith in the mountainous parts
in Teneriffe. There are several fb- : the sizeof the
leaves and the colours of the flowers. None of them, however, possess
U 77265. 1375.— 7/93. Wt. 134. E. & S. A
any special merit as fodder plants.
The Escabon itself is seldom
contains cytisine — an active poisonous
common laburnum and other members <
the other hand evidently contains little
by animals and especially those that ha'
vo become accustomed to 'it when
chapel of Our Lad v 7k las .\7eves "at ,
in elevation of about 1,000 feet
above the level of the sea. It acquire.
I considerable reputation locally
^igasaste and wrote about it was
Dr. Victor Perez. He introduced it i.
published a pamphlet on its merits as
a fodder plant nearly .30 years
ferns. Although in botanical
theless deserved to be regarded as a
at of Dr. Victor Perez. As
:agasaste has been described bv
Dr. H. Christ in Spu-Hapum Cunaric,,.
st published in Engler's "Botan-
ischeJahrhuches/IX. 120, as C^isns
prolifertu var. palmensis. This
Teneriffe plant— Esrabon.
Cytisus proliferus, Linn. f. vat. palm
rust's differs from the type by its
more robust growth and a laxer habit
:. It often attains a height of
12 to 15 feet in good soils and all part:
leafy character is one of the
marked features of the plant. The leaf
lets are ovate oblong, somewhat
ises of tagasaste for fodder purposes. Like all Canary plants it
5 its very long tap roots deep into the ground, and it is thus enabled
■ir prolonged periods of drought without injury. In many instances
s cultivated near every cottage in the neighbourhood of Orotava,
t is planted along the principal roads, to afford food for the animals
drawback to its general use when freshly cut. It makes, however, an
excellent hay, and as a dry fodder or after being treated in silos its
Dr. Perez through Her Maj<
5 said that in this state tngnsas
is and ruminants. Another
I" fore-t t;iu;;i-;i~t e should
soils there
the tagasaste.
Further information mav l.e obtained from the following publications:
" De la Vegetation mix iles Canaries." par le Dr. Victor Perez et le Dr.
p. Sagot, p. 12 (Kxtract du " Journal de I'Aii'rieulture des pays Chauds,"
LS(i.-,-G(>) ; - Kl 'J'.Mcasaste v mi fermentaciun." pur el Dr. Victor Pore/,
Teneriffe, 18S8 ; Report of the Botanic Garden, Adelaide, 18S8, p. 5 ;
" Le Tagasaste," tburrage important par Dr. Victor Perez et Dr. P.
Sagot public >ou» la direction de Georges V. Perez, Paris, 1892;
"Cultures Tropicales," par Dr. P. Sagot et E. Iiaoul, Paris, 1S93,
D. M.
CCCV.— GREEN HEART.
in sonic experiments, undertal
been obliginglj communicated
rther attention to the properties of this valuable timber
Foreign Office to Royal Gardens, Kkw.
Sir, Foreign Office, February 16, 1893.
I am diiected by the Secretary of State lor Foreign Affairs to
transmit to you, to be laid before Mr. Thiselton-Dyer, a despatch as
marked in the margin relative to experiments made with regard to
i offered by woods to the borer worm.
unt Director, (Signed) E. Grey.
British Directors, Suez Canal Company, to Foreign Office.
y Lord, Paris, 15th February 1893.
We have the honour to transmit to your Lordship herewith a
py of a letter which has been received from the Suez Canal Coni-
ny's chief engineer in Kgypt as to some experiments which have
en made at Fort Said with regard to the resistance offered to the
The result as shown on the sketch cncln-d U that while the pine i
;he oak are almost entirely destroyed the Greenheart has suffered
njury whatever.
We have, &c.
(for the British directors)
The Most Honourable (Signed) H. Aum in Lee
The Earl of Rosebery, K.G., &c.
l>;ir (In ltois de greenheart, \
Tf
* — f — *
Cheiif
3
(Signe) L
?!
1 1
r
-
1 (
^^
J
]
KOYAL GaUDENs, KlW" to F(J
I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of ;
February 1G ; enclo-ing correspnndenei', herewith returned,
o tin- relative iv>i-!;!in ■<■ oJlercd by different kinds of wood t
1 an early number ot' the Kite IhdUtiii.
The fact- are or' the more importance as the limber is the produce of
ne of our Colonies — British Guiana.
(Signed) ' W. T. Thiselton-Dyer.
Sir Edward Grey, Bart., M.P.,
Foreign Office, S.W.
The ioiluN iv-pecting the characterh
uses of Greenheart timber may be usefully appended: —
"The Greenheart is an exceedingly valuable tree, yielding I
perfectly straight growth, of from 24 to .30 feet in length, and
kind- a
re considered the
■ b.-.-t'in (|
uality. It is eh
.eryharda.aM.e
<"Jh
t rie' layers' are 'm
m'i'lered
lervdundlle^ar
to be p
roof against the
of the worm w
lUi'pftses under -\
its Tali
je if it could 1
stances is though
t to be doubtful.
"Of
the durability of the Greenheart timber,
eriden.
;e in the large 6
stock of
this wood kept i
i the royal dockyards,
where it stood tne test ot many years exposure to the weather, wit bout
being in any but the least degree affected by it. At Woolwich, the only
place. I belie\e, where any attempt was made to protect it for preserva-
tion, the experiment to some extent failed, the ends of tie
open rather more in the covered stacks than in those which were left
exposed, while, in other respects, there was absolutely no difference
not, after all, more
than the ordinary amount of waste in the conversion of this kind of
timber. Further, it ;> remarkable for its freedom from knots, and ;d-o
for its general soundness, the only defect, beyond the splitting of tie
"Owing to thrilTtli aiiyof-iUtin-iM,
engine-bearers, beaius, shelf-pieces, ^e., and for planking. It is i
used for piles, and many other purposes, l>ui its application to
•olonv. and it and Mora (
vood^'ai LW.1V Theave
i piece 1-' t
weight of 1,33* lbs. Th, average wen
toot. ;uul ;i piece 12 inches broad and 1
ported ;it their ends. The specific gra
Wall aba (Kperu,.
- f, deal a) a
nd Bullet
Tree
a Mullen)
, but
Tanks of g Xu°t n t
inland from
their
wo or three
miles and
deer
cases in
i|iiantit\ ii
.s the
,1 in the dire
ctionofthe
psof
trees that grow or
i the savanna
rest for '
[Jreeidieiirl
heart growing on
cne half day, p
,r:dh
throughout the Ci
:>lony in the
bridges, he
boats, &c, &c, an
i for dnpbn
r. dock-;
. Ao."
&c. For all the*
ardly
. it dec;
lys rapidly
tliouut,ide, and 1
vTtVJ ' m \
11 eon- i>l i]
in-abl.
j wood, 1
locally known as
• Tenr nroof nf
Sipiri.
"All the Greenheart cut in the Colony hitherto has been cut from
the forests below or within a very short distance of the larger falls on
the rivers, and owing to this limited space, the manner of conducting
wood-cutting operations, and the cost of lahour. combined, this tract of
country is now being cut over in some places for the third time, and
such trees as escaped observation ..r w. re thought too small to he cut
previously, arc now carefully sought for and cut down. The young
trees to water, and the seeds are collected and shipped to make Bibirine;
possible to got rid of the Greenheart growing below the Falls." (.!/>.
McTurk, before the Iloual Agricultural Society British Guiana, hith
July 1881.)
Xectaudra Ilodiui, Schoinb., the (ireenheart tree. It is said there
are three varieties of this, the Vellow. Black, and Mainop; they grow
to tall trees in clay soil, and when near the river;- and creeks, attain
CCCVL— COFFEE ENTERPRISE IN THE EAST INDIES.
In a recent number of the British Sort!, Bonn,, Herald there appeared
:. short but interesting article on tin- history of the n.ftVe industry in
ha — ince taken ,,!,,•, in that Mand in respect of .'<;a ,-ultivat ion. The
i round figure
xde in the coffee
grants contained t
Betvyeen 1833
" the judges, the clergy, and one-half the civil servant.- penetrated the
" pany's officers crowded to Ceylon to invest their sa\ uiu
lie bark seemed t!ie planter'
the seventies that the expo
id million pounds in 1880 t
by enabling quinine to be so
*. in 1880, but causing loss
■ bark as lire wood when the
it. The old coffee lands a
been planted with tea in su(
J.000.000 lbs., and of a qui
>ffee, but the difficulty in Ceylon is to find lam
linenrtyinto a of the Mikj
:1 suitable for coffee
its cultivation pro-
d the success that is
*ctent, and the coffee planter nowadays has littl
as a held for coffee
e to fear from that
CCCVIL— PARASOL ANT.
The Parasol or leaf-cutting ant of Tropical America (CEcodoma
cephalotes) is so destructive to cultivated plants that it has long been
regarded as a serious pest. In the island of Trinidad an ( h'dinancc lias
been passed known as ^ The Parasol Ants Ordinance 1890," for the
purpose of eradicating the nests of these ants. A- the ordinance is in
some respects a new departure in regard to the destruction of an indi-
noticed. The ordinance is permissive in its action, and provides that
any person whose gardens or plantations suffer or are likely to suffer
from the depredations «,f parasol ants may present a complaint to the
warden of his district, who, after due inquiry, is empowered to give
authority to the complainant to enter upon lands in his neighbourhood
and destroy the ants' nests complained of. If ihe nests cannot be
destroyed without injury to trees and growing crops, the complainant
may be called upon to deposit a certain sum beforehand to compensate
the owner and occupier of the land for any damage done. The
ordinance, it will appear, provides for the destruction of the nests, not by
the person on whose land they are found, but by the person who suffers
and. When the
ground is by the application of coal tar or gas water ; if in walls or
res, or any other poisonous gases driven in by
bellows or centrifugal t';m. A very effective and useful machine termed
the 'asphyxiator,' used for the latter purpose, can be seen at any time
;u the Royal Botanic Gardens. The method known as 'puddling' is
effective, as it destroys the food of the nest as well as the insects
themselves, and consequently there is no inducement for a new colony
to take up the same abode, but gas water or gas tar is just as effective,
recent investigations have confirmed Belt in the supposition tha
ants cut up the leaves of plants and bring the pieces into their ne
servo as a pabulum on which to grow a fungus. In fact these p
are used to lot m ushroom bed " and the ants us<
foiiiilial stage of the fungus for purposes of food for themselves
their larvae. The Hon. J. K. Tanner, Director of Public \V
Trinidad, has given interesting particulars of the habits of the Pa
ant in the Journal of iln 1'r'niidad field Xattmilists Club. >
August 1892. Mr. fanner had two nests on a tabic in his house,
one nest with a queen, the ants readih supplied themselves with p
of leaves from p] . feeding ground. Each foi
dropped his portion of leaf in the nest and it was taken up by a i
worker and carried to a clear space to be cleaned. It was then t
in hand by the large workers, who after licking it with their ton«
the edge of the already form, d fu _,.- bed m<l slightly smoothed di
Parasol ants, believed to exi
F.L.S., in the A<iru:nli unit liccord, .November 1892."
uXoTThe 8
Mr. Hart has taken a good deal of interest in the suhject, more
especially in endeavouring to determine the species of fungus cultivated
in so interesting a manner by these ants. Several communications were
addressed to Kew, but the material unfortunately did not arrive in a
living condition, hence it win impo^ible to determine to what species
the lung,,, belon ■, I. N^,-. tlude- .hi. material, in addition to a well -
ptepared microscopic ,Iide. communicated hv the Hon. J. E. Tanner, has
enabled Mr. M.ssee to recognise it as the conidial stage of Rozites
f/oiir/t/fop/iora, Moller.
An exhaustive mamoir on " The Mushroom (hardens of some South
American Ants'' has quite recently been published by Alfred Moller.*
The thoroughness of this work is in some respect due to the fact that
the author studied his subject on the spot. He made his observations
in the province of Smt-i Gatherum, IJnuil, in the neighbourhood of
Blumenau, where ants of various specie-; ab >und. The statements made
by B'lt respecting the, cutting up of leaves by ants for the formation of
n pabulum on which a fungus was grown that served as food has been
corroborated. The. method of leaf cutting, the various species of plants
used, and the formation of the - ; m i- _ . n in detail,
but the most intere-ting and hitherto unknown portion is that relating
to the fungus cultivate 1 by the ants in their •• niushro >m gardens." A
series of cultures has proved this to be the mycelium and conidial stage
of a tine agaric, which according to the Friesian system would belong to
the sub-trenus I'/mlmta of Arju ricit*. but which has been called by
Moller /tn-i/rs yon/i/fop/ionr. The agaric grows in den>c tufts, and
if/era, Mayr. ; A. hy
'erostigma, Mavr., and
Although M oil. i did not directly study the fungus cultivated by the
Trinidad species {(Kct><hn>Ht r, phulnh v) there i- now little doubt that it
is identical with that described by him as liozitts gonyylophora, and
hence a very interesting problem in botanical investigation has
apparently been solved.
-WORMWOOD AS A FODDER PLANT IN
INDIA.
127
with close white cotton. It is found in sandy and muddy wastes,
generally near the sea, and occupies larue tracts of .nun try bordering
the Caspian and Black Seas. It extend round t h « • Mediterranean to
Western Europe, and, as already stated, it is found in the Western
Himalayas. It is also abundant in Western Tibet in salt plains at
elevations of about 9,000 to 14,000 feet.
Mr. Outbie finds that ponies feed upon this plant in the Himalayas
" with relish," and he adds that "other species of Artemisia ore
" mentioned as affording good fodder for sheep on the Punjab
'• Himalaya." In localities where hardly any other vegetation e\i ts,
the use of the wormwood as a fodder-plant might prove of value. A
bundle of dry loal\ branches <.f Ir/rmisia maritima was received at
Kew from Mr. Duthie, and Professor A. H. Church, F.R.S., was good
enough to undertake an analysis, in order to determine its nutritive
properties. The results of Professor Church's investigations are con-
tained in a memorandum reproduced below. It, appears that the
as ordinary mixed grasses. It is, however, thrice as rich in albuminoids
as the straw of European cereals, and to any animals not deterred from
eating the plant by its somewhat sickly odour, it might prove under
special circumstances, >ueh as those w Inch obtain in barren tracts and
passes in the Western Hi able value.
Punjab Himalaya. It would be satisfactory to have some sort of
doiii'md loi I". Id r o : m k ml along portions of the Gilgit route is at
present very urgent, owing to the large number of baggage animals
employed in carrying stores of all sorts to Gilgit.
I hope we shall soon have a chemical analyst for India, but in the
meantime, if you could help to obtain for me the- information required
regarding thc"abovc-inentioned plant. I shall be very much obliged.
(Signed) ' J.'f. Duthie,
Report by Professok A. II. Church, F.R.S.
Artemisia maritima, L— Collected near Aster, North Kashmir,
foil lid that ll;!'( '".fourths WclV soluble illsO ill "WI'V strong llh'oliol, I find
were consequently b>r the mo.f part r«--IiM.i. I ami amniaiie compounds.
Tin 1 albuminoids w.t.' determined b\ the phenol met !;■ '<l : had ther ln-cn
r;ilc:ii:iii .1 from the total nitrogen found they would have appeared
higher IS- 1 percent.).
This plant contain- rathm- k'?s albuminoids. It 1 -- digestible carbohy-
drates and more fibre than the average hay of mixed grasses. It is,
however, thrice re- rich in abnminoids as the stiaw of Kuropean eereal>,
(Signed) & A. H. Church.
CCCIX.— COFFEE HUSKING IN LONDON.
nation respecting "husking" coffee in London is
nllo\vin_r correspondence addressed to Kew. The
s to proprietors of coffee estates in
the West Indies, i
md it is d;-sii
■able to place such facts as bear ur
within their reach
in a readily
accessible form.
Mr. Mar
k B. F. Ma
TOR to Royal Gai
:okns, K>rw.
B
ed Lion and Three 1
Cranes Wharf,
1'.. per Thames St:
reet, London, E.
December 12, 1892.
When spe
■aking to Mi
.-. lindane, of Messr
>. SI, an,!. ITalda
Co., some little tii
asking in Londo
said he thought
you would ]
probably like to see
letter we drew up
year on the subject,
and he kindh -
could mention hi
nowing the great ii
matters tending
to promote
the spread of accur
ate knowledge ai
[Enclosun
'•]
Coffee Husking
in London.
lied Lion a
nd Three Crai
tea Wharf,
Upper r .
rhames Street,
March 1S02
London, E.G.,
Havi
ng been th(
. and being
frequently asked f<
:>r a few particulars as to the
nt of the r
it the following
are interests
1 in the question.
uld mention that the operation is
chiefly applicable
to coffee treated by
what is called in some eounlries
the <•• West India
Prepar,
ition," i.e., to "washed" coffees
, which are known by the trade
here as
As these descriptions are most
sought after by
nd far higher prict
lalities known as
" unwashed," it is
obvious that plantei
endear*
it their crops in the
on, the difference
in prio
e in a normal market being fu
lly 20*. to 25*
. per cwt. in its
To obtain the best results, it is necosaiy thai cadi operation, com-
mencing with the gathering of the crop, should be performed with
great care and discrimination. Only cherries of uniform ripeness
should be plucked, as otic ad most of the subsequent
operations will be made difficult to perform, and the cleaned coffee will
lack that uniformity of appearance and colour which is so highly prized
by the buyers. The cherry coffee should be passed through the pulper
(the machine for removing" the pulp from the berries) as soon as possible
after it is gathered, as the pulp is more easily removed before it has had
sufficient time to dry and shrivel ; care must be taken to see that the
cherry pulp is thoroughlv peeled from the berries, and as several of the
latter will escape the action of the pulpers. sieves of a size which will
allow only the free parchment collec to pass through must be used, so
machine. After pulping, the parchment codec has to undergo a process
of fermentation, and subsequently of washing in suitable tanks, when
the adhering saccharine matter is got rid of; during this hitter opera-
tion, it is of great importance that the parchment should be constantly
stirred about, as by this means the light, black, and imperfect beans rise
to the surface of the water, as well as sticks, leaves, and such like im-
purities, which should be skimmed off and heated separately. _ At no
subsequent stage can this important object be attained in anything like
so cheap and effective a manner, as the inferior beans can only be after-
wards separated by hand-picking, a tedious and costly operation.
After washing, the parchment coffee has to he thoroughly dried, an
operation requiring perhaps more knowledge of the article than any
Other, as on the wav it is carried out depends to a vcr\ great extent the
subsequent market' value of the crop. If not sufficiently dried, the
,"■;■£
will thus bo under.stoo 1 th-vt it i- ■ >•■ i: ,', ri ] .[ \ K ,
prop -Hy Iri ■ 1. <-,p ■ ■; iMy ns ..\-n-.i pli u-g.-j are im-iirro I for ■Irving I, T0#
On thr- other haul, care must be taken not to over-dry the coffee, .-is
the market value ; il is the; 'fore apparent that the greatest care ami
experience is required to ascertain when the parchment is in nvdlv
prime condition. After drying, coffee inl-n led for husking in London
lias only to bo (shipped without further loss of time.
higher by
several shillings a hundredweight than the same cotfee when cleaned
abroad. Planters are also enabled to market their crop, probably
several weeks earlier, than if they have to wair t j husk it themselves.
where the cop is a heavy one, at a time when it is extremely important
all hands sir j, and when this is com-
plete, on the ;h us increasing
■ ;' ...
the coffee done as cheaply as it could be effected on the estate. The
outlay on m ;ses would be saved, and
capital that would be locked up is set free ; further, the dangers of a
breakdown are avoided, a very serious matter on estates, where every
important piece- of machinery has to be obtained some thousand-, of miles
away. Receiving as we do many thousand bags of parchment coffee
; necessarily obtained considerable experience in the
are enabled to work each parcel in the way best
the requirements of the trade in all its different
The total cost of receiving from import ship, I ■:•
and all the usual operations is 2s. Gd. per cwt. ; which we believe is at.
least as cheap as it can ordinarily bo performed by planters, if not
cheaper. The charge for drying is extra, and depends en-
condition of the parcel, but from what wo have already stated, it is a
■ests, planters should never incur here.
The loss in weight f aries largely according to the nature
of the parchment, an 1 rang.- from about 1 •"> p i • •• it. up to, in a few
exceptional cases, about 22 per cent. The average loss is from about
18 per cent, to 20 per cent. The whole of the various operations are
carried out in o ir bond, d i\ ehou- -. under the iiimn diate supervision
of the officers of the Ci M> important guarantee to
importers that the correct weight, is returned to them ; no customs
duty u charged by the Crown authorities on the husk.
We have occasionally received parcels of coffe
to husk, but we cannot recommend this mode of dupnient, though ir. is
in a !■ w indi\ idn lei- - pi i if. :
adopt it. In the first place, it adds unduly to the charge for freight,
b fine colour as it does if •
already detailed, and, of course, (he loss in weight after removal of the
• to work, and necessitates a charge' of at least Ms-. 9d. per
cwt. The foregoing i imarks Apply solely to coffee of the Arabian
132
sort. As regards Libcrian coffee, we have no hesitation in advising,
that unless absolutely compelled, shipments should never be made in
cherry, as this species, even under favourable circumstances, is most
difficult to work.
That the business has developed so largely since we commenced
operations in 1884, appears to us conclusive proof that many planters
are fully alive to the benefits to be derived by the adoption of this
method for marketing their crops, and we therefore trust these remarks
may be of special interest to those who are at present unaware; of Hie
facilities to he now obtained in London, and who have not suitable
machinery on their estates for cleaning the coffee themselves.
(Signed) Major & Field.
Editor of the "Jamaica Post."
al Society,
the show
t May Pen.
As a' result of their visit, the committee recommended that a special
prize of two guineas be awarded to Mr, J. L. Hibbert for his exhibit of
coffee for export in parchment, and the committee stated, that " they
" wished by their award to point out to small settlers, how desirable it is
" to export coffee in this manner, as it does away with the expense of
'• milling, and saves both time and trouble. In Central America, the
" owners of large plantations have given up the use of expensive milling
" maehiri.M-y, because they find that it pays them better to export coffee in
" parchment, and it is hoped that merchants ami buyers of coffee in this
u island will give their attention to the question of the purchase of it in
This prize was accordingly awarded by the board. As, however,
their attention was drawn to a statement made by the Clarendon
agricultural authorities, that there appeared to be some difference of
opinion as to t «, of coffee in
parchment, the board decided to invite the opinion of experts, anil I
am desired by them to ask you to be good enough to give publicity to
the following r I by Messrs. Park, MacFadyen and
Co., which will, they think, prove of interest to all engaged in coffee
planting.
I am, &c.
Secretary.
[Enclosure.]
Report from Messrs. Park, MacFadyen & Co.
Coffee Husking in London.
At the outset we would mention that the opera '
to coffee treated by what is called in some countries the " West Indian
Preparation," ?'.e.,"to "washed" coffees, which are known by the
trade here as "colory," and as these descriptions are most sought after
by buyers, and command far higher prices than the qualities known as
" unwashed," it is obvious that the planters in their own interests
should endeavour to market their crops in the former condition. It
sending over parchment eulVcc. great care sliotild lie taken ro have it
thoroughly dried before shipment, as to a very great extent, this uilects
the market value. If not sufficiently dried, the parchment becomes
more or less musty in transit, and colour deteriorates, thus seriously
affecting its selling value, and from the fact that the outer layer of
coffee in the bags dries on the voyage to a greater extent than the hulk
CCCX.— CANARY ROSEWOODS.
hitter are about throe or four inolu-s long, ai tenu:it<><i toward.- the petiole
with rounded and somewhat emarginate tips. The flowers are abun-
dantly produced in large loose terminal panicles. The sepals are
ovate acuminate about two lines long. The corolla is about one-half to
three-quarters of an inch in diameter, and pure white. The capsule is
conical, and slightly villose at the apex. It is somewhat remarkable
that so striking u plant has been figuri d but once, and that nearly one
In Jacquin's Irones Planhinnn Harioriim, t, 34, there is a long
large Mowers. This is scarcely characters ic of the habit of the plant,
ami the- flowers are too large. When in flower the plant appears as if
covered with newly fallen snow. It is one of the lew native plant-
other parts of the world these usually strive to grow unsuitable
introduced plants and to neglect the many beautiful objects so well
adapted to their soil and climate. According to Dr. Perez the Gaudil
was an object of high regard by the Guanches, the aboriginal race of
the island. This can well ! understood, for when in flower it is one of
the brightest and mo-t attractive objects in the Ten. -rifle land-cape.
The pale powdered green of the leaves forms an excellent background
for the masses of pure white flowers. The only pity is it is so rarely
seen. In the search for rose-roots for export purposes this and
Teneriffe it grows from sea level up to elevations of about 1,000 feet.
It evidently prefers a free porous soil and thrives in exposed situations
on rocks and slopes. A fine plant was growing on a stony mound at
the farm belonging to Dr. George Perez near Puerto Orotava, and
another was seen at the I'.otanie Garden near the same place. In rich
soil the plant appears to put on a looser habit, and when laden with
flowers the panicles become almost pendulous. In this country the plant
would require the protection of a greenhouse and plenty ot exposure
to sun and air. During the winter, when in a dormant condition, it
would be necessary to keep it rather dry.
seed, and as it is a fast grower
Dr. Christ has published (in his Hpicih (jium Cam/riensc in Engler's
Botanische Jahrhiicltrr IX. p. 12."> >, a description of a new variety of
this plant — Convolvulus floridus, var. densifiorus. The variety is
distinguished by a more compact habit, shorter and broader leaves
crowded near the ends of the branches, by a shorter panicle, and by
much more numerous but smaller flowers. The variety was found near
Ponta dc Teno, Teneriffe, by Hillebrand. For cultivation in green-
houses in this country the variety with a compacter habit and more
abundant dowers niav prove a verv desirable plant.
The other specie- "included in this note is the plant more correctly
known as rose-root, Lignum rhodium or rose-wood {Convolvulus
sroporivs). This, as its name denotes is a convolvulus with the habit
of the common broom. It is an erect shrub seven to eight feet high,
with a few long narrow branches and somewhat short linear leaves.
The flower- are produced in nianv flowered axillary cymes. The corolla
is slightly plaited with a five-partite limb; it" is" tinged with red
outside and white within. This is known locally as Lena Noel or
Lena Loci. It is onlv rarely met with ; Teneriffe specimens in the
Kew Herbarium are from Guia on the South-western slopes of the
island and from Barranco Santo. It is said to be more common at
Palma, but owing to the excessive digging of the roots many rears ago,
al _ .1 •'_
purposes it is restricted to \er\ few localities. There are
id figures of this plant. One of the best is that given in the
u.-ister,'* 1S41, t. 43, with :i description by Dr. Lindley.
I'lii- \v,-i> from a plant urown ni uing sent by
Mr I'.arkcr Webb.
flu-re is a single specimen of the root of Convolvulus scoparius in
in K. w MiiM'iim. It is about eight inches long, two and a 1
vide and one inch thick. The 1 eartwood occupies •diour tliree-fourths
if the entire diameter of the specimen, and is of a distinct o
■■::-■,:: ,■';■■.,..■ . ..-■.■, .:.
rery fine medullary ravs, the spaces between :■
Is. The sap wood is very mad
•olour, rmd i- comparatively soft and easily cut. It was sent to the
Museum hv P. Barker Webb about l«o(). and >rill retains its rose-like
miell A sample lalielled Oil of Rho Sunn is also in the Kcw Museum,
where it has been at leas; 3o years and probably longer. Sir William
- -
In Lindlev's Flora Mcdira (1838), p. 400, there is the following note
on this plant :-
)d perfumed, smelling strongly of roses, yell
owish fawn colour
p-ith red, burning rendily when lighted. 'Ta
ste bitter, balsamic.
P roses."
utrius in Edward's
al Rrrpster (1841), t. 43, Dr. Lindlev states
ill events this is the plant that yields" Liipun
■strondv of roses, yielding by distillation a
bitter oil, and em-
>v perfumers for adulterating or altering oil o
f roses. The roots,
ecompany the stems, as they are imported, a
re said to be much
e. imagined that this product must come f
rom Rhodes, trans-
It is,
Oil of Rhodium i- the name given to the'oil obtained from this plant.
The wood when powdered has been recommended to promo
: • -'.'■-.-■ ;
Mr. Barker Webb, in a note i />>,,/. h'ra , ! < \ \ K App. p. 70) remarks :—
"The roots of both the oi . lu$ floridui '
scoparius) are fragn
mt, and"" yield
simple distillation, X
in a less degree, or sometime^,
,- any. The ori
from Macedonia was
■ - - s", /:'..".' ■ .. a figured as
such by Parkinson
in his thcatn
nn Botanicum, after Lobel. 'It
on the mountains of
r Pangle and Ingleb.
ferred ' to Vw
■nlrufus scoparius', an •!
The latest information on the - u 1 > j . ■■
distilled, ■ sweet-smelling oil is procured resembling in some slight
degree the fragrance of the rose, and hence its name. At one time, that
is, prior to the cultivation of the rose-leaf geranium, the distillate* from
rose-wood and from the root of the Genista eanarimns (Canary rose-
wood) were principally drawn for the adulteration of real otto of roses;
but as the geranium oil answers so much better, the oil of rhodium has
fallen into disuse, hence its comparative scarcity in the market at the
present day, though our grandfathers knew it well. One cwt. of wood
yields about three ounces of oil.
"Ground rose- woo. I is valuable as a l.asis in the manufacture of sachet
powders for perfuming the wardrobe."
CCCXI.— CACAO-GROWING IN GRENADA.
(Theobroma Cacao, L.)
Cacao-growing is the staple industry of the interesting island of
Grenada, and its prosperity during many years, when the other islands
in the "West Indies were in a depressed condition, was mainly due to
the successful cultivation of Cacao trees. The maintenance of this
industry is therefore a matter of great local concern. The present
Governor-in-Chief of the Windward Islands, Sir Walter Hely-
Hutchinson, K.C.M.G., has fully realised this fact, and he has been
most strenuous in his etf'orls to assist cultivation, and to encourage
every thing ca 1 < productiveness of the cacao estates.
The Botanical Station established at Grenada has also been brought
into a vigorous state of efficiency, and it is now one of the most useful of
any. This institution issues regularly a Bulletin of Miscellaneous
Information, and in a recent number there are discussed several
interesting points connected with the cultivation of Cacao trees gathered
from the experience of a proprietor who has heen more than ordinarih
targe crops from a small area.
After referring to the little attention hitherto paid in the island
generally to draining, manuring, and pruning on Cacao estates, Mr.
G. W. Smith, the intelligent curator of the Grenada Botanical Station,
" It is pleasant to notice one of the few instances in our island of a
Cacao estate where, as the result of a careful system of draining and
manuring, the proprietor gets from only twelve acres of Cacao ;
refer to
many others roc- ■- that quantity,
od by the [lev. G.
• as dear as possible, 1 shall endeavour to adhere as
i to Mr. Branch's replies to my questions concerning the
estate.
een owner of the property for over 20 years. Good Hope
es — eight acres of this are in canes and pasture. I esti-
ance occupy another two acres,
cannot be much over 12 acres.
137
I purchased the place for about 100/. ; at that time it had a few neg-
lected Cacao trees here and there. Many (><■. >,.l.- ridiculed my attempt
to grow Cacao there, as the land was considered by most persons as
almost valueless for that purpose. However, be that as it may. I could
easily borrow 2,000/. to-day on its security if 1 wished to do so. My
soil is rather poor for Cacao when compared with manv other places';
as you will see. in manv place- there is a bed ol " tuft'" not tar from
surface, and you know, when the tap root of a Cacao tree touches
into contact with this layer of " tuff" ? '
" < My Cacao tree- have no nerd lo drive their tap root- very deep, as
tree is naturally a deep rooter, hut it' it can meet witli its nourishment
near to the surface it will most undoubtedly develop it- feeding spongi-
oles wherever that nourishment is. and that is what happens in the ease
" ' Please explain how you do this?'
" ' Willingly. My Cacao oreliards are, as you observe, on the slope
of a hill. Skirting the sides, therefore, among the trees, I have road-
cut by simply digging down the slope to a level. These roads arc suffi-
ciently wide to admit the passage of a light donkey cart, and as they
wind along the hillside in a corkscrew fashion you will understand how
they snve a two-fold capacity. First, they act as roads proper, and,
secondly, they act as drain-, since a small canal alwa\s skirts the upper
edge for the whole of their length. Thus 1 haw my ( 'acao held drained
at regular intervals, and. in addition, my donkey ear! can carry manure
to any part of my estate '
" • How do you apply your manure ? '
" 'Very simply; I just have the cart tilled, and the driver upsets it
at regular distances over the lower edge ofthe-e roads. I then go
round as I can find time and bury this in. L likewise collect all leaves
and bush from time to time, and bury these af-o. Von will now see the
effects of my system. Look down on the -round : what you are walking-
ready for them, and have no need to go deep in search of food.
" ' My system has converted the tree.- into surface feeders, and pro-
vided 1 keep them supplied with food I can fairly be -aid to have them
well under control. Now, without manure the ease is different ; the tree
has to push its tap-root deeper and deeper • ■\cvy year in search of food ;
hen compared with my heal
mce of young rods all" eag<
The good effect of this is e
vith those of neighbour in- i
What do you average as a
About 87 bags per annum.
urn.- ones, and they seem good for
re system.'
a good yield per tree in pods per
to answer this, ami, imleed, I hav.
to keep several
The old Mi.rl-ji
dnch I colle
Mine.'
* ■ Do you
130
" * At first I was anxious to get my laud planted up, so rated what-
ever seed I could get. Now I select and replace a bad variety with a
good one whenever opportunity offers.'
" • Do you grow other products with your young Cacao ? '
" ' Always; such crops as yams, i:iinii.i-I <-.i-^.-i\ :t. and canes come
well wiih young Cacao, and, in my opinion, rather do it good ihnn
otherwise, besides yielding catch crops of considerable value.'
" ' What process do you adopt in picking and curing. Do yea separate
llie diil'erent varieties I.elWe -wealing?'
" < With a small cultivation like mine it would he difRcnlt to get a
sullieient quantity of Criollo or any other variety at any one time to set
up separate sweating boxes. 1 se'e the advantages of it, and regret that
CCCXII.— GAMBIER IN BRITISH NORTH BORNEO.
A full account of the G-ambier plant and the preparation of com
mercial Gambier. u-ed for tanning purposes, was given in the Kvi
liiillfti,,. ISSi), pp. -17 .">!. Sine that time an attempt has heen mad
(Signed) William M.
W. T. Thiselton-Dver, Esq., C.M.G.,
lioval ( iardens, Kew.
1st Test
(wet).
No. 1 Borneo Sample.
No. 1 Rhi<
Tanni
n - - - 19 : 86:
per cent.
20-OU pe
Moist
ure - - 1870
13-92
2nd Test
(dried).
Tanni
in 27*86
per cent.
23-23 pe
which proves conclusively that on t
of strengtl
ill that could he desired.
...■.''■'"■'.."''ii
action to your sample is ih;
t of colour
• is onlv suitable for shipm
mar, •' bloi
• >f which i
s from 19/. to 19/. 10s. per ton. If,
mbes equal to the samples
herewith the value w
higher, as
the following will show —
„ 3 „ „ dark, value - - - 30 31
Bale Gambier is always pressed packed in double mats or gunnies, and
should weigh from 2 to 2\ or even 3 cwt. each. Cubes should be well
dried before shipment in order to prevent being "caked" or " blocky "
00 arrival, and are packed in bags weighing 1£ cwt. to If cwt. per bag.
The present rate of freight from Singapore to London is 22*. Get. per
•JO cwt. for block, 20*. per 10 cwt. for cubes.
There would be no difficulty in selling any quantity of the above all
Mr. H. Walker to Royal Gardens, Kew.
Mr Dear Sir, Sandakan, 21st April 1893.
I enclose report and analysis of Gambier raised in the Govern-
ment Experimental Garden in Sandakan, which I am sure will be of
I took charge of the garden on the 3rd ( >ctober, 1891, after my return
to North Borneo, when 200 Gambier plants and 100 pepper cuttings
bad just been planted : by the 2"ith October I bad 990 Gambier plants
out/and by the 8th December I increased the number to 3.2.">3 and ."is 7
pepper plants.
On the 4th October 1892, 1 decided to cut the first planting-, and we
commenced boiling some time before the 2nd November and continued
December, and obtained five piculs of Gambi
j in my
Consequently I had to ship it as Block Gi
by the smoke in my
rath, r limited
The first sample wa- taken without my knowledge by an energetic
friend, who gave me a copy of the analysis. The second report is on
mv smnple parcel. The garden has now been taken over by a China-
man, who is increasing it! lie will cut over the whole clearing in May.
141
pieuls. The pla;
present onfy Chinese have t
grown, and ready to cut again.
Up to ihe present only Chi
Grainbier, but I can confidently assert that European
light >r price. Wh-it the trade wants is ;i n assurance of qua
and a sufficient quantity of a similar quality. I think ii would be well
to sell it per unit of Tannin, as Cinchona bark is sold. With a
guarantee as to moisture, &c, and if copper pans and properly con-
-tnu-ted drying-houses be used, the colour would (need) never vary.
The pepper plants are doing well. I am glad to tell you our Coffin
lihiricti is doing very well. About o.'ii > acre- were planted by Europeans
last year, and 1 believe this year. The reports
all round are very favoura us are now blossoming.
Our climate, with it- well-divided ■ h well suited
to Siberian Coffee, and 1 never saw anything like it in Ceylon for vigour
of growth or size of stem.
Cocoa is doing well here, and has a remarkable -tern, but it is only
have been made bv Europeans, so that we do not figure on the markets.
That we shall do" so 1 have no doubt; indeed, J expect this will be a
great coffee country. The latest reports from the tobacco estates me all
(Signed) ' ^ Henry Walkeh.
[Enclosure.]
Singapore, lb">th March, IS!).'].
Messrs. Mutlenhaeh !',rothers ,v Co/s report on 17 small bags pressed
into 4 bale. Pdoek (Jambier, marketl Ii. N. 15. DC. L. [ London weigh
ing 1'iculs |-7S, cwts. ."), qr>. i>, lbs. 2, shipped per S.S. " IVlanion " on
25th March :—
" The quality, we are pleased to say, is pronounced by local buyers
" to be good, and not inferior in any way to Singapore ( iambier. and
" we have been offered for this ;. the market
" price was only $660."
"However, the higher price is explained by the unusual dryne.-s of
" the goods, which of courseenhances its value."
say'
improve the next production iu t
ned from the Riv
eases an advantage i
Tin Fed Tufjfr.— The feed table
.niposfd of Hat iron laths fastened acr
an arrangement of levers to allow for yielding in ease of very
es, and the machine was not eloped or stopped during any
: the trial. This is an important consideration. The quality
>. machine is still in Yucatan.
Field of Fibre Mr. Weicher claims i
imi leaves in a day of 10 hours. Allowi
t. of fibre (in a prepared dry condition),
! pounds per day as the lowest return
recent trial the.-e returns are not
lost fibre mad:
ne" has fulfills,
of fibre, it is true, but the total yield has been small and disappoint;
In lad, taking into account the great efforts made to introduce ;
popnlari.-c these machines, their extended use on a commercial scale
CCCXIV.— MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.
Retirement of Dr. Cooke.— On the removal of the ]
services to tl bardlj need a record.
Thcvjire >u;ii' - " Handbook ot the I>i i t i>h Funin "'
Principal Assistant (Cryptogams).-
become an acknowledged authority in
published many works and papers conn
these may be mentioned :— A Monogri]
i the Journal of the Linnean Society; a Monograph
lycetes in the " Annals of Botany " ; a monograph of the
id " British Fungus-Flora" (two volumes have appean
Acidanthera aequinoctialis, Baker. —Throng Mr. Sc<
a-.. l,v Mrs. Thwelton Uyer for the Kew
readies a height of I [Vet, and the stem bears a 1
veined en<ilbrm leaves, the lowest of which Is a:
nearly an inch broad. The tube of the perian
the longest that is known in the whole order Iri
resembles the A hyssinian ./. iiiiicnlnr and A. bit
is much larger in'si/e. The locality where the
Sentt Kllioi is 3.000 fret above sea-level. The 1
home contains altogether 1,500 species.
Celtis australis.— The Earl of Ducie,
.) tlu Museum some samples of whip-har
Karakoram Expeditic
Asia Minor. — A collection oi three hundred species made by Sintenis
in the district of Kastamuni, or Castambul, Asia Minor,' has been
purchased for the Herbarium.
Japan. — Through Dr. Kin... Miyahe. Kcw has received from the
Agricultural College of Sapporo, Japan, the first part of a set of the
plants of the Island of Yeso. It contains 237 species, and 1 1 s tl
orders Ranvnarfacea- to Rosacetr. And through Professor Matsumura
Jinzo. Director of the Botanic Garden, Imperial University, Tokio, the
Herbarium has been enriched by a collection of some 1,350 species,
including many not previously represented at Kew. This collection is
valuable, apart from its numerical extent, inasmuch as it contains
authentic specimens of novelties published by Professor M. Jinzo
himself.
Tropical Africa. — From the expedition undertaken by Sir Gilbert
and Protectorate, Kew has received two consignment- of dried plant-
gathered by Dr. Rowland, the medical officer to the expedition. In
all there are about 400 species, in excellent condition, and many of them
of great interest. Mr. Millcn. the Curator ot the Botanical Station at
Lagos, has also sent a small collection. Further Lieut. Charles S.
Smith, U.X., Consul at Zanzibar, engaged on the Anglo-German
Demarcation Commission, has forwarded a parcel of about 50 species,
chiefly from Kilimanjaro.
South Africa.— From South Africa the Herbarium
well'th and fourteenth centuries of Bolus and MacOw
Jormalc Austro-Africarnim," and Mr. Medley Woe
America — Kew has purchased a set of Mr. C. < .. Pringle's Mexican
Plants, collected in 1892, and also the first three centuries of Mr. L. D.
Heed's Virginian plants. Both of these gentlemen are excellent collec-
tors, and Mr. Pringle's Mexican plants include novelties from the
apparently inexhaustible Mexican flora. Dr. A. Engler, the Director
of the Berlin Botanic Garden, has presented a parcel of about 100
species of Brazilian Melastomacea;, many of them authenticated types
Australasia.— From time to time Sir V. von Mueller, K CM < ...
,,-',.„. Mr W Cl-uso, K.K.S., has
presented specimens of about 200 New Zealand cellular cryptogams :
and Mr. I). Petrie, F.L.S., a small but very interesting collection
of flowering plant- from the same country, several of them new species
discovered and described by the donor.
Margaret Meen's " Exotic Plants from the Royal Gardens, Kew.'
During many years it has been sought l<» add to the Kew Libran
copy of this book, not so much on account of its scientific value as t
fact of its being a record of plants that flowered at Kew towards t
end of the last century. It is only within the last i'f\v weeks, howev'
that the work has been secured. It is a large [olio, dedicated to Que
Charlotte. Like many other ambitious projects it soon collapsed. T
intention "was to publish two numbers annually, each containing lb
plates; Mild the price was sixteen -hillings each for the coloured a
twelve tor the uncoloured. Tie' first part is dated 17!>0. and omtai
ttering, and are probably by a different artist. J. vara coct
randiflora, Lobelia surinamvusis and Fuchsia coccbica (t
lants represented. So far as our researches go these two m
1 that was published, if indeed the second was really pul
ritzel records only one, and he gives the dimensions as I'd le
hereas the copy at Kew is 24* by 19 inches. Bound wit
>ing in a cardboard cover, is a fine coloured plate of .
ultiflorus, " from Sierra Leone, recovered to Europe
V. P.
Nodder, B.
.tsinic Painter to
Her Maje^t;
r,and
publisliod bvhini.
= f. 179.V'
Nodder was th
publis
volumes, entitle
■d '• Flora IJ
" which appeared
i 1792 and
1795. It conti
.ins 111 pla
id the descriptive
tterpr
tten by Thomas
Martyn, the
ti Professor of Botany
bridge.
l Asia Minor.— \
T till pa en,
Botanic
from Mr. Philip MarM;il tie < ; • r.-d the'Js,!,
March 1«9.'J:— You will regret to learn that these gardens ,vere
partially destroyed by two floods which followed each other at an
interval of a fortnight on the .1th and 19th ult. A huge new residence
recently built for me was utterly destroyed, and all my books, &c,
completely swept away. The gardens over a large portion of their area
were covered by a deposit of mud and sand, in some cases two feet deep,
and many thousands of shrubs were destroyed ; many trees have sustained,
I fear, permanent injury. All seeds and specimens as well as all my office
h.'lp to me in the ivc-oi
Id send me any seeds of plants n<
i specially anxious to secure Chine:
tives from any parts of the world.
New Liliacese from Tropical Africa. — In Enirler's Jaltrhiichcr, vol.
XV., pp. 167-179. is a paiM-r l.v Dr. Kn-ler and Mr. .1. (i. Baker on the
new Liliaceie discovered l»y recent German collectors in Tropical Africa.
an Aloe, (our . \llnna .'one /><//„,«, two I ifi.n'iu , \\\<- Sciilu of the sub-
genus Ledebonria, and six new Dracatitr. one of which is toured. This
August 1891. It has very short flowering stems, with only a single pair
of leaves, overtopped l>v the much longer lcaf\ sterile stems. The new
Aloe (A. veneHOsa, Engler) was found hv Dr. i\>gge on trie Kassai, .»...■
of the feeders of the Consro in the very centre of the continent, and is
used as an arrow poison.
time. There is no doubt our work is prospering
to prosper. At the present time I am very bus
of money has been made to lay out the Recreation
it suitable for cricket. This I am carrying out
ROYAL GARDENS, KEW.
BULLETIN
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION.
No. 79.] JULY. [1893.
CCCXV.— SUGAR-CANE DISEASE.
The following correspondence relates to a disease which has, wi
the last few years, made its appearance amongst the sugar-canes in
West Indies, and has caused some apprehension. Considerable <
troversy has arisen as to whether it is an independent disease, or
consequent on previous injury by insect borers. The question has I
further complicated by the fact that the fungus at different period;
its life-history exhibits three different and distinct forms, leading tc
supposition, erroneous as it turns out, that the sugar-cane may be
affected by more than one parasitic fungus.
Royal Gardens, Kew, to Colonial Office.
Royal Gardens, Kern,
Sir, April 5, 1893.
I have the honour to inform you that for some time past
numerous communications have been addressed to this establishment,
respecting a disease which has made its appearance in the West Indies
2. The injuries which the canes suffer from the attacks of insects,
popularly known as " borers,'* have long been known, and have been
now pretty completely studied. A tolerably exhaustive account, em-
hndving everything that is at present aseertainod. \,\ Mr. Blandford,
will be found in the number of the Ken- Hull, tin for July and August
of last year.
3. The disease which is now complained of is of a more insidious
kind, and is due to the attacks of a minute fungus. Considerable dis-
etission has arisen as to whether the mischief is produced by one fungus
or by several, and further as to whether the attacks ol the lungus
precede, follow, or are concomitants of the injury inflicted by the
4. Such material f«>r investigation as lias been hitherto sent to Kew
from the several h..taniea! establishments in the West, Indies has been
inadequate, and has only yielded ambiguous results. 1, however.
received a letter early this year, from Mr. John R. Bovell, Superintendent
of the Botanical Station at Dodd's Reformatory, Barbados, from which
I enclose an extract, advising me of the dispatch of a very complete
series of diseased canes.
ltrusted these to Mr. (ieorge Massee, a well-known experl
. who made a careful study of them in the Joilrell Laborat
1 enclose a copy of the preliminary report with which Ir-
Mr. Massee proposes to publish a detailed t
he above were described as beii
-■■:■
i.<r in tlir Lily II. .11,0, K,-
I with the ordii
152
bability not practicable, other than in the case of an experimental plot,
and would certainly have no beneficial effect on an infected area.
Remembering t hut the mycelium of tin- fundus extends, as a rule, far
beyond the range indicated by its presence to the naked eye in a given
cane; and further, that almost every cam — jud-ini: from the material
examined — attacked by the "moth-borer" or "shot-borer" is also in-
fested with the fungus, it would be unwise to use apparently sound
portions of such canes for propagation.
It was observed in those canes killed by the fungus alone that the
the question, Was the cane, even if taken from a healthy stock, inocu-
lated with the fungus spores on the cut and exposed surface of the por-
tion used for propagation ? As a preventive against this possible cause
of inoculation, the cut surfaces mi^lit be painted .villi a solution of
I>ordeau\ mixture immediately on being cut, and repeated at intervals.
It has been observed that the fungus causing the sugar-cane disease
develops readily on the young leaves of the bamboo, the same may prove
to be true of other members of the Graminece, hence a careful search
should be made for su-.i, - the spores would be
carried for a considerable distance by the wind.
Finally, all diseased canes should be burnt, aud not allowed to remain
to ret, during which condition they are simply producing fresh material
for the inoculation of other plants.
Previous to the receiptof the material reported on above, several con-
signments of diseased sugar-cane had been received at Kew from Mr.
Hart from Trinidad, caused by the <ame species of fungus; but as the
CCCXVL— ALDABRA ISLANDS.
■a islands are a group of coral inlets, about 30,000 acres in
north-west of Madagascar, in about 9° 30' S. lat. They
t 200 feet high ; the shore is fringed with mangroves, and
St. Thev have not till
the present time been botanically investigated,
with that of the Galapagos (Ttstndo ehphantnpus).
From a natural history point of view t
• (Test "
of a gigantic tortoise (Testudo elephant ina), in dimensions comparable
information about
I am directed by Lord Knutsford to transmit to you for your
perusal a despatch from the Administratoi of the Seychelles, in which
that officer gives an account of a recent visit to the Aldabra Islands.
I am to request that this despatch, which is sent ill original, may be
Sm, 13th June 1892.
I have the honour to report that Her Majesty's ship " '.
breast," Lieutenant-Commander lYeedy. arrived here on the 12t
May, having directions from Rear Admiral Kennedy, Commande
Chief on the East India Station, to visit the Island of Aldabra
afford me an opportunity of also visiting these outlying islands of
Government if [ desired to do so.
and severe rolling of the vessel, 1 arrived at Aldabra on the 23:
May at eleven o'clock in the morning. The " Redbreast " entere*
main channel nf : there. A current of at leasi
knots runs there at every rise and fall of the tide, and only steam ve
could make way against such a current.
3. Mr. James Spurs, to whom the islands are leased, resides
discovered subsequently, quite on the other side of the island ; he <
on board when the tide permitted in the afternoon and recomme
the Commander to change anchorage, which uas accordingly done
next afternoon, nd oil the i-laie
The follow-in.
partook appeared to be very good.
S. Mr. Spurs complained also of the absence of rain at Aldabra. which
is very detrimental to the crops he endeavours to raise on a certain
portion of the island where such -oil as exists is rich.
9. I did not visit Cosmoledo, the nearest of the other islands, but he
informs me that there are large numbers of goat-- upi'ii it, of which I
saw several specimens which had been taken to Aldabra.
The Orchidia weed that i_ r rows upon the mangrove and other stunted
trees about the place Mr. Spurs obtains in England 15/. a ton for, but
10. I took with me to Aldabra a new flagstaff to replace the old one
Mr. Spurs had been using, and also made him a present of some new
flags. Mr. Spurs informs me he has upon live or six occasions observed
steamers pass island.
11. There are several small detached islets of coral in Aldabra which,
by process of time, sea, and tide, have become exactly like an enormous
mushroom in appearance ; some of them are probably 50 feet in
diameter.
very curious one, and I was glad of the
I have, &c.
xcellencv (Signed) T. Eisely Griffith,
H. E. H. Jerningham, C.M.G., Administrator.
Administering the Government of Mauritius.
Subsequently to the -.i.-it of the Administrator the Aid
sited by Dr. W. L. Abbott, an American gentleman
can-, whom Mr. Risely Griffith was good enough to ii
Mahe, Seychelles,
March 15, 1893.
few weeks ago on my return from
ii of plant- does not amount to much.
ether intere.-ted in Ornithology and
■r collected plants before mv Aldabra
:id vegetation of every sort dried up. During
r rainfall ; nearly every plant put forth fresh
much bothered by mould and ants. The
Ing as fast as gathered. However I obtained
On the other hand small plants are remarkably s
•ntiiv vegetation consists of shrubs of from 3 to 7 i
■oil is rxtivim-iv rrantv. mih! the droughts ami heat
iccountfor the*paiu-itv of small plants. Almost t
rather iaiaiu
md ruirg.-d
is, consist of bare fos
sil coral, with an extremely jag
with -n at pits and crevices
surface, honeycombed
sort of Aloe (?), of which there
specimens in the box
igenons plants, and m<
ist are represented in the collec
I visited main of the islands in these seas, Providence, Assi
and Grlorioso, but made no collections of plants, as my stay
short. Giorioso seemed to be comparatively rich in species.
Hoping that the Aldabra box will reach you and prove
CCCXVIL— DECADES KEWENSES.
DECAS V.
Sterculia Murex, Itcmsl. [Sterculia
Unbitat.—'YnxwAixl South Afri.-a, Mr. J. Medlvy Wood, t60
j;ti,,!i<, communis oircitcr semipedalis. Foliola 5-7-pollicaria.
Carpellum apertum circitor C» poll, diametro, spinis \-\\ poll, longis
Wood" lias promised to try to obtain Sowers; meanwhile we do not
hesitate to publish it from the foliage and fruit alone.
42. Smithia (Kotschya) Carsoni, Baker JLegumiiios;e-FItMlysare»] ;
t'niticM>.-i. eaulibus virgatis dense puheseentibus, f'oliis brevissime petio-
latis. stipulis persistentibus eenacvis ovatis vel laneeolatis hand calearatis».
fulidli- ^ 10 jugi> diiindiati.i-ulil«in<i-is rigide eoriaceis glahris mucronatis,
raeem'is hreviWfmi.- 1-lMloris. p.-dicellis hvu\ -issuing, bracteolis laneeolatis
hispidis, ralyee hispido magno labio superiore oblanceolato-oblongo.
inferioie |)rofunde tripartita segmentis angustis infimo coneavo, vexillo
orbiculari qaara calyx breviore, alls iter incurvata,
(»\an'n pauciovulato dense pubescente, stylo longissimo.
Habitat.— Central Africa, on the plateau over Lake Tanganyika,
Folio 2- 3 poll. \cmga,foliolis 5-6 lin. longis. Calyx 8-9 iin. longus.
Vexilbrm 6 lin. longiim, aire el carina paulo breviores.
Allied to S. Ppindii. Schweinf., of Kordofan, and S. Chama crista,
Bent'.i . of Madagascar.
43. Dizygotheca leptophylla, Hemsl. [Araliaceaj] ; glabra, caule
simplioi inermi, i\>lii> radiato-digitatis lon-c pc-tiolatis juvenilibus et
ramulorum lateralium sterilium ah aduitis \ aide dissimdis multo
minoribus (unde nomen specificum " leptophyllum ") foliolia Bsepius
5-7 fere linearibus obsolete paucidenticulatis, petiolo petioluli.-oue
gracillimis, ibliis plnnta- adulta sen florid ra- amplissinus, foliolis 7-11
subcoriaceis longe petiolulati- oblongis obtusis 1-a-i rotundatis vel
interduni sul une;itis int"gris in-ignitei - - - i .'1 i ' i 1 u-.
staminibus 5, fila-
fin loptophi/llinn"
, p. 318; J. Makov, Prix Cour. 1862, p.
I, p. 227.
mown, though it has been in cultivation upw:
hodie in horto Kewensi culta? 6-pedalis.
watched it thr<
Kew previous
j 44. Carpesium atkinsonianum, Hemsl. [
mi Us gracilis fere undique parce pubescens
potiolntis membranaceis prinnim scuberulb
Caul
46. Pedicularis flaccida,
158
47. Euphorbia Sipolisii, N. E. Brown [EupkorbUoew] ; caulibus
earno.-is ramo-i.- acute tetragonis articulatis aphyllis glabris, evmis
sessilibus lateralibus terminalibusque naueitloris. 'involucro basi 1-3
bract -at o camnuuulato glabro :> (] 'oho lobis -uli.mauratis timbiiatis,
glantlulis transverse oblon</i- angnlis vi\ pruduciis, fructu longe
pedlcellato reft so tricocco.
Ifabftat.--RTa7.ii, Glazio,,.
Rami 4 lin. diam. fnro/nm, 2-2>, Hn. diam.
48. Syringodea Flanagani, />^<v [Iridcm] ; cormo parvo tunk-N
:-uii!u-i- inciubrunacL'is. loin- tj-l> tiliiormibus gl.-il.ri-. perianthii tulio
itco cylifidiieo spatba duplo li igii n.\ m -im mi.- , ildn ubro-purpureis
rouilio Hill, near Kongba, alt. 2,400 feet, Flanagan, 720.
Connus 3 lin. diam. Folia 1-2 poll, longa. Spatha 6-9 lin. longa.
Kniphofia zombensis, /ia/vr [Lilians]
-onsi in atttiiuata. Racemus i
lin. Ionsti?. Ferianthbun 2
Kniphofia longistyla, £fa£er [L
CCCXVIIL— PARA RUBBER IN CEYLON.
As stated in the Kew Report for 1876, p. 8, Mr. H. A. Wickham, ;•:
resident on the Amazon, was commissi. :; ni i v the India Office to
collect seeds of Hevea brasiliensis. He arrived in England on June
14th with 70,000 seeds obtained on the Rio Tapajos, and on August
12th following, about 2,000 plants raised at Kew from these seeds w<>n-
despatched to Ce\ Ion in ;;.s Waidian ease-. Xinety per cent, of the
plants reached their destination in p ■■v-'- ■■■: condition. A further con-
signment of 100 plants was sent in 1,^77. making the total number of
plants transmitted to Ceylon 2,119 (Kew Report, 1877, p. 15).:
The following correspondence gives tin tir-t result of the experiment
which affords anything like commercial data for deciding whether the
cultivation oi' lliis staple would be a payiug enterprise in the Old
World :—
Dr. Tbimen to Royai
. Gardens, Key
[Received Febru
ary 6th, 1893.]
rabber (2 lb.) from Hevea bi
Garden, Ceylon, in 1892.
-asiliensis grown
in Heneratgoda
ee from which this was obtai
a circumference of 6 ft. 5 in.
^L^ZboJ
ears old, and the
the ground.
now been tapped three tin
ie B , and has giv
en the following
„ 1890 „
„ 1892 „
2 lb. 10 4 oz.
2 lb. 13 oz.
i total of 7 lb. 2$ oz. of dry r
ubber in five year
"ee is in no respect the worse for this treati
years permitting the scars on the trunk to b<
^ec^pL^f;
(Signed) H:
EXRY TlHMEX.
3RS. Hecht, Levis, & Kahn to Royal Gai
?dexs, Kew,
21, Mi
Incing Lane London, E.C.
Dear Sir, 7ch February, 1893.
We have received your yesterday's letter,
very good inde
effected in the ]
in large quantities.
We return the sample to you, according to your desire.
We remain, &c.
(Signed) Hecht, Levis, & Kaiin
John R. Jackson, Esq.,
Royal Gardens, Kew.
CCCXIX.— GOLD COAST BOTANICAL STATION.
The interesting Botanical Station established under the auspices of
Sir W. Brandford Griffith, K.C.M.G., at Aburi on the Gold Coast has
already been noticed (Keic Bulletin, 1891, p. 169; 1892, pp. 14 and
297).
In the present note, embracing communication- received at Kew from
the Secretary of State for the Colonies, only the indirect results of the
Station are discussed. These have, however, so important a bearing
upon the health and well-being of Europeans on the "West Coast of
Africa that they deserve to be more widely known.
Sin, Downing Street, 9th Juno, 1893.
I am directed by the Secretary of State for the Colonies 1
from the Gold Coast Colony regarding the excellent, condition an
beneficial effects of the Sana tar in m at Aburi.
About the middle of March, Dr. F.asmon, the Acting (
cal Officer, whose health had lieeome somewhat impaired by (
, requested my permission to come to this Station to recruit.
since' li<)o! with r^towhk
•h'lii- Kasmon
TxptSesh
rapturous terms
2. Ten days after my return
to this Station to reside for s
new Botanical Station, having
ne Iron, M«
my steamer stopped, a dozen
intelligent K:
this wav I had seven acres of
undergrowth of smaller ones
and scrub, in
three Weeks
land originally cleared around t
idy one am
-
ando Po. ]
• years and a half after planting many
g and in due season yield an abundance
of produce. Part < t' tin- land is devoted to grow Jul;- fruit a
and the cleared unused portions are being gradualh planted up with
coffee and cocoa, seedlings remaining in execs- of the (piantities grown
for sale and unapplied for, aliliounh lar^e quantities have been sold
to the public. The Station is partly surrounded by 300 young
cocoanut trees which are -rowing vigorously, and by about an equal
number of the loyal Palm, (Oriodtu-t/ rajia) a magni.'icent tree, seeds
of which were imported from tin- West Indies.
CCCXX.— HORTICULTURE IN BELGIUM.
! First Commissioner of Her Majesty's Works
banks of foliage. Hight masses of dwarfer
specimens in splendid
»t liquid manure, enable the growers to pro-
great size, whicb can be moved about with
rears ago collections of palms were grown
icipal Belgian nurserymen ; now house after
or of a very few of those best adapted for
met with, and the rarer kinds of less value
; of view have almost entirely disappeared.
Liri.sfoita are the genera now most frequently
t in the exhibition a number oi tin, speeimen-
Pn/thru (imported from the Riviera), Thrinar,
" Seaforthia, &c. were to be seen.
all, huge specimen Azaleas were so thickly
mi considerable trouble taken in '' keeping
my ordinary condition.-- in Mich a season as
the present would have been quite out'oi flower before the exhibition
opened. We beard of one exhibitor placing blocks of ice in his Azalea
house in order to keep down the temperature. Careful shading — in some
cases moving p .. &c, — VV as also resorted to. Some of
the Aroids exhibited were exceptionally line; a grander lot of Authu-
rium scherzeriudinn than that exhibited by M. G. Warocque was
probably never before -ecu ; the specimens were vcrv huge, healthy, and
'— - inflorescences. The ornamental foliage
nted ; these plants are more widely grown as
The palms
were o-p -ial
health in sms
pecially in the
application (J
duce beautiful
specimen- of
comparative e
for sale by soi
ne of the prin
ngle species
from a " f urn
Kent in, Phan
represented in
of Washnujto
,1 and /,>,/
Saba I, I! ha pi
v. Pritehardi
In the centi
tion. There
back " plants
which under
jve decorative plants in Belgii
Britain. Ferns, with the exception of tree-
and variety are to be seen at any of the large London shows.
Cycads were good and attracted much attention, but they were
decidedly inf. n- v. tbi nstanee, to tho-e in cultivation in the Palm House
at Kew. File were exhibited in ureal variety by
M. Louis Van Houtte.
The Norfolk Maid Pine, Araucaria excelsa, and a number of
garden varieties of it were exhibited in the most perfect condition ; in and
around Ghent whole series of houses in manv establishments are devoted
1 of this conifer. It is one of the most popular plants
servatory decoration.
In the Central Hall ol the Rotunda were exhibited two verv wonder-
ful groups of orchids curtaining many rare choice and valuable varieties
ot well-known species, and not a few well-«rown plane- of rare species
beautifully flowered. The two exhibitors ^^ MM, 3. Hye and
<j. Warocque, both Belgian amateurs.
A collection, said to contain 22S distinct species, manv of them
uncommon, was exhibited by M. Alfred Van Imschoot"; amongst
them was a Vanilla in fruit.
Both at the exhibition and in many of the nurseries visited, the
Eniilish visitor cmdd not help being struck by the health and \ igour ot
Cattlevas, ( ' : .-. and other orchids. Whether the
extreme vigour of the plant- conduces to longevity (many orchids are
see definitely settled. As a rule a much higher temperature is main-
uin as a shading mat*
• and drawn up or 1
ids in England. As
1GG
imous for its collections of till- family of plants,— by MM. Jacob Mai
; Co., and by M. J. Moens.
F Azithn mollis. !; in line variety by M. Pyna<
, &c. One of the
ivation I have ever seen w
inck ami M. Alexis Dall
anted out at La.-kei, a:v Ciavijas. Ur-.m-ii^ls. Chmnrrrops
ntha— aremarkablv line .peeimen,— Kc„ii>, Lhxk.ii. and other
us. Brunblsia, in line llower pranced beautiful effects as
plants of Vanda tricolor, &c , grown elsewhere and brought
CCCXXI.— ECONOMIC PLANTS OF SIEERA LEONE.
Mr. A. Mi,.»v. At pivsci
hand, there are <
168
rict was freed from the never-ceasing
(editions. Thus the country about
1 as the Benna country, along the ed
forests, and contains much ruhber whi
were safe, pass down the Scarcies Ii
bility an enormous supply in the
and in the magnificent woody
back country of Sherboro. I
s made absolutely safe the supply
from the offsf
yields from 1 to 3 gallons of pa
no eaie. and arc not. apparent! v. attacked i>\ anv iirmh'iis insects.
The preparation of the oil is of a very rough and makohift character :
the fruits are thrown into a tank and left till decomposition begins ; they
cent, of the oil is lost in preparation.
planted out from off-shoots at from three to f'oui" feet distance; at llio
Ix-ii'iTiii in-- of tin ruins, and they ripen in 14 to 20 months. Development
seed takes 10 to 12 „
and used locally for many purposes. The quantity a\ ailahle
but probably being nearly 300 miles from the coast it is i
have them l.rought to market. They grow on mounta
usually kill out every other plant, and they set in to preft
plant is gix
CCCXXIL— NEW ORCHIDS: DECADE
Rclfe;
elliptico-~oblongis o
ssime hi
dentatis hasi
r
;ubulosis
latis acuta puben
labello recurvo su
bpan
duraio-
ablongo
apiee olitust)
bicarinato, columns
Hab.— Not recot
Caules 6 poll. 1
longa, 2J-2$ poll.
Iiacemi 3-5 poll, lo
Sepala 2.\-3 lin. 1
on-a
. Pelt
ila l-l
1 lin - longa.
longum.
Spatkact*, a
West Indian P. I
(niri
tai.uita
t -Li"' 11 -.
but its Howe
Folia <i-7 poll.
Mr. F. W. Moore. Ke
Eulbopliyllum spathacc
euthed bv spathaceous bracts, in a
Uncoil tovbieh the°narae n h
. Bulbophyllum viride, Jiol/c .■ rhi.
■ limn (■.■.nMlioii!i 1 {..,'rc
munnVb"^! tientVbus Mibulatis
IB.— W. Trop. Africa.
vvtlohnlhi 2-4 lin. lougi. Fo/*7/ J
/ 2-3'. pnll.luncri. IWactcm 1 lin.'
hi 1 lin. lon-a. Lahclhnn \\ lin. 1
l.'y. K-... Waddon II.» ;! -r. Croydon
r l poll, longa, \\-Z lin. lata.
longa\ Scpala 2\ lin. longa.
for determination by Philip
. in December 1S90. A plant
nee flowered on two or three
, Lindl, from the same region.
S ( pain ■ t jut din 1 ', lin. loii"';). L'lhdhnn \ lin. longum.
This plant was "sent to .Mr. J. (Vivien, of I'lamm-on-thc-I lill.
Middlesex, with whom it lWeivd In Junr kSJl.and u-ain in Au-ust
productis, columna arcuata elongata.
Hab. Borneo.
Scapns circa 6 pi ill. alt us. Uractca ■'
Me.-rs. Li. i.lrn. ,
it flowered in An,
,1 L'Uortieult
gust 1892. T]
je flowers wen
light hufl'.-diad
56. Epidendru:
a» |M .
Polystachya imbricata, Itolfc ; oaule e-nrto sul^nu-ili diphyllo,
«■ contused. The sepals am pale
iili [link a!nn2 the unreins : the
with a y.-llow callus, and wholly
those of Visa
scribed has nir
developed, .and
different from o
imvn, the faeNof his life had
.
t si^ht of. This o
:nissio
.
iguisih-d
irector of the Botanical Garde
■rg in Java.
Dr. "fBEUB to
Royal
Gardens, Kjdw.
Buitenzorg i
Java)
v DBAS Thisei.tox-Dyer,
April 24,
1893.
i, that Reinwa
- Pro!
i Colonial Govern]
ncnt
oril (No. 53) Reinwardl point
"There is nosv i
as favourable opportunity to
eially
Hooper who, by special recoi
tion of Sir Joseph
\\-.u>k<
the recent British Embassy
aa. He stayed hi
get a position. There is not c
■ nly thai
but M
r. Abel,
tin' naturalist to the Embass
the Ambassador I
himself, gave me the best test
a to Hooper's abil
ting and props
. Lastl
y Hooper has had
rvice of
Europe,
viz., in the Royal Gardens at
lie 1 1 a - had (
, of the
v suppose hin^to
beq.
right man for the work I inte
This proposition of Reinwar
- B0€
i::™
.pointed by the Colonial Gove
rnment
as a " hortulauus '
of 1
December 1830 J. Ho.
i He v.-","'.
The Embassy mentioned <
Court of Pekin during the
James Hooper's attachment
naturalist to the expedition.
E\-ti:a< t fr,
Dm the I
'reface to " Nans
itive
■f China,
" by Clarke Abe
!. F.L
.S., Loudon,
My appo
intment
to the Embassy
was
at first sin
'
ph W,uk< V
Company, I
milted to take nr
■thenthYo .
received an
itfit of all the a P]
is for scu-nti:
give <rreate;
r effeet
_
is of the countri
eal>iii i\
under my d
in law, Mr.
IWe.-u
: as allowed to"a1
■ in. With
often trod i
if 1 had no
^ ,-■■■■;■■ ■:
the foot of the
nS
'Xt .folhii,
harvest coul
>een received as
proofs of wl
'
were, of their el
.;!,•;,!,
•v or ai.oiti\
is nf (4a,
Mr. Hooper, the
. to coll
unknown sj
of th
After lea
nn- the
wreck of the « Alcest.
?," I had the
deek and emptied of
' their content?, b;
yonc
of the seam.
CCCXXIV.— PRUNE CULTIVATION IN CALIFORNIA.
Monsi
M." Core ii
i prix moyen, je n ai
produced. M. ( la
this kind should fall in value in the
improbable.
As M. Gajac has drawn attention to
M. Gajac gave Mr. Colchester-Wemyss the great
mission, which was all the more generous on his F
Wemyss did not conceal (he fact that his object
s since made, 1 have come to the conclusion thai
iect was very carelessly prepared, and that many
e therein arc much exaggerated. As you are
I have written to the Secretary of the State Board of Horticul-
r an explanation of some of the statements, but he has failed to
1 then took steps to obtain information from a prune -rower of
\w
,■„,,,.„„„„„„.
,, T ,,,, „,,;,„ , 1UC3 ,
iC^k
Poood..
1888 -
57,631,820
.•SJV.KMIO
34,281,322
its;?!? to '
2,000^000
t been published i
: French Las already
the finest French primes arc still nnapp
shortly be very grea
CCCXXV.— PLANT INDUSTRIES OF LAGOS.
he important colony of Lagos on the Wesi Coast of AtVica possesses
l valuable resources that it i- difficult to over-estimate them. Nume-
< articles have already appeared in the Ken- Hull, I'm respecting the
and climate are well >uited to support a considerable industry. Very
valuable information respecting the cultivation by natives already exist-
ing in Yorubadand was prepared b\ Mr. Alvan .Millsoti, and published
in the Kew Bulletin, 1890, p. 238.
Recently a very important mission was mid. rlakeii b\ the Governor,
Sir Gilbert Carter, K.C.M.G., into the interior of the colony, and the
results an; likely to prove of great interest. The indigenous plants
noticed in the interior were collected by Dr. Rowland, the medical
officer to the mission, and these are now being worked out at Kew.
In the meantime, the following correspondence has been communi-
cated to Kew by the Secretary of State for the Colonies respecting
visits paid to the eastern and western di-triets of the colony by the
Deputy-Governor, Captain Denton, C.M.G., who was accompanied by
.Mr. Henry Milieu, the Curator of the Botanical Station. Mr. Milieu's
observations are calculated to prove of general service in drawing atten-
tion to the present condition- of industrial enterprise in Lagos.
Colonial Office to Royal Gardens, Kew.
Colonial Office, Downing Street,
Sir, 25th March 1803.
I am directed by the Marquess of Ripon to transmit to you tl
enclosed copy of a despatch from the Officer Administering the Coven
ment of Lagos, forwarding a report by the Curator of the Botan
Station on the resources of the western district of the Colony, and I ai
to state that his lordship would be glad to be favoured with anyobservs
tions which you may have to make upon it.
I am, &c.
The Director, (Signed) John Bramston.
Royal Gardens, Kew.
panied by the Curator of tin: liotanie Station on my recent visit to the
western district, and I now beg to transmit a roport'ln that officer giving
his views on the resources of that part of the Colony and Protectorate
from a botanical aspect.
181
Mr. Millen lirst deals with the cocoanut plantation ;.l Badagry, and >«.
far as I am able to judge, his remark* are p. rt'ecrly eoi ivct. For a con-
siderable time it was the practice to have the plantation cleans] at
regular intervals by paid labour, but this appears to have been disci m-
! in tied of late. No doubt it entailed a heavy expenditure, and it is a
question whether an outlay of this nature is a legitimate charge on the
public funds.
That cocoanuts will do well in the western district is proved l>y the
jdantntinii at Topo, which is in excellent order, and has progressed
wonderfully since my last visit there IS mouths ago.
nbered that the mission lands are
■. looked after
by two priests,
selected for the work on account of their
agricultural ex-
perience,
, who have some 40 odd men an<
Iboys to ass
ist them. Were
the trees
at Badagry to receive like adva
e no doubt that
lid thrive equally well, but I can
nut think that
; it is desirable for
the'tbm
jrnment to burden itself with urn
leitakings of s
plantation ne
ar Ajileie which
Mill lias
but little to show for the amount
, of labour wh
expended on it. As yet no tr<
permanent positions, and I should say tin
•••round have been cleared.
It mui
it be recognised that coffee plan
id looking to the quality of the
i as to good results being obtaine
ting near Lag
^rr^oo
agbo to Ilaro, and I some very fine specimens of
■ Landolphia owurUmtis. (livaf liili \\\\ ha- hecn experienced in
fcaining the services ol' trained ruM.er c.ll. ctm-s. but I hope that in
ve an experienced ' m tlie neighbourhood of
colony as the supply is practically iMdn*
(Signed)"
The Most Hon. The Marquis of Ripou, K
&c. &c. &c.
U 77405.
182
(Enclosure.)
Botanical Station, Ebute Metta,
Sir, 9th February is<).;.
I have the honour to forward for the information of the Deputy
Governor the following report on my visit to the Western District.
The first plantation visited was the Government plantation at
Baclagry, situated close to the sea. Here a large area is devoted to
the growing of cocoanuts : these trees are in two stages of growth, the
larger ones arc in a healthy condition, the younger ones are not esta-
blished yet. Attention is required to dear away the long growing
grass which surrounds them. A small quantity of the Sansevieria
guineensis is also grown, the leaves are small, bui I believe this is due
to the dry season. A strong and useful fibre is obtained from the leaves
of this plant.
A short distance from the town of Ajilite a coffee plantation is in
course of being laid out by European enterprise. The work of clearing
the ground is being done, and preparations made for planting out
during the next rains. A nursery for raising young plants has also
been established, and about 18,000 seedlings are now ready to be
planted out, while a large quantity are in a less advanced state.
Mr. Campbell calculates to plant out. 40 acres in the next rains. The
soil is a loamy marl, and is said to be workable at all seasons.
The plantation at the Catholic Mission, Topo, consists of a large
portion of land on the sea side of the lagoon opposite the village of Topo.
A large area has been planted with cocoa-nut trees, which are repre-
sented in all stages of growth. About 23,000 have been planted out,
while 15,000 are in the nursery ready for planting. The trees are in
a healthy and flourishing condition. Among other things cultivated
may be mentioned cassava, banana, and pine-apple. An European
vegetable garden is also connected with this plantation. It is situated
in low moist ground, a stream surrounding it, and the soil is rich in
vegetable matter. Under these conditions vegetables grow luxuriantly.
Attached to the Mission is an agricultural school. Here part of the
day is devoted by the scholars to work connected with the plantation.
The estate is kept clean and in a flourishing condition, and is highly
creditable to those superintending the work.
The next plantation I visited was that belonging to Captain J. P. L.
Davies, near Itele. This was the first one established in the Colony.
Captain Davies introduced cacao or chocolate plants from Fernando Po
some years ago, and has now about 10,000 trees planted out, many bearing
fruit. The land here is well suited for cacao, as can be seen by the
flourishing condition of the plants. The plantation is surrounded by
low swampy ground, from which there is a gradual rise to a low plateau.
The principal plants grown are : cacao, kola, annatto, cocoanuts, and
a few coffee plants. Several tons of commercial cacao are shipped
annually from this plantation, the last, consignment realising 02v. per
lants thrive well as they become established. The growth on the
can be cut away when necessary. The plantation consists of 300
, and Captain Davies, who takes a great interest in it, would with
time for making a good collection of specimens for the Herbarium, an. I
many of the plants were in seed. I collected about 50 specimens, motif
of these being collected in damp and marshy ground. * A number of
living plants were also collected, which will be planted in the gardens.
Rubbek. Landolphia oieariensis, L. florirfa, and an unnamed
species. These plants are found almost everywhere in more or less
abundance, especially between Shagbo and Uaro. The rubber is not
collected, though then ; s no d. mbf . it' properl) sought tor, sufficient plants
would be found to bring in a good supply.
Timber trees. One of the largest trees met with in the forests is
the Ii-oko tree (Chorophora excelsa). This wood is much used for
building on account ol its durability. Aihuisonin diyitatu is frequently
seen. Ficus guineensis and other species are found in large quantities
of the forest trees.
Palms. The oil palm. Elvis tjninansix, is found in large quantities
ions. The soil there is rich and prolific, and tin' land
hi of several hundred feel above the sea. Added to this,
•erse nearly every part of the Western District, which
lity for transport.
Colonial Office to Royal Gardens, Kew.
SlB, Downing Street, 22nd April 1893.
With reference to the letter from this Office, of the 25th
ultimo, I am directed by the Marquess of Eipon to transmit t
District of that Colony.
His Lordship will be glad to be favoured with any observations t
lay occur to you in connexion with this report.
Koyal Gardens, Kew.
Deputy Governor, Lagos, to Colonial Office.
My Lord, Government House, Lagos, 25 March 1893.
I have the honour to forward the accompanying report by tin-
Curator of the Botanical Station on a recent visit made by him to
tin- Eastern District.
Mr. Millen took every advantage of the opportunity offered him of
acquiring a knowledge of the botanical resources of this part of the
( olonv and Protectorate, and I submit that his remarks on the subject
generally will be of value to those interested in the question.
Jir, Botanical Station, Lagos, March 9, 1893.
I have the honour to submit for His Excellency the Deputy
iovernor's information the following report on my visit to the Eastern
This District is similar to the Western District, in having a good
raterway. Many of the towns we visited lay on the banks of the
igoon, and so one had not so good an opportunity for exploring the
n-ests in search of plants. Nevertheless, a small collect!
The natives seldom use the same land two years in succession,
supposed Barwood and Strophanthus, and of Sesannnn indicia)
growing wild. I collected several of these plant-. A strong fibre.
probably from the Baobab tree (Adunsouhi dUjitatn) was being used
for rope-making.
At Leckie large groves of the Bamboo palm (Rapliia rhnfcni)
abound, also Flats f /niiin>/is/s or African oil palm. An unlimiled
supply of African bass fibre could be obtained in this district. The
-oil is very sandy, and being close to the sea, the land is very suitable
for the cultivation of the cocoanut palm.
The Government has a plantation consisting of about 8,000 plants ;
these are planted in rows along the seashore, and appear to be in a
healthy condition, many of them have already begun to bear fruit.
not attended with success.
On leaving Leckie an ! proceeding towards Artijere, the Bamboo
palm is replaced by trees, one of which is the Frankincense tree of
Sierra Leone ( Dunirlla thnrifi ni ,. Many of the trees are covered with
opiphual plants of the orchid family. Yam-, cassava, and -ugar-cane
are the principal products. From Artijere, Itebu is reached by a fine
river, the vegetation on each bank being chiefly the Bamboo palm.
Past Itebu, Ayesan is reached, which i- a large town m>iuo height above
the river. The -oil along the hank- of the river here should be rich in
\ electable hiimn-. ..1)tained l'rom the dec:iyed palm- and tree-, and would
therefore be suitable Cor the cultivation of many useful plants. A -mall
plot of coll'ee is being grown in the neighbourhood, and by the account
given it was thriving satisfactorily. 1 succeeded in collecting several
interesting plants in tin- neighbourhood.
I have, &c.
(Signed) H. MlLLBN, Curator.
of your letters of the 2oth March and the '2'l>.-.<\ Apia! last, forwarding
copies of despat die- from the I Vput\ -Cov-i nor of Lago-. with Report-
by the Curator of the Botanical Station on recent visits paid to the
Kastern and Western Districts of the Colony.
2. The collections of plants made by Mr. Millen in these dist ricts were
received at Kew in June last, and they have now been examined and
determined. The plants were in an excellent state of preservation and
fully labelled. Many species have proved to be new, and the results
are very creditable to Mr. Millen, who should be encouraged to continue
to collect plant- and to furnish useful note- respecting their properties
and uses. A complete list ot the plants included in Mr. Milieu's
eollcctions is enclosed herewith. 'flu's may be forwarded for the
information of the (Jnvornmen! of Lagos, and also be communicated to
Mr. Millen.
3. The valuable information contained in the despatches of Captain
Moloney, and there is little doubt that they are capable un
judicious guidance of his successor, of being greatly developed
(Signed)
Bramston, Esq., D.C.L., (\R,
Colonial Ollico, S.W.
CCCXXVI.— MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.
e collection of Stapelias formed by the late Mr.
Thomas Westcombe, of Worcester, has recently hr-.-n presented to K.-w
by his sister, Miss Wo<teombe. : 1 1 < > i i ;_i with numerous notes, descriptions,
and a collection of beautifully exeeulcd coloured drawings, prepared by
Miss Westcombe from the plants (of Stapclia and allied genera),
.,f tV-s
Hippeastrum procerum. — This is the blue Amaryllis of horticul-
turists, and the Amaryllis Kayneri of lloUnnvil Magazine, t. o883.
in the Succulent house (No. 5) at Kew. The species is quite distinct
from the rest of the genus, the bulb having a neck 18 inches long and
ginous edge. The flowers are borne in an umbel, and they are as large
as the Belladonna lily. The colour is bluish-lilac with numerous snots
jse at Kew. from which :i li^mv hu< ln-.-n pivpaiv.l t'c.r publication in
• lii'hi, ileal MmjuziiK. It may not hi- im-ih -rally known that small
:ces of the leaf of any *pcnV< of Snnsn-irrin will -t ri k . • n ot and form
F.R.S., F.L.S. This modi
late Thomas Woollier. R.A
ilanlnnv. F.L.S. It is a I
Hanbu
Flora of Mount Kini Balu-
Mr. F. W. Burbidge. Altogei
188
elevations, and the last family i
increasing numbers oi' Ericaceae, Vneciniace;e, Orchids, and ferns at
higher levels. Noteworthy among the novelties are 11 very distinct
new species of the ericaceous genus Diplycosia, and two new species of
the Australian hideous genus Patersonia. Many other new facts have
been brought to light by the combine! collections, and Dr. Stapfs paper
promises to be of more than ordinary interest.
Jodrell Laboratory.— The following work has been done at the labora-
torv sincethe appointment ..I" tl.e Honorary Keeper. Dr. D.H. Soot t,F.L.S..
who entered on his duties in September, 1892 ( AT. A'.. 1892, p. 245) :—
Prof. J. R. Green, F.L.S.. of the Pharmaceutical Society, has been
oecupiod, since the autumn, with an investigation o!' vegetable i'm'nients.
especially those occurring in pollen, and in insectivorous plants. His
inquiry i's still in progress. Mis- Pit In 1 Sargnnl has carried out in co-
operation with the Hon. Keeper, an investigation of the pitchers of
Disrhulu, raflhshnm i s, t K //.. 1*92. p. 2> 1, also A'. /,'.,1S93, p. 113, and
Junfils of Itotu.nj, vol. vii,. dune, Is');]). Mr. G. Masse e has worked
out, in the laboratory, the life-history of 'I'rU l,,^/,/,,, i i-i Xucchari, nov. sp.
an ascomycetous fungus parasitic on the sugar-cane. Dr. A. de Wevre.
of Brussels, worked for a few weeks on the comparative histology of
various species i atioo of the
true Piper Cubeba. Professor R. J. Harvey Gibson, F.L.S., of the Uni-
versity College-, Liverpool, spent sotin . carrying on
hi- investigation of the . ->. > ''..- ,.>„, II,, . an
inquiry for which the Kew collect ions afford" special facilities. Dr. W. C.
Williamson. l'.P.S.. atid the Hon. Keeper, liave been engaged at the
laboratory in * the histology and morphology of
tos-il plant- of (lie coal measures, connnencing with the Calamites and
their allies. For the purposes of this inquiry a portion of Dr.
Williamson's collection has been temporarily brought to the laboratory.
This work is in active progress. Mr. George Brebner is now employed
at the laboratory in making drawing- to illustrate this investigation.
The Hon. Keeper has further been engagt
Gunnera, Equisetum, and other genera.
The late Keeper of the Herbarium and Library. — It will be re
membered thai tl ie herbarium
and library, retired from that office on the 31st May 1890, after more
than 30 years sendee. The Board of her Majesty's Office of Works
placed on record its high appreciation of the valuable services
rendered to the Koya! Cardens by Professor Oliver and bore testimony
to " the distinguished abilin. which he had brought to hear upon the
** work of his department . . . his labours contributed largely to gain
•• for the establishment at Kew that high position in the scientific world
" which it deservedly enjoys." In lss-| the Council of the Royal
Society had already awarde<[" to Professor ( >!i\er the Royal .Medal. It
is a pleasure to record thai at the Annual Meeting on May •_' b 189M,
the Linnean Society awarded to this distinguished Botanist its Cold
Medal. In handinir the medal to Professor Oliver, the President.
Professor St. wart, made the loliowing speech, for which we are indebted
to The Journal of Botany (1893), p. 19$ :—
"On handing you the gold medal of the Linnean Society, it is m\
phasing dutv to recall to the memnrv of the fellows present, though
>ours in botany; those more particularly which have induced
to confer this medal upon you. First I would call attention
r wide character of your botanical work. In 18.50 you dis-
Coimeinani. \itins (Icvi/is, a mentis new to tL ;
"the stem of (
illustrating the flora of tropical Africa, i
attention to the Loranthacea?, the Utricu
the Olacineaj, your artistic talent- unablin
the high excellence of this work. Tin
worker.- have continued, ahnosl without e
/
existing floras ot Japan and the
progress of geological discoveries ha
advanced in vour contribution lo tin
Plants and Excess of Moisture
in the Botanical Gardens at Brisbane owing to being submerged in
flood water for nearly 10 days, others not submerged were afleeted
"from prolonged exposure to a moisture-laden atmosphere." The
„■ boiled c
godded." A plant of Seehiwn edule
affected." The old and young ieaves and even the stem were alike
injured. M r. Soutter .kI.I-s : — " In proof of the moist humidity of the
" atmosphere between the dates before mentioned, a mulberry tree near
" the back entrance to the gardens put forth from the upper branches
" clusters of adventitious roots to a length of several inches. An old
•' plant of Corns /i/iimosi/ sent oul ;ill round the base ;i perfect cordon of
■' rootlets ;d)Diit three eighths of an inch in diameter and from four to
'' eight inches long. A bamboo "-hoot from the oOtli January to the
" <3th February grew a height of eight feet live and three-quarters of
" an inch, or at the rate of nearly 17 inches a day. This growth was
u . exceeded by the growth of an aerial root of Vitis pterophora, which in
" 48 hours grew a rootlet of 39£ inches in length, but considering that
" this was only one-eighth of an inch in diameter, it does not represent
" such a mass "of growth as the bamboo with its diameter of about three
" inches. Many other plants have made great growth during the
" period before mentioned. Crotons have grown several inches, as also
r \h|^M>'
d'evrcgnvc
he lioval
Lady Evelyn Lindsav, the Karl of Carli
countess Hampden and Hon. Miss Bra
Hon. Frances Wolseley, the Bishop
Frederick* (Wndish', Lord a,
Lord and Ladv Walter Gordo
ROYAL GARDENS, KEW.
BULLETIN
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION.
No. 80.] AUGUST. [1893.
CCCXXVIL— ST. VINCENT ARROWROOT.
Al out three years ago, at the request of the Government of the
mhI-. I nun v.ha ! ust ■ iii in w:\s u ul« 1 lake :\t
Kcw into ilic rircninstiinces of the arrowroot industry at Si. Vincent.
: :■ '. ., ; :■■ '. - ' ■ • . ' .',r ■'■'.
' 'nstry. In ISsj) thc'Vie
i to the
The Administrator,
St. Vincent,
to Royal Gar]
MRS, KEW.
Gov
ernment House,
St. Vincent.
Dear Mr.
Morris,
February 16
, 1890.
By to
-day's mail I ai
n sending addressed to you a bo:
k containing : —
(1.) Sampb
■s lit' manufaei
A. (2.) Samples of the plant.
(3.) Samph
(1.) Deseripti
of cultivation.
(o.) Description of the mc
>de of manufae
These have been selec
ted from the
the i-iiuid, i
"Owia"and'
■' Wallilabo."
Sir Walt.
>r i'lely- Hutch
inson asked me to forward the
above to you
could be dune to place the St. Vincent arrowroot of tiic better qualities
ytliing hkc the same footing as the Bermuda
iption of the mode of
itatc you will find insi
cultivation and manufacture at
do the tin box containing the sarr
aclose in this the bill of lading
1 ). Morris
Royal
Esq., M.A., F.L.S.
. Gardens, Kew.
I remain, &c.
(Signed) Irwin C. Malino
Arrow-root
Cultivation.
The follow
ing particular- P , ion of arrowroot
■ or burying them. Then hole- arc made with the hoe, about
cp and 8 inches apart, and a piece of root, two or three
in each hole. As soon as the roots commence to grow and
appear above the surface the land must be carefully weeded
11 hoc. This to be repeated in about five or six weeks ; If
grow rapidlv it should be done sooner. In good soil three
re sufficient. When the leaves get yellow and the stalk falls,
happen in from 10 to 11 months after being planted, the
;tiou of the land intended for planting, loose or sandy soils appa-
ly suiting it best, though th.-re arc districts in which the soil is most
:'iihtedly clayey I I mill in irs cultivation.
ew land would be cleared by having the trees cut down, the under-
i, bush, &c, if heavy and plentiful, heaped and burnt, the heavy
> must have been felled 20 odd years ago.
he land is next ploughed, or more correctly speaking, (i hoed up,"
ther implements being used but hoes ; the product of the cutting
burning (any charco a i made having been removed for sale first) is
ed in, and the "bits " or top joints of the tubor are lightly buried
in, in rows about 6 inches apart. Roots (as the tubers an ii
which have been about a week dug are found to be best for planting.
The time of planting depends very much on the exigencies of the
estates; laadt ted to M come in " or be
ripe for reaping at such time as tl i cultivation
would allow of being manufactured without damage to either. Here,
of e<mrse, comes in a difficulty for the planter; a very dry season will
bring jill hi- arrowroot ripe together about January or February, and
either before or after it is properly ripe.
In wet weather, two or three weeks after planting le;ives begin to
show above ground, three weeks later the plants are sufficiently grown,
as are also the weeds, to be weed. 1 by women,
whose duty it is to pull up and collect in heaps everything growing
: eerfain kind-- of Weed- have to he Ions,. tied
with -mall hoes. Three, to four weeks later, by which time it is pre-
sumed that all the "bits" which were capable of growing have grown
and shown leaves, the busine-- of si : ftl W, spaces
About six v. - again require weeding,
the weeds being left on the surface and the plants lightly moulded up.
After this, at interval- as required, the land is weeded, the more
quickly the arrowrool grows, and -o covers ihe ground, the -mailer the
number of we ling- !>, ing re.piired. After supplying, three weedings are
generally sufficient, it being very essential to proper cultivation to keep
it free from weeds.
The arrowroot ripens in 10 to 12 months from time of pla
-how- that it is ripe b\ '• lulling," t hat i-, the leaves dry and the stalks
bend at the root till the whole lies on the ground.
Some fields mature sooner than others, eight months' of growth being
in some few places suffic ing, at the same time, a
good yield ; other-, again, take full 12 months.
The arrowroot plant doe- not. require over-much rain, this tending to
produce leave- and not root which is what is wanted, and with our
seasons the growth appears to continue until the rains stop, the ripening
following closely on the cessation of the rains, an early heavy rainfall
during, or towards the close of, the dry season materially reducing the
yield of arrowroot, on account of the roots " springing " and throwing
-hoots, the roots then containing more water than starch.
The only manure ever used at Owia i- farmyard manure laid on
The process of reaping is : In fields where there i-
growth of leaves the stalks are cul abourers are
put in with hoes, who dig out, the roots in breadths, each labourei
roots dug at one side t kg off the top
■ succeeding
This sy:
successful manu-
I of St. Vincent arrowroot :—
Wallilabo Estatk.
intod from the .Tnvnmt of the S,„iiti/ of ('//< mical Imlustrii.
ork markets, arrowroot is gradually being given up.
PUmtinq.— In St. Vincent the plant grows 2 to 3 feet high. It
as a weak fibrous stalk with six to eight arrow-shape! 1,-avrs.
res of the lily. Whe
much closer, pair of |>< <lisli«-«l I
inn hod of pulping nowgener
*olid cylinder of hard wood
pen manure. Sometime- also ashe; ;mi | guano air used. The waste
water from washing f] 10 starch contains ;i considerable amount of vego-
table matter, and gives good results whore it is run on the fields, hut
the extensive application of this is not, practicable. After the starch has
settled in the cisterns, the water is run off and more added, the whole is
This generally suffices
terns arc drained, and
the starch is dugout and taken to » mixing box, where it is mixed with
the separating pans. These are small round galvanised cisterns with
smooth perpendiculnr sides. When tilled, the starch milk is stirred
round with a round stick until it is in violent circulation. The stick is
withdrawn and the cisterns left until morning. The stirring has the
effect of separating the starch from any remaining impurities. These,
being of less specific gravity, settle last, and therefore on top of the
starch. Next morning the water is drained off, and the light impure
starch scraped off the surface. If the earlier parts of the process are
carelessly done, this separation may have to be repeated before the starch
is quite pure. Even should the separation be perfect, re-washing is bene-
ficial for further removal of vegetable matter. The impure surface starch
contain.- a large proportion of starch entangled in very fine particles of
fibre and broken cell walls. Although this can be dried and exported as
an inferior starch, it i- generally given to the labourers as a perquisite.
It is used in various forms a- flour. 1'ouifrv and pigs are also |e,l with
it. Weak caustic soda extracts a colouring matter from it, but also pre-
cipitates a yellow sub-tanee, making it vevv difficult to separate the
starch from it in a pure state.
The pure standi in the separators is now taken out in blocks, and
placed on trays for about 12 hours to drain and harden. It is then
broken into smaller piece-, and taken to the drvinu house, where it is air
is surrounded, howe\er. with galvanised wire to keep out the small birds
wooden trays. The wet lumps of starch are placed side by side on the
top shelf, where they remain, until l>v the action of the air they crack
up and fall through on to the next shelf. In time, the whole falls
through the lowest shelf, and is in a fine granular state, ready for
packing. It contains from 14 to 17 per cent, of water. In cold, wet
weather, the starch dries very slowly, taking sometimes as long as two
weeks. During this time, if the starch has been imperfectly purified, or
placed too close on the wires, the lump get- -our, and becomes yellowish.
Indeed, the whole process must be as rapid as possible. In the settling
cisterns especially, if the starch is left in contact with the impure water too
long, its whiteness is affected, fermentation having taken place. The crop
lasts from < )ctol>er to May. The name "arrowroot" is, I think, derived from
the Indian word, Ara-ruta, or " mealy root," but some say that this root
has been confounded with the Alpiiiia (iulmiga, which was ealled the
arrowroot on account of its bruised roots being used as an antidote to
the poieon of the Jatropha Manihot, which was used for poisoning their
arrows. I may say that tapioca starch is obtained from this poisonous
root. The poison, however, is contained in the juice only, and is
destroyed by heat.
Yield.— Regarding the yield of arrowroot, an acre will produce
13,000 to 15,000 lb. of roots, according to the season ; in wet seasons
the roots are heavy and moist, and give less starch. A fair average
yield is 22 cwt. air-dried starch, with 14 per cent, water, per acre, or
i-needed improved pulpit
Chemical Composition .—The
dried in transit, so that they sho
analysis, however, will give an i<
Dictionary, and which I append
Starch
27-07
26 00
Fibre
Fat
0-07
Albumin -
1-56
1-58
Sugar, gum, &c. - -
Water
62-96
65-50
10000
100-00
The ash consisted of phosphate of lime and alkaline sulphates, and
chlorides.
I have made an attempt lo introduce the residual coarse fibre as a raw
material for paper manufacture, but consumers say that it is too weak,
and kicking in tenacity. For paper making the starch still remaining
could be recovered by steeping in boiling water, and used for sizing the
finished paper.
Owing to the fall in the value of sugar, the production of arrowroot
in the West Indies has been extended rather beyond the demand. The
wholesale price has consequently fallen to an almost nnremtUtt ■rat is-
point. This low price, however, will permit it to be used for whatever
purposes the commoner kinds of starch are now employed. In some
respects it is superior to common starch, and one of my chief objects in
writing this paper is to draw the attention of large user's of starch to this
comparatively new source of very fine starch. Arrowroot swells much more
readily and with less heat than maize, rice, or wheat starch, and forms a
stiffer jelly. It is, therefore, highly adaptable for sizing and laundry
purposes. I think this property is attributable to the larger size of the
granules of arrowroot starch, which are among the largest of the starch
granules, whereas the granules of wheat, maize, and rice starch are very
small, and will contain a greater prop Eom ami less
granulose, the latter being the substance which swells when dissolved in
hot water. Another use for which arrowroot starch is very suitable on
account of its great purity and freedom from chemicals, is for the pre-
paration of powder for the skin. Many of the powders sold are com-
posed of v. t rushed and
dried on a plate before the fire is both simple and safe.
It is as an article of food, however, that it has hitherto been mostly
used, but the exorbitant retail price put on it (from Hd. to 2s. per lb.)
has kept it out of general use. Of course, being staivh. ii cannot have
the flesh-forming power of flour and other nitrogenous meals, but it is
the purest, most digestible and palatable of the starches, and is devoid of
the unpleasant taste or flavour observed in potato starch raid in the
very little of wh;)t is sold as i)eniiuda really cuiiics I'nmi there. Natal
produces 2,000 to 3,000 cases, and St. Vincent about 22,000 barrels,
20,000 of which come to England, and most of the remainder is sent to
America. The production of other countries is, I believe, very small.
»
lessrs. Fki;
;<HTSSO:
v and
Fun- iii; to Royal G
1 12, Great Tower Sire
LBDiars,
Kew.
on, E.G.,
l)I.\
R w5 here
with b
,„„,,,„
March 24, It
r opinion of the three
tuples
arrowroot,
•l.v, "(hvia,
" - Fa.
ncy," i
ind '" Waililnbo." The last-mentioned in
I of quality
jo the strongest, and t
d » Fancy "
have
been well 1
;i.own
on tins market for many yean
v an.l hi
great reputatioi
siderable falling
(.11 in
:, ranee, so
■<i the :
el of interior brands. 1
have
lost their reputati
We remain, &c.
J.
K. Jackson
i, Ks.j..
(Signed) Fergussc
« and Forster.
Royal G;
-rdi-ns,
Kew.
Analyses of Arrowroot Soils.
Mr. John IIuciies, F.C.S., F.I.G., to Royal Gardens, Kew.
Analytical Laboratory, 79, Mark Lane, E.V.
L»kar Sir, June 27, 1890.
I Hwi in- results of my exami-
nation of the 10 soils referred to in your letter of the 4th instant.
In general composition these 10 soils appear to be so similar that it
will not be necessary for me to refer to them under separate reports.
On analysis they are found to be singularly poor in u/trot/t'/^pj/os/t/tur/i:
acid, and potash. They are, further, of a \<-\y silh-eous character, and
possess small retentive properties, so that, under the influence of a
' Wallilabo " containing least,
No. 1 containing 1-027 per cent, of li
No. 2 „ 2-296
i soil going on,
3. As the subject was felt to be of considerable importance, steps
by an agricultural chemist, the manufactured article has been submitted
to experts for valuation and report, and the methods of cultivating and
manufacturing arrowroot pursued at St. Vincent have been carefully
compared with the methods pursued in other countries.
4. The general results of the inquiry will be given in detail later. It
is well known that the best arrowroot at present in the market is
Bermuda arrowroot. This obtains prices more than double, or even
treble those obtained for St. Vincent arrowroot, Bermuda arrowroot
may therefore be taken as the standard of what a good arrowroot should
be, and the circumstances of its cultivation and manufacture are well
deserving of consideration.
5. There is no reason to suppose that the arrowroot plants cultivated
at Bermuda and St. Vincent differ in any essential respects from one
another- Plants have been obtained direct from Bermuda and cultivated
in the Bahamas and other islands in the West Tndies, and the arrowroot
prepared from them according to West Indian methods has been classed
6- As regards soil, we appear to have no authentic analysis of Bermuda
soils- It may, however, be assumed that they have been formed l.v the
disintegration of coral rock, and that they are tolerably rich in lime,
phosphoric acid, and other important constituents «.f plant life. In a
recent account of the arrowroot industry in Iiermuda (a copv of which
is enclosed marked A. >. ii is stated that " the ground is first we'll manured
and ploughed deep." The advantage derived from such treatment is
• at St. Vincent and Bermuda ;
•eriority of Bermud:
'and expensive it was discontinued. The method of pulping
' generally adopted is to i'vcd the clean unskinned roots against a fin
• grater, very similar to a potato grater."
9- In other respects, the process of manufacture pursued a
fincent appears to be carried on without that scrupulous can
Vincent, although wholesome and pure, it may still be capable of giving
a dark colour to the arrowroot.
10. It is evident, however, that the present position of St. Vincent
arrowroot is only to a small extent due to the character of the water.
Atone time, when po^ibly the same water was used, the quality was
much better. It i- probable that a gradual exhaustion of the soil and a
MfaSK-S. F< . 8 'a-l few ye:
" been a con a quality Mid appean
" Vincent arrowroots), so much so that they now have rea
11. Messrs. Fergusson and Forster are supported in thei
Kew. It would be fruitless to dwell any longer on litis
.a! St. Vitieen; arrow r<
assistance, and it will afford h
had m
imerous difficulties to c(
arncstXl carefal attJ
Edward Wingfield, Esq., C
Colonial Office, S.W.
(Signed) D. Mo
fcoyi
il Gardens,
Kew.
(Si«
;ned)
he Win.lv
Colonial
(..FN
:,,';;:
» Royai
I
(Signed) ' H. ' l'o>v
at tin* time they are fit to ho dug. Tin" labourers refer to tli
" burnt roots," hut. J .! it think tli:it :my of the effects of he
Professor Marshall Ward, F.B.S., to Royal Gardens Kf.w.
Botanical Laboratory, Forest School,
My dear Tihselton-Dykr, Cooper's Hill, Mmvl, 20, 1SJM.
subterranean tuno-us-nn ■•elium. which ,-nfM-s "the st'um an.l ilestr^
much of the tissue. The black |.;,!ehes in tiic latter— seen on cuttin
Dear Captain Mm in..
We lately receri
r.ntanir:,! Station hi St.
i- 11.. and was thought equal to the
irniMtion th.it a nuieh larger quantity
This island has always sent as the
rd also that uv may expeet' a .g 1
owcS* iiTstVin-
re to send to this
CCCXXVIII.— PULPING LIBERIAN COFFEE.
world, especially in Java, the Straits Settlements, and the West Coast
of Africa. Information respecting this coffee has been given rather
fully in the Keic Bulletin (1888, p. 261, and 1890, pp. 107 and 245).
In the K,w li»ll, tin for 1892, pp. 277-282, there is given a detailed
account, with the actual yield, of several estates in the Malay States,
showing that Liberian coffee can be successfully established at elevations
much below those suited for Arabian coffee, and further, that crops of
9 to 12 cwts. per acre can be obtained from trees after the third or
fourth year. In some countries difficulty has been experienced in pre-
paring Lihcrian eoll'tv lor the market. I liquiry has often been addressed
to Kew on the subject, and it is desirable to place on record such facts
as have been obtained after careful inquiry amongst persons possessing
the necessary experience.
It is well known that when the Liberian coffee is ripe the pulp in-
vesting the beans is never soft, as in Arabian coffee. It is generally of
a tough fibrous character, and offers considerable resistance during
the process of pulping. This circumstance has discouraged many people
just starting, and, after vainly trying to overcome the difficult \ , they
have given up the cultivation .,; Liberian coffee as impracticable. It
would appear, however, that if rightly managed there is no special
hindrance to be overcome. The first point to be attended to is to pick
the cherries when perfectly ripe, and when brought in they should he-
passed through a, sample machine, called a '-si/or,' in order to obtain
two or three lots of cherries of similar si/.e. Cherries of unequal size
cannot be successfully treated. That is well understood by everyone
who has had experience with Liberian. or indeed any coffee. When the
cherries have been sized thev are then to be passed through the " pulper."
There are prepared I'oi treating Liberiao
There are other and larger machines, combining both a sizer and
pulper in one. A machine of this latter kind, made by John Gordon
& Co., of London, is described as follows :—
" The machine is provided with a rotary screen and an elevator ; it is
also fitted with a patent adjustable breast, having removable working
parts made of steel.
"The hopper is divide. 1 into two unequal parts, and the coffee berries
are delivered, into the larger di\ ision with a constant stream of water, tin-
water being absolutely necessary to lloat the coffee over into the
machine and to carry oil' the palp and skins. The colfee berries which,
owing to difference in sj/e, t n »-. fi, : un pulped are
smaller division of the
be breast, \vh
thus brought into the ma
requires care is the breas
intelligently regulated, n<
good results, always pi
A smaller machine, capable of being worked by hand, is also made by
been briefly alluded to. They say that " in order to obtain g
" it is imperative that the coffee be ripe, freshly picked, a
** the machine with a constant stream of water."
Further information on the treatment of Liberian coffee i
in the following correspondence : —
Messrs. John Gordon & Co. to Royal Gardens, Kew.
Dashwood House. 9, New Lroad Street, K.t'
Dear Sir, 6th May 1898.
We thank you for your favour of yesterday, and shall be ve
pleased to forward copies of our catalogue to" the addresses \
have kindly favoured us with. We have supplied pulpers for Lilu-ri
coffee to Java, West Coast of Africa, and m...-tl\ to the Malay Pen insu
One firm there, Messrs. 11 ill and Rathbone, have had six or sev
pulpers ; they have also our peelers and separators. You may kn<
Messrs. Joitn Gordon & Co. to Royal Gardens, Kew.
9, New Broad Street, London, E.C.,
i Sib, 10th May 1893.
We are obliged by your favour of yesterday, and we now bo-
nyou that our ' peelers" and separators will treat Liberia., equally
is ordinary Arabian coffee, and (hal as far as these machines a
rned there is no difference in construction. It is only in tl
Yours truly.
,Kew.
The annual report upon the fibre inves
United States under the auspices of the l)e
Mr. Charles U. Dodge in 18i)2 has just been
In this report the further cxpWa't ions in
of plants of Sisal Hemp in Florida are
troll, the h,iv"s h^ln ','n'' '.'f'tle'' VauThm".
Van Buren machine). .5-5 percent.; vield in the Bahamas (machine
not stated), 3-7 percent.
It is impossible from the Florida experiments to obtain the actual
yield of dry fibre per day of ten hours, or the cost per ton in cleaning
the fibre. We gather that M no attempt was made to estimate the cost
" of cleaning— the main object being to secure thoroughly well cleaned
M fibre without regard to the time occupied in passing the leaves
" through the machine."
The Machine Question. — Nothing of a practical character appears to
have been accomplished as yet in the United States in securing a
thoroughly satisfactory machine for cleaning Sisal leaves. One new
machine called the J.C.Todd machine is noticed, ami an illustration
given. This is supplied with an aut Blent, and i-
i somewhat complicated character. No facts are given
> its cost, weight, the power required, or capacity. A report on an
PlNE-APPLE FlBRB.
The pine apple is cultivated in Florida for the sake of its fruit, which
is exported to the northern markets. The number of fruits shipped
during iHfi'j .•uinnniied to nearly two millions " The principal planta-
u tions on the Keys are found at Elliotts and Key Largo, though
" plantations are found to the southward of these for many miles. On
" Lake Worth and Jupiter region." Leave- of pine-apple were treated
by " the Van Buren machine, which, while it turned out a superb
" product, would he wholly inadequate for the work from a commercial
" stand point, as only two or three leaves could be fed in at a time."
The leaves experimented upon were obtained from plants of the Red
Spanish pine-apple. They were cut the day after the fruit was gathered.
Many were injured by chafing and brewing. The actual yield from 1,022
pounds of leaves was 25 pounds of fibre thoroughly dry. This would be
at the rate of about 55 pounds to the ton of leaves, or 25 per cent,
nearly; other experiments gave a yield of a little over 40 pounds and 42
pounds respectively of dry fibre to the ton of leaves. " Estimating 10
'' pine-apple leaves to the pound there would be over 22,000 leaves to
" the ton, which, as we have seen, would produce from 50 to 60i>ounds
" of dry fibre."
Bowstring Hemp.
The principal and possibly the only species of Bowstring Hemp culti-
vated in Florida is Sansevieria quineeim*. The plant figured by Mr.
Dodge opposite page 373 of his report is what is regarded a* the broad -
leaved variety of this species. It evidently flourishes with great vigour
in Florida, for in the experiments at Bis'cayne Bay it was possible to
select over a hundred pounds of leaves that averaged 6£feet. and yield-
ing fibre 6 feet in length. In general the leaves varied from 1\ feet to
to 7 feet. " Careful estimates based on the quantity of Sansevieria fibre
" produced in one experiment would give the yield at about 40 pounds
" of dry fibre to the ton of leaves. It has been explained that the Van
" Buren machine made too large a per-centage of waste. ... but
" with only reasonable wastage the yield of fibre per ton should come
200
" nearer to 50 pounds." This latter yield would In.- at the rate of 2-2c
per cent. The opinion is expressed that although this is much below the
yield of Sisal Hemp, " the quick growth of the plant, the ease with
" which it can be harvested and handled, and the hi-her price of tin.
" fibre, will probably more than make up for the difference in yield of
" the cleaned fibre." Full pai-iieular* respcrtmi: Uowstring Hemp, and
tlullcti,,, Mtn 1SS7, pp. 1-11." •'
CCCXXX.— DECADES KEWENSES.
Novarum in IIerbario Horti Regit Conservatarum.
DECAS VI.
^<J$L 51. Euonymusactdeatus. /Inns!. < el.nstrinea-J ; undiqueglaberrimns,
ramulis crassiusculis cortice flavescenti, foliis longiuscnle petiolatis
crasse coriaceis flavescentibus lanceolatis vel oblanceolatis acuminatis
subacutis basi cuneatis remote minuteque calloso-denticulatis vel infra
medium integris costa crassa venis primariis lateralibus utrimpic 5-(>
petiolo crasso, eymis nxillarihu> peduneulatis dichotomis ramulis
4-angulatis divaricatis, floribus
2-ovulatis, fructu globoso a
Habitat. — South Patting, Ifupeh,
China, A. Henry, 5335a and 6143.
Frute.r 1-3 pedalis (tide Ile,,ry\ Folia 3-0 poll, lougn, petiolo ■
poll, longo. Cy
Fructu* immaturus 6 lineas d
Allied to E. echinattts, Wall., <
in the dried state, larger thicker leaves on relatively long petio
almost obsolete calyx lobes and very short filaments.
52. Euonymus cornutus, Hemsl. [Celastrinea;] ; undiquc petalis
exceptis glaberrimus, ramulis teretibus gracihuscuhs lateralibus insigniter
divaricatis, foliis breviter petiolatis vix coriaceis linearManceolatis
longis longe acuteque acuminata ba-i .'linearis minute ealloso-serrulatis
venis primariis distantibus inter se et cum tertiariis anastomosantibus,
cymis 2-3 ■ | te gracilKmis
fere capillaribus, floribus rubescentibus medioeribus wepius tetranieris,
calycis lobis fere orbicularibus margine minute erosis, petalis obovatis
intus ol>scure puberulis, antheris magnis subsessilibus, ovario 4-5-loculari,
stylo brevissimo, fructu dorso sursum longe 4-5-cornuto caeterum lsevi,
cornubus cum placentis alternantibus.
Habitat.— Fang and Chienshih,$Hupeh, China, A, Henry, 5442a,
5954a, 6815a.
Frute.r parvus (fide Henry). Folia 1-0$ poll, longa, srepius 3-5 poll.
longa, maxima 9 lineas lata, petiolo H-3 lineas longo. Fedum-uli U-2
poll, longi, pedicellis 6-9 lineas longis. Floret 5-6 liueas diametro.
Fructu* apertus circiter \\ poll, diametro.
placentas.
V 53. Euonymus myrianthus, Hems/. [Colastrinoa:* ! : undiipie glaborri-
coriaceis lanceolalis ohlanecolatis vol intordmn obovatis aeuminatis ct
subacutis vol obtusis vol rotimdatis ba-i cmioatis plus minusve crenato-
dentieulatis. venis primariis ulriuque oireitor 10. petiolo distinct*-
canaliculate, cyiuis nunicrosis conferti.- brovitcr prdunculatis multihVris
4-alato.
Habitat. — South Pat u 112; find Chienshih. Uupei,. China, A. Henri/,
5335, 5945.
Fnttex vol arbor usque ad 20 pod. altus (fide Henry). Folia 2-5 poll,
longa, sed sa.-pius :i— 1 poll, longa, petiolo 2-3 lineas longo. Cynur
circhcr 2 poll. longa- ot lata:. Flares 7-8 lineas diametro. Fnirtns
but the fruit is totally different.
lC 54. EllOliymuS VdlOSUS, llemxl. ; Cclastiinea- j, undique glaherrimu.-,
coriaceis 1 \tiX\B rel obUnceolattf
subacute vel utiunpi.- oUusi, icmoto uiiimleque .-ailu-o denticulat is
md South Wushan. Specimen, and Vmtli Palmer,
envy, 5778, 7019, 7284.
5 (fide He,mj). Folia l.|-5 poll, longa sed saq.ius
la. Petala vix sosquiliuoam diaim
remarkable for the close and curio
', ritinthiun, 3—1
Nearly allied to 0. hispidnm, Hornem. (Antheria
c. t. 416.)
56. Asparagus (Asparagopsis) Buchanani, Bake)
57. Polypodmin (Phymatodes) dulitense, Baker [Filices] ; rhizomate
-i-acili Into repeafc. p:il<-is lancenhitis inrnibraimceis ascendentibus
pallida hnumois, sti]-iii!ms nuiuis ■ ha^ti.- n : Ms >i nunineis, (YoTidibiis
■ ■ ■ .■;;'
sbvilnfe pallida branneis dimidio iaferiori crenatis l>a>i rot u mini i~; vol
deltoideis, venis primariis anvto-patenfilais paralleli- remotis, vcnulis
in areolas hexagonas venulis liberis iaelu^is aaaMoaiosantibus, sori>
Habitat.— Mount Dalit, Sarawak, Borneo. Collected by Mr. Chas.
■
1893 as No. 301.
Stipites 3-o poll, longi. Lamina 2-3 poll, loaga, supra basin 0-21
lin. lata.
58. Polypodium (Goniopteris) finnulum, Baker Kiliees ; rhizomate
lignoso cylindrico nudo lit.- repeia >. i'rondibu-
pnrallolis, aivuli, iana- <-o,tam el mai-inon
disp. sitis sraperficialibua inter venas prima
Habitat. — Mount Dalit, Sarawak, Wax
Hose. Sent to Kew in July 1803 by
Singapore as No. 295.
Stipites sc-ouipedales. Lamina pedalb
poll. long£e, 0-12 lin. late. Vente priraari
Allied to /*. vroph>/lh,m, Wall, and th
ph/ebiam, Hook. There are traces of a n
Lamina 1-2.1 , )0 H. longa, medio 1^ liu.
" " "itbevvno.su,,,. Baker, from which it differs by ii
forked veins. Named, at tin- request of Bishop Hose, after
Habit of P. suIh v, ,/n.su,,,, Maker, from which it d titers l.y it- produced
F. II. O. Maxwell, H.M. Resident at Sarawak, who accompanied him
on the expedition when it was found.
60. Vittaria (Euvittaria) crassifolia, Baiter [Filices] ; rhizomate bre-
viter repente lignoso, fromlibu* coutigni> se*>ilibus linearibus pL-rcrassis
fiagilihus glabris nitidulis siceitate pallide brunneis ad basin sensim
attenuate, venulis immcrsis occnltis, soris in frondis marginem unmersis
ad lamina? partem superiorcm solum productis.
Habitat.— Mount Dulit, Sarawak, Borneo, alt. 5,200 feet. Collected
by Mr. Chas. Hose. Received from Dr. Hose, Bishop of Sarawak
and Singapore, July 1S93, as No. 306.
Combines the thick texture and entirely hidden veins, except the
midrib, of / '. sulcata and fa lent a. with the strictly marginal sori of
V.elongata. Though bo thick the fronds break across very easily.
The sori are «1. * |»1_\ immersed in the upper part of the frond, and its
altered margins enclose them, that of the upper surface projecting a
CCCXXXL- HENEQUEN HEMP IN YUCATAN.
•> prove generally useful
r the purpose of placin*
India and the Coloniei
for the present
; 376" lbs. Spa-
>ccml„-r. the export of Yucatan hemp will be nearly
- Spanish each
probably a third part more land under culti-
ptoduet of which will come forward in the
year,, so that it can be considered (although
e some ;!."0 ^piare miles of land under hemp
'•uhiv.il ion. ni . h; tin opinion of many, the full area that >;ich • ■ 1 1 1 1 i \ at ion
will require ; the port of export being Progreso.
A hemp plantation lasts for some 15 years, a> a -> n.i.tl c.ilcul.-ttion ..n
the basis of production, for each mecate, of 100 lbs. From time of
planting out of suckers until they produce five years, as a rule, are
required. On good land the crop commences in four years or earlier,
whilst 1.11 rockv ground from six years or more. These calculations are
l.aseil oa file planting out of suckers under the same conditions in both
kinds ol'grouud. with plants of from 1 S inehes to 20 inches long. Hemp
planted on fertile land produces less weight of lihre. although it is
longer ami liner, because on rocky soil the roots run along the surface,
instead of penetrating into the ground.
As generally recognised there are seven classes of this agave, of which
only two are cultivated, which are easily distinguished and bear their
native names, first, " Sacqui," or white hemp, from the fact that the
leaves in sunlight appear silvery, the leaves being light green, ami
second, " Yaxqui," or dark green leaves. The first named is the kind
aliuo-i entire!) cultivated here, then- being a very small proportion of
the second, and this principally in the eastern part of the State. The
remaining classes known are not used, having very small leaves and little
fibre.
Although new plants are being continually placed with the old ones,
it is considered that no miles will be cultivated.
ng out. The only chance of a larger
xtremely
ilifliciili, owing to the great heat of the climate. It is not considered
that, the utmost, production at. one time in this State will exceed
400,000 bales to 450,000 bales, of Irom 350 lbs to 37"> lbs., As there
1892 - - - 340,0001
310,000
340,000 ~|
360,000 (
1894 - 380,000 f
1895 400,000 J
The above calculations are based on the new plantations that will
begin to produce year by year.
It must be borne in mind that the plant here has long, strong
leaves with thorns on both edges, and a sharp point at the end of the
leaf.
The plants can be produce.! from seels, but this system is never
used here, being extremely lengthy, suckers being always used.
of labour, buildings, machinery, &c. ?
The great increase of expenses in production during the hemp fever
of 1888-89, when this fibre iv ached the fabulous price of 14 c.J to 15 c.
per lb. (it being calculated that the cost of production, packed and
delivered, in the port of Progreso is about 3* c. to i c per lb.), have
been but partially reduced since, so that at the present time it can be
* The utmost.
f The value of the Mexican dollai but the average
214
calculated that the fthre costs, put in 'bales mid delivered in the port
of Progreso, about 4 c. per lb., Mexican money. This is a general
calculation, as much depends on the greater or less distance of farms
from our port, and the more or less favourable means of transit, and
also from the advantages possessed on farms In reason of the number of
its, the Conner serving to make charcoal.
round so cleaned is maize, this being the
omtrined coating about i doL 12£ c. per metre.
On most farms the ground is cleared of weeds twice a year, nnd on
tliers three times, according to the class of ground, moans of the
irmer, &c. The ijuiei- •„ |y in the rainy season,
Miere is no lixed rule as to the right time for cutting the leaves, and
roper time, ami the Indian servants only seem to know, when the
Ht are not us<
spent a smiJ] ■• ' - n tile old one gives
for production.
There are several opinions as to the host means of
1 l,y Death ami Kihv,„..j
Data relating to the Machin
Henequen Fibre, taking
mecates of Hemp under C
l 01dStyle - | ^
The clean fibre of the machine of Stephens or Thebaud obtains in the
Dinted States from £ c. to 1 c. more per pound than the fibre obtained
up to present time from the other machines.
The mixed or badly cleaned fibre is worth from 25 per cent, to 50 per
cent, less in value according to class ; this class from the Stephens'
machine is worth less than like class from the Prieto. Red hemp comes
from the well cleaned grade, being stained or dirty, and is sold in this
market from 1| c. to 2 C "
badly cleaned, is of very ]
rope making or other native
Other machines for fibre cleaning are spoken of, some recently patented,
such ms Uaden, AH.ce Smith, and II. A. Keene, all of American make.
Up to the present the firsc two named have ben tii.-d here, but have not
given satisfactory results. It is said that the improvements made in
them have been of little account, hence it is not considered that in present
form they can compete with the machines mentioned in the present notes.
Leaf cutter, one man, 200 leaves per day, is paid 25 c. per day.
For carting leaves from plantation to cleaning machinery, done either
by tramway or on mule back, it being rare to find farms who do same
by carts, as experience has shown that by mules it is more economical,
and still more so I j v on farms of great size.
Four men paid each 50 c. per day of 10 hours can move 120,000
feftves by tramway. One mule can draw one waggon with 3,000 leaves,
and make five trip-, according to distance, in 10 hours. The mule
require* in corn and green food 20 c daily.
For 10,000 leaves by mules are required 1 driv
daily ; .", mules, costing each 20 c. daily.
Each mule carries 200 leaves each trip, so t
leaves 10 trips are made.
r, whose pay is 37£ c.
at for a task of 10,000
217
The men who attend the drying el fibre after extraction, ami collect it
dry and carry it to press lor packing, an- paid as follows:—
If the service is don,, by tramway, one nan is re.jiiir.-a foreuch 20.000
leaves, and his daily wage is 50 c, and the work is done on small cars
drawn by hand.
If the service is performed by hand small boys and men unable to do
harder work are employed, calculating one for each 10,000 leaves, the;
being paid 25 c. da ilv ; this system being much longer in question of
time. The .nan who .dears away refuse gains 37 1 c. daily.
The engine driver gains from 20 dol. to 10 dol. per month. On
large farms a stoker is also employed at 50 c. daily. 1 kilom. of
portal >le railway, of 50 coiitims. wide and 5 kilos, to the metre, costs,
laid down, about 1,400 dol. One platform ear for earrying 3,000 leaves
costs about 150 dol.
The pressing of hemp fibre into bales is done on the farms by means
of lever or screw presses, by hand or by hydraulic pressure. Tin latter
are now becoming general.
The bales vary from 350 lbs. to 400 lbs., some farms going to 450 lbs.
but as a medium weight on the entire production a weight of 300 lbs.
is used.
The cubic measurement of ordinary bales is about 22 feet ; with
hydraulic presses, on same basis of 350 lbs. or 400 lbs., about 20 feet
per bale.
On most farms the pressing is done apart from other work, and paid
for, from 10 c. to 15 c. per hale, according to class of press used. One
i daily, so that his wage is from
The screw presses are American manufacture, and cost from
250 dol. to 500 dol. each. The hydraulic preseea are English manu-
facture, and cost from 3,000 dol. to 6,000 dol, according to size and
The bands put on hales are made on the farms by farm hands, who
are paid from 25 c. to 50 c. daily. Each bale re.piir.-s from 100 feet to
120 feet of rope, weighing from 3* lbs. to 5 lbs., for each bale.
Acconling to si/e and weight of each" bale from 4 bands to 6 bauds are
put on each. The cost of bands is about 5 c. each. The bales are
sold, including the weight of bands, these being usually made of the
inferior grades of fibre.
The marks of bales cost the farmer about 1 c. each, being made from
gunny bags.
The cost of administration of farms is calculated from 50 dol. to
100 dol. monthly, according to size. The head servant gains from
bring up the amount to the first named sum.
The owner of a farm only treats with the head servant, who renders
him all accounts, and this servant attends to all the work, receiving his
Orders from the owner.
Fuel for engine is wood, obtained from the farm itself. The way of
obtaining same is varied, bur the general custom I- hy piecework, of
about 75 lbs. to 125 lbs., when wood is dry or wet. Tnis amount is
paid for from 37$ c. to 50 c
Coal is not used on farms, due to the very heavy expenses it incurs
from landing in Progreso to a farm, such expenses being some 10 dol.
per ton over cost of same in port.
A part of general expenses of a farm are the cleaners or weeders of
plantations and these are paid at the rate of 25 c. per mecate. Tina
cleaning has to be done at least once a year.
Kxpfiisos on hf'inp [mm farm f<> port <«f <liipmrnt
general calculation is 20 <•. per 100 ll»s.
An export duty (State ) is payable on h.-nip niterin- IVojrresu
15 c. per IOC lbs.
CCCXXXIL— CALIFORNIAN FRUIT INDUSTRIES.
Horticultural 'mfnnmitin/i. —The State Hoard of Horticulture have
published :l very interesting and instructive report relative to the
cultivation, care, and treatment of the various fruits, seeds, and plants
in this State, which ought to be in the hands of every person who takes
an interest in fruit-growing, hops, and gardening. Complete deserip
tions are given of the pests, insects, and fungi of various kinds which
have made their appearance in many of the orchards, hop yards, and
gardens of the State, and the remedies most beneficial for their eradica-
tion. It contains, besides, papers on the method of growing hops,
plant food and fertilisers, irrigation, seed tables, ages for fruit-bearing
trees and yields, grafting, waxes, &c.
Spraying is now in common practice, not only in the hop yards, but
in the orchards also, and experience has taught a!l that i; is flic only
way to ensure a crop. There are about 30,000 acres in this State
planted with fruit trees, besides small fruits and gardens ; half of these
trees have been planted only four years, and have not arrived at bearing
age, but in the next five year-, it is believed, the, annual bearing fruit
crop will be about 600,000/. (83,000,000), and the hop industry of
equal value and importance. It is recommended to divide the State
into horticultural districts, with a commissioner for each, who should
\ pest inspector for his district, and be responsible for the condition
of his district ; an
d also that lectures
at varioi
is centres should be given
on entomology, &
{'., for the benefit of the farmer and gardener.
st orchards in the
country 1
destroyed by inse
cts, which spoil th
id kill the tree in a short
The most dest
tractive pests are
the Sar,
.1 ose scale, the woolly
and green aphis
, codlin-moth, hop-aphis,
the box-elder bug, and
caterpillars.
All the land east of the Cascade Mountains, where water by irri-
gation can be had,
, if judiciously use*
i. will gr
o\v good fruit, and a good
portion can be planted in orchards 1
irigation ; the light, ashy,
and sandy soil is
adaptei
cultivation, also to hops
and vegetables.
it is easily cultivated ant
I very productive. The
places is kept up
by constant cultivation. West of
the Cascade Moon
tains, in the Puge
t Sound
country, the uplands will
les. The clay loams arc
prove the best fruit lands, especiall;
j for app
r.- gooseberries, currants, ra.-pberrit
latter is the most profitable,
to generally just after winter, before the sap
best generally during the early summer, th
Los Angeles and Wilmington.
Fruits are the leading products d 3 j.i hereto
>re have been almost altogether consumed in the United States, being
lipped as a rule overland. There is apparently a surplus for export,
hich in the near future must be largely increased ; but the quistisn
whether these fruits or any of them can he profitably disposed of in the
English markets, cannot, on account of the great distance and the est.
of transportation, bo said to be definitely fettled. Canned fruits are
shipped to England from San Francisen in laree < j u.-i n t n n*s. l>u i this
portion of the State scar. that ttmde,
and we have only one considerable canning establishment, viz., the
Southern | ■■■■, v of this eitv. the manager of
which, Mr. Welsh, believes that for the present at least he can sell
his product to best advantage in the home markets of the United
States.
Or an yes. — Oranges are our leading fruit. This season's crop, now
(March 1893) in process of being amount to
6,000 car-loads, each of 300 70 lb. boxes (about 60,000 tons) ; and the
domestic sale is so far rather slow, on account of the competition of
Florida, Mexican, and Sicilian fruit, and of excessive cold weather
lessening the consumption in the Eastern States. Within a few years
it is believed the crop will amount to 20,000 car-loads, about 200,000
tons, and there is no present visible domestic market for such a quantity.
I recently conversed here with Mr. Lawrence Con
40 years' ex [-■ the firm of L. Connolly
and Company of Liver; : oranges in England,
concerning the possibility of marketing there a portion of this crop.
adapted f <>r sustaining a long travel ;md delay in reaching market, far
superior in this respect to Florida oranges, which are tender in com-
parison. He only knew one orange equal to the navel that reached the
Knglkh market," that is the Jaffa orange, the crop of which is ex-
hausted by February 1, and, therefore, nor in competition with the
navel, and so far as' he was aware there wn- no additional source of
supply of such fruit nearer than California. Heretofore the crop lias
ideas of growers as to the \aluo of this fruit lire rather exalted. Some
navels are now proenrabio as k>w as h.v. per box, hut the be.st are h< hi
at from 8s. to lO.v. per box at primary points and Mr. Connolly eould
not be sure that i high r pi < than Its per box could lie realised in
Liverpool, at least until the fruit had been introduced and become
while the cost of transport, which must lie usuaiiv in
link in : ml b; fa-f t . ight tra n to N< w York, would, of
course, be very heavy. A trial car. shipped by the Karl Fruit Com-
pany of this city to Mr. Connolly's firm in Liverpool, sold on M ma 1 7.
1893, for 14*. per box. The expense of shipment is estimated at l(k.
per box, leaving only 4s. per box for the grower, Besides this house,
which is very extensive and - other good
firms with which Kn<,di - he Herman
bruit I ipa California Ft u Com; y, t i n and >ke!K
of Riverside, and Cook and Langley are very extensively engaged in
the domestic trade, but i ■ tigs with
England. They think that country too fat away and to poMOH more
convenient sources of supply than California. Besides ihe navels it is
hoped that some sale may also be found in England for our seedlings
and Valencia lates, between June and September.
Lemo*$.—~Tbi8 trade is in process of development here, but as yet
even San Francisco imports largely from Sicily.
Deciduous fruits. — Apricots and peaches are produced to a con-
siderable extent, and Southern California appears specially favourable
i.y ,iinl-l>ye t<> make way lor other crops. This refers to proxima
u- all of last year's, reaching 42,000,000 lbs. will find
sive supply, and fetch good prices.
Walnuts. — Soulherii ( 'alifornia is already a large producer ■
walnuts; about 100 car-loads have been shipped east during the pa
o! this city, ami sells easily, on the average, at about '.\\<l. to \d. pi
II.. \\ ithin live years from now the crop may he so much increase
from new plantations as to atlonl a surplus for export, but at presei
even the American cities of the Atlantic const ;ire chiefly supplied fro
European sources, ami the amount of land perfectly suited for th
production in Southern California appears to be limited.
Mr. Ernest Watson, an Knglishman who has a largo orange grove i
The following u ra respecting the wine, liquori
Report of the Statistician oE the l*ni ted States Department of Agric
ture for June 1893 :—
Of highest ii rta e V> tin presi it and the futnn of the country
is wine growing. The production does not only snilice for home con-
furnishes'a r export. The efforts of Russia for
rlie advancement of tin- hrandi .if rural indu>fry are prai.-a worthy.
confined to the production of tahle gftipes, aud thus it remained on a
instance of the Russian
13,000,000 vedros (42, I he average
:> to 30 cents only in years of crop failure.
"which carry on a wholesale trade in liquorice, and two of which have
erected extract factories in this country.
Annually there are produced ahout 108,339,000 pounds of raw
liquorice, which, after drying, yields 36.113.000 pounds of marketable
merchandise. For raw liquorice the factories pay on the average
11 cents per 100 pounds*
Production of Spirits from Mulberries.
The production of spirits from cs, and other
fruits depends upon the yearly result of the vintage, as the producers
seek to repair the eventual loss in wine and wine-spirits by substituting
tiic above-named fruits. The production during the last five years
averaged about 65,0'. K) vedros (211,18o,0C0 gallons) of mulberry spirits
free from water. The other fruits are used for this purpose only in
inconsiderable quan t it ics.
CCCXXXIV.— MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.
Borneo. — The Right Rev. the Bishop of Singapore and Sarawak
(Dr. Hose) has forwarded to Kew a parcel containing 46 dried
specimens of ferns, collected by him at Mount Dulet, Sarawak. Six
species have proved to be new ; descriptions of these by Mr. J. G.
Raker, F.R.S., will appear in the Decades Kewenses, given at
intervals in the pages of the Kew Bulletin.
for the Herbarium through Dr. K. Keck,
India.— From Mr. J. F. Duthie, F.L.S., Director of the Botr
Department, Northern India, comes a collection of upwards of
specimens of dried plants collected by him in Kashmir.
tor of the Botanical Museum,
specimens of Mexican plants,
of* the new species of glasses
12!) specimens
,nd Iceland.— To Herr H. Kiarskou Kew is indebted for
of dried plants from Greenland and Iceland, gathered by
Leitneria floridana, Chapm.— Dr. W. Trelease, Director of the
Missouri Botanic Gardens, St. Louis I'.S A.. Ins forwarded to Kew a
specimen of this species, found by him in Missouri. This interesting
plant, previously recorded from the salt marshes of Florida only, was
placed by its author in the order Myricacea 1 , but raised to tee rank of
a monotypic order by Bentham and Hooker in the (ion ra Pla.ttarnm
Vol. III., p. .396, A good figure of it is given in Hooker's Icone*
Plantantm, t. 1041. It forms a shrub from L' to feet high, somewhat
resembling a willow, from which it differs in having a solitary ovule
alii \ed laterally. From Mi/rira it the absence
"s in the leaves, while the elongated (not globose)
Wood of Araucaria. — The trunk of the historic Aram-aria imhrirata,
referred to in the K< ir lluUttut tor -January last, p. 24. as having died
during the previous autumn, has been cut up and a specimen deposited ii
nn. The trunk measures abo 1 1 1 ,i h :h ai 1 1 i'i it i inch -
in diameter at the base. A sample of the wood of a tree of ihia species
grown at Tortworth Court, Gloucestershire, and a walking stick madeo!
the same wood, both presented by Karl ol' Ducie, K.iLS.. in I-,o;>. ar,
shown in Museum 1S T 0. 1. The wood is light, soft, and open-grained, and
apparently of but little value economically, though in its native country
'huti'ih, Ait.'. i /. liiJv-illi, Hook.!.' The fir.-i'is
a native o!' "^ '•'• 1 -- and <J;ieoi:dand. and the second
grows only in (Queensland. Loth are tree- of some 100 to L10 feet h>L r h,
very large size and light-coloured even-grained
wood- suitabh for fn i tut o. flooring, and oth r< rpentry work : som.
samples of the Moreton Bay Pine are prettily r '
Photographs of Tropical Scenery. — The collection of p
the island of Grenada taken by K. V. Sherring, K, q ., F.l
in Museum No. .'5 in Juste lNf)2, and noticed in the Kri
July and August 1S92, p. 1ST, as a loan collection, has re(
quired for the Museum, and will now form part of the perm
excellence of the photographs themselves and for the w
scenes they represent. A very good idea of the general 6
the island can be obtained from them as well as of the it
Two of the most striking of t
perhaps, those of Lake Antoine looking across tin
Grand Etang with virgin forest. Amongst those
dividual plants are the Cacao {Theobroma Cacao), a fine group
Nutmeg trees • •> ;, and a tree on the Cha
covered with a luxuriant growth of Asplenium aurirnlatum, a
Arrostirlmni aureum.
Oak of Mature, or Abraham's Oak. — A block of the celebrated oak
tree, known as Abraham's Oak, from near Hebron has recently been
presented to the Kew Museum by Mrs. E. A. Finn. The history of
this interesting specimen is as follows : — Mr. Finn, husband of the lady
just referred to, occupied the portion of Lrit i-h ( 'ou-ul at Jerusali'iu
and Palestine from 1845 to 1863. The branch, of which the specimen
now at Kew is part, was broken off in a snow storm, the piece was
purchased by Mr. Finn, who had it cut up and bronchi to Jerusalem in
seven camel loads. The greater part of the branch was made up into
small articles and sold for the benefit of poor Jews in Palestine. Dr. (now
Sir Joseph) Hooker, in a paper, "On Three ( )aks of l>ale-tine,"read before
the Linnean Society of London on 20th dune IS61 ( Transactions Linn.
Soc, Vol. XXIII., p. 381), refers to this tree as the prickly evergreen
oak thus : — " Quercus pseudococcifera is by far the most abundant
" tree throughout Syria, covering tie ine especially
" with a dense brushwood of trees 8-12 feet high, branching from the
" base, thickly covered with small evergreen rigid leave-, and bearing
" acorns copiously. On Mount Carmel it forms nine-tenths of the
" shrubby vegetation, and it is almost e.piaih abundant on the west
" fianks of the Antilebanon and many slopes and valleys of Lebanon.
" Even in localities where it is not now seen, its roots arc found in the
'•' soil and dwj; up for find, as in the valley- to the south of Bethlehem.
•' oak tartly attains its full size. We saw but few very good trees; one
" I saw other good ones at Anturah on the Lebanon. Leaves and
" acorns of both these were carefully compared with tlmso of the stunted
«' form that grew around them and elsewhere, and presented no difference
" whatever. The ' Abraham's ( )ak * is popularly supposed to indicate
" the spot where grew the oak or hmtidc (tor ir is disputed which)
" under which the patriarch pitehed his tent, and is reverenced accord-
" ingly by Jews, Mahommedana, and Christians. In general habit it
" much resembles the Q. Ilex as grown in this country, but does not
" branch so much from the base, the bark is similar in colour and
" lissuring, the branches in direction, and the folia-re in colour . . . .
"In the winter of 1856-57 in the streets of Jerusalem (eh v.
'• 2,200 ft.), the -now (,.11 deep and lay lor many days. The aeeumulatinn
'• gave way under the weight and fell to the ground. Mr. Schunbri,
" the highly intelligent drag-. man o! .Jerusalem, informed me that he
'• was employed by Mr. Finn. Lriti-h ( 'on-uk to bring the bough to that
I (No. 72, 1893), the i
specting the fruit trade :— The trin.li' of the < 'olony Ii;is advanced rapidly
during the year. The green-fruit trade, however, has not increased to
any great extent, and the profits made from the production and export
of this staple have undoubtedly fallen off. Tina is owing, loenlly. to
:h>' presence of a disease among bananas which prevents their bearing.
(Kew Bulletin, 1890, p. 272; 1892, p. 48.) The Government
have for some time been endeavouring to arrange for the tem-
porary servi.es of a pathologist to examine the causes of this
disease, and, if possible, to provide a remedy. The trade has also been
affected by the competition of the Colony of Queensland in the markets
of New Smith Wales and Vietoria. The export of green fruit to New
Zealand lias, however, doubled within the last four years, as has also
tlnil to Victoria. There will always be a sale for Fijian green fruit, as the
quality of the bananas produced in Fiji is admittedly superior to that of
those coming from Que 88 -old under the name of
mas. A few of the " Gros Michel" bananas suckers have
been imported from Trinidad, with the view of seeing whether they
resist the disease better than the locally grown " China" bananas.
Selected Papers from the Kew Bulletin.— The six published volumes
of the Kew Bulletin (1887-92) contain articles which more or less
cover the whole field of commercial enterprise as applied to tho vegetable
kingdom. These articles are necessarily printed in a disconnected form,
in in id UK with the prii pie la i.iwn h\ the Government that in-
formation of public int ivst should be published as speedily as possible.
It will, therefore, be convenient to bring together ec •a-:mial!\ the
whole of the published papers relating to one particular subject. " The
trouble of following these through a series of annual volumes would
otherwise in great measure defeat the object in view. A volume now
in course of preparation, to be followed from time to time by similar
collections, deals with the subject of Vegetable Imbues. This is of
first-rate importance to manufacturers at home, and also to r
Colonies. Amongst other subjects, there will appear for the first time
ft complete account to date of the ve>.
Vueatan and the Bahamas.
Sisal in Turks Islands.— The cultivation of the Pi: i -
continues to make progress, and the report of the Assistant Commissioner
at Cockburn Harbour on the subject is encouraging. A large extent of
fresh ground has been planted out during the year, and several new
LOU with the industry. Both com-
panies it is expected, will be in a position to make small shipments
of fibre during l.sjKJ. A plantation of Sea Island cotton has also been
started on one of the adjacent Cays. (Colonial Office Report, No. 71,
letter dated the 24th July last, addressed to Kew
i for Foreign A , | ;l report by
ieuna, on two diseases of vines known respectively
and the Brunnissure. Mr. Massee has
! following brief particulars respecting
these diseases :— Professor Emerich Rathay has given a resume (Die
Weinluube, 1893) of what is known concerning two forms of vine
disease, called respectively " ; Hrunissure '* and " ( 'alifornia vine disease."
The former, first observed in the vineyards of Central France in 1882,
has spread rapidly, and is now reported from such distant points as
Bessarabia and the United States. The disease is caused by a myxo-
mycete — Pla.wwdiopliora vitit, Vial, and Sauv. — closely allied to
Plasmodiophora brassicac, Wor., the cause of the disease in turnips
and cabbages known as " lingers and toes " or " anbury." In the vine
the disease is mostly confined to the leaves, and does not, as in the
Californian disease, extend to the stem and root ; neither is there any
distortion of tissue* such »3 reault* from the attacks of Plasmodiophora
in other plants. The par- .,.:<• cells of the
leaf, and from thence extends to the cells of the spongy parenchyma,
occurring only very rarely in the epidermal ceils. The first external
evidence of the parasite is the presence of small, irregular brown
patches on the leaf, these soon increase in size, run into each other, and
cover more or less the entire surface except the vines. The wilted
appearance of the young shoots, and arrest of development and ripening
of the fruit, is the indirect result of the alteration of the leaves by the
Pkumodiophora. This disease has certainly gained a foothold in
England, an example having quite recently been sent to Kew from
Sussex for determination. No remedy has yet been discovered, and it
has teen observed on vines that have been sprayed with sulphate of
copper solution for fungi ' : :. as an internal parasite
protecting it from the i :'; in. The most
exhaustive account of this disease i> jean (Joirrn.
Jiotaniqxe, vol. vi., p. 355, 1 pi. ; Leche'valier, Paris). The California
vine disease, lirst observed in Los Angeles county in 18S2, is devastating
numerous Cftl od baa funned the subject of two
elaborate reports, issued by the United States Department of Agri-
culture, lb\)'2. This disease is also caused by a myxomycete, Plasmo-
dinphoru ((liij'ontiru, Viala and Sauv.. and the < il'eet is as disastrous as
that produced by the dreaded Phylloxera ; the parasite attacking with
equal energy old and young plants, and in all situations, wild vines, as
V. californica, not being exempt. The parasite develops within the
living cells of the host-plant, the tips of the shoots being first attacked,
the disease passing along the branches into the main stem, and finally
into the root, thus killing the plant within a short time. The leaves,
when first attacked, show patches of a yellowish tinge, soon passing
into red, and finally to blackish red, hence the term '• black measles,"
applied by Californian planters at this stage. This disease is unknown
m Europe.
Anthracnose in Vines.— The vine disease known by the name of
Anthraeno>e, caused by a minute fungus called Sphactloma ampili-
niint, De Pary, is well known on the Continent and in North America.
Asa serious' disease, its presence has only been noted in England
during the past year, and it is probably widely diffused, specimens
have been received at Kew for determination from such diitai
as Dorking and Edinburgh. Anthracnose is an insid
which in its milder forms would not be likely to arouse apprehension on
the part of the cultivator, yet successive attacks for four or five years
often kill the plant. The young shoots, leaves, flowers, and fruit are
attacked. The disease on the young shoots appears at first under the
form of minute brown spots, those soon increase in size and become
sunk or depressed at the rent re. the epidermis becomes broken up into
minute white downy particles, and as the disease extends the shouts
become almost - are short, and the development of
the leaves arrested, not expanding, of a harsh, brittle texture, and
hairy below. Thepres be one known
as " black-rot," although the two have by some authorities been
considered to be identical. The following method of treatment has
before the buds open, the plants should be thoroughly sponged with a
50 per cent, solution of sulphate of iron in water ; the atmosphere at
this time should be kept damp. When the young shoots are about six
inches long they should be dusted with ; lowers of sulphur, and if the
disease makes headway, the dusting should be repeated, the sulphur
being mixed with an equal quantity of powdered lime. Very badly
diseased plants should be removed and burnt, as such are not amenable
to the above or any other mode of treatment. A detailed account of
this disease, also prc\ontive methods and treatment, is given by Viala.
\_Lcs maladies tie la Vignc. Masson : Paris.]
Extract of Chestnut Bark.— In a Foreign Office Report [No. 1270,
Annual Series. 1*93] the following particulars are given respecting this
new tanning material prepared in the neighbourhood of St. Malo,
France: — "Ti - chiefly sent to Belgium,
" though a Glasgow house has taken some of late. ' It is used in the
" process of tanning leather, being made of the bark of chestnut trees.
" The export has reached lot) tons to 200 tons per month, and it is
" expected that the new manufactory of this essence now about to be
" opened at Dinan will double the export hence. The only manufactory
'• in this district at present is a i Montreuil-siii-llle in tie- .
This information supplements that conveyed in a F. O. Report [No. 578,
Annual Series, iSSi) | on the t ratio of Corsica, where it is ■stated that
" Chestnut extracts (from Ajaeeio) for tanning purposes have been in
" demand ; ,: > have been shippt d."'
it is said that these Chestnut extracts are used for tanning purposes
to modify the colour produced by Hemlock extract (obtained from the
hemlock spruce ( Tsnya c
RosO-growing and pressing in Saxony. — The experimental rose phut-
i, h 1 'lit s ,l f s that ti c\ ire, the B. Igi in Con id
xtended. The plants have thriven well through the long an i severe
r has been shown that it was a false idea to suppose that these (lowers
.vpnre < >riontal heat to prosper and acquire a delicate perfume; the
jtpej tmenJ i at ire, and even
operation tins summer. Provision is made 1
piote the Consul—" with 50,000 kilogs. of leav
about 40 kilogs. of oil, water, and noraade
i; roses, valued at 10,000 to 50,000 marks. To start with, the factory
" will have three boilers providing 300 square metres of heated surface,
" and the roses will, immediately they are plucked, be transferred to the
" macerating jars, where, thanks to this procedure, they will deposit their
" perfume in all its freshness and delicacy. Only the quantity of leaves
<• i-e.| uired at the moment will be collected, a few minutes sufficing to
" transfer the leave- from the plant to ihe machines." Commerce of the
26th July adds :— This expedition is favourablv contracted with the pro-
cedure followed in Turkey and in France, where frequently the roses
plucked in the morning are only distilled in the evening. As to the oil
of roses produced in Saxony during last year, it is claimed that not only
did it not fall short on comparison with the Turki.-h product, hut that it
was better than its rival in delicacy and strength, and the lasting
character of its perfume.
n- oir
civ in
neously at London and Bangkok by telegraph, it is a perfi
Tin pi ii e. luri g tin y< u; • ml nued t 1 dl. r n.c; ng i »m 22 ti< ils per
picul (30/. 10s. per ton) for white pepper, and 1G ticals to 10 ticals (22/. 3*.
to 13v. 7*. per ton) for black. As recently as 1888 the price reached
the high figure of 88/. per ton. It would appear that the big profits in
those years were made by the middlemen— (.'hinamen who buy the
standing cr<' -. of disease and worm. All the pepper
sold in the Bangkok market comes from Chantaboon, a district on the
east coast of the Gulf of Siam about 180 miles from Bangkok. The two
firms above referred to do business through the shipping agent — a
(icrmau, who run- a small steamer once a week to Chantaboon. The
pepper crop is gathered in .March, ■■ ml is in the liangkok market about
a month later. When the berries are plucked, they are put through a
winnowing machine with three compartments. The heaviest berries
drop into the first, and after being macerated in water, by which the
outer black covering is removed, become white pepper. The lighter and
inferior berries of the second compartment form black pepper, and these
in the third are waste, from which the best grains are extracted and
added to the second kind. Of the export, two-thirds were white and
one-third black pepper. All the white is shipped to London, and the
black to China. The local consumption is small. The freight charged
from Chantaboon to Bangkok is about 13.?. 9d. per ton, and there is an
inland duty of 1 tical per picul. equivalent to 1/. 7s. Qd. per ton. The
prospects for 1893 are good. The quantity seems excellent, and there
are no complaint- of scarcity, tl ough grow< rs assert if the price falls
any lower it will be impossible to continue cultivation (Foreign Office
Consular Report, No. 12G7, 1893).
KOYAL GARDENS, KEW.
BULLETIN
OF
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION.
No. 81.] SEPTEMBER. [1893.
St. Vincent is one of the -roup of islands known in the West I
as the Colony of the Windward Islands. The other members ol
group are St. Lucia, 21 miles to the north, and Grenada, 68 miles 1
Barbados, under a separate Government, is 100 mile
I by Columbus on the 22nd January 1498.
it is situated in 13" 10' north latitude and 60° 57' west longitude. It
is 18 miles in length and 11 in breadth, and contains, according to the
( oIoi>ia( Offir, List, nearly 85,000 acres of land, about half the area
\. with only 13,000 acres under permanent cultivation.
The population in 1S<>1 was 1 1 ,().") 1. The majority of \]\ ■ adjoining
islets, known as the < irenadines. air dependencies of St. Vincent. The
following account of these is taken from the excellent " Historical
Geography of the Colonies," by Mr. C. P. Lucas, of the Colonial Office.
" These dependencies contained at the last census a population of
2,691, the largest of them being Bequia, the next largest Union Wan. I
andCannouan. Bequia is 1,-s than nine miles to the south of St. Vincent.
It is of irregular shape, long and narrow, running from north-east to
south-west, and it has an area of about six square miles, its principal
bay is Admiralty Bay on the western side. It is badly watered, and
perhaps hardly deserves the old account given of it in the history of
the Carihhy Islands, that 'it would be fruitful enough if it were
cultivated; "for hut little sugar or other products are now grown here,
and the main attraction of the island is its game. Pere Lab it states
that in his time Bequia contained dangerous snakes, and was for that
reason called Little Martinique, th,,u-h. a- he s ;iV s. ii mLdit .-qually
well for the same reason have been christened Little Sr. Lucia."
(pp. 220, 1).
According to Bryan Kd wards (///>/. H'tst f»,ti<:<, L. p. 105 ) the
area of the several islands in the Grenadines is as follows : — Bequia,
3,700 acres; Union, 2,150 acres ; Cannouan, 1,777 acres ; and Mustique,
about 1,200 acres.
232
The following particulars of the physical condition of St. Vincent
are taken from a Sketch of the Colony prepared by Mr. T. B. C.
Musgrave for the Jamaica Exhibition, 1891 : —
" The geological formation of St. Vincent is volcanic, all the rocks
of the island indicating that origin. So recently as in 1812 the
' Soufriere,' a mountain at the north end of the island, 4,048 feet
high, broke out in eruption and overwhelmed much of the .-urrounding
period more remote. At the bottom of the older crater, some 1,600
from 2,000 to 4,000 feet, and densely wooded, traverse
coast, especially towards the north end of the i-iaml.
country, affords much more level land."
"The Carib country is a broad and fertile tract sloping
ward- from the sea. for a di-tunce of some four mile-, i
the hill- of the centra! mountain ran ire which then ri-es
■ ; re. 1' derive- its name from ha'
of a century ago, been allotted to the aborigines of t
"The valleys are fertile and well watered, v
through them, which tarn the different water n
the dry season, comparatively small, swell in
heavy rains. The windward slopes of the Soul
country, and which from its peculiarity deserve
"Before the eruption of the Soufriere in 1;
down with singular for
The slopes of the
abundant undergro 1 !
streams, species of i
Of tree ferns there a
and three species of
grasses and dry-loving ferns. The characteristic fern of such localities.
In the lowlands, in valleys, and on easy slopes, the original vegeta-
tion has been for the most part cleared for the cultivation of sugar-
cane, arrowroot, and other plants. On rocky cliffs are found numerous
liushcs and tre,s of Munted growth, some of' them overhanging th_ sea.
With these are an A^are and Bromeliacece.
•lis?
ricrs in the ti
/opics The
Mangrove tree'
; are 01
iiy sparii
nviv dis-
::;:.
: S£Iu
MaCchineel
tree 'iir.p^ma,
u Mi,
;i : t
im'uhu-lv
pere i by
N.E. trade w
nine months of
ear. Du
and October, th
;t. Hurr
re. St. Vim
.
siauusoi
the
West Indies.
Tile slope o
1
!l l<90the A*
;or of the Koyal
St. Vin-
f durincr a ten
lie W.
-t Indie-.
made at
Hie
instance of ,
he Seeretary
of State' His
report
-
Botanic Garden (founded 17<S"> !, certainly in the West Indies, and
perhaps in any tropical pari of the world. An account e
is given in the Kt/r Ihtlltli,. for 1^-92. pp. 92-100. It lingered on with
a precarious existence till the end of the first quarter of the present
The scient
of the flora of St. Vincent was limited to the
IJritHi West India Idand-
enumerated in Grisebaeh's " Plora of the
" (18(54). He relied upon a collection made
by the Rev. Landsdown €
Udlding preserved in the Kew Herbarium.
by Alexander Anderson, th
e second Superintendent of the old Botanic
Garden, of whom some pa
1892 (pp. 94-5). also by
George Caley, one of Anderson's successors
(K. B: I. c. p. 97).
These data supplied at ti
rst a very imperfect idea of the total flora.
lesirable to take advantage of any opportunity
for completing t.
determined to send a zoological collector to St. Vincent. Mr. H. H.
Smith, a native of the United States, and an expert of known skill and
experience, was engaged. lie was accompanied by his wife, and Mr.
:u after a vint to Kew to undertake the task. ( hi arriving
at St. Vine. . as assistant in botai
Mr. G. W. Smith (now Curator of the Botanical Garden, Grenada), a
native of the Windward Islands.
The very copious collections made by the party during the years 1889
and 1890, at Mr. Godman's C03t, were presented by him to the Royal
Gardens. There is every reason to suppose that as far as it is practicable
under such circumstances they exhaust the actual flora so far as flowering
plants and ferns are concerned. But there will be doubtless, as even in
our own country, always some additional harvest of species to be
obtained by residents in the island who can give their time to a closer
investigation of its area.
Mr. H. Powell, the Curator of the revived Botanic Garden, has done
good service by sending additional collections since 1890.
The flora of the Grenadines previously to the present investigation
was practically unknown.
The following enumeration is a catalogue prepared by the Kew staff
of all specimens in the Kew Herbarium professing to be derived
from St. Vincent, whether indigenous or naturalised.
Each island is indicated throughout the list by its initial letter.
U. Union.
V. St. Vincent.
As the duplicate specimens have with Mr. Godman's sanction been
.listrii'iited to various herbaria, the numbers attached to the several
specimens of each species are cited throughout for convenience of
future reference.
The largest proj>ortion of the plants enumerated were collected by
the Smiths. For these no collector's name is given. In the case of
other collectors it is added. Synoi
the names employed in Grisebach's
not now adopted.
The statistics of the flora and such points of scientific interest as it
presents are discussed in a concluding summary.
As regards the arboreal vegetation of St. Vincent aud the most pro-
minent and valuable ti ml » tnoel recenl particulars
are given in a Report upon the Forests of St. Vincent by E. D. M.
Hooper, of the Indian Forest Department, published by the Colonial
Office in 1886.
A report upon the fruits of the Colony will be found in the Kew
Bulletin for 1888 (pp. 187-8).
The position of the once flourishing but now somewhat decaying
Arrow-root industrv i- diseased in the Km- fhilh-tin for 1893 (pp.
191-204).
Enumeration of the Flowering Plants and Feens of
St. Vincent and adjacent Islets.
DlLLENIACEiE.
Curatella americana, L. — V. 1788. Widely spread in tropical South
DC.—Y. 1234. St. Lucia, Martinique.
Trigynaea antillana, Rolfe ; ramis ferrugineo-
breviter petiolatis oblongis acuminatis eoriaceis glabi
impressis subtus prominentibus, floribus axiliaribus, bracteis ovato-
oblongis concavis ferrugineo-pubescentibus, sepalis late triangulo-ovatis
cum pedicel!^ ferrugineo -trigosis, petalis ovato -oblongis concavis
crassiuscnlis suba-qualibus, ovarii* uniovulatis.
Forest ridges and valleys. V. 1359, 1539.
" Arbor, 20 pad. alta." Folia 3£-7 poll, longa, l£-2£ poll. lata.
Pedicdli 2-3 lin. longi. Sepala 1 lin. longa. Petala 3 lin. longa.
This tropical American grim- lias not previously been recorded from
the West Indies. The Gvm-ra Pl„,<tar«m speaks of the ovules as in-
definite, but in those Ave have examined they range from one to few in
Rollinia Sieberi, A.DC.—V. 621. Trinidad, San Domingo and
South Mexico.
Anona muricata, L.—Y. 403 ; B. 56 ; M. 157. Native of tropical
America, and now very widely cultivated, so that it is difficult to
determine where it is really indigenous.
Anona palustris, L. — V. 1518. Tropical America, chiefly along the
Anona reticulata, L. — V. 877. Common in tropical America, both
Chondodendron tomentosum, Ruiz ft Pav., syn. Cocculus tamoides.
DC.—Y. 528. Widely dispersed in tropical South America.
Cissampelos Pareira, L. — V. 355, 1311, 1877. Common in nearly all
Nymphaea ampla, DC— V. 1708. This ranges from Texas and
Argemone mexicana, L.— V. 182 ; B. 233. A Mexican plant, now i
ommon weed in many tropical and sub-tropical countries.
Bocconia frutescens, L.—V. 1370. Widely spread in tropica
Nasturtium officinale, R.Br.—V. 1590. Most probably introduced
•om Europe, rhough Grisebach seems to have considers 1 it" ii-digenou-
Lepidium virginicum, L.—V. G70. A North American species,
probably introduced in the West Indies.
Cakile aequalis, L'Herit.—V., Guilding. Common on sandy sea
shores in the West Indies; also found in South Florida and
Cleome pungens, JVUld.—V. 4; B. 176. Widely dispersed
iiu-rica.
Polanisia viscosa, DC, syn. Cleome viscosa, L. — V. 21 ; B. Vt
-
K ^Gvnandro_psis^pentaphyUa, J DC., syn. Cleome pentaphylla, L.—
Topics, bat probably intr
inygdalina, Lam.— V. 1820; 1
tropical Amei
Capparis cynophallophora, L., svn. (';ipp;iris eusta.-hiana, Jaca.— V.
108 ■. 1622 : B. 1,51 : C. 4; M. 116 W idely diffused along the sea-
shores of tropical America, al-n in Feniandu Noronha.
Capparis jamaicensis, Jacq.— V., Guilding ; C. 7; M. 117; U. 17,
also Powell 91. South Florida and West Indies.
Crataeva gynandra, L.— -V., Goilding; B. 146. Widely spread in
tropical America.
Guilding. South Mexico to
, Benth.—V. t Guilding. British Guiana.
Sauvagesia erecta, L.—V. 53. Widely dispersed in tropical and
ub-tropical America, also in West Africa, Madagascar, Java, Ac.
Bixa OreUana, L.—V. 167. Widely dispersed in tropical and sub-
opical Amei: ■ <:UM ; n other countries.
rataphracta, W>rb.—\ r .
Folygala paniculata, L. — V. 570, 1190. Widely dispersed and
common in tropica America, from S; ■:::!■ M-\ioo to Uruguay.
Securidaca Lamarckii, Griseb. — Y. 719; B. 276. Martinique, Cuba
and Jamaica.
mid.—V. 162. 1365
Portulaca oleracea, X.— V. 1939 ; M. 25. Tropical and sub-tropical
egions generally.
Portulaca pilosa, L. — V. 1196; B. 217. Throughout tropical and
ub-tropical America.
Talinum patens, U'illd. — V. 2<>2. 1'A . : B. without number. Widely
-tropical America.
Hypericin: ! .
Vismia ferruginea, H. B.K.—Y., Gnilding. Trinidad, Guiana and
Clusia alba, L. (Griseb.)— V. 339. 349. St. Lucia, M
>omii.ic:i, Guadeloupe and Cuba.
Clusia, sp. — V. 1318; B. 121. And a second undetermined species
Rheedia lateriflora, L.—Y. 482. Martinique, Dominica, Guadeloupe,
-Y. 73; B. 39. Widely dispersed in
T. 727. Widely dispersed in tropical
spread in tropic*
Norantea Jussisei, ' 7Y. $ PL, syn.
". 1281. Dominica and Guadeloupe.
Freziera hirsuta, Sm. — Y., Guilding. Jamaica and Cuba.
Freziera undulata, Sir. — V. 57 o.^ St, Lucia, Martinique,
spicatnm, A. Gr. — Y.
Cape Verde Islands. It is uncertain whether it is really indigenous i
the ( >M \\ orld, though Robert Brown collected it in Queen. l.m.l ^,1
in the present century, and it is now very common in Baft] i
Malvastrnm tricuspidatum, A. Gr.—V. 818; B. 164; U. 29, also
Powell 92. Common in tropical and su'.-tmpical America, anil nutura-
lised in India, the Canary Islands, &c.
Sida carpinifolia, L.~ V. 113, 113a, 991 ; B. 162, 163 ; M. 75; U.
33, 34. "Widely dispersed in tropical and sub-tropical regions.
Sida ciliaris, Z — B. 171. Florida and Mexico to Brazil.
I. Common in tropical America,
Sida glomerata, Cav.—Y. 1058 ; C. 13. Widely dispersed in tropical
Sida rhombifolia, L — V. 786. Common and widely dispersed in »
tropical and sub-tropical regions.
Sida spinosa, L — V. 1059, 1649. Generally dispersed in the
tropics.
Sida urens, Z. — V. 1341. Common in tropical America, also in
Africa and Madagascar.
rostrata, Planch., syn. Abutilon periplocifolium, G. Don.
Widely dispersed in tropical America, also common in tropical
Africa and Ja
Abutilon crispum, (
south-eastern North Ai
hirtum, Griseb. —
Sweet.— B. 157, 166; M. 71; U. Powell
88. Jamaica and St. Thomas.
Malachra capitata, L.—V. 579 ; M 73. Widely dispersed in the
tropics.
Malachra radiata, Z — V., Guilding. Widely dispersed in tropical
America, and also found in West Africa.
Urena lobata, L.—V., Guilding. Common and widely dispersed
through the tropics.
Urena sinuata, L.—V. 99. Widely dispersed in tropical regions.
Pavonia micropkylla, Casar. — V., Guilding. Brazil.
Pavonia typhalaea, Cav.—V. 606, 1359. Widely spread in tropical
Z., syn. Abelmoschus moschatus, Medic. — V.
btive of tropical Asia and perhaps also of
•e\cr, as well as in many other countries, it is
Hibiscus radiatus, Cav.—Y. 1650. Introduced from tropical Asia.
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Z. — V. 1342. Naturalised. It is uncertain
here this i. realh native, as it lias _ hen cultivated in warm
Hibiscus Sabdariffa, L.—Y. 1601. Introduced. Extensively culti-
vated in the tropics. Uncertain where indigenous.
Hibiscus tiliaceus, L., syn. Paritium tiliaceura, A. Juss.—Y. 283 T
488, 493 ; B. 161. A common tree on the sea coast in nearly all tropical
countries, including many remote islands.
Hibiscus vitifolius, L.—Y. 1648. Naturalised from the Old World,
where ii is common in tropica! A -da and Africa, and it is also found in
Thespesia populnea, Corr.—Y. 547 ; B. 160. Widely dispersed
through the tropics of the Old World, now common in the West Indies,
chiefly near the coast.
Gossypium barbadense, L. — V. 1653. Introduced.
Eriodendron anfractuosum, DC. — V. 159. Inhabits tropical America,
Africa ami Asia, -^musim: the -pecies. to be the same throughout, con-
cerning which there is much difference of opinion.
Ochroma Lagopus, Sic. — V. 253. Widely dispersed in tropical
Sterculia caribaea, R. Br. et Benn.—Y. 4
i Trinidad.
59. 61.
5. St. Lucia,
Myrodia turbinata, Sw. —
to Guiana and Brazil.
V. 496. Mexico, t
brough
the West Indies
Melochia nodifiora, Sir.—
Mexico, and Central America
■V. 1055;
to Columl
M. 70.
■ ia and \
eJud
t Indies, South
Melocbia tomentosa, L.—Y. 1061; B. 167;
30. Commcn and widely diffused in tropical Ar
C. 19;
M. 85, 86; U.
Waltheria americana, L-
-V. 600;
ical region
B. 15
8. W
idely dispersed
perSr^.^Anmti^"-
-V. 197,
517; B. 36, 2
17. Widely dis-
Buettneria scabra, L. — V
America, extending to Trinidi
-d and St?
. Comn
eastern tropical
grossularifolia, Rich.—Y. 1057, 1943. Cuba.
Triumfetta Lappula, L. — V., Guilding. A common tropical American
Triumfetta rhomboidea, Jarq.—Y. 473. Widely dispersed through
the tropics.
Triumfetta semitriloba, /.— V. 105, 599, 811, 1343, 1945; B. 154,
155. Common in nearly all tropical countries.
Corchorus acutangulus, L.—Y. 1340; B. 168; M. 8. Widely dif-
fuscd in the tropics.
Corchorus hirtus, L.—Y. 709; B. 165, 170. Eastern tropical
America, also Antigua and Tobago.
Corchorus siliquosus, T..
lispersed in tropical Ameri
Brazil.
Apeiba Tibourbou. Aubl.—V., Guilding. Widely dispersed in tropical
Prockia cruris, L.—Y. 1847. Widely diffused in tropical America,
and northward into Mexico.
Sloanea sinemariensis, - ivbl. {non Griseb.*).—V. 535. Martinique,
I>ominica and Gui;ina.
Erythroxylon obovatnm, Mnrf. — V., Guilding. .Martinique, Jamaica,
Cuba, Bahamas and Bonacea Island on the coast of Honduras.
Erythroxylon obtusum, DC—V. 852, 1525 ; B. 50, 85 ; M. 120.
St. Lucia, Martinique, Port., Kim, S ;! >i J >on- i n _■«.. Cuba, Grenada,
Tobago and Trinidad.
A. Nicholls picked up drift fruits of this on
Mustique Island in 1891.
MaLPHJHI
ACK.H.
Byrsonima
Domingo and
coriacea, DC.—V.
491,
609
i 1253,
1824. :
Dominica,
Sac
Byrsonima
W,.st Indi-s.
spicata, Rid
'/— V
449,
634
. Easi
America
and
Malpighia
coccigera, L.
_v ;
1 725
St
Lucia,
Marti ni<
pie/Domii
ilea
1 Cuba.
Malpighia punicifolia, L.—V., Guilding ; B. 77. West Indies and
'opical America.
Malpighia urens, L. — V. 344 ; B. 144. Guadeloupe, Cuba and
Bich.— V. 77. 524, 1316, 1777; B. 145;
H. 119. Widely diffused in tropical America.
Bnnchosia, sp.— V. 1775.
Spachea perforata, Juts. — V, Guilding. Not known from else-
Heteropterys platyptera, DC.—V. 1549. Widely dispersed in
inidad by Purdie, Criiger,~and Prestoe.
Stigmaphyllon fulgens, Juss —
Stigmaphyllon puberum, Jus
ruiai ;. and Brazil.
Stigmaphyllon, sp. — V. 418.
ierys inaequalis,
) Grisebach, Uosta Eica and Brazil.
Hiraea simsiana, Juss. syn. Mascajjnia simsiana, Griseb. — V. 429.
amaica, Tobago and, on the authority of Grisebach, Guiana.
Tribulus maximus, L—Y. 1580; B. 240, 271; M. 29. Con
.and widelv dispersed in m^ America; also fom
West Africa.
l officinale, £.— V. 309. West Indies and Venezuela.
-V. 2 Hi. 971. 975. Almost cosmopolitan in
8 regions.
Oxalis corymbosa, DC, syn. 0. Martiana, Zucc.—Y. 885. Brazil.
Probably introduced in St. Vincent.
Oxalis fratescens, L. — V. 793. Vest Indies and Eastern tropical
Oxalis sepinm, St. Hil. — V. 153. Widely dispersed in tropical
Averrhoa Bilimbi. L. — V.. Gtailding. Introduced? Cultivated and
wild '<:i the tropics of both hemispheres, hut it is uncertain where it is
indigenous, though probably in America.
Impatiens Balsamina, /.. — V. 177. 2< )5. Introduced and colonised.
Zaxthoxylum microcarpum, Griseb.— V. 614. Previously known
only from Dominica and Trinidad.
Zanthoxylnm spinosnm, Sw., syn. Tobinia spinosa, Desv.— V. 1742,
1743. Dominica, Jamaica and Cuba.
Triphasia trifoliata, D C— V. 420 ; M. 143. Introduced. Common
in both eastern and westei .- .-juite uncertain where
it is really indigenous, though probably in the Old World.
Murraya exotica, L. — B. 80. Introduced. Commonly cultivated in
the tropics, and wild in tropica! Asia. Australia and Polynesia.
Citrus Aurantium, L. — V. SI 5; and var. spinosissima, Mey.. syn
€. Lima. Macf.—V. 79. Introduced from Asia.
Citrus medica, L.. var. Limonum, /ii^o.—V. 888. Introduced from
Quassia amara, /...///. — V. Gu-ldii.'.' Martinique, Trinidad
Simaba orinocensis, H. B.K.—V., Ghiflding. Guiana and et
Aubl. — V. 1514. St. Lucia, Martinique, Domh:
Picraena excelsa, Lindl. — V. 498, 647. Antigua and Jamaica.
Suriana maritima, L.—B. 5, 104; M. 153; U. 17. Common
he coast almost throughout the tropics, including many ren
Gomphia nitida, Siv. — V., Guilding. St. Lucia, Antigua, St.
Thomas, Cuba, .Jamaica. Uuatan Island, in the Bay of Honduras, and
Trinidad.
Venezuela.
Bursera gummifera, L.—Y. 169, 415, 1551; B. 143, 147, 330;
M. 142, 159. West Indies and Tropical America.
Dacryodes hexandra, Griseb. — V. 752. Porto Rico, Montserrat,
Dominica, Martinique and St. Lucia, and G-risebach records it from
Nevis. (At first mistaken for a Trattinickia.)
Amyris maritima, Jacq. — B. 149, 150. Porto Rico, Cuba, Trinidad
and Venezuela.
Amyris sylvatica, Jacq. — V. 1844. South Florida, West Indies and
New Granada.
Meliace.*.
Melia Azedarach, Z., syn. M. sempervirens, Sw. — V. 76. Introduced
. Juss. — V. 172. Martinique, Dominica and
Guarea Swartzii, DC.—V. 398, 532. Dominica, Guadeloupe,
Jamaica and Trinidad.
Trichilia, sp.—V. 661.
Carapa guianensis, Aubl. — V. without number. Dominica, Trinidad,
Ni.ar.'-n.i. (iniana, Brazil and West tropical Africa.
Swietenia Mahogani, X.— V. 1627. South Florida, West Indies and
Centr.il America.
OLACINEvE.
^firh.r.— Y. 948. West Indie- and East tropical
Maytenus, tetragonus, Griseb., syn. M. gonocladus, Griseb. (ncn
Mart.). V. 1285, 1564,1565. Grenada, Trinidad and, according to
Grisebach, Guiana.
Maytenus, sp.—V. 662, and a second species, B. 62. Possibly both
nndescribed, but the whole genus is in need of revision.
Myginda latifolia, Sw. — V. without number. Common in the West
Rhamnace^e.
Condalia ferrea, Griseb.— Y. 1845. South Florida, Bahamas, St.
Thomas, Porto Rico, Dominica and Jamaica.
Colubrina reclinata, Brongn.—V. 1731. South Florida and West
-V. 1302 ; B. 38. West Indies and East
Vitis sicyoides, Baker, svn. Cissus sicyoides.
I SSI. Also a monstrous variety.— V. 384, 1928; B. 313; M. 45.
Widely spread in the West In. lies and tropical America.
Vitis trifoliata, Baker, syn. Cissus trifoliata, L.—V. 1882. Widely
diffused in the West Indies and tropical America.
SAPlNDACEiE.
Urvillea seriana, Griseb.— V. 1297, 1619 ; M. 93. West Indies and
Cardiospermum Halicacabum, L. — V., Guilding. Throughout the
Cardiospermum microcarpum, //. B.K.—V. 521, 1296; B. 313.
Widely diffused in tropical regions.
Paullmia Vespertilio, Sw. — V., Anderson. Dominica, and Grisebach
"", Lucia and St. Kitts.
p Sw.— V. 674. West Indies and East tropical
dus injequalis, DC.—V., Guilding. Widely dispersed in tropical
Hypelate paniculata, Camb.—V. 1545. South Florida, Mexico and
Dodonaea viscosa, L — M. 129.
Turpinia occidentalis, Don. — 1
America.
Meliosma Herbertii, Iiolfe ; arbor (fide Smith) nnuulis Soriferis
pubescentibus demum glabris, foliis p.-tiolatis lam/i-olato- v. obovato-
oblongisbreviter acuininatisbasi attenuatis lsevibus, paniculis teiminalibu.-
Bceatibns decwiflaris, bracteis ovato-oblongis, floribus
sirailibus sed eciliatis, ovario glabro, fructu pjriformi.
V. 830, 1837. " A small forest tree, 30 to 60 feet high, occarang
" from 500 to 2,000 feet elevation. Not common. Flowers in April
Folia 4-6 poll, longa, 1£-2A poll, lata ; petiolus 6-8 lin. longus.
Paniculcp 4-6 poll, longa-. F'/ons vix liueam lougi. Fnutus 8 lin.
Comocladia ilicifolia, Sw.—V. 1528; B. 71; M. 126. St. Lucia.
Antigua, St. Kitts, St. Thomas and Porto Rico.
Mangifera indica, L — V. 1268. Naturalised. A native of tropical
Asia, and cultivate i in must tropical countries.
Anacardium occidentale, L.—V. 683. West Indies and tropical
America ; naturalised in India and other parts of the Old World.
Spondias lutea, L.—V. 58 ; B. 124 ; M. 160. West Indies and tropical
America.
Spondias purpurea, L. — V. 1527. West Indies and tropical America.
MORINGE/E.
Moringa pterygosperma, Gtertn. — V. 1001 ; B. 332. Introduced
* ' ' 5 Western Himalaya.
Lamb. — V., Guilding. Trinidad and Guiana.
Crotalaria anagyroides, //. BK. — V. 1034. Widely dispersed iu
Crotalaria fulva, Roxb. — V., Guilding. Introduced from the East
Indies.
Crotalaria incana, L — V. 1002; B. 256; M. 101. Widely diffused
in tropical America, also found in tropical Asia, Africa and Australia.
Crotalaria pumila, Ort.—V., Guilding. Mexico, West Indies and
tropical America.
Crotalaria retusa, L.—V. 176; B., M. and U. Cosmopolitan in the
coast regions of warm countries.
245
Crotalaria stipularis, Desv.—X. 157,. 1053. West Indies and East
tropical America.
Crotalaria verrucosa, L.— V. 248 ;
dispersed in the warm countries of bo
colonised in America.
Indigofera Anil, L.— V. 39, 1189; B. 264; M. 100. Common ii.
the warmer parts of America, and widely naturalised in the Old World.
Indigofera hirsuta, L. — V., Guilding. Introduced from the Old
World, where it is common in tropical A .da and Africa; it a!s<
Indigofera tinctoria, L.—V. 1007, 1048. Introduced from the Old
World, where ii I.- eXo-iir-lvt ly cultivated and widely spread in a wild
Tephrosia cinerea, JPers.— V. 556. Widely dispersed in tropical
America.
Cracca caribaea, Beuth.—V: 1041 ; B. 265. West Indies and Central
: of the Malay archipelago and North Australia.
entinus, BC.—V. 1176, 1905; B. 262; C.
I. 91, 94; U. 10. Dominica.
JEschynomene
JEschynomene sensitiva.
America, and found also
Qtroduced.
the We.-:
hypogaea, L. — V. 1054. Introduced ; widely cultivated in
Probably a native of South America, where all the other
e genus are indigenous.
jcendens, DC.—Y. 97. Widely dispersed in tropical
occurring in West tropical Africa.
l incanum, DC.—Y. 1 18, 998 ; B. 250. Very c
•ica and the West Indies, and also found in W
polycarpitm. DC — V . r.u.iidin<;. Introduced from the
Old World, v. •'• parts of A- .a
and Polynesia, and has also been found in East Australia.
l scorpiurus, Desv. — V. 101. Widely diffused in tropical
America, and ■ y islands.
Desmodium spirale, DC— V. 1036; IT. 6. Widely spread in the
warmer parts of America, also found in tropical Asia, Africa, and
tortuosum, DC—V. 765 ; B. 277 ; M. 99. Widely
warmer parts of America,
i triflorum, DC. — V. 148. Almost cosmopolitan in tropical
countries.
Lourea vespertilionis, Desv. — V., Guilding. Introduced from the
East Indies.
Alysicarpus vaginalis, DC. — V. 92, 92« ; B. 249. Introduced from
the East Indies.
Abrus precatorius, L— V. 763. Widely dispersed in the warmer
countries of the globe.
Centrosema Plumieri, Renth.—Y., Anderson. Common from Mexico
and the West Indies to South Brazil.
Widely spread in tropical
, Benth.—Y. 513, 1175 ; B. 252; C. 28;
M. 90. Maryland, North America, through Mexico and the West
Indies into South America, also found in tropical Africa.
Clitoria Ternatea, L.—Y. 823 ; B. 253 ; U. 4. Widely dispersed
through the tropics.
Clitoria glycinoides, DC.—Y. 402. West Indies and tropical South
Teramnus labialis, Spreng.—Y. 1042; B. 259. Widely dispersed
in the warmer countries of the globe.
Erythrina Corallodendron, L.—Y. 64. Widely dispersed in tropical
Erythrina glauca, Willd.—Y. 1630. West Indies and tropical
America.
—V., Guilding. Introduced from the East
Mucuna altissima, DC.—Y. 538. West Indies and tropical South
Jtucuna pruriens, DC.—Y. 935. Common throughout the tropics.
Calopogonium caeraleum, Hemd. syn. Stenolobium caeruleum, Benth.
— V. 1637. Widely dispersed in tropical America from Mexico and
Cuba to Peru and South Brazil.
Calopogonium imicuiioides, Desv.— Y. 884. Central America,
~ Dioclea reflexa, Hook. J.— Y. 1030, 1030a, 1635. Widely dispersed
Canavalia ensiformis, DC, syn. C. gladiata var. ensiformis DC—
Y. 1178, 1179, 1638. Widely distributed in warm regions of the
Canavalia obtusifolia, DC.—Y. 548, 597 ; B. 254. Widely dis-
persed in tropical regions, including remote islands, where it often
springs up from seeds cast ashore.
Phaseolus adenanthus, Mey.—Y. 123, 1180. Tropical America,
Australia and India.
Phaseolus
M. 102. Common
Phaseolus vulgaris, L.—Y. 168. Universally cultiv
Vigna luteola, livnth.—Y. 27o. 595, 769; B. 16. Wideh dispersed
i the warmer parts of America, and cosmopolitan in the tropics.
Vigna sinensis, Endl.—Y. 1035,1181. Widely cultivated in the
Tropics mid suh-tropics. iiiclr.diuij- China. l>ut native country uncertain.
Vigna vexillata, Benth.—Y. 145. Widely dispersed in the warmer
Pachyrhizus angulatus, Rich.—Y. 59S, 598a, 1916; B. 255. Widely
dispersed in the tropics, and generally cultivated.
Dolichos Lablah, L.—Y. 586; B. 251. Widely dispersed in the
Cajanus indicus, Spreng.—Y. 499. Common in nearly all tropical
Rhynchosia minima, DC.—Y. 518, 1294; B. 260; M. 92; V*. 5.
Widely dispersed in the tropics.
Rhynchosia phaseoloides, DC.—Y. 1174. Widely dispersed in
Rhynchosia reticulata, DC.—Y., Guilding. Widely spread in
Flemingia strobilifera, R. Br.—Y. 430. Introduced from the East
Ecastaphyllum Brownii, Pers. — V. 46; B. 281. West Indite
ropica! America, and West tropical Africa.
EcastaphyUum Monetaria, Pers.—Y. 395, 1366. West Indies and
I-'ast tropical America.
Machaerium robinifolium, Voy. — V. 903. West Indies and East
Topical America.
Drepanocarpus lunatus, Mey. — V.,
America and Wot tropical Africa.
L Indies, tropic
-V. 1631. West Indies and tropical America.
Pterocarpus Rohrii, Va/il.—V., Guilding. Trinidad and East tropical
, Be nth., syn. P. platystachyum, Griseb.
Lonchocarpus latifolius, II. B.K.—Y. 1(529, 1907, 1908. Common
Lonchocarpus violaceus, H. B.K. — Y. 588, 742, 1906; B. 268;
Piscidia Erythrina, L.—Y; 1632. South Florida and West Indies,
Andira inermis, //. B.K.—Y. 74. West Indies, tropical America.
Ormosia dasycarpa, Jacks. — V. 460, 1909. Guadeloupe. Dominica.
aud St. Lucia, and Grisebach records it from Montserrat.
Dussia martinicensis, Kr. et Urb. ex. Tatib. in Engl. H Prantl
Nat. Pflanzenf., III., pt 3, p. 193.— V. 1633. A monotypic genus
previously only known from Martinique.
Diplotropis brachypetala, Tul.—Y. 1910. Trinidad and Guiana,
Swartzia grandiflora, Willd.—V. 483 ; B. 119. West Indies and
tropical America.
Csesalpinia BonxLucella, Fleming, syn. Guilaudina Bonducella, L. —
V. 706 ; M. 97. Wideh dispersed tlm>;ii;h the tropics.
Csesalpinia Crista, L. — V., Guilding. Bahamas and Cuba.
Csesalpinia pulcherrima, Sir. — V. 767, 1038 Widely dispersed in
the tropics. Commonly cultivated.
Csesalpinia sepiaria, Roxb. — V. 1046. Introduced from the East
pechianum, £.— V. 814, 1911 ; B. 272 ; M. 105.
i bacillaris, L.— V. 1051. Widely dispersed in tropical
Widely dispersed in tropical
Cassia emarginata, L.—V., Guilding. West Indies and northern
in many places.
Cassia glandulosa, L.—V. 62, 762, 1044, 1187 ; B. 275. Widely dis-
persed in tropical America.
Cassia glauca, Lam.—V., Gnilding. Introduced from the Old World.
A native of tropical Asia and Australia.
Cassia hirsuta, L. — V. 1052. Widely dispersed in tropical America,
from Mexico southward.
Cassia multijuga, Rich. — V., Guilding. Widely spread in tropical
America, from Mexico to South Brazil.
Cassia nictitans, L. — V. 7*2. North America, from Indiana and
Cassia occidentalis, L. — V.
inea, L.—V.
Dialitun guineense, Willd.—V., G-uilding. A Wo f African tree,
probably only cultivated in St. Vincent,
Bauhinia Kappleri, Sag&t^—Y. 571. St. Thomas and Guiana.
Bauhinia megalandra, GHseb.—V. 273. Trinidad, and Grisebach
records ii from Cuba. Sr. Fvitts. and Antigua.
Bauhinia ungula, Jaccj. — C. 11. Jamaica, and Grisebach records it
from St. Thomas. Venezuela, and Xov/ Granada.
ng. Tobago. Grisebach
Brownea speciosa, Beic/ib. — V., Guildinir. Gri-ebaeh also records it
rom Trinidad.
Tamarindus indica, L.—V. 795; P>. 273 ; M. 107. Introduced from
he Old World, whore j: \< : J.~o largely cidiiv;iti.d. It is supposed to be
Hymenaea Courbaril, L.—V. 895; B. 269, 270; M. 113, 114.
Videly dispersed in Iropieal America from Mexico southward.
Copaifera, sp.—V. 1628.
Pentaclethn
Entada polystachya, DC— V. Guilding. \Ye>t Hidies and
imeriea, from Mexico to Columbia. I iuiana. and North Brazil,
Entada scandens, Benth. — V. 608. Generally dispersed
ropics, especially near the sea.
Piptadenia peregrina, Benth. — V., Anderson. Trinidad and
Linerica, from Venezuela and Guiana to South Brazil.
Adenanthera pavonina, L. — V. 893 ; B. 333. Introduce!
Neptunia plena, BenM.— V., Gnilding ; V. 2. West Indi
Dasmanthus depressus, H. ll.K.—X. 1<
Desmanthus virgatas, Willd. — V. 555
-V. 502. Martinique. Triiii.
St. Thomas, i
3chranckia leptocarpa, DC. V. L0O6. Tropical Am<
Columbia Totmiana and Brazil. Found also in tropical Afric:
where is is probably introduced.
Leucaena glauca, Benth.—Y. 181, 853; B. 271 ; M. 100.
in iiit- warm r regions , «t probably of
origin.
Acacia arabica, Willd.—Y. 564. 900; C. 20; M. 108 ; V
— V. 1903 West Indies u
Guiana and Brazil.
Acacia Suma, Kurz, syn. A. Catechu. Grisvb. i >•/.<■ inild.)—Y. 942,
Acacia tamarindifoli a, ll'HUl V, Cnildii :.M.llo Martini.iuc
St. Lucia, Venezuela and Columbia.
lysiloma, three undetermined species. — V. 82 J, V. 1186, and
Calliandra Guildingii, Benth.—Y., G-uilding. Trinidad, but there
inti-odu. i. ,. onlifig to Lane, in Grisebaeh's flora of tin Ihiti. W'e.i
Indian islands.
Calliandra purpurea, Benth.—Y. 1000; B. 285. West Indies and
Calliandra tergemina,
i thr tropic
Pithecolobium latifoliura, lltoth., svn. (alliandia latifolia, Griseb.-
V. 1037. West indies and tropical South America, in the norther
B. 274; M. 109; XL
>ia and Venezuela.
Pithecolobium tortum, Mart., syn. Acacia Vraeentia, Griseb.—Y.,
Pithecolobium, .<./>.-
Inga ingoides, JVil/d.—Y. 34. West Indies and tropical .
Inga laurina, WUld.—Y. 677, 1017, 1912. West I
Chrysobalanus Icaco, L— V. 198. West Indies and South
Chrysobalanus pellocarpus. .Uct/.—X., (iuilding. West I
Hirtella paniculata, Sw.—Y., Ghii Guiana.
Hirtella racemosa, Lam. — -V., Guilding. Trinidad and tropical
America, from Panama eastward to Q-niana.
Hirtella triandra, Sic — V. 748. West Indies and tropical America.
from Panama eastward and southward in Brazil.
PnuiUS OCCidentalis, *SV.— V., Guildhi";. Jamaica. Cuba. Guatemala
Prunus sphaerocarpa, Sic. syn. P. pleuradenia, d-risch. — V.. C.uilding.
West Indies and East tropical America.
RubllS rosaefolius, Sm. — V. 804. A native of North India and China,
Weinmannia pinnata, L. — V. 31.
Bryophyllum calycinum,
M. 1. Naturalised in tropic;
and probably native only in
Terminalia Catappa, L. — V. 69, 17
L287, L727,
Terminalia latifolia, Sw. — B. 127. Jamaica and Trinidad.
Conocarpus erectus, Jacq.—Y., Guilding; B. 66, 67 ; U. 18. Widely
dispersed on the coasts of tropical America and the ' lalapagos Islands;
also in West tropical Africa, and Grisebach records it from the Marianne-
Islands.
Laguncularia racemosa, Gcertn.— V., Guilding ; B. 64, 84 ; C. 3 ; M.
132. West, Indies, and along the Atlantic coast of tropical America ;■:
also in West tropical Africa.
Combretuin eriopetalum, G. Don. — V., Guilding. Trinidad.
Quisqualis indica, L. — V. 1892. Introduced from the Old World.
Malaya. ' ° tl0 I llcal countnCb ^ enera * dnd beu " c t0 M * 1 ^ °'
Myktace.*:.
Psidium Guyava, Raddi.—Y. 827 ; B. 68. West Indies and tropical
America ; now widely naturalised in warm countries.
Psidium guildingianum, Griseb.—Y., Guilding. Not known from
elsewhere.
Myrcia coriacea,£>C.— V. 338, 851, 1802 ; B. 81. From Cuba and
Porto Rico to Trinidad.
Myrcia divaricata, DC.—V. 1734. West Indies and tropical
America.
Myrcia ferruginea, DC, syn. M. crassinervia, DC. and M. duchas-
samghma. /.',.-/. V. 259, i\\l], 1758, 1750, 1760, 1761. These thre*
are clearly forms of one and the same species. West Indies, Guiana
Myrcia splendens, DC.—V. 400. West Indies and tropical America.
Myrcia, three undetermined species.— V. 1751, 1752, and 1733, the
genus of the latter somewhat doubtful.
Pimenta acris, Wight et Arn.—Y. 1289, 1289«; B. 15. West
l'" 1 "; " J.'" >" ,! ^»™n 'lso mucli cultivated nd naturalised i.
Eugenia coffeifolia, DC.—V., Forsyth (Griseb.). Domin
Eugenia Jambolana, Lam., svn. Sysygimn Jambolanum 2
1562. Introduced from the Ka>t Indict (,
wild from tropical India to Xorih Australia.
Eugenia Jambos, L.. svn. Jambosa vulgaris DC.—V 7i
;censis, L., syn. Jambosa malaocenns,
ntroduced from tin- Old World. A native of Malaya, of w
Eugenia marchiana, Griseb. — V., Anderson (Griseb.). Ja
Eugenia obtnsata, fVilld.—Y. 1524. Jamaica and Domini
Jacq,—Y. 487, 1559, 1736. Don
Martini., .u.
A ^nia
uniflora, L. — V., Guild;
Eugenia,
17.'.-). 17;, 7.
fill in one or
Barringto
Gustavia
two or three undetermined sp>
1738; B. 133, 145. The gei
two instances owing to imperfect i
nia speciosa, Forst.—Y. 596. Intr.
antillana, Miers.-- Y., Guilding.
Couroupita antillana, Miers. — V.
1516. Trit
MeLASTOMA.K.K.
Nepsera aquatica, Naud. — V., Anderson.
Pterolepis glomerata, Miq., svn. Arthrost<
—V. 360. West Indies and tropical America
Tibouchina cistoides, Coffn., syn. Chastogas
135. Not known from elsewhere.
tropical America.
Aciotis discolor, D. Don., syn. Spennera pellucida, (/risen. . pro
parte (non DC). — V., Anderson. Martinique and Trinidad.
Graffenriedia latifolia, Tria/tn, svn. Cyenopoduun latifoiium, Xand.
—Y. 787. West Indies. Venezuela and Columbia.
Tetrazygia discolor, DC.—X. 47, 121. West Indies and French
Charianthus coccineus, D. Don. — V. 14(5. West Indies and French
Guiana.
Charianthus glaberrimus, DC. — V.. Eggew (Cogniaux) Dominica
Conostegia calyptrata, D. Don. — V. 994. Monteerrat, Guadeloupe,
Dominica and .Martinique.
Conostegia subhirsuta, DC.—V. 4s9. Widely dispersed in tropical
Miconia ciliata, DC, svn. M. raremosa var. ciliata, Gris<b.—Y.,
Anderson. West Indies iind tropical America.
Miconia Fothergilla, Xat'd., syn. Diplochit* Fothergilla, DC—Y.
Miconia elongata. I'uhi., s V u '!". n ./^ -"., semicrenata, Naud.—V.
171, 72i K 749, 820, 988, 1853 ; B. 35. Montserrat. Guadeloupe, Domi-
nica, Martinique and Grenada.
Miconia laevigata, DC.—V. 622, 905, 1608 ; B. 33, 34. Widely dis-
persed in tropical America.
Miconia longifolia. DC, syn. OhiBnoptenra longifolia, Griseb.— Y.
Anderson. 1 America.
^ Miconia trinervia, D. Don.—Y. 286, 1215, 1855. Jamaica and
Miconia virescens', Triana, syn. M. laevigata, Griseb., in part.— V..
Eggers (Cogniaux). Tobago, Trinidad and Venezuela.
Clidemia domingensis, Cogn. — V. Eggers (Co°-niaux) San
Domingo and Porto Eico.
Clidemia guadeloupensis, Griseb., svn. C. Swartzii. Griseb pro
parte.— V., Guilding. Guadeloupe and Dominica.
Clidemia hirta, D. Dou,—Y. 59. Widely dispersed in tropical
Henriettella triflora, Triana
Blakea pulverulenta, Vahl.-
Dominica, and Martinique.
partfl of America. ' —r».
Cuphea Melvilla, Lindl.—Y. Guildin^. East tropical Ame V-
tfnsehaeh supposes it to he iiitrouiteod in St Via <nl '' '
Cuphea parviflora, Hook., syn. C. trinitatis nr v n„;i,«„„
Tobago, Trinidad, and Guiana. 7 ^nmtatis, /><7.-V, Gudding.
a Lagerstroemia Flos-Regin*, A **.-.y. 925. Introduced from tropical
Punica Granatum, L.-V. 1531. Introduced from the Old World.
OnaGKARIK.K.
Jussiaea linifolia, Fahl., syn. J. acuminata ,SV — V 51 Almost
universally diffused within the tropica
_ Jussiaea suffruticosa, £.— V. 296, 318, 439 ■ B. 17s. Very widely
'eSPSSOBI 1Vill(l ~ Y - 8 ^* 69 ' 1849 - West Indies and
t4r a lAme?u?a fl0ra ' ^^—^ 910 > 1269 ' 1561 - West Indies and East
TrfnSf 8, 3errUlata ' ^ ~ V - ( Q risebach). Jamaica and Cuba to
Passiflora fcetida, L— V. 706; B. 310. Wid.lv dispersed in the
tropics of both hemispheres, though probably introduced in the eastern.
Passiflora laurifolia, L.— V. 236 ; B. 132 ; M. 42. West Indies and
East tropical America,
Passiflora peltata, Cat: — V., Guilding. San Domingo.
Passiflora quadrangularis, L. — V. 183. Introduced. Said to be in-
digenous in Nicaragua. Widely cultivated.
Passiflora rotundifolia, L. — V. 654, 732, 1876. Martinique and
Brazil.
Passiflora rubra, L. — V. 607. West Indies and tropical America.
Passiflora serrate, L.—V. 1312. West Indies and tropical America.
Passiflora suberosa, L.—Y. 615, 1314,1315, 1616,1868, 1869; B.
315,316 : M. U. Very widely diffused in the warmer parts of America.
Carica Papaya, L. — V. 505 ; B. 97. Tropical America, now culti-
vated in most tropical countries.
CCCCRBITACE^.
Lagenaria vulgaris, Ser.—V. 625. Introduced from the Old World,
now widely cultivated in the tropics.
Luffa cylindrica, Rcem,, svn. L. acutangula, Ito.rb.—V. 407, 1310.
Introduced from the Old World.
Momordica Uiarantia, L. V 65. Widely di-pt i-<ed in the warmer
countries of the globe, but probably introduced in America.
Cucumis Anguria, L. — V. 1368. West Indies and tropical America.
Citrullus vulgaris, Schrad.—V. 378 ; B. 326. Native of Africa, now
Melothria pervaga, Griseb.~V. 590. West Indies and tropical
Angaria umbrosa, //. B. K. — V. 234, 1870, 1872. Trinidad and
Sicydium temnifolium, Cogn. — V. 716. Cuba and tropical America.
Ceratosanthes tuberosa, Spreng.— B. 314; M. 36, 43. West Indies
and Venezuela.
Cayaponia americana, Cor/n., syn. Cionandra cuspidata andC. araei!;-
tiov.u (in*, b.- V. 280, .500, 572, 702, 1303. West Indies, common,
and Central America.
Sechium edule, Sto. — V. 1621. West Indies and tropical America.
Begonia dominicalis, A. DC.—V. 180, 180a, 274, 274a, 984.
Dominica.
Begonia martinicensis, A. DC.—V., Caley (A. DC.)— Martinique.
Begonia rotundifolia, Lam.—V., Guilding. Not certainly known
from elsewhere, as Plunder's earlier habitat is vaguely stated as " America
Begonia, two or three undetermined species. — V. 1191, 1192,
1034, 1935; B. 11.
Pereskia aculeata, Mill.—B. without number. West Indies and
East tropical America.
Ficoide^e.
Sesnvium Portulacastrum, L.—V. 468 ; B. 6 ; C. 10. Very widely
dispersed on seashores in tropical and subtropical countries.
Trianthemamonogyntun, L.—Y. without number; C. 14. Widely
dispersed in the tropics.
Mollugo verticillata, L.—Y. 404. Widely dispersed in the warmer
vulgare, L.—Y. 1588, 1589. Introduced from the Old
Araliace^e.
Didymopanax glabratum, Dene $ Planch., syn. Panax attenuatum,
>*».— V. 731. West In dies and Venezuela.
Caprifoliace>e.
.—V. 1267. Possibly introduced from North
America, but it also inhabits Mexico.
Rubiace^e.
Manettia coccinea, Griseb. (non Willd.).—Y. 730. West Indies,
Guiana, Venezuela and Peru.
Hfflia parasitica, Jacq., syn. H. longiflora, Sic.—Y. 725. West
Indies and tropical America.
Exostemma caribaeum, Rcem. et Schidt.—Y 1284 1530- B 111-
M. 147. West Indies and tropical America.
Exostemma floribundum, Rcem. et Schult.—Y. 122. San Domingo,
Dominica, Martinique and St. Lucia.
Chimarrhis cymosa, Jacq.—Y. 889, 1245, 1792. Jamaica, Cuba,
Antigua, Dominica, Martinique and St. Lucia.
Griseb.— Y. 726. Dominica, Martinique
JSSS?^! 6 ?* M c! U *n' ^ r '~~ V ' Anderson. Jamaica, and Grisebach also
529. Widely dispersed in the
Isertia coccinea, Vahl.—Y., Guilding. East tropical America.
Gonzalea spicata, DC.—Y. 592 ; B. 113. West Indie, and tropical
Rico, Mont-.rrat,
Hamelia patens, Jan/. — V. 1247, 1541. West Indies and tropical
Hoffmannia tubiflora. Griseb.—Y. 419. Not known from eiscvlmre
Basanacantha spiiiosa, Schumann, syn. Randia arnmta, DC—Y.
1526, 1851. West Indies and tropical America.
Posoqueria latifolia, Puem. cf Schult.—Y., Guilding. East tropical
Genipa
ropical America.
Genipa Cam to, H. B.K
America. Probably
Central Amei \<
, Is.Vl: I! '
scabra, Lam.—Y. 631, 1'47. 1829, 1n30 ; B. 6
44. West Indies and tropical America.
Antirrhcea acutata, Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PL. II
911. Guadeloupe.
Chomelia fasciculata, Sio.—Y. 856, 1242 ; B. 78. Gr<
Brazil.
Malanea macrophylla, Bartl.—V. 633, 909, 1825, 1826.
and Guiana.
Erithalis angustifolia, DC.—Y., Gu
i and West Indies.
Chiococca parvifolia, WuUsckl.—V. 1806, 1828 ; B. 48. West Indies
nd tropical America.
Chione glabra, DC — V. o.'i.j. Porto Rico, Dominica ;.
nd Gris.'biich r • < -ords it from Montserrat and Guadeloupe.
Ixora ferrca, Benth. — V. 442, 542, 1827. West Indies and tropical
Morinda citrifolia, L.—Y. 701. Introduced from tropical Asia.
Coussarea sp — V. 1230, 1237, 17-16.
Faramea odoratissima, DC. — V. 497, 1235. WV-t Indies and tropical
Psychotria crassa, Benth.— Y. 1243. West Indies and tropical
1246, Guadeloupe,
Psychotria glabrata, Sir.—Y., 576, 1537. Jamaica, Cuba and Porto
Rico, and Grisebach records it from Antigua.
Psychotria horizontalis, >'»■ — \\, Guilding; 15. 110. NVst Indict
and tropical America.
., Guilding. South Florida and
Schult.—V. 1767. Dominica,
Psychotria parasitica, Sw.—V. 17. Jamaica, Cuba, Porto Rico,
Dominic;;. ' i records il from Mont^orrat and
Psychotria pyramidalis, Grueb. — B. 118. Cuba and San Domingo.
Psychotria uliginosa, Sir., syn. P. uliginosa var. a, Griseb* — V. 427.
Jamaica, Cuba, Porto Rico, Dominica, Martinique, Sr. Lnda, Trinidad,
and Grisebach records it from Central America and Guiana.
Psychotria nndata, Jacq.—Y. 1238, 1239; B. 26, 28. Central
America and West Indies.
Palicourea crocea, DC. — Y. 334. West Indies and tropical
Guadeloupe.
Geophila reniformis, Don. — V. 444-. Widely dispersed in the
Cephaelis muscosa, Sir. — V. 640. West Indies and East tropical
America.
Diodia rigida, Cham, et Schlecht.—Y. (Grisebacb). West Indies
and tropical America.
Spermacoce tenuior, Lam.—Y. 1210, 1211 ; B. 9, 10, 189; U. 20.
West Indies, Central America and Brazil.
Borreria laevis, Griseb.— V. 84. 370, 655, 788, 9S9, 1209; B. 190 ;
M. 15. West Indies and tropical America.
Borreria ocimoides, DC, syn. B. parviflora, Mey. — V. 501, 990.
Widely dispersed in the tropics.
Mitracarpum hirtlim, DC, syn. M. villosum, Cham, et Schlccht.—
V.. (.uii.iinjr. West Indies and tropical America; also Marianne and
Society Islands.
Vernonia arborescens, .Sw.—V. 210; B. 297. West Indies and
Central America.
Vernonia tricholepis, DC— B. 288. West Indies and tropical
wnsebach'3 var. flisa quite distinct species, and may be d.
Psychotria discolor. liulf,; ssn. I>. nli-irin.;, var. discolor, An., evGrii
Elephantopus spicatus, Anhl., svn. Disiivpiu^ ^icaius Ciss.— W
126, 552, 1202, 1203 ; B. 287. Widely dispersed in tropical America.
Rolandra argentea, Rottb.—V. 1212. West Indies and tropical
America.
Adenostemma Swartzii, Cass.—V. 954. West Indies and tropical
America.
Ageratum conyzoides, L— V. 227, 513. Widely dispersed in the
Eupatorium celtidifolium, Lam.—V. 806. West Indies and tropical
Eupatorium iresinoides, H. B.K. — V. 107, 870. West Indies
Eupatorium odoratum, L. — V. 94
; M. 83. West Indies
Eupatorium ossaeanum, DC—
rom St. Vincent,
V. 331, ±10. Cuba.
Mikania imrayana, Griaeb. — V.
Mikania orinocensis, //. B. K. — '
1890. Dominica.
7. 264. West Indies
Zinnia elegans, ./>'<</— V.. duilding. A Mex
Eclipta erecta, L., syn. E. alba, Hassk.—V.
[spewed in the warmer countries of the globe.
Wedelia buphthalmoides, Griseb.— V. 299, 1224,
295 : M. 84.
; carnosa, Rich.—Y. 351, 1223. West Indies and tropical
Tithonia tagetiflora, /Ms/.— V. 1222. South MexiVo ami Guatemala.
Sparingly naturalised in St. Vincent.
Melanthera deltoidea, Rich.— V. 49, 81, 330, 369; B. 203 ; U. 37.
West Indies and tropical America.
Spilanthes Acmella, L., syn. S. uliginosa, Sir. and S. cxasperata,
Jacq. — V. 96, 1592. West Indies and tropical America.
Spilanthes urens, Jacq. — V., Guilding. West Indies and tropica!
Synedrella nodiflora, Gavin.— V '. 50, 195, 205, 723, 1219. West
Cosmos caudatus, H. B.K. — V. 3. Widely dispersed in tropical
Bidens bipinnatus, L. — V. 305. Widely dispersed in the warmer
. Bidens Coreopsidis, DC. V.
I America.
Bidens pilosa, Z., syn. i5. leueantha, Willd.—Y. 166.669. Widely
dispersed in the warmer countries of the globe.
Porophyllum ruderale, Cass.— V. 718 ; B. 292. West Indies and
I i< ric-a.
Tagetes electa, L.—V. 1221. South Mexico; now naturalised in
various tropical countries.
Pectis humifusa, Sic.—V. 203 ; M. 24. Jamaica, Porto Rico,
■Guadeloupe, 1 )< | St. Lucia.
Pectis punctata, Jacq.—V. 1232; B. 300; U. 23, 24. West Indies
and tropical America.
Neurolaena lobata, R. Br.—V. 502. West Indies and tropical
Erechthites hieracifolia, Rafin.—V. 618 ; 660. Widely dispersed
Emilia sonchifolia, DC— V. 63, 98, 229, 672; B. 291 j M. 82. In-
yn. Leria nutans. DC.— V. 706 ; B. 290.
Sonchus oleraceus, L.—V. 880, M. 81. A cosmopolitan weed.
Panama to Brazil and Peru.
Lobelia (§ Tupa) cirsiifolia, Lam. — V., Guilding. Jamaici
Plumbago scandens, L. — V. 510; B. 140. Florida ("perhaps i
troduced from West Indies/' A. (irav). Mexico, Central America, a
West Indies to Brazil ami Chili, n No "the Galapagos Islands.
Myrsine coriacea, R. Br. — V. 1534. West Indies.
rhis species M nii/rioiilrs, SehliM-lir. ami V. finrriilosn. Mart., tlui> ex-
tending the die o to Brazil.
Grammadenia parasitica, Griscb.—Y. 1254. Dominica and Guade-
Conomorpha peruviana, A. DC. — V. 1286, 1748. Dominica and
Ardisia caribsea, Mu/.— X. (Grisebach). West Indies.
Ardisia laurifolia, Juss.—V. 541, 1570. West Indies.
Jacquinia armillaris, L.—Y. 506; C. 6; M. 146. Eastern Florida,
\Tirara-ua and West l.-uli,- t„ V.-nr/.i-h. and Brazil.
West Indies, Panama, Guiana,
Cbrysopbyllum glabrum, Jacr/.—V. 912, 1283, 1756, 1803. West
Sideroxylon, an undetermined species. — V. without number.
Achras Sapota, L., syn. Sapota Achras, Mill.— Y. 1576; B. 108.
America. Commonly
cultivated for its fruit in America and elsewhere.
Mimusops dissecta, R. Br.—Y., Guilding. Bahamas and Trinidad,
also in the Pacific Islands.
Mimusops Kauki, L.—Y., Guilding. Naturalised in St. Vincent,
tccording to Grisebach. Malayan Peninsula and Archipelago, also
tropical Australia.
152. KewGrena.
Symplocos martinicensis, Jacq. — V. 354. West Indies.
Styrax, RpecieB undetermined.— V. 1656.
Oleace^:.
Forestiera rhamnifolia, Griseb. — V. without number. Cuba.
Linociera compacta, R. Br.—V. 626, 1568 ; B. 30, 31. West I
Venezuela and Brazil.
Linociera, species undetermined. — V. 1841.
, cathartica, L.— V. 996. West Indies (naturalised and
cultivated according to Grisebach) and Central America to Peru and
Brazil.
Rauwolfia Lamarckii, A. DC.—Y. 557; B. 27; M. 141. West
Indies and Ecuador.
Thevetia neriifolia, Ju.s.s.—V. 810. Common in many parts of tropical
America and the West Indies, 1ml often cultivated.
Aspidosperma sessiliflornm, Muell. Arg. — V., Guilding. Trinidad.
Vinca rosea, L.—X. 175 ; B. 195. Florida and West Indies, to
Brazil, also tropical Africa an 1 Asia to Cbina.
Plnmeria alba, L— V. 550, 678 ; B. 99 ; M. 163. West Indies,
i citrifolia, L.—V. 38 ; B. 29. West Indies.
i undulata, Vahl. — V., Guilding ; perhaps cultivated
(Grisebach) ; Trinidad and Guiana.
Malouetia retroflexa, Muell. Arg.—V., Guilding. Confined to St.
Vincent, so far as at present known.
Prestonia venosa, Rolfe, syn. Haemadictyon venosum, Lindl. — V.
(Grisebach). West Indies and New Grenada.
Echites circinalis, Sw. — V., Guilding. Haiti.
Rhabdadenia biflora, Muell. .in/., svn. Echites biflora, Jacq. — B. 70,
328. West Indies, Venezuela and' Guiana to Brazil.
Urechites Neriandra, Rolfe, syn. Echites Neriandra, Griseb. — V.,
Andrews. West Indies.
ASCLEPIADE,£.
Macroscepis, n. sp. ? — V. 1862.
(kypetalum, species undetermined. — V. 1617.
Calotropis procera, R. Br. — IT. 25. Introduced into tropical America
from the Old World.
Asclepias curassavica, L. — V. 770 ; M. 4. Common in nearly all
Roulinia? Two undetermined species doubtfully referred to this
jenus— V. 803, 1618 ; M. 39.
Gonolobus martinicensis, Dene.— V. 382. Dominica and Martinique.
Gonolobus maritimus, /.'./>V., syn. lUitia uiurieata, (,'rhrb. — V.
Dominica, Guadeloupe and Venezuela.
1300; B. 324, 325
Spigelia Anthelmia, L. — V. 179 ; B. 221 ; M. 6. Common and
viilely dispersed in tropical America.
Indies and Guiana to South
littorale, BL, syn. Sl«v<.-tia occidental^. (irisib—X.
.ill) ; B. 1S8. West Indies, also India, Malava and tropical Africa.
Coutoubea spicata, Aubl.—V. 684. Trinidad and Central America
to Columbia, Guiana and Brazil.
Lisianthus frigidus, Su:— V. 18. Dominica and Guadeloupe.
Lisianthus uliginosus, Grisrh. -V., Guilding. Guiana and Brazil.
£,, — V., Guilding. Widely dispers
in. ct Schnlt.—V.^O; B. 87 ; M.
ropical America.
Kuutli. — G. 18; U. 36. Mexico and West
ndies lo < .iii ,:-,-i and Venezuela.
Cordia Gerascanthus, Jacq.—V. 1244. 1249. Central America and
iVest Indies to Brazil.
Cordia sulcata, DC.—Y. 771. West Indies.
Cordia tremula, Griseb.—V. 452, 1522; B. 123. Barbadoes.
Cordia ulmifolia, Juts,— V. 781, 1813. West Indies and Panama
Bourreria exsucca, Jacq.—S ., Guilding. New Granada and Vene-
Bourreria succulenta, Jaeq^-Y. 551, 569, 846; B. Ill; M. 130.
Tournefortia bicolor, Sw.—Y. 110, 337,434, 1771. Mexico. West
Tournefortia caribaea, Grhcb.—X. 1540. Dominica and Trinidad.
Toumefortia cymosa, L. — V. 876, 1261, lo42. Jamaica and Cuba.
Tournefortia gnaphalodes, R.
Toumefortia volubilis, L— V.
Heliotropium curassavicum, L. — M. 21 ; U. 34. A common plant
from Oregon to Patagonia, chieily in maritime and saline regions, also
in Australia, South Africa, and the Pacific Islands.
Heliotropium fruticosum, L.—Y. 977; B. 186. Mexico and the
West Indies to the northern part of South America.
Heliotropium indicum, L,— V. 7, 1213; B. 230, 231; M. 19. A
very widely dispersed plant in tropical ami sub-tropical countries ; but
it is supposed to have been introduced into America from the Old
World.
Heliotropium parviflorum, L. — V. 591, 1582. Widely dispersed in
Argyreia speciosa, C/ioisi/. syn. A. In uM.af.i, (hoist/. — V. 1611..
ntroduced from India, and naturalised in Jamaica and Antigua.
Argyreia tiliaefolia, Wight. — V. 1610. Introduced from tropical
tropical American I. fasti, /lata may be the wild original.
Ipomcea biloba, Forsk., syn. I. pes-capra;, Sweet.— V. 490; B. 319.
Generally dispersed on the sea-shores of the tropics.
Ipomoea bona-nox, L.—Y. 1292, 1613 ; B. 318. Widely diffused in
Ipomcea cathartica, Poir. — V. 1169. Florida (perhaps introduced),
and West Indies to Brazil. '
Ipomcea cissoides, Griseb, — V. 1158. Mexico and West Indies to
Brazil.
Afi^cT 088, ° (
Ipomcea digitata, L.— V., Guildiug. Generally dispersed in the
!y on the sea-shore.
Ipomcea fastigiata, Sweet.— Y. 116, 612, 1164, 11(55, 1166, 1293.
West Indies and East tropical America.
Ipomcea filiformis, Jqcq. — V., Guilding. West Indies.
Ipomcea grandifiora, Lam. — V. 1609; B. without number. Culti-
vated in tropical America. Introduced from the Old World.
Ipomoea hederacea, J acq. — V. 1168, 1290. Common in the warmer
parts of America, and now widely disper.-ed in other countries.
Ipomoea macrorhiza, Michx. (non Rcem. et SchultX syn. I. Jalaps,
Ipomoea pentaphylla, ./.
ropics.
Ipomcea pterodes, Cho
Ipomcea Quamoclit, L.—V. 1171. Generally dispersed in tropical
and sub-tropical regions.
Ipomcea repanda, Jacq. — V. 1301, 1612. West Indies.
Ipomcea Shmata, Ort., syn. I. disjecta, Pnrsh. {)ion iVilld). — V. 250 ;
B. 317. Widely dispersed in the warmer parts cf America.
Ipomcea tuha, Don. — V., Guilding. West Indies and Guiana.
Ipomcea umbellata, Mey.— S. 1160; B. 308, 320. Mexico, West
Indies and tropical America.
Ipomcea, four or five undetermined species. — V. 1160c, 1161, 1164,
1308, 1920 j B. 322,323.
> Guiana and Brazil.
Jacquemontia violacea, Choisi/ syn. Convolvulus penta:
V. 619, 619^, 1919; B. 4; M. 47. Florida and Mexico
Peru and Brazil.
Indf.—Y., Guil.
Convolvulus nodiflorus, Desc. — V. 1162, 1163. Mexic
Indies to Venezuela and Ecuador.
Evolvulus mucronatus, Sir. — V., Guilding. 0.30; I
and Mexico southward to Peru and Brazil.
Porana panieulata, lioxb. — V. 1654. Introduced fi
Cuscuta americana, L.-V. 390. Mexico and the
Lycopersicum esculentum, Mill.
he West [adies; but it is diffic
I racemosum, L.—V. 343. West Indies.
l retrofractum, Vahl.—B. 180; M. 77. Jamaica.
-V., Guilding. West Indies, Panama,
Physalis angulata, L.—V. 368, 1328, 1329 j B. 239. A very widely
diffused species in tropical countries.
Physalis minima, L.— V. 1947, 1949 ; B. 238. A widely diffused
species in the tropics.
Brachistus macrophyllus, Micrs, syn. Wither: n-i:
Kititth. — V. 12.">2 Mexico and Jamaica to Venezuela and Columbia.
Capsicum frutescens, L.—V. 792. Nearly all tropical countries;
though probably of American origin.
Acnistus arhorescens, SchlechL—V. 242. Mexico and West Indies
southward to Peru and Brazil.
Solandra grandiflora, Sw.—V. 1298. Mexico and West Indies to
O.liiti'bia and Brazil.
, L.— B. 236. Introduced from the Old World.
aveolens, Hurnb. et Bonpl.—Y. 983. Introduced from
•opical South America.
Lam.—V. 567. Trinidad.
Vent.)— V. 421, 1262, 1773,
1774. West Indies.
L.—V
binora, L— V. 303, 1218; B. 209, 210, 211 ; M. 7 ; U. 21.
u ■■ ■ • i> -' 1 ii the warmer part* <•! America from Florida and
Mexico to Brazil and Peru, almoin West tropical Africa.
^ Alectra brasiliensis, Benth,—V. 371. Trinidad, Guiana, and South
Jacq.—Y. 130, 4G7, 1952. Wes
Pentarhaphia longifiora, LinJL-
Tussacia pulchella, Jleichb. — V
nd Columbia.
, Mart.— V. 27, 519, 629, 1585. West Indies.
Alloplectus cristatus, Mart. — V. 147. West Indies and Guiana.
Columnea scandens, L., syn. C. speciosa, Presl. — V. 16. West Inc
nd East tropical America.
Besleria lutea, L.— V. 25. West Indies and Venezuela to N
Grenada and tropical Brazil.
Besleria, sp.—Y. 610, 1275, 1276, 1519.
Bignonia unguis, L.—V. 822, 1875; B. 321; M. 40. M.-vi.-o an.
West Indies.
Amphilophium paniculatum, Kunth. — V. 899, 939, 1043, I860
West Indies and tropical America.
Tanaecium crucigerum, Seem. — V., Guildiug. Dominica.
Tabebuia serratifolia, Kolfe, syn. Tecoma serratifolia, G. Don.—X.
1652. Trinidad.
Tecoma stans, Juss.—Y. 667 ; B. 59 ; M. 133. Southern United
! Indies to Columbia and Peru.
Tecoma spectabilis, Planch.— V., Guilding. Trinidad and Venezuela.
Jacaranda obtusifolia, Humb. et Bonpl.—V. 1639. Probably
naturalised. Xative of New Grenada, Guiana and Brazil.
Crescentia cucurbitina, L. — V. wit
Martynia diandra, Gk
an<l Cuba.
Sesamxun indicum, £.,
duced from India.
KV.—Y. Wit
hout number. Mexico, 1
rientale, L.—V. 104, 527.
Thunbergia alata, Bojc,
Thunbergia fragrans, I
r.— V. 554.
loxb.—Y. 4
Introduced from Africa.
0. 757. Int. v
Thunbergia grandiflora, Roxb.—Y. 1307. Introducer! from India.
Ruellia tuberosa, L.—Y. 580, 1602 ; B. 1 ; C. 17 ; M. 18 ; U. 24.
Texas and Mexico southward to Guiana and Peru.
Ruellia fulgida, Andr., syn. Stem (h-iseb. — V.
1804. Venezuela and New Grenada.
Euellia, two species doubtfully referred to tbis genus.— V. 35, 1199 ;
B; 204.
Blecbum Brownei, Juss.—Y. 35, 583, 1201 ; B. 215. Mexico and
the West Indies southward to Ecuador.
Daedalacantlras nervosus, 7'. A nd. — V. 15!)S. Introduced from India.
Barleria lupulina, Lindl. — V. 119*. Introduced fmm
Asystasia coromandeliana, Nees. — V. 103. Introduced from the Old
World.
Andrographis paniculata, Nees. — V. 978; B. 2. Introduced from
Beloperone sphaerosperma, Benth. et Hook. fit., svn. .1
rosperma, Vahl.—Y. 486, 1200; B. 223. Guiana.
Beloperone violacea, Planch, ct Lind., syn. Just ieia
L. — V., Guildin^. Mexico and. ti e W<M In.li - to Col miliiji and Peru.
Dianthera pectoralis, Murr.—Y. 1216. Mexico and the West Tndies
Dianthera secunda, Griscb.— V. .141. Wis* indies ami Panama (o
Jacobinia coccinea, ///(,,. svn , . , n , , \^s. — V.
981. West Indies am! Guiana 1o Brazil. "
Thyrsacanthus nitidus, Nees.—Y. 10 ; B. 16, 47. West Indies.
Dicliptera i
Bontia daphnoides, L.—Y.
Lantana Camara,
of South America' and
Lantana Radula,
Brazil.
Lantana trifolia, /
and tropical South Ai
Lippia micromera.
Lippia reptans, H.B. et A\— B. 200 ; M. 13. West Indies and Mexico
to Brazil and Peru.
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis, Vahl.—Y. 60; B. 224 ; M. 20. Florida,
Mexico and West Indies to Brazil.
Stachytarpheta strigosa, Vahl.—Y. 218. St. Thomas and Trinidad.
Priva echinata, Juss.—V. 714 ; B. 21G ; II. 31. Generally diffused
VOluhilis, Jarq -X .. Gh
1 to Brazil.
, 405, 664, 1786 ; B. 43,
Duraiita Plumie"i, .A/'v/.— V. 57S, 1217. West Indies ami Florida
-outliward to Brazil and Peru.
iEgiphila martinicensis, L.—V. 336, 753, 1801. West Indies and
Tectona grandis, L.jil. — V. 1273. Introduced from India.
Cornutia pyramidata, X.— V. 613 ; B. 63. West Indies, Mexico
Vitex divaricata, Sw. — V
Clerodendron aculeatum,
Ayicennia nitida, Jaeq.—Y. 546; B. 65. West Indies to Brazil ai
Labiate.
Ocimum Basilicum, L. — V. 1214. Introduced from tropical Asia
Ocimum micranthnm, Willd.—X. 523; B. 213; M. 88. W<
ndies, Florida, Central America and tropieal South America.
Coleus acuminata, Benth.— V. 928. [ntrodoced Prom the Phili
Marsypianthes hyptoides, Mart.—X. 7.
diffused in tropical America and the West In
Hyptis atrorubens, Poit.—Y. 874. West
and Brazil, also in Western tropical Africa.
Hyptis hrevipes, Poit. — V. 617, 1208, IS
and Asia.
27"
Hyptis pectinate, Poit.—V. 431, 1204, i2o», 1206 ; B. 212. Com
mon and generally dispersed in tropical America am. ..... West Indies,
al-o in tropical and South Africa.
Hyptis spicata, Poit.—V. 1204, 1373. Florida, Cuba and Trinidad
southward to Buenos Ayres.
Mentha viridis, L. — V. 19. Naturalised from Europe.
Salvia coccinea, L.—V. 704, 704a ; B. 222. Southern United
States, West Indies and South America.
Salvia lamiifolia, Jacq.—V. 807. Trinidad and Cuba.
Salvia occidentalis, Sw.—V. 93 ; B. 217. Florida and the West
Indies to the northern part of South America, also in the Galapagos
-V. 976. West Indies and Mexico
V. 1274. Dominica and Columbia.
-V. 366 ; B. 219. Native of Asia, now also
and Africa.
R.Br.—V. 13 ; B. 225. Tropical America,
ita, L — V. 437, 743 ; B. 192. 194. West Indies ami
orthward, to Georgia and New Mexico.
liexdata, Rich V. 4376. West Indies and Central
America northward to Texas and New Mexico, also in the Galapagos
Boerhaavia viscosa, Lag. et Rodr.—Y. 437a, 979. Widely dis-
persed in the warmer parts of America.
Boerhaavia, sp. — V. 201.
Pisonia aculeata, L.—V. '632, 1554, 1557; M. 49. Widely dispersed
in the tropics of both hemispheres.
Pisonia inermis, Jacq. — V. 484, 1843. West Indies and tropical
America.
Pisonia nigricans, Sw.—V. 42, 1842 ; B. 58; M. 151. West Indies.
Amarantace.e.
, L.—V. 1596. Tropical America. Culti-
t he warmer regions of Asia.
.— V. Ill; B. 226. Tropical America.
' Amaranthus tristis, L.—V. 2 ; B. 228, 229 ; M. 5. Tropical
America. Cultivated in tropical Asia.
Amaranthus viridis, L., syn. Euxoliis viridis, Moq.— B. 227. Dis-
persed through all warm and tropical countries.
Cyathula prostrata, BL—V., Guilding. Widely dispersed in tropical
America. Africa. India :m<l Polynesia, also in the Canary Islands.
Achyranthes aspera, L.—V. 87, 1593 ; B. 218. Diffused through all
Mogiphanes Jacquini, Schrad. — V.. (1 nil. ling. West Indies and East
tropical America.
Mogiphanes straminea, Mart.-V. 321; B. 289; M. 16. West
Indies and Mexico to Brazil.
Telanthera maritima, Moq., syn. Alternanthera ficoidea, R.Br.—
M. 17. West Indies, Central America, eastern coast of South America.
and western coast of Africa.
Telanthera ?-- -V. 882, 1595; B. without number; M. 14.
Alternanthera Achyrantha, R.Br.—V. 857. Widely dispersed in
the warmer part- of America, also in the Canary Islands and South
Alternanthera sessilis, R. Br. — V. 455. Dispersed through all warm
Philoxerus venniculatus, R. Br.—V. 1033; B. 302; M. 30; U. 39.
West Indies, eastern South America and West Africa.
Gomphrena globosa, L.—V. 1229. A native of India, now natural
Celosia argentea, L.—V. 1223, 1233. Widely diffused in tropical
Asia, Africa and America.
Iresine celosioides, L.—V. 199, 574. South Carolina and Florida to
I'.tu and Bolivia.
Phytolaccace^s.
Rivina lsevis, L.-V. 320, 1319 ; B. 181 ; O. 15. West Indies and
the wanner parts of America.
• octandra. Hook. /., syn. Rivina octandra L.—V. 549,.
1614 ; B. 129 : M. 35. Wot Indies, Central and tropical America.
Petiveria aUiacea, L.-V. 689 ; B. 220. From Florida and Mexico
to South Brazil.
Microtea debilis, Sw.—V. 178, 1584. West Indies, Central America
and tropical South Amend
Phytolacca icosandra, X.-
Mexico to Pent and Bia/.il.
From the West Indies and South
POLYGONACE^E.
> Buenos Ayres.
Coccoloba excelsa, Benth.?—V. 1259, 1529. Guiana.
Coccoloba uvifera, Jacq.—V. 509 ; B. 128 ; M. 155. West Indie
Central America and tropical South America.
Coccoloba, sp.—Y. 1790; B. 40, 136.
tica, iJfiy.—V., Guilding. West
requalis, Miq.—Y. 193, 1326.
Piper Betle, Miq. — V. 1641. Introduced from tropical Asia.
Piper confusum, C. DC.—V. 916. Cuba and San Domingo.
Piper dilatatum, Rick., syn. Artanthe Bredemeyeri, Miq.~Y. 30, 125 ;
B. 245, 246. West Indies, Central America and tropical South America.
Piper hirsutum, Sic, syn. Artanthe scabra var. hir-mta, Griseb.—Y.
33,48,828, 1325, 1921. West Indies and Central Americ:i to Pen:
and Brazil.
Piper nigrum, L.—Y. 1324. Cultivated in most tropical countries.
Xative of tropical Asia.
Piper peltatum, L., syn. Pothomorphe peltata, Miq.—Y. 190. West
Indies, Central America and the northern part of South America.
Piper Sieberi, C. DC, :yn. Enckoa Sieberi, Miq.—Y. 219, 1922.
West Indies, Venezuela and Argentina.
Piper tuberculatum, Jacq., syn. Artanthet uberculata, Miq.— V.,
Guilding. West Indies and tropical America.
Piper, sp.—V. 1923.
Peperomia alpina, A. Dietr. ?— V. 1643. Jamaica and Cuba.
Peperomia exilis, Grweft.— V. 1647, West Indies.
Peperomia hernandiajfolia, A. Dietr.— X. 920. West Indies.
Peperomia magnolisefolia, A. Divtr., syn. P. amplexicaulis var. mag-
<;r:,rh.—X. 23, HJ42. West Indies, Central America and
the northern part of South America.
Peperomia nemorosa, FaU. — V. 1645, 1646. West Indie.'
and Guiana.
Peperomia nummulariaefolia, //. U.K. — \ r . 257. West Indies ami
South Mexico to Peru and Brazil.
obtusifolia, A. Dietr.— Y., Guilding. West Indies ami
America.
ovalifolia, Hook., syn. P. trit'olisi. .J. Wrfr.—V. 871, 87la,
uo. West Indies.
Peperomia pellucida, If. B.K.—V. 594. West Indies and Central
> Peru and Brazil, also in tropical Africa.
Rtipertiana, C.DC.? — V. 1321, 1644; B. 244.
-V.
Not known from «
Aniba bracteata. fcfi i ... syn, Ay ft.— V. 687,
1839. From Porto Rico and Montserrai to St. Vincent.
Endlicheria sericea, Ncrs.^xn. A< dend < n - r;.. um. (iriseb. — V. 240,
323, 353, 1840. West Indies and East tropical America.
Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Bl. — V. 1572. Native of the East Indies,
now cultivated or naturalised in many parts of the tropics.
West Indies and tropical
cernua, Nces.-Y. 512.
Griseb.—Y. 1272. West Indies.
Griseb.— Y. 636, 681, 733, 1543. West
Thym
Daphnopsis caribaea, Qriseb.— V. 927, 1284. West Indies.
LORANTHACE.=E.
Venezuela.
Phoradendron Berterianum, Griseb. — V. 297. West Indies an
Venezuela.
flavens, Griseb.— V. 374. Mexico and West Indie
Phoradendron latifolium, Griseb.— V. 245, 245a, 248, 1305. Central
America, West Indies and Brazil.
Phoradendron rubrum, Griseb.— V. 1623. North Mexico and West
Indies to Brazil and Peru.
Euphorbia buxifolia, Lnm.—V. 553, 1941 ; B 105. 199: M. '22, 23 ,
U. 27. Florida, British Honduras, West Indies and Venezuela.
Euphorbia genicnlata, Ort., syn. E. heterophylla var. prunifolia,
Griseb. — V. 744. Texas and West Indies to Brazil and Peru.
Euphorbia hypericifolia, L.—V. 106; B. 198; M. 12. Widely
tfbpened in the warmer parts of America.
Euphorbia linearis, Retz., syn. E. articuliita, /Unm.—Y. 208, 1940.
West Indies.
Euphorbia nudiflora, Jacq.—V., Guilding. Mexico and West Indies.
Euphorbia pilulifera, L.— V. 154; B. 197; M. 12a. Widely
dispersed in the warmer regions of both hemispheres.
Euphorbia prostata, Ait.—B. 202; M. 32. Widely dispersed in
the warmer parts of America; also in tropical Africa, Bourbon and
Euphorbia thymifolia, Bum,
V. 335, 673, 1937. Throughoi
Phyllanthus Conami, Sw. — V., Guilding. West Indies and tropical
Phyllanthus distichus, Mm II. An/.^yn. Cict-a di^ticha, L.—Y. 1556.
[alMMUOed from the East Indies anil naturalised in some of the West
Indian Islands.
holding. Jamaica, Bahamas and
.. — V. 656. Throughout the tropics.
Phyllanthus reticulata, Poir.—V. 522, 87:
Drypetes glauca, VahL
Hieronyma
Brazil.
of both hemispheres.
Jatropha gossypifolia, L.—V. 67; B. 101, 103 ; M. 11.
and tropical America.
Jatropha multifida, L. — V., Guilding. St. Kitts, Voi
! ' liana, also naturalised in Jamaica.
Croton helicoideilS, Mm II. .I;v/., syn. ('. nivt-us. (irisrh. (non Jacq.).
— B. 93. Venezuela.
Croton lobatus, L.—V. 703. Mexico and West Indies to lira/i! and
Ecuador.
Croton niveus, Jaeq.—V. 1258; B. 92; M. 137. Central America,
W est lidi.-s and the northern parts of South America.
Croton populifolius, Sw.—V. 28, 551, 783, 784,. 1250; B. 88,89,
90 : M. 139. West Indies, Panama, Venezuela and Colombia.
Croton pseudochina, Sc/i/rrhf.— X.. (iuiMin-. Trinidad ■hhI trojiicai
Argithamnia lancifolia, MuelL . > la, Griseb. —
V. 1255. 1581, 19.^7 : B. 207. U',vt Indies and Colombia.
Bernardia corensis, Mnell. Arg., syn. Polyboea corensis, Kl. — V .
560 ; B. 196. West Indies.
Bernardia carpinifolia, Grueb.—Y. 1257. Jamaica, San Doming"
. 41 : U. 32.
iens, L.—Y. 1156. Central America, West Indies,
Venezuela and Guiana.
Omphalea diandra, L.—Y. 1655. West Indies, and East tropical
America.
Hippomane Mancinella, L.—V. 934; B. 142; M. 125. Florida,
Central America, West Indies and the western coast of tropical South
America.
West Indies, Venezuela
Sapii
and m
Sebastiana corniculata, Muell. Arg., syn. Microstachys «
Juss. — V. 605. Trinidad and tropical South America.
Hura crepitans, L.—Y. 804; B. 114. West Indies a
syn. Sponia micrantha, Dene. — V. 70, 443.
I Contrayerva, X.— V. 476. West Indies and South Mexico
lumber. Jamaica, Dominica and
Columbia.
Ficus populnea, mild.—Y. 447, 924; B. 54, 55; M. 122. West
Ficus, two or three undetermined species. — V. 747, 913, 1408 1560.
1732.
l Alicastrum, Sic— V. 1 755. Central America and Jamaica.
Z — V. 1412. Native of the Pacific Islands, now
j parts of the tropics.
Artocarpus integrifolia, L.—Y. 812. A native of India, now wideh
cultivated in the tropics.
Cecropia palmata, Willd. ?— V. 1407. West Indies, Guiami and
Cecropia peltata, L.—Y. 211 ; B. 100. West Indies and Venezuela.
Fleurya aestuans, Gaud. — V. 41,41a; B. 174. Widely dispersed in
tropical America, tropic.!: nelslands.
TJrera baccifera, Gaud.—Y. 1194. West Indies and Panama to
-V. 713, 1601. Widely dis
Pilea ciliaris, ll'u.'d.— V 26, i.-.t>. 21$. \\
Filea diffusa, Wedd.—Y. 1603. Jamaica.
Pilea microphylla, LUbm.-JJ. 311. 87B,
Pilea ovalis, Griseb.—Y . 805. Trinidad.
Pilea pubescens, Liebm. — V. 56. Widely dispersed through tropical
t-merica.
i Jacq. — V. 57. West Indies.
Myrica, sp.—V. 1270.
Pleurothallis floribunda, Lindl.— Y. 680. Martinique.
Pleurothallis ruscifolia, R.Br.—V. 414. Widely diffused in the West
Indies, from Cuba and Jamaica to Trinidad ; also Guiana. Lindh'v
unites with this the Peruvian P. siiccosn, Lindl., syn. P. /nultinmlis
Popp. & Eudl., which seems distinct.
Stelis scabrida, Lindl.— V. 90, 1661. Dominica. The St. Vincent
piece referred by Grisebach to S. opJiioglossoides, Sw., apparently
■
Octomeria graminifolia, R.Br.—V. 454. Dominica and Grenada,
Microstylis "umbellulata, Lindl. — V. 1 144. W r est Indies and tropical
Elleanthus lepidus, Rchb.j. — V. 1414. Grenada and East tropical
Isochilus linearis, R. Br.—V. 471. West Indies and tropical
Epidendrtun ciliare, L. — V. 117 ; B. SO.'?. West Indies and tropir-ai
Epidendrum elongatum, Jacq. — V. 298. West Indies and tropical
Epidendrum fuscatum, Sw.—V. 32, 623, 1149. West Indies and
ropical America.
Epidendrum globosum, Sw.— V. 313. West Indies and Guiana.
Epidendrum pallidiflorum, Hot
Epidendrum ramosum, Jacq.—
Epidendrum umbellatum, Sv
Epidendrum vincentinum, Li,
Epidendrum, tp. — V. 11. 13, li
Brassavola cucullata, li.Br. — V. 638, B. without number ; M. 69 ;
U. 13. West Indies and tropical America.
Polystachya luteola, Hooh.—Y. 289, 450, 900. West Indies and
tropical America.
Cyrtopodium Andersonii, R.Br. — V. (Grisebach), Trinidad and
Cyrtopera Woodfordii, Lindl. — V. 401. West Indies and tropical
Xylobium pallidiflorum, Rolfe, syn. Maxillaria pallidiflora, Hook.—
V. 1122. Dominica and Grenada.
Dichaea graminoides, Lindl., syn. D.gramiaea, Griseb. — V., Guilding.
West Indies and tropical America.
Dichaea muricata, Lindl. — V. 1011. West Indies and tropical
Rodriguezia secttnda, H. B.K. — V., Guilding. Trinidad and
Oncidium altissimum, Sw. — V. 244. Porto Rico, Dominica and
dartinique.
Oncidium luridum, Lindl. — V. 085. West Indies, Mexico and
Ionopsis, sp.~Y. 1666. Indeterminable.
Vanilla phseantha, Bchb. f.—V. 1336. Cuba and San Domingo.
I'll.- St. Vincent specimen cited bv Grisebach under V. phmifnlitt,
.Jamaica, Cuba, Dominica,
West Indies and tropical
Ponthieva petiolata, Lindl.— V. 949, 1952. Jamaica, Cuba, Domi-
nica. Martinique, St. Lucia and Grenada.
Spiranthes orchioides, Hemsl. syn. Stenorrhynchus orchioides, Rich.
— V. 806. West Indies and tropical America.
Pelexia spiranthoidea, Lindl.— V. McRae. Jamaica, Cuba, and
San Domingo.
Physurus hirtellus, Lindl.— Y. 1372. 1664. Jamaica, Cuba, Domi-
Physurus plantagineus, Lindl.— Y. 1668. .Jamaica. Cuba, Dominica,
Pogonia macrophylla, Lindl. — V. 1924, 1951. .Jamaica. Cuba and
Chloraea Ulantha, Rolf v. svn, Hantha «ran<litiora. linn/;, lint. Maq..
«ub t. 2WO; Griseb. Fl. lint. If. Indus. V . 633: Ne^tia r -ran.'li-
rlora, link. Hot. \f ,,,,., X. 2956— V G.iildin" If N --■■: — that
Contained in the original description. Grisebaeh says it
iii., p. 018) cite Lindley as tin- antliorify tut its being a
for its not being a native of the West Indies.
Habenaria alata, Hook.— V. 1155. Jamaica and Cub;
bach records it from Antigua.
Habenaria maculosa, Lmdl.—V. 1143. W. Indies
L.—V.
Zingiber officinale, Rosc.—V. 1963. Cultivated throughout the
ropics ; native country uncertain, though probably tropical Asia.
Costns cylindricus, Jacq. — V., Guilding. Martinique, Trinidad and
Costus spicatus, Sw.—V. 328. West Indies.
Costns spiralis, Rose. — V., Guilding. Trinidad and Brazil.
Renealmia caribsea, Griseb. — V. 15,817. Dominica and Martinique.
Eenealmia occidentalis, Griseb. — V., Cruilding. West Indies, Panama
and New Granada.
Renealmia, tp.—Y. 1965.
Ischnosiphon Aronma, Korn. — V. 267. West Indies, Guiana,
Brazil.
Maranta arundinacea, L.—V. 189. West Indies and tropical
Maranta indica, Titss.—V., Guilding. West Indies and tropical
Calathea Allouya, Lindl.—V., Guilding. West Indies and Guiana.
Calathea myrosma, Lindl. — V., Guilding. West Indies and Guiana.
Canna coccinea, Ait.—V., Guilding. West Indies and Guiana.
Canna glanca, L. — V. 1 . West Indies, Mexico and tropical South
Bromkmace*.
Bromelia Pinguin, L.—V. 1084. Wesl Indies and tropical America.
Karatas Plumieri, EMorr.—V. 1685. West Indies and Panama
iEchmea bracteata, Griseb.— V. 646, 1425, 1426. West Indies.
JEchmea odora, Baker.*- V. 481 ; B. 305. West Indies, French
t.iuiana and Brazil.
Pitcairnia alta, Hassk.—V. 1430, 1681. B. without number. West
Pitcairnia bracteata, Ait.— V. 624, 826, 1432. West Indies.
Caraguata lingulata, LintU.—V. 168.-!. West Indies, Guiana,
Coliimln;i and Kouador.
Tillandsia compressa, Bertero. — V.
Tillandsia fasciculata, S».— V., (
West Indies.
1680. Jamaica
holding. Flori
Tillandsia martinicensis, 1 in Iter.— \
J. 1128. Marti
Tillandsia niegastachya, Baker, %
■ NoMnttrmn
Tillandsia polystachya, A.— V. 1.
124, 1686. W,
Tillandsia utriculata; L. — V. 1
Tillandsia (Vriesia) sp. — V. 504.
131: B. 301.
Catopsis nitida, linker, syn. C. nut
tana, Griscb.—y
HAMODOR
KCV.M.
Xiphidiuin floribundum, Sw — V.
to Brazil.
1423. Mexico
Sansevieria guineensis, Willd. — V
. 1706. Introd.
Trimezia martinicensis, Herb., svi
—V. 637. Wes1 Indies and Mexieo' t
nSulllh'llrli/ii' 1
Cipura plicata, Griseb.—X. 71o.
Hypoxis decumbens, L. — V. 14
Curculigo scorzonerajfolia, Ha,
Zephyranthes tubispatha, Herb
Hippeastrum equestre, Herb., yj\
Hymenocallis caribaa, Herb.—'
Agave caribaea, Baker'?— X. 17(
Agave rigida, Mill. var. — V.,
DlOSQOREACEiE.
Dioscorea alata, L.—V. 1886, 1888. West
ntroduced. T Lfrica, Fiji a
Dioscorea cayennensis, Lam. — V. 116. We
l.y syn. Aloe vulgaris, Lam.—V. 1707. Native
S on ' b,,t
Commelina nudiflora, L. — V. 22, 739. Common in the 1
regions of the whole world.
Commelina virginica, L.—V. 1953; B. 171; M. 50;
Spread from Texas and Cuba to Paraguay.
Cyanotis cristata, Seem, et Seh.—V. 760. Introduced
Old World.
Tradescantia elongata, Mey.—V., Guilding. West In
tropical America.
Tradescantia geniculate Jacq.— V. 156,700, 1369, 1660.
diffused through ilie W.m In-li.-. :md extending from ,M
Paraguay ; also in the Sandwich Islands.
Callisia repens, L.—V. 1659. West Indies and Mexico
and Peru.
Rhceo discolor, Hance, sy
B. 14. Guadeloupe, Cuha, 8
Palm*..
Areca Catechu, L.—V. 171 1, 1969. Fruit only.
vated in India and Malaya, in some part of w
indigenous.
Oreodoxa oleracea, Mart >— V. 1710. W est Indie
Chamsedorea, sp.—V. 1712. The leaves of T. 171
Geonoma Brongniartii, Mart.—V. 1433. Mai
Caryota urens, L.-V. 1711. Introduced. Trop
Bactris major, Jacj.-V. 1709. Xew (Grenada.
polyacanthus, Mart.—V. 1713.
1.
sp.—V. without number.
2S-2
,, Linden.— -V. 239. West Indie
Cocos, sp. ?—Y. 1969. Leav<
, believed to be a species of Prestoea,
growing on the slopes of the St. Vincent Soufriere, was brought to
Kew by Mr. Morris in May 1S66. No specimens of this appear to
have been received from Messrs. Smith. it is vny desirable to obtain
adequate herbarium m-c .'rial i >. ■] Mo d-'tet mine tins interesting plant.
Pistia stratiotes, L. — V. 224. Tropics of the whole world.
Caladium bicolor, Venl.—V. 1690. West Indies, Guiana and Brazil.
Caladium haematostigma, Kunth.—Y. 799, 1957. Brazil.
Caladium marginatum, C. Koch?—Y. 1691.
Caladium purdieanum, Schott. — V. 1415. Brazil and Peru.
Xanthosoma hastifolium, Schott— V. 1421. Brazil.— V. 1961 is
Xanthosoma helleborifolium, Schott. —V. 1419. West Indies,
Central and tropical South America.
Xanthosoma, two or three undetermined species.— V. 1420, 1692,
1693, 1694, 1695, 1696, 1697, 1958, 1959, 1960.
Philodendron hederaceum, Schott?— V. 1688. West Indies and
Philodendron, spp.—V. 263, 1687.
Montrichardia, sp. — V. 1689.
Dieffenbachia Seguine, Schott.— V. 1411. West Indies, Venezuela,
off. Monstera pertusa, Griseb. — V. 37.
W< -: Ladies and tropical South America.
Anthurium Guildingii, Schott. syn. Anthurium concinnum, Schott.-~
Y. 868, 1416, 1417, 1418, 1698, 1698a. Guadeloupe and Martinique.
Anthurium Huegelii, Schott.— V. 1954. Guadeloupe, Dominica
and Jamaica.
Ctperace,e.
-V. 212. World,
Kyllinga pumila, Michx. V. 408.
L. — C. 22. World, in warm regions ; in America
Vom Virginia to South Brazil, common.
Cyperus diffllSUS, Vahl., syn. C. elegans. Swarf:. C. laxus, Griseb.—
V. 1090, 1675, 1970. World, in tropical regions, common.
Cyperus distans, L.f.—V. 1677. World, in tropical and subtropical
regions; in America from Cuba to Rio Janeiro, common.
Cyperus rotundus, L.—B. 338 ; M. 53. World, in warm regions ; a
Cyperus sphacelatus, Bottb.—V. 520, 842. America and Africa, in
■:;••; n !i" formei i'r in . '. ii!'* : ,; t > vmiU lira il, \, i -,
plentiful in the West Indies.
Mariscus ferax, C. B. Clarke. svn. Cvperu:; ilia,. Rich., C. odo-
ratus, (iriscb.Otcn /..',. and C. flexuoMis, /7/A/.— V. 351. 722. World, in
warm regii :i- : rica from New Orleans to Argent in.".
Mariscus flavus, Vahl.,syn. Cyperus llavamariscus, (Jriseb. partim. —
V. 1084. America, Texas to Argentina, common.
Mariscus rufus, H. B.K., syn. Cyperus ligularis, £.~V. 316;
B. 337; M. 51, America. Virginia to South Brazil, plentiful in West
Indies, Africa, and Mascarene Islands.
Mariscus Jacquinii, H. B.K.—V. 243. Central America and
Venezuela. Received from no other West Indian Island except St.
Vincent.
Eleocharis interstincta, B. Br. syn. Scirpus plantaj
lion L.). — V. 11. Tropical and sub-tropical America, gi
Fimbristylis complanata, Link, syn. Scirpus amenfac
J. Guilding. VVorM, in warm regions, general.
Fimbristylis ferruginea, Vahl. syn. Scirpus ferrng
1; M. 52. World, in warm regions, especially near
ffassk, syn. AMI
cans, Cham, et Schlccht.—X .
Dichromena ciliata, Vahl., syn. Rynchospora
(rriseb. — V.539; 15.346. Tropical America, iro
plentiful in West Indies.
Ryuchospora polyphylla, Kvnth.—X. 133
common, Venezuela and New Grena
syu. K. cubonsis, Gnseb—V. 843 r
jay.
Rynchospora micrantha, Vahl. — V. 779, 1085. West ladies,
common; Central Amerii West Africa.
Rynchospora longiflora, PresL, svn. \l. ilorida (h-iseb. partim. — V.
1089, 1676. West Indies, Martinique, Dominica and Guadeloupe.
Cladiom restioides, Benth., svn. M.n ii.. it re-;i,,;d.^, Vahl. — V
134. West Indies, common.
Scleria latifolia, Sw.—V. 694, 708, 741, 758. West Indies, frequent.
Scleria arundinacea, Ktmth,. >\n. S. latifolia, var. 3 et 7 , Griseh
— V. 741a, 1971- West Indies and tropical South America.
Scleria prateusis, Nees.—V. 88, 707 ; B. 34.3, 353. Common in the
warmer part- <>t' America, from Mexico ami the West Indies te. Paraijua v
Scleria lithosperma, Sw.—V. 1087 ; B. 340. World, in tropical and
-ub-trepioal regions, common.
Scleria reflexa, H. B.K., syn. S. flagellum, Berg.—V. 262. West
Scleria mitis, Berg.—V. 1674. Tropical America, common; from
Panama to South Brazil. In the West Indies, received only from St.
Vincent and Guadeloupe.
Paspalum caespitosum, Flugge.—Y. 1977 ; B. 376. Jamaica and
Cuba to Guiana.
Paspahim compressum, Xees.—V. 192, 1106, 1109; B. 17, 378.
West Indies and Central America southward to Ecuador and Paraguay.
Paspalum conjugatum, Berg.—V. 1100 ; B. 377. Central America,
West Indies, and tropical South America; also tropical Asia and
Paspalum densum, Poir.—V., Guilding. Cuba and Mexico to
Paspalum distichum, L.—V. 300, 1672, 1980; B. 22,359, 360. Very
widely dispersed in warm countries, including Chili.
Paspalum fimbriatum, H. B.K.—Y. 831, 1374; U. 50. West
Indies, New Grenada and Brazil.
Paspalum plicatulum, Michx.—V. 970, 1111. North America,
Mexico, West Indies, Columbia to Brazil.
Paspalum saccharides, Nees., syn. Trichol.ena saccharides, Griseb.
— V. 601. V
the West Indies to Brazil.
Paspalum sieheriauum, Steud V. 800, 308. West Indies.
Paspalum virgatum, L.—V. 80 ; B. 357. West Indies, Central
America, Guiana, New Grenada, Brazil and Paraguay.
Eriochloa polystachya, //. U.K., syn. E. punctata, Hamilt.—V.
'- . B. 2M. 2.1. Southern I'nite i •■
■ Of the Old Wo
widely dispersed
Isachne arxmdinacea, Crls,!,.— V. 361. Gf>0. Jamaica.
And Venezuela.
Panicum Drevifolium, A.— V. 185. West Indies. Central America
and Columbia, to Peru and Brazil.
Panicum colonum, L.—X. 582, 1098; B. 21, 367; M. 67. West
Panicum .costatum, Roxb., syn. P. flavescens, Sir.— V. 314, 641,
1097, 1102, 1352, 1669. West Indies, tropical Africa and Asia.
Panicum divaricatum, L.— V. 375, 971, 1105, 1976. South Florida,
West Indies, Central and South America.
Panicum fasciculatum, .SV., syn. 1\ fuwum, ,.S. fasciculatum, Sw.—Y.
565. [100. |i;7,i : |J. l'2. 3H6. :Ji;«». W.m I ndi.-. Mexieo. and tropical
South America.
Panicum frondescens, Mey.—Y. 187. Trinidad, Guiana, Brazil.
Panicum horizontal, Mei/., svn. Digimriu setigera, R„th.—\ . 322.
693, 931. HOW : 15. 375: Si. 59: C. 40. West Indies. All tropical
countries, and the Cape of Good Hope, according to Grisebach. A
Panicum leucophaeum, Kimth. -vu. Trich«.la-na insularis, <;,■/'.«/>.
— V. 392, 1094, 1354; B. 23, 356 ; U. 43, 44. Texas, West Indies.
Mexico, and Central and South America.
Panicum linkianum, Knnth, syn. Digitaria marginata, Link.—
V. 231, 1107. West Indies. Common in tro]
Mexico and Central America. According to Gri-
in the tropics of the Old World. Usually regarded as a form of the
very widely diffused P. sanguinale, L.
Panicum maximum, Jacq.—Y. 288; M. 68. West Indies and
Mexico to Brazil ; originally introduced into America from Iropical
Africa, according to Humboldt. (Guinea Grass.)
Panicum palmifolium, Poir., syn. P. pHeatum, Lam.—Y. 226.
Jamaica, 1 ' - of the Old World.
Panicum pilosum, Sir., syn. P. distiehmn, Lam.—V. 163, 1104,
1975. West h
Panicum prostratum, Lam.-B. 19; C. 23; M. 63 Tropics of
': i es. V. 370 and 135«i are a bo doubtfully referred to this
Panicum sanguinale, L.—Y. 247. West Indies. Almost every-
where in tropical and sub-tropical countries.
Panicum, sp.—Y. 1099.
Ichnanthus candicans, Doell, var. glabratus, Doell—Y. 127. Brazil.
Ichnanthus pallens, /W/. ,yn. I'., i. ..» H ■ -• *' \ l''-':j
West Indies. Central America to \ enezuela and Peru and Brazil,
Setaria caudata, Ra-m.
Setaria glauca, Beauv. — V. 265. West Indies ; in nearly all
temperate and tropical countries.
Cenchrus echinatus, L.—Y. 108; B. 345; M. 58. A very widely
disper-ed -ruci,-, ranging from Canada to Brazil, also in tropical As
Cuba, Mexico, Columbia
tosum, Rich.—Y. 78, 1093 ; B. 348. West Indies and
a!<o in tropical Asia and Africa.
Stenotaphnim americanum, Schrank.—Y. 212, 372. Widely dis
tributed both in America and the Old World, chiefly in maritime
districts.
Olyra latifolia, L.—Y. 241. Throughout the West Indies, Mexico,
and Central A merica, to Columbia, Guiana and Brazil.
Olyra panciflora, Sw.—Y. 1673. Jamaica, Antigua, St. Domingo,
Cuba, and Mixi i. ,j Paraguay.
Pharus brasiliensis, Raddi, syn. P. glaber, H. B.K.—Y. 424 ; B.
350. West Indies, Florida, Mexico, New Grenada and (Guiana to Brazil
and Paraguav, also Peru.
Pharus latifolius, L.—Y. without number. Throughout the West
Indies, and in Mexico, southward to Ecuador and Brazil.
Pariana sylvestris, Nees.—Y., Guilding. Perhaps introduced accord-
Coix Lacryma
-Jobi, L,
— V.
602. West Indies
. Grisebaeh treats it a;
an introduced p!
ant. No
mmon in the tropics of both hemispheres.
Oryza sativa,
A., svn.
. (».
latifolia, Desv.—
V. 1113. Trinidad ant
Cuba. Now cu
and also more or les<
established in a
Arundinella martinicensis, Trin.—Y. i.358. West Indies.
Anthephora elegans, Schnb.—Y. 102 ; B. 344; M. 61 ; U. 49. West
Indies, Mexico and Central America to Columbia, Peru and Brazil.
Manisuris granulans, Sw.—Y. 1112. Very widely diffused in the
w.-inv.'-" r> m. u- «if both hemispheres.
Ischaemum latifolium, Kunth, syn. Ischsemopogon latifolius, (iriseb.—
Y. 361, 650. West Indies, Mexico and Central America to
Peru and Brazil.
Andropogon bicornis, Z. syn. Anatherum bieorue, Beauv.— V. 409.
Tropical America.
Andropogon brevifolius, Sw.—Y. 847. Tropical, more rarely sub-
tropical regions of both hemispheres.
Andropogon condensatus, //. B.K.—Y. 845. Martinique, Trinidad,
and Mexico, to Paraguay and Argentina.
Andropogon saccharides, Sw.—Y. 1973: Ii. 18,24; M. 65. Ex-
tending i ■ t , Southern United Slate- to < '] i! and Argentina.
Andropogon squarrosus, I.. JiL. syn. Yeti\en';i anindinaeea, (irisrb.
— V. 362. -\< -l It, da i ,d \\\ i/i!." d.-< i-
spectB this plant to have been introduced from India.
Andropogon, tpp. undetermined.— V. 1351, 972.
or Id, and
Sporobolus indicus, R. Br.—Y. 585, 603. Common and generally
;njM.;;l and subtropical regions of both hemispheres.
Sporobolus virginicus, KvtUh. — V. :>\>; II. 3<>5 ; M. 55 ; U. 45.
Common and very widely diffused in tropical ami subtropical regions
( { ec Ily iritime districts.
' Cynodon Dactylon, Pers.—V. 290 ; B. 362 ; M. 56. Bahamas,
\ntigua. Tu tropical and temperate countries all over the
Chloris radiate, Sir.— V. 232. 581 ; B. 358. Cuba and Panama to
Peru and Brazil.
Bontelona sp.— V. 1355.
Eleusine aegyptiaca, Wrtf.svn. Dactvloctenium segyptiacum, mild.—
V. ;)n> U\:\Y\). :;.-,.-, : M. 57: l_\ 12. Almost all warm countries
throughout the world, though often only a colonist.
Eleusine indica, Gartn.—V. 100, 276; B. 354; M. 60; IT. 48.
Almost all warm countries throughout the world, but in many places
only introduced.
Leptochloa longa, Griseb.—X. 213. Trinidad.
Leptochloa mncronata, Kunth.—B. 373, 374 ; U. 47. Virginia and
IliinoK southward through the West Indies. Mexico, and Central
America to Venezuela.
Leptochloa virgata, Beauv.—X. 577, 1357. Mexico and West Indies
southward to Brazil.
Gynerium saccharides, H. B.K., syn. Arundo saccharides. l\>i
—V. 1092. Mexico and West Indies southward to Columbia, (iuiana,
and Brazil.
Eragrostis ciliaris, Lmk.-\. si 1 : 15.3(53. 364; V. 16. South
Carolina to Panama, tropical South America, the Galapagos, and 10
tropical Asia and Africa.
Eragrostis pilosa, Beauv.—X. 525, 834. Temperate and tropical
countries of the globe.
Eragrostis p0330ides, Beauv., syn. E. minor, Host.—Y. 411. A very
widely dispersed and variable grass.
Eragrostis. There are two undetermined species of this genus,
, Guiana and Brazil.
Gleichenia pnbescens, H. ll.K.—X. 149, 907, 1361. Throngho
tropical America.
Gleichenia pectinata, Presl.-X. 864. Throughout tropical Amerk
Cyathea Sena, Willd.—Y., Guilding. Throughout tropical i
Cyathea Tussacii, Dem V. 962, 1018. West Iodic
Cyathea tenera, Griseb. — V ., Caley. Endemic.
Hemitelia grandifolia, Spring.— V., Guilding. Throtlf
Hemitelia horrida, R.Br.—Y. 801, 849, 854. West Indies and
,'enezuela.
Alsophila aspera, R.Br.—Y. 696, 863, 1012, 1013. West :
Alsophila ferox, Presl.—Y. 196,987. Throughout tropical j
Alsophila infesta, Kxmze.—Y. 292, 1717. Throughout
Hymenophyllum vincentinnm, Baker, in Ann. Bot. vol. v., p. 164, t.
VT A ,^ W s I ,ecies - V - 60t > 1067 ; an(1 var. latifolium, Baker, 1. c.
. 365, 611, 1062, 1063. Cos-
Hymenophyllum hirsutum, Sw.—V. 364, 1070, 2071. Tropical and
South temperate America and Mascarene Islands.
Hymenophyllum latifrons, V.D.B.—Y. 1072. W T est Indies.
Hymenophyllum hirtellum, ,SV.— V., Guilding. Throughout tropical
America. ° fo r
Hymenophyllum lineare, SW.— V. 1069. Tropical America, Mas-
carene Islands and Natal.
-V. 254, 480, 965, 1074, 1075, 1076,
Hymenophyllum valvatnm, H. $ G Y. 1065, 1067. Throughout
tropical America.
Hymenophyllum fucoides, S,c.—Y., 851. Throughout tropical
America.
Hymenophyllum Catherine, Uook.—Y. 1068. Very rare in the
highest mountains at about 3,000 feci ■ ltut!,, r, ,1 previously or.lv in
,,,:rl ' ! '' ; '"P" i'y l/Hmumi.T, :n»I in Jamaica, ..u St. Catherine's pcuk,
at an elevation of 5,000 feet.
Trichomanes spicatum, Hechr.—Y. 27S. West indies to Ecuador.
Trichomanes membranaceum, Z. — V. 367. Throughout tropical
Trichomanes reptans, .Sw.—V., Guilding. Throughout tropical
punctatnm, Poir.—Y. 412. Throughout tropical
pnsillum, Sto.—V.
Trichomanes hrachypus, Kunze. — V., Guilding. Throughout tropical
, H. $ G.—Y. 573. Throughout tropical
. # G.— V. 952. Throughout tropical
America.
Trichomanes sinuosum, Rich.—Y. 665, 1078. Throughout tropical
Trichomanes Bancroftii, H. # G.—Y. 580. Throughout tropical
H. $ G.—Y. 327. Throughout tropical
ls, Sic — V. 533. Throughout tropical America.
Trichomanes alatum, Sic — V. 141. Throughout tropical America.
Trichomanes pyxidiferum, L.—Y. 61, 322, 507,628, 1081, 1724.
Cosmopolitan.
Trichomanes rigidnm, Sic—Y. 485. Cosmopolitan.
crispum, Sir.—Y. 91, 892. Throughout tropical
POLYPODIACE.E.
Dicksonia cicutaria, Sic — V. 1723. Throughout tropical America.
Davallia aculeata, Sic— Y. 1722. West Indies.
Lindsaya gnianensis, Dryand.—Y. 1027 ', 1093. Throughout tropical
tetraphyllum Willd.-
tropical America, also West Africa.
Adiantum Capillus- Veneris, L.— Y. 1895. Cosmopolitan.
Adiantum concinnum, FI.fi. et K.—V. 969. Throughout tropical
Adiantum villosum, L. — V. 540, 958. Throughout tropical America.
Adiantum tenerum, Str. — Y., Guilding. Throughout tropical
Cheilanthes radiata, ft. Fir.— V. 1 7l :
Cheilanthes microphylla, Sic— X. 1896. Throughout tropical
ighout tropica!
America.
Pteris aculeata, Sic— V. 186. Throughout tropical America,
Pteris podophylla, Sic — V., Guilding. Throughout tropical America,
Pteris longihrachiata, Ag.—X. 589. West Indies.
Ceratopteris thalictroides, Brongn. — V., Guilding. Cosmopolitan.
Lomaria attenuata, Willd. — V. 282. Cosmopolitan.
Lomaria Plumieri, Desv. — V. 1025. Throughout tropical America.
Lomaria procera, Spring. — V. 838, 1023. Cosmopolitan.
Blechnum longifolium, //. BK. — V., Guilding. Throughout tropical
Blechmun occidentale, L.— V. 302, 966. Throughout tropical
Asplenium serratum, L.—X. 666. Throughout tropical America.
Aspleniuin alatum, H. B.K. — V., Guilding. Throughout tropical
America.
Asplenium lunulatum, Sic — V., Guiiding. Cosmopolitan.
Asplenium obtusifolium, L. — V. 710. Throughout tropical America.
Asplenium auriculatum. Sic — V. 188. Throughout tropic.nl
Asplenium Serra, L. $ F.—X. 207. Throughout tropical America.
also tropical Africa.
Asplenium latum, Sic— X. 358, 961, 1119, 1121. Throughout
tropical America.
Asplenium pumilum, Sic — V. 19(H). Cosmopolitan.
Asplenium cuneatum, Lam. — X. 453. 1 1 is. Cosmopolitan.
Asplenium furcatum, Thunb. — V., Guilding. Cosmopolitan.
Asplenium rhizophyllum, Khhzc— V. 682, 1018, 1898. Throughout
tropical America.
Asplenium cicutarium, Sic—X. 875, 1897. Throughout tropical
America, also tropical Africa.
Asplenium arboreum, Willd.— X. 134(5. West Indies and Venezuela.
Asplenium Shepherdi, Kunze.—X. 712, 890, 1122, 1123, 1719.
Asplenium crenulatuni, Bahr.—X. 373. Throughout tropical
1019. Since gathered by Mr. ft. V SI;
Asplenium marginatum, L. — V. 326.
Aspidium
Aspidium plantagineum, Griscb.—Y. 171. Throughout tropical
America.
Aspidium trifoliatum, Sw.—Y. 140, S65, 867. Throughout tropical
America ; and var. Plumieri, Pred.—Y. 829.
Nephrodium conterminum, Dcsv.—Y. 964, 1130, 1360. Throughout
tropical America.
Nephrodium Sprengelii, Hook. — V. 151. Throughout tropical
America.
Nephrodium limbatum, Desv. — V., Guilding. West Indies.
Nephrodium patens, Desv.—Y. 789. Cosmopolitan.
Nephrodium trichophorum, Baker.— V. 705. West Indies.
Nephrodium Jenmani, Baker. — V. 855. Known before only in
Nephrodium hrachyodon, Hook. — V. 221, 451, 946. Tropical
Nephrodium effusum, Baker. — V. 862. Throughout tropical
Nephrodium villosum, Fresh— V. 292, 1021. Throughout tropical
Nephrodium amplum, Baker. — V. 138,861. Throughout tropic;*
Nephrodium furcatum, Hook. — V". 860. Throughout tropical
Nephrodium molle, l)e<r. — V. 891. Cosmopolitan.
Nephrolepis exaltata, Sehott.—V. 238. Cosmopolitan.
Oleandra nodosa, Presl. — V. 417. Throughout tropical America.
Polypodium flavo-punctatum, Kaulf.—Y. 659. Throughout
Polypodium tetragonum, Sw.—Y. 89, 451, 785, 946, I
iin<l var. megalodus, Sc/ik.—Y. 85s, 1716. Throughout tropical
Polypodium gramineum, Su:— V., Guilding. West Indies and
Polypodia
Polypodium serrulatum, Mett. — V. 840. Cosmopolitan.
Polypodium trifurcatum, L.—Y. 29. Throughout tropica'
". 42, 932. Throughout tropical
514, 937. Throughout tropical
Polypodium taxifolium, L— V. 919. Throughout tropical America,
Polypodium pectinatum, L.—Y. 249. Throughout tropical
Polypodium sororium, //. B.K.—Y. 406. Throughout tropical
Polypodium piloselloides, L.—Y. 255, 658. Throughout tropical
Polypodium loriceum, L.—Y. 144, 291, 293, 837, 945. Throughout
Polypodium lycopodioides, L. — V. 85, 745, 1364. Cosmopolitan.
Polypodium repens, L. — V. 968. Throughout tropical America.
Polypodium Phyllitidis, L.—Y. 173, 479. Throughout tropical
Polypodium crassifolium, L. — V. 1022. Throughout tropical
Monogramme seminuda, Baker. — V. 143. Throughout tropical
Ij.—Y. 83, 1114,1115, 1117, 1720
Kim If. — V. 1116; and a handsome decompound
inely-cut variety.— V. 325. Throughout tropical America.
Gymnogramme elongata, Hook.—Y. 413. Throughout tropical
reticulatum, Sw.—Y. 191, 315. Throughout tropical
Antrophyum lanceolatum, Kaulf.—Y. 389. Throughout tropical
Antrophyum suhsessile, Kunlf.—Y. 1017. Throughout tropical
Vittaria lineata, Sw.—Y. 161. Cosmopolitan.
Vittaria remota, Fee.—Y. 109. Throughout tropical America.
Taenitis angustifolia, H.Br.—Y., Guilding. Throughout tropical
Hemionitis palmata, A.— V. 973. Throughout tropical America.
Hemionitis citrifolia, Ifook.—Y. 438. Throughout tropical America
Acrostichum conforme, Sw. var. alatum, Fee.—Y. 967. Through
Acrostichum i
-V. 380, 1137. Througho
Smithii, Baker
Throughout tropical
136. Througliont iropi,-
-V. 608. Cosmopolitan.
Sir. V. 281. Throughout tropical America.
Acrostichum aureum, L.—V. 593. Cosmopolitan.
Acrostichum praestantissimum, Bory.—V. 1039. West Indies
crinitum, L.—V. 1133. Mexico and West Indies.
Marattia alata, Sm.—V., G-uilding. West ]
Dansea alata, Sm.—V. 279. West Indies.
Danaa nodosa, Sm.—V. 307, 692, 1024. 1027.
tropical America.
Psilotum triquetrum, Sto. — V. 630. Cosmopolitan.
Lycopodium reflexum, Lam.—Y. 1333. Throughout tropical
Lycopodium dichotomum, Jacq. — V. 1339. Throughout tropical
Lycopodium taxifolium, L.—V. 301, 735, 1337. Throughout tropical
Lycopodium linifolium, L. — V. 1335. Throughout tropical America.
Lycopodium funiforme, Cham. — V. 1334. Throughout tropical
Throughout tropical
Selaginella portoricensis, A.Br.—
Selaginella rotundifolia, Spring.-
Selaginella apus, Spring.— V.
Selaginella flahellata, Spring.-
Summary.
The foregoing enumeration includes all the plants collected by Mr.
Herbert H. Smith an. I his assistant, Mr. George \V. Smith, whether indi-
genous or naturalised. It also contains 179 flowering plants and 24
ferns not collected by them, though tlicre arc specimens preserved in the
Kew Herbarium on sheets mostly marked " St. Vincent, Guilding," in
the handwriting of the late Sir William Hooker. There are also a few
sent from the same island by Alexander Anderson and others. As to
iy of those sent by the Rev. Lansdown Guilding there can
he little doubt from what i- actual!}' known of tl
traveller has collected
them in the island, that the specimens were taken from plants culti-
vated in the botanic gard n. or, in -omc c - - \x rhaps, codec d in the
ighbourinii islands. A few of them may exist locally or may have
ousted, -];. " were either
overlooked by Messrs. Smith or they may have disappeared since
pudding's time. There is yet another category of plants inserted on
nie authority ot the earlier collectors, namely, such as have never been
found elsewhere and not again in the island. Among these are Spet&kM
perforata, Juss. (Malpighiaceae), and Cyathea tenera, Hook. (Filices).
The former is represented in the K eimens pre-
-ented by Guilding, and .) u-ieu [.MonoLf Malpig.. p. 7o) states that
there was a specimen in Delessert's herbarium from St. Vincent, col-
lected by Caley, which probably belonged to f he same species. This tree-
fern is recorded by Grisebach (Fl. Brit. II'. Dal. Tsd.s., p. 704) from
."out Mr. ,r. G. Baker {Annals of Botany, v.,
''• Gl) men cimen known is an imperfect one
from St. Vincent, collected by Caley.
The total number of .species of flowering plants collected in St.
uin-erri and the four adjacent 'slots, Boquia, Cannouan, Mustiqiie,
md U'nion. including naturalised plants and those inserted on the
he carlv collfctors. is about i, ].-,(). Gf these Mr. Smith
■ode, led j)7 7. whereof at least Gil:. i-H. leaving
*16 indigenous species, belonging to 490 genera and 109 natural orders.
The number of species oF t,rl in the smali islands
was, respectively: Bequia, 37o ; Mustique, 160; Union, 49; and
Cannouan, 30. With regard to the of the indi-
genous^ plants, the principal points are the wide geographical range of
the majority and the smallness of the endemic element, conditions that
obtain throughout the whole chain of islands from Tobago to the Virgin
group, which are in striking contrast to the proportions of the endemic ele-
tt and Jamaica. There is no endemic genus in St. Vincent,
but the following species have hitherto not been found elsewhere : —
v/, Griseb.
■ ■■ if a. .Juss Main.alia ret rojl, rtt. Mnell. Arg.
Mchvsiiia lit rln rtii. Rolfr. ('ohiinnca speciom, Presl.
Islands, and eight others
lach {Die Geogr. Verbr. di
that 2,000 species, or nearly half I
Southern Florida. Grisebach {Die Geogr. Verbr. der PH.
~ of the
Indian -prries he had <
the island*; but, although he estimated the :
species at 849, and i ' '
species for the whole
than half. For the eastern chain of islands it
t of about 850 of the St. Vincent plants are also
and most of them widely dispersed there, but they
in the Old World or Polynesia. Further, 29 species are
to Africa, and 133 are more or less generally spread in the
Returning to the rarest species of those not restricted to St.
it is interesting to note that they include species at present
only known to inhabit St. Vincent and Trinidad, for example : Broicnea
tpu-iosa, Combretum eriopetalnm, Coiiroupita antillana, Aspidosperma
v,vv/////V/\ ',/,', Snhhuai h/r.'mn and Pilea ovalis ; to St. Vincent and
Jamaica: Yoijr'ut tcm-lla, S,,la,, inn /v.-' n>J'r<tc//nn, and 77/7,
pressa ; to St. Vincent and Cuba: Triumfetta grossui:
Erithalis august i 'folia, and Eupatorium ossceanum ; St. Vincent and
St. Lucia : Henriettella trifiora ; St. Vincent and Dominica : Begonia
dominicalis&iid Stelis scabrida ; St. Vincent and Martinique : Begonia
martinicensis and Pleurothallis floribunda, and St. Vincent and Hayti :
h'rbifrs rircinalis. Many apparently similar peculiarities in distribution
might be given ; but they do not possess mucl
thorough investigation might invalidate them,
we can accept them as facts, they a
The predominating genera i
Cassia
Psychotria
SoUinum -
Piper
Peperomia
Epidendrum
Paspalum -
Nevertheless, so
in relation
Asplenium
Nephrodium
Poli/podium
Acrostichum
The twelve predominating r
Piperacece - - - - 22 „
The Vascular Cryptogams have htvn elaborated bv Mr. J. G. Baker
(Annali of Botany, v. pp. 163-172, plates 10 and 11), from which the
preceding list of species and following particulars are chiefly extracted.
Excluding five striking varieties, which some botanists might regard
sufficiently distinct to take specific rank, St. Vincent alone lias yielded
I<»3 sp.Ti.-3 belonging to 35 genera. This includes 23 species ascribed
to the island on the authority of Guilding and others, but not in the
collection made by Mr. Smith. On.- of these is the apparenth endemic
Cyathea tenera, and the distribution of the other 22 is such, that in Mr.
Baker's opinion, they might occur in any of the West Indian island-.
In any case the fern vegetation is very rich ami varied, and in relation
to tin- area far in excess as to number of species to thai of Xew Zea-
land, which is generally regarded as one of the most h" " '
A glance down the list is sufficient to ascertain that a
the species have a wide distribution ; but in addition I
mentioned, there are four endemic species, naiiieh.
vincentinum,Pteris longibntchiat,,, Atplenium Ghdi
Altogether the vegetation of St. Vincent is vari<
bespeaking a fertile soil and a favourable climate.
ROYAL GARDENS, KEW.
BULLETIN
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION.
OCTOBER— NOVEMBER. [1893.
3 been forwarded to Kew by the Gcvern-
! reprinted partly on account of the intrinsic
interest of th< es to be made more accessible, partly
because it supplements in some respects the classical exploration of the
game region made by the late Director of the Royal Gardens, Sir Joseph
(then Doctor) Hooker, in the years 1818-9.
Mr. G. A. Gammie is an assistant in the Government Cinchona
Plantations e mv. J. A. Gammie, is the
well known deputy superintendent.
238 packets of seed-, collected mostlv at hhj}\ level b\ Mr. G. A.
Gammie, were h ,:nt to Ivnv by Dv. King, Superintendent of the Royal
Botanical Gardens, Calcutta.
(No. 41B.S.I., dated Calcutta, the 26th July 1893.)
From George King, Esq., M.B., LL.D., P.B.S., CLE., Superintendent
Royal Dot eal Gardens, Calcutta, and of ( . culti\ 1 in
Bengal, to the Secretary to the Government of Bengal,
Financial Department.
I have the honour to forward herewith in ■
by Mr. G. Gammie on his botanical tour made on the Si
th. Li- it no -U \.rn.r\ Pmate S. .-ret ir\ « 2Mb A
Sir Charles Klliott wanted to see it prior (o his departure for Kurope.
It was retnrned to me by the Hon. II. H. Ibsley on 26th June 1893,
with a demi-ofti lletl ! edcine m to d cet Mr. Gammie to prepare
I departed to c <XL
specimens in Sikkim and on its
frontiers on the 6th June 1892.
A- -Mr. W hue, the political a-ent,
informed me thai he
•
a journey to the little known di-t
rict of Lhonak, I arranged to meet
him at Guntok in about six weeks' time, when wo should make the
necessary arrangements for cur (ravel ling together. To mv (lisnp]>i>int-
ment, theexiL , i,t prevented him from earning
out h- intention, and 1 was obliged to abandon the idea of going alone
to Lhon;d<,as Mr. White eon-ider-l it inadvisahle on in\ part to attempt
it whilo important neg ■ ■ frontier were pending
wit)= she Tibetans.
lie kindly forwarded to me parwanas written in Tibetan and
addressed general h 10 the headnmn of \illagvs, ordering them to render
me whatever assistance I required, but at the same time lie wisely
advised me not to depend on procuring earners or supplies from the
inhabitants. His passports were of the utmost value to me on the rare
these indolent people would have been loth to afford me had I not 1m en
-<]• '"1 *'\ such indisputahl. mthoiity. \ s I }, „l no hopes of
, ' it fatal ns, regulating
times avoidu '..' ,X\r\T would ''have
IMieaMeiird m\ men and caused their desertion, a most undesirable
The slothful and improvident habits of the inhabitants prevent them
from, growing more grain than is actually neee-arv for their hare
enterprise, which improbably due i., : out . -i" and
Being thrown on my own resource-, and bavin"- permission from
ih,s ''•-.-tni-tion divi.les my narr;itive into three parts, -i
- ! '" ; " :i of T:i " oxce-liuglv moiM moun'ain- ibrmnu; the
that of the tempa Jte and
!) range is an elevated mountain mass, springing fror
aee of Kim'hiu junga. and extending -out Invar I > to tlm piains of J
)wing to the facilities of tra\ oiling .-ilV-.r-l.-.l l.y the Nepal fro
i aii.I Sandakphu ; from tin
fruits, reminding one of small strawberries, and it
emulation, and Primus ri/fa, &c. ; underneath thei
various rhododendrons and two species of bamboo. (
Annul'maria spathijlora, which flowered two years a
by the dead culms still bearing the withered spathe-1
inflorescence. Its average height is 10 to 12 feet. '
Mr. Gamble named A. qmmn'n-anu from specimens of
but having sin baa discovered
■o large enough to contain our tents, and water
md of the first day we found such a place at
stanc for shepherds. Its elevation by B. P.
4 feet. The camping ground was covered with
brmidahle Cnicus eriophoi
l{.ri,ntabarinum,ll. Falconeri, R. barbatum,
and P. Ilndgsoui, Acer cm-datum, lhtuta i/tili.s, Piiris ovnlifola,
Juniperus Pseiuio-Sabina. Abies trehbiana, Pnnins rufa, A rundinaria
spat It (floret, Ac. These trees grow so densely that very few herbaceous
plants rxi.-t beneath them. Sa.rifraga liguletta, a few species ot
Pol g gun a at, ferns of two species, and potentials being most in evidence.
A variety of heauti I ul mosses grow on the rocks. On open knolls the
soil is carpeted with Gnnltluria lunitmi'laria and the heather-like
< 'assinp, fastigietta.
The following day's march was from Ewanangi to Megu. Two
gentians beconn common about 1L',000 i'evt. ( hie, G< ,»tiana stglopfwra,
with large, terminal, greenish, lily-like flowers ; the other' Sieertia
HooJitri, conspicuous by its brown leaves and inflorescence, growing
together in whorls on a stem often 6 feet high. A white and pink
primula is common, Rhododendron Anthopogon is abundant. Its
fragrant lc m - an largely collected and burned as incense in Iiu 1 Ihist
tempi, s. Small trees are represented by the species of rhododendron
•
variety of Jumpcriis n exrva, which forms excessively close thickets.
V'" ''"//" u<\ Pgi *rha,)inn;de*r;r»\\ open situations. Clematis
8, climbs over bushes, and at once
"rests attention. A su< . and descents (where
.
'" ll)( '! — '>- < <( In a eomj uaiiveh level path running
"'' r !,;l> r ay the large
ai.d^ grassy liat of Megu. whose elevation by B. P. thermometer was
l ;'~^~ *'.'' . u " i . !: ':- ht -'''''■'I -iirfaee was' interspersed with many
' s, a refreshing sight
the rocks above the camping ground. I always
yond the snows. The
; mate, was represented by numerous
- amongst the rhododendrons. A great extent
id the camping ground is swampy, and covered with
latum. The stepping stones across the wettest
I li( ~ «' tinned , : - <« i lat< 1 _i , „,. „ , eh ai i
-truck. Various sperie S „f Seduiii of the section Rliediu/a and the
recommon in the clefts of stones,
_:i :-s present a mo>l forbidding appearance.
Since we lefl 1'halut
: ■ ■■ - ■ ■ ■ ; _■:..,;..
Primula pusilla, P. glabra and Delphinium alpinam,
character to the place by their plentiful presence. In
the clefts of a rock Ave found a small simply pinnate Poly podium and a
species of Pellcea.
The tract into which we emerged wore a different aspect to that we
had just Left. Above us towered enormous walls and pinnacles of bare
rock, intersected by equally stony valleys, all tending towards the
broad and terraced slope over which we marched without difficulty.
Rhododendron Anthopoyon and R. setosum were the only woody plants.
On the sides of the rocks along the terraces Sa.rifraya imbrmtta and
X.jdvtpn'iiioiiddiKi ;_!!•>•' .led with white
and yellow flower?. The soil is covered with a thick turf of grass and
sedges, amongst which arc innumerable plants of Primula Stunrtii
and a species of Anemone. Beyond this first terrace the route led over
alternate flats and ravines, and passed four lakes. At first the rocks
near the path are scattered singly over the ground ; further on the
whole surface of the hill is covered by a confused mass of glacier
dei te 1 \ oulders, where the path is marked at intervals by upright
white stones. Very little vegetation, except moss, maintains an
existence in this wilderness. Sir J'< >pph Hooker, in his admirable
" "ikkim, thus explains the cause
1 descend to 15,000 feet in the
tortuous gorges which i i the snows of Kinchin-
junga, but no plants grow on the debris they carry down, nor is there
any sward of grass or herbage at their base, the atmosphere immedi-
ately around being chilled by enorne now, and the
Attaining a ridge marked by a rudely built monument, bearing a
small ting, we descended a steep gorge down which a stream urged its
turbulent course. Its bed was cumbered with gneiss blocks with many
of a fine grai jher levels. This stream
effects a junction with two others to form the Rangbi river at a flat
rassy valley, which rapidly attains a, high
the desolate locality we had traversed is the
. the weird effect of such scenery Uy their cadaverous stave
like stems, for only by closer inspection can the actual beauty of the
plant be realised. Tie • existed on inaecosible
<■:•.-..-
The elevation of Gambothan by P>. P. thermometer was 12. ',00 feet.
Leaving Gambothan, a steep ascent was made to the summit of the
ri.lg, — l ;;.;;()() feet in elevation. For half the distance there is a
scattered forest of Abies ircl>bi<ni,/. Jinn perns rerurni. Rhododendron
eumprnndatinii, I'rnnxs rnftr, and I'xtnla xtilis ; the upper part, was
almost wholly occupied by Rhododendron Anthopoy> ,-, and /,'. sitosum
These, when' bruised or 'trodden upon, exhale a strong perfume from
the superficial glands with which they are covered, aggravating the
headaches to which all are subject at high elevations. Gentiana
sfyhiphora is exceedingly common. l'.eyoud the ridge is the broad
open summit of Bokto, covered with grass, on which two large flocks of
sheep were feeding. From this a descent has to be made into the
valley of the -<■ growths of rhododendrons, Abies
Is right Hank to a depressior
1 below
it, SU111II
lit at about
elevation. There is a good
rus Psendo-
. the shrubby vegetation main
;ts of a 1
ossed v
plainswith
level t.
, it would have been almost impossible to keen
the proper
istances. Leaving the second
plain, a
-
loot of an enormous black :
;ht us to the
x further side we ea
ning we took the Ki.nglalama
nd continued up the
..
:se ridges, and surmounted ;>,
rendered exceedingly swam]
oi' shallow
; seemed of very large extent
, but we
through the fog. There was
led a grassy
east. The descent on the ot
her side
led ste<
>ply through
There are signs of a more varied vegetation later in
present there is verv little scope for botanizing.
iculata and P. rctiruhila, res. mbling P. siMlmeasis,
Ken ruing to Tegyap La, we followed the course of the Ratong for
about a mile, crossed it hv a hi i.'.; d- up a very
steep hill covered with rhododendrons: fryptiHjnimnu: crispu was
The entrance to the undulating top of Jongri
is marked bv a shallow lake, -aid to be dry in the winter. We camped
on a terrace immediately below two stone hui>. Man)- plants were
nd change afterward- to purple. 1 was informed by the
ISepal. The mountain top of Jongri, which is adn irably
staying a few days a! Jonrgi, 1 marched down to Toksun. For
mile the p:ith runs eastward along dongri. and then descends
for 7,000 feet, enabling one to pass in review the gradation of
on from alpine regions to tin- suh-tropical zone. A few gigantic
elled along the slopes on its left bank by one of the most difficult
gorous p.-ilhs in Sikkim. to Yoksun. This place is unique from
uliar formation amidst such precipitous surroundings. The
>od which once enhanced the beauty of the flat \- now reduced to
gathering of pollarded and charred trunks, but the beautiful
ke is still surrounded by forest trees. Here, and everywhere in
at the same elevation, there are large areas covered with
mhia Gardner i.
ed for two days to allow my men to r< ;:-uperate in such acoug-. nial
I'oh/padii/m roxtntt urn, so rare in (he Darj-elini: district, is the
As Mr. Gamble once told me that Mr. Loving.- had
Sound it growing on the same rhi/ome with Dri///i/. ;//■<, -inn carnosum, I
searched can-fully for a continuation of the fact, but I ['ailed to find any
fcter species.
Bambiisa Falconer
ami its superabundant wealth in individual species of rhododendrons.
I only collected about 200 species of plants in flower and fruit. There
was, however, evidence to prove that the floral harvest would have
been more remunerative later in the season. Dr. Hooker, in his
appendix on the Physical Ceograpln of Sikkim, states "their banks
" (or rivers) between 8,000 and 14,000 feet are generally covered with
" rhododendrons, sometimes to the total exclusion of other wooded
" vegetation, especially near the snowy mountain, a cool temperature
" and great humidity being the most favourable conditions for the
" luxuriant growth of this genus." Such conditions prevailing
throughout the Singalelah range '
account for the overwhelming f
also be accepted as probable reasons for the comparative absence of
1 baceous pi is i ordinal and •_ are unable to
maintain a struggle for existence in such an adverse climate and against
such formidable competitors.
Second Tour. The Lachung Valley. — I arrived at Tumloong on the
7th July, and was detained there until the 21th waiting for supplies
whieh were delayed by the break of communications caused by the
Immediately on their receipt I commenced my second excursion, and
marched through the hot tropical valley of the Teesta, arriving at
Choongtam at the junction of the Lacben and Lachung rivers on' the
28th. Xear Choongtam a remarkable transition from tropical to
place, mth no palpable increase of elevation.
f-'itici's iuv.li', rrJ>iz>isJ-:npat< fitim ccnmabini/iH,
Anunc.u vitifvliit, and a few other plants, sewed to accentuate the
change. Leptoeoihm {/radii-:, a fragile climber with blue flowers,
rambled oyer hushes everywhere. I collected many specimens of
VYw,.-., ///.. r/ij/;n-Ii<i///iy//i/ from a tree at the end of the L.-tchiiii" cane
The hill above Choongtam ascends abruptly to 10,000 feet, and is
almost entirely rla-l with grass -lone. it foi ms the termination of .-,
Io!f . v range n iividea the
Laehen and Lachung valleys. The Tibetans aver that this Ion- spur
possesses but one practicable p : „s, namely (lie Sebo La between Momav
SamdongandTungu.hu! by dint of persistent onquity I di -covered that
there are at least two more— one from Lachung to somewhere near
Lateiig, the other from Veuintong to Tallinn S.nndong. I was informed
i fact explained by the laekV the necessity of
frcjti-n
■ '
bet'
preen
the
inhal
From
i Choongtam
to the village of Lachunjr in one dav.
As fan
is Keadom tl
w, and the path runs ah
riv, :■ l,a
nk for most i
■ f tl
Here the valley \
■xpands into
which enjoys
fuliyYu
hivated. Oi
.gain become-
narrow, but
iles below La
idJns
considerably,
above Ke ;
i. 'J
/. If,,
.he.-
;;;,,.;:;;
phylluZ-All
'orient. P;
-
on of //,/./..-„
n U u
Htllls, J
>«,, Pirri,
'%?:,
.
If.
maples, eve.
Other pla
ColnUri,}
Lfyost
n-iafnrou a
, n>,
■,!■!!, ,
a >i,
urn.*
fachi/aMi,\ 11
■
fruit
s. Roscveit a
305
Smrococca pntnifvrmis, are in great quantity. The handsome fern
nuns large ana- in the manner of bracken
at lower elevations. Two species of Lcacostegia, L. Hookeri and L.
membranulosa, with sweetly hay scented foliage, and a large stipitate
form of Pleopeltis simplex, grow in a wood at about 8,000 feet.
Goniophlebium ebenipes was in dense clusters on the tops of many of
the numerous rocks.
This locality is eminei Its variety of coniferous
' '..(:■.-■■':
J Singalelah and Chola Ranges, s- its supremacy
branched shrub. Large quanti
vely from Abies uebbiima are annually ( x ported
i important industry of the inhabitants
er with no other appliances than the
and Tsuga brunoniana are found between 8,000 and
first is a tall conical tree with thick trunk and dark
ranches, the latter h is spren ling branches, dro .ping
Griffith's joi
of W feet. ' '.
cylindrical <
and turnips which wen- the only vegetable's I could obtain worth
eating; their scanty yield of potato - consisted of wretchedly small
The Tankra Mountain was within easy distance of Laehung, and as
to see, I determined to visit it at once. We evoked the Laehung
liver, threaded our way through the narrow dirty lanes of the village,
':■'■■ '. .-■■'... ,: ..■:-.-■;■■ : < ? '<. :" ' , : ■
■ n-t held -->,_■•; * .e e. in posed of the
Liliinn r,>sctn»,lxvi.'\v profu>e!\ on i auks, a- o< iated with Hoscoea alpina
and Drnscrti peltatu. At !),."( H) feet we passed through a fine grove
of small trees of rhod •-. Lindcra twcsiaiui,
Bfhilu '"///,, and th. i ;t„sc. In a
liltl,. i
Vni. Pohjpod'nnn trivhomauohles. Goniophhbium, subama.nnn
.lop,-.!.
m, another epiphytic fern, accompanies arboreal vegetation 'to the
Passing the grove we entered the inagiiitieent forest of pines
extends without a break to 12,o()() feet. We marched to its upper
where we camped after clearing a sufficiently large plot of ground
stream, winding through an expanse of rhododendrons. Two
- of Cremanfhodittm, Pohp/oinuii rm-rini folium, Oxyrut diijpua.
/',.//,
nlaris of \arious species, /'oft ntilla frutiro.ta, beautiful yellow' ami
The following day we held on our course upwards. The region of
trees was - ion let! in tin rear, and ;. 1 u growth of Rhododendron com-
panuuilum succeeded, showing the dark glaucous tints of its unfolding
damp mar-ins of watercourses, and bumble bees were busy amongst its
fetid flower heads. These are in clusters of a dark hrown colour,
enclosed in inflated white papery bracts forming an ovate head, and
S, eM '
Ullicic.
itly t<
ly la,,
led Suits.,/,
\'// , l » <!, _ ing to gio m
ir>t sigl
it to be only a ball of v,
.cffirA
er he
lids W
ng are completely enveloped, but on
' : "
?ns on the top, disclosing the inflore-
e plant, in similar situations, is ( '; rpts
buried in the ground is flattened on a
.' uos
- car
rot-l'i
.•3 a broad bead of •,
■spres-d eloseiy to the -oil. Iihv»„,
visil.l.
:
x:
XX
all the cliffs around, and ascends to
led below the ascent to Kanko La,
the river through a low line of cliffs,
f the Tankr* Choo valley.
;. : £
r.'.V
ra I'.'i
'ho frequented path, and followed
h is at an elevation of 10,000 feet.
1 by sn
!;•;'
Ope,
ridge
> the pass, is exceedingly rocky, and
• p*
; is a c
didinj
-
from the crags on either side.
Tifeta
ii -■;
B a narrow gi
•assed valley descends steeply. Fog
ed view. Between the Kankola and
r beli
:W V
ai there was a multitude of bright
and yellow Chrp^phuiom, yellow
lb-own
'yell
Off fort
us ot ( 'orpdahs, a \\-\v species of
'
itiiu]
s
s, Primal mXiflon^P.mmcoidr,
■■ ■"■
the most notable. The plants! iound
!■■' • ^
continuous winds \v>
was rendered more obvious by t
d snow, that from the
- ;,-.•
i meteorological conditions prevailed
during Dr. Hooker's visit. The Tankra La is south of
the summit of
Tankra mountain, to the east is a long rocky ridge clefi
• by tli,- minor
large shallow basin with undulating surface, throu-h a
headwaters of the Tankra river. Those on the nortl
many points under .-now fields, that on the south-east i
pass mid is immediately lost in the great central morain
e. reappearing
at its lower end as a large and swiftly flowing torrent
. It i, joined
near the Kanko La by the united streams from Tankra;
after effecting
narrow defile <>l ih. \ ~. vl l.:i-i.'i.~- precipitately duwin
van Is for some
village of that name. From the Kanko spur to the lim
it of pines at
13,0: )>) feet .the valley is broad and shallow: here :i -uJdenly narrows
and remains so to its termination. During the week I spent on this
excursion, the weather was uniformly boisterous and wei,whiii those
of my party who remained below at Lachung inserted that they had
The fragrant spikenard, Xanloxtticfti/s Jdttuitaimi, i- plentiful on
Tankra, and the serophularineuiis plant. Picmrhizd Kxrrooa, in-
tensely bitter when ciiewed, is abundant about 14,000 \\-vt, and i- held
in much repute as a febrifuge and tonic. The only woody plan! above
15,000 feet is tb paucifiora.
I returned to Lachung, where I halted for a <veek to dry the
numerous specimens collected during the excursion to Tankra La, and
also to make preparati. us for a journey to the Donkia Pass at the head
of the Lachung valley, and the most northern point I could reach
in Sikkim.
We started en the 13th August, and arrived at Veumtong the same
- hicB -e travelled. On the western slopes they were
scattered, ■ n the ea-t they grew down to the verge < f ihe *tream, and
Tibetans made use of this unpromising plant as food ;
saw many tailli >s rats, but 1 was prevented from j
by my desire to i.-speet the superstitious notions <
f WaS 1 ■ ■ ith every app.
308
is, in summer, exposed to the full force of the damp southerly winds,
laden with mist, which blow with increasing violence as the day advances,
to die away only at night. These continuous currents rapidly diflinte-
grate the surface, washing down the superincumbent earth, and wearing
away rocks which become precipices or crags of fantastic shapes. Vege-
tation, therefore, cannot find permanent foothold under such circum-
stances, and its abundance is confined to the sheltered flanks, where a
copious rainfall is absorbed by the deep and fertile soil.
^ The increase of 3,000 feet in elevation I i tween Lachung village and
Yeumtong causes the appearance of many new plants along the route.
Composites become more numerous and gregarious. Inula Hooheri
beautifies dry knolls with its densely leafy stems and large heads of
yellow flowers. Erigeron multiradiatus, species of Scnecio, Ana/il/alis,
and Aster are e<piall\ plentiful. Various Thalictra and Halenia
clliptica, all with blue and white flowers, grow in the grass and low
thickets. Orchids are well represente.l by JTabenaria, Safyrium,
and the small purple Orchis C/iusna, allied to the common 0. la ti folia
of England. The monkshood was flowering and attained a height of
6 feet in flat grassy fields. Cattle and horses are allowed to graze at
large in places infested with this plant, but sheep and goats do not
possess the same instinctive knowledge of its poisonous properties, and
great care has to be exercised by the shepherds when driving them
through those localities.
Mgricaria gcrrnanica, AW inn, Jfcroymjjsis <implicifoUa, whose
spikes, 3 foot in height, greatly excel the stunted specimens seen on
Knigalolah, the large wild Hose, ./.'• ith bright red
fruits and shrubby Berberis, wore all common.
The following day was Sunday, so I halted, at Yeumtong. The tents
were pitohed between the huts and the ri\ . r. whieh. flows 'trnnouilly in a
broad shallow bod down fho whole length of the lint. Opposite i"s the
snowy mountain with a glacier reaching n lower level than any other in
Sikkim, as Dr. Hooker mentions; a thick turf of grass covered the
surface of the flat. A yellow Anemone, A. oblnsiloba, with leaves
oppressed to the ground, a surcnloso Sa.vifrat/a, the Dandelion,
Taraxacum officinale, the aromatic yellow Els'lmltzitr eriostachya, and
groups of brilliantly yellow flowered Scncrin dircrxijolin* gave' colour
to the scene. A small swamp north of the camping ground was
brightened by the yellow flowers of Pedicularis tnbijlora and a small
floating Ranunculus, and beyond, in a small wood of silver fir, I found
many specimens of Mec<> \ V. iirpnlcnsis in fruit.
I collected a large supply of seed from the former, but nearly ever?
capsule of the latter had been destroyed by -.. ^niall white caterpillar.
Both species never grow in the open, but prefer the shelter afforded by
rocks or small bushes on the skirts of thickets. The commonest plant
was Cnicas criophoroides, with strongly spinon' loaves, which penetrate
the thickest cloth, and cause a smarting sensation in the skin. Other
plants were Salvia ghttincsa. Lgchnis nutans, Ciaabalxs baccifcr, and
Asarvm himalaicvm.
Aroids of the genus Aristema are common. Tn early summer their
tuberous roots are prepared and used for food, according" to the method
described by Dr. Hooker. I was presented with a few glutinous cakes,
made in the most approved style, but the taste was so peculiarly
disagreeable that I could not persuade myself to eat more than one
mouthful.
Yeumtong is a large cattle
sports and i
reacts and imports,
is kept open by the people of Lachung, who carry loads of planks,
bamboo, rice, (he-stuffs, such n- the leaves of Si/,ii]>locns and the roots
of Rubia cord [folia, which are transported 'by yak- to Tibet. In
exchange tlie Tibetans bring down loads of salt, bailey, blank. K and
other commodities for the inhabitants of Lower Sikkiiu. [ could not
ascertain how may yak loads of merchandise are carried annually over
the Donkia Pass, but e\. ;y day during my -la.) in tin- part I saw herds
of at least 10 or l'J yaks, ami often many more, eiilier -m,: oi reluming.
Looking northwards from Yeumtong, the slope of the valley to an
elevation of 13,000 feet is easy, and is black with pine forests. " Above,
the land is red and sterile. On the west a tributary stream llow> from
behind ( haugoklning along the base o! a long declivih ol sand. The
vieu higher uj) is cut oft by jutting spurs below Momay Samdong.
The following morning we m i _. elevation
15,300 feet. The first and the last two miles of the path are easy, but
the intervening portion is steep. A forest of silver iir, maples, birch,
l\i/rns, rhododendrons, and others extends to 13,000 feet ; for a few
hundred feet further some scattered black Juniper freer- occur; an equal
distance is occupied by rhododendron-; and willows, and pacing the
spurs which terminated the view 1'rom Yeumtong, the valley is broad,
with enormous rocks on its surface. . are rooky.
I have nothing to add to the excellent description id this spot by Dr.
Hooker, but a place with more inhospitable surroundings can scarcely
be imagined. A few yaks were grazing, the sole survivors of large
herds almost annihilated by an epidemic of rinderpest which raged
during the previous year.
This great calamity had impoverished the inhabitants of the valley,
as for toe greater p:irt of the year they depend lor sustenance on the
curds and cheese made from the milk yielded by their Hocks.
As the morning of the 10th August was bright and sunny, holding
I lie hills rising aroutKleU are masses ot rock ami rmmie. lorming a nio:
forbidding landscape in the aggregate. The shallow waters support a
abundance of reddish Scdnm and lihonn nobile. Myriads of bin
gentians unfolded in the briet glimpse of sunshine we enjoyed, an
Allardia qlabra grew in low dense tuffs, bearing large sessile iknvei
with yellow disks and purple rays. The musk-scented Oelp/iinim
17,500 feet, accompanied by Acomtum NapeUu.
redact din th two or th
short pedicelled flower. Other plants were Ra
anthus of two species, the edelweiss (Leontopodii
The view across tin i ■ > t. e Kanihajong > n> was r. and w<
wre able to a pb c account erf this iroi
My orders forbade my crossing ihe Donkia, so I returned to Momay
in the evening through a blinding storm of snow and rain.
310
As I was anxious to penetrate to the Lachen valley through the Sebo
La, I waited at Momay for a week in order to obtain good weather for
the attempt, but the cold south wind drove a thick mist and drizzling
One day I went eastwards to the great faciei of lvindiiiijhow. Passing
the hot spring noted l>y Dr. Hooker, ami climbimz to the crest of the
terminal moraine, we walked along the top of a lateral one leading far
iuto the snowy billowy mass of the glacier. I was surprised to "hud
many plants flourishing in such a bleak place F.riof.'hi/tou Inimtbiirirni
was common. It is a white woolly Labiate with blight blue tlowers
peeping from under the leaves ; I have never observed it but on dry
sandy slopes. The other plants were a minute Saxifrar/a wit h extensive
runners, a small gentian, Pedicularis of three species, Festxco, and
Oin.r. li/n >(/,,(/■ ndron ///rolr was dead and u urn red, having probably
been killed by the >cverity of the previon- winter, but, strange to say,
Poft,,tilla fi-t/fimsi/, iii its largest and most developed form, and nut the
creeping variety we should expect to find here, was covered with flowers
and foliage, and was as much at home amongst ice and snow as it is at
the more temperate elevation of 10.000 feet. From Momav Samdo.ng 1
returned to Yeumtong, and halted there a few dav*. J amended to the
glacier on the opposite side, which Dr. Hooker failed to reach through
the gorge. Nowadays there is a cattle track leading to the high
pastures, so that progress is easy. Rosa scr/cea i- the commonest shrub
the fir>l ridge ;
r^luflh, are
i llookeri, Illieinn m
ung the valley forks, the east
ons, and is said to be impracti
entrance to this valley, and on ii
On inquiry, I discovered th
tora La, the first pass from the
vhich extends from Donkia to (
t difficulty and dang
to Ghora La runs up the valley
Donkia at its head, and also for the sacred in?cr![U i.>ns which were
inspection.
Leaving Lachung on tin- morning of tlio 3rd Sept-mber, I took the
following route. The Lachung valley path is taken for three miles to
the village of Yakelia. Here (he track to Ghora La breaks oil abruptly
to the north-wo-t, a dinction which is pursued more or less the whole
way. A short walk through a foreM, "containing b.-uutiful Conifers,
Picvu Morinthi, T„nja LrnnunhtHU, Lurix Griffi/Zui, brought us to
tranquil. Small willow tree- fringe it- hanks, with /.'/• >>, /,/.■// ,'.v and lUx
ascent is made along the base < fa -tony precipice wiih Jl'oo hi,: lunosa
growing in its clefts, and a little further on 1 found its allied species
H'tnuhiu i Inmidtti, the onlv occa-i«>n I reeolleet ot' their asocial ion, as
the former affects a more alpine elevation as a rule. The remainder of
the ilnvs march is steep, throu-h a lar-e forest, of silver tir, until we
arrive 'at the first convenient .•ampin- u ro,md, a cattle station named
Sebu. artificially formed bv a clearance in the forest. Mere . Mnsli ( ra
pteropodu, Ilvrachiim, and Cilvojms Tctrahit monopolised spots
untrodden l>y cattle.
The northern side of the valley is enclosed by a continuous precipitous
the floor of th ftboui 1,0
of Sethang we emerged on a swampy Hat. through
312
cumbured with Rhodendron Anthopogon. A tributary from tho west
pours over the hollow of a precipice in a magnificent waterfall. Above
the plain is a steep rocky barrier thrown transversely across the valley.
On reaching its summit we arrived at the camping ground. The coolies
took up their quarters in the deserted huts, and my tent was pitched
near an accumulation of enormous boulders. A small muddy pond lies
at the upper end of the flat.
Here the two branches of the river Sebu unite, one rising in Donkia,
the other in the nameless snowy mass south of Ghora La. The former
is seen flowing in a deep and narrow gorge ; the latter rushes down a
steep rocky transverse slope similar to that which we ascended below
Sethang. Both run parallel to each other, and are probably the terminal
all in fruit, abound on the
flat.
On the following morning I walked to Ghora La, elevation 17,000
feet. The path descended into the stream from the Donkia, the ascent
beyond winds amongst gigantic boulders on the western side of the slope.
At the top is another small plain, and the remaining portion of the
valley becomes broader and ascends by a long easy gradient to 16,500
feet.
From this onwards to near the head of the valley is bounded with
uneven ridges and unbroken slopes, which are possibly the lateral
moraines of the ancient glacier terminating below Sethang.
Both seemed to be elevated 500 feet above the river. A broad terrace
runs along the base of the eastern one for some distance. Higher up
eides. The eye, following
large
There is an accumulation of rocks and sand at the eastern termin
f the glacier, and its waters feed a lake white with suspends
his mountain is an object of worship and veneration, and v
lerings of prayer, printed cloths, fluttered on the banks of the
etween Forked Donkia and the pass is a shivered line of crags di
the pass itself is an extremely narow gap, with sheer i
cupied by a gl
- ng -
hieh*.
i widens outeastwa
snowy mountain. The actual asct
small pool at the end of the glacier. There is no permanent path
amongst the shifting mass of rocks, so we had to make our way as best
we could up the lateral poised boulders, Halfway
up we took advantage of a small snowiield. The last hundred vards
was over the glassy surface of the ice, in which we cut steps as we
advanced.
The available standing room on the pass would scarcely suffice for
10 men, and the descent on the Tibetan side is startling in its steepness.
Its surface was covered with a shoot of sioms. This pass is not prac-
ticable for the passage of yaks, and is seldom used by foot travellers.
On the north a high naked hill projected eastwards, appearing as a huge
pile of stony debris; on the south a large glacier descended, liolow
lay the broad open grassed valley of the Ridu Chu ; beyond were a few
g elevated plateaux of large extent,
and further back still were mountains of the same dull red colour
running east and west, and over them hung heavy masses of clouds which
313
obscured more distant views. The lower part of a sn<
said to be Chumulhari, was seen in the far east.
The district we overlooked is called Karaboo. Medicin:
of great repute occur in it. Phari is to the s..nlh-«-;i>t of !
it is hidden behind intervening ranges.
The vegetation above 1.3,000 foci in the Selm valley i
to the pass, but Iroui thence upwards not even a liclien was visiiile. This
Saiissiirta and Aiilvniutrui iinisroirics are supposed by the Tibetans to
be the most esteemed of their god- as incense. The plan!- used in
temples are lihiuixh ,idro,i A ■i(!t<>i>o t /o,i and A', sctosnm and juniper. 1
could not obtain definite information as to the derivation of the name
" Ghora." I was first told that the Bacred pictures carved near it
suggested its name, and I concluded that the name was a co-iti acted
form oi (b.rucknath ; afterwards it was explained that the meaning was
" winding," in allusion to the winding route io the pass.
Yaks are grazed from 14,000 up to 17,000 feet in this vallev during
the summer, aud at Sebu there was a large herd of cattle.
From Sethang I returned to Lachung in two inarches, arriving on the
8th September.
The time until the 11th was devoted to arranging and packing our
collections and luggage. We returned to Tumloong by the feesta
valley path, and arrived there on the 20th September.
Third Tour. The Chola Hange.— I left Tumloong on the 22nd Sep-
Kungpo, elevation 11,000 lee., n'haltmg stage of' the Sikkim liajas
during their journeys to and from the Cnumbi valley, their favourite
summer resort. The path descends i Is to the beds
of two arms of the Ihott river, which join a little further down. They
are crossed by cane suspension bridges. The succeeding ascent is >teep
through many fields of dry ground rice and millet. An edible variety
of Job's tears (Coix Lachryma) is grown near watercourses. The whole
valley is thickly populated, and the inhabitants practice a careful system
: Rungpo, but the rest
of the vegitation is of the usual' typo at this elevation.
Onwards to Cie.lu Pa-* the inarches are made eastwards up a con-
tinuously steep ridge. The second to Laghep
( 1 0,100 feet), ft small etittle station with a camping mound on a project-
ing knoll covered thickly with Iris nepalensis. This locality is
celebrated for its variety of rhododendrons, every species existing in
Sikkim, excepting li ninth, being found within, a distance of two days'
short marches, it was too early in the season to obtain seeds, as they do
not ripen until November.
The plants of Decttunea uutffnit which Dr. Hooker observed at
7,000 feet still grow abundantly there.
The next day's march was a short one to Pheyeuggong, 12,400 feet,
a large flat topped peak, where Abits teebbiana is first seen. Beyond
Pheunggong we des.-ended to the IJutto river, where we found quantities
of Catficnrtiu ril/ovi in fruit. This plant is extremelv local iu'its
314
•distribution, boii,- loimd onh in tin- small valley and in one small area
near the summit of Liugtu. The ascent continues along the broad
valley of Eiu ; ,k upwards. Abies webbiana, how-
ever, attains an elevation of 12,600 feet at Chamanako, where we
The first part of the ascent to Cliola Pas- is very steep, an easy path
' 'ge, beyond which is a small and pretty lake. A
.ight us to another small lake, and a pond lies
civ lu-neatli the pass. The summit of the pass is rounded, and
m rocks. On the Tibetan side a narrow gorge
like valley descends sharply. Snow had fallen the previous night,
' "\000 feet.' We left Chamanako on the 2*1 h. and
ney along the Chola range. The path follows the
14,000 feet follows, thro
there is a large hollow
lakes, the larger ovoid i
ing the ridge beyond.
i scrub of rhododendr
•mis.
At 14,000 feet
sred with rhododendi
. containing two
legended to the liiv
defile walled with ro<
i we descend, and
We walked along
I!:--
for a mile, and
I named Buthan, a lat
ge i
. barrier-like cliff.
d specimens of Chrysanthemum Atkhisoni,
oreurinir mSikkim, sc
[he
bladder headed
wins, and the small
rhubarb Rheum a-
' ' ' \ '' ': ; ■_ i.
pine woods on its .lark tinted surface. Surmounting the ascent from
• :
■ - ■
but few plam, grew
On the 30th S , „,!„., j wa r kr ,j , the pas< "and returned tbrou.rl,
Sir Joseph Hooker to Royal Gardens, Kew.
The Camp, Sunninsdale,
My dear Dyer, October 2<
I am very glad to see Mr. Gammie's « Botanical Tonr ii
reproduced in the Knr liulletin, a mark of appreciation
luted, rli.tr Sikkim, for its area, presents one of the richest, i
richest, botanical regions on the globe. And further, that tl
more than about 40 miles from east to west, and lot) iron
south, and situated beyond the northern tropic. I believe that,
that is known of its vegetation shall have been brought togotlt
prove to be a better microcosm of the flora of the globe than
area of equal or even of much larger dimensions.
Thus, in its alpine region, the floras of the European,
Chinese, and American mountains are .-ill richly represented,
also are found the principal types ,,t the r-toppe and desert vi
of Tibet and Centrul Asia. In its temperate region En -ope
Himalaya, or probabh than they do further east in the sai
knowledge of this province of the Indian Empire.
Ever affect ionat civ,
The Director, (Signed) Jos. D. Hoo:
Royal Gardens, Kew.
CCCXXXVIL— POLING IN AGAVE PLANTS.
T n,> plan* m is a glaucous-
leaved sort, teetfi (Agave tigida, var.
rA,/^/,,), known locally as Sacqui. The Bahamas plant, the Yaxci,
is still also found In Yucatan, hut apparently it is not specialh selected
for general cultivation.
Of Agave plants, a familiar example, ; grown in green-houses in this
country, ami sometimes put out for decorative purposes during the summer
months on lawns and terraces i- thai commonly called the American
aloe {Agave a»ieriea,<a). Such plants produce nothiug but leaves for
the greater part of their life In 1 1 1 i - state thc\ may last for many
years. in some species there are also occasionally produced root
suckers, which afford a ready means of increasing the plant, 'lids.
however, is a purely vegetative reproduction. The exact life-period ot
Agaves in northern latitudes may vary from 10 to, possibly, 50 years or
more. On account of this exceptional longevity amount succulent
plants they are sometimes called Century plants. In the tropics, grown
under natural conditions, these plants seldom last longer than seven to
12 or 15 years. Sooner or later, however, within "the periods above
mentioned, and depending on the conditions under which they are
placed, they throw up a "pole" or flowering stem. On this will
successively appear the flowers, the capsules bearing seed, and possibly
also numerous bulbils. In some species there are produced abundant
seeds, but no bulbils ; in others there are produced bulbils only and no
seed. The ripening of the seed or production of bulbils, whichever
may be the normal habit, brings the life of the plant to a close. After
this the whole plant withers and dies
The question raised in the Bahamas, arid respecting which the aid of
Kew has been nought, has reference !o the exaet length of time the.
laxci (Agave ntjidf/, var. si.uihnai) may be expected to last in the leaf
state. In other words, how long can the plant be made available to the
planter for ihe production of fibre? The matter is naturally one of
great interest to the Bahamas people, for on it hang- the success of their
plantations. The result of the inquiry a! Ken- is given in the following
correspondence. It is so fur satisfactory that, with care and judgment
on the part of (hose directly in charge of the plantations, there need be
'K'gi'eatei c u- of anxiety in the Bahamas than has been felt during
the last 30 years in Yucatan, for plants that have poled might easilY
be replaced from time to time by strong healthy "supplies" from
nurseries, and the work of the plantations need not at any time be
iteiTupted.
Mr. Xeville Chamberlain to Royal Gardens, Kew.
Memorandum.
July 26, 185)3.
information has | U .,. n received from the Bahamas of a somewhat
serious natur. i , reference fo the Sisal industry. It will be remembered
that in the wild state thoc plants ])0 !e when about seven years old, but
it was supposed that the cutting of their have-, when cultivated would
»"<! prolong tin life of tin plai t, a- is said to be the case
with the Vu.-atan variety. It is , a id, however, from observation of old
plants in tin I makes no difference to the life of the
seldom exceeds seven years. As four vears at lea-t are
needed for the growth of the plants before they are fit for cutting, this
only leaves between two and three years of cropping, in which the planter
gestions by which the life of the plants might be prolonged and poling
i invited, as the early poling will gravely affect the l
Dear Sir, Abaco, Bahamas, July 20, 1893.
The interest shewn by your department in the fibre industry <>f
this Colony, and the valuable information you have alrea ly nlfordod in
connexion* with the plant, have prompted' me to submit the following
questions, which deal with points •>!' prime importance to those engaged
in its cultivation. In fact I do not know to whom else to apply, for our
plant is undoubtedly different from that commonly grown in Yucatan,
and no one in the Bahamas seems able to speak with certainty upon the
Our plant, or " Bahamas Hemp '"as it is now termed, is an Agave
with dark green leaves, which are spineless except for a thorn at the
tip. From all account, it is identical with the " Yaxci" of Mexico.
1. The life of the " Sacqui," which is that generally grown in Yucatan,
is said to be from eight to 16 years after cutting ha* been begun. Can you
tell me whether our variety enjoy- a- long a life or not?
2. Do Agaves put out during their life a certain fixed number of
leaves, the normal quantity varying but little between plants of the same
species, or is there no regular limitation in this respect?
3. If the output of leaves on a plant is variable, would cutting them
as they mature be likely to increase it. and. judging from analogy or
otherwise, ought the cutting to be made seseral times u war or at any
•■ life, of the plant by retarding its poling?
[t may seem strange to ask for mi. h information when we have the
plant here growing under our cye>. but it is only now reaching the
cutting stage on most of the plantations and where it has been longer
established there unfortunately does not -cent to have been much ohsor-
You can easily perceive the necessity we are under of obtaining a
The Dir
(Signed) J.
Gordon.
Royal
(ia
rdens, Kew.
Royal
<;
Kew, to Mr. Ai
Royal Gardens,
s, M.P,
Dear Mr
August
18, 1803.
AY n
your b
it Kew he left/with
;pe<
■tii.gth,
ints of the Y«xci
ta the ■
'Bahamas Pita"
lie also a-:
: ,vd
whethe
r anything could 1
>e done by processes of cultiva-
ing or the appes
rance of 'the Howe
which, i: i-
,11 kno«
na, marks the dura
rfion of the life of tl
te plant.
2. There is apparently very little reliable information obtainable
2gard to the age at which thoe plants (lower. In fact in the vvholt
lie literature of the subject the references are very few ami the hmgn
brief summary of what has been recently published, and it may
ossible to draw some general <■ inclusions from the facts therein stal
'.]. The observations in regard to the Sacqui of Yucatan do not, i
rue, bear directly upon the subject. But as the Yaxci or Bahai
iffer in any marked degree from that plant. The length of time t
lapses previous to flowering in Agave plants may in some degree
ffeetod by soil and climate, but as a general process of growth i
ilh plants cultivated normally over a large area the experience
'ucatan may not be far from what will ultimately obtain in
4, The latest information from Yucatan is furnished bv Mr. Piet
le Vice-Consul at Merida. lie states that "a Hemp plantation
Yucatan lasts ioi -on, 15 y< .rs Inis is not conclusive > . _.
laces are so tilled up from time to time by new plants that the wh
udertakiug receives no serious check up to about the fifteenth year.
5. It appears to be recognised in Yucatan as the result of experie
without apparently auy reference to the determining causes) t
oling is encouraged among.-t these plants if the leaves are left un
":. "i ,!
sarv for supplying
into nurseries and
;allv and thrown
7. Mr. Stoddart, it is noticed, i •'•cords that the Y"u
very particular when cutting the leaves to cut them as
the Bahamas
eventh year after planting TIh- iii«tanc«>s r.vonlc.1 are given in the
.■.•ompMuvii,- ui.-ii.Mi-aM.l.iin. Th.-y a.v, h.mvwr, nor .-oucliisivo. Tin-
Tin- exact period wii.-n i
laliii.^ IV.'.nriln-.'-iv.-i in;
I called century plants.
_5 years. When once
the monocarp ered and produced seeds or bulbils
(pole plants) they die. The following notes refer to the Sacqui (Agave
rigid,, var. elongata) and to the Yaxci or Bahamas Pita (Ac/an- rujida
tna) : —
(a.) Mr. Stoddart says, " the plant (the Sacqui of Yucatan) lasts
". . . for at least 25 years in a cutting state, depending on the soil
" and treatment." To renew a plantation after the original" pl:ints have
become exhausted, '• il is usual to plant at proper distances, by the sides
" of the old plants or between them, young shoots which three years
" afterward s », : h < > oh I on. >s ) wil I bo fit f or cutting."
A new field will thus " be kept up without any loss of time or suspension
of work." (Sisal Hemp, it- adaptation to Jamaica, p. 4.)
(b.) Mr. Stoddart describes the poling as follows: "This happens
when the plant has arrived at cutting age and the plants are not cut"
..." When the pole begins to come out and gains a length of about
" three or four feet, it is customary to cut it off close without injuring
" the leaves. These leaves will then mature and be fit to be taken off
" before the plant dies." (I.e. p. 7.)
(c.) Poling appears to be accelerated (1) by the leaves not being cut
when they have arrived at maturity, (2) by the plants being exhausted
by numerous suckers allowed to remain around their base, (3) i.v eare-
less cutting of the leaves. Stoddart, on this latter point, says : " If the
" ?t " '!» • b.i- ) of the leaf be left of any length on the trunk it
■-''-•
" short oner (I.e. p. 7.)
^ (d.) Mr. Pierce says : " A hemp plantation in Yucatan lasts for some
" 1.5 years ... on good land the crop commences in four years
" or earlier, whilst on rocky ground from six years or more." (F O.
Report. is<r_>, p. 2.)
(<?.) Mr. Dodge, discussing the Pita or Yaxci plant of Florida and
irks thai in one instance, on very poor soil, he noticed
that " a long row of plants set out 10 years ago to form a boundary
'• line had hardly made any growth." (Report of C. R. Dodge on " Fibre
rnv.-iinjHion in the Cnit.-d States." Wa-hin-ton. 1*93, p. 21.)
Mr. C. T. McCarty of Ankona, Florida. say.- : " With us A, /are sha-
" iana sends up its pole at seven years on our best lands. ... So
" far as the plant is concerned the 'poor land' theory has no foundation
* ; in this locality. Our strongest and finest plants are on our best land."
, 15.)
(/. ) Mr. Merrick Shaw, Polk County, Florida, describes a Sisal Hemp
plant mn, r his observation as follows : " The original plant growing on
" the soil, of which a sample was sent, poled at seven years old. Twenty
" layers of leaves had been cut from I -vest of those
" remaining mea.Mired o feet \) indies in length by 5 inches in width at
the broadest part. About 100 suckers had been removed from (the
" base of) this plant and planted elsewhere." (Dodge, I.e. p. 17.)
u iff-) Mr. Dodge figures and describes a plant with leaves barely a foot
long, which had thrown up a slender polo to a height of 8 feet or
lt more." ^ lie adds: "I was informed by residents on Indian Key
" that this premature blossoming of" a young plant or sucker while,
hed to the parent root is not of uncomm
yet attached to the parent
(Dodge, I.e. p. 18.)
Kew, 16 August 1893. D. M.
Mauritius Hemp
gigantea). The value of the exports are about 50,000/. annually.
This plant is similar to an Agave, both in appearance and habit,
and it also produces numerous bulbils or pole-plants after flower-
ing. The experience in Mauritius with regard to poling of the
Furrrirn has a striking resemblance to what has been observed in
regard to the Agave in Yucatan. M. de Chazal, who has written an
account of " L> Jibn it' Mors'' (Mauritius, 1SS2) state- (p. 21) "that
" the plants generally pole at the age of seven or eight years ; they can.
" therefore, be cut four or five times before poling and before it is
" necessary to replace them." On the same subject Mr. John Home,
F.L.S.. late Director of Gardens and Forests in Mauritius, writes under
date of 4th September 1893, as follows: "The life ofFwcraa gigantea
" in Mauritius is from seven to 10 years . . . as many of the plants
" flower three to four years earlier than others, the leaves oi the -eedling-
" (or pole-plants) from these are fit for cutting when the late flowering
- plants are dying out, so cutting once begun on a plantation may be said
" done in time so that as the old ones die out cutting from the young ones
" should begin. Over-c moil in Mauritius. This
" is generally held to be injurious to the plant-, weakening their growth
" and causing them to flowerand die prematurely. People in Mauritius
" say that by cutting only the mature leaves the growth of the plants is
" not weakened, and thus large fine leaves are obtained, yielding long fibre
" of the finest quality. But I have never heard the idea expressed that
" such a manner of cutting prolonged the life of the plant beyond what
" Imight call the natural limits. It is said in Mauritiu- that over-cutting
" weakens the plants and can-.- then) to flower and die prematurely, so
" it maybe Miring only the mature leaves pro-
" longs the life of the plants to its natural limits. It conies to this, that
"• lengthen it in Yucatan— a case of arriving at the same place from
" opposite directions."]
Heme in the Old World tropics coffee cultivation is carried on under
of tropical America, either in the West India Islands,
America or tropical South America. The falling off in the production
of coffee in the Old World •'. a stimulating ieffecl
txpon coffee cultivation in the ]STew World. ['rices have ruled high and
The important coffee indii^rries in Guatemala, (..'o-tu Iiiea, and Ihazil
have "ready contributed to kee]> up the -uppli •- in the world's markets,
and as might naturally lie expected they have in consequence become
last few years have nearly doubled, and they are now of the annual value
Attention was called to coffee production in Guatemala in the Kew
llulhtin tor November la-i ( 1 sol', p. 2d). It vwh then sought to call
into existence a similar indusrrv in the rich 1 ,U . ih. fining Colony
i
xin a few miles over its frontiers. Jamaica i-
; ■. < ' ■• : -■ ■ : ; .' , • 'i ..
; nearly the best in the world. Of late ye
idbooh of Jamaica)
fcive than formerly, but there
Guatemala was noticed in the Kcir Bulletin
cultivation of coffee offered to Biiitahl.- men ii
British Honduras.
2. In a Report just issued by the Foreign
Series, 1893), there are further interesting
important Colony of Jamaica.
labour in (!ua!emala by importing free Coo!
for a possible solut
Immunity bu-^u.
y from India and t
5. This is all the
time thousands of act-
coffee cultivation as ai
\\) millu.u poune
ery pos.Mi.u- why
thoroughly adaptc
render them the richest
Assistant Director.
(Extracts.)
On some plantations, to meet these increasing difficulties, South Sea
Islanders have been imported, but owing to difference of climate, food,
language, and perhaps more especially because their employers have no
experience in dealing with these people, the venture has not proved
successful.
On the other hand, a comparatively small number of coolies have
been brought from Jamaica by an American firm of coffee planters, and
are found to do extremely well. This is the first time foreign labour
has been managed with success, and may indicate the direction in which
to look for a possible solution of the problem ....
The growth of the coffee industry during the last 5 years has been
as follows, viz. :—
Table H.
i of 41. to the quintal
Note. — These values are calculated
of 100 lbs. on board.
The .inparently small increase in value f '-",29,2 17/.) as compared with
the iiH-iva-.' in production (22, loVU.'tt lbs.) in the crop of 1892 is due
principally to the depreciation in the value of the dollar.
The exportation of coffee has been as follows, viz. : —
Table I.
Country.
Quantity.
Value.
lbs.
£
]';™^, ;iti .
23,075,027
;
Anuria
3> 303'953
'iS
-
Italy -
43,030
1,721
The tota
number of c
)ffee tre*
s now standing l
s estimated to
be
64,186,924,
there being
th
increase of 25, 13
*,994
In reply to yours of 31st ultimo, we ^ive you for what thoy are
worth the following remarks on coffee.
After a period of comparatively ] w prices, the value of this product
(plantation sort-) have remained fairly steady. We look upon the
position oft! -'•.,•' kii.d o eolVee. which is rliat which a European
Ceylon an. i East India having fallen oil' (in the former case they have
almost entirely ceased), and their place being onlv \ erv imperfectly
filled hy the 'finer coffees from Costa V . ,, (in tei ila, A..-., opr-ci II)
Vera Paz and New Grenada. Among the British Colonies the West
India Islands, or some of them, Trinidad, Dominica, and Jamaica, offer
perhaps ihc 1) -I iield for the cultivation of thi- product, the very serious
'Iil\ the difficulty in obtaining an adequate supply
of labour. Fortunately the requirements in this respect are not so grea't
with colfc^ as with some other prod nets, as after the ground has once
year, their yearly crop of fruit, var\ iug in (piautity and quality according
to the season and to the care bestowed on them. The number of hands
required i-, of course, much larger during crop time than during the
rest of the year, but a good deal of the picking, &c. is done in many
parts by women and children.
The machinery required for preparing the bean for market is not
expensive, especially when there is sufficient water power available to
work it, and no drying power beyond that of the sun is required for
drying the produce The climate in the higher parts of Jamaica i- very
the centre of the island there are large districts in which land very well
suited to the cultivation of c lice may be obtained, though there is. we
believe, tin- d : <:i bantago. that Ikovij crop- are not obtained in the very
highest altitudes more than about once in three years. The difficulty,
as we have said before, may be the securing a sufficient amount of
reliable labour, but this is a difficulty common, we think, to almost every
part of the globe, and, at the present time, t .» all industries. If this can
be surmounted, as we doubt not it can be to a sufficient extent, with
care and energy, we should consider that a young Englishman, with
some knowledge of outdoor work, and with an inclination towards a
planter's life, would have the prospect of a good future before him in
to buy. clear, and plant his land', and to keep his estate going for the four
or live years before payable crop- rr.n be harvested, without having to
borrow for the purpose at a heavy rate of interest.
The statistical position you have doubtless already before you.
Notwithstao ^ dining the past few
years as compared with the previous production from that place, there
has been little or no accumulation ot stock at the c» u.-uming centres of
the world, while dealers in the finest descriptions find frequently
considerable difficulty in satisfying their requirements.
We are, &c.
D. Morris, Esq., C.M.G., (Signed) Lewis and Peat.
Royal Gardens, Kew.
CCCXXXIX.— RESOURCES OF BRITISH HONDURAS.
A very exhaustive Report on the present condition of the Colony of
P>riti>h I [on.lura.. prepared hv the Governor, J lis Exeelleney Sir Alfred
Moloney. K.C.M.G.. has recently been issued by the Colonial Office
«',>h>,;,i! Offin- ft, ports: Am. .ml, Xo. 73, 1998). From this Peport
the following' general survey of the resources of the Colony will prove
Majesty's Possessions.
somewhat similarly
ta- praetieally killed the once flo.
esirable to
epend. Tli
rcXvWtto'Uub'umb
ra tlor,
penmen; t,
1 r™';. !led u that^r T n s (
b 4 •
whether we look to climate, soil, or a market. It has with some justice
been advanced that British Honduras can be made the tropical garden
that 28° North is
pted as the frost Sue, which may be said to mark the
limit northwards within which the growth of economic product! in
demand can be profitably undertaken.
Fertility of Soil.
As to fertility of soil, what mere convincing proof can be advanced
than the facts that in the sugar areas to the north and south of the
Colony cane has been known to " ratoon " from 20 to 30 years, and that
in the rich anil naturally fertilised valle\ liciis. bananas have maintained
themselves without degeneration for 10 to 12 years, if not longer.
The products of cultural industries, still really in their infancy, are
promising mark*
The plantain is a st ■ >[ Negroland
in West Africa. The descendants of its interesting people ' to the
north of the Gulf of Mexico represent a consuming power of probably
9,000,000. Tons of this fruit from Cuba and elsewhere meet with a
from 50,000 plantain- in 1ST!) to I.oSO,2<>0 in 1891.
the Colony which 1
Our Guatemalan neighbours seem to turn no small attention to the
cultivation of the Arabian coffee. YYhil-t i r will doubtless prove snittil »le
to the high areas of the Colony, the introduction of the hardy and rich
Liberian coffee — so well suited to low-lymi: areas, with it- comparatively
heavier crop, averaging from 6 lbs. to 8 lhs. per tree, 400 of which can
be accommodated on each acre — should receive the consideration it
deserves. Judging from the experts from the Malay Peninsula, and the
imports to the United States, there is a promising field of demand
offered in the direction of the latter for the growth of Liberian
coffee and of such commodities as jute and other fibres, indigo, ginger,
and spices generally.
Cohune Oil.
The Cohune oil industry remain- yet dormant, if I except the use
for domestic and cooking purposes to which it is put among the families
of mahogany and logwood cutters. Two-fifths of the Colony, viz.,
1,933,762 acres, are, it is estimated, uuder this graceful native "Prince
of Wales " palm. If we allow 25 trees to the acre, a very low average,
and 1,000 nuts as the annual yield per tree, and accept that 100 nuts
yield a quart of oil, this dormant industry, if awakened to full activity,
would yield 276,537 tons of oil at a price per ton appreciably above
that which obtains for cocoanui oil, to which it is superior.
Pine Products.
Then, again, apart from its resinous property, which was turned, I
understand, to profitable account some years back, the native pine is
estimated to cover a third of the Colony, or, 1,613,136 acres, and to
average 100 trees per acre on our great southern pine-ridge. Its wood
is said to almost equal that of the yellow pine of the United States,
which, in the beginning of 1888, was reported to have been nearly
worked out and might, in part, have to be replaced by the local pine.
The growth on the older pine-ridges of the Colony may, when opened
up, prove of sufficient age and diameter to make it worth while to have
attention turned to adding this timber to our exports, as can doubtless
be done with many other valuable woods as yet unknown.
Cocoa-Nuts and Henequen.
The coral patches and marine islets we know as " Cays," that fringe
to the eastward the waters of this Colony, offer a condition of site
exceptionally favourable for the growth of henequen and the cocoanut
tree, described as the most tender of palms as regards frost, the friend
of tropical agriculturists. The area of such Cays is given approximately
as 112,527 acres, which might be turned to much more profitable uses
and yield than obtain at present. With even a quarter of such acreage
suitable for the culture of such products as eocoanuts and henequen, ir
could be covered with plantation-; of the former numbering 2, S 13,200
trees with an annual yield of at least 100 nuts (a low aver
gating 2*1,320,000, worth, at the current rate per thousand, 1,406,600/.,
I might explain that such an aggregate of nuts on the basis of 1 lb. from
7 nuts or 14 per cent, fibre, should yield 18,000 tons of fibre that would
realise in the London markets from 30/. to 10/. per ton, according as it
is suited for brushes, mats, or stuffing.
The annual export from the Colony of cocoanuts during the past five
years has averaged in number 1,651,933, and in value $32,505.
That delicious fr
I amble wood, yield:
d so widely used
, again, trees yielding the pimento oi' c
CCCXL.— THE PRIETO FIBRE EXTRACTING
MACHINE.
Machine, now ou trial in t'hi> country, wa* iriveii in tli.- Kcr lh-11, fn,
iVieto machine. Ol'tliH Captain .Invinu Stuart -rave the iollowin<:
'• Xogrc, Barcelona, Spain. It requires L("> -horse power engine and
" the services of two 1110:1 arid a liov. Capaeitv. 7.000 poinds
" of dry fibre per day of 10 bonis. * Cost, 4,.30i» dollars." As
■whore Ihey are working pciic etl\ \, itb lavuiiiabK results for the turn
who purchased them.
We have no photographs or drawings to se
i account of the work it does compared :
awer required, and price of the machine here for cash.
Eloping thai \h useful to you f
iantalions in the Uahamas,
I remain, &c.
(for Romano Nokikga y Pb
' Pkieto Hermanos."
People cmjdoi/ed in 1<> hours' work.
La Vencedora. 12 Raspadoras.
for the feeder. 20 scrapers (men).
„ carrying leaves. 7 carriers of leaves.
., receiving the fibre.
., carrying it to drying room. 4 people to carry to drying room.
,, collecting the waste. 7 „ to collect waste.
total people employed. 38 total people employed.
The difference in favour of the Li therefore
Production of Fibre.
La Vencedora. 12 Rasjmdoras.
100,000 leaves scraped in the 100,000 leaves scraped in
machine give from 230 to 235 raspadon
arrobas (5,833 to 5,900 lbs.). arrobas (4,185 to 4,311 lbs.).
Difference in favour of the La Ve
required to wash the leaves. Total weight
(Signed) Roman Romano,
CCCXLI.— ARROWROOT.
i the Knr Unit, In. !', r August of the present year (pp. 191-204).
Arrowroot from Granada has lately eome into the market, and some
Inquiries were addressed to Kew as long ago as 1878 on the subject
Its production from Ma rant a ar/n/dim/n// seems to have presented
■me ditlieulties, and those of Tons lis mois (also originally a West
n<l;an product) from Ca„)ia ahilis seems to have taken its place,
'his if not identical with Arrowroot, has its own merits, borne
QUEENSLAND.
Mr. H. L. Thompson- ix " Pharmace
J also cncl. se a copy of a letter, with editor's note, that appeared in
a trade journal which appears to answer my question, if you consider
th explanation therein given correct. It is certainly correct thai
" Tous les mois " when imported from the Wot Indies as that, does
[not] fetch so high price as their arrowroot.
(Signed)
C Geo. E.
Moore.
Extract fr<
>m«P R <
>duce Mai
JKETS EeVIEW,"
10th June 1893.
Dear Sib,
The Brishiine < ,»,ri<r of April l"> contains a paragraph copied
from your journal (no date given) derogatory to Queensland a; row-
root. The quotation concludes, " It is much inferior in point of'
strength and glutinous properties as compared with St. Vincent
Being the inan fact rer- I M tippers oi this parcel under notice, we
1 to submit our pro-
'i'lchon to a public ic-t in competition with the other makes named.
is a slight difference we admit, ours being made from a
. viz., ( 'aniut cdiifls; but when prepared- as directed
Certainly the slighi difference in texture
quarters against Queensland production.
We remain, &c.
Pimpama, April 21. F. Lahey & Sons.
e originally only prepared from the i >f MucnUa
r ;'"" i " / - iUi,i ' ol colour or strength
jsiblynot very
:'■ : ' : ' ; ..,.:.■■ . ..... - ...;.,,,, ; , . i :>
pl.-nts If called »( ;„un> " arrowroot, there
connexion of its own.— Editor, P. M. P.]
Messrs. Low, Sons, & Bedford to Royai Gardens, Kew.
'irunta anouhiHicea, a shipment of which w c expect
ountry very shortly.
Yours faithfully,
W. T. Thiselton-Dyer, Esq., Low, Sons, & Bedford.
Royal Gardens, Kew.
GRENADA.
GVrator, Botanical Station, Grena
Botanical Station, Grenada,
Dear Sir, June 15, 1893.
I SEND by this mail two samples oi arrowroot prepared by
Mr M uors of' \\. v*. .!« : K-i u ■ in this Island.
It is quite a new industry here, an
heat comes up to the standard of good quality,
and ha.- asked me to forward them to you, and solicit your kind
Messr?
h W. and D. Harve:
ST tO
Roval Gardens
, Kew.
Dot
-ate
Dock, Upper Thai
mes Street,
Dear Sir,
hue.
T AM
he ;3i
samples (ire.
tada arrowroot. I hav
-fully examined tl
ieso with the
following res
Dried by
heat— Too floury, co
tour
good, jelly opaqn
e, but fairly
l)rid°hy
air. — Well granulated
and
of good colour,
jelly rather
opaque,
but not quite so firm a:
s the
heat dried.
1
e about 3d.,
and for the
second sample about
31*
for St. Vincent
arrowroot of
y. Arrowroot produc
Ltly turns out less satisfi
than that from St.
Vincent, and
CCCXLIL— NEW ORCHIDS: DECADE 7.
01. Pleurothallis maculata, /'<>//<■ .- caule primai-io subvepente, secun-
lario brevi, foliis elliptieis obtusis v. minutissime bideiitieulatis valdc
lineari-oblongo
s elliptico-ov.it is carnosis
puberulis apice bidentatis, peta'.is obovato-oblongis obtusis glabris,
labello pandurato oblongo obtuso carnoso glabro, colurana clavata alia
Hab. Brazil.
Folia l-ll poll, longa, 6-9 lin. lata. Racemi f-1 poll, longi.
Braeteee 1-1| lin. longa?. Sepalum posticum 4-5 lin. longimi, lateralia
paullo breviora. Fetala l± lin. longa. Labellum, 1£ lin. longum.
A small species presented to Kew by Messrs, Shuttleworth, ( 'aider,
& Co., of Clapham, which flowered in September 1891, and again in
the following July. It belongs to Lindleys section /irac/ti/stac/ii/rr. and
is allied to P. recurva, Lindl. The leaves are irr< nul uiy bluteiit d and
spotted with purple, in allusion to which the name is given. The dorsal
sepal is light brownish purple above, much paler below, and the lateral
ones crimson-purple. The petals are semipellucid white, and the lip
62. Pleurothallis unistriata, Rolfe ; herba dense caaspitosa minuta,
folds spafhulatis, lamina elliptico-oblonga obtusa apice minutissime
. .-enpis. o-raeilibus, raeeuus pauci-multifloris, bracteis
spathaceis basi iiii'nndibulil'ormi-tubub.MS apice ohlhpiis suhobtusis,
Bepak) postlOO ovato-oblongo subacuto carinato concavo lateralibus
aii^iistii.iilni- et planioribus b'. ! '<, n.'taii- spatlndat!- obtusis, labello
lineari-oblongo obtiHo-tiiner\ o. columna clavata.
Hab. not recorded.
Folia 9-12 lin. longa, 2-21 lin. lata. Scapi 2-2.V poll, longi.
Fetal a. '\ lin. longa. Labellum • lin. longum.
A very small species, belonging to th
- ;■- •■ • • ;
middle. The flowers arc semipellucid white; the petals each with a
purple mid-nerve, and some similar colour on the lip. As the flowers
become old, the colour diffuses itself through the petals and lip.
63. Heurothallis pergracilis, Rolfe; herba dense ciespitosn, foliis
spathulatis lamina edipiica obrusi \alde earno^i. -capi< graeilibu-.
raeumis pau.-illon-, braetei> spaibacei- bad int'n ndibulitbrmi-t nbulo-i>
api<e obliquis acntis, - uto lateral!-
Hab. Belize, British Honduras.
Folia 6-10 lin. longa, 2\-A lin. lata. Scapi 2-1 poll, longi. Bractex
$ lin. longa. Pedieelli 2 lin. lonjri. Scpalu 2 lin. longa. Pelala f lin.
longa. Labellum | lin. longum.
This species has been cultivated at Kew since 1887, when it was
received from the Belize Estate and Produce Company. It flowered in
May 1892. It belongs to the section Apodce
to the preceding species, from which it differs n<
united lateral .sepals, and the very different lip.
light yellowish white, with a purple mid- nerve to the
64. Scaphosepalum microdactylum, Rolfe; herbs
f.'liis oblanivnlato oblon^is :u>ie<
6ubobliquis ovatis aetitis, labello ung
medio bilamellato lamellis dentieulatis c
Hab. Not recorded.
I'olia H-2| poll, kraga, 3-4 lin. lata. Scapi 4-5 poll, longa.
Bractece 1 lin. longa*. St paid :\\ lin. longa. Petala 1 lin. longa.
t.itht • linn 1 lin. longum.
A singular little species, which flowered at Kew during 1890, and
again in October of the pre ent }ear. It is very distinct from every
other, though perhaps nearest >>'. ochthodes, Pfitzer. The flowers are
light greenish yellow except the upper half of the dorsal sepal, whieli is
suffused with light purple-brown. It is characterised by the very short
tails of the lateral sepals, scarcely half a line in length, in allusion to
which the name is given.
65. Masdevallia pusilla, Rolfe ; foliis linearj-lam-olatis minute tri-
dentieulatis l>asi aitenuat i<. scapis a^eendentilius l!e\uu-is lia.-i vag'tnis
tuKulusis in\-olventibu.-. l)raett.-i> basi tubulosis apieo triangulo-ublongis
aeutis, ovario exalato, sepalorum lubo eampanulato pulieseeiite lohjs
ovatis com. ! - Iiueari-ohlnng'.s apiee carnosis
carinato-angulatis papulosis cmmlati>, labelli h\ poehilio utrinquc
Folia 4-6 poll, longa. ."-6 lin. lata. Snip! ,3-4£ poll, longi. Bractecs
',] lin. Iomra\ Scpalonnn tubus 2 lin. longus cunt!,, I lin. longa-, vix
divarieuta-. Vctnlu \\ lin. longa. LabeUnm \\ -lin. longum.
This belongs to the section SacrohibiuUr. and is the smallest-
flowered species of the group. It is readih distinguished from every
other by this character, the less open tube of the sepals, and the
nearly parallel or scarcely divarieate tails. It is perhaps nearest M.
trr,p!o(h f tt's,V.. Morr. The sepals are pale yellowish green, den^-iy
~p..'iied with dark purple-brown, and somewhat suffused with a lighter
yellowish white with a pair of larj:
the lip has many light t
purplish lilies near the base. The sac of the lip is unusually small.
It flowered atCla-nevin in August 1891, and on subsequent occasions,
when it was sent for determination by Mr. F. \V. Moore, the Keeper of
the Royal Botanic Gardens.
66. Poljstachya Bnchanani, Rolf i lanceolato-
nmlt iiloris. raehihus puberulis, braeteis triangulari-subulatis reeurvis,
sepalo postieo ovato obtmo v. at ', igukri-ovatifl
obtusis v. apiculatis, pi -is obtusis v. apieulatis,
labello trilobo lobis lateralibus o\ ato-oblongis obtusis intermedio
orbieulari-ovato apiee rellexo, eallo lineari-oblongo caruoso, disco
farinaceo-pubescente, columna brevissima.
■r, E. tropical Africa.
a, : ;-l ' poll. lata. Sea pus
1. longi. BractecB 1-1$ lin.
(J.'irdm. (il;i- nc-eeediug years, it was
sent from the 1'i.por Zambezi district by Mr. John Buchanan to Mr.
James O'Brien, IHu Tow-cn-thc-lliU, who has now sent it to Kew
{'or determination Aniens African ?pocics it may he oompaivd with
P 1 >>/ nnUt, 1M h f ivhich has < riamoi i i pals, lomrei hi i< ts.
nearly allied.
57. Cyrtopera papillosa, Rolfe ; fol
latere <!
cm mul:
.to. disco ad
milium 1
todoin
cristato-papilloso,
Hab.
Natal
, Sanderson !
open field
Dargle
; /'}/,///
fo, n. 130!
J M.
Wood, n. 785 !
Folia
9-12 p
oil. longa, 2-i
-> lin. lata.
Scapi
-1i !
>ed. alii
Racem
t-^Uu
i!" '.'''"''.
Bractee5-8
lin. longi.
Svpola .
, longa.
Lain 1 1, nn
A vc'i
;. \~M :
ICt Cyrtopcn
*, comparable onh
■ with
a foii
osa, Lindl.
{Huh.
[. p. 203),
i I.C D
Kalltari:..
which |,a:
keel. 1
c£ed
hy Sa
IhZlnt I
s 1864,
1'izi
imported by Mi
'. James O'Br
-ih.-II
Itfioi
vered in die
' of Sir
i tvvot
of Burfc
>rd, Dorking, in Aug
and, more rece:
porter.
The flowers are ye
How, with
the ex(
•cpli.m
ot i In-
side h.b-s
tI " "" 1 ' " J " I' pil !. fm, it o! the keels. The foot of the column is
well developed, but the spur excessively short.
■': -. herba nana, foljisovatisv.ov.ito-
chninieis. hraeieis ova'o-. -tie obovato-
.-'''■ ■■ ).■■:■ ■: : : ,.:■, , .; :, ■ ; . ■:
Hab. Mexico; R«c*.
4 /''" // " U1 i poll, lon.tr.-i, 7-8 lit., lata. 7if«m«/ foliis biwiores. liractrte
A curious litt • ~| ..,.; ., S ( nt to K-w in 1891, by Mr. Ifu^o Finek, of
year. It iff allied to T. candidmn, Lindl., from Guatemala, whicl
apparently the only other species in which the spur is reduced t
very short sac. T. candidum, however, has much longer leaves, i
various ditt'ercnecs of floral structure. In the present species
ll' el'i-po I:'
trilol.o loins Intern Imi
isi lutioL- i.li
II ab. Peru.
Pseiidohulbi 3^-1 poll, longi. flrnctece 6-7 lin. longa\ Sepal it i
r»n Microchila, allied to 0.
, Rchb. f., both of which have
htly clasped together at their
Sobralia pumila, II 'W ;
eli'at'is. 'pedicL'llis gracilil.ii
CCCXLIII.—JARRAH TIMBER.
Eucalyptus marginata, Sm.
The following correspondence is supplementary to the particulars
published in the AW- Bulletin for September 1890 (pp. 188-190), on
the use of Jarrah timber for the purpose of paving the can-iageways
Roya
Vestry Hall, Pancras Road, N.W.,
Dkar Sir, 25th May 1893.
With further reference to the subject of borings in Jarrah and
Karri timber, I am sending you to-day two blocks of Karri and one of
Jarrah, and also a piece oi fn i , i, uh ch 1 . mi .« r-.,s ., i.-w d.-iv- mo
when in the country, which shows oval holes similar to those i '
and perforating the wood promiscuously with regard
to grain ; in this timber I found grubs actually at work. Having in
mind th- fact that the particles of wood, in many rases iillinjr the holes
in the Australian wood without ; , W(>UK l ] 1;m >
taken plan- J llul ( ,,,,-ossed to oval
i-.nn U the |.r of the growth of the tree as you su L ^. -t. F Mm
nulueed tofona ihernneluHon that the borings have bet n'made m„, t
the action of
i lines approximately c
of holes in thai position; but in
!i " l'Io<-ks sent yon will find ho], whidi van somewhat from that
course, and in the piece of fir you will notice how the whole <»f the
surface immediately under the hark has been removed l.v tlie action of
the -nibs which also peuet.>at< ihe tli ,!„ ;
again adopt a course which the. found the) - -.-..
In the Jarrah blocks I send, you will notice the holes are enthvh
,!!tl '" ! "' !ir - '"■''>? '■""'" "' ill-- nature of worm-eaten wood commonh
found in our local timbers, particularly beech and oak, and which horinir
is undoubtedly done after the timber has been cut and often made up
into furniture.
I had a copy sent me of a weekly paper, " Timber," dated May 20th.
1803, in which V. . Merhucn, KWineer-
in-Chief to the Natal 11 . , Xf , ( . r J!neHts
1 i.i'l' «itl Mad ua-( n ti nli .,hci p I ith s.i pi. - . 1 Vu-li ! ! <n
J. R. Jackson, Esq.,
Curator of Museums,
Royal Gardens, Kew.
L Jackson, Esq., (Signed) W. N. Bl
Koval (rar.k-n.s, Kew.
Mr. W. F. H. Blandford to Royal Gardens, Kew.
48, Wimpole Stivet, W.,
Sir, October 9, 1J
CCCXLIV.— MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.
Me. Carl Wilhelm Zimmkk, a German member of the gardening stuff
of the Royal Gardens, was appointed (July) Foreman in the Botanical
Munich.
of the gardening staff of the Ro;
'os during the absence on leave
Ml;. Wn.LiAM Scott, formerly of the Royal Gardens and latterly
issistant to the Director of Forests and Botanical Gardens in Mauritius,
us been appointed Director in succession to Mr. John Home, F.L.S.,
Aloe abyssinica, var. laxiflora, Bake,
Rhus cotinoides.-
is, in the neighbourhood of
■ Cheat Mountains,
Robinia hispida, l.m,,.. m fnut-
Wardian Cases.-
'<)uUn \-ir,'!n';"'
it were sent to K<-\v in October last by the m.-i imf.-i.-t uni\ inviting
ittontion to tlic special applicabilit \ of our patent un! .;-. :ik;i 1 .1. ;Ja/.ing
naterial, Duroline, for the -lazing of Wardian eases, in which plant.-*
in- scut and received lVoin abroad. We believe inucli damage and
umovanoo results iVom the breakage of glass in those cast's."
OphiopogOll japonicus. — Specimens of this plain were recently sent
o Kew for identification by JI. Laboucbere, Esq., M.P. " About t lie
; Lake of Como, in many of the villas, they have a sort of grass which
' they call ' erba japonica.' Its advantage is that it grows thickly
• beneath the trees or in the sun, and stands the frost. It makes a
• thick hed, and they use it for borders or for spaces that they wish to
' cover, in the latter case cutting it short It seems to mc
• that if it were, introduced here it would be useful for garden- and
CimrullarU, }up,>,un, (lurhe aux turquoise-), and in some bool
^J'f'^ I" I' " ■; ' ( ' I, I lv Mr. .1. (J. Hake, whe:
— " As an edging (and a capita! one too; for shady walks, and also
" sort of turfy covering to the bare ground under the dense shade of t
•■ J'lm f/i/ia jannmiii v..-- siiceo-fully employed. A pretty
The " Index Kewensis."
HaydonJacks,
.ry 1SS2. may
in interleaved
species. I wnesoj plants ihat are
new books acquired for the library. Some years ago Sir William
Hooker's interleaved " Steudel " was so full of manuscript that it was
necessary to take some fresh step. Accordingly two copies of Steudel
were procured and mounted on large folio paper, one column on each
page, leaving two blank columns foi : -. The whole
forms four huge folio volumes, and was prepared and continued chiefly
ar the expense of the late Mr. G. Bentham. In this way Mr. Daydon
Jackson had something approaching a complete list of names of plants
to .-tart with, and lie has during the last li year; laboured continuously
at the superstructure, the first part ot which was \ u the hands of
botanists early in September. For the history of tin publication of the
" Index Kewensis " we cannot do better that quote Sir Joseph Hooker-
re to the work : —
" Shortly before his death. Mr, Darwin informed me of his intention
to devote a considerable sun: in aid or furtherance of some work of
utility to biological science; and to provide for its completion, should
this not be accomplished during his lifetime. He further informed me
Sir Joseph Hooker lum-elt' has im - :
:m
genus of Tiliacese, with digitate leave-. .. which will
be figured and described by Professor Oliver in 'Hook* r's fcm/rs Plant-
arum; a new species of tin i . < is Kui.l , . n.^vims S>;wi 'cininn;
a new species of tlie IJor:i»iiia(vnu> Cape -vims l.nbfi..)t>iin>.i. only
Liatln rerl once lu lore in TropiVnl Africa; a new Marmi ; a new Lapc//-
type in the British Mu.-ciim to belong to the' curinu.s Liliaceous genus
b/sjiorapsis, described by the late Dr. IJance, in the "Journal of
JJotany," 1SS3. p. 278. This genus resemhles in lirJ.it Dhpnntm and
J'n/i/f/nnafum.hnX < ers from both of these in pos-essim- a corona,
Shantung Cabbage (/?>
"HoldenClough
ROYAL GARDENS, KEW.
BULLETIN
MISCELLANEOUS ^FORMATION.
No. 84.] DECEMBER. [1893.
CCCXLV.— ROOT DISEASE OF SUGAR-CANE.
the Marquis of Ripon
2. I shall be glad
. if you
r Lordship wil
sent by Mr. Bovell.
The Most lion.
&c. &
&C, '
[Enclosure.]
Superintendent
. Botan
ical Station, tc
Hon. Col. Secreta.
I have the h
ononr to respectfully
> Kew
attacked in St. John
to say that his Excel
Colonies requesting h
to have them reportec
2. In the early pari
l 7, S!)
1 I forwarded
root disease, and Mr.
.\I:,>M-
•nee o!
fruit on the s]
ATnwT hnrwili* M.1I.
bat Ibr
fuiifius belon.
Royal Gardens, Kew, to Co
■<>;,.•■. '.-it ion of the
canes
•n,,
.,!,,•„,
ncy w ,,-.kl 7 >r
m> -lis
■:i.- i( l
348
and, being produced quickly and readily disseminated, easily infect
_ plants.
A second kind ol conidia are formed on the oldest portions of
-<Mt in the tissues, two or three large <.dobose conidia heiniz
^,! on the hyplue present in a Single cell of the cane.
These internal conidia can only escaue when the cane in which they
The fungus, under normal con-
di<ease" ,-,,. . ,. nll( , (1 into
A careful wufaA shows that the
in the -round contain- much more mycelium than that
the in\<vlium in the mol is also um.iv mature, frequently
the root was rott n md d< u. 1 th d inf . i , , ei t 1 l\
the idea tint' th. uV ,. , , g , ,( d /'/, pi m<, M ;i ,n , [ tin small
•'I a li'ig'' quantm o( mvelium, hut it was evident in
every « :a>.> that this had passed from the stock into the root. On the
other hand, everything points to the conclusion that the portions of cane
used for propagation already contain the mycelium of the fungus,
:ihll " ;i - K > K pi-'-nce m;.\ nor he indh-.ited e\t»rnalh. and that th"
mycelium present in the buried portion of the cane, favoured by dark-
ness and moisture, develops at an abnormal rate, thus assuming the
<'»-"-a<'ter of a dis,. :l so. ^hieh in It, intensity is t«i ugn to the fungus
when developing under normal conditions. Two additional species
1 " i '' ) '- - ( -nves of the ( ies the nm , a sp< cies of , ho U > out /. tin < tin i
IM in Java, called lio,
■ESTIVE MBASV
Mild be burnt
SIR, Downing Street, Deeemhe
[ am directed by the Secretary of State for tin
transmit to you a copy oY a Despatch from the Ollieer .
the Government „f Barbados, eonveyin.o' the thanks of his
Iam,&c.
The Officer Adm.xistf.uint; the Government of ]
Government Hon.
My Lord Marquess, Xovembe
I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of yo
Despatch, Xo. IIS. of the 7th instant, forward in- a cop
ami report from Mr. \\\ T. Thi>elton-Dver on the sul
he following extract from a local paper is published. The
7 of sin eye-witness on the spot conclusively proves that the
Extract tV r 12, 1893,
leeessity of being caivl'nl in tli ■ select ion of s<v<l. ,,r cane-plants, many
purchased from labourers on the estate who had grown small,
ed. sickly-lookiu- canes on the poor patches of soil around their
asking one of i
CCCXLVL— PERUVIAN COLONISATION.
The Peruvian Corporation. Limit
Mr. Daugherty. the Tuitol State. Consul, reports: "From Oroya
" the head of the valley of Chanehamayo, one of the most fertile
" tricts of Peru, is a distance f about h) miles and the products of
" valley that find their way to the coast now come on the backs
" mules, donkeys, and llamas to Oroya, over rough mountain roj
" which, for most of the distance, are mere paths." "
The enterprise is still in its infancy. The following papers
published for general information. They have the merit of avoid
..! succors.
27th July 1803.
:ts, &c, for the year ending 80th June.
planting ciiffce at the end of tlir
: year, and I thin
lk it but fair to
rrunl Mav.rc a
have not done wc
dl, and hive been
ise. A few have
abandoned their
] am afraid, never be successful.
The cause of this can without
n:nlc-ir;:li]c e!a<s <>f colonists infrodi
Io* M ;irri"o^ i'n ll'i'e
colony absolutely
that sue!, men will over male ^in-
essful colonist?.
Their wandering
habits never allow them to remain
long _ in a place, ;
ind work of any
,'do^velh c!m"mM
■•er 'illak^any 1'oal
progress or be a^ircessfLi'l'cohmM.
1 attend to bis house, whi<
part of his time,
and, on the other hand, he cannot en
liivatc with am <
the produce of wl
deli woidd barely
live, far less enable him tc
If successful colonists are to be
established on th
e lands, they will
have to he selected from a very d iff
erent class than 1
heretofore, and as
ami and suitability of soil, hut undoubtedly there will
tally good when opened up.
.European fruits could in any places be planted and luvavii with
success, and 1 hope the day is not far off when I may lie able to introduce
Coffee, cocoa, coca and t ice will. I believe, form the principal pro-
Tea would, 1 b. Hew, >-i ,u '. im riantly on the slope,
worthy of a trial, although on account of the scarcity
•lected they can. with a little trouble and care, be so kept do-
ie damage done is trifling.
Timber.- With an outlet towards the Atlantic, the timber
coffee seeds <..,- . oil mi.UUM plant,, ami wit I
extra ^e>h to be sown -hortly will ( nable i e to supply all demand
eatest benefit, and could be set apart and »;rown to supply seeds
lows up the valley of the Perene, and make:
During the rainy season .1 little trouble w
pinion that this will disappear as it is openc
Besides the Indians' houses, I have erec
rill suffice for the housing of the present pop
The plaza, or square, is now marked
uildiuii,, and in due time the -found will he
Rnads and Bridges.— In s
away produce. They dislike hard work of any kind, and ha\ ing their
ro. no reliance can !>< *pl < d o;i [In ir -ervices ;
also I may add that the navigation of the river to Dentville is so
journey down.
>roduce sells readi
P.S.— I omitted to say, under tl.o
crop of rice and two^ crop.- of i.miz.
CCCXLVIL— HORTICULTURE IN CORNWALL.
K.-W >...,!, af'lr
rin/ilvrhnh,, rh»mlmii1„1i*. lli,-
four feet in diameter.
EsfciUomas ar< aotabl
E.macruntha i- an admirable he-hic pi;
of the beautiful Lamb,.,,. Tim,,,. math.
places in Mr. Uadilei^ uanl,n, .,,
Indeed, these and thousands of bushe
bearing big bunches of rich blue tic
Menabilly. An avenue planted with Yi
l.>antb«M..-.*uill I,.- v.tv ehV< tiv t in 1.". 01
■ ■.. ■• v. -■■
-
Mr. \i,A,\. .,
the Uovaj (, ;lll K,,s. 'This'.
iu compliment to Sir Joseph
CCCXLVIJL— BOTANIC STATION, DOMINICA.
described in the
• Keic
tin I hi!,,. Ii
mav ha
' ,:; fS:5:
£5
V-, ve the ','e "
iir,
!f'''tir- M, m - fiM -ela-
We' haw had
keep the station
number of plant*
;';; «
M-. Tk^!,
iary to m
nd it is most diliieult to
iddle o!' September just
vvh„le of 1S;)2. If the
10 year I shall he able to
sal,:; continue :■■
...1 -l.T
ino- th, rcnuu
n.l.'-mf fl
CCCXLIX— ST. VINCENT ARROWROOT.
CCCL.— COFFEE-LEAF DISEASE IN CENTRAL AFRICA
(PREVENTIVE MEASURES).
Foreign Office, September 1
6, 1803.
1 am directed by tlio Earl of Eoseberv to transmit In
•ivwith 'an
tot of a Despatch from Her Majesty's Commissioner
in Central
:h the Director of Ken- Gardens may have to offer
upon th.-s.'
EXTRACT.
9 honour to submit to your Lordship
'dllowiiiir rcgiilati.'n- :
Royal Gardens, Kf.w, to Foreign Office.
Royal Gardens, Kew,
September 16, 1892
, Despa
Colonial Otli.-.-,:»etinir under the a.lvic- of this rstaUi-h-
m«nt. to WW Indies.
which affect the
ears to me that it is desirable
question a. regards Jai„;rea
■:-'■ • - ■ : ' ■ . . ■ ■■
!•)' a kind of accident tliat nUmt
. ■ ■ i
to develop itself on a scale which speedily made it a scourge.
" ■'>. I can hardly doubt that it was from Ceylon that it was almost
( l s > . and M.v.sriiiu- l.sM i. I; , iint ; t U -. H
:. vvlio was
7 , -" i l * ;'< ; : ' *. •»! - "t«> -t.mj. n . nf- ii i 1 , . !,,„„(. i
Wraor: 'Probability is pretty
b. Un July 1, 1884,
Office that the disease had made
nfection had l.een br.-u-lii ai.Vmr iu
been ascertained
"7. It is, however, clear that.
has been progressively infected, c
or later, the spores will probably be earr
the meantime it appears to me to be 1
ed coffee-growing country to intercept
i of time. Should Midi a ciihimi7\ occur its eun-oqucnc,
rated if coffee cultivation avciv m.l carried on over Im-
probable that Madagascar is infected.
Sir Philip Currie, G.C.B., (Signed I ' W. T.
Foreign Office,
Downing Street, S.W.
CCCLL— WEST AFRICAN BOTANIC STATIONS.
Colonial Office to Eoyal Gardens, Kew.
Sir, Downing Street, September 25, 1893.
After the recent meeting of the four West African Governors
at the Colonial Office, which you and Mr. Morris were kind enough to
attend, and at which the steps to be taken for extending the Botanic
Station System and developing technical education in those Colonies
■ ■ ■ ■,,■ ,., : ,,..-
arrived at on that occasion.
I am now directed by the Marquis of Ripon to enclose for record in
your Department, a copy of this memorandum, and 1 am to state that
his Lordship approves oi" the suggestions contained therein.
I am, &c.
(Signed) John Bramston.
The Development of the Botanic St„tit„, System and of Technical
Education in the four West African f atonies.
At a conference of the four West African Governors, the Director,
:>nd Arrant Director of the Royal Gardens, Kew. which was held at
th- Colonial Office on the 12th of September 1893, it was decided that it
te that : —
(1.) The Curator of a Botanic Station should be made a permanent
official.
(2.) HfcsaJ rear, risiDgbyan
16/. 13.?. id. to 250/. a year.
(3.) He should receive travelling allowance accordi
<);m. \d-
1 to the benefit of the Colonia
pa—a-.--, pensions, &c. of A
»TSu
Training in Agric,
Itare, it was
agreed th
at the following
be adopted as far as
(a.) Training Lads at Botani
—This mi
ghtbe regarded
in the direction of 1
caching boy
acted to the wor
nder a definite
made with the Gov
re career. The
seive a small sum at
their ma
toullfbe^hc
reased year by yea
,r as they i
The training
>roughly practical a
nd ,nifed'to
mstanecs of the
olony. Of these lads the best
further training
idies or at Kew. V
ned lads might
Is in training shoul
^dbytlu/
capacity of the
valuable agencie , pledge, they wo
let jis depots for plants sent 1 loiu tin- Chief Iiotanie Station; and tl
night devote attention t<> the special kinds of products suited to 1
As regards Instri'ctio,! in fluniiicrafts it was agreed that no gene
scheme could he devised, hut that each (lovenior would submit a sche
conduce to the development of the We.t African Colonies. Sir Alfiv.
Thomas B. Dawodu and Ferdinand <<. Leiuh. were sent in Octohci
1890 to the Botanical Department, Jamaica. for training, and in Apri
r ;.... ■' , . . ■ .. '. . ^ ■ •
t'olom. with a sound and professional kmmded-e of the u ,„,ral pi iu.-ijde-
of culthation and of all that relates to plant propagation.
lioad, which wa^ cleared in I
4 plants of China
momtnu
uyhnuru
6 plants of Cargo
l>hylh,s
(iromativu
6 p^tetf^
Z!a*r
,W,,-t
6 plants of Myris
4 Chrymphylhun
,,-thei
SweotSnp;
nd a large number of other
plants.
« All plants previ
ously ph
nted out :
uring the last six
lave borne fruit.
months.
They h;
nl uuexpanded
" Coffee.— Both the Liberiau and the Arabian varieties are bearing
their lir-t ci'op of berries. The trees aiv in a mol healthy ami robust
state, and give promise of a good crop.
" Cacao is also :loing very well. J have already gathered mure than
100 pods, which have been utilised for seed, most of which have
. The trees are again bearing heavy crops."
CCCLIL— MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.
ibt James Davik-, a :...
Mr. William Luht, a membei ■: of the Royal
Gardens, has been appointed, uitl the appi ,vul d iht First Comniis-
sioner of Her Maje-tv'* Work- an.. : ai eel'.eetor
for Kcw to Mr. Theodore Bent 1 - r. ut Valley in
South Arabia. The Jlorsi i< only conjeeinralK known, and no botanical
eoUeetiour appear even to huve been ina<le in it. Tin.' expedition lei I
London on November 24th, and is expected to return about April of
next year.
indeed of Australia (Keir linllrli,,, lsOl
tho\cYviees of a botanical expert more
hoped that in the meantime the orpuiisat
ollieo will he maintained, and the valu;
Dermatobotrys Saundersii.— This is a new and inter.
Srmplnilanm-ra-. which was created hy Mr. II. Mollis from specimens
Mrs. Kath I'ine Saunders. of Natal, an old and valued
correspondent of kew. A liejire and drsrT iption of the plant were
published in Hooker's ./cones' Plant a, -nut, t. UNO. In 1n<>2 Mrs.
Saunders forwanled tresh seeds of it to Kew, and from the-e a large
liaich <d' plants were raised, which ha\e since be. n lively distributed.
Several of the plants at Kew are now in flower. Thev are about a foot
hi-h. branched, the stems siicculenl. the leaves fl.Atv.
serrated, glabrous, with rose-tinted veins. The dowers are produced in
of this plant ha- I,,-,-,, s.u.plied bv Mrs. Saunders." Iron, [Aliowe,
Zululand. June 27th. 1892:—
Although it -rows normally upon trees', il also occurs gn
Specimens of this plant in fruit only in the Kew He
collected by the late Mr. Gervard in Xafal 20 years ago.
Palo Santo, or Holy Wood.— In th.- •• Li.-in.i-t t'oi the \e.-n i s;rj <,n tin
S93, ]). -1], Mi. Consul Brid-rtt furnishes :i Table of Exports from
Hollv wood from th.- Argentine application was made through the
Foreign Office to H.M. Consulate, Buenos Ayres, for a sample of the
name Hull
in spelling
Uin* ,!.':
,u,t,m1 in
;;™°kerX^?;
' "s!!i!m ■.,'!,'
■!niv! ; "Mr."
Vi!-e-O.M
suV Mallet lor'vanl
edTspeeimen c
K"iiI!';,:T';!
eli "lia-l fm
, 18S9 ; l»u t
oeimen of' Hie plan
I'tmM h^ou
'
"'
; IT.!;, u,
^ n ?'X.*
SEES
chiefly in « Oh
Messrs. Ide and Christie to Mr. R. Derby.
72, Mark Lane, London, E.C.,
Tibet.— Pn.trss,r i\ S. Sar-ent. Director of the Arnold Aiborehi
irookline, Massaehus< ■!!-. li:i- nre-ented to KVw the plants collected a
ried by Mr. W. W. IJockhill, formerly Secretary of the United Stal
Central Tibet, Tl olleetioti oonH-ts of aboui .30 species,° some
hem probably nndescrihed. it will shortb be worked out and t
of about 300 dried
the Kew Bulletin
and the duplicates
South Africa.— Mr. Hat
his own collect inn. The same _iientliMiit.il has presented a copy of the
first part of Austro-Afri-
eanarum." It contain- ."A), with few* exceptions, coloured plates of
South African orchid.-. The (inure- are excellent and the analyses of
the flowers very complete.
From Mr. E*. E. Galpin, of Queen-town, Kew ha- received a parcel
of about 60 species of dried plants, inchidinn many of U reat interest.
K, h, I i, lsfi:?. p. l.", \ • _.| i i - - i . will
shortly appear in Ihnthi A Ivoius Planttirmu, t, 227^.
370
Pepper Cultivation. — Considerable difficulty appears to be ex-
perienced at the Wot Indies in tbe successful cultivation of pepper, for
which a market might readily be found in the I'nited States.
Mr. R. Deny, Assistant Superintendent. Garden and Forest Depart-
ment, Straits Settlements, now in this country on leave, has applied
the following account of the method of cultivation pursued in the
Tile method usually adopted with pepper in the Straits Settlements
is as follows : —
Fruiting vines are set aside as stock plants lor propagating. This is
done by layering, but only strong branched shoots are selected, and all
superfluous shoots are removed. It is necessary to be careful about
When rooted the young plant- arc- transplanted to prepared holes, and,
when the vine commences growing, post- are planted for -upport.
Po-t- are preferred from large trees of durable wood, split up. ahout
10 feet long and about 10 inches wide, varying from [, inch to 6 inches
in thickness. The vines are carefully tied and trained on the posts, all
superfluous shoots pruned until the plant reaches the top of the post.
When growing the plants are kept mulched with burnt earth, and
The fruits are picked ui,,,, ,-,,|. and kiln dried.
3rd November 1893.
battle- and Wattle- bark-/ . Waviu sulii,nn in South-west A.
Fore-t-. (ape Of Good HO
Strawberries in India. — According to .Mr. M. A. Lawson, Govem-
,11,,,,, lhndr Mulaknff
record the identification of the native nanus with the spe<
determined at KeW.
The following are the principal plants referred to : —
Anoint st "itctjali ■it-sis. Pets. Called " - Diorgud " by the natives
leaf heated and soaked in water, is used in diarrhoea and for ,
pains in the stomach. The petals of the flowers arc used on the
for flavouring country dishes.
decoction of the roots is given to assist women in labour. Th
is well known in the Soudan for a yellow dye obtained from the
(.1 thi~ plant' ' d •• Dik" The -urn is di
and mixed with s'oot and used for ink. The fruit resembles a grei
the natives for sw . , u i.ii.J tin' ii " < 1 ■ . n , ."' ! rlii, n. a ,-.,, n grm '
" Guamgua." The root i- steeped in water, and the infusion i
promote the (low of urine (yellow fever).
(tint/intuiii, sp. This plant, called by the natives " Topp," h
been speeitieallv determined. The gum is used for the cure of tool
and a decoction of the root tins in the stomacl
Viticulture in Uruguay.— Mr.
ring the
u-en -1h>\vu in tnt' cultivation ot ■ issumed con-
■ tdeiable proportions in the districts of Salto, I*ay>andu, and in the
, ieinity of Monte Video. The country generally is well adapted for
he growth of the grape, but the wine manufactured aa yet is not of a
h ! g ! ! ^cn(V'l!Tki er s a d d - pri f c
[pally of the red description.
i-vciv'.M'uit is Vm.i- mad,' i
to improve the quality and ex
justly-divadJd SCOUI'ge Of flu-
vine. The spread of this pest a
a serious calamity for this eo
industry is assuming importar
lopment
Hitherto the phylloxera ha-
I been unknown in Uruguay, ar
doubtless been introduced by |
where the plague existed. ' '1
liese are now strictly prohibit'
■ imported irorn Lurone in -ith.-r shape,, with the hope
ng, if possible, tin tu ihei nn,; i plication of the blight
British Fungus- Flora.— Volumes II. and III. of this work («
ifra, p. 26) have been published bv Mr. (i. Mas«v. Principal Assist'ai
Cryptogams) in the Herbarium l.f the Roval Hardens, and inelu.l
i«- remainder ot the Ba<;<i l <,m,/nti, and the whole of the Hyphomy
Abraham's Oak, 226.
Acacia pycnantha, 370.
— saligna, 370.
Acidanthera a-quinoctiulis, J 15
Additions to Gardens, 21, ]
112, 145, 147, 186.
Herbarium, 66, 145, !
•2-24, 22.3. 343.
■— Li
, 22. 147.
Africa, Central, Coffer. I
361.
African dried plants, 343.
Agave decipiens, 207.
-—plants, poling in, 315.
— l-igiila, var. clomrata, 320.
mds, 152.
Aleurodes cocois, 44.
Aloe abyssiniea, var. laxillor
Aij)ine plant-.
America, dried plants 140.
American Ginseng, 71.
Anona senegalensis, 371.
Anthraenose in vines, 228.
Appointments, 20, 65, 66
144, 340, 360.
— , Sierra Leone, 169.
Barbacenia, 20.
Barbados Bulletin, 350.
— cane diseases, 149, 345.
Beefwood trees in West Africa, 25.
Belgium, Horticulture in, 162.
Bibiru, 117.
Bobo, 77.
Books, 22, 26, 69, 147, 227, 372.
Bornean dried plants, 224.
173.
— Station. Dominica, 148, 359.
, Gold Coast, 160.
— Stations, West African, 363.
Botanical • nterprise in 1796, 80.
— exploration of Sikkim- lYu.'i
frontier, 297.
Bowstring hemp in United Stat-.-.
Hm-ii
— Honduras, i
, Palm W
— North Borneo, G;
Gardens, i 17.
.urce" of, 320.
— in Grenada, 333.
Queensland, 331.
— — St. Vincent, 191. -300.
Arundofrom the Shin- Ili-hl;
341.
■ iisis. 341.
Asia Minor, bulbs from, 147.
ried plants, 140, 22 1.
Athi
. 22.
Canary rosewoods, 133.
Candelillo, 67.
Cape, fruit .growing at the, 8.
.s, 17, SO.
Cassia siel.eriana, 371.
Casuarina etpusetifolin, 25.
Caucasus, plant industries in, 223.
Celtis australis, 145.
Central Africa. CofhVdeaf dise;,^
Davies, Mr. II. J., 366. "
Dear, Mr. G., 111.
Decades lvewenses, 11, 155, 209
Dermatobotrys Saundersii, 367.
Development of the Boian
Station svsteni in West Afric
364.
Di-war, .Mr. D., 65.
.361
Ceyl
Clove cultivation in 1796, 80.
— industry of Zanzibar, 17.
Cochlospermum tinctoriuni, 37
Cocoa-nut in British Houdu
, husking, 132.
, pulping, 204.
— , nathc, in Sierra Leone, 167.
Coffee-leaf disease in Central
Africa (preventive measures).
361.
Cohune oil in British Honduras.
Colletotrichum falc;
Colonial Botanist
abolition of post,
Karly iii.-T.-ry •>[' Huifen/oii:
Botanic Gardens, 173.
Has! Indies. Coffee enterprise in.
123.
Economic plants of Sierra Leone,
167.
■'ctle, 44.
Entada scandens, 114.
Erythroxyla Coca, 359.
FaiMij.yruir.
Ferns of South Africa, 6
Lion, „|' Mount Kim Bal.i,
St. Vincent and a
islets, 231.
Food grains of India, 1.
111.
Grape rust, 68.
< iivenlicart, 117.
(Jivenland dried plants, 225.
Grenada Arrowroot, IVM).
— , Cacao-growing in. I'M',.
, photographs of, '12.',.
<i round nut i
327.
ll.m,
Iceland dried plants,
Ilex paraguensis, 367
Index Kewensis, .'! 12.
India, dried plants, 224
— , strawberries in, 371
Insect white wax. 84.
I mil- Mr. W., 65.
22.1.
': ird plants, 14<
' r, 338.
•Todrell Laboratory, 188.
ira.lramaut Valley, expedit
Hanbury medallion, 187.
— plant industries of, 180.
Leitnerin floridana, 225.
offee, 25.
_ —huskincr. 132.
— and Librai
Uippea-trun,
Holy wood, J
Lunt, Mr. W., M56.
>re,80.
.Mi,lM\;m dried plants, 145,369.
Manila iiloo fibre, 78.
Margaret Meen's " Exotic Plants
from the Royal Gardens, K~ew\"
Massee, Mr. G., 144.
Mauritius hemp, 321.
Medicines, Gambia native, 371.
Megasoma elephas, 44.
Melhania erythroxylon, 60.
Mexican dried plants, 224.
Miscellaneous note-. 20, 65, 111,
144, 186, 224, 340, 366.
Mount Kini Balu, flora of, 187.
Mulberries, production of spirits
from, 224.
Palms, Lagos, 183.
Pal«. Santo, 368.
Para rubber in (Vvlon, 159.
i Parasol ant, 50, 124.
; Pellicularia Koleroga, 67.
Pepino, 21.
Pepper cultivation, 370.
Persian dried plants, 145.
Permian colonisation, 350.
Photographs of tropical scenery,
i 225.
Phylloxera in Uruguay, 372.
Pimento in British Ilonduras,329.
Pine apple fibre. 368.
, Bahamas, 320.
rurks Island, 227.
t industries of Lagos,
— from the Shin Highlands, 112.
Plasmodinphoi-M. 22^.
Poling in Agave plants, 315.
Prieto fibre"' extracting machine,
329.
Principal Assistant (Cryptogams),
Prune cultivation in California.
175.
Pulping Liberian coffee, 204.
Oak of Mamre, 226.
Ocimum basilicum, 31
(Ecodoma cephalotes,
Palm weevil, American, 27.
, Asiatic, 29.
in British Honduras, 27.
des, 340.
Rhynchophorus cruentatus, 29.
us, 29.
Rood snot, 848.
Hoot disease of sugar-cane, 345.
Rosa spp., 22.
_; ami pressing in
Saxony, 229.
Roses, attar of, 22.
Rosewoods, Canary, 133.
Royal Scottish Arborieultural
Society, 340.
Rubber in Sierra Leone, 167.
— , Lagos, 183.
— , Para, in Ceylon, 159.
Tagasaste, 115.
Technical education in West
Africa, 364.
Tex! nook -•!' tropica
69.
Theo-metl, 80.
Tibet, dried plants, 369.
Timber trees, Lagos, 183.
Ton.|iiin Y-dzi, 76.
Tri.-h.ophajria, 149.
Tropical Africa, dried plants 1 Mi.
new Liliacese from, 148.
— agriculture, text book of, 69.
Turks Island,. Sisal in, 227.
j-growrng and
Sclerocarya sp.,
Scott, Mr. W,, ;
Scott,
>eleeted papers from the Kew
Bulletin, 227.
Senecio sagittifolius, 111.
Shantunu' cabbage, 344.
Shin' Highlands plants, 112,341.
Siam, pepper in, 230.
16?. ' ° ne ' eCOn ° miC P aDtS ° '
Kbet frontier, botanical
exploration of, 297.
Sisal hemp in Turks Island, 227.
in United States, 206.
, life of plants, 319.
Smyrna dried plants, 369.
Solatium gnatemalense, 21.
Credo Vial
Cn^uaV,\
Vine disease. 227. 228, 372.
Visitors to Royal Gardens, 67
Viticulture in Uruguay, 371.
Stapelias, 186.
Strawberries in India, 371.
Strophantus Kombe, 183.
Sugar-cane disease, 149, 31
Synopsis of the Musea\ 18'
ROYAL GARDENS, KEW.
BULLETIN
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION.
APPENDIX I.-1893.
1892. Th
of K.'\v.
HERBACEOUS PLANTS.
Adenophora liliifolia, Bess.,
Hungary, etc.
(A . suaveolens, Fiseh.)
Adlumia cirrhosa, Raf., Unit.
Adonis aestivalis, L., Eur.
JEthionema Buxbaumii, DC.
Thrace,
grsecnm, B.S., Greece,
saxatile, R.Br., S. Eur.
AiiT«>|>vnun dasyanthu
Siber.
junceum, Beau v., E
(T. junceuiu, L.)
pungens, R., S. Eur.
L.,1.,
, Godr.
Agrostis alba. L., Eur.
— var. stolonifera, (L.)
interrupta, L., S. Eur.
rubra, L., Norwav, Sweden.
vulgaris, With., Eur.
Ainsworthia cordata, Boias., Asi
ium angulosum, L., Siberia,
atropurpureum, W. et K.,
Hungary.
carina twin, L., Eur.
flavura, L., Eur.
gigantoum, RegeL, Siber.
globosum, Redoute., S. E.
urceolatum, Rgl., Turkest.
vernale, Tin., Eur.
Victorialis, L., Eur., Siber.,
etc.
Alopecurus agrestis, L., Eur.
geniculate, L., Eur.
nigricans, Hornem., Eur.
pratensis, L., Eur.
— var. fol. variegatis.
Alstrcemeria hremantha, R. et P.,
Althaea fieifolia, Cav., Dalm., etc.
rosea, Cav., Eur.
sulphurea, Boiss. et H.,
Alyssum argeuteum, Vital., Eur.
ealycinum, L., Eur.
Amamntu.- ctaidatus, L., Spain,
chlorostachys, Willd., India,
hypochondriacus, L., Amer.,
"etc.
— var. caudatus, (L.)
— var. speciosus, (Don.)
retroflexus, L., Amer., etc.
Amblyolepis (see Helenium).
Ainsinck'ui intermedia, F. and M.,
N. Amer.
Anacyelus radiatus, Loisl., Eur.
Anagallis arvensis, L., Eur., etc.
— var. coerulea, (Schreb.)
Androsaee nana, Horn, Eur.
A.nemone baldensis, L., Eur.
coronaria, L., S. Eur., etc.
decapetala, L., N. Amer.
pratensis, Mill., Eur.
— var. montana, Hoppe.
Angelica dahurica, Beuth. <'t
Hook., Japan.
Anoda Wrightii, Gray, Mexico.
Antenuaria dioica, Gasrtn., Eur.,
Etna.
U. .!ii-ir'i'i, B. etR., Spain.
K ifaihflii. Spr.. Hungrm,
Hookeri, Colenso, N
Ml.
go, L., S. Eur., N. Afr.
Arenaria hirta, Worm-k.. Eur.
fasciculate, Gouan, Eur. (AI
sine .Jacquinii. Koch. )
graniinifolia, Schrad., S.Eur
— var. multiflora.
t{vpM);ihil(iiiles, Schreb.,
Orient,
laricifolia, L., Eur.
Argemone hispida, Hook., Calif,
mexicana, L., Mexico.
Ai'intiia inaritima, Willu., Eur.
tirrhiuuiii Asarina, L.. Italv.
Orontium, L., Eur.
rupestre, Boiss. et Reut.,
Eur.
Artemisia annua. L., S. E. Eur.
rupestris, L., Eur. Siber.
Arum italicum, Mill., Eur.
Asparagus officinalis, 1... Eur.
hortensis, L., N. Asia.
— var. rubra, Hort.
sibirica, L., Siberia ( Obio
Boykinia major, Gray, N.
Brachycomo iberidit'olia,
Brachy podium distacln uin
S., Medit.
campestris, L., Eur..
.Vtropa I;, Uadonna, L., Eur.
Aubr'h'tia deltoide.-i, DC, S.
Harbarra intermedia, Bor., Eur.
praecox, Br., Eur.
vulgaris, R. Br., Eur.
- var. variegata.
Beckmannia eruca?formis, Ho
Eur., etc.
Beta trigyna, W. et K., E. Eur.
vulgaris, L., Eur., Air., etc.
Bidens hnmitis, H. B. K., Chili.
mollis, L.. Em
•, Mr
patulus. Mert.
. Km
propeiid« ; ns, J<
srerilis. L., Eu
Taona. St.-ud.,
Chil
ens, L., Eur.
I'iana, Hook, N. Am
ispus, L . Enr.
alliopsis (see Coreopsis)
Calocltortus splorulens, Dougl,
Caltha palustris, L, Eur., etc.
Cauiclina saliva, Crantz, Iuir., i
Campanula illiaruafolia, Wil
latitblin, L, Eur., etc.
- v:u-. macrantha, (Fiscb.)
— var. versicolor,(Sib. ct Sm.)
latiloba. DC, Olympus.
CeLia oriental!*, L, Orient, et<
Centaurea Cya.ms. L., Kur.
persiritblia, L, Eur., etc.
primuWfolia, [{rot, Portugal.
moX^ttZ^tu,
rapuTieul<>i<les, L, Eur.
renteriana, R & H, < )i i
rh..inb<.H:ilis, L.. Eur.
tlm-.i'i.-'.'l... Kur.
Tracbelium, L.. Eur.
— var. alba.'
— var. olivieriana, (DC.)
soncbifolia, L, Medit.
Cephalaria alpina, Schrad., Eur.
tatarica. Schrad., Siberia.
Cernstium frigidum. Bbrst.,Caucas.
Ceratocephalus (see Ranunculus).
Ceratochloa unioloides, DC, S.
Eur. (Bromus unioloides,
H.B.K.)
Cerinthe alpina, Kit., Eur.
aspera, Bth., Eur.
soger n
Chrysanthemum — cont.
Parthenium, Pers., Eur.
L., Eur.
3, Duf., Eur.
Tchihatcheffii (Pyrethrum,
Kegel.), Siber.
viscosum, Desf., Spain.
Cicer arietinurn, L.. Eur.
Cichorium Intybus, L., Eur.
Charieis heterophylla, Cass, Cape.
Cheiranthus Cheiri, L., Eur.
Chelidonium majus, L., Eur.
gana, Lindl., Calif.
pulcbella, Pursh., X. Araer.
— var. alba.
Clay tenia perfoliata, Don., N.
Chelone Lyoni, Pursh, '.
Chenopodium r
, L., Eur.
capitatum, S. Wats., Eur.
f.rtidum, Schrad.. Eur.
graveolens, WilkL Mexico.
opulifoliuui, Schrad., Em*.
Quinoa, L., S. Amer., etc.
virgatum, Benth. et Hook.,
S. Eur. (Blitum virgatum,
L.)
Chorispora tenella, DC, Cauc, etc.
mum carinatum,
Schousb., N. Afr.
feather.
i, Vis., Dal-
Leucantbemum, L.,
L„ S. Eur.
ochroleuca, Ait., N. Amer.
recta, L., Eur., etc.
Cleome speciosa, II B .
violacea, L., Eur.
Cnicus'altissimus, Willd., N". Amer.
syriacus, Willd., Medit,
Ettiica, I... X. Eur.
glastifolia, L., S. Eur.
officinalis, L., Eur.
Codonopsis ovata, Benth., Himal.
Colchicum sp©eM>snm,Stev., Cauc
Collinsia bartsia-folia, Benth., Calif
bicolor, Benth., Calif.
grandiflora, Dough, N. Amer.
parviflora, Dough, N. Amer.
Collomia eoccinca, Lehm., Chili,
gilinides Benth., Calif.
grandiflora, Dough, Calif
macrophyllum, \Y. et K., Bur.
(Pyrethrum macrophyllum,
Conringia pe
Convolvulus tricolor. L., Medit.
Crueianella a-^yptiaea. L.. Egvpt.
— var. alba.
j Cryptostemma ealendulaeeum.
undulatus, Cav., Medit.
R.Br., Cape.
Coreopsis atkinsoniana, Dougl.,
Cuminum Cyminum, L. Egypt.
coronate, Hook., E. Texas.
Cuphea lanceolata, Ait.. Mexico.
Douglasii. I!, ot 11.. Calif.
(Leptosync Douglasii, DC.)
Drummonui. T. >V G.. Texas.
grandirlora, Xutt., X. Amer.
ffort.) ' ' J " nai,tln1 '
m (LeptosViieTiiVntima!Grav.)
Cynoglossum officinale, L. 5 Eur.
— var. villosa. .Miehx.
i Cynosurus cristatus, L, Eur.
elegana, Deaf, S. Eur.
— var. bicolor. &
Cysticapnos africanus, Grertn..
Coriandrum sativum, L., Eur., etc.
Capo.
Corispermum hyssopifolium, L.,
Dactylis glomerate, L., Eur., etc.
S. Eur.
Cortusa Matthioli, L., Eur.
Dahlia coccinea, Cav.. Mexico.
Corydalis u'huca. Pur.-h., United
vaXbiHs." i)esf. Mexieo!'"
States.
Datura fa^tuosa T S Vmer
borridgeaonm, Hort.
Levis'. L. fil.,' Africa.
Cotula coronopifolia, L., Eur.
Crepifl biennis L . Eur.
TatulaVl", Eur* etc'
Imaticus. Vis.. Dal
var. albiflorus, Gay.
Desehaotpsia caxtpitoaa, Beauv., Dracocephalum Moldavioa, L.,
Eur. (Aira ea?spitosa, L.) Siber., etc.
— var. vivipara. nutans, L., Siberia.
fiexuosa, Trin., Eur. (Aira parriflorum, Nutt., X. Amer.
Bexnoaa, L.i peregrinuni, L, Siberia.
I)iiintliu< arcnai-ius, 1.., Eur. j i) ryas octopetala, L., Eur., Amer.
Echinops globifer. Janka. Tran^
bvllus, I... Eur.
>abnl..t.»nun, IleufH.
sph*roc(
; El.boltzia cri
■phal.o.
L., Eur.
iild., S. Eur.
'•us. Sim-.. Caucas.
sioiSi
"'iV. s:i»
[US, (iray.
StSIh,
Amer.
...sir-. -I
., S. Eur.
acq., Eur.
— var. alba, Hort.
Diiuorpli.'theca aimua. Less.. Capo.
(Calendula pluvialis, L.)
Dins.oiva pvrmiaica. Bui), et Borcl.,
]
Diplot«
Eremurus Kaufmanni, Kgl., Turk-
Ervum Lens, L., Enr.,
Wahlenbergii, Simonk,
Transs.
Esckscholtzia californica, Cham.,
Calif.
— caespitosa, P.ivwer.
(E. tenuifolia, Btb.)
Eucbaridium concinnum, F. et
Calif.
Eupatorium ageratoides, L.,
Amer. (E. Fraseri, Hoi
Euphorb
\sia Mil
, DC, Ku
liana
delphi
s, Gren.
— Y.Mr
Mogg
, (Boiss. e
M-ira
ris, L..
Bill
nitlii'i!
ca. Wi
v.*tr.
Orient.
aria <1(
jsinon.
liud..
,;;
(ifmedia
— !-» ! t C i
Galatella (*ee Aster).
Galax aphylla, L., X.
Galega officinalis, L.,
( J;ii.c}>-i- |»\ iv.iaica. llartl., Pyivu.
Galinsoga br:u-h : . -i.-^'nai a. R,g.-i .
Preslii, (Ju'ss.i Eur.
nrri^orTVav \mer
Pedia Cornucopias, G., Eur.
Galium boreale, L., Enr.
Ferula communis, L., Eur.
recurvum, Rf>\., < J recce
saccharatum, All., Eur.
Festuca ampin. Hark., Eur.
tricorrie, With.. Kur.
delicaiula, Lag., Eur.
uliginosum, L., Eur.
duriuseuln, L., Eur., Amer.
verum, L.. Eur.
— var. pratensis', (Huds.
Gaura parviflora. Dough, N.
Gentiana acaulis, L., Kur.
gi«rantea, Vill., Eur.
asciepiadea, L., S. Eur.
Halleri, All., S. Eur.
Mvunfs,'" L.' Eur. \v
Mvurus, Gmel.)
ovina, L., Eur.
dpi.
Pneunumanthe, L., Em
septemfida. Pail., Cauca
unciciana, Hack.
igida, Kiinth, Eur. (Scle-
rochloa rigida, Panzer.)
ciuroidcs. Roth, Eur. (Vulpia
bromoides, Link, F.
Kern., Pyren.
Geranium — cont.
dissectmn, L., Eur.
gymnocaulon, DC, Caucas.
— var. miniatum, Hort.
macrophs limn. Willi!., Siber.
molle, Vis., Servia.
montanum, L., Alps, Eur.
pyrenaioum, Ram., Pyrenees.
riyale, L., Eur.
urbanum, L., Eur.j 'etc. '
Gilia achilleaefolia, Btb., Calif,
androsaeea, Steud., Calif.
( Leptosiphon androsaceus,
eapitara. Dougl., Calif.
ineouspieua, Doutrl.. ( 'alif.
laciniata, R. ci L\. ( l.ili, Peru.
■
Schrad.
Cape.
Hedypnois (see Rhagadiolus).
Hedysarum boreale, Nutt.,N.Am
microcalyx, Baker, Himal.
neglectum, Ledeb., Attai.
obscurum, L., Eur.
Helenium setigerum, B. et E
California.
Mill.,
Eur.
, Gaertn., Eur.
innuus, L., N. Amen
Wiild.,
Gunnerascabra,R.e
Gypsophila paniculal
i Heliophila amplexicaulis, L. fil.,
Cape.
araboides, Suns, Cape.
(H. pilosa, Lam.)
crithmifolia, Willd., Cape.
Helipterum Manglesii, Btb.,
(Rhodanthe Manglesii, Ldl.)
Milleri, Hort., Australia,
roseum, Bentb., Australia.
(Acroclininm roseum, Hk.)
Helleboru< colcliicus, Kegel.,
Hort. x.
foetidus, L., Eur.
orientalis, Lam., Greece.
i echioides, G., Eur.
I Helonias bullata, L., N. Amer.
— var. latifolia.
Hetnerocallis flava, L.. S. Kur.
fulva, L.. S. Kur.. etc.
— var. Kwanso. Kegel.
Hibiscus Trionum, L., Cosmopol
(H. africanum, Hort.)
Hieracium aurantiacum, L., Eur.
longifolium, Sflik-ieh., Eur.
pallidum, Biv., Eur.
pratense, Tausch., Eur.
saxatiie. ,Tac< } ., S.Eur.
stoloniflorum.W.ct lv., S.Eur.
villosum, L., Eur.
virgatum, Pursh., N. Amer.
Holcus lanatus, Li, Eur.
Hordeum murinum, L., Eur.
pratense, Huds., Eur.
secalinum, Schreb., Eur.
Horminum pyrenaicum, L., Pyren.
Hoteia (see Astilbe).
Ilyaeintlms amethystmus, L.,
Spain.
romanus, L., S. Eur., etc.
(Belle valia romana,Reichb.)
Hydrophyllurn virginicum, L., N.
compressus, Jacq., Eur
effusus. L.. Eur.
lamprocarpus. Khrh., ¥.
platycaulis, H.B.K., S. .
Knautia (see Scabiosa).
. Sdu
L B., Syrii
. albus, Hort.
xlis, Bbrst., Cauc.
procumbens, L., S. Eui
i porfoliatum. L.. Eur.
•i. Vill., Eur.
i la. Lnl.'l!!.' .'
L.. Eur.
Hypochasris
Afr.
Iberis aman
parvifiora, DC, Si
Roylei, Walp., Himal.
tricornis, Wall., Himal.
Inula ensifolia, L., Eur.
grandiflora,Willd.,Caucas.,el
Helenium, L, Eur.
aureus. Berth. «t Hook
(Orobus aureus, Ste
(0. Jordani, Tenore
nliformis, Lam., S. Ei
birsutus,L.. Eur.
, Taur
)
— var. ensifolius. Bad
luteus. B. et Hk. f.. E
(Orobus luteus, L.)
macrorrhizus, Wimm.,
niger, Wimm., Eur.
(0. niger, L.)
Ochrus, L., Eur.
pannonicus, Grcke.,var
Eur.
s, L.. N. Afr.
s, L, Eur.
Mukl, N. Amer.
estris, L., Medit.
spartea, Hoffm., S. I
triphylla, Wilid.. S.
tristis, Mill., S. Km:
vulgaris, Mill., Eur.
Liinkilopliia speetabilis
lba.
Linum alpimiin. L.. E
; i ; irlossa, Crav, Calif,
ekgans, T. et (I..' Calif.
glandulosa, IJk. et Am.,
Calif, etc.
Leontodon (Hemilepis) Ehren-
bergii.
Leontodon (K.-dbiussiu Mullen,
(Sz.),Eur.
Leonurus tataricus, L., Asia.
.
Draba, L, Eur.
Menziesii, DC, X. Amer.
L.. Ku
Lolium perenne, L.,Eur.
(Athana
igt^t^^icnKum,
scoticum, L., Eur. (Halo;
Seguieri, Koch, S. Eur.
Lininanthes Douglasii, R.
, W. et K, E«
>inus angustifolius, L, S. Eur.
— var. macrocarpus, Hort.
Coseutiui. Cuss, Greece, etc.
Cruikshanksii, Hook.. Peru,
elegans, H. B. k\. Mexico.
pulcludtus Sweet, Mexico,
pubt'^ccn-.. Benth, N. Amer.
recurvaius Mover., Chili.
tricolor, Hort.
varius, L., Eur.
I I
campestris, DC, Eur.
nivea, Desv., Eur.
Lychnis alba, Mill., Eur.
chalcedonica, L., E. Eur., etc.
Flos-jovis, Desv., S. Eur.
Githago, Lam., Eur. (Agros-
temma Githago, L.)
hybrida splendens, Hort. x.
leasee, Xym., Eur.
I.\ Mii.iichiii acrnjulenia. Max.. Ja-
orbicularis, Wilid., £
sativa, L., Eur.
tuberculata, W., Eu;
! =-jf .
Malofw trilida. Cav., X.
— var. alba.
Malva crisp*, L.
Malvastrum limense (L.), Chili.
itus alba, Desr., Eur.
fficinalis, Desr., Eur.
arviflora, Lam., Eur.
(M. indica, All.)
Willd.)
inodora, L., Eur.
— var. discoidea (DC).
Matthiola bicornis, DC, Eur.
rga,-i. 11,
eichii, Boiss., Gr
Algeq
sznvitsianum, Kegel. Sil
Myosotis arvensis, Hoffm., Eur.
(Enothera — cont.
c;t-spitosa, K. F. Sch., Eur.
odorata, Jaeq., Patagonia.
collina, Hoffin., Eur.
pumila, L., N. Amer.
sylvatica, HoiTra., Eur.
Myosurus minimus, L., Eur., etc.
tenella, Cav., Chili, Amer.
(G. tenella, Wats.)
lorata, Scop., Eur.
triloba, Nutt., N. Amer.
Xardurus tenellus, Echb., Spain.
Omphalodes linifolia, Moench,
Nardtis stricta, L., Eur.
Eur.
•
Ononis arvensis, Mur., Ear.
pubescens, Benth., Cape.
Natrix, L., S. Eur.
rotundifolia, L., Eur.
Nemophila aurita, Lindl., Calif.
spinosa, L., Eur., etc.
insignis. Douirl., Calif.
_ var. alba, Hort.
repens, L., Eur.
(procurrens, Wallr.)
— var. grandiflora, Hort.
Onopordon Acanthium, L., Eur.
Menziesii, Hook, et Am.,
tauricum, Willd., Eur.
Calif.
Orchis foliosa, Sol., Madeira.
parviflora, DougL, N. Amer.
incarnata, L., Eur.
Xcogaya mucronata, Kegel., Siber.
latifolia, L., Eur.
raaculata, L., Eur.
1 nuda, L., Eur.'"
— var. Puperba.
Xieandra physalonles, Gaertn.,
J Ormenis {see Anthemis).
Peru.
< tnrrh,.- duml tiii liuu . L., Egypt,
Nicotians Langsdorffii, Weinm.,
Brazil.
paniculata, L., S. Amer.
orthophyllum. Ten., Italy.
T;ibaeum, L., S. Amer.
umbellatum, L., Eur., etc.
trigonophylla. Dun.. .Mexico.
Niirella danmscena, L.. S. Eur.
Orobanche minor, Sin., Eur.
— var.
Nyeterinia eapensis, Benth., S.
Oxyria elatior, R. Br., Nepal.
Oxytropis campestris, DC, Eur.
'^llnu'^L. >' Eur.'
ochroleuca, Bunge, Siber.
Pachy podium erysimoides. Web.,
= Eur.
X. Amer.
karsthia, Hacq., Carniol.
peocedanifolia, Poll.. Eur.
1 ' (oli '- 1 " ' l! • !l1 '' lv - ()nent -
CEnothera amnena, L-hm., Calif.
Si piSlo^'
denaiflora, LindL, CW.
| Paaicum Cros-galli, L, S. Eur.
dentata, Cav., ^s. Amer.
Papaver apulum, Ten., Eur.
frutieosa, L., N. Amer.
Argemone, L., Eur.
— var. Youngii, Hort.
glauea, Michx., N. Amer.
dubium, L., Eur.
orientale, L., Orient.
— var. bracteatum, (Lindl.)
pavoninum, 0. A. Mey.
pilosum, Sibtli., Greece.
Phaseolus multifloi
— var. f
Danebrog.
1. pi.
Parietaria lu
officinal
sitanica, L.,
s, L., Eur.
Parnassia pa
ustris, L., I
Pastinaca (H
e Peucedan
Pentsteraon
barbattts,
. Hook., Calif
Physaii> Alkekengii, L., Eu:
L'laber, I'ursh, N. Amer.
Hurtwcirii. Ecnth.. Mo\i(\>.
ovatus, I)ougl.,Is'.Amer.
pubescens, Sol., N. Amer.
Phytolacca
Picridium
Petroselinum sativum, Hoffm., Eur.
Petunia nyctaginiflora, Juss., La
Plata.
Peucedanum OMruthinm. K., Eur.
sativum, Renth., Eur. (Pas-
Pha<-a oroboides, DC, Eur.
divaricata, Gray., Calif.
Parryi, Torr., Calif,
tanacetifolia, Bth., Calif,
viscida, Torr, Calif.
ngitanum, Dsf, Eur.
:ioides, L, Eur.
Pi-um sativum, L, Eur.
Plantago arenaria, L., Ei
Coroner
Cynops, L, Eur.
laiicrolata. L., Eur.
chiDensis, L., Chin
compres«a, L., Eur
glanca, Sm.. Kur.
nemoralis, L., Eur.
pahntrig, L., Kur.
pratensis, L., Eur.
sndeticn, ELaenke, J
violacea, Hell.. En
recta, L. Eur.. Cmcm
. llimalavsis.
ual.
dim., Saclial
Rhagadiolua stellatus, Ga?rtn.,
Emodi, Wall., Himal.
macropterum, Mart,
officinale, Bail]., Thibet,
palmatum, L., Ind., etc.
— var. tanghuticum.
Rhaponticum, L., Siber.
rngosam, Dosf., Tnd. Or.
Tranzenbaehii. iloil . Berlin.
webbianum, Boyle., India.
Rbodanthe (see Helipterum).
Uic'i.'inlsnnia seabra, D., Anier.,
Rudbeckia amplexicaule, Vahl., N.
bicolor, Nutt., N. Amer.
Rumex alpinus, L., Eur.
Brownii, Campd., Austral.
nepalensis, Spr., Himal.
obtusifolius, L., Eur.
— var. sylvestris, (Wallr.)
Patientia, L., S. Eur.
pulehcr, L., Eur.
purpiuvus, Poir., Eur.
salicifolius, Weinm., N. Amer.
v,.,icai'ius, L., N. Afr.
Sagina glabra, Willd., S. Eur.
Linnau, Prcsl., Eur.
Salpiglossis grandiflora, Hort.
Salvia a^thiopis, L., S. Eur.
argentea, L., Medit.
clandestina, L., Eur.
[fMl-:::
a, L.,
mm, L., Eur.
bracteis violaceis.
:)ta, Schousb., Marocco.
D., S.Eur.
pratensis, L., Eur.
— var. Baumgarteni, Grab.,
Transs.
Saxifraga altissima, Kerner, Eur.
aphylla, Stemb., Eur.
— var. leptophylla.
Aizoon, L., Eur., Alps.
— var. pectinata, Scbott.
— var. pygmsea.
— ™- »***»> (Lap.)
— var. rosularis, Scbleich.
caespitosa, L., Eur., etc.
— var. hirta, (Don.)
— var. sedoides, (L.)
Cotyledon, L., Eur., Alps.
— var. pyramidalis, (Lap.)
erustata. Vest., Alps.
Hostii, Tauscb, Alps.
— var. macnabiana, Hort.
kolenatiana, Regel, Siberia.
lactea, Turcz., Temp. Asia.
lingulata. Bell., Mark. Alps.
— var. cochlears, (Kehb.)
,(!}...
longifolia, Lap.,
muscoides, Wulf., Eur.
— var. pygnuea, (Haw.)
Prostii, Sternb., Eur.
rocheliana, Sternb., Bosnia.
— var. coriophylla, (Griseb.)
rotundifolia, L., Eur.
teuella", Wulf.,' Alps,
trif'urcata, Sclirad., N. Spain,
valdensis, DC, Savoy, Alps.
Scabiosa arvensis, L., Eur.
caucasica, Bbrst., Cauc.
— var. amoena, ( Jacq.)
Columbaria, L., Eur.
graminifolia, L., Eur.
gramontia, L., Eur.
micrantha, Dsf., Maced.
palsestina, L., Syria, etc.
portas, Huter., Eur.
stellata, L., Eur.
vestina, Facch., Eur.
Iant», Eeut., Orient.
brachycarpi, Gusa., Sicily.
niacroryncha, C. A. Mey.,Eur.
Pecten -Veneris, L., Eur.
Schizanthns pinnatus, R. et P.,
Chili.
Schizopetalum Walkeri, Sims,
Chili.
.
chinensis, Benth., China.
lingulata, Poir., Eur.
nonscripta, lloffm., Eur.
Scirpus setaceus, L., Eur.
Schismus marginatus, Beauv., S.
Scleranthus perennis, L., Eur.
ria aquatica, L., Eur.
Ehrhartii, Stev., Caucas.
nodosa, L., Eur.
Scutellaria alti^sima. L., Caucas.
Seeale Cereale, L., Asia Minor.
middendorfianum, Max., Si-
Rhodioia, DC, Siber.
(Rhodiola sibirica, Sweet.)
stellatura, L., Eur.
Selinum Candollei, DC, Nepal.
Sempervivura boutign-;
Pyrenees,
mettenianum, Lehra., Switz.
montanum, L., Alps.
Senecio artemisisefolius, Pers., S.
tronata, L., Siberia.
— var. macrophylla.
Gmelinii, Ledeb., Caucas.
quinquefolia, Bbrst., Caucas.
Seseli gummiferum, Sm., Greece.
Setaria glauca, Beauv., Eur.
italica, Beauv., Eur.
(S. germanica, Beauv.)
macrochaeta, Link, Eur.,
viridis,' Beauv.
Sherardia arvensis, L., Eur.
Sibbaldia (see Potentilla).
Sicyos Baderoa, Hk. et Arn., Chili.
Sidalcea Candida, Gray., N". Amer.
Silene alpestris, Jacq., Alps.
Armeria, L., Eur.
— var. compacts, (Hornem.)
chloraefolia, Sm., var. swerli-
folia, Armenia.
Chouleti, Coss., Eur.
ciliata, Pourr., Crete,
clandestiua, Jacq., Cape,
colorata, Poir., Mediter.
conoidea, L., Levant, etc.
cretica, L., Eur.
Cucubalus, Wibel., Eur.
diurniflora, Kunze, Cape.
echinata, Otth., Italy.
fimbriata, Sims., Crete, etc.
Fortunei, Vis., China,
fusca, Link, Portugal,
gallica, L., Eur.
glauca, Pourr., Eur.
gracilis, DC
italica, Pers., Eur.
juvenalis, Del., Egypt,
linicola, Grinel., Germany,
longicilia, Otth., Portugal,
nutans, L., Eui'.
obtusifolia, Willd., Italy,
paradoxa, L., S. Eur.
pendula, L., Sicily, etc.
Persoonii, Tod. non Schott.
pseudo-atocion, Desf., N. Afr.
rubella, L., Eur., N. Afr.
Sartori, Boiss., Greece.
Saxifraga, L., Eur.
sedoides, Jacq., Crete,
tatarica, Per.., Tatar.
tenuifolia, Otth., Dahur.
vesiculifera, Gay, S. Eur.
Silene — cont.
Stipa peunata. L., Eur. Siber.
vespertina, Ret/., S. En:
Zawadskii, Herbich., Ai
Lria.
Swrrtia perennis. L., Eur. Cauc.
>ilphium ?eaberrimum. Ell.
, N.
Tagetes lucida, Cav., Mexico.
tritoliatum, L., N. Amei
Dur.,
patula, L., Mexico.
Eur.
pusilla, H.B., Quito.
marianum, Gaertn., Eur.
Tamus communis, L., Eur.
Sisymbrium assoamini, L« - <■.
mytiophyllu.n. II. 15.
. Eur.
K..
Eur.
Quito.
officinale. Scop., S. Eur.
gymnanthum, DC, Eur.
: Telephium Imperati, I,, Eur.
SlISn'm^L^Eur:
Telliina graiulirlora. R.Br., N.
Te.ragonia ' oxpansa, Murr.,
Smyrnium Oiusutrum, L., Eu
Austral.
Solanum Dulcamara, L., Eur
Air.,
Tetragon olobus purpurea,
Moench, S. Eur.
Teucrium hyroanicum, L., Cauc.
Scorodbnia. L.. Eur.
Solidago canadensis, L.. N. A
met.
— var. variegatum.
Thalictrum angustifolium, Jacq.,
Sonehus asper, Hoffm., Eur.
oleraceus, L., Eur.
— var. (T. nigricans, DC),
palustris, L., Eur.
Eur.
Speculariafalcata.A.DC.M,
diter.
-Sii E,,r ' ,e,c '
^iit-t^uih f, '\''nr < :, 'S
j t
flavuml L.. Kur!""'
perfoliate. DC, N. Amei
— var. sphajrocarpuin, Lej.
glaucum, Desf., S. Eur.
Spergula arvensis, L., Eur.
Sphenogyne {xre Ursiuia).
3-S«)
astilboides, Hort.
palmata, Thuul... Japan.
Ulmaria, T,. Eur.
-var'."kmm,Regel.
Stachys alpiua, L.. Eur.
Siber.
granditiora, Btli., Caucas
( Betoni-
L e )
montana, Nutt,, N. Amer.
(fabacea, DC)
spinulosa, Sib. et Sm., Gi
Thlaspi alliaceum, L., Eur.
sylvatica, L., Eur.
alpestre, L., Eur.
" I. .a nimn. l'.. Kur.
praecox, Wulf., Austria.
— var. Smithii, Hort. _
Thriucia hirta. DC, Eur.
Suworowii. Kegel., Turk*
tomentella, Botss., Eur.,
T'
Thymus eomosus. I Luff., Transs.
(S. sareptana. Keek.)
Tofieldin calyculata, Whlnb., Eur.
Tovan'a rneemosa, Neck., N. Amer.
stellate, Neck., X. Amer.
Tournefoitiaheliotropioides,Hook.,
iVaclivinrnr euTiilea, Graham,
Austral.
piiosa, Sm., Austral.
Tcadfscantia erecta, Jacq., Mexico.
virginica, L., N. Amer.
Tragopogon (Geropogon glabrum,
L.), S. Eur.
uiajtis. Jacq., Eur.
orientale, L., Eur., etc.
Trifolium agrarium, L., Eur.
diffusum, Ehrh., Eur.
gemellum, Pourr., Eur.
Lagrangei, Boiss., Orient,
leucanthum,Bbrst,,Tauria,etc.
minus, Sm., Eur.
multi&triatum, Koch, Eur.
pannonicum, L., Eur., etc.
Perreymondi, Gren., France.
ovalis, Boiss., Spain.
polycerata, L., Eur.
(T. orthoceras, Kar. & Kir.,
Altai.)
Trillium grandiflorum, Salisb., N.
Trinin liot'manui, Bhrst,, Eur., etc.
Tripteris cheiranthifolia, Schultz.,
chinense, Trin., N. China,
desertorum, Pisch., Russia.
durum, Desf., S. Eur., N. Afr.
>vatum, G. et G., Eui
ipelte, L.
rdlosum, Beauv., 8. I
Tritonia crocosmaeflora, Garden
Hybrid.
Pottsii, Benth., Cape.
Trollius asiaticus, L., Siber.
T. canariense, Hort.)
majus, L., Peru,
minus, L., Peru,
tuberosum, R. et P., Peru,
nca illyrica, Boiss., Eur.
Eor o e ia P
Urospermum Dalechampii, Desf.,
Eur.
picroides, Desf., S. Eur.
Ursinia pulchra, N. E. Brown,
Cape. (Sphenogyne spe-
ciosa, Know, et West.)
— var. sulphurea, Hort., Kew.
L'rtica dioica, L., Eur.
. L., Eur.
officinalis, L., Eur.
— var. sambueii'olia, (Mikan
Phu, L., S. Eur.
Valerianella Auricula, DC, Eur.
eriocarpa, Desv., Eur.
olitoria, Moench, Eur.
Venidium fugax, Harv., Cape.
Veratrum album, L., Eur.
nigrum, L., Eur.
viride, Ait., N. Amer.
Verbascum Blattaria, L., Eur.
phumiceum, L., Eur. Siber.
pyramidatum, Bbrst., Caucai
speciosum, Sehrad., Eur.
i, Med., N.
Amer.
bonariensis, L., S. Amer.
onica agrestis, L., Eur.
incana, L., S. Eur., etc.
longifolia, L., C. et S. Eur.
Lyallii, Hk. f., N.
saxatilis, L., Eur.
serpyllifolia, L., El
urn, L., Eur.
. latifolia, (L.)
ca, L., N. Amer.
. japonica, (Steud '
Vicia— emit.
unijuga, A. Braun.. Siberia
(Orobus lathyroides, L.)
villosa, Roth., S. Eur.
Vincetoxicum ftwatum, ilch. i..
until. L„ Eur.
Vicia amph icarp:!. I).»rth„ Franco.
atropurpurea, Desf., Eur.
calcarata, Desf., Algiers,
cassubica, L., S. Eur.
Cracca, L., Eur.
disperma, DC, France.
Ervilia, Willd., S. Eur.
Faba, L., cultivated.
— var. equina, (Pers.)
fulgens, Hort.
macrocarpa, Bert., Eur.
narbonensis, L., S. Eur.
pyrenaiea, Pourr., Pyren.
etc. (X. orientale, L.)
strumarium, L., Eur.
Xanthocephalum gymnospermoi
des, B. et Hk. f., Arizona.
ititlora, L., Mexico.
Ziziphora capitata, L., Taur., etc.
Zollikoferia elqninensis, Phil.,
Zygadenus elegans, Pursh., N.
TREES AND SHRUB:
. 1
Acer — cent.
platanoides, L., Eur.
cJrcinatum, Pnrsh., jS.W.
Lobelii, Ten., S. Eur.
macrophyllum, Pursh., N.W.
neapolitanuin, Ten., Eur.
obtusatum, Kit., Eur.
pennsylvanieum, L., United
States.
Pseudo - Platanus, L., Eur.
Hort. av °- mar S matum '
— var. fol. variegatum, Hort.
— var. lutescens, Hort.
< cordit'olia, Ten., Italy,
dutinosa, Gaertn.
— var. rubronervia. Mure.
— var. sorbif'olia, Hort.
ncana, Will, X. Heinisphei
, Dene, Orient,
rubra, Bong, X.W. Am.
-MTtil.'ita. Willd., N. Am.
— var. iatifolia, Hort.
Aralia edulis, S. et Z,
vera, Hort.
beria aristata, DC, Himal.
l.uxitblia, Lamk, Chili,
concinna. H«.uk. f, Himalaya.
Darwinii. I look, f. Chili.
Lveium, I! >\ ic. llimaliiva
sinensis. De'sf, China.
la, Iiort.
Tlmnbcrgii, DC, Japan,
virescens, Hook, f, Hima-
vulgaris, L, Eur, etc.
— var. dulcis, Hort.
— var. emarginata, Hort.
— var. iberica, (Stev.)
— var. purpurea, Hort.
— var. sanguinolenta, Hort.
— var. spathulatjt, ( Sclira.L)
— Tar. violacea, Hort.
wallichiana, DC, Himal.
Caranana arborescens, Lamb,
frutescens, DC, Siberia.
— var. pendula, Hort.
pjgmsea, DC, Siberia.
— var. au ran tinea.
Redowskii, DC, Siberia.
: ; ruins, L., Eur, etc.
Catalpa speciosa, Ward, X. Amer.
Celastms scandens, L, X. Amer.
Celtis occidentalis, L., N. Amer.
Cephalostachyum capitatum.
Munro, Sikkim.
Cerasus lusitanica, Lobel, Por-
tugal.
Chamsecyparis (Cupressus).
Lawsoniana, Pari, Calif,
obtusa, S. et Z, Japan.
(Ketinospora obtusa.)
■
! Cladrastis amuren&is, Eeuth. et
Hook, Amur.
Clematis erccta, L, Europe, etc.
borescena, L, Eur.
-var. omenta, (Ait.)
— var. haleppica, (Lamk.)
j Cornus alba, L, X. Amer.
pubescens,
- r, x.
I... Eur.
Betula alba, L, X.
populi
■ lia.
Ait.
U. S. A
imltiieia japoii
«, H
msl, J «
Jiota orien
ftlil
End.
Orient.
=i
<n-;
rn.e'li... Hon
uuhlalis, Hoi
Lodd, Siberia, etc.
acuminata, Lindl,
Himal.
bacillaris, Wall, Himal.
— var. iloribunda, Hort.
— var. obtusa, Hort.
huxifolia, Wall., Himal.
Fontanel, Spacll.
iV-i.ia. Wall., Himal.
horizoutalis, Dene.
microplivlla, Wall, Himal.
numm.ilaria, E. et M, Asia,
rotundit'-lia, Wall, Himal.
, Vauvel. (C, Laval-
coccinea, L., N. Amer.
— var. acerifolia, Hort.
— var. corallina, Ilort.
— var. glandulosa, Hort.
— var. indentata, Hort.
— var. Kelmanni, Hort.
— var. mespiliMia. Hort.
— var. subvillusa, Hort.
eonlaia. Mill., N. Amer.
Ous-Galli, L., N. Amer.
— var. prunifolia, { Vevi.)
- var. splendt-ns, ilort.
Donglasii. Lindl., N. Amer
j i, Ilort.
'. Flugge.
' Lodd:
sessilifolius, L., Eur.
Daboecia polifolia, D. Don.,W. Ei
cabra, Thunb., Japan,
nus longipes. A. Gray
nihi.'llata, Thunb., Japan.
cin<-rca,L.,var.atrosaiiguiii
orientalis. Pall., Orient.
— var. eriocarpa, Hort.
— var. tlcxuosa, Hort.
— var. fusca, Hort.
— var? Gumperi bicolor,
Hort.
— var. monogyna, (Jacq.)
— var. pendula, II< »rt .
— var. pentngvna. Hort
Kuoiiyinus i'iiro|Kiu.-<. L..
— var. cocciiH'iis, 11
latifolius, Sct)[i.. Eui
Fraxinus Onus, L.,E..r.
triata. Hort.
a, Pers., var. La-
Hort.
virgata, LH'.. Ma.
Hamamelis virgin ica, ]
,ira.
ia, Per*., Orient.
L., N. Amer.
Hedera Helix, L., Eur
Hippophae rhaniiitid.
. I... E
L., S.W. Eur.
earnatus, Hort.
J acq., S. Eur.
Hypericum Androsau
ium, I
— var. plalvplnlla. Hort.
verticillahi, Oray., X. Ann
Kalniia glauea. Ait., X. Amor.
latifolia, L- X. Amer.
Laburnum alpinum, Griseb., El
Alschingeri, Vis., E. Eur.
vulgare, Griseb., Eur.
Ledum palustre, L., Eur., etc.
latifolium, Ait,, N. Araer.
!.■
Ligustrum vulgare, L., Eur., etc.
Lonicera discolor, Lindl., Himal.
flava. Sims., N. Amer.
flexuosa, Thunb., Japan.
Morrovvii, Gray., Japan.
occidentals, Steud., X. Amer.
orientalis. Earn., Asia Minor.
Xylosteum, L., Eur.
..istrina, DC, N. Amer.
Magnolia tripetala, L., N". Amer.
Mahonia Aquifolium, Nutt.
— var. murrayana, Hort.
fascicularis, DC, N. Amer.
mum canadense, L., N.
Mespilus Smithii, DC, Caucasus.
Moras nigra, L., Eur.
Myrica cerifera, L., United States.
Olearia Haas
— var. pendula, Hort.
— r var. saturejifolia.
con lata. Pes v., Europe.
tlorilmnda, Sieb., Japan.
intermedia, Elirh., Europe
larifolia. Symo, Europe.
Maulei, Masters, Japan.
— var. saperba, Hort.
nivalin. Jacq., Asia Minor.
pruuifolia, Willd., Asia.
Bingo, Max., Japan, etc.
spectabilis, Desf'., China, et<
Rhododendron arboreum. Sm..
Sikkim.
campanulatum, Don. Sikkim
ciliatum, Hook, f., Sikkim.
fulgens, Hook, f., Sikkim.
Maddeni. I look. ;'., Sikkim.
Wight! i. Hook, f., Sikkim.
Rhodotypus kerrioides, S. et Z.,
Rhus radic
, L., N.
typhina, L., N. Amer
Ribes alpinum, L., Eur.
aureum, Pursb., var.
Hort.
sanguineum, Pursh.,
N.W.
— var. atrorubens, Hort.
— var. atrosaiiguineum, Hort.
— var. glutinosum, Benth.
, DC, Himalaya.
alpina, L., Eur.
Bakeri, Pesogl., England,
beggeriaun, Schrenk.', Asia.
-i-, Hort.
blanda. Ait., N. Amer.
t Sch., Calif.
isis. Baker.
a, L.. Ei.
lin'a, L., N. Amer. '
mihix rotundifbli:
pi-ocarpa. A. (Imy. X, Ann
poinih-ra, Ilt-rnn.. Kurope.
rubijrinosa, L., Europe, etc.
— var. major, Hort.
ruin ilblia, Vill., Eur.
scruva, Lindl., Himal.
spinosis-ima, L., Eur.
— var. cistiflora, Hort.
— var. glabra, Hort.
— var. tvpica.
— var. rulicrriina, Hort.
lindleyana, Wall., Himal.
luxuriant Lavallee (S. prui-
nosa, Hort.
nobleana, Hook.. California.
Staphylei
, L„ Eur.
icemosus,Michx
itt (II. discolor,
Taxus baccata, L., Eur., etc.
— var. Dovastonii, Hort.
— var. frucfu-luteo, Hort.
— Tar. Washington!, Hort.
Ulex europa;us, L., Eur.
Vaccinium madereiise, Link.,
Opulus, L., Eur., etc.
Dpulus, L., Eur.,
, L., Eui mer '
ROYAL GARDENS, KEW.
BULLETIN
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION.
APPENDIX IL-1893.
NEW GARDEN PLANTS OF THE TEAR 1892.
Ganb-naml Forest. <!(!.— Garfenflora. £. M —Gardener-
///. jy.—L'Il lustration Horticole. Jard.— Le Jardin. J. of If.—
Journal of Horticulture. ./. 0.— Journal des Orcbidocs. A.— Lmdenia.
O.— L'( tohidophile. g. JA. — Revue Horticole. /A AA AJ. - Revue
<le niorti.-ultmv H, l-r. Vrifrh Cat.— Veitch & Sons. Catalogue of
Plains. //: G. -Winner lllustrirte ( iarten-Zeit,,,.-. Jn//,7/»*.* A"/.—
Williams New and General Plant Catalogue. IV. 0. A.— Warner &
Williams, Orchid Album.
The abbreviations in the descriptions of the j. lints are :— Diam.
—Diameter. Fl — Flower. Fr.— Fruit. Ft— Foot or Feet. G.—
Greenhouse. //.—Hardy. H. H.— Half-hardv. /«.— Inches. /„//.
—Inflorescence. A.— Leaves. Zm.— Line (one-twelfth of an inch).
Per.— Perennial. Pet.— Petals. S.— Stove. .SVyj.— Sepals. Shr.—
Shrub.
Acer palmatum, Thbg.
Sp.-it!..
Sapindace;*-. II. tree. .
variegated foliage. Gai
Acer Trautv
throcarpa, Dieck. (Ca
*Alloplectus Lynchei
Alocasia Dussii,
Adiantum elegantissii
B. May S ) P °
Adiantum macrophyllui
albostriatum. <■■ <'■
Alocasia nobilis.
Alocasia Rex. ( '
*AgapetesMannii,
Ampelovitis Romaneti, (
*Albuca Buchanani,
Angulc
Trey
flbovittata, Rod^as. (///. H. v. 39,
iranlen variety having the j..-r. <tripi-fl
with white. ( Blaiiequaert & Ver-
Begonia decora, Stapf. ( G. C. 1892, v.
Anthurium andreanum, Li
wambekeanum, Ko.ilms i
Anthurium greyanum. ( G. 1
Lawrenciae. fC.
Anthurium r osseflorum. ( G.
*Aquilegia transsilvanica,
,,,,
srlimfiiinm. (Bruant.)
*Begonia glaucophylla, Hook
* Begonia Gloire de Lorraine
Begonia rosea
:? Astilbe chinensis,!
*Asystasia varia,
*Buddleia Colvillei,
H.H. Not
*Beaufortia sparsa, Hi
Bulbophyll:;
, P- 48 ; J. of H.
I ha u-'f aih-n . ' "i iu'n.V, .' ' ( k!-w! > " " *Carludovica micropetala, Ho.
'Bulbophyllum obrienianum,
Calanthe
Calanthe vestita rar. Foarni<
Calla Pent land l.Hr
Catasetum Liechtensteinii,
*Cattleya Alexandra;,
Cattleya Amesiae, Hm-t. Sami.r.
Cattleya aurea, Linden, var. statte-
Cattleya Baroness Schr
Pentlandi.
Calochortn
"Calochortus Kennedyi,
Cattleya
*Caralluma campanulata, N. I-:. Ur. Cattleya burberryana
Cattleya labiata, I
Cattleya leucogloi
Cerastium decalvans,
<'■ lsl '-; ( x - M .'-- •'•, :;I J: ; ''■"■' . ,/ - l! j!'^.' *Cheiranthera parviflora, lVnth. (//.
mo .(r r . If.
& Son-..> Var. albiflora. i
Cattleya Prince ps, u..,t. s :
Cattleya schilleriana, R<
Coelogyne cuprea,
*Cattleya Victoria-regina.
*Colchicum Bo
- -
*Crinum jeinense,
Crinum yuccarfolium. Da,
C ^92%^H lan ^^ X 'l!tmHi n( ; f ;'- u *CrOCUS Billiotii, Maw. (6
*CornUS K0USa, Buerg. {G. ('. 18!>L\, v. (Kew.)
Coryanthes macrocorys, Koit'< . < /.
*Curcuma bakeriana, Hem
with purple, and having a very elon- A new - 1
gate, thimble shaped hood at the base Hk. f.. with larger <>rai
(L'Horticulture Internationale.) j (*'• Zander & Co.)
Cosmo^spectabilis, Can. (R. h. I8&2, *(jusparia undulata,
^Cyclamen alpinum,
(Berlin Cat.
*Crinum abyssinicum, *
ie*. '(.'. Cyclanthus godseffiaims, Hoi
'
Cymbidium Humblo
ow vhite (?) segments. Madagascar, j (C. Ingram.)
Adrastus.
Cypripedium albertianum.
Cypripedium Arete. (<•'■ <■
Cypripedium Baconis. ( G.
Cypripedium Bijou. (G< C.
Cypripedium bosscherianuui.
C. debosscherianum.
Cypripedium Bryani. (<■■ <■ i^'- , ;- >
UB Brysa. (G.
"Jalceolus * i
Cypripedium Cleopatra, i <■ . <:. 1 a <» :
Cypripedium cowleyanum. (G. f
Cypripedium Daisyae. (G. C. 189:
fijr.' 7!)'.)' S. ' \ -ar.l,,
f. Lmrii and ('. u-miulhum supcrhm,
Cypripedium debosscherianum. U
Cypripedium decorum. ( .n. "■ >
Cypripedium Edithae. ((•■ <'■ i*9
Cypripedium Edith Winn. (G.
Cypripedium Ensign. (.G. G. isi
Cypripedium Eurylochus. (G.
Cypripedium Evenor. O'. r is
Cypripedium chamberlainianum, Co ' '■ s,:c '
"' l!l '' "/ Cypripedium Exul, O'Br. vi
,'■' , \ '-liT ,-, "f ' i . ■ , ; san- schootianum, Koitv. < /„. v.
Hill ChrySOCOme£. '• ' narr.uvci I t with ..i..v up,
1892, v. xi., p. 781.') S. A garden , (L'Horticulture Internationale.)
:H
Cypripedium festum. < ("»■>'■ i*'.»2
Cypripedium Gigas. (<*■ <'■ 1S<J -'
Cypripedium Hecla. (<■'■<' i «'■>-',
Cypripedium Ianthe. (<•■ <'■ i* 1
Cypripedium johnsonianuui. <•
Cypripedium La Fri
Cypripedium iawrebelluni <■
Cypripedium Leda. (.(■■ ' i >'•'-•
i ;: .
Cyprrqedium Perseus. (<?• G 18
Cypripedium southgatense. (<?.
Cypripedium Sphinx. \<>- I s '- 1 -.
Cypripedium Stonei, Hook, v
candidum. f ■ '
Cypripedium Swinburnei. '-'
Cypripedium The Gem. ( a. < . i 892,
Cypripedium Tityus. (./. »/" //. 1 *'.'-■.
Cypripedium von moliaiium. < <■'■ < •
Cypripedium Warner u-
Cypripedium youugianum, var.
i (;, ('. 181I2, v. xii., p.
Galpini, Baker. (A'e»-
Cyrtomium falcatum, >«. wu-. pen-
duluiu, \ • itch, i i litvh < at. ism'.
Cyrtosperma ferox, i>itHi. & Kr. (///.
-pkaensis, Dieck. {('at.
Dendrobium Adra
Dendrobium barbatulo - chlorops,
Dendrobium wardiano-j aponicun:
Dendrobium burfordiense.
Dendrobium chrysocephalum
Dendrobium dulce.
Dendrobium Euryclea.
Dendrobium Nestor.
Li .■■ ': .':■:.:■:
*Dianthus Freynii,
Dichorisandra angustifolia,
I Didymocarpus h
Dendrobium Phalsenopsis,
rothschildiana. !%r ;/: :
Dendrobium Rolfeae.
Dieffenbachia Meleagri
Dieffenbachia Olbia,
*Emmenaiitke penduliflora, S, W%
Diosma Wendlandi, Carr.
ill Xvlll o^nmuvvuu* wi.it'.-'"i! ' V.'nll'u Epidendrum godseffianum,
Dipladenia atropurpurea, A. D(
This i> ivpica D. atro]
Disa Cooperi,
ponin^ |.l:int
Disa incarnata,
1 ']• Epidendrum Ortgiesi, BgL (Gjl.
':::,!
.hi watsomanuni, Sander.
Eria laucheana, Ktanzliu. (G. < '.
Dracaena sanderian
.ncrula.',, iheathi^ I Er -
Echidnopsis danimanniania,
nothofulvum,
! Bredtmeier, Palanza.)
.
Eulophiella Elizabeths,
,;:■::'
*Habenaria I0114
££* , *Halesiatetraptera, 1- ^-r.Mechani.
Wen' *a£d f
Fraxinus raibocaipa, i:.ui.
Heliconia spectabilis
*Gentiana oregan;
H. Penzigii.
'Huernia Penzigii
"Gladiolus B
fylm-.ph: ii
Labisia smaragdina, Lind.
Iris Madonna, Spr. (B. T. O. 1892,
with "iMge lilac-Woe ''"
(Dammann & Co.)
Iris maricoides, nur. purpurea, Spr.
(B. T. O. 1892, p. 129.) -H. H. A
pivtn 'pink t!. lioinr... ( I/Hortical-
Laelia anceps. LdL
Laelia elegans, Bcab. t. var. excellens.
((/' <- IS!).', v. xii., p. .566.) G- A
varirtv colouiv.1 like that known as
Tumeri, but with thr fol<I,d portion of
Iris parabid. {Qard. 189-2, v. xii., p.
Laelia Latona. (<V. C. i«92, v.
I. mraduA.' Aiay! (M.' Fost. ','. )
**** (J.V,iteh & Sons.;
iiacranthum, Hurt. ( U".
Ixiolirion Sintenisi, Hort. (W. G.
Laelia purpurata, Ldl. var. handley-
Laelio Cattleya Ingramii.
*Kalanchoe marmorata, I
LaBlio-Cattleya Phoebe.
Laelio-Cattleyu
Kniphofia N
*Kniphofia pauciflora, I
Lagenaria vi;
(L. vulgaris) «itli «'«
Leopoldinia_ laucheana.
Leptotes bicolor, Ldl. %
Lihuin prnnulinum, i->-
iiinhfl. Upper Burmah.
*Lilmm sulphureum, !'••
Lissochilus Graefei, ki..n/i;
Lonicera syringantha, M*
Lycopodium mooreanum,
Maranta sanderiana, Ho
Masdevallia McVitia?.
Masdevallia shuttrya:
•Microstylis Scottn,
Miltonia Clowesii gigantea, O'R
Mimosa Spegazinii, I'in.tta. </:.
..
*Marica occidentalis,
Masdevallia Cassiope.
Masdevallia caudata ■ Estrada
Masdevallia falcata. i<-'- < '^- '
Masdevallia harryana/." Gvavesiae.
tomentosa, R.& P. {B.M.
Odontoglossum Bleui,
splendidio
Bleui, i: -
israk^a,*
Odontoglossum wilckeanum, l
; nderianum,
gravesianum, Kolfe.
((;.<: Ifctf-J, v. xi..|.p:;,:i.», ti.-.n, Usr.iM.)
S. Verv nwir. if not ..h-iitu-al «it!..
O. ,,r,,-/ e .rt„m. It has branched panicles
Odontoglossum crispum, Lm<u. var. ; Oncidium rolfeanum, Sat
Odontogloss.;
Odontoglossum
toglossum crispum, Lrndl.
Qnobryf
Odontoglossum Pescatorei, Linden, Jobed, but :
*Pandanus dyerianus,
Odontoglossum platycheilum, J.
Pandaims pacificus,
Phalaenopsis Amphit
ilea. !; i><»»- _(/*• A/.
Phalaenopsis Artemis. c<v. <"• if
'."
multibracteatum,
*Pelexia Travassosii, j
Pelexia wendlandiana,
(G. C. p] -- tacfcA '■./
*Peperomia i
Peperomia
Peristeria Lindeni,
Phaius hybridus.
lb pectmatu
Primula calycautha, i.eiehtiii,
Rhipsalis anceps, Weber, (ff. //.
Prunus prsecox, Caw. (ii. H. 1892, i #
p. 488, I 14'2, 14H.) Rosacea. 11. shrub.
PrunUS Salzeri, ^flaivk. ((V. T. IS'.ej, : short and verv numerous, all pendent,
;avata, Weber. . ( /f. //•
P ^1rii.!^S B ) """'A l splrei>; R lS j Rhipsalis comorensis, Weber. (*.//.
Pteris tremula variegata. (<v. C. h^Mi-green, ami «lmii> of shoit
*Ptychoraphis augusta,
Rhipsalis dissimilis
pSallS dlSSimillS, Sehum. var
Rhipsalis gibberula, Weber. («. //.
*Quercus macedoniea,
Quercus schochiana. (Cat. Nat. Arb.
Zdack. 1892,| Rhipsalis gonocarpa, w. I. er. </,'.//
^Ranunculus carpathicus, Hertrieh. 0Tar j |
Rhipsalis madagascariensis, We
Rhipsalis aculeata :
(/?. //. the angles; n. very numerous, greenish.
Rhipsalis salicornioides, Hai
bambusoides, Weber. (/?. H
p. 4-).» S A verv large form,
mg to 6 ft. high, with rigid erect
something like ilmse <>i' ;i l.aml^o. a
orange- yel'
Rhipsalis s
Rhipsalis tetragona, Wil
Richardia aurat
Richardia elli
Richardia Pentlandi,
H. lMiL'. |.. li'ii.) G. or S. A large-
grnv.ing . pi .,.ies, with •
gj^e Republic. ( Jardin des Planl
Rhipsalis virgata, Weber. (/?.
Rodriguezia Lindeni,
Rhipsalis warmingiana, s.-hum. (< //'.
*Rhododendron Luscombei.
Rubus Miltspanghi,
Rubus xanthocarpus, Bur & Franeh. j Sobolewskya clavata, BoN>. (Chn-d.
. i ■ .- . A
upj; /".' s l n "sw" Vh ! ™ M\r AwuVu/' (Max
A'. /'.--•. . N • ( ,..,. (St. Peters- Leichtlin.)
Sobralia beyeriana, Hort. (GW. v.
SarchochiluS bomeensis, Holfe. (///. xlii., p. S24.) (hvhidese. G. A dwarf
// . J:., i ,'K ,1 |. 1 , On I d, . plant. 16 I u;itli l.r.nd L, ind tl
"'';, : ." l! ''; 7; Sobralia lucasiana, Hort. (G. C.
*Schizocodon soldanelloides,
ads Solanum
Sempervivum Thomeyeri.
*Senecio Galpini, Hook. f. (#. M. i
:'■:
Solarium dublosummat
Sophrocattleya Veitchii.
Spatboglottk
Stanhopea m
Stauropsis warocqueana,
Stenandrium beeckmanis
un.l'.s.L ■':
Synandrospadix vermitoxicus, Tradescantia Reginae,
!";'^//^!';'\viiid" iai ' s
Tchihatchewia isatidea, B
*Thalictruni rhyncocarpum.
Tradescaiit:
TrichopiHa brevis,
*Tbunbergia grandinora, Eoxb.
:s Clibrani, M.
Tillandsia massangeana,
superb:'. H»rt. (Hard. v. xii,. p
" "AfiuepU
s Uropetalum becazzeanum, Damm.
- , Lib.ce*. B.
Tillandsia Moensii,
*TJtricularia Humboldtii, Scb
*Utricularia longifolu
Tradescantia decora, Bull. (Bull t
Vanda arbuthnotiana,
[ Vriesea tessellata, var. sanderiana,
Hort. Sander. ( (r. C. 1S92, v. xi.. ,,
731.) S. A variety with the 1. more
distinctU z.iiu.1 and marbled than the
Vanda teres, Lindi. var. alba, Hort. | WarscemcMUa LiMrai, Hort. See
if, r is'.tj v. xi p ij(i4.) s. a i Zygopetalum Lrnaeni.
SoSSchfld.) PUrC * ' ( ° 11 *Yucca Hanburyi, Baker. (Kev> Bull.
Vanda Vltellina. Kriinzlin. (G. C. new 'species, allied to Y. an-justifoliu.
"Vernonia podocoma, Schult*. ( H.M.
t. ":*.■>.■>.) t oinpositae. (;. a tali-grow- Zelkova japonica, Dipp. var. Ver-
ing plant ^vith large leathery foliage schaffelti, l>! n >. ( «• < '. 1802, v.
Veronica monticola
*Viola declinata,
Vitis argyrophylla,
Zygopetalum leucochilum,
Zygopetalum Lindeni, Rolfe. (
ItOYAL GARDENS, KEW.
BULLETIN
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION.
APPENDIX III.— 1893.
LIST of the STAFFS of the ROYAL GARDENS, Kew, and
of Botanical Departments and Establishments at Home,
and in India and the Colonies, in Correspondence with
Kew.
* Trained at Kew.
Royal Gardens, Kew :—
Director - - - - W. T. I
Dyer, C.M.G.,
I.E., F.R.S., Ph.D., M.A.,
F.L.S.
Assistant-Director - - Daniel Morris, C.M.G., Mi
F.L.S.
Assistant (Office) - - *John Aikmau.
.. - - •Wfflkm Nicholls Winn.
Keeper of Herbarium : ::]\A> -r.l -MI > ,V L>.
Principal Assistant (Phanerogam-i r!ey,F.R.S.,
George Massee.
Nicholas Edward Brown, A.L.S.
•Robert Allen Eolfe, A.L.S.
Charles Henry Wright.
Otto Stapf, Ph.D.
John Frederick Jeffrey.
U 79847.
Curator of Museums - - John Reader Jackson, A.L^
Assistant (Museum) - - John Masters Hillier.
Preparer ... George Badderly.
Curator of the Gardeus - - George Nicholson, A. L.!"
Assistant Curator - - William Watson.
Foremen : —
Arboretum - - *William J. Bean.
Herbaceous Depart i
Greenhouse and
Department.
Temperate House (Sub-tropical *Thomas Jones.
Department).
Cambridge.— I* "ivtr.sitv Botanic Garden:—
Professor - Charles C. Babington,
F.R.S., F.L.S.
Deputy Professor Francis Darwin, M.B.,
F.R.S., F.L.S.
Curator - • *Richard Irwin Lynch,
A.L.S.
Dublin. — Royal Botanic Garden-, (ilasnevin : —
.L.S.
Edinburgh.— Boy a 1 Botanic Gardens :—
Regius Keeper - Isaac Bayley Balfour,
M.D., D.Sc, F.R.S.,
F.L.S.
Curator - - Robert Lindsay.
GlaSgOW. — Botanic Gardens : —
Cniversity Professor V.O. Bower, D.Sc, F.R.S..
F.L.S.
Curator - - *Daniel Dewar.
COLONIES.
Antigua. (^Leeward Islands.)
Barbados. — Dodd's Reformatory, Botanical Station :■—
Superintendent - John R. Bovell, F.C.
British Guiana. — Botanical Gardens : —
Georgetown - Superintendent and "]
Government Bo- > *GeorgeS. Jenman,
Head Gardener - f John F. Waby.
Second „ - *Robert Ward.
Promenade Garden : —
Head Gardener - William Jackson.
Berbice - - Keeper - - Richard Hunt.
British Honduras.— Botanical Station.
Curator - fJ' 1111 '^ MeXair.
Canada.—
Ottawa -
- Dominion Botanist - Prof. John Macoun,
M.A, F.R.S.C, F.L.S.
Assistant „ - Jas. M. Macoun.
Director of Govern- "1 Pfof Wm Saunde
FaTms XPenme J FRSC > FX ' S -
Botanist and Ento- James Fletcher, F.L.S.
mologist.
Montreal
- Director, Botanic Prof. Penhallow, B.Sc.
Garden.
Cape Colony.
Government. Botanist - Prof. MacOwan, F.L.S.
Gardens and Public Parks : —
Cape Town
- Curator - - H. J. Chalwin.
Grahamstown
- Curator - - Edwin Tidmarsh.
Port Elizabeth i
'St. George's Park) : —
Superintendent - John T. Butters.
King Williamstown Curator ■ - *T. R. Sim.
Graaf Reinet
- J.C.Smith.
Uitenhage
„ - - H. Fairey.
Ceylon.— Depa
rtment of Royal Botanical Gardens : —
Director - - f Henry Triinen. M.B.,
F.ICS., F.L.S.
Peradeniya
- Head Gardener - *Peter D. G. Clark.
Clerk and Foreman .1. A. Ferdinandus
Draughtsman - W. de Alwis.
Hakgala
- Superintendent - * William Nock.
Clerk and Foreman M. G. Perera.
Henaratgoda
- Conductor - - A. de Zoysa, Muhan-
Anuradhapura
„ - - S. de Silva, Arachchi.
Badulla -
„ - - D. Guneratne.
Dominica. (See Leeward Islands.)
- *Daniel Yeoward.
Gold Coast.— Botanical Station :—
Curator - - *William Crowther.
Acting Curator - •Frederick K Willoy.
Grenada. — Botanical Garden —
Curator - -
Hong Koilg.— Botanical and AlWestiition Departments-
Superintendent - f Charles Ford, F.L.S.
Assistant Superin- *W. J. Tutcher.
ten dent.
Jamaica.— Department of Public Gardens and Plantations:—
Hope Gardens - Superintendent - •William Cradvvick.
Castleton Garden „ - Eugene Campbell.
Cinchona (Hill „ - •William Harris.
Garden).
Kingston Parade „ - Joseph Harris.
Garden.
King's House » - * William J. Thompson.
Garden.
Bath - - W. Groves.
LagOS. — Botanical Station : —
Curator - - *Henry Millen.
Acting Curator - *Walter Haydon.
Leeward Islands.— Agricultural Department : —
Superintendent - fCharles A. Barber, M
Antigna - - Curator - - * Arthur G. Till son.
Montserrat „ - - Joseph Wade.
St. Kitts-Nevis „ - -
Malta.— Botanical Garden :—
Director - - Dr. Francesco Debono.
I Forests and Botanical Gardens :—
it Director of J. Vankeirsbilek.
Assistant Director of P. Randabel.
Forests.
Curepipe - - Overseer - - William A. Kennedy.
Montserrat. {See Leeward Islands.)
Natal.— Botanical Gardens :—
Durban - - Curator - - John Medley Wo<
A.L.S.
Pietermaritzburg Curator - - O. Mitchell,
New South Wales.— botanical Garden
Sydney - - Director
New Zealand:—
Wellington. — Colonial Botanic Garden : —
Director
Head Gardener
Superintendent
Dunedin
Napier
Invercargill - Head Gardener
Auckland
Christchurch - Head Gardener
Queensland. — Botanical Gardens :—
Brisbane - - Curator
Acclimatisation Society's Gardens : —
Secretary and Manager
Assistant „
Rockhampton - Superintendent
St. KittS-Nevis. (See Leeward Islands.
Charles Moore, F.L.S.
Sir James Hector,
K.C.M.G., F.R.S.
G. Gibb.
J. McBean.
W. Barton.
Thomas Wangle.
♦Ambrose Tayl
Wm. Soulier.
A. Humphrey.
J. S. Edgar.
f John Gray.
*Henry Powi
South Australia.— Botanical Garden
Adelaide - - Director
Port Darwin - Curator
Straits Settlements— Gardens and
Singapore - Director
s and l-'i-rot Department
- fH. N. Ridle
F.L.S.
Superin- *Walter Fox.
Malacca -
Perak (Kuala Kangsar).— Government Plantations
Superintendent - Oliver
Tasmania.— Botanical Gardens :—
Hobart Town - Superintendent - F. Ab
Trinidad.— Royal Botanical Gardens :—
Superintendent - fJohn
♦Robert Derry.
Marks.
Botanical Garden
INDIA.
Botanical Survey.— Director, George King, Ml)., LL.D.,<
F.K.S., F.L.S.
lamans and Nicobare; Nortl
t of the"] George King,
Bombay, including Sim!
1 the State of Mysore :—
Bengal— Dep
Calcutta
(Seebpore)
h; the Punjab; the Central Provin
?ajputana; North West Frontier Expeditions :
Director of the BoO
tanieal Department If J. F. Duthie, I
Northern India, f F.L.S.
Suharanpur, N.W.P.J
.•nt of Koval Botanie Gardens:—
f Herbarium Dr. David Prain, F.L.S.,
F.R.S.E.
Garden - *Robert L. Pioudh.ek.
Mungpoo
Deputy
_. .king,
Cinchona } LL.D., CLE..
ttS - -J F.L.S.
„ - *.J. A. Ganunie.
« - - *R. Pantiing.
- * Joseph Parkes.
Darjeeling ; Lloyd Botanic Garden :
Darbhangall ; Maharajah's Garden:-
Bombay.
Poona -
-Municipal Garden :—
Superintendent
Central Provinces-
Nagpur - - Sc
Madras. — Botanica
Ootacumund
Madras.— Agri-Horticultural Society :—
Hon. Secretary - Col. 11. W. H. <
Superintendent - *J. M. Gleeson.
Native States-
Mysore (Bangalore)
Superintendent
Curator
Superintendent
„ New Works
Gwalior
Morvi
Travancore(Trivand
um) I
*J. Cameron, F.L.S.
*J. Home Stephen.
*G. H. Krumbiegel.
•J. M. Henry.
fC. Maries, F.L.S.
•Joseph Beck.
*Frederick James
gleby.
*T. H. Storey.
North-West Provinces.-
Agra (Taj Garden) Superint
Allahabad
Cawnpur - »
Lucknow - >i
Saharanpur and „
Branch Garden.
Mussoorie.
Punjab :
Lahore - - Snperinl
Simla - - n
*G. T. Lane.
•J. Phillips.
G. II. T. Mayer.
•Matthew Ridley.
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11