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NOTES ae

FROM THE

ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN,

EDINBURGH.

VOL, I.
Including Numbers I.-V.
1900-1901.

GLASGOW:
PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE
By JAMES HEDDERWICK & SONS,

AT ‘“‘ THE CITIZEN” PRESS, ST. VINCENT PLACE.

SOLD AT THE GARDEN
And to be purchased, either directly or through au Bookseller, from
OLIVER & BOYD, EDINBURGH.

Dates of the several Numbers of this Volume.

Part I., pp. 1-24 for January, Igo0o.

Part II., pp. 25-40 for November, 1900.
Part III, pp. 41-134 for December, 1900.

ae)
~
a

IV., pp. 135-192 for August, Igol.
Part V., pp. 193-246 for December, Igor.

List of Contents to Vol. I. 1900-1901.

Prefatory Note.

‘The Royal Botanic Garden - - - z. - Sarees
List of Staff ee ee ee

_ Rules and Regulations - - - - - -
Historic Notice - - . - - - -
Features of the Garden. With Key Plan - . .
Teaching in the Garden -

Life-History and Habits of Diaxenes dendrobii, Gahan. With
Plates I. and II. By R. Stewart MacDougall, M.A., D.Sc.

‘Torsion of the Leaves in Picea, Abies, Tsuga, and Pseudotsuga.
With Zincographs 1-10, By A. D. Richardson - -

List of Seeds collected in the spare Botanic Garden, ae
during the year 1900 -

‘Observations on the Girth-increase of Trees in the nay
Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. By David Christison, M.D.

Life-History and Habits of Clerus formicarius, Linn., with
11-14. By R. Stewart MacDougall, M.A., D.Sc. - -

Life-History and Habits of Rhizophagus depressus, sie’
with 15-17. By R,. Stewart MacDougall, M.A.,

Enumeration of Visitors to the Royal Botanic Garin, Edin-
burgh, during the years 1889-1900 -

‘The Cultivation of Fruit under Glass. By James Whytock -

Observations on the Girth-increase of Trees in the Royal
Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Part II.—Conifere. By
David Christison, M.D. _ - .

‘The Diameter-Increment of Trees. By A. W. Borthwick, B.Sc.

‘Hints on Propagating Mistletoe from the Berry. By William
Paxton - . - -

Notes on Museum-Methods in use at the Royal Botanic Garden,
Edinburgh. With Plate III. By H. F. Pee * F.LS.,
Assistant in the Museum - .

‘Title and List of Contents to Vol. I., 1900-1901.

PAGE.

NOTES

FROM THE

ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN,
EDINBURGH.

JANUARY 1900.

CONTENTS, |
Prefatory Note. _ \ Be
The Royal Botanic Garden - sie Gor et ee
List of Stall. ne a \
Rules and Regulations = - - - - - - ity
Historic Notice - - - - - - - - 4
Features of the Garden. With Key Plan -_ - = pe
Teaching in the Garden” - . - eo ae

Life-History and Habits of Diaxenes dendrobii, Gahan.
With Plates |.and Il. By R. Stewart a
M.A., D.Sc. - . i
Torsion of the Leaves in Picea, ‘kee Tsuga, and
-Pseudotsuga. With Zincographs 1-10. By A, D.
Richardson - - oo - = Ree oe 13

GLASGOW:
PRINTED FOR HER MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OF FICE
- By JAMES HEDDERWICK & SONS,
AT THE “CITIZEN » PRESS, Si. VINCENT PLACE. -
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A Garden Office.
B Museum,

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F Plants of Dry Regions.
G Economie Plants.

H Central Greenhouse and

Cor : ion. U Gardener's Residence.
| Inseetivorous Plants. R Regius Keeper's Residence. Point for View of the City.
! Orchids. W Gatekeeper’ e.

Plants,
ar ich lana KEY PLAN OF THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN, EDINBURGH.
JANUARY 1900.
Area of Garden, 57,648 Acres.

Feel tog (7) 500 1000 Feel.

NOTES FROM THE ROYAL BOTANIC
GARDEN, EDINBURGH.

IT is proposed to issue from time to time, under the title of
“ NOTES FROM THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN, EDINBURGH,”
reports upon the condition and progress of the Garden, records
of scientific investigations carried on in the Garden, and notices
of points of interest relating to plant-life which come under the
observation of the Staff. To this first number there is prefixed a
brief notice of the Botanic Garden itself.

The “ NOTES” will be available in exchange for publications
of kindred institutions, and will also be on sale to the public.

ISAAG BAYLEY BALFOUR,

Regius Keeper.
Fanuary, 1900.

THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN,
EDINBURGH.

THE Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, is one of the three
Gardens maintained by the State in the United Kingdom, the
others being the Royal Gardens at Kew in England, and
the Glasnevin Garden at Dublin in Ireland. It occupies an
unequally-sided quadrilateral area of 57°648 acres (bounded upon
all sides by public roads and dwelling-houses) on the North side
of Edinburgh—about a mile from the shore of the Firth of
Forth. Its highest point, at Inverleith House (R)—the official
residence of the Regius Keeper of the Garden—towards the
North-west, is 78 feet above sea-level, and thence the ground falls
away onall sides. The lowest point—a depression 30 feet above
sea-level, with an east and west trend through the middle of the
Garden—is the site of an old bog, and the ground rises again to
the south of the depression. The surface soil is generally
alluvial sand resting on clay at considerable depth. In the lower
part of the area the clay comes to the surface.

There are two entrances—one upon the east side from Inver-
leith Row into the Garden, the other upon the west side from
Arboretum Road into the Arboretum. The Garden is open daily
from 8 a.m. on Week-days and from 11 a.m.on Sundays until
sunset. The Plant-Houses are open from I p.m. until 5.30 p.m.,
or until sunset if this be earlier. The Museum is open on
Week-days from 10 a.m. until 6 p.m.,on Sundays from I p.m.
until 5.30 p.m. The Herbarium and Library are open on Week-
days from 10 a.m. until 6 p.m., excepting on Saturday, when
they are open until I p.m.

Staff of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.

Regius Keeper, . ; . Isaac Bayley Balfour,

M.A,, M.D., F.R.S.
Assistant in Museum, : : Harry Frank Tagg, F.LS.
Assistant in Herbarium, . : . John Frederick Jeffrey.
Clerk, : : Henry Hastings.
Head Gardener, . : : Adam Dewar Richardson.
Assistant Head Gardener, . : Robert Lewis Harrow.

Foreman of Herbaceous Department, William Henry Waite.

i os a i a

RULES for the Royal Botanic Garden and
Arboretum in connection with the Regula-
tions prescribed by ‘‘ The Parks Regulation
YT ne ae too pr He

1. No unauthorised Person may ride or drive in this Garden
or in the Arboretum, and no Wheelbarrow, Truck, Bath-chair,
Perambulator, Cycle, or other Vehicle or Machine, is allowed to
enter, except with the written permission of the Keeper.
Children under ten years of age are not admitted unless
accompanied by a Parent or suitable Guardian.

2. No Horses, Cattle, Sheep, or Pigs are allowed to enter.

3. No Dogs are admitted.

4. No Bags, Baskets, or Parcels, no Flowers, and no implements
for Games may be brought in; Artists and Photographers may
not bring in their Apparatus without written permission from the
Keeper.

NoTE.— The foregoing Rules shall not apply to persons going
to or leaving Inverletth House by the road mart d & from
the Arboretum Road Gate to the House.

5. Visitors are to enter and leave the Plant Houses by the
Doors according to the Notices affixed thereon.

6. Smoking is not allowed in the Plant Houses,

7. No Person shall touch the Plants or Flowers.

8. Pic-nics and luncheon parties are not allowed.

g. No unauthorised Person shall Drill or practise Military
Evolutions or use Arms or play any Game or Music, or —
Gymnastics, or sell or let any Commodity.

10. No unauthorised Public Address may be delivered in the
Garden or Arboretum. No Performance or Representation
either spoken or in dumb show shall be given in any part of the
Garden or Arboretum, unless by permission of the Commissioners

iv RULES AND REGULATIONS.

of Her Majesty’s Works and Public Buildings. No Person shall
use any obscene, indecent, or blasphemous words, expressions, or
gestures, or do any act calculated to provoke a breach of the
Peace, in the course of, or in connexion with, any speech,
address, performance, recitation, or representation. No money
shall be solicited or collected in connexion with any performance,
recitation, or representation, except by permission of the Com-
missioners of Her Majesty’s Works and Public Buildings.

11. Large parties must be broken up to prevent crowding.

12. Climbing the Trees, Railings, or Fences is forbidden.

13. Birds’ nesting, and taking, destroying, or injuring Birds or
Animals are forbidden.

14. The distribution of Handbills, Advertisements, and other
Papers by the Public is forbidden.

Dated the 4th day of August 1896.

Sealed with the Common Seal of the Commisstoners of Her
Majesty's Works and Public Butldings.

REGINALD B. BRETT,
Secretary.

ee NT a ee ee Se eMTD

Historic Notice.

IN the year 1670 a portion of the Royal Garden around
Holyrood House was occupied by two eminent Edinburgh
physicians, Andrew Balfour and Robert Sibbald, for the making
of a Physic Garden, and James Sutherland was appointed
to the “Care of the Garden.” This was the foundation of the
Royal Botanic Garden of Edinburgh, which is therefore, after
that of Oxford (founded in 1632), the oldest in Great Britain.
The stocking ‘of the Garden with plants was effected from the
private Garden of Dr. Andrew Balfour, in which for some years
he had been accumulating medicinal plants, and also in great
measure from that at Livingston in West Lothian, the laird of
which, Patrick Murray, was much interested in the growing of
useful plants.

In 1676 the same physicians acquired from the Town Council
of Edinburgh a lease of the Garden of Trinity Hospital and
adjacent ground for the purpose of a Physic Garden in addition
to the Garden already existing at Holyrood, and they appointed
the same James Sutherland to be “Intendant” of this Garden.
The site of this Garden, which for convenience of reference may
be called the Town’s Botanic Garden, was the ground lying
between the base of that portion of the Calton Hill upon which
the prison is built and the North Bridge, and it is now occupied
by a portion of the Waverley Station of the North British
Railway. The name Physic Garden attached to a street in the
vicinity is a reminiscence of the existence of the Garden at this
spot. |

About 1702 another Botanic Garden was established in
Edinburgh in the ground immediately adjacent to the College ~
Buildings, apparently on the site of the present South College
Street. This was the College Garden, and of it James Suther-
land became also custodian.

vi Historic NOTICE.

Thus in the early years of the eighteenth century there were
in Edinburgh no less than three distinct Botanic or Physic
Gardens—one at Holyrood, the Royal Garden; one around
Trinity Hospital, the Town’s Garden; and one beside the
College, the College Garden. All these were at first under the
care of James Sutherland.

Sutherland from the first made use of the Royal Garden for
giving “instruction in Botany to the Lieges,” and received a royal
warrant appointing him Botanist to the King in Scotland, and
empowering him to “set up a Profession of Botany” in this
Garden. When the Town’s Garden was created the Town
Council appointed him to lecture on Botany as Professor in the
Town’s College, now the University of Edinburgh. In 1683 he
published his “ Hortus Medicus Edinburgensis, or a Catalogue
of the Plants in the Physical Garden at Edinburgh,” from which
and from other published notices of the Town’s Garden we learn
that between two and three thousand plants were in cultivation.
There is no means of determining how these plants. were
distributed between the several Gardens at the date of publica-
tion of Sutherland’s catalogue.

In 1706 Sutherland resigned the care of the Town’s Garden
and the College Garden as well as his Professorship in the
University, but, remaining King’s Botanist, he retained the care
of the Royal Garden at Holyrood. Charles Preston was
appointed his successor by the Town Council, and there were
thus established rival Gardens and rival Professors of Botany
in Edinburgh. Charles Preston died in 1712, and was succeeded
in his offices by his brother George Preston. Neither of the
Prestons had ever the care of the Royal Garden.

In 1715 Sutherland died, and his successor as King’s Botanist,
Keeper of the Royal Garden, and Regius Professor of Botany
was William Arthur, who, however, for political reasons did
not hold the offices long, and was succeeded in 1716 by Charles
Alston.

In 1724 the College Garden, having fallen into disorder, was
turned to other uses; and in 1729, George Preston having
retired, the Town Council appointed, as his successor in the
charge of the Town’s Garden and as Professor of Botany in the

University, Charles Alston, who as King’s Botanist had already :

Historic NOTICE. Vii

the charge of the Royal Garden and was Regius Professor of
Botany. Through him, after separation for a quarter of a
century, the Royal Garden and the Town’s Garden were again
combined under one Keeper, and the Regius Professorship of
Botany and the University Professorship were similarly united.
They have so continued to the present time.

In 1763, the Royal Garden and the Town’s Garden proving
too small and otherwise unsatisfactory, John Hope, who had
succeeded Alston in his offices in 1761, proposed a transference
of the two to a more congenial site in which they could be
combined. At first it was intended to secure ground to the
south of George Watson’s Hospital—the area upon which much
of the present Royal Infirmary is built—but this not being
possible, five acres of ground on the north side of Leith Walk,
below the site now occupied by Haddington Place, were chosen,
As Hope proposed to transfer the collections in the Royal
Garden to the new Garden he was able to secure the support of
the Treasury to his scheme, and the selected ground was leased
in name of the Barons of Exchequer. At the same time the
Town Council agreed to contribute £25 annually to the support
of the Garden, this sum being the amount of rent expected from
the letting of the old Town’s Garden. The plants from both
Gardens were transferred to the ground at Leith Walk, and
from this date there has been only one Botanic Garden in
Edinburgh.

The site thus secured for the Garden proved, however, only a
temporary one. Daniel Rutherford, who in 1786 succeeded
Hope in his offices, cast about him for a spot in which more
ground would be available for the extension of the Garden ; and
eventually in 1815 nine and a half acres of the land lying to the
east of Holyrood Palace, and forming the ground of Belleville or
Clockmill, was fixed upon as a site in every way desirable ; but
Rutherford dying before completion of the arrangements for the
transference of the Garden, his successor, Robert Graham,
appointed in 1820, preferred the more open site of the Inverleith
property which the Garden now occupies, and fourteen acres of the
Field or Park of Inverleith, known as Broompark and Quacaple-
sink, were purchased by the Barons of Exchequer from Mr.
James Rocheid, its owner, in 1820, the lease of the Leith Walk

Vili Historic NOTICE.

Ground being sold. By 1823 all the plants had been transferred
to the new Garden.

In 1858, during the Keepership of John Hutton Balfour, who
succeeded Graham in 1845, a further addition, by purchase from
the proprietor of Inverleith, of a narrow belt of two and a half
acres was made to the Garden on the west side; and in 1865, the
Caledonian Horticultural Society having resigned to the Crown
its lease of the ten acres of adjoining ground which it had
occupied since 1824 as an experimental Garden, this ground was
also made part of the Botanic Garden. Finally the present area
of the Garden was completed in 1876, when the Town Council
purchased from the Fettes Trustees twenty-seven and _ three-
quarter acres of the Inverleith property on the west side of the
Garden and transferred it to the Crown for the purpose of mak-
king an Arboretum in connection with the Garden; the Crown
at the same time purchased Inverleith House and two and a |
half acres of additional ground. |

In 1879, on Balfour’s retirement, Alexander Dickson became —
Queen’s Botanist, Regius Keeper and Professor, and held these —
appointments until his death in 1887. During his term of office —
the Arboretum was thrown open to the public. :

Surrounded as it now is on all sides by public roads, no further ,
extension of the Garden upon its present site can be made. |

Features of the Garden.

The method through which the Garden was built up by
successive additions resulted in an absence of combination
between its several parts, in great measure a consequence of want
of adequate funds to make the necessary alterations in the
grounds. During the past decade, in which the Garden has been
wholly under the administration of the Commissioners of H.M.
Works, the bringing about of this combination has been in
progress. The work is not yet completed, and the Plan of the
Garden which is attached to this sketch shows the area of the
Garden as it is laid out at this date—January, 1900. Future
editions will show further changes as the work of reconstruction
proceeds.

From its foundation the Botanic Garden has been devoted to
the teaching of Botany, and its usefulness in this respect has
determined the laying out of its area.

Herbaceous Garden.—A considerable space is occupied by a
collection of herbaceous plants arranged for study in natural
orders after the “Genera Plantarum” of Bentham and Hooker.

Rock Garden.—There is an extensive rockwork upon which
alpine and rarer herbaceous plants are cultivated.

Arboretum.—The whole of the western area of the Garden
will be eventually utilised as an Arboretum of trees and shrubs,
with the exception of the Conifers, which are now placed in the
ground adjacent to the Rock Garden.

The Plant-Houses are still in process of reconstruction. So
far as they have been rearranged at the present time they consist
of a long range to the north of the herbaceous collection, com-
posed of a Central Green-house, from the sides of which two
Corridors run east and west (H). In the Entrance Porch to the
Central Green-house is a collection of Insectivorous Plants (I).
From the Eastern Corridor two houses project to the south—one
occupied by Plants of Dry Regions (F), the other containing

xX FEATURES OF THE GARDEN.

Economic Plants of both Tropical and Temperate Regions (G).
The House terminating the Eastern end of this Corridor is one of
the old and decayed plant-houses, to which visitors are not
admitted pending its reconstruction. To the south side of the
Western Corridor are attached two houses—one for Orchids (J)
and one for Plants of Tropical and Warm Regions (K). The
house at the western end of the Corridor is one of the old plant-
houses, and is temporarily, and until reconstruction, filled with
Tropical Ferns (L), and opening from it is a small house for
Filmy Ferns. Behind the western end of the Front Range there
is a Temperate House for Palms, Tree-Ferns, and Coniferz (O),
and a Palm-House (P). Between these and the Front Range
at its western end is a suite of houses (now hearing com-
pletion) which will be devoted to Monocotyledonous Plants of
Tropical and Warm Regions, specially Aroids, Scitaminez, Brom-
eliads, Liliaceze, and Amaryllidacez ; Pitcher Plants are also
provided for in one of these houses (M, N). The central Heating
Station (Q) for the Plant-houses lies behind the Front Range.

Adjoining the Entrance from Inverleith Row is a group of
buildings including the Office of the Garden (A), the Museum
(B), the Laboratories (C), and the Lecture Hall ( D).

The Museum contains a series of exhibits illustrating the
form and life-history of plants, and these are arranged so as to
facilitate their use in teaching,

Herbarium and Library.—In the southern portion. of the
Garden is the Herbarium and Library ($). It contains a fair
representation of the Floras of the world, and the herbarium of
plants belonging to the University of Edinburgh is deposited
here.

The Ladies’ Cloak-Room is on the left hand of the path
leading into the Garden from the Entrance from Inverleith
Row (E

From the higher ground of the Arboretum—at the point marked

-V on the plan—a fine panoramic view of the City of Edinburgh,
flanked on the east by Arthur’s Seat, and on the west by the
Pentland Hills, is obtained.

Teaching in the Garden.

Special instruction in the sciences underlying the practice of
Horticulture and Forestry is provided for the Staff of the Garden.
The course of instruction is spread over three years, and consists
of lectures upon, and practical instruction in, the sciences taught.
A Reading-room and Library is also provided for members of the
Staff going through the course. Young Gardeners or Foresters
desiring admission to the Staff and the course of instruction
should make application to the Regius Keeper.

The Regius Keeper from time to time gives lectures which are
open to the Public. The Laboratories are open to any one
desirous of undertaking Botanical Research.

In recent years a School of Rural Economy has been established
in Edinburgh, and a considerable part of the botanical teaching
in connection with it is carried on in the Garden,

For a century and a half the offices of Regius Keeper of the
Botanic Garden and Professor of Botany in the University of
Edinburgh having been held by the same person, it has become
the custom that the students of the University come to the
Garden for instruction in Botany.

The Life-History and Habits of Diaxenes den-
drobii, Gahan, with Notes on Prevention and
Remedy.

R, STEWART MACDOUGALL, M.A., D.Sc.

With Plates I. and II.

It is safe to say that scarcely a year passes in which our
country does not receive from other countries accidental
additions to its insect fauna, these additions being either indi-
viduals of an already native species whose numbers are thus
swelled, or perhaps quite new species. Such insects as aphides
or scale-insects, which feed externally, may be introduced on
nursery-stock or fruits, to which they are securely anchored by
a proboscis. Apart from these, many insects pass a part or
much of their life in the various stages of egg, larva, pupa, or
adult, under the bark of trees, or in the wood itself, or sunk in
the tissue of smaller plants; hence driftwood and imported
timber and plants are fertile sources of the new insect additions
above mentioned.

In my notes of the last two years, I have mention, as taken
from driftwood, of living adults of such destructive forms as
FTylesinus piniperda, Prssodes notatus, and Bostrichus steno-
graphus ; also of the living pupz (the beetle being afterwards
bred out) of Lamza edzlis, the Timberman, a coleopterous insect
not common in our country. Again, a few months ago, in a
piece of timber imported from America, I found on examination
a living specimen of Goes figrina, a North American longicorn
beetle.

Notes, R.B.G., Edin., No. 1, 1900.]

2 STEWART MACDOUGALL—ON THE LIFE-HISTORY

Whether such new species on issuing continue to live and
gain a footing will depend on climatic and other reasons.

Our purpose at present, however, is not to discuss the
possibility of the acclimatisation of such insects as live in the
open, but rather to emphasise the likelihood of damage and loss
consequent on the presence of new injurious species of insects
introduced with such plants as orchids, which are protected
under glass and kept in a temperature resembling that of their
native habitat—such surroundings favouring the chance of the
parasitic insect obtaining a foothold.

One such imported orchid-pest—unfortunately now only too
well known in our orchid-houses—is a species of Xyleboraus which
is injurious to the genus Dezdrodium. More than once I have
had the attacked pseudo-bulbs sent to me with the insect iz
sitz, in all stages of development, the last case being one of an
attack on Dendrobium eburneum from an orchid-house at
Pitlochry, Perthshire, the plants having been supplied by a
dealer in the middle of England.

Another such pest (also coleopterous) is Baridium aterrimus,
a native of the Straits Settlements. I have received it along
with damaged orchids from Penang, where it is especially
harmful to Cypripedium and Saccolabium. There is at least
one record of the presence of Baridium in England, a specimen
having been determined by Mr. Waterhouse of the British
Museum. This specimen was taken at Torquay on a species
of Phalenopsts.

A third pest whose capacity for destructive work makes it
much to be feared is Dzaxenes dendrobit, the subject of this
notice. Through the courtesy of Mr. Waterhouse, I am informed
that since 1894 at least eight specimens of D. dendrobii have
been sent to the British Museum from different parts of England
and Scotland for determination.

Late in December, 1896, I was asked to visit an orchid-house
in Midlothian where a number of the plants had been ruined by
some agency or other, insects being suspected. Attracted by
discoloured patches on the pseudo-bulbs of some of the plants, I
cut these open, and in each case found the larva of a longicorn

etle.

The larvze were of all sizes from very tiny up to evidently

AND HABITS OF DIAXENES DENDROBII, GAHAN. 3

full-grown ones. Some of these last I carried away with me,
and at the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, bred out the
imagines (six in number), these proving to be, as suspected,
Diaxenes dendrobit, The adult beetles issued on

March 2nd, 1897. March 15th, 1897.
» > » ” 18th, ”
8th, ” » 2oth, »

With the six beetles thus won, I proceeded to work out the
details of the round of life of the pest in one of the glass-houses
at the Royal Botanic Garden.

POSITION OF DIAXENES AMONG THE COLEOPTERA.

The beetle is a longicorn belonging to the family Lamiidze and
the sub-family Apomecynine. The genus Dzaxrenes was founded
in 1884, the type being a beetle found in a Chelsea nursery on
Dendrobium Plalenopsis; this beetle was named Dzuaxenes
tayloritz, W. The only other species of the genus is our pest.

DESCRIPTION OF IMAGO.

I quote in full the description given in the “Annals and
Magazine of Natural History” for 1894 :—

“Strongly and rather closely pee with the punctures
partly concealed by the close pubescence, this is mostly of a
fulvous-brown or drab colour, but there are darker brown areas

each side, the two latter converging anteriorly. Each elytron
has about six lines of a slightly yellowish tint, of which one lies
along the outer margin; the second sets out just below the
shoulder and is continued in a nearly straight direction along the
side of the elytron; the third proceeds from the upper part of the
shoulder and joins the second a little before the apex ; the next
two lines are dorsal in position, they are sub- parallel to one
another in the anterior fourth of the elytron, behind which they
rather abruptly converge, after again diverging slightly they
converge to join one another about the beginning of the apical
fourth, whence they are continued as a single line up to the
outer angle of the oblique apical truncature: the sixth is a very
short line passing back from the base. In addition to these six
lines, an ashy-grey streak may be seen along the suture, with a

4 STEWART MACDOUGALL—ON THE LIFE-HISTORY

rather faint and broken white line limiting it on the outer side.
The body underneath has a drab pubescence with dark brown
areas. The prosternum and mesosternum and the lower part of
the sides of the prothorax are almost black in colour. The legs
and antennez are covered with a nearly uniform drab-coloured
pubescence, but in some examples the intermediate joints of the
antennz are more or less dark brown towards the tip. The front
of the head is also, in some examples, of a dark brown or nearly
black colour, but this is partly due to the rubbing away of the
pubescence.”

The darkening in colour is occasionally very marked. One of
the females used in my experiment was after a few months quite
black all along the dorsal surface. The specimen from which
the above description was taken measured 163 mm., and this is
an average size. One imago I possess measures 17 mm., but I find
a number smaller—thus, 14 mm., 12 mm., and one specimen is
just 10 mm., but this small size was due, I think, to the poorness
of the food on which the larvz had to subsist.

DISTRIBUTION,

It was suspected, and indeed stated, that the natural home of
Diaxenes dendrobiz was Burmah, and during the year I had an
opportunity of proving it. In the month of March, at an orchid
sale in London, a number of plants of Dendrobium nobile were
bought for the Royal Botanic Garden. These plants were
imported for the sale from Burmah. When they reached the
Botanic Garden, before being added to the collection, they were
examined carefully, and in some of the pseudo-bulbs larvze were
got which were bred up to the pupa stage, the resulting imagines
being of Dzaxenes dendrobti.

THE EGG.

The egg is like a very tiny sausage, rounded off towards the
ends. It measures 3} mm. in length, and is 1 mm. broad at its
widest part.

There is a well-marked areolation on the thick shell, giving to
the egg examined under the microscope a honeycomb-appearance.
The pattern is hexagonal and pentagonal, but this becomes
modified at the ends of the egg. In colour the egg showed a
pale whitish-green tinge as it lay in the tissue of the pseudo-bulb.

Be eT MNT eee ee oe

AND HABITS OF DIAXENES DENDROBII, GAHAN. 5

THE LARVA.

The larva is a legless grub, convex on both dorsal and
ventral surfaces. It is jawed, and has a chitinised head. Very
short antennz may be seen on careful examination. Here and
there over the body are bristles, The larva is to begin with
whitish in colour, but later, and especially about the time of
making its cocoon, yellowish. The stigmata along each side are
well marked. It measures from 20 mm. to 22 mm.

THE PUPA.

A general knowledge of the form of the pupa will be obtained
from the figures, where it will be noted how the femur and tibia
of the first two pairs of legs form a sort of knee which projects
slightly above the edge of the dorsal surface. The long antennz
pass back, held at the edge of the dorsal surface by the two
“knees” of the first and second pair of legs. Half-way down
the body of the pupa the antennz curl round between the second
and third pair of legs and, crossing the ends of the wings, run
forward on the ventral surface to the tarsi of the front pair of
legs. Measurements of different pupz gave from as small as
II mm. up to 16mm.

LIFE-HISTORY AND HABITS.

The beetles rest during the day, sometimes at the base of the
plant, with their heads, it may be, buried in the moss of the pot
in which the plant is growing ; sometimes on the under surface
of a leaf; but the favourite place was between two almost
touching pseudo-bulbs. Now and again we got them moving on
the plant in the daytime, but typically they are night-feeders.
Often, after dark, on going into a glass-house with a lantern, I
found them ‘browsing on the leaves or pseudo-bulbs with
extended waving antenne.

The beetles are very sluggish, remaining in the same place for
long. Even a gentle prodding failed to make them move much,
but never failed in drawing from the beetles a curious scraping
sound like the creaking of a saddle or the noise made in cutting
acork. The sound was produced by the beetles rubbing the

6 STEWART MACDOUGALL—ON THE LIFE-HISTORY

front part of the mesothorax against the hind part of the pro-
thorax. With reference to this noise—not an unusuai one among
the longicorn beetles—the gardener in charge of an orchid-house
where Dzaxenes was captured informed me that, not liking to
take the beetle in his hand, he had picked it off “with a small
pair of tongs, on which the poor creature began squeaking.”

I was much struck by their protective colouration. When
resting on a withered root, cr on the moss of the pot, or near a
withered bulb where only the whitish-grey fibres remained, it
was almost impossible for a stranger to pick out the beetle, so
accurately did the colour of the beetle—especially on account of
the longitudinal light lines down its back—harmonise with these
surroundings,

The death-feigning instinct of the imagines was also very
noticeable.

The adult beetles eat greedily and are very destructive. They
feed upon and destroy :—

(1) The Pseudo-Bulbs. Out of these they gnaw large pieces.
If the pseudo-bulb be a small one it may be entirely eaten away;
specially would the beetles take the youngest growth. If the
pseudo-bulbs were long and narrowish they would be gnawed at
one place till the weight of the upper part would break the
pseudo-bulb in two. This was the case, for example, where a
species of Phajzus with a single pseudo-bulb was used as food.

(2) Zhe Leaves. These were not bitten from the edge; but
the surface, either upper or lower, would be gnawed until holes
appeared. If the leaves were very tough—as in the case of
Lelia anceps—a hole might not result, but the scraped surface
remained to testify to the work of the feeding beetles. Often a
leaf would be bitten and gradually thinned away near its place
of attachment to the pseudo-bulb, and the leaf, becoming top-
heavy, bent over and broke or hung down.

(3) Zhe Rhizome. Sometimes the exposed part of the rhizome
would also be eaten away.

(4) Zhe Roots. Several times in the course of the experiment
fairly thick roots were bitten through ; but a commoner damage
to the root was the gnawing away of the external parts into the
central cylinder (as shown in one of the figures).

The effect of all the above destruction was evidenced by the

AND HABITS OF DIAXENES DENDROBI, GAHAN. Mi

poorness of the plant. Pseudo-bulbs that normally would have
borne three flowers only produced one, and sometimes none at
all. The young pseudo-bulbs, following attack on the plant,
were only half the size compared with the growth made in a
previous year.

The females after copulation lay their eggs in the pseudo-
bulbs, often at the apex from where a leaf springs. I believe,
from the amount of food a larva eats, that, unless the pseudo-
bulb be a very large one, only one egg will be laid in a
pseudo-bulb, I certainly found two eggs laid in the pseudo-
bulb of a Coelogyne cristata, and also two in one pseudo-bulb of
a Coelogyne flacceda, but this I feel sure was due to the beetles
not having a sufficiently large number of plants to lay on. In
both of these cases I had to remove one larva and place it in
another pseudo-bulb. |

The eggs hatch in less than a fortnight, and the grubs feed
greedily. They bore a tunnel down the pseudo-bulb from the ~
place of hatching, the surrounding tissue browns, and soon all
down one side of the pseudo-bulb the decayed brown-blotched
channel invites the attention of the observer to the destructive
work of the enclosed larva. All the soft parts are then mined
away, so that nothing is left of the pseudo-bulb save the outer
epidermal rind and the strands of fibro-vascular bundles which
run longitudinally down the hollowed-out pseudo-bulb from end
to end like strands of fine string.

The larve wriggle about very actively if laid on the ground or
held in the hand, while in their tunnels they move as easily and
as readily backwards as forwards.

If the pseudo-bulb has been too small and has not afforded
enough food to the larva, the latter immediately proceeds to
mine through the rhizome until it reaches another sound pseudo-
bulh, into which it enters. One such larva that did not find
enough to satisfy it in one Coelogyne cristata pseudo-bulb
tunnelled through 3 cm. of rhizome and up into another, which
it completely gutted. This method of leaving one pseudo-bulb
and entering another was often observed during the experiment.
I may add that larvee removed from their tunnels and placed by
themselves alongside a broken-off pseudo-bulb were quite able to
make an entrance. On an infested plant the pseudo-bulbs may

8 STEWART MACDOUGALL—-ON THE LIFE-HISTORY

show all stages from still healthy not yet attacked ones to others
beginning to brown and to others more than half brown, up to
the perfectly withered and blotched pseudo-bulb which gives to
the slightest pressure.

The full-fed larva makes a cocoon by weaving together the
fibres of the hollowed pseudo-bulb. The larve do not immedi-
ately pupate on the formation of the cocoon, but lie as larvee on
it may be for a lengthened period. One such larva, watched
through a little chink cut in the cocoon, lay for twenty-three days
before pupating, but others lay very much longer. In one
experiment where the plant was Odondoglossum citrosmum, the
larva had made its cocoon by December 17th, 1897, and the
imago did not issue till April 24th, 1898. I did not wish to
disturb this cocoon, and therefore cannot add the date of the
change to the pupal condition.

Once the larva becomes a pupa, the pupal stage lasts on an
average twenty-four or twenty-five days. Here is a Table
showing some of the times, where the changes were watched
through a chink purposely made in the cocoon :—

Pupa. Beetle issued.
October 11, . : . November 4.
January 27, . : . February 26.
February 6, . : . March -?

The escaping imago bites a little round hole in the cocoon and
walks out, or, if the pseudo-bulb be unbroken, through pseudo-
bulb as well.

Development from egg to imago can take place in three and
a half to four months, but may take much longer. Thus, in a~
Coelogyne cristata the beetles had an opportunity of egg-laying
from June roth to July 27th, and I had issue of imagos on
October 11th, October 18th, and the beginning of November.
If a long time be spent in the cocoon before the larva pupates
the above developmental period will correspondingly be
lengthenend out; the character of the food and the temperature
will also each have an effect. :

AND HABITS OF DIAXENES DENDROBII, GAHAN. 9

The following Table shows some of the results as regards
variation in length of the life cycle -—

Time during which Beetles Time of I f
Plant. had opportunity to lay ge B nae -
Eggs. Ww brood.

Coelogyne cristata. June 1o—July 27, 1897. October 11, 1897.
October 18, 1897.
Beginning of Nov.

Coelogyne flaccida, July 27—Aug. 9, 1897. April 7, 1898.

Odontoglossum cit- July 27—Aug. 24, 1897. April 24, 1898.
YOSMUM. May 2, 1898.

It may be interesting to note how long my six imagines
lived.

Issuing as imagines between March 2nd and March 2oth,
1897—
The 1st died on April 8th, 1897.

“2nd : May 28th, -
yo ord é July 5th, fe
yw 4th ‘a October ar “
” 5th ” )

6th Nok: 18th, | g

Although Dzaxenes dendrobii is called the “ dendrobe-orchid
beetle,” I am sorry to add that it does not content itself with
infesting the Dendrobium nobile from Burmah. I have not
found any orchid with marked pseudo-bulbs refused as food. In
the following orchids my six insects bred, the feeding larve
quite ruining the plants :—

Lelia anceps. Coelogyne flaccida.
Coelogyne cristata. Odonioglossum citrosmum.

The orchid-house where I obtained my original material was
quite ruined by the insect, and I took young or old larvae
from the following orchids :—

Dendrobium Farmerit. Lelia anceps (several

” Griffithianum. varieties).
” thyrsiflorum. Cattleya Mosste.
Triane.

ee Sormosum. ”

io STEWART MACDOUGALL—ON THE LIFE-HISTORY

The day temperature of the orchid-house referred to was
never below 60 degs. F., and the night temperature never below
55 degs. F. The temperature of the house where my experiment
took place was higher than this.

Besides the species named above as plants in which my
beetles bred, the following other orchids were used as food :—

Dendrobium nobile. Cattleya sp.
59 cariniferum. Phajus sp.
” Wardianum. Oncidium sp.

PREVENTIVE AND REMEDIAL MEASURES,

Unfortunately in connection with this pest, there seems to be
_every possible combination against the plant and in favour of
Diaxenes dendrobtt :—

The beetle breeds in a number of genera.

Many genera can be used as food.

The beetles, owing to their colour and their being night
feeders, escape notice.

The length of development from egg to imago is not excessive.

The imagines have a fairly long life.

From what I have seen of the work of this beetle, I have no
hesitation in saying that Dzaxenes dendrobti is the very worst of
orchid-pests, and yet, with reasonable care, successful war can be
waged against it.

I. Let all imported plants before being added to a collection
be carefully gone over. Any brown discoloured pseudo-
bulbs should be suspected and examined for the larva.
Perfectly sound pseudo-bulbs have a firm feel to the
fingers ; infested pseudo-bulbs “give” a little on being
pressed.

2. Owners or cultivators of orchids should keep a careful
look-out for the work of the imago. Its damage is not
to be mistaken for any other—how characteristic it is
the figures show. Any found heetles should
destroyed. They must be searched for, however, after
nightfall with a lamp or lantern.

3. That the larva has got to work may be known by a
gradual discolouration down one side of the pseudo-

AND HABITS OF DIAXENES DENDROBII, GAHAN. it
bulb ; this will spread over the whole. The enclosed
grub must be cut out, or, if the pseudo-bulb is far

gone, let it be cut off bodily and the whole destroyed.

RIRI TAMDA PHY.

Woodward, in Gardeners’ Chronicle, 1883, mentions receipt of a larva
taken from an orchid. It was dead and could not be identified, but I am
satisfied the insect was a species of Diarenes.

Gahan, C. J. Description of a new longicorn beetle of the genus
Diaxenes, in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 6, xiii (1894), p. 520.

Donge, E. Exhibited a larva ae imago of the insect taken from the
conservatory of a horticulturist in Paris. See Ann. ae Entom. France,
Ixiii (1894), also, Bull. Soc. Entom. France, 1895,

Xamben, Capt. Supplies notes on larval habits eee upon metamorphosis
in Ann. Soc. Entom. France, lxiv (1895), also in Bull. Soc. Entom. France,
1895, p. ccxlix.

EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES
in Plates I. and II.

Illustrating Dr. Stewart Macdougall’s paper on Diaxenes dendrobtt, Gahan.

Fig. 1.—Imago from life. Natural size.
» 2.—Egg from side. Greatly magnified.
» 3-—End view of egg-shell, showing characteristic areolation. Greatly

nified.
» 4.—Full-grown larva. Slightly magnified.
» 5.—Pupa removed from cocoon, ventral surface. Twice natural size.
»» 6.—Pupa removed from cocoon, dorsal surface. Twice natural size.
» 7.—Pseudo-bulb of Dendrobium with larva (not full grown) that has
been mining, as shown by the dark discoloured tissue. Natural

size.
8.—Cocoon enclosing larva, in hollowed-out pseudo-bulb of Coelogyne
cristata. Natural size.
» 9—Cocoon showing escape-hole, in pseudo-bulb of Dendrobium.
Slightly reduce
» 10.—Three beetles seen on plant of Dendrobium cariniferum. Slightly
reduced.
» 11.—Adult beetle on Dendrobium cariniferum. Magnified.
»» 12.—Under-surface of ag of Lelia anceps gnawed by imago. Two-
thirds natural si
” 13.—Coelogyne aides ete leaves characteristically injured by
imago. Half natural size.
14.—Cattleya, —- pseudo-bulbs and roots gnawed by imago.
Natural s

~
-

NOTES R. B. G. EDIN. "PLATE |.

}
¢ 4 #
4 A

MacDovcatt—On Diaxenes Dendrobii, Gahan.

PLATE Il.

NOTES R. B. G, EDIN.

MacDovaaLt—On Diaxenes Dendrobii, Gahan.

On the twisting of the leaves on their bases on
the horizontal shoots of the flat-leaved
Spruces (PICEA § OMORICA) as contrasted
with the same phenomenon in the flat-leaved
Silver Firs (ABIES), the flat-leaved Hemlock
Firs (TSUGA), and the Douglas Fir (PSEUDO-
TSUGA).

A. D. RICHARDSON.

With Zincographs 1—10.

In the flat-leaved spruces, in which the stomatic leaf-surface

is morphologically the upper one, and which constitute
Willkomm’s section Omorica of the genus P2cea, the twisting of
the leaves on their bases on the horizontal (plagiotropous) shoots,
in order to direct their stomatic surfaces downwards, differs
from that which obtains in flat-leaved silver and hemlock firs,
and in the Douglas fir, in all of which the stomatic leaf-surface is
morphologically the under one, in being reversed in direction,
and, as a result of this reversion in direction, in the order of
succession in which the leaves twist on their bases from the
position in the median plane of the shoot at which no twisting
takes place to that at which the maximum is reached being
also reversed.

In a flat-leaved spruce, a leaf arising in the median plane
upon the upper side of a horizontal shoot does not twist on its
base, but bends forward and becomes nearly parallel in direction
with the shoot, so that its .stomatic (upper) surface is directed
downwards. A leaf arising in the median plane upon the under
side of a horizontal shoot, on the other hand, twists on its base
through 180 degrees in order to direct its stomatic (upper)

[Notes, R.B.G., Edin., No. 1, 1900,]

i4 RICHARDSON—ON TWISTING OF LEAVES

surface downwards, and, by a swing movement at its base, -
which is independent of the twisting movement, it moves
upwards so that it usually lies in a more or less horizontal
plane ; and it also moves outwards to a position nearly at a
right angle to the direction of the shoot. In the leaves arising
from the shoot on either side of the median plane, more or less
twisting takes place at the base of each, according to its position
on the axis, in order to direct its stomatic (upper) surface down-
wards, the amount through which each twists (assuming the
direction of the shoot to be quite horizontal, and the median
plane of the leaf after twisting to be truly vertical) being equal
to the angular divergence of its point of insertion from that of
a leaf inserted in the median plane in which no twisting takes
place—in other words, the twisting commences in the leaves
adjacent to those in the median plane upon the upper side of the
shoot and increases as successive leaves are passed through from
above downwards. By a swing movement at the base, the leaves
lying on either side of the median plane move upwards or down-
wards, according to their positions on the axis, so that they
arrange themselves in a series of superposed more or less
horizontal planes lying between those of the uppermost and
undermost leaves of the shoot ; and they also move outwards
into positions more or less divergent in direction from that of
the axis, according to their positions thereon, the divergence
increasing as successive leaves are passed through from above
downwards from a few degrees in those adjacent to the leaves in
the median plane upon the upper side of the shoot to nearly a
right angle in those adjacent to the leaves in the median plane
upon the under side of it.

In flat-leaved silver firs, and in the Douglas fir, on the other
hand, in which the stomatic leaf-surface is morphologically the
under one, a leaf arising in the median plane upon the upper
side of a horizontal shoot twists on its base through 180 degrees
in order to direct its stomatic (under) surface downwards, while
a leaf arising in the median plane upon the under side of a
horizontal shoot does not twist, but moves upwards by a swing
Movement at its base, so that it usually lies in a more or less
horizontal plane; and it also moves outwards into a position
nearly at a right angle to the direction of the shoot. As is the

IN SPRUCES AND FIRS. 5

case in the flat-leaved spruces, the leaves arising from the shoot
on either side of the median plane twist more or less on their
bases according to their positions on the axis, the amount through
which each twists being equal to the angular divergence of its
point of insertion from that of a leaf inserted in the median
plane in which no twisting takes place; but, contrary to what
takes place in the case of the spruces, the twisting here com-
mences in the leaves adjacent to those in the median plane upon
the under side of the shoot and increases as successive leaves
are passed through in an upward direction. These leaves also
move upwards or downwards, according to their positions
on the axis, by a swing movement at the base, into more or less
horizontal positions, as in the case of the leaves corresponding
with them in position on the horizontal shoots of the flat-leaved
spruces, and they also move outwards into positions more or less
divergent in direction from that of the shoot ; but this movement,
unlike that which occurs in similarly situated leaves in the flat-
leaved spruces, varies in different species of flat-leaved silver firs.
In species such as Adzes grandis and A. Lowzana all the leaves
on the horizontal shoots move outwards into positions nearly at
right angles to the direction of the axis, so that a “ pectinate ”
arrangement is produced; but in other species such as 4.
amabilis and A. Nordmanntana the leaves on the upper sides of
the horizontal shoots assume a disposition having a somewhat
superficial resemblance to that of the leaves of the flat-leaved
spruces, inasmuch as the uppermost leaves, in addition to twisting
on their bases, often bend forward, so that they lie almost parallel
in direction with the shoot, while those adjacent to them on
either side move outwards into positions more or less divergent
in direction from that of the axis, the divergence increasing as
successive leaves are passed through in a downward direction to,
in some instances, nearly a right arigle in those adjacent to the
leaves in the median plane upon the under side of it.}

1 These species are taken as representing perhaps the two extremes of leaf-arrange-
ment in the flat-leaved silver firs—A. grandis, Lindl., and A. Lowiana, Murray, on
the one hand being very pronouncedly “‘ pectinate,” while 4. amadilis, Forbes, and
A. Nordmanniana, Spach, are more or less what may be termed ‘‘spruce-like.”
Between these exttemes lie a number of species which are more or less intermediate,
such as A. pectinata, DC., A. er et Mill., A. sibirica, Ledeb.,A. Vettchit, Lindl.,
and others,

16 RICHARDSON—ON TWISTING OF LEAVES

In some flat-leaved hemlock firs, such as Tsuga Steboldzz, the
arrangement of the leaves on the horizontal shoots is essentially
_ the same as that which obtains in flat-leaved silver firs and in
the Douglas fir; but in such species as Zswga canadensis and Ts.
Mertenstana, and one or two others, a slight divergence occurs.
In the leaves inserted in the median plane upon the upper side
of the shoot, which are generally smaller than the others, no
twisting on the base takes place. These leaves behave in
precisely the same way as do those in a corresponding position
on the horizontal shoots of the flat-leaved spruces, but with this
difference, that whereas in the spruces the stomata, being on the
upper side of the leaf, become directed downwards when it bends
forward in the direction of the apex of the shoot, in these
hemlock firs, owing to their being on the under side of the leaf,
they become directed upwards.

In the flat-leaved spruces, then, in consequence of the stomata
being located on the upper leaf-surface, the arrangement of the
leaves on the horizontal shoots is quite distinct from that in
flat-leaved silver and hemlock firs, and in the Douglas fir. In
these latter the mode of twisting of the leaves on their bases is
identical with that observable in a plagiotropous shoot of such a
plant as the common yew, or in fact of any broad-leaved plant
such as Deervilla or Philadelphus—that is to say, the direction,
as seen from above, in which the leaves twist on their bases ona
horizontal shoot, when they come to occupy positions nearly at
right angles to its axis, is away from the apex of the shoot, or
when nearly parallel with it the direction of twisting is away from
the median plane on the upper side of the shoot. In Figs, 1 and 2
horizontal shoots of this sort are represented diagrammatically
as seen from above. The centre line represents the axis, the
lateral lines the leaves, and the curved arrows show the direction
in which the leaves twist ori their bases. Fig. 1 illustrates the
arrangement of the leaves on the horizontal shoots in such flat-
leaved silver firs as A. grandis and A. Lowtana, and also the
arrangement on the under side of the shoot in such flat-leaved
species as A. amadilis and A. Nordmanniana, while Fig. 2
illustrates the arrangement on the upper side of the shoot in
species such as the last named. In the case of a flat-leaved
spruce, on the other hand, the direction in which the leaves

IN SPRUCES AND FIrRs. 17

twist is, when viewed from above, either towards the apex of
the shoot, as represented in Fig. 3, which illustrates the

WA A
—- 5
a Hh
| as

Fig. J Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Fig.

Figs. 1 and 2. Directions of twisting and movement in silver fir.
Figs. 3 and 4. Directions of twisting and movement in spruce.

arrangement of the leaves on the under side of the shoot, or
towards the median plane on the upper side of the shoot, as
represented in Fig. 4, which illustrates the arrangement on the
upper side of the shoot.

In plagiotropous shoots in which the stomatic leaf-surface is
morphologically the under one, and where the leaf-arrangement
is normally not a truly distichous but a polystichous one, a
pseudo-distichous arrangement is frequently brought about
either by twisting and other movements of the leaves on their
bases, or by torsion of the axis itself. In Dvzervilla and
Philadelphus the leaves are opposite and decussate on the
orthotropous shoots, but they all lie in one horizontal plane on
the plagiotropous shoots, with their stomatic surfaces directed
downwards. In these cases the pseudo-distichous arrangement
on the plagiotropous shoots is brought about by torsion of the
axis alternately to right and left between the nodes, so as to
bring alJl the points of insertion of the leaves into nearly the
Same plane, and at the same time each leaf twists at its
base through go degrees and brings its surface into a horizontal
position, so that they all lie in the same horizontal plane. This
arrangement is illustrated diagrammatically in Fig. 5, which
represents a plagiotropous shoot of this sort as viewed from above.

Ce RICHARDSON—ON TWISTING OF LEAVES

The curved arrows on the central axis indicate
the direction in which it twists in each successive
—- internode.
In the Irish yew all the shoots are ortho-
Ls tropous and the leaf-arrangement is polystichous,
\ being in fact a % spiral arrangement. In
—+—+—}-_ the common yew, of which the Irish yew is only
a variety, most of the shoots are plagiotropous,
{ and the leaves, although really spirally arranged,
become pseudo-distichous by twisting and
a oes BEE swing movements on their bases, but here there
a is no torsion of the axis as in Dzervilla and
Philadelphus.
In flat-leaved silver firs, and in the Douglas
Fig. & fir, there is a pseudo-distichous arrangement of
_... the leaves on the horizontal shoots which, as
ing of shoot and before mentioned, is identical with that which
leaves in Dzervil/a. F ;
occurs in common yew. In such species as
Altes grandis asnd A. Lowiana this pseudo-distichous arrange-
ment of the leaves is brought about independently of the twisting
of the leaves on their bases by the way in which they move out-
wards on either side of the shoot into positions nearly at right
angles to the direction ofits axis. In species like A. amadz/zs and
A. Nordmanniana the pseudo-distichous arrangement is often
masked by the upper leaves assuming directions parallel with,
or only slightly divergent from, that of the axis. But, as the
direction in which the leaves twist on their bases on the upper
side of the shoot is away from the median plane, as viewed from
above, their stomatic (under) surfaces turn outwards from each
other in opposite directions, to either side of the shoot, so that
there is a parting or shedding of the leaves along the median
plane on the upper side; and as there is also a parting or
shedding of the leaves by the swing movement already referred
to along the median plane on the under side of the shoot, a
pseudo-distichous arrangement is the result. The resemblance
between the arrangement on the upper sides of the horizontal
shoots here and that of the flat-leaved spruces is therefore
entirely superficial. In a flat-leaved spruce, on the other hand,

IN SPRUCES AND FIRS, 19

a pseudo-distichous arrangement is impossible. The leaves in
the median plane upon the upper side of a horizontal shoot do
not twist on their bases, nor do they move to either side of the
shoot, while those adjacent to them on either side twist towards,
not away from, the median plane, as viewed from above, so that
there is no parting or shedding along the upper side of the
shoot, and therefore no pseudo-distichous arrangement.!

Figures 6-10 will serve to illustrate the various points dealt
with in the preceding pages, and they will also serve to show
how the positions of the tissues of the leaves are affected from
a morphological point of view by the twisting and other move-
ments which take place at the leaf base, a matter in regard
to which some misconception seems to exist in the descriptive
accounts of some of the flat-leaved species of Picea. —

Fig. 6 represents diagrammatically on a ground plan the
positions assumed by the leaves in an erect (orthotropous) shoot
of a flat-leaved silver or hemlock fir, or of the Douglas fir, while
Fig. 8 represents the same thing in a flat-leaved spruce. In the
figures the axis of the shoot occupies the centre, and the leaves
are arranged in a circle surrounding it, the spiral arrangement
being disregarded in order not to introduce complications. The
number of leaves (twelve) fixed upon is purely arbitrary, the even
number being adopted in order to avoid fractions of a degree.
The leaves are numbered consecutively, and the angular
divergence from zero (leaf 1) is indicated on the outside of each
leaf. The various tissue-groups of the leaf are indicated thus :
—X = xylem; P = phloem; R.C. = resin-canals ; $.S. = stomatic
surface.

A glance at Figs. 6 and 8 will show that they differ in one
particular only—namely, the position of the stomatic surface of
the leaf. In Fig. 6 it is in the normal position on the phloem-
side of the leaf, but in Fig. 8 it ison the xylem-side and faces
the axis of the shoot.

1 The arrangement of the leaves on the horizontal shoots of as (flat-leaved
oe other) is frequently incorrectly described as pseudo-distichous. Dr. Engelmann,
in Watson’s Flora of California, II, p. 121, describes the leaves of Picea as oo?
ed all round the branchlets or (by a twist of the base) somewhat 2-ranked,” and
other authorities orggeeed refer to them as being ‘‘2-ranked,” ‘‘2-rowed,” or
** pseudo-distichou
C

RICHARDSON—ON TWISTING OF LEAVES

Fie. 6

fic. 9

Fic. 10
Figs. 6 and 7. Arrangements in flat-leaved silver fir, 7 suga Sieboldi, and Douglas fir
c

Figs. 8 and 9, Arrangements in flat-leaved spruce.
Fig. 10. Arrangement in 7suga canadensis, Ts. Mertensiana, and others.

IN SPRUCES AND FIrs. 21

Fig. 7 represents the positions assumed by the leaves in
flat-leaved silver firs, in some hemlock firs, and in the Douglas
fir when such a shoot as that represented in Fig. 6 becomes
horizontal. The leaves corresponding to those in Fig. 6 are
indicated by corresponding numbers, and the degree-numbers
indicate the angles through which the leaves twist on their bases,
as well as their angular divergences from the leaf in which no
twisting takes place.

_In Fig. 7, leaf 7, which is in the median plane upon the under
side of the shoot, is the one in which no twisting takes place,
but, by the swing movement on its base already referred to, it
moves upwards and outwards to the position indicated in the
figure, As, however, its point of insertion is in the median
plane of the axis, it may move either to the right or to the left.
In leaf 1, which is in the median plane upon the upper side of
the shoot, on the other hand, the maximum amount of twisting
at the base takes place, and owing to its being in the median
plane of the shoot, it may, like leaf 7, move either to the right
or to the left. In those lying between 1 and 7, on either side
of the median plane of the shoot, the amount of twisting which
each undergoes is equal to the angular divergence of its point
of insertion from that in which no twisting takes place, as
indicated in the figure. For example, the points of insertion of
leaves 4 and 10 are each divergent 90 degrees from that of leaf
I, and this is equal to the angle through which each twists
in order to bring its median plane into a vertical position.

The curved arrows above and beneath Fig. 6 indicate the
direction in which the leaves shed away from the median plane
of the axis, on the upper side by twisting, and on the under side
by a swing movement at the base, when a shoot such as this
becomes horizontal as in Fig. 7.

Figure 9 represents the positions assumed by the leaves in a
flat-leaved spruce when a shoot such as that represented in Fig. 8
becomes horizontal, and the leaf-numbers and degree-numbers
have the same significance as those in Fig. 7. Leaf 1 in Fig. 9
is that in which no twisting takes place, and it retains precisely
the same position in relation to the axis as does the corresponding
leaf in Fig. 8. In leaf 7, on the other hand, the maximum
amount of twisting on the base takes place, and in addition

22 RICHARDSON—ON TWISTING OF LEAVES

to this twisting there is the swing movement at the base, by
which the leaf moves upwards and outwards into the position
indicated in the figure ; and, as the point of insertion of this leaf
is in the median plane upon the under side of the shoot, it may
move either to the right or to the left. In the leaves lying
between 1 and 7, on either side of the median plane of the shoot,
the same rule as to twisting obtains as that which governs the
twisting in Fig. 7, but here the order of succession in which
the leaves twist is reversed in direction as compared with that
illustrated in Fig. 7

The curved arrows beneath Fig. 8 indicate the direction in
which the leaves shed away from the median plane of the axis
when a shoot such as this becomes horizontal as in Fig. 9;
but the shedding of the leaves along the median plane on the
under side of the shoot is not here due to a swing move-
ment at the base only, as in Fig. 7, but to a combination of
both a twisting and a swing movement. Both these movements,
in fact, culminate in the leaves in the median plane on the under
side of the shoot in a flat-leaved spruce ; whereas in a flat-leaved
silver, in some hemlock firs, or in the Douglas fir, the twisting
movement culminates in the leaves in the median plane on the
upper side of the shoot, while the swing movement culminates in
those in the median plane on the under side.

Fig. 10 represents, in the same way as in Figs. 7 and 9, the
positions assumed by the leaves on a horizontal shoot of a hem-
lock fir such as 7suga canadensts, or T. Mertenstana, as described
on p. 16. The leaves inserted in the median plane upon the
upper side of the shoot show no twisting at the base, but,
bending forward in the direction of the apex of the shoot,
they occupy positions similar to that of leaf 1 in Fig. 10,
in which the stomatic (under) surface is directed upwards,
whereas in all the other leaves of the shoot it is directed down-
wards as in the flat-leaved silver firs, and in the Douglas fir.}

1 Ina paper entitled a “ Review of some Points in the Comparative Morphology,
Anatomy, and Life-History of the Coniferze,” published in the ‘‘ Journal of the Linnean
ociety, Botany, Vol. xxvii, Dr. Masters refers to the leaf-arrangement in these
plants as follows (p. 247) :—‘‘ Another instance of variation in the arrangement of
“leaves is often seen in Abies Nordmanniana, A. Pichta, A. amabilis, as also in

Tsuga canadensis, &c. The leaves on the lateral and —_ or a hereon
** spreading Denlinlies, though polystichous, i

7 = 4!

IN SPRUCES AND FIRS 23

The effect of this twisting of the leaves on their bases on
the horizontal shoots of the firs and spruces referred to results
in but a slight deviation from. the normal condition of the
internal leaf-structure, and this only in the flat-leaved spruces.
In the flat-leaved silver and hemlock firs, and in the Douglas
fir, there is no departure from the normal condition, and
the arrangement of the internal tissues of the leaf is precisely
the same both in leaves of the leader shoots (where no twisting
takes place) and in leaves of the horizontal shoots ; but in the
flat-leaved spruces, owing to the stomata being located on the
morphologically upper leaf-surface, and to the consequent
inversion of the leaves on the horizontal shoots as compared with
those on the leader (erect) shoots, or with those on both the erect
and horizontal shoots of a flat-leaved silver fir, or the Douglas fir,
the positions of the various leaf-tissues are completely reversed,
so that the phloem is towards the non-stomatic, actually upper
(but really morphologically under) side, and the xylem towards
the stomatic under (but really morphologically upper) side,
while the resin-canals occupy their normal positions on the phloem
side of the leaf. The only anatomical change which results
from this abnormal (inverted) position of the leaves on the
horizontal shoots of these flat-leaved spruces is the formation of
palisade cells in the non-stomatic upper (but really morpho-
logically under) side of the leaf in two or three of the species ;
and no doubt it is the abnormal position of these cells on the
same side of the leaf as the resin-canals (which always belong
to the under side of the leaf!) that has led to the little

*€ one on either side of the branch (in which case the leaves are nearly at a right
‘angle to the branch), and one in the median plane of the upper surface (in which
“case the leaves are appressed along the branch arpa: to its main axis). The
“* median leaves are usually smaller than the lateral ones.’

It is quite true, as Dr. Masters says, that in hemlock firs like 7suga canadensis the
leaves are really arranged in three groups, but such a description is incorrect when
es to any of the flat-leaved silver firs, as has been shown in this paper.

1In connection with this it may be pointed out here that the figures of the
erse sections of 2 leaves a Picea Alcockiana and P. Glehnit of the ** Gardeners’
Chaonicte” (Vol. xiii, N.s., pp. 212 and jor) and of the ‘Journal of the Linnean
Society”’ (Botany, Vol. xviii, pp. 509 and 513) are, judging from the positions of
these r eos, evidently inverted, as is also spoareiikty that of ?. Breweriana of
the ‘‘ Gardeners’ Chronicle” (Vol. xxv, N.S., p. 497). In the two first-mentioned
species no twisting takes place at the bases of the leaves on the horizontal shoots, so

24 RICHARDSON—ON TWISTING OF LEAVES.

confusion which exists in the descriptive accounts of some of
these species.

In conclusion, it may be pointed out that in the silver firs
(Adzes) and in the hemlock firs (Zsuga) species occur in which
the leaves are not distinctly flattened, and where, as in the true
spruces (Picea § Eupicea), the stomata are more or less evenly
distributed over the four faces of the leaf. This occurs in such
species as Abies Pinsapo, A. nobilis, A. magnifica, and others,
amongst silver firs, and in 7saga Hookertana of gardens amongst
hemlock firs. In such cases there is, of course, as in the case of
spruces, no pseudo-distichous arrangement.

that the resin-canals are pri in the actually, as well as the morphologically, under

part of theleaf. About Lf. Breweriant, a species of which I have not seen specimens,
I am unable to seeihits an opinion . oe whether the leaves twist on the horizontal
shoots or not. JBeissner (‘‘ Handbuch der Nadelholzkunde,” p. 350) places it

amongst the true spruces al Putte = Willkomm), in which no twisting of the leaf base

occurs ; but Professor Sargent says.(‘‘ Silva of North America,” Vol. xii, p. 52) ‘‘it
most eercorse in -leaf structure and = the form of its cone-scales the flat-leaved
# O of the Balkan arenes Judging from the figures alone (both of the

« Gardeners’ Chronicle” and o *¢ Silva > it would appear that the stomata are
confined to one leaf-surface acl, a from the position in which the canals are
shown, no doubt this is the upper one, as in the other flat-leaved species. I therefore
incline to Professor Sargent’s opinion that it is more closely allied to the flat-leaved
species than to the true spruces.

FROM THE

ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN

DINBURGH. s

NOVEMBER 1900.

List of Seeds Collected in the Royal Botanic
Garden, Edinburgh, during the Year 1900.

The following is a list of plants cultivated in the Royal
Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, from which ripened seeds have
been collected during the year 1900. The quantity of seed
obtained from some of the species is of limited amount. The
seeds are available for exchange, but they are not for sale :—

HERBACEOUS PLANTS.

Acantholimon
glumaceum, Boiss.

Achillea

Jaborneggi x , Halacsy.

Aciphylla

squarrosa, Forst.

Aconitum
Anthora, Zinn.

' Actza
alba, AZz1/.
Spicata, Zinn.

Adenophora
stylosa, Fisch.

fEthionema
cappadocicum, Spreng.
cordatum, Boiss.

Agrimonia
Eupatoria, tine

nsoa
caulialata, Rutz et Pav.

Alstreemeria

chilensis, Ze.

Alyssum
calycinum, Zzun.
creticum, Linz.
libycum, Coss.
Moehlendorfianum, fort.
montanum, Z7z7.
saxatile, Linn.

Androsace
elongata, Zzmv., var. nana.
filiformis, Refs.
lactea, Zinn.
maxima, Zinn.

26 LIST OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1900.

Anemone

pratensis, Zz.
rivularis, Buch.-Ham.
sulphurea, Zzzn.
sylvestris, Zz.

Anthericum
Liliago, Zznn.
— var. algeriense.

Aquilegia
Bertolonii, Schott.
formosa, Fisch.

Arabis
albida, Szev.
Allionii, DC.
alpina, Zinn.
— var. anachoretica, Fort.

blepharophylla, Hook. et Arn.

Breweri, S. Wats
lucida, Zinn. ne

Arenaria
austriaca, Jacq.

Arum
maculatum, Zinn.
palzestinum, Boiss.

Asarum
canadense, Zznn.
caudatum, Zézd/7.
europzeum, Lznz7.
grandiflorum, A7Zotasch.

alpinus, Zzzz.
— var. altaicus.
— var. ruber.

Astra

Astilbe

chinensis, Franch. et Sav.
Thunbergii, J/g. F

Astragalus

danicus, Refs.
Glyciphyllus, Zz.

ntia
carniolica, Wulf.
major, Zinn.

Athamanta

Matthioli, Wud/.

Aubrietia

deltoidea, DC., var. Columnz
(Guss.).

ena
sterilis, Zzn72.
Barbarea

vulgaris, 2. Br.

Bottionea

thysanthoides, Co//a.

Brassica

Cheiranthos, Vii/.

Bryonia

dioica, Jacq.

Bulbinella

Hookeri, Benth. et Hook. fil.

Calochortus

venustus, Benth. var. citrinus.
— var. Eldorado.

— var. oculatus.

—- var. pictus.

LIST OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1900.

Camelina

sativa, Craniz.
sylvestris, Wadlir.

Campanula

barbata, Zin.

glomerata, Zzun.

Hendersoni, Hor7.

lactiflora, ied.

latifolia, Zzmn., var. macrantha
(Fisch.)

linifolia, Scop.

persicifolia, Zinn. _

— var. alba. _

— var. Backhousei.

— var. grandiflora.

rapunculoides, Zznz.

rotundifolia, Zznz.

— var. alba.

Trachelium, Zzzm., var. aggre-
gata.

— var. flore pleno.

Cardamine

bulbiflora, 2. Br.

Carlina

corymbosa, Zinn.

Cerastium

perfoliatum, Zinn.

Cherophyllum

aromaticum, Zinn.

Cheiranthus

Cheiri, Zinn.

Chelidonium

majus, Zinn.
— var. laciniatum (A777).
themum
anserinzfolium, Hausskn. et
Born.
ceratophylloides, A//.
maximum, Ramond.

Cochlearia
officinalis, Zz.

Codonopsis
rotundifolia, Royle.

Collomia
grandiflora, Doug:.

Coronilla

v
elegans, Panc.

Corydalis
glauca, Pursh.

Delphinium
crassicaule, Zeded.

elatum, Zizz., var. glabra.

grandiflorum, Zz77.
hybridum, Seep

speciosum, £7ed., var.

stanicum.
truncatum, Hort.
velutinum, Zertol.

Dianthus
ceesius, S77.
calocephalus, Bozss.
chinensis, Zinn.
deltoides, Zinn.

turke-

glacialis, Haenke., var. gelidus.

Hellwigit x, Bord.

meesiacus, Vis. ‘et Pane.

' superbus, Zinn.

Dictamnus
albus, Zinn.
Digitalis
ambigua, Murr.
lutea, Zinn.
purpurea, Linz.

LisT OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1900.

Draba

arabisans, Michx.

aurea, Vahl.

carinthiaca, Hoppe, var. Traun-
steineri (Hopfe).

fladnizensis, Wulf.

hispida, Wii/d.

incana, Zinn.

—var. hebecarpa.

Kotschyi, Stur.

lactea, Adams.

longirostra, Schott, Nym. et

otschy.
rupestris, R. Br.
siliquosa, Bied.

Epilobium

angustifolium, Zz.
Hector, Hausskn.
luteum, Pursh,
parviflorum, Schreb.
rosmarinifolium, Haenke.

Erigeron

glabellus, WVutz.

macranthus, Wwie.

multiradiatus, Benth. et Hook.
i.

fil.
Roylei, DC.
speciosus, DC.

Erinus

alpinus, Zinz.

Erodium

Eryn

curvifolium, Bozss. et Reut.
ciconium, Wi//d.

gium

ceruleum, ied.

Erysimum

thyrsoideum, Zoiss.

Eschscholzia
californica, Cham.
—var. alba.

Eupatorium

cannabinum, Zzzm.

Fritillaria
aurea, Schott.
* _ Camtschatcensis, Ker-Gawi
Funkia
Sieboldiana, Hook:

Gaillardia

aristata, Pursh., var. grandiflora,

ore.

Gentiana
asclepiadea, Zin.
punctata, Linn.
Saponaria, Zinn,
_verna, Linn,

Geranium
asphodeloides, Burm. fil.
cinereum, Caz,
Endressi, Gay.
sanguineum, Zinn.
—var. lancastriense (JZ///.).
—var. roseum,
sibiricum, Zinn.
_subcaulescens, Z’ Heri.

Gerbera
nivea, Sch. Bip.

Geum
montanum, Zznz.
nutans, Hort. Par.
parviflorum, Commers.
pyrenaicum, AZ7//.
rubellum, Fisch. et Mey

’ List OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1900.

Globularia
trichosantha, Fisch, et Mey.

Gypsophila
acutifolia, Fisch.
dubia, W2d/d.

Helleborus
antiquorum, A. 47., var. roseus.
colchicus, Hegel.

Hesperis
matronalis, Zzz7.

Heuchera
bracteata, Ser.
Drummondii, Hort.
macrophylla, Zodd.
sanguinea, Lnge/m.

Hieracium
argenteum, /7ies.
iricum, Fries,
rigidum, Hartm.
scoticum, Hort.
tridentatum, /7zes.
villosum, Jacq.

Homogyne
alpina, Cass.

Hyacinthus
romanus, £2772.

Hypericum
pulchrum, Zznzzn.
Richeri, VilZ, var. Burseri

Iberis
intermedia, Dapricai
semperflorens, Linn.

umbellata, Zinn.

Impatiens
Noli-tangere, Zinn.

Incarvillea
elavayi, Bureau et Franch.

Inula
ensifolia, Zinn.
Helenium, Zzvz.

Iris
sibirica, Linn.
—var.a
—var, flexuosa.
tenax, Doug?.

Isatis
tinctoria, Zz.

Jasione
montana, Ziv.

Kniphofia
Tuckii, Baker.

Lactuca

muralis, 2. JZey.
Lathyrus
* canescens, Gren. et Godr.
macrorrhizus, Wimm,
magellanicus, Lam.
montanus, Bernh.

Leontopodium

alpinum, Cass.

{
Lepidium
Menziesii, DC.
Leucojum
vernum, Zinz., var. carpaticum
erb.

30
Ligusticum
scoticum, Zinn.
Lilium

Washingtonianum, Kellogg, var.

purpureum. :

Linaria

maroccana, ook. il.

Lindelofia
spectabilis, Lehm.

Linum
alpinum, Zinn.
perenne, Zzzz.

Lotus
corniculatus, Zzu.

Lunaria
annua, Linz.

Lupinus.
micranthus, Dougi.
rivularis, Doug/.

Lychnis
divaricata, Reichd.
Flos-jovis, Desr.
Githago, Scop.
pyrenaica, Berger.
Viscaria, Zinn.
— var. splendens.

Malva
Alcea, Zinn.
borealis, Wadlim.
crispa, Zinn.

Mandragora

officinarum, Linn.

LisT OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1900.

Meconopsis
cambrica, Vzg.
Wallichii, Hao.
— var. fusco-purpurea.

Medicago
truncatula, Gaertv.

Melilotus

elegans, Sadzm.

Mesembryanthemum
pomeridianum, Zzuzn.

Mitella
pentandra, Hook.

orina

longifolia, Wad/.
Muscari

Argeei, Hort.

armeniacum, Leichiélin.

botryoides, A777.

Maweanum, Baker.

moschatum, Wild.

Ochthodium
_ regypticum, DC.

CEnothera
biennis, Zz.

Onobrychis

sativa, Lam.

Ononis
arvensis, Ziuz.

Orchis
mascula, Zz.

Oxytropis
glabra, DC.
lapponica, Gaud.

strobilacea, Bunge.

LisT OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1900. 31

Papaver

nudicaule, Zzzz., var. miniatum.

pilosum, Szb¢h, et Sm.
somniferum, Zinn. —

Paradisea
Liliastrum, Berfo/.

Pedicularis
palustris, Zinn.

— var. alba.

Pentstemon

diffusus, Dougl.

glaucus, &. Grah., var. stenope-

talus.
ovatus, Dougl.

Phliomis
setigera, Fale,

Phyteuma
orbiculare, Ziv.
Scheuchzeri, 4//,
Sieberi, Spreng.
spicatum, Zinn.

Picrorhiza
Kurroa, Royle.

Pisum
sativum, Zinn.

Plantago
Raoulii, Decne.

Platycodon
gtandiflorum, 4. DC.,
Mariesii.

var,

Podopyllum
Emodi, Wail.

Polemonium .
ceruleum, Linn.
— var. album.
— var. monstrosum.
himalayanum, Baker.

Polygonum
viviparum, Zinn.

Potentilla :
alchemilloides, Lapeyr.
alpestris, Ha//. jil.
malacophylla, ise
Menziesii x, Pax
Sibbaldia, “ad. mt

Poterium
canadense, 4. Gray.
muricatum, Spach,
officinale, 4. Gray.

Primula

Auricula, Zinn., var.
censis.

calycina, Duby

capitata, Hook.

carniolica, Jacg

elatior, 77/1,
(fuss.).

farinosa, Zinn.

frondosa, Javka.

involucrata, Wa//., var. Munroi.

sikkimensis, “ook.

viscosa, V7z//., var. decora, Sms.

— var. nivalis, Hort.

mona-~

var. carpatica

Prunella
grandiflora, Tua:
vulgaris, Zinn,
— var. alba.

32
Pyrola

media, Sz.
rotundifolia, Zzzn.

Ramondia

pyrenaica, Rich.
s Vv
serbica, Pave.

— var. Nathalix (Panc et

Petrov.)

Ranunculus
acris, Zinn.
bulbosus, Zzm7., var. fasciatus.
Chius, DC.

Reseda
complicata, Bory.
Luteola, Zz.

Rheum
Rhaponticum, Zzz.

Sanicula
. europea, Linz.
Saxifraga
Aizoon, Lzzz.,
flort.
— carinthiaca (Scho/t).
— Malyi (Schott, Mym.
Kotschy).
— minima.
—notata (Schott,
Kotschy).
— .pectinata (Scho/t).
— punctata.
— rosularis, Sch/.
— Sturmiana (Schott, Nym. e
Kotschy).
aspera, Zinn.

var. balcana,

oO
ot

ym.

LIsT OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1900.

bronchialis, £2727.

— var. cherlerioides (D. Doz).

Bucklandi, Hort., var. major.

Burseriana, Zinn., var. multi-
flora.

crustata, Vest, var. hybrida.

decipiens, Zirh.

— var. palmata (Panc.).

exarata, Vd/.

— var. altissima (Kerz.).

— var. elatior (JZert. et Koch).

hypnoides, Zzzn.

intacta, Wid/d.

— var. farinosa.

leucanthemifolia, AZichx.

lingulata, e//, var. australis
(Moric.).

longifolia, Lapeyr.

mutata, Zinn.

oppositifolia, Zz.

— var. alba

paradoxa, Sternd.

pedatifida, ZArh.

Porte x, Engl.

pseudo-sancta, Janka.

retusa, Gouan, var. bryoides.

— maritima.

rotundifolia, Zzz2.

umbrosa, Zinz., var. Ogilveana
Hort.
— var. serratifolia (d/ackay).

Scabiosa
caucasica, Bzeb.
— var, alba.

LisT OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1900.

Scilla
bifolia, Zzz7., var. preecox.
festalis, Salis.
— var. alba.
hispanica, A/7//.,var. grandiflora.
patula,
— var. major.

Scrophularia
nodosa, Zinn.

Scutellaria
alpina, Zinn.

Sedum -
album, Zznzn.
Anacampseros, Zinn.
asiaticum, Spreng.
stoloniferum, S. Z: Gmel.

Sempervivum
arvernense, Lecog et Lamotte.

Schottii, Baker, var. acumin-
atum (Schot?).

Sidalcea ;
candida, A. Gray.
malveeflora, A. Gray.
Silene
alpestris, Jacq.
Armeria, Zinn.
caucasica, Boiss.
colorata, Poir.
Cucubalus, Wibel.

muscipula, Zizz.
niczénsis, 4//.
quadridentata, Pers.
rhynchocarpa, Boiss.

Saxifraga, Linn

Schafta, Gmel.
Sendtneri, Boiss.
Thorei, Du/.
vallesia, Zznz.
verecunda, S. Wats.

Silphium
terebinthinaceum, /acq.
Sisymbrium
Thalianum, /. Gay.

Sisyrinchium
angustifolium, J7Z7/2.

Smilacina
racemosa, Desf.

| Sobolewskya

-elavata, Fenz/, var. cilicica.

Solanum :
Dulcamara, Zz, var. alba.

idago
elongata, uit.
multiradiata, Az¢., var. scopu
lorum.
Virgaurea, Zinn.

rgula
arvensis, Zinn.

| Spe

Spirza
astilboides, Carr.
Filipendula, Zznz.
Ulmaria, Zinn. |
Synthyris

reniformis, Benth.

Thalictrum
- angustifolium, £277.

- ealabricum, Spreng.

34 LIsT OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1900.

Thalictrum— continued.
glaucum, Desf.
minus, Linn,
simplex, Lzz.

Thermopsis
fabacea, DC.
montana, /Vui/t.

Thlaspi

arvense, Liz.

Tofieldia
calyculata, Wahlenb.

Trifolium
agrarium, Lzn.
alpinum, Zzzn.
pannonicum, /acg.
striatum, Zinz,
Trillium
erythrocarpum, Curt.
grandiflorum, Sa/isb.
ovatum, Pursh.
stylosum, JVuzz.

Tritonia
rosea, K7att.

Trollius
altaicus, C. A. Afey.

asiaticus, Linz., var. giganteus.

europzus, Zin.
— var. pumilus albus.

patulus, Sa/isb., var. albus.

Tunica ;
stricta, Fisch. et AZey.

velutina, Fisch. et Mey.

pha
angustifolia, Zinn.

latifolia, Zénz.

Veronica

satureioides, Vis.
saxatilis, Scop.

Vicia

Cracca, Linn.
sylvatica, Lizn.
unijuga, 4. Braun.
villosa, Aoth.

Viola

canadensis, Zzu#., var. alba.
cornuta, Zin.

macedonica, Boiss. et Heldr.

odorata, Zinzz., var. lutea.

primuleefolia, Zinn.
sylvestris, Zam.

Waldsteinia

trifolia, Koch.

Wulfenia

carinthiaca, /acg.

LisT OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1900.

TREES AND SHRUBS.
Crategus

Acer
Pseudo-platanus, Zinn.

Alnus
cordifolia, Zen.
glutinosa, Medic.
incana, Medic.

Amelanchier
canadensis, Zorr. e¢ Gray.

Arctostaphylos

Uva-ursi, Spreng.

Berberis
angulosa, Wadl/.
Aquifolium, Pursh.

Betula
alba, Ziv.
— var. pendula, Hort.

Cara:
arborescens, Lam.

Clematis
Vitalba, Zinn.

Colutea

istria, AZz//,
Cornus

alba, Zinn.

Cotoneaster
frigida, Wail.
horizontalis, Decne
microphylla, Wadd.
imonsii, Baker.

‘LE

mollis, Scheele.
Oxyacantha, Zinn.

— var. pendula, Zodd.

Cytisus

nigricans, Zinn,
scoparius, Zink,
— var. Andreanus.

Daphne

Mezereum, Zinn.
— var. album.

Ss
octopetala, Zinn.

ista
sagittalis, Linn.

Helianthemum

egyptiacum, JZ7//.
ledifolium, 47/7,
umbellatum, JZ.
vulgare, Gaerin,
— var. mutabile.
— var. roseum.
— var. venustum.

Ilex

Aquifolium, Zinn.

— var. aurea angustifolia.

— var. camellizfolia.
— var. flavescens,
aie Par, fructu luteo.
— var. Hodginsii.
—var. maderensis.

LIsT OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1900.

Laburnum

alpinum, /. S. Pres/.
vulgare, /. S. Pres?.

um
latifolium, Azz.
palustre, Zinn,

Nuttallia

cerasiformis, Zorr. e¢ Gray.

Olearia

Haastii, Hook. fil,

Pernettya

mucronata, Gaudich.

Prunus

Avium, Zinz.

Pyrus

Aria, Zinn.

Aucuparia, Gaertn.
nivalis, Jacg.
rotundifolia, Bechst.

Quercus

Cerris, Zinn.
pedunculata, Zhrh.
sessiliflora, Sadisd.

Rhamnus

catharticus, Zinn.
Frangula, Zinn.

Rhododendron

catawbiense, Michx.
eaucasicum, Pall.
ferrugineum, Zinz.
— var. album, Szee?.

'. flavum, G. Don.

-hirsutum, Zinn.

Rhododendron— continued.
hirsutum, var. album.
“— var. variegatum.
“ponticum, Lz.

| Rhodotypos

kerrioides, Szeb. ef Zucc.

Rosa
rugosa, Zhunb.
— yar. alba.

Sambucus
canadensis, £272,
nigra, Linz.

— var. fructu albo.
Skimmia

Fortunei, JZas?.
Symphoricarpus
racemosus, Michx.

Taxus
baccata, Zinn.
— var. Dovastoni, Carr.
— var. fastigiata, Loud.

Thymus

(Heuff..
Tilia
vulgaris, Hayne.
Veronica

anomala, Armstr.
Bidwillii, Hook. fil.

monticola, Armstr,

pinguifolia, Hook, fil.

purea.

Viburnum
Lantana, Zinn,

' Opulus, Zinn.

Chameedrys, /72es, var. comosus

Colensoi, Hook. fil., var..glauca.

vernicosa, Hook. fil., var. pur

List OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1900

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

Acokanthera
spectabile, Hook. fil.

Actinostemma

biglandulosum, Hems/.

Ardisia
_crenata, Roxb.
Aristolochia
brasiliensis, AZar‘.
fimbriata, Cham.
Asparagus
scandens, Zhunb,
Begonia
coccinea, Hook,

Dregei, Otto et Dietr. .

Knowsleyana, /or+.
manicata, Cé/s.
nitida, Dry
Versclfaffett. Hort.

Billardiera
longiflora, Zadii/.

Billbergia
pallidiflora, Zzebm.

Bomarea
multiflora, A/iré.

Brachychilum
Horsfieldii, Baker.

odiza
lactea, S. Wats.

amellia
theifera, Griff.
Cassia

corymbosa, Lam.

Chloroph

ytum
orchidastrum, Zzzd7?.

Clethra

arborea, Azz.

scandens, Cav.

Coffea

arabica, Zinn.

Costus
igneus, WV. £. Br.

Cotyledon

Desmetiana, Hems/.

Crossandra
undulefolia, Sa/isd.

| Cyclanthera

explodens, Vaud.

Darlingtonia
californica, Zorr. -

Draczena
phrynioides, Hook. ji

Sptinclaaa
usitanicum, Link.

38 LisT OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1900.

Drosera
capensis, Zinn.
filiformis, Rajin.
peltata, Sv.
rotundifolia, Zzuz.
spathulata, ZaédzZ/.

Eucalyptus
ficifolia, 7. AZuell.
urnigera, Hook. fil.

Ficus
diversifolia, B/ume.

Fuchsia

procumbens, &. Cunn.

Gazania
pygmea, Sond.

Genista
monosperma, Lam.

neglectum, Zod.

Heeria
rosea, Zyiana.

Hedychium

Gardnerianum, osc,

Hibiscus
esculentus, Zinn.
lunariifolius, Wid/d.
Manihot, Zz.
pedunculatus, Zz.

elegans, Sw.

Hydrolea

spinosa, Zz.

Kalanchoe
crenata, Haw.
thyrsiflora, Harv.

Kennedya
prostrata, #. Br.

Lycopersicum
Humboldtii, Duz.
racemigerum, Lazge.

Maurandia
Barclayana, Lind/.

Melothria

cucumerina, Vaud.

Mesembryanthemum
blandum, Haw.
curviflorum, Haw.

polyanthon, Haw.
roseum, Willd.

Mimosa
marginata, Zind/.
pudica, Zinn.

Mimulus
glutinosus, Wend].

Momordica
Charantia, Zinn.

cochinchinensis, Spreng.

Musschia
Wollastoni, Zowe.

Myrtus
communis, Zzun.
Luma, Barn,
Ugni, Jol.

LIsT OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1900.

Nephthytis
liberica, VV. Z. Br.
Nicotiana

sylvestris.

Ochna
Kirkii, Odzv.

mossambicensis, A7otzsch.

Ornithogalum
lacteum, Jacq.

Orthosanthus
multiflorus, Sweet.

a
sativa, Zznn.

Oxypetalum
ceruleum, Decne.

Passiflora
edulis, Szms.
quadrangularis, Zinn.

Pelargonium
ternatum, Zzzn.

Pentas

carnea, Lenth., var. kermesina,

Flort.
Phyllanthus
montanus, Sz.
Pinguicula
lusitanica, Zznn.

Polyalthia

suberosa, Benth. et Hook. fil.

Primula
floribunda, Wad/.
moliis, Vue.
verticillata, orsk.

Psychotria

micrantha, tern.

Ricinus

communis, Zinn.
Rivina

humilis, Zzun.

Sarracenia
illustrata, Hort,

Senecio
macroglossus, DC.

Solanum
Seaforthianum, Andrews.

Tacsonia
mixta, Juss.

Tetranema
mexicana, Benth.

Tillandsia _
splendens, Brongn.

Torenia
flava, Buch.-Ham.
Fournieri, Linden.

Turnera
ulmifolia, Zzun.

Villamilla

octandra, Hook, fil.
Vitis

heterophylla, Zhunb.,

humulifolia, //or7.

var.

rie

A ae

NOTES

FROM THE

EDINBURGH.
DECEMBER 1900.

CONTENTS. ee
Observations on the Girth-Increase of Trees in the Royal —
Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. By David Christison, —

-U., . : a paras

Life-History and Habits of Clerus formicarius, Linn., with
11-14. By R. Stewart MacDougall, M.A. D.Sc, = -
Life-History and Habits of Rhizophagus depressus, Fowler,
with 15-17. By R. Stewart MacDougall, M.A., D.Sc.,
Enumeration of Visitors to the Royal Botanic Garden, Edin-
burgh, during the years 1889-1900,- - -— -

ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN,

Observations on the Girth-increase of Trees in
the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, for
Twenty Years, 1878-1897.

DAVID CHRISTISON, M.D.

PART I—DECIDUOUS TREES.

—_—_—_

THE late Sir Robert Christison, when nearly four score years
of age, began in 1875 a series of girth-measurements of trees
on scientific principles in order to ascertain their annual girth-
increase, and was, I believe, the first to do so. The observations
for the first three years were initiatory upon a few trees only,
but in 1878 systematic observations were begun on a much
larger number. In a series of papers read to the Botanical
Society of Edinburgh in 1878, 1879, 1880, and 1881, he explained
his methods, gave the results of his observations, and showed
the practical uses to which such observations could be put. One
of these,—the rather elaborate computation of the age of trees
from a series of girth-measurements in a particular tree and in
others of the same species at different sizes,—has been super-
seded by the process of extracting borings on which the annual
rings can be counted, and for practical purposes the same ready
method is applicable in determining the present rate of growth |
of a stem; but for this purpose it is necessary to take the
average of sagoel borings in the circumference of the tree, and
girth-measurements probably yield more precise results in
dgtermining, not only annual increments, but more particularly
the finer rates for months or even shorter periods. It must
always be remembered, however, that such measurements show

[Notes, R.B G., Edin., No. III, rg00,] ~

42 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON

simply the increase in girth, and cannot discriminate between
the amount due to deposit of wood on the one hand, or to
changes in the bark or cambium on the other. In this respect
borings have the advantage, but as to the bark I may state
generally that except in very old trees there seems to be little
loss in mass, or even by gradual attrition—so little as to be
inappreciable in a single year. Thus, even in old rough-barked
trees, my painted distinguishing numbers often show little trace
of wearing in ten or twelve years, although distorted and
rendered illegible from the gradual widening and splitting of
the bark. Notable exceptions among the species are the true
Plane tree and the Yew, whose tendency to shed their bark is so
manifest.

_ Sir Robert Christison at first aimed at no finer division of
his tape than tenths of an inch, and confined himself to annual
observations, but very soon, with practice and improved tapes,
he measured to the twentieth of an inch and took monthly
observations. Since his death in 1882, I have continued to
measure his original trees, but as many of them, even from the
first, were old or prematurely old, it was evidently desirable to
experiment on younger specimens, not only because the results
would be probably more reliable, but in order to ascertain the
increments of the species over a greater range of age.
Accordingly, in 1887, I selected some thirty-five young
deciduous trees, from six to twenty inches in girth, chiefly
situated in the South and East shelter belts of the Arboretum,
and a similar number of young Pinacee in the Botanic
Garden, taking two of each species, when possible, so that in
case of one failing the other might preserve the continuity of
observations in the species. With the exception of a few that
were cut down from death or degeneracy, all of this second set
~ were observed annually till the end of the period, and monthly
from 1887 to 1891. The deciduous specimens generally throve
well, considering that they had been put in without preparation
of the naturally poor sandy soil, before the Arboretum was
handed over to the authorities of the Garden, but they were
almost all transplanted after 1891, and thus the continuity of
observations was interrupted. The Pinaceze, again, throve so
badly as greatly ta mar the value of the results in them.

THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 43

To compensate for this interruption in the deciduous group,
I selected in 1892 a fresh set of twenty young trees, each of a
different species, almost all growing in the North and West
borders of the Arboretum, subject to the same objection of want
of preparation of the ground before planting as the former set,
but favoured by a rather better soil. Once more, however, the
continuity of observation was interrupted, in 1896, by a close
pruning of branches and roots, in preparation for transplanta-
tion, which at once reduced the aggregate girth-increase by
nearly one-half. As to the Evergreens, discouraged as I was
by the comparative failure of the first set, I made no effort to
increase their number, although the observations on the original
set were continued.

The introduction of Chesterman’s steel tapes insured an
accuracy of measurement unattainable in the original experi-
ments, and enabled me to initiate new inquiries, such as the
determination, within narrow limits, of the seasonal beginning of
girth-increase in the different species, the weekly rate of growth,
the relation of girth-increase to the development of the leaves
and twigs, &c.; and the various results were communicated to the
Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1883, and to the Botanical Society
in 1887, ’88, 89, and ’92. In the present Report I shall confine
myself to the annual and monthly results,—and in the deciduous
_ trees only,—bringing them down to 1897, which completes a

period of twenty years. The observations for 1892-97, both
annually and monthly, and the annual observations of the original
set for the second decade, which have not yet been published,
will be given in detail, but only the general results for the first
decade are reproduced from my former papers. In these papers
were incorporated observations made on trees at Craigiehall,
near Cramond, but these have long been discontinued, and the
results will only be incidentally used here. Thus, the present
Paper becomes peculiarly a record of the life-history, as indicated
by girth-increase, of a considerable number of deciduous trees
in the Botanic Garden and Arboretum, over periods of from six
to twenty years. -

Doubts have been ee as to the possibility of measuring
the girth of trees to the twentieth of an inch with accuracy, and
unquestionably in stems of great size, and in all stems of irregular

44 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON

form or with very rough bark, an error of the twentieth or even
the tenth of an inch may be caused by the slightest shifting of
the tape. But such trees should be rejected, at least for fine or
frequent observation, and if we select young cylindrical stems
with smooth bark, or even when it is rough, provided the rough-
ness be regular and free from excrescences, it is possible, by
adopting careful methods, and with-practice, to attain a wonder-
ful degree of accuracy. I have frequently checked an observa-
tion on such trees by repeating it three times, using a fine
millimetre tape, and found a variation of not so much as half a
millimetre. The method adopted by me is fully explained
under the next head.

GENERAL EXPLANATIONS.

1. METHOD OF TAKING OBSERVATIONS.—The measured
point, generally five feet above ground, is marked in white paint
by several short horizontal lines round the stem. A short per-
pendicular line at one of them that occupies the most prominent
position marks the spot where the measurement begins.

Chesterman’s steel tapes are used, one, graduated to twentieths
of an inch, for ordinary observations, and another, of more slender
make, graduated to millimetres, for finer work. In both, the
ordinary ring is replaced by a square, slightly wider than the
tape, and included in the graduation.

In small stems the tape is held in position at the fixed
starting point with the nail of the forefinger of the left hand, and
the tape is passed round the stem with the right hand, and
brought fairly over the square, which can be accurately done, as
the square is wider than the tape. The amount is then read off
at the outer edge of the square. For larger stems the process is
the same, except that, to allow the observer to go round the tree,
the square is kept in place by a “ brog,” which must be removed,
the square being kept in position with the nail of the forefinger,
in order that the measurement may be read off accurately.

2. THE GIRTH OF A TREE usually signifies its circumference
at five feet from the ground, or, in a short stem, at its narrowest
point. But five feet was the height aimed at for observation
whenever it was practicable.

THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 45

3. HEIGHT OF MEASUREMENTS.—Whenr trees were too young
to be measured at five feet, a convenient point was chosen two
or three feet from the ground, and as the trees grew and became
fit, the point was raised to the five-feet level. I do not think
the results were in any way invalidated by this necessary
compromise.

4. SUMMING-UP OF TABLES.—The entries in the Tables of
increments due to years in which trees were temporarily ineligible,
from the effects of transplantation or pruning, are printed in
etalics, and such entries are not included in the summing
of the lines and columns.

5. SCALE USED FOR MEASUREMENTS.—All measurements
are in inches and decimal parts of an inch unless otherwise
stated.

l; “ANNUAL RESULI5,

Following the plan formerly adopted, I take first the results
for the species separately, and then the collective results. To
preserve the convenience of division into decennial and quin-
quennial periods, I have omitted from the Tables the first year’s
observations on the second set of trees, but they will be available
in the text, and will be fully given in the monthly division of
the subject.

The chief results derived from the annual observations are—

1. The annual rate of girth-increase in the species at different
ages ;

2. The seasonal range in the species separately ; and

3. The same in the aggregate.

The seasonal variations ought to be considered in connection
with meteorology, but an inquiry of this kind is complicated by
the variety of influences that come into play, such as the ripening
of the wood, the formation of the buds, low temperatures of the
air or earth, the protective or destructive effects of snow, sudden
thawing, excessively low temperature, excess or defect of rain
or humidity, &c., besides the effects of position in sheltering or
exposing different trees to these weather influences. To have
done justice to all these points would have taken far more time
than I had atmy command. I have been content therefore to

46 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON

deal only with instances in which the cause of a marked
depression was not far to seek. None such occurred in the
second decade, but the first was signalised at the outset by an
unprecedented series of three most unfavourable seasons, chiefly
owing to exceedingly low winter temperatures, which reduced
the aggregate increment by nearly one-half, and affected some
trees for years afterwards, if not permanently. ‘The disastrous
effects on girth-increase of these seasons have been described in
former papers by my father* and myself,t and will be only
incidentally mentioned now.

A. General History of the Species Separately.

In place of taking the species in scientific sequence, it was
deemed preferable to deal with them in the order of the
reliability of the observations, whether depending on the larger
number of observations, or on the better thriving of the species
in the soil of the Garden. A certain preference has also been
given to the importance of the species as forest trees.

Each Table is drawn up so as to show—

(1) The following results in the original adult or old trees of
1878 :—a. The average increase in girth for the first decade for
each tree under observation. 6 The annual increase in detail
for the second decade. ¢. Its total amounts and its average
annual rate. ad. The girth of each tree at the end of the
decade in 1897.

(2) The same details, as far as they go, in the second decade
for the younger trees selected in 1887 and 1892, given at the
foot of the Tables.

* On the Exact Measurement of Trees, Part 4. Trans. Bot. Soc. Ed., 1880.

+ Of. cit., 1880-89, p. 397. The Depression in Girth-Increase of 1879, 1880, and
1881 ; e¢ passim.

[ TABLE.

THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 47

FAGUS SYLVATICA.

j
ANNUAL INCREMENTS.

2 Av ' |
et Be ee Girth,
4 te, Sy fatten | ii See Ot ore Oct, |
le tet ie 1897. |
& |Decade| 1888. | 1889. | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. ] 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896. | 1897. |
|
7} 103 | -75 | 80} -95 | -90 | 1:20 }1-10/) -25| 60 | -90| -80 9885 | -88 | 89-60!
8{ 099 | -80/ ‘95 | 95} -90| ‘907 -90| ‘90 | -90| 1.19 | ‘9019-20 | -92 | 79°50
14} 048 | -40 | 35 | -20] -25 | -30] -25 | -45 | +30} -25 | 30 9} 3-05 | -30 | 83-70
38 | 0°43 | -30 | -25 | -25 | -25 | 409 -25 | -45 | -25 | -40 | -25 3-05 | -30 [67-75
|

2°25 | 235 | 2:35 | 2-30 | 2-80 | 2-50 | 275 | 2°05 | 2°65 | 229
97 1:15 | 1°30 | 1°50 | 1-30 | Died after Transplantation. 5°25 | 1°31 | 15°55
ae 100 | 1:10 | 1-45 | 1°35 | 1°55 Do. 6-45 | 1-29 | 14-55
eee Oe ae Se 145 | 20 0 55 1435 | 1-45 | 20-95

* See Explanation of Figures, page 44.

I have placed this species first, because the Beech here, as in
Scotland at large, thrives better perhaps than any other of our
forest trees,

The two first in the Table, handsome and healthy looking
trees, stand free in the low ground where the original Botanic
Garden bordered the former Horticultural Garden. Reckoning
in round numbers, they have increased in girth, No. 7 from six
feet to seven and a half feet, No. 8 from five feet to six and a
half feet, in twenty years, and the annual rate in each has been
‘95. But the rates in the first decade were 1°03 and ‘gg, and in
the second ‘88 and ‘92 respectively, showing an appreciable
decline, which, however, was not steady, for if we take the total
increments for the two trees in quinquennial periods they come
out—9'70, 10°35, 8°95, 8:95. The inferiority of the first to the
second quinquennial period is explicable by the depressing effect
of the low temperatures in 1879, 1880, and 1881, which, although
they affected this species less than any other, still left their
mark upon it for three years. Thus, the united increase of Nos.
7, 8 was 2°40 in 1878 and only 1°75, 1°55, and 1°75 in the three
following years. The marked decline in the third quinquennium
from 10°35 to 8:95 cannot be explained unless on the theory that
the trees had passed the maximum of their growing power, but
the rate underwent no further fall in the fourth quinquennium.

48 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON

The annual range in these two trees differed remarkably. In
No. 7 it was ‘60 to 1:20, in No. 8 80 to 1:20. But the extremes
do not show the difference sufficiently. If we take, for example,
the seven years 1889-95, the range in No. 7 was ‘60 to 1°20, and
in No. 8 only ‘90 to ‘95._ It is difficult to understand this differ-
ence in two trees of much the same size, growing at the same
rate, and within fifteen yards of each other, unless it may be due
to No. 7 standing quite free, whereas No. 8, although not
pressed upon, has trees and shrubs near it, and is more closely
sheltered.

Nos. 14, 38 wére much the same size respectively as Nos.7 and 8
when they were all first measured in 1878, but have fallen behind
in the race, their rates in the first decade having been only ‘48
and °36, and in the second being reduced in both to 0°30, the
average for the twenty years being 0°39 and 0°36, or considerably
less than half that of Nos. 7 and 8. This may be accounted for
by their position, on the South of Inverleith House, on a high
site and probably in inferior soil. They are tall and handsome
enough, but have not the fine heads of the other two. The varia-
tions in their history have been much the same as in Nos. 7 and
8, the results for their quinquennial periods being 4°80, 4°55, 3°10,
3°25, showing the same fall as in the other two in the third period,
not progressing in the fourth.

The annual range in No. 14 was ‘25 to 65, and in No. 38 ‘15
to ‘60.

Taking the four trees together, the range in the first decade
was considerably greater than in the second, owing to the dis-
turbing influence of the low temperatures in 1879, 1880, and
1881. In the first decade it was 1°95 to 3°60 and in the second
it was only 2°05 to 2°80.

The career of the young beeches, Nos. 97 and 98, was unfortun-
ately soon cut short by death after transplantation, and that of
No. 20 temporarily interfered with by pruning, but the average
annual rate of the three, 1°34, was considerably above that of the
best of the older trees. Their range in the twelve available
records was I'00 to 1°70.

[ TABLE.

THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 49

QUERCUS ROBUR.

|
|
|

a ANNUAL INCREMENTS.
4 | Girth Total] Ann, | Sitth
g at Rae Sarai I carmen uae MRA waa imi Ted i. Dae ih ana | lion senna at
3 | first Incr.| Av. | 2c,
s 1888. | 1889. | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. ] 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896. | 1897.
_— |
1 {| 5:50 40 40 65 75 70 45 | -50 10 15 | 60 4°45 | 56 {10°15
2] 8:00 20 30 | °65 80 90 | -90 50 45 5 10 |. 4°70 | °59 | 11°70
10] 7:95 50 7 95 | 1°05 | 1:20 } 1-00 75 | 1°05 80 | dead.J 8°05 | “89 | 13°90

The native Oak does not show to much advantage in the
Edinburgh district, and the specimen put under observation in
the Garden in the first decade, and that only from 1880 (not in
the Table), was a short-stemmed spreading tree, on the west
slope from Inverleith House, that had lost many branches and
become misshapen. It was by a long way the patriarch of -the
oaks in the Garden, having attained the respectable girth of
eight feet. It increased in nineteen years from 95 to 99 inches
in girth, or at the annual rate of 22, more than, from its appear-
ance, I should have expected, but it is not desirable to give the
details, as from the small increments and the rough bark they
are not reliable. :

The four young trees Nos. 1, 2,70, and 72, placed under
observation in 1888, and No. 10, begun in 1893, yielded annual
rates varying from ‘56 to ‘89, the average of the whole being
‘66; but if we leave out the three first years when they were
very young, and the last three, when those that were still eligible
had, for some unknown reason, begun to fail, the average rises
to *84, and the annual rate of No. 70, the quickest grower, in its
six best years, 1890-95, was exactly one inch.

The best of those is probably a poor rate compared with what
might be expected in young oaks under more favourable circum-
stances, for even near Edinburgh, at Craigiehall, a tree, ten feet
in girth at the beginning of the first decade, yielded a rate of
0°69 for ten years.

The aggregate increases of the four first on the list for the
seven available years 1888-94 were 1°30, 1°85, 3°05, 3°15, 3°95,

50 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON

3°40, 2°75. These figures probably represent a natural rise from
extreme youth in the first two years to an equilibrium for the
next four years, but there seems to have been a depression in
the seventh year, followed by the death of two of the trees.

The range is very high, as might be expected from the erratic
history, and cannot be regarded as normal. Even in No. 70 it
was ‘50 to 1°20, or taking’ the six steadiest years °75 to 1°20.

OTHER SPECIES OF QUERCUS.
QUERCUS CONFERTA.

Annual ANNUAL INCREMENTS.
Av.

Ann.
Total. ae

No, in List.

bt
ist
Decade.} 1998. | 1889. | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896. | 1897.

40 | 1°65 $ 1-05 | 1-20 | 1-35 | 1-25 | 1-70 $180 | -90 | 1-30 | -50 | -60 | 8:35) 1°39 | 51°80
64| 1-70 1-30 | 1-75 | 2-05 | 1:50 | 1-75 $230 | 1-05 | 1-25 | 65 | -0 |10°65| 1°77 | 43°35
55 | 157 $130 | 155 | 1-65 | 130} 1-70 $210} -75 | 1-25} 65 | -5 | 9-60] 1°60 | 39-05

365 | 450 | 5°05 | 4-05 | 5-15 | 6-20 | 2:70 | 3-80 | 1:80 | “65

The Hungary Oak is much more at home in the Botanic
Garden than its native cousin, at least in early youth; indeed,
with the exception of the Willow, it has proved the quickest
growing species of all that were under observation. Unfortun-
ately for my purposes, owing to a liberal pruning to promote
upward growth, the results became unavailable for the last four
years of the second decade, but in the first decade the rates of
the three trees were 1°65, 1:70, and 1°57, and in the third quin-
quennium with the one available year of the fourth they were
1°39, 1:77, and 160, the respective girths attained being four feet
four inches, three feet seven inches, and three feet three inches.
Of the 44 recorded measurements not one fell to an inch, the
lowest being 1:05, while two inches and upwards was reached
five times, the highest being 2°30. The great and progressive
depression caused by pruning has been such that, while in 1893
the aggregate increase was 6°20, in 1897, four years afterwards,
it was only ‘65, yet the trees look healthy and well clothed, with
the exception of No. 40, which for a year or two before the
pruning had looked rather scraggy.

THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. = oe

The aggregate annual increments for fourteen years were 3°60,
5°15, 5°25, 5°40, 5°05, 4°85, 4°65, 5°30, 3°65, 4°50, 5°05, 4°05, 5°15,
6:20, They were generally therefore pretty steady, but two
marked depressions occurred. The first, in the year of the first
record, 1880, when the fall, to 360, was probably due to the
severe previous winter ; the second, 3°65, was in 1888, from some
unknown cause. The highest record, 6°20, was in 1893, the year
before the changes produced by pruning.

The range in the trees individually was from 1’o5 to 1°85 in
No. 40, "10 to 2°30 in No. 54, and 1°10 to 2:10 in No. 55, but
excluding the two years of marked depression the figures are
1°20 to 1°85, 1°60 to 2°30, and 1°20 to 2°10.

QUERCUS CERRIS.

ra AN INCREMENTS.
Asoo ae 5 nn, [Girth
gs ae Total.|“22"- | at
a ao | | Av last
S Decade.} jg98, reaa Hote 1892. § 1833. | 1894. pots 1897.
se a
43 57 50 | ‘301 -70| -60 | ‘707 °65 | ‘60 | 50 | -70| -65 | 5°80 | ‘58 | 53°50
63 10 | -45 4° 65 |} -6044- 70-4= 85109 55 | -80 | 60 46°50 | “65 | 6715
15 70} 65 | ‘70; 65} 651335] ‘67 | 10°00
| |
1:20 | “15 | 138 | 110 | 1°40 | 2°20 | 1°95 | 1°75 | 2°15 | 1°80

The Turkish Oak, although it grows at a much less rate than
the last, is another species that thrives much better in the Garden
than the native tree, and that to a considerable size ; indeed,
there are few handsomer trees than No. 63 growing free in the
centre of the Garden; and now upwards of five feet and a half in
girth. The other tree, No. 43, is also tall and handsome, but,
although only four and a half feet in girth, is growing at a
somewhat slower rate than No. 63, perhaps because it is in the
East border and has not the freedom of its brother. The rate of
No. 43 in the first decade was ‘57, and in the second it was even
a trifle higher. No. 63 in the first quinquennium of the second
decade had a rate of 0°60, and in the second 0°70, so that it seems
to be increasing rather than diminishing in vigour. The very
young No. 15, in the North border of the Arboretum, measuring
only six and a half inches in girth, when put under observation

82 CHRISTISON—-OBSERVATIONS ON
in 1893, had much the same rate, Ch. in the second quin-
quennium of the second decade.

In the aggregate returns the only traceable depression was in
1889, when the two trees then available grew only "75. Deducting
this year, the growth was pretty steady, the extremes in the last
five years, when all three were available, being 1°80 and 2°20.

The range of No. 43 for the two decades was ‘30 to *70, but
removing two depressed years,—1881, when the tree suffered
from the low temperatures of the winter, and 1889,—the range
was only ‘50 to -70. With deduction of 1889, that of No. 63 in the
second decade was also ‘50 to ‘70, and that of No. 15 in the fourth
quinquennium was only ‘65 to ‘7o.

The species appears to thrive even better in the vicinity of
Edinburgh. Thus, a fine specimen at Craigiehall, when nearly
seven feet in girth in 1890, had been growing at the rate of °89
for eleven years; and a very fine healthy tree at Cramond
House, measured by Sir Robert Christison in 1878, girthed no
less than 12 feet 8 inches at the narrowest part of the stem, five
feet above ground.

QUERCUS PALUSTRIS.*

* Erroneously called Q. rubra in former papers, from a mistake in the label on —

the tree,
a ANNUAL INCREMENTS.
a wer 85 Ann Girth
a] Ist : Total. AO at
s Decade.} 1988, | 1889. |1890. | 1891. | 1992. 1893. | 1894, | 1895. | 1896. | 1897. _
45 | -40 | 30} 50} 35 | 45] -40 | 55 | 40] 35 | 25 | 395 | -39 | 3020

This species does not seem to do so well; at least the largest
in the Garden, No. 44, now only three and a quarter feet in girth,
grew at the low rates in the first decade of ‘45 and in the second
of 39. It was noted since 1880 as having a shabby look, with

many dead twigs.

QUERCUS RUBRA.

= ANNUAL INCREMENTS.

aie Ann, |Gitth
s sae Total. Ke: t

- |Decade.] 1988, | 1889. | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896. | 1997.

61 9) | 1-00 | 1°15 $150 | 1:75 | +55 | °50 | -35 | 5°90 | 118 | 12°35

THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES.

This American Oak, on the other hand, seems to excel] the

native species in its rate.

At least the young No. 61, after

fully recovering from transplantation, averaged 1°18 for five
years, when it became temporarily ineligible from re-trans-

plantation.
QUERCUS ILEX.

2 Ansel ANNUAL INCREMENTS. :
CAV Ann, | Girth)
Z| ist Total.| “ay” a
J |Decade-| 1889, | 1889. | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1896. | 1896, | 1897 “0
45} 28 | 45} 40] 60| 85 | 857 70} 15] 20] © 365 | 36 | 47-55
46] -23 | -40| -40| -45| 30 | -25) -45 | -15| 25] 25] 5 [295] -29 | 34-05
16 55 | 80 | 86] 50 | 60} 65 | 15| 25] -45 | -35]515| 61] 9°85

In my paper of 1888 it is remarked that no species suffered
more from the three severeseasons than the Evergreen Oak. e
largest in the Garden, upwards of six feet in girth, lost two
years’ growth of twigs, recovered its foliage slowly and imperfectly,
some large limbs requiring to be cut off, and has quite lost its
handsome, shapely form. Nos. 45, 46 did not suffer so badly, but
their girth-increase was reduced to a mere nothing in 1880 and
1881. Afterwards they rallied somewhat till 1894, when they
suddenly failed and almost ceased to grow. No. 45 seems now
to be dying. It is remarkable that the infant specimen, No. 16,
in the oak grove of the Arboretum, suffered a serious diminution
in girth-increase in the same year, so that it would seem that all
three had been then subjected to some common evil influence.
The rate of No. 16 in the first quinquennium was no less than
‘66, although it was a mere infant, girthing only 4°65 inches at
fifteen inches above ground, when measured at the beginning of
the period. In the first year of the second quinquennium it
maintained this average, but in 1894 the rate fell to’15, and there
has been no full recovery since, so that the rate for the second
quinquennium has been only °37, or little more than half
that of the first. At the same time, the tree has never looked
ill, and it is now a remarkably thriving and vigorous looking
specimen.

54 CHRISTISON—-OBSERVATIONS ON

ACER PSEUDOPLATANUS.

ANNUAL INCREMENTS.

Total

No. in List.
~
n

. es, | a, 1891. | 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896.

13 | 0°26 25} 20 |. 2b 4 30-| 30 § 25} 20 | 50 0 25 } 2°45) -24 |136°50

28 35 20 20 30 10 35 20 | “15 16 35 15 | 2°20) -22 | 64°25
71 85 | 1-05 | 1°40 | 1°20 | 1°40 § 1°30 | 1°30 | 1:00 | 1:00 0 |10°50| 117 | 19°90
74 70 | 1°10 | 1°55 | 1°40 | 155 § 1:40 | 1°45 | 1°55 15 30 4 10°70 | 1°34 | 19°25
67 50 40 65 75 95 | ‘70 | 1°05 85 § 5°85) “73 | 11°40
16 1°20 | 1°40 | 1°20 “15 5 3°80 | 1-27 | 16°10

The Sycamore grows fairly well near Edinburgh, although it
is rarely seen in the city gardens, and the largest trees in the
Arboretum are of this species. Trees at several ages were
tested. No. 67, only about a foot in girth in 1897, had grown
at the rate of ‘73 for eight years; Nos. 16, 71,and 74, girthing one
foot four to one foot eight inches in 1897, had grown, the first for
three, the second for nine, and the third for eight years, at the
rates of 1:26, 1°17, and 1°34, or on an average 1°26. These
younger trees were only under observation in the second
decade. : :

No. 28, now five feet four inches in girth, was chosen in 1878
as a handsome and thriving tree in a plantation belt opposite
the Palm House, but, although it continued to look well, its rate
all along has been surprisingly low; only °35 in the first decade
and ‘22 in the second, or not much above a quarter of an inch
annually for twenty years.

The veteran, No. 13, chosen by Sir Robert in 1878, perhaps
because it was the largest tree of any kind in the Garden,
although even then past its best, is still presentable, and girths
nearly eleven and a half feet. Its rough and scaling bark
renders it unreliable for single years, but the average rate for
the first decade was °26 and for the second -24, showing no very
perceptible decline, and scarcely less, on the whole, than that of
No, 28, which has just half its girth.

The range of No. 67, the youngest specimen, was great, ‘50 to
105, but that is, no doubt, because it was only growing out of

THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES, 55

infancy. Deducting the year 1888, which appears to have been
unusually unfavourable to Nos. 71 and 74, the range of these
two and of No. 16 in eighteen records was moderate, 1°00
16. FUE.

ACER CAMPESTRIS.

This young Maple, No. 12, at the N.-W. corner of the
Arboretum, has only been under observation since 1892, and its
increments have been 1°60, 1°30, 0°85, 1°55, 100, and ‘90,
giving an average of 1°20, the girth being now twenty inches.
Since 1896 the tree has not looked so healthy as at first, possibly
the result of pruning, although it was not excessive. The
increase has been very erratic, and the range, 85 to 1°60, is high
for so short a period.

CESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM.

ANNUAL INCREMENTS.

Av. :
Total. ne

Ist
Decade 1998, | 1889. | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896. | 1897.

1°65 | 16 | 53°75

33 ia es) 10 00 | 259 10 | 25}; 25) 30) 00

70.| 1:10 | 90] *80 | 85 § 90 | "75 | “60 | ‘25 | °60 | 660 | ‘82 | 11°85
1°05 | 1°35 | 1°30 | 1°15 | *10 | *40 | “55 | 1°25 | 1°25 $5 $8°30 | 1°19 | 15°45
1:35 [1°40 | 105 | 105 | °75 | -60 [4°85 | 1-21 | 19°00

aed oC | No. in List. |

No. 9, the only Horse Chestnut observed in the first decade,
was somewhat crowded, but had a fair head of foliage, and was
four feet in girth. In 1878 the girth-increase was 0°70, but it
suffered a decided fall from the very low temperatures of the
next two winters, only to rally again to 070 in 1881. Next
year, from some cause that affected the species universally near

Edinburgh, the foliage withered in May, but it revived next year,

and has been dense and healthy ever since. Nevertheless, the
average increase for the six years following 1882 was only 0°17,
and for the next ten 016. In twenty years it has increased
only five inches. Is the singular fact of apparent healthiness
and vigour, along with an extremely low rate, the prolonged
effect of the disease of 1882? Or may it be due to the over-

56 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON

topping of it by a neighbouring tree, although this cause could
not have operated at first? Of the two very young trees, Nos.
73, 80, growing near each other in the South border of the
Arboretum, the first has proved inferior to the second, although
of the same age, the rate of No. 73 having been ‘81 and of
No. 80 1:19. That of No, 4,a somewhat older tree in the North
border, was 1°21, when its career was interrupted by pruning, as
that of the other two had been by transplantation.

The range was moderate in them all, ‘60 to 1:10 in No. 73 ;
‘95 to 1°35 in No. 80; and 1°05 to 1°40 in No. 4.

ULMUS MONTANA.*

* Erroneously named U. campestris in my former paper.

ANNUAL INCREMENTS.

Annual| Girth
Total. Av. |at last.

. | 1889, | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. 1 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896. | 1897.

1°80 | 1°75 | 1°50 | 1°30 §. 1°70 | 1°60 | 2°05 | 1°75 | 1°35 § 16°55 | 1°65 | 30°75
175 | 1:50 130 | "10 | -30 | °80 | 1:55 | 160 | 120 | 10°05 | 1:43 | 22°30

wo
oN

No. in List.

ian
& a

| 290 | 555 525 | 220 | . Po |... | 360 | 335 | 2°55

In the Edinburgh city gardens the Wych Elm resists the
deleterious influences of town life better than any other species.
In the Botanic Garden there is no specimen of considerable size,
and thus it happened that Sir Robert did not experiment on the
species, and I have no records in the first decade. In the second
the two healthy young trees, Nos. 93, 94, in the Arboretum have
done remarkably well, the former yielding an annual rate of 1°65
for ten years, the latter 1°43 for seven years, the other three
years of its decade having been employed in making up the loss
sustained by transplantation. Not one of the seventeen records
falls to one inch.

The range has been moderate, 1°30 to 2°05 in No. 93 and 1°15
to 1°75 in No. 94, and there has been no marked depression,
although both trees were almost at their lowest rate in 1897, the
united increments being 2°55. The best year was 1895, with
3°60, being an average of 1°80, but several other years were nearly
as good,

THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 57

ULMUS CAMPESTRIS.

This great ornament of the South-west of England makes but
a poor show in Scotland, where it is scarcely recognisable as the
same tree. Two tall, lanky, but well-clothed specimens in the
Botanic Garden, however, girth 58 and 59 inches. A quite
young one was selected in the Arboretum in 1892, when it
girthed 9'60 inches. The increases for the next four years
were only °75, ‘60, 55, and ‘50, yielding a rate little over half
an inch, and as it had a very shabby appearance it was cut
down.

TILIA EUROPA.

nial ANNUAL INCREMENTS. .
os Ann

Ist Total. Ay.
Decade 19g, | 1889. | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896. | 1897.

| No. in List.

wi
=
&

J
&

125 | 90 | °60 | °50 | 455 | 1:24 | 19°90

The fine spreading Lime, No. 2, stands free in the centre of the
Botanic Garden, and is one of its best trees. It increased in the
first decade at the rate of -30 and in the second ‘27, a slow pro-
gress ; but it looks healthy, and is approaching seven feet in
girth.

No. 18, although only four feet in girth, has nearly as poor a
rate. Possibly it has been permanently checked by the low
temperatures in the winter of 1879, as it fell in that year to ‘40
from *7o in 1878, and in the two following years was only ‘15
and ‘25. Although it may have been somewhat crowded for-
merly it has not been so when under observation, and it is now
a well-formed, healthy-looking tree, so that its continued low
rate is somewhat mysterious. It has recently, 1899, been trans-
planted a short distance, and now stands quite free,

58 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON

The rates of the quite young Nos. 69, 85 are only °77 and ‘59,
and seem poor compared with those of most other forest
trees in the Garden, but No. 3, not much older, averaged 1°24
in four years, so that the conduct of Nos. 69, 85 may be
exceptional.

In the species there seem to have been years of depression
in 1888, 1891, and 1895.

The range in the young trees was not excessive, ‘55 to I'00,
"50 to *75, and ‘go to 1°35.

- : FRAXINUS EXCELSIOR.

ANNUAL INCREMENTS,

Annual! Girth
Total. Av. | at last.

No in List.

"1888. | 1889. | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896. | 1897.

20 § 735 1:05 | 14°70
$0 § 4-55
45 | 4°85 121 | 18-25

R
i
—
ao
&
s
g
&%
an
a
at
+
oO
iI
a oS

7] 45 | -60] -45 | °65 “65 ae ae 2 2
A ee “ $e vo £200 €1710:) 20 115 | 6s

a
a
©
>
S

This species was not observed in the first decade. In the
second the two very young trees, Nos. 23, 75, of nearly the same
girth, and growing in the same circumstances in the South
border of the Arboretum, fared so differently that No. 23, with
an average of 1°05, grew at nearly twice the rate of No. 75.
Both were transplanted during the decade, No. 23 twice. No.
2, a somewhat older tree in the West border, had a rather better
rate than No. 23, or 1°21. The ranges were moderate, ‘85 to
1°40, °45 to ‘65, and 1°10 to 1°30.

FRAXINUS ORNUS,

This flowering Ash, a graft on a two-foot stool of the common
Ash, and a transplant from the older Garden of 1822, was a
handsome and flourishing tree about six and a quarter feet in
girth in 1878, and grew at the rate of ‘41 in the first decade.
It still looks fairly well, but girth-increase almost ceased in
the serond decade, the total being less than an inch. The
girth in 1897 was 80°30, and that of the stool at its narrowest
_ 107°50,

THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 59

CASTANEA VESCA.

Ann.

3
a ANNUAL INCREMENTS.
otal.

q
e Decade 198g. | 1889. | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. } 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896, | 1897.

“80 | *45 | ‘55 | 6:95) ‘69 | 87°20

‘94 | -€0 | -75 | 1:00] -60| 90] -90 | -40

This rather handsome tree grew at the rate of nearly an inch
annually in the first decade, and was little affected by the low
temperatures of 1879, 1880, and 1881. In the third quinquennium,
however, the rate fell to :77,and in the fourth to ‘62, so that the
tree seems to be past its best. It still looks well, and has reached
the respectable girth of seven feet three inches.

The range in the first decade, -75 to 1°10, was slight, but the
decline in the second has raised it to ‘45 to 110 in the whole
period of twenty years.

JUGLANS REGIA,

ANNUAL INCREMENTS.
Kate, Total. ar os

Decade.] 1998, | 1889. | 1890. |11891. | 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896. | 1897.

fo | No.in List. |
i
&

"15 | 700: | .°50 9.25 |. 25 | .°15- | 15 | 10 | 1-40]. “14 1136°60

bi
&
S

As the Walnut is rare in the Edinburgh district, it is some-
what surprising to see so large a specimen in a situation so little
favourable to tree longevity as the Arboretum, and where it has
been so much exposed to the west winds. It has a short stem,
eleven feet four inches in girth at the narrowest, a foot above
ground, which has only increased an inch or two in twenty years.
The two chief limbs girth upwards of eight and five feet.
The only annual measurements kept up were on the latter, and it
has increased, very irregularly, only two and a half inches in twenty _
years. Very probably the girth-increase was permanently
checked by the low temperatures of 1880, as in the previous year
it increased 40 and in 1878-50, almost as much as in the following
eighteen years. In some years it produces an abundance of
fruit, which, however. never reaches anything like maturity. The

60 CHRISTISON—-OBSERVATIONS ON

soil of the Garden seems rather favourable to the walnut, as a
very handsome specimen, four feet nine inches in girth, recently
transplanted, promises to do well.

SALIX SP.
a Annua ANNUAL INCREMENTS r he Gis
se Ist’ | | Total. ras a
= Decade.) 1898. | 1889, | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896. | 1897. |
aaa
19 “90 | 1-80 166 | 165 2°40 | 2-20 | 2°65 400 3°00 | 2°40 25:25 | B82 26°25

This Willow, on the South side of the pond, but on dry
ground, was measured in its infancy at three feet above ground,
the point being raised to five feet when practicable. It was at
first only an inch and a half in girth, and is now about two feet
at the five-feet mark, having grown twenty-three inches in ten
years, at the rate of 1°68 in the first quinquennium, and 2°97, or
all but three inches, in the second. The increases of four inches
in 1895 and three in 1896 are quite unequalled in other species
in all my twenty years’ observations.

POPULUS FASTIGIATA.

Wt Adina ANNUAL INCREMENTS. :

| Rate, Ann. | Gitth

= zat : Total. Av. | ,2t

1g |Pecade, 1a8e. | 1889. | 1£90. | 1891. | 1892. 1893. | 1894. | 1896. | 2896. | 1897, =

76 16-195 41°35 75 245 “00 50 ‘95 jdying| ... 7-00} 1:17 | 15:05)

87 “80 | 1°35 | 1°00 "45 ‘80 I dead 3 4°40| -88 | 12°65
ee 1:25. § 1°35.| 1°05 | 1:30 ‘80 65 | 4:95 | 1°24 | 16:10

Three of this species were under observation in the second
decade, but the careers of Nos. 76 and 87 have been ended by
transplantation followed by death, and that of No. 9 by trans-
plantation threatening death. The average rate in the few avail-
able years was 1°18 in No. 76, and 1°24 in No.9, and if we deduct
the years 1891 and 1892 from No. 87, when it was evidently
failing, its rate would be 1°05, or not much less than in the
others,

THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES.

ALNUS GLUTINOSA.

| Aiea ANNUAL INCREMENTS. ’
IR Girth
ate, Se elses esos —————— Ann.

1S] Ist wes LF EL oD
|S |Pecade] 1geg, | 1889. | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1896, | 1896, | 1897. ae
cea

|-88 85 | 1-20 | -€0 | 70| 65] -70| 0 | -75| -10| -05 | 595| -74 | 14-20
Ee | | 85] -80| 0) -75| -30| -5 4] 300] -75 | 11°85

The results in this species are also not very satisfactory. No.
88 at first looked well, and in 1889 had an increase of 1°20, but
fell off in appearance thereafter, with an increase never rising
above "75 in the six next years. It was then transplanted. No.
7 has never looked vigorous. The annual averages of the two,
‘74 and °75, are almost identical, but cannot be regarded as
representative of normal growth

BETULA ALBA.

4 Annual ANNUAL INCREMENTS. a, [ett
5 ist Total. ae: ao
- Decade} 189g. | 1889. | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. } 1893. | 1893. | 1895. | 1896. | 1897.

1} O07 | 05 | 00} 20; 05{/ 057 10| -10/| 05 | 15 {| OO] 0-75; -07 | 56°80
78 80 | 135 | 1-10 | -95 | 1-45 | 1-30 | 125 | trans|pl’d&| died | 8-20 | 1-17 | 19°65
82 70 | -90 | 1°10 | -80 | 1°40 | cut |down | oes 4°00] 98 | 26°65
wid 1°70 | 1-80 | 1-60 | 1:35 | -50 | +30 | 6-45| 1-61 | 20°20)

The only Birch measured in the first decade, No, 1, was a
transplant from the former Garden in 1822, and was for long a
chief ornament of the present one. Previously to 1878 it had
been measured for three years, and had an annual rate of 41, but
in that year it dropped to ‘25, and possibly the tree was past its
Prime. Then came the three winters so disastrous to girth-
increase in general, when many twigs died, the girth-increase
almost ceased, and at the end of the decade not half of the long
weeping branches remained. In the second decade there was
no rally of girth-increase, which in twenty y has onl
amounted to an inch and a half, but there has’ been little further
degeneration in appearance, and the tree, now nearly five feet in

62 CHRISTISON—-OBSERVATIONS ON

girth, still retains something of its original beauty. The cause
of its falling off has been ascertained by recent borings to be a
fungoid disease in the stem. A Birch of the same size at
Craigiehall in the first decade grew for eight years at the annual
rate of nearly half an inch.

The two younger Birches, Nos. 78, 82, yielded rates of 1°17
and ‘98 for seven and five years respectively, the ranges being
‘80 to 1°45 and -7o to 140. But No. 17, about the same age,
showed the much better average of 1°61 for the four available
years of its career.

CARPINUS BETULUS.

UAL INCREMENTS.
Annua ANN
Rate,

i ara Ann.
| Total. AS. at
1894. | 1895. | 1896. | 1897.

Ist Bes he te es ee
Decade. as. |e. 1890. | 1891. | 1892. | 1893. |

No. in List.

33 “41 25 | +40 | 45 | °30 | “45 “B51. *36.) *30 |. “B04. 26 | 3'80| “38 | 52°40
BE | 65 | °85 ‘10 | 5°65} “71 | 11°90
86 a 401 10" | 80 1. 10) 710 80 | “65 | 1-60 ‘15 | -00 | 5°60} “70 | 11°30

No. 33, a tall, erect, and handsome tree in 1878, above three
and a half feet in girth, grew at the rate of ‘41 in the first
decade and in the second at the somewhat less rate of -38, always
rather falling off in condition. It is now four feet four inches in
girth. The annual rate of the two much younger Hornbeams,
Nos. 81, 86, selected for the second decade in the South border
of the Arboretum, was ‘7o and ‘71. Their growth was erratic, as
shown by the range, which in the former was 45 to 1°00 and in
the latter ‘40 to 100.

LIRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA.

¢ ANNUAL INCREMENTS.

a Rae : Ann, {Girth
A=} ist. Total.) “ay. iat
A Decade. 1888. | 1889. | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896, | 1897. ye

6 “60 35 | 40 |} ‘80; 50] 657 40 | 75 {| 35 | 40] -25 § 485] -48 | 86°05

This short-stemmed but handsome spreading tree seems to
have been a quick grower up to a girth of about six feet, at the

THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES, 63

narrowest part, four feet two inches above ground, as Sir Robert
Christison ascertained its rate to have been 1:20 for the three
years before the first decade, and in the first year of that decade
it grew 1:00. It then encountered the three hard winters, in the
two first of which the rate fell to -4o and -30, and it never after-
wards rallied to above ‘80; the average rate in the first decade
being ‘60 and in the second ‘48. Notwithstanding this pro-
gressive decrease, the tree is still handsome and_ healthy
looking, with a girth of above seven feet at four feet above
ground, and nearly ten feet at the base.

ROBINIA PSEUDACACIA.

a 3 ANNUAL INCREMENTS.

| Apa Ann | Giet
lS iee Total. “Ay. so
et E st,
s Decade} iggg. 1882. | 1890, | 1891. | 1892. 4 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896. | 1897. “s
14 3 | pect ois | eee 80-275) 85 F140 4 106 | 85 560) ‘93 | 11-90

This very young tree is thriving well in the North border of
the Arboretum. It was but slightly pruned in 1895, so I have
included the two following years’ results. The rate, compared
with other infant trees, seems good, as it is barely a foot in
girth, and has increased nearly at the rate of an inch a year for
six years. The growth was progressive, from ‘60 to 1°40 for
four years, but has declined to ‘95 in the next two years.

CRATAGUS OXVACANTHA.

a ge ANNUAL INCREMENTS. ees
5 1st ; Total.| $a

S |Pecade, ises, | 1889. | 1990. | 1891. | 1892. | 1893. | 1894, | 1895. | 1896. | 1897.

16; 45 | 60 | 65 | 65°| “45 | 0] 05 | 35 | 05 | “10 | 05 | 3:86| 46 | 47°55
19 1:05 | 165 | 95 1100/1201 -45| 50 /| 85 | -10| -20 | 765| ‘96 | 10°40
u 100 f1t0 | #6} 110) 20 | 25 | 406/101 | 14-48

The handsome Hawthorn, No. 16, at the East walk of the
Garden, grew at the rate of a little above half an inch in the
first decade, and attained a girth of above three and a half feet.

64 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON

In the first seven years of the second decade its rate continued
precisely the same ; but in 1895 its roots were cut round about to
prepare it fortransplantation. It then almost ceased to grow till
1899, when it was transplanted to the Arboretum. It now
girths all but four feet, and promises to do well in its new
quarters.

The rates of the two quite young trees, Nos. 19 and I], in
the second decade, for eight and four years respectively, have
been ‘96 and 1ol, or about one inch each. The increase in
No. 19, the one observed for the longest period, has been
erratic, as proved by the extreme range of ‘45 to 1°20 in eight
years.

CyTIsuS LABURNUM.

ms ANNUAL IXCREMENTS.
3 — " Ann Girth
& let’ Total.) "ay, tone
- ast.
g |Pecade 1gse. | 1889, | 1890. | 1891, | 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1895, | 1896. | 1897. :
21 75 |1001 @5 | -90| 7041-05 | -75 | 5 | -35 | -85 | 685] -86 | 13-30
251 55 | 851 -45| -30| -35 | 270| -67 | 11°80

The results in these young Laburnums, still only about a foot
in girth, have been ‘86 and ‘67, or an average of about three-
quarters of an inch. The range in the one longest tested,
No. 21, has been mederate, *75 to 1'05.

PYRUS COMMUNIS.

ANNUAL INCREMENTS.

. | Girth
Ann.
Total. Ke. Se

Decade. 1999, | 1889. | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1895. 1896. 1897.

95 5.90 | 65} "701 25 | -10 § 5:20) °80 | 14°70

The rate of this young Pear tree, in the West border of the
Arboretum, was ‘80 for four years, when it was healthy-looking,
but the increase almost ceased from excessive pruning, which
threatens the life of the tree.

THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 65

PYRUS AUCUPARIA.

5 —— ANNUAL ——— 22 ae
& sé fee sy | : Total. ‘Av. | 2

. |Pecade.] 1288, | 1889. | 1899. | 1891. | 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896. | 1897. ass
nee ee tee Fae

7| .. | 30] -40| -75| 55] -75 co | 65 | 3] 351 70} 510] -€4 | 12-45
79} .. | 75 {105/110} 90} -2of 45 | 80} 80] 90| 85] 715| -a9 | 14-70
13 | mofo [ow | 5} 90| 75} 70] -0| 00 | 320| 0 |1650

The rate of No. 77 was only ‘60, kept down perhaps by the
very sandy soil where it grew, in the South border of the
Arboretum, as No. 79, in the East border, had the considerably
better rate of _ 89. It was somewhat less, only ‘80, in No. 13,
favourably situated in the West border, but it has been
under observation for only four available years. The ranges
of all three, -4o to 70, ‘75 to 1°10, and ‘70 to ‘90, have been
moderate.

PRUNUS PADUS.

Annual ANNUAL INCREMENTS. :
= ei) Total. ey at
1893. | 1895. | 1896. | 1897.

1889. | 1890, | | 1891, eae 1893.

‘70 }1:00 | 60) 00 | ‘75 | “70 | 6°80| 76 | 11°20
1:35 | 1:10 | 10°40 | 1°30 | 17-20

8 & | No. in List.

o {
{

135 | 136 | 15 | -80 | 1-05 | 1°55
ea 1:90 | 1-60 | 1-70

1-10 | 1:00 | 720; 1°80 | 21°65

— ne
is

These two trees, growing apparently under much the same
conditions in the South border of the Arboretum, before being
transplanted, have fared very differently, the rate of No. 18
being only -76, while that of No. 22 was 1°30. @The range in
both was comparatively small, ‘60 to 100 and 1'05 to 1°55. But
No. 5, South of the Arboretum Lodge, proved greatly superior
to these, with an average of 1°80 for four years, and the small
range of 1°60 to 2°00. It is thus one of the few trees of
any species that has grown as much as two inches in a single
year.

66 CHRISTISON—-OBSERVATIONS ON

B. Annual Rate and Range of Girth-increase in
Deciduous Trees at Different Ages.

The rate of girth-increase in trees must evidently be
affected by various conditions of locality, such as soil, shelter,
crowding or the reverse, the effects of which cannot always be
easily eliminated. But another condition of no little influence
is age, for there is a natural rise in the annual increase from
infancy through youth, and a subsequent decline, the limits of
which in the different species have not been, perhaps cannot be,
determined. To get rid in some degree of this last cause, I
have divided my trees in Tables I. to V. under five categories,
according to their size. Usually only the quickest growers have
been given, as being more likely to be representative of the
normal characteristics of the species than such as proved
comparative failures. Some have been under observation for a
period sufficiently long to appear in more than one of the
categories.

Leaving the Tables mainly to tell their own tale, attention
may be directed to a few of the chief points in each of the
categories.

ANNUAL RATE.

THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES.

ANNUAL RATE AND “Rawen OF INCREASE IN GIRTH IN
DECIDUOUS TREES.

TABLE I.—Under 15 inches in Girth at the end of the Observations.

No. : Girth at Annesl Li Greatest. | Number
List fa cnrvation} Bat. bins Year| ine Keet.| Yours
96 Salix 12°70 | 2°06 1°65 2°80 five.
94 Ulmus montana 15°00 | 1°45 115 1°75 three
22 Prunus Padus 13°15 | 1°30 1°15 1:45 | five.
98 Fagus sylvatica 14°55 {| 1°29 1:00 1°55 five.
16 Acer Pseudoplatanus 15° ray 1°20 1-40 three
9 Populus fastigiata 13°65 | 1-24 1:05 1:35 four
76 Do. $015 ay. 75 1°75 five.
61° | Quercus rubra 10°95 | 1:18 “20 150 | five.
23 Fraxinus excelsior 14°50 | 1:07 85 1°40 five.
78 Betula alba 14°50 | 1°05 “95 1:35 five.
11 Crateegus Oxyacantha 14°00 | 1°01 85 110 = =| four
19 Do. 10°10 96 “45 1°65 | eight.
14 Robinia Pseudacacia 11°90 “93 “60 1:40 six,
70 | Quercus robur 13°90 89 “50 1:20 | nine,
79 Pyrus Aucuparia 14°05 | *89 75 110 | eight,
21 Cytisus Laburnum 13°30 | 86 70 1°05 =| eight.
8 | Pyrus communis 14°35 | 80 | -65 95 | four.
69 Tilia europea .., 12°60 fee “60 1:00 nine.
7 Alnus glutinosa 11°40 75 “60 ‘85 =| four.
88 Do. 14°05 74 “50 1-20 eight.
81 | Carpinus Betulus 11:90} ‘71 ‘45 | 1°00 | eight.
86 Do. 11°15 70 “40 1:00 | eight.
16 Quercus Ilex ... 8°60 63 | 45 85 =| seven.

CHRISTISON—-OBSERVATIONS ON

TABLE II.—Between 15 inches and 2 feet in Girth.

THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 69

TABLE IV.—Old Trees, from about 6 feet to 74 feet in Girth.
Decade 1878-87.

8 Do. ie Be “70 “09 “90 1:20 ten.

4 Castanea vesca ap se "80 “94 ‘75 1:10 ten.

6 Liriodendron tulipiferum _... 82 “60 30 1:00 ten
3 Fraxinus Ornus a ras “80 “41 “20 ‘75 ten.
2, | PRS OUROpM@A 5. ue ce 78 “30 00 65 ten.
TaBLE V.—Decade 1888-97.

7 Fagus sylvatica ere “90 "85 “60 1:20 ten.
8 Do. Piegae ce 80 92 “80 110 ten.
4 Castanea vesca pee ay 87 “69 *40 1-00 ten.
6 | Liriodendron tulipiferum _... "86 “48 “25 80 ten.
2 Tilia europea .. os = 81 ‘27 “00 50 ten.

TABLE VI,—Rates of Old Trees at Craigiehall, Cramond, for comparison.

7 | Acer Pseudoplatanus ... |_-:1°80 “40 20 "bb ten.

I. TREES UNDER 15 INCHES IN GIRTH.

Annual rate.—These infant trees have been under obser-
vation for from three to eight years. Fully one-half of the
twenty-three trees and of the nineteen species had an annual
rate of an inch or upwards, the Willow being facile princeps
with a rate of two inches for five years, when it grew in girth
from three to thirteen inches. The Wynn Elm follows with

72 . CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON

nearly an inch and a half for three years; then come the Cherry,
Beech, Sycamore, and Poplar with about an inch and a quarter,
and the American Oak, Ash, Birch, and Hawthorn with about
an inch. At the other end of the scale are Alder and Hornbeam
with three-fourths of an inch, Robinia, British Oak, Rowan,
Laburnum, Pear, and Lime being slightly better than that.

Annual range—Naturally this tends to be greatest in the
trees that were longest under observation ; but even confining
ourselves to the seventeen which had from five to nine years’
records the range is not great. In ten the maximum was less,
sometimes much less, than double the minimum; in six it was
only rather more than double; and in only one was it extreme,
being three and a half times greater than the minimum. This
was the Hawthorn, No. 19, a very infantile specimen, and in the
slightly older No. 11 the range was quite slight.

aximum single years tncrease—Only three of the twenty-

three trees failed to attain one inch of increase in one or more
years ; these were the Pear, with 95 ; Alder, No. 7, with 85; and
Evergreen Oak, with 85. But another Alder, No. 88, attained
120. The highest results were—Willow 2°80, Wych Elm 1°75,
Poplar 1°75, Hawthorn 1°65.

II. TREES BETWEEN 15 INCHES AND Two FEET IN GIRTH.

Annual rate.—Of the twelve trees, belonging to eleven species,
admissible to this category, eight have already figured in the
infantile period. The Willow reappears with the very high rate
of 3:21 for three years. The Cherry now takes second place with
1°80, and Wych Elm follows with 1°70; but the Birch, and the
two new comers of Quercus conferta, are also above an inch and
a half, and Acer campestris, at the bottom of the list, averages,
along with Lime, Ash, and Horse Chestnut, about an inch and a
quarter.

Annual range—This is much less than in the infantile period.
In no tree is the maximum double the minimum , generally it is
considerably less, and only in Acer campestris does it come
perilously near as much.

Maximum single year’s increase—W illow again far and away
heads the list with no less than four inches in a single year.
Cherry is the only other that attains even two inches, although

THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 71

one Hungary Oak comes near it with 1'90; the other Hungary
Oak, with the Wych Elm and Birch, attain fully an inch and
three-quarters, and the Ash, at the bottom of the list, reached an
inch and a quarter.

III. TREES BETWEEN Two AND A HALF AND FIVE FEET
IN GIRTH.

Annual rate— Few of the species and none of the actual trees
of the first or Infant Table are to be found in this category,
which includes ten trees, three being Hungary Oaks. They head
the list, one of them with 1°86, but it is fair to state that they are
younger than most of the others; the Wych Elm is well up
with 1°71; but the next best, a Turkey Oak, has only ‘57,
and the others dwindle down to °32, the rate for ten years of a
Horse Chestnut.

Annual range.—This was moderate in the three Hungary
Oaks, the Wych Elm, and Turkey Oak, the maximum being
less than double the minimum ; but it was very great in Haw-
thorn, Hornbeam, Lime, Sycamore, and Horse Chestnut, the
proportion being as ‘50 to "15 in Sycamore, the best of them, and
as ‘05 to ‘75 in Horse Chestnut, the worst ; a proof, I think, that
these trees, healthy though they look, had passed their prime of
growing power when only from four to five feet in girth.

Maximum single year’s tncrease—The three specimens of
Hungary Oak are conspicuous with 2°10, 2°05, and 1°80, andt he
Wych Elm also mounted a trifle above two inches; but Haw-
thorn, Lime, and Horse Chestnut do not attain more than
about three-quarters of an inch, Turkey Oak somewhat less,
Sycamore and Hornbeam only half an inch.

IV. TREES FROM ABOUT SIX TO SEVEN AND A HALF FEET
IN GIRTH.

Sa list is now reduced to six trees, none of which appeared
in the former categories. As they were observed for twenty
years they may conveniently be divided into two decades.

Annual rate—The two Beeches, which attained respectively
nearly seven and nearly six feet in girth in the first decade, and
seven feet and a half and six feet and a half in the second, are
at the head, with a rate of 1:03 and ‘99 in the decade 1878-87,

72 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON

and °88 and ‘o2 in the decade 1888-97. This shows a consider-
able falling off in the second period, although the trees seem as
vigorous and healthy as ever. The Spanish Chestnut, with ‘94
and ‘69, shows the same tendency, as do the Tulip tree, with ‘60
and ‘48, and in a less degree the remarkably handsome Lime,
nearly seven feet in girth, with *30 and ‘27. As to the flowering
Ash, although its rate was ‘40 in the first decade, it almost
ceased to increase in the second, while showing little degeneracy
in its general aspect.

Annual range-—This was slight in the Beech No. 8 and the
Spanish Chestnut, at least in its first decade; moderate, the
maximum being somewhat less than double the minimum, in
Beech No. 7; large in the Tulip tree and flowering Ash ; and
extreme in the Lime, ‘00 to ‘65.

Maximum single year’s tncrease—Beech No. 7 attained 1°20
in both decades, and No. 8 the same in the first decade and 1°10
in the second; Spanish Chestnut reached 1I'1o in the first and
100 in the second; Tulip tree 1:00 in the first and ‘80 in the
second ; and Lime ‘65 in the first and *50 in the second.

C. Comparison with Trees in the Neighbourhood of
Edinburgh.

The rates, particularly of the older trees in the Botanic
Garden, by no means represent the capacity for increase in trees
-of the same or even of greater size in the Edinburgh district, when
more favourably situated as to soil.

Even the handsome Beeches Nos. 7, 8, with a rate of °85 and
‘92, when six and a half and seven and a half feet in girth respec-
tively, were nearly equalled by a specimen twelve feet in girth,
with a rate of ‘81 for eight years, at Craigiehall ; and the
wonderful tree at Newbattle, nineteen feet in girth, shows what
is possible at so great a size, by having increased at the annual
rate of about half an inch for fifteen years.

The largest British Oak in the Garden is much of a Wiel
although only eight feet in girth, and has been increasing for
twenty years at about the annual rate of only a quarter of an
inch; but one at Craigiehall kept up a rate of nearly three-
quarters of an inch for eight years, although at the considerably
greater girth of ten and a half feet.

A fine Turkey Oak in the Garden, four and a half feet in

THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 73

girth, had a rate of '57, while one at Craigiehall, six and a half
feet in girth, gave a rate of ‘92 for eight years, and a very
vigorous specimen at Cramond, nearly thirteen feet in girth
when measured in 1878, must certainly have been a rapid grower.

The handsome Sycamore, No. 28, five feet in girth, with the
unaccountably low rate of -35, is not much above the ‘22 of the
largest Sycamore, eleven feet in girth, in the Garden; and a
Craigiehall tree, nearly as large, excelled it with a rate of ‘40 for
ten years,

The finest Birch in the Garden ceased to increase when a few
inches short of five feet in girth, while a slightly larger specimen
at Craigiehall continued to grow at the rate of nearly half an
inch for eight years.

D. Aggregate Annual Results.

The results in the aggregate are chiefly interesting as showing,
in the first place, the effects upon girth-increase of good or bad
seasons ; and, secondly, any tendency there may be towards altera-
tion in the rate from increasing age in the trees. This inquiry
must be confined to the group of adult and aged trees, as in
them alone has the period of observation, amounting in most of
them to twenty years, been sufficient to yield reliable results.
As the two kinds of results just specified are concurrent it will
be easier to study them together than separately, and it will be
advantageous to take first the species which seem to be still
growing with undiminished vigour, as far as external appearance
goes, and subsequently those that may be suspected of having
decidedly passed their prime. The first set includes Beech,
Hungary Oak, and Turkey Oak, of each of which from two to
four specimens were under observation. These will be dealt
with separately. The second set contains nine species, mostly
illustrated by only one specimen, and may be taken in mass.

The first decade of observations, 1878-1887, was remarkable
for three successive most unfavourable seasons, 1879, 1880, and
1881. In all three the winters were marked by exceedingly low
temperatures, and in 1879 the growing months were remarkably
cold and sunless. Fortunately the measurements in most of the
species began in the previous year, and thus we can appreciate
the extraordinary immediate loss in the aggregate girth-increase

74 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON

and the prolonged effects on some of the trees, all of which is
fully detailed in former papers.* Suffice it to say here that in
1880, the worst year for the deciduous trees, their aggregate
girth-increase was only half what it was in 1878, and that, while
the Deciduous group reached their minimum of increase in 1880,
the second of the three severe seasons, rallying very decidedly
in 1881, the Pinacez continued to fall off in that season and did
not rally till 1882.

The second decade shows no such startling results, and the
other seasonal fluctuations, considerable though they be, are
probably only such as may be ordinarily expected in a climate
so variable as ours ; but they are interesting as showing that the
species were not all implicated in the same seasons of depression.
The effects of increasing age seem to be pretty clearly indicated
also.

FAGUS SYLVATICA.

AGGREGATE GIRTH-INCREASE IN FouR BEECHES FOR TWENTY YEARS.

First Decade, .. .. | 1878. | 1879. | 1880. | 1881. | 1882. | 1883. | 1884. | 1885. | 1886. | 1887.
Increase, = O | 2°85 | 1°95 | 2°75 | 3°35 | 2°90 | 3-45 | 2°85 | 3°10 | 2°60
Second Decade, .. .. | 1888. | 1889. | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. | 1893, | 1894. | 1896. | 1896. | 1897.
Increase, ze .. | 2°25 | 2°35 | 2°35 | 2°30 | 2°80 | 2°50 | 2-75 | 2°05 | 2°65 | 2-25

These four Beeches girthed, in round numbers, five and a
half, six and a half, seven, and seven and a half feet in 1897, and
showed no outward sign of diminished vigour. The Table
shows, however, that they never quite regained the standard of
360 in 1878, the year preceding the three severe seasons,
although twice, in 1882 and 1884, they very nearly did so.
Their minimum, 1°95, occurred in the second bad season, and
severe as the fall may seem, it was less than in any of the other
deciduous species. The rally to 2°75 in 1881 and to 3°35 in
1882 was so compiete that evidently no permanent injury had
been done, and the subsequent gradual though fluctuating

* ‘* The Influence of the ee Season of 1879 on the Growth of Trees.”
By Sir R. Christison, Bart., Tr. Bot. Ed., 1880.
‘The Growth of Wood in 1880.” By Sir R. Christison. Op. cit., 1881.
“* The Depression in Girth Increase of Trees in 1879, 1880, 1881,” Dr. D,
hristi cit., 1888-89, p.

THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 75

decrease in girth-increase is probably due to increasing age. In
the second decade the maximum, 2°80, compares unfavourably
with the 3°60 before the bad years, and 3:45 after them, of the
first decade. The range in the first decade, 1°95 to 3°60, is great
owing to the severe winters; in the second it is remarkably
small, 2°05 to 280. That the Beeches were subject to minor
depressions, in common with other species, in 1883, 1885, 1887,
and 1895 is evident, but I have not been able to inquire into
their causes,

QUERCUS CERRIS.
AGGREGATE GIRTH-INCREASE IN Two TURKEY OAKS FOR EIGHTEEN YEARS.

1879, | 1880. | 1881. | 1882. | 1883. | 1884 | 1886. 1886, 180 |
1°05 | 1°85 | 1°65 | 1°45 shia bee 145 | 1-45

1878.

First Decade,
1895. | 1896. | 1897,
1°05 | 4°50 | 1°15

ge | 1989, | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. | 1893. | 1894.

Second Decade, .. a a0 ‘75 | 1°35 | 1:10 | 1-40 | 1°50 | 1°30
: '

Unfortunately these Turkey Oaks only came under observa-
tion in the third year of the first decade, but the decided rally
from 1'05 in that year to 1°85 in the next indicates that they
shared in the general depression of the time. It is somewhat
remarkable that they never again approached the standard of
1881 nearer than 1°55. The only other startling event in their
career was the great fall in 1889 to the minimum, ‘75, due
apparently to some cause specially affecting the species, as few
others showed any sign of depression then. On the whole, there
has been a falling off in the amount of girth-increase with time,
but not to a marked degree.

The range was 1'05 to 1°85 in the first decade, and ‘75 to
1°50 in the second.

QUERCUS CONFERTA.
AGGREGATE GIRTH-INCREASE OF THREE HUNGARY OAKS FOR FOURTEEN YEARS,

1878. | 1879. isso. | 1881. | 1882 | 1983. | 1884. | 1885. | 1886, | 1887.
360 5°15 5°25 5-40 5°06 48: 4°65 5 30

1888. | 1889. | 1990. | 1891. | 1892 | 1893. | 189%. | 1896. | 1896. sage
365 | 460 | 505 | 405 | 515 | €-00 . | |

76 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON

The Hungary Oaks only came under observation in the same
year as their Turkish cousins, but, like them, a rise from 3°60 in
1880 to 5°15 in 1881 indicates a marked depression during the
severe winters of 1879 and 1880. They then went on steadily
till 1888, a year of pretty general depression, when they
descended nearly to the level of 1880. Another severe fall,
to 4°05, occurred in the generally unfavourable year of 1891,
but an immediate recovery took place, and in 1893 they
reached their maximum of 600. A severe pruning, to promote
upward growth, has been successful in that object, but has
reduced their girth-increase to a mere trifle for six years.
Previously it is plain that, on the whole, their girth-increase
had been increasing, due probably to their being adolescents
and not adults,

The range in the first decade was from 3°60 to 5°40, and in .
the second from 3°65 to 6°00.

[ AGGREGATE,

THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 77

AGGREGATE INCREASE IN GIRTH FOR TWENTY YEARS OF
NINE OTHER SPECIES OF INFERIOR OR DECLINING

VIGOUR.
—
Fiast DECADE,

1878. | 1879. | 1880. | 1881. | 1882. | 1283. | 1884. | 1885, | 1886, | 1887.

Tilia europcea (2) .. By Oi a eae sf ere Sa ae, ete’ oe ded ed (! os fle eee ed ee
Castanea vesca.. 664'T:104] 90) 85-4 110 (80-41-00 +100 |. 851 200-5 75
Liriodendron tulipifera.. | 1:00 | ‘40 | ‘30 | 65 | 60 | 45 | 65) 55 | ‘To | °65
Acer Pseudoplatanus ..| ‘50 | '20 15 30 | “40 45 55 | 40 | 354: 20
Csculus Hippocastanum | ‘75 | ‘60 | ‘35 70 | 10] 30} 20; 05} ‘20 ] 20
Carpinus Betula .. | 40 | 86 19 55 50; 45} 65) 40 30 | °50
Quercus rubra = we [2 780 F740. ] 30) = 80.) e280 2 ae 65 | 45 | 55
Juglans regia = 2 D0 2G 1 00 a 10 16.4 0 46
Betula alba .. a a Sd Oe es A 00] 10; 00) 10; 00
Total = _. | 6-20 | 3°75 | 2°25 | 4°80 | 4°15 | 3°70 | 4°35 | 3°45 | 3°80 | 3°40

Seconp DECADE.

1888. | 1889. | 1890. | 1891. | 1892, | 1893. | 1894, | 1895. | 1896. 1897.
Tilia europea =e .. | 30} 65} 95 | 40] 65 | 1°05 80 10 | ‘70 35
Castanea vesca .. .. | 60 | “75 | 1:00 90 | -90| 40} 80] 45 8
Liriodendron tulipifera .. | 35 | 40] *80| 60 | 65 | 40 | 75 | 35 | “40 25
Acer Pseudoplatanus ..| ‘20 | ‘20| ‘30 10. | ‘3 | 26 | ‘lb 15 | °*36 15
(Esculus Hippocastanum| -36| ‘10| 05 | 00} 25 | 10] 25 | 25 | “30 | 00
Carpinus Betula .. 1 a 8b oe 1 40 35 | 30} 50) <2
Quercus rubra 40 30 | ‘50 35 | 45 | 40 | °56 40 | °35 | 2
Juglans regia .; | 0 | 00] 15 | 00 | S| 2] 2] 15] |
Betula alba .. 05 | 00| -20 05 | 05 10 10 | 05 15} 00
Total . a: .. | 255 | 2°75 | 4°45 | 2-30 | 4°05 | 4°00 | 35°60 265 | 335 | 2°20

The progressive though fluctuating degeneracy in this group
is very marked. From the standard of 6°20 in 1878 the fall in
1880, the second severe season, was to 2°25, and the rally in 1881
was only to 480, an amount which they never again quite
reached. Their average for the last five years was little above
3°00, or one-half the standard of 1878. It is probable, therefore,

78 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON

that the severe seasons of 1879 and 1880 produced, besides an
immediate severe depression, a permanent effect, by accelerating,
or it may be in some cases inducing, the falling off in girth
increase to be looked for in trees either beyond their prime or
in weak health ; and this took place in the majority without any
apparent degeneracy in the foliage. In the two Limes and the
Sycamore it has always been fine, and the same may be said, in
a somewhat less degree, of the Spanish Chestnut, Tulip Tree, and
Hornbeam. The conduct of the Horse Chestnut was peculiar.
It probably rallied completely in 1881 from the previous severe
seasons, but in 1882 fell a victim to some disease that withered
the foliage early in summer of nearly all the Sycamores near
Edinburgh, and, although subsequently the foliage was always
healthy and dense, the girth-increase for fifteen years has been
very slight,and in some seasons there has been none at all. Per-
manent injury to girth-increase, if it existed at all, is least
traceable in the Hornbeam and American Oak. In the Walnut
and Birch the degeneracy both in appecers and girth-increase
is distinct.

E. Variety in the Incidence of Years of Depression on the
Different Species.

This is perhaps most simply shown by the following state-
ment :—Of the nine species in twenty years, 4 were affected in
1879, 8 in 1880, I each in 1881, 1882, and 1883, 2 in 1885, 2 in
1887, 3 in 1888 and 1889, 5 in 1891, 2 in 1894, 4 in 1895, I in
1896, and 8 in 1897.

F. Capacity of Girth-increase as shown in Favourable Years.

To show the growth accomplished by trees of the different
species under favourable circumstances I have drawn up Table
VII. From this it appears that Sa/zx stands, in a most marked
degree, at the head with an average increase of practically three
inches, and a maximum increase in a single year of four inches,
the average girth being nineteen inches. In the four best con-
secutive years it grew fully a foot in all. No other tree comes
up to this, but Quercus conferta comes next with an average for
five consecutive years of above an inch and three-quarters, and
Ulmus montana is third, with a little below that amount, the

THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 79

TABLE VII.—Average Annual Increase in Girth in the five best consecutive years
(Column A), and in the best single year (B),in Trees of different species at

different sizes ; (C) gives the Girth at the middle of the five years’ period.

ae e Hf cigs oF ai
Fo gi] o a © al Fy x
N Sagi fe) & eel ee] 2
fo) Species. 2s Py a 8 s No. Species. F g. = 3 S
Babl ee | 3 e2| om | 2
sosia | & bd eee
a 6 a ray
ee At Bice 8 : A Cc
Under one foot in girth. One to two feet in girth
: —continued.
19 | Salix sp. 168 240| 6
| 12] A tri 1204 34 16
22 | Prunus Padrs 1:34 | 145] 11 enon id gross 23
| 19 | Crategus Oxyaconth 117 | 165 | 14
9 | Populus fastigiata .. 124/135]
. 70 | Quercus robur 1:01 | 1°20 | 13
61 | Quercus rubra 118 150} 9 ,
9 | Tilia europea 83} 100} 13
80 | Esculus Hippocastanum.. | 1°17| 135/ 10 ce
2 8 | Pyrus communis 80} 95) 13
14) Robinia Pseudacacia 1:00 | 140; 9 "g ool eet ia
Pyrus Aucuparia s "95
79 | Pyrus Aucuparia 95} 110} 10 a i
23 | Fraxinu Isior .. 91} 115] 10 Two to four feet in girth.
21 | Cytisus Laburnum ., 90 | 1:05| 11 | 54) Quercus conferta 1°87 | 2°30! 40
67 | Acer Pseudoplatanus “86 | 1°05 9 |93 | Ulmus montana 169 | 205 | 27
88 | Alnus glutinosa 80 | 120] 11 | 40] Quercus conferta 146 | 1°80) 47
86 | Carpinus Betulus .. 78| 1:00) 9 | 16 | Crategus Oxyacantha 58} $5} 41
16 | Quercus Ilex 68 | 85] 7 $45) Quercus Ilex 6} 70) 45
15 | Quercus Cerris ‘67 | ‘70! g 441} Carpinus Betulus 49] 55) 47
6 | Ulmus campestris . 60}. 75 |
From four to six feet in girth.|
One to two feet in girth, 63 | Quercus Cerris ‘70 | “8 | 6
19 | Salix sp. 2:97 | 400 19 | 41/ Carpinus Betulus .. 43) 55) 51
55 | Quercus conferta 1-71 | 180} 19
From six to seven feet in
93 | Ulmus montana 1°62 | 180} 16 girth,
74 | Acer Pseudoplatanus 1°47 | 1°55) 16 | 7} Fagus sylvatica 1-15 | 120] 77
20 | Fagus sylvatica 1-45 | 170} 19 | 7| The same tree 100} 120 84
22 | Prunus Padus 1-26 | 155 | 15 | 4| Castanea vesca ‘97 | 110; 73
3 | Tilia europcea 1-24 | 145 | 17 | 4| The same tree 83 | 100] 83
78 | Betula alba wf 283 | 2°45 | 16 6 | Liriodendron tulipifera ..| 63 | ‘60| 84
4 | Esculus Hippocastanum .. | 121 | 1°40/ 15 | 2 | Tilia europea 39; 65) 76
2| Fraxinu Isi 1-21 | 1:30} 16 | 2| The same tree 35 ad
respective best single years yielding 230 and 205. Their
average girths were forty and twenty-seven inches.
It would be tedious to speak of all the trees in detail ; suffice

80 CHRISTISON—ORBSERVATIONS ON

it to say that the following thirteen additional species attained
an annual average of an inch to an inch and a half in their best
consecutive five years :—Acer Pseudoplatanus, Fagus sylvatica,
Prunus Padus, Populus fastigiata, Tilia europea, Betula alba,
4sculus Hippocastanum, Fraxinus excelstor, Acer campestris,

Quercus rubra, Crategus Oxyacantha, Quercus robur, Robinia
_ Pseudacactia. These are arranged in order, Acer Pseudoplatanus
at the head with an average of all but an inch and a half, and
Robinia at the foot with exactly one inch; but it must be remem-
bered that the comparison is not quite fair, as the ages of the
trees were very different.

Species that appear to thrive in the Garden but yield com-
paratively low rates are Carpinus Betulus, Pyrus communts,
Pyrus Aucuparta, and Quercus Cerrds.

I]. MONTHLY RESULTS.

The trees adopted at various periods for monthly measure-
ments were selected from those observed annually, and the
reasons for choosing and abandoning successive sets, already
given in the Introduction, apply with even greater force now
than in the First Part of our subject.

Monthly measurements were commenced tentatively by Sir
Robert Christison in 1880 upon five deciduous and six evergreen
trees, but the tape he used was too coarse to yield very reliable
results. In 1882 I added about thirty-five deciduous examples,
and took monthly measurements of the whole, in the growing
season, till 1887. The early results, down to 1882, were included
in a Paper to the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1883,* and the
whole results were communicated to the Botanical Society in
1887.7

But the objections, already explained, to observations upon
old and large trees induced me to abandon this set in 1887
and take up the fresh set ¢ of about thirty-five young trees, used

* “Observations on the Annual and Monthly Growth of Wood in Deciduous and

Evergreen Trees.” By the late Sir Robert Christison, Bart., and Dr. Christison.
Trans. Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1883, pp. 45, 66.
+ ‘* On the Monthly Increase in the Girth of Trees at the R. Botanic Garden and at
Craigiehall, near Edinburgh,” by David Christison, M.D. Trans. Bot. Soc. Ed., 1887.
t ‘‘ Observations on the Increase in Girth of Young Trees in the Royal Botanic
Garden, Edinburgh, for five years ending 1891,” by David Christison, M.D.,
President. Trans. Bot. Soc. Ed., 1892, :

THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 81

also for annual observations, selecting as far as possible such as
had smooth bark and regularly cylindrical stems. These having
become ineligible as a connected set in 1892—although some of
them became available afterwards, as they recovered at various
dates from transplantation—were replaced by the final young
set of twenty trees, available from 1892 to 1895, but then dis-
abled for my purpose by a severe pruning.

The plan followed in dealing with the monthly observations
is to give zw extenso the results for the set of 1892-95, not
hitherto published, to compare these with the results yielded by
the other young set of 1887-91, and to make use of the original
set of older trees, 1882-87, only incidentally.

In considering the records of 1892-95, I shall first try to give
the aggregate results, and then describe the conduct of each
species separately, inquiring at the same time how far the results
may agree with those obtained from other young trees observed
in 1887-91, in sofar as the same species-happen to have been
examined in both these periods.

In the first place, however, it is well to state that neither the
number of trees of each species, nor the length of time during
which they have been under observation, is sufficient to warrant
the deduction of precise conclusions or definite laws. At first
sight, indeed, it might seem that three specimens of a species, of
similar ages, growing in the same locality, and under observation,
two of them from 1887 to 1891, and the other from 1892 to 1895,
should yield true averages, but that this is not so is proved by
the occasional quite contradictory conduct of a tree in one year
as compared with the other three or four years, or what is still
more striking, by the contradictory conduct of one tree during
the whole four or five years of observation, when compared with
the other two trees. Neither is it always easy to account for
this erratic conduct, although among probable reasons may be
suggested—temporary unhealthiness, not, it may be, betrayed
by theappearance of the tree; individuality of character, as
when we see two trees of the same species, and equally vigorous,
of which one invariably comes into leaf much earlier than the
other ; difference of age, which, even when slight, has, I suspect,
considerable influence in early youth; difference of position,
which even within narrow limits may place trees under very

82 CHRISTISON—-OBSERVATIONS ON

different conditions of soil, exposure, etc. ; unsuitability of the
species to the climate or soil ; the complicated effects of weather
affecting species or individual trees in different ways. But
notwithstanding all this, the results in some species agree quite
as remarkably as in others they disagree, and while greater
confidence must be placed in the former, some idea may be
formed, on a careful consideration, of the general tendencies in
the latter also.

A. Aggregate Results.

A. FoR THE MONTHS SEPARATELY.

The chief points to which attention will be directed under this
head are—the aggregate increase in girth of the twenty trees
due to each month in succession in each year and over the whole
period ; the proportion or percentage of seasonal increase due to
each month in each year and on the average ; the species that
yield the largest and smallest proportions of seasonal increase
in each month ; and the largest individual scores or records in
a single year that may have happened in any species in each
month.

APRIL.
Aggregate Results, 20 Trees. | . 1892, | 1893. | 1894. 1895. (Average.
'
Total increase, ... eat ss pot ee 1:15 | 1:30 0°50 0°77
Percentage of seasonal increase, eS A 4:7 6-0 2°4 374
Number with no increase, ... ...| 17 (ee 11 | 96

The average annual increase for April amounts to only three-
quarters of an inch, somewhat less than for September, at the
other end of the season, and, as might be expected from our
variable springs, the range, ‘15 to 1°30 in amount and 06 to 60
in percentage, is very great.

The number of trees that yielded no increase in April in one
or more seasons was large, the annual average default being
about orie half of the whole, but the proportion of the default
varied as much in the different years as from 3 to 17.

THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 83

SPECIES WITH THE LARGEST PROPORTIONAL INCREASE IN APRIL.

-
1892, | 1893, | 1894, | 1895. | Total.| AY" a: |
age. a
Quercus robur, 1 ws ee aS |

3 Cerris, 10 5 5 20 Gi -fal tay
Fraxinus excelsior, ... Fe. Fes 5 10 10 10 385 09 | 7:2
Betals alba; 0 eh

Quercus rubra,
SPECIES WITH THE SMALLEST PROPORTIONAL INCREASE.

(Esculus Hippocastanum,

Tilia europea, 5 5 01; 10
Populus fastigiata, 5 Sy SFY 40
Acer Pseudoplatanus, 5 5 Hi} 12

5 5 01 | 1°2

Robinia Pseudaeacia, es 5 5 5 ae ‘W047 52

Fagus sylvatica, |

Large individual scores were scarcely to be expected. Salzx
alone reached a quarter of an inch once, and did not exceed it,
and ‘15, the next best score, was only recorded three times, once
in Salzx and twice in Betula.

MAY.
|
Aggregate Results, 20 Trees. 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1895. Average
OWE intesiant = fo 2 eo. 2°75 4°70 2°55 2°95 2°24
Percentage of seasonal increase, i. Poa 19°0 11°8 14:3 141 |

The average annual increase is two inches and a quarter, or
about three times greater than in April, and the range, though
not so excessive as in that month, is still high. A total absence
of increase was only recorded twice, but in sixty-two of the
eighty observations the amount did not reach a quarter of an inch,
and in thirteen it was only ‘05.

84 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON

SPECIES WITH THE LARGEST PROPORTIONAL INCREASE IN MAY.

=
1892, | 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | Total.| 400" ie

9)
Betula alba, .. ... ... ... | 30 | 50 | ‘85 | 25 |1-40] 85 | 217
Fraxinusexcelsior, .. ... ...| ‘20 | ‘80 | 20 | 25 | °95 | ‘24 | 195
Prunus Padus, Se fa | 0 801 Ob 1 80} ee fas
mii 6. Cw | 8H | LO OO 100 | tO | 188

SPECIES WITH THE SMALLEST PROPORTIONAL INCREASE.

Robinia Pseudacacia, nea 5 5 5 10 25 | °06 | 9°6
Crategus Oxyacantha, ise ep oO ty 1B 5 10 40 | 10 | 10°2
Ulmus campestris, ...00 6. tee 5 10 5 5 25 | 06 | 10°4

Several species besides those in the Table showed a capacity
for May growth by having an occasional good score. Acer
Pseudoplatanus once had °35, Fagus and Tilia 30, and Pyrus
communis 25. Betula, Prunus, and Salix alone reached half an
inch, once each, and none of them exceeded it.

JUNE.
Aggregate Results, 20 Trees, 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1895, |Average.
Total increase, ,.. ... ... ..| 805 | 7:05 | 5:30 | 580 | 6°67
Percentage of seasonal increase, w» | 33°4 28°5 26°7 28°0 29°1

The average annual increase for June is six inches and three-
quarters, or three times that of May, and the range is con-
siderably less than in that month. There was no record so low as
‘05, and only three of:10. Of the eighty records, fifty-three were
above a quarter of an inch, and of these seventeen were half an
inch or more,

[TABLES.

THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 85

SPECIES WITH THE LARGEST PROPORTIONAL INCREASE IN JUNE.

1892. | 1893. | 1894, | 1895. | Total.| AYe-| § 3

ge. ga

Acer Pseudoplatanus, ..,_—... | “55 | 50 | 50 | 15/170] 42 | 403
Tilia europeea, eee | 65 | 5K] 50 | 25 | 1°95 | 49 | 80-4
Fraxinus excelsior, .. ...... | 55 | “45s| “40 | “45 185 | 46 | 38-1

SPECIES WITH THE SMALLEST PROPORTIONAL INCREASE.

_
on

Robinia Pseudacacia, ne we] OOP Ss “60 | 15°9
Salizsp, .. .. 3 oa oe a Oe oe 275 | 69 | 20-0

In June growth becomes well established, and the annual
variations are much less than in the earlier months. e differ-
ences in the proportional increase of the species appear to be
mainly due to normal differences in the distribution of girth-
increase over the growing season in the different species. For
example, the increase is much more evenly spread over the
months in Saé¢x than in Acer, so that the proportion of increase
due to June is much less in the former. The highest single
score was very nearly one inch in 1895 by Sadex.

JULY.
Aggregate Results, 20 Trees. 1892. | 1893, | 1894. | 1895. ree
|
Rotel inoreas, 0 a 760 | 665 | 715 | 585 | -669 |
Percentage of seasonal increase, se 31°5 27°0 33°0 26°0 29°4 |

The average annual increase is six inches and three-quarters,
or the same as in June, and the range is similarly moderate.
The records fall as low as ‘10 five times, and of these two were
05, all in 1895, when, as appears from the Table, there was a
great general depressicn in July.

86 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON

SPECIES WITH THE LARGEST PROPORTIONAL INCREASE IN JULY.

| r
1892, | 1893, | 1894. | 1895. | Total.| AY°""| § 3
ag So

| mM
Populus fastigiata, | 55 | 50 | -40| -40| 1-85 | -48 | 375
Cytisns Laburnum, | 25 | 15 | -35 | -10| -85 | -21 | 342
Pyrus Aucuparia, | 1s | 25| -30| 20] 90 | -22 | 340
WSlia soropua, .. -40 | -45 | -45 | -80 | 1-60 | -40 | 32-4
Csculus Hippocastanum, 45 | 40); 40 | -30 | 1°55 | ‘39 | 32°0

SPECIES WITH THE SMALLEST PROPORTIONAL INCREASE.

Witkin: = 40 | 40 | 40 | -30/ 1:50 | 37 | 23°

Robinia Pseudacacia, cen % | 35 | -20| 15 | 95 | 24 | 24°6

Salix sp., cS Pa eee % | | 70 | ‘85 | 2°85 | -71 | 25-0
|

In July the variation in the comparative seasonal percentage
of the species attains a decided minimum, being only from
23°3 to 37°5, whereas in June, the next steadiest month, it is
15°9 to 40°3. In July, in no less than eight species the seasonal
p.c. lies between 30 and 32.

Half an inch or upwards was attained in all four years by
Salix and Prunus, in two years by Populus, and in one year by
Fagus, Quercus rubra, and Acer campestris. The highest single
score was °85 by Sa/zx. Forty-seven other records are between
a quarter and half an inch, so that only twenty of the eighty
records fell below a quarter of an inch.

AUGUST.
Aggregate Results, 20 Trees. 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1895. |Average.
Total increase, .... ay see ae 4:90 4°35 3°80 4:20 4°31
Percentage of seasonal increase, iv | SO 17°6 175 20°3 18-9

The annual average increase is four inches and a half, about
two-thirds that of June or July and double that of May, and the

THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 87

range is small. There was no increase on three occasions, and
it fell to ‘o5 ten times, and to ‘10 twelve times.

SPECIES WITH THE LARGEST PROPORTIONAL INCREASE IN AUGUST.

| a
| et Se
1892, | 1898. | 1894, | 1895. | Total, AVF} 3 ¢
pee) Se

nN
Robinia Pseudacacia, 20 | 25 | 25 | 45 6 39 | 34:2
Quercus rubra,... he a ... Noob} 25 30 50 1-05 | 35 | 26-3
Salix gp ce ge eh ab | 98 ee ere
25 | 35 | 30 | 120) -30 | 240

Populus fastigiata, .... ... .... | 30

SPECIES WITH THE SMALLEST PROPORTIONAL INCREASE.

Fraxinus excelsior, ... o. irae Ge a 5 10 : 30 | “OT | 62

Acer Pseudoplatanus, oy ee 5 20 10 5 ‘BO | -12 | 97 |
Senn quroiea. Ge ee 1 5 | 20 | 40] 10 | 10-1 |
Quercus robur,.. 9... ss | 61] 6 | | OY OFINF |

The variation in the seasonal proportion of the species in
August, 62 to 34:2, is very great compared with June or July,
and even exceeds that of May. An increase of half an inch is
only attained four times, of which Sa/zr claims three, Quercus
rubra being the other successful candidate. There were twenty-
eight records between a quarter and half an inch, The maxi-
mum record, ‘95, or nearly an inch, was by Saézx.

SEPTEMBER.

Aggregate Results, 20 Trees. 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1895, jAverage.

_——

Total increase, 70 | 80} 110 | 1:85 | 111
Percentage of seasonal increase, 29 32 5-0 9°0 5°
82

Number with no increase, 10 9 6 8

The average annual increase of September, the last month of
the growing season, is a little more than an inch, only a quarter

88 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON

of an inch above that of April, the first month of the season, and
only a fourth that of August. The range is greatly less than in
April, but much greater than in May. The number of records
of no increase amounted to nearly one-half of the whole, and was
not much less than in April.

SPECIES WITH THE LARGEST PROPORTIONAL INCREASE IN SEPTEMBER.
1992, | 1893, | 1894, | 1895. | Total,| Aver] 5 e
age | =o
NM
Salix sp., — eu oc pe”), 15 25 10-530 *32 | 10°7
Robinia Pseudacacia, sn ve [oe | TO | 1) 00 Re ee
Fagus sylvatica, a es 23 fe 10 5 15 30 07 6°9
Betula alba, _... ie ee nee 5 10 5 15 "BD “09 54
SPECIES WITH THE SMALLEST PROPORTIONAL INCREASE.
Quercus robur,..,
5 rubra,...
Fraxinus excelsior, Se a a ea
Populus fastigiata, .., ne ae 5 ss ea fis 5 cl? te ies SU
Pyrus Aucuparia, a: ee rt ee Ss 5 a 5 ‘01 15

Salix alone reaches half an inch, and that only once, but with
the phenomenal score of ‘70. Rodznza follows with -30, which is
perhaps still more remarkable, as its total annual increase is
only about a third of that of Sa/zx. No other species scored
higher than ‘15.

B. For THE MONTHS IN GROUPS.

1. Two pertods of three months each—As stated in my pre-
vious paper, the division of the growing season into two periods
of three months each, although the only practicable one with
observations at monthly intervals, does not imply that the periods
of actual growth are equal in the two divisions. Unquestionably
there is a great variety both in the normal beginning and normal
ending of seasonal girth-increase in the different species, but

THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 89

as the beginnings and endings are very gradual it would be per-
haps impossible to define their precise limits by girth measure-
ments. On the whole, however, a division into a first half-season
consisting of April, May, and June, and a second comprising
July, August, and September, besides being very convenient, is
probably fair enough.

It appears from the little Table annexed that in three of the
years 1892 to 1895 the half-seasonal results were remarkably
uniform, being nearly as 45 to 55 in favour of the second half,
but that in 1893 the proportion was slightly in favour of the
first half, thus reducing the four years’ averages to 47, 53, in
round numbers.

1st Half 2nd Half

Season. Season,
1892, ... os ie fa 45°3 | 54°7
1893, ... aie a — 52°23. 47°8
1894; me i oe 44°5 555
ASS =. = = is 44-7 55°3
ANOUNO 8 i ae ae Pe OT 53°3

The young trees observed in 1887-91 yielded a somewhat
greater superiority for the second half-season, the figures being
44,56. This is no great difference, but when a comparison is
made with the adult and aged trees of 1882-87 the superiority
of the second half in them is much more marked, the figures
being 35, 65, proportions which are very little affected, as I find,
by limiting the comparison to the species which are represented
in both sets of trees. Thus, the result arrived at in 1891—that
adult and old trees have a greater tendency than young ones to
throw their main girth-increase into the second half-season—is
amply confirmed by the more recent observations.

The variation or range of the half-seasons would have been
almost 727 but for the exceptional year 1893; even with it the
figures are only 44 to 52 for the first half and 48 to 55 for the
second, in round numbers.

99 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON

2. Three periods of two months eath—Dividing the growing
season into equal first, middle, and last periods, it comes out that
the girth-increase in the first was less than in the last on the
average, though not in the year 1893, but that both, as a matter
of course, were much below the middle, in which nearly three-
fifths of the whole seasonal increase took place, whereas the first
period ciaimed only a sixth and the last one quarter of the
whole.

First. Middle. Last,
1802S: oie ae 2 11°9 64°9 23°2
BEL So er eee Yas 23°7 55°5 20°8
1804, oe eee cas 178 59°7 22°'5
1895, ... ax “as =e 16°7 54:0 29°3
Average, fe se — 17-5 58:5 24:0

The annual variation or range was much greater in the first
period than in the others, being in the proportion of two to one,
whereas in the last it was as three to two, and in the middle
period as six to five. The excessive variation of the first period is
no doubt due to the great irregularity in the arrival of spring in
our climate. In the two midsummer months growth is well
established, and therefore is much steadier. In the two autumn
months the girth-increase begins to die away, and therefore
again becomes more irregular, but probably it is less affected by
climatic variations than in the spring-months, and hence its
range is less. .

3. Sex periods of one month each-—The Table of monthly per-
centages shows that the first and second months are exceeded
by the last and second last months respectively, but only on an

[ PERCENTAGE.

THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES: gl

a of Monthly Girth Increase in Twenty Young
ectduous Trees for Four Years, 1892-1895.

]
z | April. May. | June. July. August. Sept.
1892, - - 06 11°3 | B34 31°5 20°3 2°9
1893, | 4-7 19:0 | 285 27°0 176 3-2
1894, | 60 11:8 | 26°7 33:0 175 50
1895, | 2-4 143 | 280 26°0 20°3 90
Average, 34 41 | 29-2 29°4 18°9 50

AVERAGE OF THIRTY YOUNG Decipuous TREES FOR Five YEARS, 1887-1891.)

Bee ws | 50

average, as inthe four years April twice exceeded September,
and May once exceeded August. The proportions of June and
July are almost identical, and of course greatly exceed those of
the other months, even August. When compared with the trees
of 1887-91 as shown in the Table there isa close correspondence,
the only great difference being in the April proportion, the
month in which disproportion is almost inevitable. Stated
roundly, April claims 31, of the annual girth-increase, May }, June
and July not far from + each, August 4, and September 3.

As to the variation or range in the months, it is, as might
be expected, extreme in April, the amount of increase being
nearly twelve times greater in the best year than in the
Worst, whereas even in September the best is only three times
greater than the worst. May follows next in the ratio of less
than two to one, while in June, July, and August the variation is
comparatively trifling.

4. Order of precedence of the months in the amount of girth-
increase-—The sequence in the case of the young trees of 1892-95
is as follows: :—July 23°4 p.c., June 292, August 189, May 1411,
September 5, April 3-4. This differs but little from the results
in the thirty young trees of 1887-91, for, although the positions
of June and July are reversed, the difference between the two
months in both sets of observations is very trifling. The
sequence and proportions for 1887-91 are:—June 31, July 30,
August 20°5, May 12, September 5, April 1°5.

92 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON

B. Results in the Species Individually.

In treating the Second Part of this Division of my subject, a
tabular view of the results, followed by remarks, is given for
each species. Each Table is constructed so as to show, first, the
amount and p.c. for each month and for the half-seasons in the
single tree of the set 1892-95. The corresponding p.c. for the other
sets are then given. The last column gives the girth of the
trees at the end of the observations upon them. The remarks
that follow bear chiefly upon the proportions of the half-seasonai
increase, and of the monthly increase. Finally, the highest record
for each month is given, to show the capacity of growth of each
species in each month under the most favourable circumstances.

The detailed records for the sets of 1884-87 and 1888-91,
formerly published, could not be reproduced here without unduly
swelling the bulk of this Paper, but many quotations from them
occur in the text.

No. 20.—FAGUS SYLVATICA.

\Girth in Inches
Year. | Apr. | May. | June. | July.| Aug. | Sept. 1st Half 2nd Half} at fer so
1893, 30 50 45 35 10 80 90
1894, 5 15 50 40 25 5 70 70
1895. se 10 35 30 30 15 45 75
Total, 5 Bb -{-180. | 115 90 30 195 235 17
PU = 12 | 180 [81S | 26:7.) 200) 68 |) 465 54°5
Two Youne BEECHES, 1888-91.
Pi | 0°5 | 8-0 | 32 34 23 25 | 40°5 | 59°5 | 18, 15
Four ADULTS, 1884-87.
P.C. - | 41 | 82 | 25°6| 31-4 | 24°38) 59 | 37-9 | 6271 | 4 70, 80, 81
Fiv—E ADULT AND AGED (CRAIGIEHALL), 1884-87.

: “ ; - : ; ‘ . 138, 121

FC, | £4 AO me | a0 18:1 | 40 | 39°6 | 60-4 101, 78, 66

THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 93

The half-yearly results in No. 20 show a sufficiently well
marked preponderance of the second half, although it is less
evident than in the other groups given in the Table, whether of
young or old trees. __

The monthly amounts and proportions indicate that the species
is rather late in beginning to grow, and that the increase is
comparatively small in the first two months. The four adults of
1884-87, indeed, have a fair proportion in April, but in May it is
correspondingly small. In No. 20 June yields the highest
increase, but it is not much above July. In the other sets it is
the reverse, but the superiority of July is well marked only in the
old trees. The united percentage of June and July is 58 in No.
20; 66, 57, and 66 in the other sets. On the whole the species
continued to increase in girth well on to the end of the season.

The highest records in each month of No. 20 were 5 in April,
30 in May, 50 in June, 45 in July, 35 in August, and 15 in
September. Taking in the three sets of older observation pub-
lished in my former Papers, the figures are but little raised
except in July. The highest there are April 15, May 30, June
55, July 60, August 40, and September 15.

[QUERCUS ROBUR.

94 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON

No. 10.—QUERCUS KOBUR.

Girth in
Year. Apr. | May. |June.| July.) Aug. | Sept. i emeand naan oe
ibservations.
1892 15 30 30 15 45 45
1898. | 10 | 15 | 20 | 20 | 10 45 | 30
184. | 10 | 10 | 20 | 2 | 5 40 25
1895. 5 10 15 5 0 30 5
Total, | 25 50 85 75 30 160 105 13
PO. = 1 O84 ASS e241 | 28 Bf 60°3 | 39°7

Four Youne Oaks, 1887-91.

P.C. | 15 [ws ars | ee ae 4°5 | 34°5 | 65°5 |13, 10, 8, 8

OLD OAK (CRAIGIEHALL), 1884-87.

24 7

aia). | |e | 80

The results for the half-seasons in No. 10 are completely at
variance with those for the other four young trees and for the old
oak at Craigiehall. The incidence of the half-seasonal growths
is greatly in favour of the first half in No. 10, and as much in
favour of the second half in the others. No. Io, also, in place of
agreeing with the young trees in having a very small April
growth and a substantial September growth, corresponds with
the old tree in having a large April proportion and no increase
in September at all.

The difference may be partly explained by the manifestly
increasing and abnormal deficit in No. 1o in the second half-
season, which in the fourth year fell almost to zero. The
uniformity in the records of the other four young trees tends to
prove that their results are normal on the whole. Ofthe eighteen
observations thirteen yield a great preponderance in the second
half; in two the half-seasons are equal; and the three in which the
first preponderates all happened in one year, and appear there-
fore to be due to a special failure, analogous to that of No. 10,

THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 95

although in the latter the failure continued from season to
season.

On the whole, therefore, it seems probable that the normal
conduct of the very young British Oak is to throw its growth
mainly into the second half of the season.

None of the Oaks yield remarkably large individual scores.
The highest records in young and old are—April, 10; May, 30;
June, 30; July, 40; August, 40; September, 10. So that there
is not a single instance in any month of half an inch increase.

NO. 15.—QUERCUS CERRIS.

| Girth in
h
Year Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. ae pb ee | oF :
| Observations.
oe
1892, | 10 | 25 | 25 | 15 35 40
1893. | 10 | 10 | 2 | 18 | 10 45 25
1894, | 5 5+ 10 | 80.1 6 62) 40
1805. |. & | 10 |-15 | 20 | 16 5 30 40
1896, 5 | 30 | 10 | 20 5 45 25
1897, 5 AG bet Eb 30 35
Total, | 30 | 75 |100 | 180 | 65 |° 10 | 205 205
Ls
PC. - | 7:3 | 18:3 | 24-4 | 31-7 | 158 | 25 50 50 10
Two WeE.LL-GROWN TREES, 1884-87, 1887-91.
Pc. «| 2| | u 34 | 20 e | 40 | 60 | 63, 43

Although the half-season growths are exactly equal in No 15
On an average, they vary exceedingly from year to year;
sometimes the first half greatly predominates, but in other years it
is the reverse. This is probably due to youth, as in the two well-
grown trees, one of which was at Craigiehall, the predominance of
the second half-season is quite pronounced in every record.

The discrepancies between the:young No. 15 and the two
well-grown trees are not so great as between the young No. 10

96 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON

and the other examples of Quercus robur, but they are great
enough. They appear to be chiefly due to an almost invariable
and remarkable deficiency in June in the older trees, whereby
the amount is actually much less than in May. But for this
strange anomaly the half-seasons would be about equal, as in
No. 15. Another difference is that the percentage of April is
greater, and of September less, in the young tree than in the older
ones,

The highest individual records, including the three trees, were
10 in April, 20 in May, 25 in June, 30 in July, 30 in August, and
15 in April.

No. 18.—QUERCUS RUBRA.

Girth in
Year. Apr. | May. | June.| July. | Aug. | Sept. dees 7 ss oe ere nde
Observation.
1890 10 20 40 15. {...6 30 60
1891. 10 15 45 25 5 25 75
1892 10 30 50 25 40 | 7%
1893. 10 20 45 45 30 75 75
1894 10 15 25 35 50 50 85
Total, | 20 65 | 185 | 215 | 145 10 220 370 il
PGs (04) 100 | 225 {86s 12864 17 37 °2 62°8

The half-season results show a great preponderance in favour
of the last, and this happened in every year of the five but one,
when they were equal. The April proportion is small, but if the
observations had been confined to the first three years it would
have been nil, showing the necessity of a large number of years
to give a fair average in the weak months of April and September,
in which last month the percentage is even less. The proportion
for August is high, higher than for June,and July is decidedly the
best month. The record of 50 in August 1894 is very remark-
able. It is very large for that month in any tree, and is the
maximum of its year.

THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 97

The highest individual records for each month were—for April
10, May 20, June 45, July 50, August 50, September 5.

THE GENUS QUERCUS.

Five species of Quercus, comprising ten young and four adult
trees, have been under observation at various periods, two of
which — Q. conferta and Q. Ilex—have been dealt with in my
Paper of 1892. Taking the whole, the following have showed a
decided preference for the second half-season :-—

Quercus robur—four young trees 35 65
» »» —one adult tree 38 62

»» conferta—three young trees 39 61

»» Cerris—two adult trees 40 60

»» rubra—one young tree 37 63

25 75

| »» Tlex—one young tree

On the other hand, of an apparently exceptional character
were—

Quercus Cerris—one very young tree... 50 50
| | «

»» robtr—one young tree, 1892-95

In the first of these the result may be due to extreme youth,
and we have already given reasons why the results in the second
may be abnormal.

Q. conferta is the most reliable species, as the three trees were
Vigorous, quick growers, and behaved with great uniformity. In
it, therefore, the superiority of the second half-season is well
made out, and this is the more remarkable as its April growth
Was steadier and larger than in any other kind of Oak or any
other species under observation. In the other species of Oaks;
indeed, the April increase was very small.

Apparently exceptional points in the genus are the low rate
of June-increase in a large proportion of the trees, but most
marked in the twoadult examples of Q. Cerrzs and the old Craigie-
hall tree, and the large percentage of August-increase in Q

98 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON

rubra. As tothe first point, the following remarks occur in a
previous Paper :—*

“] have made a separate study of this genus, as there seems
to be a tendency in it to early vigour, followed by a period of
slower growth. This is seen most unequivocally in the three
Turkey Oaks, in all of which the June percentage is much
exceeded by that of May on the one side and July on the other,

No. i > |g | & || No. 7 Bl ee
ee ea 8 ee

63°} QO. \Cerris 5 [°3). | 28°117 ol ye O. obese 20°5 | 22°5 | 39
43 me ote 20 |11 37 || 12 ee & 24 7 |41
10*, a — Es 02-1 -6°5 | 36 2 53 a Ve tee fis Pao
70 5 25 |125|16 {38

Average .| 15 | 23 |11°5| 34
1 11 |18 | 42
* At Craigiehall.

Average . | 2°3 | 17-7) 158 | 40°7

40 | Q. conferta. | 8 6:5 |20 | 35°5
54 a 19 9 | 29°5 | 34
e ~|9 418 | 22°5 | 34

44 | Q. palustris | 10 | 18 | 16 | 41
Average 8°7 | 9°5 |26 | 34:5] 61] Q rubra .| 2 | 15 | 20 | 39

the general average of the three for from four to five years being
23 for May, 11°5, or exactly half, for June, and 34 for July. In
the three Hungary Oaks, the most vigorous growérs in early
spring of all my deciduous trees, the same tendency is shown,
but at an earlier stage and in a considerably less degree, the
general proportions being 87 for May and 9'5 for June. The
general average of the five British Oaks is 17°7 for May and 15°3
for June, in strong contrast with the proportions for thirty trees
in mass, which are 12 for May and 31 for June. In Q. palustrts,
not a reliable specimen, however, June is slightly below May.
In Q. rubra there is no actual inferiority, yet the tendency to it
is probably shown by its May increase being one-third above
that of the general average of trees, and the June increase one-
- third below it.
* Trans. and Proc. Bot. Soc., Ed., March 1892, p. 314.

THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 99

No. 4.—CEscuLUS HIPPOCASTANUM.

| Girth in
Year Apr. | May. | June.| July.} Aug. Sept, ise ying, —_— -
| Observation,
1892, | 10 45 45 35 ace 55 | 80
1893, | 20 45 40 30 5 65 79
1894, 20 20 40 15 10 40 65
1895, | 10 30 30 30 5 40 65
ag 1
Total, | 60 | 1:40 Er 5 | 1710 | 20 | 200 | 285
i BAe | | 12°3 | 200. 29°0- | 32-0 | 22°77 | 4°0 | 41°3 | 58°7 18
Two Younc TREES, 1887-91.
P.O, - | = | 9-0 |s10 345 | 22 | 35 | 40 | 60 | 11, 13,

No. 4 is in agreement with the two-trees of the earlier period,
not only in the general particulars, but in details and degree.
The second half-season predominates, there is no increase in April
and little in September, July is the best month, and the percentage
for August is high. The best individual records in the three
trees are 20 in May, 50 in June, 45 in July, 35 in August, and 10
in September.

No. 16.—ACER PSEUDOPLATANUS.

pe | a Girth in
t
Year. | Apr. | May. |June.| July.| Aug. | Sept. | 18¢Half/2nd Half! Inches a
| Observation.
1892 10 | 55 | 35 5 5 65 45
1893, 35 | 60 | 30 | 20 5 85 55
1894 5 5 | 60 | 45 | 10 5 60 60
Total,*| 5 | 50 “155 110 | 35 | 15 | 210 160
|
P.C. | 13 | 185 | 419} 30 | 94 | 9 | 567 | 433 16
|
Turee Younc TREES, 1887-91.
aC. 05 | 138 jw 30 | 18 | 66 44 | 15, 14, 8

‘ * I have omitted 1895, as = that year <t increase suddenly fell off to less than half an
inch, indicative of some abnormal condition

100 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON

The correspondence between the single tree of the recent
period and the three earlier ones is even more marked than in
the last species (Horse Chestnut). Indeed, it is almost precise in
every particular, with the trifling exception that the increase is
more equally diffused over August and September in No. 16
than in the others. There is an appreciable though not excessive
preponderance of the first half-season, due to the unusually large
proportion of 42 per cent. of the increase being in June. 72 per
cent. of the increase takes place in the two months June and
July. The Sycamore is the first among forest trees to be in full
foliage in the Edinburgh district, yet the girth-increase is slow to
start, and is slight in May. It makes amends, however, by
rushing on quickly in June. The best single records per month
are 5 in April, 35 in May, 60 in June, 50 in July, 35 in August,
and 5 in September.

No. 12.—ACER CAMPESTRIS.

| Girth in

1893. 10 20 30 85 30 5 60 70

1894 5 10 40 35 10 5 55 50

1895 20 10 5 20 15

1896. 15 30 40 15 45 55

1897, 10 25 25 30 35 55

Total, | 20 75. | 180 | 200 | 185 15 275 350
bog De 12 geet on OT 28 44 56 19

The conduct of No. 12 has been most erratic. Starting
1892 with the very large increase of 1°65, of which sieee Hike
were due to the last half-season, it fell off, in that half only, the
next two years, till in the third the first half was slightly in excess.
In the fourth year the foliage looked very sickly and some twigs

THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. IOI

died, the increase falling to 35. In the next two years the tree
revived, the increase rising to about an inch annually, still far
below 1892, but with the second half-season again in excess. It
seems probable, therefore, that this is the rule. The highest
single records were—April 10, May 20, June 40, July 55, August
45, September 5.

I have been able to give seven years’ results, as this tree was
only very slightly pruned in 1896, It is the only one of the
species that I have observed.

No. 2.—FRAXINUS EXCELSIOR.

Girth in
Year. Apr. | May. | June. | July, | Aug. | Sept. ane. (dado arn at
Observation.
1892, 5 | © } 67-35 5 80 50
1893, 10: |. $0 Fae 85 25
1894 10 | 20 | 40 | 46 5 70 50
1895, 10 | 25 | 45 | 35 | 10 80 45
Total, | 35 | 95 |185 |140 | 30 | ... | 815 170
P.C. 72 4106 TS) 1 90 1 6S i... 64:8 35°2 17
Two Youne ASHES, 1887-91.
P.C, | 2 jae [#5 21:2 85 | 1 | 69°3 | 30°7 | 8, 10

The single Ash, No. 2, agrees in the main with the two
younger trees of 1887-91. In both the second half-season is
greatly inferior to the first, and June is by far the best month.
The chief difference is the greater April growth of No. 2, but
taking April and May together the proportions are almost
identical.

No. 2 furnishes all the highest single scores, 10 in April, 30 in
May, 55 in June, 45 in July, 15 in August, the annual increase
having been much greater than in the other two, which were
comparatively in their infancy..

102 CHRISTISON—-ORBSERVATIONS ON

Nio. 3.—TILIA EUROPGA.

Girth in
-Year. | Apr. | May. | June. | July, | Aug. | Sept. os — — =
Observation.
1892, 10} 5. | 49. |. 15] 5 75 60
1893 30 | 55 | 45 | 10; 5 | 8 60
|
1894 5 | 15 | 50 | 45 22°35 70 55
1895 10 | 2 | 30 | 20 5 35 55
Total,| 5 | 65 | 195 160 | 50 ;} 20 265 230
P.c. -| 1-0 | 121 | 39-4 | 32-4 | 101 | 4-0] 535 | 465 19
Two Younc Limgss, 1887-91.
poo | |
P.O. = a [12 Lx cee 5 | B+ 67° | 33° | 10, 10
\ } | |
: One ADULT LIME, 1884-91.
P.C. 7 = | 3 [225 BB | 08 | 2 35°5 | 64:5 | 46

The. results in. the three sets are very contradictory in the
months of June and July. The two young trees of 1887-91
raised more than half their annual increase in June, whereas the
adult of 1884-91 performed the same feat in July. In No. 3
July was inferior to June, but not so remarkably as in the other
two young trees. The result of all this is that the young trees
agree in throwing the largest share of their growth into the first
half-season, but in No. 3 the excess is slight, while in the others
it is very great. On the other hand, the second half-season is
greatly in excess in the adult tree. The latter, however,
although healthy in appearance, grew at the rate of only about
a quarter of an inch annually, so that the results are untrust-
worthy. The two young Limes were also slow growers, and it is
probable that No. 3 gives the most reliable results. They all
agree in the smallness of the increase in the first and last
two.months. 72 per cent. of the annual increase took place in
June and July in No. 3,77 per cent. in the other two young trees,

THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 103

and 87 per cent. in the adult. The highest single records all
took place in No. 2, and were 5 in April, 30 in May, 65 in
June, 45 in July, 20 in August, and 5 in September.
ULMUS MONTANA.
No Wych Elm was under monthly observation in 1892-95,
but I give the results in two thriving specimens for 1888—gr :—

No. 93, 94.—ULMUS MONTANA.

Girth in
No. Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. oe a com Half soca at
. Observation.
93. 10 | 105 | 200 | 180 | 150 | 35 315 365 19°55
94, 15 | 8 | 205 | 185 | 95 | 30 305 260 16°35
|
Total, | 25 | 195 | 405 c 245. | 65 | 620 625 | |
|
PERCENTAGE,
9. | 15] 15 130 |2965| 23 | 5 | 465 | 58% as
04, | 25 | 16 -+ 365 | 24) Wt Bb] 84 46 |
| |
Ls 15 | 32°5 | 255 | 20 5 | 495 | 505 = |

The general result is that the two half-seasons are nearly
equal. But taking details, No. 93, the more vigorous grower,
although 94 is little inferiot to it, has a slight preference for the
second half-season, while 94 has a somewhat greater preference
for the first half. The difference is somewhat greater than it
would otherwise have been owing to the peculiar results in
1888, when the increase in the two trees was nearly equal in the
first half, while in the second half that of 93 was just double
that of 94.

June was decidedly the best month in both; the proportions
of May and August were fair, but those of April and September
rather insignificant.

The highest individual records were § in April, 30 in May, 65
in June, 50 in July, 50 in August, and 15 in September,

104 CHRISTISON—ORBSERVATIONS ON

ULMUS CAMPESTRIS.

Girth in
Year. Apr. | May. | June.| July. | Aug. | Sept. ela aoe belt a) =
Observation.
1892. 5 25 20 25 30 45
1893. 5 10 20 25 35 25
1894, 5 5 15 15 5 10 25 30
1895. 5 20 10 | 10 5 25 25
Total, | 10 25 | 80 70 40 15 115 125
| i
|
P.C, - | 4:2 | 10°4 | 33°3 | 29°2 | 166 | 6:3 47°9 52°1 12

This species does not attain perfection in Scotland, as is
indicated by the low rate of increase, only from half to three-

quarters of an inch annually in this specimen.

The half-seasons

are nearly equal, and June is the best month, but in no month
is there a better single record than a quarter of an inch.

SALIX SP.
| Girth in
Year. Apr. | May. | June.| July. | Aug. | Sept, = Half /2nd Half ae at
Observation.
1892. 35 80 65 45 20 115 130 |
1893. 15 45 60 65 75 15 120 155 |
1894, 25 30 40 70 75 25 95 170 |
1895. 5 50 95 85 95 70 150 250
1896 25 55 55 75 65 25 135 165
1897. 35 15 70 90 30 50 190
Total, | 70 | 250 | 345 | 430 | 445 | 185 665 1060
P.Cc. -| 40 (145 | 20. | 25 | 258 1107 | 385 61°5 23
THE SAME TREE WHEN YOUNGER, 1888-91.
8

P.O. - | 1-0 Bs m8 (2s (29 | 10

THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 105

Although only one Willow was under observation, the results
are probably among the most reliable of all, from the large incre-
ments all through the nine years. The tree also has been steadily
under chservation for the long period of nine years, which
enables a comparison to be made between three years of infancy
and six of youth, observations having been begun when it was a
mere wand, an inch and a half in girth, and continued till it
measured two feet. It will be seen from the Table that there is
scarcely any difference in the monthly percentages between the
earlier and later stage, a larger proportion for April in the later
stage being alone noticeable. The second half-season pre-
ponderates in the large proportion of above three to two. No
single menth has the mastery, July and August being equal,
and June not much behind them, September is unusually high,
and thus the increase is more equably distributed over the
growing season than in any other species.

Very high individual scores are numerous. Three times, once
in June and twice in August, the tree nearly accomplished a
score of an inch, but perhaps the record of nearly three-quarters
of an inch in September of 1895 is more remarkable. The
highest records for each month are :—April, 25; May, 55; June,
95; July, 85; August, 95 ; September, 70.

No. 9.—POPULUS FASTIGIATA.

| Girth in
1st Half |2nd Half} Inches at
Year. Apr. | May. | June, | July. | Aug. | Sept. Sanaier Gaaaah. ee
| Observation.
|
1892 10 | 2 | 55 | 30 5 35 90
1893. 15 | 45 | 50 | 25 60 75
1894 SB 1.-10 | 38 | is 88 30 75
1895 15 | 45 | 40 | 30 60 70
| Tota, | 5 | 50 | 130 | 185 {120 | 5 | 18 | 870
|
P.C. - | 10 | 10-1 | 26-4 | 37:5 | 24 | 10 | 875 | 62% 14
Two Younc TREES, 1887-91.
P.O; | 1 | 8 | 208 34°5 | 38 | 3 | 29°5 | 70°5 | 14, 12

106 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON

There is a substantial agreement in the main facts between
No. 9 and the two of the earlier period, all of much the same
age. The main increase is thrown into the second half-season
very decidedly in No. 9, but still more so in the others, and July
is the best month, but only to a trifling degree above August in
the latter. Indeed, the percentage of 33 in August with them is
almost unprecedentedly high ; Rodznza alone slightly exceeds it,
and no other species comes near it.

The best individual records are April 5, May 20, June 55, July
65, August 50, September Io.

No. 7——ALNUS GLUTINOSA.

Girth in
Year. Apr. | May. | June.) July. | Aug. | Sept. nbc oe — a
bservation.
1892 10 30 20 20 5 40 45
1893 5 15 15 30 15 35 45
1894 15 25 20 15 45
1895. 5 15 15 20 15 35 35
Total, 10 40 75 95 70 5 125 170
P.C. | 8-4 | 185 | 25-3 | 32-2 | 24:0 | 16] 42:2 | 57-8 11
; ONE YOUNG TREE, 1887-91.
PG. | 1 | 11 | 38 33 16 1 | 50 | 50 | 14

This species is not satisfactorily made out. No. 7 gives a
decided superiority to the second half-season, while the half-
seasons are equal in the other tree. Both, but particularly the
latter, were erratic in their conduct, and it is not safe to draw any
conclusions as to the monthly distribution of the species.

The highest records were April 5, May 20, June 45, July 40
August 25, September 5. 3 :

THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 107

No. 17.—BETULA ALBA.
x |

| Girth in
Year. | Apr. |May. |June. | July.| Ang. | Sept. |1stHalf 2nd Half} Inches at
Observation,
1892 30 | 50 | 40 | 45 | 5 | 80 90
| 1808. | 15 | 50 | 35 | 40 | 30 | 10 | 100 80
| 1894. | 15 | 35 | 40 | 40 | 25] 5 | 90 70
__ 1806 5 | 2 | 30 | 80 | 30 | 15 | 6 | 75
| Total, | 35 | 140 | 155 | 150 | 180 | 85 | 330 | 315
| P.C, | 54 7 24-0 fees 20:2} 54 | 511 | 48-9 | 20
| : : Two YounG TREES, 1887-91.
| Pe. | 15 | 15 (325 7 | 19 | 45 | 49 | 51 | 25,14

No. 17 agrees closely with the other two in the half-season pro-
portions, which are nearly equal. The chief difference in details
is that the increase of the first half-season was more equably dis-
tributed in No. 17 than the others. The former was much quicker
in growth, so that all the highest scores occur inits records. They
are April 15, May 50, June 50, July 40, August 45, September 15.

A much larger Birch, at Craigiehall, five feet in girth, and
growing at the rate of half an inch yearly, gave quite different
and altogether anomalous results. During the six years’ obser-
vations it had no increase whatever in April and May, the only
instance in any tree of any kind I ever met with. Consequently
the proportion of the first half-season, confined to the single month
of June, was only 27 p.c. With all this the tree seemed quite
healthy.

No. 11.—CRATAGUS OXYACANTHA.

Girth in
1st HAlf |2nd Half} Inches at
Year. | Apr. | May. |June.| July. | Aug. | Sept. | coocon | Season.
Observation.
1892. Soe ee eee 5 45 55
1908 [28 ase) Bacio ae 4 SS 5 55 55
1894. ae ee Se ae 40 45
1895. ib ae ee bo oo 7 IS tT a 40 60
Total, | 10 | 40 [130 | 110 | 75 | 30 | 180 215
PC, 25 | 10-0 | 33:0 | 279 | 190 | 76 | 45% | 54°5 14
One Younc TREE, 1887-91.
i
| P.C, 45 | 95 | 2 992 us| 42 | 58 | 15

24°5

108 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON

The two agree in giving a slight or moderate predominance to
the second half-season and in the monthly details, except that
the distribution is more equable in the earlier example, in which
the increase is remarkably large at the end of the growing
season, the amount for August being greater than in July, and
that for September almost unprecedentedly high.

The highest scores are April 15, May 15, June 4o, July 35
August 45, September 25.

No. 1.—CYTISUS LABURNUM.

| Girth in

Year. | Apr. | May. | June.! July.| Aug. | Sept. eae amg —— ”
Observation,
1892 10 20 25 30 30 55
1893. 10 20 15 10 30 25
1894. & LB) 0 ks eh Bel 50 |
1895. 10 20 10 5 30 15
Total, 5 35 80 85 55 5 120 145
PLC, 19 | 182 | 30°2 | 32°0 | 20°38 19 45°3 54°7 Bae
A Younc TREE, 1887-91.

a 8 | t | 14°5 | 24°5 | 25°5 20 85 | 46 | 54 | 9

The half-yearly results in No. 1 in its two years of greatest
increase are much in favour of the second period, but the reverse
is true of the two less prosperous years, the general result being
still in favour of the sécond period. These results are confirmed
by the other tree in every particular. The erratic conduct in both
has been too great to establish a law. The only marked differ-
ence in the two trees is the more general distribution of the
increase in the earlier tree, the percentage for April and
September being unusually high.

The highest individual scores are April 10, May 15, June 35,
July 35, August 30, September 10.

THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 109

PyrRuS AUCUPARIA.

| 1st Half |2nd Hal acter pi
st Half |2n alf} Inches pas
Year, Apr. | May. | J une. July. | Aug. | Sept. Seunon: 4 dakeue. cat
Observation.
1892 5 35 30 15 40 45
1893 5 20 35 25 5 Dee | 30
1994 WE Yee a ie ee eee 45
| 1895 0-4) 35 ae 25 35
| |
| Total 10 | 40 | 105 | 105 45 5 155 155
|
| |
PC. | 31 (120| 84 | 84 |145] 15} 50 50 14
Two Younc TREES.
}
P.C, | 1% | 5d 203 37 | 20 | 67 | 363 | 63°7 | on ee
I j { j

The conduct of all three trees was erratic, except the quickest
grower of the two earlier ones, which always threw the mass of
its growth into the second half-season, the percentages being 28
and 72. The highest individual scores were—Appril, 5; May, 20;
June, 35; July, 45; August, 30; September, 10.

PYRUS COMMUNIS.

> in
Half; In t
Year. Apr. | May. | June, | July. | Aug. | Sept. spray oss acne fi
Observation.
1892, 10 40 15 20 10 50 45
1893. “ie 25 20 25 15 5 45 45
1894. = 10 20 25 10 ne 30 35
1895. 5 5 25 20 5 10 35 35
5 50 | 105 85 50 25 160 160 14
16 | 156 | 32°8 | 26°9 | 156) 7°5 50 50

TIO CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON

The rate of increase seems low, but I have no other specimen
for comparison, and, as it has steadily decreased annually, the
tree may not be in a normal condition. As it stands, the half-
seasons are exactly equal. June is the-best month, and the
September proportion is above average. The best single scores
are—April, 5; May, 25; June, 40; July, 25; August, 20;
September, Io.

No. 5.—PRUNUS PADUS.

: Girth in
Year. Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. ean somes — =
Observation.
1892. 5 25 60 65 40 5 90 110
1893. 10 50 40 50 35 5 100 90
1894. 5 30 50 50 20 5 85 75
1895. 5 25 50 55 30 5 80 90
Total, | 25 | 1380 | 200 | 220 | 125 | 20 355 365
PG - | 3°5 | 18°0 | 27°8 — 27 | 49°3 50°7 20
OnE YounG TREE, 1887-91.
j { {
AG 13 | 8 | 36 | 82 | 18 | 4 | 46 | 54 | 13

The half-season proportions agree fairly well in these two
trees, in giving a slight preference to the second. In the
general distribution they differ in the higher percentage of No. 5
in the beginning of the season, and in its preferring July, while
the other chooses June. No. 5 was much the more vigorous of
the two, having the high average annual increase of an inch and
three-quarters. The highest scores are all from it, except for
September. They are—April, 10; May, 50; = 60; July
65; August, 40; September, 15.

THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. III

No. 14.—ROBINIA PSEUDACACIA.

esis Girth in
f|2nd Half} Inches at
Year, Apr. | May. ee July. | Aug. | Sept. ee S wile =a res $
Observation.
1892 5 | 5 | 10 | 20 | 20 20 40
1893 5 64-16: 13h 4 oe ie as 50
1894 5 5 | 10 | 2 | 2 | 16 20 65
1895 20 | 25 | 85 | 45 | 30 | 45 | 110
1896. | 10 | 15 | 15 | 30 | 380 40 | 60
1897 5 64 367 Ss | O16 eS 70
Es
Total, | 30 | 55 | 90 | 140 | 195 | 60 | 175 | 395
P.c. -| 52 | 96 | 15-9 | 24:6 | 342] 10:5 | 307 | 69:3 12

The most remarkable fact about this stranger from a warmer
clime is the general distribution over the six months, combined
with a great excess of energy in the last half of the season. In
one year the increase for September was no less than “30; its
percentage for that month, 10°5, is high; and as to August,
it takes the premier place among the months with 342 per
cent., and it is the only month with an individual score of half
an inch.

I have no other tree of the species to compare it with, but
another foreigner—a much older tree, however—has a similar but
even more extreme record. This is Lirtodendron tulipiferum,
a handsome specimen, nearly seven feet in girth in 1887, when
its four years’ record closed. I give the monthly proportions for
the two trees :-—

ist

Robinia Pseudacacia 52 | 96 15°9 24°6 | 34°2 105 30°7 69°3

iri 90
Liriodendron tulipiferum | 2 4 4 34 43 13 10
i

112 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON

C. General Conclusions from the Monthly History of

the Species.

In considering some of the conclusions that may be drawn
from the history of the species, it is necessary to adopt three
categories according to the degree of reliability in the results
obtained in the different species. The first includes the species
of the period 1891-94 (in which only one example of each was
observed) that yielded results in conformity with those obtained
from one or more trees of their own species under observation
in 1887-91. The second comprises the species in which the
results for the two periods are at variance, or are otherwise
invalidated. The third contains the species of which only one
tree has been under observation.

The chief points to which attention will be directed are the
comparative tendency in the different species to early or late
increase in girth during the growing season, and the compara-
tively wide or limited distribution of the girth-increase over the
growing season in the different species.

I. Species in which the resnilts for 1892-95 and for 1887-91
are in substantial agreement.

In this category the results are naturally the most reliable,
and may be held to establish fairly well the characteristics of the
species included, in regard to the points under consideration.

(a.) The comparative tendencies of the species towards
early or late increase in girth during the season of growth
are shown in the Table which gives the percentage of girth-
increase due to each month in the trees of 1887-91 and of |
1892-95 combined, the arrangement being in the order of
greatest tendency to increase in the latter half of the season.

[ TABLE.

THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 113

1st Half |2nd Half
| Apr, | May. | June. | July, | Aug. | Sept. | igi. St
|
| |
| Populus fastigiata, ae 1 9 23°5 | 36 285 | 2 | 385 66°5
| Quereus conferta, | 9 | 9:5 | 205 | 345/93 | 35 39 61 |
} i
(Esculus Hippocastanum, | aes eo 30 33 22 p Soaee ate | i) Bee
Fagus sylvatica,... ...| 1 | 105 | 81% | 30°5 22 45 | 48 i ees
Crategus Oxyacantha,.. | 3°5 | 9513905 |25 |22 | 951 435 | 565 |
Prunus Padus, .. s {49 ae} desk aect-as = dee |
Betula alba, . | 85 118 | 28 } 255 | 20 5 495 | 50° |
Ulmus montana, a» f Be | 15 | B86 | 25% | 20 5 49°5 | 50° |
|
|

Fraxinus excelsior, ... | 45 | 225 40° | 25 7 05 | 675 | 325

On referring back to the history of the species, where the
averages for both periods, 1892-95 and 1887-91, are given, it will .
be seen that in Gsculus, Acer, and Betula these averages are
almost identical as regards the half-seasons, and that in general
there is a close approximation even in the monthly averages.
In Fagus, Fraxinus, Populus, Crategus, and Prunus the differ-
ences in the two periods are greater, but it is only a question of
degree, the general tendencies being similar. Quercus conferta is
included, although no example was under observation in either of
the above periods, because the three trees of 1884-87 yielded
such large and steady results, all in harmony with each other,
that the laws of girth-increase are probably as well established
in it as in any other species. The specimen of U/mus montana
observed in the last period proved an utter failure, but as the
two of 1887-91 were very fine trees, I give the average as being
probably reliable enough, although there were some considerable
disagreements in details.

The general result is that in Populus, Quercus, and Zsculus
the difference in favour of the second half-season is large; in
Fagus and Crategus it is comparatively small; in Uimus,
Prunus, and Betula there is an equality, or nearly so; and in
Fraxinus the advantage is largely on the side of the first half-
season. Taking the extremes, the proportions are as 2 to I in
favour of the second half-season in Populus, and the same in
favour of the first half-season in Fraxinus.

114 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON

(b.) The distribution of the girth-increase over the growing
season shows considerable variety in the Table, but it is difficult
to indicate it systematically. One way is to set the three best
consecutive months against the other three. The three best are
June, July, and August, except in Fvaxinus, which prefers May,
June, and July. The percentages then are as follows :—

Three Best The Other
Consecutive Three
Months.

Populus fastigiata, ors =a 88 p.c. 12 p.c.
Fraxinus excelsior, oy cS 88 I2
CEsculus Hippocastanum, a 85 15
Fagus sylvatica,.. cone 84 16
Prunus Padus, ... st or 81 19
Quercus conferta, = oe 78 22
Ulmus montana = 78 22
Crategus Oxyacantha, a 775 22°5
Betula alba, : aye ae 73.5 26°5

But this chiefly shows that certain species accomplish a con-
siderably greater part of their increase in the three chief months
than others, and therefore have presumably a less general
spread over the whole period, and the comparative wideness of
the spread is better seen if we take the percentages in each species
due to the months of April and September united, or at the
beginning and end of the season. The order is thus :—Cvategus
13 per cent., Quercus 12°5, Betula 85, Ulmus 7, Prunus 6, Fagus
5°5, raxinus 5, Cesculus 4, Populus 3. The result is but
slightly to change the order as obtained by the first process, and
to show that on the whole the seasonal distribution is widest in
Crategus, Quercus conferta, and Betula,and is most limited in
Fraxinus, C&sculus, and Populus. A further examination
proves that the limitation to a comparatively small increase is
at both ends of the season in Populus, at the beginning of the
season in Gsculus and Fagus, and at its end in Frarinus.

To put the case in another way, it may be said in a rough way
that increase in girth was going on with comparative vigour for
five months in Quercus conferta and Crategus, for four months
in Fagus, Gsculus, Prunus, Ulmus, and Betula, and for only
three in Populus, Acer, and Fraxinus.

THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 115

(c.) Progress of girth-increase from month to month.—
Usually there is a progressive rise from the minimum in April to
a maximum either in June or July, from which the fall to Sep-
tember is also progressive. Sometimes the actual minimum is
in September instead of April. The only exception to this pro-
gressive rise and fall is in Quercus conferta, in which the percentages
for April and May are equal, and the observation is quite reli-
able, as the amounts are substantial and consistent throughout. —
Of course it results from what has gone before that the rise and
fall are quicker or more abrupt in some species than in others.

(d.) Highest and lowest average percentages in each
month, and the species to which they were due.—The highest
for April was 9 per cent. of the annual increase in Quercus
conferta; for May, 22°5 in Fraxinus ; June, 42 in Acer; July, 36
in Populus; August, 285 in Populus ; September, 9°5 in
Crategus. The lowest for April was oo in Acer ; for May,9
or 9'5 in Quercus conferta, Populus, and Crataegus ; June, 23°5 in
Populus ; July, 25 or 25°5 in Fraxinus, Betula, and Crategus ;
August, 7 in Fraxinus ; September, 0’5 in Fraxinus.

2. Species in which the results for 1892-95 are at variance with
those for 1887-91, or which are otherwise untrustworthy.

The reasons for regarding as more or less questionable the
results in this class have been already given in the history of the
five species which it includes, and need not be repeated.

(a.) Comparative tendencies towards early or late increase
in girth —Taking the results for what they are worth, the first five
species in the Table seem to have a decided preference for the
last half of the season, while the sixth is in favour of the first half.

Ist Half 2nd Ha’
Apr. | May. | June. July. | Aug. | Sept. | go.5on. | Season.
ae Sat Reed nae nee ee
Quercus robur, ... 15 | 15°5 | 175 | 40 21 4:5 | 34°5 65°5
Carpinus Betulus, o |e |g las lee i tt ee
Pyrts Anup, SE 86 | BS | ee 57
Alnus glutinosa, ... e 1io5 | 82] 928 [20 | Pop M5 | 585
Cytisus Laburnum, 5 114 197 | 285 | 205) 5 | 46 54
Tilia europoea, ... 1 ha aoe eed © 7 8 oe | 5 |

116 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON

With regard to Quercus robur, for the reasons given in its
history I have rejected the tree of 1891-95 and adopted the
average of the four young Oaks of 1887-91, as being much more
likely to be truly representative. As the defaulter has been trans-
planted to properly prepared ground, it will be interesting to see
whether it will now fall into line with the others.* The erratic
conduct of the representatives of Pyrus, Alnus, and Cytisus
defies explanation, and there was nothing for it but to take their
combined averages for both periods. In 77/ia the difference is
rather of degree than kind, but is so extreme as to shut it out
from the reliable list. It is probable enough, however, that the
united average, which I have given, is fairly representative.
Carpinus was not observed in 1892-95, but the two young trees
of 1887-91 did not agree well, and were in total disagreement
with an old tree.

(b.) The distribution of the girth-increase over the growing
season seems to be most extended and equable in Cytesus
Laburnum, and confined within the narrowest limits in 7Z7/za
europea, in which three-fourths of the whole took place in two
months.

(c.) Progress of girth-increase from month to month. —
In none of these species, except Quercus robur—and that in a
less degree—was there a check in the rise and fall such as was
noticed in Quercus conferta of the previous set. In three of them
the movement was of an average kind, but in Quercus robur a
very marked rise in July, and in 77/ia a still more marked rise in
June, were noticeable.

(d.) Highest and lowest scores in each month.—The
highest for April was 5 p.c. of the annual increase in Cyézsus;
May, 15°5 in Quercus; June, 46°5 in Ttlza; July, 40 in Quercus;
August, 21 in Quercus; September, 7 in Carpinus. The lowest
for April was 1 in Zela; May, 9°5 in Pyrus; June, 17°5 in
Quercus; July, 28°5 in Cytésus and Trlza; August, 8 in 77a;
September, 1 in Alnus.

3. Spectes in which only one young tree has been under observation.
As we have no means of checking the results in these species

* October 1899. I find that it has done so in this the first available year since trans-
plantation, the increase having been 35 in the first half-season, and °7o in

THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 117

by comparison, all that can be done is to give the results in the
same tabular form as in the other two classes, and although there
is a considerable variety in their reliability it does not seem to
be practicable to divide them into categories in that respect, and
it will be sufficient to point out the species which appear to be
most worthy of confidence, as we go along.

Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. lst Half pve Half

Robinia Pseudacacia, .../ 6 | 9°5 | 16 |25 | 34 | 105 | 305 | 69%
Quercus rubra, .| 85 | 11 | 225 | 3865 | 25 15 | 387 63
BaliS tps | 25 }14 |21 |26 |265}10 | 375 | 625
Acer campestris, = 3 {12 |29 |82 |215| 25] 44 | 56
Ulmus campestris, ' 4 {105/986 {29 [17 | 6 | 48 | 50
Quercus Cerris, | 75 | 18 | 245 | 815 | 16 | 25) 50 | 50

| a3 ]155]33 [27 (155 | 75 | 50 | 50

Pyrus communis,

The Rodinza, always in good condition, growing consistently,
and under observation for six years, may be considered reliable
for so very young a tree. It threw no less than 70 p.c. of its
Increase into the latter half of the growing season, surpassing in
this proportion all my other trees, save Leriodendron tulipiferum,
another native of sunnier climes, in which the proportion rose to
90 p.c., but which does not appear in the Table, as it is an old
tree

If results in any single tree may be relied on as representative
of its species, our Sa/éx may make the claim, owing to its large
increments and the regularity and consistency of its conduct
during the long period of nine years.

Quercus rubra and Q. Cerrts are not quite so favourably
situated, as although they are fine, healthy trees, growing at good
rates, they were somewhat erratic in conduct, due perhaps to
extreme youth. Q. Cerrts also disagrees with the two adult and
very fine trees that were under observation in the earlier period.

Ulmus campestris and Acer campestris are species that can
scarcely be said to thrive in Scotland, and the example of Pyrus

118 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON

communts is under suspicion in regard to health, as its increase
diminished year by year in place of increasing as it ought to have
done in so young a tree; but taking the first year, when the
increase was all but an inch, the distribution in the half-seasons
was nearly the same as in the total period of four years.

_As to the distribution in the four most reliable species, it may
be pointed out that it is well spread over the season in all of them.
Even in Rodznia, which shows such a decided preference for the
end of the season, the increase began in April in five years out of
six. In Saé/sx the spread is more equable over five months than
in any other species under my observation, and although the
proportion for April, the remaining month, is small, it is quite
appreciable.

The highest records for the months are—for April, 7°5 in
Quercus Cerris ; for May, 18 in Q. Cerris ; for June, 33°5 and 33 in
Ulmus and Pyrus ; for July, 36°5 in Q. rubra; for August, 34 in
Robinia ; and for September, 10°5 and 10 in Rodzmza and Salsx.
The lowest—in April, 1°5 in Pyrus; May, 9°5 in Robinia ; June,
16 in Robinia; July, 25 in Rodinia; August, 15°5 and 16 in’
Pyrus and Q. Cerris; September, 1°5 in Q. rubra.

D. Bi-Monthly percentage of Increase in the Single Trees
of Twenty Species, 1891-95.

The last form in which I show the comparative proportions of
the monthly increase in girth of the different species is in bi-
monthly periods for the twenty single trees of the set 1891-95,
Table VIII. As previously explained, some of these trees are
less reliable than others, but I give the whole for what they are
worth. A few of the chief results may be pointed out.

In the first, or April-May period, a proportion of 20 p.c. and
upwards, or one-fifth of the seasonal growth, was attained by five
species, while in nine species it was below 15 p.c. The highest
proportion was in Quercus robur, 28 p.c., and the lowest in
Populus fastigiata, 12 p.c.

In the middle, or June-July period, eleven, ora little above the
half of the species, attained a proportion of above 60 p.c. of the
seasonal growth, and in three the proportion was below 50 p.c.
The highest proportion was 72 p.c. in Aser Pseudoplatanus, and
the lowest, 40 p.c., in Robinia Pseudacacia,

THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES.

119

In the last, or August-September period, nine species, or nearly
one-half, attained a proportion of 25 p.c., or one-fourth of the
seasonal growth, and in four it was under 15 p.c.
proportion was 45 p.c. in Robznta, and the lowest 6 p.c, in
Fraxinus excelsior.

1891-95, ARRANGED IN THE ORDER OF AMOUNT.

TABLE VIII.

BI-MONTHLY P.C. OF GIRTH-INCREASE IN SINGLE TREES OF TWENTY SPECIES,

The highest

First Middle Last

Months ont Months
Quercus robur 28-2 | Acer Pseudop. -| 71:9} Robinia- — - 45-0 |
Betula alba - - | 27-1 Tilia - - -| 71:8 | Salix - - - | 865
Fraxinus excelsior - | 26-7 | Pyrus Aue, - - | 68°0 |] Fagus - At BFS
Quercus Cerris 25°6 | Fraxinus 67°1 | GEsculus 26°7
Prunus Padus 21-5 | Populus - 63°9 | Crategus 26°6
Salix sp. 18-5 | Ulmus 62°5 | Quercus rubra 26°1
Pyrus communis 17:2 | Cytisus - 62:2 | Alnus 25-6
Alnus glutinosa 16-9 | Gsculus - 61:0 | Betula - 25°6
Pyrus Aucuparia 16-0 | Crategus 60-9 | Populus - 25°0
Acer campestris - | 15°2] Acercamp. - 60-8 | Acer camp. 24°0
Cytisus Laburnum - | 15°1 ] Querens rob. - —- | 60°] | Pyrus com 23:1
Robinia —- Pseud- | 14°8 | Pyrus com. 59-7] Ulmus - - -| 229
Acie Peeudinplatenas 148] Pronus - - -| 584) Cytisus- - 22°7
Ulmus campestris - | 14:6] Fagus - z - | 58:0 | Prunus - cp rs Be
Quercus rubra = - | 144] Alaus - - ~— - | 575 [ Quercus Cerris - | 183
Fagus sylvatica - | 14.2 | Quercus rub. - 57-3 | Pyrus Auc. -| 16-0
Tilia europcea -| 141 », Cerris -| S61) Tilia - =| 141
Crategus Oxy-| 125] Betula - - -| 473] Acer Pseudop. -/| 133
Gonies Hes 12:3 | Salix - _ | 45-0 | Quercus rob. - - | U7
Populus fastigiats - | 11-1 | Robinia - .| 405 | Fraxinuns - -| 62

INDEX.

INTRODUCTION,
General Fxpliinations,
I. Annual Results, ...
. General History of the Secs siparate ely.
. Annual Rate and Range of Girth- sueroase in ‘pecdaots
Trees at different ages
I. Trees under 15 inches i in girth,
II. Trees between 15 inches and two ‘feet in girt rth,
-III. Trees between two see a half and five feet in ‘girth,
IV. Trees from about six to seven and a half feet in girth,
C. Comparison with trees in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh,
D. Aggregate Annual Results
E. Variety in a —— of years of “depression in the
different s ze
F. Capacity of Girth increase as howe in : ieccnable years,

nes
—
5
=]
ot

a
&
wn
c
>

Pe oe the mont
. Two saci a three months each,
Z Three periods of tw Sega each,
3. Six periods of one mon
4. Order of precedence of die snuban in the amount
of girth-increase, .
B. Results in the Species individually, =
C. General oo from the Monthly Histor of the
peci

S;
Specie in which ate results f 28 r1892- -95 and for 1887- 91
are in substantial agree t,
a. “The Saisie Euidencas towards early or late
increase in girt
b. ho distribution of the girth-i increase. ‘over the
wing s
Ps Prorsse ‘> iit increas from month to mon nth,
@. Highest and lowest average percentage in each
month, and the species to which they were due,
2. Species in which oe results for 1892-95 are at variance
with those 1887-91, or which are otherwise
untrustw onhy.
a. pone tendencies towards early or late
increase in girth,
b. distribution ‘of the girth-i “increase “over the

6 Drocress of rewihuneans from month to month,
d. Highest and lowest scores in each month,
3. Species in which one yoaty tree has been under
observation
D. Bi-monthly ceciantare of incense in tie Single Trees ‘of
Tw enty Species, 1891-95, .

9
g2-11!
112-118

112-115

116-118

118-119

On the Life-History and Habits of Clerus
formicarius, Linn.

R. STEWART MACDOUGALL, M.A., D.Sc.

‘With Figures 11-14.

THE family Cleridz consists of soft-skinned beetles, generally
gaily coloured (the “ bunting” beetles of the Germans), with
elongated bodies. The legs have five-jointed tarsi, but to prove
this requires, in some cases, very careful observation. In
habit both imago and larva are predaceous and carnivorous ;
where the imagines frequent flowers it is probable that besides
taking honey they prey upon insects; indeed, Perris’ has
Tecorded cases of flower - frequenting Trichodes devouring
Other flower-haunting insects. The so-called carrion-eaters
_ found amongst old carcases, skins, and bones may frequent
these chiefly to prey on the insect fauna (imago and larva)
found characteristically in such places.

A note on the habits of some Cleride found in Britain may
Prove interesting, as introductory to the observations made on
Clerus formicarius.

(Notes, R.B,G,, Edin, No, III., 1900.]

122 MACDOUGALL—ON THE LIFE-HISTORY

TILLUS ELONGATUS.—Its larva has been taken by Perris in
the galleries of Prilinus pectinicornis, a beetle destructive to
furniture and woodwork by its borings.

TRICHODES APIARIUS.—This handsome red-and-blue beetle
lays its eggs in hives, and its larva on hatching passes from
cell to cell of the hive, devouring the bee-grubs. The larva
of Tyrichodes alvearius has the same habit, but preys on the
grubs of the mason-bee.

NECROBIA RUFICOLLIS.—The imago feeds on rotting flesh,
and the larva preys upon the dipterous maggots and pupe
likely to be found on such putrefying material. The larve
of an allied French species, Wecrobia rujicornis, found by Perris,
were preying on Anobium paniceum. This Anobium is harmful
in houses to vegetable matter and to books. Perris got the
various stages in a hornet’s nest that had stood in his room
for several years, and here the Axodium was being attacked by
Necrobia ruficornis.

NECROBIA RUFIPES has been found on carcases and old
bones.

CORYNETES CCERULEUS has been recorded by Sharp’ as
entering houses and performing a useful work in destroying the
Anobium species that mine into tables and chairs.

Clerus formicarius.

IMAGO.—I quote Fowler’s’ description. Elongate, anterior
parts clothed with long pilose hairs, head large, black, coarsely
punctured, eyes finely granulate, antennz black, last joint with

apex ferruginous; thorax about as long as broad,

red, with anterior portion (which is divided by a

broad V-shaped furrow from the posterior por-

tion) black, coarsely punctured, posterior angles

rounded ; elytra depressed, parallel-sided, black,

ccc with the base red, strongly punctured in front,

Imago magnified. finely behind, with two strong bands of thick

From nature. white pubescence, one before the middle very

irregular, and the other behind the middle; legs black, with
tarsi more or less ferruginous.

Found in England, Seotland. and Ireland.

AND HABITS OF CLERUS FORMICARIUS, LINN. 123

LARVA.—The larva is rosy red. It has well-marked three-
jointed antennee, and on each side of the head five small simple
eyes. The dark head is followed by twelve seg-
ments, of which the first three, or thoracic (each
of which carries a pair of one-clawed legs), dis-
tinguish themselves thus:—The first has a
brown chitinous or horny shield almost cover-
ing the upper side of the segment; the second

ooo ie ariue, 2d third each show two small chitinous spots

ae magnified or plates, one on each side of the middle line.
rom na

: The last body-segment has also a brown shield,

and the body ends in two small cerci or projections.

PupA.—The pupa, which is not enclosed in a cocoon, lies in
a chamber or cell whose inner walls are lined with a whitish
or greyish silvery secretion. The head and body
are beset with hairs. The antenne lie along the
ventral surface, concealed in part by the first
two pairs of bent legs. The wings reach about
half-way down the abdomen, the hinder or

Fig. 13. lower pair showing slightly below the upper

Pupa maenifea Pait, each of which comes toa point. From the
After Westwood.end of the abdomen two outwardly-directed
spines project.

LIFE- SUSSORY AND Hapits.—Both larva and imago are,
jfrom the forester's standpoint, in the highest
degree useful. The larva lives below the bark of
‘conifers, such as pine and spruce, feeding upon
‘the larve and pupz and beetles of injurious
me species that infest these trees—e.g., my last speci-
Fig. 4, ‘mens were taken from below the bark of a Pzxus
Clerus formicarius. sylvestris which was infested with Aylesinus
Protessoe Penk Palliatus.

The larve of Clerus formicarius are themselves able to bore
into and tunnel the bark. While making observations on this
beetle I placed several of the larvae on the outside of some
thick pieces of pine-bark. These soon buried themselves in
the bark, and the glass on which the pieces of bark were
resting under a bell-jar often showed little heaps of bore-dust
from the tunnelling of the C/erus larve. Doubtless this

124 MACDOUGALL—ON THE LIFE-HISTORY

power of making galleries in every direction will facilitate
their moving about in the search for prey.

The perfect beetle, found in conifer woods running over the
bark of standing or felled trees, is also carnivorous, subsisting
on destructive bark-boring insects. In the month of July I
introduced a live Clerus (bred out of one of my pieces of pine-
bark) into a glass tube which held four live Wylesinus palliatus.
This Aylesinus palliatus is a small and destructive beetle which
makes crutch-shaped galleries below and in the barkof pine and
spruce and larch. For a quarter of a minute the C/erws ran
up and down the inside of the glass, and then pounced upon
one of the Ay/esinus, seizing it in the weak spot in its armour,
viz., on the under surface where the head is jointed on to the
thorax. I lifted the tube to examine the more closely what
would follow, lens in hand, when the C/erus started to run up
and down the sides of the tube, and though it lost its footing
several times and fell to the bottom, never for a moment did it
let go its victim, whose antennz were seen to be quivering
nervously. At last, coming to rest, and propping itself on its
two hind legs, the Clerus held the Hyesinus up to its mouth by
means of the four front legs—a position also recorded by
Ratzeburg.* First of all, the head of the victim was bent
back and emptied by means of the jaws, and then the hind
part of the body gutted in the same way. Finally the elytra
were broken off and the wings torn to shreds.

In watching C/erus feed at different times, I noticed that the
seizure of the prey was always at the same place viz., between
the head and the rest of the body. After a meal the beetle
seemed to spend some time in cleaning itself, pulling its
front oe through its jaws and the front legs over the
antennz .

Late one evening in July I placed in one tube three live
Hylesinus palliatus and one Clerus, and in another tube seven
live Hylesinus palliatus and one Clerus, Examination next
_ evening showed that all the three Hy/esinus in the first tube
had been devoured, and five out of the seven in the second
tube were only represented by scattered fragments of their
external parts

No records seem to exist as to the length of life of Clerus

AND HABITs OF CLERUS FORMICARIUS, LINN. 126

larva and imago, or of the time embraced in the pupal stage.
In October 1897, on dissecting some pieces of thick bark from
a full-grown pine-tree, I found larve of Clerus formicarius.
I placed these pieces of bark under a bell-jar in an unheated
room at the Royal Botanic Garden, and allowed them to remain
until April 1898, when they were removed to a window in
the Laboratory. I obtained imago-issue on the following
dates ::—

Two on June 29, 1898.
One ) ) 39, )
») ”) July 12, ”

” »> ») ai, ”?

On July 14, 1898, a piece of newly-felled pine-stem was
placed in a cotton sack and four of the /erus imagos intro-
duced along with a number of live Ay/esinus palliatus. The
sack was allowed to stand out exposed to all weathers. At
intervals up to September 30 I made examination and found
the Cleride alive, and now and again I added fresh Hy/esinus.
On examination the C/erus beetles would either be found in
hiding, lying close, under a piece of loose bark ora bark-scale,
or else running over the log with their characteristic active
and eager movement.

On January 3, 1899, I removed the log from its sack, but
could find no trace of my Clerus beetles. Trusting that they
were in winter quarters concealed in the bark crevices, I
returned the log to the sack. On opening the sack again on
February 25th I noticed a Crus running about. The beetles
continued to live till the end of May 1899. On June 3rd, eleven
months from their appearance as imagos, I found three of the
four lying dead ; the fourth had probably escaped by a hole in
the bottom of the sack where the pine-log had worn the cotton
through. These four Clerus beetles had appeared, after
pupation, in June and July 1898.

In July 1899 I bred out another C/erus imago, under the
following interesting circumstances. On August 24, 1898, I
removed two Clerus larve from below the bark of a pine where
they had been since April 15, when the piece of pine came
into my possession. One of the two larve was placed in a

126 THE LIFE-HISTORY OF CLERUS FORMICARIUS, LINN.

glass tube temporarily, but when I came to look for it on
August 25 I found only bore-dust in the tube; the larva had
buried itself in the cork.

The corked tube was then placed under a bell-jar to prevent
escape of the C/erus larva should it bore right through the
cork into the open; the tube was left undisturbed until -
October 12th.

On the cork being removed from the tube on October 12,
the larva could not be seen, as its entrance-hole was plugged
up with bore-meal. The cork was carefully cut in two and
the larva found lying in the hollowed-out centre. The two
parts of the cork were carefully fitted together again without
disturbing the larva, and the cork then returned as the
stopper of the glass tube.

At various dates up till April 14th, 1899, I looked in, and
the Clerus still remained in the larval condition. On May
3rd the two pieces of the cork seemed to be sticking together,
and a more careful looking showed the silvery whiteness with
which characteristically the Clerus larva lines the cavity
in which pupation takes place. Up till June 3rd there was no
pupation, but by the next examination, on June 6th, the larva
had pupated. The pupation-stage lasted till July 6th, and by
July 7th the perfect insect had made its way out of the cork
and was running about in the inside of the bell-jar, more
than ten months from the day of the larva having entered
the cork.

LITERATURE.

1. Perris. Larves des Coléoptéres, 1878, p. 215.

2. Sharp. Insects, Part II., p. 255. The Cambridge Natural History.
3. Fowler. British Coloshes. Vol. I., p. 262.

4. Ratzeburg. Die — p. 36:

On the Life-History and Habits of Rhizophagus
depressus, Fowler.-

R. STEWART MACDOUGALL, M.A,, D.Sc.

With Figures 15-17.

In addition to the family Nitulidae to which our beetle
belongs, there are several related families which number
amongst them species which live below the bark of trees in
the galleries made by the bark-boring beetles. The members
of these families, so found, prey upon the insect enemies of
the trees. .

Professor Nitsche' mentions the families and some of the
useful forestral species which have been noticed by different
observers. F ollowing Nitsche, and noting others from the
literature, | summarise the families in tabular form, adding
the name of the tree and the name of the pest infesting it.

[TABLE

{Notes, R.B.G., Edin, No, IIL, rg00.]

128

MACDOUGALL—ON THE LIFE-HISTORY

Name of the Enemy
: of the Tree in
Family. Name = Carnivorous | hose Tunnels the Tree Infested.
tee Carnivorous Beetle was|
found.
‘Rhizophagus | Hylesinus and Bos- | Various conifers
depressus trichus species
Rhizophagus} Hylesinus micans Spruce
ee grandis
WNitidulidee 4
Rhizophagus dispar | Pissodes pice Silver fir
Ips ferrugineus Scots pine
| Ips quadripustulatus
Nemosomaelongatum| Hylesinus vittatus Elm
Trogositidz Lymexylon dermes- | Beech; some-
. toides times birch,
alder, ash—
rarely _ silver
Tomicus domesticus | Birch, alder,
Tomicus Saxesenii Oak, beech, birch, |
ime, poplar,
fruit trees,
pine, spruce
Hylesinus olez Olive
Tomicus bicolor Beech ; rarely
hornbeam and
walnut
SS Eien mono- | Oak
Colydiidee 4 Oxyleemus variolosus| hus
Colydiumelongatum | Platypus cylindrus Oak
(Lemophlceus ferru- | Tomicus —_micro- | Pine, _spruce,
gineus graphus silver fir
ee Lzmophlceus ater Hylesi1 hodo- | S
d Pp yiesinus rhodo pruce
Cucujidze 4 Linen
coro clema-| Tomicus bispinus —_| Clematis vitalba
K es

The widely-distributed family Nitidulide includes very

diverse forms, and the species also vary in habit.

Some are

AND HABITS OF RHIZOPHAGUS DEPRESSUS, FOWLER. 129

found in flowers: for example, Jeligethes eneus, the tiny
shining green beetle so abundant in the flower-heads of the
Cruciferae and other plants where the larve feed, interfering
with the production of seed; others live in putrefying
organic matter, and others still, like Rhzzophagus, are in-
sectivorous.

: The genus Rhizophagus, which Sharp’? would refer to the
Cucujidze rather than the Nitulide, numbers in Britain some
ten species, which live below the bark of trees, where they
make war on the Bostrichidz or bark-beetles.

I quote Fowler’s® description of the imago, and his transla-
tion of Perris’* description of the larva, of R. depressus.

Imaco.—Bright rust red, with suture of elytra generally
darker ; body depressed ; head of male large, about as broad as
.% thorax, of female, narrowed, thorax longer than
i broad, widest in front, thickly and very finely
punctured; elytra with very finely punctured
Saran ind je. SUT, first interstice with a row of widely-
ea poe separated fine punctures ; second interstice
ste ™ widened and irregularly punctured at base.
Length, 2}-3}mm.

Larva.—Length, 6 mm., rather depressed, and in the form
of an elongated oval; head narrower than the prothorax;
head and prothorax reddish, the base of the
latter being whitish, and all the succeeding
segments except the last are reddish for their
basal half and whitish for their apical half; the
head is long, almost elliptical, with two long im-
pressions; the prothorax longer than the meso-
or meta-thorax, and is rounded and narrowed
in front; the last segment of the body is entirely
ferruginous, and is furnished on its upper surface
with two distinct tubercles; this segment behind
is divided into two lobes, each of which
nates in three strong teeth, on the under
which is used for

Fig. 16.
— gg a aed term1
us epressus, _* :
gus depressus. ide is a small anal appendage
progression.

130 MACDOUGALL—ON THE LIFE-HISTORY

Pupa.—The pupa is whitish in colour, and the
last segment is cleft. There are long silky hairs
down the sides and very small spines over the
body. Length, 4 to 5 mm.

HABITS AND METAMORPHOSIS.—There is no
doubt whatever that R. depressus is of great ser-
vice to the forester in assisting to hold in check
Meats as the increase of those most troublesome enemies

ty eg of woods, the bark- and wood-boring Coleoptera.

ature. Two years ago I determined the shectle for a
forester in charge of extensive woods in Aberdeenshire, and
asked him—in connection with certain trap trees which had
been felled and allowed to lie here and there in the pine wood
as lures for Hylesinus piniperda, the pine beetle—to make
frequent examination of the trees for Rhizophagus depressus.
The trap-trees were very successful in attracting for their
egg-laying numbers of Aylesinus piniperda, and the forester
has just written me to say that in such trees where Rh. depres-
sus was plentiful nearly one-half of the Aylesznus larvee were
destroyed.

I have taken 2A. depressus, imago and larva, from under the
bark of Pine and Spruce; the imago moving about the borings
and the Rhzzophagus larva (also capable of active movement)
lying alongside the larva or pupa of the injurious species; ¢..,
recently on removal of bark I got two Rhisophagus larve
lying in the bed of, and attached to, a Hy/esinus palliatus pupa.
The head of one of the larve was guurile deep in the H. pallzatus
pupa.

In June 1898, under the bark of some pine (Pinus sylvestrts)

branches I found a number of Hylesinus palliatus at work, the
mother galleries having been partly made. Each H. oye oe
mother tunnel held two RAZ. depressus i imagines.
_ In other two cases of grown pine and spruce, the bark in
each case infested by /ylesenus palliatus and the wood by
Bostrichus lineatus, 1 got numbers of Rhizophagus larve. In
October 1898 and Pebouaty 1899, in the galleries of Hylesinus
piniperda which held larve and pupa and dead beetles, I
also found RA. depressus at work.

Again, in February and March 1898, on an Austrian Pine

AND HABITS OF RHIZOPHAGUS DEPRESSUS, FOWLER. 131

(Pinus Austriaca) infested witha Bostrichus,1 found Rh. depressus
larve, which, on being placed on the outside of the Pine and
watched, entered by the holes the Bostrichus had made, and
hid there. :

In October 1898, on a Scots Pine attacked by a Bostrechus, 1
got in the mother galleries of the latter, Rhzzophagus larvee.

On April 15, 1898, there came into my possession a section,
measuring a yard, of a well-grown Scots Pine. This was
found on examination to contain below the bark hundreds of
fylesinus palliatus \larve. To prevent the beetles, when these
had attained maturity, from escaping into the open, the section
of stem was placed in a sack made of strong cotton. On July
rath I found on the floor of the sack about one hundred larve,
which, observed through their later stages, proved to be larvee
of Rk. depressus. These larvee, on being touched, coiled them-
selves up; on being laid on a piece of paper or glass or
board they crawled actively away in all directions. As the
number was far in excess of what might have accidentally
tumbled out of the bark, the natural conclusion was that they
had voluntarily left the pine stem in order to undergo pupa-
tion in the ground. To make certain of this—I have since
found in the literature that Perris’ had previously recorded
that the Rhizephagus larve became pupz in the soil a I
covered a large circular transparent glass plate with an inch
and a half of soil, and dropped here and there over the surface
of the soil fifty larve. In one minute all without exception
had disappeared into the soil. Into a glass tumbler half-filled
with pressed-down soil I also dropped twenty larve, and these,
too, rapidly buried themselves.

Towards the end of July I found that a larva had pupated ;
the pupa was lying a little below the surface of the soil against
the glass of the tumbler. On some of the soil being emptied
from the tumbler, more pupze were found, and also larve as yet
unchanged. With the glass plate I also had success, as on
holding it overhead and looking through the under surface
the tracks of the larvae, as these had moved along the plate
after burying themselves, were plainly seen, and a number of
pupz were found lying on the plate at the bottom of the Soil.
As August went on these pupze were noticed to be ‘‘browning,

132 MACDOUGALL—ON THE LIFE-HISTORY

and later, on removing the soil from above two of them, RAzz0-
phagus depressus walked out. On turning over more of the
soil other two Rhzzophagus beetles started to walk away, but
on being touched they remained quite motionless, with their
legs and antennz drawnin. Others in the turned-out earth,
not quite mature, had their heads and under surface quite red-
brown, while their wing covers still remained whitish.

WHEN RHIZOPHAGUS MAY BE FOUND.—Without professing
to discuss this question, Perris incidentally records that the
adult beetles may be found flying in the evenings in February,
and also got below the bark in May and June. He notes also
that the larve may be got even in January, and the pupa in
May and June.

As I have because of its practical importance recorded times
of appearance and finding of the different stages of other
Coleoptera, I give here in tabular form from my notes the
months of the year in which I have taken R4. depressus in any
of its stages.

MONTH. STAGE.

January . (Larva. Perris.)

February Adult and Larva.

March Larva.

April Larva.

May Larva. (Pupa and Adult. Perris.)
June Larva and Adult. (Pupa. Perris.)
July Larva and Pupa. —

August . Larva, Pupa, and Adult.
September Adult.

October . Adult and Larva.

November

December

In one case the larvee of February and March were from a
Pine log that I had kept under cover in a sack, and it is
reasonable to suppose that the larvae were present at the end
= the previous October when I placed the Pine log in the

ack.
The fact of the finding of different stages in the life-history

AND HABITS OF RHIZOPHAGUS DEPRESSUS, FOWLER. 133

at one atid the same time throughout the year seems to
emphasise what I have argued strongly for in Papers on other
Coleoptera—viz., that the flight-times of adult beetles are not
necessarily as brief as the general teaching would make us
believe, and that immediate or a comparatively quick-following
death is not certainly the “‘ nemesis for reproduction.”

LITERATURE.

1. Nitsche. Lehrbuch der Mitteleuropdischen Forstinsektenkunde,
Vol. L., ‘p. 292:

2. Sharp. Insects, Part II., p. 232. The Cambridge Natural History.

3. Fowler. , British Coleoptera, Vol. II.

4. Perris. Annales de la Societé Entomologique de France, Sér. III.

99.
§. Por; t., p-b0%:

Enumeration of Visitors
to the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh,
during the Years 1889-1900.

ON the ist of April, 1889, the control of the Royal Botanic
Garden, Edinburgh, was vested in the Commissioners of Her
Majesty’s Works, and the Garden, like the Royal Gardens at
Kew, became subject to the “ Act for the Regulation of the
Royal Parks and Gardens, 1872.” From the date specified the
Garden was opened to the public on Sundays, and was also
opened for an extended period on Week-days. The subjoined
table shows the number of visitors to the Garden on Sundays
and Week-days respectively during the eleven years which have
elapsed since the Garden was transferred to the Commissioners
-of Her Majesty’s Works :—

Least

Vouk Total in Total on Most on ae ae Wee on

Year. Sundays. | Sunday. Sunday.| Days. Day. bi hee

1889 | 368,219 | 187,457 | 13,93 129 180,762 | 3,834 | 50
1890 | 446,540 | 216,345 11,208 QI 230,195 | 4,032 | 65
1891 J 454,083 1543 | 9,445 340 »54 3,228 | 76
1892 | 437,205 | 218,233 | 13,581 149 218,972 | 2,666) 43
1893 | 531,232 | 271,893 | 12,860 45 259,339 | 3,197 | 40
1894 | 526,948 | 268,793 | 13,515 68 258,155 | 35153 28
1895 | 516, 264, 15,227 127 252,111 5292 26
1896 | 516,407 | 296,576 | 13,517 | 527 219,831 | 3,825 | 30
1897 | 475,210 | 271,730 | 16,001 74 203,480 | 3,153 | 20
1893 } 443,289 | 258,499 | 12,840) 123 184,790 | 3,234 | 39
1899 461, 59.424 | 15,161 105 202,262 758 30
1900 | 561,359 | 324,856 | 17,7 268 236,503 | 3,667) 53

5> 738, 786 3,058,846 2,679,940 | aa

* Numbers in this year for nine months only.

FROM THE

ROYAL BOTANIC GARDE
EDINBURGH.

AUGUST -190h: 2 2" 3

The Cultivation of Fruit under Glass. By James Whytock, -
Observations on the Girth-Inérease of Trees in the Royal

Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Part Il—Conifere. By
David Christison M.D., -

The Cultivation of Fruit under Glass.!
BY
JAMES WHYTOCK,

GARDENER TO His GRACE THE DUKE OF BuccLeucuH, DALKEITH.

THE GRAPE.

IN complying with the request of the Regius Keeper to give two
or three lectures on the cultivation of fruit under glass, I think it
right to treat of the vine first, because it is by far the most
extensively grown fruit under glass. The course of instruction of
which these lectures form a part is, I understand, for the benefit
of young men of the staff of the Royal Botanic Garden, most of
them beginners. I shall therefore go more into elementary
details of my subject than I would do were I speaking to those
who are more experienced.

What I state to-night is what I have seen and experienced,
but I don’t think I will state anything new to you. The truth
is the most of all our experiences are built upon the experiences
of those who have gone before us. We either try to improve
upon what has been practised successfully or, what is equally
important, we avoid practices we have seen to be failures.

There is no crop grown in this country that has undergone
such a change in its cultivation as has the grape-vine during the
past forty years. It is now nearly half a century since the
pioneers of the last generation of gardeners began to adopt what
we now know to be reasonable and sensible means to grow good
grapes. The practice of putting very heavy coverings of solid

| Three lectures delivered in the Lecture Hall of the Royal Botanic Garden in
June, 1901, as part of the Course of Instruction provided for members of the staff.

[Notes, R.B.G., Edin., No. IV., r90r.]

136 WHYTOCK—THE CULTIVATION OF

animal manure on the borders, and of digging great holes in the
vine-border and burying in them dead cows: or dead pigs, was
seen to produce the very worst results—thick fleshy roots
which perished in winter, producing bad-coloured, ill-shanked
grapes.

Those pioneers who established good grape-growing were also
the first to initiate what has now become a very large industry—
commercial grape-growing. Most gardeners who had reached
middle age shook their heads when William Thomson built his
large vineries at Clovenfords to grow grapes for market, but the
prices he got—7s. 6d. to 15s. per |b—for some years in Covent
Garden, were soon seen to be too good for him to have the trade
all to himself. In a few years, therefore, vineyards round
London were built of a size putting Thomson’s into utter insig-
nificance, and the supply of grapes brought about a reduction in
the price to a minimum of Is. per Ib, At this price the crop is
not profitable, and consequently the greater part of our market
grapes are poor in quality, ill-flavoured, indeed almost sour
grapes. We must have fire-heat in our climate to finish our
grapes properly, and the high price of coal is prohibitive when
the price of grapes is so low.

I do not think I need say much upon the construction of
vineries. Horticultural builders have now such large establish-
ments and comprehensive plant and machinery that they only
need to be told what a glass-house is required for, and they bring
the whole material ready to put together, and erect the house
with its necessary heating in very quick time. With regard to
heating, it is the best economy to have abundant boiler-power
and abundant surface of piping. This saves fuel, and you also
thereby keep up the desired temperature without strongly-
heated pipes, which are so detrimental to all vegetation.

Vineries for very early forcing should be lean-to; for mid-
season the span-roof is well adapted, and gives more fruit within
a given space. I think, however, it is generally admitted that a
line should be drawn across the middle of England, and south of
that line first-class grapes are grown in span-roofed houses,
whilst north of that line the finest quality of grapes are best
grown in lean-to houses. Vineries in which late grapes are to
. hang all through our wet winters should be constructed with a

FRUIT UNDER GLASS. 137

very steep pitch ; flat-roofed vineries are most prejudicial to
ripe grapes hanging under them in winter.

Whilst the gardener may leave the construction of the vinery
in the hands of the horticultural builder, it is essential that in
every detail he superintend closely the making of the vinery
border. And let me here, by way of parenthesis, say on this
score to you young men, that if any one of you should be placed
as an assistant where new borders are to be made, do not
grumble, as I have often heard young men do, at the extra work
they entail. Remember you are receiving in the work a most
valuable education, without responsibility as to its success or
failure, whilst the head gardener is filled with anxiety as to its
success,

The bottoms of vinery borders may be said to be of two
kinds—

1. Where the natural drainage is good, eg. gravel. In this
case six inches of broken stones laid over the bottom of the
border is all that is required.

2. Where the subsoil is of an impervious or water-logged
nature. In this case I have made an excellent mixture of one
part cement to seven parts rough gravelly sand. Mix the whole
with water, and spread all over the bottom of the border, about
three inches thick, on top of a layer of ashes already put down.
This bottom should not be flat. The drain for such a border
is usually parallel with the outer edge of the outside border, and
the bottom should slope from the back wall of the vinery to the
drain. The concrete bottom will be quite hard in three days.
when nine inches of broken stone may be laid equally all over
it, and then all the stones covered with fresh-cut sods, the grass-
side put next the stones. That completes the foundation ot the
border.

The depth and width of border is the next consideration.

Firstly, as to depth. Deep borders are now considered bad
practice. What is desired for up-to-date grape-growing 1s to
have the very surface of the border a close net-work of fine
fibrous roots to feed upon the easily assimilated finely powdered
artificial manures now specially made for feeding the vine. A
depth of two-and-a-half feet, exclusive of drainage, 1s therefore
considered enough for the border when first made.

138 WHYTOCK—TIHE CULTIVATION OF

Secondly, as to width. The inside of the house is usually all
border. I am much in favour of a wide outside border, for I
always notice the best and greatest number of the roots are in
the outside border, even when the vines are planted inside and
have a good inside border.

In making a new border for planting young vines it is bad
practice to make up at once the border in its whole possible
width both inside and outside; it is better to make at first a
width of only three feet inside and three feet outside—that will
be sufficient for the young vines for the first two years, and then
three feet more may be added to both outside and inside.

_ The next consideration is the material of which the border is
made. The soil should be of the oldest pasture land, as rich
and as fibrous as you can get it. I am much in favour of
skinning it from the field and carting it direct to the border,
granting the border is to be two-and-a-half feet deep. I should
cut up the sods into large pieces, mixing with lime-rubbish and
a spadeful of half-inch bones to each barrowful of soil. I should
fill up the allotted piece of border with this rough mixture to the
depth of eighteen inches, For the remaining depth of one foot
_ to be filled, I should chop the sods very much smaller, measuring
it in barrowfuls, and placing it in a long narrow ridge. I should
then spread over this ridge one spadeful of bone-meal and one
spadeful of, say, Thomson’s vine-manure to each barrowful of
soil, adding a good sprinkling of finely broken lime-rubbish.
This ridge being now ready for mixing, the only way I should
have it done, is that the men turn it all over with their hands in
order that the powdered manures may become thoroughly mixed
through the soil. One foot of this mixture put on top of the
one-and-a-half foot of soil already put in makes the border two-
and-a-half feet deep. :

This work should always if possible be done in dry weather
and with the soil in a comparatively dry state, and that being so,
the soi] should be put into the border in layers little by little, and
between each little it should get a good tramping. Loose borders
soon prove an evil, encouraging thick roots to get too quickly
down to the bottom of the border.

We have now got the vinery and its border, and our next
consideration is the vines with which it is to be planted.

FRUIT UNDER GLASS. 139

The late Wm. Thomson, senior, of Dalkeith Gardens and
Clovenfords, introduced a method of raising vines from eyes,
which is probably a good deal practised now, and my own expe-
rience of it leads me to say it is the best method that can be
adopted for the purpose of raising vines. The method is :—
Take some fresh turf-sods cut in squares in the usual manner,
lay them grass-side downwards on a bed in which there is
bottom-heat, then take a number of vine-eyes and insert them
all over the surface of the sods at equal distances of six inches
square. The time for doing this is the usual time, January or
early February. When the eyes have made growth six to nine
inches in length, each eye is cut all round, leaving a six-inch
square of turf to each. These are now shifted into another bed
and placed twelve inches apart, where they make growth three
feet long. They are then cut all round again. This cutting of
the roots twice causes a lot of small fibrous roots to grow, and
the vines are now ready to plant out in the vinery. By the time
the vines have grown to be three feet long it will be the month
of May, and I have always found about the middle of May is the
best time to plant a vinery with young growing vines, The
process of planting in this case is of the simplest and easiest 6
Take a spade or wooden shovel, get it under the sod in which
your vine is growing, lift and carry to the new border, lay it on
the surface, cover with a little fresh fine-chopped sods mixed _
with bone-meal and vine-manure, and over all place a mulch of
fresh horse-droppings, give a watering, and the planting is
finished. So far I advocate as the ‘best method the raising of
your own vines from eyes and the planting of them out the same
early summer in their permanent quarters.

We know, however, that nurserymen all over the country grow
and send out yearly immense quantities of young vines grown in
pots, and so a large quantity of one-year-old vines must be
planted yearly. I must refer to the treatment of these also.

About fourteen months ago I had occasion to examine the
roots of young vines, planted twelve months previously, and to
my astonishment I found that in planting they had simply been
taken out of the pots and planted with the whole ball. Inquiring
who did the work, I was told the head-gardener did it himself.
I did not think that any man worthy of the name of a pro-

140 WHYTOCK—THE CULTIVATION OF

fessional gardener could have been found to do such a thing at
this date.

On receiving one-year-old vines from a nursery with a view to
planting a vinery, the first thing to do is to put them in a tank
of water, and let them remain there during forty-eight hours.
That will kill any phylloxera that may be on the roots. The
next thing is to shake every particle of soil from the roots. If
you have a melon-house with a bed and slate-slabs, sprinkle over
the slabs one-and-a-half inches finely chopped sod mixed with
vine-manure. Spread the roots of your vines out over the soil on
slabs, then cover the roots with one-and-a-half inches of the same
mixture. When the vines start_to grow the roots take hold of
the three inches of soil over and below them. In the middle of
May, the time to plant in the vinery, take a wooden shovel and
lift each vine with the soil attached: to the roots, and lay it in its
place on the surface of the border, covering up with an inch or
two more soil and then a mulch on top of all. If this shifting
from melon-house to vinery is done ‘carefully no check will be
given to growth and the vines will soon reach the top of the
house. The important point gained by this method is that the
roots are all on the very surface, and anyone who has grown
grapes successfully knows that the roots of the vines must be
there if the crop is to be a success.

Various methods have been tried to keep the roots continuously
near the surface, about which I would like to say a little The
first sensational exhibits of grapes were shown by the late Mr.
Fewler, of Castle Kennedy, at an International Show held in
Edinburgh in 1865. He produced on that occasion very large
bunches, superbly finished, of Muscats and all of the finest
quality of grapes, and a bunch of White Nice sixteen pounds
in weight—an unprecedented weight up to that time. I was
quite a young journeyman at the time, and was allowed in the
situation I was then in ten days holidays. I set off to see the
vineries at Castle Kennedy and if possible find out the key of the
success in grape-growing. I found there the vinery borders
both inside and outside were totally covered with beds of leaves,
solidly built three feet deep. These beds remained for the
twelve months and were removed only to have beds of fresh
leaves built in their place. The roots of the vines came up most

FRUIT UNDER GLASS. I4I

abundantly into the bottoms of these beds, and I was told a
good quantity of guano was sprinkled in the bottom of the beds
for feeding. The late Mr. Johnstone, of Glamis Castle, was
foreman to Mr. Fowler, and went to Glamis about that time as
gardener. Lord Strathmore built a lot of new vineries, and
Johnstone followed out at Glamis the same practiee of having
beds of leaves on the vinery borders, and with equally good
results, for he carried all before him for years in the exhibits of
grapes.

Looking back, however, to these two instances of ephemeral
success it is seen the vines were made to make a grand effort
for a few years in their youth, and then came a great collapse, for
the same vines soon became enfeebled and unfruitful.

The contrast between these vines grown in a leafy medium
and, say, those grown for the last thirty years at Clovenfords is
most striking. The vines planted thirty years ago at Cloven-
fords are as full of vigour now as ever they were, and produce as
fine bunches and finish the grapes as well as one would wish to
see. The feeding given to the latter all these thirty years has
been solely finely powdered bone superphosphates, which always
seems to attract a network of fibrous roots to the surface of the
border.

Some gardeners cover the outside borders with wooden
shutters. The only benefit I could ever see from that was that
in a district where the rainfall is very heavy, in Ireland for
instance, by putting shutters in the middle of July on the borders
of a vinery filled with almost ripe Hamboro grapes, the grapes
hang better through the autumn from the dry border than they
would if the border had been soaked with rain. Some cover
the outside border with glass, which I believe is the best
covering, but in ordinary et districts the borders are best with-
out any covering.

Heating and airing is the next consideration, and I believe a
large body of gardeners have yet to give to both these points
more careful study.

The fine, large, lightly-constructed vineries we have nowa-
days are apt to be much too air-tight. The want of air is most
_ Prejudicial to any fruit grown under glass, and to none more so
than to the vine. Of course you have the usual top and bottom

142 WHYTOCK—THE CULTIVATION OF

ventilation, but there are often times when it is not advisable
to open air at either of these points, and yet it would be most
beneficial to have a little fresh air entering the house. Some of
our best grape-growers, when getting a new vinery built, allow a
little space between the panes at the point when they overlap
each other -on the roof, and by so doing a little fresh air is
admitted all over the roof. In large vineries with large panes of
glass, and in which labour is scarce, these little openings all over
the roof are a great benefit and prevent scorching of foliage,
give to the foliage greater substance, and help colouring of the
fruit as well as flavour.

It is of the greatest importance to have plenty of piping
in vineries. There is nothing so hurtful to vines as over-
heated pipes. I would at all times rather have a house 5° or
8° below the mean temperature than force it up with very
hot pipes. Abundant piping keeps up the heat without over-
heating.

Muscat grapes, the finest of all grapes and the most difficult
to grow, require high temperature accompanied with abundance
of moisture. When in flower Muscats should never be subjected
to a temperature below 73°. Through the day run the tempera-
ture up to 90° even with little air, but be sure along with such
a high temperature to keep the air saturated with moisture.
These conditions will ensure a splendid set of fruit. Muscats
require all through a mean temperature of 70°. The foliage of
the Muscat is more tender than is that of any other vine, and it
will not stand the same treatment with insecticides that of other
vines will do.

The Black Hamboro is our best quality black grape. The
unfortunate thing about it is that it does not keep long after
being ripe. It may be said at the present time to be the least
successfully grown of any of our black grapes, that is to say,
at our Flower Shows we find worse exhibits of Black Hamboro
grapes than of any other varieties. I do not think high tempera-
tures suit it at any stage of its growth. It requires a mean
temperature of 60° to give it good flavour and develop a good
bloom on the berries. From the time it begins to change colour,
air should be kept on the vinery night and day.

Muscat of Alexandria and Black Hamboro are the two best

FRUIT UNDER GLASS. 143

grapes, and are the most appreciated on a gentleman’s table.
The other three varieties of grapes equally largely grown are
classed as late keeping grapes—namely, Gros Colman, Alicante,
and Lady Downe’s. ;

Lady Downe’s is the best of the three for quality and good
keeping. It is a good grower, and when properly treated gives
good bunches, and the fruit takes on a fine finish. One peculi-
arity of this grape is its need of a circulation of air night and
day whilst forming its seeds, or, as we technically say, when
stoning,

Gros Colman is more largely grown for market than any
other. It is not a general favourite on gentlemen’s tables,
because it too often lacks flavour. The treatment, however, of |
it is becoming better understood, and good finished grapes of
this sort are increasing. It takes a long season to grow; it
requires the same temperature as Muscat; and the fruit seems
to be best when it hangs till January.

West’s St. Peter’s is our best-flavoured winter grape. It gives
a good bunch and is a good cropper. The fruit takes on good
bloom, but the berries are rather small. In a house with a steep
roof built specially for keeping late grapes, I have seen West’s St.
Peter’s hang till March. This is the only grape the late Queen
Victoria would have for winter, and it was largely grown at
Frogmore.

It is not desirable to have grapes hanging on the vines after
early February, and the bunch should therefore, when they are
wanted later, be cut with a piece of the lateral growth attached.
The lateral growth is then put in a bottle of water, and the bunch
stood in a cool, dry fruit room. In this way grapes, particularly
Lady Downe’s, are often kept until June. es

The early forcing of the vine is an important object in ay
gentlemen’s gardens. The greatest favourites and most suited
for this purpose are Black Hamboro, Foster’s Seedling, and
Madresfield Court.

The best plan for very early forcing of vines is to grow year ly
a quantity of vines in pots—they can be grown to fruit the
second year from eyes—fruit them once and then throw them
away. Putting in eyes yearly keeps up the succession. I
should start my eyes for pot-vines, in sods six inches square, in

144 WHYTOCK—THE CULTIVATION OF

same way as for planting out; get them as soon as possible into
10-inch pots, and grow them as strong as ever I could in these
the first year without any bottom heat, and in the autumn ripen
thoroughly. The following year, in March, I should reduce the
balls, slightly loosening all the roots round the ball, and pot
them in 12-inch pots in good fibry loam mixed with bone-meal
and an artificial manure; grow them on as strong as I could,
giving occasionally manure-water, and at the end of summer
ripen well again. These plants ought now to be good fruiting
canes, and fit for starting for early forcing.

The early forcing of pot-vines requires and is worth a special
house. The best form of house is a lean-to, not very wide, say
ten feet, with a brick-built pit three-and-a-half or four feet wide
and the same in depth running along the front of the house.
This pit should be filled with leaves, and a little stable-litter should
be added to it, and thus a moist bottom heat is secured. . The
fruiting pot-vines should be plunged in this about the middle of
November. Care must be taken that the bottom heat is not
above 80°. The heat of this bed without any fire-heat will start
the vines. When they have grown to show flower, the mean
temperature may be 60° to 65° during the day, 10° higher at
this sunless short-day period ; it is pretty well a matter of fire-
heat all through. It will be a great help to the vines if the air of
the house can be changed during a short time each day. By
the time the grapes are colouring it will be April, when the
weather will admit of sufficient airing, so essential to the colour-
ing and ripening of grapes. Black Hamboro is really the best
and only grape for early forcing. Foster’s Seedling is a good
early white grape.

The house in which vines have been forced may for the
summer and autumn be used as a melon and cucumber house,
and the back wall devoted to tomato growing. Two or three
shelves on the back wall may, when the vines are in it, be
devoted to forcing strawberries.

For the early forcing of planted-out vines, the vines must be
of some age and well-established, and indeed gradually brought
up to it. Ifyou force young vines, for instance plants that have
been out say three or four years, you get a crop and destroy
them for fruitfulness for ever after. In the early forcing of vines

FRUIT UNDER GLASS. 145

it is usual to start to close them up at the end of November.
But my own experience leads me to say that on planted-out
vines started about Christmas the grapes will be nearly as soon
ripe as upon those closed up a month earlier, A week or two
after the days begin to lengthen is worth three times that during
the shorter days. ;

I will now refer to the treatment of the growth of young vines in
the first year of planting. I would allow all the rambling growth
possible without any stopping, in order to secure all the root-
action possible. When this first year’s growth is well ripened I
would cut the whole down to within two feet of the ground.
_ All being right they will grow away very strongly the second .
year, and when half way up the roof I would stop them, At the
point of stopping another growth will start away; this should be
pinched out, and the growth that succeeds it will grow much
stronger. The reason for stopping the vine half way is to cause
the eyes on the lower portion of the rod to plump up better.
This second year’s growth should again be all well ripened and
then cut back, leaving three feet of the second year’s growth.
It is customary, when planting afresh a vinery, to plant as many
supernumeraries as permanent vines. In the third year a bunch
or two of grapes may be taken from the permanent vines, whilst
all possible may be taken from the supernumeraries, as in a year
or two they will be taken out.

A word or two as to stopping lateral growths on old-established
vines. I think a great mistake is often made in restricting too
much the lateral growths. The vines should be four feet apart,
and this allows good space for lateral growth, which makes the
laterals much stronger.

The renovation of old borders, and the attempt to improve
vines which have got into a bad state, often fall to the lot of a
gardener, I should never have any hesitation in stripping the
roots bare of any vines in a bad way, putting fresh soil into the
border, and bringing the roots up to the surface. This work
should be done in the early autumn to retain natural heat in the
soil. I have seen the old soil-of a vinery border mixed up with
fresh soil and put back again ; this proved a failure and should
not be done. Some gardens are unfortunately very deficient in
a water-supply. The vine, if growing in thoroughly suitable

146 WHYTOCK—THE CULTIVATION OF

environment, requires a great deal of water. Inside borders
should never be allowed to become dry; they should get a good
watering in winter, and at least two good waterings during the
growing season. The watering given after the thinning of
grapes should be given with manure, either by washing in arti-
ficial manure or by adding made manure-water.

If a vinery border does not dry up, the material and drainage
are at fault; the vines won’t thrive in it.

Perhaps I should say a few words about what varieties of
grapes should be grown. I went some few years ago in the
month of September to see a large garden near Northampton,
and was shown into a large, lofty span-roofed vinery. In this
vinery nearly every known variety of grape was growing; there
were a great many bunches of grapes, but I thought it the most
miserable spectacle of grape-growing I had ever seen. There
was not a decently coloured bunch in the lot, as might be
expected, for different varieties require different temperatures,
etc. The safest guide for a gardener is to grow the varieties his
employer likes. Tho two best grapes are Black Hamboro and
Muscat of Alexandria. Some families will have none other, and
where an almost constant supply of these grapes has to be kept
up, it is the most expensive form of grape-growing ; neither are
late keepers, and very early forcing must be done to bring in
early supplies of fruit.

Madresfield Court is one of our best black grapes, and if it is
to do it must have a house to itself. I first saw this grape well
grown by the late Mr. Meredith near Liverpool. He had one
vinery filled by one vine of it, grown on the extension-system,
and it finished splendidly, as he gave it the special treatment it
requires—namely, a less restriction of growth than other vines,
and plenty of air. Lady Downe’s is our best late-keeping grape,
and I find Appley Towers keeps about as well. The former is
an old and well-known grape. The latter is new, but one that
has come to stay. It is a free grower, free bearer, free setter, and
finishes well. West’s St. Peter’s is our best-flavoured winter-grape.
Alicante and Gros Colman are the only other two I nee
mention. The latter requires Muscat treatment to give it good
flavour ; Alicante does not keep beyond the turn of the year.
Canon Hall Muscat is in every way the finest grape, but I have

FRUIT UNDER GLASS. 147

never known it to be grown in quantity successfully away from
near London. It is a sight ever to be remembered to see the
span-roof vineries five hundred feet long, forty feet broad, of Mr.
Peter Kay at Finchley filled entirely with Canon Hall Muscat.:
Something suits them there that makes them grow finer than
anywhere else. I conclude by saying, however, that during the
past thirty years in first-class finished grape growing, as judged
by the standard of taking the best prizes at all our leading
exhibitions, Scotland has taken the lead, and I would express
the wish that she may long continue to hold it.

THE PEACH AND THE NECTARINE.

The cultivation of the peach in our climate can only be carried
on out of doors on walls with a south aspect, and it is only in
the southern portions of England that you can get peaches on
open walls of a good size and of a good flavour. I have seen
finer peaches grown on the open wall at Frogmore, Gunnersbury,
and other places in the Thames Valley, than eould be grown in
- peach-cases, without fire-heat, anywhere in the north of Britain.

If a gardener located in the North of England or Scotland
should in his holiday go south into Kent and visit, say, Mereworth
he will observe a great difference in the fruit-gardens of the two
districts. The great length of walls at Mereworth is covered
with splendid peach-trees. And if his visit is in the beginning
of September, he will see the splendid crop of fine fruit, which
probably will arouse in him, as in Johnson’s Scotsman, a wish
to remain where he is. We cannot all be in Kent, however, and
it has struck me on my visits to Kent that gardeners have their.
difficulties there also, and so we must try with the usual pluck of
Scotsmen, and as good skilful gardeners, to grow good peaches
€ven under most unfavourable circumstances.

The late Lord de Vesci, whom I had the honour to serve as
gardener for five years, said to me that the peach-trees on south
walls in his garden at Abbeyleix, Queen’s Co., Ireland, produced
good crops of peaches yearly up to the date of the potato-failure,
and that some climatic change must have taken place then. In
1845 the walls were covered with good peach-trees, bearing good
crops—twenty-five years later there was not a peach-tree left on

148 WHYTOCK—THE CULTIVATION OF

the same walls, all had died out. I may mention this was a
warm district, soil inclined to be light, on a limestone bottom.

It is not the cold severity of our winters that is against our
growing peaches in the open in the North, it is the sunlessness
and often wetness of our climate that is the obstacle. This is
proved by the very large peach-orchards that exist both in the
United States and Canada. In these countries the summers are
very hot, so that the wood is ripened as hard as can be, and is
therefore not injured by the winter’s frosts many degrees below
zero. The ripening of the wood of our peach-tree is the important
thing we have to look to in cultivating peach-trees, and here I
wish to note observations I have made—and I have heard others
say they have observed the same—in relation to ripening the
wood of peach-trees in a glass case without any fire-heat.

It has been my experience that where the wood of the peach-
trees is ripened in a case without fire-heat, the trees should not
be pruned the same as trees ripened under glass with fire-heat.
It is necessary to prune the trees in a case early in January
‘because the buds soon after become too prominent for the
necessary washing and tying. Now, we frequently have some
of our very coldest weather early in February. Well, if you
shorten back the leading shoots in your peach-trees, in the way
usually done in heated houses, and a hard frost comes afterwards,
it will kill back a considerable portion of the already pruned or
wounded shoot, but the frost will not affect the shoots not
shortened. From that I gather that the imperfectly ripened
wood in a cold case will not stand hard frosts ifcut. I therefore
make it a point to cut back the wood as little as possible in a
cold case,

I have seen peach-trees in a cold case grown on the spur-
system, but I would not adopt it. The fruit is much smaller,
although I believe you get a better set of fruit by the spur-
system, probably because you. have a much larger quantity of
flower.

The peach and nectarine lend themselves to very early forcing.
Ripe fruit can be had from the beginning of May until the end
of October. Mr. Chalis, a gardener of forty years standing at
Wilton, wrote recently in a gardening paper that the season of
ripe peaches might be extended to the beginning of December

FRUIT UNDER GLASS. 149

by a system of glass copings and screens hung in front of open
walls to keep out wet and frost. Wilton is on a chalk subsoil,
the driest and best possible subsoil for fruit. At most places, and
particularly in Scotland, it takes much watchful care and skilful
working to have presentable peaches at the end of October.

The best form of house for early forcing is a lean-to house; for
later crops we usually find peach-houses a continuation of a
range of lean-to vineries. Span-roof houses running north and
south are the best, however, for mid-season and late crops of
peaches. They afford the greatest surface of fruiting space, and
from the necessity of training the trees upon both sides of the
span close to the glass, the fruit is finer and larger. A form of
training of peach-trees in lean-to houses much advocated is that
of planting the back wall with trees and then planting trees along
the front of the house and training them to a curved trellis
reaching to the path. At the path the trellis is a good distance
from the glass, and thus all the possible light is given the trees
on the back walls. This system of having trees on the back
wall and along the front of house should never be adopted unless
in wide, roomy houses. A good few cases have come under my
notice where the curved trellis had been done away with, and
the front trees trained close to the glass, as far up as it was safe
without shutting out the light from the trees on the back wall.
My own observations, borne out by a great deal of the best
peach-growing under glass in the eountry, leads me to say—
plant your trees only at the front of the house, and train them
close to the roof to the top of the house. “The trees will do much
better and the fruit will be finer.

Good and proper ventilation is of the utmost importance in

peach-houses. For houses where you have peach-trees in flower
early in January and February, instead of opening the roof in
cold weather, have ventilators in the back wall that can be
closed with wood shutters. This ventilation must not open to
the back of the wall, but at the top of the wall with perforated
gratings.

The next consideration after the construction of the house is
the making of the borders. Very cold clay subsoil, or low-lying
places where the water does not get away, are most prejudicial
to any kind of fruit-growing, and if peaches have to be grown on

150 WHYTOCK—THE CULTIVATION OF

such places, it is best to make a concrete floor (one of cement to
six of sandy gravel), the surface of which should be three feet
below the ground-level. This floor should slope from the back
wall to the outside of the front border, with a good drain running
outside and parallel with the outer edge of the front border. On
the concrete floor lay lines of tile drains eight feet apart running
at right angles to the main drain in front, then cover the whole
floor and tile drains with nine inches broken stones or rough
screened gravel, and over the gravel put a layer of sods, grass-
side down. That would leave a depth of border of two-and-a-
half feet, because we usually raise our borders a few inches above
the ground-level. The width of the outside border should be the
same as the width of house. In making up new borders for
peach-trees they should be made as for vines. Give just breadth
enough for the trees for two years, three feet inside and the
same outside, then add three feet more to serve for another two
years. Peach-trees do best in every way in a heavy marly soil.
They live much longer in it and give much larger fruit than in a
light soil. Indeed, peach-trees never thrive right, however well
manured, in a poor soil. The soil should be taken fresh from an
old pasture, chopped in pieces six inches square, and if of the
right kind, the only mixture wanted is well broken lime-rubbish.
If the soil is of a light nature I would mix one spadeful of bone-
meal with every barrowful of soil, and with the last six inches of
soil on the top I would mix a good fertiliser. I have proved
Thomson’s vine-manure an excellent manure for peach-trees on
poor soils.

In planting a new peach-house with young trees, I should
plant double the number of trees required eventually to fill it,
and, adhering to my conviction that training against the roof is
the best, I should plant along the front of the house dwarf-
trained trees, and along the middle and half way up the roof I
should plant standard-trained trees with long clean stems, thus
covering the whole roof in very quick time. In a year or two
some of these will need removing to give the remaining ones room
to grow. This removing will be a benefit rather than otherwise
to the trees removed, and in gardens of fair extent there are
always some worn-out trees to be replaced or vacancies to fill up.
Young peach-trees, when planted in a good well-made border,

FRUIT UNDER GLASS. I51

grow grossly to wood for a year or two. One way to counteract
that is to make no hole when planting, but plant on the very
surface. If the trees make gross wood it is a very easy matter,
and without any check to the trees, to get at some of the strongest
roots to cut them, and then fibrous roots will be emitted, A
plan adopted by the Messrs. Rivers, who are our best authorities
on such things, is to put the peach-tree in a shallow box
sufficient to hold the roots, a hole is then made in the border
just large enough and deep enough to bury the box; the con-
séquent restricted growth and feeding on the surface made fibrous
where wanted, resulting in the tree becoming quickly fruitful. After
a year or two the box decays, the decayed wood is removed, and
the roots are extended; but the tree once fruitful remains
fruitful, for we know a good crop of fruit is the best preventive
for gross wood. Whatever form of planting is adopted it is a
good practice to lift the trees clean out of the border and replant
in the same place, keeping the roots near the surface. This
surface rooting or network of roots on the surface is the key to
all successful fruit-growing. I have frequently observed in
lifting a fruit-tree that the ball of roots is such a compact mass
of fibrous roots you can lift the tree and move it where you like,
and the tree never feels the shift—as is shown by the crop of
fruit the following year being unaffected by the shift.

The right time for transplanting or lifting a peach-tree—
merely replanting of peach-trees is important—if you wish it
to fruit the following season, is when the wood is matured. This
you recognise by drawing your hand along the branch lightly,
when the foliage parts easily from the branch. It is, however,
a great advantage if at this stage you can shift the tree still
retaining its foliage ; a root-action will take place before the tree
goes finally to rest—this applies only to home-shifting. If you
get trees from a nursery, they should be thoroughly ripened and
denuded of leaf.

The peach lends itself to early forcing, but wants gradual
preparation for it, and early varieties must be chosen. Trees
that you have brought into flower beginning of March this year,
may be brought into flower a fortnight or three weeks earlier
next year, then the following year a fortnight earlier still, and so
on until you get them to flower at the end of December, which

152 WHYTOCK—THE CULTIVATION OF

is as early as may be done to secure good crops. At the
beginning of forcing, low temperatures must be the rule until
' the fruit is set. Begin with a mean temperature of 45° to 50°
and 50° to 55°; when in flower 10° to 15° higher through the

ay. When peach-trees in a house are in flower, I keep on air
night and day and regulate the heat in the pipes to get the
desired temperature. Following this practice I find, if the trees
are in fair order and have been sufficiently ripened, nearly every
flower sets without any outer aid in distributing the pollen. The
fruit being set, increase the temperature to 60° mean and stop
giving night-air. The fruit will not swell for a bit. When the
stoning period begins the fruit seems to stand still for some weeks
and should not in any way be forced, indeed if this is done the
fruit drops off. Until the fruit begins to swell after stoning,
the temperature should not exceed 60° at night, but this critical
period being over you may advance the temperature 5° or even
10° and swell the fruit to a good size. When the fruit begins to
ripen, you must give a good deal of air, and expose the fruit to
the sun by putting aside or removing some leaves. This gives
_ flavour and colour to the fruit.

Unless when the trees are in flower syringing and damping
daily must be attended to, and when the trees get in full foliage,
heavy syringing twice daily must be given to keep down red
spider, occasionally using some safe insecticide. Too much
stress cannot be laid upon the way the syringing of peach-trees
is done. A mere wetting of the foliage is harmful. If the trees
are in full foliage, a powerful garden engine should be used,
going first over the trees oné way then returning upon them in
the opposite way, this to be done twice daily. You can have no
successful peach-culture unless you keep the foliage absolutely
clean and healthy. The damping and syringing is stopped when
the fruit begins to ripen, and during the ripening period dryness
with a good circulation of air must be kept on night and day.

The disbudding and pruning of a peach-tree is of much
importance in its good cultivation. I have seen peach-trees on a
roofa frightful thicket of wood, and of course with miserable results
as to acrop. As soon as the trees have set their fruit it will
be time to begin disbudding. _ It is injurious to the trees to take
off too many at first. Take off first only the fore right buds, that

FRUIT UNDER GLASS. 153

is those growing straight out from the trees, and even with those,
should a fruit be at the base of any one of them do not remove it
entirely but pinch the shoot and leave three leaves. In about
three weeks afterwards the remaining shoots will get too thick,
and then another thinning may be done, leaving on every branch
of the winter-pruning, one shoot at the base on the upper side of
the branch, one at the extremity of the branch called the leading
shoot. I should also pinch two shoots on the under side of the
branch to two leaves. This practice reduces the shoots to the
least possible number, in fact it is only leaving one shoot to each
branch to give fruit for next year, and as you know the branches
made in the peach-tree this year give us the fruit next year. I
would notice here too how important it is that you secure the
shoot of this year at the base of the branch of last year ; by doing
that you keep your trees furnished with young fruitful wood to
the centres of the trees. Inattention to this will cause very
unsightly trees with fruiting wood only at the extremities,
Another circumstance is to be noticed in connection with the
disbudding and summer-pruning of peach-trees. In peach-trees
of fairly rude health there is a tendency of some shoots about
the centres of the trees to grow stronger than the rest, to grow
what is termed gross. The practised eye knows them at an early
stage, and they should be at once taken clean off, because they
never ripen enough to bear fruit, and grow gross at the expense
of the other branches, whilst if taken off the less vigorous shoots
grow stronger.

Granted that the trees are growing under favourable circum-
stances as to the house and border, the three things to be guarded
most against are :—

1. Green Fly, which shows itself at a very early stage of the
tree’s growth. :

As a remedy for this I greatly dislike fumigating, because I
have seen whole crops of well-sized peaches lying on the ground
from the fumigating material getting overheated during the
operation. I always use a mild insecticide, applying one, that is
to say, weak, but frequently, and I use it before much fly shows
itself, on the principle, prevention is better than cure. I find
liquid quassia the safest insecticide for the early tender foliage of
the peach. Sometimes peach-trees develop at the beginning of

154 WHYTOCK—THE CULTIVATION OF

their growth curled-up leaves, the inside of these being filled with
fly. Insecticides applied with a syringe do not reach the fly. I
find tobacco-powder dusted on them clears off the fly.

2. Red Spider.

Copious and vigorous syringing twice daily is the only sure
preventive for this.

3. Mildew.

Some varieties are very subject to it. Soapy water and sul-
phur applied frequently keep it in check.

Dropping of the buds is probably one of the most serious
things affecting the peach-tree. It happens all over the country
irrespective of the circumstances under which the tree is grown.
It has been long attributed chiefly to dryness at the root. A
gardener who had charge of extensive peach-houses in this
country, and was much troubled and puzzled over bud-dropping,
went to Australia and grows peaches largely there. He says the
soil in which the peaches grow there becomes at certain seasons
as dry as it is possible to be, and there is never any bud-dropping.
His experience leads him now to say that dryness at root is not
the cause of it. Early this spring I saw peach-trees in heavy
wet soil, and a large portion of the buds had dropped. I think
gardeners have not discovered the cause of it. It certainly
indicates weakness, and too heavy cropping of the trees is usually
followed by bad bud-dropping. Trees growing vigorously and
altogether in good health do not drop buds much.

The watering of the borders, especially inside ones, is very
important. The borders are usually allowed to become pretty
dry when the fruit is ripening and ripe, a dry atmosphere being
then essential. During the autumn and winter the borders
should get one or two good soakings, and one should be with good
manure-water. A porous border, which is the best, will take
more water than a stiff retentive border.

What I have said for the peach applies equally to the nectarine,
although I think the nectarine requires rather more heat than
the peach to ripen.

In a general way peaches do not do well on open walls in our
northern climate, and so to obtain crops late into the autumn
the walls have been covered with narrow glass houses, called
‘peach-cases. I have had much experience with these cases, and

FRUIT UNDER GLASS, 155

Say decidedly they are not a success for good peach-growing.
In the South of Ireland the trees in such a case come into flower
in February or early March. Now we sometimes have had a
heavy snowstorm in the middle of March when the trees are in
full flower, and there being no fire-heat and a cold, leaden, dull
sky, the result is no crop. At another time a favourable setting
may give a crop, but a wet, sunless autumn admits of no good
ripening. I put two pipes into one of these cases and all was
changed. Good sets, well ripened fruit and wood, and much
larger fruit.

The peach-cases at Dalkeith under my charge at present were
put up thirty-five years ago, and much was expected from them,
but [ am sorry to say they have not been a success even when
good crops are secured, for the fruit lacks size and flavour from
want of heat. Probably one of the best late cases and houses of
this kind is at Drumlanrig. The south boundary wall of the
garden there fell down, and instead of building a new wall, a
span-roof case or orchard-house with some heating in it was put
up instead as a boundary. It was too large to devote entirely
to peaches, but these, with the finer kinds of plums and the best
varieties of pears, do splendidly in it. The heating of peach-
cases costs only the initial cost of putting in the pipes; the heating
required for a short time when the trees are in flower, and for a
short time in autumn to ripen the wood, is easily applied without
any extra tax on the ordinary heating apparatus.

There is a large variety of peaches now, and if one had only
one long house with little heating and no means of forcing, one
might, by a good selection of earliest, mid-season, and latest
varieties, secure a supply of ripe fruit from the end of June until
October. ne

Hale’s Early is one of our best for early forcing. Stirling
Castle is another old favourite for forcing. Royal George forces
well too. Violette Hative is a very good certain cropper. Belle-
garde is another good cropper. Grosse Mignonne and Noblesse
are the two finest flavoured peaches. Walburton Admirable and
Sea Eagle are the two best late peaches.

The following varieties of nectarines are good :—Precoce de
Croncels, Lord Napier, Elruge, Humboldt Downton, Victoria,
Pine Apple.

156 WHYTOCK—THE CULTIVATION OF

THE PEAR AND THE PLUM.

Glass cases or glass coverings of some kind should be much
more adopted than they are for growing the finer kinds of plums
and pears in our cold northern districts.

I have had heavy crops of pears every year from pear-trees in
pots grown in the following way :—About the end of February I
placed fifty pot-pears in a late vinery, keeping a lot of ventilation
on both top and front night and day. This constant air pre-
vented the vines from starting, and at the same time the pear-
trees opened flower, and the abundance of air helped them to set.
They set abundantly, and I then took them out of the vinery,
plunged them in a sunny place, and with feeding they grew fine
crops. The trees were out of the vinery in good time to let it be
started, and the trees were under glass during only the short time
required to set the fruit ; in other words, to protect the blossom
from frost.

The best varieties of gage-plums are worthy of a glass house
or case in our northern climate. I have had very heavy crops of
gage-plums by the following method :—Plant against a south
wall. On top of the wall put a glass coping projecting
twenty-one inches. Along the whole length of the outer edge
of the coping fix an iron rod, on the rod a good quantity
of rings, and to the rings attach a canvas curtain which
reaches to the ground. The glass coping was a permanent —
fixture, the curtain was fixed up when the trees opened flower.
The curtain was not allowed to cover the trees through the day,
only at night to protect from frost; through the day it was
tightly drawn together. Young plum-trees grow very much to
wood, throwing up strong watery shoots. To counteract this I
examined the roots, and often lifted the trees every autumn,
cutting away strong roots, keeping the roots near the surface, and
putting amongst the roots each time fresh fibrous loam. Doing
this for a few years in succession made the trees very fibrous
rooted and the wood of medium thickness clad all over with
flower-spurs. Plum-trees in this state, and with good protection
from frost, cannot fail to yield good crops even under unfavour-
able circumstances, and in this the skill of the gardener shows
itself,

FRUIT UNDER GLASS. 157

The best varieties of plums and pears are, however, worth a
case or house. Heating with pipes is not required for these fruits
unless in a very sunless season such as our last one. Heat in the
pipes would, in the absence of sun, swell the fruit and ripen the
wood. In addition to paying careful attention to the roots of
the trees to make them fruitful, the plum requires disbudding and
laying in yearly young wood, for it usually bears on the two-year-
old wood, not on the one-year-old wood as in the case of the
peach. If the laying-in of young wood is neglected for a few
years in plum-trees, particularly the best kinds, the trees become
just so many thick bare sticks,

The watering of borders, especially inside ones, must be care-
fully attended to, and, as in the case of the peach, one or two
good waterings in winter are essential. Fly and scale are the two
most troublesome insects to plums. The fly is easily kept in
check with syringings of weak soapy water. A weak solution of
paraffin kills the scale.

I would restrict the growing of pears under glass to a few
really good useful sorts, and particularly to those varieties that
come into use quite late. Beurre Rance is worth giving a good
bit of glass-space to itself. It is one of our best late pears, but it
comes to no good growing on the open wall in the North. It
grows a large size under glass, and with enough of it can be used
from January to March. Glout Morceau is worth growing under
glass in the North for December and January. Nec Plus Meuris
is another valuable late pear, and worth glass-room. Marie
Louise and Doyenné du Comice are two of our finest pears, and in
cold districts well worth growing under glass. Either horizontal
or dwarf trained would do for back walls of houses, but I think
the cordon-trained pears are most suited for growing under glass ;
they are more easily managed in the matter of the roots, and
thereby kept more constantly fruitful than larger trees. _

The following varieties of plums I have found to give apd
heavy crops, either under the glass cope projecting from the top o
the wall I have described, or in a lean-to house, or a span-roofed
orchard-house, without fire-heat :—Boulouf, Bryanston pare
Gage, Coe’s Golden Drop, Early Transparent Gage, Green Gage,
Jefferson, Kirk’s, Late Transparent, Reine Claude de Bavay,
Stint. These are all plums of first-class quality and free bearing

158 WHYTOCK—THE CULTIVATION OF

under glass, and of course nothing but the best varieties of plums
are worth going to the expense of putting glass over. In the
southern counties of England, glass is not required even for these
best varieties. Splendid crops are produced on open walls, and
I have seen good crops on orchard-standards. If restricted to
one or two varieties, I should grow Early Transparent, Jefferson,
Kirk’s, and Stint.

-THE APRICOT.

I knew of a good south wall covered with apricot-trees, and
fairly fruitful considering they were in a poor soil. It was thought,
however, that covering them with a glass case would improve the
crop in every way, and a narrow lean-to house was put against
the wall and over the trees, but the apricot-trees did not bear so
well as they had done on the open wall, and after a few years
the trees died out altogether, showing that closing them ina
glass house does not suit them.

I belive a very successful way to grow the apricot under glass
is the following :—Erect a structure of the nature of an open shed
and roof it with glass. Make the roof a good width and of the
same flatness as an open shed. The apricot-trees to be used
should be standard-trained with long clean stems, long enough to
reach from the ground to the top of the shed. The trees should
be planted at the mouth of the shed, the roots would be in the
open border. This procedure meets what seem to be the two
important requirements of the apricot—the roots are in the open
border, and the trees are fully exposed to the air, with sufficient
glass to better ripen fruit and wood and make the fruit larger.
The apricot does best on heavy soils, should be well surface-fed
with manure, and requires abundant moisture at the roots.
Apricots do well on the open wall in many parts. It is only in
districts where they do not do on open walls that glass sheds or ~
copings should be used. Some would say let us have the finest
varieties, such as Moorpark, or none at all. I say in unfavourable
districts grow such varieties as Breda and Kaisha. Owners of
gardens will much appreciate these, when it is a choice between
them and none at all. These latter are the hardiest and most
free bearing of all apricots. :

FRUIT UNDER GLASS. 159

THE Fic.

The cultivation of the fig under glass was, up to very recent
years, generally considered a very secondary affair. The back
of a vinery, or back of some house the front of which was
devoted to the growth of other things considered then of more
importance, was considered just the right place to plant fig-trees.
I wish to say here that I have seen some splendid examples in
different parts of the country of immense fig-trees on the back
walls of vineries, giving large crops of very large figs, the borders
for the roots in all cases being restricted to about a width of two
feet. Well-grown ripe figs, however, have in recent years come
to be considered our best and most to be desired fruit. It is
said, from a gastric point of view, that a person may eat ripe
green figs who could not eat any other fruit. We find, therefore,
that in gardens where the fig formerly gave one crop of fruit in
. the year on the open walls, houses specially for growing the fig
have been built; I instance one in such a very mild district as
Fota, near Cork. And we need not wonder, for the fig does not
require a high temperature, and if grown under glass in the
desired temperature, it gives in the year two full crops of ripe
fruit.

The form of house best adapted for early forcing is lean-to; for
later crops the span-roof is best, as it gives the greater fruiting
space. The roofs of the houses should be trellised in the same
way as for vines, and the fig-trees trained all over the roof so as
to ensure short-jointed well-ripened wood. In making borders for
fig-houses, if the site is a cold clay subsoil, a concrete floor must
be made, sloping to a drain running along the front of border if
the house be a lean-to; or, if span-roofed, the drain should be
under the pathway and the concrete floor sloping from both sides
to the pathway. To have each tree growing in the most fruitful
and favourable circumstances, instead of filling up the whole
border with drainage as for vines, you must intersect the border
with brick walls, dividing it up into as many spaces aS you ae
to plant trees. This restricts the root-space and prevents the
roots of one tree growing into another, and thus you can control
the roots of any tree you wish. These sections or root-spaces
must be made in size according to the size of the tree to be

160 WHYTOCK—THE CULTIVATION OF

grown, or according to size of roof-space. I have seen a fig-
tree covering the whole back wall of a very large vinery, and the
roots confined to a space six feet long by two feet broad; fresh
soil was put in each year, and with good manure waterings
heavy crops were grown each year. The intersections being
built, two tile-drains should be laid on the concrete of each com-
partment, and about eight or nine inches of broken stones laid
over the whole floor for drainage, with fresh sods, grass-side down, |
laid all over stones.

What kind of soil do figs grow best in? The fig has a ten-
dency in good rich soil to grow too gross wood. That does not
ripen, and hence will not give fruit. A light soil well mixed
with lime-rubbish is best. The depth of border for fig-trees
should not be more than two feet, and in making a new border
eighteen to twenty inches will be deep enough to begin with.
The roots should be all on the surface of the border, and should
get very frequently top-dressings of soil, bone-meal, and approved
artificial manure. By this, in course of years, the border will get
deeper, but the roots ever in the right direction keeping upward.

I will now treat of the raising of the young fig-trees and pre-
paration for planting. 3

Raising plants from cuttings is the best method. Select for
cuttings straight, short-jointed, well-ripened wood of the previous
season. Each cutting should be eight or nine inches long with
a strong terminal bud, and in detaching the cutting from the
plant take with it an inch or two of the two-year-old wood.
Insert the cuttings singly in four-inch pots, and plunge in a
bottom-heat fairly strong, but the atmospheric temperature
should not exceed 60°. This proper balancing of atmospheric
and bottom-heat is very important. Should the atmospheric
temperature be high the cuttings shoot into growth before
making roots. It is better that they make roots first and the
growth afterwards—sturdy and short-jointed. The time for
putting in the cuttings is the middle of February, and they must
be shaded until rooted. When four-inch pots are filled with
roots, shift into six-inch pots, using turfy loam but no manure.
The cuttings will grow away quickly now without bottom-heat.
At this stage it is important to prepare your young plants with
a good clean stem of twelve inches, otherwise the plants will

FRUIT UNDER GLASS. 161

throw up suckers, and the trees will always remain a bunch of
suckers, A clean stem of twelve inches with three buds at the
top, one for leader and two for shoots right and left, should be
your one-year-old plants. These are not considered the best
for planting in the border. The best practice is to give another
shift into an eight-inch pot in soil of a poor nature, and grow
to the desired height, with a leading shoot and two side shoots
again. Thus we have now two-year-old plants in rather small
pots, with two tiers of horizontal shoots and a leader. The
object in keeping them two years in pots is to get them into a
fruitful condition.

The best time to plant figs is in the spring when they are
about to start into growth, and although the two years or longer
preparation of the plants may point to planting them in the
open border with ball intact, I prefer to shake out the ball and
to spread out the roots, keeping them very near the surface. 1
have seen fig-trees established in pots, the ball put into the
border whole, with the result they grew almost none at all. The
border before being planted should be made very firm. This
makes the roots grow fibrous. A loose border makes the roots
grow gross and go to the bottom of the border, and in turn
makes the wood gross and unfruitful.

When a house is planted with young fig-trees comparatively
small, there will be an abundance of light all over the house
sufficient to admit of a number of fig-trees being grown in pots
alongside the planted ones, and thus full use of the house will be
made. Figs grown in pots give a good quantity of fruit. They
require much attention in watering, and to be liberally supplied
with manure-water. Fig-trees fruited in pots should, at the end
of their fruiting season, that is in the autumn, be turned out of
the pots, a good portion of the soil shaken out of the ball, any
strong roots cut away, and then be repotted in good turfy soil
mixed with lime-rubbish and some bone-meal. They should
then stand in a cool house for winter. A top-dressing with a
good artificial manure when they are growing will be pene:

On starting a fig-house keep the mean temperature 5
raising through the day 10% more, or 15° with sun-heat. The
temperature should be 60° at night when the trees have burst
into growth, and there should be a corresponding increase of

162 WHYTOCK—THE CULTIVATION OF

temperature by day. When the season advances and less fire-
heat is required the night temperature may be 60° or 70°. The
leaves of the fig succumb more quickly than almost any other
fruit-tree leaves under glass with a dry fire-heat atmosphere to red
spider. Syringings and the preservation of a very moist atmo-
sphere must be constantly attended to, and air should be given
on all possible occasions through the day. I have observed
that the fig when in full growth requires a great deal of water
at the root, that is to say, if the soil is of the porous nature it
should be. As to the pruning and general treatment of old-
established fig-trees, pruning should be done in winter when
the trees are dormant and do not bleed. During the summer,
however, is the time to pinch and regulate the growth. Over-
crowding of the branches must be guarded against. Lay. in
young growths, watching to keep the trees well furnished to the
centre, and to give the young growth full light to ripen. Cut out
old wood no longer fruitful. Pinching back young growths to
three leaves. makes fruitful spurs all over the tree. The first
crop of figs is on the ripened wood of the previous summer, the
second crop is on the wood which has grown along with the pro-
duction of the first crop. The,summer-pruning and pinching
must, therefore, be done with a view to secure both of these.
Some shoots should be allowed to grow to keep the tree furnished
and take the place of bare branches worn out, and at the same
time a considerable portion of the shoots should be bruised at the
point when about five eyes long. Fig-trees in summer are too apt
to get overcrowded with growth ; this should be strictly guarded
against. When the trees ripen and drop their leaves, the borders
may be kept dry, but not too dry.

Figs growing in small allotted root-spaces to each tree will be
benefited by taking out the width of a spade of soil all round the
outer edge of the space right down to the bottom of the border
and filling in again with fresh turfy loam mixed with lime-rubbish
and bone-meal. Removing also the whole of the old surface of
the border, and putting on bone-meal with a little artificial manure
and a little fine-chopped turfy loam, will cause a quantity of new
fibrous roots to develop. By repeating this yearly the trees will
be kept just vigorous enough to make good short-jointed fruitful
wood. Give manure-water and plenty of water when fruit is
swelling, and you will get fruit of good size.

FRUIT UNDER GLASS. 163
There is a great variety of figs, and out of about fifty varieties
I have found the following the best :-—
Brown Turkey, Negro Largo, Pinge de Mel, St. John’s, White
Ischia, White Marseilles, Black Ischia.

THE STRAWBERRY.

To be successful with early forcing of strawberries, you must
get runners early, grow them quickly on, and have good plants
in the autumn with stout crowns well matured. In gardens where
forced strawberries are grown in large quantities, plantations of
strawberry-plants are now specially made for the purpose of
getting early runners.

The plan adopted is :—In July, layer as many runners as are
required in four-inch pots and prepare a south or warm border.
At the beginning of September plant it with these now well-
rooted runners taken out of the pots, Planting thus early the
plants get well established before winter. The following May
they will throw up flower-spikes. As soon as these show they
should be all cut off; this will throw the whole growth of the
_ plants into producing leaves and runners instead of fruit.
Runners are got this way a fortnight earlier than from the older
plantations, a matter of the greatest importance. The middle of
June is a good time to begin preparing young plants for forcing.
Several methods have been tried for the early rooting of runners,
but the plan found to work best and which is most generally
adopted is to fill clean two-and-a-half or three-inch pots with
good rich soil—and a large number of these being filled in the
potting shed can be conveyed on a handy spring wheel-barrow
to the border of strawberries—then with trowel proceed to plunge
the pots between the lines and place a runner on each pot,
pressing it in with a stone the size of road-metal, and leave the
stone on pot. The weather at this season is usually very dry, and
so watering of runners must be daily looked to even althouge
the pots are plunged. In about a fortnight or three weeks’ time
these little pots will be well filled with roots, and the transference
into their fruiting-pots should be proceeded with forthwith. The
middle of July is a good time to put them in the fruiting-pots.

Experiments have been tried in the past with different sized

164 WHYTOCK—THE CULTIVATION OF

pots for fruiting forced strawberries. Pots six inches in diameter
are now considered the best for the whole quantity to be forced ;
seven-inch pots for the latest batches are considered to take less
watering, but I am doubtful about it. Both six-inch and seven-
inch when the season is advanced will require saucers, and six-
inch with saucers will produce fruit quite as good as seven-inch
pots. All the pots should be carefully washed and carefully
crocked. Cover the crocks with moss, and over the moss sprinkle
soot, which is a manure and a preventive against worms, Straw-
berries require a heavy loam, but this very often cannot be got.
Get the best fibrous loam you can, chop up in small pieces, mix
a six-inch potful of bone-meal to every barrowful of soil, and also
add some fresh horse-droppings passed through a half-inch sieve.
The soil and pots now being in readiness, take the young straw-
berry-plants carefully out of the three-inch pots, put them in the
six-inch in such a way that the top of the three-inch ball will be
half-an-inch below the rim of the six-inch; fill in the pack firmly
round the ball, finishing by leaving quarter of an inch under the
rim to hold water. The plants should be watered with a rose
immediately after potting, and stood for a few days in a shady
_ place where the full day’s sun will not reach them; after this ~
they should be stood in a warm sheltered place where the full
sun reaches them. I have always found the plants grow better
standing on boards, coal-ashes, or dry bottom, much more so
than standing on the ground. Of course, wet and dry localities
make a great difference in this ; ina dry place on gravelly subsoil
they will do well standing on the gravel walk ; in a wet locality
with damp, cold subsoil the plants do much better raised from the
ground,

When the plants are growing they must stand sufficiently
apart from one another to allow full development of the foliage,
and if they show a tendency to develop several weak crowns to
a pot, remove all but one to make a good strong crown. If the
weather is dry through the autumn, they must be carefully looked
to twice a day for watering, and when the roots reach the side
of the pots, clear manure-water should be given them ; soot-water
being one of the best for strawberries. Keep the pots carefully
weeded, and do not allow runners to get ahead on them. By
the end of September the pots will be well filled with roots, and

FRUIT UNDER GLASS. 165

the crowns well developed. Should the weather become cold and
wet in October, the plants are better protected from it in some
way, indeed put into their winter quarters.

A good place to put them for winter is in a peach-case or
orchard-house, where they can remain undisturbed till well into
spring. In the absence of these put them in cold-frames plunged
‘in leaves to protect the pots from being cracked with the frost.
Even in some large gardens, however, glass protection cannot be
spared for them, and they are then built up in ridges, putting
the pots on their sides, packing in amongst ashes or any
material that will keep out the frost from cracking the pots.
Care must always be taken that the roots do not get dry. I
have seen a batch of strawberry-plants good in every way and
splendidly prepared for early forcing, with fine ball crowns, yet
having been allowed to get dry before starting to force, they
never threw up flowers, and had to be thrown out after occupying
bed and shelves for six weeks. .

I do not know any crop that requires more watchful care than
a very early batch of pots with ripe strawberries, and yet it gives
more pleasure to succeed with them.

The strawberry-plants now prepared being all that could be
desired for early forcing, that is with good crowns and pots full
of roots, the next thing is how to begin the forcing. In most
gardens there are no special houses for this. Pits, frames, peach-
houses, and vineries must be used for them, and with this
accommodation I have frequently picked a dish of ripe fruit in
the latter end of February. The best place I have found for
starting early batches of strawberry-plants is a brick-built pit,
heated with a flow and return, and deep enough to be filled
nearly four feet with leaves. No dung should be used; the leaves
alone give the gentle bottom-heat required—namely, about 75°.
If even a little dung be used with the leaves I find it a failure.
The bed being duly prepared before, the latter end of November
is the earliest time to plunge a batch of plants in the leaves.
The heat of the leaves will be sufficient for the first horiveots
then heat may be put in the pipes to keep a temperature of 50
to 55° mean, 10° more by day with aid of sun. Keep steady at
that until they throw up their flower-trusses, then they must be
removed to a shelf in a house near the glass, and I have found

166 WHYTOCK—THE CULTIVATION OF

the best success at that period of very short day by keeping the
mean temperature not less than 60°. The time of removal from
pit to shelf is suitable for giving a little top-dressing to the sur-
face of pots with artificial manure mixed either with soil or sand.
Some prefer to give the top-dressing when putting them in at
the beginning. This top-dressing is essential. It makes fine
foliage, not liable to red spider, and helps the vigour of flower-
spike. The plants being now on the shelf and in flower, to get
them to set well the air must not be close and stagnant; as a
rule, however, at that cold season in most of our houses sufficient
air gets in at not too close places.

After the fruit is set they may be shifted to a higher tempera-
ture or the temperature increased, but try and give what air you
can. You must now feed the plants to get good-sized fruit, not.
strong doses but weak and often. Soot-water is one of the best
for pot-strawberries. A change of manure-water is best.

A good plan for feeding strawberries, especially -as the season
advances and pots on shelves dry up much quicker, is to place
well enriched soil underneath the pots. This may be done in
three ways :—Firstly, a little square sod sprinkled with artificial
manure may be put under the pot ; secondly, fill a saucer with a
hole in bottom with a soil mixed with manure, and place the pot
upon it; thirdly, half fill a six-inch pot with enriched soil, and
stand the pot in it. In all three cases the soi] under the pot-
plant gets filled with roots and helps the size of the fruit very
much. It is a mistake to leave more fruit on a pot than will
swell to a good size. What you grow strawberries in pots for is
dessert, and they should be a fair size.

Mildew, green fly, and red spider are the three things that
injure most the foliage of strawberries under glass, and my
experience leads me to say (we force 6000 pots annually) that if
the plants are properly attended to:at the roots with water and
the manures best adapted to them, you will have very little, if
any, of these pests on your plants. I have proved Veltha to be
a certain preventive for mildew, and also a powerful manure for
the plants. The fruit should be supported to prevent hanging
over the pot-edge.

Steven’s Wonder, Auguste Nicaise, and John Ruskin are the
kinds I found best for very early forcing. Scarlet Queen, Royal

FRUIT UNDER GLASS. 167

Sovereign, and Leader are best for later. I am fond of President
too. After the strawberries are forced put them in some cold
frame, and later on plant out; they will throw a very large crop
the following year, then clear them out.

A word as to packing :—Line the box with wood-wool and
cotton-wool, put strawberry-leaf or lime-tree-leaf round each fruit,
place them husk-end down in a single layer in the box, and pack
close enough to prevent shaking. I prefer wood-boxes to tin-
boxes.

THE PINE-APPLE,

The first consideration for the cultivation of pine-apples is the
house or structure for growing them in with least trouble and
expense. I have seen during the past thirty years a good many
different ways and structures for growing pine-apples throughout
the United Kingdom, but have not seen one so good in every
way as the pinery at Dalkeith. It may be described as a low
three-quarter span-roof house seven feet high at the apex or span,
and just wide enough for a bed to hold three lines of pine-apple
plants in fruiting-pots, and a path two and a half feet wide
running at the bottom of the back wall. The bed in which the
pine-pots are plunged has a bottom-heat chamber underneath
heated with hot-water pipes. The floor of the bed over the
heated chamber consists of thickish stone flags. The reason for
using such flags is that they retain heat better than a thinner
material would do, and fluctuations in heating from the pipes
underneath being too cold or too hot are not so readily felt, and
therefore a steady bottom-heat is kept to the pines—a matter of
great importance. Tan bark is used in the bed for plunging,
and this house has always a very neat and clean appearance
inside, a great contrast to the insides of pineries where dung and
leaves are used or where the planting-out system is adopted. In
- some large gardens span-roofed houses are used for Meee
but they require much more heating, and that is a gis
great importance in our long, cold, sunless winters, and i t .
pines get drawn in span-houses. The nearer the pines are to the
roof the better. Stubby, thick-necked pine-plants alone produce
good fruit.

168 WHYTOCK—THE CULTIVATION -OF

The structure best adapted for growing young pine-plants from
suckers onwards as successionals is a brick-built pit with top
and bottom-heat. The temperature in winter does not require
to be high, and these pits are easily heated, and in case of very
hard weather frigidoms can be run over the lights.

Pine-growing is becoming limited to a very few places amongst
British gardens. It is expensive, especially with such dear fuel
as we have been having lately, and the pine-apples now imported
are abundant in quantity, of fine size and looks, and very cheap ;
they are, however, very deficient in flavour when compared with
our home-grown ones. The public generally are not good
judges of first-rate fruit ; this is very noticeable in the quantities
of good-looking but poor-flavoured grapes sold. I think, there-
fore, the wealthy leaders of society who wish the best of every-
thing will want the best grown British pines and British hot-
house fruit, as being superior to anything else.

The great decrease in British pine-growing has also restricted
the varieties grown to what are the best, and they number only
three or four. The Queen is the best flavoured pine, but can
only be grown for summer fruit, that is from May until October
—it is no good for winter. It takes the least room, growing in —
smaller pots than others, is of a dwarf habit, a free grower, certain
fruiter, comes quick to maturity, and has a beautiful golden
colour.

The smooth-leaved Cayenne is the best winter pine, that is
for producing fruit from October until May. The fruit is larger
and the plant is larger, requiring a pot one-and-a-half to two
inches more in diameter than the Queen.

Black Jamaica is the finest-flavoured winter pine. It grows
strong ; fruit rather small, and of a dull colour. This variety is
always much appreciated in dessert.

Charlotte Rothschild is the next best winter pine, and is
rather taller-growing than the others, and has fruit similar to
Cayenne. 2

To keep up a succession of pines all the year round, these
varieties are sufficient.

Pines have been grown in very varied soils, I ee seen a large
number grown in nothing but peat, I think because it was the
most convenient, but the fruit was very small and the plants grew

FRUIT UNDER GLASS. 169

to leaf and did not fruit well. Some think heavy clay is the best.
It will be found, however, that where any good pine-growing is
done, the soil is of rather a light nature and fibrous. The soil I
prefer for pines is an old fibrous sod, neither too light nor too
heavy, and to each barrowful of soil I add an eight-inch potful of
bone-meal. This is really all the mixture that is required for
pines. If the soil is clay, or of a heavy retentive nature, fine
lime-rubbish must be added to keep the soil open.

Suckers and crowns are the two sources from which pine-
plants are raised. The crowns are only taken when suckers
“cannot be had. Suckers make far the strongest and best plants.
There is never any difficulty getting plenty suckers from Queen-
pines in summer and autumn, but there is often a difficulty in
getting enough suckers from smooth Cayennes. With the latter
it will be found necessary often to put the old stools, after the
fruit is cut, in some warm pit to grow and produce suckers.
It is a great mistake to remove the suckers from the old plants
before they have grown to a good size; good suckers always
make the best and quickest plants. ;

I shall treat of Queen-pine suckers first. Plenty of them
should be had in August and September. Cut them clean at the
base and remove the bottom leaves, Six-inch pots will be large
enough for the most of them, seven or eight inch may be used for
larger suckers. The pots should be well cleaned and crocked ;
the suckers should be placed well down in the pot ; the soil, not
of too wet and pasty a nature, should be firmed well with a
blunt stick, leaving sufficient room under the rim of the pot to
hold water. The pots should then be plunged in a handy suc-
cession pit. with bottom-heat of go°. Put them wide enough
apart to prevent drawing and to ensure the essential stubby
growth from the first. Shading and dewing will be necessary
until they have made roots, after that discontinue shading and
give enough water to water the whole ball.. Give a good deal
of air at this time to make them sturdy and prepared for winter.
The temperature, say in September, may be 65°, but as November
approaches reduce to 55° to 60° according to weather ; the bottom-
heat in winter should also be reduced ; 75° keeps the roots nice
and healthy.

These rooted suckers should now from the middle of November

'70 WIIYTOCK—-THE CULTIVATION OF

till the middle of February be kept at rest, and the best tem-
perature for that is 55° atmospheric, 75° bottom-heat ; keep the
plants dry at root, almost no watering at the roots will be required,
and no moisture in the air.

From the middle to the end of February the suckers should
show white healthy roots all round the sides of the pots, and be
ready for a shift. I practise putting them in their fruiting-pots
at once. Ten-inch is large enough for Queens. Let the full
number required be thoroughly cleaned and well crocked, get all
the soil prepared, and have everything in readiness before begin-
ning to pot. The plants should be well watered before repotting.-
Fresh tan should be at hand too, for the best way to treat the
plunging material is to throw the new tan on top of the old and
then to turn them over together and thoroughly mix them with
forks ; this mixing of old and new tan prevents the bottom-heat
rising too high, Everything being now ready, the transference
into fruiting-pots and the plunging of the plants in the bed where
they are to grow may proceed together. The soil for potting
should not be of a wet but rather of.a dry fibrous nature, and
should be well rammed with a blunt stick round the ball. The
plants should be plunged two feet apart every way. The bottom-
heat should not be allowed to exceed go° ; if it does, move the
plants from side to side, and thus make an opening all round the
pot. For the first fortnight after potting, the plants will not
require much water, if any, and the weather still being cold a
mean temperature of 60° will do. These plants will now be
grown on all summer. When the weather gets warmer a mean
temperature of 70° should be maintained, shutting up in the
afternoon at 90°, and giving them a syringe. By the end of
August the plants should have well filled the pots with roots, and
the object now is to preserve the roots and plants in a healthy
state all winter. The plants must be sparingly watered in
September and liberally given air in good weather ; at the end of
the month they should be at rest in a dry atmosphere with a
temperature of 55° to 60° and a bottom-heat of 75° to 80°.
They will need almost no water from October until January.

The pine-plants being rested safely until January are called
fruiting plants, and now, say middle of January, shoyld be
removed to their fruiting quarters. Fresh tan must be added

FRUIT UNDER GLASS, 171]

and mixed as before with the old, and the plants plunged in it
two feet apart. The plants must now get water to moisten the
whole ball, adding to it manure-water and guano or artificial
manure. The temperature should be 60° to 65° at night and
70° through the day with fire-heat, 80° with sun. The moisture
must be increased by damping paths, walls, etc. Care at this
Season must be taken in watering not to let any plants get too
wet. As the season advances a temperature of 70° mean should
be maintained, and shutting up at 85° or 90° may be practised.
The plants will throw up the young fruit in March and come into
flower, and during the flowering period the house may be kept
_ drier and there should be no syringing. Flowering being past,
give more moisture and shut up with high temperatures from
sun-heat. During May the fruit will swell rapidly. At the
beginning of June the fruit will change colour, when more air and
less watering and moisture will be requred ; attention must,
however, always be paid to the keeping up of the bottom-heat.

O maintain a supply of ripe pines all the year round suckers
must be taken and plants potted on at frequent intervals. Three
lots of Queens will be required for summer, and two lots of
smooth-leaved Cayenne for winter. Cayennes are much shyer
of throwing suckers than Queens. Get all the suckers you can
by October, and if you have not enough for your purpose use
crowns in spring. In the month of March get what suckers you
can also, These two lots will give the fruit for the winter and
spring months. The method of growing the Cayenne from
suckers until it has ripened its fruit is the same as for the Queen,
excepting that the Cayenne, being a stronger grower, expats &
pot two inches larger for fruiting in. The Cayennes being the
winter-fruiters, you keep them growing when the Queens are
resting ; that is, as I have said, you lower the temperature for the
Queens and keep them drier in winter. The Cayennes 7 keep
at a mean night temperature of 60° to 65° in winter and
10° higher through the day. Give them sufficient water and
manure-water to keep them growing and to swell their fruit.

To have ripe pines all the year round should not be attempted
unless there are good pineries and good accommodation for
growing them ; and if there are good pineries there is no more
trouble in producing pines in winter than in summer. I have

172 WHYTOCK—THE CULTIVATION OF FRUIT.

only seen pines grown on the planted-out system at one place,
namely Frogmore. They grow and fruit right enough, but the
pits all opening and worked from the outside with sashes seemed
to me wide, unhandy things to work. The pot-system in a
neither very wide nor high pinery is the best, and where the
pinery is an up-to-date structure pine-growing is simplicity itself.
Scale and bug are the two insect-pests that infest pines, and
the only way to effectually banish these is to destroy the plants
and begin with a clean fresh stock from the suckers onwards.

Observations on the Girth-increase of Trees in
the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.

BY
DAVID CHRISTISON, M.D.

PART II.—CONIFER&.

CONTENTS.

PAGE
INTRODUCTION, ... a ee ie ie “a 174
I. Annual Results, ... =, ree sa A i 175
A. General History of the species separately, bes esi 175
B. Aggregate Annual Results, ... Ge i <a 183

a. Comparison of the best single trees of ten species in
two periods of five years each, ... ce tad 183
6. Range of the Aggregate Annual Girth-increase, bse 184
II. Monthly Results, ne te 187

A. Average monthly Seaiige in the comparatively old
Coniferz, 1882-86, 187

1. Proportional percentage of the frst and iets half.
season of growth, ny 188

2. Progressive increase and decrease in oe growing
season, 188

3. Comparison ade ne Eas group of Pa same
period, 188

B. Average monthly a in the younger Coniferz,
87-91 189

I, Proportional percentage 0 of the frst and oad half.
seasons of growth, 189

[Notes, R.B.G., Edin., No. IV., 1901.]

174 CHRISTISON—-OBSERVATIONS ON

2. Distribution of the girth-increase over the growing

season in the younger Conifere, ... 190
53 eee. increase and decrease in jee growing

seaso eee
4. cca with a Tetras group of ae same ‘

period, ave : a = IgI

THE Conifer under observation have not thriven so well as the
Deciduous trees, not from a faulty selection, but owing to general
causes affecting all of the tribe in the Garden. Poverty or
incompatibflity of soil may be the main cause, but not impro-
bably increasing influences of town atmosphere contribute to the
evil. That the nature of the soil is not the only cause is
indicated by some pines having attained a size and beauty, when
our observations began more than twenty years ago, such as
none of the younger trees now coming forward give promise of
reaching; and that the Conifer are extremely sensitive to Edin-
burgh atmosphere, so that they might possibly be affected even
by the present comparatively slight. town-surroundings, seems
proved by the almost total absence of pines in the city gardens,
and the miserable appearance of the few that are to be seen.
Another contributory cause, in some of the pines under observa-
tion, has been overcrowding in the Pinetum, which, owing to the
stress of more necessary work in rearranging the Gardens of late
years, could not be dealt with in time to prevent injury.

The only species that has thriven well in the past, and continues
to thrive well still, is the yew, but not a few other species have fared
not badly up to and from the 15th to the 25th year of life, some
individual trees to even a considerably greater age. To these,
therefore, I shall mainly confine my attention, beginning, as in
the Deciduous class, with the history of the species separately,
although, unfortunately, except with a few, it is not possible to
follow them out in the same manner, tracing the old trees from
decade to decade and comparing them with younger sets in the
second decade, because nearly all the Conifere of the first
decade disappeared or became ineligible near or soon after the
expiry of that period, and because there was no such difference
in age between the sets in the Coniferze as in the Deciduous
class. :

THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 175

I. ANNUAL RESUETS.
A. General History of the Species separately.
PINUS EXCELSA.

3 | Girth | Girth
& | Obser- | 1887. | 1888. | 1889, | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896. Total, | A22-

& | Obser : Av. laa oe
¢ | vation.

Poe af

2 | 2°60 ‘90 | °90 | 1°20 | 1:20 | 1°20 | 1°25 | 1°15 | ‘90 | 120 | 1-05 [10-95 / 1-09 | 14-90

es 3:70 eee 1:00 | 1°30 | 1:00 1°38 | 1-00 1:25 | 130 | 1°40 | 9°60 1°20 | 14:50

Two older trees of this species stood in the first decade on the
former terrace in front of the hot-houses. No. 24, much damaged
by frost in 1878, became stunted, and the rate of girth-increase
was only o'24. In the second decade it declined to 0°18, and
the tree when cut down in 1894 girthed only 34 inches. No. 26,
taller and better proportioned, but rather scraggy, had a rate of
0'50 in the first decade, and kept it up in the second, but was
not thought worth transplanting when the terrace was removed.
It attained a girth of 4o inches.

Two infant trees, Nos. 2 and 3, were selected in 1887; but
No. 3, choked by its neighbours, proved useless. Its rate was
only 0°38. That of No. 2 was 1'09, the range being only ‘90 to
1°25. No. 11, when an infant, had been transplanted to the
“Triangle,” and quite recovered in 1889. It continued to thrive
with a rate of 1°20 for eight years when in 1897 it was again

_ transplanted to the Pinetum, west of the Rock Garden, from the
effects of which it had not recovered in 1900. It had the mode-
rate range of 1'00 to 1'40 during the eight years.

PINUS LARICIO.

In 1887 this was one of the largest pines in the Garden, with
a girth of 5 feet 8 inches, and it had grown at the rate of 4! in
the previous decade; in the next nine years the rate fell to 0°35,
and in 1896 it was cut down, while still sightly enough, with a
girth of 6 feet and a height of 60 feet.

The other species of Pinus did so badly that they may be
very briefly noticed.

176 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON

Pinus sylvestris. The failure in this is remarkable, because
the species can thrive in the Garden, as one tree in the Arboretum
was 7 feet 10 inches in girth when cut down a few years
ago. None now living are much over 4 feet. They have poor
heads, and they have ceased to increase in girth.

Pinus Murrayana. The best of two had a rate of 0°67 for ten
years, and was’ cut down in 1897 when only 20 inches in girth
and unsightly.

Pinus Pinaster, a handsome infant, increased at the rate of
o'80 for seven years, but for the next four it fell to 0°55, and the
tree is now a scraggy weed.

Pinus Lambertiana and P. Cembra. Two of each also proved
utter failures.

ABIES DOUGLASII.

In my Paper of 1888 a full acount is given of the first tree of
the tee in the Garden, the progenitor of all that are now in
it. In 1837 it girthed 4 inches at 4} feet above ground. For
the next 37 years its rate was fully an inch and a half, and in
1878, when nearly 50 years old, the tree was nearly 54 feet in
girth and crowded to the ground with branches. After the
severe frost of 1879 it began to lose its handsome appearance;
the increase never exceeded o'40, and it was cut down in 1887
when 67 inches in girth, 54 feet in height, and according to the
rings 55 yearsold. None of its descendants have at all equalled,
or give promise of equalling it.

N Girth, | " An. I
o.| ist | 1887. | 1888. | 1889. | 1890, | 1891. : : ; ; . otal. “| lai
ALS 1892, | 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896. | 1897. |Total.| “ay,"| Jast ;
66} 7:90 is -- | 1:20 | 1-25 | 1:10 | 1-10 | 1-45 | 1-00 | -95 | 105 | .. | 9-20 ! 1-14 | 1705
6| 4:35 95 | 80 | 40] $5 | 65/100 /125! 90/130 1:15 | 85 [9°80 | 89 | 14°25
7°80 s -» | 1:20 | 1:20 | 1°05 | 1:10 | 1-10 | 1:30 | 1-20 -95 | -75 |. 9°85 | 1°10 | 17°65

None of these has ever recorded an inch and a half in a single
year, a rate which their parent maintained for 37 years. No. 99
already ‘has a scraggy look; No. 6 looks only moderately well ;
and No. 66 has been transplanted, so that it remains to be
proved how it will do.

THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 177
ABIES LOWIANA.

Of two specimens observed in the first decade one perished
almost immediately. - The other, No. 31, girthed 15 inches in
1876, and its annual average was I‘11 for 12 years, with a maxi-
mum of 1°40, but it then rapidly degenerated and was cut down
in 1888, girthing 27 inches. i

No.| Girth. | 1887. | 1888. | 1889. | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896. [Total.! Av. | Girth

8} 4°65 11-95 | 1°50 | 1-85 | 1-90 | 1°65 | 1°70 | 1°85 | 1°50 | 1°05 | 1:20 [16-15 | 1°61 | 20°85
92} 3-95 | 1-95 | 1-65 | -30 | 1:00 | 1-00 | 1-80 | 2°60 | 1-75 | 2°30 | 2°80 J17°15| 1°71 | 21-15

The two younger trees, Nos. 8, 92, show a better rate, up to a
girth, however, not much above that of No. 31 when it began to
fail. Their conduct, too, has been erratic. No. 92 had the high
average rate of 2°22 for the five years 1892-96, but next year
it dropped to ‘95, and the tree looked so ill that it was cut down.
In No.8 the rate fell off from a ten years’ average of 1°61 to 1°12
in 1896 and 1897. It was then transplanted. The range in
No. 8 was 1°05 to 1’95, but in No. 92 was no less than °30 to 2°80.
The remarkable minimum of °30 happened in 1889 from some
unknown cause which did not affect No. 8.

ABIES GRANDIS.

Pete ie ie ll
Ann. |Final
1894. | 1895. | 1896. | 1897. |Total.| “ay” |Girth.|

No.| Girth. | 1887. | 1888. | 1889, | 1890. | 1891. | 1 1893.

—$—<—

2°50 Ee 1°85 | 1-95 | 1°65 |19°20| 1°74 | 22°20
Pt

91 | 3:00 } 1°25 | 1°15 | 1°65 | 1°25 | 1°60 | 2°10

In No. gt the rate rose prettily steadily from infancy toa
maximum of 2°50 in 1893, and although it declined to 1°65 in
1897 the tree is still one of the most thickly-clothed pines in the
Garden. The increments were at first taken 2 feet above ground,
and the points were raised to four and then to six feet, as the tree
grew. The measurements in the Table are at 2 feet; but as it
is a matter of some interest, I subjoin a Table of the rates at all
three points for the four years 1893-96, showing that there was
no great difference at the three points. The tree was well

178

CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON

clothed with branches between all the points.

results to 1899 are placed at the end of the Table.
that for the last three -years the increase at the three points was
all but identical.

The general
They show

At2ft., 12651250 | 2°25 | 1:85 | 195 1855 | 214] 20°60 | 4:55 | 1310 | 1°87 | 25°15

At4ft., 7°75] 2.30 | 2°05 | 1:50 | 1.75 [7°60 | 190] 15°35 | 4:40 | 1200 | 1:71 | 19°75

AtG6ft., 6°65] 2°25 | 2:10 | 1°60 | 1:80 17°75 | 1:94] 1430 | 450 | 1225 | 1°75 | 18°80

ABIES HOOKERIANA.
{
]
No. ose | 1388. | 1889, pa 1891. Ha 193. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896; | 1397. po" AnD. | Girth.
24 | ‘60 | €0 0 | 55 a| a “| ‘50.| 565.| 60 45 [60 Fg ae
| i : {

This shrub-like tree grew at a somewhat better rate for the
first three years, when overcrowded, than afterwards when

opened up.

It has suffered from pressure on one side, but is
generally well clothed. The range has been from ‘45 to °70, but
for the last seven years it was only “45 to °55.

SEQUOIA GIGANTEA.

| :
Annual ‘
Inc ARG Girth}.
No, 1888. | 1889. | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896. | 1897. [Total.| “4.7 | Last
Decade. Obs.
25| 81 | 65 | 70 | 8 | 80] 75 | 90 .» [465 | °76 | 36-70
27} 141 | 90 | ‘70 | 100/100] -80 | 1:50 oe . |... | 590e] 98 14400
1} 137 $135 | 90 | 125/125 | 90} 96} 90} 65 | -95| 45 J955 | G6 | 42-25
2] 128 $105 | 90/105] 85 | -70| -90 545 | -90° | 42°10
All these trees—Nos. 25, 27, nage free on the former ter-

race, Nos, I, 2 ina small grove of the species—in 1878, when from
18 to 24 inches in girth, were symmetrically clothed and crowded
with branches to the ground ; but they soon began to thin and

THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 179

to acquire the disproportionate thickness of stem below and
sinuous top characteristic of all the species in the Garden past
infancy. These faults progressed with a diminution in the rate
of girth increase respectively, from °81, 1'41, 1°37 and 1°28 in the
first decade to 76, 98, 110 and ‘90 in the first six years of the
second. Three were then cut down, and No. 1, the survivor, now
standing clear by the thinning of the grove, has not benefited
by the change, as its rate has still further diminished—from 110
to ‘74 in the last four years.

ARAUCARIA IMBRICATA.

The best of several of the species observed in the first decade
had a rate of 0°70 and attained a girth of twenty inches, but like’
all the others of its time in the Garden it had suffered seriously
from the frost of 1860. Gradually deteriorating, it was cut down
in 1887.

No.| Girth.] 1887. — 1890. | 1891. | 1892, 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896, | 1897, [Total. = Girth,

=e |

64] 725] -65 «0 | ‘3 | 65 | 55/ 60| 50 | 75) 40) 50) ‘3095-75 | ‘52 | 12-70

65] 14-45] 60 | 60 | 55 | €5| 65) €0| 70 | “75 60 | 85 | 70 }695 | 65 | 22-00
: { }

Nos. 64, 65, selected in 1887, grew in a small grove of the species,
unlike the earlier tree, which stood free on the former terrace.
They look healthy though not close-branched, and No. 64 is
overshadowed by 65, which may account for its inferior rate.
No. 65, standing at a corner, is comparatively free. The range
of No. 64 was °30 to 75; that of 65 only ‘50 to 75.

CEDRUS AFRICANA.

}

Annual : Ann. | Girth

« F t

No| Te 1188p, | 1889, | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896. | 1897. JTotal.) “Ay | Last
Decade.

39 | 1:51 1-30 | 1:20 | 1-30 | 1-20 | 120 | 1°60 | 125 | 1.10 | 50 | 60 J11°05/ 1°10 | 53°55

No. 39 was very handsome and densely crowded with branches,

-and girthed two feet in 1878, but by the end of the first decade

180 CHRISTISON—-OBSERVATIONS ON

the branches were rather sparse, and this fault has become more
prominent since. The rate, 1°51 in the first decade, fell to 1:10
in the second, and as in the last two years it was only ‘50 the
tree would seem to have passed its prime when only 4% ft. in
girth.

CEDRUS DEODARA.

Avy.
No. Rate, 1888. | 1889. | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896. | 1897. JTotal. At.

Py 102 F116 | S30)" Te 80 "as a eae 80. Ib Pb C0 60 Teco
2} 1:06 [1-25 | 120 |110 | -85 | 80}110| “80 | -70 | 70 | -20 $870 | ‘87 | 35°25

No. 30 was a fine tree, nearly five and a half feet in girth in
1878, but soon got thin at the top and assumed, gradually, a
rather stunted look. Its rate in the first decade was ‘60. In the
second it fell to ‘48, with further degeneracy in the aspect of the
tree. It has now the respectable girth of a trifle upwards of six
feet. The much younger No. 29 has shown the same faults, and
its rate has fallen from ‘88 to °74, the girth in 1897 being only
three and a half feet. Both of these grew free, but Nos. 1, 2, have
always been in the middle of a rather dense grove of their species.
They are both still shapely, but their rates have fallen off from
102 and 1°06 in the first decade to o’60 and 0°87 in the second.

LARIX EUROPA,

Two young larches were selected in 1887 and looked well for
some years ; but one, after growing at the rate of 1°31 for seven
years, became diseased and died in 1895. The other, in apparent
health for three years with a rate of 1°03, rapidly degenerated,
its rate falling to -30 in the last seven years, and was cut down
in 1898.

[TABLE.

THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 181

TAXUS BACCATA.

Annual :
oO. ta 1888. | 1889. | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896. | 1897. ee —o Girth.
Decade

&
&
&
8
&

&
86 § 8 &
8
to
8
&

53 25 DO! BO 230. 25) 10S 3B 204 20 00-) 05-9 Sb | - 18: S606

In my Paper of 1888 the history of No. 41 is fully given.
Traditionally, an age of at least 213 or possibly 260 years is
assigned to it, but the observations show that its rate has been
nearly half an inch for the last twenty years, and taking the same
rate for its whole life, and it is not likely to have been less, the
age would be reduced to 170 years, with a girth of nearly six and
a half feet. The rates in the two decades are nearly the same,
and would have been still nearer but for the sudden drop in 1897
to ‘20. This seems to have been due to the transplantation of
trees around, which formerly closely sheltered it, and resulted
also in a sickly look, which has not yet (spring, 1899) disap-
peared ; but as in that year it once more grew ‘40, or nearly its
average, it is to be hoped it will again prosper.

No. 48, an equally vigorous grower, died in 1894 from having
its roots pruned in preparation for transplantation. No. 50,
always rather weakly, was cut down in 1896. The three survi-
vors, Nos. 42, 49, 53, all fell off, but not much, in the second
decade. Although looking equally vigorous, and not differing
much in size, their rates in the second decade varied as much as
from "18 to “44.

Nos. 48, 49, 50, were known to be 77 years old in 1896, and
allowing 7 years for growth to the measuring point, their life-
rates have been ‘68, ‘45, and ‘57, and the girths attained were 44,
32, and 36 inches.

CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON

CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA.

|
No.| Girth. | 1887. | 1888. | 1889. | 1890, | 1891. | 1892. | 1893. | 1894. } Total. |“2049| Girth,
}
9| 2450 | -40| 35] -45| 60 | 50 | -80| -80| 85) 475 | so | 29:35
10 | 2220 | 40 | 20 | 50) “70 dd ‘55 | 65 | 85 | 4°40 ‘55 | 26°60

These cypresses were fairly handsome and grew at a

rather

increasing rate, averaging rather more than half an inch for the
eight years, and above three-quarters of an inch for the last three,
when, being badly injured by frost, they were cut down.

THUJA GIGANTEA.

No.| Girth.] 1887. | 1888. | 1889. | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. | 1893. | 1894. Total. | — Girth.
| |

12 | 2080] 50 | 70/115 |110| 65 | -80 | 60] 635 | -79 | 2715

13} 990] 60] 80| 70| 0} -40 | -60 55-45 | 4°60 | 67 | 1460
| :

The larger of the two, standing close together, had much the

better rate.

Both were handsome, when they suddenly failed

in 1894, ceased to increase for the next two years, and were cut
down in 1897.

RETINOSPORA

OBTUSA.
'No.| Girth.] 1887. | 1888. | 1889. | 1890. | 1891. } 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1895. [rvs Ann. | Girth.
14| 430} 46 | -25| 60) -€0 65 | 35 | 60 410 | 51 | 8-40
90| 305] 45 | 20] 10| 16/ 20| 20| 50| 30| 80 ]275} -31 | 5°80
15 | 9°60 ‘30 | 25 | 70 | 65 1:90 | -47 | 11°60

The results in these are little reliable. Nos.

15,

90, became

scraggy and were cut down as not worth transplantation, and

No. 14, four years after transplantation, has scarcely added to its
girth and looks unhealthy.

THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 183

B. Aggregate Annual Results.

I shall now give in a series of Tables some of the General
Results of the Annual Observations on the Conifere.

a. COMPARISON OF THE BEST SINGLE TREES OF 10 SPECIES IN
Two PERIODS OF FIVE YEARS EACH, 1887-91 AND
1892-96.

I, TREES IN WHICH THE GIRTH-INCREASE DIMINISHED IN THE SECOND
PERIOD

x Average Annual Increase. Girth,
=| Species,
e 1887-91. |. 1891-96. 1896.
8 | AbiesLowiana - - - - 1-78 1-48 20-80
66 5; Douglasi.- = <2 = 2 = 1:18 11d 17°05
24 so. SLOOKGrIADR =~ 5. Hoon “59 52 15-00
1 Sequoia gigantea Sys ee 116 "87 41°80
2 Cedrus Deodara- - = -— - 1:07 “82 35°05
39 jy BRCM Se : 1-26 Tl 53°05
49 | Taxusbaccata - - - - “46 “43 32°00
7:50 6°34

It is shown in this Table that there was a marked falling offin
Sequota, Cedrus Deodara, and Abies Lowdana, at girths of 42, 35,
and 21 inches, a less marked decline in Cedrus africana and Abies
flookertana at girths of 53 and 15 inches, while Adzes Douglastt
and Zarus showed a very slight loss at girths of 17 and 32 in.

184 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON

TREES IN WHICH THE GIRTH-INCREASE INCREASED IN THE SECOND PERIOD.

x Average Annual Increase. Girth.
| Species,
= 1887-91. 1891-96, 1896.
vi Abies grandis - = => - 1-49 2°13 20°55
2 Pinus excelsas- - - - 1:08 eit 1490
65 Araucaria imbricata - -~ - ‘61 64 21°30
3°18 3°88

In this Table only Adzes grandis shows a very marked increase
in the second period, up to a girth of 20 inches, while in Pzmus
excelsaand Araucarta tmbricaia the difference is little ee
at girths of 15 and 21 inches.

In the aggregates the loss in average annual increase in seven
species was 1°16 in., and the gain in three was ‘70; the nett loss
being thus “46.

6. RANGE OF THE AGGREGATE ANNUAL GIRTH-INCREASE.

The range of the 19 Coniferze of 9 species under observation
in the first decade, 1878-87, was very great, as shown below,
being from 9°60 to 16°60 inches in the whole, and from 5’03 to
8:27 taking species averages. As fully detailed in former Papers,
the maximum, 8°27, was in 1878, and was followed bya decline
in the three eminently unfavourable succeeding years to 6°16,
but the minimum, 5°03, was not reached, after a rally in 1882, till

1883, and after a second rally for two years a third fall took
place in 1887 nearly to the minimum.

1880. | 1881. | 1882, | 1883. | 1884, | 1885. | 1886, | 1887. |

1878. | 1879.

6°68 | 5°80 |

| 827 | os | 7°05 | 6:16 (705 03 6-41 (698

In this decade-list we can see distinct evidence of a prolonged
depression after the three bad seasons. The standard of 1878
was never again nearly reached, and after some fluctuations the
final year was not far off the minimum. — A detailed inqury shows
that five species, Pinus excelsa, Alies Douglastt, A. Lowiana,
Pinus sylvestris, and Araucaria tmbricata had their girth-increase

THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. er si:

permanently diminished after the three bad seasons ; that two,
Cedrus Deodara and Taxus baccata, were affected, but gat perma-
nently ; and that two, Cedrus africana and Pinus austriaca,
were unaffected.

In the remarkable and unaccountable second depression of
1883, in which the Deciduous trees were nearly or quite
unaffected, all the deodars (4), all the sequoias (4), and all the
other pinacez except the yew had a diminished increase.

Unfortunately, as most of the trees in this list completely
failed early in the second decade, it is not in my power to give
a Table of comparative results for the same trees in the two
periods. The most I can do is to give the results of a new set,
including a few of the old ones, in Table IX., comprising 17 trees
of ten species.

Here the range proves to be actually greater than in the set
of the first decade, being no less than from 6°85 to 12°30. This
depends upon an abnormally high ratio in 1893 and an abnor-
mally low one in 1897. Withdrawing these the range for the
remaining eight years is reduced to from 7°70 to 10°60.

To check these results as far as possible, 1 give in Table X. a
larger number of trees, including some additional species, treated
in the same way, for the five years 1889-93. Here eleven species
and twenty-six trees are dealt with. The range is from 7°45 to
980, and on the whole the fluctuations agree with those in the
corresponding years in Table IX., 1893 in particular being
decidedly the best year in both.

I have also found it possible to deal with 12 species and 23
trees for the eight years 1889-96, in Table XI. Here the range
is from 10°20 to 13°00, and the agreement with the fluctuations
in Table IX. is pretty close. The decided maximum is again in
- 1893, and the only marked difference is the comparatively small
proportion of 1889 in Table IX., which, however, was almost
entirely due to a single tree, Adies Lowiana, whose increase in
that year fell 1°25 below that of 1888.

In Table IX. the remarkable fall from 10°60 in 1896 to 6°85 in
1897 was due to some cause which affected all the species with
the exception of Cedrus atlantica, but this exception was more
apparent than real, as, in fact, it had already fallen the previous
year from 1°10 to ‘50, the figure repeated in 1897.

186 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON

AVERAGE ANNUAL GIRTH- ee

ONIFER/E FOR

TABLE IX.

AND RANGE IN
YEARS—1888-18

TEN SPECIES OF
97."

1888. | 1889. | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896, | 1897. }Total.} Av.
ri Isa (one) - - | 90 *90.-|: 120-| 1:20~) 1:20. | 425°} 1°15 90 | 1:20 | 1°05 § 10°95 | 1°09
Abies grandis (one) - = | 1:45 41°65 | 1°25 |-1°60 |} 2°10 | 2°50 12°25 | 1°85 | 195 |. 1°65 FIT) Pe

Lowiana (one) - | 155 “60 | 1°00 | 1°00 | 1:80 | 2°60 | 1°75 | 2-30 | 2°80 "95 $ 16°05 | 1°60
Douglasii (one) -| ‘80 | “40 | ‘55 | *65 | 1:00 | 1:25 | 90 /|1:30 | 115) ‘85 | 885] 88
Hookeriana (one) - | 60 “10 55 50 50.-| - 55 50 aa) 50 45 | 5:40} 54
Sequoia gigantea (one) -| 135 | ‘90 | 1:25 | 1°25 90 Sbef 0-4): 6b [= 86.4 45-90-56 fico
Cedrus Deodara(four) -{ “95 | ‘80 | 90 | ‘70 | 55 | °75.) “75 |} -35 | *70] ‘30 | 6°75} ‘67
atlantica(one) - | 1°30 | 1:20 | 1:30 | 1°20 | 1°20 | 1°50 | 1°25 | 1°10 50 50 $11°05 | 1°10
Araucaria imbricata (two) | °60 45 “60 “60 ‘60 "60 75 “45 Bee) 50 | 5°70] ‘oT
Taxus baccata(four)! -| 30 | 40) 40 | 35 30 | °35 40 | 25°} 9-30 | 16 4-320 | “82
9°50 | 7°70 | 9°00 | 9°05 | 10-15 | 12-30 | 10°60 | 9-70 | 10°60 | 6°85 }95°45 | 9°51
*Wh than one tree of a sp given, the average for the species is taken.
TABLE X.
THE SAME FOR A LARGER olen OF TREES AND SOME DIFFERENT SPECIES
R 5 YEARS—1889-93.
1889, 1890. 1891. 1892, 1893. | Total. Av.
‘Pinus excelsa (two) -}| 1:10 1°25 1-10 130. | 1°05 § 5°80 |--116
Abies Lowiana(two) - -| 1°05 1°45 1:30 16 2:20 4 775 | 15
» Douglasii(three)- - 90 1/00 90 1°05 1°25 5°10 1:02
Sequoia gigantea(four)- -| ‘80 | 105 | 1:00 80 | 105 | 4-70 +94
Taxus baccata(sixy - -| ‘35 “40 ma 30 25 4° 175 35
Pinus Pinaster(one) - -| “80 | ‘60 |. ‘60 | “80 375° | "15
» Murrayana(one)- - nd (is “15 "65: “10 80 | 3°55 “Th
»» Laricio (one) ee “40 AG 235 25 1°65 33
Cupressus Lawsoniana (two) 45 65 © 50 "65 “T0- | 2°95 “69
Thuja gigantea (two) - - 90 85 ‘BO “10 170 | 3°65 13
Retinospora obtusa (two) - 35 30 "40 0 | 1:90 38
785 8°75 745 8-70 9°80 | 42°55 8°51

THE GIRTH-I[NCREASE OF TREES. a ae

TABLE XI.
THE SAME FOR TWELVE SPECIES FOR EIGHT YEARS—1889-96.

1889. | 1890. | 1891. | 1892, | 1893. } 1894. | 1895. | 1896. [Total} Av.

Pinus excelsa (two) - =} 1:10} 1:25] -1:10] 1°30] 1°05} 1°05} 1°25} 120% 9°30; 1:16
»» Laricio (one) ee 40! 40] -35] 25] +25} -40| 30} “409 2°75) ‘34
»» Pinaster(one) -~ - 80/ 40] “60} 80} 95] 55] °55| ‘S59 520) “65
»» Murrayana(one)- -| 75] °75| 55} 70} 80} -60} ‘55| ‘609 5°30) 66
Abies Douglasii (three)- -} 90°} 1°00} 90] 1°05] 1°25] 1°05} 1°15) 1059 8-35; 1°04
») grandis (one) - -| 165} 1:25} 160] 2°10} 2°50] 2:25] 1°85) 1°95} 15°15) 190
», Lowiana(two) - -| 1°05| 1°45} 1:30] 1°75] 210} 1°60) 1-65} 20071290) 1°61
», Hookeriana(one)- -| ‘70} ‘85| ‘50| 50} 85] 80} 55) SOF 4:35/ “54
Sequoia gigantea(one) - -| 90] 1:25] 1:25} 90} ‘95/ 90] 65) ‘959 7°75) ‘97
Cedrus Deodara (four) - - ‘30/ -90] °70| °55| °‘75| -75| 35] “70% 550} ‘69
»» africana(one) - -| 1:20| 1°30| 1:20] 1-26] 1°50] 1-25] 110] SO} 9°25) 116
Taxus baccata(four) -~ - 40! 40! 35) -30} -35| 40} 25] 309 2°75) 34
10-65 | 10°90 | 10°40} 11-40 | 13-00 | 11-30 | 10°20 | 10-70 | 88°55 11°06

Il. MONTHLY RESULTS.

Monthly observations on a considerable number of Conifers
were not begun till 1882, and the results for the five years ending
1886 have already been given.! This set of comparatively old
trees were then, perforce, given up, and a younger set were
observed for a second five-years’ period, 1837-91. As the results
for these have also been published,? and as my monthly records
of Conifers then ceased, I shall only give some of the general
conclusions arrived at in these earlier investigations.

A. AVERAGE MONTHLY PERCENTAGE IN THE COMPARATIVELY
~ OLD CONIFER, 1882-86.

| April. | May. | June. July. | August. | Septr.
| SS |
| 8 | 22 26 | 24 18 2

1 Trans, Bot. Soc., Edin., 1886-87.
2 Of cit., 1892.

188 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON

The greatest percentages in the months were:—For April, 18 p.c.
in Pinus austriaca and 16 p.c. in Araucaria imbricata; for May,
28 p.c. in Abzes Lowiana,; for June, 39 p.c. in Seguoza gigantea;
for July, 30 p.c. in Cupressus Lawsoniana ; for August, 30 p.c. in
Cedrus Deodara ; and for September, 8 p.c. in the same.

1. Proportional percentage of the first and second half-
seasons of growth.

Excess in the first half was most marked in Avaucaria, the
proportions being 73 p.c. in the first and 27 p.c. in the second.
The reverse was most marked in Cedrus Deodara, 34 p.c. in the
first and 66 p.c. in the second.

2. Progressive increase and decrease in the growing
season.

Abies Lowiana proved to be an exception to the normal
seasonal progress, as its percentage, which was very large in May,
28 p.c., dropped in June to 18 p.c, rising again to 22 p.c. in July.
Cedrus Deodara was remarkable for a steady rise to a maximum
so late as in August.

3. Comparison with the Deciduous Group of the same
period.

Conlon <5 6 ee 8 22 26 24 18 2
Deeidnous” == se 6 11 18 41 22 2

The Table shows that the increase was more equably distri-
buted in the Coniferz, and further investigation proved that this
depended partly on the maxima of the species occurring in a
greater variety of months, but partly also on a more equable
distribution in the individual species.

THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 189

AVERAGE MONTHLY PERCENTAGE IN THE YOUNGER
CONIFER, 1887-91, COMPARED WITH THE OLDER GROUP.

|
Younger Group <---> ~ 5°5 28 26°5 | 185 145 | 7
Oliar Grills Se | 36 | 18 | 2

Compared with the older group there is a considerable differ-
ence in regard to the first and last months, the older group
having a larger proportion in the first and a much smaller pro-
portion in the last than the younger trees. But the difference is
perhaps not greater than might be expected between two groups
of different ages, to some extent of different species, and under
observation at different periods, and difference almost disappears
if we take the first and last two months together. In the older
group the distribution is somewhat more equable and the
Maximum is attained later than in the younger trees.

I. Proportional pine of the first and second half-
asons of growth.

The following Table shows that on comparing the two groups
in this respect, the few species that occur in both have tolerably
analogous results.

YOUNGER GROUP. OLDER GROUP,
Halt, | Half Halt, | Halt

Araucaria imbricata (2) | 75 25 | Araucaria imbricata (3)- | 73 | 27
Cupressus Lawsoniana (2) | 73 27 Seqnoia gigantea (4) - 66 34
Pinus austriaca (1) - 1715 | 28 Pinus austriaca (1) - 64 36
Retinospora obtusa (1)- | 70°5 | 29 | Cupressus Lawsoniana (1)| 63 | 87
Thuja gigantea (1) - | 67°5 | 82 | AbiesLowiana(1) - | 56 | 44
Pinus Pinaster (1) a1 26-1 37 Cedrus africana (1) - 48 52

» excelsa (3) - ~ | BBS | 44 Taxus baccata (4) - « 45 55

»» Murrayana q) - $55°5 | 44 | Cedrus Deodara(4) - {| 34 | 66
Abies Douglasii (3) ~ | 64 46

»» Hookeriana (1) ~ | 51 49

» DLowiana(2)- - | 47 53

» @randis(1)- ~~ | 33 67

190 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON

That the species do follow a law in throwing the mass
of their growth, some into the early others into the late part
of the growing season, seems fairly well indicated by a list
showing the percentage of growth in the first and last half-
seasons in thirty-four Coniferz, thirteen of the old and twenty-
one of the new set, in my Paper in the Transactions of the
Botanical Society of Edinburgh, 1892, p. 325. The list is
drawn up in the order of greatest proportion in the first half-
season, one example of Araucaria imbricata being at the head
with 79 p.c. and one of the deodars at the foot with 24 p.c.

On analysing the list of 34 trees, it appears that the four
araucarias are within eleven places of the top; the three
deodars within five places of the bottom, and their near relative
Cedrus africana separated from them only by a single place: the
three each of Adzes Douglasit, Cupressus Lawsoniana, Sequota

gigantea, Abies Lowiana, and Pinus excelsa within fourteen,
thirteen, twelve, nine, and nine places respectively of each other.
Taking a wider view, the seven trees of four species of Adzes
are all in the lower half of the list, and six of the seven trees of
four species of Pzvus are within thirteen places, in the middle of
the list.

2. Distribution of the girth-increase over the growing
season in the younger Conifere.

There was a considerable variety in the conduct of the species
in this respect. Some showed a marked activity for only three
months, others for four or five. As examples of a wide distri-
bution over the growing season in undoubtedly healthy vigorous
growers the following may be taken, the averages being for a
period of five years :—

PERCENTAGES OF MONTHLY INCREASE.

No. | April. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept.
2 Pinus excelsa -— - 8 21°5 26 21 14 9°5
11 Dos do. oe 85 17 Si 17 13°5

91 Abies grandis . - 6 195 75 20 27 20

THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. I9I

3. Progressive increase and decrease in the growing
season.

Abies Lowiana again showed a deviation from the normal
monthly rise to a maximum, as the percentage was slightly less
in June than in May; this deviation also revealed itself in Adzes
Douglasii, Pinus excelsa, and Thuja gigantea, but above all in
Abies grandis, the healthiest and quickest grower of all my
Coniferze, where, therefore, disease or weakness cannot be
suspected as a cause, in which the percentage was 19'°5 in May
and fell to no more than 7°5 in June, rising again in July to
20°0. Subsequent weekly measurements of this tree showed that
there was a complete cessation of increase for at least a fortnight
in June.

4. Comparison with the Deciduous Group of the same
period.

April. | May. | June. | July. Aug. | Sept.

Coniferze = - * ‘ é 55 28 26°5 18'5 14°5 7
Deciduous - < = Fey cee as 12 Bi 80 20°5 5

The increase is somewhat more evenly distributed in the
Conifer. It is greater than in the Deciduous Trees both in the
first and last months, and if we take the first and last bi-monthly
periods, it is much greater in the first and a little less in the last,
whereas in the middle bi-monthly period the Deciduous ciass
has considerably the best of it. The results agree fairly well
with the comparison already made in the older groups.

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FROM THE

ROYAL BOTANIC GAR
EDINBURGH.

te
ei

DECEMBER 1901.

CONTENTS. as
The Diameter-Increment. of Trees. By A. Ww. Borthwick,

Hints on Bie ast Mistletoe from the Berry.
Willia

axton, - pe
Notes on ibe: Methods in use at the Royal Botanic =
Garden, Edinburgh. With Plate Ill. By Hi ee
Tagg, F.L.S., Assistant in the Museum, -— -

Title and List of Contents: to Vol. Tay 1900-1901.

The Diameter-Increment of Trees.'
BY
A. W. BORTHWICK, B.Sc.

There are two methods, apart from the use of callipers, by
which the diameter-increment or rate of growth in thickness of
trees can be ascertained. One of these—the tape-method—
has already been described by Dr. Christison ; the other is by
use of a very simple instrument invented by Pressler, and
known as Pressler’s increment-borer. By means of this instru-
ment cylinders of wood about a quarter-inch in diameter and
from two to six inches long—according to species—can be
extracted, and upon these the breadth of the year-rings may be
measured. In order to allow for any eccentricity or irregularity
of growth it is safer to take the mean of four cylinders, one from
each end of two diameters at right angles.

The great difference between these two methods is that the
tape-method requires a very considerable period of time in
order to get reliable results, as we cannot draw an average
from one or two season’s growths. In very few cases have
careful measurements extending over a long period of time been
carried out, but in the whole history of British arboriculture
there is no place where more extensive and careful girth-
measurements have been made than in the Royal Botanic
Garden, Edinburgh.’

By the kind permission of the Regius Keeper I have

the rare opportunity of testing whether the increment-borer
would yield the same, or approximately the same, results as were
obtained by Dr. Christison by means of the tape. The trees I
examined were those measured by Dr. Christison, and the

' See Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, Number III.
(1900), p. 4

(Notes, R.B.G., Edin., No, V, rgor.

194 BORTHWICK—THE DIAMETER-

numbers attached to the trees are those of his lists. In many cases
I was able to extract cylinders fully five inches long, and in no
case less than two inches. The length of the cylinder is, how-
ever, not necessarily an indication of the number of year-rings in
it. A cylinder five inches long from a broad-ringed or fast-
growing tree may contain no more or even fewer year-rings than
a cylinder four inches long from a narrow-ringed or slow-growing
tree. The greatest number of year-rings extracted was forty
from a horse-chestnut, while fifteen to twenty-five was an easily
obtained number. from other species. (See Table 1.)

The breadth of the year-rings sometimes varies greatly on
different sides of the same tree, especially in isolated trees which
have not been grown in the company of others. This was
well shown on many of the cylinders, so that cylinders of the
same length from different sides of the tree do not necessarily
have the same number of year-rings, and conversely cylinders
with the same number of year-rings are not necessarily of equal
lengths. This can be seen from the accompanying Table III.

Having got the four borings I counted off the number of year-
rings in each. It was generally found that one of the cylinders
showed a smaller number than any of the others. I therefore
marked off this number ( say 7) on each of the other cylinders,
disregarding any that were left over, as they did not come into
consideration in making out an average. Having done this, I
next found the aggregate length of the cylinders for this number
of year-rings, and by dividing this by two and subtracting the
result from the present diameter (bark included) I obtained the
diameter which the tree had as many years ago as there were
marked off rings in the cylinders. I next subtracted in succes-
sion twice the mean breadth of each annual ring from the
diameter of the corresponding year, which gave the diameter of
the preceding year. This operation gave the intermediate
diameters and again the diameter 7 years ago. The first opera-
tion was an excellent means of checking the second.

It was then an easy matter to get the circumference for each
year from the diameters. By subtracting the circumference for
a certain year from that of the year following I got the circum-
ference increment.

On comparing the results obtained by both methods—tape and

INCREMENT OF TREES, 195

borer—it is extremely interesting to find how closely they
coincide. The actual figures are not the same, because the
borings were not taken at the same level as the tape-measure-
ments. I purposely took them slightly higher or lower as seemed
expedient in order not to interfere with the marked circumference
‘measured by Dr. Christison.

Although the actual figures for each separate year do not
exactly coincide, still the mean or average increment for a period
of five or ten years does correspond very closely. In order to
show the parallelism between both methods 1 have arranged the
final results in adjacent columns in the appended Table 11.

It has been suggested that the increment-borer might damage
the trees, but if care is taken to properly fill up the holes no
danger can possibly exist. I may also point out that a very
short time is required for the tree to naturally occlude such a
trifling wound as the instrument makes. In almost every case
the trees which I bored in the spring of last year were occluded
by the autumn of this year and scarcely any trace of a scar
remains.

The increment-borer can also be used in pathological work.
For example, in making artificial infections, in order to study the
course of development and effect on the tree of any wood-
destroying fungus, there is no better method than to introduce a
cylinder bored from a diseased tree into a healthy one. It is
then an easy matter to extract cylinders from such an artificially
infected tree at different times and from different parts, and thus
get exact information regarding the rate at which the disease
spreads and the various pathological appearances presented by
the wood as the disease runs its course.

In determining the age of trees, if the diameter is not more
than one foot the number of year-rings on an extracted cylinder
will give this at once. If it is not possible to bore right into the
centre we can still obtain the number of year rings on a certain
length of the radius and from this compute the probable amount
on the whole, always taking care to allow for the greater year-
ring breadth near the centre of the stem. In many cases the
pith is eccentric ; if, therefore, we bore four cylinders in the radial
direction one of them is generally found to reach the pith even
though the diameter of the stem be more than one foot,

196 BORTHWICK—THE DIAMETER-

The relation between the wood-mass of a tree and the time
taken to produce it is a subject of considerable scientific and
practical importance, No matter whether the trees are grown
for ornamental or economic purposes, a knowledge of the relation
between time-increment and volume-increment cannot fail to be of
great service. The proprietor of parks and ornamental policy-
grounds is always interested to know how his trees are doing,
whether they are still increasing by growth or are already mature.
On the other hand in economic forestry it is essential to know the
amount of timber which is or can be produced in a given time
under certain climatic conditions and sylvicultural treatment,
otherwise financial calculations cannot be made with anything
like the degree of accuracy which the case demands. The
manifold external conditions influencing the growth of trees and
plants in general make it well-nigh impossible to lay down any
definite rules which are generally applicable for all species. A
tree which is a fast grower in one locality may behave very
differently in another, hence it is necessary for accurate results to
collect statistics for each locality.

At present the German yield-tables are used in this country,
and for general purposes are found to be approximately accurate,
but the mere fact that in Germany local yield-tables are found
to be necessary shows that the general yield-tables are not
indiscriminately applicable. Our climate being an insular one,
milder and moister, is bound to have a different effect on tree-
growth from the continental climate of Europe.

If statistics were collected, especially for the Highlands, to which
the German yield-tables are probably least applicable, they would
be of great service to the forester, especially in making out
working plans to guide the future management of the forests.

[ TABLE.

INCREMENT OF TREES.

DIAMETER-INCREMENT

Aesculus - -
Carpirtus etal - -
Castanea vesca - ~ -
Cedrus - ‘ “
Fagus sylvatica - -

” ” =
Fraxinus excelsior -
Liriodendron - -
Quercus Cerris - .

Takis Lars - -
Tim = - - -
Ulmus - “ ° -

Increment in
I es

197

i
AND NUMBER OF YEAR-RINGS
BORED.

nch No. of Rings.
: 9°44 40
- 2°0I 20
: 7°58 28
- 8°82 23
: 391 4
: aes 14
= 3°39 12
rs a 17 ee
- 2°05 12
. 454 12
é 3°62 28
- 1°74 20
- 7°06 15

1.
COMPARISON OF Dr. CHRISTISON’S RESULTS OBTAINED BY
MEANS OF TAPE WITH THOSE OBTAINED BY MEANS OF

PRESSLER’S BORER.’

AESCULUS.

Tape. Borer.
“35 . . : oF
+s . z i -38
‘10 - - - "a5
‘00 < = - “12
25 3 : p 09
‘IO - - - "18
25 2 : 09
26 z é E 18
30 - - - ‘16
‘oO * = - "12

1°65 1°90

1'90
1°65

Circum. Diff. = - 2h

Diam. Diff.2 = - 08

Mean Annual Diff.= ‘008

CARPINUS.

Spa inf. = -
m. Diff =
vie Annual Dift= =

1 Measurements in both cases are in inches.

® The Circumference-Difference

been divided in each case by 3. This gives
the Diameter-Difference roughly, but near enough for the present pu

198
CASTANEA VESCA.
Tape. Borer
‘60 = = 78
75 : 5 ‘SI
1°00 : - - 65
"60 i i ‘=z "78
‘90 = se 2s ‘SI
‘90 : - = “59
‘40 22 Beg 65
BGreg
‘45 . ‘ : ‘50
55 = . : "69
6°95 6°79
6°95
6°79
Circum. Diff. = eee os
Diam. Diff. = - - 06
Mean Annual Diff.= ‘006
FAGUS SYLVATICA.
ape Borer.
75 - = - "87
pee ee eS,
95 . Z . ‘04
‘90 a is a ‘gI
E20" = - - - ‘87
I‘lo - - - ‘87
oe
‘90 = ‘i a ‘SI
*80 4 a es 78
8°85 8°36
8°85
8°36
a Diff. = - "49
a“. Dif. = - ‘16
Pte Mean Dift= = ‘O16

BORTHWICK—THE DIAMETER-

CEDRUS ATLANTICA.

ape. Borer.
1°30 - - - 1'09
1°20 - - - 1'16
1°30 - - is
ao - - 1°03
1°20 : - - I'I9
1°50 : . 1°53
1°25 - - 1°44
PIG - - 1°13
50 5 : "34
50 - = : “53
1105 10°57
I1'05
10°57
Circum. Diff. = - ‘48
Diam. Diff. = - "16

Mean Annual Diff.= o16

FAGUS SYLVATICA.
B

Tape orer.
—< - - =e
‘95 - . ee
= ‘97
‘90 = < 3 87
‘90 : : : 04
‘90 : a = 87
90 : <= : 72
90 z : . 72

1'Io ¥ E - 94
‘90 | é - 65

9'20 8°62

920
8°62

Circum. Diff. = 58

Diam. Diff. =
Annual Mean Diff.

Bee ey
roe
—
‘Oo

INCREMENT OF TREES.

FRAXINUS EXCELSIOR.
Tape. Bo

ee 5 -

1'rO - - - I'13
1°20 - - - I'2
1°25 - - - I'lg
485 4°66
4°85
4°66
Circum. Diff. = : ‘19
Diam. Diff. = - ‘06
Mean Annual Diff= = 006

QUERCUS CERRIS.
B

Tape. orer
‘79 2 . - ‘47
45 = : . 7.
oe
50 : ‘47
79 : ‘47
"85 - - - ‘62
‘70 : E - ‘62
55 : z c ‘47
fo OE ee
i 7. &

6°50 53>

6°50
5°35

Circum. Diff. = - I'l5

Diam. Diff. = "35

Mean Annual Ge = 035

LIRIODENDRON.

Circum. Diff. = -
Diam. Diff. =
Mean Annual Diff = =

10°65

Circum. heh =
Diam
Mean "Keine Diff = =

200 BORTHWICK—THE DIAMETER-

TAXUS. TILIA.
Tape Borer. | Tape
40 : - : Sg 00 :
60 - - - "50 50 - -
55 : ; : ‘47 40 :
55 - "40 25 .
45 : $ : 31 20 Z
45 : : = ‘40 40 : :
45 : ‘40 a : 3
40 - - - “3 fore) - -
55 : 2 . Es 30 = :
20 : = = "34 35 :
4°55 3°87 2°75
455
3°87
Circum. Diff. = - 68 Circum. Diff. = — -
Dian. Dif." - ee Diam. Diff. =
Mean Annual Diff. = 022 | Mean Annual pigZ =
ULMUS.

Tape. Borer.
ie 4 - - - . - 1°66
1°80 - - - - - - 2°16
at bo = : : . 1°72
150 - - - - - - 1°82
I°30: - - - - ~ em 1°34
270 * - - - - - 1°57
1°60 - - - - - = lg
eOy = = : z : a 0°94
7) *) os eee 57
ote : - z : : 144

16°55 15°41

16°55
15°41

Circum. Diff. = = - - - I'l4

Diam. Diff. = - - 38

Mean Annual Thies - - 038

INCREMENT OF TREES. -201

DETAILED RESULTS OBTAINED BY MEANS OF PRESSLER’S BORER.
AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM.

Diam. Inct. for 40 years=9°44, Diam, in 1899=17'16, Diam. in 1859=7'72.
Average.
Year. | N.} S.} E.| W.}Sum tg Fy " er Memento
Vulg. | Decimal.

1860 | 441) 49) &e | | wy 33 8°05 25°289880 1:036728
1861 | 4) 33 | 1) rs 36 8-41 26°420856 17130976
1862} 44/42, 2) | OB fis 39 8-30 27°646080 1+225224
1863 | 33] 44) 49 | ab] 48 : 37 917 28°808472 1°162392
1864 | 32 | bE | 8F 1 48 | BF FF 32 9-49 29-813784 1-005312
1865 | 32) 33) 44) 44) 8 Ys 42 9°91 317133256 1-319472
1866 | HIM HIB] i 37 10°28 32295648 1°162392
1867 | 33) 33) 2b) aE] 48 ; 37 10°65 33-458040 1162392
1868 | AF} aE ET | | oP 38 11°03 34651848 1°193808
1869 (HFM aH] HO 32 11:35 35°657160 1005312
1870. | 33 | bf) | ae] 4F | 33 11-68 36-693888 1036728
187 | 3 | 2 (a2) | vs 39 1207 37-919112 1°225224
1872 | 4) | SL | Oe ive 35 12°42 39°018672 1-099560
1873 | MIMI HH, 2 37 12-79 40°181064 1°162392
1874 | 4] MIM) al | OM 36 13°15 41312040 «| ~. 1130976
187% | Ha AL) | OS 33 13°48 42°348768 1036728
1876 |UlHieI HN! ft 1 34 13-82 43°416912 1068144
W877 | 43) de} ab} ae] |S 33 14°15 44°453640 1036728
1878 | Hi ds | HR] 4 43 34 14°49 45°521784 1068144
1879 | 43) 32] &} 3d) 4h 34 14-83 46°589928 1068144
1880 | & | & | ek | | os 28 15°11 47469576 "8794968
1881 | & | Al ALR] 2 is 24 15°35 48-223560 753984
1882 |v l| ala | | BH | Os “28 15°63 49°103208 “879648
1883 | fej fe | a | OF } 25 15°88 49°888608 “785409
1884 | A] | de | oe | yi 20 16°08 50°516928 "628320
1806 fe A te | oe] EP 21 16°29 51°176664 659736
1886 }alaAlalaA! H es 11 16°40 51°522240 345576
1887 [| AliAlal a) | YS 11 16°51 51°867816 345576
1888 | Ai ala] a] } 12 16°63 52°244808 "376992
18899 | AlAlAlLA| ‘ 09 16°72 52°527552 382744
1900 | AL AlAl al & | ris 07 16°79 52°747464 “219912
és ‘ sé ue pet 9-44 ‘a - ao

202 BORTHWICK—THE DIAMETER-
AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM—Continued.
Year. | N. E. | WwW. eu oe | : : Circumference}
| Diameter | Circumference. | increnenk:
| | Vulg. Deeimal. |
181 | & lal ol | & ék “4 | 16-83 52°873128 125664
ia | ta eet we 03 16°86 52-967376 094248
103 | lal Al al & | ods 06 16-92 53°185872 188496
1894 | old | ies! & | ads 03 | (16-95 53*250120 094248
1895 fa fal alae | we | ot 06 | 1T0L 53°438616 188496
ee we ee eee ee 05 «106 53°595696 167080
1897 | Al & | ox | Wisk 1 & 04 =| «17-10 53°721360 "125664
1998 | & | al vet ve | vhs O3<: | 14a 53-815608 094248
1899 | as al deetow gy 03 | 17°16 54909856 “094248
eo, | acl 944
CARPINUS a ake 33:
Diam. Inct. for 20 years=2'01, Diam, in 1899= Diam. in 1879= 14-99.
Average.
Year, | N.| S. | E.| W.|Sum Diameter,| Circumf bg bree
Vulg. | Decimal.
1880 | Al A) ot) | de “09 15°08 47°375328 "282744
1881 | AA) el A! ds 09 15°17 47°658072 282744
1882 | A] ae | el a] YE is ‘li 15°28 48003648
1883 | A | A | | A] OM Ty's “13 15°41 48-412056 -408408
1884 | Ala | ALA] OW v5 ‘3 15°54 48°820464 "408408
1885 | & | al oe i oa] k 12 15°66 49°197456 376992
1886 | A) a | cel Aa] et 08 15°74 49-448784 "251328
1887 | Ale | al aA] \ 12 15°86 49°825776 “376992
1888 | ala al A! H a4 10 15°96 50°139936 314160
1889 | Aj ee | ok | a] OB tis 10 16°06 50°454096 314160
1690 | de | & | ok | a] } 12 16°1 50°831088 “376992
191 | & lal al aAL de “09 16-27 51°113832 "282744
1892 [a | & lel a] er "10 16°37 51°427992 314160
1893 | fy | oo er | 4 I 12 16-49 51°804984 -376992
184 [al wi al aA] a | OBS ‘13 16°62 52°213392 “408408
1895 | dy | oe | erick | ris 07 16°69 52°433304 219912
16 | A el Al A] vis 10 16°79 52°747464 314160
197 | Al al al Aa) oe “19 16°89 53061624 *314160
WS [al Al al a) & is “06 16°95 53-250120 *188496
9 lalala&lal «a! se | 06 | a | ‘b3s0m00 | -157000
be Paat eal aed cos ag 2°01 3 oe .

INCREMENT OF TREES. 203

CEDRUS ATLANTICA, NO. - 30.

Diam. Inct. for 23 years=8°82. Diam. in 1899= 18°43, _ Diam. in 1876=9°61.
Average.
Year. | N.| S.| E | W.|Sum Di ter.! Ci f be porewron gs
Vulg. | Decimal.
1877 | 43 | 34) 42] at} 4 PY 42 10-03 31510248 1°319472
1878 |} HIM Mia! a Tey “65. 10°58 33°238128 1-727980
1879 | a3} 43! 49) 44} 89 r 46 11-04 34-683264 1-445136
1880 | 49) 49) 48) 48) 2 | 50 11:54 36254064 1-570800
181 | 4) HRI HL) 8 Yes 46 12°00 37-699200 1°445136
1882 (44 | 41 | BE] OS vis 49 12°49 39-238584 1:539384
1883 | 43149) 43) | OR 4a 40 12-89 40°495224 1-256740
1884 | MIMI MIM OG i 48 13°37 42003192 1507968
1885 | 3/8) WIR) | oO 42 13°79 43322664 1:319472
1886 | 43) 44) A$) BE] BH at 42 14-21 44642136 1319472
1887 | a) 34) 4%) | & a 42 14-63 45'961608 1:319472
1883 43) Mia | a] # 35 14-98 47061168 1-099560
1889 | Hai) Mi AH] é 37 15°35 48-223560 1162392
1890 (ad agi a a] | oes 36 15-71 49°354536 1130976
WH Hl AH) H | ow 33 16-04 50°391264 1-036728
192 |) Hl A) | OS 38 16-42 §1°585072 1-193808
1893 | 33) 49) |] SE] OMS 49 16°91 §3°124456 1539384
189 | 43) HLH] | OR 46 17°37 54°569592 1°445136
1899 | 4G) a) HL aE] | os 36 17°73 55°700568 1-130976
186 | &l al Al aAT H th 11 17-84 56046144 345576
IT | Ai Al al AL | 17 18°01 66580216 “634072
1898 | &l AM) A} BH | ot 21 18°22 §7-239952 659736
1899 | Ai wl} A) HB de 21 18°43 57-899688 659736
< oe 8°82

Diam. Inct. for 28 years=T-

BORTHWICK—THE DIAMETER-

CASTANEA, NO. 4.

58. Diam. in 1899=28°5. Diam. in 1871=20-92.
Average. | -
Year. | N.| S.| E. | W./Sum Ci ghee:
Vulg. | Decimal. |
1872 | 43/43/1438 /44!) 32 | BA “41 21:33 | 67010328 1288056
1873 | 4144} & + 4s] #4 i's 6 21°69 68°141304 17130976
1874 441 44 | 43 1 42 at a5 Zi 21°90 68°801040 "659736
1875} 43) 33 1 ee] ae | 39 «| «(22-29 70-026264 1225224
1876 | A$ | 44} A | AE] 4S af "35 22-64 71°125824 1099560
1877 | He | 4d] HEL HE] O48 a "35 22:99 72°225384 1-099560
1878 | 44) 4E | 44 | ae] 48 af "35 23°34 73°324944 1099560
1879 | AL HM a | Ch 33 23°67 14°361672 1036728
1880 | & | 43) 3g) ae] 4 | "33 24-00 75°398400 1036728
1881 | 33 | 33 | & | 2) # 32 24°32 76°403712 1°005312
1882 | & | Hj) &| BY OR Yvs 28 24°60 77283360 “879648
1883 | A} MLAS) A) 49 Ys 31 24-91 78°257256 “973896
1884 | | a a) aE] ned, “27 25°18 79°105488 "848232
1885 | | Hj | AY 29 25°47 80°016552 ‘911064
1886 | al | ae) a) Aj "26 25°73 80°833368 "816816"
1887 | & | or | we] A) Be 23 25°96 81555936 *722568
1888. || Al alae} | a 25 | 26-21 82°341336 “185400
1889 | & | ae) A) A] H Mi 26 26°47 83°158152 “816816
1890 | | oe | a | ee! as 21 26°68 83°817888 "659736
WAM) aA; BH | OW "25 26°93 84-603288 “785400
1892 | Glu) AT A] iy “26 27°19 85°420104 "816816
1893 | A | | | A] res 19 27°38 86°017008 “596904
184 | ai) &| al a] ve ‘21 27-59 86676744 "659736
189 | & | | al a] re ‘17 27°76 87-210816 “634072
1896 [wl del ala] BH Tis 16 27°92 87°713472 502656
WT |Al ALA al) A] "22 28°14 88°404624 “691152
1B lAlAl Al Al 8 | BR ‘17 28°31 88-938696 534072
19 | Al&k lala] Tis “19 28°5 89°535600 596904
we he : es 758 = pe “

INCREMENT OF TREES, 205

Facus, No. 7.

Diam. Inct. in 14 years=3 91. Diam, in 1899=30°S2, Diam. in 1885=27°01.
Average, | | ;
Year. | N.| S. | F. | W./Sum D Ci fi SS
Vulg. | Decimal. |

1886 | | | oe | | BE EY "29 27°30 | 85°765680 911064
W7 AML al Ma ty 34 27°64 £6°833824 1068144
1888 | | A | | a] oH fs 28 27°92 87°713472

1889 | & lal ala] BR] OA 24 28°16 88°467456 *753984
1890 | ALM) M| a] fH | OR "30 28°46 89409936 942480
1891 | AH BIA] H ey "29 28°75 90-321000 911064
1892 | APM | a a] RE | 28 29°03 91200648 879648
1893 | S/H Al A] Bs 28 29°31 92-080296 879648
184 | B13) Ala OB * 28 29°59 92959944 879648
12S | A) Al Ala] B *P, 22 29°81 93°651096 691152
1896 | fe | ae) & | | ii 26 30°07 94-467912 816816
1897 | Al Mi al Al B } 25 30°32 95253312 785400
1898 | fr} 49] & | a] Ay 26 30°68 96070128 816816
199 | A) HI RHI] Hw | @ 30°92 97°138272 1068144

[| ees ee ab fee |

206 BORTHWICK—THE DIAMETER-

Facus, No. 8.

Diam. Inct. for 14 years=3°71. Diam. in 1899=26°4. Diam. in 1885=22°69.
| | Average. == ;
Year. | N.| S. | E. | W. Sum, Di Cireumf ag bemonie ns
| | Vulg. | Decimal. |
| i |
1886 | ALA; MIE) OG | j | 25 22°93 72068304 “78.400
187 | AAI BIA 8 uo 23°17 72°790872 12285
1888 | wl AL aH OR | 31 23°48 73-TE4768 “973896
1889 | | fe 143 hi 4 ofoa | 31 23°79 74°738664 ‘973896
1690 | i A | 1 49 7 oo } 24°10 75°712560 ‘973896
19 be Al Ml | a | 3 ag | (2438 76°592208 879648
1802 fe | | | & | | 30 24°68 T7-534688 942480
1893 | | | H | Al | fh | | 24°96 78°414336 87 648
1093 4!) ala & | a | OF | Beto 79°126904 712.2568
189 | A) a as | | | eee 79859472 “7225 68
1893 | | | ala] a | oe | 30 25°72 80-01952 942480
1897 | A & | é | # | Rs | 21 25°93 81°461688 659736
1898 | & | & | a 4 | ea tee | 21 26°14 82°121424 ‘659736
199 || a | a a | 4 | 26 | Be 82-938240 8.6816
| | | |
: . sid 311 | |
FRAXINUS EXCELSIOR, NO. 2.
Diam. Inct. for 12 years=3°39. Diam. in 1900=6°8. Diam. in 1888=3°41.
: ‘ Average.
Year. | N.| S. | E.| W.jSum D Ci fi ge neameon in
Vulg. | Decimal.
1889 | a) HL A) a] “32 373 | 11°718168 1°105312
1890 | | aE | ab a} ab} at 32 4-05 12-723480 1-005:12
191 | &/| MH) HI) HI 4 33 “35 4-40 13823040 1-099560
1892 | A) aE MET |] es 35 4-15 14922600 1099560
1895 | 818) HIE] a] OM 36 5-11 16-063576 1°130976
1894 | 33/44) HL aE] OG 4 40 5°ST 17°310216 1°256640
189 | A) Mi M| | 4¢ #4 35 5°86 18°409776 1-199. 60
1896 [deity | Al a] Ho] OAS 21 607 19°969512 “659736
WU (etal a al BH | OP ‘17 6°24 19-603584 634072
1898 jw) al Al a | k 12 63 19-980576 “377092
1899 | fr | ei ae | | ce “20 6°56 20°608896 *628320
0 AAI ALA! H | AA 24 68 21°36288 “121392
as ee ae 3:39 : ee .

INCREMENT OF TREES. 207

LIRIODENDRON, NO. 6.

Diam. Inct, for 21 years=3°17. Diam, in 1899=28. Diam. in 1878=24°83.
| | | | | | Average.
Year. | N.} S. | E. kes | Srm.| Diameter Circumference,| ireumference
I i } | Vulg. | Decimal.
wees
1879 | bs | es | |) | 3} e 21 25°04 | 78-665664 659726
1880 | | | a | | ee 19 25°23 79°2625€8 596904
1881 | A | ja} & | #| 17 25°40 79796640 534072
1882 | dy | rae ee Aes meee ee ioe 80°267880 471240
1883 | & | va | al | a | 16 25°71 80°770536 502656
1884 | oh | 49 | ds|&| #4 | ‘l9 25°90 81:36740 596904
1885 | Or | &l& ata y 17 26-07 81-901512 534072
1886 | ir A | &la} Bo] om 17 26°24 82°435584 534072
1887 | te | ati | | | 21 | 2645 83-096320 659736
1888 | vr | vr | de de | Ne 13 26°58 83°505728 408408
1889 | | &i&ki|a&| iy I 26°68 83817888 31460
1900 ea a al eto 19 26°87 84°414792 596904
191 j wl al als 34 Mu alt 27°04 84-948864 534072
1992 (Ai Gi vit | ye 14 27:18 85°388E688 339824
1893 oy} de] te | ot #4 tes “16 27°34 85°891344 602656
1894 | & | fe |v | | Ut * 14 27-48 £6'331168 439824
1895. | wip | fe | oh} ee Ee Pes “14 27°62 86°770992 439824
$006. 1S | we he ee ee i 12 27°74 87-147984 376992
1907... 3, | | ve lak) & | ote 07 27°81 87:367896 219912
188 | Ll Al ot al ae | ‘OT 2788 87587808 219912
1899 | Alaids| | 4 {8 12 | 280 87964800 376902
| | | | : | 317 |

208

Diam, Inct. for 12 years=2°05,

BORTHWICK—THE DIAMETER-

QUERCUS CERRIS, NO, 63.

Diam. in 1899=22°2,

Diam. in 1887=20°15,

Average,
Years. | N.| S. | E.| W./Sum f Cini
Vulg. | Decimal.
18838 | | vt rs de | 3 fs 15 20°30 63°774480 471240
1889 [Al a) Al A) Mf b 12 20-42 64°151472 376992
1890 | &e | & | | | is 18 20°60 64°716960 565488
191 |Al&lalLA! # Ps 15 20°75 65°188200 471240
18922 | Al Al & | & | at os 15 20-90 65°659440 471240
1893 | & | & | & i & | 4} 29 21°10 66-287760 “628320
1894 | &| & | | | HF 4} 20 21:30 66°916080 628320
189 | & | Al al | ds 15 21:45 67°387320 471240
1896 | ul Al al al a 21 21°66 68-047056 “659736
19 | Al &| a) a] Ya 21 21°87 68°706792 "659736
1898 | & | He | fe | | FE es 15 22-02 69°178032 471240
1999 | & | & 1] & lal] H vs 18 a2 69°743520 565488
2-05
QUERCUS CONFERTA, NO. 54.

Diam, Inct, for 12 years =4°54. Diam, in 1899=14°5. Diam. in 1887=9°96.
Average. : Picts

Ye r. | N.| S. | E.| W./Sum fe Increment.

Vulg. | Decimal.

1888 | 45 | 4) 38) 49] af ¥s 43 10-39 32°641224 1-350888
1889 | 43 | 44/34) 43) & 4 "40 10°79 33897864 1256640
1890 | $4 | 32 | | #7} 3 "62 11°41 35°845656 1947792
1891 | 48) 44) 4 | 4a] St } “50 11°91 37-416456 1°570800
1892 | 44) 41 a1] OS 44 ‘53 12°44 39-081504 1-665048
1893 | 44142) #1] a} “57 13-01 40°872216 1-790712
184 | 42) 4) 4] | ts “43 13°44 42223104 1350888
1895 | 431 & 141381 # re 24 13-78 43291248 1068144
186 | HH ala; # 29 14-07 44202312 911064
1897 [wel a) wl A! t 15 14-22 44-673552 “471240
1898 | &|a&| BoM 11 14-33 45-019128 345576
19 | ALAA A; # | H 17 14:50 45°553200 634072
oe eet bad a ee os 454 ; ie om

Diam. Inct, for 20 years=1°74.

INCREMENT OF. TREES.

Lida, INO. Ss

Diam, in 1899=26.

Diam, in 1879= 24°26.

| Ave: age, | :
Year. | N.| S. | E.} W.] Sum + ; ¢ tg Perret bs
| Vulg. | Decimal. |
1880 | | | a | | OM : | 12 24°38 | 76592208 376992
wt lAlAlAla| | A | (te 24°47 | 76874952 “282744
1882 | Ala l al a| | ae | 10 24°57 77189112 314160
1883 | Al sl oe | aT ae | oe | 14 24°71 77628936 "439824
194 | Al Al Al aS] a] mm | 10 24-81 77-943096 314160
1885 | ok | de | ok | oe | as | 07 24-88 78-163008 219912
1886 je | el de | | OM & “OT 24°95 78°382920 “219912
1I8T bAl Al ala! BO] OW 10 25°05 78°697000 314160
188 fel al al a) A tk 06 nag BE 18°885576 “188496
1889 | AA al de | xh 03 25°14 78°979824 094248
19 [aA] a] | | | ores 07 25°21 79°199736 ‘219912
WL ital Al Al A] ft 09 25°30 79°482480 282744
12 fait | ala) H as 10 25°40 79°796640 314160
19 | wa | ala) ds 09 25°49 80-079384 282744
tA A At 1! 25°60 80° 424960 345576
iecialalaiatul wi” 25°68 80676288 251328
1896 el | a | ae) ee 09 25°TT 80-959032 “282744
WT |S Al Ala) HO] WA 10 25°87 81°273192 314160
196 [al a | al aA) Fi “09 25°96 81°555936 ‘282744
WS PA Al a& | a) ar 04 26° 81°681600 "125664
1574 2

Diam. Inct. for 28 years =3°62.

BORTUWICK—THE DIAMETER-

TAXUS, NO, AI.

Diam. in 1899=24°4.

Diam, in 1871=20-78,

Wear tN. 1 S41 EW. Som eg £, Circumference]
poe rs crement.
Vulg. | Decimal.
Wei ck§liclalaA! Bl 17 20°95 65°81652 534072
173 Al aAlaA| aA] # os 15 21-10 6628776 “47124
1874 | & | &| ee] | RY as 15 21°25 66°75900 47124
1875 | | ae | oe] | aE } 12 21:37 67-135992 “376992
1876 | & wi &| H 12 21°49 67°512984 376992
1877 | fr | a] aL a] } 12 21-61 67889976 376992
1878 1 el al Ala 8 és 15 21°76 68°361216 471240
1879 | Al AL Al A! H iis 13 21:89 68769624 “408408
1880 | Al a | Sl] A] 48 & 14 22°03 69°202448 “439824
1881 foe | | | | H 12 22°15 69°586440 “376592
1882 | A) A) A) a] oF ws 14 22:29 70-026264 "439824
1883 | & | & &| BH | Ms 14 22 43 70°465088 "439824
164 Al aA al | HO] OS ‘17 22-60 71-000160 534072
WS Ala; Al A! Ho] Ws 13 22°73 71408568 “408408
186 Al AL aL a] & 14 22°87 71 848392 439824
1887 te | oe | A ae] |S Bel 22-98 72°193968 “345576
188 | Al al al aA| M i ‘12 23°10 72570960 376992
189 | Al/Al&AlLA!L BH | A 16 23°26 73°013616 “502656
1890 | el aA | oe | a] ws oe 23°41 73°544856 471240
WI ALA aA a! H Tze 13 23°54 73°953264 408408
W2 1A Al Al aA] BO} oO 10 23°64 74267424 “314160
WS Pa Ala) A] | oe ‘13 23°77 74-675832 “408408
14 [lal Al; a] BH | oth 13 23°90 75°084240 “408408
1895 | | He | ok uw) i a 10 24-00 75°398400 314160
1896 (S| Al ala] i 12 “| 24-12 75°775392 -376992
WT alas al a] WO] ll 24°23 76°120968 “345576
18 Ala; Al A! Mo] We 10 24°33 76°435128 314160
189 Al aAlAlaA| & | res oT | 24-4 76-655040 219912
Bee | | 3°62 ‘

INCREMENT OF TREES. 211

ULMUS MONTANA, NO. 93.

Diam. Inct. for 15 years=7°16. Diam. in 1900=11. Diam, in 1885=3°84,
Average. fe *
Eee et ae ee Diameter.) Ci fe Increment.
Vulg. | Decimal,
1886 | 4) M1) BO] ote 58 4-42 13°885872 1:822128
1887 | 331 441 491 841 49 a4 “54 4-96 15°582336 1696464
1888 | 3$ 1/45) 4¢ 1421] 88 $4 53 5:49 17247384 1°665048
1889 | 32 | 32) 331391) 8°] Ae “69 6°18 19°415088 2°167704
1890 | 32 84 ( #2) a8] 1 vA, “55 6-73 21°142968 1:727880
1891 || M1 M1 HI] re ‘58 731 22965096 1:822128
1892 | 38 | 4149] &e] aS fe “43 T74 24-315984 1°349888
1893 | #3} 4 [4] aE] ft } =) 8°24 25°886784 1°570800
184 af) 1 ae | al Be | OA 38 8°62 27-080592 1193808
1895 | #4) 4) 49] ab) 33 rit; “30 8-92 28°023072 0942480
1896 | 3) a a aA) 4 5 9:42 29°593872 1+570800
1897 | #1 & | | | 8 + 46 9°88 31-039008 1°445136
1898-| 49 | 44 | 44) a8] 1g “40 10-28 32-296648 1:256640
18999 || MM] OAS z 31 10°65 33°458040 1°162392
190) | #/] lag) &| 48 23 35 11-00 34-5576 1-099560
716

Hints on Propagating Mistletoe from the Berry.’
BY
WILLIAM PAXTON,

The best tree for growing mistletoe on is a young Siberian
Crab, with a stem below branches of about four feet in height.
Young apple-trees are suitable also, and, in general, soft-wooded
trees, such as the rowan. The best time for sowing is spring,
about April, and the berries must have been freshly gathered
within afew days. There are male and female mistletoe plants,
which must be grown near each other in order to produce
berries on the female plant.

Select a branch of from one to two inches in diameter, with
clean, smooth bark, free from roughness or inequalities of any
kind; also free from little side twigs from which birds could ~
pick the berries. No incision, scratch, or bruise is to be made
on the surface of the bark. his is of the utmost importance.
_ Take the berry between the finger and thumb and gently
squeeze out the seed on to the bark, throwing away the skin.
The seed will readily adhere by the viscid substance which is
contained in the berry. The seed should not be rubbed in any
way, but simply placed on the branch. In a short time the
gummy substance dries up, leaving the seed firmly adhering
to the branch. Several seeds should be placed together, or
near each other, as probably only one out of half-a-dozen will
grow.

Shortly after the berries have been placed a young green
process appears, which turns towards the bark, and ultimately
fixes itself there by a disk, but a year will have to elapse before
it can be seen whether the seedling will grow or not.

'As we receive frequently applications for information upon this subject,
this note by Mr. William Paxton of Orchardton, Fountainhall Road, Edin-
burgh, an enthusiastic and successful cultivator of mistletoe, should be
generally useful.—Regius Keeper.

(Notes, R.G.B,, Edin., No. V, 1901, |

Notes on Museum-Methods in use at the
Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.

ig ge Pee Be ee See BS
ASSISTANT IN THE MUSEUM.

With Plate ITI.

CONTENTS.

INTRODUCTORY,
PRESERVING,
I. General,
II. Methods, tas
A. In Liquid media—
1. Alcoholic solutions,
a. Alcohol go per cen
I. For ea scacoains:
II. For woody objects,
III. For succulent objects, ...
6, Alcohol 50-80 per cent.,
c. Alcohol and glycerine,
@. Synthol, ¥
oR aur solutions—
r

I. For + feet of ohare
II. For retention of form, ...
III. Methods,
IV. In the field,
6. Boric acid,
¢. Camphor-water,
@. Salicylic acid, _
é. Fluorides of sodium, ...

(Notes, R.B.G., Edin,, No. V, 1901.]

214 TAGG—NOTES ON MUSEUM-METHODS

Bb. By ae
1. Ina ys
a. ‘Biickias and Nene
ds Sn :

BLEACHING—
I. General,
II. Methods,
A. In go per tee aentiol
B. Before preserving
i, Patieny and rapid iting
a. In boiling water.
4. In boiling go ger cent. se
¢. In boiling acetic acid and alcohol,

II. Preliminary soaking in solutions preventing

discolouration—
1. Not making specimen flaccid,
a. Acid alcohol,
4. Potassium chlorate, ...
2. Making specimen flaccid,
Dilute acid alcohol,

. Not making specimen flaccid,

6. Hot water and acid,
FIXING AND SUSPENDING THE SPECIMEN—

I. General,
II. Methods,

A. ae use a alcoho
. For light Shiels,
2. For heavy objects, ~
B. For use with formalin,
1. For light objects,
2. For heavy objects, .
II. Supports for speciniens; his
DESCRIPTIVE LABELS—

I. General, whe
II. Methods,

II. Dry specimens, sive
III. Models, eae

: sie preserving if specimen becomes Jiboiseead=

Comenie ee atlaching ein, ‘

I. Specimens in alcohol or formalin,

wv Now NW WW WL
ws Ge Go ww WwW G2 od
nN WwW WwW nN Sm OO

BG & Yo
G2 G Us

Gs
de

Wok WwW WN WD

Go
aS

ee
a

lo
Go
Nj

IN USE AT THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN. 215

LUTING FOR LIDS OF VESSELS—

I. Permanent sealing, ... 8 ies es ane 242
II. Firm sealing, ... hee oan ee ee ant 243
III. Temporary sealing, .. nai 3 es oe 243
BUILDING UP OF GLASS VESSELS, on ree ae vere 244
INTRODUCTORY.

It has been the practice in preparing specimens for the Museum
of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, to endeavour to pre-
serve as naturally as possible the form of the specimen, and to
name, where such a course seemed to add to the educational
value of the exhibit, the different organs and parts of the speci-
men. The object has been to facilitate a comparison by students
of the specimens exhibited, with the descriptions in text-books
and lecture-notes.

A specimen so prepared was exhibited at a meeting of the
British Association in 1896, and again in 1901 at a meeting of
the same Association some notes on the subject were submitted.
Requests have since been received for fuller details; these and
the frequent enquiries made by visitors to the Museum for
information concerning the preservation of plants for exhibition
in museums have prompted the following descriptions of the
methods employed.

PRESERVING.

I. General.

In the process of preserving, two stages are to be distinguished
—first, killing the plant; second, its subsequent permanent
preservation. The method adopted for the latter stage is com-
monly made to accomplish the former also ; the preservative at
the same time kills. The two operations may, however, be
separate and distinct, but in practice, with some few exceptions,
it is not found an advantage to separate the killing and preserving
processes, provided always that the preservative kills fairly —
quickly.

Any method which inhibits the action of putrefactive organisms
will, in the simplest sense, preserve plant-structures. A preserva-
tive may, moreover, while preventing the grosser changes of

216 TAGG—NOTES ON MUSEUM-METHODS

putrefaction, arrest also, to a certain extent, intrinsic decomposi-
tions following death. A preservative may alter also, harden, and
render firm, or it may be render more soft, the cecssborenndl of the
plant-tissues.

Upon the prevention of internal changes rests the retention of »
the natural colours, or, if these be destroyed, the prevention of the
formation of discolouring products, while hardening, if it takes
place before characters of form have been destroyed, fixes such
characters permanently.

The hardening may be due to desiccation either in the air, as
happens when specimens are dried, or by the dehydrating action _
of a liquid medium, or it may result from chemical changes in
the plant-substances induced by the preserving medium employed.

Reviewing the results of many experiments, it is impossible
to say of any one preserving method that it is the best; the
choice of a method must rest not only upon a consideration of
the general character of the specimen, but upon a consideration
also of any special feature or character the preservation of which
may be particularly desired. The separation of such characters
into characters of colour and characters of form coincides with
the separation of the methods of preserving into two groups—
preserving by drying the specimen, and preserving by means Us
liquid preserving media, Z

Drying the plant has proved the only method at all satis-
factory for preserving the colours of plants, but fails commonly
when applied to the preservation of the natural form. Liquid
preservatives are invaluable for the preservation of the form —
of plants, but their use involves a sacrifice of the natural
colours. z

Again, as preservatives of the form of plants all liquid media
are not equally useful, and it is necessary to distinguish those
preserving only the form and shape of the separate parts from
those preserving also the relationships of the parts to one
another. Expressed concretely, the separate leaves on a twig,
their shape, substance, and form, may be well preserved in a given
medium, but unless there is also preserved the correct angle at
which the leaves stand out from the stem and their relationships
to one another in leaf-symmetry, then the prestonion of the
form of the specimen is of a limited kind.

IN USE AT THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN. 217

One has to distinguish, then, the preservation of the form of
the parts and the preservation of the lie of the organs of the
plant.

II, Methods.

The following is a convenient grouping of the sarees of —
preserving here referred to :—

A. Ln liquid media.
1. ALCOHOLIC SOLUTIONS.

a. Alcohol go per cent.

4. Alcohol, 50 to 80 per cent.
c. Alcohol and Glycerine.

@. Synthol.

2. AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS.

. Formaline.

Boric Acid.
Camphor-water.
Salicylic Acid.
Fluorides of Sodium.

s Va wa

B. By drying.
In Air.
2. In Sand.

Leal
.

[ will deal with each of these separately :-—

Of the alcoholic solutions, go per cent. alcohol is the one
generally used, and of the aqueous, formaline. The other
solutions referred to are some of the Jess-known preservatives
which have occasionally proved useful.

‘What we in Edinburgh have been in the habit of calling the “lie” of the
organs has been termed by Professor Errera, in his report on experiments
made at the Institute de Botanique, Brussels, ‘‘the attitude” of the speci-
men. In most of the literature of the subject when a medium is described
as preserving well the natural form, the shape of the separate organs is only
referred to, _

218 TAGG—NOTES ON MUSEUM-METHODS
A. PRESERVING IN. LIQUID MEDIA.
1. ALCOHOLIC SOLUTIONS.

a. Alcohol go per cent.

The alcohol commonly used is strong commercial methylated 7

spirit about 90 per cent. and free from mineral naphtha. As
obtained it is somewhat turbid and commonly of a slight
brownish colour, and I find that specimens are stained if the pre-
servative is used in this crude state. To prevent this, before
being used the alcohol is rendered clear by distillation, The
strength of the alcohol in the process is slightly raised, and varies
after distillation from 91 to 95 per cent.

Such strong alcohol, perfectly clear, has been found to give by
far the best results. It penetrates the tissues rapidly, quickly
kills the protoplasm, and very readily hardens, the hardening being
due to dehydration. As with other media, the usefulness varies
with the class of specimen to be preserved.

Class I.—Herbaceous Structures.

For herbaceous structures generally, leaves, tendrils, and
nearly all flowers, alcohol proves of great value, but particu-
larly so where the lie and symmetry of the organs as well as their
shape and firmness are controlled by the turgescence of paren-
chyma-cells rather than by special strengthening tissues. Speci-
mens of the kind killed and preserved in any of the aqueous
media become flaccid and soft, and although the separate organs
may retain their form, the relationships of the parts are not pre-
served. Killed in alcohol or by other methods and subsequently
preserved in an aqueous medium the results are similar, but killed
and also preserved in alcohol such specimens retain permanently

the natural shape of the parts and the relationships of symmetry. —

Not an unimportant factor in these results is the readiness

with which alcohol wets the surface of the specimen, removing

from surface-irregularities air, which, if allowed to remain, would
interfere with the ready penetration of the medium. More
important is its low specific gravity and its power of rapidly
dehydrating. Placed in alcohol the specimen as a tule very slowly
sinks: it is slightly heavier than the medium. This being so, the

IN USE AT THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN. 219

loss of turgescence gradual, and the hardening of the specimen
quick, little change of position of the organs results. Whereas
when a specimen is placed in an aqueous medium it is from the
first evident that the buoyancy of the parts tends greatly to
distort its form.

Method of Procedure.—The specimen when gathered is
immersed in the preservative before the least flagging or
withering occurs. In many cases it is found necessary to carry
the jar with the alcohol into the garden or plant-house, and to
drop at once the specimen, as it is gathered, into the preserva-
tive. In the alcohol the specimen commonly as already stated
slowly sinks, but if large quantities of air are present in the
tissues it may at first float or only partially sink. It is undesir-
able that any part of the specimen should be left uncovered, and
when the specimen does not of itself sink readily, either a small
weight is attached to it by a silk thread to sink it, or it is
fastened in some way to the glass support on which it is finally
to be mounted and is thus held immersed.

The time taken to effect the hardening varies with the size
and character of the specimen. With small specimens a few
minutes will suffice; with others several hours will be required;
but in all cases when once immersed the specimen should not be
removed until it is completely hardened.

As the alcohol enters, the air present in the tissues is driven
out, and any colouring substances present are at same time
discharged and diffuse in the surrounding fluid. Chlorophyll if
present is thus extracted as well as the colours of most flowers,
the blue colour of some alone, being to a certain extent retained.

That the bleaching may prove satisfactory the jar containing
the specimen is left in a position exposed to strong sunlight,
which is most effective, aiding the discharge of the colouring
substances and preventing the formation of discolouring decom-
position-products, when the specimen is subjected to its action
immediately after being immersed in the alcohol.

In the majority of cases chlorophyll is the colour-substance
principally discharged. The chlorophyll-solution thus produced,
if left exposed to sunlight, decomposes, and the spirit becomes
almost clear, but it proves advantage, if well-bleached specimens
are desired, to pour off this chlorophyll-solution as soon as the

220 TAGG—NOTES ON MuSEUM-METHODs

specimen is properly hardened, and to substitute for it fresh clear
spirit. This fresh spirit may become discoloured also, and so from
time to time clear spirit must be substituted for that discoloured
until a discharge of discolouring substances no longer takes place.
The specimen, if then white, is ready for mounting ; if it be dark-
coloured and a bleached specimen is required it is treated in one
of the ways described below under Bleaching (p. 230).

Class II.— Woody Objects.

Specimens of this kind appear to be equally well preserved in
alcohol or in formaline, so that the choice of a preservative rests
chiefly upon a consideration of the ultimate method of exhibi-
tion. If photoxylin is to be employed in the final mounting,
alcohol is used ; if gelatine, then formaline is the preservative
chosen.

Class III.—Succulent Objects.

When the object to be preserved is bulky and contains
relatively large quantities of water the dehydrating action of
alcohol becomes a disadvantage. The quantity of water to be
absorbed may be considerable, and its diffusion in the enveloping
alcohol being comparatively slow, the specimen may come to be
surrounded by an alcoholic solution of low percentage—too weak
at first to have any hardening action on the tissues. The
absorption of water from the specimen proceeding faster than
the process of replacement by the alcohol, the unhardened
external portions collapse and the specimen becomes wrinkled
on the surface. If succulent specimens are to be preserved in
alcohol they must first of all be placed in a weak solution (30 per
cent.) and then slowly graded from this to alcohols of greater
strength,

Sections of succulent fruits, and even of flowers and other
specimens coming under Class I., contract somewhat on the cut
surface, the amount of contraction varying with the area of
cut surface and with the degree of succulence of the specimen.
The curvatures that result may be counteracted if the section is
kept flat between two pieces of glass. The section freshly cut
is laid upon one piece of glass, a second piece is placed over it,

IN USE AT THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN, 221

and the two are then firmly tied together with thin twine. The
pieces of glass with the specimen thus secured between them are
placed in the preservative and are allowed to remain there undis-
turbed until the specimen is completely hardened.

Alcohol being extremely volatile, it must always be kept in
well sealed jars if its strength as a preservative is to be main-
tained. Regarding the one disadvantage attaching to its use—
viz., the destruction of the natural colours—a compensating
feature exists in the readiness with which it bleaches white the
majority of specimens. Such bleaching, if the form of the speci-
men is well preserved, is perhaps more to be desired than the
temporary or imperfect retention of colour to be secured in some
cases by the use of formaline.

‘6b A lcohol—8o per cent., 70 per cent., 60 per cent.

The lower percentages of alcohol are prepared by mixing with
water the requisite amount of 90 per cent. alcohol after distilla-
tion.

The objection urged against aqueous media that they do not
harden delicate specimens applies also to weak alcohol.

Experiments made with alcohols of varying degrees of strength
go to show that while the weaker percentages may be employed
with some success in preserving certain plants they possess even
for these, with the exception of succulent specimens coming
under Class III., no advantages over the 90 per cent. alcohol.
For the great majority of specimens the weaker alcohol proves
unsatisfactory, and the results of experiments with it show that
where it is desirable to fix in the best manner possible the
natural lie of the parts of a specimen it is not safe to employ
alcohol of less strength than 90 per cent.

70 per cent. and 80 per cent. alcohols are useful, however, for
the firmer and more woody specimens of Class II., while 50 per
cent. alcohol or even 30 per cent. is valuable as a commencing
medium for the more succulent specimens.

e. Alcohol and Glycerine—go per cent. Alcohol 50 cc, and
Glycerine 50 C6.
This has proved useful for the temporary preservation of
material before dissection when the 90 per cent. alcohol alone
would have made the material too brittle.

243 TAGG—NOTES ON MUSEUM-METHODS

For softening material already hardened it is to be preferred
generally to the 50 per cent. water-solution often employed for
the purpose. The glycerine tends to keep the material pliable
without exerting the macerating action that water under similar
circumstances with delicate specimens is inclined to do.

It has been employed with some success for succulent speci-
mens causing less contraction in such than alcohol does alone.
For this purpose the following formula is used :—

go per cent. Alcohol, : 50 C.c.
= eae : : : : 50 c.c.
Glycerine, 50 c.c.

ad. Synthol.

Recently an alcoholic preparation called synthol has been
recommended as a preservative for museum purposes.

It is claimed for it that it is a perfect substitute for absolute
alcohol, and that it is an excellent dehydrating agent and a
preservative of the first order.

From experiments I have made with it absolute synthol appears
to act efficiently as a substitute for absolute alcohol.

For museum purposes, used undiluted, it penetrates and hardens
delicate tissues rapidly and at the same time bleaches them as
effectively as strong methylated alcohol. Diluted with water its
action is less rapid, while the weaker percentages, as with alcohol
proper, fail to harden. Photoxylin can be used with it as a
mounting medium, but gelatine contracts and becomes opaque.

2. AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS,

a. Formalin.

Formol, formalin, formaline are commercial names for a 40
per cent. solution in water of formaldehyde, CH,O. As a
preservative the commercial preparation is used undiluted, or
diluted with water to whatever extent required. The solutions
which have been found most useful are—formalin 10 parts:
water 90 parts; and formalin 15 parts, water 85 parts. Weaker
solutions have been tried, but with them moulds in nearly all cases
make their appearance on the surface of the fluid. The weaker
solutions prove less reliable the larger the bulk of organic substance

IN USE AT THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN. 223

to be preserved relative to the amount of fluid employed. A one
per cent. solution will preserve plant-structures for a time, but
ultimately moulds invade the preparation, and this happens
relatively sooner if any part of the specimen be left exposed
above the surface of the fluid. A point of importance is the
deterioration of the fluid which in the course of time appears to
a certain extent to take place. Formaldehyde gas is extremely
volatile, and unless the jars containing the specimens are carefully
sealed a weakening of the solution undoubtedly follows. From
my experiments it appears that a deterioration may result—
firstly, in consequence of the volatile nature of the formaldehyde
gas, and secondly, as a result of changes and decompositions
which it would seem take place in the presence of organic sub-
stances in the fluid itself. This being so, it is not surprising
that the weaker solutions after a time permit the growth of
moulds.

A note of interest in connection with the presence of acid
substances in formalin is contributed by M. Trillat,! who points
out that commercial formalin may contain as impurities acetic
acid, formic acid, and pyroligneous products.

Formalin does not very readily wet the surface of plants, and
penetration of the specimen by the liquid I have found to be in
consequence comparatively slow. Until penetration is complete,
and even for some time after, plants may retain to a certain
extent their natural colours. The results of my experiments in
this direction are as follows :—

Formalin for Preservation of Natural Colours.

The red, yellow, and blue colours of flowers are better retained
than they are in most other media; but the retention is not
permanent. Red and yellow colours are retained longer than
blue, but even red—the colour which has proved most permanent
—ultimately fades or gives place to a brown if the jar containing
the specimen is exposed to the light. |

Formalin does not appear to extract chlorophyll, neither does
it preserve the green colour, but exposed even to diffused light
the chlorophyll is decomposed and the specimen assumes a dull
brownish colour, or may, finally, be bleached quite white.

‘Journ. de Pharm. (5), xxix., p- 537:

224 TAGG—NOTES ON MUSEUM-METHODS

In the stronger solutions the fading of the colours is more
rapid than in the weaker ; but, as already stated, the disadvantage
of the weaker solutions is that they permit the growth of moulds.
If formalin is added to sea-water and the specimens are protected
from the light the colours of marine alge are fairly well pre-
served. These results are in agreement with most of the observa-
tions recorded.

White flowers may remain uncoloured, becoming nevertheless,
as the fluid penetrates, more or less translucent, as may happen
also with coloured flowers and other specimens, or they turn a
dull brown colour.

The specimens which show this discolouration are, as a rule,
such as would darken if preserved in alcohol ; at the same time,
according to Linsbauer,' Lathrea squamaria, L.,in formalin does
not darken so badly as when it is preserved in alcohol, while, on
the other hand, I find that specimens of some orchids which
in alcohol brown only slightly become in formalin almost
black. Formalin is used for many fungi, particularly the more
succulent forms, and changes but little the colours of the darker
and duller sorts.

Formalin for Preservationof Plant-form.

Formalin fails to preserve the form of many specimens chiefly
because it does not harden. Reference has already been made
to this defect and to the soft and flaccid character of specimens
of Class I. preserved in it. In the weaker (2 per cent.)
solutions there is a tendency on the part of the petals
of fragile and of fully expanded flowers to drop off after being a
short time in the preservative. For succulent plants it presents
the advantage that when preserved in it they do not to any
extent contract.

For gelatinous or mucilaginous specimens it is valuable,
causing little of the contraction and opacity which follow the
' immersion of such specimens in alcohol. Gelatinous bodies are
hardened, swelling or slightly contracting according to the
amount of absorbed water originally present. It is advisable to

avoid formalin if the specimen to be preserved be one coated in

* Verhandl, der K,-K. Zoolog.—Bot. Gesellschaft in Wien, xliv. (1894),
Sitz., p. 23.

IN USE AT THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN. 29%

any way with resin, for I find that the resin is coagulated and
that it forms in such cases a white or grey covering over the
resinous parts,

Method of Procedure in using Formalin.

The density of the fluid makes it difficult to keep the specimen
submerged, and methods such as were described for buoyant
specimens in alcohol have usually to be resorted to.

Specimens with waxy coatings are before preservation in
formalin immersed for a minute or two in strong alcohol to wet
the surface. The alcohol is not allowed to enter the specimen
or to act upon it sufficiently to cause contraction of the object ;
but if the surface be wetted in this way the specimen sinks more
rapidly and the penetration of the formalin is facilitated.

Formalin as a Preservative in Collecting.

As a preserving medium for use on excursions and in collecting,
the concentrated form in which it can be carried makes it con-
venient,! this particularly so when collecting alge, where the
concentrated formalin is added to the water—sea-water or fresh
water according to the habitat of the alga—in the tubes in which
the specimens are placed. At the same time, Penzig? points out
that when collecting abroad it is not so good as alcohol, because
with formalin the tin cases commonly employed in work of the
kind cannot be used, but glass bottles, heavy and inconvenient
in transport, have to be resorted to.

6. Boric Acid.

This is recommended by Chalon* as one of the best of a large
number of fluids he has tried for preserving botanical specimens.
The solution used was a saturated or 3 per cent. aqueous solu-
tion, which was improved in some instances by adding 1 to 5
per cent. sodium sulphate.

I find the specimens, as with formalin, become flaccid, parti-
cularly those of Class I. Colours remain for some time, but fade
when the specimens are exposed to light. Penetration is not
very rapid, and there is difficulty at first in getting the specimens

1 Hornell, Laboratorium et Museum, 1900, pp. 85-89.
* Laboratorium et Museum, 1901, p. 19.
* Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. de Belge, xxxvi., Part 2, p. 39.

226 TAGG—NOTES ON MUSEUM-METHODS

submerged, For some specimens of Classes II. and III., some
tubers and bulbs, it has given good results, and it has, as Chalén
points out, the advantage of being practically harmless to work
with.

c. Camphor-water.

This is recommended by Setchell and Osterhout! for pre-
serving large collections of alge for several hours if they cannot
be studied at once.

The method is to throw on to the surface of the sea-water in
which they are left some chips of camphor-gum, which, though
sparingly soluble, has powerful antiseptic properties.

On several occasions when collecting sea-weeds, at times when
the usual preservatives have not been available, I have found that
a liberal use of camphor will prevent the encroachment of putre-
factive organisms for a considerable time, but beyond this I have
had no experience with camphor as a preservative in museum
work.

da. Salicylic acid.

A saturated solution is employed at times, but the preservative
is little resorted to, as the specimens become flaccid and soft
and in some cases much macerated. Chlorophyll and most other
colours are destroyed although the formulz following have given
fair results in the special instances mentioned.

1. For fruits—the amount of glycerine to vary with their
relative juiciness :—?
I oz. salicylic acid.
5 gallons of water.
a little glycerine.

. For dark-coloured grapes :—
I oz. salicylic acid.
8 oz. alcohol.
2 gallons of water.

e. Fluorides of Sodium.
The fluorides of sodium, sodium-fluoride and soduine bifluoride
have been recommended as preserving fluids for pee and
1 Bot. Gaz., xxi., 1896, p. 142.
* Bailey, fue: book, p. 187,

IN USE AT THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN. 227

animals." Marpmann® has recommended sodium-fluoride, 2, 3,
and 5 per cent. solutions in water. The bifluoride is also recom-
mended. It possesses greater antiseptic properties than the
fluoride. “It is not, in dilute solutions, directly poisonous, and
so is pleasanter to work with than formol or sublimate

I have made experiments with a number of solutions. In
all cases the colours of plants fade or are destroyed. The
plants become soft and flaccid, and in solutions of less than 10
per cent. fungi may appear on the sariats of the fluid, and on
the submerged material also.

The corroding action of the bifluoride on glass, even of com-
paratively weak solutions, prohibits its use as a final preservative
in glass vessels.

RB. PRESERVING BY DRYING.
DRYING - IN AIR

The following are the methods employed in dealing with the
different classes of material mentioned.

a. Specimens of branches and twigs which are too large to be
preserved in a fluid medium are dried by hanging them in a dry
room, or, if the specimen is not too large, it is placed in a venti-
lated box to protect it from dust, or sand is run around it and the
specimen dried in sand (see Drying in sand). Where the leaves
are known to fall readily after drying the specimen is placed
for a few minutes in boiling water before the drying process is
commenced.

é. Specimens of woods and the like. Logs of wood which are
to be dried and afterwards sawn or prepared as specimens of
woods are placed in any dry well ventilated store. The drying
should be slow and the temperature even. It is not enough that
the store should be warm; unless well ventilated, the wood is
liable to rot; again, if the drying is too rapid, the cracks produced
areconsiderable. The logs are laid on their sides, freely expos- ~
ing both cut ends. Where it is wished to preserve the bark, the
logs are laid upon straw or brown paper. To keep free from
cracks any special part of the bark I have found it an advantage
to make longitudinal incisions at a parts of the circumference.

asians Annual Report for 1899, p. 2
rpmann, Zeitschrift fur angewandte “Mrkroskopié, 1899, p. 33. Central-
blat fur Bekteriologie und Parasitenkunde, 1899, Vol. 25, p. 309.

228 TAGG—NOTES ON MUSEUM-METHODS

Cracks resulting from shrinkage then follow the lines initiated by
the knife. Care should be taken to guard against the attacks of
insects. Destructive forms are sometimes present in the logs
when they are brought to the museum, and these should be
searched for before the specimens are stored.

All dry specimens should be frequently examined, and any
showing tunnellings of beetles or their larve should be promptly
dealt with. If small enough they should be completely immersed
in a poison solution. If this is impracticable they should be
bathed or painted with the solution until it penetrates the borings
completely. A poison solution I have found effective is the
following :—

Naphthalene, _.. 50 grms.
Corrosive sublimate, . 5 grms.
Methylated alcohol, 90

per cent., . . . 1000 oc.

Carbolic acid is sometimes added ; an objection to its use is
that it may stain the specimen somewhat.

¢. Dry fruits, roots with mycorhizal coverings, wood attacked by
fungi, fungi themselves—particularly the more hard and solid
kinds—all dry fairly well. For the majority of these no special
method is resorted to. They are suspended in a well ventilated
room or are simply laid in an open or ventilated box until dry.
Sometimes it is advisable to pin or otherwise fasten the parts in
position to prevent warping while drying.

2. DRYING IN SAND,!

The method of drying in sand is followed in all cases where
the preservation of the colours of flowers is of importance.
Some flowers so dried retain their colour if protected from strong
light, and certainly look well. Preservation of the form of the
flower depends much on the skill of the operator. From the
nature of the method considerable shrinkage takes place, and
the process seen ee is not adapted to the preservation
of ce form

method . have adopted is as follows :-—
A aibaaid or paper box, with folding sides is secured and

rrera, Report of Brit. Ass. for Adv. Science, 1896, p, 685. Cornélis,
agen horticole, 1880, p. 230,

\
IN USE AT THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN. 229

the bottom covered with fine, clean, dry sand to the depth of
about an inch. In this the flower to be preserved, from which
previously all surface moisture has been removed, is adjusted by
sticking the stalk in the sand and heaping the sand around, or in
any way that best will facilitate the next operation. This
consists of adding slowly more sand, building it up around the
corolla, and pouring it into the centre of the flower and around
the parts in such a way as not to alter the shape of the flower by
the weight of the sand. This is continued until the flower is
completely covered. The box is next placed over an ordinary
sulphuric acid desiccator and the whole stood on a plate and
under a glass bell-jar. The plate with the bell-jar is then placed
on the hot-water pipes used for heating the building, or in an
oven kept at a temperature of about 40° C. It is left undisturbed
for a week or longer, when the box is taken out and the sand is
carefully run off by folding down the sides. Considerable care
must be exercised in handling flowers so dried, as they become
extremely brittle. Any sand that adheres is removed by means
of a soft brush or by letting sand fall in a gentle stream from
some height upon the specimen. The falling grains, hitting those
adhering to the specimen, dislodge them, but at the same time
the height from which the sand falls should be adjusted so that
the force of the falling sand is not sufficient to break the speci-
men. Flowers so dried may be kept in any well sealed vessel,
provided there is also placed within the jar a small quantity of
lime or other desiccator to absorb any moisture! contained in the
jar.

I have found the cardboard box with folding sides easier to
work with than the “cornet” of paper recommended as a
receptacle for the specimen and sand during the drying
process,

The weak points of the process appear in the shrinking of
the parts that takes place, in the difficulty of preserving the
natural shape perfectly, and in the impossibility of removing the
sand from the nectar surfaces present in most flowers. The
adhering of the sand to the cut surfaces makes impossible the

* Prof. Errara recommends a glass jar with a wide mouth, the hollow
Stopper of which is about two-thirds filled with lime kept in position by a
piece of skin.

230 TAGG—NOTES ON MUSEUM-METHODS

preservation of dissections which shall show the more minute
structural features of flowers.

To prevent somewhat the adhering of the sand particles to the
surface of the flower, the stirring of the sand with wax, such as
a paraffin candle, so that each grain of sand comes to be covered
with a thin coating of paraffin, has been recommended.’

BLEACHING.
I. General.

The methods following apply particularly to material preserved
in alcohol ; they may be employed, however, with more or less
success for specimens preserved in other media.

The subject for convenience will be considered under the
following heads :—

A. Bleaching in go per cent. alcohol. The preservative in the
case of material intended for alcohol is also the bleaching
medium.

B. Bleaching treatment, before preserving, of material known
to blacken in alcohol.

Cc. Bleaching of specimens already preserved, which have
darkened under the action of the preservative.

Treatment of the specimens before preserving and likewise
treatment after preserving are to be avoided when the simple
treatment by alcohol alone can be made to give sufficiently
good results.

The reasons for this are—first, treatment other than by alcohol
alone has in a greater or less degree a softening and macerating
action on the material bleached ; and, second, such treatment
tends, with an exception in the case of acid alcohol, to render the
specimen flaccid. When special bleaching is, however, resorted
to, better results are, as a rule, to be obtained by treating the
specimens before preservation than can be secured by treatment
subsequently of material already discoloured.

hen it is known or supposed that a specimen will
bleach in alcohol no special treatment is accorded it; if the

1 Bailey, Rule-book, p. 187.

IN USE AT THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN. 231

specimen is known to darken in alcohol it is treated before pre-
servation ; but if placed in alcohol without treatment and subse-
quently found to need bleaching it is treated by one of the methods
given under c. It follows that a knowledge before preserving of
the behaviour in alcohol of any particular specimen is a consider-
able aid in choosing the best method of procedure. No definite
rules can be given, but the following statements afford some
indication of the class of specimen for which bleaching other
than by alcohol alone will generally be found to be necessary.

Specimens usually darkening in alcohol are those whose
tissues contain large quantities of tannin, similarly also those in
which much resin is present. Thick and leathery leaves and
leaves with thick cuticles turn brown as a rule in alcohol, as do
also flowers in- which brown and yellow colours predominate
White flowers, if fleshy and of a waxy appearance, frequently
darken; if the petals are thin they commonly bleach well in alcohol.
Leaves, stems, and other parts, of a light green colour bleach
white, while those of a darker colour often do not. In the same
way young tissues bleach better than older ones. Most seedlings
bleach well, the exceptions being particularly some of the Ranun-
culacez and seedlings generally with slightly woody roots, for
instance, palms and members of the Cupuliferz.

Where I have found it possible to institute a comparison of the
members of different families, I have found with certain excep-
tions that the Ranunculaceze and Cupuliferee among others stand
out as orders the members of which do not readily bleach, while
members of the Caryophylleze, Cruciferee, Leguminosz, and
Liliaceze are commonly readily bleached in alcohol alone.

II. Methods.
A. BLEACHING IN go PER CENT. ALCOHOL.

Reference has already been made to the bleaching action of
alcohol (page 219).
The essential points to be observed to secure success may bear
repetition. They are :—
1. The immediate immersion of the material in the
alcohol as soon as gathered.

232 TAGG—NOTES ON MUSEUM-METHODS

2. The direct and immediate exposure of the jar con-
taining the specimen to sunlight.
The employment of clean spirit only.

B. BLEACHING BEFORE PRESERVING.
I. PRELIMINARY AND RAPID KILLING

The darkening in alcohol of many specimens is prevented if
they are first immersed in some rapidly acting killing agent.
The most important of these are boiling water, ee alcohol,
and boiling acetic acid and alcohol.

a. Boiling Water.

The specimen is immersed in hot or even boiling water for
from I to 5 minutes, or even, in the case of fleshy or solid speci-
mens, for much longer. The length of time of immersion should
vary with the character and consistency of the specimen. Sub-
sequently the specimen is placed in alcohol and exposed to the
action of sunlight.

The specimens become soft and flaccid during the process and
harden subsequently in the alcohol. In the case of flowers the
sap may aggregate below the epidermis in the form of blisters.

6. Bowling Alcohol go per cent.

This is employed in the same way as boiling water. The
specimens are immersed for a varying time and are then
transferred to normal 90 per cent. alcohol. Boiling alcohol
penetrates more rapidly than does boiling water, but is not so
effective, however, where much tannin is present, and, as with
boiling water, blisters may form under the epidermis.

¢. Boiling Acetic Actd and Alcohol.

Acetic acid, . : 10 C.c.
Alcohol 90 per one : gO C.c.

This penetrates rapidly. The macerating action is somewhat
considerable if the treatment is other than momentary. Blisters —
may be produced as in the preceding ‘cases. The bleaching
which results is usually perfect.

IN USE AT THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN. 233

II. BY SOAKING BEFORE FINALLY PRESERVING IN SOLUTIONS
WHICH PREVENT THE FORMATION OF DISCOLOURING
SUBSTANCES.

1. Methods which do not render the specimen flaccid.
a. Acid Alcohol.

The plants are placed in strong go per cent. alcohol, to which
has been added 2 per cent. by volume of. hydrochloric acid.
They are then exposed as much as possible to sunlight. If the
spirit becomes discoloured it is changed, clean acid alcohol being
substituted for the discoloured spirit removed. When bleached
the specimen is left in the acid alcohol permanently or it is trans-
ferred to ordinary non-acid alcohol. In the latter case some
specimens exhibit a tendency to darken, but this discolouration
is not so great as when the preliminary acid alcohol has been
omitted.

The acid alcohol has a macerating action on delicate structures,
and the subsequent handling of such is attended with some risk.
It should be remembered also, when specimens bleached in this
way are subsequently mounted, that photoxylin does not hold
specimens to the mounting glass satisfactorily if any acid is
present in the final preservative. Specimens, therefore, treated
with acid alcohol should be washed free from acid in several
changes of non-acid alcohol before being finally mounted if
photoxylin is to be employed. Nitric acid and sulphuric acid
have been used in the same way but with less success.

6. Potassium Chlorate.

Crystals of potassium chlorate are placed at the bottom of the
jar containing the specimen and nitric or hydrochloric acid is
added in small quantities, only sufficient to cover the crystals, by
means of a pipette, precautions being taken to keep the acid from
mixing with the spirit and from coming in direct contact with
the specimen.

The chlorine liberated rises through the spirit and has a slight
bleaching action. The process is not so effective as that given
above.

1 Hugo de Vries, Berichte du deutschen botanischen Gesellschaft, vii.
1889, p. 298.

234 TAGG—NOTES ON MUSEUM-METHODS

2.—Methods which render the specimen flaccid.

Dilute Acid Alcohol.
Alcohol go per cent., . ; . 40 C.C.
ater, . : : : : : SOL x.
Hydrochloric acid or Nitric acid, . 10 C.c.

The addition of water to the acid alcohol, while rendering the
specimen soft, prevents to a great extent any subsequent
browning of the specimen when transferred to 90 per cent. non-
acid alcohol for final exhibition.

The specimen is either first immersed in 90 per cent. alcohol
for a few minutes to wet the surface and then transferred to the
dilute acid alcohol, or the fresh specimen is placed at once in
the diluted solution. As in other cases, sunlight favours the
bleaching. The macerating action is considerable, and the
method should not be employed for delicate specimens. Where
the specimens are less fragile and where boiling may be
undesirable the results are usually good. Such a solution with
nitric acid has been used with excellent results in the case of
Musa, specimens of which, owing to the large quantities of
tannin present in the tissues, are bleached with difficulty.

C. BLEACHING AFTER PRESERVING.

Specimens which have darkened under the action of the
preservative fall into two groups :—First, those we wish to
keep hardened in alcohol; second, those which permit a trans- —
ference to an aqueous medium, softening not being a disadvan-
tage. The methods available in the former case are not so effective
as those available in the latter.

1.—Methods which do not render the specimen flaccid.

For these the acid alcohol solution already described is,
invariably used. The specimen is transferred to the acid alcohol
and the jar exposed to sunlight. The bleaching is sometimes
slow, is not always effective, and never so good as when the fresh
specimen is placed at once in the acid alcohol before discoloura-
tion has taken place.

IN USE AT THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN. 235
2.—Methods which render the specimen flaccid.
a. Bleaching Solution.

This is the most rapid and effective bleaching agent. Its
macerating action is considerable, and it should not be employed
when dealing with the more delicate specimens. The specimen
is transferred from the strong alcohol and placed for several
hours in alcohol of 50 per cent., from this it is transferred to
water, and shortly after to a weak solution of ordinary bleaching
powder. This solution is prepared by pouring warm water over
bleaching powder and filtering.

After remaining in the bleaching solution for from 5 to 15
minutes, the specimen is transferred to a 2 per cent. by volume
solution of hydrochloric acid in water. As the weak acid
penetrates, it sets free the chlorine, which is 2 brought into
intimate contact with the substances to be bleached. If the
specimen after some time is not sufficiently eae it is replaced
in the bleaching solution, and similarly a second time transferred
to the acid. This is repeated as often as is DECESSALY until
bleaching is complete.

After bleaching, the specimen is placed in water, and from this
it is graded to go per cent. alcohol,

The corresponding hypochlorites of sodium and potassium,
“Eau de Labarraque” and “ Eau de Javelle,’ are also powerful
bleachers, breaking up on the addition of acid and setting free
chlorine in the same manner as the hypochlorite of calcium.
These also have a marked macerating action on the tissues.

6. Warm Water and Acid.

Nitric acid or hydrochloric acid 5 per cent.

The specimen is graded from the strong alcohol to water, and
is from that transferred to a warm aqueous solution of hydro-
chloric acid or even to warm water alone.

After some hours it is again transferred by slow grading to
strong alcohol and left to the action of sunlight.

The macerating is less than results from the eniployment ot
bleaching powder, but the bleaching is not so rapid.

236 TAGG—NOTES ON MUSEUM-METHODS

FIXING AND SUSPENDING THE SPECIMEN.
I. General.

In the earliest preparations exhibited in round jars and bottles
the specimen was simply placed in the jar, and where necessary
loose parts were fastened together and delicate organs supported
by tying the specimen with silk thread to glass rods, or the parts
of a specimen were pinned together with thin glass rods. Or
the specimen was simply suspended by silk thread from the
cork or stopper of the jar. One or another or a combination of
these methods was used as the requirements of the case seemed
to dictate. In this way those morphological features of the
specimen that it was desired to direct attention to were brought
as much as possible to one side of the jar that they might be
more easily seen and less distorted by the convex surface of the
glass.

An advance upon this was the method of tying the specimens
with silk thread to thin, almost transparent, sheets of mica. Holes
were drilled in the mica with a needle and the thread tying the
specimen was fastened behind. The mica possessed what proved
a great advantage when circular jars were used, considerable
flexibility. The mica-sheet was cut as wide or a little wider than
the diameter of the jar, so that when placed in position within
the jar the specimen attached to it was held by the flexible mica
more or less to the one side of the jar and was thus readily seen.
Commonly the mouth of the jar was smaller than the body,
and in this case by carefully bending the mica a relatively large
sheet could he introduced into a comparatively small-necked

ttle.

These details are given as the methods are still sometimes
resorted to, but as a rule at the present time the specimens are not
tied but are fastened by some form of cement, while the adoption
of the rectangular form of vessel, in connection with which the
support for the specimen need not be flexible—indeed flexibility
becomes a disadvantage—has led to mica being replaced by thin
sheet glass. co

The disadvantages of tying the specimen to the supporting
glass are:—1, Great care must be exercised or the specimens are

IN USE AT THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN. 237

injured, this particularly so in dealing with material already
preserved. 2. The operation takes considerable time. 3. Speci-
mens are liable to be cut through by the thread if they are at all
heavy. 4. The thread tying the specimen is visible often, and
detracts from the appearance of the preparation.

II. Methods. :

I. CEMENTS FOR ATTACHING SPECIMENS TO
MOUNTING GLASS.
A, CEMENTS USED WITH ALCOHOL.

1. For light objects.

Photoxylin is the cement invariably used with spirit material
for light and small objects.

As obtained from Grubler of Leipzig it is a clear, slightly viscid
fluid, and is ready without further preparation for use. The
advantages attaching to its use are several. Specimens are
quickly fastened to the support, and the operation involves little
risk of injury to the preparation. Remaining transparent as the
cement does, it is practically invisible. Its disadvantages are two.
It can only be employed when the preservative used is strong
alcohol, and it will not support heavy preparations,

The specimen to be mounted is taken from the alcohol in
which it has been hardened and dehydrated, and the excess of sur-
face alcohol is removed with filter paper or blotting paper. Itisthen
placed in position on the glass or mica mount and a small quantity
of photoxylin by means of a pipette is dropped upon it at the
points at which it is to be fixed. The glass sheet with the speci-
men attached is then carefully laid in an open trough of 80 per
cent. alcohol present in sufficient quantity to cover the specimen. _
It is left in this for about a minute. The photoxylin sets as a
firm transparent jelly, and the mounting glass with the specimen
fastened to it is now transferred to a vessel containing 90 per
cent. alcohol. From this it may be moved to the exhibition jar
containing go per cent. alcohol,

After the photoxylin has been applied it must be left to set in
the air for a time, varying from a few seconds to as much as a
minute, until in fact a slight film forms over its surface. If
immersed in alcohol too soon the photoxylin is washed off and it

238 TAGG—NOTES ON MUSEUM-METHODS

then congeals in shapeless masses on the surface of the fluid. On
the other hand, the specimen removed from the preserving medium
is in danger of drying, and a compromise has often to be made
between the conflicting requirements of the cement and those

of the specimen to be mounted.

2. For heavy objects.

Photoxylin will not support heavy specimens, so that resort is
had in such cases to gelatine. It is extremely tenacious and
will support specimens weighing several pounds if they are glued to
the glass support at several points. In alcohol it becomes quite
opaque, and its use is limited chiefly to those cases where the
fastening cement is hidden behind the specimen. On a white
background the cement, even if to a certain extent visible, is not
conspicuous. On a black background its conspicuousness is

~ lessened by mixing lamp black with it.

The cement is prepared as follows :—

Gelatine is soaked in water for several hours, the water not
absorbed is then poured off and the gelatine heated over hot
water. When melted, and of a fairly stiff consistency, it is ready
for use.

The specimen should be dried to a certain extent, all excess of
alcohol removed, and the glass plate upon which it is to be mounted
should be dry and warm. This last condition is secured by
holding the glass for a second or two over a gas flame. The
cement, used hot, is applied to the specimen, and the latter laid
upon the mounting glass so that the cement comes in contact |
with it and adheres to the warm surface. The cooling of the
glass is hastened by running strong alcohol over the specimen
_ from a pipette, which action serves the purpose also of preventing
the specimen from drying. When the gelatine has cooled so as
to be no longer in a fluid state, the glass plate with the specimen
attached is placed in a bath of go per cent. alcohol. Itis left in
this for the gelatine to harden by dehydration, the specimen lying
horizontally and putting little strain upon the cement holding it.
When quite hardened, the glass with the specimen is lifted out
and is transferred tu the vessel in which the specimen is to be
exhibited.

To fasten with gelatine delicate specimens which would be

IN USE AT THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN. 239

liable to be dried by the method just described, resort is had in
applying the cement to a pipette surrounded by a_ hot-water
jacket which keeps the gelatine within the pipette in a liquid
condition. The specimen is not taken out of the spirit, but is
held in position in a dish or trough of alcohol at the bottom of
which lies the sheet of glass the specimen is to be fastened to.
The pipette, with the surrounding jacket, is brought so that the
nose of the pipette touches the mounting glass at the bottom of
the trough. Some of the gelatine is pressed out on to the glass
and before it coagulates in the alcohol the specimen is placed
upon it and is held in position until the gelatine is set firm.

B. CEMENTS USED WITH FORMALIN.

1. For light objects.

For light objects, and where the gelatine will be seen, a
clear jelly is made from the best French gelatine. The
glass plate is warmed and the warm liquid gelatine dropped
on the specimen at those points at which it is desired to fix it. It
hardens in formalin and remains practically transparent, but
readily takes up colouring matters if these have not previously
been extracted from the specimen.

2. For heavy objects.

Gelatine is used for heavy objects where the cement is hidden
behind the object mounted. The gelatine solution employed is
the same as is used for heavy specimens in alcohol. The specimen
should be dried as completely as possible. Where, as with
formalin, the aqueous medium is not inflammable, the glass plate
at the points where the cement rests may be heated slightly from

- below over a gas flame after the specimen has been laid in position

Il—SUPPORTS FOR PREPARATIONS.

Mica is used for round jars, but for rectangular vessels thin
sheet glass possesses many advantages. It is cheap, perfectly
transparent, can be obtained in any size, and, being rigid, will
support specimens of any weight. Thé mica sheets are of limited
size, hardly transparent at the best, and if thin not sufficiently
rigid. Opal and blue glass have been used as backgrounds but

240 TAGG—NOTES ON MUSEUM-METHODS

not as mounting glasses. With clear glass any background can
be used and several may be tried from which to select the best. If
opal or blue glasses are used as the support of the specimen, the
background becomes part of the preparation, and however
unsuited it may subsequently prove cannot be varied. This
becomes a disadvantage where the continued bleaching of a —
preparation already mounted, or its subsequent darkening, makes
a change of background desirable.

Where a white or black background is desired, the back of the
vessel may be painted the necessary colour. This proves
effective, and the cost is considerably less than that which the
employment of blue or opal glass as backgrounds involves.

DESCRIPTIVE LABELS.
I. General.

Long descriptive labels are rarely employed, but in every
instance an effort is made to indicate concisely the point of bio-
logical interest the specimen illustrates.

To facilitate a comparison of the specimens exhibited with the
descriptions of text books the names of the different organs are
pointed out. This is done in one or the other of the following
two ways :—The labels and pointers are attached so that the
parts named are pointed out upon the specimen itself, or a photo-
graph or drawing of the specimen is made, and the names of the
parts are indicated upon this,

Where the character of the specimen permits its adoption the
former method presents the advantage that in a direct manner a
distinguishing name is associated with a given organ. The
second method, however, where the drawing is made to a certain -
extent diagrammatic, allows a designated part to be more
accurately indicated. Examples of the first method are shown in
Plate III. Details of the way in which the method is carried —
out follow.

IN USE AT THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN. 241
II. Methods.

I. LABELLING SPECIMENS PRESERVED IN ALCOHOL
OR FORMALIN.

A difficulty which at first prevented the naming of the parts
was the want of coloured pointers capable of being bent
should the character of the specimen demand it, and which would
moreover resist the action of the preserving medium. Thus
copper wire, steel wire, and glass rods painted were tried with
little success. In time the paint blistered and peeled off. I have
now devised a method in which the colouring matter needed to
make the pointer conspicuous is protected from the action of the
preservative by being placed inside a fine capillary tube, The
tubes are made by heating ordinary glass tubing of about j-inch
bore, and when uniformly hot of a dull red colour at the point
desired drawing it out to a fine capillary tube. This capillary
tubing is broken into suitable lengths, and as required the tubes
are filled with any colouring substance that may be considered
effective and distinct upon the chosen background.

The backgrounds commonly used are either black or white,
and upon these I use vermilion-coloured pointers

Ordinary moist colours mixed with melted gelatine are used to
fill the tubes. The mixture, employed warm, flows up the tube
for a certain length by capillarity. If pointers of a greater length
are required the tubes are filled by means of a rubber pipette
sucker fastened to one end of the tube by means of a clamp, or the
sucker is held firmly around the tube with the finger and thumb
of the left hand while with the right hand the air is expelled.
22. sucker i is released the colour substance in which

ssi 1 of the tube is steeped is drawn up and fills the tube.

| Both: ‘the pointers and the labels in the case of ‘specimens

pr ed in alcohol are attached with photoxylin : when the

. tive is formalin they are fastened with the clear dilute

ss gelatine. already given as a cement for mounting light specimens.
~ in that medium.

II. LABELLING DRY PREPARATIONS.

In the naming of the parts of dry preparations, the pointers.
used are the glass tubes already described, or pointers made of

242 TAGG—NOTES ON MUSEUM-METHODS

copper wire painted with vermilion paint are employed. The
labels and the pointers are attached with a gum made of equal
parts of gum-tragacanth and gum-arabic or with the gelatine
solution given on page 238.

III. LABELLING MODELS.

The names of the parts of models are attached to pointers made
of copper wire. Such pointers, in turn, are fastened to the parts
to be named. The cement used for both ‘operations has the fol-
lowing composition :—

Wax cement for attaching names to models.

Beeswax, # parts.
Resin, I part.

The ingredients are melted together and the cement used warm.

At other times the wire used is pointed and the pointed end
driven into the part of the model named. To a small piece of
cork or pasteboard fastened at the free end of the wire the
name-label is attached with gum or paste.

LUTINGS FOR LIDS OF VESSELS.
I. PERMANENT SEALING.

For permanently sealing the lids to museum jars I have
found bichromated gelatine prepared as follows efficacious : —

1 oz. Nelson’s Amber Gelatine is soaked in water for several
hours ; the water not absorbed by the gelatine is then poured off
and the gelatine melted over hot water. When melted, § grains.
of bichromate of potash are added and the whole stirred.

The melted gelatine is applied with a pipette or glass rod to
the rim of the vessel, and the lid, after it has been gently warmed
over a Bunsen flame, is laid in position over the mouth of the jar. ©
The gelatine should be fairly stiff; if too weak when the warm
lid is laid on it may run down the inside of the vessel. When
the lid has been placed in position, the cement is allowed to cool,
and under the action of light it forms a luting insoluble in alcohol
or water.

IN USE AT THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN. 243

Jf the lid does not lie evenly on the rim of the vessel the con-
traction of the gelatine as it dries may crack the lid. To prevent
this a cement with more body is prepared by mixing plaster of
paris with the gelatine. The plaster fills the interstices between
the lid and the rim of the jar. This plaster cement is applied
warm in the same manner as the bichromated gelatine cement,
excess of cement on the outside in both cases being cleaned off
with a knife after it has cooled slightly.

Il. FIRM SEALING.

If a firm luting is required, but one which will afterwards
permits the removal of the lid, a difficult matter when the lutings -
given above are employed, the following is used :—

Gelatine, I OZ.
Paraffin wax, } oz.

The gelatine is melted as described in the preceding case ; to
the melted gelatine the wax is added and also melted. The two
are then beaten together vigorously so as to form as emulsion,
The cement is used warm, a layer of the cement being placed on
the rim of the vessel, and the lid as before warmed slightly
before being placed in position.

Ill. TEMPORARY SEALING.

For sealing lids temporarily, and as a luting when the jar,
is not likely to be handled, vaseline presents the advantage that
it is clean and easily applied. It prevents, better than any other
temporary luting I have tried, loss of spirit by evaporation and
offers no difficulty to the ready removal of the lid should this
become necessary.

Either of the first two cements may be used for sealing corked
bottles. With spirit material the bichromated gelatine has given
excellent results. The corks are dipped in the gelatine solution
$0 as to coat them, and when the gelatine has set the corks are
‘driven into the bottles flush with the top of the neck, or if fitting
too tightly to permit this they are pared down flush with the top.
Any alcohol present is carefully dried off and the surface of the
‘cork covered with an even layer of cement.

244 TAGG—NOTES ON MUSEUM-METHODS

Ifthe jari islikelyt b bjectedtovaryingt t
should be made for the expansion ¢ and contraction of the alcohol,
and at the same time a means found by which the loss of spirit
by evaporation—it is practically impossible altogether to prevent
this—can be made good. Where the vessel is covered by a glass.
lid or disk a small hole is drilled in the lid, and this hole in turn is
covered by an ordinary microscopic cover glass, luted down with
vaseline. This permits expansion of the spirit, and relieves the pres-
sure on the luting of thelid. The loss of alcohol that takes place is.
periodically made good, a small thistle funnel being used to
introduce fresh alcohol into the vessel through the small hole
provided. In the case of jars and bottles closed with corks, a
hole is made in the centre of the cork and a glass tube of small
diameter inserted. This takes the place and answers the pur-
poses of the hole drilled in the glass disks.

BUILDING UP OF GLASS VESSELS.

Many of the preparations in alcohoi in the Museum are
exhibited in vessels built up of pieces of plate-glass cemented
together so as to form rectangular, spirit-proof boxes. These
vessels are made as follows :—Pieces of plate-glass of good
quality are cut the reqitisite sizes to form the sides and bottom
of the vessel, and are then carefully ground along their edges,
so that the component pieces, when the box is put together,
will fit evenly against one another, leaving no cracks between
‘the joints. A cement is prepared consisting of Nelson’s amber
gelatine, with bichromate of potash and plaster of paris. The
gelatine is melted and the bichromate of potash and plaster of
paris are subsequently added, and are stirred into a fairly firm
and homogeneous cement which is used warm. A second
cement is also prepared, composed of 1 oz. of Nelson’s amber
gelatine, 5 grains of bichromate of potash, and a few drops of
glycerine. Each piece of glass is gently warmed, the plaster
cement is applied evenly along the edges to be joined, and
while the cement is still warm the glass is fitted in its place to
form one of the sides or the bottom of the vessel as the case
may

A defnite order is observed in fitting the pieces together.
First, the glass which is to be the back of the finished vesselis _

IN USE AT THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN, 245

laid flat on a table; the two sides are next cemented vertically
right and left of the back glass; the third glass applied is that
which is to be the bottom of the finished vessel; and finally the
front glass is cemented in position.

When the plaster cement along the joints has cooled and
has set firm enough to allow the vessel to be taken up and
handled without risk of the pieces falling apart—this is usually
after a few hours—the second cement, that without plaster of
paris, is run as a luting around the inner angles of the vessel
and is also applied as a thin layer over the outside joints.
That this may be done successfully the second cement should
not be very stiff. Both cements should be applied as evenly as
possible, as the subsequent scraping and cutting away of any
surplus cement weakens the joints and militates much against
the success of the work.

The vessel is placed in a cool room oe the cement allowed
slowly to dry for one or two days, after which it is placed in
strong sunlight until quite dry and until the gelatine under
the action of the light has turned a brownish colour. It is
perhaps premature to speak of the vessels so made as per-
manent, but there are in our Museum vessels which were built
up thus five years ago which are to-day perfectly spirit-tight.

Much handling of the vessels would appear to be harmful,
for some preparations which have been frequently moved have
subsequently leaked, and it should be noted, too, that the
strength of the spirit within the vessel should be maintained
at go per cent. if the vessel is to be kept spirit-proof. The
alternate drying and wetting of the cement consequent upon an
intermittant use of a vessel also causes the cement in course of
time to give way and the vessel to leak. Plate-glass or heavy
sheet-glass is used, as I find that the thinner sheet-glass is liable
to crack under the binding strain it is subjected to as the.
cement dries and contracts.

The perfectly plane surface of the plate- glass, and the fact
that a vessel can be made any required size, are the great
advantages of the method, but owing to the cost of the ground
plate-glass and labour of grinding the edges square, vessels so
made are not cheaper than the cast-glass rectangular vessels
to be obtained at the present day.

246 TAGG—NOTES ON MUSEUM-METHODS.

Explanation of the Figures
in Plate III.

THE FIGURES ARE FROM PHOTOGRAPHS BY MR. T. W. WEsT.

Upper figure :—Preparation in 90 per cent. alcohol, exhibited in a
rectangular glass vessel. The back of the vessel is painted black, and the
names of the parts are attached to a clear glass mount, to which, also, the —
specimens are fastened. The parts named are pointed out by means of thin
glass tubes filled with vermilion injection medium.

Lower figure :—Dry preparation mounted on white card and enclosed in
box with glass lid and sides. The small pointers are made of thin copper
wire painted with vermilion oil colour.

The scale at the foot of the preparations — been added temporarily to
serve as an index to the size of the specim:

NOTES R. B. G. EDIN.

—=

} y
inner wall of peridium Pie
’

cup of base of stipe 2 > + |
honey-comb ridges of pilens i ioe — a )

ie TR Ty ee a aR

ACER PSEUDO-PLATANUS, Linn.

carpe y~phore

placenta

pet licel

Eee Sti 5 = .
lonvitudinal section of fruit

acenta

)

i
seed

embrvo earpophore

LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF FRUIT, SEEDS REMOVED

Seay gr a Bi Swe ae SE" O LOTT TLE TES

NOTES

FROM THE

ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN,
a EDINBURGH.

VOL, Il.
Including Numbers VIX.
1902,

GLASGOW:
PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE
By JAMES HEDDERWICK & SONS,
AT ‘* THE CITIZEN” PRESS, ST. VINCENT PLACE.

SOLD AT THE GARDEN,
And to be purchased, either directly or through any Bookseller, from
OLIVER & BOYD, EDINBURGH.

[Ad rights reserved.|

Mo. Bot.Garaen
1908

Dates of the several Numbers of this Volume.

Part VI, pp. 1-20 for January, 1902.
Part VII., pp. 21-124 for April, 1902.
Part VIII., pp. 125-252 for July, 1902.
Part IX., pp. 253-364 for October, 1902.
Part X., pp. 365-497 for December, 1902.

List of Contents to Vol. II., 1902.

The Royal Botanic Garden - “ : i
List of Staff - : : 3
Rules and Regulations - : : re
Historic Notice - : i ‘ 2
Features of the Garden. With Key Plan -

Teaching in the Garden -

List of Seeds collected in the Royal Botanic Garden, Edin-

burgh, during the year 1gor -

History of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Botanical
Excursions made by Professor John Hutton Balfour in

the Years 1846-1878 inclusively - - -
Title and List of Contents to Vol. II., 1902.

THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN,
EDINBURGH.

THE Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, is one of the three
Gardens maintained by the State in the United Kingdom, the
others being the Royal Gardens at Kew in England, and
the Glasnevin Garden at Dublin in Ireland. It occupies an
unequally-sided quadrilateral area of 57°648 acres (bounded upon
all sides by public roads and dwelling-houses) on the North side
of Edinburgh—about a mile from the shore of the Firth of
Forth. Its highest point, at Inverleith House (S)—the official
residence of the Regius Keeper of the Garden—towards the
North-west, is 109 feet above sea-level, and thence the ground falls
away on all sides. The lowest point—a depression 48 feet above
sea-level, with an east and west trend through the middle of the
Garden—is the site of an old bog, and the ground rises again to
the south of the depression. The surface soil is generally
alluvial sand resting on clay at considerable depth. In the lower
part of the area the clay comes to the surface.

There are two entrances—one upon the east side from Inver-
leith Row into the Garden, the other upon the west side from
Arboretum Road intothe Arboretum. The Garden is open daily
from 8 a.m. on Week-days and from 11 a.m. on Sundays until
sunset. The Plant-Houses are open from 1 p.m. until 5.30 p.m.,
or until sunset if this be earlier. The Museum is open on
Week-days from 10 a.m. until 5 p.m. and on Sundays from
I p.m. until 5 p.m. The Herbarium and Library are open on
Week-days from 10 a.m. until 5 p.m., excepting on Saturday,
when they are open until 1 p.m.

Staff of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh,’
at December, 1902.

tenes

Regius Keeper, . : . Isaac Bayley Balfour,
M.A., M.D., F.R.S.
Assistant in Museum, ; ; Harry Frank Tagg, F.L.S.
Assistant in Herbarium, . . John Frederick Jeffrey.
Head Gardener, : ’ ; ; Robert Lewis Harrow.
Assistant Head Gardener, : : i Henry Hastings.
Foreman of Herbaceous Department, . David Sydney Fish.
Foreman of Glass Department, ; . Laurence Stewart.

Foreman of Arboretum ; : ; . William Smith.

RULES for the Royal Botanic Garden and
Arboretum in connection with the Regula-
tions prescribed by “The Parks Regulation
Act, 1872.’

—————

2. No Horses, Cattle, Sheep, or Pigs are allowed to enter.

3. No Dogs are admitted.

4. No Bags, Baskets, or Parcels, no Flowers, and no imple-
ments for games may be brought in; Artists and Photographers
may not bring in their Apparatus without written permission
from the Keeper.

NoTE.—The foregoing Rules shall not apply to persons going
to or leaving Inverleith House by the road leading from
the Arboretum Road Gate to the House.

5. Visitors are to enter and leave the Plant Houses by the
Doors according to the Notices affixed thereon. -

6. Smoking is not allowed in the Plant Houses.

7. No Person shall touch the Plants or Flowers.

8. Pic-nics and luncheon parties are not allowed.

g. No unauthorised Person shall Drill or practise Military
Evolutions or use Arms or play any Game or Music, or practise
Gymnastics, or sell or let any Commodity.

iv RULES AND REGULATIONS.

of His Majesty’s Works and Public Buildings. No Person shall
use any obscene, indecent, or blasphemous words, expressions, or
gestures, or do any act calculated to provoke a breach of the
Peace, in the course of, or in connexion with, any speech,
address, performance, recitation, or representation. No money
shall be solicited or collected in connexion with any performance,
recitation, or representation, except by permission of the Com-
missioners of His Majesty’s Works and Public Buildings.

11. Large parties must be broken up to prevent crowding.

12. Climbing the Trees, Railings, or Fences is forbidden.

13. Birds’-nesting, and taking, destroying, or injuring Birds or
Animals are forbidden.

14. The distribution of Handbills, Advertisements, and other
Papers by the Public is forbidden.

Dated the 2nd day of May trgot.

Sealed with the Common Seal of the Commissioners of Hts
Majesty's Works and Public Buildings.

ESHER,
Secretary.

Historic Notice.

IN the year 1670 a portion of the Royal Garden around
Holyrood House was occupied by two eminent Edinburgh
physicians, Andrew Balfour and Robert Sibbald, for the making
of a Physic Garden, and James Sutherland was appointed to
the “Care of the Garden.” This was the foundation of the
Royal Botanic Garden of Edinburgh, which is therefore, after
that of Oxford (founded in 1632), the oldest in Great Britain.
The stocking of the Garden with plants was effected from the
private Garden of Dr Andrew Balfour, in which for some years
he had been accumulating medicinal plants, and also in great
measure from that at Livingston in West Lothian, the laird of
which, Patrick Murray, was much interested in the growing of
useful plants.

In 1676 the same physicians acquired from the Town Council
of Edinburgh a lease of the Garden of Trinity Hospital and
adjacent ground for the purpose of a Physic Garden in addition
to the Garden already existing at Holyrood, and they appointed
the same James Sutherland (16..-1715) to be “ Intendant ” of
this Garden. The site of this Garden, which for convenience of
reference may be called the Town’s Botanic Garden, was the
ground lying between the base of that portion of the Calton Hill
upon which the prison is built and the North Bridge, and it is
now occupied by a portion of the Waverley Station of the North
British Railway. The name Physic Garden attached to a street
in the vicinity is a reminiscence of the existence of the Garden at
this spot.

About 1702 another Botanic Garden was established in
Edinburgh in the ground immediately adjacent to the College
Buildings, apparently on the site of the present South College
Street. This was the College Garden, and of it James Sutherland
became also custodian.

vi Historic NOTICE.

Thus in the early years of the eighteenth century there were
in Edinburgh no less than three distinct Botanic or Physic
Gardens—one at Holyrood, the Royal Garden ; one around
Trinity Hospital, the Town’s Garden ; and one beside the
College, the College Garden. All these were at first under the
care of James Sutherland.

Sutherland from the first made use of the Royal Garden for
giving “instruction in Botany to the Lieges,” and received a royal
warrant appointing him Botanist to the King in Scotland, and
empowering him to “set up a Profession of Botany ” in this
Garden. When the Town’s Garden was created the Town
Council appointed him to lecture on Botany as Professor in the
Town’s College, now the University of Edinburgh. In 1683 he
published his “ Hortus Medicus Edinburgensis, or a Catalogue
of the Plants in the Physical Garden at Edinburgh,” from which
and from other published notices of the Town’s Garden we learn
that between two and three thousand plants were in cultivation.
There is no means of determining how these plants were
distributed between the several Gardens at the date of publica-
tion of Sutherland’s catalogue.

In 1706 Sutherland resigned the care of the Town’s Garden
and the College Garden as well as his Professorship in the
University, but, remaining King’s Botanist, he retained the care
of the Royal Garden at Holyrood. Charles Preston was
appointed his successor by the Town Council, and there were
thus established rival Gardens and rival Professors of Botany in
Edinburgh. Charles Preston died in 1712, and was succeeded
in his offices by his brother George Preston, Neither of the
Prestons had ever the care of the Royal Garden.

In 1715 Sutherland died, and his successor as King’s Botanist,
Keeper of the Royal Garden, and Regius Professor of Botany
was William Arthur, who, however, probably through becoming
implicated in an unsuccessful Jacobite plot to seize the Castle,
did not hold the offices long, and was succeeded in 1716 by
Charles Alston (1683-1760).

HISTORIC NOTICE. Vii

University, Charles Alston, who as King’s Botanist had already
the charge of the Royal Garden and was Regius Professor of
Botany. Through him, after separation for a quarter of a
century, the Royal Garden and the Town’s Garden were again
combined under one Keeper, and the Regius Professorship of
Botany and the University Professorship were similarly united.
They have so continued to the present time.

In 1763, the Royal Garden and the Town’s Garden proving
too small and otherwise unsatisfactory, John Hope (1725-1786),
who had succeeded Alston in his offices in 1761, proposed a
transference of the two to a more congenial site in which they
could be combined. At first it was intended to secure ground to
the south of George Watson’s Hospital—the area upon which
much of the present Royal Infirmary is built—but this not being
possible, five acres of ground to the north side of Leith Walk,
below the site now occupied by Haddington Place, were chosen.
As Hope proposed to transfer the collections in the Royal
Garden to the new Garden he was able to secure the support of
the Treasury to his scheme, and the selected ground was leased
in name of the Barons of Exchequer. At the same time the
Town Council agreed to contribute £25 annually to the support
of the Garden, this sum being the amount of rent expected from
the letting of the old Town’s Garden. The plants from both
Gardens were transferred to the ground at Leith Walk, and from
this date there has been only one Botanic Garden in Edinburgh.

The site thus secured for the Garden proved, however, only a
temporary one. Daniel Rutherford (1749-1819), who in 1786
succeeded Hope in his offices, cast about him for a spot in which
more ground would be available for the extension of the Garden ;
and eventually in 1815 nine and a half acres of the land lying
to the east of Holyrood Palace, and forming the ground of
Belleville or Clockmill, was fixed upon as a site in every way
desirable; but Rutherford dying before completion of the
arrangements for the transference of the Garden, his successor,
Robert Graham (1786-1845), appointed in 1820, preferred the
more open site of the Inverleith property which the Garden now
occupies, and fourteen acres of the Field or Park of Inverleith,
known as Broompark and Quacaplesink, were purchased by the
Barons of Exchequer from Mr James Rocheid, its owner, in 1820,

viii HISTORIC NOTICE.

the lease of the Leith Walk Ground being sold. By 1823 all the
plants had been transferred to the new Garden.

In 1858, during the Keepership of John Hutton Balfour (1808-
1884), who succeeded Graham in 1845, a further addition, by
purchase from the proprietor of Inverleith, of a narrow belt of
two and a half acres was made to the Garden on the west side ;
and in 1865 the Caledonian Horticultural Society having resigned
to the Crown its lease of the ten acres of adjoining ground which
it had occupied since 1824 as an experimental Garden, this
ground was also made part of the Botanic Garden. Finally the
present area of the Garden was completed in 1876, when the
Town Council purchased from the Fettes Trustees twenty-seven
and three-quarter acres of Inverleith property on the west side of
the Garden and transferred it to the Crown for the purpose of
making an Arboretum in connection with the Garden; the
Crown at the same time purchased Inverleith House and two
and a half acres of additional ground.

In 1879, Alexander Dickson (1836-1887) became Queen's
Botanist, Regius Keeper and Professor, and held these appoint-
ments until his death in 1887. During his term of office the
Arboretum was thrown open to the public.

Surrounded as it now is on all sides by public roads, no further
- extension of the Garden upon its present site can be made.

Features of the Garden.

The method through which the Garden was built up by
successive additions resulted in an absence of combination
between its several parts, in great measure a consequence of want
of adequate funds to make the necessary alterations in the
grounds. During the past fourteen years, in which the Garden
has been wholly under the administration of the Commissioners
of H.M. Works, the bringing about of this combination has been
in progress. The work is not yet completed, and the Plan of the
Garden which is attached to this sketch shows the area of the
Garden as it is laid out at this date—December, 1902. Future
editions will show further changes as the work of reconstruction
proceeds.

From its foundation the Botanic Garden has been devoted to
the teaching of Botany, and its usefulness in this respect has
determined the laying out of its area.

Herbaceous Garden.—A considerable space is occupied by a
collection of herbaceous plants arranged for study in natural
orders after the “Genera Plantarum” of Bentham and Hooker.

Rock Garden.—There is an extensive rockwork upon which
alpine and rarer herbaceous plants are cultivated.

Arboretum.— The whole of the western area of the Garden
is in process of arrangement as an Arboretum of trees and shrubs,
and the positions of some of the chief genera are indicated on
the plan. The Coniferz are now placed in the ground adjacent
to the Rock Garden.

Herbaceous Border.—Along the North Boundary of the
Arboretum a mixed Herbaceous Border has been planted.

The Plant-Houses are still in process of reconstruction. So
far as they have been rearranged at the present time they consist
of a long range to the north of the herbaceous collection, com-
posed of a Central Green-house, from the sides of which two
Corridors run east and west (I). Inthe Entrance Porch to the
Central Green-house is a collection of Insectivorous Plants (J).

x FEATURES OF THE GARDEN.

From the Eastern Corridor two houses project to the south—one
occupied by Plants of Dry Regions (G), the other containing
Economic Plants of both Tropical and Temperate Regions (H).
The House terminating the Eastern end of this Corridor is one
of the old and decayed plant-houses, to which visitors are not
admitted pending its reconstruction. To the south side of the
Western Corridor are attached two houses—one for Orchids (K)
and one for Plants of Tropical and Warm Regions (L). The
house at the western end of the Corridor is another of the old
plant-houses to which visitors are not admitted. Behind the
western end of the Front Range there is a Temperate House for
Palms, Tree-Ferns and Conifer (P), and a Palm-House (Q).
Between these and the Front Range at its western end is a suite
of houses of which one is devoted to monocotylous Plants
of Tropical and Warm Regions, specially Aroids, Scitaminee,
Liliacee, and Amaryllidacee (M); Pitcher Plants are also
provided for in this house; another contains Bromeliads (N) ;
and a third is used for plants requiring warm, temperate environ-
ment (O). The central Heating Station (R) for the Plant-
houses lies behind the Front Range.

Adjoining the Entrance from Inverleith Row is a group of
buildings including the Office of the Garden (A), the Museum
(B), the Laboratories (C), and the Lecture Hall (D).

The Museum contains a series of exhibits illustrating the
form and life-history of plants, and these are arranged so as to
facilitate their use in teaching.

Herbarium and Library.—In the southern portion of the
Garden is the Herbarium and Library (T). It contains a fair
representation of the Floras of the world, and the herbarium of
plants belonging to the University of Edinburgh is deposited
here.

The Ladies’ Cloak-Room is at present on the left hand of the
path leading into the Garden from the Entrance from Inverleith
Row (E). A new one will be erected shortly at (F), and a
Gentlemen’s Lavatory will be placed then at (E).

From the higher ground of the Arboretum—at the point marked
(W) on the plan—a fine panoramic view of the City of Edinburgh,
flanked on the east by Arthur’s Seat, and on the west by the
Pentland Hills, is obtained.

WwW

>. By id
ee
: : ea
on a | / Q> lg
a 2 Siig GaP
° Q | — |
Fae i 2 Lf : 5 r
2 Clay PS G3 oF c i : : EAST ENTRANCE
a

A Garden Office.
B Museum.
Cc Labo.

O Lecture Hall.
E Gentlemen's Lavatory.
_ F Ladtes’ Cloak Room.
Q@ Plants of Dry Regions.
H Economie Plants.
| Central Greenhouse and
Corridors.
3 insectivorous Plants.
K Orchids.
L Stove Plants.

Feet 100

ity
ey a5

Ky
my

, Poe
Et

p Re

M Aroids and Pitcher Plants.
N Bromeliads.

P Temperate Palms and Tree T Herbarium and Library

Ferns. U Monument to Linneus.
Q Tropical Palms. V Head Gardener's Residence.
R Central Heating Station W Point for View of the City.

S Regius Keeper's Residence. X @atekeeper’s Lodge

KEY PLAN OF THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN, EDINBURGH.
DECEMBER 1902.

Area of Garden. 57°648 Acres
o 500 1000 Feet.

Teaching in the Garden.

The Regius Keeper from time to time gives lectures which are
open to the Public. The Laboratories are open to anyone
desirous of undertaking Botanical Research.

A portion of the botanical teaching of the Edinburgh and
East of Scotland College of Agriculture is carried on in the
Garden.

For more than a century and a half the offices of Regius
Keeper of the Botanic Garden and Professor of Botany in the
University of Edinburgh have been held by the same person and
it has become the custom that the students of the University
come to the Garden for instruction in Botany.

Specimens for private study are supplied, as far as the
resources of the Garden will permit, to visitors and students who
make written application to the Regius Keeper. Application
forms may be obtained at the office of the Garden.

FROM THE

ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN,
EDINBURGH.

JANUARY 1902.

‘the Royal Botanic Garden,
Eainbureh,” during the Year 1901, - - -

List of Seeds Collected in the Royal Botanic
Garden, Edinburgh, during the Year 1901.

The following is a list of plants cultivated in the Royal
Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, from which ripened seeds have
been collected during the year 1901. The quantity of seed
obtained from some of the species is of limited amount. The
seeds are available for exchange, but they are not for sale :—

HERBACEOUS PLANTS.

Acacia Aconitum
Farnesiana, Willd. Lycoctonum, Zin.
grandis, Henfr. moldavicum, /acq.
suaveolens, Hi iiid. Napellus, Zizz.
paniculatum, Zam.
Acaena : pyrenaicum, /ort.
argentea, Aus et Pav. - ;
: : reclinatum, A. Gray.
Novze-Zelandiz, 7. Kirk.
truncatum, Rafin.

pinnatifida, Ruiz et Pav.

Acanthostachys Actza
strobilacea, Link, Klotzsch et alba, Ail.
Otto. spicata, Zinn.
Achillea — var. rubra, A7Zé.
filipendulina, Zam.
grandiflora, Bied. Adenophora
Millefolium, Ziz. stylosa, Fisch.
rupestris, Huter. verticillata, Fisch.

(Notes, R.B.G., Edin., No. VI, 1902

LIsT OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1IQOI.

Aechmea

bromelizfolia, Baker,
pulchra.

candida, &. Morr.

Makoyana, Hort. Makoy.

Weilbachii, Diéetr., var. leodi-

ensis.
xiphophylla, Baker.

Agave

attenuata, Sa/m-Dyck.

Aglaonema

commutatum, Schofz.

monia
agrimonioides, Zinn,
Eupatoria, Zinn.
odorata, AZi//.

Alchemilla

alpina, Linz., var. conjuncta

isma
Plantago, Linn.

Allium

carinatum, Linn.

fistulosum, Zizn.

giganteum, fege/.

globosum, fed., var. albidum.

karataviense, Regel.

odorum, Linn

polyphyllum, et Kir.

sativum, Linr

Schoenoprasum, Linn.

senescens, Linn.

sphzrocephalum, Lzwn.,
descendens (Zinn.).

Alnus

cordifolia, Tenore.
glutinosa, Medic.

Aloe
alm-Dyck

Alstreemeria
chilensis, Zem.
revoluta, Ruiz et Pav.

Althza
kurdica, Schlecht.

Alyssum

idzum, Boiss. & Heldr.
montanum, Zw.
saxatile, Ziuzz.

Ammobium

alatum, fk. Br.

husa
altissima, Desf.

Androsace
arachnoidea, Scho/t.
lactea, Linz.
lanuginosa, Wadi.
macrantha, Bozss. & Huet.
septentrionalis, Zz.

var.

Anemone
alpina, Ziv.
— var. sulphurea.
narcissiflora, Zinz.
pratensis, Zinn.
rivularis, Buch.-Ham.
sulphurea, Zz.

Antennaria
Hori.

Anthericum

Liliago, Zinn.

mitriformis, 4/7//., var. spinulosa

dioica, Gaertn., var. tomentosa,

4 LIST OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING I9QOI,

Athamanta
Matthioli, Waudf.

Atropa
Belladonna, Zinn.

Aubrietia

— var. grandiflora.
— var. taurica.
— var. olympica.

a
sterilis, £27272.

Babiana
plicata, Ker.
is 3
sylvestris, Cyvzl.
Bertolonia
maculata, DC.
Beta

vulgaris, Zinn.

Betula

alba, Zinn., var. pendula.

Billbergia

decora-nutans x, Baker.

pyramidalis Zzndi.

thyrsoidea, Jart., var. longi-
folia (C. Koch et Bouché).

zebrina, Lindl.

Bomarea
——— Herb.

oS aera
sh csr Baker.

Brassica
juncea, Cass.

a
°

diza
lactea, S. Waits.

bo
|

onia
dioica, Jacq.
Bulbinella

'Buphthalm

RESTS Oe

Bupleurum
Candolli, Wall.

'Butomus
| umbellatus, Zinm.
|
Calamintha
officinalis, AZench.

Calandrinia
Menziesii, Zorr. et Gray.

Calendula

arvensis, Zinn.

Callicarpa
purpurea, /uss.

Callirhoe
digitata, Nuit.
‘Callistemon
| linearis, DC.
speciosus, DC.

Calochortus

clavatus,S. Wats.
venustus, Benth,

—yar. Eldorado.
—var. oculatus.

Hookeri, Benth. et Hook f.

LIsT OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1901.

Athamanta

Matthioli, Wudf.

Atropa

Belladonna, Zinn.

Aubrietia

croatica, Schott.
deltoidea, DC.

— var. grandiflora.
— var. taurica.

— var. olympica.

Avena

sterilis, Linz.

Babiana

plicata, Ker.

Bellis :

sylvestris, Cy7zil.

1
maculata, DC.

Beta

vulgaris, Zinn,

Betula

alba, Zinn., var. pendula.

Billbergia

decora-nutans x, Baker.
pyramidalis Zzndi.

thyrsoidea, art, var. longi-

folia (C. Koch et Bouché).
zebrina, Lindl.

Bomarea

patacocensis, Herd.

Brachychilum

yc
Horsfieldii, Baker.

Brassica

juncea, Coss.

| Brodiza

lactea, S. Wats,

Bryonia

dioica, Jac.

Bulbinella

Hookeri, Benth. et Hook f.

Buphthalmum

speciosum, Schreb.

Bupleurum

Candollii, Wall.

Butomus

umbellatus, Zin.

Calamintha

officinalis, Wench.

Calandrinia

Menziesii, Zorr. et Gray.

Calendula

arvensis, Zzun.,

Callicarpa

purpurea, /uss.

Callirhoe

digitata, Nutt.

Callistemon

linearis, DC.
speciosus, DC.

Calochortus

clavatus,.S. Wats.
venustus, Benth,
—var. Eldorado.
—var. oculatus.

LIisT OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1go0I.

Camassia

Cam

Cusickii, S. Wats.
esculenta, Zindi.
— var. alba.

panula
alliarizefolia, Willd.
arbata, Linn.
ceespitosa, Srop.
carpatica, Jacg

— var. turbinata (Scho?é).

expansa, Frivald.

latifolia, Linn.

—var. macrantha (Fisch.)
— var. macrantha alba.
linifolia, Scop.

Medium, Zzuz., var. alba.

mirabilis, 4/6
pyramidalis, Phe
rapunculoides, Zz.
Rapunculus, Zin.
rotundifolia, Z7nn.
— var. alba.

var. Baumgartenii (Becker),

versicolor, Szbth. et Sm.

Capsicum

annuum, Zinn.
longum, “ort.

Cardamine

bellidifolia, Zinn.

uus
acanthoides, Zinn,

Carex
atrata, Zinn.
| irrigua, Sw.
japonica, Hort.
muricata, Zinz.
punctata, Gaud.
Vahlii, Schkuhr.

Celosia

cristata, Zizn.,

Centaur
oie Linn.
atropurpurea,
var. calocephala.
axillaris, Willd.
cariensis, Boiss.
glastifolia, Zinn.
Jacea, Zinn.
nigra, Zinn.
| nigrescens, Willd.
pectinata, Zinn
rutifolia, S7d¢h. et Sy.
salmantica, Zinv.
sphzrocephala, Zinn.

a
tarica, Schrad.
— var. minor.

Cerastium
arvense,
orum.
ovatum, Hoppe.
purpurascens, Adams.
tomentosum, Zinn.

Cerinthe
alpina, Kit
retorta, S:dth. et Sm.

m
aurantiacum, Lind.

Waldst.

Linn., var.

var. nana.

et Kit.

grandi-

6
Cheiranthus
Senoneri, Heldr. et Sart.

Chelidonium
majus, Zinn.

— var. laciniatum (J/7/2.).

Chlorophytum
Orchidastrum, Lind].

Chrysanthemum
arcticum, Z7nm.,
Balsamita, Zinn.
ceratophylloides, 4/7.
cinerarizfolium, Vis.
coronopifolium, JZas/,,

hybridum

Pencarian, Linn.
maximum, Ramond.
segetum, L277.

Cimicifuga
racemosa, /Vutt.

Ss
monspeliensis, Zzzv.

Clematis
heraclezfolia, DC.

Clerodendron
splendens, G. Don.

Clianthus

puniceus, Banks et Sol.
Clitoria

Ternatea, Zinn.
Cnicus
Casabonz Roth.

pratensis, Wz//d.
tartaricus, Willd.

var.

LIST OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1901.

| Cobza
scandens, Cav.

Cochlearia
glastifolia, Zzzn.

Codonopsis
ovata, Benth,
rotundifolia, Royle.

Colutea
istria, AZi?.
melanocalyx, Boiss.

Combretum
purpureum,

Vaal.

Convallaria

majalis, Lznm.
Coronilla te
elegans, Panc.
montana, Scop.
vaginalis, Zam.
varia, Linn,
Cortusa

Matthioli, Zinn.
— var. grandiflora.

Corydalis
glauca, Pursh.

igneus, N. E. Brown.

Cotoneaster
Nummularia, /isch. et Mey.

Cous
rants C. A, Mey.

Cratzegus

mollis, Scheele.

LisT OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1901.

Crocosmi

a
aurea, Planch.
rocus
pulchellus, Herd.

oton
ciliato-glanduliferus, Or¢.

fficinale, Zinn.
— var. alba.
pictum, AZ¢.
isus
nigricans, Zinn,
scoparius, Zink.

Dahlia

Merckii, Zehm.

nae
Laurus, Medic.

Daucus

Carota, Zinn.
Gingidium, Zinn,

Delphinium

altissimum, Wad/.
azureum, JZ/ichx.
Brunonianum, oy/e.
californicum, Jorr. et Gray.
iri Royle,

flexuosum, Aajin.
formosum, Borss. et Huet.

grandiflorum, Zzwz., var. album.

— var. chinense.

nudicaule, Zorr. et Gray.
palmatifidum, DC.
scopulorum, A. Gray.
speciosum, S7ed., var.glabratum.
— var. turkestanicum.

Desmodium

gyrans, DC.

Dianthus

alpinus, Zinn.
Armeria, Zinn.
atrorubens, Ad/.
banaticus, LTeuffi.

pelviformis, Heuff.
Requienii, Gren. et Godr.
superbus, Zznz.
tymphresteus, He/dr. et Sart.

Dictamnus

albus, Zinn.
— var. tauricus.

Diervilla

sessilifolia, Buch.

Digitalis

ambigua, J/urr.
purpurea, Zinn.

nysia
aretioides, Boiss.

otaxis
erucoides, DC.

Dipsacus

atratus, Hook. f. et Thoms.
japonicus, JZ7q.

Dodecatheon

Meadia, Zinn., var. album,
—, var. integrifolium (Jfichx.).

8 LisT OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1901.

Draba
Aizoon, Wahlenbd.

cuspidata, Bied.
fladnizensis, Wuif.
hirta, Zinn.

rupestris, &. Br.
scandinavica, Lindblom.

Dracocephalum
peregrinum, Zznn.
Ruprechti, Rege/.
speciosum, Benth.

Drosera
longifolia, Zinn.
spathulata, Zadzii.

Drosophyllum
lusitanicum, Zink.

Dryas
Drummondii, Richards.
octopetala, Zinn.

Epilobium
alpinum, Zinn.
angustifolium, Zinn.
Billardierianum, Ser.
Dodonei, Vid/,

repens, Schlecht.
rosmarinifolium, Henke,
— var. sericeum.

Eremurus
himalaicus, Baker.
_robustus, Regel.

Erigeron
glabellus, WVutz.
— var. mollis.
macranthus, /Vw/ét.
Roylei, DC.
speciosus, DC.
— var. superbus.
Villarsii, Bed.

Erinus
alpinus, Zizn.

Erophila

vulgaris, DC.

Eryngium
alpinum, Zinn.
Bourgati, Gouan.
dichotomum, Des/.

Oliverianum, Delar.

superbum.
planum, Linz.
-spinalba, Vid7.

Erysimum

asperum, DC,

var.

Perofskianum, /isch. et A/ey

Escallonia
exoniensis, Hort.
pterocladon, Hook.
rubra, Pers.

Eschscholzia
californica, Cham.

Eucalyptus
ficifolia, /. AZue/l.

Eucharidium
Breweri, 4. Gray.

Euphorbia
Gerardiana, /acg.

LisT OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1901.

Evodia

elegans, Hort.

Fraxinus

excelsior, Zinn.

Fritillaria

camtschatcensis, Ker-Gaw .
latifolia, Widid., var. lutea.
Meleagris, Zinn.

Fuchsia

procumbens, A. Cunn,

unkia
lancifolia, Spreng.
Sieboldiana, Hook.

Galega

officinalis, Ziv,
— var. alba,
orientalis, Zam.

Galium

coronatum, Sib¢h. et Sm.
saccharatum, A/.

Galtonia

candicans, Decsne.

Gasteria

disticha, Haw., var. angustifolia,
Baker

Gentiana

asclepiadea, Zinn.

Saponaria, Zinn.

septemfida, Pall., var. cordifolia,
Hook

tibetica, King.

verna, Linn,

Geonoma

n
pumila, Wendi.

Geranium

argenteum, Zinn.

Grevilleanum, Wail.

ibericum, Cav.

—var. platypetalum (/isch. et
Mey.).

pheeum, Zznn.
pratense, Zz.

sanguineum, Zinn.
—var, lancastriense (AZ#2/.).

Gerbera

Jamesoni, Bolus.
nivea, Sch. Bip.

Geum

bulgaricum, Pang.
intermedium x, Ehrh.
montanum, Lizz.

— var. aurantiacum.

Glaucium

flavum, Cravntzz.
— var. fulyum, (.572.).

Globularia

vulgaris, Linn.

Gossypium

herbaceum, Zinn.

Grevillea

glabrata, AZerssn.

Grindelia

squarrosa, Dunaz.

Gypsophila

acutifolia, Fzsch.
elegans, Bzed.

10 LisT OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1901.

Haberlea
rhodopensis, Frivald.

Hedysarum
boreale, Wutt.
microcalyx, Baker.
obscurum, Linz.

Helenium
Hoopesii, 4. Gray.

Helianthemum
ledifolium, AZz//.
Tuberaria, JZ://.
umbellatum, J///.
vulgare, Gaertn., var. mutabile
roseum.
— var. rhodanthum.
— yar. roseum.
— var. venustum.

Heliopsis
levis, Pers.
padula, Wender.

Hes

matronalis, Zinv.

Heuchera
Drummondi, Hort.
glabra, Willd.
macrophylla, Zodd.
sanguinea, Engelm.

Hibiscus
gossypinus, 7hunb.
Huegelii, End.
Manihot, Zzz7.

Hieracium

bupleuroides, C. C. Gmed.
cesium, /7ies.
cambricum, /:_/. Hand.
crinitum, S7zd¢h. et Sm.

| foliosum, Waldst. et Kit.
| gymnocephalum, Grised.
| lasiophyllum, Koch.

lingulatum, Backh.
rupestre, Ad/,
sabaudum, Zznz.
scoticum, /. 7. Hand.
tridentatum, /7ies.

Hyacinthus

romanus, Lz.

Hydrolea
spinosa, Zznz.

Hypericum
Androsemum, Zin.
Ascyron, Linz.
crenulatum, Zozss.
elodeoides, Choztsy.
hirsutum, Zznz.

tetrapterum, /7ies.

Hypochoeris
radiata, Zinn.
uniflora, Viz.

Hyssopus
officinalis, Zinn.

Iberis
intermedia, Guersent.
sempervirens, Ziun., var

— var. superba.
Tenoreana, DC.

umbellata, Zznz.

om-

mutata (Schott et Pesci }.
— var, Garrexiana (A//.).

LisT OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1901.

Aquifolium, Zzzz.

Impatiens
cuspidata, Wight.
Noli-tangere, Zinn.
scabrida, DC

Incarvillea

Delavayi, Bureau et Franch,

Inula
glandulosa, Puschk.
Helenium, Zzuz.
Hookeri, Clarke.

Iris
Cengialtii, Ambrosz.
Pseudacorus, Linn.,
ariegata.

sibirica, Zzum.
—var. alba.

—var. flexuosa (AZurr.).

virginica, Zinn.
xiphioides, ZArh.

Isatis
tinctoria, Zznn.

Itea

virginica, Zinn.

Jasione
montana, Zinn.

Juncus

effusus, Zzv7., var.
flor

Jurinea
glycacantha, DC.

Kalanchoe
flammea, Staff.

var.

spiralis

; Kedrostis

africana, Cogn.

Kniphofia

Tuckii, Baker.

Laburnum

vulgare, /. S. Presi.
—vyar. austriacum.

Lathyrus

hirsutus, Zz.
latifolius, Zzvx.

—-var. us.
macrorrhizus, Wimm.,
maritimus, Bzgel.
montanus, ernzh.
rotundifolius, Wid//d.
sylvestris, Wadld.
tingitanus, Zznn.
vernus, Linn.

-—var. azureus.

Leontodon

hispidum, Zzvx.

Leontopodium

alpinum, Cass.
—var. altaicum (.Spreng.).

Leonurus

Cardiaca, Zinn.

ris
spicata, Weld.

Lilium

pardalinum, Ked/ogg

Parryi, S. Wats.

tigrinum, Ker-Gawl.,
sinense

— var, Splendens (Baker).

Var,

12 List OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING I9OI.

Linaria
vulgaris, AZz//.
Linum
austriacum, Zinn.
— var. album.
hologynum, Rezchd.
Lewisii, Pursh.
narbonense, Zinn.
perenne, Zinn.

Lophosciadium
meifolium, DC.

Lupinus
aboreus, Sims.
—var. violaceus.
nootkatensis, Dov.
polyphyllus, Zzzdl., var. albus.
rivularis, Dougd.

L
Flos-cuculi, Zznz.

Viscaria, Linn.

Lythrum
myrtifolium, Zodd,

Salicaria, Zinn., var. hirsutum.

Malva
Alcea, Zinn.
sylvestris, Linz.
— var. variegata.

lateritium, Wichols.

Meconopsis
aculeata, Royle.
cambrica, Vig.
Wallichii, Hook.
— var. fusco-purpurea.
Medicago
hispida, Gaertn.
sativa, Linn.
strumaria, ort.

Melilotus

dentata, Pers.
elegans, Salzm.
officinalis, Zam.

Mimosa
marginata, Zind/.

Mimulus

cardinalis, Dougd.
Mirabilis

Jalapa, Zinn.
Momordica

Charantia, Zinn.

cochinchinensis, Spreng.

Morina
longifolia, Wail.
persica, Zinn.

moschatum, W7//d.

Myosotis
arvensis, Zam.
dissitiflora, Baker.
Myrrhis
odorata, Scop.

LisT OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1901.

Narcissus
Bulbocodium,
citrinus, Baker.

Linn.,

Nepeta
Mussini, Spreng,
Nepetella, Zznz.
nuda, Zin.
Sibthorpii, Lezzz.

Nephthytis
liberica, V. £. hrown.

aN igella
hispanica, Zzz#., var. atropur-
—, var. alba.

Nocczxa

alpina, Retchd.
stylosa, Rerchd.

CEnanthe
pimpinelloides, Zz77.

Cnothera
odorata, Jacq.

earia
Haastii, Hook. /.

Onobrychis

vicizfolia, Scop.

Ononis

hircina, /acg.
Natrix, Zz.
spinosa, Zn.

Ornithogalum

tenellum, /acg.

Oryza
sativa, Linn.

var.

Ss
corniculata, Zz.
| —var, tropzoloides, ffort,

ceeruleum, Decne.

Oxytropis
glabra, DC,
strobilacea, Buzge.

Pzonia
corallina, Rezs.
officinalis, Zinz. var. anemon-
zeflora.
icum
Crus-galli, Zinn.

Panic

Papaver
alpinum, Zinz.
glaucum, Boiss. et Haussk.

pilosum, Szézh, et Sm.

Passiflora
quadrangularis, Zinn,
edulis, Svs,

Pentst
baskatue: Roth.
—var. Torreyi (Benth).
confertus, Dougl.
deustus, Dougi.
diffusus, Dougé.
gentianoides, Pozr.
humilis, Vztt.
ovatus, Doug.
Richardsonii, Doug/.

14 LisT OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1901.

Perezia Polyalthia
multiflora, Zess. suberosa, Benth. et Hook. f.
Peucedanum
coriaceum, Reichd. f. Polygon
officinale, Zinn. - aie D. Don.
viviparum, Zznn.
Phacelia Weyrichii, #. Schmidt.
tanacetifolia, Lenth.
ax —— Potentilla
lanuginosum, Zanks, argyrophylla, Wall.
Phlomis dissecta, Pursh.
cashmeriana, Royle. Friedrichseni, Hort,
glandulosa, Zind/.
Phyteuma japonica, Blume.

hemisphericum, Zzzz.

malacophylla, Boré.
orbiculare, £77272.

Scheuchzeri, 4//, oils, — ;
Sieberi, Spreng. nevadensis, Aotss. :
ontopoda, Dougl.
Pimpinella podolica, Blocke.
magna, Zinn. procumbens, Szé¢h.

pseudo-obscura, 4locki.

recta, Lizn., var. sulphurea.
rupestris, Zzv., var. Lara
Sanguisorba, Willd

Pitcairnia
maidifolia, Decsne.
pulverulenta, Ruiz et Pav.
rubiginosa, Baker.

Plantago Sibbaldi, Had/. 7.
Coronopus, Zinn. Thurberi, 4. Gray.
Raoulii, Decsne. tridentata, So/and.

Platystemon vlasicensis, Steg/r.
californicus, Benth,
Polemoniu ;
eee Linn Poterium
4 dodecandrum, Benth. et Hook. }.
—var. album.
confertum, <A. Gray, var
melitum, 4. Gray. Primula
himalayanum, Baker. apennina, Widm.
lacteum, Zehm. Auricula, Zzun., var. bellunensis
pauciflorum, S Wats. (Venz 20).

Richardsoni, Grah. — var. monacensis.

LIST OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1901.

Primula—continued.
carniolica, Jacg.
elatior, Hi//, var.

frondosa, Janka.

carpathica

Ta Wall., var. Munroi

ndi.).

sie A. Gray, var. lilacina.

longiflora, AZ.

birica, Jacg.
sikkimensis, Hook. f.
verticillata, Forsk.

Prunella
grandiflora, Jacg.
—var. alba.
—var. pinnatifida.
vulgaris, Zinn.
—var. alba.

Pyrus
rotundifolia, Bechs?.

Ramondia
pyrenaica, Ach.

Vv
serbica, Pave.

v
— var. Nathaliz (Pave, et

Letrov.).

Ranunculus
bulbosus, Zzz.
cuneatus, Boiss,
lanuginosus, Zin.
montanus, Wi//d.

Reseda
complicata, Bory.
lutea, Zz77.

Rheum
hybridum, AZurr.
Rhaponticum, Zz.
Ribes, Zzz7.

Rhodochiton
volubile, Zzcc.

Rhododendron
Nuttallii, Booth.

Rhynchosia
caribea, DC.

Rodgersia

podophylla, A. Gray.
Rondeletia

odorata, Jacq.

Ruellia

tuberosa, Zinn,

mex
occidentalis, S. Wats.

salicifolius, Wetnm.
stenophyllus, Zeded.

uta
macrophylla, Soland.

Sabal

Blackburniana, Glazed.

Salvia
glutinosa, Zznn.
hians, Royle.
nutans, Linz.
pratensis, Zzx

nn.
sylvestris, Zznm., var. alba.

16 LIsT OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING I901.

Samolus
Valerandi, Zinn.

Sanicula
europzea, Lizz.

Saponaria
ocymoides, Zzz7.

Saussurea
alpina DC.
serrata, DC.

Saxifraga
Aizoon, Zinn.
aretioides, Lapeyr.
aspera, £777.
bronchialis, Zz77.
ceesia, Zinn.
czespitosa, Zz.

canaliculata, Boss. et Rezt.

Cotyledon, Zznz.
cuneifolia, Zzz2.
geranioides, Zinn.

Geum, Linn. ” var. ovalifolium.

luteo-viridis, Schott et Kotschy.
muscoides, Wulf, var. atro-

purpurea.
mutata, £277.

pseudo-sancta, Janka.
etusa, Gouan.
rotundifolia, Zzzn.
stellaris, Zinn.

Stracheyi, Hook. f. et Thoms.

Saxifraga—continued,

tenella, Wulf.
umbrosa, Z7v7., var. Ogilvieana,
flort.

— var. serratifolia (J/ackay).

Scabiosa

amcena, /acg.
caucasica, Lied.
—var, alba.
gramuntia, Zinn.

Succisa, L777.
sylvatica, Zz.

Schismatoglottis

Roebelini, 077.

Schizanthus

pinnatus, Ruiz et Pav.

Scilla

festalis, Sa/zsd.

— var. compacta.
hispanica, J/7/2.
peruviana, Zzz7.

Scirpus

p
aucklandicus, Boeck.

Scolymus

grandiflorus, Desf.

Scrophularia

alata, Gilb,
nodosa, Lz.
vernalis, Zinn.

Scutell

ak tae
altissima, Zinn.

LIST OF SEEDS

Sedum
album, Zznzz.
Anacampseros, Zin.
asiaticum, Spreng.
hybridum, Zzzz.
oppositifolium, Szvs.
roseum, Sco
ieclonttorans; . 2. Gmel,

Sempervivum
hirtum, Zinn.

COLLECTED DURING 1901.

| Silene —continued.

Schweinfurthii, Rohrd.
stylo a, Bunge.
viridiflora, Zz.

er
trilobum, Crantz.

Pittonii, Schott, Vym.et Kotschy. Silphium

Reginz-Amaliz, He/dr.
tectorum, Zzuz.
annuum, C. Sw.

Senecio

Fuchsil, C. C. Gmel.
Greyii, Hook. /.
Hodgsoni, Hort. Kez.

Serratula
heterophylla, Desf.
tinctoria, £777.

Sesbania
eegyptiaca, Porr.
Sidalcea

candida, A. Gray.
malveeflora, A. Gray.

Silene

Cucubalus, Wide.
italica, Pers.
maritima, With.
niczénsis, A//,

nocteolens, Webb et Berth.

Pseudo-atocion, Des/.
quadridentata, Pers.

trifoliatum, Zin.

Sisymbrium

austriacum, Jacg.
strictissimum, Lzuz.
tanacetifolium, Zz.

Sisyrinchium

angustifolium, Af#i/., var.
mucronatum (AZichx.).

convolutum, /Vocca.

~Smilacina

racemosa, Desf.

Solanum

auriculatum, 47¢

Dulcamara, Zzv7., var. alba.

hybridum, /acg., var. Hender-
sonil.

pyracanthum, /acg.

Seaforthianum, Andr.

Solidago

multiradiata, Ait, var. scopu-
lorum.

odora, Ait.

rigida, Zinn.

Virgaurea, Linn.

Spergula

arvensis, L771.

1s List OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING IQOl.

angustifolium, Kunth.

Tillandsia

Spirza Thalictrum
compacta, /fort., var. coccinea. alpinum, Zinn.
Filipendula, Lan | calabricum, Spreng.
palmata, Zhunb., var. alba. glaucum, Desf.
tomentosa, Zzuz., var. alba. laserpitiifolium, W77/d.
minus, Lzz.
Stachys ; ; : | simplex, Lizz.
alpina, Zzz., var. intermedia.
Betonica, Benth. ee
grandiflora, Benth. | fabacea, DC.
Stachytarpheta | lanceolata, 2. Br.
indica, Vahi. ar:
‘ rotundifolium, Gawd.
Stenanthium |

corallina, C. Koch.

Succowia : splendens, Brong.
balearica, Medic.
Ss — Tofieldia
ymp cider ap chee , glutinosa, Pers.
racemosus, MWichx. palustris, Huds.
Trachelium
Tacca coeruleum, Ziv,
cristata, Jack. :
Tradescantia
Tacsonia virginiana, Zinu., var. alba.
exoniensis x Hort, :
Van-Volxemii, Hook. Trautvetteria
palmata, Fisch. et Mey.
Tanacetum

Trifolium
agrarium, Linn,
alpinum, Zizn.

argenteum, W7//d.
vulgare, Zinn.

Tecoma ambiguum, Bred.
Smithii, Hort. Merges. Sec
minus, Sv.
Tetranema pannonicum, Jacq.
mexicana, Benth. repens, Zinn,
: —var. pictum.
Teucrium ‘ rubens, Linn.
Botrys, Zinn.
pyrenaicum, Zivn, Trilisa

Scorodonia, Zinn. odoratissima, Cass.

LIST OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING I90I.

Tristania
laurina, &. #r.

Trollius
altaicus, AZey.
aslaticus, Linn.
"—var. aurantiacus.
europeeus, Linn.
—var. pumilus albus.
Ledebourii, Spr.

Tulipa :
Didieri, Jord.

Valeriana
tuberosa, Zzvz.

Verbascum
longifolium, Zenore.
malacotrichum, Bo/7ss. et Heldr.
pyramidatum, ied.

virgatum, With.
Wiedemannianum, isch. et
Verbena

caroliniana, Michx.

Veronica

crassifolia, Zeyh.
decumbens, Armstr.
grandis, Fisch.

Guthriana x, Hort.

Veronica—continued.
neglecta, Hort.
pinnata, Zz.
Pon, Gouan.
salicifolia, Fors?.
saxatilis, Scop., var. rosea.

Viburnum
Opulus, Zznn.
Vicia
monanthos, Desv.
Orobus, DC,
oroboides, Wulf.
sylvatica, Lizn.
unijuga, 4. Braun.
villosa, Roth.

Vincetoxicum
nigrum, AZoench.
officinale, Moench.

Viola
canadensis, Zinn.
—var, a
canina, Liz.
cornuta, Zin.
macedonica, Boiss. et Heldr.

inn,
primulifolia, Zznn.
rostrata, AZuh/.
striata, Azz.
sylvestris, Zam.

Xerophyllum
asphodeloides, Vu/t.

Zygadenus

elegans, Pursh.

:
ae

a ee ee A eA OS. a ee. eee a a a ae

OFFICIAL COPY. ee Number VII.

NOTES

FROM THE

ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN,
EDINBURGH.

APRIL 1902.

CONTENTS.

Page
History of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Botanical
Excursions made by Professor John Hutton Balfour in
the Years from 1846 to 1878 inclusively, -

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History of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.

BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS
MADE BY
PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR,
IN THE YEARS FROM 1846 TO 1878 INCLUSIVELY.

BOTANICAL excursions have always been a prominent feature
of the teaching of Botany in Scottish Universities. There is no
record of when these were instituted in the case of the Edinburgh
Chair of Botany, which is the oldest in Scotland, but Sutherland,
who was the first professor, tells us in the dedicatory epistle of
his “Catalogue of the Plants in the Physical Garden at Edin-
burgh,” published in 1683, that “by many painful Journeys in all
Seasons of the year” he had made it his business to “recover
whatever this Kingdom possesseth of Variety, and to cultivate
and preserve all of them with all possibie Diligence.” It is not
unreasonable to suppose that on some of his journeys he may
have been accompanied by some of those who attended his
lectures in the Garden, and that therefore journeys made in the
first instance for the purpose of obtaining plants to stock the
Garden, became in time a recognised method by which students
of botany in Edinburgh received an insight under guidance to
the vegetation and flora of their native country.

To what extent the Prestons, Alston, Hope, and Rutherford,
the successive professors following Sutherland, made excursions
with their students I have no information. But amongst
Professor Hope’s papers which are now in the possession of the
Royal Botanic Garden, is a “Calendarium of Plants growing in
the neighbourhood of Edinburgh collected in flower, 1765, as a

— R.B.G., Edin., No. VII., 1902.)

22 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

sketch of the Calendarium Flore of Edinburgh,’* which shows
that Hope took special interest in the flora of Edinburgh and its
vicinity. James Mackay and George Don, who were Superin-
tendents of the Royal Botanic Garden, during Professor
Rutherford’s tenure of the Chair, were noted field-botanists.

There are yet alive those who can tell of the enthusiasm of
Professor Graham in the excursions he made all over Scotland,*
and yet more who will remember a like enthusiasm tn his
successor, Professor John Hutton Balfour. Both these professors
and Keepers of the Royal Botanic Garden made their excursions
serve the double purpose of giving instruction to their pupils
and of supplying the Botanic Garden with specimens for
cultivation, and to their efforts in the latter direction the Garden
owes its early and sustained reputation for its collection of
herbaceous and alpine plants.

Professor John Hutton Balfour kept a record of the excursions
he made with pupils, and extracts from these appeared from time
to time in the Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh
and elsewhere, giving a brief resumé of incidents of the
excursions, and the names of some of the plants collected. At
his death his “ Excursion Diaries” passed into the hands of his
eldest daughter, now Mrs. Cleland, wife of the Professor of
Anatomy in the University of Glasgow. Mrs. Cleland has lent
to me these records and I have found them to be of great service
in connection with the excursions which are still made through-
out the year with students of botany in Edinburgh. As I think
the records will have interest for many students of botany now
and in the future, extracts from them are here published in these
“ Notes of the Royal Botanic Garden.”

What is given are those portions of the “Excursion Diary”
which deal with the excursions made with botanical students
from the years 1846 to 1878 inclusively—the years during which
Professor John Hutton Balfour was Keeper of the Royal Botanic
Garden and occupied the Chair of Botany in the University of

of this was printed in ‘‘The Annals of Scottish Natural
faa July and October 1900, and January 1901.
+ See, for an account of an excursion with Professor Graham, Spencer
Thomson, “ Wanderings among the Wild Flowers,” London, 1854,
p. 127,

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 23

Edinburgh. Incidental private matters which are here and there
inserted in the Diary have been omitted, but the wording of the
extracts is, as a whole, that of the original.

The names of plants in the lists as they occur in the
Diary are not arranged in any scientific order. The method in
which the Diary was written did not lend itself to this. It was
no more than a mere jotting down in the evening. after the
excursion, or perhaps on a following day, of the names of the
chief plants that occurred to the writer as having been seen during
the excursion. As the names of flowering plants and ferns are
printed here they are, to facilitate reference, arranged in the
order of the London Catalogue, 9th edition, but the old nomen-
clature is retained.

It has been a question with me whether these records should be
published or no. Some botanists to whom I have spoken on the
subject have suggested a danger that by giving localities of rare
plants these might be exterminated. But in these days of free
communication between field-botanists and of publication of
local floras, the general distribution of plants in Scotland is so
well known that I do not think that any stations are likely to
suffer from what appears in the following pages. In a few cases,
where directions indicating the exact station ofa rare species are
set forth in the Diary, they have been omitted.* 13;:B.K.

EXCURSIONS IN 1846.

Granton, Cramond Bridge, Craigcrook, Ravelston.
Saturday, 16th May 1846.

About 10 a.m. walked to Granton, thence by shore to Cramond
Bridge, and returned by Craigcrook and Ravelston, Home about
6 p.m. Accompanied by 70 pupils.

Picked :-—

Viola odorata Neottia Nidus-avis
Symphytum officinale :
* An Index to the Excursions will be found at the end.

24 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Dalhousie, Arniston, Fushie Bridge.
Saturday, 23rd May 1846.
Party between 60 and 70 went by train at 8.40 am to

Dalhousie, proceeded through the woods. Had an order to Mr.
Main from H. G, Watson.

Picked -—

Stellaria nemorum Neottia Nidus-avis

Followed river to Arniston. Had an order from Mr. Trotter
to Mr. Brown, forester.

Picked :—
Cardamine amara Doronicum Pardalianches
Geranium sylvaticum. var. Pulmonaria officinalis
minor, blue and white Lathrzea Squamaria
Saxifraga umbrosa Convallaria majalis
+ Geum Polygonatum
hirsuta ? Lilium Martagon
Chrysosplenium alterni- Arum maculatum
folium Equisetum Telmateia
Adoxa Moschatellina

Went to Fushie Bridge and returned by train leaving South
Esk Station at 6 p.m. Fifty returned in the train.

Castlecary, Dennyloanhead, Dunipace, Larbert, Falkirk.
Saturday, 30th May 1846.

Party of 50 went by Fourth-class train to Castlecary at 7 a.m.
Twenty-four took breakfast, then botanized through woods of
Cumbernauld, went to Dennyloanhead, thence to Dunipace and
Larbert. Visited Carron Iron Works (order from Dawson) and
reached Falkirk about 3.45. Party returned to Edinburgh. I
went to Glasgow and Dunoon, which I reached at 6.30 p-m,

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 25

Amongst plants picked were :—

Ranunculus aquatilis

+s ederaceus
Trollius europzeus
Cardamine amara
Stellaria nemorum
Geranium sylvaticum
Geum intermedium

Solanum Dulcamara
Listera Nidus-avis
Paris quadrifolia
Cystopteris fragilis
Polypodium Dryopteris

= Phegopteris

Burntisland, Pettycur, Kinghorn, Starly Burn.

Saturday, 6th June 1846.

Party of about 60 met at Granton Pier at 9 a.m. and proceeded
by steamboat to Burntisland. Visited island, walked by links
and rocks near the shore to Pettycur, thence to Kinghorn,
returned by a road behind Kinghorn to Burntisland, thence
went to Starly Burn and returned by shore in time for 6 o'clock

boat.

Picked :—
Senebiera Coronopus
Reseda lutea
Geranium sanguineum
Trifolium scabrum
Agrimonia Eupatoria
Carum Caru
Scandix Pecten-Veneris
Anthriscus vulgaris
Torilis nodosa
Anagallis arvensis
Convolvulus arvensis

Echium vulgare

Solanum Dulcamara, hairy
var.

Salvia Verbenaca

Parietaria officinalis, var.

erecta
Habenaria viridis
Triticum loliaceum
junceum
otros Lunaria

Some went to Seafield and picked :—

Malcolmia maritima

Orobanche rubra

26 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Slateford, Colinton, Woodhall, Currie. Ravelrig, Dalmahoy.
Saturday, 13th June 1846.
A party of between 30 and 40 met at Canal and walked by

Slateford and Colinton to Woodhall, Currie, and Ravelrig, and
returned by Dalmahoy and Ratho. Met train at 6.50 p.m.

Picked :—
Meconopsis cambrica Campanula latifolia (not in
Geranium pheum flower)
Linnzea borealis Pyrola minor
Valeriana pyrenaica Linaria vulgaris
Doronicum Pardalianches Corallorhiza innata

Listera cordata

Linlithgow, Hopetoun, Blackness Castle, Winchburgh.
Saturday, 20th June 1846.

About 30 pupils met at railway at 8 a.m. and went to Linlith-
gow, visited old church, palace, loch. Walked towards Bo'ness,
then to Blackness Castle, then to Hopetoun Woods, Duntarvie
and Niddry Castles, and Winchburgh. Returned by train about
7.15 p.m.

Picked :—

Ranunculus aquatilis
Nasturtium terrestre
Dianthus deltoides Eleocharis multicaulis
Callitriche platycarpa Scirpus sylvaticus
Epilobium angustifolium Blysmus rufus
Petroselinum vulgare Poa aquatica

Veronica Anagallis

Ceratophyllum submersum
Typha latifolia

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 27

Holyrood, Salisbury Crags, Duddingston Loch, Lochend.

Saturday, 27th June 1846.

Met at Holyrood at 10 am. Present, about 4o. Went to
station for Lwonymus on Arthurs Seat, and picked it in fruit.
Then proceeded by Salisbury Crags to Samson’s Ribs, then to
Duddingston Loch. Crossed Arthur’s Seat to Parson’s Green and
went to Lochend. Returned between 4 and 5 p.m.

Plants picked :—

Ranunculus aquatilis (two
forms

Ranunculus Lingua
Dianthus deltoides
Lychnis Viscaria
Arenaria verna
Geranium pyrenaicum

> sanguineum
Vicia sylvatica
» hirsuta

Agrimonia Eupatoria
Hippuris vulgaris
Conium maculatum

Ethusa Cynapium
Valeriana officinalis
Carduus acanthoides

Butomus umbellatus

Carex riparia

Asplenium Trichomanes
is Ruta-muraria
rs septentrionale

Ballencrief, Aberlady, Luffness, Gullan, Drem.
Saturday, 4th July 1846.

Party of about 50 met at the North British Railway Station
8.15 a.m. Proceeded to Ballencrief, thence to Aberlady, Luffness,

and Gullan, and returned by Drem.

Picked :—
Fumaria micrantha (Rail-
way at Ballencrieff )
Cerastium arvense
Sagina maritima
Silene noctiflora

Geranium pusillum

elilotus _— officinalis = (in
profusion between Gullan
and Drem)

Trifolium fragiferum

28 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Parnassia palustris | Solanum Dulcamara (all
Hippuris vulgaris | roadsides)
Hydrocotyle vulgare (fine | Verbascum Thapsus

flower Limosella aquatica
Helosciadium repens Utricularia vulgaris

Sium angustifolium Hippophaé rhamnoides
Carduus nutans Sparganium ramosum
Centaurea Scabiosa | Scirpus lacustris
Campanula rapunculoides , Maritimus

hybrida Carex intermedia
Anagallis arvensis », teretiuscula

i tenella » paniculata
Polemonium czeruleum Lepturus filiformis var.
Cynoglossum officinale Lycopodium selaginoides

Linton, Lawhead, Tantallon Castle, Bass, Canty Bay,
Dirleton, Drem.

Saturday, 11th July 1846.

Party of 38 met at North British Railway Station at 8.15 a.m.
and proceeded to Linton, walked to Lawhead, picking on the
way :—

Agrimonia Eupatoria Ballota nigra
Ethusa Cynapium Parietaria officinalis
Linaria vulgaris

Mr. Alex. Howden accompanied us through Binning Wood to
Whitekirk. Near Lawhead, Acinos vulgaris grows.

In Binning Wood :—

Lythrum Salicaria Rumex sanguineus, var.
viridis

Saw some large beeches; Castanea, about 13 or 14 feet
in circumference.
Near Whitekirk, picked :-—

Sisymbrium Sophia Sempervivum tectorum
Potentilla argentea | Epilobium hirsutum
: ee

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR.

Lepidium Smithii grows by roadside, but was not seen by us.
Walked to Tantallon Castle, picked :—

Lepidium latifolium
Conium maculatum

Carduus Marianus
Hyoscyamus niger

Then visited the Bass by boat from Canty Bay. On the Bass

the plants seen were :—

Cochlearia officinalis
Silene maritima
Lychnis dioica

Cerastium semidecandrum

Callitriche platycarpa
Peplis Portula
Carduus lanceolatus
Hieracium Pilosella
Beta maritima
Atriplex rosea
Rumex crispus

Urtica dioica
Agrostis alba
» vulgaris
canina
“Hokdis lanatus
Dactylis glomerata
Poa annua
» trivialis
Festuca ovina
» duriuscula
glauca, var.
Ramalina scopulorum
Parmelia parietina

On landing from Bass walked by shore to North Berwick, on

the way picking :—.

Cakile maritima
Eryngium maritimum
Scabiosa Columbaria
Apargia hispida

Hyoscyamus niger
Salsola Kali

Carex arenaria
Ammophila arundinacea

From North Berwick walked by road to Dirleton, visited old.

castle, and picked :—

Sedum album
Sedum reflexum

Smyrnium Olusatrum

After a hasty dinner at the inn, walked to Drem and returned
by train to Edinburgh, which we reached about 7.40 p.m.

30 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Loch Lomond.
Thursday, 16th July 1846.

Party consisting of Dr. Balfour, Mr. H. Balfour, Mr.
Beveridge, Mr. A. Christison, Mr. David Christison, Dr. A.
Douglas, Mr. Keddie, Mr. Littlejohn, Mr. Jas. Mitchell, Dr.
Paterson, Mr. A. W. Smith, Mr. T. Spens, and Mr. Tait, made a
trip to Loch Lomond and neighbourhood.

Some of the party went early to Glasgow and visited St.
Rollox, Lancefield Spinning Co., College, Rest went by
train at 1. All proceeded by steamboat at 4 for Dumbarton
and thence up Loch Lomond in “ Water-Witch.” Reached
Inverarnan at 10 p.m., and were comfortably accommodated at
M‘Lellan’s Inn.

Friday, 17th July 1846.

Started about 8°a.m. for Ben Vorlich and picked numerous
good alpine plants, amongst others :—

Trollius europzeus Malaxis paludosa
Silene acaulis Carex pauciflora
Sibbaldia procumbens » saxatilis
Saxifraga stellaris Poa Balfourii

i aizoides — Asplenium viride

hypnoides Lycopodium Selago
Hieracium alpinum vo inundatum
Lawsoni “ annotinum

Gonchiiinis supinum a alpinum
Lysimachia vulgaris selaginoides
Salix herbacea jecesek lacustris

Saturday, 18th July 1846.

Left Inverarnan by steamboat at 5.15 am. Breakfasted at

ee Some went to Loch Katrine and Trossachs, others

Dr. Balfour went to Ben Lomond, and after reaching top»
aces to Rowardennan. Besides numerous alpine plants
picked some peculiar Hieracia on banks of stream at Inversnaid,
also :—

Cerastium alpinum Veronica humifusa

Hypericum Androsemum

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 31

Met boat about 3.30 p.m., and found all the rest of the party
on board. Proceeded to Dumbarton, thence by steamboat to
Glasgow, and returned to Edinburgh by to o’clock train.

Merchiston, Colinton, Bonaly, Habbie’s Howe. Currie.
Saturday, 25th July 18406.

Party of 20 met at Bruntsfield Links at 9 am. Walked by
Merchiston and Colinton to Bonaly, thence by Pentlands to
Habbie’s Howe, and returned by Black Springs and Currie to
Edinburgh about 7.30 p.m.

Picked :—
Sedum villosum . Mimulus luteus (in abund-
Epilobium angustifolium ance at Bonaly ponds)
Galium pusillum Veronica scutellata
Solidago Virgaurea Littorella lacustris
Carduus heterophyllus Habenaria viridis
Hieracium prenanthoides Juniperus communis
inuloides ? Lastrzea Oreopteris
Campanula latifolia Botrychium Lunaria
Gentiana campestris Lycopodium clavatum
Pilularia globulifera

EXCURSIONS IN 1847.
Granton and Cramond.
Saturday, 15th May 1847.

Proceeded to Granton and Cramond, returned about 5.30 p.m.
75 pupils went.

Picked :—
Acer platanoides Orchis mascula
Saxifraga granulata : Convallaria multiflora
Myrrhis odorata Carex arenaria
Symphytum officinale Morchella esculenta
Neottia Nidus-avis (not in Polyporus squamosus

flower)

32 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Dalkeith, Musselburgh.
Saturday, 22nd May 1847.
Met at St. Leonards at 8.30 a.m. A party of upwards of 90

went to Dalkeith. Walked through the grounds and by the banks
of Esk to Musselburgh. Returned about 5.30 p.m. by train.

Picked :—
Fumaria officinalis Lithospermum arvense
Stellaria nemorum Lathrzea Squamaria
Trifolium ornithopodioides Salix Russelliana
Saxifraga granulata »» Purpurea
Myrrhis odorata yy omithiana
Petasites vulgaris Populus alba
Doronicum Pardalianches Arum maculatum

Corstorphine, Cramond Bridge, Dalmeny, Queensferry.
Thursday, 27th May 1847. Queen’s Birthday.

Started at 8 a.m. with party of upwards of 50. Walked to
Corstorphine, thence to Cramond Bridge. Through woods of
Dalmeny to South Queensferry, crossed to North F erry. Some
returned by Stirling steamer at 5 p.m. Others crossed again and
walked to Winchburgh and returned by train at 6.40 p.m.

Picked :—
Viola hirta Lonicera Caprifolium (not in
y+ Canina, var. flavicornis flower)
Oxytropis uralensis : Symphytum officinale
Spirzea salicifolia Neottia Nidus-avis
Myrrhis odorata Ophioglossum vulgatum
Viburnum Opulus
5 Lantana

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 33

Drem, Dirleton, Luffness, Gullan, Aberlady, Longniddry.
Saturday, 29th May 1847.

Party assembled at North British Railway Station at 7.15 a.m.
The morning was very wet, and rain was falling copiously
without much prospect of clearing. The number who met was
about 12. They resolved to put off the trip till 11.30 in the fore-
noon. By that time the weather was more promising, and a
party of 16 started by the train for Drem, thence they walked to
Dirleton, visited the castle and grounds, Archerfield, Gullan,
Luffness, Aberlady, and returned by train which passed Long-
niddry about 7 p.m.

Picked :—
At Dirleton :-—
Smyrnium Olusatrum | Lamium maculatum, var.
Linaria Cymbalaria | album

At Archerfield :-—

Rumex sanguineus (leaves) | Listera ovata (not in flower)
At Gullan :-— .

Viola hirta . | Cerastium arvense
At Luffness :—

Hippuris vulgaris Carex riparia
Blysmus rufus

Near Gosford :—

Geranium sanguineum Botrychium Lunaria
Hippophae rhamnoides

Near Longniddry :—
Pyrus pinnatifida |

34 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Kirkcaldy, Dysart House, Ravenscraig Castle, Raith,
Pettycur, Burntisland.

Saturday, 5th June 1847.

Met at stone pier, Newhaven, at 9.30 a.m. Party above 60.
Went by steamboat to Kirkcaldy, thence to Earl of Rosslyn’s
Dysart house. Saw fine rhododendrons, chiefly hybrids between
R. arboreum and R. ponticum, also R. catawbiense and some
Coniferze, Cedrus Deodara particularly, Pinus ponderosa, Pinus
Cembra, Picea Webbiana. Proceeded by shore to Ravenscraig
Castle, thence to Raith, visited Raith grounds and loch, saw
very fine specimens of Adzes Douglasiz—one in particular past
west end of loch—also a form of Pzuus Strobus called by the
gardener P. monticola. From Raith walked to Kinghorn and
thence to Pettycur and by shore to Burntisland. Returned by
boat at 7 p.m.

Picked :—
_In Dysart Wood :—
Ranunculus aquatilis | Lonicera Caprifolium
uilegia vulgaris Polemonium czeruleum
Fumaria micrantha Veronica polita
Montia fontana Lamium amplexicaule

At Ravenscraig :—

Cheiranthus Cheiri Smyrnium Olusatrum

Silene maritima Salvia Verbenaca

At Raith :-—

Cardamine amara Blechnum Spicant
Helianthemum vulgare Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum
Viola hirta Lastrea Filix-foemina

Geums (monstrous) » Filix-mas

Valeriana pyrenaica » Spinulosum
Doronicum Pardalianches Polypodium vulgare

Pteris aquilina

At Kinghorn :—
Thlaspi arvense Convolvulus arvensis (not
. Torilis nodosa in

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 35

Between Pettycur and Burntisland :—

Reseda lutea
Trifolium striatum
Hyoscyamus niger

Linaria Cymbalaria
Littorella lacustris
Phleum arenarium

Burntisland, Starly Burn, Aberdour, St. David’s,
Inverkeithing, North Queensferry.

Saturday, 12th June 1847.

Party of 60 met at Granton at 9 a.m. and went to Burntisland.
Thence went to Starly Burn, Aberdour. Entered Donibristle
gate, walked by the shore to the house. Thence went to St.
David’s, Inverkeithing, Ferry Hills, and met Stirling boat at

North Queensferry at 5.30 p.m.

At Burntisland :—
Cheiranthus Cheiri
Malva sylvestris
Trifolium seabrum
Torilis nodosa
Salvia Verbenaca

At Starly Burn :—
Solanum Dulcamara
At Donibristle :-—
Medicago maculata —
Centranthus ruber
Dipsacus (in leaf)
At St. David’s :—
Diplotaxis tenuifolia
At Inverkeithing :—
Thlaspi arvense
Sedum villosum
At Queensferry :—
Vicia lutea

Ballota nigra

Parietaria officinalis

Sclerochloa maritima
is loliacea

Listera ovata

Atropa Belladonna (in bud)
ium Scorodoprasum (in
bud

Reseda lutea

Sambucus Ebulus (in bud)
Sclerochloa distans

36 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Alloa, Alva, Tillicoultry.
Saturday, 19th June 1847.

Party between 50 and 60 met at Granton Railway Terminus
at 4.40 am. Went on board Stirling steamer at 5. Slight
shower at starting. Day cleared. Reached Alloa at 7.30.
Breakfasted at Thomas’ Royal Oak Hotel. Thence walked
towards Alva.

On the way picked :—
Ranunculus aquatilis Phalaris canariensis (Mr.
Habenaria chlorantha (in bud) | Nelson)

In the pond near Alva :—

Sparganium ramosum | Sparganium hatans

Roadsides :-—

Serrafalcus commutatus

Entered glen to east of Alva House. Four deep ravines,
wooded, beautiful ferns, mosses, and /ungermannie.

Among the ferns were :—
Pteris aquilina | Polystichum lobatum

Blechnum boreale Lastrea Filix-mas

Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum Lastrea spinulosa, var.

; Trichomanes dilatata

Athyrum Filix-foemina | Polypodium vulgare (fronds

Scolopendrium vulgare 2 feet long)
Cystopteris fragilis
Rocks near the glen :—

Spergula subulata | Sedum anglicum
. Astragalus glycyphyllos

After leaving the glen proceeded towards Ben Cleuch—easy
but long ascent.
On sides of rivulets 1000 ft. up :-—
Saxifraga stellaris | Saxifraga hypnoides

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 37

On face of hill near summit :—
Viola palustris Antennaria dioica
» canina Carex przcox

On a high spot :—

Gnaphalium supinum (in plenty)

On summit of hill 2,200 feet :—

Salix herbacea Lycopodium alpinum
Carex rigida

On a summit to the north-west marked by a cairn, Mr. James
Balfour picked :—

Rubus Chamzmorus

afterwards got by the party (Murchison, Dobie, and Tetley).

Mr. Murchison picked near the summit at upper part of
Tillicoultry Glen :-—

Trientalis europzea

Descending from the summit by Glen of Tillicoultry abun-
dance of :— .
Pyrus Aucuparia Saxifraga hypnoides
Saxifraga stellaris Lastrea Oreopteris

Visited woollen works at Tillicoultry and returned to Alloa
about 5 p.m. Left by steamboat at 7. Reached Granton about
9.15. ‘

Slateford, Colinton, Woodhall, Currie, Dalmahoy Hills,
Ravelrig, and Gogar.

Saturday, 26th June 1847.

Party between 4o and 50 met at 8.30 am. at Port Hopetoun
(Canal basin), Walked along banks of Canal to Aqueduct,
thence to Slateford, Colinton, Woodhall, Currie, Dalmahoy Hill,
Ravelrig, Gogar.

38 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

‘In fields near Canal :—
Fumaria micrantha (abundant) Fumaria capreolata
fs officinalis

At Slateford :—

Corydalis claviculata (old Staphylea pinnata
garden wall ragaria elatior
Geranium phzum Carpinus Betulus
¥s sylvaticum Bromus asper

Euonymus europzeus

In Colinton Woods :—

Epilobium augustifolium (not | Valeriana pyrenaica
in flower) Scrophularia nodosa
Adoxa Moschatellina. Eleocharis multicaulis
Lonicera Caprifolium | Festuca arundinacea

Valeriana officinalis (not in |
flower) |

Woods near Woodhall and banks of river :—

Meconopsis cambrica Geranium dissectum
Tilia grandifolia Rosa spinosissima
~ 4, parvifolia », tomentosa
Geranium sylvaticum Avena pratensis
= pratense Festuca arundinacea

New mill beyond Currie :—
Trollius europzeus
Dalmahoy Hills nearest to Currie :-—
Viola lutea Geranium columbinum (in
' plenty)
Wood at Ravelrig :—

Linnza borealis (in full fiower).

Ravelrig Bog:—

Comarum palustre Corallorhiza innata (plenty)
Drosera rotundifolia (not in Listera cordata
flower) Orchis latifolia
Pyrola minor » maculata
Pinguicula vulgaris Habenaria bifolia

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 39

Carex dioica Carex panicea
», pulicaris | 99 77 SES
» teretiuscula | » flava
> eeata ; filiformis
4» czespitosa | » _ hirta
~~ plauca » ampullacea
» pilulifera |

On western Dalmahoy Hill :—
Trientalis europzea (plenty—s5 to 6 only in flower, rest beginning
o show fruit)
Easter Dalmahoy Hill :-—
Ranunculus aquatilis Digitalis purpurea
» Saxifraga hypnoides
Roadside, Dalmahoy :—

Galium erectum

Salisbury Crags, Arthur's Seat, Duddingston.
Thursday, 1st July 1847.

Met between 30 and 40 pupils at 5 p.m. at Holyrood. Walked
by Crags to Arthur’s Seat and Duddingston. Home about
9 p.m.

Picked :—
Helianthemum vulgare Salvia Verbenaca
Lychnis Viscaria Stratiotes aloides
Malva sylvestris Iris Pseudacorus
Geranium pyrenaicum Butomus umbellatus
Vicia sylvatica Carex acuta
Conium maculatum i
Valeriana officinalis Asplenium septentrionale
Veronica Anagallis

40 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Reston, Coldingham, Fast Castle, Dene, St. Abb’s Head.
Saturday, 3rd July 1847.

Party of 35 met at North British Railway Station at 5 a.m. |
and proceeded to Reston Station. Walked to Coldingham
and breakfasted in W. Craig’s house. Thence proceeded under
direction and guidance of Mr. Alex. Robertson, son of the
minister, to Fast Castle, thence by shore to Dene, Lumsdaine,

and St. Abb’s Head, and returned by train leaving Reston
about 6 p.m.

Picked :—
At Fast Castle and in the Dene near it :— *
Thalictrum minus | Sedum Rhodiola
= majus Epilobium angustifolium
Vicia sylvatica

‘Orchis mascula

On a knoll in Lumsdaine estate south from Fast Castle :-—
Trientalis europzea (picked by Mr. Fraser)

On shore between Fast Castle and St. Abb’s :—
Glaucium luteum
Stenhammera maritima
Ligusticum scoticum

Antennaria dioica
Carlina vulgaris

On top of cliffs:—

Dianthus deltoides -

In field near a loch not far from St. Abb’s Head :-—
Poterium Sanguisorba (in profusion)
In the loch :—
Nuphar lutea (in flower) Lobelia Dortmanna (not in
ower)
Rocks near St. Abb’s :—

Asplenium marinum

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 41

In marshy ground near Coldingham :—

Listera ovata
Orchis latifolia
» maculata

Gymnadenia Conopsea
Habenaria bifolia
zs chlorantha

On moorish ground not far from Coldingham :—

Pyrola media

Habenaria viridis

Also, both in Reston and Coldingham :—

Geranium sylvaticum
Sempervivum tectorum
Anchusa sempervirens

Linaria Cymbalaria
Veronica agrestis
Festuca bromoides

Dalhousie, Fushie Bridge, Borthwick Castle,
Crichton Castle
Saturday, 10th July 1847.
Party of about 40 met at St. Leonards at 9 a.m. Proceeded
by train to Dalhousie Bridge, thence walked to Fushie Bridge,

Borthwick Castle, Crichton Castle, Roman Camp, and returned
by train at 6.30 p.m. Day favourable.

Picked :—

Woods near Dalhousie :—

Milium effusum
Holcus moilis
Melica uniflora
Near Borthwick :—
Epilobium palustre
Veronica scutellata
» Anagallis
Galeopsis versicolor
At the Castle :—

Agrostemma Githago

Carduus Marianus

Festuca gigantea ?
Bromus asper

Blysmus compressus
Carex intermedia
» Ppaludosa

Anchusa sempervirens
Verbascum Thapsus
Rumex aquaticus
Parietaria officinalis

42 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY
Between Borthwick Castle and Crichton :—
In wood :—-
Hieracium aurantiacum (by Mr. F. Ivory)
In fields :—
Verbascum nigrum (by Mr. Nelson)

In marshy places :—

Carex paniculata Carex levigata
» Boenninghauseniana ?

Near Crichton :—

Echium vulgare | Rumex aquaticus

At Roman Camp :—

Silaus pratensis | Epipactis palustris
Valeriana dioica Orchis latifolia
Lithospermum officinale | , maculata
Plantago media 2 Gymnadenia Conopsea

Listera ovata

In fields near railway :-—
Polygonum Fagopyrum (Mr. Gilby)

Arran.
Thursday, 15th July 1847.

Party of 24 left by 11 a.m. train for Glasgow, having received
second-class tickets for Saturday. On reaching Glasgow at 1.15
visited Model of Arran at Andersonian, then went to the
Broomielaw and joined boat for Arran at 2 p.m.

At Greenock party were reinforced by 6 more, including 3
Glasgow pupils (Keddie, Allen, and Connal). The party then
consisted of J. H. Balfour, Absolom, John Alexander, Jas. Balfour,
Barnes, Theod. Bone, Carrick, Clarke, M. Connal, Donkin,
W. B. Duncan, Edgar, Gilby, Gilchrist, C. A. Grant, Dr, Greville,

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 43

Hewitson, Ivory, Wm. Johnston, Keddie, Morse, C. Murchison,
Nelson, Ogilvy, Rainsford, Stalker, Struthers, Jas. Thomson,
Wheatley, John Wilson. Dined on board, and reached Brodick
about 8 pm. After arranging about accommodation visited
the beach and picked :—

Sinapis monensis

Aster Tripolium

and a few other plants.
Friday, 16th July 1847.

Party started about 7.30 a.m. after breakfast for Goatfell.
This day party were joined by Dr. Blackie, Rev. Dr.
Landsborough, and his son. On Goatfell met Grand Duke
Constantine of Russia and his suite; the Duke chiselled his
name with Mr. Keddie’s hammer on granite at summit of
Goatfell—“ Constantine 1847.” The day was propitious, no
rain, occasional clouds lighting on summits of hills produced a
fine effect. Saw Ireland well and mountains of north Hebrides.

After reaching the summit we proceeded by the rugged crest
to the head of Glen Sannox, thence to foot of glen, to Corrie, and
returned to Brodick about 7 p.m.

On the ascent picked :—

Alchemilla alpina Habenaria bifolia
Drosera anglica | Narthecium ossifragum

Many Cryptogamia, some rarer ones seen by Greville.

Summit bare. Crumbling moist rocks on north side gave:—
Thalictrum alpinum
Saxifraga stellaris
Sedum Rhodiola

Oxyria reniformis
Salix herbacea
Juncus trifidus

On summit :—

Andrezea Rothii Andreza alpina
» rupestris |

Searched in Glen Sannox for Avena planiculmts in vain,

BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

On the shore :—

Lythrum Salicaria

(Enanthe Lachenalii

Anagallis tenella

Samolus Valerandi

Erythraea compressa (of Link)
Pinguicula lusitanica

Scutellaria galericulata

Habenaria bifolia
chlorantha

Blysmus rufus

Schcenus nigricans

Hymenophyllum Wilsoni

Lycopus europzeus | Osmunda regalis

The ferns were found on the cliffs of sandstone a little way
from the shore.

Saturday, 17th July 1847.
Started at 8 a.m., visited shore at Brodick and woods near the
bridge.
Picked :—
In the woods :—
Jungermannia minutissima |

Jungermannia cupuliformis

On the shore :—
Sinapis monensis
Carex arenaria

Ammophila arundinacea

At Invercloy :—
Saxifraga Geum |

Proceeded by shore to Clachland Point and thence to Lamlash.

Picked :—

Hypericum dubium (near Juncus maritimus
Carex levigata
Asplenium marinum
Osmunda regalis
Lichina pygmzea
Asperococcus Turneri
conferva centralis

Lamlash)
Cotyledon Umbilicus
Helosciadium repens
Anagallis tenella
Erythrzea Centaurium
Pinguicula lusitanica

Left Lamlash about 4 p.m., sailed to Brodick (where baggage
was put on boat), thence to Ardrossan and by rail to Glasgow,
where we arrived about 9.30 p.m. (Train late, about 20 carriages,

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 45

Glasgow Fair.) Proceeded to Edinburgh by train at 10.13, and
reached Edinburgh about 12.45 a.m. in place of midnight,

Linton, Ree Baa Tynningham, Tantallon Castle,
s, Canty Bay, North Berwick.

Saturday, 24th July 1847.

Party of 48 started by North British Railway at 8.45 a.m. for
Linton. Thence walked by Prestonkirk to Tynningham, visited
banks of the river where it joins the sea, walked by shore to
Tantallon Castle and Canty Bay. Reached this bay about 2 p.m.,
went by two boats to the Bass, Returned to Canty Bay about 5.
Some walked, others took omnibus, from North Berwick to Drem

Station, and met train at 7.25 p.m.

Picked :—
Near Prestonkirk :—

Potentilla reptans

Conium maculatum

Knautia arvensis

Solanum Dulcamara (in
hedges all the way to |
Tynningham)

Visited gardens at Tynningham.

Linaria vulgaris
Parietaria officinalis

Saw field of mummy

wheat, holly hedges, fine Fraxinmus Ornus.

On shore at Tynningham :—

Artemisia maritima var.
gallica

Erythrza Centaurium

Cynoglossum officinale

At Tantallon :—
Lepidium latifolium
Carduus Marianus
c

Salicornia herbacea
Schoberia maritima
Salsola Kali
Scirpus maritimus

Verbascum Thapsus

46 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

On the Bass :—

Cochlearia officinalis | Beta maritima
Narcissus poeticus (leaves)
Agrostis vulgaris

Cerastium atrovirens | Holcus lanatus
Lavatera arborea Dactylis glomerata
Vicia lathyroides Poa annua
Callitriche verna Parmelia saxatilis
Carduus tenuiflorus ae parietina
» lanceolatus

Near Drem :—
Helosciadium angustifolium Barkhausia taraxacifolia
Anthemis arvensis Lithospermum arvense
Centaurea Cyanus Euphorbia exigua

Braemar, Clova, Glen Tilt, Dunkeld, Killin, Loch Lomond.
Saturday, 7th August 1847.

Party consisting of J. H. Balfour, Hugh M. Balfour, William
Douglas, W. Gilby, B. Hewitson, F. J. Ivory, Henry P. Morse,
and C. Murchison, left Aberdeen by Ballater Mail at 11 a.m.
Reached Ballater about 4.30 p.m.

After dinner visited the hills near Ballater, and picked :—

Saxifraga stellaris Lycopodium Selago

5 Sadonies io clavatum
Epilobium alpinum n alpinum
Vaccinium Vitis-Idea selaginoides
Arbutus Uva-Ursi Hatiectun umbrosum (in
Polygonum viviparum quantity)

Mr. Morse had picked in the morning Galium boreale,

Melica nutans.
On the hills and in woods were also gathered Pyrola media,

Melampyrum sylvaticum.
On the banks of the Dee a Hieracitum was picked which

appeared to be H. prenanthoides, and along with it Melica
nutans,

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 47

The inn at Ballater (Monaltrie Arms, Ross) is a good one, and
we were very comfortably accommodated. The charges also
are upon the whole moderate. A wooden bridge crosses the
river close to the inn. The mountains around are clothed with
wood, and in the woods we found very large specimens of
Trientalis europea and of Pyrola media—a plant which is
abundant in the Braemar district, both in woods and on moors.

Monday, 9th August 1847.

The party started early this morning after breakfast and
proceeded across the wooden bridge, following the banks of the
Muick till the loch came in sight.

In the wood near Ballater abundance of Melampyrum
sylvaticum was gathered, and on the roadside Genista anglica
in flower and fruit, besides sundry species of AHveractum,
Habenaria viridis, and other plants.

After passing through a wooded district near Ballater we
came to a moorish district yielding few plants of interest.
Among the plants picked were — Drosera anglica, Carex
pauciflora, Marchantia in a fine state of fruit, and some of the
common sub-alpine plants. Near the Falls of the Muick
Carduus heterophyllus was seen in profusion. <Aldchemilla
alpina also made its appearance. On coming to the point where
Loch Muick is seen we diverged to the right, crossed the river,
and went towards the Hut, whence we ascended the hills, keeping
Loch Muick on our left. On thewayup Rubus Chamaemorus, Cornus
suectca, and Vaccinium uliginosum were gathered in fine fruit.
Epilobtum alpinum and another species were seen. The mist
covered the upper part of the hills, and it was impossible to see
the summit of Lochnagar. We walked round the mountain
towards the Dubh Loch, whence we ascended towards the
western side of the hill, reaching a part where snow was lying in
quantity, and where S7bdaldia procumbens, Gnaphalium supinum,
and Azalea procumbens in flower were picked. When we reached
the flat table-land on the western side of the hill we found profusion
of Carex rarifiora, Sibbaldia procumbens in flower, as well as Juncus
trifidus and Luzula spicata, The mist continued so thick that
we found it impossible to ascend Lochnagar, accordingly we

48 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

contented ourselves with examining the marshy ground below
the summit, more particularly where the Glassalt Burn rises.
We failed in getting Carer leporina, which Dr. Dickie found
formerly in that situation. We picked Carex Persoonii, C. rigida,
C. raviflora, and a few common alpine plants, and then
descended towards the woods through which the Braemar road
winds, picking on the way Betula nana, Lycopodium annotinum,

. cavatum, L. Selago, L. selaginoides, Vaccinium uliginosum
in fruit, V. Vit’s-Jdaea, and other plants. Some of the party
feasted on blaeberries. After a long and fatiguing day’s work
we reached Braemar about 8 p.m., where we found everything
comfortably arranged by Mrs. Clark, who had been warned of
our approach by the arrival of our baggage by cart. After our
usual tea-dinner, and putting our plants in paper, we retired for
the evening. We occupied the upper flat, consisting of three
rooms, and containing eight beds.

Tuesday, 10th August 1847.

The morning was rather gloomy, and did not promise well.
After an early breakfast, however, we walked by the banks of
the Cluny and Callater as far as Loch Callater, paying a visit as
usual to the gamekeeper, whose house is at the end of the loch.
He has resided there for many years, and several botanists have
received shelter from his hospitable roof. Dr. Barry and myself
can bear witness to this. Proceeding by the right side of Loch
Callater we picked Lobelia Dortmanna and Subularia aquatica,
and then ascended the hills, on which we gathered 7halictrum
alpinum, Saxifraga oppositifolia in flower, and various species of
Salix. We examined the rocks to the west side of Loch
Callater. On them we found Salix lanata, S. arenaria, S.
rupestris, S. arbutifolia, Saussurea alpina, Luzula spicata, Poa
alpina, various forms of Hieractum alpinum and H. Halleri, some
with rounded broad leaves, others with narrow spathulate leaves,
some with leaves on stem, others without them, and we also
Saw various varieties of Hieractum murorum and H. Lawsont.
The mist in the course of the day became very thick, and
ultimately the rain descended in torrents, so that by the time we
reached Loch Candlich all the party had left for Braemar

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 49

except Morse, Douglas, Ivory, and myself. The unfavourable
nature of the weather prevented us from examining the rocks
for Carex Vahliz.

After reaching the eastern side of Loch Candlich Mr. Ivory
returned to Braemar, and three of us continued our researches
along the rocks on the eastern and south-eastern part of
the glen, picking Carer rupestris, C. atrata, Silene acaults,
numerous Hieracia, and Thalictrum alpinum. After getting milk
and cakes at the gamekeeper’s, we reached Braemar in the
evening between 7 and 8, thoroughly soaked with rain.

Wednesday, 11th August 1847.

This day we crossed the Dee near the Castle and proceeded
through the woods to the road leading to Ben na Bourd. On
the way we gathered Pyrola media, fine specimens of Lycopodium
clavatum, Genista anglica, Rubus saxatilis, On the banks of the
stream from Ben na Bourd we found Epzlobium angustifolium and
Pyrola secunda. On reaching the gamekeeper’s house which has
been recently built by the Duke of Leeds, and where his Grace
has furnished apartments for himself and party, we found the
gamekeeper who had met my party in 1842, when Astragalus
alpinus was first gathered on Little Craigendal. He is an obliging
person, but he informed us that the Duke was very strict, and that
he would have to inform him that we had been botanising there.
He directed us to Craigendal, but We failed in detecting the
astragalus in consequence of keeping too high. Accordingly,
leaving Craigendal, we descended into the valley and then
ascended Ben Avon, going up the banks of a stream at the head
of which snow lay in great quantity. In one place the stream
had excavated the snow and formed a fine arch for about 20
yards, under which some of the party passed. Few plants were
picked in the immediate vicinity of the snow. On the turfy
ground above and near the summit of the mountain Carer vaginata
grows in profusion. This carex grows abundantly on all the
Braemar hills, associated with C. rigida.

After visiting the natural cairn on the summit we descended
into a corrie near Ben na Bourd, picking Poa alpina var. vivipara,
Veronica alpina, and on the grassy part of the hill Mr. Balfour
detected Azalea procumbens in fine flower.

50 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Numerous deer were seen to-day, as well as ptarmigan and
grouse. We returned by the road leading to the gamekeeper’s
house, and thence along the banks of the river to Braemar,
Messrs. Morse and Gilby swimming across the Dee.

Thursday, 12th August 1847.

We this day crossed the Dee again, and after walking for about
two miles we ascended a stream which leads directly to Craigendal.
Here we met the gamekeeper, who conducted us to the place
where he had last seen Astragalus alpinus. On the way
numerous deer were seen. We gathered Pyrola secunda in
quantity. We found that the astragalus grew in great profusion
on the northern side of Little Craigendal, rather lower than we
had anticipated. From my recollection of the original spot at
which my party picked the plant I was disposed to think that it
was close to the summit, and thus we had failed in our previous
day’s examination. This day we picked the plant in profusion
both in flower and fruit in various places. It is generally
distributed over one side of the mountain, and there seems to be
no chance of the plant being eradicated.

The following is a list of the plants which we picked on Little

Craigendal :—

Thalictrum alpinum
Silene acaulis
Geranium sylvaticum
Astragalus alpinus
ubus Chamzemorus

Dryas octopetala
Potentilla alpestris
Alchemilla alpina
Saxifraga oppositifolia

ws stellaris

es aizoides

, hypnoides
Epilobium alpinum
Cornus suecica
Galium boreale
Saussurea alpina

Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi
procumbens

Azalea

Pyrola media

+» secunda
Statice Armeria
Gentiana campestris
Polygonum viviparum
Habenaria viridis
Tofieldia palustris
Juncus trifidus

Pos alpina
Botrychium Lunaria
Lycopodium annotinum

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 51

The hill is at first sight by no means promising and would be
easily passed over by botanists as unworthy of examination.
It shows us the necessity of not being guided entirely by
external appearances and by what seem to be promising rocks.
This is also seen in the case of such plants as Lychnis alpina.

After examining the side of Craigendal carefully we proceeded
towards its summit, and then by its southern side towards
Braemar. In the evening we met Professor Allen Thomson
and his lady with two Messrs. M‘Tear, who had walked from
Lochnagar, and reached Braemar in the evening.

Friday, 13th August 1847.

The weather being favourable we this day started between
6 and 7 (after breakfast) with the view of visiting the far-famed
Ben na Mac Dhu. We proceeded in conveyances, accompanied
by Dr. and Mrs. Thomson and party, to the Linn of Dee, whence
we walked up Glen Lui, picking on the way Avradbis petrea,
a plant which occurs both in the dry stony bed of the river and
also on the rocks of Ben na Mac Dhu, Cairn Toul, and other
hills. After walking several miles the cliffs on the north-eastern
side were first examined. On them snow lies in considerable
quantity, and thus alpine plants thrive well. Here were
gathered— Veronica alpina in flower and fruit, Avabts petrea,
Stellaria cerastotdes, Hieracium alpinum in various states, and
Carex vaginata. The cliffs are, however, by no means so produc-
tive as might have been expected. After visiting the cliffs we
proceeded to the summit, observing on the way Luzula spicata and
L. arcuata in profusion, and Silene acaulzs in beautiful flower. A
fine spring exists near the summit. It happened, fortunately,
that a party connected with the Government Survey were
located on the summit, and as we had previously been made
aware of this fact we resolved, if possible, to take up our quarters
with them for the night. They received us kindly, and promised
to do what they could for us, although it afterwards appeared
that they were short of provisions. The day was clear and
propitious, and we had an excellent view from the summit ; the
Survey-party said it was the clearest day that had occurred for six
weeks. Ben Nevis, Ben Lawers, the Braemar, Clova, Glen Isla

52 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Mountains, Ben y Gloe, the Moray Firth, the sands of Culbin,
the sea at Aberdeen, and the Spey, were seen distinctly. The
Survey party had ascertained that Ben Nevis is higher than
Ben na Mac Dhu by 70 or 80 feet.

Dr. Thomson and his lady and the Messrs. M‘Tear left us at
the summit and returned to Braemar, a conveyance meeting
them at the Linn of Dee. Mrs. Thomson accomplished the
walk easily, notwithstanding her fatigue in ascending Lochnagar
the day before, and she was able next day to visit Little
Craigendal.

Our party now proceeded from Ben na Mac Dhu to Cairn-
gorm, picking some interesting crystals among the granite. On
the summit of Cairngorm we gathered Luzula arcuata,a plant
met with on all the Braemar hills (as Ben na Mac Dhu, Cairn
Toul, Lochnagar), and :—

Silene acaulis Carex rigida

Empetrum nigrum Aira alpina vivipara

Salix herbacea Festuca vivipara

Juncus trifidus Lycopodium Selago

Luzula spicata Trichostomum lanuginosum

The same plants were picked on the summit of Ben na Mac
Dhu, and they may be looked upon as characterising the
vegetation of the summits of the highest hills. With them may
be associated also Azalea procumbens. We had a fine view from
the summit of Cairngorm, and we descended by the rocky and
precipitous banks of a mountain torrent to the dark Loch Avon.
In its cold waters we bathed, but the temperature was such as to
forbid our remaining longer than a few minutes in the water.
The shelter-stone was visited—a large mass of rock which has
fallen at some distant epoch, and lies slightly supported upon
rocks so as to leave a large cave capable of containing a
considerable party. Our party were easily accommodated under
its shelter, and on several occasions parties have remained under
it all night. Sparganium natans was picked in a pool, also
various H/zeracia of the alpine form.

e party ascended the cliffs on the west of Loch Avon, and
wended their course by Loch Etchachan to the shoulder of
Ben na Mac Dhu, reaching it just as the sun set. We were

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 53

placed on short allowance after our hard day’s work, half a
loaf of bread, some coffee, and a little whisky being all that could
be procured to satisfy the hunger of eight active botanists. Our
accommodation for the night was of a novel kind; six of the
party occupied hammocks swung across a wooden building
which had been erected near the summit, while two lay on the
floor.
Saturday, 14th August 1847.

Most of the party rose at four, and proceeded to the summit
of the Ben, where the surveying instruments were placed. From
this point we contemplated a glorious sunrise, one of the most
magnificent I ever saw. Our breakfast consisted of the second
half of the loaf and of some coffee. Some of the party were so
knocked up with their previous day’s work and with the want of
food that they resolved to descend the mountain at once and
make the best of their way to Braemar. Accordingly Messrs.
Ivory, Hewitson, Gilby, and Balfour left, while Messrs. Morse,
Murchison, Douglas, and myself continued our botanical
researches, The want of refreshment during the day and the
scanty allowance at breakfast had a very weakening effect upon
all of us. The morning was cold and bracing, and the first part
of our journey was accomplished with considerable vigour.
After leaving the summit of the mountain we proceeded towards
the pass which unites Strathspey and Glen Dee. On the way
we descended by a steep declivity which rewarded us with many
good plants, such as :-—

Cerastium alpinum Sibbaldia procumbens
Stellaria cerastoides (in a Veronica alpina
beautiful state) Phleum alpinum

We visited one of the Wells of Dee in the pass, and then pro-
ceeded up the Braeriach ridge, gathering on the way—Cornus
suecica in flower, Hieracia, Luzula arcuata, and other plants. On
reaching the summit of the ridge we skirted along the upper
part of the cliffs, which are very precipitous, and seem to be
worthy of careful examination. Our time only permitted a
hasty glance. On the summit of the ridge there is a great
extent of table-land in which there are several sources of the
Dee, which we visited. The day was oppressivély warm, and
these cool springs were most refreshing.

54 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

The summits of most of the mountains here are very rocky
and stony, and walking on them is very painful and fatiguing,
especially on a hot and sultry day. After visiting the Springs
of the Dee we proceeded to the rocks near Loch Evnach, which
we examined superficially, and deem worthy of careful examina-
tion. Luzula arcuata, Aira alpina vivipara, and many alpine
plants were seen on them. Leaving these rocks we bent our
steps towards Cairn Toul, and on the ascent we gathered a
Carex supposed to be Carex leporina, associated with C. curta
var. alpicola. After a very fatiguing walk we reached the
summit of Cairn Toul, picking Lusula arcuata on the way. We
then descended by a rocky ravine towards the Dee. The
descent was difficult and tedious. Some of the party were
nearly knocked up by it. In a corrie of Cairn Toul I found
Veronica alpina, Poa alpina, Phleum alpinum, and several other
alpine plants. The hill deserves to be examined more
thoroughly, and it is easy to reach it by taking a car from
Braemar to the bridge on the Glen Tilt road, and then striking
off to Glen Dee on the right hand. This is also a way of
reaching one side of Ben na Mac Dhu, and it leads directly to
the pass which conducts to the Spey. After reaching the Dee
we proceeded by Glen Dee along the banks of the river. After
walking a few miles we reached a sort of horse-track which
conducted us to the Glen Tilt road, and ultimately to the Linn
of Dee, where we arrived about 7 in the evening after a most
laborious journey. A vehicle was here in waiting for us, and
after partaking of a draught of porter and some biscuits, our
only meal since 5 a.m., we reached Braemar in safety.

Monday, 16th August 1847.

The party walked by Invercauld to Lochnagar, picking on the
way— Vaccinium Vitis-Id@a, Betula nana,and Parnassia palustris.
We first made for the cliffs on the north-eastern side and
examined them carefully. These cliffs surround a little loch, and
some of them are very lofty and precipitous. Of late great falls
of rocks have taken place. Various species of Aizeracium,
especially H. alpinum, H. villosum?, H. Halleri, were seen in
profusion, Ad/osorus crispus in a fine state, Veronica alpina. On

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 55

the rocks near the snow, which is by no means abundant this
season, Saxifraga rivularis was found as usual in large quantity.
On the sloping green bank among the cliffs to the north of the
summit Mr. Douglas saw Sonchus alpinus, and the plant was
gathered also by myself and Messrs. Ivory and Balfour.

great number of the specimens were only in bud. This
discovery confirms another of Don’s stations for the plant. The
more we examine the Highland hills the more we are satisfied of
the correctness of Don’s observations, and I have no doubt that
the Potentilla tridentata, Ranunculus alpestris, and other plants
not found since his day will ultimately come to light by the
researches of botanists. On the cliffs also Saussurea alpina, Poa
alpina, P. laxa, P. flexuosa, and P. Balfourit, with Cerastium
alpinum and the usual alpine plants, were gathered. The party
ascended to the summit by one of the steep ravines, encountering
now and then some difficulties from the projecting rocks. On
the summit Carer vigida was found as usual. From this point
we proceeded to examine the ground at the source of the
Glassalt Burn and the rocks where Dr. Dickie had found
Carex leporina, but our time was limited and we did not find the
plant. We descended by the rocks to the west, and some of the
party attempted to cross the hills directly for Braemar, but they
encountered many difficulties—they found the darkness coming
on, and therefore were forced to return to the usual route after
encountering a large herd of deer.

It was late this evening before we reached our quarters.

Tuesday, 17th August 1847.

We started in a conveyance this day for the Spital Bridge,
about eight miles from Castleton. This bridge is situated near
the foot of Glasmaol. We ascended towards the rocks at the head
of Canlochan, where we spent the day. This is undoubtedly the
best way of reaching the upper part of the glen. In moist places
near the summit, gathered :—

Juncus castaneus Alopecurus alpinus
Carex Persoonii Phleum alpinum

56 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Descending into the glen :—

Potentilla alpestris Veronica alpina
Epilobium eet 5 Saxatilis
Erigeron alpinus Salix reticulata
Saussurea i ina Carex atrata
Veronica serpyllifolia + vaginata

rt humifusa Poa Balfourii

and numerous other alpine species were seen.

On the precipitous rocks at the head of the glen Gentiana
nivalis was gathered in small quantity. Leaving these rocks and
proceeding towards the western side we found Sonchus alpinus in
two places ; unfortunately, however, most of the specimens had
their flowers nipped off. The same thing was noticed last year.
It is not easy to account for this, Can it be the high winds or
the attacks of insects? No withered heads were seen in the
place. In one of the stations along with Sonchus, Saussurea was
found in quantity. We ascended Glasmaol by a ravine near the
head of Canlochan. In this ravine grows profusion of Saxifraga
nivalis, Cystopteris dentata, Veronica humifusa, V. alpina. Mist
covered the summit of the hill so that our view was intercepted.
We descended by compass, and on our way down saw abundance
of Juncus castaneus and Alopecurus alpinus.

Our conveyance met us about five or six miles from Castleton.

Wednesday, 18th August 1847.

Got a conveyance as far as Loch Callater and then ascended
the hills to the head of Glen Candlich [Ceann-mor?]. At this
place there are caverns and a small hut in which travellers may rest
for the night. At the head of Glen Candlich there are fine steep
cliffs on which we saw Epilobium alsinifolium in great profusion
along with Veronica humifusa and V. alpina. Weaving the head
ot the glen we bent our steps towards Little Gilrannoch, on the
way picking A/opecurus alpinus, and Carex aquatilis in great
quantity. On reaching Gilrannoch we were disappointed to find
that there were scarcely any specimens of Lychuis alpina. Each
of us got a specimen in flower, and that was nearly all we gathered.
We also found Cherleria sedoides. The rock on which these
plants grow is peculiar, and specimens of it were taken by the

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 57

party. The day was very fine and the rocks of Glen Fee seemed
to be very tempting, and after some consultation it was resolved
that Mr. Gilby (at his own desire) should return to Glen Callater
and meet the conveyance, while the rest of the party, consisting
of Messrs. Morse, Murchison, Ivory, Balfour, and myself
(Hewitson and Douglas had remained at home), should go to
Clova and remain all night. Accordingly we proceeded towards
the head of Glen Fee, picking Carex rariflora and some alpine
plants on the way. On reaching the rocks at the upper part of
the glen, we saw Carex Vahiii in great profusion, and with it Sa/ir
lanata, S. arenaria. We looked in vain for Carer Grahami; |
fear the = has disappeared from its original station. After
examining the cliffs on the western side of the corrie we went to
the northern side of Glen Fee and visited the cliffs on which
Oxytropis campestris grows. There had been recently a great
fall of rocks and part of the Oxytropis had been carried away—
there still, however, remains a considerable quantity, although most
of it is inaccessible. After much exertion and some risk we
secured a specimen in fruit and Mr. Ivory got one specimen in
flower. On the rocks we also got Woodsta hyperborea.
Descending from the cliffs we made towards Acharne, a farm-
house where Mr. Watts resides, whom I had known on previous
trips, and in whose house I had formerly attended a patient for
smallpox. I asked for hay and_a barn and a dish of porridge.
After ascertaining who we were the party was kindly received—
porridge and tea was supplied and everything was done by the
farmer and his sister that could contribute to our comfort.

Thursday, 19th August 1847.

Rose early and proceeded to gather some Hieracia, Malaxis
paludosa. After ablutions in the river and breakfast we pro-
ceeded to the rocks in Glen Dole. On these we picked a number

_ of alpine species—especially Sonchus alpinus (eight specimens in
flower), Poa alpina, Salix reticulata, Hieracia, Pyrola secunda,
Arabis hirsuta, and many other good plants.

We then reached the summit of the ridge near the astragalus
cliff, and proceeded by the banks of the White Water towards
the upper part of Glen Callater, in which we saw large specimens

58 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

of Salix lanata. We proceeded by the eastern side of Loch
Callater, which is the easiest for walking, and after refreshment
at the gamekeeper’s house went on to Castleton.

Friday, 20th August 1847.

This day was occupied chiefly in arranging and drying
specimens. We took a short walk by the banks of the Cluny
water and the Dee, picking :—

Meum athamanticum Humulus Lupulus (at the
Peucedanum Ostruthium (in | Bridge)
Free Churchyard) Triticum caninum
Hieracium prenanthoides
and some other common species.
Saturday, 21st August 1847.

We this day sent all our baggage by cart to Dunkeld, the
man to be at Dunkeld on Monday forenoon. We carried with
us our oilskin coats and a change of stockings. The day was
misty and unpromising. After settling our bill and taking leave
of Mrs, Clark we proceeded by two conveyances to Croachlach,
a shooting lodge of General Duff about 12 miles from Castleton.
Thence we walked through Glen Tilt, keeping the road nearly
the whole time and diverging very little for the purpose of
botanising.* We picked at the upper part of the glen Epzlobium
angustifolium, Poa nemoralis, Saxifraga opposttifolia. After
entering the woods we picked specimens of Campanula latifolia
alba, Equisetum Drummondit, Melampyrum sylvaticum.

Monday, 23rd August 1847.

Started early from Bridge of Tilt and walked to Killiecrankie,
meaning to join the coach as it passed. The Orobus niger,

* The existence of a right-of-way through Glen Tilt was at this time in
dispute, and the Botanists when they neared the foot of the Glen found their
way barred. Of this incident the Diary contains a full description Mee
need not be reproduced here. The experiences of the Botanists made
question of right-of-way an acute one, and the claim to a et road ascail

Glen Tilt was ultimately declared by the Law Courts to be ju ;

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 59

however, detained us, and we missed the coach. The plant is in
great profusion on the banks opposite Mrs. Hay’s cottage.
Passing through the glen, which we saw to great advantage, the
morning being fine, we reached Moulinearn (after making a
divergence of four miles by mistake). There we breakfasted.
The party got a return car to take them to Dunkeld, while
Mr. Murchison and I crossed the Tummel and the Tay and
walked to Aberfeldy and Kenmore, picking on the way :—

Radiola Millegrana Pyrola media

Genista anglica Quercus sessiliflora

Lysimachia vulgaris
and a number of common species. The rest of the party
(except Mr. Morse and Mr. Douglas) came by coach to
Kenmore at night. There we met Mr. John H. Bunten,
advocate, who had heard of our adventures in Glen Tilt and to
whom we gave the full particulars.

Tuesday, 24th August 1847.

Our baggage having not all arrived, and the day being misty,
we visited the gardens at Kenmore superintended by Mr.
Murray and saw some curious specimens of grafting, ringing the
bark—and afterwards we visited Taymouth Castle, and then
walked to the Falls of Acharn. At the latter place we
gathered Jestuca calamaria, Poa nemoralis, Campanula
latifolta.

Wednesday, 25th August 1847.

Left Kenmore early and walked by road for four miles
towards Killin, then ascended the hills and reached the cliffs at
the end of Lochnagat—the cliffs are called Crag na Lochan.
There we saw :—

Draba incana Poa alpina
Cerastium alpinum » Balfourii
Erigeron alpinus Woodsia hyperborea

Saussurea alpina

In moist places in the corrie—/uncus triglumis, Carex
saxatilis.

60 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Examined the cliffs of Cragnagat, where we saw JZyosotis
alpestris in profusion, Veronica alpina and V. saxatilis, Sesleria
cerulea. Ascended Ben Lawers in the midst of mist and
reached its summit, found Saxifraga cernua not in flower, Draba
rupestris, and on the steep sides of the hill Ads¢we rubella. Mr.
Murchison and I alone ascended to the summit, and we met the
rest of the party at Lawers Inn for lunch. Walked to Killin,
whither our baggage had been sent.

Thursday, 26th August 1847.

Went by coach to Inverarnan—baggage by cart. Picked
Malaxis paludosa and Lycopodium inundatum, also walked
along shores of Loch Lomond and saw :—

Hypericum humifusum Carex vesicaria
Lythrum Salicaria | Hymenophyllum Wilsoni
Lysimachia vulgaris |

The day was unpropitious, and Ben Vorlich could not be
examined. Visited a curious large mass of rock which was used
as a preaching station.

Friday, 27th August 1847.

Visited Glen Falloch, and picked various forms of Quercus
pedunculata and Q. sessilifiora.

Left Inverarnan by steamboat at 2 p.m., reached Balloch
about 6, Dumbarton about 7, and Glasgow about 8.30 p.m.
Left Glasgow by 10.30 train, and reached Edinburgh about
12 midnight.

In taking a general review of the nature of the country visited it
may be remarked that the rocks which produced fhe greatest
variety of rare species were the crumbling gneiss and mica-slate
rocks of Clova, Glen Isla,and Ben Lawers. The granite rocks of
the Braemar district often presented large tracts of dry

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 61

unproductive stony soil and displayed fertility only where
moisture and the atmosphere had been able to pulverise the
rocks. It is curious to notice the occurrence of species such as
Oxytropis campestris and Lychnis alpina on single rocks in
Britain. The latter we have already stated to be serpentine, and
in the case of the former the rock appears in some respects to
differ from those in its immediate vicinity,

Luzula arcuata seems to prefer the granite in the district visited,
and I have remarked the same thing in Sutherlandshire, where it
is found on the granite of Foineven.

Carex Vahlit grows on gneiss, C. leporina on granite, while
Astragalus alpinus is common to both. Adsine rubella and
Myosotis suaveolens occur on mica-slate. The ordinary alpine
species appear to grow indifferently on granite, gneiss, and mica-_
slate.

The range of species in the district will be illustrated by
grouping species within divisions representing 1000 feet. us
commencing at the sea at Aberdeen we have numerous sea-
weeds, then Carer arenaria and incurva and the ordinary
plants of the district, common trees, Goodyera repens, and
Linnea borealis in the woods up the Dee.

Reaching Castleton, Braemar, which is 1000 feet above the
level of the sea, we come into a region where Genista anglica,
Saxifraga atzoides, Alchemilla alpina begin.

From 1000 to 3000 feet :—

Thalictrum alpinum Erica cinerea
Viola lutea Pyrola media
Genista anglica » secunda
Rubus saxatilis as Melampyrum sylvaticum

», Chamzemorus : Polygonum viviparum
Alchemilla alpina Oxyria reniformis
Saxifraga stellaris Listera cordata

aizoides Tofieldia palustris

Siti villosum Juncus triglumis
Vaccinium Vitis-Idzea Lycopodium Selago
Arbutus Uva-Ursi es clavatum
Calluna vulgaris a selaginoides
Erica Tetralix Beers aquilina

. 2

BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

From 2000 to 3000 feet :—

Sibbaldia procumbens

Saxifraga oppositifolia
hypnoides var.

Tpiebiios alsinifolium

alpinum

Guasnalions supinum
Sonchus alpinus
Vaccinium uliginosum
Veronica humifusa
Betula nana
Salix rupestris

>, Janata

»> arenaria
Empetrum nigrum

Arabis Eee
Draba inca
Cochlearia roenlanglien

Potentilla alpestris
Saxifraga pos
ivularis
igeran aseaes
Saussurea alpina
Hieracium alpinum

Juncus trifidus

»» castaneus
Carex atrata

$y ee

xati
Rogesarts pins
Phleum alpinu
Poa alpina
;, Balfourii
Festuca vivipara

ycopodium annotinum

From 3000 to 4000 feet and upwards :—

Azalea procumbens
Gentiana nivalis
Veronica alpina
saxatilis

Salix herbacea

», reticulata
Luzula arcuata

»> Spicata

Carex rupestris

»>» | Persoonii

»» leporina

ys ras

», Vaginata
Aira alpina

At and above 4000 feet. Truly alpine :—

agina is
Cherleria sedoides
Saxifraga cernua

Saussurea alpina
Salix herbacea

Empetrum nigrum
Juncus trifidus

Festuca ovina

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 63

Thus ended a botanical trip of no ordinary kind, whether
we regard its extent, the rarity of the plants picked, or the
adventures connected with it. Three weeks were spent
in visiting the richest alpine districts in Britain, Braemar,
Clova, Glen Isla, and Ben Lawers, and there was scarcely an
alpine species which was not collected by the party.

The discovery of Carex leporina on Cairn Toul and of
FHieracium villosum on Lochnagar, the gathering of Sonchus
alpinus on the latter mountain and of Woodsia hyperborea in
Glen Isla, the finding of Luzu/a arcuata on Ben na Mac Dhu,
Cairngorm, Lochnagar, Braeriach, and Cairn Toul, and of
Carex vaginata on all the Highland hills, thus extending the
localities of these rare species—all these are facts which are
interesting to botanists.

EXCURSIONS IN 1848.
Gorebridge, Arniston, Kirkhill, Dalhousie.
3 Saturday, 13th May 1848.
About 80 met at 9 a.m. at North British Railway Station and
proceeded by train to Gorebridge. Thence walked to Arniston

and along the banks of the river to Kirkhill and Dalhousie
Station. Returned about 6 p.m.

Picked :— = ase
Aconitum Napellus (not in | Doronicum plantagineum
flower Pulmonaria officinalis
- Stellaria nemorum es Lathrzea Squamaria
Prunus Padus (Arniston) Arum maculatum ~
Saxifraga umbrosa (not in Taxus baccata
flower Scolopendrium vulgare
Chrysosplenium alternifolium Equisetum Telmateia
Adoxa Moschatellina eos

64 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Castlecary, Denning, Larbert, Dunipace, Falkirk.
Saturday, 20th May 1848.

Party of about 40 met at 7 am. at Edinburgh and Glasgow
Railway Station. Proceeded by train to Castlecary to breakfast.
Twenty-seven breakfasted. About 15 or 16 more came by 8
o'clock train, making in all between 50 and 60. Visited
Castlecary Glen. Thence walked by Denning to Larbert and
Dunipace. Bathed in the river near the bridge at Larbert.
Visited Carron Iron Works, having an order from Mr. Dawson.
Walked to Falkirk Station and returned by the train which
reached Edinburgh about 6 p.m.

Picked :—
In Castlecary Glen :—
Anemone nemorosa Paris quadrifolia
Stellaria nemorum Cystopteris fragilis
Mercurialis perennis Polystichum lobatum
Neottia Nidus-avis (sparingly Polypodium Dryopteris

and not in full flower)

Between Denning and Larbert :—

Trollius europzus Symphytum officinale
Arenaria rubra Allium ursinum
Myrrhis odorata

Cockburnspath, Dunglass Dene, Pease Dene.
Saturday, 27th May 1848.

About 40 met at North British Railway Station at 9 a.m.
Proceeded by train to Cockburnspath. Arrangements had been
made by which each student received a third class return ticket
for 2s. Met Mr. Hepburn of Whittingham at Linton. On
reaching Cocksburnspath visited Dunglass Dene, where there
was a great profusion of ferns, the vegetation very luxuriant.
After leaving the Dene the party proceeded to the sea shore,

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 65

Walked along the shore to the foot of the Pease Dene and up
the glen. Returned by the train which passed Cockburnspath
at 7.52 p.m., and reached Edinburgh about 9.30 p.m.

Picked :—
In Dunglass Dene :—
Cardamine amara
hirsuta
5 sylvatica
Geranium Robertianum (28
inches long by 25 across)
Chrysosplenium oppositifol-
ium (18 inches long)

Veronica montana

On the shore :—

Glaucium luteum (not in
flower

Cochlearia officinalis

Epilobium hirsutum (not in

flower)
In Pease Dene :—
Polystichum aculeatum, var.
angulare (in profusion)

and numerous other fine ferns.

Allium ursinum (28 inches

long)
Athyrium Filix-foemina (frond
measured 33-feet long)
Scolopendrium vulgare (30
inches long and 3 broad)
Lastrea_ dilatata (3 - feet
long)

Ligusticum scoticum (not in
flower)
Armeria maritima

Dysart, Ravenscraig Castle, Kirkcaldy, Seafield, Burntisland.
Saturday, 3rd June 1848.
Party of upwards of 60.went to Dysart, partly by railway and

partly by steamboat.

many introduced and naturalized plants.

Visited woods at Dysart, where there are

Walked by the shore

to Kirkcaldy, and then to Seafield tower and Burntisland.

Returned by boat at 5.30 p.m.
Picked :—

In Dysart woods :— |
Aquilegia vulgaris
Saxifraga Geum

; umbrosa
Doronicum plantagineum

Polemonium czeruleum
Linaria Cymbalaria
Convallaria majalis

66 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

At Ravenscraig Castle :-—
Cheiranthus Cheiri | Smyrnium Olusatrum
On shore :—
Reseda Iytea ; |
Slateford, Colinton, Woodhall, Ravelrig, Currie.
Saturday, toth June 1848.

Party of about 60 met at Canal Basin, Port Hopetoun, at 8.30
am, Walked to Slateford, Colinton, Woodhall, Ravelrig, and
returned by train from Currie about 4.30 p.m.

Picked :—

_ Meconopsis cambrica

Corydalis lutea

Fumaria micrantha
Geranium santa

Campanula latifolia (not in
flower

Pyrola minor

Trientalis europzea

columbinum Scrophularia vernalis
Epilobium saeceeoe (not Corallorhiza innata
n flower Listera cordata

Lonicera Caprifolium

3 OVE
Valeriana pyrenaica =

Longniddry, Aberlady, Gullan, Drem.
Saturday, 17th June 1848.

Party of 40 or 50 met at North British Railway Station at
9.15 a.m., and went to Longniddry, thence to Aberlady, Gullan,
and returned by Drem about 5.30 p.m. North British refused
third-class return tickets. — at Gallen.

Picked :-—
Cerastium arvense Hippuris vulgaris
Geranium pusillum Campanula hybrida
Melilotus officinalis Carex vulpina

—— tridactylites (fine
specimens at Gullan)

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 67

Lanark, Cartland Crags, Falls of Clyde. f

Saturday, 24th June 1848.

Party of 104 went by Caledonian Railway to Lanark. Third-
class return tickets 3s. 6d. Visited Cartland Crags. . About 60
breakfasted in the Assembly Rooms at Carrick’s Inn. Then
proceeded towards the falls. Visited Cora Linn. River not
very full, so much so that one of our party was able to climb up
by the side of the falls. Proceeded to Bonnington Falls.

Picked :—
At Cartland Crags :—
Geranium sylvaticum Neottia Nidus-avis
Vicia Orobus | _Gymnadenia Conopsea
5, sylvatica Habenaria bifolia

Viburnum Opulus chlorantha

_ Galium boreale Gis pendula
Jasione montana Melica nutans
Daphne Laureola » ~ uniflora

On the way to the falls and Cora Linn :—
| Carex intermedia

Trollius europzeus
paniculata

Aquilegia vulgaris ”

In the neighbourhood of the falls some subalpine species :—
Asplenium viride

Trichomanes
Cyatbpteds fragilis

Geranium lucidum

Saxifraga oppositifolia (cov-
ering the rocks)

Galium pusillum

In the woods on the way to Boanington lalls:—

Vicia Orobus (in profusion Lastrea dilatata

and fine flower) Polypodium te
Rubus saxatilis _ ’ re Dryopteris
Humulus Lupulus o Phegopteris
Pteris aquilina Equisetum arvense
Blechnum boreale “a sylvaticum
Athyrium Filix-feemina a umbrosum
Lastrea Filix-mas

68 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

North Queensferry, Inverkeithing, Donibristle, Burntisland.
Saturday, 1st July 1848.
About 30 proceeded by steamboat and landed at Queensferry.

Thence walked by Ferry Hills to Inverkeithing, Donibristle, and
Burntisland, .

Gathered :—
Spirza Filipendula Glyceria distans
Sedum villosum Asplenium marinum

Allium Scorodoprasum

Dunfermline, Knock. Hill, Saline Hills, Limekilns,
Charleston.

Saturday, 8th July 1848.

Twenty-five pupils proceeded by steamboat at 6 a.m. to
Charleston. Some proceeded by rail, others walked, to
Dunfermline. Met Dr. James Dewar. Breakfasted at the Spire
Inn. Visited the abbey, and then walked towards Knock Hill.
Thence to the Saline Hills, the banks of the Black Devon.
Returned to Dunfermline to dinner. From Dunfermline walked
to Limekilns and then to Charleston.

Picked :—
On the way from Dunfermline to Knock Hill :—

Trifolium medium Habenaria viridis
Anthyllis Vulneraria

= chlorantha
Comarum palustre Sparganium ramosum
Pyrola media Eleocharis multicaulis
Gymnadenia Conopsea Milium effusum

On the south side of the Knock Hill :—
Botrychium Lunaria (fine

specimens)
On the side of Saline Hills -—
Lycopodium Selago

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 69

On the banks of Black Devon :-—

Geranium sylvaticum Pyrola minor
Hieracium sylvaticum Polygonum viviparum
a3 rigidum Gymnadenia Conopsea
‘s boreale Ibida
inuloides iota chlorantha

Pook, rotundifolia

On the north side of Knock Hill profusion of :-—

Trientalis europzea Allosorus crispus
Gymnadenia albida

On way back from Knock Hill to Dunfermline :—

Trollius europzeus (on moist Sparganium natans (in
pastures) itches

Rumex aquaticus (by the
roadside)

In Broomhall Woods :—
Epipactis latifolia | Luzula nivea
Lilium Martagon

Near Charleston :—
Anagallis arvensis
Atriplex littoralis

Papaver Argemone
Glaucium luteum
Reseda lutea

———____

Montrose, Arbroath, Sands of Barry.
Friday, 14th July 1848.

Party consisting of Dr. Balfour, G. Bayley, W. H. Bone,
Michael Connal, James M. Cunningham, George Dodd, D. F.
Jones, W. Keddie, Gabriel Kerr, W. King, Anthony Mactier,
John B. Mactier, Charles Murchison, G. Putnam, Dalhousie Tait,
LI. Thom, started by the earliest train for Montrose, left baggage
at Arbroath in passing, On reaching Montrose met Mr. Kerr
and visited links. Then proceeded to Rossie Castle. Met
Mr. M‘Donald, Rev. Mr. Cameron. Lunched at the castle.
Then went to rocks on the shore. After reaching sands at Lunan

70 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

joined the Arbroath road. - On road to Arbroath met Mr. Rait of ©
Annister and Lord Ogilvy, and were invited to Annister ; forced
to decline kind invitation. Reached Arbroath to tea.

Picked :-—

Thalictrum minus Matricaria Chamomilla
Iberis amara Artemisia maritima
Teesdalia nudicaulis Carlina vulgaris
Silene conica ~~ ~ Campanula glomerata

» nutans Erica Tetralix
Sterihammera maritima 5» var. alba
Lychnis Githago Euphrasia officinalis
Trifolium striatum Salix repens
Astragalus Hypoglottis » fusca

glycyphyllos Blysmus rufus

Vicia sylvatica Carex extensa

»» Sativa Ammophila arundinacea
Potentilla reptans Phleum arenarium
Epilobium roseum (Abbey, ~~ Poa maritima

Arbroath) | Triticum junceum

Eupatorium cannabinum Elymus arenarius
Pyrethrum Parthenium Lycopodium selaginoides

Saturday, 15th July 1848.

Before breakfast visited cathedral, then went by train to
Carnoustie. Met Gardiner, and botanized Sands of Bay. Dined
at Dundee and returned by train at night.

Picked :-—

Ranunculus Flammula, var. |: Carex incurva

_ -reptans Botrychium Lunaria
Fumaria micrantha -Equisetum variegatum
‘Spergula nodosa - Weissia nigrita
Vicia lathyroides . Didymodon inclinatus
Parnassia palustris Tortula unguiculata ©
‘Erigeron acris rigida
Gentiana Amarella - = Brydiin inclinatum
Lamium amplexicaule » trichodes
-Habenaria viridis — oe aioe albicans .-——_-
Juncus balticus »» lutescens (in fruit)

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 71

Hypnum dendroides Stereocaulon tomentosum
Jungermannia pusilla (in Parmelia physodes
fruit Peltidea polydactyla

Sticta scrobiculata

Ben Lawers.
Monday, 24th July 1848.

Party consisting of J. H. Balfour, Charles Ashenheim, George
Bayley, Spencer Cobbold, James M. Cunningham, John
Duncanson, Gabriel Kerr, A. Mactier, John B. Mactier, T. R.
Marshall, J. S. Sanderson, A. H. Thomson, G. Townley, Rich.
H. Wake, started on an excursion to Ben Lawers. Left
Edinburgh by the train at 7 a.m. and reached Stirling about 9.
Proceeded immediately by coach to Callander, passing through
the beautiful village of Doune. Coach well loaded, road very
bad, and on one or two occasions there was some danger of being
upset. Reached Callander about 12. Ten of the party break-
fasted there, while the remaining four botanized in the neighbour-
hood. After breakfast the party proceeded in two carriages to
Lochearnhead, passing through the Pass of Leny and examining
the shore of the Teith and of Loch Lubnaig. In Loch Lubnaig
numerous good plants were seen, but few could be procured on
account of the swollen state of the waters. A boat aided the
party in procuring some plants. On reaching Lochearnhead some
of the party proceeded in one of the carriages with all the baggage
to Killin, while the rest walked. Reached Killin about 7 p.m.

Picked :—

Near the Falls of the Teith :— :
Galium boreale Hieracium inuloides
Solidago Virgaurea Poa nemoralis
Hieracium sylvaticum

By the roadside :—
Galium Mollugo |
In Loch Lubnaig :—
_ Nuphar pumilum (leaves) | Nymphezea alba

72 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

On the shores of the loch :—
Trollius europzeus | Circzea alpina

Epilobium angustifolium Lysimachia vulgaris

On the way to Killin from Lochearnhead :—
Hypericum humifusum
Saxifraga aizoides
Gnaphalium dioicum

Lobelia Dortmanna
Gentiana campestris (lilac
and white)

Tuesday, 25th July 1848.

Twelve of the party proceeded to Craig Chailleach. The day
was very misty and wet, and although there were occasional
glimpses of sunshine, yet it appeared dubious. On that
account a trip to Ben Lawers was postponed. The first
ascent was accomplished amidst sunshine, but on reaching
the steep rocks the rain began to descend, and after submitting
to wet for an hour or two, six of the party turned tail and
proceeded to the inn at Killin; the six deserters afterwards
had a sail five miles down Loch Tay. Two of the party, Messrs.
Wake and Cobbold, engaged in fishing and were tolerably
successful. Craig Chailleach is a productive hill. Mass of
nettles occurred high on the hill under a projecting rock, which
probably had been a spot which had afforded shelter, and might
indicate thus the habitation of man.

Among the plants gathered were the following :—

Thalictrum alpinum | Rubus Chamzemorus
Ranunculus acris (alpine Dryas octopetala (one or two

-- form) - in flower)

Trollius europzeus Geum rivale

Draba incana Potentilla alpestris (in flower)

Cochlearia officinalis vars. {| Sibbaldia procumbens

Hesperis matronalis (near Alchemilla vulgaris,var. minor
Killin Inn) ¥ pina

Silene acaulis (some in flower) Saxifraga oppositifolia

Cerastium alpinum s nivalis

Alsine rubella (in profusion) | ‘a stellaris

Spergula subulata
Geranium sylvaticum

Cherleria sedoides | + aizoides
Anthyllis Vulneraria |

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 73

Parnassia palustris Luzula spicata
Sedum — Carex dioica
= nglicum » . atvata
Evilekiun alpinum » Tigida
Gnaphalium supinum »» Vaginata
Solidago Virgaurea » capillaris
Leontodon alpinum 5» Saxatilis
Hieracium Lawsoni Avena pratensis (alpine
Vaccinium Vitis-Idaea form)
Pyrola rotundifolia Sesleria czrulea (in pro-
Armeria maritima usion)
Gentiana campestris Poa alpina vivipara
Rhinanthus Crista-galli ,», Balfourii (2 vars.)
Mentha rotundifolia,var. velu- Festuca vivipara
tina (near Inn, Killin) Asplenium viride
Oxyria reniformis 5 Trichomanes
Salix venulosa Cystopteris fragilis
»» arenaria? Polystichum Lonchitis
», herbacea Lastrzea Oreopteris
» reticulata Polypodium Dryopteris
Empetrum nigrum is Phegopteris
Habenaria albida Botrychium Lunaria
chlorantha Equisetum. palustre, var.
Tofieldia palustris alpinum
Juncus castaneus Lycopodium Selago
» biglumis (generally ie alpinum
diffused) ¥ selaginoides

» triglumis
Wednesday, 26th July 1848.

Whole party of 14 left Killin in two conveyances for Lawers
Inn, which was reached about 9 am. Then ascended Ben
Lawers, walking in the first instance towards the corrie on the
east side and examining rocks near the little loch.

On these rocks were found :—

Cherleria sedoides Myosotis suaveolens
Sibbaldia procumbens . Woodsia hyperborea
Erigeron alpinum Polystichum Lonchitis

and many good alpine plants.

74 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Proceeding round the cliffs, gathered :—
Veronica humifusa | Juncus biglumis
Juncus castaneus
thence going to the rocks where Myosotis suaveolens occurs in
profusion towards the north-east of the summit.

Picked :-—
Draba incana | Poa Balfourii
Saxifraga nivalis

Numerous alpine species occur, along with :—
Carex atrata Cetraria islandica

Reaching the corrie immediately below the summit on the east,
the party ascended to the ridge leading to the top. In the
corrie they found a profusion of good alpine plants in fine
flower, as :-—

Saxifraga oppositifolia

Cerastium alpinum

The temperature here was very low. Many good mosses. On

reaching the summit mist came on; it occasionally cleared so as
to open up a grand view.

On the summit picked Draba rupestris. No Saxifraga cernua.

East of summit, below :-—
Alsine rubella |

Descended to west, came to cliffs, where picked :—
Alsine rubella Gentiana nivalis
Erigeron acris 5 Myosotis suaveolens
These cliffs are well worthy of examination. Returned to inn
by Glen Lyon Road and reached Killin about 8 p.m.

List of plants gathered on Ben Lawers :—

Thalictrum alpinum (fine
flower)

Anemone nemorosa

Trollius europzeus

Cochlearia groenlandica (near
- summit

Silene acaulis (in fine flower)

Cerastium alpinum (very fine,

}
|
|
|
t
|
}
i
I
{

Draba incana on cold cliffs east of summit)
» Tupestris (one speci- Alsine rubella (east side)
men) getege » (west side)

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 75

Cherleria sedoides (profusion)
Geranium sylvaticum
Rubus Chamzemorus (fruit, 2
specimens in flower)
Geum rivale
Potentilla alpestris (in flower)
Sibbaldia procumbens (large)
Saxifraga oppositifolia (in
fine flower, in cold corrie
to east of summit
Saxifraga nivalis (in quantity
near summit)
re », (rocks on west
side
5 tellaris
Sedum Rhodiola (in fine
flower, near top)
Epilobium alsinifolium (corrie
near top)
alpinum
Aigsics sylvestris
Heracleum Sphondylium
Cornus suecica (young fruit)
Erigeron alpinus (rocks near
the loch, also on west side)
Gnaphalium supinum
Saussurea alpina
Hieracium Lawsoni

Leontodon (large)
Pyrola rotundifolia

Gentiana nivalis (rocks on
west side)

Myosotis suaveolens (on
various rocks both east
and west side)

Veronica humifusa
e saxatilis

Oxyria reniformis

Salix herbacea
», Yeticulata

Tofieldia palustris

Juncus castaneus (sparingly)

» biglumis (profusion
everywhere on the hill)
triglumis

: Lisdin spicata

Carex atrata (plenty)
rigida
capillaris (large)

» saxatilis (profusion)
Sesleria czerulea (in flower)
Poa alpina, also vivipara

» Balfourii
»» nemoralis (alpine form)
Asplenium viride
Woodsia hyperborea (rocks
near the loch)
Polystichum Lonchitis (large,
nearly 2 feet long)
Cetraria islandica

”

)

Thursday, 27th July 1848.

Morning showery, and me party unable to visit the head of
the loch for Carex vesicar

After breakfast, day Sere and finding that the hire of two
carriages including tolls and driver was cheaper than taking
outside seats by the coach, the party adopted that mode of pro-
cedure. Half an hour after leaving Killin the rain began to fall,
and descended heavily till the time Crianlarich Inn was reached.
During the after part of the day there were frequent heavy

76 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

showers. The party reached Inverarnan about 1 o’clock, Two
of the party, Cobbold and Ashenheim, left, the former for the
Trossachs and the latter for Glasgow. The party was thus
reduced to 12. Of them 6 went fishing and boating on Loch
Lomond and the other 6 botanised in Glen Falloch.

The boating party visited one of the islands in the loch and
picked :—

Hypericum Androszeemum Taxus baccata

Cordalis claviculata Scutellaria galericulata
Lythrum Salicaria

The other party picked, near the inn :—

Pinguicula lusitanica | Rhynchospora alba
Malaxis paludosa Lycopodium inundatum

In Glen Falloch were picked :—

Quercus pedunculata, with Quercus intermedia of Martyn
various forms of leaves Flora rustica
and various lengths of Q. sessiliflora
peduncles

On moist rocks in Glen Falloch :-—

Hymenophyllum Wilsoni
(in profusion in fine fruit)

Friday, 28th July 1848.

A beautiful morning. Party divided into two sets. One set,
consisting of Wake, Cunningham, Thomson, Bayley, and John
Mactier, went boating and fishing. The other 7 proceeded to
Ben Vorlich, ascended by east side.

Picked :—
Thalictrum alpinum Saxifraga stellaris
Silene acaulis “a aizoides
Cerastium alpinum Cornus suecica
Sibbaldia procumbens Gnaphalium supinum
Saxifraga oppositifolia (in Saussurea alpina
flower) Hieracium alpinum

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 77

Hieracium Lawsoni Carex (deri
Vaccinium uliginosum (in » saxatilis
fruit Aira ceespitosa, var. alpina
Plantago maritima (on the Molinia depauperata
first ascent) Poa Balfourii
Malaxis paludosa Festuca vivipara
Listera cordata Asplenium viride
Orchis mascula (high on west Lycopodium Selago
side) “ annotinum
Juncus trifidus re alpinum
» castaneus a selaginoides
, triglumis Isoetes lacustris (in small

Carex rigida Splachnum mnioides

Luzula spicata | loch near the top)
Cetraria islandica

», pilulifera

Reached the summit about 2 p.m. and had a fine view from
the top, Ailsa Craig in the distance. Descended to Loch Sloy
and walked to Inveruglas and thence by shores of Loch Lomond
to Inverarnan.

Near the Inn picked :—
Corydalis claviculata Lysimachia vulgaris
Lythrum Salicaria Pinguicula lusitanica

Saturday, 29th July 1848.

Left Inverarnan at 5 a.m. by steamboat. Morning beautiful,
nota cloud. After reaching Balloch proceeded by steamboat
to Glasgow, and reached Edinburgh at 12.30 p.m.

EXCURSIONS IN 1849. *
Kirknewton, Dalmahoy, Ravelrig, Currie.
Saturday, 12th May 1849.

About 50 pupils met at Caledonian Railway Station and
proceeded to Kirknewton at 7 am. Walked to Western
Dalmahoy Hill and ascended it. Visited Ravelrig Bog, thence

78 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

went to the banks of the Water of Leith, reached Balerno and
Currie. Afterwards walked to Woodhall and thence to Edin-
burgh, which was reached about 4 p.m.

Picked :—

At Dalmahoy :—

Draba verna Viola flavicornis
Sisymbrium Thalianum ss Futea
Viola canina

At Ravelrig :—

Viola palustris |.__— Salix (several)
At Balerno :—

Saxifraga granulata Mercurialis perennis
Myrrhis odorata Orchis mascula
Anthriscus sylvestris Scilla nutans

Asperula odorata Arum maculatum

“Near Woodhall. Good fossils, especially Lepidodendra.

Gorebridge, Arniston, Dalhousie.
Saturday, 19th May 1849.

Sixty met at the North British Railway Station at 8.15 a.m. and
proceeded by the train to Gorebridge, thence walked to Arniston.
_ Met Mr. Veitch, the gardener.

On the way picked several common plants :—
Fragaria vesca Equisetum sylvaticum

Veronica Chamzdrys i limosum
Equisetum arvense

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 79

Visited gardens at Arniston, where the gardener cultivates
many good alpine plants, and a fine collection of mosses in pots.

Proceeded to woods and found :—

Ranunculus auricomus Chrysosplenium alternifolium
Lychnis dioica Myrrhis odorata
Stellaria nemorum Doronicum plantagineum
Holostea Pulmonaria officinalis
Ulex europzeus Lathrza Squamaria, para-
Sarothamnus scoparius sitic on roots of Prunus
Prunus spinosa Lauro-cerasus
» Avium Scilla nutans
3 ~~ Gerasus Paris quadrifolia
Padus Arum maculatum (not quite
Fragaria vesca out
Potentilla Fragariastrum Equisetum Telmateia
Chrysosplenium oppositi-
olium

After leaving the woods at Arniston passed Kirkhill and
entered Dalhousie Woods, where we found profusion of Vzola
odorata in fruit near Prestonholme, also Arum maculatum in
fine flower.

Ribes alpinum Vinca minor (blue and white)
Adoxa Moschatellina Anchusa sempervirens
Viburnum Lantana Orchis mascula

Valeriana pyrenaica | Convallaria majalis (in bud)

Examined the woods near Dalhousie Station and picked a
single specimen of Neottia Nidus-avis in bud.
Returned by train which left Dalhousie at 5.15 p.m.

Kirkcaldy, Ravenscraig Castle, Dysart Woods, Pettycur,
Burntisland.

Saturday, 26th May 1849.

Party of 50 met at Chain Pier, Newhaven, at 9.45 a.m., and
went by steamboat to Kirkcaldy, visited Ravenscraig Castle
under the direction of Mr. Laing, gardener to the Earl of Rosslyn.

BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Picked :-—

Cheiranthus Cheiri
Viola odorata (in fruit)
» tricolor
Lychnis diurna
Conium maculatum (not in

flower)

Entered Dysart Woods by the

there for some hours.

Picked :—

Aconitum Napellus
Silene maritima
Saxifraga Geum
3 umbrosa
granulata (double)
Doronicum Pardalianches

Smyrnium Olusatrum
Anthriscus sylvestris
Armeria maritima
Scilla nutans

west gate and botanised

Polemonium czeruleum
Polygonum Bistorta
Daphne Laureola
Ruscus aculeatus
Convallaria majalis

Met the Earl of Rosslyn, who kindly conducted us to see the

fine hybrid rhododendrons,

pines, deodars,

an araucarias.

Visited afterwards the greenhouses and kitchen garden. Thence
walked through Pathhead and part of Kirkcaldy, reached the
sands, and walked to Seafield tower, and then by shore to

Kinghorn, Pettycur, and Burntisland.

_Sinapis alba

Picked :—

Barbarea vulgaris

Arabis hirsuta

Cochlearia officinalis

Cochlearia danica (Burnt-
island

Lepidium Smithii

Thlaspi arvense (fields near
Pettycur)

Reseda lutea (side of railway
near Burntisland)

Helianthemum vulgare
ilene maritima

Alsine peploides

Geranium sanguineum

Medicago lupulina
Astragalus Hypoglottis
Valerianella olitoria
dentata
Poem vulgaris
veris

Linen Cymbalaria (near

Seafield tower)
Salvia Verbenaca (near Petty-

eur

Parietaria officinalis (Burnt-
islan

Sclerochloa loliacea (Burnt-
island)

Botrychium Lunaria

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 81

Tranent, Ormiston, Prestonhall Woods, Ford,
Crichton, Tynehead.

Saturday, 9th June 1849.

Party of 35 ‘met at the North British Railway Station at 8 a.m.
and proceeded by the train to Tranent. Thence walked through
the village of Tranent, and immediately after passing it turned
to the right to go to Ormiston.

In the wood at the back of the village we picked a considerable
quantity of Convallaria multiflora, apparently wild, also Berberts
vulgaris and Geum intermedium, along with G. rzvale. G. inter-
medtum occurred on the roadside. Near Ormiston there is
abundance of Acer campestre and the hirsute form of it, which
was in flower and fruit, also Stellaria graminea.

After leaving Ormiston, which is a neat village with an old
Cross in the centre, we proceeded across a small burn and turned
to the left until we reached a toll-house, took the road to the
left, and entered Fountainhall Woods, which are very pretty. In
them saw a multiplicity of fine ferns growing luxuriantly, the
chief species being :—

Pteris aquilina Lastrea Filix-mas
Blechnum boreale » Spinulosa
Athyrium Filix-foemina

In the woods also :—

Fumaria officinalis Rhinanthus Crista-galli
Oxalis Acetosella Nepeta Glechoma
Asperula odorata Ajuga reptans
Primula vulgaris (still in

flower)

From Fountainhall proceeded to Ormiston Hall Woods.

In them there was profusion of :—

Alliaria officinalis Rumex viridis
Prunus Padus Agraphis nutans
Lysimachia nemorum Arum maculatum
Symphytum tuberosum Milium effusum
Melampyrum pratense Equisetum arvense
Polygonum Bistorta - sylvaticum

Rumex sanguineus _ limosum

82 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Met Mr. Gorrie at the end of the woods and were conducted by
him to Prestonhall Woods. Visited the gardens and house,
where we were kindly received by Mr. Burn Callender.

Saw a number of interesting specimens of roots which had
entered into drains and caused their closure ; many plants seem
to do so. One shown was the root of a walnut tree, which ha
been traced by Mr. Gorrie 24 yards from the bole. Mr. Gorrie
states that he has known it occur in the case of the elm, willow,
poplar, and ash. A case of the latter kind I saw at Southampton ;
it had occurred in drains in Hampshire. and was given to me by
Mr. Balloch. Mr. Gorrie states that many herbaceous plants
have roots which enter drains; among them may be noticed
Polygonum Bistorta, Equisetum, Tussilago Farfara, which he has
seen entering drains three feet deep. The bistort is particularly
troublesome, and has caused much injury in the Carse of
Gowrie.

In Mr. Callender’s hothouse we saw a plant of Cereus grandi-
florus with 9 or 10 flower buds expanding. We also tasted
ripe coffee-berries and figs. Saw a mountain ash, one of the
branches of which had been split off so as to leave the centre of
the trunk bare ; the tree lived with the main shoot growing and
numerous branches; from some of these roots were sent down
which filled the split and broken portions of the bole. These
roots were distinctly seen proceeding from the upper branches
and forming a distinct covering to the exposed wood. The
roots proceeded from the new wood near the bark of the branches.
It is proof of the existence of a descending system, and is in
favour of Gaudichaud’s theory. Saw an elm the main trunk of
which had been broken ; a knot existed on the remaining part of
the trunk, which gave offabranch. This branch now grows erect
and has a peculiar bushy aspect, quite distinct from that of the
elm, some of the branches of which in their natural state are
seen. On all the branches of the new leader there is a tendency
to develop knots, in fact the whole of them are covered with ©
knotty excrescences ; this peculiar tendency, as well as the habit
of growth, continues in slips which Mr. Gorrie has taken from the
plant.

In the woods of Prestonhall the chief plants found were :-—

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOoUR. 83

Berberis vulgaris
Ilex Aquifolium
Staphylea pinnata
Pyrus Aucuparia

Lonicera Xylosteum

Vinca minor

Ajuga reptans (white flowered,
near the pond)

Bunium flexuosum
Lonicera Caprifolium

Polygonum Bistorta
Ornithogalum umbellatum
In Prestonhall avenue :—
Anthemis arvensis |
Remains of old garden :—
Helleborus feetidus |
Took lunch at the Stair Arms Inn, and then walked to Ford.
In the marsh got :—

Menyanthes trifoliata Blysmus compressus

Pedicularis palustris Carex ovalis
Orchis latifolia »» ceespitosa
+» maculata » Yiparia

In going towards Crichton Castle gathered in the woods :—
Barbarea vulgaris Neottia Nidus-avis
Chenopodium Bonus-Henri-

cus

Visited Crichton Castle. In the thicket near it saw :-—
Geranium sylvaticum |

Juniperus communis

Carex sylvatica

On banks of the Tyne :—

Cardamine amara

Pyrola minor (scarcely in
flower)

Neottia Nidus-avis
_ Polypodium Dryopteris
> Phegopteris

On a moor near Tynehead :—
Pinguicula vulgaris

Genista anglica (ia profusion)
Lycopodium clavatum

Antennaria dioica
edicularis palustris

Reached Tynehead Station about 7, and returned to Edin-
burgh about 8 p.m.

84 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY
Galashiels, Abbotsford, Melrose, Newtown.
Saturday, 16th June 1849.

Party of 100 met at the North British Railway Station at 8
and proceeded by the 8.15 a.m. train to Galashiels. Train very
long one and very slow, and the party did not reach Galashiels
till 10.30. Walked towards Faldonside and then crossed the
Tweed, some in the ferryboat, others by wading.

In consequence of the boat only containing 10 or 12 there was
much delay in crossing. Met John Swanston, who had been
32 years forester at Abbotsford, and were conducted by him
through the woods. In them there are a number of naturalised
plants, such as :—

Aquilegia vulgaris Convallaria multiflora
Saxifraga umbrosa

Besides these we picked :—

Geranium sylvaticum [ Ribes rubrum

Acer campestre Lonicera Caprifolium
Orobus tuberosus Valeriana officinalis (not in
Geum (many forms) flower)

Ribes Grossularia Polygonum Bistorta

Some of the party visited Abbotsford House. Visited the
Little Loch, where Nuphar luteum was seen—an introduced plant;
then proceeded to Huntly Burn, gathering in the woods :—

Geranium sylvaticum Cornus sanguinea
Staphylea pinnata

Visited Chief's Wood, and called on Professor James D.
Forbes. Saw MMJeconopsts cambrica in the woods.

Our walk then lay by the side of the Eildon Hills, which were
ascended by some of the party.

On these hills were gathered :-—
Gnaphalium dioicum Pinguicula vulgaris

Vaccinium Vitis-Idza Lycopodium alpinum

Melrose was next reached and the Abbey visited.

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 85

From Melrose the party went by road to Newtown, then
descended to the banks of the river, seer te the following
plants :—

Fumaria capreolata Hieracium Pilosella

3 _ Officinalis 3 sylvaticum
Barbarea vulgaris Apargia hispida
Cardamine sylvatica Echium (partly in flower)
Sinapis arvensis Thymus Serpyllum
Reseda Luteola Plantago media (abundant)
Trifolium procumbens Orchia mascula
Anthyllis Vulneraria », latifolia
Vicia Cracca +» maculata
Rosa tomentosa Briza media
Sedum Telephium (not in

flower)

Crossed the ferry to Dryburgh and visited the Abbey, Sir
W. Scott’s tomb.
Picked :—
Cheiranthus Cheiri Taxus baccata
Geranium lucidum
Returned by train leaving Newtown at 6 and reaching Edin-
burgh at 8 p.m.

Longniddry, Gosford, Aberlady, Luffness, Gullan, a
Drem.

Saturday, 23rd June 1849.

Party of about 30 met at the North British Railway Terminus
at 8 a.m. and proceeded to Longniddry (having received third-
class return tickets from Drem, 2s.), visited woods at Gosford,
and were allowed by Mr. Addison to walk through the grounds
and to see the ponds.

Picked :—
In the ponds :—
Nymphea alba Chara flexilis
Myriophyllum spicatum :

86 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

In the woods :—

Geranium pratense Viburnum Opulus
Euonymus europzeus Scrophularia vernalis
Potentilla fruticosa Salix pentandra
Sambucus nigra Iris Pseudacorus

Leaving Gosford we walked to Aberlady, picking on the way :—

Papaver Rheeas Solanum Dulcamara
» dubium Hippophaé rhamnoides
» Argemone Listera ovata

On the shore near Aberlady saw :—

Cochlearia officinalis : Triglochin maritimum
Aster Tripolium (not in Blysmus rufus

ower) Carex distans
Armeria maritima - ensa
Glaux maritima Rottboellia filiformis

At Luffness picked :—

Ranunculus sceleratus | Carex vulpina
Hippuris vulgaris » (paludosa ?)
Alisma Plantago riparia’
Scirpus maritimus |

”

In fields near Luffness :—

Silene noctiflora (in leaf) Lycopsis arvensis
Cerastium arvense ithospermum arvense
Pastinaca sativa Lamium amplexicaule

Anagallis arvensis

Gullan Links and Loch supplied the following —

Sium angustifolium (in leaf) | Utricularia vulgaris (not
Gentiana campestris quite in flower)
Menyanthes trifoliata Orchis latifolia
Cynoglossum officinale Scirpus lacustris

Euphrasia officinalis Chara hispida
Pedicularis palustris ;

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 87
Near the village of Gullan :—

Malva sylvestris Centaurea Scabiosa

» rotundifolia is Cyanus
Geranium pusillum | Convolvulus arvensis
Callitriche platycarpa Limosella aquatica (in fine

ower

From Gullan (after refreshment) ag route lay towards Dirle-
ton. Visited the castle, gathering :—
Smyrnium Olusatrum Linaria Cymbalaria
Centranthus ruber Parietaria officinalis
And on the roadside :—
Galium Mollugo |
Reached Drem Station in time for the train at 6.20 p.m. Did
not reach Edinburgh until 8 p.m.

North Queensferry, St. Davids, Donibristle, Aberdour,
Burntis
Saturday, 30th June 1849.

Party of about 30 met at Granton pier at 8.30 a.m. and pro-
ceeded by steamboat to North Queensferry. Thence walked
towards the Oxytropis and Astragalus stations, crossed to Inver-
keithing Bay, walked to St. Davids, Donibristle, and Aberdour,
where we dined. Thence by woods to Burntisland, which was
reached in time for the boat at 6.34 in the evening. Had an
order from Mr. Philipps, the factor, to see Donibristle; met Mr.
Gavin, the gardener, who conducted us through the houses.

The following were some of the plants seen :—

At Queensferry —

Papaver Argemone | Carduus tenuiflorus

Helianthemum vulgare » acanthoides
Malva sylvestris Erica cinerea
rotundifolia Glaux maritima

Anthyllis Vulneraria
Spirzea Filipendula
Potentilla verna
Rosa spinosissima
Petroselinum vulgare

Plantago maritima
Coronopus
iealetio cristata

aan aaaie iectnteniatnianatinatin acne

BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Near the toll on the Queensferry road :—

Thalictrum minus Astragalus glycyphyllos
Gnaphalium germanicum

Habenaria viridis

3 majus
Thlaspi arvense

On shore near Ifverkeithing -—

Sagina maritima ] Convolvulus arvensis

Alsine marina | Parietaria officinalis

Sedum acre Allium Schoenoprasum
» villosum Sclerochloa maritima

Sambucus Ebulus ~~ Anse

Ina quarry at Inverkeithing :—
Saponaria officinalis (very | Malva sylvestris
abundant) Conium maculatum

Near St. David’s :—

Diplotaxis tenuifolia | Echium vulgare (pink)
Reseda lutea Artemisia Absinthium
Melilotus officinalis | Senecio sylvaticus
Ligusticum scoticum

On rocks near St. David’s :—

Hypericum perforatum Lonicera Periclymenum
a hirsutum Anagallis arvensis
Trifolium arvense Beta maritima

5 striatum Allium vineale
Agrimonia Eupatoria Asplenium marinum

On the shore near Donibristle -—

Geranium pratense — Atropa Belladonna
(Enanthe crocata yoscyamus niger
Dipsacus sylvestris

Pyrethrum Parthenium

Thalictrum flavum Cynoglossum officinale
|
Hieracium sylvaticum

Allium Scorodoprasum

Marsh at Donibristle :—
Tris Pseudacorus | Typha latifolia

PROFESSOR JOHN HuTTON BALFOUR. 89

Woods between Aberdour and Burntisland -—

Iris Pseudacorus Triticum caninum
Bromus asper

Drem, North Berwick, Canty Bay, Bass, Tantallon Castle.

Saturday, 7th July 1849.

Party of 31 met at the North British Station at 7.45 a.m. The
day was rather unpromising as regards wind and rain, never-
theless the party proceeded by rail to Drem. Rain had by this
time diminished, Two omnibuses and a dogcart conveyed them
to North Berwick, and there the day cleared. Walked by the
sandy shore to Canty Bay, gathering :—

Silene inflata | Eryngium maritimum
» Maritima | Scabiosa Columbaria
Anthyllis Vulneraria Apargia hispida
Astragalus Hypoglottis : Chenopodium album
Vicia Cracca Carex arenaria
» sylvatica Psamma arenaria

On reaching Canty Bay, George Adams, the boatman, was
ready with two boats to convey the se to the Bass; difficult
landing. On the Bass got :—

Cerastium atrovirens Beta maritima
Lavatera arborea

Had some tacking in coming back, and some of the party sick.
After landing at Canty Bay proceeded to Tantallon, on the
way gathering :— .
Habenaria viridis |
At the old Castle of Tantallon -—-
Papaver somniferum Conium maculatum
Lepidium latifolium Torilis Anthriscus
Malva sylvestris

go BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Walked back to the toll near North Berwick and_ then
ascended Berwick Law. Picked a few common plants, as :—
Helianthemum vulgare Veronica Anagallis (ditches
Senecio sylvaticus

Reached North Berwick about 4.30 p.m., and after dinner came
by our omnibuses to Drem, meeting the train at 6.20, and
reaching Edinburgh at 7.15.

Colinton, Bonaly, Habbie’s Howe, Currie.
Saturday, 14th July 1849.

Party of 30 met at Bruntsfield Links Toll at 8.30 a.m. and
walked to Colinton, picking on the way a number of common
plants, especially grasses. Thence went to Bonaly and ascended
the Pentlands, crossed to the compensation pond,. where we
bathed.

Picked :—

Ranunculus aquatilis Cystopteris fragilis
Sedum villosum Lastrea Oreopteris

Walked to Habbie’s Howe and there lunched, and got :—
Epilobium angustifolium | Hieracium prenanthoides
Galium pusillum
Proceeded by the marshy ground to the new reservoir ot the
Water Company, thence across the river to Currie, gathering on
the way :-—

Botrychium Lunaria | Pilularia globulifera

Examined banks near Currie and picked :—
Geranium pratense
Trifolium medium
Valeriana officinalis

Anchusa sempervirens
Lilium Martagon

Returned by railway train which passed Cherie about
7-30 p.m.

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR, QI
Gallowshall, Dalkeith, Musselburgh, Portobello.
Saturday, 21st July 1849.

Party of about 30 met at the North British Railway Station
at 8 a.m. and proceeded to Gallowshall and thence to Dalkeith,
where we met Mr. M‘Intosh, who kindly conducted us through
the Duke of Buccleuch’s garden and grounds. We proceeded
by the banks of the Esk as far as Musselburgh, and thence
walked to Portobello to meet the train, arriving in Edinburgh
about 5 p.m.

The following is a list of the plants gathered in Dalkeith
Woods and on the banks of the Esk :—

Papaver somniferum Cherophyllum temulentum

Rhoeas Anthriscus vulgaris
Rarbaree vulgaris sylvestris

Iberis amara Heracleum Sphondylium
Silene inflata Torilis Anthriscus

Alliaria officinalis | ‘aouutienns vulgare
Hypericum poate | Sambucus nigra
|

rsutum Lonicera Periclymenum
eee iiveseis Valeriana officinalis
» rotundifolia Doronicum Pardalianches
Geranium sylvaticum Senecio sylvaticus
es ratense » jacobzea
‘ Robertianum Carduus tenuiflorus
Medicago Iupulina » acanthoides
Spirzea Ulmaria Centaurea nigra
Geum urbanum Lapsana communis
Rosa tomentosa Crepis paludosa
» canina Hieracium sabaudum
Ribes Grossularia Sonchus arvensis
» Yrubrum Tragopogon minor
Epilobium hirsutum Campanula latifolia
parviflorum | Campanula _rapunculoides
Circzea lutetiana naturalised)
Conium maculatum 4 rotundifolia
Petroselinum sativum ” persicifolia (on

Pimpinella Saxifraga banks of Esk)
Myrrhis odorata » Media (naturalised)

92 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Solanum Dulcamara Salix aurita
Linaria vulgaris ., purpurea
Scrophularia nodosa yo tielix
Mimulus luteus Populus alba
Digitalis purpurea Juncus bufonius
Prunella vulgaris » glaucus
Stachys sylvatica » lamprocarpus
+, palustris | Luzula sylvatica
Teucrium Scorodonia : Agrostis vulgaris
Chenopodium album Aira czespitosa

Polygonum Convolvulus Melica uniflora

ersicaria Festuca bromoides
Rumex sanguineus |

» arundinacea

» obtusifolius Bromus asper

>< Crispus Brachypodium sylvaticum

>) >. ACetoSsa Triticum caninum

» Acetosella Polystichum lobatum
Alnus glutinosa = aculeatum
Quercus pedunculata Lastrea Filix-mas
Salix Smithiana Polypodium vulgare

” a

On Musselburgh Links :—

Cakile maritima Carduus tenuiflorus
Sagina maritima » nutans (in abun-
dance

Ononis arvensis
Trifolium ornithopodioides
oe iforme

Armeria maritima
Scleranthus annuus
Salsola Kali

Carex arenaria
Triticum junceum

Astragalus Hypoglottis
Scabiosa arvensis |
Senecio viscosus

|
Erodium cicutarium |
|
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Salisbury Crags, Arthur’s Seat, Duddingston, Craigmillar.
Tuesday, 24th July 1849.

Met after Examination at the College at 5 p.m., and party of
about 30 proceeded to Holyrood and Salisbury Crags ; thence to
Arthur’s Seat and Duddingston Loch, then to Craigmillar Castle.

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 93

Visited Edmonston and saw a large oak which had been struck
by lightning. Returned to Edinburgh about ro p.m.

Among the plants picked were :—

Ranunculus Lingua Iris Bendacorus (in fruit)

Lychnis Viscaria Allium vineale

Alsine verna Sparganium ramosum

Trifolium arvense Carex riparia

Senecio visccsus Phalaris arundinacea

Veronica scutellata Asplenium septentrionale
a Anagallis

At Craigmillar :-—

Knautia arvensis | Anchusa sempervirens

Braemar.
Friday, 3rd August 1849.

Party, consisting of J. H. Balfour, William Brown, Samuel
Burd, Robert Christie, D. C. M‘Allum, Thomas M‘Micking,
Alexander S. Melville, Eleazer Sherwood, James Stewart,
met at Aberdeen this evening. I went by rail to Montrose,
which I reached about 12 noon, and thence by coach to
Aberdeen, where I arrived at 4.30. Mr. M‘Micking came by
Stirling, Perth, and Dundee, and did not arrive till late in the
evening. The rest of the party came by the “Queen” steam-
boat, and owing to a head wind and swell did not land in the
harbour till about 8.30 p.m. Many of them had been very sick.
_ Prof. James Forbes came by the same steamer to meet Mr. Airy,
Astronomer Royal, and proceed with him to Shetland. The
party having left my baggage on board the steamer I had to
go on board about 10.30 p.m. when the “Queen” came into
harbour in order to get it.

Accommodation of the party at Robertson’s Royal Hotel was
very comfortable. Seats taken in Braemar coach.

94. BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Saturday, 4th August 1849.

Left Aberdeen about 7 a.m., after breakfast, by the Ballater
mail, in which we had booked nine outside places.

Reached Ballater about 1 p.m.; met Dr. Dickie and got
specimen of Diphyscitum foliosum collected by Mr. Cruikshank.
I lunched with Dickie. Party dined at Monaltrie Arms. I
called on Dr. Martin, who with his wife and children was residing
at Ballater for his health. From Ballater proceeded by coach to
Braemar and reached it about 4.30. After arranging matters and
having tea-dinner took a walk along banks of Dee; remarked
especially the following plants :—

Genista anglica (in flower

and fruit)
Potentilla alpestris (very low
down near the Dee)
Saxifraga aizoides
Solidago Virgaurea
Carduus heterophyllus

Hieracium Lawsoni

Pyrola media (in flower)

Trientalis europza (in flower)

Polygonum viviparum

Rumex aquaticus

Humulus Lupulus (Callater
Bridge)

Hieracium murorum
“ prenanthoides
e denticulatum
Monday, 6th August 1849.

This day the whole party except Mr. Stewart, who was laid
up with a dysenteric attack, went to Little Craigendal. They
crossed the ferry and walked through the fir woods on the banks
of the Dee, following the stream which comes from Ben-a-bourd.
In the woods are abundance of ant-hills, which when stirred up
with a stick give out pungent vapours of formic acid. Pyrola media,
Lycopodium clavatum, and Genista anglica were picked on the way.

At the point where the third large stream joins the Ben-a-
bourd water the party turned to the right and proceeded towards
Craigendal under the guidance of Cattanach, one of the Duke of
Leeds’ gamekeepers, who is an intelligent person and has’
acquired some knowledge of the general aspect of the rare plants
in the vicinity. William Macintosh, another of the Duke’s
servants, accompanied the party to carry plants for the Botanic
Garden of Edinburgh. Before reaching Craigendal the following
specimens were gathered :—

Rubus Chamzmorus
Cornus suecica

Betula pubescens
Salix venulosa

Vaccininm uliginosum
Tofieldia palustris

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 95

On Craigendal :—

Cerastium alpinum (on rocks Hieracium alpinum (on rocks
facing Ben Avon) facing Ben Avon)
Astragalus alpinus (very Azalea procumbens
sparingly in flower, al- Juncus trifidus
though the plant is » triglumis
abundant) Carex rupestris
Dryas octopetala (in flower) », capillaris
Potentilla alpestris
Saussurea alpina (not in
flower)

Leaving Craigendal the party proceeded to Ben Avon, where
a number of alpine species were seen, such as :-—
Silene acaulis Gnaphalium supinum
Sibbaldia procumbens Carex vaginata

On the very summit, in a sheltered spot, were picked numerous
specimens of Rubus Chamemorus in flower.
ending our way on between Little and Big Craigendal we
saw abundance of deer on the hills. We reached Braemar about
7 p.m. in time for our tea-dinner.

Tuesday, 7th August 1849.

This day the party, with the exception of Mr. Stewart, who
was still confined by a dysenteric attack, proceeded by a drag as
far as the gamekeeper’s house at the foot of Loch Callater.
Thence we sailed up the loch and proceeded to the rocks close
to the precipitous falls. We were accompanied by William
Macintosh.

The plants gathered were :—

Gnaphalium supinum Veronica alpina
Saussurea alpina Carex rupestris
Hieracium alpinum, and | 5 atrata

various forms of it » capillaris
Pyrola rotundifolia : Allosorus crispus

» secunda Cystopteris fragilis
Veronica serpyllifolia Polystichum Lonchitis
iW humifusa

96 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

We ascended to the top of the cliffs and then descended close
to the small loch called Loch Kander. We saw plenty of Sadr
reticulata, lanata, arenaria, Myrsinites arbutifolia, herbacea.
After taking lunch on the banks of the loch we examined the
rocks surrounding it. On those at the upper part Mr. Brown
and Dr. B. picked :—

Epilobium alsinifolium | Alopecurus alpinus
vs alpinum Phleum alpinum
Carex Vahlii

On reaching the summit of the hill we were enveloped in mist.

We walked by the small hut on the summit by the slope of
the hills towards the north end of Loch Callater, and after
partaking of milk and cake in William Stewart's house we met
our conveyance and returned to Braemar between 7 and 8 p.m.
At Stewart’s house one of Dr. Dickie’s pupils was residing, but
he was too modest to make himself known to us.

Wednesday, 8th August 1849.

Started early this morning for Lochnagar. Walked along the
road to the bridge over the Dee near the entrance of Invercauld
and then proceeded up the woods. Viewed the waterfall and
rustic bridge and then crossed the water so as to reach the rocks
below the summit. Examined the steep rocks above the loch,
gathering Cerastium alpinum and numerous common alpine
species, Hzeracium alpinum and varieties, Allosorus crispus.

We then ascended a deep ravine with the view of getting
Mulgedium alpinum, but the steepness of the cliffs and their
slippery nature prevented us from reaching the spot we wished.
We then visited the patches of snow near which Sazifraga rivu-
laris was seen in profusion. Afterwards we ascended by the
Sonchus ravine, picking various forms of Poa and Azra alpina,
Saxifraga rivularis, and Cerastium alpinum.

Ascended to the summit, and after picking Carex Persoonit
and a few more alpine species the party descended again to the
valley, and reached Braemar between 8 and 9 p.m. There was
much mist on the summit, so that the view was interrupted.

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 97
Thursday, 9th August 1849.

The weather was very unpropitious to-day, and we were unable
to move out in the morning. I put up two baskets of plants
for the Botanic Garden before breakfast, and despatched them by
the mail at 9 am. After breakfast, and arranging our plants,
some of the party started for Corriemulzie Linn, a deep dell
about three or four miles from Braemar, well planted with wood
and traversed by a stream which runs into the Dee.

On the road we picked :—

Betula alba Salix aquatica
yy pubescens Populus tremula
Salix pentandra

In the Linn gathered :—
Epilobium angustifolium | Melica nutans
Hieracium (various species) Triticum caninum
Melampyrum sylvaticum

The day had been very sultry, and now the thick dark clouds
began to collect, thunder rolled, and rain began to descend.
After leaving the Linn we passed General Duffs cottage and
took refuge in some cottages by the roadside. The storm
became terrific, the hills were enveloped in dark clouds, the
thunder rolled, and flash after flash came in quick succession.
The rain descended like a water-spout, and the hills, whose surface
had been previously dry, became covered with a sheet of foam.
After two hours’ delay we took advantage of a slight cessation of
the storm and reached Braemar. During the whole evening the
storm raged.

Friday, 10th August 1849.

The weather was still rather unpromising, but in spite of this
the party left early and proceeded by means of a conveyance to
a bridge about 614 miles from Braemar on the road to Spital of
Glenshee. Thence they walked up the — of Glasmaol and
visited Canlochan.

98 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

On the ascent of the hill gathered Carex Gderi and Phleum
alpinum, but could not see /uncus castaneus in the place where
it abounded in 1847.

At the upper part of Canlochan gathered :—
Carex Persoonii Carex rariflora

» aquatilis

On the cliffs looking towards Canlochan Glen :—

Sibbaldia procumbens Carex atrata
Saxifraga oppositifolia | » capillaris (abundant)
a nivalis Poa alpina
Erigeron alpinus (in great | »» Vvivipara
profusion) | » Balfourii
Saussurea alpina » nemoralis (alpine form)
|

Gentiana nivalis

On cliffs to the west saw plenty of Mulgedium alpinum, but
none of it in flower. A purple specimen was picked by Dr. B.
approaching to flower, but all the others showed no symptoms of
flowering this season. Draba incana was also seen. Ascended
to top of the hill, and then walked towards the bridge, where the
conveyance met the party and conveyed them to Braemar.

Saturday, 11th August 1849.

Weather still bad. Six of the party went by a conveyance
about three miles beyond the Linn of Dee, on the road to
Croachlach. Left the conveyance at the bridge and proceeded
on the west side of the Dee as far as the Braeriach ridge. A
long walk amidst rain and mist. On the way saw Aradis petrea,
and in pools Ranunculus Flammula, var. reptans, and Ltttorella
lacustris.

Ascended Braeriach ridge with the view of reaching summit
of Cairntoul and picking Carex leporina; but the weather was
so bad that the party found it impossible to do so.

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. ga

On the cliffs at Braeriach ridge we gathered :—

Cerastium alpinum (a fine Hieracium alpinum
specimen) Poa alpina vivipara

Returned by the west side of the Dee near the bridge where
the conveyance awaited us.

Monday, 13th August 1849.

The day was very bad and the party remained at home drying
paper and changing their plants. As the rain abated a little
towards the afternoon some of the party walked towards the Dee,
picking :—

Meum athamanticum Hieracium boreale
Carduus heterophyllus

Walked up the banks of the Clunie to its junction with the
Callater, then crossed both the rivers and walked on the opposite
bank to Braemar. On the way various species of Azeracta,
Crepis, were seen.

Met the three Messrs. Chancellor and Mr. Young, also saw
Mr. Finlay at the inn. Dr. Melville left this day for Edinburgh.

Tuesday, 14th August 1849.

The party along with Messrs. Chancellor and Mr, Young
proceeded in two conveyances to Wm. Stewart’s house at the
foot of Loch Callater, thence ascended the hills and walked
towards Lochnagar. Examined the moist rocks on west side for
Carex leporina but found none. Picked a few alpine plants, such
as Carex Persoonit, Alopecurus alpina, and reached the summit of
the hill about 12 noon. Hada good view from thetop. After
lunch our party proceeded to the cliffs, while the Messrs,
Chancellor and Young returned to Braemar. Our party descended
by a ravine near the summit, in which the following plants
grew in profusion :—

100 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Cerastium alpinum Aira alpina vivipara
Saxifraga rivularis Poa alpina vivipara
Veronica alpina

Then descended to the foot of the cliffs, and Dr. B. ascended to
the Mulgedium station, which he reached with some difficulty
and to his disappointment found that none of the plant was in
flower. Mr. M‘Micking had stationed himself at the upper part
of the ravine in order to direct Dr. B. to the spot. Mr. M. after-
wards, in attempting to descend the cliff, was precipitated from
the top to the bottom and sustained some bruises. Had he
rolled a little further than he did, he would have gone over steep
cliffs and would in all likelihood have been killed. The fall
rendered Mr. M. very nervous, and Dr. B. had some difficulty in
conducting him to the bottom of the cliffs where the rest. of the
party were waiting. Proceeded to the shore of the loch and
then ascended by one of the steep ravines to the top of the
mountain, whence the party walked across the hills by a tedious
route towards Glen Esk. Left Loch Muick on the left hand and
Dubh Loch on the right. Descended into Glen Esk not far from
the shooting lodge, between it and Capel Mount. Failing to
get accommodation at Acharne and at Bradouney there was no
alternative but to proceed down Glen Clova.

Reached the Kirkton Clova about 8 p.m. Found the inn full,
seven men from Kirriemuir in one of the rooms, and Mr. David
Ogilvie, jnr., of Balnaboth, in the other ; the latter with great
kindness gave up his room to our party, while he himself took up
his quarters in the Manse. The party thanked him cordially for
his kindness and attention. A tea-dinner and a good peat fire
refreshed the party after their long and wet walk. Numerous
grouse and ptarmigan were seen to-day. The party slept
soundly, some in beds and some in shakedowns on the floor.

It is remarkable to notice that no cloudberry was seen in fruit
and on hills few fruits of Vaccinium Vitis-Idea and V. Myrtillus.

Wednesday, 15th August 1849.

After breakfast walked up Clova Glen, gathering on the way :—
Malaxis paludosa Avena strigosa
Habenaria albida

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 101

On reaching the White Water the party separated, Mr.
Sherwood and Dr. B. proceeded to Glen Fee, while the rest of
the party—viz., Mr. M‘Micking, Brown, Stewart, Burd—went up
Glen Dole. On the rocks at Glen Fee was picked abundance of
Oxytropis campestris, but no Woodsia tlvensis. Saw a fine eagle
to-day.

Ascended the cliffs in Glen Fee to the top of Craig Rennett
and walked by Craig Maud along the ridge on the side of Glen
Dole. Descended some of the ravines ; saw Mulgedium alpinum,
but not in flower, also many good alpine plants.

Reascended to the top of the cliffs, and amidst hail, rain, mist,
and wind proceeded to the shepherd’s hut at the top of Jock’s
Road, where we met the rest of the party snugly drying them-
selves over a peat fire.

After lunch walked by the banks of the White Water, picking
Alopecurus alpinus, Phleum alpinum, and many alpine species,
till we reached the upper part of Glen Callater, close to Loch-
nagar. No /wncus castaneus could be seen.

Descended into Glen Callater and walked by the side of the
loch and by the banks of the Water to Castleton of Braemar, which
we reached about 7 p.m., nearly three hours after Her Majesty
had passed on her way to Balmoral.

‘ Thursday, 16th August 1849.

Party (with the exception of Messrs. Christie, M‘Allum, and
Stewart) started this morning in a conveyance for the Linn of
- Dee, thence they walked up the glen to the gamekeeper’s house
(M‘Hardy’s) at the foot of Glen Lui. In place of going up this
glen, they turned to the right and ascended the hills near Loch
Etchachan. Reached the summit of Ben na Mac Dhu about 2 p.m.,
and had lunch there. The day fine and splendid prospect, Ben
Nevis seen in the distance, the valley of the Spey, the sea on the
coast of Morayshire, &c.

Descended along a large wreath of snow about 100 feet in
length towards the Shelter Stone and Loch Avon. The party
lay under the stone for a time, then ascended towards Loch

102 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Etchachan, from which streams go both to Loch Avon and to the
valley of the Derry.

On Ben na Mac Dhu picked :—

Silene acaulis (in fine Hieracium alpinum
flower) Luzula arcuata (in a poor
Stellaria cerastoides | state)

From Loch Etchachan descended to the valley amidst a severe
rain, which lasted for two hours. Crossed the Derry and reached
the Linn of Dee about 8 p.m., where the conveyance awaited
us. Although we were thoroughly soaked, yet no rain had fallen
at Ballater or Braemar.

Friday, 17th August 1849.

The party sent all their packages and plants and baggage by
a cart to Coupar-Angus, for which they agreed to pay the sum of

Mr. M‘Allum, being ill, was left at the inn at Braemar,
and Mr. Christie kindly agreed to stay with him until Monday.
The remaining six of the party left the inn at 11 a.m. and walked
by the banks of the Clunie to the Spital of Glenshee, which they
reached about 4 p.m. to dinner. After dinner walked to Bridge
of Cally. Arrived there about 10 p.m. Got beds on the floor.

Saturday 18th August 1849.

This morning left the Bridge of Cally Inn at 6a m. and walked
to Blairgowrie to breakfast, thence proceeded by omnibus to
Coupar-Angus, joined the train at 9.45 a.m. Four of the party
proceeded to Edinburgh, which they reached about 1 p.m. The
other two went to Bridge of Allan and Stirling.

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 103

EXCURSIONS IN 1850.

Kirkcaldy, Seafield Tower, Kinghorn, Pettycur, Burntisland.
Saturday, 18th May 1850.

Party of nearly 80 met at Railway Station at 9.45 and pro-

ceeded to Granton and Kirkcaldy. Visited Ravenscraig Castle

and gathered :—

Ranunculus Ficaria Ribes rubrum

Berberis vulgaris Smyrnium Olusatrum
Cheiranthus Cheiri | Armeria maritima
Cochlearia officinalis _. Primula vulgaris
Silene maritima Verbascum Thapsus
Pyrus Malus | Nepeta Glechoma
Ribes Grossularia Asplenium marinum

Walked through Kirkcaldy to Seafield tower, gathering :—

Viola pusilla } Taraxacum lzvigatum

On the tower :-—
Linaria Cymbalaria |

On the shore numerous sea weeds.

Proceeded to Kinghorn, Pettycur, and Burntisland, gathering:—

Caltha palustris Fragaria vesca
Cardamine pratensis Primula veris
so hirsuta Borago officinalis (near King-
Capsella Bursa-pastoris horn)
Lepidium campestre Salvia Verbenaca
Geranium molle | Orchis mascula
Erodium cicutarium Botrychium Lunaria

Returned by boat at 5.50 p.m.

Gorebridge, Arniston.
Saturday, 25th May 1850.

Very wet day, rain and mist all day. Party of 20 met at
North British Railway Station and went by train to Gorebridge

104 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

(receiving third-class return tickets, 1s. 6d.). Walked to Arniston
and botanised in the woods under direction of Mr. Veitch, the

gardener.

Plants gathered were :—

Anemone nemorosa
Aconitum Napellus
Lychnis dioica
Stellaria nemorum
- Holostea
Moehringia trinervis
Oxalis Acetosella
Potentilla Fragariastrum
Pyrus Malus
Saxifraga Geum
Chrysosplenium oppositi-
folium
alternifolium
Ribes alpinum

Sanicula europza

Pyrethrum Parthenium

Petasites vulgaris
Doronicum Pardalianches
Symphytum tuberosum
Pulmonaria officinale
Veronica Chameedrys

$5 montana
Lathrzea Squamaria
Mercurialis perennis

Lilium Martagon
Paris quadrifolia
Luzula sylvatica
Arum maculatum
Carex glauca
Milium effusum

The day being so bad the party returned to Fushie Bridge
road, half of the party going home by the train at 12 noon, the
other half walked to Edinburgh, and on the way picked :—

Ranunculus auricomus
Fumaria officinalis
Sinapis arvensis
Viola tricolor, var. arvensis
Orobus tuberosus
Pyrus Aucuparia
Crategus Oxyacantha
Circzea lutetiana
Myrrhis odorata
Anthriscus sylvestris
Viburnum Lantana

_ Veronica hedereefolia

Veronica arvensis
Lamium amplexicaule
Ulmus montana
Quercus Robur
Allium ursinum
Athyrium Filix-foemina
Polystichum lobatum
Lastrea Filix-mas

»y ~ dilatata
Equisetum arvense

Marchantia polymorpha

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 105

Linlithgow, Blackness Castle, Hopetoun, Niddry Castle,
Winchburgh.

Saturday, 1st June 1850.

Party of 111 went by train at 8 a.m. to Linlithgow. Visited
palace and church under direction of Mr. G. Baird, proceeded by
the loch of Linlithgow on the Queensferry road ; went to Binns,
proceeded through the grounds to Blackness Castle, thence by
shore to Hopetoun, were conducted through the grounds and
garden by Mr. Gavin. Thence walked to Niddry Castle, and
returned from Winchburgh by train at 7.5 p.m.

The whole trip cost Is.

Near Linlithgow gathered :—

Ranunculus aquatilis | Veronica hederzfolia
fe Flammula : 5 arvensis
s acris » serpyllifolia
repens | » Officinalis
bulbosus » Chameedrys
Fumaria micrantha », Beccabunga
Sisymbrium officinale Lamium purpureum

Anthriscus vulgaris
Menyanthes trifoliata

bed

Near Niddry Castle :-—

Viola canina Cherophyllum Anthriscus
arvensis Petasites vulgaris
Mynbis odorata Iris Pseudacorus(notin flower)
At Binns :—
Barbarea vulgaris | Typha (not in flower)

At Blackness some sea plants, also :—

Aquilegia vulgaris Armeria maritima

Cochlearia officinalis Glaux maritima

Thlaspi arvense Anchusa sempervirens

Arenaria serpyllifolia Triglochin maritimum

Alsine peploides Scirpus multicaulis
marina Blysmus rufus

Sigink maritima

106 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

At Hopetoun :—

Berberis vulgaris Quercus Robur
Castanea sativa
Listera ovata
Athyrium Filix-foemina
Lastrea Filix-mas

» dilatata
Polypodium Phegopteris

Lonicera Periclymenum
» Caprifolium

Linaria Cymbalaria

Marrubium vulgare

In Hopetoun grounds, saw fine specimens of pines, Abies
Douglasii, Cedrus Libani said to have been planted 101 years ago.

Gorebridge, Borthwick Castle, Crichton Castle,
Prestonhall, Dalkeith.

Saturday, 8th June 1850.

Party of 70 met at the North British Railway Station at 8 a.m.
and proceeded by train at 8.15 to Gorebridge, thence walked to
Fushie Bridge, Borthwick Castle, Crichton Castle, Ford, Preston-
hall, and Dalkeith, and returned by train passing Gallowshall at
7.30 p.m. Fare going and coming, Is.

The following were some of the plants gathered :—

In marshy, moorish ground near Borthwick and Crichton :—
Trollius europzus

| Carex glauca
Cardamine amara | » pilulifera
Myrrhis odorata »» preecox
Valeriana dioica (in great »» panicea
uantity) | » sylvatica
Pinguicula vulgaris », binervis
Carex dioica | » flava
» intermedia | > hirta
»» paniculata » paludosa
» remota » Tiparia
» ovalis »» ampullacea
» Goodenovii

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 107

Near Borthwick Castle :—

Alliaria officinale Verbascum Thapsus
Geum urbanum Rhinanthus Crista-galli
5 viva Parietaria officinalis

intermedium Blechnum boreale

Near Crichton Castle :—

Geranium sylvaticum

| Neottia Nidus-avis
Menyanthes trifoliata

Near Ford :—
-Orchis latifolia | Bromus commutatus

Blysmus compressus

At Prestonhall :—
Barbarea vulgaris
Staphylea pinnata
Vinca minor

| Ajuga reptans (blue and
white)

Listera ovata

Ornithogalum umbellatum

Near Cousland :—
Plantago media (in profusion)

Silaus pratensis |
Near Dalkeith :—

Acer campestre | Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus

Reston, St. Abb’s Head, Coldingham.
Saturday, 15th June 1850.

Party of about 50 met at North British Railway Station at 8
and proceeded by train to Reston, having received return tickets,
3s. 6d. At Grants House met Mr. Hepburn of Whittingham ;
Mr. Hardy, Penmanshiel. Reached Reston about 10.15 a.m.
Proceeded direct to St. Abb’s Head, which was reached about

I2 noon,

108 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

On the way gathered :—

Ranunculus aquatilis Ethusa Cynapium
‘i hederaceus Filago germanica
hirsutus Crepis virens
Sinapis arvensis Anchusa sempervirens
Raphanus Raphanistrum Chenopodium Bonus-
Malva sylvestris Henricus

Near the Head, picked -—

Helianthemum vulgare | Armeria maritima
Alsine verna Plantago maritima
Anthyllis Vulneraria » Coronopus
Astragalus Hypoglottis
At the Head :—

Cochlearia officinalis | Plantago Coronopus
Silene inflata | Avena pratensis
Plantago maritima Agaricus Oreades

Proceeded along the rocks near the Head in the direction of
Fast Castle, and reached nearly to Lumsden Bay.

Plants gathered :—

Viola lutea Antennaria dioica

Cerastium atrovirens Carlina vulgaris

Genista anglica | Hieracium murorum
Poterium Sanguisorba Digitalis purpurea

Rhodiola rosea = Alisma ranunculoides (in a
Myriophyllum spicatum (in | ditch)

a small lake) Briza media
Helosciadium inundatum

In Coldingham Loch :—

Nuphar luteum | Menyanthes trifoliata
Comarum palustre Carex intermedia

Returned by moors to Reston, which was reached about 5.15.

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 109

On the way gathered :—

Valeriana dioica | Gymnadenia Conopsea
Pyrola media Habenaria bifolia
Orchis mascula Ophioglossum vulgatum
» latifolia | Botrychium Lunaria
» maculata

Returned by train passing Reston at 5.34 p.m. and reached
Edinburgh before 8 p.m.

Kincardine, Culross, Torry, Torryburn, Charleston.
Saturday, 22nd June 1850.

Party of 40 met at Granton at 8.30 a.m. and proceeded by the
Stirling steamer to Kincardine, which was reaclied about 10.30.
Mr. Nichol accompanied the party. Mr. Gow, gardener at
Tulliallan, met the party and conducted them through Tulliallan
grounds. In them ordinary plants picked.

In a loch :-—
Nasturtium terrestre Polygonum amphibium
Hydrocotyle vulgaris Alisma Plantago

Littorella lacustris
On moors several species of Carex and /ris Pseudacorus.

Leaving Tulliallan the party proceeded to road near the shore
and walked along the coast by Culross, Torry, and Torryburn to
Charleston.

The plants gathered were :—
Corydalis claviculata (Blair) | Melampyrum pratense
Fumaria capreolata Hippophaé rhamnoides
» Officinalis | Corallorhiza innata
Geranium columbinum (field | Paris bifolia (Blair and also
near Tulliallan) inland a little)
Viburnum Opulus | Milium effusum
Solanum Dulcamara (woods Osmunda regalis (near sands)
near shore at Tulliallan) Ophioglossum vulgatum

IIo BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Near Culross :— .
Sinapis alba Triglochin maritimum
Scandix Pecten-Veneris Scirpus maritimus
Stachys sylvatica Glyceria aquatica
Atriplex littoralis Sclerochloa maritima

» _ rosea i distans
Triglochin palustre
Near Charleston :—
Papaver Rhoeas

» dubium

Argemone

Saponaria officinalis
Sagina maritima

Echium vulgare
Atropa Belladonna
Scrophularia nodosa
Lamium amplexicaule

» incisum
Sedum Telephium | » purpureum
Pimpinella Saxifraga » album

Myrrhis odorata
Dipsacus sylvestris
Anagallis arvensis
Symphytum officinale

Reached Charleston about 5 and returned to Granton about 7.

Euphorbia exigua
Carex vulpina
Bromus asper

|
|
|

Aberdeen.
Saturday, 29th June 1850.

Party of upwards of 100 started by train at 5 a.m. from the
Northern Railway Station, in open seated ¢arriages. Proceeded
by Perth and Forfar to Aberdeen, which was reached about 11
(an hour after the time agreed). Omnibuses took the party to
Royal Hotel (Robertson’s) to breakfast. Fares by train, going
and coming, 6s.6d. Breakfast per agreement, Is. each. Nearly
go sat down to breakfast. Dr. Dickie met the party and accom-
panied them. Some of the party went to see different places
near Aberdeen. About 50 went in three omnibuses to Denmore,
visiting King’s College on the way.

At Denmore gathered :—

Hieracium sylvaticum Polypodium Dryopteris
Trientalis europza (in fine Tuburcinia Trientalis
flower) Cylindrosporia deformans

Goodyera repens (scarcely
in flower)

e&
PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFouR. 111

In boggy ground and moors :—
Sedum villosum |
Drosera rotundifolia |

; anglica |
Heliosciadium inundatum
Pedicularis palustris

Narthecium Ossifragum
Potamogeton oblongus
Scheenus nigricans
Carex pulicaris

», teretiuscula
Utricularia minor

53. CUrta
Orchis latifolia » fulva

» Maculata Nardus stricta
Gymnadenia Conopsea Lycopodium selaginoides
Habenaria bifolia (no Dicranum glaucum

chlorantha)
Listera cordata not found.

In woods (over a wall near Denmore Bog) :—
Linnza borealis (not in Pyrola minor
ower)

Returned by omnibuses to Aberdeen Links.

On Links gathered :—

Thalictrum minus Scirpus uniglumis
Viola tricolor Carex incurva
Myriophyllum spicatum Koeleria cristata
Tragopogon minor Poa pratensis

Potamogeton pectinatus

Visited Granite Works of Mr. Macdonald by permission. Saw
Marischal College, Medical Society’s Rooms, Markets, &c. After
dining at Royal Hotel, returned by train leaving Aberdeen at
6, and reached Granton 11.55 p.m.

North Berwick, Bass, Dirleton, Gullan, Drem.
Saturday, 6th July 1850.

Party of 30 met at North British Railway Station at 8 a.m.
and proceeded by train to North Berwick. Return tickets 2s.
Divided into two parties. One party visited Bass Rock, picking :—

Lavatera arborea (in small Beta maritima
quantity, injured by frost
last winter).

112 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Near North Berwick, gathered :—

Ononis arvensis Borago officinalis

Astragalus Hypoglottis | Hippophaé rhamnoides (in a
Eryngium maritimum hedge)

North Berwick Links :—

Thalictrum minus | Cynoglossum officinale

Ligusticum scoticum | Habenaria viridis
Thrincia hirta Equisetum variegatum
Erythrza Centaurium |

Dirleton Common :—
Anthriscus sylvestris

Veronica Anagallis (in ditch)

On the Common :—

Alyssum calycinum | Acinos vulgaris
Silene conica

Fields near Common :—

Reseda lutea | Galium Mollugo
Dirleton Castle :—

Sedum album | Centranthus ruber

» reflexum Digitalis purpurea, white and
Smyrnium Olusatrum | purple

Near Gullan :—

Nasturtium terrestre | Centaurea Cyanus
Melilotus officinalis Convolvulus arvensis
Sempervivum tectorum (near Solanum Dulcamara
Drem) Hyoscyamus niger
Centaurea Scabiosa Limosella aquatica

Met train at Drem at 6.50. Reached Edinburgh at 7.40 p.m.

Slateford, Colinton, Woodhall, Currie, Ravelrig,
Dalmahoy, Ratho.

Saturday, 13th July 1850.

Excursion with 30. Met at Canal Basin at9.30a.m. Walked
to Slateford, Colinton, Woodhall, Currie, Ravelrig, Dalmahoy,
Ratho. Met train at 7.30 p.m.

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 113
Picked the usual plants known to grow in the district.

Viola palustris Pyrola minor

Geranium columbinum Corallorhiza innata
Epilobium angustifolium | Listera cordata

Linnza borealis (in flower) | Carex filiformis (not in fruit)
Valeriana pyrenaica

Trientalis europzea was not seen.

Clova.
Thursday, 18th July 1850.

Party consisting of :—J. H. Balfour, John H. Aldrige, Samuel
Harris Armitage, Edward Brewis, W. H. Broadbent, J. L. Brown,
William Brown, Samuel Burd, W. Menzies Calder, Cuthbert
Collingwood, James A. Currie, Charles J. Davenport, Andrew
Dewar, Alex. G. Duff, David A. Eisdale, Henry Elliot, George
Logan, R. F. Logan, Thomas S. M‘Culloch, Valentine M‘Master,
John U. Matheson, John Matthews, David Milroy, John B.
Nasmyth, David Ross, Eleazer Sherwood, David H. Stirling, P.
H. Watson, J. Watt, John Wooley, met at the Northern Railway
Station at 12 noon on Thursday, 18th July, and proceeded by
train to Forfar, which was reached about 5 p.m. owing to delay
of half an hour at Perth. Return tickets for each of the party at
6s. 6d. Dined at Wm. Morrison’s Inn, Forfar, at 1s. 6d. each—
and afterwards started at 6 p.m. for Clova, which was reached at
11 p.m. There were two conveyances hired to go the whole way
and remain till Saturday and return. These consisted of a car
with two horses, holding 12 with the baggage, and a carriage
with two horses holding 8 and some baggage. These two con-
veyances, holding together 20, were hired from Thursday till
Saturday for £7 10s., including tolls, drivers, and everything.
Besides these there was a carriage and pair and a drosky which
took some of the party half way to Clova,

On reaching Dykehead, near Cortachy, those who had rode in
the two latter carriages walked. [In all there were 12 or 14 who
walked from Dykehead to Clova.

114 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Had tea at Clova, and were accommodated with straw beds on
the floor of the large hall lately built for the games which are
held at Clova in August. Twenty-five slept on the floor, the
remainder in the old inn, partly on beds and partly on the floor.
Sleep much disturbed in the hall by noisy and restless members
of the party ; some had scarcely two hours’ sleep.

Friday, 19th July 1850.

Rose at 5 a.m. Breakfasted at 6, and at 7 started for the hills.
Crossed Suspension Bridge, met John Ogilvy, walked to Glen
Dole as far as astragalus cliff, then ascended to top of hills
and came down into Glen Fee by a precipitous descent. Some
dry mist during a few hours, but upon the whole the weather was
favourable and the success of the party great.

Picked :—

Viola lutea Malaxis paludosa
Oxytropis campestris Habenaria albida
Rubus Chamzemorus = viridis
Sibbaldia procumbens Tofieldia palustris
Epilobium angustifolium Juncus triglumis

= alsinifolium Luzula spicata

. alpinum - Carex rupestris
Meum athamanticum », atrata
Cornus suecica » aquatilis
Erigeron alpinum », Stictocarpa
Gnaphalium supinum » Tariflora
Hieracium alpinum capillaris

Lawsoni ‘Auissotis crispus
Sonchas alpinus Asplenium viride
Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi Woodsia hyperborea
Pyrola rotundifolia Polystichum Lonchitis -
» media Lycopodium Selago
» secunda s annotinum
Trientalis europea . _ clavatum
Veronica alpina 4 alpinum
_ Saxatilis ‘3 selaginoides

Salix reticulata

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 115

And all the ordinary alpine plants, as :-—

Thalictrum alpinum Saxifraga stellaris

Alchemilla alpina |

Saxifraga oppositifolia a
= nivalis

a aizoides
hypnoides

Returned to inn at Clova at 8 p.m. after 13 hours’ hard walking.
Saturday, 20th July 1850.

Rose at 5 a.m., and about 5.30 started with a party of six for
Loch Brandy. Thick mist, difficulty in finding loch.
Gathered :—
Lobelia Dortmanna | Isoétes lacustris
Sparganium natans
On rocks near loch :—

Cerastium alpinum Hieracium alpinum
Sibbaldia procumbens | Vaccinium Vitis-Idzea
Gnaphalium supinum

Returned to the inn about 9.30 a.m., and after bathe had
breakfast.
Picked by the Esk :—

Carduus heterophyllus Rumex aquaticus
Hieracium umbellatum Carex aquatilis

Some of the party breakfasted early and walked on, the rest
went by cars to Dykehead, when those who had walked entered
the carriages.

On the way picked :—

Ligustrum vulgare | Lysimachia vulgaris

From Dykehead walked to Forfar, gathering :—

Rubus suberectus Habenaria chlorantha
Trientalis europzea

On old house at Forfar were allowed to pick Sedum album.
Dined at Thomson’s Inn at 4p.m. Dinner, ts. 6d. each, Joined
train at 5.15 and reached Edinburgh at 9.45 p.m,

116 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Salisbury Crags, Duddingston Loch.
Tuesday, 23rd July 1850.

Party of 24 met at Holyrood at 6 p.m., walked by foot of Crags
to basaltic columns, gathering :—

Lychnis Viscaria (in fruit) | Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum
Senecio viscosus Pe Ruta-muraria
Allium vineale <3 septentrionale

Arum maculatum

Visited Duddingston Loch, got Mr. Logan’s boat, which held
15, and examined edges of loch, gathering :—
Butomus umbellatus | Sparganium ramosum
Landed at the town and walked round loch. Got :—

Stellaria glauca Iris Pseudacorus
Galium palustre Carex riparia

Returned about 9.30 p.m.

Arran,
Tuesday, 13th August 1850.

Left Edinburgh by train at 11 a.m. and joined boat at 2 p.m.
at Broomielaw. Reached Lamlash, Arran, about 9 p.m. Took
up quarters at Seafield.

Wednesday, 14th August 1850.
Examined beach near Lamlash.
Picked -—

Atriplex Babingtonii (rosea) | Polygonum Raii
»» arenaria (laciniata) | Triticum laxum of Fries
Polygonum aviculare, var. | ; » junceum
maritimum

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 117
Thursday, 15th August 1850.

Walked along shore with Mr. Brown to Clachland Point and
Corriegills.

Gathered :—

Hypericum Androsemum Convolvulus sepium

a quadrangulum Pinguicula lusitanica

i maculatum Scutellaria galericulata
(nanthe Lachenalii Juncus maritimus
Bidens tripartita Scirpus maritimus
Anagallis arvensis Osmunda regalis

es tenella

friday, 16th August 1850.

Visited Holy Isle. Picked abundance of Arctostaphylos Uva-
Ursi, which here descends to within 50 feet of sea level.

Saturday, 17th August 1850.

Boating and fishing ; visited glen near Seafield and gathered
various ferns and fungi, also Polypodium Phegopterts.

Monday, 19th August 1850.

Along with Babington and Brown walked by shore to King’s
Cross Point and returned by road.

Gathered :—

Hypericum maculatum Scutellaria galericulata

Rubus Idzeus Athyrium Filix-foemina
» nhitidus var. molle
», incurvatus (new) % var. convexum
» cordifolius Lastrea dilatata
», leucostachys Osmunda regalis
» corylifolius |

Tuesday, 20th August 1850.

Along with Babington and Brown walked to shore at Lag,
visited rocks, and returned by Kilmorie across the hills to Lamlash.

BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Plants gathered :—

Same Rwéz as on 19th, and in addition :—

Brassica monensis

Cakile maritima

Raphanus maritimus ?

Alsine (Arenaria) media of |
Fries

Rubus discolor
nemorosus
Cotvledeit Umbilicus
Eryngium maritimum
Armeria maritima (calyx |
uniformly hairy)

|
. : |
Geranium sanguineum |
}

Armeria pubescens (calyx-
hairs in lines)

Atriplex Babingtonii
» laciniata

Polygonum ayiculare, var.

maritimum
Raii

Triticum laxum (in fine state
on sandy shore near
Lag)

Asplenium marinum

Thursday, 22nd August 1850.

Went by car with Babington, Brown, and Hunter to Glen
Sannox. Day very unpromising. Returned by Corrie. From
Corrie walked by the shore to Brodick and Lamlash, gathering :—

(Enanthe Lachenalii Hymenophyllum tun-

Aster Tripolium bridgense
Samolus Valerandi Pteris aquilina
Erythrzea linarifolia

Athyrium Filix-foemina
os var. molle
var, convexum
Peach aculeatum
Lastrea Oreopteris
» Filix-mas

Scutellaria galericulata
Lycopus europzeus
Salicornia herbacea
Atriplex angustifolia

is. erecta
Juncus maritimus

» Foenisecii (on sand-
—™ Potamogeton

plantagineus stone rocks between

ditch near bridge Brodick and Corrie)
between Brodick and Polypodium Phegopteris
Invercloy) Osmunda regalis

rpus palustris Equisetum arvense

» pauciflorus

- palustre
» Maritimus

Blysmus rufus
Glyceria_ pedicellata (near
Brodick)

ee limosum
_ Lycopodium selaginoides

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR 119
friday, 237d August 1850.

Despatched plants to Mr. M‘Nab in Edinburgh.

On examining the rhizome of Lastrea Foentsecii and L. dilatata,
saw a difference in the vertical section of each worth noting. In
L. Foenisecti there are numerous dark streaks running from the
centre upwards, giving a mottled appearance to the section. In
L. dilatata the dark lines are more scattered and scarcely extend
to the base of the fronds. This character enables one to tell at
once the species one from the other.

Examined some of the plants on the shore and near Lamlash.
Picked Rubus corylifolius var. (like sublustris) behind the inn.
The stem is nearly rounded ; the plant grew in a garden up the
lane behind the inn. In the lane leading up to the garden, on
the left-hand side going up, Rudus sylvaticus occurs, on the stem
were seen patent hairs. In the garden beyond Rubus corylifolius
was seen a glandular Rudus, R. Koehlert, pallidus.

On the shore saw Trcticum repens with upper ribbed surface of
leaf having single rows of hairs along the ribs. Tvitecum junceum.,
short hairs thickly set on upper ribbed surface, all over. 7. daxum,
spikelets five- to eight-flowered, glumes obtuse, about seven-
nerved, outer pale obtuse, apiculate—azzs downy, vachis smooth
and slightly rough at angles, leaves scabrous above with many
acute points, irivolute when dry.

Saturday, 24th August 1850.

Messrs. Babington, Hunter, Brown, and Bayley accompanied
me to Goatfell. Left Lamlash about 10, walked to Brodick.
Behind the inn gathered Mentha sylvestris, var. velutina.
Ascended Goatfell, and thence proceeded along ridge to Glen
Sannox, descended by a deep ravine, and then ascended to
the col separating Glen Sannox and Glen Rosa. Returned by
Glen Rosa to Brodick and Lamlash.

The plants gathered were :—

Alchemilla alpina Oxyria reniformis (ravine in
Saxifraga stellaris en Sannox)
Sedum Rhodiola (ravine in Juniperus nana

Glen Sannox) Rhynchospora alba (in Glen
Rosa)

120 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Schcenus nigricans (in Glen | Asplenium Ruta - muraria
Rosa | (large specimen on wall
Festuca vivipara (on Goatfell) | at Brodick)

Monday, 26th August 1850.

Walked with Babington to the Manse, old churchyard, and
glen near Lamlash ; gathered Hypericum dubium ?—broad sepals,
but denticulate at apex. The characters of H. maculatum and
Hi, dubtum require revision. -No species of Hypericum has been
seen by me having perfectly entire reflexed sepals.

Also gathered :—

Rubus plicatus Rubus sylvaticus

» hitidus », macrophyllus

» carpinifolius », corylifolius (typical)
» cordifolius and varieties

» incurvatus

Found also Leontodon autumnalis (Oporinia), var. pratensis,
J. Ball, with leaves pinnatifid-dentate, involucre clothed with long

hairs of a dark fuscous colour, scape and leaves hairy (Apargia
pratensis of Link).

Tuesday, 27th August 1850.

Day bad, walked by the back of Lamlash village and gathered

specimens of Rubus corylifolius-macrophyllus, R. cordifolius-incur-
vatus.

Wednesday, 28th August 1850.

Met Dr. Landsborough, Messrs. Keddie and Connal, and
dredged in Lamlash Bay. Numerous specimens of animals were
gathered. Major Martin was dredging at the same time and got
many good things.

Babington left to-day for England.

Monday, 2nd September 1850.

David Arnott, G. Bayley, and self left Lamlash about 10 for
Lag. Went by shore to Whiting Bay, picked numerous speci-

PROFESSOR JOIN HUTTON BALFOUR. 121

mens of Hypericum dubtum ? all with reflexed and broad sepals,
all slightly denticulate at the apex, and hence apparently not to
be distinguished from H. maculatum of authors. Babington
seems to be satisfied that H. dubium and H. maculatum must be
considered the same. Numerous Rwdz were seen, species already
noticed.

From Whiting Bay I went to Dippen Point, where there are
fine cliffs. The following species were collected :—

Rubus (several forms) Solanum Dulcamara
Agrimonia Eupatoria Verbascum Thapsus
Ligusticum scoticum Scutellaria galericulata (very
Heracleum . large

Hedera Heli Empetrum nigrum
Lonicera apeaat | Carex vulpina

Pyrethrum Parthenium » Mmuricata

Verbascum Thapsus seems to be confined to the trap in this
district. Proceeded by Kildonan Castle to Benan Head ; there
was gathered profusion of 77ztzcum laxum, Fries, also Atriplex
lactniata (arenaria) and A. Babingtonii in all its forms.

Cakile maritima | Eleocharis palustris
Salsola Kali

On Benan rocks :—

Verbascum Thapsus was Asplenium marinum
again seen

Reached Lag Inn about 7.30 p.m. The two others fished in
the Storsdale and Torraline water and met me at Lag.

Tuesday, 3rd September 1850.

Left Lag after breakfast and proceeded to the shore and
walked along it to Blackwater Foot.

On the shore was seen profusion of Stexhammera, especially
near Black Water. Picked :—

122 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Sinapis monensis Atriplex in all forms (A.

Vicia sylvatica (on stony | erecta in fields near
ground on seashore) Storsdale)

Eryngium maritimum Polygonum aviculare, var.

Apium graveolens (between maritimum

Storsdale and _ Black-
water Foot)
Helosciadium _ nodiflorum
(between Storsdale and
Blackwater Foot)

” Raii

friday, 6th September 1850.

Left at 10 with D. Arnott and G. Bayley for Goatfell. I
proceeded up Glen Rosa to hills to the west of Goatfell and Glen
Rosa, went along summits, examined rocks with northern
exposure all round until I came to the upper part of Glen Rosa,
where I met Arnott and Bayley, who had been at summit of
Goatfell. On the hills the plants picked were :-—

Alchemilla alpina Drosera longifolia
Saxifraga stellaris Carex pauciflora

The mountains, like Goatfell, were very unproductive. Pro-
ceeded across the hills to Loch Ranza.

Gathered on the way:—FPelatonema in large quantity in
declivity of col between Glen Rosa and Tanna river, followed

stream to Loch Ranza, gathering Pyrus pinnatifida. Reached
Loch Ranza at 8 p.m.

Saturday, 7th September 1850.

At 6 a.m. walked to Newton Point, gathering :—
Hypericum Androsemum Cotyledon Umbilicus
. elodes

Saw also fine and numerous specimens of Osmunda regalis.

After breakfast walked to Corrie and thence to Brodick.
Picked :-—

Lastrea Foenisecii | Lastrea dilatata

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 123

’ The sandstone cliffs along the whole shore yield profusion of
them and other ferns.
Met steamboat at Brodick at 2 and returned to Lamlash.

EXCURSIONS IN 1851.
Gorebridge, Arniston, Dalhousie.
Saturday, 17th May 1851.
Went to Arniston with about 90 pupils. Train at II am,
special third-class carriage. Tickets to Gorebridge and return

from Dalhousie, Is. Returned to Edinburgh between 7 and
8 p.m. Usual plants seen.

Picked :—
Pulmonaria officinalis Arum maculatum
Lathrzea Squamaria Bryum roseum
Neottia Nidus-avis (not in
flower)

Canal, Slateford, Colinton, Dreghorn, Pentlands,
Morningside.
Saturday, 24th May 1851.

About 70 met at Canal Basin at 10 am. Walked along
Canal banks, gathering usual plants. Among the rest :—

Ranunculus arvensis | Fumaria micrantha

Visited Slateford and Colinton,

124 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Picked :-—
Cardamine amara Doronicum Pardalianches
Saxifraga Geum Cystopteris fragilis

Valeriana pyrenaica (not out) |

Walked through grounds at Dreghorn by permission of Col.
Cadell. Thence to Pentland Hills.

Picked :—

Juniperus communis | Lycopodium Selago

Returned to Edinburgh by Morningside about 6 p.m.

Granton, Cramond, Almond Bridge, Corstorphine.
Saturday, 31st May 1851.

Party of about 60 met at Granton at 11. Walked by coast to
Cramond and thence to Almond Bridge, returning by Craigcrook
and Corstorphine.

Picked amongst other plants :—
Viola odorata Polygonum Bistorta
Symphytum officinale Neottia Nidus-avis

Returned about 6 p.m.

Kirkcaldy, Ravenscroft Castle, Burntisland.
Saturday, 7th June 1851.

A party of 60 went by steamboat at 10 a.m. to Kirkcaldy.
Visited Ravenscroft Castle and walked by shore to Burntisland
returning by steamboat at 6.5 p.m.

Reseda lutea Asplenium marinum
Geranium sanguineum Botrychium Lunaria
Pyrus Malus Chara vulgaris
Borago officinalis

and a number of other plants were gathered.

OFFICIAL COPY. =—ses ee Number VIII.

NOTES

ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN,
EDINBURGH

he Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Botanical
Excursions made by Professor ‘Joke Hutton Balfour in
the Years from 1846 to 1878 inclusively, -

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 125

St. Andrews.
Saturday, 21st June 1851.

Party of 51 went to St. Andrews. Started at 8.50 a.m. and
proceeded to Leuchars, thence by coach to St. Andrews. Fares
going and coming, §s. Iod.

Visited castle, cathedral, and other places. Walked along
shore to the west.

Gathered :—
Sagina maritima Sclerochloa loliacea
Lepigonum marinum Triticum laxum
Sclerochloa maritima (on the Elymus arenarius
pier)

Left St. Andrews at 5.7 p.m. and reached Edinburgh at 7.45 p.m.

Charleston, Queensferry.
Saturday, 28th June 1851.

Met at Granton at 9 a.m. and proceeded by Stirling boat to
Charleston. Party, 60. Walked by shore to Queensferry.
Examined Ferry Hills. Returned by boat and reached Edin-
burgh at 7p.m. Fares going and coming, Is.; pier, Granton, 4d.;
pier, Queensferry, 6d.

Plants gathered were :—

Nasturtium sylvestre (Inver- Melilotus arvensis (St,
keithing) Davids)
Alyssum calycinum (Ferry Vicia lutea (Ferry Hills)
Hills) Spirzea Filipendula
Hesperis matronalis (woods Sedum villosum
at Limekilns) Haloscias scoticum (Inver-
Sinapis alba eithing
Diplotaxis tenuifolia (St. Dipsacus sylvestris
: vids Silybum Marianum
Viola hirta

(Notes, R.B.G., Edin., No. VIII, r902.]
H

126 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Hieracium aurantiacum Veronica polita (Inver-
woods at Limekilns) keithing)
Campanula Rapunculus Arum maculatum (woods at t
(churchyard near Lime- Limekilns)
kilns, Mr. Duff) Arundo epigejos (St. Davids)
Anagallis arvensis Serrafalcus commutatus
Cynoglossum officinale Lolium italicum —
(Rosyth) Triticum junceum

No Oxytropis uralensis seen.

North Berwick, Dirleton, Gullan, Aberlady, Gosford.
Saturday, 12th July 1851.

Party of 50 met at the North British Railway Station at 8 a.m.
and proceeded to North Berwick. Return tickets, 2s.

Walked along common at North Berwick, gathering :—

Helosciadium repens Festuca rubra
Thrincia hirta Equisetum variegatum
Erythrza Centaurium Lycopodium selaginoides

Habenaria viridis

On Dirleton Common :—
Fumaria micrantha Galium Mollugo
Alyssum calycinum : Centaurea Scabiosa
Reseda lutea Calamintha Acinos
Silene conica |

At Dirleton Castle :-—

Sedum reflexum Parietaria erecta
Smyrnium Olusatrum |
At Gullan -—
Ranunculus trichophyllus Potamogeton plantagineus
confusus “ oblongus

Cersctium arvense a pusilius
Carduus nutans Carex disticha
Utricularia vulgaris »; paniculata

isma ranunculoides

(Gullan Loch

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 127

At Luffness :—
Hippuris vulgaris Scirpus maritimus
Scirpus Tabernemontani

~Near Aberlady :—

Trifolium fragiferum | Lepturus filiformis

Near Gosford :—

Malva moschata Listera ovata

Knappia agrostidea
Inula dysenterica Botrychium Lunaria
Hippophaé rhamnoides

Geranium sanguineum

Joined train at Longniddry at 7 and returned to Edinburgh
about 8 p.m.

Linlithgow, Blackness, Hopetoun, Niddry Castle,
Winchburgh.

Saturday, 19th July 1851.

Party of about 30 met at Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway
Station at 8 o'clock and proceeded to Linlithgow. Fares to
Linlithgow and back from Winchburgh, 1s. After visiting
palace and church, walked to Binns, thence to Blackness and
Hopetoun and Winchburgh, joining train at 7.15 p.m.

Linlithgow Palace :—

Parietaria officinalis

Linlithgow Loch :—

Ranunculus aquatilis | Stellaria glauca
(various forms)

At Binns :—

Hypericum humifusum | Sparganium ramosum

Typha latifolia

Numerous maritime plants near Blackness.
Niddry Castle :—
Dianthus deltoides | Verbascum Thapsus

128 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Banks of Canal near the castle :—

Genista tinctoria

Ben Lomond.
Thursday, 24th July 1851.

Party consisting of J. H. Balfour, Hugh Cowan, William
Cunningham, George Drysdale, Alex. E. Duff, Alex. D. Gulland,
J. K. Jackson, Charles Jenner, Chris. Kerr, John Kerr, William
Liddell, R. M‘Dowall, John Matthews, J. Rany, James Robertson,
John Ross, John Sibbald, Patrick Heron Watson, Christ. Young,
met at the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway Station at 11 a.m.
and proceeded to Glasgow. Left baggage at hotel close to railway,
went to St. Rollox and saw Mr. Tennant’s works. Then
visited the Cathedral and the University, saw the Hunterian
Museum through the kindness of Dr. Allen Thomson. Dined at
Josez Hotel at 3 p.m. for Is. 6d. each. Joined the steamboat at
the Broomielaw at 4 p.m., and proceeded to Bowling and thence
by train to Balloch. At Balloch went on board steamboat on
Loch Lomond about 6 p.m. and reached Inverarnan about
9.30 p.m. Return tickets had been granted by the E. & G.
Railway, third class 5s., Dumbarton and Loch Lomond Co., first
class 4s., total 9s. At Inverarnan the party were comfortably
accommodated at M‘Lellan’s Inn.

Friday, 25th July 1851.
Party rose about 4 a.m. and proceeded to gather :-—

Pinguicula lusitanica Malaxis paludosa
Quercus (many forms in Glen _ Hymenophyllum Wilsoni
Falloch) Lycopodium inundatum

Proceeded to the rocks on the northern side of Ben Lomond
and thence to the summit.

Gathered :—
Cochlearia alpina Saxifraga nivalis
Silene acaulis Gnaphalium supinum
Cerastium alpinum Poa alpina

Sibbaldia procumbens Polystichum Lonchitis

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 129

Reached Rowardennan in time for the steamboat at 4. 30 p.m.
Proceeded to Glasgow. Joined train to Edinburgh at 8.30 p.m.
and reached Edinburgh about 10.30 p.m.

EXCURSIONS IN 1852.
Canal, Slateford, Colinton, Woodhall, Currie.
Saturday, 15th May 1852.

Met at Canal Basin, Port Hopetoun, at Ioa.m. Party about
90. Walked by Canal banks to Slateford, Colinton, Wood-
hall, and Currie. Returned by train passing Currie at 4.16 p.m.

Picked :-—
Ranunculus auricomus Orchis mascula

Berberis vulgaris Arum maculatum (Colinton

Meconopsis cambrica Woods, right hand going

Cardamine amara up

Geranium pheum Bryum capillare

Prunus Padus Agaricus campestris

Saxifraga hypnoides (near Polyporus squamosus
Colinton) Lepidodendron (near Currie)

Scrophularia vernalis
Gorebridge, Arniston, Dalhousie.
Saturday, 22nd May 1852.

Party of 100 proceeded by train at 11 to Gorebridge. Return
tickets, 1s. Walked to Arniston and thence to Dalhousie.
Joined the train at 7.30 p.m.

Among the plants gathered were :—-
At Arniston :—

Aconitum Napellus Saxifraga Geum
Cardamine amara - umbrosa
Staphylea pinnata Ribes nigrum
Spireea salicifolia Lilium Martagon

Pyrus Malus Paris quadrifolia

130 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

At Dalhousie :-—

Chelidonium majus | Ribes alpinum
Cardamine amara | Daphne Laureola
Stellaria uliginosa Neottia Nidus-avis
Pyrus Malus Arum maculatum

Dysart, Wemyss.
Saturday, 29th May 1852.
Party between 80 and 90 met at Northern — Station at
9.45 a.m. and proceeded to Dysart. Fare, Is

Met Lord Rosslyn’s ee and Tak through Dysart
Woods, where we gathered

Aconitum Napellus Polygonum Bistorta
ifraga Geum | Listera ovata (in woods near
umbrosa | ysart °
granulata Convallaria majalis
Deriiicatl plantagineum Ornithogalum umbellatum

Anchusa sempervirens

Several plants have escaped from garden, as :—

Geum agrimonioides Narcissus poeticus
Symphytum tauricum

Proceeded along the shore to Wemyss, gathering many
interesting coal-fossils, as specimens of Calamites, Pecopteris,
Neuropteris, and Sphenopteris ;

also ~~

Fumaria officinalis Dipsacus sylvestris (not in
flower, in great profusion)
Leontodon levigatus

Silene maritima Armeria maritima

Stellaria uliginosa Plantago Coronopus
Honckenya peploides Triglochin palustre
Erodium cicutarium Carex arenaria

alus hypoglottis oe pew

Sanicula europza Corallina officinalis —

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 131

Returned by the road to Dysart, and reached it at 4.20 p.m.,
in time for the train.

Midcalder, Dalmahoy, Ravelrig, Currie.
Saturday, 5th June 1852.
Party of 85 proceeded by train at 7.45 a.m. to Midcalder.
Walked to Dalmahoy, Ravelrig, and Currie, and returned by

train passing Currie at 4.16 p.m.

Among the plants gathered were :—

Helianthemum vulgare Drosera rotundifolia
Viola palustri Linnza borealis
% siviites Pyrola minor (not in flower)
» Canina Trientalis europzea
» tricolor Pinguicula vulgaris
» lutea Corallorrhiza innata

Cockburnspath, Dunglass Woods and Dene.
Saturday, 12th June 1852.

Party of nearly 70 met at the North British Railway Station
at 8 and proceeded to Cockburnspath. Return tickets, 2s, 6d.
Met Mr. Hardy of Penmanshiel at Cockburnspath Station.
Mr. Buist sent the forester to conduct the party through Dunglass
Woods. Visited Dunglass Dene, going up on the east and
returning on the west side.

Gathered :—
Berberis vulgaris Circeea lutetiana
Cardamine amara Viburnum Lantana
Viola odorata (in fruit) Vinca major
Hypericum calycinum » Minor
Geranium phzeum Veronica montana

sylvaticum Neottia Nidus-avis

Ilex ‘Aquifolium Carex pendula
Acer campestre

132 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Various common ferns in great luxuriance.
Eranthis hyemalis |
Artemisia Absinthium (in

leaf)

Scolopendrium vulgare (in
great profusion)

Equisetum Telmateia

Anchusa sempervirens Polyporus squamosus

Luzula pilosa |

Visited the sea-shore and walked along it as far as Pease Burn
and ascended the burn picking JM/alva rotundzfolia.

In Pease Dene :—

Polystichum angulare (in abundance).

On sea-shore, numerous ordinary sea-weeds :—
Glaucium luteum
Cochlearia officinalis
Silene maritima
Honckenya peploides
Anthyllis Vulneraria
Astragalus hypoglottis

Astragalus Glyciphyllos
(Enanthe crocata
Armeria maritima
Plantago maritima
Equisetum palustre

+ hyemale
Near shore :—
Circzea lutetiana Salix Caprea
Carduus tenuiflorus » Viminalis

Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus

Returned by train passing Cockburnspath at 6 and reached
Edinburgh at 7.50 p.m.

Dunfermline, Knock Hill, Black Devon, Saline Hill.
Saturday, 19th June 1852.

Party of 50 proceeded by the train at 6.30 a.m. by Perth and
Dundee Railway to Dunfermline. Arrived about 9 and break-
fasted at the Royal Hotel for 1s.a head. Return tickets, ts. od.

Dr. James Dewar met the party and gave directions as to
route. About 6 or 8 were too late for the train and joined the
party in the after part of the day. Walked north from Dunferm-
line to Lochend, where Meum athamanticum grew, then struck
off to the left by a farm-house to a pond, where we found -—

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. _ 133

Nuphar luteum Potamogeton crispus
Hippuris vulgaris Scirpus Tabernzemontani
Cicuta virosa Carex teretiuscula
Potamogeton natans » curta

ig lanceolatus

Nymphea alba is also said to grow here.

Then walked through a wet mountain country towards Knock,
gathering on the way :—

Vaccinium Oxycoccus Carex pauciflora
Salix repens » Irrigua

Went over the eastern part of Knock Hill, where grew :—

Trientalis europzea
Botrychium Lunaria

Viola lutea (yellow and blue)
Sedum villosum
Antennaria dioica

Went to banks of Black Devon and gathered :—

Rubus saxatilis Polygonum viviparum
Epilobium angustifolium (not Gymnadenia conopsea
in flower re albida
Tanacetum vulgare Habenaria bifolia
Hieracium _ prenanthoides Serrafalcus commutatus

(not in ee

On banks iste are also found :—
Pyrola rotundifolia Pyrola media

Near Knock :—

Trollius europzeus (picked
in large quantity in
several places)

Saxifraga tridactylites

Returned by the eastern (middle) Saline Hill, gathering :—
Allosorus crispus (on its Botrychium Lunaria
western side) Lycopodium Selago

134 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Came across the country direct to Dunfermline. Picked :—
Leprdium Smithii on hill where Asplenium alternifolium is said
to have been found. r. Dewar sent Botrychtum Lunaria
and Gentsta anglica from Torryburn.

St Boswells, Dryburgh Abbey, Bemersyde, Gladswood,
Eildon Hills, Melrose.

Saturday, 26th June 1852. r

Party of about 100 met at the North British Railway Station at
7-45 and proceeded by train to St. Boswells. Return fare to St.
Boswells and back from Melrose, third class, 3s. After reaching
St. Boswells proceeded to Dryburgh Abbey, crossing the ferry ;
1d. paid at ferry and 3d. to enter Dryburgh. After visiting the
ruins, walked along banks of Tweed by Bemersyde and Glads-
wood as far as the bridge near Melrose. Crossed the bridge and
visited the Eildon Hills, then visited the Abbey at Melrose, and
returned to Edinburgh by the train at 6.15 p.m.

The following are some of the plants gathered :—

Gladswood :—

Thalictrum minus
-Berberis vulgaris
Arabis hirsuta

Viola hirta

Malva moschata

Tilia grandifolia
Geranium sanguineum

- nodosum
ne sylvaticum
ae lucidum

Euonymus europzeus
Vicia sylvatica
Prunus communis
Pyrus Aria
Cornus sanguinea
Galium boreale

_» Mollugo

Galium pusillum
Solidago Virgaurea
Centaurea nigra
Vinca minor
Origanum vulgare
Mentha viridis
Betula alba

Salix fragilis

» alba
Populus alba

= tremula
Carex sylvatica
Melica nutans

» uniflora
Juniperus communis
Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum

3 richomanes

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 135

Dryburgh :—

Aquilegia vulgaris Ligustrum vulgare
Staphylea pinnata Polemonium czruleum
Ononis arvensis Verbascum Thapsus
Potentilla reptans Lilium Martagon
Pyrus communis

Banks of Tweed, near Dryburgh :—
Ranunculus aquatilis Linaria vulgaris
Symphytum officinale Mentha viridis

Near Dryburgh :—

Clematis Vitalba Anthemis arvensis
Rosa spinosissima Plantago media
s tomentosa Salix cinerea, var. aquatica
», Tubiginosa _ Scirpus sylvaticus
» canina |
Bemersyde :—
Meconopsis cambrica Buxus sempervirens
Doronicum Pardalianches Polystichum aculeatum
Mentha viridis Lastrea Filix-mas, var. incisa

Near Melrose :—
Lepidium Smithii | Anthemis arvensis

Eildon Hills :-—
Sinapis alba (fields near)
Antennaria dioica
Listera cordata

Melrose Abbey :—
Asplenium Ruta-muraria |

Allosorus crispus
Lycopodium Selago

ee eet
’

Burntisland, Aberdour, Donibristle, St. Davids,
Inverkeithing, North Queensferry.

Saturday, 3rd July 1852.

Party of about 50 met at Granton at 10 and proceeded to
Burntisland. Dr. Christison and Dr. James Simpson were in the

136 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

boat. Walked by the shore to Starly Burn and Aberdour.
Entered Donibristle gate (permission given), visited the garden,
and then proceeded to St. Davids, Inverkeithing, and Queens-
ferry, meeting the steamboat there at 6.30 p.m. Expenses, 2s.
6d. Amongst plants collected were :—

At Donibristle :—
Thalictrum minus Medicago maculata

; majus | Dipsacus sylvestris
Sagina subulata Allium Scorodoprasum

At North Queensferry :—
Thalictrum minus Astragalus Glyciphyllos
ss majus Spirza Filipendula

At St. Davids :—

Reseda lutea Haloscias scoticum
Geranium pyrenaicum Matricaria Chamomilla (field
Melilotus officinalis near

Spirzea Filipendula Arundo epigejos

Potentilla reptans

At Inverkeithing :—

Saponaria officinalis Suseda maritima
Spirzea Filipendula Selerochloa maritima
Haloscias scoticum ee distans
Sambucus Ebulus

In Aberdour Woods :—

Circea lutetiana | © Rumex viridis

At Aberdour :— e

Lepigonum marinum Carex distans
Solanum Dulcamara 3 ~ extensa
Blysmus rufus

At Burntisland :-—
Sagina maritima Sclerochloa loliacea
Sclerochloa maritima

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 137

Beattock, Garpol Linn, Beld Crag.
Saturday, 10th July 1852.

Party of about 40 met at the Caledonian Railway Station at
7.30 a.m. and proceeded by train at 7.45 to Beattock. Return
tickets, including the returning by the express train at night, 4s.
(Some went by cheaper train for 2s. 6d., returning at 4.28 by
another cheap train.)

At Beattock Station met the Rev. Mr. Little of Kirkpatrick
Juxta, who directed us on our way and accompanied us to the
Garpol Linn, where we got many good plants. Then we walked
across the country to the Beld Crag, a rich locality. On our way
back to the station visited the Manse garden, where many good
alpines are cultivated by Mr. Little.

Reached the station about 6.45 p.m. in time for tea, and
returned by express train at 7.44, reaching Edinburgh at 9.30.

List of the plants got :—
Garpol Linn :-—

Aquilegia vulgaris
Rubus carpinifolius
» Saxatilis
Vaccinium Oxycoccus (near)
Gy mnadenia conopsea (near)
o albida (near)

At Beld Crag :—
Pyrola secunda
Carex sylvatica

Near Beattock :—

teed rubrum
Genista ti ria
Spirzea penned

Jasione montana
Ligustrum vulgare
Rumex aquaticus

Near Beld Crag :—
Hypericum humifusum
Veronica scutellata

Hymenophyllum Wilsoni
Cystopteris fragilis
Lastrea Oreopteris
Polypodium Dryopteris
pe Phegopteris

Holcus mollis
Asplenium viride

Potamogeton oblongus
Carex palleseens
» levigata
fulva
Ophioglossum vulgatum
ycopodium clavatum

Veronica Anagallis
Allosorus crispus

138 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Mr. Little gave us a specimen of Woodsta tlvensis from the
hills near Moffat.

North Berwick, Canty Bay, Bass, Tantallon Castle,
Dirleton.

Saturday, 17th July 1852.

Party of 46 met at North British Railway Station at 8 am.
and proceeded by train to North Berwick. Return tickets, 2s.
From North Berwick walked by Canty Bay. Some (about 34)
went to the Bass in G. Adam’s boats. Twelve went to Tan-
tallon Castle and walked by the shore and common to Dirleton,
where the whole party met about 5.30 pm. Returned by train |
at 6.23 p.m.

Some of the plants gathered were :—
At North Berwick :—
Thalictrum minus Habenaria viridis -

Papaver Argemone Phleum nodosum
Eryngium maritimum Triticum repens

Helosciadium repens = um

Carduus Marianus junceum

Leontodon levigatus Equisetum palustre, var.
Thrincia hirta (common) procumbens

Anagallis tenella Equisetum variegatum
Listera ovata

At and near Canty Bay :—

Silene noctiflora Tragopogon minor
Scabiosa Columbaria Hyoscyamus niger

At and near Tantallon:—

Lepidium latifolium | Sempervivum tectorum
Dirleton :—

Reseda lutea Centaurea Scabiosa

Fumaria micrantha (near) . | Galium Mollugo
Cerastium arvense Lamium intermedium

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 139

At Dirleton Castle :—
Sedum album Smyrnium Olusatrum
e- réeHexuni | Centranthus ruber

Dirleton Common :-—
Alyssum calycinum Calamintha Acinos
Silene conica

On the Bass :—
Lavatera arborea | Beta maritima

Arran, Largs, Wemyss Bay.
Thursday, 22nd July 1852.

Party consisting of J. H. Balfour, Andrew Beatson Bell,
George C. Bell, James N. Bennie, James S. Beveridge, George
S. Blackie, William B. Boyd, James T. Brown, William Bryce,
Philip Cockold, Alex. Cowan, Alex. Fraser, James Gardner,
Frederick Gourlay, Alex. Johnston, W. Keddie, Chris. Kerr, junior,
John Locking, James M‘Allum, James M. Gregor, Valentine M.
M‘Master, James Alex. Menzies, Charles Popham Miles, Robert
Osborne, James Peddie, junior, David Ross, John Ross, Robert
Sharpe, Alex. R. Simpson, John Spittal, Robert L. Stuart, James
G. Surenne, J. Sutherland, William B. Turner, E. W. Wakefield,
George H. Wakefield, John E. Wakefield, Arch. Young, James
Young, proceeded by train at 11 am. on Thursday, 22nd (after
lecture), to Glasgow, third class. Return tickets, allowing party
to return on Saturday or Monday, §s.

Arrived at Glasgow at one, saw model of Arran in Andersonian.
Joined boat at Broomielaw at two, along with Mr. Miles, Keddie,
and Jardine. Mr. Connal had a cart waiting for the baggage.
Evening fine. Reached Brodick about 8 p.m. :

Some difficulty in getting beds, Mrs. Jamieson had been
previously written to on the subject. She secured beds in various
farm-houses and cottages. Walked along shore to Invercloy in
the evening, picking Brassica monensts, Mertensiz maritima,
Triticum mM.

140 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Friday, 23rd July 1852.
Breakfasted before 7 a.m. and then started about 7.45 a.m. for
Goatfell ; reached the top about 11, gathering :—

Radiola Millegrana Lycopodium Selago
Alchemilla alpina 3 alpinum
Saxifraga stellaris ae selaginoides
Drosera anglica Batrachospermum vagum
Sedum Rhodiola Conferva alpina (below
Oxyria reniformis mountain)

Carex rigida

Numerous lichens for analysis by Dr. George Wilson were
picked.

Descended by a very steep descent into Glen Sannox.
Walked to the shore. Gathered :—

Drosera anglica | Rhynchospora alba

Also caught a viper. Bathed at Sannox and walked by shore
to Corrie, visited lime-quarries, interesting from quantity of
Productus, then proceeded by the shore to Brodick, which was
reached about 7.30 p.m.

Other plants gathered were :—

Sagina apetala Erythrzea linarifolia
Hypericum Androsemum Lycopus europzeus
humifusum Scutellaria galericulata
Parnassia palustris Stachys palustris
Cotyledon Umbilicus : » ambigua
Sedum anglicum Mentha sylvestris, var. velu-
Lythrum Salicaria tina (near Brodick)
Circza alpina Atriplex Babingtonii
CEnanthe Lachenalii Juncus maritimus
Pastinaca sativa (near Corrie) » supinus
Petroselinum sativum (near Scolopendrium vulgare
Corrie) Cystopteris fragilis
Solidago Virgaurea Lastrea Foenisecii
Anagallis tenella — Dryopteris
Samolus Valerandi a Phegopteris

Erythrea Centaurium Osmunda regalis

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 14!
Saturday, 24th July 1852.

Party left Brodick by steamboat at 6.30 a.m., reached Largs
about 8.30. Dr. Greville met the party. Several went on to
Glasgow and to other places on the Clyde. Thirty sat down
along with Dr. G. in the Brisbane Arms to breakfast. Mr.
Cunningham had kindly provided breakfast for the whole party.

After breakfast the party walked by the shore to Wemyss Bay,
gathering on the road the following specimens :—

Lepidium Smithii Sueda maritima
Raphanus maritimus Hippophaé rhamnoides
Lepigonum marinum cirpus pauciflorus
Hypericum dubium Blysmus compressus
maculatum + rufus

Malva moschata Rhynchospora alba
Spirzea salicifolia Carex extensa
Cotyledon Umbilicus (abun- Triticum repens

dant at Wemyss Bay) a laxum

Sedum anglicum ;
Lythrum Salicaria Asplenium marinum (Wemyss
Carum verticillatum ‘Ba
Aster Tripolium Scolopendrium vulgare
Anagallis tenella Osmunda regalis
Samolus Valerandi Ceramium rubrum (various
Erythrea linarifolia states
Mertensia maritima Desmarestia aculeata
Scutellaria galericulata Fucus ceranoides (fine speci-
Beta maritima men

On reaching Wemyss Bay, party went on board the steamboat
and reached Glasgow about 6.30 p.m. Visited college, cathedral,
and cemetery, and after getting tea went by train at 3.30 p.m.
to Edinburgh.

Ireland.
Friday, 6th August 1852.

A party consisting of J. H. Balfour, John Sutherland, Philip
Cockell, Alexander Cowan, P. Neill Fraser, William John
I

142 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Menzies, D. C. M‘Callum, John Sibbald, left Edinburgh this day
by the train at 11 for Glasgow, provided with boxes, boards, and
paper, and all the apparatus required for a botanical excursion.

Reached Glasgow about one and proceeded to the Broomie-
law to join the Dublin steamboat the “ Herald,” found that the
boat had sailed and that they must join it at Greenock, sailed by
Arran boat at 2 p.m., met Middleton and Alston and Hussey on
board, landed at Greenock about four and got berths on board
the “ Herald,” which sailed at 5.20. Had a good passage in the
evening, but when opposite Ailsa Craig a squall came on with
rain, and there was a good deal of pitching during the night.
Lord and Lady Gough were on board.

Saturday, 7th August 1852.

The wind continued strong this morning, and very few of the
party breakfasted on board. We reached Dublin about 9 a.m.
and proceeded to the Gresham, where most of us breakfasted.
Dr. Mackay called after breakfast and kindly accompanied us to
Trinity College ; saw the buildings, chapel, dining hall, and then
went to the museum, where we met Dr. Robert Ball and Professor
Allman. The museum does great credit to Ball’sexertions. He
gave me hints as to a plan of fastening bottles—viz., to fit a rim
of indiarubber, such as that used for letters, to the mouth of the
jar, and then put a round piece of glass above it so as to close
the mouth, and to hold this firm by means of a bit of brass
curved in the centre and worked into the rim on each side.
Several preparations were shown well preserved in this way, —
Visited Ball’s fernery at 3 Grange Road, saw many excellent
ferns growing well. He gave a suggestion as to the mode of
making diagrams and tables, by using oil paint (such as that
contained in tin-tubes) with common naphtha (6d. or Is. per
gallon), and lay it on the paper with a brush; the mixture dries
soon.

From Ball’s proceeded -with Dr. Mackay to Glasnevin
Garden and visited the houses. Mr. Niven was unfortunately
absent. During our visit a thunderstorm came on and we were
detained long in the houses, The houses are new and well
constructed and contain many good plants. Noticed particularly

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 143

the mode of growing bananas in the earth of the house in
clusters. It gives a more tropical aspect and shows the habit -
of the plant. Cycnoches Loddigesti was in flower. Victoria grown
in a small tank, not sufficient to enable it to flower. Fine speci-
men of Banksia in flower. Examined some 7viticum, one of
which seemed to be Zyiticum laxum. After seeing Glasnevin,
went down to the College Botanic Garden and saw a number of
excellent plants, a fine specimen of Dracena Draco, some good
orchids, many interesting plants in the open air. Afterwards
went to the hotel with Dr. Mackay, who dined with the party.

Visited various parts of Dublin in the evening and returned to
tea,

Monday, 9th August 1852.

At 6.30 a.m. we walked to the Zoological Gardens at Phoenix
Park, and saw the collection of animals, which is by no means
extensive. Afterwards drove round the whole of the Phcenix
Park, and had a fine view of Wicklow Court from the road near
the Hibernian School for Soldiers.

Gathered Linum angustifolium and Fentculum vulgare in
abundance. Breakfasted at 9 at the hotel and then joined the
‘train for Howth at 9.45, accompanied by Professor Allman.
Met Dr. Mackay and Mr. Bain at Howth, walked by the rocks
to the lighthouse and then to Baldoyle, where Dr. Mackay gave
us lunch.

At Howth the plants gathered were -—

Erodium moschatum Carlina vulgaris

5 maritimum Statice occidentalis
Ulex nanus Erythreea littoralis
Eryngium maritimum Beta maritima
Sium nodiflorum Obione portulacoides
Crithmum maritimum Euphorbia Paralias
Inula dysenterica

Many of the plants are those found round Edinburgh, such as:-—

Malva sylvestris Echium vulgare
» rotundifolia Salvia Verbenaca

144 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

From Baldoyle we sailed across the tongue of sea to Portmar-
nock, wading a good part of the way.
Plants :—
Convolvulus Soldanella Orchis pyramidalis
Euphorbia Paralias (abun-
dant)

Walked to Malahide, where we arrived about 7 p.m. Dined
with Ball and returned by the train at 9.38.

Tuesday, 10th August 1852.

Breakfasted with Dr. Mackay at 8 and left at 9 in two cars for
Bray, accompanied by Professor Allman, Dr. Mackay, and Mr.
Bain. Visited the Dargle, gathering cut-leaved variety of Poly-
podium vulgare, also Hymenophyllum Wilsont. Then proceeded
to Powerscourt Waterfall, where I gathered Lastrea Foentseciz, and
Hymenophyllum Wilsont. Dr. Mackay provided lunch, which
was taken under the trees during a thunderstorm. After the
storm the weather cleared, and we returned to Dublin by the
beautiful village of Enniskerry and by the Scalp. Near Ennis-
kerry grow :—

Inula dysenterica Epipactis palustris
Origanum vulgare * Ophrys apifera
Malaxis paludosa Scirpus Savii

Took tea with Professor Allman. He noticed a peculiar fact
as to the proboscis of the fly sticking among the stamens of
Apocynum androsemifolium; the flower thus acting as a fly-
catcher, the animal dies. The hygroscopicity of Car/ina vulgaris
was also noticed.

Wednesday, 11th August 1852.

Breakfasted at 6 and left by train at 7 a.m. for Cork, which
was reached about 2.30. Visited the Exhibition at Cork, which
is upon the whole creditable. Then went to Queen’s College,
visited the halls and museum.

_ Gathered Ceterach officinarum on the walls near the college,
along with it were :—

PROFESSOR JOHN HuTTON BALFOUR. 145

Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum Scolopendrium vulgare
Trichomanes Polypodium vulgare
3 Ruta-muraria

Visited different parts of Cork. Called on Dr. J. R. Harvey,
who had known me in Edinburgh at the Plinian Society, got
directions as to my route, also received a copy of the work on the
famous Flora of Cork. Mr. Sibbald joined the party this evening.

Thursday, 12th August 1852.

Dr. Sutherland and I walked to Sommers Town about 6,30
a.m, to see a famous cork tree. The tree is of large dimensions
and of great age. It is in an orchard belonging toa Mr. Jeffreys.

In a loch near Sommers Town saw Cinanthe fistulosa, Bidens
cernua, and Typha latifolia. On roadside Senebiera didyma.
On walls at Cork Senecio squalidus. On wall near Sommers
Town Ceterach offictnarum.

Breakfasted at Cork at 9 a.m., and proceeded by steamboat at
10 to Queenstown. Walked along shore to point opposite Monks-
town, gathering :—

Sinapis nigra Dipsacus sylvestris
Foeniculum vulgare (abun- Antirrhinum Orontium
dant) Euphorbia portlandica

Crossed to Monkstown; behind it there was abundance of
Petasites fragrans, quite wild in its situation by a roadside.
Walked from Monkstown to Passage, where the party had lunch.
Then went by rail to Blackrock. From Blackrock crossed to
Glanmire Glen, walked along the banks of the Glanmire Burn,
On wall near the sea there was abundance of a_ peculiar
Hypericum which seems new. On the walls also there was
profusion of Ceterach officinarum. On the stones by water
Apium graveolens. From Glanmire walked to Riverstown.
Examined banks of water where 7richomanes was said to be
found. From Riverstown to Cork in the evening.

Friday, 13th August 1352.

At 6 a.m. left Cork by railway for Bandon ; there we called on
Professor Allman, who kindly visited some localities with us.

146 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

We gathered :—
Hypericum elodes . Pinguicula lusitanica
Linaria repens (on banks of Scutellaria galericulata
andon Water ys minor
Pinguicula grandiflora (in-
troduced)

After breakfast (the chief hotel is French’s) went by coach to
Bantry and then walked partly by the shore to Glengariff, which
was reached about 8.30 p.m. The inns were all crowded; we
went to Rorke’s Hotel but could not be accommodated with beds ;
slept on the floor of a farm-house near the inn. Picked on the

‘way Calamintha officinalis. Glengariff is beautifully situated, and
requires a residence of a day or two to see its beauties.

Saturday, 14th August 1852.

At 6 a.m. went to bathe in Bantry Bay, and gathered in the
woods :—
Saxifraga umbrosa : Hymenophyllum __tun-
Euphorbia hiberna bridgense

After breakfast the party went in a car to Kenmare, sent
. baggage by a separate car, passed along a curious road_ through
tunnels, saw Euphorbia hiberna and Saxifraga umbrosa in
abundance.
re Attes reaching Kenmare the party divided in twine: Dr.
‘siaabaelatd. Mr. Cockell, Professor Allman, and Mr, Shaw went
in. a.car, while Messrs. Cowan, Menzies, Sibbald, and Balfour

Numerous interesting plants were seen, especially :—

’ Saxifraga umbrosa Lastrea Foenisecii
Hymenophyllum —_tun- Osmunda regalis —

bridgense

_» Visited Turk Waterfall and saw some splendid Spec ens. oe
ferns: ‘Reached Muckross Hotel about Zam. alba

Set ee eve alt ot, =e an

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 147
Monday, 16th August 1852.

This morning was very wet. In spite of it our party went in
a two-horse car to the Gap of Dunloe, walked through the Gap,
and visited the rocks in it.

Gathered :-—
Nuphar luteum Saxifraga umbrosa
Nympheea alba Lobelia Dortmanna
Saxifraga hirsuta Lastrea Foenisecii

= serratifolia

Leaving the Gap, walked to the Upper Lake, where the four-
oared boat was waiting for us.
On the way gathered :—
Ilex Aquifolium Euphorbia hiberna
Drosera longifolia Rhynchospora alba
Hieracium prenanthoides

Sailed through the Upper Lake and then through the Long
Range, Eagles’ Nest, passing Turk Mountain. Passed through
the Rapids under the bridge near the Middle Lake. Landed and
had lunch. Picked abundance of Arbutus Unedo in fruit. One
of the prettiest scenes was in the space between the Upper and
Middle Lake. A race took place between four of our party
in one boat and five of another party in another. Our party,
consisting of Balfour, Menzies, Allman, and Sibbald, with Dr.
Sutherland as cockswain, beat the other.

Scotch reels and Irish jigs took place in the hall where \ we had
lunch. Returned to the inn about 6 p.m. Z

Tuesday, 17th August 1852.

One of the boatmen having offered to show. me a station for
Trichomanes brevisetum 1 started at 5 a.m. and went with him
to a burn on Turk Mountain beyond the fall. After passing
through very wet and entangled ground, thickly beset with
thorns, brambles, and hollies, to the no small detriment of
clothes and person, we reached the spot. The weather, which
had been lowering all morning, now broke up, and by the time I
got to the inn there was promise of a fine day. Accordingly at

148 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

8.30 we started in a large car to visit M‘Gillicuddy’s Reeks; we
reached the cottages near thé foot of the mountain about 12 and
commenced our ascent, followed by guides of various kinds, none
of whom were employed by us. On reaching a cottage on the
ascent, milk and whisky were offered as usual. From the cottage
several boys accompanied us, and were not a little astonished
when, in place of taking the usual path, we diverged by the side
of a rivulet, which we ascended, picked numerous specimens of
Saxifraga umbrosa and its varieties, as well as Saxtfraga stellaris.
We ascended by peculiar ragged peaks of red sandstone until we
reached the most north-easterly summit, where we had a. fine
view for a few minutes. Mist came on afterwards and we had
only temporary glimpses of the scenery. All the party had
followed me except Mr. Cockell, who went up by the beaten track.
As the mist was now thick and there was some risk that Mr.
Cockell might lose himself, I started with Mr. Menzies and a guide
for the summit of Carran Tuohill, the highest point of the Reeks,
and indeed the highest part in Ireland. The rest of the party
descended under the guidance of a boy by a difficult ravine.
Before getting to Carran Tuohill we saw Mr, Cockell attempting
to come down by very dangerous cliffs, and we had some difficulty
in directing him. After going to the top of Carran Tuohill and
having a temporary glimpse towards the west and south, we
descended by the usual trail to the bottom of the hill. On the
way we gathered abundance of :— :

Saxifraga hirta Aira ceespitosa
2 umbrosa “ oF vivipara and
Solidago Virgaurea (very the alpine form
“small Cystopteris fragilis
Armeria maritima -

On the summit :-—
Sedum Rhodiola. | Asplenium viride |
Hymenophyllum Wilsoni
~ On the lower ground :—

Pinguicula lusitanica |

Returned to the cottages at the foot of the hill about 6.30 and

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. I49

had lunch, which was brought in the car. Did not get back to
the inn till about 10 p.m. owing to the darkness of the night.
From Killarney to Muckross the rain descended in torrents,
and the road was so dark that the driver had to lead the horses.

Wednesday, 18th August 1852.

This morning about 5.30 a.m. with Messrs. Sutherland, Menzies,
and Sibbald, I started for Mangerton, and as the hill was rather
misty we took a guide with us. On getting near the summit the
mist began to clear off, and ultimately the party had a fine view
of the whole lake scenery. The view was heightened by the
fleecy clouds floating below and the mist clearing off at different
points. Visited the Punch Bowl, the Bachelor’s Well, and the
Horse Glen. Saw abundance of Saxifraga umbrosa in various
states, and of Pinguzcula grandifiora. Near the base gathered
Pimpinella majus, Verbena officinales, Calamintha officinalis.

On returning to the inn about 10 had breakfast. I went
with Mr. Sprott to visit the Misses Horsley, while the rest of the
party went to Ross Castle and Muckross Demesne. Some of
them gathered abundance of Orobanche.

The Misses Horsley drove me to some stations for Tyricho-
manes, one of which was that shown to me by the boatman.
Along with it was Sarifraga Geum. The stations were on Turk
Mountain. Almost all the streams coming from that mountain
have 7richomanes on their banks. The fern grows in dark, shady
places under the drip of water. The stations are difficult of
access owing to the prevalence of brambles, and both Mr. Sprott
and I suffered in the cause. It was astonishing, however, to see
the enthusiasm with which Miss Horsley mastered all difficulties,
and, in spite of wet, streams, brambles, hollies, and thorns,
pointed out about five stations for the fern. The Misses Horsley
are great collectors of ferns, and are anxious to get some of the
rarer Scottish species, which were of course promised by me.
After leaving the mountain we proceeded on the car to Ross
Castle, where there is a fine view, then sailed across to Ross
Island and saw great profusion of Lastrea Thelypfteris,
barren and fertile fronds.

From Ross Island sailed to Innisfallen and saw the remains of
the old monastery, as well as several spots famous in story. The

150 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

herbage of the island is very nutritious, and it is said that sheep
_ fatten very rapidly ; they are only kept on it for six weeks at a
time. After walking round the island we sailed for O’Sullivan’s
Waterfall, a very pretty one in a deep rocky chasm surrounded
by ferns of all kinds. Lastrea Foenisecit was here, as in all other
parts of Killarney, abundant. AMymenophyllum tunbridgense was
also very luxuriant on the rocks. Found the character of the
dark rhizome of Lastrea Foentsecit on making a longitudinal
section to hold good, thus this plant seems to be distinguished
from L. dilatata. From the waterfall sailed by Glena to the
cottages of Lady Kenmare, which we visited, then sailed on to
the point where the waters meet, near Dinish Cottage. Entered
the Middle Lake, visited the Wine Cellars or hollowed caves
under the limestone rocks, landed at Jack-a-Boys Bay, so called
from the appearance of a rock like a boy in the bay. Near the
bay, on marshy ground leading to the Muckross Offices, picked :—
Athyrium Filix-foemina Lastrea Thelypteris

irriguum Osmunda regalis
Sipe vulgare

The last mentioned is the common fern here, and is particularly
beautiful near the Meeting of the Waters below the Rapids and
‘the Middle Lake.
Near Jack-a-Boys Bay saw :—
Euonymus europeus | Rhamnus Frangula

Landed at Mr. Herbert’s Pier and walked by the Muckross
Manor and its pretty garden to the Abbey. _Muckross Manor is
prettily situated on a small eminence commanding a fine view of
the Lower and Middle Lakes. The Abbey is very beautiful and
tolerably perfect. In it there is an old yew growing. Reached
the hotel about 6.30 p.m. to dinnef, and was occupied in
arranging plants till near 12 p.m.

Thursday, 19th August 185%:

After settling Muckross Hotel bill, which was tolerably
‘moderate, we started at 6.30 a.m. for Killarney. Took our seats
on the coach to Tralee. Mr. Sprott and Mr. Cockell accom-
. panied us to that place. ‘Mr. Fraser was = at Muckross to go

PROFESSOR JOHN HuTTON BALFouR. 151

to Dublin by Mallow. The coach was crowded with passengers
and luggage. We had secured tickets for 11s. 6d. each, which
took us to Tralee, Dingle, Tarbert and Limerick. Mr.
Gallacher kindly granted us this favour. Got to Tralee to
breakfast, and, leaving most of our heavy baggage there, proceeded
by a car to Dingle by Connor Hill. The road over the hill is a
remarkable one; it rises to a great height, not less than 1500 feet
above level of sea, and crosses the summit of the mountains. We -
had to walk a great part of the way. Gathered numerous speci-
mens of Sarifraga umbrosa, S. hirsuta, S. stellaris.

Reached Dingle about 4 p.m. and bathed in the bay. Were
comfortably accommodated at Petrie’s Hotel. Mr. P. is a
Scotchman and was glad to welcome his page cess,

- Charges were moderate.

Friday, 20th August 1852.

After bathing and breakfast left in two cars for the foot of
Brandon Mountain. Reached some miserable cottages at the
foot of the hill, where we procured a guide, as the mountain-top
was covered with mist. The mountain is easily ascended in an
hour and a half, We had a good view on the way up, seeing
Blasquet Islands, Skellig Rocks, Valentia, Kerry Head, the
Atlantic, &c. On the top, however, mist prevailed, and we had
no view. We gathered abundance of :—

Ranunculus acris (alpine |. Saxifraga umbrosa
form) Sedum Rhodiola
Cystopteris fragilis

Saxifraga affinis
. hirta | Polystichum Lonchitis

Waited in vain for a clear view. Descended and drove to the
rocks near Ballinahow, where there is a lead mine. Rocks fine.
Peculiar rocky bay, where the boats of the fishermen are kept.
Proceeded along the shore of Smerwick harbour, where the ship
“ Ben Nevis” was wrecked last Christmas. Saw the tower of
Ballidavid, old castle called Galerus, and an ancient oratory said
to be the most perfect in Ireland ; the stones were placed so as
_to form a gothic arch, but it was not built on the principle of
_thearch. Near Smerwick harbour gathered abundance of Althea
officinalis, pie lunch started by our car about 7 p.m. _ for

152 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Tralee, going by the old road which avoids Connor Hill. It was
so dark that we did not pick Szdthorpia, which grows along the
road. Reached Tralee about 11 p.m. after a long and tiresome
drive. The road winds in a remarkable way, and is by no means
safe in a dark night ; it goes along the edges of many very steep
banks, and the turns are often very rapid. The whole county of
Kerry abounds in Cotyledon.

Saturday, 21st August 1852.

Left Tralee at 11 am., partly by coach and partly by car.
Passed through a bleak, peaty, and uncultivated country to
Listowel. Near Listowel there is a fine property of the Knight
of Kerry (Fitzgerald). There is also one belonging to a Mr.
Palmer called Banmore, which might be made very productive
and beautiful.

The fine river of the Fale passes Listowel, and we crossed it
by a good bridge. At Listowel the car party got a new car and
proceeded to Tarbert, where we had lunch, thence coach and car.
Went to the moveable pier which conveys the passengers to a
moored pier, whence they embark on board the steamers on the
Shannon. The Shannon is a noble expanse of water below
Limerick, but its banks are very tame and uninteresting. It
does not exhibit the beautiful scenery of the Clyde.

We reached Limerick about 8 p.m. and took up our quarters
in Cruise’s Hotel, Grey Street.

Monday, 23rd August 1852.

At 6 a.m. party of five went by coach to Killaloe, distant 12
Irish miles from Limerick. Mr. Sibbald left the party here and
returned home. Our drive was through an undulated country,
and the roads were often steep and the turns sharp so that we
were nearly overturned by our bad driver. Some of the baggage
was shaken off, while we escaped. Another car which started at
the same time with us and which was driven equally badly broke
down at Ballina Lodge, so that we had to wait some time for the
passengers and baggage at Killaloe. Went on board the steam-
boat on the Shannon and sailed about 9. The scenery on this
upper part of the Shannon, and especially of Lough Derg, is

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 153

interesting, and much less tame than that of the lower
Shannon. We enjoyed our sail much. On board I met an old
classfellow, Archibald Cockburn, from 60 Mark Lane, London;
there was also Dr. Forbes and his brother. At Shannon
harbour canal crosses to Ballinasloe. Shannon Bridge is a well
fortified place; numerous troops are landed there. Near it
_ are curious ruins of round towers and churches. One of the
towers is very perfect.

Reached Athlone about 5 p.m. Here Mr. Sutherland and Mr.
M‘Allum left for Dublin by train at 6.3 p.m. Mr. Cowan, Mr.
Menzies, and self dined at Haire’s Hotel, along with Dr. Forbes
and his brother (Rourke’s Hotel seems to be the best and
cleanest). Visited fortifications of Athlone before dinner. There
is a beautiful railway bridge here.

Left Athlone by train at 10.22 p.m. for Galway and took up
our quarters at the Railway Hotel at 12.30. This hotel is on
a splendid scale and has just been opened. During the cattle
Show at Galway on the 2oth it was opened and received the Lord
Lieutenant and the visitors.

Tuesday, 24th August 1852.

This morning visited part of Galway. Went to Queen’s
College and heard that Dr. Melville was gone on a yacht to the
island of Aran, and that another boat was about to follow him
containing Mr. Bilston, the Curator. We accordingly, with Mr.
Bilston’s permission, embarked on board this boat with certain
part of our baggage and sailed down Galway Bay. The wind
was rather adverse, but by tacking we got down about 20 or 25
miles ; after this the wind lulled and we were unable to make
Aran, accordingly we proceeded, partly by sailing and partly
by rowing, to Cortello Bay, where we arrived about 8 p.m. and
took up our quarters in a small hut, where we got potatoes and
milk, as well as some tea and bread, which the boatman provided
for us,

We contrived to pass the night tolerably well on beds provided
for us, but we did not take off our “clothes. The cottagers were
very attentive and did all in their power to promote our
comfort,

154 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY
Wednesday, 25th August 1852.

- As the wind was favourable and the day fine we started at
5 a.m. and proceeded to the boat, gathering on the way plants of
Dabeocia polifolva, We sailed about 6. We hailed a fishing boat
and got some crabs and lobsters, some of which we boiled on
board. We also fished for mackerel and got about a dozen
excellent fish, which served us for breakfast and dinner on the
island. Landed at Kilronan, in the larger island of Aran, about
g and went to the house of the boatman, Michael Gill, where we
had breakfast. Afterwards proceeded with a guide called Pat
Mullen to visit the island. It is a remarkable limestone island,
literally paved with stone, with scanty vegetation here and there.
Crevices between the rocks in which many good plants, especially
ferns, grow. Walked towards the lighthouse and then went to a
sandy bay, where we bathed in the Atlantic, crossed the island to
visit splendid limestone cliffs, about 400 feet high, and the old
fortification of Dunaengus. Limestone hollowed out in a remark-
able way into caverns and deep pools. Visited the Seven Churches,
the ruins of which are seen at a part about 6 miles from Kilronan.
We had a fine view of County Clare, Galway Bay, Connemara, &c,
Plants gathered were :-—

Cerastium arvense Senecio Jacobea (without a
Arenaria verna ray) |
Malva sylvestris = Carlina vulgaris
Geranium sanguineum Lycopus europzeus
Ulex nanus Marrubium vulgare
Poterium Sanguisorba Plantago Coronopus (hairy
Saxifraga affinisP (in abun- var.

dance on all the rocks) Neottia spiralis (abundant on
Smyrnium Olusatrum turfy and sandy soil) .
Haloscias scoticum Sesleria cerulea
Torilis Anthriscus Juniperus nana

» nodosa Ceterach officinarum

Asperula cynanchica e

_ Adiantum Capillus-Veneris |

Asplenium marinum
. ° | All these ferns : were in pro-

‘3 richomanes . h . :
” Ruta-muraria usion in the imestgne
Scolopendrium vulgare crevices.

Sambucus Ebulus

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 155

Ergot of rye was also abundant.

Returned about 7 p.m. and partook of hot dinner consisting of
mackerel, bream, and rock fish.

Saw numerous patients, for whom I prescribed. Among the
rest were the brother-in-law of our landlord, a person named
Martin Hernan, and another, Michael Haharty.

Visited a cottage near the Seven Churches, where we had milk
and potheen,

Thursday, 26th August 1852.

This morning was very fine, and we rose at 5 a.m., but as there
was not a breath of wind we had to delay our journey by boat.
After breakfast a breeze began to spring up, and we started
about 8 a.m. with a fair wind for Roundstone, which we reached
in 34 hours. The distance is about 20 miles. The breeze
sprang up very quickly, and the Atlantic waves were rather high
to be comfortable for bad sailors. The strength of the breeze
kept the boat tolerably steady. On reaching Roundstone we
proceeded to the inn kept by Mr. Macaulay, the postmaster, the
father of Wm. M‘Call, who died of cholera in 1849, and who did
so much to promote our knowledge of Irish seaweeds ; his name
is constantly mentioned by Harvey in his Phycologia, The
father has taken the name of Macaulay, which he says is his
correct family name. He is a Scotchman by birth, and was
delighted to see Mr. Menzies in his kilt. The old man was
constantly speaking of the merits of his son, to whose memory
he has erected a monument in the churchyard of the Presby-
terian Chapel. He took us to see it.

We then walked over the gap in the hill behind Roundstone
and gathered :—

Nympheea alba Eriocaulon septangulare
Erica mediterranea

After lunch we went by car to Clifden, which we reached
about 6.30 p.m. Mr. Macaulay accompanied us in the car about
a mile to show us a station for Erica Mackaitz. On the road to
Clifden we passed abundance of this heath, and at Craggiemore,
in marshy ground on the left-hand side of the road, and in hollow
ground, we gathered Erica ciliaris.

156 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

We took up our quarters in Hart’s Hotel, which does not,
however, appear to be the best in Clifden. Kerr's Hotel seems
to be the cleanest and most comfortable.

We were occupied all evening putting our plants in paper.

Friday, 27th August 1852.

After breakfast left by a private car for Kylemore, where we
gathered abundance of Dadeocia polifolia, both pink and white.
The scenery here reminded us much of Scotland. Kylemore
Lough is like one of those in our Highlands. The hills around
are worthy of examination. We then proceeded to Leenane,
where there is a high hill deserving notice. Near Leenane we
picked Carduus pratensis.

We then walked up the hill on the way to Maam, and after
joining our car we reached the hotel about 2.30 pm. After
bathing in the river, and lunching at Mr. Rourke’s inn, we pro-
ceeded by the mail car to the point where we join the car for”
Clifden, and we reached Galway about 8.30 p.m., passing through
Oughterard. Mr. Rourke at Maam is an amusing man, and
occupied our attention during lunch by tales of Irish and other
botanists who had visited his hotel.

We took up our quarters in the Railway Hotel, Galway. Met
there Lord Oranmore, who seemed to be much interested in our
account of our trip.

Saturday, 28th August 1852.

This day was the last botanising day of the party. After
breakfast we visited Queen’s College, and then proceeded to the
shore of Lough Corrib. Our time was very limited, as we had to
start for Dublin in the afternoon. Hence we were not able to reach
the station for Rhynchospora fusca and Eriocaulon septangulare,

We gathered :—

Nasturtium palustre Nepeta Cataria
Bidens cernua Alisma ranunculoides
» tripartita _ Ceterach officinarum

along with numerous other ferns in the limestone rocks. A
canal is being made, and communication between Lough Corrib
and Galway is being fully opened up for vessels.

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 157

At 4 p.m. we left by train for Dublin and arrived at Ander-
son’s Hotel at 10.30 p.m. Here the botanical trip ended ; the
parties who remained to the last being—J. H. Balfour,
Alexander Cowan, William John Menzies.

EXCURSIONS IN 1853.

Granton, Cramond, Craigcrook.
Saturday, 14th May 1853.

Party of about 100 met at Granton at 11 and walked by shore
to Cramond, up the Almond. Returned by Craigcrook, and
reached Edinburgh about 5.30 p.m. Return ticket Is.

Ordinary sea-side plants, gathered :—

Cochlearia officinalis Symphytum officinale (not in

Acer platanoides (plantations)| flower

Vicia sativa Linaria Cymbalaria(Ravelston)
», lathyroides (Cramond Euphorbia Lathyris (banks of

Island) Almond

Potentilla verna Convallaria multiflora (banks

Armeria maritima of Almond)

Primula vulgaris, var. Equisetum limosum

Gorebridge, Arniston, Dalhousie.
Saturday, 21st May 1853.

Party of 128 met at North British Railway Station at 11 a.m.
and proceeded to Gorebridge ; walked to Arniston, and then by
the banks of the water to Dalhousie and met train there at
7.31 p.m. Return ticket, Is.

Plants gathered :—

Ranunculus auricomus Doronicum plantagineum
= Ficaria Pulmonaria offici

Aconitum Napellus Lathraea Squamaria
Stellaria nemorum Neottia Nidus-avis (old spikes)
Prunus Avium Arum maculatum
Chrysosplenium alternifolium Scolopendrium vulgare
Adoxa Moschatellina Equisetum Telmateia

Asperula taurina Morchella esculenta
K

158 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Specimen of stem of mountain ash, with twining honeysuckle
much compressed.

Dysart, Ravenscraig Castle, Wemyss.
Saturday, 28th May 1853.

Party of 126 met at the Northern Railway Station at 9.45 a.m.
and proceeded to Dysart. Walked to Ravenscraig Castle, and
gathered :-—

Pyrus Malus Salvia Verbenaca
Smyrnium Olusatrum
Many sea-weeds along shore.
Entered woods at Dysart and walked through them.
Plants gathered :—

Aconitum Napellus Doronicum plantagineum
Berberis vulgaris Symphytum tuberosum
Geum agrimonioides (natural- Lamium maculatum

ised in woods) Conyallaria majalis
Saxifraga Geum - Ruscus aculeatus

»» umbrosa Ornithogalum umbellatum

» granulata Lilium Martagon
Viburnum Lantana

Saw fine Rhododendrons, particularly a new species, &.
salignum, from Sikkim. Also saw Fuchsia syringeflora.
From Dysart walked by shore to Western and Eastern
Wemyss amidst rain, which continued from 2.30 p.m. till evening.
Near Wemyss Castle, gathered :—
Lepidium latifolium Humulus Lupulus
In caves at Wemyss :—
Asplenium marinum |

North Queensferry, Inverkeithing, Donibristle, Aberdour,
Burnti .
Saturday, 4th June 1853.

Party of between 80 and go proceeded to Granton, went by
steamboat to Queensferry—fares 4d. each, besides 2d. at Granton
Pier. Landed at Queensferry for 3d. each,

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. . 159

Examined the Ferry hills on the eastern side.

Picked :—
Thlaspi arvense | Spirzea Filipendula (not in
Vicia lutea flower

Near Inverkeithing :—

Sagina maritima | Sedum villosum
Geranium sanguineum Anthriscus vulgaris

From Inverkeithing walked to St. David’s and gathered :—
Diplotaxis tenuifolia Leonurus Cardiaca
Reseda lutea
Entered Donibristle Woods, and were accompanied to the
garden and grounds by Mr. Gavin and the under-keeper.
Walked to Aberdour, picking :—

Viola hirta (in fruit) Atropa Belladonna (not in

Medicago maculata flower)

Dipsacus sylvestris Hyoscyamus niger

Cynoglossum officinale Listera ovata (not expanded)
Allium Scorodoprasum

Passed through Aberdour woods to Burntisland.
At Burntisland, gathered :—
Salvia Verbenaca | Sclerochloa maritima
Parietaria officinalis “ loliacea
Carex distans |

Returned by boat at 6.15.

Midcalder, Meadowbank, Dalmahoy, Ravelrig,
Currie, Woodhall.

Saturday, 11th June 1853.

Morning very unpromising. A party of about 75 met at the
Caledonian Railway Station at 7.45 a.m. and proceeded to Mid-
calder, thence walked to Meadowbank, Western Dalmahoy Hill,
Ravelrig, Eastern Dalmahoy Hill, Currie, and Woodhall, and
returned about 6 p.m. Return tickets 8d. The evening was so
bad and the party so thoroughly drenched that the greater part
walked home,

160 BOTANICAL #XCURSIONS MADE BY

Plants gathered :—
Meconopsis cambrica
Hesperis matronalis Pyrola minor (in bud)
Viola palustris Trientalis europaea

Drosera rotundifolia
| ‘

» canina | Myosotis palustris
|

», flavicornis Pinguicula vulgaris
» sylvatica Corallorrhiza innata
lutea Listera cordata
Sein phzeum Arum maculatum
a3 columbinum Carex filiformis

Cockburnspath, Dunglass, Pease Dene.
Saturday, 18th June 1853.

Party of 84 met at the North British Railway Station at 8 a.m.,
and proceeded to Cockburnspath. Return tickets 2s. each.
From Cockburnspath, after visiting the factor, Mr. Smith, pro-
ceeded to Dunglass woods and there gathered :—

Eranthis hyemalis Ribes alpinum
Berberis vulgaris | Viburnum Lanfana
Cardamine amara ) Ligustrum vulgare
is sylvatica : Anchusa sempervirens
Alliaria officinalis Veronica montana
Hypericum calycinum Lamium Galeobdolon
Geranium phzum Neottia Nidus-avis
Chrysosplenium oppositi- | Carex pendula
folium Equisetum Telmateia
alternifolium |
Procéeded towards the bon picking :—
Malva sylvestris Artemisia Absinthium

Potentilla reptans

Walked along the shore to the opening of Pease Dene and
gathered :—

Glaucium luteum Carex vulpina
Haloscias scoticum Psamma arenaria
Hippophaé rhamnoides Triticum junceum
Carex arenaria Equisetum Telmateia
Walked up Pease Dene to the bridge, picking :—
Geranium sylvaticum Polystichum angulare
Digitalis purpurea

Returned by train, passing Cockburnspath at 6 p.m.

PROFESSOR JOHN HuTTON BALFOUR. 161

Kincardine, Tulliallan, Culross, Torryburn, Charleston.
Saturday, 25th June 1853.

Party of about 80 met at Granton Pier at 7 a.m. and proceeded
by the Stirling boat to Kincardine. Fares, going and coming,
Is. Breakfasted at Dewar’s Inn, then walked along the embank-
ment, where good plants were gathered. Mr. Robert Carr
picked Hordeum maritimum ; this plant is in great quantity on
the embankment. Mr. John Cunningham gathered Hordeum
pratense, which is less abundant. Festuca arundinacea was very
luxuriant, and a number of common grasses.

After leaving the embankment proceeded to station for
Osmunda regalis, which was gathered partially in fruit. 4

On the shore there was abundance of Scirpus maritimus and
Aster Tripolium (not in flower).

In woods at Tulliallan, Dr. James Dewar gathered Corallorrhiza
tnnata; did not find Parts guadrifolia. Also picked Pyrola
minor, Aquilegia vulgaris, Rumex sanguineus.

On the shore, between Kincardine and Culross, gathered :—

Ranunculus aquatilis Aster Tripolium (with fasci-
sceleratus (with | ated stem
badcioted stem) | Matricaria Parthenium
Lepigonum marinum | Hypocheeris glabra (Mr. Tate)
Melilotus officinalis | Vinca major

Rosa tomentosa | Lithospermum officinale
| Echium vulgare (fasciated

canina
oy fist spicatum
Hydrocotyle vulgaris |
Apium graveolens |
Helosciadium inundatum |

stem) :
Solanum Dulcamara
Iris Pseudacorus
Sparganium ramosum

CEnanthe crocata Sa ce :
Centranthus ruber Carex in
mt aia
In the woods at Torryburn :—
Epipactis latifolia Holcus mollis
Orchids (various) Ophioglossum vulgatum

At Torryburn, kindly entertained by Dr. Dewar.

162 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Between Torryburn and Charleston :—

Papaver Rhoeas Ethusa Cynapium

is ubium Valerianella dentata
, Argemone Dipsacus sylvestris
Sinapis alba Hieracium vulgatum
Viola palustris Erythreea Centaurium
Saponaria officinalis Atropa Belladonna
Lychnis Agrostemma Verbascum Thapsus
Malva sylvestris Atriplex littoralis
» rotundifolia Babingtonii
Geranium pratense Habenatid bifolia
Melilotus leucantha (vulgaris) 3 chlorantha
Potentilla argentea (near Sclerochloa maritima
Charleston) i istans

Returned by boat from Charleston about 7 p.m. and reached
Granton about 8

Lanark, Cora Linn, Bonnington, Cartland Crags.
Saturday, 2nd July 1853.

Party of 140 met at the Caledonian Railway Station at 8 a.m.
and proceeded to Lanark. Return tickets 2s.; pupils also
allowed to return on Monday.

On reaching the station walked to Lanark, gathering on the
way :—

Aconitum Napellus Carex aquatilis ?
Epilobium angustifolium Equisetum palustre
Carum Carui * limosum

Rumex aquaticus

Got five guides at the inn and went to Cora Linn and

Bonnington.
Plants gathered were :—
Trollius europzeus Carex disticha
Aquilegia vulgaris 3, paniculata
Vicia Orobus » remota
Orchis latifolia » . glauca
» Maculata » sylvatica
Caos dioica _ » binervis
» _ ulicaris » fulva

PROFESSOR JOHN Hutron BALFouR. 163

Carex flava Polypodium Phegopteris
» ampullacea Equisetum arvense

Polystichum aculeatum 7 umbrosum

Polypodium Dryopteris ‘e sylvaticum

Near Cora Linn :-—

Aquilegia vulgaris Circzea alpina

Rubus saxatilis | Asplenium viride
Saxifraga oppositifolia

At Bonnington :—

Spirzea salicifolia | Poa nemoralis (and var. like
Humulus Lupulus Balfourii

On the road from Lanark to station, returning :—
Antennaria dioica | Gymnadenia conopsea
Mimulus luteus Habenaria chlorantha
Some of the party picked at Stonebyres :—

Solidago Virgaurea } Milium effusum

At Cartland Crags :—
Jasione montana |

Returned by train at 3.45 and reached Edinburgh before 6 p.m.

North Berwick, Canty Bay, Bass, Tantallon, Dirleton.
Saturday, 9th July 1853.

Party of 80 or 85 met at the North British Railway Station
and proceeded by the 8.10 a.m. train to North Berwick. Return
tickets 2s. each.

On reaching N orth Berwick, walked by the shore to Canty
Bay, gathering :— :

Vicia sylvatica Habenaria viridis
Eryngium maritimum” Alopecurus agrestis (in abund-
Haloscias scoticum ance near the station):
Scabiosa Columbaria :
_ Visited the Bass i in four boats provided by Adams (6d. each
person).

164 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Picked :—
Lavatera arborea Beta maritima
Hyoscyamus niger Narcissus biflorus

On returning some visited Tantallon and got :—
Lepidium latifolium | Silybum Marianum
Others went to Berwick Law, others walked by road to North
Berwick, and picked :—

Silene noctiflora
Convolvyulus sepium (not in
flower)

Hippophaé rhamnoides

Abundance of Petasites fragrans in a wood close to North
Berwick. Afterwards went to the Common and walked by it to
Dirleton.

Plants gathered were :—

Ayssum calycinum Anagallis tenella
Reseda lutea - Cynoglossum officinale
Silene conica Calamintha Acinos

- Galium Mollugo Equisetum variegatum
Thrincia hirta

Between Dirleton and railway station :—
Fumaria parviflora

And near the station :—

Iberis amara Anthemis Cotula

Returned by train, reaching Edinburgh at 7.45 p.m.

Overtown, Wishaw.
Saturday, 16th July 1853.

Party of 24 met at Caledonian Railway Station—day very

wet—and proceeded to Overtown. Return ticket from Wishaw
2s. 6d.
On reaching Overtown the rain was falling very heavily,
nevertheless the party visited the banks of Garrion Burn, which
was much swollen. A number of ordinary plants were —
Ferns and grasses large and abundant.

PROFESSOR JOHN HvuTTON BALFOUR. 165

From the Garrion Burn went to banks of Clyde.
Plants gathered were :—

Hypericum perforatum Epilobium angustifolium
a hirsutum Circzea lutetiana
Tilia grandifolia » alpina
,»» parvifolia Campanula latifolia
Geranium sylvaticum Scirpus sylvaticus
pratense

Followed banks of Clyde below Garrion Bridge, gathering :—
Origanum vulgare Equisetum umbrosum (Mr.
Calamintha Clinopodium Ross

Went to Wemyss Hill Farm and were hospitably entertained by
Mr. Paterson, the farmer.
Returned by train, reaching Edinburgh at 5.30 pm.

Cumberland Lakes.
Thursday, 21st July 1853.

Party consisting of J. H. Balfour, Mohammed Badre, Thomas
Barclay, Sheriff-Clerk of Fife, Claudius W. Bell, George C. Bell,
George Birdwood, W. Weddel Bizzett, Patrick Blair, Frederick
Cock, Philip Cockell, Francis Collins, Charles W. Cowan, Hugh
Cowan, John Cowan, Emile W. Dubuc, William P. Falla, Robert
Farquharson, Patrick Graham, M. A. Katib, Harold Hanson,
Thomas Hardie, Wm. Henderson, T. H. James, C. Webster
Kerr, James Landall, G. S. Lawson, George Lindsay, Frederick
E. Martyn, John Matthews, Wm. John Menzies, David Milroy,
William D. Murison, Albert C. Peggram, D. Pisani, Robert
Pringle, William O. Roberts, David Ross, M. A. Soubki, Samuel
Smith, James Tod, jun., J. B. Tuke, Walter Williamson, W.
Blackburn Wood, James Young, left Edinburgh on Thursday,
21st July, by train at 12 noon, having received return tickets for
Windermere for 15s. each. The party proceeded to Carlisle,
which they reached about 4.18 p.m., then they went by train at
4.33 to Kendal Junction, where they met Mr. Wakefield, who
regretted that his brother George could not accompany the
party. At Kendal Ormskirk gingerbread had an extensive

166 BoTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

sale among the party. On reaching Kendal there was a deten-
tion of more than half an hour, during which some of the party
visited the town. Afterwards the party went to the Windermere
station, where a cart, sent from Ambleside, was ready for the
luggage. Some of the party walked, others rode, and others
went by boat to Ambleside.
On the way there was gathered abundance of :—
Sanguisorba officinalis Stachys Betonica
Lactuca muralis
Reached Donaldson’s Salutation Hotel about Io p.m.
Excellent arrangements made for the tea-dinner and for beds, so
that all were well accommodated.

Friday, 22nd July 1853.

Some of the party were up this morning at 4.30 am. and
visited Stock Gill. Fine waterfall.

The plants picked were :—
Impatiens Noli-me-tangere | Scolopendrium vulgare
Campanula latifolia Polystichum aculeatum

Festuca sylvatica Polypodium Dryopteris
Hymenophyllum Wilsoni e Phegopteris

The morning was misty and wet, the atmosphere being close
and warm. After breakfast and paying the bill, amounting to
5s. 6d. each, 39 of the party started for Rydal. Six remained—
Graham, Badre, Tuke, Roberts, Lawson, and Landall; they took
boats, and resolved to come to Patterdale by coach.

The walking party proceeded to Rydal, picking on the way :—

Meconopsis cambrica Sedum album
Tilia parvifolia |
Sedum Telephium

» reflexum
Sempervivum tectorum
_ Visited Rydal Waterfall and Rydal Mount, and gathered :—
Carpinus Betulus | Lastrea Oreopteris
Quercus sessiliflora

and a variety of Lastrea Filiomes with singularly contorted
fronds.

In Rydal Lake :—
_Nuphar luteum Lobelia Dortmanna |
_ Nymphezea alba | Potamogeton natans |
Myriophyllum spicatum = oblongus

PROFESSOR JOHN HuTTon BALFOUR. 167

On banks of Rydal Lake :—
Berberis vulgaris Rhynchospora alba
Hypericum Androsemum Carex dioica
Lythrum Salicaria » vesicaria |

On the roadside :—
Staphylea pinnata | Anagallis tenella

Parnassia palustris Narthecium ossifragum
Drosera rotundifolia

On the hills near Rydal :— :
Sedum anglicum | Allosorus crispus (the fern

Jasione montana of the district)

Walked to Grasmere; some visited Wordsworth’s tomb.
Near Dunmail Raise Saxifraga umbrosa was seen, and near by
the burn Solanum Dulcamara. Reached Wythburn a little after
12to lunch. Engaged a guide for 5s. to go to Helvellyn, as the
hill was covered with mist.

On the way up the hill the following plants were gathered :—

Alchemilla alpina Lycopodium Selago
Saxifraga stellaris _ clavatum

» aizoides alpinum

>» hypnoides i selaginoides
Oxyria reniformis \

When a considerable height had been gained the party entered
a thick cloud. It was cold and wet. When they reached the
summit the cold was very intense.

The party prepared to descend, and had proceeded a short way
down Swirrel Edge, when the mist suddenly began to clear away;
nearly all of them again ascended to the summit. The mist
gradually rose like a curtain, displaying hill after hill, until the
whole became beautifully clear, with scarcely a cloud in the sky.
The view was splendid, and for at least an hour the party enjoyed
it. Scawfell, Bowfell, Borrowdale, Honister Crag, Skiddaw,
Saddleback, Windermere, Coniston, Esthwaite, Morecambe Bay
and its islands, the Solway, the hills of Northumberland, &c.,
were distinctly clear. It was truly splendid, and the guide said
that he had very rarely seen such a view from Helvellyn,

The party next examined the rocks above the Red Tarn.

168 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

The following were some of the plants gathered :—

Anemone nemorosa Hieracium alpinum
Cochlearia officinalis = wsoni (Soubki)
Viola sylvatica Vaccinium Vitis-Idza
Cerastium alpinum Armeria maritima
Malachium aquaticum Veronica serpyllifolia
Alsine verna (Bizzet) “ umifusa
Rubus saxatilis Polygonum viviparum
Alchemilla alpina Oxyria reniformis
Saxifraga oppositifolia Salix herbacea

», nivalis (C. Cowan) Juniperus nana

. Stellaris | Juncus triglumis

»» aizoides Carex rigida (on the summit)

» hypnoides Poa alpina
Sedum Rhodiola Festuca ovina vivipara
Solidago Virgaurea Polytrichum alpinum
Saussurea alpina Splachnum mnioides

Descended below Striding Edge in a fine evening to Patterdale,
and were comfortably entertained at Guelderd’s Hotel, where
everything was ready for us in the way of tea-dinner and beds.
Sir Walter and Lady Trevelyan were staying at the hotel.
Visited the son of a Mr. Mortimer from Manchester, who was
in delicate health, and prescribed for him.

The six who remained at Ambleside, finding that the day
cleared up, had walked by Rydal and Grasmere and came over
the lower part of Helvellyn, reaching Patterdale late in the
evening. Mr. Soubki remained behind the party on Helvellyn
and lost his way, but reached the inn late in the evening.

The evening was remarkably fine, and it was with difficulty
that the party was induced to retire to rest.

Some continued boating and walking till 12 at night, others put
their plants into paper.

Saturday, 23rd July 1853.

Breakfasted at Guelderd’s Inn at 7 a.m., and after paying the
bill, 6s. 2d. each, started for the shores of Ulleswater. Many
took to boats, others to the coach, only 19 walked by Gow-
barrow i to Poa ae and Pose

Fy ee 4 rh oe: |

ae atv: a id >

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 169

Thalictrum majus
Aquilegia vulgaris
Papaver somniferum
Hypericum perforatum
* maculatum
e humifusum
= hirsutum
Geranium nodosum (near a
cottage)
m

Genista tinctoria
Prunus Padus
Spirzea salicifolia

Galium Mollugo (near Pooley
Bridge

Senecio aquaticus

Serratula tinctoria (near

Pooley Bridge)

Hieracium boreale

Lactuca muralis

Jasione mgntana

Ligustrum vulgare

Linaria vulgaris

Mentha rotundifolia

Calamintha Clinopodium

Stachys Betonica

Sanguisorba officinalis Quercus pedunculata
Circzea lutetiana ,, sessiliflora (at Gow-
Galium boreale barrow Park)

The best plants were gathered between Gowbarrow Park and
Pooley Bridge, within two miles from the latter place. In
Ulleswater Vymphea alba occurs, Plantago media was gathered
abundantly after passing Pooley Bridge.

Between Pooley Bridge and Penrith:—

Malva moschata Galium Mollugo
Potentilla reptans Plantago media

Walked by Brougham Hall to the Round Table, and reached
Penrith about 3 p.m.

At Penrith Castle Dzplotaxis tenutfolia was picked.

Left Penrith by express train at 3.20, and reached Edinburgh
at 7.15 pm. Mr. Barclay, Mr. Menzies, and C. Cowan remained
at Carlisle; Claud Bell at Carstairs. The weather during this
trip was upon the whole good, and all seemed to enjoy the
excursion.

——$$

Clova.
Thursday, 4th August 1853.

A party consisting of J. H. Balfour, Thomas Barclay, George
Bayley, Alexander Cowan, Charles W. Cowan, E. W. Cropper,
John G. Cunningham, James Gilchrist, William M. Ogilvie,
Charles Jenner, M. A. Katib, G. Lawson, Mostapha Mostapha,

170 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

David Ross, M. A. Soubki, William B. Wood, Peter Young, left
Edinburgh on Thursday, 4th August, at 6.30 am. by the
Northern Railway, having taken second-class return tickets for
Glammis at the fare of gs. 2d. Proceeded by Perth to Glammis,
and reached the latter place about 11.30 a.m., where Findlay’s
cart was waiting for the baggage. Rev. W. Balfour of Holyrood
and Master Harry White met the party there and walked with
them to Kirriemuir, where they had lunch in Robb’s Commercial
Inn. Walked thence to Cortachy and Clova, reaching the latter
about 8 p.m.
On the way picked the following plants :—

Woods near Kirriemuir :—

Pyrola minor | Listera cordata

Trientalis europza

Roadside, Clova :—

Alchemilla alpina

Saxifraga aizoides

Meum athamanticum

Pyrola media
Plantago maritima
Polygonum viviparum

Were all accommodated in the inn a hall. Eleven slept in
the hay in the hall, the rest at the in

Friday, 5th August 1853.

Mr. Bayley went to fish in the Esk, while the rest of the party,
after bathing and breakfasting, crossed the Esk and walked past
Ogilvy’s House towards Glen Dole.

On the way gathered :—

Meum athamanticum Tofieldia palustris

Carduus heterophyllus Carex aquatilis (near the
Malaxis paludosa bridge)
Gymnadenia albida

Afterwards went towards Craig Rennet, at the foot of Glen
ee.

Gathered :-—
Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi | Pyrola media
Cliffs on right side of Glen Fee yielded :—

Draba incana _ Epilobium angustifolium
Oxytropis campestris. _ Woodsia ilvensis

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 171

Crossed from these cliffs to opposite side and gathered abund-
ance of :—

Polypodium alpestre |

At the upper part of Glen Fee :—

Thalictrum alpinum Salix arbutifolia
Silene acaulis Carex Vahlii
Sibbaldia procumbens » . atrata
Saxifraga oppositifolia <<

Epilobium alsinifolium » vaginata
Gnaphalium supinum », capillaris
Veronica alpina Polystichum Lonchitis

Salix Myrsinites

On reaching rocks at the top of Glen Fee, walked along the
summit, gathering Azalea procumbens. Had a glorious view of
all the mountains—plenty of snow on some, Reached Clova
about 8 p.m. thoroughly tired.

Saturday, 6th August 1853.

This morning several of the party were knocked up and
remained at home. George Bayley went up Glenesk to fish.
The rest of the party went to Glen Dole, and visited the rocks
near the top.

There we picked :— : oe
Dryas octopetala Veronica saxatilis
Erigeron alpinus Poa Balfourii
Vaccinium uliginosum Asplenum viride

Could not get any Astragalus alpinus.
Walked along the rocks towards the foot of Glen Dole,
gathering :—

Epilobium alpinum Veronica saxatilis
Saussurea alpina Salix reticulata
Veronica alpina
‘Returned to the inn about 6.30 p.m., and were engaged putting
up plants in paper,

172 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY
Monday, 8th August 1853.

This morning, after our usual bathe in the Esk and after
breakfasting, proceeded about 8 a.m. up the glen to Glen Dole,
and then up Jock’s Road to the summit of the hill.

Near the White Waterfall found abundance of Polypodium
alpestre in fine fructification. In all parts of the mountain here
this fern is remarkably luxuriant. At Don’s original station for
Sonchus it is very large, along with Athyrium Filix-femina; the
two are usually associated together, and it does not seem to be
the rule (as Backhouse states) that where the one begins the
other ends. Along with these ferns Lastrea Oreopteris and L.
dilatata are common.

At the top of Jock’s Road also there is abundance of Rubus
Chamemorus and Cornus suecica—some of them were still in flower,
others in fruit. Saussurea alpina also was seen on the rocks
near the falls.

Proceeding along the White Water we looked in vain for
Juncus castaneus, but we picked :—

Sibbaldia procumbens Gnaphalium supinum
Epilobium alsinifolium Veronica alpina
a alpinum

and many other alpine plants.
Crossing the hills towards Little Gilrannoch we gathered :—

Rubus Chamemorus (in fine Carex vaginata (in abund-
flower) _ ance

Epilobium alpinum Alopecurus alpinus

Trientalis europzea (in flower) Phleum alpinum

On the felspar rocks of Little Gilrannoch Lychnis alpina was
found to be tolerably abundant. Only a small quantity was
gathered. The party divided at this point after lunch, some
returning to the inn, whilst Gilchrist, Soubki, Mostapha, Wood,
A. and C. Cowan, Ross, and Balfour walked to Canlochan,
descended into the glen and gathered :—

Thlaspi alpestre Veronica saxatilis
Saussurea alpina Luzula spicata
Gentiana nivalis Poa alpina

Veronica humifusa .. Balfourii
pina -

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 173

Returned to the inn at Clova about 9 p.m. after a long day’s
work. Near Braedownie a green flowered var, of Galium verum
was picked, and near Acharn Hiteracium denticulatum and
reracium prenanthotdes.

Tuesday, oth August 1853.

After bathing and breakfast, left the inn about 8.30 a.m. and
walked to the lower part of Glen Dole. Ascended the rocks of
Craig Rennet, gathering :—

Linnzea borealis (in fine Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi
flower) Lycopodium annotinum

Walked along the rocks towards the Astragalus cliff.
Gathered the usual alpine plants, also :—
Hieracium alpinum Salix arenaria
nigrescens » reticulata
Mulgedium alpinum (not
flower)

Ascended to the summit by a deep ravine, where the Mu/-
gedium grew. Examined the station of the Astragalus cliff, but
did not see any specimens. On the summit gathered Carex
rarifiora in abundance. Walked towards the ravine which
descends into Glen Fee and examined the rocks along the
northern side, saw Epilobium angustifolium, and many alpine
plants. No Woodsia. Returned to the inn about 7.30 p.m.
Cunningham and Ogilvie left this morning.

Wednesday, 10th August 1853.

This day examined the rocks round Loch Brandy and the
loch itself. The plants gathered were :—
Subularia aquatica Sparganium natans

Callitriche autumnalis (in a Isoétes lacustris
pool close to loch)

On the rocks Potentilla alpestris, and all the ordinary alpine
species. Looked in vain for Potentilla tridentata.
L

174 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Returned to the inn between 5 and 6 p.m. Gathered :—
Lamium maculatum Carex aquatilis, var., on the
: banks of the Esk
Bayley left for Perth, Stirling and Dollar; Jenner and Wood
for Braemar.

Thursday, 11th August 1853.

The party, now reduced to 12, after sending their baggage by
‘cart to Glammis, and breakfasting, left the inn about Io a.m.
and walked to Dykehead, Kirriemuir and Glammis.

On the way gathered :—

Rosa villosa ~ Ligustrum vulgare (near
Meum athamanticum ortachy)
Lysimachia vulgaris Mentha viridis (?) (about one

mile from Clova Inn)

Reached Glammis Station about 4 p.m. and joined train at
4.50, arriving in Edinburgh about 9.30 p.m.

EXCURSIONS IN 1854.
Canal, Slateford, Colinton, Dreghorn, Pentlands.
Saturday, 13th May 1854.

Party of about 80 or 90 met, 10 am.,, at the Canal Basin,
Port Hopetoun, and walked along the banks of the Canal to
Slateford, and thence to Colinton, Dreghorn and the Pentlands,
returning by Morningside about 5 p.m.

Usual plants gathered. Among others :—

Anemone nemorosa . Tussilago Farfara
Corydalis lutea (Colinton Petasites vulgaris
grounds) ~ Doronicum Pardalianches
Cardamine amara Vinca major (Colinton)
Lychnis diurna » Minor
Geranium phzum Lilium Martagon
Potentilla Fragariastrum Arum maculatum (near
Antennaria dioica (Pent- — Dreghorn gate)
lands) _

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 175

Burntisland, Pettycur, Kinghorn.
Saturday, 20th May 1854. Queen's Birthday.

Party of 120 met at the Dundee and Perth Railway Station
and at Scotland Street Station at 9.45 a.m., and proceeded to
Burntisland. Return tickets, 9d.

Visited the Island, gathering :—

Salvia Verbenaca Sclerochloa maritima
Parietaria officinalis bs loliacea

Thence walked to hills to the east of Burntisland, where we
got Botrychium Lunaria. Mr. David Philip Martyn picked
Orobanche rubra. Mr. Lowe gathered Alyssum calycinum (on
the bank near the roadside) and Reseda /utea was also found.
Some shale plants, as Lepidodendron, and some coaly matter,
in the trap tuff.

Walked by the shore to Pettycur and then by Kinghorn and
Kinghorn Loch to Burntisland,

Picked on the way Fumaria micrantha, Thlaspi arvense,
Littorella lacustris, Potamogeton lucens, Nostoc on stones in
running water, and a peculiar kind of lichen on stones at
Kinghorn Loch.

Tynehead Borthwick Castle, Crichton Castle, Fushie

Saturday, 27th May 1854.

Party of 130 met at the North British Railway Station at
Il am..and proceeded to Tynehead, thence they walked to
Crichton Castle, Borthwick Castle, Fushie Bridge, and Gore-
bridge, returning by the train which passes Gorebridge at
7.27 p.m. Return tickets, 1s. 2d.

Near Tynehead Gentsta anglica was gathered in profusion,
and also :—

Hippophaé rhamnoides Botrychium Lunaria
Gymnadenia albida (by Lycopodium Selago
Mr. Fairbairn) ck clavatum

176 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

In woods on the bank of the stream :—

Cardamine amara (near
Crichton Castle)
Alyssum calycinum
Viola palustris
3 sylvatica
Cerastium arvense
Vicia Orobus
Anthemis arvensis
Pyrola media

Near Borthwick Castle :—

Cardamine amara
Myrrhis odorata
Anchusa sempervirens

Listera cordata
Carex paniculata
95 paludosa
Polypodium Dryopteris
Phegopteris
Roster arvense
- sylvaticum
is palustre

Humulus Lupulus
Arum maculatum
Potamogeton oblongus

Valertana dioica was also gathered, but very sparingly, the
chief station being destroyed by the draining of the marsh.
It was also gathered by the side of a hedge to the west of
Fushie Bridge. The station for Tvollzus europeus has been
destroyed by cultivation.

Burntisland, Starly Burn, Aberdour, Donibristle.
Saturday, 3rd June 1854.

Party of about 100 met at the Dundee and Perth Railway
Station and at Scotland Street Station, and proceeded to
Burntisland. Return tickets, 9d.

Walked to Starly Burn, Aberdour, and Donibristle, and
returned by the boat at 5.10 p.m.

The aie plants were gathered :—

halictrum majus Euonymus europzeus-
"aberdon r) Medicago maculata
Lepidium campestre (near (Donibristle)
Aberdour) Dipsacus sylvestris (near
Thlaspi arvense Donibristle)

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 177

Ornithogalum umbellatum
Blysmus rufus
Carex distans

Primula elatior
Anchusa sempervirens
(Aberdour Castle)

Solanum Dulcamara », extensa

Atropa Belladonna aj tee vulgatum

Hyoscyamus niger (near (Aberdour)
Donibristle) i mekacd Lunaria

Allium Scorodoprasum (Aberdour)

Bathgate, Boghead, Torbane Hill, Kirkton, Woodcockdale,
Linlithgow.

Saturday, 10th June 1854.

Party of about 80 met at the Edinburgh and Glasgow
Railway Station at 8.15 a.m. and proceeded to Bathgate, thence
walked to Boghead and Torbane Hill, Kirkton, Knock Hill,
Woodcockdale, Lithgow Bridge, and Linlithgow. Return
tickets, 1s. 6d. each. Visited Torbane Hill coal-pit ; about 40 of
the party descended under the guidance of Mr. M‘Kinlay.
Numerous fossils seen—Stigmaria, Sigillarta, Calamites. Many
species of Carer picked in the boggy ground near, also
Vaccinium Oxycoccus and Leontodon palustris, and near Kirkton
Senecio savacenicus, Chara fiexilis. Near Bathgate Geranium
lucidum. Near Bellside Sedum Telephium and Pyrethrum
Parthenium.

At and near Knock Hill :-—

Hesperis matronalis

Viola lutea

Cerastium tetrandrum
At Kipps :—

Sisymbrium Thalianum

In Woodcockdale :—

Trollius europzeus
Geranium sylvaticum

Sedum villosum
Symphytum tuberosum
Botrychium Lunaria

Sagina subulata

Doronicum Pardalianches

178 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Near Linlithgow :—

Fumaria micrantha Rumex obtusifolius (with
Nasturtium palustre (the very large leaves like
Loch) R. alpinus)

Lilium Martagon

Returned by train passing Linlithgow at 6.39 p.m.

——

Cockburnspath, Dunglass Dene, Pease Dene.
Saturday, 17th June 1854.

The morning was very unpromising, but 55 met at the North
British Railway Station at 7.45 am. and proceeded to
Cockburnspath. Return tickets, 2s.

The day turned out very wet, and the east wind was very
cold. The ardour of a great number of the party was damped
on reaching Cockburnspath, and they remained at the Inn all
day or returned to Edinburgh. Nevertheless 15 or 20 ventured
up Dunglass Dene; on coming to the bottom of the glen, on
returning, several of the party left for the purpose of walking to
Dunbar and Linton. About 12 still remained who proceeded
along the coast, but by the time the party reached Pease Dene
only nine remained, who continued to the last, and got back to
Cockburnspath at 3 p.m., when they got their habiliments dried
at Mrs. Wetherall’s kitchen fire ; the drying scene was not a little
ludicrous.

A number of good plants were gathered :—

In Dunglass Dene, besides some good specimens of ferns,
t

Eranthis hyemalis | Anchusa sempervirens
Cardamine amara Veronica montana
Hypericum calycinum | Lamium Galeobdolon
Acer campestre | Neottia Nidus-avis ~
Ribes alpinum > , | Carex pendula
Campanula latifolia » levigata

Pyrola minor Scolopendrium vulgare
Lysimachia Nummularia Polystichum aculeatum

Vinca major

|
Equisetum Telmateia
» minor |

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFouR. 179

On the shore :—
Glaucium luteum (Enanthe crocata
Astragalus hypoglottis }

In Pease Dene, Victa sativa, var. angustifolia and Poly-
stichum angulare.

The party returned by train passing Cockburnspath at
6 p.m.

In Dunglass Dene a plant (not in flower), which plate to be
Solidago altissima, was gathered.

East Linton, Prestonkirk, Tynningham, Belhaven Sands,
Dunbar.

Saturday, 24th June 1854.

Party of 50 met at the North British Railway Station at
8 a.m. and proceeded to East Linton; thence they walked to
Prestonkirk, Tynningham, where they were met by Mr. Lees ;
and then proceeded by the sands to Belhaven and Dunbar,
returning by the train passing Dunbar at 625 p.m. Return
tickets, 2s. Amongst the 140 species of plants gathered
were-—
Near Prestonkirk :—
Fumaria capreolata _ Malva sylvestris
micrantha | » rotundifolia
officinalis Ballota foetida -

7
Near Tynningham and at the mouth of the Tyne :-—
Hieracium aurantiacum

Salicornia herbacea
Suzeda maritima

Lepigonum marinum
Antennaria maritima, var.
gallica 3

On Belhaven sands :—
Reseda lutea Plantago mene (in a vivi-
Onobrychis sativa | parous state)
Poterium Sanguisorba

180 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Kincardine, Tulliallan.
Saturday ist July 1854.

Party of 66 went by train to Granton at 6.30 am. Return
tickets, rail, 3d. each. Then by Stirling boat to Kincardine,
paying 2d. at pier at Granton (2d. also returning). Return
tickets by steamboat, Is,

On reaching Kincardine, breakfasted at Dewar’s Unicorn Inn
for 1s,3d.each. Then under the direction of a guide kindlysupplied |
by Mr. Menzies, Count Flahault’s factor, we walked through
Tulliallan woods and garden, and gained the shore near sands,
returning by the embankment to Kincardine, and going on board
the steamboat at 6.45 p.m.

Among the best plants gathered were :—

Corydalis claviculata Parietaria officinalis
Fumaria capreolata Empetrum nigrum

e. micrantha Habenaria viridis

+ Officinalis is bifolia
Sagina maritima %» chlorantha
Lepigonum rubrum Carex pulicaris

% marinum 9: wave
Geranium lucidum (old » Tiparia
castle Milium effusum
Genista anglica Molinia czrulea
Rubus czesius? Glyceria aquatica
Rosa arvensis ? Sclerochloa distans
(nanthe crocata Festuca arundinacea
Viburnum Opulus Hordeum pratense (on
Vaccinium Vitis-Idzea embankment)
Trientalis europza (abun- Hordeum maritimum
dant in Tulliallan woods) Juniperus communis

Ligustrum vulgare Lastrea Oreopteris
Anchusa sempervirens Osmunda regalis (on sands)
Solanum Dulcamara

An abundance of Ranunculus hirsutus near Kincardine,
eighteen inches high, and of the var. parvu/us on the shore.

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 181

Inchkeith, Inchcolm.
Saturday, 8th July 1854.

Party of upwards of 200 went to Inchkeith and Inchcolm.
Tickets, including railway to Leith and steamboat, 2s. 6d. The
party met at the railway station at 7.45 a.m., and proceeded to
Leith. The Stirling steamboat “Prince of Wales” had been
hired and was waiting at the West Pier. Professor Edward
Forbes and many of his pupils joined the trip.

The party first went to Inchkeith, where they arrived about
9.30 a.m., and after spending three or four hours on the island
they proceeded to Inchcolm, on which they remained for a couple
of hours. The day was favourable, and lunch was supplied
partly on deck. Among the interesting plants collected on
Inchkeith were the following :—

Sinapis nigra

Hyoscyamus niger (very
Conium maculatum (abun- t
dant)

| abundan
| Marrubium vulgare
Haloscias scoticum

On Inchcolm Dépsacus sylvestris and Hyoscyamus niger were
seen, and peculiar fasciated stems and heads of Carduus.

Longniddry, Gosford, Aberlady. Luffness, Gullan,
Dirleton.

Saturday, 15th July 1854.

Party of about 50 met at the North British Railway Station
at 8 am. and proceeded to Longniddry. Thence walked to
Gosford, Aberlady, Luffness, Gullan, and Dirleton, and returned
by train at 6.55 p.m. from Drem. Return tickets, Is.

Amongst plants gathered were :—

Silene anglica (near Luff- Trifolium fragiferum
ness) Sedum album
Silene noctiflora (Luffness, » reflexum
undant) Hippuris vulgaris

BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Smyrnium Olusatrum
Helosciadium repens
Sium angustifolium
Centranthus ruber
Carduus nutans
Centaurea Scabiosa
Thrincia hirta
Campanula hybrida
Anagallis arvensis

59 tenella
Asperugo procumbens

Utricularia vulgaris
Hippophaé rhamnoides
Habenaria viridis
Scirpus Tabernzemontani
» Maritimus
Carex vulpina
Lepturus filformis
Triticum repens
» laxum (near Luff-
ness)
Chara hispida
» vulgaris

Scrophularia vernalis
stapes ae (Gullan
and a

St. Andrews, Guard Bridge, Leuchars.
Saturday, 22nd July 1854.

Party of 86 met at the Edinburgh, Perth,and Dundee Railway
Station at 6.30 a.m. and proceeded to St. Andrews. Return
tickets, 3s. 8d. Professor Edward Forbes and Dr. Greville were
in the party.

Reached St. Andrews about Io a.m., and breakfasted in the
Town Hall (76 sat down to breakfast). Mr. Thomson of the
Star Hotel provided breakfast at 1s. 6d. each.

After breakfast, walked by Links to Guard Bridge and thence
to Tents Muir, reaching Leuchars about 6 p.m. in time for the
train.

Among the plants gathered were the following :—

Fumaria micrantha

Anthemis Cotula
+ arvensis
Anagallis tenella
Rhinanthus major
Littorella lacustris
Euphorbia Esula
Juncus balticus

Carex incurva
Lycopodium Selago

™ inundatum

a clavatum

selaginoides

Diduiiodoa inclinatum
Trichostomum rubellum
Gymnostomum fasciculare
Bryum trichodes

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 183

Loch Lomond.
Wednesday, 26th July 1854.

Party consisting of J. H. Balfour, Edward Forbes, Thomas
Barclay, George Coates Bell, H. M. Birdwood, Thomas M. Cage,
M. Cowan, Henry Davidson, Robert Dean, Robert Farquharson,
Patrick Graham, Thomas Hardie, John Hay, James Hector,Wm.
R. Hill, Robert D. Horne, William F. Humphrey, William
Johnston, Mohamid Ali Katib, James Landall, Henry Leach,
James H. Lock, Stevenson Macadam, David P. Maclagan, Robert
Maclagan, John Matthews, James Miller, R. Mutrikima, William
Nichol, Alexander Nicolson, John Grant Nicolson, Alexander
Peddie, James Peddie, junr., F. H. Richardson,William O. Roberts,
Alexander R. Simpson, David Simpson, M. A. Soubki,P. Appleby
Stephenson, Wm. R. Todd, J. B. Tuke, Thomas J. Walker, James
Wardrop, John K. Wilson, left Edinburgh at 5 p.m. on Wednesday,
26th July, and proceeded to Glasgow. Were accommodated at
the Queen’s Hotel. Return tickets to Inverarnan and back to
Edinburgh, 7s. 6d.

Thursday, 27th July 1854.

Left by the steamboat at 7 a.m. for Bowling and Loch
Lomond; reached Inverarnan about 11.30°am. Were all
comfortably accommodated by M‘Lellan, the innkeeper. Pro-
ceeded up Glen Falloch, picking Quercus pedunculata and Quercus
sessilifiora, and ascended some of the lower hills about a mile
and a half from Inverarnan.

Gathered :—
Saxifraga stellaris | Oxyria reniformis
aizoides Hymenophyllum Wilsoni

Sedum Rhodiola

Returned by Glen Caorrunn, gathering a number of subalpine
ferns.

Friday, 28th July 1854.
Started about 7.15 a.m. to visit Ben Laoigh, Ben Oss, and

184 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

other hills in the neighbourhood. On Ben Dubh Chraige picked

the following plants :—

Thalictrum alpinum
Arabis petr

Cochlearia groenlandica
Silene acaulis

Sagina subulata

Rubus Chamzemorus
Sibbaldia procumbens
Saxifraga oppositifolia

‘s stellaris
Fa aizoides
hypnoides

Epilobium alpinum

Antennaria dioica (var. of
Don

Gnaphalium supinum
Saussurea alpina
Vaccinium uliginosum
Armeria maritima
Euphrasia officinalis
Rhinanthus Crista-galli
Plantago maritima
Polygonum viviparum
Oxyria reniformis
Salix arenaria

»» herbacea

Malaxis paludosa
Habenaria chlorantha
Juncus trifidus

» triglumis
Luzula spicata
Rhynchospora alba
Carex pauciflora

» Tigida

» capillaris

5, Saxatilis
Aira eeepnens vivipara

Cystopteris -

Poleabichet esis
Polypodium Dryopteris
. hegopteris
Botrychium Lunaria
Lycopodium Selago

is alpinum

ss selaginoides
Andreza
Hookeria

Professor Forbes visited Ben Oss and gathered similar alpine
species, and in addition A//osorus crispus.

Saturday, 29th July 1854.

Party, diminished by departure of some members, started
about 8 am. and proceeded along banks of Falloch towards Ben
Voirlich. Geological party under Professor Forbes proceeded by
shore of lake. Botanical party ascended Ben Voirlich and
descended to Loch Sloy, reaching Tarbet about 3 p.m.

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 185

Among the plants gathered were the following :—

Thalictrum alpinum Epilobium alpinum
Ranunculus acris (alpine Carum verticillatum (near
form Tarbet)

Corydalis claviculata Gnaphalium supinum

Cardamine pratensis Lysimachia vulgaris

Cochlearia vars. Scutellaria galericulata

Cerastium alpinum ( Lomond)

Hypericum Androseemum Salix herbacea
humifusum Listera cordata

2 has nitidus Juncus trifidus

triglumis
Lunde spicata
Carex pauciflora

Sibbaldia procumbens
Alchemilla alpina
Saxifraga oppositifolia

or aris » . Tigida
sa aizoides », saxatilis
hypnoides Poa Balfourii

?
Sedum Rhodiola Osmunda regalis
Pm anglicum (near Lycopodium annotinum
Tarbet) Isoétes lacustris
Lythrum Salicaria

Joined the steamboat at 4 p.m. and reached Glasgow at 8 p.m.
Returned by train which left Glasgow at 9, and reached
Edinburgh about 11 p.m.

Braemar.
Tuesday, 8th August 1854.

Party composed of J. H. Balfour, M. A. Badre, Thomas
Barclay, George Coates Bell, Herbert M. Birdwood, Edward W
J. Earle, James Gilchrist, M. A. Katib, G,
Lawson, G. S. Lawson, James Miller, David Ross, M. A.
Soubki, J. G. Whitehead, left Edinburgh by the Edinburgh,
Perth and Dundee Railway at 9.45 a.m.on Tuesday, 8th August
1854. Return tickets, available for 14 days, had been granted
for 12s. 6d. Train reached Aberdeen much behind its time; in
place of 4.23, being 5.30. ‘ Dined at Douglas Hotel close to the

186 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

station, and at 7 p.m. proceeded by train to Banchory. On our
arrival there found all the inns occupied. The party had to hunt
for beds in the village.

Wednesday, 9th August 1854.

Party breakfasted at the Burnett Arms, and after sending
baggage by a cart to Aboyne and Ballater, started on their walk.
Examined woods on the banks of the Dee. Gathered :—

Rubus cordifolius | Plantago maritima
Pyrola (several species) | Goodyera repens (abundant
Trientalis europza in woods at Aboyne)

Lunched at Aboyne, a very comfortable hotel. Visited Sus-
pension Bridge, walked by south side of Dee to Ballater.
Visited Pannanich Wells, near them there is abundance of
Mimulus luteus. Near Ballater there is abundance of MJelam-
pyrum sylvaticum. Were comfortably accommodated at the
inn at Ballater. ;

Thursday, 10th August 1854.

Left Ballater at 8 a.m. after sending the baggage by cart to
Castleton of Braemar. Walked along the banks of the Dee as
far as the Balmoral Suspension Bridge, crossed the bridge to
Balmoral, and were allowed by Dr. Robertson to see all parts of
the grounds. Visited the old and new buildings under the
guidance of Mr. Paterson, the gardener. The old building
appears to be most in keeping with the situation. The new
Palace is built of beautiful white granite from Glen Gelder ;
the building is very chaste and elegant so far as it has been
completed ; much remains to be done. It is proposed to have a
square tower connected with it, 100 feet high. The flower-
garden is well kept. Went by the private walks to the summit
of a hill overlooking Balmoral, and had a fine view. . Picked :-—

Vaccinium Vitis-Idza Melampyrum sylvaticum
Pyrola secunda Neottia Nidus-avis

The gardener informed us that the Queen oceasiene used
Lycopodium clavatum as a wreath for her head,

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 187

Proceeded to Lochnagar, botanised in the corrie, gathered
abundance of Polypodium alpestre, which commenced a. few
hundred feet below the little tarn and extended up to the high
cliffs. No Asplenium Filix-femina was seen.

Among the plants gathered were :—

Cerastium alpinum Hieracium alpinum (very
Rubus Chamzemorus hairy)
Sibbaldia procumbens Juncus trifidus
Saxifraga oppositifolia », triglumis
J stellaris Luzula spicata
‘9 aizoides Phleum alpinum
a rivularis Poa alpina vivipara
hypnoides » laxa
Epilobigm alpinum Allosorus crispus
Cornus suecica Lastrea dilatata (in various
Antennaria dioica, var, forms)
Gnaphalium sylvaticum, var. Lycopodium annotinum

Gnaphalium supinum

After reaching the top, descended by Ballochbuie, gathering on
the way Splachnum mnioides growing on the jaw-bone of a
dead sheep, and Betula nana.

Reached Invercauld Arms, Braemar, about 9.30 p.m., after a
long and fatiguing walk. Found all prepared for us by Mr.
G. Clark.

Friday, 11th August 1854.

All were so tired with yesterday’s journey that we did not
breakfast till about 9 a.m. At 1o started for Little Craigendal,
going by the second valley on the right hand after crossing the
Ben na Bourd burn by a wooden bridge. It is perhaps better to
take the third valley on the right, and thus to come on the south-
west corner of Little Craigendal, where Astragalus alpinus grows.

Among the plants gathered, besides the Astragalus, on Little
Craigendal were the following :—

ilene acaulis Pyrola secunda
Potentilla alpestris Carex capillaris
Sibbaldia procumbens Bartramia fontana (male and

Gnaphalium supinum female)

188 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

The Astragalus had flowered early, and only a few specimens
were procured in blossom.
Returned to the inn about 6.30 p.m.

Saturday, 12th August 1854.

Left the inn this morning at 8 o’clock in two carriages, and
proceeded to the foot of Loch Callater, thence walked to rocks
in Glen Callater and Glen Candlich (Cean-mohr?). The day
became very wet and misty, and after spending three or four
hours on the rocks, and being thoroughly wet, we returned to the
inn about 4.30 p.m.

The plants gathered were (besides lower cryptogams) :—

Thalictrum alpinum Salix Lapponum
Subularia aquatica », arbutifolia
Saussurea alpina » reticulata
Hieracium (many forms) Carex rupestris
Lobelia Dortmanna "eon
Salix venulosa | » Stictocarpa

Monday, 14th August 1854.

The morning being misty we postponed our trip to Ben na
Mac Dhu. The whole party (with the exception of Mr. Bell, who
went fishing) proceeded in a large car, accompanied by Mr.
Esson, the accountant, to visit Canlochan. The car took the
party a little beyond a bridge about eight miles from Castleton,
on the Spital of Glenshee road. The party ascended the hill
and visited the Canlochan rocks.

In the Glen we picked the following plants :—

Draba incana Hieracium forms
Cochlearia forms Sonchus alpinus about 6 or
Cerastium alpinum 8 specimens in flower)
Dryas octopetala Pyrola peers
Saxifraga nivalis » Minor

»» _ Stellaris Gentiana nivalis (sparingly)

es aizoides Veronica humifusa

os hypnoides (with ” alpina

large flower saxatilis (sparingly

Erigeron alpinus “in flower er)

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 189

* Carex vitilis Poa Balfourii
» atrata 5, nemoralis
» Trigida Asplenium viride
» aquatilis Polystichum Lonchitis
», stictocarpa Polypodium alpestre (in large
»» capillaris quantity, and towards
» binervis the east side of Canlochan

Poa alpina very large)

The rocks in the Glen are of a basalt or hypersthene nature.

Visited Glas Maol and had a splendid view of all around as
the day cleared up. Saw the Lomonds in Fife, Pentlands, and
Edinburgh? Ochils, Ben Lawers, Ben Nevis, all the Braemar
hills. _ Descended from Glas Maol, joined the road about
three miles from the Spital of Glenshee, and joined the car at
the bridge about 6 p.m. and returned to Castleton.

Tuesday, 15th August 1854.

The morning being fine we breakfasted at 6 a.m. and started
at 7 by conveyance to the Linn of Dee, accompanied by
Mr. Rathay and Mr. Esson (in all 15). Mr. Barclay had a horse
and guide to meet him at the Linn of Dee and take him to
Loch Etchachan. We walked by Glen Lui after seeing the
Linn of Dee andthe Mar Forest. We gathered Avadzs petrea
in stony places in the bed of the Linn.

- Remarked particularly in all the old firs deprived of their bark
the spiral arrangement of the wood. The trees were dead. Got
a curious knot from one of the trees for the Museum. Walk
up Glen Derry to Loch Etchachan and then to the top of
Ben na Mac Dhu, which we reached between 1 and 2
‘way gathered Luzula arcuata and some other rare plants

n or about the summit among the plants seen were :—

Silene acaulis Andrezea rupestris

Gnaphalium supinum Polytrichum alpinum

Salix herbacea Dicranum nigro-viride

Luzula arcuata Trichostomum lanuginosum
» ‘Spicata : Cetraria islandica

Carex rigida nivalis

Festuca ovina vivipara Lecidea geographica

Lycopodium Selago
M

190 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Lunched at the summit and had a fine view, descended
towards the shelter and Loch Avon amidst a pretty severe
shower.

Gathered Carex leporina on the sides of a stream going to the
corrie of the Avon, not far from patches of snow, also Séellaria
cerastoides and many alpine plants. Polypodium alpestre
abounds on the ascent to Loch Etchachan and on the descent
to Loch Avon, also on the ascent to Cairngorm from Loch
Avon. It is avery abundant fern. Reached the Shelter Stone
by a steep and rugged descent about 4 pm. Our men had
brought up plaids and provisions. They returned with the
horses. Proceeded to make a fire of juniper. Kettle boiled and
tea prepared. Mr. Rathay, alarmed at the dampness of the cave,
left us at 7 p.m., and walked to Castleton, which he reached at 2
in the morning.

We had a restless night in the cave. Some sat up all night and
kept themselves warm by the fire outside. The stone is 40 feet
long, on an average, 20 feet broad, and about 16 or 18 feet high.

Wednesday, 16th August 1854.

Mr. Esson returned this morning to Castleton ; the rest of the
party after breakfast ascended to Cairngorm, gathering abun-
dance of Polypodium alpestre, Luzula arcuata, and other alpine
plants. Mist came on after the party reached the summit; the
fine view was only seen for a few minutes. Descended from
summit and visited cliffs looking to the Spey side. These cliffs
seem worthy of examination. It is probable that the best way .
of examining all the hill in this quarter is from the Spey side.
Important to find accommodation on that side. Walked by back
of Ben na Mac Dhu, picking numerous confervoid plants.
Descended into the valley of the Dee; had beautiful view of the
pass to Rothiemurchus. After reaching Glen Dee visited the
Wells of Dee; near this there is abundance of Polypodium
alpestre all the way, continuing till opposite Cairn Toul. On the
descent from Ben na Mac Dhu, Asplenitum Filix-femina picked
by Mr. G. Lawson, high up, above Polypodium alpestre.

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. IQ!

Among other plants were gathered :—

Stellaria cerastoides Veronica alpina
Hieracium alpinum Phleum alpinum

Lunched at Wells of Dee. Rain came on and continued till
about five. Met our conveyance near the Linn of Dee and
returned about 7 p.m.

Thursday, 17th August 1854.

After paying bill and arranging for transmission of baggage
to Dunkeld by a cart, the party left ina conveyance for the head
of Glen Tilt (Mr. G. S. Lawson returned to Aberdeen) about
1r am. Walked through the Glen, picking alpine saxi-
frages and :—

Rubus saxatilis Asplenium viride
Epilobium angustifolium Polystichum Lonchitis

Near the Glen, in the woods :—

Campanula latifolia | Melampyrum sylvaticum

Dr. Gilchrist visited the Marble Quarry near the bridge about
four or five miles from Blair. A bridge near the upper part of
the Glen is broken down, so that it is almost impossible for an
ordinary traveller to proceed without wading up to the knees; in
a flood it must be quite impassable. Surely the Right of Way
Society should see that the road is passable for travellers. Our
party were not interrupted, although we went by the same route
as my party in 1847 did. The gate at which we were stopped
was at once opened to them by an old woman. Most of the
party kept on the left side of the river after passing the lowest
bridge and descended by what was the old road, keeping clear of
the woods entirely, Reached the Bridge of Tilt Inn about 8 p.m.
and were comfortably accommodated.

Friday, 18th August 1854.

This morning party breakfasted at 6 a.m. and at 7 commenced
their walk. Mr. Barclay went by the mail to Dunkeld, Walk-

192 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

ing party II in number proceeded by Killiecrankie, gathering
Lathyrus niger in the woods nearly opposite Mrs. Hay’s cottage.
Attempt is now made to shut up the old Killiecrankie road and
to allow visitors to enter by a small gate which is kept locked
and only opened when parties request permission to go through.
Our party were escorted by a Highlander. Spent about an hour
in the wood. Reached Dunkeld about 1.30 p.m., when Mr.
Barclay met the party. After lunch at Fisher’s Inn, proceeded
by coach to Dunkeld Road Station, and joined the railway,
reaching Edinburgh about 9 p.m.

EXCURSIONS IN 1855.

Granton, Caroline Park, Cramond Woods, Barnton.
Craigcrook, Craigleith.

Saturday, 12th May 1853.

About 100 met at Granton Pier at 10a.m. Walked by shore
to Caroline Park, Granton Woods, Cramond Woods, and returned
by Barnton, Craigcrook, and Craigleith. Visited Granton
Quarry and got a specimen of the fossil tree.

Among the plants gathered were :—

Anemone nemorosa
Ranunculus Ficaria

Oxalis Acetosella
Prunus domestica

Caltha palustris
Eranthis hyemalis (at

Caroline Park
Aconitum Napellus (at

Caroline Park)
Fumaria capreolata
Cochlearia officinalis
Capsella Bursa-pastoris
Viola odorata

» hirta

» sylvatica
Geranium molle

= lucidum

Geum rivale
Potentilla Fragariastrum

- verna
Saxifraga granulata
Chrysospleniuin oppositi-

folium

Ribes Grossularia

» alpinum

» Yubrum

» nhigrum
Bunium flexuosum
Valerianella olitoria
Tussilago Farfara

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR.

Petasites vulgaris
Doronicum Pardalianches
Vinca minor

Myosotis arvensis
Veronica hedereefolia
Mentha viridis

Salix Smithiana

Helix
Stratiotes aloides
Polygonatum multiflorum
Luzula sylvatica
Lemna trisulca

Lamium purpureum » minor
incisum Asplenium Trichomanes
s maculatum Equisetum arvense
= album limosum
Polygonum Bistorta Polybeiohican piliferum
Daphne Laureola Dicranum scoparium
Mercurialis perennis Trichostomum lanuginosum
Ulmus montana Bryum punctatum
Salix triandra Didymodon purpureum
alba Hypnum splendens
Ramalina scopulorum
Cetraria islandica

9?
» Caprea
viminalis

”

Tynehead, Borthwick, Fushie Bridge, Gorebridge.
Saturday, 19th May 1855.

Party of 100 met at the North British Railway Station at
10.45 a.m. and proceeded to Tynehead, thence walked to Borth-
wick and Fushie Bridge, and returned by train passing Gorebridge
at 4.57 p.m. Return third-class tickets, 1s. 2d.

Vegetation very far back, three weeks or a month behind.
Observed colours in vegetation as they affected the eye, found
that the yellow dandelion and green grass were very marked
features. M‘Cosh talks of the red stalk of the dandelion, but in
most cases they were green, and even when a reddish or brownish
tinge was present it did not appear to the eye. The marked
effect was produced by yellow and green, and these, although
not complementary colours, were pleasing. So also in many
places nothing seen but the yellow primroses and the green
sward—without any other colour, no white nor red. Some of
the party visited Arniston also.

194 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Some of the plants gathered were :—

Ranunculus aquatilis Anchusa sempervirens
Ficaria Myosotis sylvatica

Caltha palustris FS arvensis
Viola palustris (not in flower) Lathrzea Squamaria

» tricolor Lamium amplexicaule

arvensis Salix Caprea
Gxatts Acetosella (with pink Empetrum nigrum
the

)
5
S
N
=
ae
pS]

>
=
fc)
a
rs)

very beautiful)
Genista anglica
Lathyrus macrorrhizus
Fragaria vesca
Potentilla Fragariastrum

Phalaris arundinacea
Melica nutans
Juniperus communis
Equisetum arvense

; on + sylvaticum
Chrysosplenium ss ne
: STeent ae vulgaris
folium ” flexilis
Adoxa Moschatellina Polytrichum commune
Doronicum plantagineum Dicranum heteromallum
(scarcely in flower) Didymodon purpureum
Pyrola media (not in flower) Bryum hornum
~ Primula vulgaris Hypnum cuspidatum
eris Stereocaulon paschale
Fraxinus excelsior Evernia prunastri

Mid-Calder, Meadowbank, Dalmahoy Bis, Ravelrig,
Balerno, Currie, Woodhall.

Saturday, 26th May 1855.

Party of 75 met at the Caledonian Railway Station, Lothian
Road, at 8.30 a.m., and proceeded to Mid-Calder, thence walked
to Meadowbank, Dalmahoy Hills, Ravelrig, Water of Leith,
Balerno, Currie, and Woodhall. Returned from Currie by the
train passing that place at 5.26 pm. Return tickets, $d.
Vegetation was found to be far behind.

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 195

Anemone nemorosa
Ranunculus acris
repens
Ficaria
Caltha palustris
Meconopsis cambrica (in bud)
Cardamine sylvatica
Sisymbrium Thalianum
Alliaria officinalis
Viola palustris
» sylvatica
canina
tricolor
‘g tlivea
Arenaria serpyllifolia
Montia fontana
Oxalis Acetosella
Acer platanoides
Vicia sepium
Lathyrus macrorrhizus
Prunus insititia
unis
Potentilla Fragariastrum
Saxifraga granulata
is hypnoides (in bud)
Ribes Grossularia

“

Adoxa Moschatellina
Antennaria dioica
Vaccinium Myrtillus
Primula vulgaris
veris
F aavinun excelsior
Vinca minor, var. alba
Menyanthes trifoliata
Anchusa sempervirens
Scrophularia vernalis
Veronica serpyllifolia
Pedicularis sylvatica

Among the plants gathered were :-—

Mentha viridis (not in flower)
Nepeta Glechoma
Lamium incisum
Mercurialis perennis
Imus montana
Fagus sylvatica
Salix fragilis

» Caprea

5» vViminalis
» Smithiana
jo SIE

Empetrum nigrum

Orchis mascula

Allium ursinum (not out)

Tulipa sylvestris

Paris quadrifolia (not in
flower)

Luzula pilosa :

Arum maculatum (nearly out)
Carex vulgaris
glauca
», pallescens

Equisetum arvense

palustre
Poiysichut commune
Didymodon purpureui
Bartramia pomiformis

tad

Funaria hygrormetrica

Lecanora tartarea

Cladonia rangiferina

Alectoria jubata

Cetraria glauca

Calicium chrysocephalum

Beomyces rufus

Scyphophorus pyxidatus

bellidiflorus

puuiephoron coralloides

196 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Burntisland, Aberdour, Donibristle, Humbie Woods,
Pettycur, Kirkcaldy, Wemyss.

Saturday, 2nd June 1855.

Party of 60-70 proceeded at 9.45 a.m. by train to Burntisland,
and returned by the trainat 5 p.m. Return tickets,9d. Walked
from Burntisland to the Island, then by the shore all the way to
Aberdour, thence to Humbie Woods, Grange Quarry, and
Burntisland. Some of the party went to Donibristle, others to
Wemyss, Dysart, and Kirkcaldy.

Among the plants gathered were the following :—

Ranunculus acris Smyrnium Olusatrum (near
” repens Kirkcaldy)
a bulbosus Hedera Helix (in fruit)
Ficaria Dipsacus sylvestris (not

Matricaria Parthen

Arabia Ste (old — Aberdowr,
not in flow

Silybum piseiciein (not in
flower)

Bertone sent? (near
erdou

Cardamine hirsuta
Alyssum calycinum (near
Pettycur) Ce
Hieracium murorum

Cochlearia officinalis
vulgatum

danica
Lesaioden leevigatus
Brackica Napus
Vaccinium Myrtillus
“i Rapa a ie
cone Armeria maritima
Lepidium campestre =e
Sees Glaux maritima
= Smithii

Fraxinus excelsior

Anchusa sempervirens

Solanum Dulcamara (not
in flower

Linaria Cymbalaria

Antirrhinum majus (old

Thlaspi arvense
Helianthemum vulgare
Viola hirta

Cerastium tetrandrum
Geranium sanguineum

molle Castle, Aberdour, not in
Ilex “Aquifotinm flower) 5
Medicago maculata Veronica Chamzed
Vicia lathyroides , . Beccabunga
Prunus insititia Lamium amplexicaule
» domestica se purpureum

Saxifraga granulata » incisum

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 197

Lamium album Blysmus rufus
Plantago Coronopus Carex preecox
Rumex scutatus (Aberdour » distans
Castle Avena pubescens
Ulmus montana Sclerochloa loliacea (Burnt-
Parietaria erecta island Pier)
Quercus Robur Pinus sylvestris
Orchis mascula Asplenium marinum
*s a var. alba (Wemyss)
Allium Scorodoprasum (not Ophioglossum vulgatum
in flower) Botrychium Lunaria
Tulipa sylvestris (Doni- Equisetum arvense
bristle rf sylvaticum
Triglochin maritimum

Many sea-weeds.

Linlithgow, Carriden, Blackness, Hopetoun.
Saturday, 9th June 1855.

Party of 74 met at the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway
Station, and proceeded to Linlithgow. Visited the Palace,
walked to Carriden, Blackness, and Hopetoun, and returned
from Winchburgh at 4.5 p.m. Return tickets, 1s. 6d.

Among the plants collected were the following :—

Ranunculus aquatilis Lychnis diurna

; sceleratus Moehringia trinervia
Berberis vulgaris Tlex Aquifolium
Nasturtium palustre Prunus Padus
Arabis hirsuta Cratzgus Oxyacantha
Cardamine sylvatica Saxifraga granulata
Draba verna Petroselinum sativum (not
Lepidium campestre in flower)

Sinapis arvensis Myrrhis odorata
alba Lonicera Caprifolium
(not in flower
Valeriana pyrenaica
(Hopetoun
Valerianella olitoria

Viola sylvatica
» tricolor
» arvensis

lutea

BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Primula veris

Orchis mascula
Triglochin palustre

Ligustrum vulgare (not
in flower) Eleocharis palustris
“ uniglumis

multicaulis

Siac rufus

Alopecurus geniculatus

Asplenium Ruta-muraria
Filix-foemina

Pokpattchitith aculeatum

Lastrea Filix-mas

Vinca minor

Symphytum officinale

Plantago maritima

Coronopus

Chenopodium Bonus-
Henricu

Quercus eb
Salix fragilis, var. Rus-

seliana ;
hie » dilatata
es otiinalis Botrychium Lunaria
” . .
ee ungermannia bidentata
» Smithiana J

Agaricus campestris

Listera ovata (not in
flower)

Cleghorn, Lanark, Cora Linn, Bonnington Falls.
Saturday, 16th June 1855.

Party of nearly 100 met at the Caledonian Railway Station at
7 am., and proceeded to Cleghorn Station. Return tickets,
2s. 6d. Walked by the road to Lanark, thence proceeded to
Cora Linn and Bonnington Falls, and returned by the banks of
the Mouse to Cleghorn, joining the train at 4.8 p.m. r.
M‘Kinley, the gardener at Bonnington, had made arrangements
as to the guides. There were four guides, to whom we paid
in all 6s. 8d., and to the woman at the gate 2s.
Among the plants collected were the following :—
Ranunculus auricomus
Trollius europzeus
Aquilegia vulgaris
Aconitum Napellus (not
in flower)

Montia fontana
Geranium sylvaticum
ucidum

Anthyilis Vulneraria
Vicia Orobus
Cardamine amara » sylvatica (not in
Sisymbrium Thalianum flower)
Viola palustris Rubus saxatilis

rastium glomeratum Pyrus Aucuparia

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 199

Saxifraga oppcsitifolia Carex ampullacea
Galium boreale Melica uniflora
Carduus heterophyllus (not Briza media

in flower) Asplenium Adiantum-
Hieracium murorum nigrum
Vaccinium Vitis-ldza (not “ viride

in flower) 3 Trichomanes

Filix-foemina
Cyeenniede fragilis
Polystichum aculeatum
Lastrea Filix-mas

Pyrola media? (not in
flower

Origanum vulgare (not in
flower)

Salix viminalis

eer ; dilatat
Neottia Nidus-avis as ok te :
Orchis latifolia Polypodium Dryopteris
: en Phegopteris

Convallaria majalis BoP

° oe Reeisetiiih arvense
Eriophorum latifolium Loar Geeaitt
Carex disticha «Z Avie

»» paniculata te oe ia

; s

» aquatilis di agen

» vulgaris on limosum

glauca hyemale

Rarhinin fontana
Ramalina fraxinea
Peltidea canina

Newton, —— Gladswood, Eildon Hills, Melrose,
assendean, Minto Crags.

Saturday, 23rd June 1855.

Party of about 100, including Mr. Christie of the School of
Design and 15 of his pupils, met at the North British Railway
Station at 7.30 a.m., and proceeded to Newton Station, thence
walked to Dryburgh Abbey and along the banks of the Tweed
by Gladswood to the Eildon Hills and Melrose. Visited the
East and Middle Eildon Hills, ascending to the top of each.
Return tickets 2s. 6d., besides 3d. at Dryburgh, 1d. at Ferry,
and a few pence at Melrose. Messrs. Nichol and Sadler went
to Hassendean and visited Minto Crags, where they got
Asplenium germanicum (one specimen).

200

They also gathered :—

Trollius europzeus

Berberis vulgaris

Viola canina

Lychnis Viscaria

Sanguisorba officinalis
(not in flower)

BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Valeriana dioica

Typha latifolia

Carex paludosa
Asplenium septentrionale
Lycopodium Selago
Sticta scrobiculata

The chief plants gathered by the rest of the party were :—

Berberis vulgaris

Nasturtium palustre?

Arabis hirsuta

Cochlearia officinalis (walls
of Melrose Abbey)

Hesperis matronalis (Glads
wood)

Sisymbrium Thalianum.

Erysimum cheiranthoides
(shore of Tweed near
Dryburgh

Lepidium Smithii

Stellaria nemorum

Moehringia trinervia

Malva oo (not in
flow

Tilia noe
Geranium sanguineum
“a sylvaticum

Euonymus europzeus

Staphylea pinnata

Anthyllis Vulneraria

Vicia sylvatica (not in
flower)

Lathyrus pratensis
Prunus Avium

5 eadus
Rubus saxatilis
Geum intermedium
Fragaria elatior
Potentilla reptans (not in

flower)

Rosa spinosissima

» tomentosa
Pyrus Aria
Saxifraga umbrosa
Sanicula europza
Galium boreale
Valeriana dioica (at foot

of Middle Eildon Hill)
Antennaria dioica
Anthemis arvensis
Matricaria Parthenium
Doronicum Pardalianches
Hieracium Pilosella

ie vulgatum
Apargia hispida
Vaccinium Vitis-Idza
_ Myrtillus

Erica cinerea
Lysimachia nemorum
Symphytum officinale
Echium vulgare
maa = (not

in fl

Digitalis purpurea
Lathrea Squamaria
Mentha viridis

Rumex sanguineus
» viridis

Buxus sempervirens (in
fruit)

Alnus glutinosa

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR 201

Salix fragilis, var. Rus- Briza media
a Poa nemoralis

» cinerea Nardus stricta

9 aquatica Taxus baccata arenas

», Caprea at Dryburgh)
Populus alba Allosorus crispus
Neottia Nidus-avis Asplenium Adiantum-
Scirpus sylvaticus nigrum
Carex disticha i Trichomanes

» glauca Polystichum aculeatum

» pilulifera Lastrea Oreopteris

» _panicea Equisetum palustre

», binervis Lycopodium alpinum

» fulva Andreea rupestris

flava Trichostomum lanuginosum

Melica nutans Grimmia ovata

» uniflora |

ene ne

Falkland, Bishop Hill, West Lomond Hill, Glenvale,
East Lomond Hill.

Saturday, 30th June 1855.

Party of upwards of 100, including Mr. Christie and about
12 pupils of the School of Design, started by the train from
North Bridge Station and Scotland Street Station at 6.30 a.m.,
and proceeded to Falkland Road Station. Return tickets, 2s.

Walked from Falkland Road Station to Falkland, where,
through the kind attention of Mr. Barclay, breakfast was
prepared. Mr. Howden, factor for Mr. Bruce, had arranged to
allow the breakfast-table to be placed on the lawn in front of
the old Palace. The party amounted to 114, including all our
party and Mr. Christie’s, also Mr. Barclay, the Sheriff- Clerk of
Cupar, Mr. Howden, the Rev. Mr. M‘Duff, minister of Falkland,
Mr. Gulland, Mr. Cruikshank, the schoolmaster, and Mr. Laing,
from Cupar. Dr. Balfour was chairman, and Mr. Barclay
croupier. In front of the chairman was placed the huge tin
kettle which had been used by the botanical party (of which
Mr. Barclay was one) who visited Ben na Mac Dhu last year,
and who slept for a night under the shelter-stone. The kettle

202 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

had an inscription on it to the following effect :—* Professor
Balfour’s Botanical Party to Ben na Muich Dhui, August 1854.”

After partaking of a very substantial breakfast, the party,
under the guidance of Mr. Howden, visited the old Palace with
its large Hall, John Knox’s pulpit. They then proceeded to the
roof of the building, where they had an excellent view of the
surrounding country. Visited the new church built by the late
Mr. Tindal Bruce. Then walked to Falkland House, some
visited the interior of the mansion. Thence proceeded towards
the West Lomond Hill, at the foot of which lunch was
provided by Mr. Barclay. After lunch the party went to the
top of the hill, which is 1712 feet above the level of the sea.
Had a fine view of Kinross-shire and Loch Leven. Descended
-into Glenvale, and walked along the side of the stream.
Proceeded to Balo and by the south side of the East Lomond to
the Falkland Road Station, where the party arrived about
6.30 p.m., thoroughly wet by a heavy thunderstorm which
commenced between 3 and 4 p.m. and lasted all evening.
Some visited the Bishop Hill. Returned to Edinburgh by the
train passing Falkland Road at 7.12 and reaching Edinburgh
about 9 p.m.

Among the plants gathered were the following :—

Papaver Argemone
Fumaria micrantha
Cardamine amara
Viola lutea
Sagina subulata
Geranium pusillum
Oxytropis Halleri (on
Bishop Hill
Saxifraga umbrosa
ypnoides
Chrysosplenium alterni-
folium
Sedum villosum
Hippuris vulgaris
Epilobium presser ria
nifolium
(latter siadaa on West
mond Hill)

Conium maculatum
Galium pusillum (in Glen-
vale)

Solidago Virgaurea
Antennaria dioica
Centaurea Cyanus
Hieracium atratum
Leontodon Taraxacum
palustris
Vaccinium Vitis-Idzea
iho europea (in
eat profusion in the.
woods and on the hill)
Myosotis repens
Solanum Dulcamara
Veronica scutellata
Littorella lacustris

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 203

Chenopodium Bonus-
Henricus

Polygonum viviparum
(abundant)

Salix cinerea

Ler |
@ .b
= &
a6
be)

Baca nigrum

Listera cordata (in at wie
sion)

Orchis mascula

» latifolia

»» maculata
Gymnadenia conopsea
Habenaria bifolia
Juncus supinus
Luzula multiflora

congesta
Potariogetén oblongus
heterophyllus

Bicocharis palustris
Scirpus pauciflorus
Carex dioica

“ ulicaris
» stellulata
» curt

+ Ovals

» ampullacea
vesicaria (in gerd on

Airs flexuosa e hill)
Briza media
Poa nemoralis

» montana
Nardus stricta
Pteris aquilina
Allosorus crispus

Blechnum boreale
——— Adiantum- “nigrum

Filix-foemina
Cyst opteris fragilis
Polystichum aculeatum
Lastrea Oreopteris

» Filix-mas
» dilatata
Polypodium vulgare
4s Dryopteris
Phegopteris

Rouy shin Lunaria
Equisetum arvense

Lgcoseaiey Selago
clavatum
alpinum
selaginoides
Pilularia globulifera
Andreea Rothii
rupestris
ecevunis fontana
; pomiformis
Bryum punctatum
Hypnum stramineum
Polytrichum commune
alpinum
Sphagniunt acutifolium

+P]

Sptacheum sphericum
Trichostomum canescens

; lanuginosum
Cetraria glauca
Cladonia rangiferina
Peltidea canina
Scyphophorus pyxidatus
Spherophoron coralloides

204 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

North Berwick, Dirleton, Gullan, Luffness, Aberlady,
osford, Longniddry

Saturday, 7th July 1855.

A party of about 60 or 70 met at the North British Railway
Station and proceeded to North Berwick, thence walked by the
Links to Dirleton and its Castle, then to Gullan and Gullan
Links, Luffness, Aberlady, Gosford, and Longniddry, returning by
the train reaching Edinburgh at 7.50 p.m. Return tickets,
1s.6d. Day remarkably fine, and many good plants procured.

Among others, the following :—

Papaver Argemone
Alyssum calycinum (Dirleton)
Reseda lutea
Viola canina (Dirleton)
Silene noctiflora
Geranium pusillum
Trifolium fragiferum
Hippuris vulgaris
Conium maculatum
Smyrnium Olusatrum
Galium Mollugo
Centranthus ruber
Pulicaria dysenterica
Crepis biennis (Luffness)
Thrincia hirta
Campanula glomerata

3 Trachelium(Luff-

ness) °

Anagallis arvensis
= tenella
Erythrzea pulchella
psa yemrscat ceeruleum
(Luffness) _
Cqangmaaad officinale
Asperugo procumbens (Luft-

Solanum Dulcamara
Hyoscyamus niger (abundant
near Luftness)

Scrophularia vernalis (Gos-
ford)

Veronica Anagallis

Utricularia vulgaris

Calamintha Acinos

Stachys ambigua

Lamium intermedium (Luff-

ness)
Littorella lacustris (Gullan)
Beta maritima
Salicornia herbacea
Hippophaé rhamnoides
Listera ovata
Epipactis latifolia
Habenaria viridis
Sparganium ramosum
Potamogeton oblongus
rufescens
Ruppia maritima (Luffness)
Scirpus pauciflorus
Carex incurva (near Long-
niddry
Carex disticha
» teretiuscula
» paniculata

»» vulpina
., distans
ss CALeloG

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 205

Carex CHderi (abundant in Sclerochloa maritima
Gullan Links between Lepturus filiformis
the marshy ground and
the sand hills)

Carex hirta

Phleum arenarium

Trisetum flavescens

Triodia decumbens

Botrychium Lunaria
Equisetum variegatum
Lycopodium selaginoides
Chara hispida

» vulgaris

Dunfermline, Knock Hill, Black Devon, Saline, Rumbling
Bridge, Loch Leven, Benarty, Bishop Hill.

Saturday, 14th July 1855.

Party of 60-70 met at the Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee
Railway Station at 6.30 a.m. and proceeded to Dunfermline.
Return tickets, 2s. Breakfasted at Melvie’s New Inn, Dun-
fermline, about 9 a.m. for Is. 3d. each. Visited the Abbey—
where two artists who accompanied the party remained to take
measurements. Walked towards Cleghorn and Knock Hill,
crossed over the western side of the hill and visited the banks of
the Black Devon, and returned by the pass between the two
Saline Hills to Dunfermline, which was reached about 6 p.m.
Returned by train at 6.40 p.m., reaching Edinburgh about 9 p.m.
Some of the party went the day previously to Loch Leven,
Benarty, and met us, others went to Rumbling Bridge and joined
us in the evening.

Among the plants gathered by the various parties were the
following :—

Ranunculus hederaceus | Linum usitatissimum
: ammula Trifolium medium
ae reptans (Loch < striatum
Fittie and Loch Leven) | Oxytropis Halleri (Bishop
Trollius europzeus Hill)
Nuphar luteum Vicia sylvatica
‘Nymphea alba Rubus saxatilis
Nasturtium palustre Saxifraga hypnoides
Viola lutea Sedum villosum
Radiola Millegrana (near Sempervivum tectorum
Loch Leven)

206

Joseph Bell, M. Cockram, W. H. Dewar

BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Myriophyllum spicatum
alterniflorum
Callitriche platycarpa
Helosciadium repens
Cicuta virosa
Carum Carui
Meum sa.
Viburnum Opu
Galium boreale (Bishop Hill)
» Witheringii
uliginosum
Contcbetiuns ruber
Chrysanthemum segetum
Carduus setosus
Vaccinium Oxycoccus
Erica Tetralix
» cinerea
Pyrola rotundifolia (Black
Devon)

» media
» mino
Veronica scutellata
Calamintha Clinopodium
Galeopsis versicolor
Littorella lacustris
Polygonum viviparum
Rumex alpinus (near Rum
bling Bridge)
Euphorbia Cyparissias (near
Rumbling Bridge)
Myrica Gale
Populus tremula
Listera cordata

a
Gymnadenia conopsea
fs albida

Habenaria bifolia
sy chlorantha
Narthecium ossifragum
Paris quadrifolia (near Rum-
ing Bridge)
Sparganium ramosum
Alisma ranunculoides (Loch

Leven
Potamogeton natans
5 oblongus
a perfoliatus(Loch
Leven)
as acutifolius
" pusillus
pectinatus
Sirsa setaceus
» lacustris
» sylvaticus

Eriophorum angustifolium
Carex paniculata

» filiformis
Molinia czerulea
Poa nemoralis

3 Montana
Festuca bromoides
Allosorus crispus (Saline

Hills
Polypodium Dryopteris
Phegopteris
Equiectin umbrosum
Lycopodium Selago
s clavatum
i selaginoides

Ayton, Eyemouth, St. Abb’s Head.
Friday, 20th July 1855.
Party consisting of Dr. Balfour, Zerub Baillie, George Blackie,

, Alex. Dickson, George

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 207

Dods, Wm. Drysdale, E. W, Dubuc, J. A. Forbes, William Forbes,
Adolphus Graham, William Grey, James Hay, J. Hector, A. B.
Nieser, Joseph Perry, Wm. D. Singer, Francis Skae, V. E.
Walker, M. Whitfield, M. Yellowlees, John A. Yule, met at the
North British Railway Station at 4 p.m., and proceeded to Ayton.
Mr. Hector had preceded us for the purpose of examining geo-
logically Siccars Point and other rocks near the sea. He met
the party near Eyemouth. — Return tickets, 2s. 6d.

On reaching Ayton the party were met by the gardener to
Mr. Mitchell Innes and conducted to Ayton Castle, where
strawberries and cream were provided on the grass, After par-
taking of them the party visited the Castle under the direction
of Mr. Mitchell Innes. The party then walked through the
grounds of Ayton Castle and Netherbyres under the guidance of
the gardener, and reached Eyemouth between 8 and 9g p.m.
They were accommodated at Mr. William Paterson’s Ship Inn;
some had beds in other places.

Saturday, 21st July 1855.

Breakfasted at 7 a.m. and then walked by the coast to
St. Abb’s Head, and reached the shore near Fast Castle about
3 in the afternoon. Observed the remarkable construction of
the lower Silurian rocks—the old sandstone cliffs with the trap.
Day was delightful, although oppressively hot.

Among the plants gathered during the trip were the
following :—

Thalictrum minus ae Lychnis Githago |

‘s flexuosum(Nether-| Cerastium tetrandrum

byres) Alsine verna (St. Abb’s
Ranunculus aquatilis Head)
yhirsutus (near Geranium pratense

Dunlow Farm rm) Acer campestre(Netherbyres)
Glaucium luteum Astragalus hypoglottis
Fumaria capreolata Vicia sylvatica
Sinapis alba Agrimonia Eupatoria
Cakile maritima Sedum Rhodiola
Dianthus deltoides Epilobium angustifolium
Silene maritima Conium maculatum

208 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Listera ovata (Netherbyres)
Gymnadenia conopsea

4Hthusa Cynapium

Haloscias scoticum |

Viburnum Opulus (Nether- Blysmus rufus
byres Carex disticha

Matricaria Parthenium »» arenaria
Carlina vulgaris » vulpina
Hieracium prenanthoides » ovalis

ragopogon minor Triticum repens
Anagallis arvensis = laxum
Mertensia maritima » junceum
Solanum Dulcamara Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum

Linaria vulgaris | Trichomanes

Atriplex Babingtonii | Botrychium Lunaria

Neottia Nidus-avis (Nether- | Ramalina scopulorum
byres)

The total expenses at Eyemouth, including tea, beds, break-
fast, and sandwiches, were 5s., which added to the railway fare
makes the expense of the trip 7s. 6d.

Ben Lawers.
Friday, 3rd August 1855.

A party consisting of J. H. Balfour, R. K. Greville, Thomas
Barclay, Joseph Bell, James S. Candlish, P. Neill Fraser, James
Gilchrist, James Hector, Charles W. Hope, J. Augustus Metcalfe,
James Miller, William Nichol, William Ogle, Andrew Pow,
James C. Rattray, William D. Singer, Mohamed Ali Soubki,
Hugh G. Stewart, C. J. J. Terrot, V. E. D. Walker, left Edinburgh
on Friday, 3rd August, at 6.30 a.m., and reached Stirling at 8.20.
Met Dr. Gilchrist and Mr. Bell there. Nineteen breakfasted in
Campbell’s Royal Hotel. Some of the party gathered Lactuca
virosa and Linaria repens at Stirling Castle. After breakfast,
left in a coach, hired for the purpose, whieh held six inside and
thirteen out.

On reaching Callander visited Bracklinn Bridge, where
we found :—

Vicia sylvatica Hieracium strictum
Hieracium denticulatum Polypodium Dryopteris
” prenanthoides Equisetum umbrosum

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 209

Dr. Greville gathered Déatomella Balfouriana and other
Diatomacez.

Changed horses at Callander at Menzies’ Inn—Menzies had
been a keeper at Braemar when Greville, Brand, and I visited
that part of the country in 1847. Met Mr. Hill and his son at
Callander. Proceeded by the Pass of Leny to Loch Lubnaig.
Gathered :—

Nuphar luteum Nymphea alba
»» pumilum Lysimachia vulgaris

Again changed horses at King’s House, near Lochearnhead.
Walked from Lochearnhead to the summit of the Pass. On the
way gathered many good mosses and diatoms :—

Bryum elongatum Orthotrichum rupestre
Didymodon capillaceum Blindia acuta
Neckera crispa Hypnum myosuroides
Bryum alpinum Sticta fuliginosa (Bracklinn
» nutans Bridge)
» julaceum (in abun-
dant fructification)

Reached Mrs. M‘Tavish’s Inn at Killin at 7 p.m., and were all
comfortably accommodated. Met Mr. Rattray, who joined the
party. Met also a Mr. Young, who was making a collection of
ferns ; he was particularly interested in the ferns of Wales, and
was engaged in publishing a work on the subject, illustrated
by specimens.

Saturday, 4th August 1855.

Party numbering 21, including Mr. Young from Wales,
proceeded at 8 a.m. to Craig Chailliach.

In Finlarig woods gathered Linnea borealis and Habenaria
chlorantha. Noticed particularly Watson’s regions in ascending,
characterised by Rubus Chamemorus, Calluna vulgaris, Erica
Tetralix, Pteris aquilina.

On reaching the foot of the cleft on Craig Chailliach, gathered
Polystichum Lonchitis, Polystichum lobatum and varieties.

Ascended the hills and went along the foot of the high cliffs
till we reached a deep ravine by which we ascended to the

210 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

summit. Had a fine view although the day was rather misty
now and then, though beautiful glimpses were seen of the sur-
rounding scenery. On the Ben Chailliach cliffs were gathered
all the ordinary alpine plants. Some of the rarer species seen
were :—

Draba incana | Euphrasia officinalis, var.
verna, var. inflata gracilis
Cochlearis officinalis Oxyria reniformis
alpina Salix nigricans, var. rupestris

Gestion alpinum Carex atrata
Sagina apetala », stictocarpa

» subulata », capillaris
Potentilla alpestris Sesleria cerulea
Saxifraga nivalis Poa alpina vivipara
Epilobium alpinum », Balfourii and vars.
Vaccinium uliginosum Botrychium Lunaria

Armeria maritima

The ravine at the end of the cliffs was very productive of
alpine plants :—--

as octopetala Juncus biglumis

Alsine rubella Veronica saxatilis
Drya |
Potentilla alpestris Luzula spicata

Rain came on and lasted for about an hour: Walked along
the cliffs towards Ben-y-Cruiach Ben, and ascended the hill—
reached the summit about 3 p.m. Gathered :—

Sibbaldia procumbens | Carex atrata
Saussurea alpina », pulla

Dr. Greville saw a golden eagle to-day, and Messrs. Metcalfe
and Walker saw two eagles with white tail feathers.

Reached the inn about6p.m. -

Craig Chailliach 2570 fest; Ben-y-Cruiach Ben 3070 . feet
above Killin.

Monday, 6th August 1855.

Twenty started this morning at 7.30 a.m. for Ben Lawers.
Morning tolerable, but the hills misty. In the course of the day

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 211

the mist became very thick and rain fell in quantity. Walked
to the 434 mile-stone from Killin, and then began to ascend the
hill. Proceeded first in the direction of Loch-na-gat, gathering
on the way :—

Rubus Chamzmorus Eriophorum latifolium

Cornus suecica Splachnum sphzricum

Visited the rocks above Loch-na-gat, and then walked round
the corrie in the midst of mist—the effects of the late storms seen
in the debris on the hills—appearance of the effects of water-
spouts. Gathered :—

Erigeron alpinus Poa Balfourii

Myosotis suaveolens Woodsia hyperborea

Juncus castaneus Polypodium alpestre
» biglumis

and all the ordinary alpine plants. Abundance of Cysdopieris
montana on rocks to the west of Loch-na-gat.

Ascended to the top of Ben Lawers, which was reached about
3p.m. Near the summit got Draba rupestris, Cetraria tslandica.
The wind on the summit was very strong, accompanied with
mist and rain. Descended from the summit by the aid of the
compass, taking a S.W. direction. Reached the glen leading to

len Lyon, and thence proceeded across the flanks of Cat-
yaheaman to Loch Tay. Reached the inn about 6.30 p.m.
thoroughly drenched. On our return home at night found
Mr. Hugh Macmillan, who had arrived from Aberfeldy in the
morning with the view of ascending Ben Lawers.

Peltidea venosa is abundant on walls near Killin.

Tuesday, 7th August 1855.

This morning was wet, misty, and unpromising, and the party
found it impossible to ascend any of the hills. Dr. Greville, on
account of the weather, left for Edinburgh at 1 o'clock by the
coach passing through Stirling. He took with him my packet
of dried plants, including Cystopteris montana, also some roots of
it as well as of Polypodium altestre, Woodsia hyperborea and
Draba rupestris.

212 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

About 10 a.m. some of the party visited the Macnab Burying
Ground and saw the peculiar fir in which a branch from
another tree has fallen into a cleft and become grafted; the
branch now hangs down from the plant to which it is attached.

Some of the party then walked along the south side of Loch
Tay and gathered numerous ferns in a fine state :-—

Asplenium viride Polypodium Dryopteris
s Trichomanes - Phegopteris
(very large)

Proceeded about six miles along the shore to a ferry, there
crossed the loch, landing between one and two miles west of
Lawers Inn. Returned by the road to Killin, visiting the upper
part of Loch Tay and gathering :-—

Arctium majus Carex vesicaria
Calamintha Clinopodium Parmelia caperata
Salix phylicifolia

Mr. Nichol attempted the ascent of Meal Ghaordie, but failed
on account of the mist. Mr. Macmillan left for Aberfeldy by
coach.

Wednesday, 8th August 1855.

The morning was doubtful, mist hung over the hills, and there
was a calm in the air. The wind, however, ultimately assumed
a north-westerly direction, and part of the mist was cleared
away, but the higher summits were covered all day. Captain
Terrot, Mr. Rattray, and Mr. Singer left for the South. There
remained, therefore, 16 of our party, of whom 13 went to
Meal Ghaordie, while three remained fishing in the Dochart, and
caught two dozen trout. The botanical party started about
7.30 a.m. and walked along the banks of the Lochay. At
Lochay Inn met Mr. George Mann, who had been successful in
getting Cystopteris montana on Chorrach Uachdar. Walked about
three miles up the Lochay to a farm, near which was seen some
common metamorphic limestone with mica slate alternating
with it. At the lower part of the hill picked :-—

Corydalis claviculata Malaxis paludosa
Drosera anglica Gymnadenia albida
Meum athamanticum

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 213

Ascended by the south-eastern side of the hill, gathering :—

Rubus Chamzmorus | Vaccinium uliginosum
Cornus suecica | Tofieldia palustris

Then ascended to the summit amidst thick mist, gathering
a number of alpine plants, especially mosses. and _ lichens.
Descended to the northern side of the hill, and afterwards
examined the rocks on the southern side.

Among the plants gathered were (on the northern side by
Mr. Nichol) :—

Salix Lapponum Salix arbutifolia
= Myrsinites kkhynchospora alba
_ Also gathered :—
Silene acaulis Poa Balfourii
Cherleria sedoides Allosorus crispus
Sibbaldia procumbens Polypodium alpestre (in fruit
Epilobium alpinum on southern rocks)
Gnaphalium supinum Cystopteris dentata
Salix venulosa Polystichum Lonchitis
» herbacea Lastrea dilatata
», reticulata fs var. collina
Juncus trifidus Sclachuued mnioides
» biglumis Sphzrophoron coralloides
» triglumis Stereocaulon paschale
Carex pulla (some specimens

very large on northern
side by Mr. Nichol)

Mr. Hector, by the aneroid, made height of hill 3124 feet, and
height of Pzeris about 1200 or 1300 feet above Killin.
Party returned to the inn about 6.30 p.m.

Thursday, 9th August 1855.

The morning was promising although there was still mist on
the hills. A party of ten started for Ben Lawers about 7.30 a.m.
The remainder went fishing and geologising. Mr. Hector
examined the limestone quarry up the Lochay. The party to
Ben Lawers walked by the road for about three miles, and then

214 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

turned up the hill. Ascended the back of the hill called
Ben y Lassigh. By the time the party reached the summit
there was still thick mist. Visited the cliffs on the west side of
Ben Lawers and found abundance of :—

Draba rupestris (which was Sedum villosum (which ex-
also found lower down) tended to near the summit)
Alsine rubella Erigeron alpinus

Gentiana nivalis

Ascended the south side of Ben Lawers and saw abundance of
Saxifraga cernua, some in flower, some in fruit, some barren.
Then reached the summit of the hill, which was gained about
2 p.m., where we had a splendid view of the country around.
The view was very extensive—Ben Lomond, Ben More,
Ben na Mac Dhu, Ben Nevis, Ben Cruachan, and Schiehallion
were seen,

Descended from the summit in the direction of Loch-na-gat.
Gathered :—

Cerastium alpinum and many Juncus castaneus
alpine plants Phleum commutatum
Alsine rubella Cystopteris montana

The sides of the hills were furrowed with the effects of the rain
of the 3rd August, apparently as if waterspouts had burst on the
hills. Vast masses of debris were carried down to the valleys
below, and deep furrows were made in the hill.

Returned to the inn about 7 p.m.

Friday, \oth August 1855.

Many of the party were disposed to go directly to Inverarnan —
to-day, and accordingly Mr. Barclay, Dr. Ogle, Messrs. Fraser,
Candlish, Stewart, Walker, and Dr. Soubki went by coach to
Inverarnan, carrying the baggage of the party. They left Killin
about 8 am. The remainder, viz. Dr. Balfour, Messrs. Hope,
Nichol, Pow, Bell, Miller, Hector, Metcalfe, and Dr. Gilchrist,
after settling the bill at Killin, proceeded on foot up Glen
Lochay as far as the slated farm-house, where they were
hospitably entertained with milk and cakes. The morning was

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 215

dull, and there was some drizzling rain on the high grounds, while
the tops of the hills were covered with heavy and thick mist.
On leaving the farm-house the party walked directly up the hill-
opposite the house, and finally reached the mountain called
Chorrach Uachdar. The cliffs of this hill were carefully
examined, and many alpine plants were seen, such as :—

Sibbaldia procumbens ~~ | Oxyria reniformis
Saxifraga oppositifolia | Salix herbacea
stellaris | », reticulata
Epilobium alsinifolium | Juncus biglumis
alpinum » triglumis

alp
Crinphiniail supinum

In a ravine on the hill there was abundance of Cystopteris
montana; the spot had been apparently recently visited. Probably
this was the spot where the plant was gathered by Mr.
George Mann. Ina spot of difficult access, Mr. Nichol gathered
a specimen with a stalk 7 inches long and blade 3% inches,
making a total for the frond of 10} inches. On Chorrach Uachdar
there is a large quantity of the Cystopteris in different spots,
some of them not likely to be reached except by good alpine
climbers. Near the summit of this high hill there was abundance
of Tussilago Farfara as well as Bellis perennts.

On leaving the cliffs, which are about 2400 feet above the
level of the sea, the party ascended to the top of the hill
(probably 1000 feet more) amidst thick mist; they required to
guide themselves in their descent by the compass, directing
their course S.W. On their way down Arctostaphylos Uva-ursit
was gathered, also Hzeracium boreale.

The party reached the Dochart, across which they waded. In
Loch Dochart Lobelia Dortmanna was picked.

They then proceeded to Crianlarich, where they had refreshments,
and then walked amidst drizzling rain and mist to Inverarnan,
which was reached (M‘Lellan’s Inn) about 8.30 p.m., after
walking for twelve hours, and covering 32 or 34 miles,
many of them over lofty hills. Two of the party (Fraser
and Candlish), who had gone by coach in the morning to
Inverarnan, and thence to Tarbet by steamer, and walked back,
gathered on the way Osmunda regalis and Lythrum Salicaria,

216 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

The party at Inverarnan to the number of 14 were most
comfortably accommodated at this inn.

The Lochay Inn (John Cameron’s), close to the bridge over the
Lochay, and about half a mile from Killin, is infinitely superior
to M‘Tavish’s at Killin, and ought to be encouraged.

Saturday, 11th August 1855.

The morning was misty and drizzly as on former days. The
mist reached to the very bottom of the mountains and com-
pletely obscured the view of the beautiful scenery on Loch
Lomond. After breakfast we left by the boat at 7.45 a.m. and
reached Balloch, whence we proceeded by train to Bowling, and
then to Glasgow, reached about 12.45, and Edinburgh reached at
2.45 p.m., thus ending the highland excursion for the season.

EXCURSIONS IN 1856.
Corstorphine, Almond Bridge, Cramond, Granton.
Saturday, 1oth May 1856.

About 120 pupils met at the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway
Station at 12 noon and proceeded by train at 12.15 to Corstorphine
Station (tickets 3d. each), thence walked over the hill to the
Almond Bridge, and by the banks of the river to Cramond and
along the shore to Granton.

Among the plants gathered were :—

Anemone nemorosa Geranium lucidum

Ranunculus Ficaria } i molle

Caltha palustris Prunus communis

Cochlearia officinalis » Avium

Capsella Bursa-pastoris Fragaria vesca

Viola hirta Potentilla Fragariastrum

» sylvatica Saxifraga granulata

Lychnis diurna Ribes Grossularia

-Stellaria media » alpinum
Holostea » rubrum

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 217

Galium Cruciata Orchis mascula
Tussilago Farfara Endymion nutans
Petasites vulgaris Luzula sylvatica
Myosotis arvensis Carex vulgaris
Linaria Cymbalaria Taxus baccata
Nepeta Glechoma Pinus sylvestris
Lamium purpureum Asplenium Trichomanes
‘ album m Ruta-muraria
Mercurialis perennis Cystopteris fragilis
Ulmus montana (in fruit) Lastrea Filix-mas
Betula alba Equisetum arvense
Salix (various)

Some of the party visited Colinton and gathered :—

Helleborus fcetidus Doronicum Paradalianches
Berberis vulgaris Arum maculatum

Gorebridge, Arniston, Dalhousie, Dalkeith.
Saturday, 17th May 1856.

Party of 110 met at the North British Railway Station at
11.20 and proceeded to Gorebridge, thence walked to Arniston,
Dalhousie, and Dalkeith Station, returning about 8 p.m. Return
tickets, 1s. The day was very showery.

Among the plants gathered were the following :—

Anemone nemorosa Prunus Avium
Ranunculus cng, + eee
ria Geum urbanum

Acnieue — (in leaf) » Tivale
Barbarea vulgaris Chrysosplenium oppositi-
Viola sylvatica f
Stellaria nemorosa ” alterni-
Moehringia trinervia folium
Oxalis Acetosella Ribes Grossularia
Sarothamnus scoparius » alpinum
Lathyrus macrorrhizus Myrrhis odorata
Prunus communias: Adoxa Moschatellina

,» domestica Galium Cruciata

218

BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Asperula odorata
Valeriana pyrenaica (not in
flower)

Petasites vulgaris
Doronicum plantagineum
(not in )
Primula vulgaris
veris
Fraxinus excelsior
Vinca minor
Pulmonaria officinalis
Myosotis sylvatica

Salix Russeliana
», Caprea
Neottia Nidus-avis
Orchis mascula
Galanthus nivalis (in fruit)
Allium ursinum

Alopecurus pratensis
Pinus sylvestris
Equisetum Telmateia

: arvense
Lathrea Squamaria (abun Hraoecn
dant)
: piifpodtans vulgare
Lamium purpureum :
am Phegopteris

3? +
Buxus sempervirens
Ulmus montana
Fagus sylvatica

Xyloma acerinum
Polyporus betulinus ?

Burntisland, Starly Burn, Aberdour.

Saturday, 2ath May 1856.

Party of about go proceeded by train at 9.45 a.m. to Granton,
thence to Burntisland. Return tickets, 9d. From Burntisland
the party walked by the shore to Starly Burn and Aberdour,
and returned by the boat leaving Burntisland at 5 p.m.

Among the interesting plants gathered were the following :—

Ranunculus auricomus
Cheiranthus Cheiri

Arabis hirsuta

Cochlearia danica (Island)
Sisymbrium Thalianum

Helianthemum vulgare
Viola sylvatica
» tricolor, var. arvensis
sy lutea

Acer Pseudo-platanus
Geranium sanguineum
hzeum

Medicago maculata
Anthyllis Vulneraria
Vicia hirsuta

» lathyroides
Spirea Filipendula
Pyrus Malus
Saxifraga granulata
Myrrhis odorata

PROFESSOR JOHN HuTTON BALFOUR. 219

#thusa Cynapium
Asperula taurina (near
Burntisland

Valerianella olitoria
Leontodon lzvigatus
Primula caulescens

yy elatior
Anchusa sempervirens
Myosotis collina
Solanum Dulcamara
Salvia Verbenaca
Lamium incisum
Asarum europzeum
Ruscus aculeatus

Scolopendrium vulgare

Botrychium Lunaria

Hypnum commutatum (en-
crusted with carbonate of
lime)

Fucus ceranoides (an
allowed form of Fucus
vesiculosus, fresh - water
shore at Aberdour where
it joins the sea at Starly
Burn) ;

Exidia Auricula-Judz (on

near Aberdour
Castle, Mr. Park, in large
quantity)

Penicuik, Auchendinny, Roslin.
Saturday, 31st May 1856,

Party of about 80 met at the North British Railway Station
at 8.40 a.m. and proceeded to Penicuik, then walked to Auchen-
dinny and Roslin by banks of the Esk. Tickets to Penicuik and
return from Roslin, Is. 3d. each.

Among the plants collected were the following :—

Montia fontana
Geranium sylvaticum

Anemone nemorosa
Ranunculus auricomus
Trollius europzeus molle
Aquilegia oor (Auchen- Gxalia Acetscla (pink)
dinn Prunus Pad
‘sediibed Napellus (Auchen- Pyrus p oaaaems
dinny, not in flower) » Malus

Cardamine amara Saxifraga granulata

” hirsuta Chrysosplenium alterni-
- Ivatica folium
Viola palustris Ribes Grossularia
Cerastium glomeratum » rubrum
Stellaria nemorum » nigrum

Sanicula europza
Myrrhis odorata

pei uliginosa
Moehringia trinervia

220 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Adoxa Moschatellina Polypodium Dryopteris
Myosotis versicolor Phegopteris
Veronica agrestis Eguteerci maximum
= arvensis ey arvense
montana sy umbrosum
Betula ga (Auchendinny
Salix fragi and Penicuik)
cinerea sylvaticum
Caprea si palustre
Neottia Nidus-avis ” limosum
Orchis mascula hyemale

Bartransia fontana
Agaricus fascicularis
Morchella esculenta

Luzula pilosa

Carex precox

Melica uniflora
Polystichum aculeatum

Mid-Calder, Meadowbank, Dalmahoy Hills,
Ravelrig, Currie.

Saturday, 7th June 1856.

Party of 80 met at the Caledonian Railway Station at 9.35 a.m.
and proceeded to Mid-Calder, then walked to Meadowbank,
Dalmahoy Hills, Ravelrig, Water of Leith, and Currie, returning
from the latter place at 5.36 p.m. Return third-class tickets, 8d.
Morning good, but afternoon very wet.

Among the plants collected were the following :—

Trollius europzeus
Meconopsis cambrica
Corydalis claviculata
Draba verna
Sisymbrium Thalianum
Viola palustris

» lutea
Geranium sylvaticum
columbinum

Prunus insititia

» domestica
Geum intermedium
Saxifraga 2 ee
Myrrhis o

Myosotis versicolor

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 221

Scrophularia vernalis
(Meadowbank)
Salix cinerea
9» aquatica
> Caprea
Corallorrhiza innata
Listera ovata

Narcissus poeticus
Allium ursinum
Tulipa sylvestris
Arum maculatum
Scirpus ceespitosus
Carex vulgaris

» glauca

» binervis
Pinus sylvestris

Polypodium Phegopteris
Botrychium Lunaria
Equisetum arvense

Tortula papillosa (at
Balerno)
Sticta crocata (and other

lichens, Dalmahoy)
Sticta scrobiculata

Parmelia pulverulenta

7 pallescens

Cockburnspath, Dunglass Dene, Pease Dene.

Saturday, 21st June 1856.

Party of between 80 and 90 met at the North British Railway
Station at 8 am. and proceeded to Cockburnspath, visited

Dunglass Dene, stones in the neighbourhood, and

ease Dene,

returning by train passing Cockburnspath at 6.3, and reaching
Edinburgh about 8 p.m. Return tickets, 2s.
Among the plants gathered were the following :—

Ranunculus hederaceus
Silene maritima
Stellaria uliginosa
Geranium pheum

; sylvaticum
Trifolium arvense

os striatum
Anthyllis Vulneraria
Astragalus hypoglottis

Vicia sepium

oo Satin

», lathyroides
Chzrophyllum temulum
(Enanthe crocata
Valerianella olitoria
Carduus acanthoides
Pyrola minor
Vinca major

BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Vinca minor

Anchusa sempervirens

Hyoscyamus niger

Veronica montana

Lamium Galeobdolon

Chenopodium _ Bonus-
Henricus

Neottia Nidus-avis

Carex pendula

Briza media

Polystichum aculeatum

angulare
Squid Telmateia
is arvense
. palustre
limosum

Weissia verticillata
Plocamium coccineum

Delesseria sanguinea
‘ limosa

" alat
Odonthalia dentata
Alaria esculenta
Ptilota plumosa
Halidrys siliquosa
Desmarestia aculeata
Laminaria saccharina

igitata
Polysiphonia fastigiata
Chylocladia articulata
Corallina officinalis
Rhodymenia palmata
Hypnea purpurascens
Enteromorpha intestinalis
Polyporus versicolor

North Queensferry, Inverkeithing, St. Davids.
Saturday, 28th June 1856.

Party of 50-60 met at Granton Pier at 6 am. and proceeded
by steamboat to North Queensferry, thence walked to Inver-
keithing and St. Davids, and returned to Queensferry by boat
between 3 and 4 p.m. Return tickets—Queensferry, od. ;
Granton Pier, 2d.; Ferry Pier, 6d.

Among the plants gathered were the following :—

Thalictrum flexuosum Thlaspi arvense

ss majus Reseda lutea
Ranunculus hederaceus Viola hirta
Papaver Rhoeas » canina

» dubium Saponaria officinalis
Argemone Lychnis vespertina

Fumaria micrantha Cerastium tetrandrum
Draba verna . semidecandrum
Brassica oleracea Sagina maritima
Diplotaxis tenuifolia » subulata

PROFESSOR JOHN

Lepigonum marinum
Linum usitatissimum
Geranium sanguineum

Melilotus officinalis
Trifolium arvense
i striatum

MsGh aias Glyciphyllos
Oxytropis Halleri
Vicia lutea

» Sativa
Spirza Filipendula
Rubus corylifolius
Potentilla verna
Comarum palustre
Rosa spinosissima
Sedum Telephium (not in

flower)

Sedum villosum

Sempervivum tectorum (not
in flower)

Callitriche platycarpa

Carum Carui

Anthriscus vulgaris

(Enanthe crocata

Haloscias scoticum

Pastinaca sativa (St. Davids)

Daucus Carota

Arran.

HUTTON BALFOUR.

Sambucus Ebulus (not
flower

Filago germanica
Antennaria dioica
Anthemis Cotula
Carduus tenuiflorus

” i
Campanula rotundifolia
Erica cinerea
Armeria maritima
Anagallis arvensis
Lithospermum arvense
Echium vulgare
Veronica agrestis
Lamium intermedium

;; maculatum
Scleranthus annuus

useda maritima

Orchis mascula

5» Maculata
Scirpus pauciflorus
Carex (numerous species)

223

Arundo epigejos (St. Davids)

Trisetum flavescens

Koeleria cristata

Sclerochloa maritima
distans

F cated arundinacea

Nardus stricta

Wednesday, 2nd July 1856.

Party consisting of J. H. Balfour, George J. Allman, Alex.

Abercrombie, Arthur Amys, J. W. A
Bain, John B. Balfour, Thomas Barclay, John M

nderson, Roderick Hope
. Bell, Joseph

Bell, M. Montgomerie Bell, William M. Black, James M. Brodie,
E. B. Broxter, James Burn, George Calvert, James S, Candlish

224 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

T.S. Christie, R. H. Clay, John de la Condamine, Robert C. Cowan,
Ric. John Will Dixon, James Dodd, George Dods, T. T.
Douglass, Andrew Duncan, John Duncan, San Effendi, F. W. A.
Fabeck, William Forbes, Thomas Fuller, Archibald W. Hamilton,
Robert B. Hay, James Hector, George Hill, M. Horn, ee
Howden, W. Jernanor, Henry Leach, W. Ward Lendam, William
Lorimer, Alexander J. Macfarlan, William M(‘Neillie, Robert
Maxwell, F. A. Morton, John R. Murray, William Nichol,
Arthur Pearse, Andrew Pow, John Sandison, John Small,
William D. Singer, Alex. D. Soutter, Wm. Hy. Stephenson,
William Turnbull, Thomas James Walker, and George
Williamson, met at the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway Station
at 8.20 p.m., and proceeded by the 8.30 train to Glasgow.
Return tickets, available till 5th, 3s. 6d.

Reached Glasgow at 10.30 p.m., and proceeded to the Queen’s
Hotel, George Square (Mr. Macgregor), where accommodation
was ready for us all.

Thursday, 3rd July 1856.

Party was roused at 6 am., and, after settling the bill,
proceeded at 7 a.m. to the Broomielaw to the Arran steamboat
“Jupiter.” Baggage was conveyed in a cart for a charge of 3s.
Breakfasted on board the “Jupiter.” Reached Springbank
about 1 pm. Here the botanical party landed with all the
baggage, while Professor Allman with a party of about 12
proceeded by the steamboat to Holy Island. There Dr. Greville
and Dr. Miles had boats ready for the party (dredging), who
were very successful.

The botanical party, after making arrangements at the inn for
beds and tea-dinner, walked by the shore to Corriegills and
Clachland Point. Crossing the trap without going round the
point, they walked by the shore to Lamlash, meeting Dr. Greville,
and afterwards went by the road to Springbank.

The chief plants gathered were :—

Hypericum Androsemum Samolus Valerandi
Saxifraga Geum (wood near Pinguicula lusitanica

Springbank) Juncus maritimus (not in
Cotyledon Umbilicus flower

Anagallis tenella Blysmus rufus

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 225

Hymenophyllum Wilsoni
splenium marinum
Lastrea Oreopteris

Scheenus nigricans
Carex lzvigata
2 Se
oo? |
Triticum laxum (near Lam- |
lash) |
Also on shore between Springbank and Brodick :—
Brassica monensis Mertensia maritima
Eryngium maritimum Fucus vesiculosus, vars.

Returned for tea-dinner about 7 p.m. After putting plants in
paper retired to rest, some to beds, others to mattresses on the
floor of the court house, others to a bed of straw. One of the
party slept in a sycomore-tree for three hours, and another lay
on the grass plot.

friday, 4th July 1856.

All were roused at 6 a.m., and, after breakfasting in the open
air, started about 7.30 for their destinations. About 12 went
to dredge with Professor Allman, the rest went to Goatfell.
The day was good at first and promised well, but ere we
reached the summit of the mountain (which is 2875 feet high)
mist and rain came on. We found it impossible to go along the
ridge to Glen Sannox, and we therefore descended to the shore
at Brodick, and walked towards Corrie.

The plants gathered were :-—

Sedum anglicum Lycopus europzus (not in
CEnanthe Lachenalii (not in flower
flower)

Scutellaria galericulata

Jasione montana ' Gymnadenia conopsea
Anagallis tenella Habenaria chlorantha
Erythrza littoralis (not in Juncus maritimus (not in
flower flower)
Linaria Cymbalaria Potamogeton plantagineus
Pinguicula lusitanica Scheenus nigricans
In woods on the Red Sandstone Cliffs :—
Lythrum Salicaria (not in Lastrea dilatata
flower) », Foenisecii
Hymenophyllum Osmunda regalis

tunbridgense

226 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

On Goatfell -—

Alchemilla alpina Carex pilulifera
Saxifraga stellaris », Ppallescens

Peplis Portula Juniperus nana
Vaccinium Vitis-Idza Lycopodium Selago
Salix herbacea Batrachospermum vagum
Carex pauciflora

Returned to Springbank about 3.30 p.m. Dredging party did
not return till 7.30 p.m.

Mr. Nichol walked by Corrie to Loch Ranza, and did not
return to Springbank till next day, when he brought back with
him Pyrus fennica, Drosera anglica, Lobelia Dortmanna.

Saturday, 5th July 1856.

The morning was beautiful, and all breakfasted about 7 a.m.
in the open air at Springbank. After breakfast the party
divided into different sections, some going to dredge in Lamlash
Bay, others boating and fishing, others going to Holy Island.
The party for Holy Island proceeded to Lamlash and got a
large boat to take them across and wait for them. They
inspected Dr. Miles’ Vivarium which is admirably kept, and
contains many beautiful specimens of marine animals. Dr. Miles
and Dr. Greville left in the morning for Glasgow.

The party next examined the vegetation of the island and
gathered :—

Sedum anglicum Zostera marina
Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi Asplenium marinum
ycopus europzeus Osmunda regalis

Scutellaria galericulata ;
Visited also St. Molio’s Cave ; some ascended to the top of the
island. The day became overcast and some rain descended.
It was not, however, till late in the afternoon that the mist, rain,
and wind became great.

On returning to Lamlash gathered fine specimens of Hypericum
Androsemum and Cotyledon Umbilicus. Joined the boat at. 1.45
p-m., Our baggage having been put on board at Springbank.

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 227

Dined on board the boat. Took up some of the party at Corrie
in passing. The captain of the “Jupiter” made great efforts to
_ take the party back to Glasgow in time for the 8 o’clock train to
Edinburgh. He was much hindered by the parties coming on
board at all the ports, owing to the day being set apart for
Greenock Fair. In spite of this, we reached the Broomielaw at
7.45 p.m., and were in time for the train, reaching Edinburgh at
10 p.m.

Dysart, Wemyss, MacDuff’s Castle, Leven Bridge,
Thornton.

2 Saturday, 12th July 1856.

Party of 70-80 met at the Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee
Railway Station at 9.45 a.m. and proceeded to Dysart, thence
walked to Wemyss, MacDuff’s Castle, and Thornton Junction,
where they joined the train at 8.10 p.m., and returned to
Edinburgh about 10. Return tickets, 2s.

Professor Allman with a geological party accompanied the
botanists. At Dysart Station Mr. Barclay, Mr. Kerr, mining
engineer, and the Messrs. Knight, sons of the Free Church
minister of East Wemyss, met the party. Mr. Bywater also
met them at his College, and exhibited his coal fossils and some
diamonds. At Dysart the geological and botanical parties
separated, the geological party guided by Mr. Kerr, the
botanical by Messrs. Knight. The botanists walked near the
shore to Wemyss, saw fossils on shore in shale.

Visited Chapel Gardens under guidance of Mr. Bywater, the
gardener. Went to Wemyss Castle—examined cliffs and
garden, went by shore to East Wemyss, called at Mr. Knight’s
and saw a beautiful collection of seaweeds and zoophytes, then
walked to caves and gathered A splenium marinum.

Visited the cave below MacDuff’s Castle, and lunched at the
Castle about 3.30 or 4 p.m. Violent thunderstorm passed
towards south-east, we only got a few drops of rain. Mr.
Barclay kindly provided lunch for the whole party. Walked
towards Leven Bridge, and then by banks of Leven and Ore to
Thornton Junction.

228 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Among the plants collected were the following :—

Thalictrum minus | Senecio viscosus

Ranunculus aquatilis
Brassica oleracea (Wemyss
rocks

Lepidium latifolium
(Wemyss Castle rocks)
Cerastium Ree
Hypericum humifus
Leven Hulwar faaks)
Linum usitatissimum
Geranium sylvaticum
7 pratense
Acer campestre (hedges,
MacDuff’s Castle)
Pyrus Aria
Circa lutetiana (Chapel
woods)

Conium maculatum
Smyrnium Olusatrum
(Wemyss es
Sambucus nigra, va
laciniata iorae ‘Chapet
Valeriana pyrenai
(woods at Wathijie
Castle)
Dipsacus sylvestris (near
Wemyss)

Knautia arvensis
Matricaria Parthenium

Cynoglossum officinale
Anchusa die ie
Hyoscyamus nig
(Wemyss Castle
veneer. Thap
(MacDuff’s Castle)
Galeopsis versicolor
Atriplex Babingtonii
Polygonum Raii (near
West Wemyss)
Rumex viridis
Euphorbia exigua
Listera ovata
Lilium Martagon (from
garden

Scirpus setaceus (near
Thornton)
» sylvaticus (near
Thornton)
Carex levigata (near
Thornton)
Festuca arundinacea
Triticum —
Asplenium marinum
(caves at Won
Polyporus

Moffat.
friday, 18th July 1856.

Party consisting of J. H. Balfour, A. Amys, J. Ballantyne,
_ John Montgomerie Bell, Joseph Bell, M. Montgomerie Bell,
James B. Carruthers, William Carruthers, John de la Condamine,
Alexander Dickson, A. B. Duffin, Allan Duke, P. Neill Fraser,
H. R. Handyside, Charles Wm. Hope, John A. Hudleston,

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 229

J. St. Johnston, William Johnston, Henry Leach, Alexander J.
Macfarlan, David Philip Maclagan, Robert Craig Maclagan,
W. M‘Neillie, Alex. C. Maingay, A. Murray, Robert Nicholson,
John Orphoot, Ric. John Wil. Orton, James Sadler, John Sadler,
William R. Sanders, Thomas James Walker, George Williamson,
met at the Caledonian Railway Station at 5 p.m., and pro-
ceeded to Beattock, which was reached about 8.30 p.m. Return
ticket, 4s. Three of the party, Messrs. Leach, Walker, and
Orton, missed the train, and came by one at 8.15 p.m.

At Beattock met the Rev. Mr. Little, who had kindly made
preparation for our accommodation at Moffat. Walked to
Moffat and took up our quarters at the Annandale Arms Inn,
Mrs. Cranstoun’s, where all were comfortably accommodated.
Beds were provided for the most of the party in the town.
Mr. Hope, Mr. Fraser,and Mr. Maingay had been in the
district two days before us and brought a number of good.
plants, among others Vicia Orobus and Allosorus crispus.

Saturday, 19th July 1856.

' Breakfasted about 6.30 am. After settling bill proceeded by
one omnibus with four horses and two carriages with two horses
each to the Grey Mare’s Tail. There we dismissed our convey-
~ ances, and walked the rest of the day.

Visited the waterfall and the rocks near it, gathering :-—

Thalictrum minus Festuca ovina vivipara
Epilobium alpinum Hymenophyllum Wilsoni
Oxyria reniformis Allosorus crispus

Thence, under the guidance of a shepherd provided by Mr.
Little from Mr. Robert Johnstone, of Polmoodie, walked to
Dobb’s Linn, picking Savrifraga stellaris and Sedum villosum
on the way. On the rocks near the Linn Saztf/raga hypnotdes
and Botrychium Lunaria. Thence walked to Loch Skene,
gathering on the way Rubus Chamemorus and Melampyrum
montanum, and in the Loch Lzttorella lacustris. Saw no TIsoétes.
Some of the party visited the rocks round Loch Skene searching
for Woodsia tlvensis, but did not find it. Mr. Sadler and his
brother had started at about 3 a.m. with the view of getting this

230 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

fern, and Messrs. Hope, Maingay, and Fraser examined the
Loch Skene rocks very carefully. They had previously searched
for the fern unsuccessfully in the Beef Tub. Most of the party
examined the rocks on White Coombe, which is said to be the
highest hill in the south of Scotland.

On the rocks were found :—

Thalictrum alpinum Salix Lapponum
Saxifraga stellaris » Myrsinites
Sedum Rhodiola : », herbacea
Epilobium angustifolium Carex rigida

alpinum » pilulifera
Seunkcris alpina Allosorus crispus
Oxyria reniformis

Ascended to the summit of the hill and had a splendid view
all round, particularly in the direction of the Cumberland hills
and the Solway.

After this our guide left us, and we proceeded under the
direction of Messrs. Carruthers (natives of Moffat) along the top
of the hill towards Hartfell, lunching on the side of a stream
between White Coombe and Hartfell. The road was. very
fatiguing. Reached summit of Hartfell, and had again a
splendid view. From this we descended by the Well Burn to
the Mineral Well, and thence to Moffat, which was reached
about 5 p.m. Some descended by a glen to the road, and
Mr. Macfarlan got Woodsia ilvensis. After a cold collation we
proceeded to Beattock and met the express train at 6.43, by
which we returned to Edinburgh about 8.30 p.m.

The following are some of the more interesting plants
gathered by the party :—

Ranunculus acris Saxifraga oppositifolia
Trollius europeus (Dobb’s Linn)
Cardamine pratensis bs stellaris
Cochlearia officinalis eas Linn)
Geranium sylvaticum ” hypnoide

(Dobb's Linn)
Sedum Rhodiola
Rubus saxatilis », Villosum (Dobb’s
» Chamemorus Linn)

Vicia sylvatica (Grey
Mare’s Tail)

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 231

Callitriche platycarpa

- pedunculata
Epilobium angustifolium

alpinum
Circeea alpina
Viburnum Opulus
Galium pusillum (Grey
are’s Tail)

Valeriana officinalis
Solidago Virgaurea
Antennaria dioica
Saussurea alpina
Vaccinium Vitis-Idea
Pyrola minor

» secunda
Melampyrum montanum
Oxyria reniformis
Rumex aquaticus

Narthecium ossifragum

» Tigida
» Ppilulifera
» binervis

Hymenophyllum Wilsoni
Allosorus crispus
Athyrium Filix-foemina
Woodsia ilvensis
Cystopteris fragilis
Polystichum aculeatum
Lastrea Oreopteris

» Filix-mas

», dilatata
Marchantia androgyna
Neckera crispa

Salix Lapponum Cladonia rangiferina

», Myrsinites , Sticta sylvatica
», herbacea | », scrobiculata
Empetrum nigrum », pulmonaria

Haddington, Lennoxlove, Coalston, Eaglescarnie,
anskine Loch, Yester.

Saturday, 26th July 1856.

Party of 35 met at the North British Railway Station and
proceeded to Haddington. Return tickets, 1s. 6d. each. At
the Haddington Station met Mr. Shearer, who kindly accom-
panied us through the woods of Lennoxlove (where we visited
the Tower by permission of Mr. Stuart), Coalston, and Eagles-
carnie woods, visited Gothic Hall and cave, and walked to
Yester, thence we walked to Danskine Loch and returned to
Yester House about 3, where lunch was prepared for us by the
Marquis of Tweeddale. Lord Arthur Hay and Lord Frederick
Hay also joined the party. After luncheon walked by Gifford
to Haddington, where the party joined the train at 6.50 p.m.,
and reached Edinburgh about 8 p.m.

BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Among the plants collected may be noted the following :-—

Ranunculus sceleratus
Stellaria nemorum
Hypericum quadrangulum
hirsutum
Tilia grandifolia
»» parvifolia (Lennoxlove)
», europea
Geranium sylvaticum
ef pratense
Ononis arvensis
Trifolium medium
Rubus corylifolius
Comarum palustre
Agrimonia Eupatoria
Rosa rubiginosa
Saxifraga umbrosa (Lennox-
love)

Ribes Grossularia

Sempervivum tectorum
Epilobium angustifolium

‘3 hirsutum
a parviflorum
palustre

Corea alpina
Viburnum Opulus
Doronicum Pardalianches
(Lennoxlove

Arctium minus
Hieracium vulgatum
Tragopogon minor
Campanula latifolia
Calluna vulgaris
Erica Tetralix

» cinerea
Pyrola minor
Lysimachia nemorum
Anagallis arvensis

Ligustrum vulgare
Erythrza Centaurium
Myosotis sylvatica (Yester)
Lithospermum arvense
Veronica polita
AS scutellata
(Danskine)
Atriplex hastata
Polygonum Convolvulus
= aviculare
we Persicaria
Rumex sanguineus
<5 viridis
se a Laureola foaensk
1

Euphorbia exigua
Quercus Robur
sessiliflora
(Lennoxlove)
Listera ovata
Juncus glaucus
»,» | supinus (Danskine)
Potamogeton natans
(Danskine)
compressus
caitee setaceus
Carex muricata (Lennox-
love)

ovalis
sylvatica (Yester)
hirta

“
~

~
~

riparia (Danskine)
ampullacea

Phalaris arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Brachypodium sylvaticum
Triticum caninum
Cystopteris fragilis (Yester)

~
“

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 233

EXCURSIONS IN 1857.

Craigleith, Corstorphine, Barnton, Banks of the Almond,
Cramond, Granton.

Saturday, 23rd May 1857.

Party of upwards of 100 met at Dean Bridge at 10 am. and
walked by Craigleith Quarry to Corstorphine Hill, crossed over
the hill to the Queensferry road, and then proceeded by Barnton
to the banks of the Almond and Cramond; Returned by shore
of Firth of Forth to Granton, and reached Edinburgh about
5.30 p.m. Rain in the afternoon.

Usual spring plants gathered :—

Anemone nemorosa | Saxifraga granulata

Ranunculus Ficaria Ribes Grossularia -
Epimedium alpinum » alpinum
Draba verna » nigrum
Viola lutea Valeriana pyrenaica
Geranium lucidu Doronicum Pardalianches
(Caroline Park) (Corstorphine)
Acer platanoides (near Vinca minor
Almond) Lamium maculatum
Prunus Avium Ruscus aculeatus
” Cerasus Allium ursinum
ie Padus |

Penicuik, Valleyfield, Auchendinny, Roslin.
Saturday, 30th May 1857.

Party of 74 met at the North British Railway Station at
g a.m. and proceeded to Penicuik. Return tickets, 1s. 3d,
Walked to Valleyfield, saw*the Paper Works, then walked by
the banks of the North Esk to Auchendinny and Roslin. Visited
Roslin Chapel. Returned by train passing Roslin Station at
5.29 p.m.

234 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Among the plants gathered were the following :—

Ranunculus auricomus Carex vulgaris

in
Cheiranthus Cheiri
Arabis hirsuta
Cardamine amara
Viola palustris
Stellaria nemorum

Trollius europzeus (scarcely » glauca
flower)

» _praecox

Melica uniflora

Asplenium Ruta-muraria
Roslin)

Scolopendrium vulgare
Roslin)

uliginosa Polypodium Dryopteris
Oxalis Acetosella (pink) Phegopteris
Prunus Avium Egetdut Telmateia
adus ” arvense

Rubus saxatilis ” umbrosum
Chrysosplenium alterni- ” sylvaticum

folium » palustre
Adoxa Moschatellina “s limosum
Valeriana pyrenaica hyemale
Vaccinium Myrtillus Polytifehiiim commune
Vinca minor Bryum hornum
Veronica montana Hypnum undulatum

Lamium incisum Bartramia fontana

Salix alba Jungermannia albida
» cinerea pe bidentata
» Caprea pS epiphylla

Burntisland, Pettycur, Kinghorn.
Saturday, 6th June 1857.

Party of about 100 met at Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee
Railway Station at 10 a.m. and proceeded to Burntisland.
Return tickets, 9d.

Walked by shore and rocks near it to Pettycur and Kinghorn,
and — by Kinghorn Loch to Burntisland in time for boat
at 5.10 p.

ee ike chief plants gathered were the following :—
Cheiranthus Cheiri
Arabis hirsuta

Ranunculus aquatilis
Trollius europzeus (Glas-
mount woods)

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR.

Alyssum calycinum (rail-
way banks)

Cochlearia officinalis

Viola sylvatica

», Canina
Silene inflata
» Maritima

Lychnis vespertina
Cerastium tetrandrum

”
(Links near
Pett and

ttycu
railway fee ks)

Linum catharticum
Geranium sanguineum
Erodium cicutarium
Trifolium repens
procumbens
minus
filiforme
Anthyllis Vulneraria
Astragalus hypoglottis
Glyciphyllos
railwa

22
”?
”?
Vicia hirsuta
arum Carui (near King-
orn)

Myrrhis odorata
Scandix Pecten-Veneris

Valerianella olitoria
Anthemis arvensis
Senecio viscosus
Centaurea Cyanus
Hieracium vulgatum
Leontodon palustris
Tragopogon minor
Primula veris
Cynoglossum officinale

Thymus Serpyllum
Salvia Verbenaca
Lamium amplexicaule
ie incisum
Plantago maritima
Parietaria erecta
Orchis mascula
Ruscus aculeatus
Carex arenaria
glauca
» ampullacea
Phleum arenarium
Aira przecox
Avena pratensis
Koeleria cristata
Sclerochloa maritima
a loliacea
genes vulgatu
ssatnid)
patejehia Lunaria
Algze (many)

red

Lanark, Cora Linn, per eee Stonebyres,
Cartland

Saturday, 13th a 1857.
Party of 100 met at Caledonian Railway Station at 6.45 a.m.,

and proceeded to Cleghorn Junction. Return tickets, 2s. 6d.

235

236 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Walked from the station to Lanark, thence to the Falls of

Clyde,

leaving Cleghorn at 4.37 p

Cora Linn, and Bonnington,
Cartland Crags, and back to Cleghorn.

thence to Stonebyres,
Returned by train

Among the plants salt SEE were the following :—

Trollius europzeus

Aquilegia vulgaris

Arabis hirsuta

Draba muralis (rocks at
ora Linn)

Stellaria uliginosa

Geranium sylvaticum
lucidum

Anthyilis Vulneraria

Vicia Orobus

Rubus saxatilis

Solidago Virgaurea
Antennaria dioica
Doronicum Pardalianches
Hieracium murorum
Apargia hispida
Pyrola minor
Polemonium czruleum
Melampyrum pratense
Polygonum Bistorta
Neottia Nidus-avis
Orchis Jatifolia
Eriophorum latifolium

Carex disticha

Asplenium viride
Cystopteris fragilis
Polystichum lobatum
aculeatum
Polypodinn Dryopteris
Phegopteris
Soutnten umbrosum
Lycopodium selaginoides

Newton, Dryburgh Abbey, Eildon Hills, Melrose, Minto
Crags, Hassendean, Galt.

Saturday, 20th June 1857.

Party of 75 met at the North British Railway Station and
proceeded to Newton, then walked to Dryburgh Abbey, banks
of Tweed to Eildon Hills and Melrose. Return tickets, 2s. 6d.

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 237

Some of the party went to Minto Crags by Hassendean, and
gathered :—
Lychnis Viscaria Asplenium septentrionale
Asplenium germanicum

and some good lichens, as :—
Nephroma resupinata Sticta fuliginosa
Parmelia glomulifera » limbata
aquila ., Scrobiculata
Calicium chrysocephalum

Mr. Arnot examined Galtmede Moss and Cauldfield Loch,

and got :—
Sedum villosum Euphorbia Esula
Valeriana dioica Carex limosa

Among the plants gathered by the party may be noticed :—

Thalictrum flexuosum Lonicera Caprifolium (Dry-
(Tweedbank) burgh
Eranthis hyemalis (in Galium boreale
fruit, Dryburgh) » pusillum
Aquilegia vulgaris (Dry- Valeriana dioica
burgh Solidago Virgaurea
Aconitum Napellus (Dry- AE RE

: euren ‘ Anthemis arvensis
Sisymbrium Thalianum SSEe: :

Wee Matricaria Parthenium
Sinapis alba D ‘ Sod [ionches
Viola odorata (Dryburgh) "Se me —

» lutea (Eildon) raxinus excelsior

Menyanthes trifoliata
Geranium sanguineum

3 sylvaticum (Tweedbank) a:
‘ pratense
‘ lucidum
Euonymus europzeus ~ ‘
(Tweedbank) a ——
Polygonum Bistorta
Rumex sanguineus

Padus ” viridis
Rubus saxatilis Salix Eine i
Geum intermedium 99 aquatica
Caprea

Saxifraga Geum (Dryburgh) ”
F

238 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Neottia Nidus-avis Carex disticha

Listera cordata 5 ntta

Orchis latifolia Nardus stricta
» Maculata

Polystichum aculeatum
Polygonatum multiflorum Lycopodium clavatum
Convallaria majalis
Mr. Gorrie states that he found Poterium Sanguisorba in the
low part of the Eildon, in the spot where the great fair is usually
held

East Linton, Binny Wood, Tynningham, Belhaven, Dunbar.
Saturday, 27th June 1857.

Party of 35 met at North British Railway Station at 8 a.m.
and proceeded to East Linton, thence walked to Binny Wood,
Tynningham, Belhaven, and Dunbar, returning from Dunbar
at 6.26 p.m. Return tickets, 2s

Among the plants collected were the following :—

Thalictrum minus
Papaver Rheoeas
» . dubium
Argemone
Cochieatia danica
Cakile maritima
Lepigonum marinum
Malva sylvestris
. rotundifolia
Rhamnus Frangula
Agrimonia Eupatoria
Poterium Sanguisorba
(near Belhaven)
Conium maculatum
Scandix Pecten-Veneris
» Anthriscus
Knautia arvensis
Aster Tripolium

Artemisia maritima, var.
gallica

Pyrola minor
Cynoglossum officinale
Solanum Dulcamara

Hyoscyamus niger
(Dunbar Castle)

Salicornia herbacea

Sueda maritima

Hippophaé rhamnoides
Parietaria erecta
Juncus Gerardi
Triglochin palustre
= maritimum
Carex arenaria
; distans
» extensa
Phalaris arundinacea
Phleum arenarium
Sclerochloa maritima
i loliacea
(Dunbar Castle)
Triticum juaceum
Lastrea Oreopteris
Verrucaria maura (rocks
near Dunbar)

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOuR. 239

Forteviot, Invermay Woods, Pitkeathly, Mca Hill,
Kinnoul Hill, Perth.

Saturday, 4th July 1857.

Party of about 40 met at the Scottish Central Railway Station
at 6.30 am. and proceeded to Forteviot, and returned from

Perth at 6.27 p.m.,

reaching Edinburgh at 9 p.m. Return

tickets, 3s. 11d. They were met by Dr. Lauder Lindsay,

Dr. Stirling, Dr. Lyell.

They first visited Invermay Woods, and

then went to Pitkeathly, visited Moncrieff Hill, crossed the
water to Kinnoul Hill, and returned to Perth.
Among the more important plants gathered were the follow-

ing :—
Thalictrum minus
Nasturtium sylvestre
Hesperis matronalis
Lepidium campestre
Smithii
Matra moschata
Genista anglica
Ornithopus perpusillus
Rubus nitidus
- Potentilla argentea
Sedum Telephium
(Enanthe crocata
Dipsacus sylvestris
Solidago Virgaurea
Doronicum Pardalianches

Lactuca virosa (Kinnoul)
Vinca minor

Cynoglossum sylvaticum

Echium vulgare

Solanum Dulcamara

Sc ag Fae
(spa

wige De ofa
(abundant)

Listera are avis

rs ovata

Epipactis latifolia (sparingly)
Habenaria viridis

chlorantha
Patis dunisldlia (sparingly)
Carex hirta
Aira cespitosa

vivipara

Bareooria pomiformis
Cladonia rangiferina

Perth, Methven.
Saturday, t1th July 1857;

No excursion to-day owing to illness, but Mr. Sadler with
others went to Perth, visited Muirward Wood, in Highfield

240 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Farm, near New Scone, and gathered Moneses grandiflora and
Trientalis europea, then proceeded 6 or 7 miles further to
Methven Woods and Marsh. In the Almond Bank Marsh, at
fourth milestone from Perth on way to Crieff, gathered :—

Cicuta virosa Scheuchzeria palustris

Vaccinium Oxycoccus Lastrea spinulosa
Utricularia minor

Kelso, Cornhill, Coldstream, Tweedmill, Twisel Castle,
Norham, Berwick.

Friday, 17th July 1857.

The following party met at the North British Railway Station
at 4.35 p.m. and proceeded to Kelso:—J. H. Balfour, Thomas
Ainslie, J. Andrew, Robert Brown, Robert C. Cowan, Alex.
Graham, Alex. Hutchison, Andrew Inglis, John Inglis, John C.
Jones, John Linton, Alex. J. Macfarlan, John Menzies, William
Mitchell, William Russell, Thomas G. Scott, P. A. Simpson,
William D. Thomson, William Traill, George Williamson.
Return tickets to Kelso on Friday and from Berwick on
Saturday, 3s. 6d.

On reaching Kelso the party proceeded by train to Ce cnbilt
(paying 1s. each), and thence walked to Coldstream, where they
met the Rev. Mr. Goldie. The party were accommodated partly
at the Manse, partly in three different inns, Hardie’s, Horne’s,
and the Black Bull.

Saturday, 18th July 1857.

After breakfasting at 6 a.m. proceeded along banks of Tweed
to Tweedmill, then crossed to the Till, ascended that river to
Twisel Castle and the old bridge over which the Earl of Surrey
crossed with the English army to Flodden. Proceeded on
English side of Tweed to point opposite Milnegraden, and then
to Norham, which was reached between 1 and 2 pm. Had
lunch partly at the inn and partly at Mr. Ainslie’s. Visited the
old Castle of Norham, and then went by train to Berwick,
reaching it about 3.20 p.m. Fares, 1s. 2d. each. Among the

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 241

Cheiranthus Cheiri (Twisel)
Nasturtium sylvestre
(Tweed bank)
Sisymbrium Irio (Pier
ate, Berwick)
Diplotaxis tenuifolia
(Berwick wall, North-
east Bde near Pier)
Lepidium latifolium (near
Norham)

Viola odorata (Norham)

Saponaria officinalis (Twisel)

Lychnis Githago

Sagina maritima (Berwick
walls

Hypericum perforatum
35 irsutum
Malva moschata (Tweed,
Coldstream)
Geranium pratense
Melilotus officinalis
Trifolium arvense
Prunus Avium
Rubus nemorosus ?
Potentilla reptans
Agrimonia Eupatoria

Myriophyllum spicatum
Lythrum Salicaria
Epilobium angustifolium

A irsutum

& montanum

a palustre

Conium maculatum
(Enanthe crocata
#thusa Cynapium
Torilis-Anthriscus
Sambucus Ebulus (Twisel)
Dipsacus sylvestris
(Coldstream)
Scabiosa maoredr
Matricaria Parthenium
Tanacetum vulgare

plants gathered were the following :—

Carduus acanthoides
* lanceolatus
», palustris
= arvensis
Hieracium vulgatum
Lactuca virosa (8-10 feet high)

Anagallis arvensis
Ligustrum vulgare
Anchusa sempervirens
Lithospermum arvense
Echium vulgare
Convolvulus arvensis
Hyoscyamus niger (near
Railway Station, Ber-
ick)

Verbascum Thapsus

Lamium se aaa
albun

Ballota eae

Polygonum amphibium

Humulus Lupulus

Parietaria diffusa

Salix aquatica

» Helix
Anacharis Alsinastrum
(Whiteadder)
Sparganium ramosum
Potamogeton natans
‘ heterophyllus
‘3 lucens
perfoliatus
pectinatus
Carex vadjiinil (near Cold-
eam, far from sea)
Holcus mollis
Asplenium marinum (rocks
near Milnegraden, 8 or
9 miles from sea

242 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Stirling, Inverarnan, Loch Lomond, Ben Voirlich,
Tarbet.

Thursday, 23rd July 1857.

Party of 18, composed of J. H. Balfour, M‘Taggart Cowan,
Robert C. Cowan, F. Deas, P. Neill Fraser, Alex. Graham,
Edwin Grogan, John Inglis, John C. Jones, John Linton, Alex.
J. Macfarlan, William Mitchell, David Robertson, William
Russell, Thomas G. Scott, Offley B. Shore, P. A. Simpson,
William D. Thomson, met at the Scottish Central Railway
Station at 8 a.m. and proceeded to Stirling. After waiting
about an hour and a half there, visiting the Castle, and
gathering :—

Sedum album Verbascum Lychnitis
Lactuca virosa Linaria repens

and other plants, the party proceeded by train to Balloch, and
then by steamboat to Inverarnan, which was reached about
3-15 p.m. Return tickets to Stirling, available to 25th, 3s.
Do., from Stirling to head of Loch Lomond, 5s. Total 8s.

Rain came on after leaving Stirling, and the sail up the loch
was very wet. Mr. Shore left the party at Tarbet and went to
Lord Benholme’s. On reaching Inverarnan the party proceeded
to M‘Lellan’s Inn, where beds had been provided.

In spite of the rain the party took short walks in the vicinity,
and gathered :—WMalaxis paludosa, Lycopodium inundatum, and
other plants more common. After a tea-dinner the plants were
examined and put into paper.

Friday, 24th July 1857.

Party breakfasted at 6.30 am. The day was wet and misty.
Notwithstanding, the greater part walked to Ben Voirlich and
examined the flora of the hill. Sleet and rain continued more
or less until about 5 in the evening, when the sun broke out, and
an exquisite view of the surrounding country was displayed.

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR.

Among the plants gathered were :—

Thalictrum alpinum
Cochlearia, varieties
Silene acaulis
Rubus saxatilis
Sibbaldia procumbens:
Alchemilla alpina
Saxifraga oppositifolia

- stellaris

» aizoides

noides

Gedincs Rhodiola
Epilobium alpinum
Galium boreale
Antennaria dioica
Gnaphalium supinum
Saussurea alpina
Armeria maritima
Plantago maritima
Polygonum viviparum

On the lower grounds sets

Corydalis claviculata
Hypericum humifusum
Drosera rotundifolia
Lythrum Salicaria
Lysimachia vulgaris

Salix herbacea
Juncus trifidus
» triglumis

Luzula spicata
Carex rigida

5, ° pulla
Aira czespitosa vivipara
Poa Balfourii
Juniperus nana
Hymenophylium Wilsoni
Cystopteris fragilis

ntata

= ’
Polystichum Lonchitis
5

Lycopodium Selago
a annotinum
re clavatum
alpinum
Tostes lacustris

Stachys ambigua
Quercus Robur

i sessiliflora
Narthecium ossifragum
Carex vesicaria

Saturday, 25th July 1857.

243

Breakfasted at 6.30 a.m., and then the majority of the party
walked by shores of Loch Lomond to Tarbet and Loch Long,
meeting the boat at Tarbet about 4.10 and reaching Edinburgh

about 9 p.m. This day we gathered :—

Hypericum Androsemum
Drosera anglica

Circza alpina

Hieracium prenanthoides

a denticulatum

Day very windy and showery.

Lobelia Dortmanna
Littorella lacustris
Scutellaria galericulata
Polypodium Phegopteris
Osmunda regalis

244 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Arran.
Monday, 17th August 1857.

On Monday, 17th August, the following botanical party met
at Lamlash:—J. H. Balfour, Mr. M‘Taggart Cowan, Mr.
Robert Cowan, Mr. Deas, Mr. Linton, Mr. Macfarlan.

Tuesday, 18th August 1857.

The party proceeded this morning by the steamboat at 5.45
to Corrie, and after breakfasting at Mrs. Jamieson’s Inn proceeded
to Sannox, where they had a bathe before going up Glen Sannox.
On the way saw a large adder, walked up on the northern side
of the glen, and at the upper part near Caisteal Abhail gathered
Alchemilla conjuncta. It seems to be a new variety of A. alpina,
for plants were found in which the leaflets were seemingly
adherent. Gathered also a number of common plants as well
as Saxifraga stellaris and Oxyria reniformis. The Glen is
very poor as regards species, and the heather and slippery rocks
render a walk through it very toilsome. Ascended a difficult
gully by south side of Caisteal Abhail and had some
difficulty in reaching the top. The day was very fine, and the
party had an excellent view from the summit of Goatfell. Some
clouds rested now and then on the different summits, which
marred the effect. Ben Lomond clearly seen, Jura, Ireland,
Mull of Cantyre, Mull of Galloway. Many lichens were
collected on the summit, also Salix herbacea and Carex rigida.
Descended by the steep side from the summit to Brodick. On
the shore collected Sinapis monensis, Mertensia maritima,
Fucus vesiculosus, varieties.

After refreshments at Springbank, reached Lamlash about
8 p.m.

Wednesday, 19th August 1857.

This day the party was joined by Mr. Stevenson, and
ed about 9 a.m. along the Lamlash shore to Whiting
Bay. Visited the Nameless Rill of Mr. Waller Paton.

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 245

Gathered :-—
Anagallis tenella Scirpus Savii
Atriplex arenaria » Maritimus
5 abingtonii Hymenophyllum tunbridgense
Salicornia herbacea Lastrea Foenisecii
Salsola Kali Polypodium Phegopteris

On the roadside to Whiting Bay there is abundance of
Hypericum dubium. Near Whiting Bay Mr. Robert Cowan
picked Cichorium Intybus.

After bathing at Whiting Bay, party joined the “ Isle of Arran”
steamer and proceeded round the island to Loch Ranza, where
they landed about 5 p.m. On landing at Loch Ranza five took
up their quarters at the inn, while the Messrs. Cowan went to
Dr. Hannie’s house.

The party went up the glen from Loch Ranza by the waterfall
and gathered specimens of Pyrus fennica.

Thursday, 20th August 1857.

After breakfast, started about 8 a.m. from Loch Ranza and
walked along the shore by Catacol Bay to Dugary, Imachar
(where we rested), King’s Caves, Drumadoon, and Blackwater-
foot, which was reached about 6.30 pm. The day was very
warm and oppressive, and the party bathed three times on the

way.
Among the plants gathered were the following :—

Crambe maritima (shore Asplenium marinum (rocks
Imachar) at King’s Hill)

Convolvulus Soldanella (shore Cystopteris fragilis (Loch
at Blackwaterfoot) Ranza)

Stachys arvensis Osmunda_ regalis (Loch

Polygonum Raii (shore at Ranza)
Blackwaterfoot)

After resting at Blackwaterfoot and taking tea, the party
started at 7.30 p.m. across the hill, and had some difficulty in
reaching the Lag road, along which they proceeded to Lamlash,
which was reached about II p.m.

The distance accomplished this day was 40 miles, and all were
very much knocked up.

246 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Friday, 21st August 1857.

This day was spent chiefly in dredging off Holy Island in
company with Dr. Carpenter. Many good animals were got
as well as some sea-weeds. On the island abundance of
Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi. In the evening occupied in fishing.

Saturday, 22nd August 1857.

The party broke up this day; most returned to Ayrshire or
Glasgow, while Mr. M‘Taggart Cowan remained at Invercloy.
Some plants were picked along the shore. I visited Dr.
Carpenter at the island and examined the flora partially.

Tuesday, 25th August 1857.

Mr. Hugh Cowan, from Thornton, and Mr. M‘Taggart Cowan
met me at Springbank, and, after picking some sand: plants at
Brodick, walked up Glen Cloy, where we gathered :—

Sedum Rhodiola Asplenium viride

Galium boreale Cystopteris fragilis

Hymenophyllum Wilsoni (in Polystichum aculeatum
great abundance) Lastrea Foenisecii

and several other less rare plants.
Returned about 6 p.m. Mr. Robert Cowan gathered on Ben
Gornic the following plants :—

Viola palustris Galium saxatile
Alchemilla alpina Vaccinium Vitis- Idea
+ . conjuncta Veronica officinalis
Saxifraga stellaris Salix herbacea
Sedum Rhodiola Juniperus nana

Thursday, 17th. September 1857.

Party consisting of Archibald and John Stevenson, William
Carpenter, and J. H. Balfour left Lamlash at 3 p.m. and
walked by Whiting Bay and Dippin to Kildonan and thence to
Lag. Called on Mr. Macrae at East Kilmorie, near Pladda, at

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 247

whose manse we saw beautiful specimens of Lavatera arborea, a
plant commonly cultivated in Arran, perhaps originally from
Ailsa Craig, also Fuchsia, which forms hedges in many places.
Hydrangea very vigorous.

The following were some of the plants seen :—

Montia fontana Verbascum Thapsus
Hypericum Androsemum Scutellaria galericulata
Geranium pratense Atriplex arenaria
Agrimonia Eupatoria Suzeda maritima
Cotyledon Umbilicus Carex vulpina
Sedum anglicum Asplenium marinum
Anthemis nobilis (near cot- Ramalina scopulorum
tage door, Kildonan) (abundant on trap rocks
at Dippin)

Solanum Dulcamara

Numerous mushrooms gathered. Remarkable red Salcornia
herbacea near Whiting Bay.

In the evening took up our quarters in Lag Inn, where we
were well and cheaply accommodated. Reached Lag at 8.30
p.m. Met Mr. Spittal, who had been geologising in the district
and who accompanied us during the rest of our trip.

Friday, 18th September 1857.

Breakfasted at Lag. Left Lag Inn about 8 a.m., and walked
by the shore to Blackwaterfoot. On the way gathered a

large quantity of :—
Ranunculus hederaceus | Anagallis tenella
Cakile maritima Mertensia maritima
Silene maritima Convolvulus Soldanella
Geranium pratense sola Kali
Rosa spinosissima Polygonum Hydropiper
Eryngium maritimum i ersi
Apium graveolens © 5 lapathifolium
Haloscias scoticum Scirpus maritimus
Matricaria maritima Triticum laxum
Anagallis arvensis Agaricus campestris

Numerous Rwdz varying in the quality of fruit; Rabus discolor
later in fruit than others, fruit highly-flavoured.

At Blackwaterfoot went to the fine basaltic column at
Drumadoon and thence to King’s Caves.

248 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Gathered :—
Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum Osmunda regalis
Ps marinum Ramalina scopulorum (cover-
Trichomanes ing the basaltic rocks at
Sculopeudetais vulgare Drumadoon)

Returned to Blackwaterfoot. Most of the party returned
by cars to Lamlash, while Dr. B., Mr. J. Stevenson, and Mr.
Spittal walked to Shedog and Shisken Church, and then by
the Clachan Glen to Glen Benlister, and thence to Lamlash,

which was reached about 8 p.m. after three hours’ walking from
Blackwaterfoot.

Tuesday, 22nd September 1857.

Walked by coast to Whiting Bay, Dippin, Kilmorie, Lag,
getting the usual plants, Hypericum dubium being the rarest.
From Lag walked in the evening by the shore back to Kilmorie,

gathering on the way numerous specimens of Agaricus
campestris.

On the rocks near Bennan falas ase

Silene maritima Pulicaria dysenterica

Vicia sylvatica (still in flower, Armeria maritima
as well as a in Plantago maritima
fruit, eciall on

7
shingle of the shore)

Reached Mr. Macrae’s house at Kilmorie Manse, where I
remained for the night.
Wednesday, 23rd September 1857:

After breakfast visited Stracy rocks with Mr. Macrae and his
son Donald. Gathered :—

Geranium sanguineum Asplenium marinum (on
Cotyledon Umbilicus trap rocks at Stracy)
Carlina vulgaris Equisetum Telmateia rena a
i : specimens
ores ue and 7 feet high) This
- _Babingtonii. plant very abundant in
communis the district

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR, 249

Peculiar red matter on rocks at Bennan.

Visited the island of Pladda in a boat, gathered Agaricus
campestris and Anthemis nobilis, no other plants of interest.
Visited the lighthouse. Joined the party for the steamer “ Isle
of Arran,” and returned to Lamlash about 4 p.m. Sea rather
rough and weather stormy.

Friday, 26th September 1857.

Visited the hill near Lamlash on the south of the road to
Lag. Ascended by a mountain stream, reached the summit,
whence a fine view was obtained, Goatfell and hills near it well
seen, islands on Clyde, Ayrshire, Blackwaterfoot, Argyllshire.
Descended by a deep ravine which joins the glen to south of
Lag Road. This ravine very deep, steep sides, and yielded some
good plants, as :—

Cardamine hirsuta (6 stamens Athyrium Filix-foemina
and long style) Cystopteris fragilis

Saxifraga hypnoides (in pro- Lastrea Oreopteris
fusion) ,», Filix-mas

Festuca ovina vivipara » dilatata

Hymenophyllum Wilsoni Polypodium vulgare

Blechnum boreale se Dryopteris

Asplenium Trichomanes (in Phegopteris
great profusion) Ee

Numerous lichens and mosses. On the hill was seen a
peculiar form of Lastrea Filix-mas. Numerous diatoms in slimy:
matter on the rocks. Nostoc also seen.

EXCURSIONS IN 1858.
Canal, Slateford, Colinton, Swanston.
Saturday, 15th May 1858.

Party of about 80-100 met at the Canal Basin at 10 a.m., and
proceeded by the banks of the Canal to Slateford, Colinton, and
Swanston, returning between 4 and 5 p.m.

250

BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Among the plants gathered were the following :—

Anemone nemorosa
Ranunculus auricomus
3 Ficaria
Caltha palustris
Corydalis lutea
Sisymbrium Thalianum
Viola sylvatica
Geranium pheum
Staphylea pinnata
Prunus communis

Malus

Ribes Grossularia

» rubrum
Myrrhis odorata
Adoxa Moschatellina
Tussilago Farfara
Petasites vulgaris
Doronicum plantagineum

inca minor

Lamium purpureum
3 album

Daphne Laureola
Carpinus Betulus
Salix alba

» cinerea

» Helix
Orchis mascula
Allium ursinum
Endymion nutans
Lilium Martagon (not in

flower)

Arum maculatum
Potamogeton crispus
Carex vulgaris

» glauca
Polystichum aculeatum
Equisetum arvense
Grimmia pulvinata
Lepraria flava
Scyphophorus pyxidatus
Polyporus versicolor

Penicuik, Esk Mill, Auchindinny, Roslin.
Saturday, 22nd May 1858.

Party of about 90 met at the North British Railway Station
at 9 am. and proceeded to Penicuik, thence to Valleyfield
and visited Mr. Cowan’s paper works, thence went by banks of
Esk to Esk Mill, Auchindinny, and Roslin, returning by
train leaving Roslin at 5.29 p.m., and reaching Edinburgh at
6.15 p.m. Return third-class tickets, 1s. 3d.

Among the plants collected were the following :—

Ranunculus auricomus Prunus Avium

Trollius europzus » Cerasus (between
mine amara Powder Mill and

Viola tricolor ;

Oxalis Acetosella (pink)

Staphylea pinnata (Roslin) Rubus saxatilis (Auchindinny)

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 251

Salix Helix
» cinerea |
»» aquatica |
s;:-alba
Caprea

3?
Neottia Nidus-avis

Carex paniculata
»» preecox
5» sylvatica
pendula
aludosa
Melign uniflora
Polypodium Dryopteris
Phegopteris
Houicetis umbrosum
$s arvense
= sylvaticum
s palustre
Bryumn puctatum
Polytrichum commune
Dicranum scoparium
Jungermannia asplenioides
Evernia prunastri
Calicium chrysocephalum
Polyporus versicolor

“

Burntisland, Aberdour, Donibristle, Kinghorn.
Saturday, 29th May 1858.

Party of about 60 met at 10 a.m. at station of Edinburgh,
Perth and Dundee Railway, and proceeded to Burntisland.
Walked by shore to Aberdour, and returned by road to
Burntisland for boat. at 5 p.m., railway to Edinburgh at 6,
Return ticket, 9d. Some went to Donibristle, others to
Kinghorn

Among the plants gathered were :— :

Berberis vulgaris Armeria maritima

Lepidium campestre |
Cerastium trigynum |
Sagina maritima |
Geranium pheeum (Burnt-
island)
sanguineum
‘Larson hypoglottis
Smyrnium Olusatrum (King-
: horn

Centranthus ruber
Valerianella olitoria

Primula veris

Vinca major

Solanum Dulcamara (scarcely
in flower)

Linaria Cymbalaria
Antirrhinum majus (Aberdour
Castle, scarcely in flower)

-Veronica agrestis

» arvensis
» serpyllifolia
» Chameedrys

Veronica Beccabunga
Salvia Verbenaca
Plantago Coronopus
Hippophaé rhamnoides
Parietaria erecta
Populus alba (leaf
Ornithogalum umbellatum
Tulipa sylvestris
Carex arenaria

», vulgaris

BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Carex gluca

37 preecox

» distans

~~ xterra
Aira prec
Scieachicn aliiden
Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum

es uta-muraria

Botrychium Lunaria
Exidia Auricula-Judz

Mid-Calder, Meadowbank, Kames Hill, Dalmahoy Hill,
Ravelrig, Currie.
Saturday, 5th June 1858.
Party of 90 met at the Caledonian Railway Station at
10.30 am. and proceeded to Mid-Calder, thence walked to

Meadowbank woods, Kames Hill,

Dalmahoy Hill,’ Ravelrig,

Water of Leith, and Currie, returning from Currie by train at

6.9 p.m. Return tickets, 1

The day was remarkably fine, and there was a splendid view

from the top of Kames Hill.

Among the plarits gathered were the following :-—

Ranunculus aquatilis
trichophyllus

Trollius europzeus
Draba verna
Sisymbrium Thalianum
Viola palustris
» sylvatica

canina

Cerastium semidecandrum
Stellaria uliginosa
Moehringia trinervia
Sagina subulata
Geranium sylvaticum and

var. (paler flower)

. columbinum

Vicia sativa, var. Bobartii

Prunus Padus
Geum intermedium
Fragaria elatior
Pyrus Aucuparia
Ribes nigrum
Adoxa Moschatellina
Linnza borealis
Antennaria dioica
Pyrola minor
Menyanthes trifoliata
Anchusa sempervirens
Myosotis palustris
Pinguicula vulgaris
Mentha viridis
Lamium amplexicaule
2 intermedium
Carpinus Betulus

OFFICIAL COPY. 3 tee, oe ee Neber 1X

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 253

Orchis latifolia

Ornithogalum umbellatum

Arum maculatum
Potamogeton oblongus
e crispus
Carex curta

Carex riparia
Trisetum flavescens
Briza media
Botrychium Lunaria
Equisetum hyemale

Many lichens collected by Mr. Sadler on Dalmahoy Hills.

North Queensferry, Inverkeithing, St. Davids, Ferry Hill.

Saturday, 12th June 1858.

Party of between 60 and 7o met at Granton at Io a.m. and
proceeded by steamboat to North Queensferry, thence walked
to Inverkeithing, St. Davids, and returned by road to Ferry
Hill about 6.30 p.m., meeting boat to Granton. Return ticket
by boat, Is.; Granton Pier, 2d.; Ferry Pier, 6d.; total, 1s. 8d.

Among the plants gathered were the following :—

Ranunculus hederaceus
: sceleratus

Fumaria micrantha
Brassica oleracea

campestris
Diplotaxis tenuifolia
Thlaspi arvense
Reseda lutea

Cerastium semidecandrum

Sagina maritima
» subulata
Malva sylvestris
» rotundifolia
Geranium pyrenaicum
”
Inverkeithing)
Melilotus officinalis
Astragalus Glyciphyllos
Spireea Filipendula
Potentilla verna
(Notes, R.B.G., Edin., No. IX., 1902 }
Q

columbinum (near

Potentilla reptans
Sedum Telephium

» villosum
Sambucus Ebulus
Echium vulgare
Convolvulus arvensis
Stachys arvensis
Leonurus Cardiaca
Lamium incisum
Salicornia herbacea
Polygonum Bistorta
Allium Scorodoprasum

» vineale
Scirpus pauciflorus
Carex vulpina
ovalis

Triticum jumceum
Nardus stricta

254 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Tynehead, Crichton Castle, Borthwick —— Fushie
Bridge, Arniston, Dalhousie

Saturday, 19th June 1858.

Party of 60 met at the North British Railway Station and
proceeded to Tynehead, walked to Crichton Castle by the
glen, thence to Borthwick Castle, Fushie Bridge, Arniston, and
Dalhousie, reaching Dalhousie Station about 5 p.m. Returned
by train at 5.12 p.m. Return tickets, 1s. 2d.

Among the plants gathered were the following :-—

Thlaspi arvense
Geranium sylvaticum |
Genista anglica
Saxifraga Geum? (Arniston) |
,, umbrosa |
(Tynehead ; also in
woods at Arniston)
Sedum reflexum
(near Tynehead)
Antennaria dioica
(Tynehead)
Doronicum Pardalianches
(Arniston)
Pyrola media (glen near
Crichton Castle)
Ligustrum vulgare
(near Fushie Bridge)
Myosotis sylvatica
(Arniston)
Mimulus luteus (Arniston)
Lathraea Squamaria
Mentha sylvestris
(at Tynehead)
WITS
Rumex sanguineus, var.
viridis
Salix pentandra
Neottia Nidus-avis
(woods near Tynehead)

Orchis incarnata
» latifolia
Gymnadenia conopsea
Sparganium ramosum
(near ahisind Bridge)
Arum maculatu
(Borthwick ‘Castle)
Potamogeton pusillus
(near Fushie Bridge)
Eriophorum latifolium
(near Crichton)
Carex remota
» pendula (Arniston)
» sylvatica
(between Crichton
and Borthwick)

aludos

Phalarts sentir var.

variegata

(near Tynehead)
Lastrea Oreopteris

(near Tynehead)
Equisetum Telmateia

(Arniston)

- Lycopodium clavatum

(near Tynehead)

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 255

Cockburnspath, Dunglass Dene, Pease Dene.
Saturday, 26th June 1858.

Party of about 60 or 70 met at the North British Railway
Station at 8 am. and proceeded to Cockburnspath, thence
walked through Dunglass Dene. Visited pond near the house,
proceeded by the shore to Pease Dene, and then to Cockburns-
path Town Dene, and returned by train at 6.3 p.m. Return
tickets, 2s. Mr. Hardie of Penmanshiel accompanied the party.
Mr. Smith, factor for Sir John Hall, sent a man to guide us.

Among the plants gathered were the following :—

Aquilegia vulgaris
(Dunglass)
Nuphar luteum (Dunglass)
Papaver Argemone
Cakile maritima
Dianthus deltoides
Sagina maritima
Hypericum calycinum
Malva rotundifolia
Geranium pratense
Acer campestre
Rubus czesius
foot of Pease Dene)
Potentilla reptans
Epilobium angustifolium
Conium maculatum
(Enanthe crocata
Senecio saracenicus (woods
at Dunglass)
Silybum Marianum
(near Cockburnspath
Station, cultivated)
Centaurea Cranus
Tragopogon minor

Campanula latifolia
Pyrola minor
Vinca major

inor
Anchusa sempervirens
Hyoscyamus niger
Mimulus luteus (cultivated)
Veronica montana
Mentha viridis

(Pease Dene)

», piperita
Rumex viridis
Anacharis Alsinastrum

(Dunglass Pond)
Neottia Nidus-avis
Typha angustifolia
Sparganium ramosum
Carex arenaria
vulpina

» pendula
Melica uniflora
Scolopendrium vulgare
Polystichum angulare

”

256 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Bridge of Allan, Keir, Kippenross, Wharrie Glen, Stirling.
Saturday, 3rd July 1858.

Party of between 60 and 70 met at the Scottish Central Railway
Station at 6.20 a.m., and proceeded to Bridge of Allan. Break-
fasted there, visited the Well, Dr. Paterson’s tree-fern, then
proceeded to Keir and Kippenross, saw large sycamore here, then
to Wharrie Glen and Stirling, examined Castle rocks and visited
the Castle, and returned by train at 5.38 p.m. Return tickets,
3s. 3d. Breakfast, 1s. 6d.

At breakfast in Philp’s Inn there were present Rev. Dr.
Roger, Dr. Paterson, Dr. W. A. F. Brown, Mr. Girdwood, a
Polish captain, and others from Bridge of Allan ; Mr. Buchan and
Mr. Moir joined us.

Among the plants gathered were the following :—

Aquilegia vulgaris Lactuca virosa
(roadside near Wharrie (Stirling Castle)
Glen) | Anchusa sempervirens

Brassica campestris | Echium vulgare
(Stirling Castle) _ (Stirling Castle)

Hypericum perforatum Atropa Belladonna

. quadrangulum (Stirling Castle)

o humifusum Linaria repens

_ pulchrum (Stirling Castle)
hirsutum Pinguicula vulgaris

Goraniunt sylvaticum Neottia Nidus-avis

ucidum Listera ovata

ye fstian striatum
Lotus major
Agrimonia Eupatoria

Paris quadrifolia
Carex sylvatica

Rosa tomentosa Melica uniflora
, rubiginosa Triticum caninum
, canina Cystopteris fragilis
Sedum Telephium Polystichum aculeatum
» anglicum Polypodium Dryopteris
> acre Equisetum arvense
Circeea lutetiana a umbrosum
Conium maculatum a sylvaticum
Smyrnium Olusatrum a palustre
(Stirling Castle)

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 257

North Berwick, Canty Bay, Bass Rock, Tantallon Castle,
Dirleton.

Saturday, 10th July 1858.

Party of about 60 met at the North British Railway Station
at 8am. and proceeded to North Berwick. Walked to Canty
Bay, visited the Bass Rock, Tantallon Castle, North Berwick
Links, Dirleton Common and Castle, and returned by train at
6.22 p.m. Return tickets, 2s.; boat to Bass, Is.

Among the plants gathered were the following :—

Clematis Vitalba
(Dirleton Castle)

Thalictrum minus

Lepidium latifolium
(Tantallon Castle)

Silybum Marianum

Apargia hispida

Anagallis tenella
(North Berwick) |

|
|
|
|
Ligustrum vulgare

Reseda lutea Hyoscyamus niger
Lavatera arborea (Bass) (Dirleton)

Agrimonia Eupatoria (Dirleton)

Sedum album Ballota foetida (Dirleton)
(Dirleton Castle) Beta maritima (Bass)

Smyrnium Olusatrum Salsola Kali

|
Geranium pusillum Calamintha Acinos
{
|
|
|

Lonicera Xylosteum Narcissus biflorus
(Tantallon) (Bass ; not in flower)
Centranthus ruber Potamogeton densus
Scabiosa Columbaria Phleum arenarium
Filago germanica Triodia decumbens
minima Parmelia parietina (Bass)

gy |

Ramalina scopulorum (Bass)

Perth, Birnam, Stenton Crag, Dunkeld.
Saturday, 17th July 1858.

Party of between 40 and 50 met at the Edinburgh and
Glasgow Railway Station at 6.20 a.m. and proceeded by
Scottish Central to Perth, which was reached at 10. There
breakfast was provided in the rooms at the station at Is. 9d.

258 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

each. At 11.15 a.m. the party proceeded to Birnam Station, |
visited Birnam Hill, height 1500 feet, under the guidance of
Dr. Lauder Lindsay, also visited slate quarries. Some of the
party went to Stenton Crag, others to Dunkeld.

Sergeant John Sim met the party at Perth, and gave them
many rare plants mentioned in the following list. Dr. Stirling
also accompanied the party. Returned from Dunkeld at
5.15 p.m. Return tickets, 5s. 2d.

Among the plants gathered were the following :—

Thalictrum minus
Ranunculus aquatilis
Aquilegia vulgaris
Corydalis claviculata
Arabis hirsuta
-—Lepidium Smithii
*Lepigonum rubrum

_ Malva moschata (Stenton) |

Geranium sanguineum

”

Erodium cicutarium

Genista anglica

Prunus communis

Agrimonia Eupatoria

Saxifraga aizoides

Circeea alpina

Carum Carui

Lonicera Periclymenum

Solidago Virgaurea

Antennaria dioica

Gnaphalium uliginosum
sylvaticum

Cheysantheniien segetum

Vaccinium Vitis-Jdzea

Myrtillus
Erica Tetralix
,» Cineres

Trientalis europzea
Erythrzea Centaurium
Gentiana campestris
Verbascum Thapsus
(Stenton)

|
|
|
|
|

Origanum vulgare
Calamintha Clinopodium
Polygonum aviculare

“i lapathifolium
Rumex aquaticus
Salix repens
go SOSCR
Empetrum nigrum
Neottia Nidus-avis

Gymnadenia conopsea
ie albi
Allium oleraceum
Narthecium ossifragum
Sparganium ramosum
Carex irrigua
» limosa
» binervis
Melica nutans
Serrafalcus commutatus
Nardus stricta
Allosorus crispus
Asplenium germanicum
(Stenton Crag)
Lastrea Oreopteris
Polypodium Dryopteris
at 7
Lycbpedinn Selag

i aaa

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR.

Lycopodium alpinum
selaginoides

Cladouia rangiferina

‘5 pyxidata

= gracilis

ms bellidiflora

digitata

anomza

traria glauca
Peltidea canina

» horizontalis
Stereocaulon paschale
Cornicularia aculeata
Gyrophora pellita

Mr. Sim’s list :-—

Hesperis matronalis
(Kinnoul Hill)
Hypericum humifusum
(Blairgowrie)
Geranium pyrenaicum
(roadside near Barn-
hill)
Potentilla hirta? (rocks
near Kinnoul Church)
% argentea(rocks
near Kinnoul Church)
Aremonia agrimonioides
(wood of Scone)
Sedum album (rocks near
Barnhill)
Sedum dasyphyllum

|
|
|

Gyrophora polyphylla
Lecanora ventosa
= Parella
er tartarea
Parmelia saxatilis
‘s omphalodes
i; conspersa
; olivacea
- frigida
Lecidea rivulosa
‘i geographica
- icmadophila
Evernia prunastri
Sphzerophoron coralloides

Moneses grandiflora
(wood of Scone)
Lysimachia Nummularia

(banks of Tay)
Cynoglossum sylvaticum

(Kinfauns Toll-bar)
Linaria repens (limestone

wall, left bank of Tay,

opposite Perth)
Mimulus luteus

(banks of Tay)
Allium oleraceum

(banks of Tay)
Scheuchzeria palustris

(Methven Bog)

(Craigie, near Perth) |

St. Andrews.
Saturday, 24th July 1858.

Party of about 40 met at the Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee
Railway Station at 6.30 a.m. and proceeded to St. Andrews.

260 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Breakfasted in the Town Hall. Breakfast provided by Mr.
Thomson of Star Hotel for 1s. 6d. Met Mr. Barclay of Cupar,
Dr. Day, Mr. Howie, Rev. Mr. Dickson of Cameron, and
Mr. Laing.

After breakfast saw the old buildings at St. Andrews, visited
the harbour, and then went by banks of Eden to Tentsmuir.
Reached Leuchars about 6 p.m., and returned to Edinburgh
about 9 p.m. Return tickets, 3s. 8d.

Among the plants gathered were the following :—

Aconitum Napellus Euphorbia Esula

Radiola Millegrana : Salix repens

Rubus suberectus Juncus Gerardi

Haloscias scoticum Scirpus maritimus

Senecio sylvaticus Blysmus rufus

Anagallis tenella Carex arenaria

Borago officinalis » Vvulpina

Solanum Dulcamara » distans

Linaria vulgaris Sclerochloa maritima

Scrophularia aquatica 5 loliacea

Lycopus europeeus Triticum laxum
arrubium vulgare Elymus arenarius

Atriplex erecta Lycopodium inundatum

angustifolia 7s selaginoides

”
Polygonum lapathifolium

Switzerland.
Saturday, 7th August 1858.

Party consisting of J. H. Balfour, Thomas Barclay, Sheriff-
Clerk, Cupar; J. M. Bell, Alexander Buchan, Dunblane;
E. Dubuc, M.D.; J. Fayrer, Lucknow; P. Neill Fraser, Alexander
Graham, Patrick Graham, surgeon ; James Hill, W. Johnston,
John C. Jones, Texas, U.S.A. ; F. Lockwood Logan, David Philip
Maclagan, Robert C. Maclagan, S. J. Meintjes, Sam Maverick,
Texas, U.S.A.; Henry B. Radford, S. H. Ramsbotham, George
Rodger, Gideon Colquhoun Sconce, William Soper, W. Turnbull,
and G. Williamson met at the Docks at Leith at 11.30 this

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 261

morning. The day was remarkably fine, and all were in high
spirits. Even those who dreaded a sea voyage in ordinary cir-
cumstances felt less anxiety than usual, seeing that the barometer
was very high and the sea as smooth as possible. The steamer
which was to convey us to Rotterdam was the “ Ivanhoe,” com-
manded by Mr. John Cairns, a very civil and obliging captain,
although with a rough exterior.

Monday, 9th August 1858.

We reached the bar on the Dutch coast between 12 and 1 and
Rotterdam about 4 p.m. The sail up the Meuse brought under
our notice the novel Dutch scenery, the flat surface, marshy ground,
willows, canals, windmills, &c. On landing at the quay some
time was spent in getting the luggage examined. We started in
a third-class carriage by the train at 6.40 p.m. and passed
through the characteristic scenery of Holland, with “its ubiquitous
canals, bowling-green flatness and swampy meadows.” We
reached the University town of Utrecht about 9 p.m. and took
up our quarters at the Hétel des Pays Bas, where we were all
accommodated.

Tuesday, 10th August 1858.

Rose at 6 a.m. and went with a commissionaire to the Botanic
Garden where we met Professor Bergsma, who is lecturer on
Botany and has charge of the garden. He was most attentive
and kind, and gave us a full description of the plants cultivated.
The garden is small but contains some interesting plants,
particularly those sent from the Dutch possessions in Java.
The houses are not extensive. There did not seem to be a good
arrangement of the plants for study. The number of pupils
attending the lectures is about 40. The Professor’s house is
connected with the garden.

Among the plants which we noticed were the following :—

_Amherstia nobilis Caladium pinnatifidum
Angiopteris angustata Casuarina sumatrana
Antiaris toxicaria 6 Cephalotus follicularis
Araucaria Cunninghamii Chameerops conduplicatus

‘: excelsa ‘si humilis

262 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Cinchona Condaminea | Olea euro
pubescens (sev eral acietics)
”
Draceena elegans Oreodaphne
Dracontium pertusum Pandanus furcatus
Garcinia Mangostana Paulownia imperialis
(in fruit)

Hura crepitans
Isonandra Gutta
Laurus Sassafras
Livistona chinensis
Magnolia (in fruit)
Marsilia zegyptiaca
Nepenthes ampullacea

Philodendron bipinnatifidum
Polygonum perfoliatum
Punica Granatum
Salisburia adiantifolia

(fine ceinr
Ulmus american

(fine species)

It was too early in the day to visit any of the other Professors.
Donders, the famous physiologist, was absent; we had the
pleasure of meeting him afterwards in Paris.

After breakfasting at the inn we started by raii for Cologne—
leaving Utrecht at 8.50 and reaching Cologne about 5 p.m. On
the way we noted buckwheat abundantly cultivated, also lettuce.
Heather was seen in some spots and on higher ground Scots pine.
At Cologne we took up our quarters at the Hétel Belle Vue.
Met here the Rev. Dr. McCosh, who had reached Cologne on his
return from a three and a half months’ tour. He had seen a
great deal of the Continent and expected to accomplish a four
months’ excursion for £70.

Wednesday, 11th August 1858.

Went on board the boat at 6 a.m. to sail up the Rhine. We
reached Cassel about 8 p.m. Finally the party reached Frank-
fort by fourth-class carriage about 10 p.m. and were distributed
in two hotels—the Hotel de Russie and the Hétel de l’Empereur
Romain.

Thursday, 12th August 1858.
Started by train at 12.25 for Heidelberg, which was reached

about 4 p.m., and took np our quarters at the Hétel du Prince
Charles.

Friday, 13th August 1858.

Some of us rose early and visited the magnificent Castle before

PROFESSOR JOHN HuTTON BALFOUR. 263

breakfast and gathered a number of interesting plants. Amongst
them :—

Diplotaxis tenuifolia Centaurea Jacea

}
|

Iberis amara Campanula Trachelium
Dianthus Carthusianorum | a rotundifolia
Geranium pratense Linaria Cymbalaria
Circaea lutetiana | Lamium maculatum

Gnaphalium arenarium

After breakfast proceeded by the railway to Basle, which was
reached at 2.30 pm. As our object was to get to the Swiss
mountains as soon as possible we only remained in Basle for a
short time, and joined the train for Berne at 4.55. We met here
Mr. R. Anderson, architect, from Edinburgh, on his way to
Berne. Reached Berne about 9.30 p.m. Party divided; the
greater part were accommodated at the Hdétel des Gentils-
hommes, while some had to go to the Hétel du More.

Saturday, 14th August 1858.

Astir early this morning ; visited the platform 108 feet above
the Aar, and had a splendid view of the Bernese Alps. Called
on Shuttleworth but found that he was in Britain. Saw M.
Guthnick, the pharmacien, who gave us important hints as to our
route. Met Professor Meissner, who accompanied us to the
Botanic Garden—small; some good alpine plants. Promised to
send plants and Botanical Society’s Transactions to Guthnick
and Meissner. Paper and pasteboard purchased, maps, Koch’s
abbreviated Synopsis, &c. Sent heavy baggage by post to
Geneva and got it booked. Started at 5.15 by diligence and
carriages of various sorts for Thun. Reached Thun about 8
p.m., took up our quarters at the Hétel du Freienhof (M. Stahli,
a friend of Guthnick’s).

Monday, 16th August 1858.

We left Thun at 8.30 a.m. and sailed up the beautiful lake to
Neuhaus. From Neuhaus the whole party walked, carrying
their knapsacks and bundles of paper by relays, to Interlaken,
through a beautiful valley shaded by walnut trees. At Inter-
laken the greater number of the party purchased their alpen-

264 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

stocks, some plain, others with horn, false or real chamois.
Passing through the English village of Interlaken and Unter-
seen we reached the Lake of Brienz, where we joined the
steamer. Landed below the Giessbach waterfall.
wooded banks and rocks in this vicinity there are numerous

excellent lowland plants.

At the Giessbach and near Thun the following plants were

observed by different members of the party :—

Aconitum Lycoctonum
. pyrenzeum
Hepatica triloba
Dentaria pentaphyllos
Moehringia muscosa
Tamarix gallica
Hypericum montanum
Althzea officinalis
Geranium pyrenaicum
ms columbinum
Robertianum
Impatiens Noli-me-tangere
Melilotus leucantha
Onobrychis sativa
Spirzea Aruncus
_ Rubus ceesius
Potentilla reptans
Alchemilla vulgaris
alpina
Saxifraga aizoides
Ribes petrazeum
Sedum album
Lythrum Salicaria
Astrantia minor
Silaus pratensis
Scabiosa Columbaria
Erigeron canadensis
Cacalia alpina
Carduus pratensis
Cichorium Intybus
Hieracium przaltum
Prenanthes purpurea
Campanula barbata

Campanula pumila ?

3 rachelium
Pyrola secunda
Monotropa Hypopitys
Echium vulgare
Solanum Dulcamara

nigrum
Digitalis lutea
Veronica urticifolia
Melampyrum sylvaticum
Lycopus europzeus
Salvia pratensis
Prunella grandiflora
Galeopsis Ladanum
Teucrium Chameedrys
Hippophaé rhamnoides
Listera ovata
Goodyera repens
Epipogum Gmelini
Epipactis rubra
Paris quadrifolia
Carex sylvatica
Setaria glauca
Oplismenus Crus-Galli
Molinia czerulea
Poa Balfourii
Festuca calamaria
Brachypodium pinnatum
Asplenium viride
Lastrea dilatata
Polypodium Dryopteris

calcareum

In the

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 265

Leaving the Giessbach with reluctance we joined our rowing-
boats and reached the upper part of the lake, meeting some of
the party who had gone by steamer to Brienz.

The party, driving and walking, reached Meiringen in the
afternoon. Meiringen is a large village of the Oberland at the
upper extremity of the Obere Hasli-Thal. We went to the
Pension Ruof, kept by M. Fluchs, but found that he had only
six beds to spare. M. Guthnick had recommended us to this
person. It is a good place for a small party. We then went
to the Hétel du Sauvage, where we found ample accommoda-
tion. After table d’héte, arranged our plants on paper.

Tuesday, 17th August 1858.

At 7 a.m., after breakfast, we left for Grimsel—porter to carry
baggage and a person who engaged to be guide for three days.
Saw the Reichenbach Waterfall near Meiringen. Proceeded up
the valley and gradually ascended to Guttannen. Rested at the
Chalet of Handeck, about one and a half hours’ walk beyond this,
After a fatiguing walk we reached the Hospice of the Grimsel
at 4.30 p.m.

Wednesday, 18th August 1858.

At 8.30 a.m., after breakfast at the Hospice, we started on our
alpine ramble with Fluk Melgior and his brother as guides.
Passing the end of the little lake called Kleinensee, near the
Hospice, we proceeded in full botanical equipment to ascend the
Sidelhorn.

The boxes and field books were soon replenished with specimens.
Roots were taken of some of the rarer and more beautiful plants ;
and some of them, I hope, will ere long flourish in the Botanic
Garden as memorials of our trip. Our movements up the
mountain were slow, owing both to the botanising and the heat
of the day. On reaching the summit of the Sidelhorn we had a
magnificent view of the Alps; the valley of the Grimsel on the
one side and the valley of the Rhone on the other. The height
of the mountain is about 8650 French feet. We then descended
towards the valley with the view of visiting the Aar glaciers,

On the part of the mountain nearest the smaller glacier we

266 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

gathered the best plants, and were detained there a long time.
Some of the party in place of botanising proceeded at once to
the Ober-Aar Glacier. This glacier wants the extensive
moraines of the Unter-Aar Glacier. It is distinctly icy throughout.
We crossed the river on a rustic bridge near a chalet, the
inhabitant of which, a shepherd boy, joined us in our exploration
of the hill. Proceeding on the opposite bank of the stream we
gathered many good plants, and then reached the side of the
Unter-Aar Glacier. Here we had a good opportunity of
seeing an extensive glacier with an enormous moraine country
of masses of rock of all sizes covering the ice so thoroughly as
to make one believe that there was nothing below but a
mass of stones. The rocks were very sharp and angular. On
walking on the glacier we found remarkable inequalities. In
some places there were deep hollows which concealed some of
the party from the rest and led to an unexpected separation.
In these hollows we could see the icy nature of the glacier, and
here and there were deep holes full of water with clear streams
flowing. In other parts there were large hummocks covered
with debris. In some instances we saw stones of small size
which had formed cavities by the melting of the ice around them
under the sun’s influence. Leaves carried up by birds occasion-
ally produce similar results. Sometimes when the debris is
accumulated in these cavities a reverse process takes place and
then the debris becomes raised up, forming a mound or hummock
supported on ice. We were enabled to see the course of the
glacier and to observe some of the phenomena which had led
to Professor Forbes’ valuable observations regarding the nature
of glaciers and their movements. We returned to the Hospice
about 7 p.m. tolerably fatigued.

Some of the plants seen near Grimsel were -—
Astrantia minor
Erigeron acris |

canadensis
Carlina acaulis Rumex alpinus (abundant
Carduus defloratus round Grimsel Hospice)
Phyteuma orbiculare Veratrum album

ss icatum Asplenium septentrionale
Asclepias Vincetoxicum

Erythreea Centaurium
Gentiana pannonica
punctata

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR.

Ranunculus aconitifolius
glacialis
5 pyrenaicus
Arabis alpina
bellidifolia
ceerulea

SS etdamine resedifolia
Viola biflora
Silene quadridentata

5, Tupestris
Cerastium alpinum
Arenaria ciliata
Cherleria sedoides
Linum tenuifolium
Trifolium agrarium

e alpestre

Geum montanum
Potentilla aurea
minima
ns

” repta
Alchemilla alpina

”

pentaphyllea

”
Saxifraga aizoides
androsacea

crustata
cuneifolia
muscoides
oppositifolia
rotundifolia
stellaris
Sachin rubens

Sempervivum arachnoideum |
montanum

ites minor

Galium helveticum
Bellidiastrum
Aster alpinus

Some of the Sidelhorn sige were :—

Gnaphalium supinum
Achillea serrata
enn

oe ty
Chrysanthemum alpinum

Arnica montana
»» scorpioides
Apargia autumnalis
Campanula barbata
cenisia
Anal procumbens
Primula longiflora
villosa
Anidrbeace alpina

obtusifolia
villosa
Gentian acaulis
alpina
bavarica
brachyphylla
campestris

”

6 verna
Veronica alpina

bellidifolia

a saxatilis
Euphrasia alpina
Pedicularis cenisia

ie rostrata
Teucrium montanum
Polygonum viviparum
Salix reticulata
» retusa

Juncus trifidus
Luzula nivea
spadicea

”

capillaris

268 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Carex firma Agrostis alpina
» foetida is rupestris
» montana Allosorus crispus
» higra Asplenium septentrionale
Phleum alpinum Pseudathyrium alpestre
» Boehmeri Polystichum Lonchitis
» commutatum Polypodium rhceticum

5 Michelii

Some of the plants of the mountainous part near Ober-Aar
Glacier :—

Myagrum saxatile Euphrasia minima
Gypsophila repens Tozzia alpina
Silene acaulis Thymus alpinus
Plantago alpina
Salix herbacea

» Lapponum

»» prunifolia
Orchis nigra
Lloydia serotina
Juncus Jacquini

Epilobium alpinum

a alsinifolium
Galium sylvestre
Valeriana montana

= tripteris
Scabiosa lucida
Gnaphalium norvegicum
Hyoseris foetida
Tussilago alpina

Sesleria czerulea
Phyteuma hemispheericum

" disticha
Vaccinium uliginosum Poa alpina
> itis-Idzea » Balfourii
Primula farinosa yy AREA
Soldanella alpina 5, Nemoralis

On the low ground below the glacier we found Epz/obiuim
vosmarintfolium.

Thursday, toth August 1858.

The morning was wet and mist

y. After paying our bill at
the Hospice, we started at 8.

escended by a very rough
and slippery path to the valley of the Rhone. We visited the

famous glacier whence comes the arrowy Rhone, which here is

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 269

very turbid—unlike its blue colour when issuing from the
Lake of Geneva. We mounted on the glacier for a short way,
saw some small crevasses, examined the beautiful vault of deep
blue ice where the Rhone issues—some large pieces of ice had just
fallen. Soon after our visit the rain began to cease and ere long
the sun broke forth. We walked by the Valais to Obergestelen,
where we rested for lunch, and thence to Miinster, where we took
up our quarters.

Many good plants were gathered on the way :—

Erysimum helveticum Gaya simplex
Ononis Natrix | Artemisia campestris
Bupleurum falcatum | Hieracium blattarioides
BS graminifolium _ Hypocheeris uniflora
3 ranunculoides — Campanula thrysoides
Athamanta cretensis | Bromus gracilis
Laserpitium Siler | Melica ciliata

We had some difficulty in getting accommodation at Miinster.
Our host at the Croix d’Or, Jean Baptiste Guntren, however,
was very attentive and polite. Our plants were put into paper
and prepared so as to be sent to the care of M. Guthnick at
Berne, who had kindly offered to take care of them and transmit
to Edinburgh.

Friday, 20th August 1858.

Miinster was left, after breakfast, this morning at 8.30. We
reached Viesch, famous for its glacier, and remained there till
1.30. Left Viesch in five char-a-bancs holding five each besides
the driver.

Passed Lax, the Massa, Aletsch (celebrated for its glacier).
We reached Brigue in the evening. Our quarters were taken
up in the Hétel d’Angleterre. Despatched a parcel of plants
to Guthnick at Berne.

Saturday, 21st August 1858.

Left Brigue at 6 a.m. in two large char-a-bancs, and travelled
by the valley of the Rhone through a beautiful country to Visp
or Vispach. The ing was fine and the viewcharming. Near

270 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Visp noticed a large straight avenue of poplars, a mile or two in
length. Stopped at the Hétel du Soleil to breakfast.

After breakfast the party proceeded up the river Visp to
Stalden ; this took about one and a half hours or more. ‘Here
the valleys of the Saas and St. Niklaus separate. The latter,
which goes to the right, led us to Zermatt. We picked many
interesting lower country plants on the way :—

Biscutella levigata | Salvia viscosa
Erigeron canadensis Herminium Monorchis
Monotropa Hypopitys Colchicum autumnale
Digitalis grandiflora Stipa pennata
Hyssopus officinalis

Leaving Stalden we walked to St. Niklaus, which usually takes
two and a half hours more walking. In this part of the journey
the Weisshorn is a conspicuous snowy mountain. Fir woods
here and there and snowy patches seen. We rested at St.
Niklaus for some time to take lunch. We reached Zermatt
between 6 and 7 p.m., passing along an interesting valley.

We were thoroughly wet, and as our baggage had not arrived
we had no alternative but to go to bed fora time. Nine of the
party remained at the Hétel du Mont Cervin, while the remaining
12 (3 being left at Visp) were accommodated at the Hétel du
Mont Rose, Seiler Fréres.

Sunday, 22nd August 1858.

When we awoke in the morning we found the whole ground
covered with newly-fallen snow to the depth of 3 or 4 inches, It
was a remarkable sight at this time of the year. The sun broke
out in the course of the morning and the snow began to melt
rapidly, so that the ground became very disagreeable. The curé
is a good naturalist and has made a collection of the plants of
the mountains. The collection can be purchased... At the
hotel there were two volumes of botanical specimens laid out for
the inspection of travellers.

Monday, 23rd August 1858.

Day fine, sun shining and snow melting ; still much snow
covering the ground ; notwithstanding, we resolved to start for

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 271

alpine botanising. We started after breakfast, about 9, with an

excellent guide, Joseph Zum Taugwald, who knew something

about the plants in the district. On going up the valley, not far

from Zermatt, marks of polishing and striation are seen on some
of the rocks. We made our way gradually through the wood

and up the mountain to the Riffel Hétel, kept by a brother of
M. Seiler, who was also very kind and attentive. On rocks

during the ascent to Riffel and near Zermatt gathered Gentiana

nivalis and Oxytropis campestris. On reaching the hotel we

arranged for beds, table d’héte, &c., and then started on our way

to the alpine heights. We walked through snow sometimes

more than a foot deep up to the Gorner Grat, seeing only

now and then a plant on some bare rock where the snow had

melted ; we were most annoyed at our inability to procure speci-

mens, for we had all along looked to the hills in this quarter as

- our best botanical district.

After lunching on the Gorner Grat we prepared to descend.
The greater number returned from the Gorner Grat to the Riffel,
while Messrs. Buchan, A. Graham, self, and guide made an ex-
cursion to some rocks by the side of the Great Glacier, where the
snow had melted more fully on the south and west. Mr Turn-
bull also accompanied us during part of the time. Here we
gathered our best alpine plants :—

Phaca astragalina Senecio uniflorus
Oxytropis campestris Campanula cenisia
* ceerulea Gentiana nivalis
e: montana r glacialis
Valeriana celtica Veronica saxatilis
Artemisia glacialis | » alpina
ata Pinus Cembra (near Zer-

I
Arnica scorpioides matt)

We returned to the hotel about 6 for table d’héte. The effects of
the sun’s reflection from the snow was now visible on all our
faces ; some of us suffered very severely. We had intended to
take another day’s botanising here, visiting the Furggen glacier,
close under the Matterhorn precipices, and the Zmutt glacier; but
the effects of our adventure to-day were such as to make the
party resolve to return to Zermatt. All were discouraged by the

272 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

want of success in the way of plant gathering, and the smarting
of faces, necks, and eyes was not easily got over. Moreover,
the guide said he could not conduct the party on the route we
preposed without extra assistance, for the glaciers were not
always safe. We accordingly sent our guide to M. Seiler at
Zermatt to arrange for our breakfasting next day, while we slept
at the Riffel.

Tuesday, 24th August 1858.

At 6.15 a.m. wedescended to Zermatt to breakfast, getting a
few plants on the way. Some of the party descended from the
Riffel to Zermatt in one and a half hours. M. Seiler received
us with his usual kindness. We paid a visit to the curé’s house
for the sake of seeing his plants, but found that he was
not at home. About 9 we left Zermatt and walked down the
valley. The melting of the snow had caused an increase in the
streams, and in several instances the rude bridges required for
the passage of horses were carried away. These rapid torrents
carry down debris and trees with them and often render the
roads impassable. At one point of our journey the repair of a
bridge became necessary. This was accomplished by the party
with the aid of guides and under the direction of Dr. Fayrer,
whose experience in the crossing of rivers in India was most
useful. To the astonishment of the guides a most effective
bridge was made in a better style than they had ever seen before.
We rested at St. Niklaus for lunch. There we met Dr. Sanderson
and his wife. The Doctor, an old pupil,zealous physiologist, wrote
article, “ Vegetable Embryology,” in Todd’s Cyclopedia. Con-
tinued our walk to Visp, which was reached in the evening. To-
day we were on foot 12 hours. The walk was about 34 or 36
miles. Took up our quarters at the Hétel du Soleil.

Wednesday, 25th August 1858.

After breakfast, started at 9 in four voitures of different kinds
for Martigny. Morning fine, allowing a good view of the valley
of the Rhone. x

We travelled by the Valais along the banks of the Rhone.
Rested at Leuk, Gemmi Pass. We reached Sion in the after-

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 273

noon for lunch. We remained there two hours. This is the
chief town of the Valais. We had a long drive to Martigny.
Some time before we reached Martigny rain came on. The
night was dark and stormy, with thunder and lightning, and did
not promise well for a mountain trip next day. We took up
our quarters at the Hétel Clerc about 6.45, where we were
well attended to and very comfortable. Put up our plants and
despatched them to Guthnick at Berne.

Thursday, 26th August 1858.

Wind, rain and mist prevented us from attempting to cross
the Téte Noire to Chamounix as we had intended. After some
delay in the hope that the day might clear, we at last left
Martigny about 10.30, some driving in the omnibus and some
walking in the direction of Bex, where we meant to join the
railway. The day was very wet, heavy showers every now and
then. A number of plants were gathered, especially Athyrium
fontanum by Mr. Fraser.

We proceeded by rail to Villeneuve, where we joined the
steamer on the Lake of Geneva. We left Villeneuve at 12.30
and reached Geneva about 7 p.m. At first we proceeded to the
Hétel Couronne, but did not find sufficient accommodation
there. Mr. Bell and Mr. Sconce got beds there. The rest went
to the Hétel de la Métropole—large and fine new hotel; abund-
ance of beds ; rather expensive.

friday, 27th August 1858.

After breakfast, went to Rue du Rhone for a photograph.
Found that Messrs. Artaria & Carini, who were recommended
as the best photographers, were not at home ; and accordingly, as
our time was limited, we were compelled to take some other.
Accidentally went to the rooms of a person near Artaria &
Carini, M. Poncy. He took three photographs of the party, for
which 81 francs were charged. These we brought home and
they have since been used by Bryson for printing, but none have
turned out good. Messrs. Bell & Sconce, who were at another
hotel and whose residence we could not ascertain, missed us and
got their photographs taken separately by the same artist. That

274 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

of Mr. Sconce is excellent. Called on De Candolle, 100 Cour St.
Pierre. M. Alphonse de Candolle was not at home. Saw his
son, who showed us the Candollean Library and the Herbarium
superintended by Dr. Mueller. Interesting to see the mode in
which the plants mentioned in the Prodromus were marked. De
Candolle and Mueller accompanied us to the Botanic Garden,
which is no longer superintended by Alphonse de Candolle, but
in which there are many plants of interest. P. Maclagan, P.
Graham, Williamson, Bell, and Sconce remained at Geneva.
Dined at our hotel and left Geneva at 4.15 p.m. for Paris, 3rd
class.

Saturday, 28th August 1858.

After a very uncomfortable night reached Paris about 12
noon, after twenty hours’ travel. Took up quarters at Hotel du
Louvre ; all accommodated.

Monday, 30th August 1858.

Left Paris at 6.30 for London. Twelve of party returned to
London—five had been left in Geneva and seven in Paris.
Reached Dover about 5 a.m. and London about 8 am. on 31st
August 1858. Fayrer and Hill started for Edinburgh by 9 train,
and reached it at 8 p.m.—thus going from Paris to Edinburgh in
twenty-five and a half hours. Rest of party dispersed, and with
two others I left by train at 7.30 p.m., third class, and after an
uncomfortable journey reached Edinburgh at 7.30 a.m. on
Wednesday, 1st September 1858.

List of PLants CoLLECTED DURING THE EXCURSION.

DicoTYLEDONES.
RANUNCULACEZ. | Aquilegia alpina
Aconitum Lycoctonum ” vulgaris
= apellus Caltha palustris
paniculatum Clematis virginiana

Vitalba

Acteea spicata ”
Hepatica triloba

Anemone alpina

“ baldensis Ranunculus aconiti-
a Halleri folius
- vernalis “ acris

PROFESSOR JOHN

Ranunculus aquatilis
Flammula
glacialis
montanus
philonotis
‘ pyrenzeus
Thalictrum majus

; minus
Trollius europeeus

BERBERIDE.
Berberis vulgaris

NYMPHAACE.
Nuphar luteum
Nympheea alba

PAPAVERACEZ.
Chelidonium majus
Papaver Decaisnei ?

FUMARIACE&.
Corydalis claviculata
Fumaria officinalis

CRUCIFER.
Ethionema saxatile
Alyssum calycinum
9 campestre
Arabis alpina
arenosa
bellidifolia

”

, ceerulea
Biscutella coronopifolia
levigata
saxatilis, var.
Bunias Erucago
Camelina sativa .
Cardamine hirsuta
resedifolia

”

HUTTON BALFOUR.

Dentaria dentata
Diplotaxis tenuifolia
Draba frigida
Erysimum cheiran-
thoides
J ochroleucum
Iberis amara
Malcolmia maritima
Nasturtium officinale
palustre
(near St. Niklaus)
Raphanus Landra ?
Sinapis alba
Sisymbrium officinale
pyrenaicum
Sophia
Thlaspi arvense
sylvium

”

RESEDACEZ.
Reseda lutea
oy yteuma
CISTACE.
Helianthemum obscurum

1
; vulgare

VIOLACEZ.

Viola Allionii
arenaria
arvensis
biflora
calcarata
lutea
mirabilis
tricolor

POLYGALACEZ.
Polygala vulgaris and
vars.

276

”
Silene acaulis

BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

CARYOPHYLLACEZ.
Agrostemma Flos-Jovis |
Alsine fastigiata

rostrata

sedoides
9, setacea

Arenaria biflora

ciliata

fasciculata
laricifolia
norvegica

’)

”

curva
serpyllifolia
verna (A. Ger-
ardi)
Cerastium alpinum

”

arvense

campanu-
latum

latifolium

”

re triviale
Cherleria sedoides
Dianthus actinopetalus

; arthusian-

” Y
Gypsophila repens

* Saxifraga
Lychnis alpina
diurna
Flos-cuculi
Moehringia muscosa
Sagina apetala

a”

» Sp. ? (vivip.)

Saponaria officinalis

accaria

}

Silene inflata
muscipula
nocturna

”

~~
~

”

99
Stellaria cerastoides
graminea
nemorum

”

PORTULACACES.
Montia fontana

TTAMARICACER.
Myricaria germanica
HYPERICACEZ.

Hypericum montanum

MALVACEz.
Althzea officinalis
Malva rotundifolia

LINACEZ&.

Linum angustifolium
tenuifolium
usitatissimum

Lad

GERANIACE&.
Erodium cicutarium
Geranium cinereum
columbinum
pratense
Robertianum
corniculata

”
gD
Oxalis

BALSAMINACE.

Impatiens Noli-me-
tangere

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR.

SAPINDACEZ.

Acer campestre

LEGUMINOS&.
Astragalus chionophilus
‘i icer
o dasyglottis
2) depressus
rf leontinus
+s monspessu-
anus
Onobrychis
eSronma Emerus and
vars.
Genista germanica
5 sagittalis
tinctoria

”

Hippocrepis comosa

Lotus majo

Medicago denticulata
ri alcata
, sativa

Onobrychis sativa
Ononis arachnoidea
i: atrix
Oxytropis campestris
* cyanea
Phaca alpina
» astragalina
fetragonolobus sili-
quosus
Trifolium agrarium
alpinum

ochroleucum
vias Cracca

RoOSAcEz,

Agrimonia Eupatoria

Alchemilla alpina

is pentaphyllea

vulgaris
Cotoneaster vulgaris
Dryas octopetala
Geum montanum

5, reptans
Potentilla ambigua
argentea
aurea
cinerea

andiflora
Poterium Sanguisorba
Prunus Cerasus
Rosa spinulifolia
Rubus czesius
Sanguisorba officinalis
Sibbaldia procumbens
Spireea Aruncus

SAXIFRAGACE.
Saxifraga aizoides
Aizoon
androsacea

cuneifolia
avurica
hypnoides
oppositifolia
rotundifolia
stellaris
umbrosa ?

GROSSULARIACE&.
Ribes petrzeum

278 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

CRASSULACE.
Crassula rubens
Sedum album

Sempervivum arachnoi-
deum

a montanum
he tectorum

LYTHRACEZ.
Lythrum Salicaria

ONAGRACEA.
Circzea lutetiana
Epilobium alpinum
‘i alsinifolium
i angustifolium
Bt Dodonezi
es Fleischeri
+ palustre
y rosmarini-
folium

CUCURBITACEZ.
Bryonia dioica

UMBELLIFERZ.
Astrantia minor
Athamanta cretensis
Bupleurum caricifolium
5 alcatum
Bs pyrenaicum
stellatum
Daucus Carota
Gaya simplex
Laserpitium hirsutum
a. eer

Ligusticum acteeifolium
Meum Mutellina
Myrrhis odorata
Silaus pratensis

CAPRIFOLIACE.
Linnzea borealis
St. Niklaus)
Lonicera alpigena

RUBIACE&.
Asperula aristata
. cynanchica
na irta
2 taurina
Galium Bocconi
» rubrum
» sylvestre
» verum

VALERIANACEA.
Valeriana celtica
4 montana
iy tripteris

DipsacE&.
Asterocephalus Colum-
aria
Scabiosa pyrenaica

Composit.
Achillea atrata

y, macrophylla

» Millefolium

4. Rane

is tomentosa
Achyrophorus maculatus
Antennaria alpina

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR 279

Anthemis montana |
|
Arnica montana
5, scorpioides

Aronicum glaciale
Artemisia Absinthium
campestris
glacialis
Mutellina
Ales alpinus
» Amellus
Bellidiastrum Michelii
Carduus acaulis
defloratus
Carling acaulis
vulgaris
Centdures alba
acea
paniculata
Scabiosa
Chrysunthemtiin alpinum,
coronopi-
olium
frutescens |
Cichoriuin Intybus
Cirsium oleraceum
Crepis aurea
osa ?
Dovonteiis Pardali-
anches
Echinops sphzero-
cephalus

”

’)

”

Erigeron acris
alpinus
canadensis
uniflorus
Villarsii

Pubaorkun cannabinum |
Filago arvensis
Gnaphalium dioicum |

Gnaphalium norvegicum
illum
sylvaticum
Hieracium angustifolium
auhini
blattarioides
dentatum
grandiflorum
Halleri
montanum

”

piloselloides
prenanth -
oides
rigidum
staticifolium
final germanica
Lactuca perennis
‘ cariola
i virosa
Leontodon Taraxacum
Prenanthes muralis
purpurea
Secip carniolicus
erucifolius

Solidago Virgaurea
Tussilago alpina

CAMPANULACE&.

Campanula barbata
ceespitosa

linifolia

BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Campanula persicifolia Primula farinosa
‘i Raineri e latifolia
5 rapuncu- s viscosa
loides Soldanella alpina
7 rhomboidalis
3 Scheuchzeri OLEACE&.
% speciosa Fraxinus excelsior
; Trachelium
Jasione montana ASCLEPIADACE&.
Phyteuma betonicifolium Cynanchum Vincetoxi-
. hemispheeri- cum
cum
7 humile GENTIANACEZ.
is orbiculare Erythraea Centaurium
% pauciflorum | Gentiana acaulis
a spicatum | - alpina
% asclepiadea
VACCINIACEE. bavarica
Vaccinium uliginosum | = brachyphylla
| me campestris
ERICACE&. | * ciliata
Arbutus Uva-ursi | 8 glacialis
Azalea procumbens nivalis
Calluna vulgaris ” obtusifolia
Erica carnea . neumonanthe
Pyrola secunda 5 punctata
Rhododendron ferru- ” purpurea
gineum te tenella
a verna
MoNOTROPE.
BoRAGINACEZ.

Monotropa H itys
pated hs Cynoglossum ea
PLUMBAGINE&.

Statice pubescens Echinospe rum Lap me

Echium vulgare
Eritrichium nanum
Myosotis alpestris
Onosma echioides

PRIMULACEZ.
Androsace carnea

” amzjasme
glacialis CONVOLVULACEE.
obtusifolia Convolvulus arvensis

pennina ‘ sepium

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 281

SOLANACES.
Hyoscyamus niger
Physalis Alkekengi
Solanum nigrum

SCROPHULARIACES.
Anarrhinum bellidi-
olium
Bartsia alpina
Digitalis grandiflora

‘i lutea
Euphrasia lutea
minima
S Odontites
salisburgensis
ithaite alpina
genistifolia
minor
‘i vulgaris
Melampyrum sylvaticum
Pedicularis recutita
rostrata
Riinanthus Crista-galli
major |
Veebuscum nigrum
Thapsus

”

Veronica alpina a

bellidioides
fruticulosa
repens
saxatilis
spicata
urticeefolia

Verbena officinalis

LaBIAT&.
Ajuga genevensis

Galeopsis Ladanum
Hyssopus officinalis
Lamium maculatum
Leonurus cardiaca
Lycopus europzeus
Mentha sylvestris

Prunella grandiflora
hyssopifolia
Sata glutinosa
Sideritis scordioides
spinosa ?
Teidriuri Chameedrys
montanum
Scordium
Thymus alpinus

”)

PLANTAGINE.
Plantago alpina

PARONYCHIACE.
Herniaria alpina
= glabra
Scleranthus annuus

a perennis

CHENOPODIACES.
Chenopodium album

Scleranthus annuus
we perennis
POLYGONACE. .
Oxyria reniformis
Polygonum Fagopyrum
viviparum
Raisin Acetosella

» alpinus

BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

EL#AGNACEZ.

|
|
|

Hippophaé rhamnoides |

SANTALACER.
Thesium alpinum

EUPHORBIACE.
Euphorbia Cyparissias
”

”
Mercurialis annua

URTICACER.
Humulus Lupulus

PLATANACE.
Platanus orientalis

CUPULIFERA.
Betula alba
Fagus sylvatica
Quercus Robur

MoNOcOTYLEDONES.

ORCHIDACES.
Epipactis latifolia
rubra

”
Epipogum Gmelini
Goodyera repens
Habenaria rey

ridis
Hephiniin Mékorbis
Listera ovata
Orchis nigra

» odoratissima

LILIACE.
Allium fallax
» sochoenoprasum
Anthericum ramosum
Convallaria bifolia
Lloydia serotina

ASPARAGES,
Maianthemum bifolium
Paris quadrifolia

MELANTHACES.
Colchicum alpinum

; autumnale

AMENTIFER&.
Salix arenaria
» herbacea
» pyrenaica
» reticulata
yy Fetusa
Tofieldia glacialis
- palustris

Veratrum album

JUNCACEA.

Juncus alpinus
» bufonius

yy nivea
» pediformis
» Spadicea

» Spicata

ALISMACEA.

Butomus umbellatus
Sagittaria sagittifolia

POTAME.

Potamogetones

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 283

CYPERACEA.

Carex atrata
», brachystachys
sc czespitosa :
» capillaris
» chordorrhiza

tenuis
iniyna spicata
Eriophorum angusti-

folium
capitatum
Scippad alpinus
Beeothryon
GRAMINE&.

Achnatherum Calama-
grostis

Agrostis alpina

rupestris

setacea

; stolonifera

Avena Scheuchzeri

sempervirens

”

, tenuis :
Brachypodium pinnatum

Bromus arvensis
p grossus ?
tectorum
Cytdbil Dactylon
Digitaria ciliaris
Festuca calamaria
heterophylla

bagunke ovatus
Melica ciliata
Panicum miliaceum
Phleum alpinum

Boehmeri
commutatum
Michelii
Poa alpina
Balfourii ?
cenisia

, nemoralis
Sesleria ceerulea

disticha

Setaria glauca
verticillata

viridis
Stipa ete

”

nata
9
Trisetum diadictophyk
lum

ConiIFERA.

Juniperus Sabina
Pinus Cembra

y sylvestris

284 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

ACOTYLEDONES.

FILIcEs. Hypnum tenellum

Asplenium septentrionale

i virid
Athyrium fontanum
Botrychium Lunaria
Ceterach officinarum
Cystopteris fragilis
Lastrea dilatata
Polypodium calcareum
Polystichum aculeatum

Lonchitis
Peeudathyrium alpestre
Allosorus crispus
Asplenium lanceolatum

LyYcoPpoDIACE#.

Lycopodium annotinum

. helveticum

Musc1.

Aulacomnion androgy-
num
Bartramia pomiformis
Bryum Wahlenbergii
Dicranum scoparium
Funaria hygrometrica
Gymnostomum curvi-
rostrum
Hedwigia ciliata
Hypnum Crista-cas-
trense
m cupressiforme

triquetrum
iceaken subrufa
Leucodon sciuroides
Mnium serratum
Neckera crispa
Orthotrichum
Pogonatum alpinum
urnigerum
Polytrichum commune
sexangulare
Racomitrium aciculare
canescens
Sphagnam cymbifolium
Tortula ruralis
4 tortuosa
Zygodon Mougeotii

LICHENES.

Alectoria jubata
Borrera furfuracea
Cetraria islandica

Cladonia rangiferina

Cornicularia vulpina

Parmelia caperata

% conspersa

saxatilis

Peltidea polydactyla

Scyphophorus deformis

Stereocaulon paschale

EXCURSIONS IN 18509.
Holyrood, Arthur’s Seat, Duddingston Loch.
Saturday, 14th May 1859.

Party of about 120 met at Holyrood Palace at 10.30 a.m.,
thence walked to Arthur’s Seat, Hunters’ Bog, Samson’s Ribs,

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFouR. 285

Duddingston Loch.

Returned by Dunsappie, top of Arthur’s

Seat, St. Anthony’s Chapel, and reached Holyrood a little after

4 p.m.
Plants collected :—
Ranunculus aquatilis
- sceleratus
a Ficaria
Draba verna
Sisymbrium Thalianum
Helianthemum vulgare
Lychnis Viscaria
Stellaria Holostea
Alsine verna
Geranium sanguineum
Oxalis Acetosella
Anthyllis Vulneraria
Lathyrus macrorrhizus
Potentilla verna
Crateegus Oxyacantha
(early in flower)
Saxifraga granulata
Hippuris vulgaris
Anthriscus vulgaris
sylvestris
Valerianella olitoria
Petasites vulgaris

|
|

Vaccinium Myrtillus
Myosotis collina

j versicolor
Veronica hedereefolia

yy arvensis
serpyllifolia
yy Chameedrys
Lamium purpureum
» album
Mercurialis perennis
Salix alba
Carex vulgaris
yy praecox
» Tiparia

Anthoxanthum odoratum
Asplenium Adiantum-
nigrum
i Trichomanes
= Ruta-muraria
s septentrionale
Polypodium vulgare
Equisetum limosum

Penicuik, Auchendinny, Roslin.

Saturday, 21st May 1859.

Party of about 100 met at North British Railway Station at
8.45 a.m. and proceeded to Penicuik Station. Visited glen near
Station. Saw Paper Mills at Valleyfield, walked by the
banks of the Esk to Auchendinny and Roslin, which was
reached about 4.30 p.m. Returned by train leaving Roslin
Station at 5.30. Return tickets, 1s. 3d.

Numerous plants gathered, among which may be noticed :—
Cheiranthus Cheiri :
Cardamine amara |

7 sylvatica }

Sisymbrium Thalianum
Stellaria uliginosa
Moehringia trinervia

Party of about 130 met at the Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee
Railway Station, and proceeded to Burntisland.
Island, anc walked by hills and shore to Pettycur, thence to
Kinghorn and Kinghorn Loch, and returned by boat from

BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Prunus Padus

Ribes alpinum
Carum Carui
Myrrhis odorata
Adoxa Moschatellina
Vaccinium Myrtillus
Fraxinus excelsior
Veronica montana
Pedicularis sylvatica
Ulmus suberosa

Salix fragilis

Allium ursinum

Luzula pilosa

Carex sylvatica

Polypodium Dryopteris
‘s hegopteris

Equisetum umbrosum

Burntisland, Pettycur, Kinghorn.

Saturday, 28th May 1859.

Burntisland at 4.50 p.m. Return third class fare, gd.

Among the plants collected were the following :—

Ranunculus aquatilis
fe hederaceus
Cheiranthus Cheiri
Cochlearia officinalis
Thlaspi arvense
Reseda lutea
4... palteola
Viola canina
Cerastium glomeratum
arvense
Malva sylvestris
», rotundifolia
Geranium sanguineum
Astragalus hypoglottis
Vicia lathyroides
(on Island)
Rosa spinosissima
Myrrhis odorata

#Ethusa Cynapium
Sambucus nigra
Asperula taurina
Centranthus ruber

(near Aberdour)
Valerianella olitoria
Anthemis arvensis
Tragopogon minor
Cynoglossum officinale
Lithospermum arvense
Linaria Cymbalaria
Veronica polita
arvensis

= Anagallis
Plantago Coronopus
Rumex aquaticus (near

Kinghorn Loch)
Hippophaé rhamnoides

Visited the

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 287

Orchis mascula Parmelia parietina
Allium vineale fr aquila
Pinus sylvestris Lecanora Parella
Botrychium Lunaria Ramalina scopulorum
Equisetum palustre Acidium senecionidis
Hypnum rutabulum Lycoperdon Bovista

Prestonpans, Tranent, Elphinston, Melville Hall, Cousland,
Prestonhall, Crichton, Tynehead.

Saturday, 4th June 1859.

Morning rather unpromising. Party of 40 met at the North
British Railway Station at 8 a.m. and proceeded to Prestonpans,
thence walked to Tranent, Elphinston, Melville Hall, Cousland,
Prestonhall, where Mr. Gorrie joined the party and Mr.
Campbell from Glasgow; thence to Crichton and Tynehead.
Return tickets, 2s.

Among the plants gathered were the following :—

Silaus pratensis (Cousiand
and near Melville Hall;
not in flower)

Tragopogon minor

Vinca minor

Villarsia nymphzoides
(pond at Prestonhall)

Anchusa sempervirens

Ranunculus arvensis
(Cousland)
Berberis vulgaris
Nuphar luteum
Nympheea alba
nd at Prestonhall)
Papaver Rhoeas
dubium

{

i Argemone
Fumaria micrantha
Sinapis alba
Stellaria uliginosa
Malva moschata

(not in flower)
Geranium sylvaticum
Staphylea pinnata
Genista anglica (T ynehead)
Fragaria elatior

(Prestonhall)

Agrimonia Eupatoria

Solanum Dulcamara
Veronica montana
Ajuga reptans
white, at Prestonhall)
Plantago media (Cousland)
Hippophaé rhamnoides
(at Tynehead)
Salix aurita

”
Neottia Nidus-avis
Orchis latifolia

288 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Ornithogalum umbellatum Carex remota
(Prestonhall) Nardus stricta
Luzula pilosa Juniperus communis
» sylvatica Ophioglossum vulgatum
Alisma Plantago_ (Prestonhall)
Eriophorum latifolium . Botrychium Lunaria

Lanark, Cora Linn, Bonnington Falls, Cartland Crags,
Banks of Mouse, Cleghorn.

Saturday, 11th June 1859.

Party of 143 met at the Caledonian Railway Station at 6.30
a.m. and proceeded to Lanark. Breakfasted at the Clydesdale
Hotel (Irving). Walked with two guides to Cora Linn and
Bonnington Falls, thence to Cartland Crags and the banks of the
Mouse. Some of the party went to Stonebyres and walked by
banks of Mouse to Cleghorn Junction. The greater part returned
by train from Lanark at 4.35 p.m. Return tickets, 2s. 6d.;
breakfast, 1s. 9d.: guides, 2d.

Among the plants collected were the following :—

Thalictrum flexuosum Saxifraga oppositifolia
(woods, Cora Linn) o Geum
Trollius europzeus (woods, Cora Linn)
Aquilegia vulgaris (in pro- | Viburnum Opulus
fusion in woods near | (Mouse River)
Cora Linn) Galium boreale
Aconitum Napellus | " ,, pusillum
Nasturtium palustre (Clyde | (Cora Linn)
banks near Lanark) Antennaria dioica
Cardamine amara | Doronicum Pardalianches
Hesperis matronalis | Carduus heterophyllus
(banks of Mouse) | Hieracium Pilosella
Vicia Orobus 9 murorum
» sylvatica ss vulgatum
Spirzea salicifolia Jasione montana
(Bonnington) Pyrola minor
Rubus corylifolius Rumex aquaticus
Pyrus Aucuparia (near Lanark)

PROFESSOR JOUN HUTTON BALFOUR. :

Neottia Nidus-avis (Mouse)

Listera ovata
Orchis mascula

5» incarnata

» latifolia

» maculata
Gymnadenia conopsea
Convallaria majalis
Scirpus sylvaticus
Eriophorum latifolium

Carex ampullacea
Milium effusum
Avena pratensis
Melica nutans

» .Uhiflorg
Poa nemoralis
Asplenium viride
Scolopendrium vulgare
Cystopteris fragilis
Polypodium vulgare

Carex remota A Dryopteris

» aquatilis Phegopteris
(banks of Mouse) | Equisetum arvense

» glauca ; umbrosum

» vulgaris | sylvaticum

4» panicea i palustre

ws LUlva | - limosum

~ © ae 7 hyemale

a ert Lycopodium _ selaginoides

»» paludosa (Cora Linn)

Ladybank, Strathmiglo, Balvaird Castle, Glenfarg,
Abernethy.

Saturday, 18th June 1859.

Party of between 50 and 60 met at the Edinburgh, Perth, and
Dundee Railway Station at 6 a.m. and proceeded to Ladybank
and Strathmiglo. Breakfasted there at Mr. Senior’s Inn in two
rooms. Met Mr. Barclay of Cupar, Dr. Lyall of Newburgh,
Dr. Troup of Auchtermuchty, Mr. Henderson (a gardener) and
his son. Walked to Balvaird Castle and Glenfarg. Met Mr.
Barclay at the Bein Inn. Examined Glenfarg Woods, visited
castle, and had a fine view of the Carse, the Earn, the Tay,
Moncrieff Hill, Kinnoul Hill, and the Highland mountains.
Reached Abernethy in time for the train at 3.15 p.m., and came
to Edinburgh about 5.50 p.m. Return tickets, 3s. 3d.; break-
fast, 1s. 6d.

BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Ranunculus Flammula
Papaver Argemone
Arabis hirsuta
Viola tricolor
is teen
Dianthus deltoides
Lychnis Viscaria
(abundant in Glenfarg)
Cerastium arvense
(near Strathmiglo)
Malva moschata (Glenfarg)
Geranium sanguineum
‘ heeum
is sylvaticum
lucidum
Genista anglica
(near Ladybank)
‘Prunus insititia
Comarum palustre
Sedum reflexum
(Balvaird Castle)
Anthemis arvensis
Matricaria Parthenium
Pyrola minor
Anagallis arvensis
Solanum Dulcamara
Antirrhinum majus
(Abernethy)
Scrophularia vernalis
(at Baivaird Castle)

|
|
|
|

Among the plants gathered were the following :—

Mentha viridis and var.
(in Glenfarg)
Origanum vulgare
Rumex sanguineus
» viridis
(in Glenfarg)
Salix repens
», fusca
Listera cordata
(hill near Abernethy)
Gymnadenia conopsea
Habenaria bifolia
Scirpus setaceus
Carex binervis
po: ES
, paludosa (Glenfarg)
Poa nemoralis
Nardus stricta
Asplenium Adiantum-
nigrum
- Trichomanes
Ruta-muraria
thyetuii Filix-foemina
Cystopteris fragilis
Polystichum lobatum
aculeatum
Lastres Oreopteris
Polypodium Dryopteris
Lycopodium Selago

Forteviot, Invermay, Muckersie Falls.
Saturday, 25th June 1859.

Party of between 50 and 60 met at Edinburgh and Glasgow
Railway Station at 6.30 a.m. and proceeded by Scottish Central
line to Forteviot. Breakfasted at Rutherford’s Inn in two rooms.
Met Dr. Stirling from Perth, Dr. Lorimer, and others, the latter

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 291

accompanied the party. Walked by banks of May to Invermay
—met the gardener who showed the party through the grounds.
Walked up the side of the river to the Muckersie Falls—then
visited Clevage Hill, Clevage Loch, returned to Forteviot
at 4.29, and reached Edinburgh at 7.50 p.m. Return tickets,
3s. 11d. Breakfast, 2s.

Among the plants collected were the following :—

Lepidium Smithii
Viola canina
Stellaria nemorum
Hypericum humifusum
Geranium sylvaticum
pratense
Genista anglica
Trifolium medium
Spirzea salicifolia
Rubus saxatilis
Potentilla fruticosa
Circeea lutetiana
Sanicula europzea
Sambucus nigra
Viburnum Opulus
Solidago Virgaurea
Filago germanica
Antennaria dioica
Matricaria Parthenium
Erica Tetralix
Pyrola minor
Anagallis arvensis
Solanum Dulcamara

Mimulus luteus
Stachys Betonica
Littorella lacustris
Polygonum viviparum
Salix repens
Listera ovata
Epipactis latifolia
Orchis latifolia

» maculata
Gymnadenia conopsea

albida
Habeniars ia bifolia
i chlorantha
Narthecium ossifragum
Scirpus lacustris
Carex sylvatica
Poa nemoraiis
Scolopendrium vulgare
Cystopteris fragilis
Equisetum umbrosuin
Lycopodium clavaturn
alpinum

”

Grant’s House, Cockburn Law, &c.
Saturday, 2nd July 1859.

Party of 45 met at North British Railway Station at 8 a.m.
and proceeded to Grant’s House—met Mr. James Hardy of
Penmanshiel along with two of the schoolmasters in the neigh-
bourhood, and walked by Butterdean across the Eye by

292 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Quixwood to the Abbey St. Bathan’s and the Whitadder.
Crossed the river by bridge and proceeded to Cockburn Law,
1049 feet above level of the sea. Visited Edin’s Hold, an old
Pictish or Saxon building, then crossed the Whitadder to
the Retreat (belonging to Lord Wemyss) and walked through
the woods to an old copper mine near the Straight Leap, and
then by the road and moor to Grant’s House, returning by
train at 5.51 p.m. Return tickets, 2s. 6d.

Among the plants collected were the following :—

Ranunculus aquatilis
‘ss hederaceus
‘6 Flammula
Papaver somniferum
Cardamine amara
Hesperis matronalis
Viola palustris
» canina

Cerastium arvense
Stellaria nemorum
Geranium sylvaticum

" pratense

¥ dissectum

lucidum

Cake anglica
Trifolium medium

" hybridum
Lotus major
Rubus suberectus

nitidus

Potentilla reptans
Ribes rubrum
Sedum Telephium
Myriophyllum spicatum
Callitriche platycarpa
Sanicula europea
Conium maculatum
Pimpinella Saxifraga
Galium palustre

Solidago Virgaurea
Antennaria dioica
Senecio sylvaticus
viscosus
Pyrola media
Verbascum Thapsus
Veronica scutellata
Melampyrum pratense
Salix pentandra
4 aquatica
Empetrum nigrum
Listera cordata
Gymnadenia conopsea
Scirpus setaceus
Blysmus compressus
Carex pulicaris
» remota
» pilulifera
» leevigata
, binervis
Phalaris arundinacea
Lolium italicum
Juniperus communis
Allosorus crispus
Lastrea Oreopteris
Polypodium Dryopteris
egopteris
Lpnofodinnl clavatum
m alpinum

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 293
Beattock, Garpol Linn, Beld Crag, Moffat.
Saturday, 9th July 1859.

Party of 66 met at the Caledonian Railway Station at 6.30
a.m. and proceeded to Beattock—breakfasted at the Beattock
Inn (Miss Ramsay). Met the Rev. Mr. Little and proceeded with
him to Garpol Linn. Also met the Rev. Dr. MacVicar. After
visiting the Linn, went to the manse of Kirkpatrick-Juxta and
saw Mr. Little’s collection of living ferns. Then walked to the
Beld Crag—Mr. Little met us there ; afterwards proceeded to
Moffat, visited the Well, and reached Beattock in time for the
train at 5.22 p.m. Return tickets, 4s. Breakfast, 1s. 6d.

Some of the party visited the hills near Moffat, going to the
district on Friday, 8th.

Among the plants collected were the following :—

Ranunculus hederaceus
Cardamine Impatiens

(Kirkpatrick-Juxta)
Viola hirta

| Symphytum officinale

| i

|
Stellaria nemorum , levigata

Linaria vulgaris
Habenaria chlorantha
Carex remota

Lepigonum rubrum , binervis

Tilia grandifolia | Milium effusum

Genista tinctoria | Melica nutans

Saxifraga stellaris » uniflora

Sedum Rhodiola | Hymenophyllum Wilsoni
» villosum Allosorus crispus

Jasione montana | (Moffat Hills)

Pyrola secunda Asplenium viride

Lysimachia Nummularia
(Kirkpatrick-Juxta)

Kilconquhar, Balcarres, Elie, Largo.
Saturday, 16th July 1859.

Party of between 40 and 50 met at Edinburgh Perth and
Dundee Railway Station at 9.30 am. and proceeded to
Kilconquhar, where we met the Rev. Mr. Milligan minister of

204 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

the parish, who acted as our guide; met also Mr. Barclay from
Cupar, who accompanied us from Thornton Junction, and Mr.
A. Wilkie of Leven. Visited Kilconquhar Loch and then
walked to Balcarres ; visited the Den and the high rock—whence
we had a fine view. Passed Balcarres House and proceeded by
Elie to Largo Links. Reached Largo in time for train at 6.39
p-m. Detained long at Thornton Junction, and did not reach
Edinburgh till near 10 p.m.

Among the plants collected were the following :—

Ranunculus sceleratus
Nuphar luteum
(near St. Monans)
Arabis hirsuta
Crambe maritima (near Elie)
Viola canina (Largo Links)
Lychnis Githago
Sagina nodosa
Hypericum calycinum
+ quadrangulum
hirsutum
Euonymus europzeus
Medicago sativa
Melilotus officinalis
Comarum palustre
Rosa rubiginosa
Ribes nigrum
Hippuris vulgaris
Epilobium hirsutum
3 sages
ontanum
Beecuenned sativum
Sium angustifolium
Pimpinella Saxifraga
Foeniculum vulgare
(Enanthe crocata
Bidens cernua
Centaurea Scabiosa
Campanula rapunculoides

Ligustrum vulgare
Cynoglossum officinale
Solanum Dulcamara
Linaria vulgaris
Veronica Anagallis
Atriplex angustifolia
» Babingtonii
Polygonum amphibium
Daphne Laureola
Habenaria viridis
Sparganium ramosum
Alisma Plantago
Scirpus lacustris
Carex disticha
» arenaria
, teretiuscula
»» paniculata
» vulpina
» Re
ampullacea
Holeus mollis
Phragmites communis
Glyceria aquatica
Triticum repens
# junceum
Asplenium marinum
(near Elie)

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 295

Cathcart, Busby.
Saturday, 23rd July 1859.

Party of 20 met at the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway
Station at 7 a.m. and proceeded to Glasgow. Thence went by
omnibus to Cathcart, met Mr. Keddie, also Mr. Crum’s gardener,
and the Cathcart schoolmaster, and walked by banks of the Cart
through various properties, for which permission had been ob-
tained. Visited Cathcart Castle. Crossed the Cart at different
points. Walked along the banks of the Kethock and reached
Busby about 2 p.m. Dined at Mr Crum’s. Met the minister of
Busby, Free Church Minister of East Kilbride, Dr. Ross of
Busby, and others. Visited Mr. Crum’s garden and _ houses.
Left about 4 p.m. by omnibus for Glasgow, reaching Edinburgh
by train at 5.30 p.m.

Among the plants gathered were the following :—

Trifolium medium Verbascum Thapsus
Vicia sylvatica | Veronica montana
Rubus carpinifolius Plantago maritima (on rock
Fragaria elatior on banks of Cart)
Agrimonia Eupatoria Atriplex erecta
Rosa villosa Polygonum Bistorta
»» canina, var. Epipactis latifolia
arvensis Ruscus aculeatus
Sachin Telephium Alisma Plantago
acre (var., in woods) Milium effusum
Editisa Cynapium Poa nemoralis (a peculiar

Arctium majus form like Poa Balfourii)

Hieracium denticulatum Bromus asper
Pyrola secunda Triticum caninum

(said to be got in woods Polypodium Dryopteris

near Busby) Phegopteris
Campanula latifolia Dehiticloneisil vulgatum
(chiefly white) (Cathcart woods)

Symphytum officinale

296 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY
Clova.
Friday, 12th August 1859.

J. H. Balfour, Thomas Barclay, William Bell, William Brand,
J. B. Corbett, Alexander Graham, J. Labonté, Arthur Le Deant,
John Linton, James M‘Nab, T. Pougnet.

The above party of 11 left Edinburgh on Friday, 12th
August, at 6 a.m. They travelled by the Edinburgh, Perth, »
and Dundee Railway, reached Perth about 9 a.m. and
breakfasted there, arrangements having been made for them by
Dr. Lauder Lindsay. They left Perth at 10.18 for Kirriemuir
where they arrived about 1 p.m., the train being late. The party
had return 3rd class tickets available for 14 days, price 7s. 8d.

At Kirriemuir young Findlay met the party with a cart and
took charge of the baggage along with provisions for the Milltown
of Clova. The party walked by Cortachy to Dykehead, where
they rested for lunch. There is a great improvement in the
place of late. In the woods on starting gathered Pyrola media,
Trientalis europea, Listera cordata. From Dykehead walked up
the glen to Clova, which was reached about 7 p.m. Collected on
the way Saxifraga aizoides, Meum athamanticum, Gymnadenia
aliida, Lycopodium alpinum, and a_ peculiar white-flowered
variety of Carduus heterophyllus.

On arriving at Clova they were accommodated in the hall,
where straw-beds were made up for the party, the forms, tables,
and boards for the Clova festivities being called into requisition.
Mr. M‘Nab and Dr. Balfour had beds in the inn in consequence of
the non-arrival of Lord Cranston and his keepers, who had secured,
all the accommodation at the inn for his shooting quarters.
Found old Charles Findlay in good health, though older look-
ing than formerly and somewhat deaf. Mary, his daughter,
still takes an active charge in the inn. On our way up the glen
met the Rev. Mr. Smith, the clergyman of the place. Clova is
now to be made a parish extending about three miles below
Milltown and about four miles above it.

Saturday, 13th August 1859.

Party started between 8 and 9 am. for Glen Dole.
Went on the south side of the Esk. Met old John Ogilvy,

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 297

who knew George Don and had also met Drummond. He is
over 80 years of age. Picked on the way J/alaxis paludosa and
Gymnadenia albida. Botanised on the north side of Glen Dole.
Kain came on and continued all day. The party were thoroughly
wet. Several returned early. The party examined Glen Dole
ully and gathered :—

Silene acaulis Gnaphalium supinum
Astragalus alpinus Saussurea alpina
Rubus saxatilis Hieracium alpinum
Dryas octopetala Lawsoni
Sibbaldia procumbens Sdneiue alpinus
Saxifraga oppositifolia Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi
‘5 stellaris Pyrola media
noides, var. Veronica saxatilis
Epilobiink anpausttoidrn Salix reticulata
pA alsinifolium Carex atrata
alpinum Poa Balfourii
Linmees borealis Festuca vivipara
Erigeron alpinus

Monday, 15th August 18 59.

Several of the party this day were unable to take much
exercise in the way of walking. The rest of the party started
about 8.30 a.m. and crossed the bridge of Clova and then walked
along the side of the Esk as far as the cottage where Isabella
M‘Kenzie lives, a person who has neither hands nor feet. The
deformity is congenital. The arms end in rounded extremities
without hands. The arm on the right side is shorter than that
on the left. The legs are deficient from above the knees. She
is intelligent, reads well, and is able to write by hoiding a pen in
her teeth. She was 38 on Sunday, 14th August 1859. In the
house where she resided I met the daughter of the former game-
keeper (now dead) at Loch Callater, in whose house I once
stayed for a night and whom I often visited on botanical excur-
sions.

We then went on to Glen Fee, gathering in Glen Clova
Malaxis paludosa and Hieracium denticulatum. Visited the
Oxytropis cliff and gathered Oxy/ropis campestris in fruit and
flower, Epilobium angustifolium, Woodsia hyperborea, This fern

298 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

seems to occur sparsely from the Oxytropis cliff up to the water-
fall at the head of the glen. We got also variety of TZofteldta
palustris and Cystopterts fragilis, Crossed over to the opposite
side of the glen and endeavoured to get Carex Grahami, but did
not succeed. The station of this plant seems to be lost.

Gathered :—

Rubus Chamzemorus Luzula spicata
Sibbaldia procumbens Carex pulicaris
Cornus suecica », Wahlii
Gnaphalium supinum » atrata
Veronica alpina » rigida
Salix lanata » Vaginata

, Lapponum , pulicaris

» Myrsinites,var. arbuti- Asplenium viride

folia Pseudathyrium alpestre,

» herbacea | var. flexile
Juncus trifidus Polystichum Lonchitis
» triglumis

On our way home about 6 visited Robert Welsh at Acharn.
His sister kindly gave us milk. The day was fine, very clear
views, beautiful sunset.

Tuesday, 16th August 1850.

The morning was bright and seemed to promise well. Six of the
party—Dr. Balfour, M‘Nab, Graham, Bell, Linton, and Rutherford
—started about 8.30 a.m., walked to Acharn, thence proceeded
directly on the eastern side of Glen Dole to Jock’s Road.
Visited falls of White Water, and then walked along its banks
for about a quarter of a mile, and turned to the west over the
hills on the left at the place where there is a depression in the
ridge, and reached at once Little Gilrannoch. Picked Cochlearia
sranlandica, Lychnis alpina (mostly in fruit), Cherleria sedotdes,
and Armeria maritima. On the stream coming from the hill the
party gathered Epzlobium alsinifolium, Carex aquatilis, Alope-
curus alpinus, Phleum alpinum, and Pseudathyrium alpestre, vat.
Rain and mist had set in, and we were thoroughly drenched an
very cold. Guided ourselves by compass. Returned to White
Water, and walked along the banks in a northerly direction,

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 299

gathering Szbbaldia procumbens, Epilobium alpinum, Gnaphalium
supinum, Juncus castaneus. \n returning crossed to the Dole to join
Jock’s Road. Gathered Rubus Chamemorus (sparingly in fruit),
Cornus suecica, Pseudathyrium alpestre (in abundance) and some
forms apparently flexz/e, also varieties of Athyrium Filix-femina
and of Lastrea dilatata. On full-grown specimens of Pseudathyrium
alpestre saw some fronds rather contracted bearing fructifications.
Others were expanded and rounded in the fzwue bearing no
sporangia. \t is probable that P. flexz/e is merely a barren state
of the plant with the fzzz@ more rounded and scattered. Plants
of all varieties were taken for the Botanic Garden so as to enable
us to determine them. Returned by Glen Dole and reached
Clova about 6.30 p.m.
Wednesday, 17th August 1859.

This morning was very fine and warm, sun shone beautifully,
and the views all around were splendid.

Ten of the party started at 9.30 for Loch Brandy ; Messrs. Le
Deant and Labonté remained at home. The party visited Loch
Brandy and ascended to the summit of the mountain, whence we
had a splendid view of Lochnagar and al] the mountains around.
The distant views were particularly clear.

Among the plants gathered were :—

Thalictrum alpinum Azalea procumbens
Subularia aquatica _* Littorella lacustris
Cerastium alpinum | Salix herbacea
Potentilla alpestris | Sparganium natans
Sibbaldia procumbens Pseudathyrium alpestre
Gnaphalium supinum Polystichum Lonchitis
Saussurea alpina Isoétes lacustris

Lobelia Dortmanna | Polytrichum alpinum

On our return went to the Esk and gathered specimens of
Carduus heterophyllus, Hieractum denticulatum, and Carex aqua-
tilts. Dined at 5.30. About 6 p.m. Mr. Barclay appeared,
having been detained at Cupar longer than he intended.

Thursday, 18th August 1859.

The party broke up to-day. Mr. M‘Nab took charge of the
party to Kirriemuir, while Dr, Balfour, Mr, Graham, and Mr,

300 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Linton went to Ballater. Of the Kirriemuir party, Mr. Barclay
and Mr. Pougnet went to Aberdeen and Peterhead, Mr. Le
Deant and Mr. Labonté went to Perth, the rest to Edinburgh.

The Ballater party left Clova at 6.15 a.m. and ascended by
Ben Driesh to the west of Loch Brandy. The hills were covered
with mist. The party required the compass to guidethem. The
direction taken was N.N.E. The road was very rough, and the
journey fatiguing. After three hours’ travelling there was a
partial clearance of the mist and part of Lochnagar was seen,
which helped to direct the party. We joined the Glen Muick
road between 4 and 5 miles from Ballater and reached the latter
place about 12.45.

On the way we gathered :—

Pyrola media Melampyrum sylvaticum
Trientalis europzea Betula nana
Linaria repens

On 19th August Mr. Graham and Mr. Linton visited Balmoral.
On 22nd August Dr. Balfour visited Lochnagar.

EXCURSIONS IN 1860.
Penicuik, Auchendinny, Roslin.
Saturday, 12th May 1860.

Party of 120 met at the North British Railway Station at 9
a.m. and proceeded to Penicuik, thence walked by banks of Esk
to Auchendinny and Roslin and returned from Roslin Station at
5-30 p.m. Return tickets, 1s. 3d.

Vegetation very far behind its usual state at this season.

Collected :—

Polypodium Dryopteris _ Equisetum umbrosum
Gi Phegopteris |
(with scarcely a |
leaf expanded) :

50 or 60 species of flowering plants were gathered, besides many
mosses and lichens, also J/orchella esculenta.

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 301

Gorebridge, Arniston, Dalhousie.
Saturday, 19th May 1860.

Party of 110 met at the North British Railway Station at
11.25 a.m. and proceeded to Gorebridge, thence walked to
Arniston, having permission from Mr. Dundas to visit his
grounds. Walked along banks of Esk and reached Dalhousie at
5.16 p.m., returning to Edinburgh at 5.41 p.m. Return tickets, Is.

Gathered the usual Arniston plants, amongst them :—

Aconitum Napellus Doronicum plantagineum
Draba muralis Pulmonaria officinalis
(near the garden) Arum maculatum
Chrysosplenium alterni-
folium

North Queensferry, Inverkeithing, St Davids.
Saturday, 26th May 1860.

Party of 100 met at Granton Pier at 8 a.m. and proceeded to
Queensferry by steamboat, thence walked to Inverkeithing and
St. Davids, and returned to Queensferry, joining the boat about
6 p.m. Return tickets, Is.; Granton Pier, 2d.; Queensferry
Pier, 6d.—in all, 1s. 8d. Much thunder and lightning with
heavy showers—rain and hail.

Among the plants gathered were :—

Erysimum orientale Viola canina
(near Queensferry) Sedum villosum
Camelina sativa Allium Schoenoprasum
(near St. Davids) (on shore near Inver-
Diplotaxis tenuifolia keithing)

Many sea-weeds. In all about 160 specimens collected,
3

302 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Mid-Calder, Meadowbank, Dalmahoy, Ravelrig,
Water of Leith, Currie.

Saturday, 2nd June 1860.

Party of 80 met at the Caledonian Station at 10.20 a.m. and
proceeded to Mid-Calder, thence walked by Meadowbank to
Dalmahoy, Ravelrig, Water of Leith, and Currie. Returned
from Currie by train at 6.11 p.m. Fare, ts.

Among the plants gathered were :—

Trollius europzeus Listera cordata
Corydalis formosa | Narcissus Pseudo-narcissus
Viola canina Tulipa sylvestris

» lutea Equisetum hyemale
Geranium columbinum Agaricus campestris
Linnzea borealis ;j fascicularis
Pyrola minor Polyporus squamosus
Trientalis europzea Lycoperdon Bovista
Scrophularia vernalis

Boldside, Abbotsford, Rymer’s Glen, Eildon Hills, Melrose.
Saturday, 9th June 1860.

Party of 110 met at North British Railway Station at 7.30
a.m. and proceeded to Abbotsford Ferry, Boldside. Crossed the
ferry, walked through the woods to Abbotsford—saw house and
garden—(Jeffreys and his wife showing the former and the
gardener showing the latter). Walked under direction of Robert
Young, the gamekeeper, to Rymer’s Glen, thence proceeded to
the Eildon Hills, and walked to Melrose. Saw the Abbey, and
returned by train at 3.53 p.m., reaching Edinburgh before 6 p.m.
Return tickets, 2s. 6d.

At Abbotsford Ferry only ten were taken over each time in
the boat, and this made us very late. The visit to Abbots-
ford House also consumed much time. The excursion was
therefore much curtailed.

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 303

Among the plants gathered were the following :—

Antennaria dioica Juniperus communis
Anthemis arvensis Allosorus crispus (Eildons)
Vaccinium Vitis-Idaea | Polypodium Dryopteris
Symphytum officinale | Botrychium Lunaria
(Abbotsford) Lycopodium alpinum

Valeriana dioica (Eildons) | Poa nemoralis

Bridge of Earn, Moncrieff Hill, Orchardneuk, Kinfauns,
Kinnoul Hill, Perth.

Saturday, 16th June 1860.

Party of 160 met at Edinburgh, Perth and Dundee Railway
Station at 6 a.m. and proceeded to the Bridge of Earn, where
the greater part breakfasted at Mrs. Hill’s Inn and on the
verandah; then the party walked to Moncrieff Hill conducted
by Mr. Bisset, factor to Mr. Thomas Moncrieff, and accompanied
by the gamekeeper; then proceeded to banks of the Tay at
Orchardneuk, crossed the river in the fishing-boats, and walked
to Kinfauns under the direction of the factor, Mr. Bell. <A
thunderstorm came on and the party were sheltered in the barn.
Afterwards visited Kinfauns and Kinnoul Hill, walked to
Perth, and returned by train at 6.15 p.m. Party met at Bridge
of Earn:—Mr. John Sim, Mr. Sergeant, Dr. Laing, Rev. Mr.
Kirkwood, also party from Perth Asylum, Mr. Christie, and
others. Some of the party visited Scone and Methven. Return
tickets, Bridge of Earn, 3s.; breakfast, 1s. 6d.; boat and ferry,
id. ; Perth to Bridge of Earn, 4d.—total, 4s. 11d.

304. BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Among the plants collected were the following :—

Ranunculus aquatilis
Berberis vulgaris
Nympheea alba
Papaver dubium
a Argemone
Fumaria micrantha
(abundant on Moncrieff
and Kinnoul Hills)
Helianthemum vulgare
Viola sylvatica
Ee nina
(on Moncrieff Hill)
Lychnis Flos-cuculi
Stellaria graminea
- uliginosa
Mcehringia trinervia
Sagina procumbens
» Subulata
Spergula arvensis
Claytonia alsinoides (intro-
duced at Moncrieff
House)
Montia fontana
Malva moschata (near Perth)
» rotundifolia
Tilia parvifolia
Geranium sanguineum
(Moncrieff Hill)

‘ renaicum
(Quarry near Perth)

= molle

a dissectum

Ke columbinum
(abundant on rocks
near Orchardneuk)

re jucidum

= Robertianum

(Moncrieff Hill)

Erodium cicutarium
(Moncrieff and Kinnoul
Hills—very small on top
of latter)

Trifolium arvense

striatum
(Quarry near Perth)

”

Prunus Avium
yo Fee
Fragaria elatior (Kinnoul)
Potentilla argentea
(Quarry near Perth)
Poterium Sanguisorba
(Quarry near Perth)
Rosa villosa
(Quarry near Perth)
» systyla?
Pyrus Aucuparia
Aremonia agrimonioides
(Quarry near Perth)
Saxifraga umbrosa
at Moncrieff House)

3 granulata
Sedum Telephium (Kinnoul)
» album
(near Barnhill Toll)
> i Mere

Myrrhis odorata
(Enanthe crocata
Peucedanum Ostruthium
(near Ochardneuk)
Cornus sanguinea
(Moncrieff)
Lonicera Xylosteum
Valerianella olitoria
(Quarry at Perth)

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR.

Dipsacus sylvestris
(Kinnoul)
Antennaria dioica
(Moncrieff Hill)
Inula Helenium
Anthemis arvensis
Tanacetum vulgare
Doronicum Pardalianches
Hieracium Pilosella
Vaccinium Oxycoccus
(Methven)
Erica cinerea
Pyrola minor
Moneses grandiflora
(woods at Scone)
Trientalis europea
(Methven)
Cynoglossum officinale
sylvaticum
(near Perth)
Anchusa sempervirens
Scrophularia vernalis
(in great quantity on
wall on Moncrieff Hill)
Veronica hederzfolia
arvensis
serpyllifolia
officinalis
Chameedrys
Beccabunga
peregrina (natur-
alised near Perth)
Mentha sylvestris

”

Origanum vulgare

395

Lamium maculatum
(Barnhill Toll)
Scleranthus annuus
Chenopodium Bonus-
Henricus
Rumex sanguineus
(Moncrieff Hill)
Carpinus Betulus
Salix fragilis, var. Russel-
liana
» Caprea
Populus nigra
Epipactis latifolia
Orchis latifolia
Narcissus poeticus
(Moncrieff)
Narthecium ossifragum
Lemna trisulca
Aira preecox
» flexuosa
Glyceria aquatica
(Moncrieff Hill)
Asplenium Adiantum-
nigrum
; Trichomanes
Ceterach officinarum
(Kinnoul)
Lastrea spinulosa
(Methven)
Polypodium Dryopteris
Equisetum arvense
palustre
- limosum
Lycopodium clavatum
(Moncrieff Hill)

”

Drem, Gullan, Luffness, Aberlady, Gosford, Longniddry.
Saturday, 23rd June 1860.

Party of 50 or 60 met at the North British Railway Station at 8
a.m. and proceeded to Drem, thence walked to Gullan, Luffness,

306 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Aberlady, Gosford, and returned from Longniddry at 3.6 p.m.

Return tickets, Is. 4d.

Gathered many good plants :—

Cerastium arvense
Geranium sanguineum
pusillum
Saxifraga tridactylites

(wall near Gosford)

Anagallis coerulea
Cynoglossum officinale

|
|
|
|
|

Hyoscyamus niger
Utricularia vulgaris
Hippophaé rhamnoides
Listera ovata
Potamogeton rufescens
obtusifolius
Botrychium Lunaria

Kincardine, Culross, Torryburn, Charlestown.
Saturday, 30th June 1860.

Party of 50 met at Granton at 8 a.m.and proceeded by the Stirling”
steamboat to Kincardine, thence walked by the shore to Culross,
Torryburn, aid Charlestown, where they joined the boat at 4.30
p.m. Return tickets—boat, 1s.; pier (Granton), 2d.; pier (Kin-

cardine), 2d.

Among the plants gathered were the following :—

Corydalis claviculata
Lepidium Smithii
Lepigonum marinum
Circzea lutetiana
Conium maculatum
Apium graveolens
Dipsacus sylvestris
Matricaria Parthenium
Solanum Dulcamara

Rumex aquaticus
Populus alba
Gymnadenia conopsea
Scirpus maritimus
Carex vulpina
Hordeum pratense
maritimum
Osmunda regalis

Kinross, Loch Leven, Benarty, Navity, Lochore, Lochgelly.
Saturday, 7th July 1860.

Party of about 100 met at the Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee
Railway Station at 6 a.m. and proceeded to Kinross by Thornton

and Cowdenbeath.

Reached Kinross about 9 and met Mr.

Barclay (who had joined us at Thornton), the Rev. Mr. Peters, Mr.
Little, Mr. Williamson, factor for Kinross Estate; as well as
Messrs. A. Dickson, Ramsbotham, and Bell, who had been at the

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 307

Rumbling Bridge. Breakfasted in the Town Hall, which had
been secured by Mrs. Archer of the Salutation Hotel, and after
breakfast visited Kinross grounds and house. Had a fine view
from top of house (Sir Graham Montgomery’s). Visited the
Island and Loch Leven Castle in boats. Landed at Kinross
House pier and walked by the north and east shore of loch to
Benarty. Went over the hill to Navity and Lochore, and joined
the train at Lochgelly Station about 6.57 p.m. Return tickets,
2s. 10d.; breakfast, 1s. 6d. ; share of boats, 3d.—in all, 4s. 7d.
Among the plants collected were the following :—

Ranunculus Flammula
reptans
acris

”

ii repens
Cheiranthus Cheiri
Cardamine pratensis
Helianthemum vulgare
Viola lutea
Silene inflata
Lychnis diurna
Arenaria serpyllifolia
Radiola Millegrana
Geranium sylvaticum
Anthyllis Vulneraria
Lotus corniculatus
Vicia hirsuta

» sativa
Lathyrus macrorrhizus
Comarum palustre
Crateegus Oxyacantha
(in full flower)
Parnassia palustris

Sedum acre

Drosera rotundifolia
Conium maculatum
Bunium flexuosum
Cheerophyllum temulum
Anthriscus sylvestris
Torilis Anthriscus
Galium Cruciata

» 7 werent

Galium saxatile
» palustre

Valeriana officinalis

Antennaria dioica

Pyrola minor

Trientalis europzea

Pedicularis palustris

sylvatica

Pangea vulgaris

Scleranthus annuus

Polygonum Convolvulus
Persicaria

viviparum

Salix repens

Listera ovata

Gymnadenia conopsea

Habenaria bifolia
chlorantha

Iris Pseudacorus

Potamogeton gramineus

Carex disticha

ovalis

5) uta
Triticum caninum

”

» repen
Asplenium’ Adiantum-
nigrum
Ruta-muraria
Cystopteris fragilis
Lycopodium clavatum

308 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Canal, Slateford, Colinton, Bonaly, Pentlands,
Habbie’s Howe, Currie.

Saturday, 14th July 1860.

Party of between 25 and 30 met at the Canal Basin, Port
Hopetoun, at 9 a.m., and walked by banks of Canal to Slateford,
Colinton, Bonaly, Pentlands, Compensation Ponds, and Habbie’s
Howe, and returned towards Currie and Colinton, reaching Edin-
burgh about 6.15 p.m.

Among the plants collected were the following :—

Ranunculus aquatilis
Arabis hirsuta

Habenaria viridis
Potamogeton crispus

Geranium pheeum

es sylvaticum

3 pratense
Trifolium medium
Rosa rubiginosa

» lutetiana

Sedum villosum
Epilobium angustifolium
Galium pusillum
Valeriana pyrenaica
Solidago Virgaurea
Matricaria Parthenium
Hieracium prenanthoides
Rumex. viridis
Empetrum nigrum

pusillus

Carex stellulata

» pilulifera

, binervis

» fulva
Poa nemoralis
Festuca gigantea

=i arundinacea
Triticum caninum
Juniperus communis
Cystopteris fragilis
Polystichum aculeatum
Lastrea Oreopteris
Lycopodium clavatum

Mr. C. Cowan stated that Al/osorus crispus grows on Carnethy '
Hill, and Rubus Chamemorus on the hills between Carnethy and
the Black Hill.

Callander, Ben Ledi.
Saturday, 21st July 1860.

Party of about 100 met at the Scottish Central Railway
Station at 6.30 a.m. and proceeded to Callander. Breakfasted
ere at M‘Gowan’s Inn, and then walked to Ben Ledi, and re-

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 309

turned by train at 6.25 p.m. Return tickets, 4s. 4d.; breakfast,
Is. 6d. Some of the party (12 or 15) went by a coach to the
Trossachs and returned. The day was favourable, and many
good plants were collected. Mr. Buchan, from Dunblane, ac-
companied the party, also several gardeners from the district.
Mr. Skinner met us at Callander. He had arranged the break-
fast with the innkeeper.

Among the plants gathered were the following :—

Thalictrum alpinum Epilobium alpinum
Caltha minor, var. Circeea alpina
Trollius europzeus Pimpinella magna
Nuphar luteum } (loch (Leny avenue)
Nymphza alba Cassar) CEnanthe crocata
Corydalis claviculata Meum athamanticum
Draba incana Cornus suecica
Cochlearia officinalis, var. Galium boreale
Subularia aquatica » Mollugo
(Loch Lubnaig) Solidago Virgaurea
Viola lutea, var. purpurea Antennaria dioica
Silene acaulis Chrysanthemum segetum
Stellaria uliginosa Saussurea alpina
Hypericum Androsemum . Hieracium alpinum
(Leny) Apargia autumnalis
humifusum Lobelia Dortmanna
Tilia parsiolls (Loch Lubnaig)
Vicia sylvatica Vaccinium Vitis-Idzea
Prunus insititia 4 uliginosum
Rubus saxatilis - Oxycoccus
», Chameemorus Armeria maritima
Alchemilla alpina (Ben Ledi)
Sibbaldia procumbens Lysimachia vulgaris
Saxifraga oppositifolia (Loch Lubnaig)
re nivalis Nummularia
- stellaris Gentiana campestris
- aizoides . Utricularia intermedia
hypnoides Scutellaria galericulata
Sedhuin Telephium (Trossachs)
» anglicum Polygonum viviparum
Lythrum Salicaria Oxyria reniformis
Epilobium alsinifolium Myrica Gale

BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Quercus sessiliflora
Salix herbacea
Populus. nigra
Empetrum nigrum
Listera cordata
Gymnadenia albida
Habenaria chlorantha
Narthecium ossifragum
Tofieldia palustris
Juncus trifidus

7 supinus

t mis

Potadkbetod obtusifolius
Rhynchospora alba
Carex dioica

» Stellulata

3 Ovaus

» Vulgaris

to be the irrigua)
»y preecox
‘5 pallescens

ae ampullacea

glauca |
» irrigua? (Mr. A. Bell; |
something like c
limosa, but seems

Milium effusum
Holcus mollis
Triodia decumbens
Poa montana
Triticum caninum
Nardus stricta
Hymenophyllum Wilsoni
Pteris aquilina
Allosorus crispus
Blechnum boreale
Asplenium viride
Trichomanes
Athyriiih Filix-foemina
Cystopteris oe
ntata
Polystichiith fonchids
. aculeatum
Lastrea Oreopteris
Filix-mas
,» dilatata
Polypodium vulgare
Dryopteris
Phegopteris
Rotrychian Lunaria
Lycopodium Selago
e clavatum
‘ alpinum
selaginoides
Isoétes lacitris
(Loch Lubnaig)

”

Mr. A. Bell was of great assistance in showing us localities for

rare plants.

He picked Carer trrigua and Vaccinium Oxycoccus.

Aberfeldy, Moness.

August and September 1860.

Plants found near Aberfeldy, at Moness, and on hills near these
places :—

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFoUR. 311

Moness :—

Trollius europzeus (woods) |
Berberis vulgaris (woods) |
Hypericum humifusum
Agrimonia Eupatoria
Rosa villosa
Saxifraga aizoides
(hills above)
Circeea alpina
Galium boreale
Solidago Virgaurea
Antennaria dioica
Carduus heterophyllus
Hieracium prenanthoides
Campanula latifolia
Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi
(hills above)
Trientalis europzea (Falls)
Melampyrum sylvaticum
(abundant
Calamintha Clinopodium
Listera ovata (above)

Near Aberfeldy :—

Corydalis claviculata |
(top of cottages)
Prunus Padus

Fergan :—

Sagina subulata
Alchemilla alpina
Saxifraga gees
zoides
Calljtriche oiitaeniall
Vaccinium Vitis-Idzea
Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi

Near Dull:—

Lamium album

Carex remota

» Ppallescens

» sylvatica

» binervis
Milium effusum
Melica uniflora
Pteris aquilina
Blechnum boreale
Athyrium Filix-foemina
var. con-

vexum
Polystichum aculeatum
Lastrea Oreopteris
Filix-mas

” ”

”

» dilatata
Polypodium vulgare
ryopteris
Phegopteris
Dauiaweu umbrosum
Lycopodium selaginoides
(above)

”

Rubus suberectus
Pyrus Malus

Sparganium natans
Carex pauciflora

, pilulifera
Asplenium viride
Lycopodium Selago
clavatum
alpinum

”

42 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Weem :—
Calamintha Clinopodium Asplenium Adiantum-
Melica uniflora
Poa nemoralis (woods)
Pteris aquilina

ei Trichomanes
Cystopteris fragilis
Polystichum aculeatum

In grounds at Taymouth :—
Nuphar luteum Antennaria margaritacea
Nymphea alba Botrychium Lunaria
Spirzea salicifolia

————

Ben Lawers.
Tuesday, 4th September 1860.

Party, consisting of J. H. Balfour, W. Keddie, and W. Bell,
left Aberfeldy at 7 a.m. for Lawers Inn, where they remained
until Wednesday evening. On 4th September, visited Ben
Lawers. Examined the rocks in the corrie, and returned to the
inn about 7 pm. The inn kept by W. Anderson and _his
daughter is very comfortable, there is a public room, a single-
bedded and a double-bedded room.

The following are some of the plants collected on Ben
Lawers :—

Thalictrum alpinum Montia fontana
Anemone nemorosa Oxalis Acetosella
Ranunculus acris Anthyllis Vulneraria
Caltha palustris Rubus saxatilis
Trollius europzeus ‘ amzemorus
Draba incana Potentilla alpestris

3 Verna Sibbaldia procumbens
Cochlearia officinalis Alchemilla alpina

s alpi Saxifraga oppositifolia

Viola lutea Xs nivalis
Silene acaulis - aizoides
Cerastium alpinum - hypnoides, var.
Cherleria sedoides Parnassia palustris
Sagina subulata Sedum Rhodiola

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 313

Epilobium alsinifolium
i inum
Angelica sylvestris
(peculiar form)
Heracleum Sphondylium
(high up)
Cornus suecica
Galium boreale
Solidago Virgaurea
Erigeron alpinus
Antennaria dioica, var.
Gnaphalium pusillum
Saussurea alpina
Hieracium alpinum
awsoni
Apargie autumnalis, var.
Taraxaci
Vaccinium Vitis-Idzea

Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi
Armeria maritima, var.

pina
Veronica serpyllifolia
” i
saxatilis
Polygonum see ans
Oxyria reniform
Salix fusca, var. aoe
» reticulata
Empetrum nigrum

Tofieldia palustris
Juncus triglumis
Luzula spicata
Potamogeton oblongus
Carex pulicaris
ovalis
atrata
rigida
vulgaris
glauca
pilulifera
pallescens

” p a
Phleum commutatum ?
Agrostis vulgaris
Triodia decumbens
Poa alpina
» Balfourii
Festuca vivipara
Juniperus communis
Woodsia hyperborea
(in considerable quantity
on steep cliffs, very diffi-
cult of access)
Polystichum Lonchitis
Lastrea dilatata, var.
Polypodium alpestre

The station for Cystopterts montana was examined. No
specimens were seen.

Wednesday, 5th September 1860.

This day again ascended Ben Lawers and went direct to the
summit; fine view; clouds and sunshine; strong wind on
top. After visiting summit and gathering Saxifraga cernua,
Draba rupestris,ard Cochlearta alpina, the party descended to the
rocks below, where two large patches of snow were lying, one

314 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

of them 34 feet thick. Saussurea alpina was seen and Woodsza,
also Erigeron alpinus and Draba incana.

Returned to the inn about § p.m. and reached Aberfeldy by
coach about 9.30 p.m.

Schiehallion.
Friday, 7th September 1860.

Party consisting of J. H. Balfour, W. Keddie, and W. Bell,
visited Schiehallion. Went by Weem, Dull, Coshieville, and
Garth Castle to a farmhouse at the foot of the hill, where we
ascended, Hill very precipitous; covered with quartz rocks,

porphyry, and trap-dyke through it. Dry, barren hill about 3600
feet high.

Among the plants collected were the following :—
Thalictrum alpinum
Genista anglica
Rubus Chamzemorus | Polygonum viviparum
Saxifraga aizoides | Salix arbutifolia

= stellaris | Listera cordata

|
I

Cornus suecica
Pyrola media

hypnoides Tofieldia palustris
Eippuris vulgaris (near
Loch of Kinnaird)

A specimen of Polystichum Lonchitis was gathered with 130
fronds on it.

Plants seen on the summit were :—
Rubus Chamzemorus
(very high)
Vaccinium Myrtillus
Empetrum nigrum

Carex rigida |
Festuca ovina vivipara
Lycopodium Selago

and the usual mosses and lichens, such as species of Andreea
Polytrichum, Hypnum denticulatum, Cladonia rangiferina, Cetraria
tslandica, Lecidea, Scyphophorus bellidifiorus,

Trichostomum
lanuginosum.

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 315

EXCURSIONS IN 1861.
Canal, Slateford, Water of Leith, Colinton, Woodhall.
Saturday, 11th May 1861.
Party of about 120 met at the Canal Basin, Port Hopetoun,
at II a.m., and proceeded by Canal banks to Slateford, then by

banks of Water of Leith to Colinton and by road to Woodhall ;
returned about 5 p.m. to Edinburgh.

Among the plants collected were the following :—

Anemone nemorosa
Ranunculus auricomus
> Ficaria

Berberis vulgaris
Corydalis solida

(walls near Slateford)

Pe utea
Barbarea vulgaris
Arabis hirsuta
Cardamine amara
pratensis
sylvatica
Draba verna
Viola sylvatica
Lychnis diurna
Stellaria Holostea
Mcehringia trinervia
Geranium pheum

e molle
Prunus communis, var.

”

Geum rivale
Pyrus Aucuparia
Saxifraga granulata

Myrrhis odorata
Galium Cruciata
Valerianella olitoria
Doronicum Pardalianches
Primula vulgaris
Symphytum tuberosum
Veronica hedereefolia
Lamium, amplexicaule
purpureum
» album
Orchis mascula
Allium ursinum
Lilium Martagon
Arum maculatum
(woods near Slateford)
Scolopendrium vulgare
(Colinton)
Cystopteris fragilis
(near Woodhall)
Bryum capillare
Hypnum commutatum
striatum
ruscifolium
cupressiforme
rugosum

”

316 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Burntisland, Aberdour.
Saturday, 18th May 1861.

Party of about 130 met at the Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee
Railway Station at 9.30 a.m. and proceeded to Burntisland,
thence walked to Aberdour and returned to Burntisland
for train at 4.50, reaching Edinburgh at 5.50 pm. Return
tickets, 8d.

Among the plants gathered were the following :—

Ranunculus auricomus - Primula elatior
Cochlearia officinalis Pulmonaria officinalis
=e danica Solanum Dulcamara
Sisymbrium Thalianum Veronica hedereefolia
Lepidium Smithii Lamium amplexicaule
Thlaspi arvense » incisum
Viola hirta » purpureum
» sylvatica ‘ album
» canina Plantago Coronopus
Silene maritima Rumex scutatus
Geranium sanguineum Daphne Laureola
. pheeum Mercurialis perennis
(Aberdour Castle and (both dicecious and
churchyard) moncecious
Medicago maculata Allium Scorodoprasum
(Aberdour Castle, » vineale
below the churchyard) Arum maculatum
Poterium Sanguisorba Blysmus rufus
(not in flower) Carex preecox
#Ethusa Cynapium Sclerochloa loliacea
Valerianella olitoria Scolopendrium vulgare
Armeria maritima Botrychium Lunaria
Primula veris

Linlithgow, Carriden, Blackness Castle, Hopetoun,
Niddrie Castle, Winchburgh.

Saturday, 25th May 1861.

Party of 80 met at the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway
Station at 7 am. and proceeded to Linlithgow. Visited the

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. ka

Palace and Loch. Walked to Carriden, thence to Blackness
Castle and Hopetoun Woods. Mr. M‘Laren, the forester,
accompanied the party through the woods, and Mr. Garvie, the
gardener, conducted the party through the gardens and plant-
houses. Walked to Niddrie Castle and Winchburgh, met train
at 4.2 and reached Edinburgh about 5 p.m. Return tickets,
Is. 6d.

Among the plants collected were the following :—

Ranunculus aquatilis Fraxinus excelsior

me ammula Symphytum officinale
Berberis vulgaris (Carriden)
Chelidonium majus Linaria Cymbalaria
Draba verna (Blackness) (Hopetoun)

Sisymbrium Thalianum
Brassica Rapa
Lepidium Smithii
Viola lutea
Cerastium glomeratum
Acer campestre
(near Hopetoun)
Rosa rubiginosa
Pyrus Malus
Saxifraga tridactylites
(Blackness Castle)
Myriophyllum spicatum

Listera ovata

(barely in flower)
Epipactis latifolia

(not in flower)
Scirpus uniglumis

(Blackness)
Asplenium Ruta-muraria
Scolopendrium vulgare

(Carriden)
Ophioglossum vulgatum

(Hopetoun)

Lanark, Cora Linn, Bonnington Falls, Stonebyres,
artland Crags.

Saturday, ist June 1861.

Party of about 120 met at Caledonian Station at 6.30 a.m.
and proceeded to Lanark, thence walked to Cora Linn and
Bonnington Falls, as well as to Stonebyres and Cartland Crags,
and returned by train leaving Lanark at 4.35 p.m. Return
tickets, 2s. 6d.

BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Trollius europzeus
Aquilegia vulgaris
Aconitum Napellus
Arabis hirsuta
Cardamine amara
Draba (Cora Linn)
Hesperis matronalis
Sisymbrium Thalianum
Geranium sylvaticum
lucidum
Teitalinns filiforme

Fragaria elatior
Pyrus Aucuparia

”

Saxifraga Geum

= umbrosa, var.

punctata

5 granulata
Ribes alpinum
Sedum acre
Circzea lutetiana
Sanicula europza
Adoxa Moschatellina
Galium boreale
Antennaria dioica
Doronicum plantagineum
Campanula rotundifolia
Pyrola minor
Vinca minor
Melampyrum pratense
Salix Caprea
Neottia Nidus-avis
Listera ovata
Convallaria majalis
Luzula pilosa
Eriophorum latifolium

Among the plants gathered were the following :—

Carex paniculata
» paludosa
Melica nutans
» uniflora
Briza media
Pteris aquilina
Blechnum boreale
Asplenium viride
Trichomanes
Adtipeium Filix-foemina
Cystopteris fragilis
Polystichum lobatum
aculeatum
Lastres Filix-mas
» dilatata
Polypodium vulgare
iv Dryopteris
Phegopteris
Hapisntanh arvense

iyccpadnan ane
Tortula tortuo

mu
Orthotrichum: crispum
Funaria hygrometrica
Leskea sericea
Isothecium alpecuroides
Hypnum striatum

os commutatum

- triquetrum

Ps oreum

lustre

os pseudotriquetrum
yi undulatum

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 319

Alectoria jubata
Ramalina farinacea
Usnea barbata
Evernia prunastri
Peltidea aphthosa

Hypnum dendroides
Bartramia fontana |
Ceratodon purpurascens
Fegatella conica

Lepraria flava

East Linton, Prestonkirk, Tynningham, Belhaven, Dunbar.
Saturday, 8th June 1861.

Party of 82 met at the North British Railway Station at
8 a.m. and proceeded to East Linton, thence walked by Preston-
kirk to Tynningham, where they met Mr. Lees, the gardener.
Examined woods at Tynningham. Walked to Whitbery Point
and mouth of Tyne. Crossed the river and walked by Sandy
Bent to Belhaven, and then to Dunbar. Returned by train
leaving Dunbar at 6.17 p.m. Return tickets, 2s.

Among the plants gathered were the following :—

Berberis vulgaris
(Tynningham)
Papaver Rheeas
dubium
» Argemone
Fumaria capreolata
micrantha
iy officinalis
Arabis hirsuta
Sinapis alba
(near. Tynningham)
Cakile maritima
Viola canina
(Whitbery Point)
Cerastium arvense
(Whitbery)
Lepigonum marinum
Astragalus hypoglottis
Onobrychis sativa
(near Belhaven)
Vicia sativa
Potentilla reptans

”

Poterium Sanguisorba
(Belhaven Links)
Saxifraga tridactylites
(Belhaven )
Sempervivum tectorum
(Tynningham)
Petroselinum sativum
Haloscias scoticum
Lonicera Caprifolium
(Prestonkirk)
Artemisia maritima
‘ ica
(mouth of Tyne)
Anagallis arvensis
Erythreea Centaurium
Cynoglossum officinale
Solanum Dulcamara
(Tynningham)
Hyoscyamus niger
Hippophaé rhamnoides
Neottia Nidus-avis

(woods, Tynningham)

320 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Listera ovata Scirpus maritimus
Epipactis latifolia Carex vulpina
(not in flower) Sclerochloa distans
Orchis incarnata Ophioglossum vulgatum
» latifolia, var. (Whitbery)
» maculata Botrychium Lunaria
Habenaria chlorantha | (Belhaven Links)

Strathmiglo, West Lomond Law, Carlan Crags,
Loch Leven, Lochgelly.

Saturday, 15th June 1861.

Party of about 90 met at the Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee
Railway Station at 6 a.m. and proceeded to Strathmiglo, arriving
at 8.40. Breakfasted at Senior’s Inn. He had secured a large
hall for breakfast. Met Mr. Barclay and Mr. Ritchie from
Cupar, Dr. Troup, Mr. Rutherford (the gardener at Falkland),
and his son. Return tickets--Strathmiglo and Lochgelly, 2s. 6d. ;
breakfast, Is. 4d.

After breakfast walked to West Lomond Law, ascended by
stony ravine. Saw abundance of Hymenophyllum Wailsont, Sagina
subulata, Saxifraga hypnoides, and Epilobium angustifolium.
Ascended to flat ground above and examined a pool there; got
Pilularia globulifera and Littorella lacustris, also on the hill
Viola lutea,and Trientalis europea. Proceeded west to side of the
West Law for Allosorus crispus. Descended into Glen Vale and
ascended to Carlan Crags where Oxytropis Halleri was gathered.
On the steep side saw Eguzsetum umbrosum and Cystopteris fragilis.
Walked to shore of Loch Leven and gathered Alyssum calycinum,
then walked to Lochgelly, which was reached at 3.40, in
time for train at 3.42 p.m. Day oppressively hot, walk very long
(about 18 or 20 miles) ; too much attempted in a short space of
time.

The examination of Lomonds, Benarty, and Loch Leven
require four trips,

PROFESSOR JOHN HuTTON BALFOUR.

Among the plants gathered were the following :—

Viola palustris
- utea
Sagina subulata
(W. Lomond)
Lepigonum rubrum
Genista anglica

(at Ladybank Station)

Oxytropis Halleri

(Carlan Crags)
Comarum palustre
Saxifraga granulata

hypnoides
Sedum villosum
Myriophyllum spicatum
Epilobium angustifolium

(W. Lomond)
Galium boreale

W. Lomond)
Asperula taurina

(Mr. Barclay, near

Cupar)
Filago germanica
Antennaria dioica

(W. Lomond)
Vaccinium Vitis-Idzea

is Myrtillus
Trientalis europeea
Myosotis repens

(W. Lomond)

Lamium Galeobdolon
(near Lochgelly)
Polygonum Bistorta
ie; viviparum
Empetrum nigrum
Listera cordata
(W. Lomond)
Gymnadenia albida
(Lomonds)
Potamogeton perfoliatus
crispus
Carex pilulifers
binervis

Avena pratensis
Hymenophyllum Wilsoni

(W. Lomond)
Allosorus crispus

(W. Lomond)
Cystopteris fragilis
Polypodium Phegopteris

(W. Lomond
Botrychium Lunaria
Equisetum umbrosum

(Carlan Hill)
Lycopodium Selago

(W. Lomond)

clavatum

Puatarin globulifera

(W. Lomond)

Perth, Methven, Almond Bank, Bridge End, Scone,
Kinnoul.

Saturday, 29th June 1861.

Party of 110 met at the Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee
Railway Station at 6am. Dr. Leycock with about 12 pupils
joined the party with the view of visiting the Asylum at Perth.
The party was thus partly botanical and partly psychological.
They proceeded to Perth, where breakfast was provided by Mr.

322 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Pople at the station. Afterwards they went by rail to Almond
Bank, where the forester of Mr. J. Smythe of Methven met them.
They visited Methven Bog and Methven Woods, Bank of
Almond, and returned to Perth in time for the train at 3 p.m
Some of the party waited till 6.20 p.m. and examined Bridge
End, Kinnoul Hill, and Scone Woods. Return tickets, 3s. 6d. ;
rail to Almond Bank, 3d.; breakfast, 1s. 6d—total, 5s. 3d.
Mr. White, son of Dr. F. J. White, accompanied the party and
acted as guide.
Among the plants gathered were the following :—

Papaver somniferum Pyrola minor
(Almond Bank) Moneses grandiflora (Scone)
Fumaria micrantha Trientalis europza
Almond Bank) (Methven)
Cerastium arvense Vinca minor
(Almond Bank) Myosotis czespitosa
Lepigonum rubrum er palustris
Hypericum humifusum Solanum Dulcamara
(near Almond Bank) Linaria vulgaris
Malva moschata Mimulus luteus (near Perth)
(near Perth) Mentha sylvestris
Geranium pyrenaicum (near Perth)
(Bridge End) Utricularia minor
Trifolium hybridum (Methven Bog)
(between Almond Bank Humulus Lupulus
and Perth) (Almond Bank)
Anthyllis Vulneraria Neottia Nidus-avis
Ornithopus perpusillus (Methven)
(Near Methven Bog) Paris quadrifolia (Methven)
Rubus saxatilis Sparganium ramosum
(Methven Woods) Scheuchzeria palustris
Potentilla argentea (Methven Bog)
(Bridge End) Carex irrigua
Poterium Sanguisorba (Methven Bog)
(Bridge End) » limosa
Sedum Telephium (Methven Bog)
Circeea alpina Lastrea spinulosa
Cicuta virosa (Methven Bog) (Methven Bog)
Viburnum Opulus Polypodium Dryopteris
Gnaphalium sylvaticum . Phegopteris
Matricaria Parthenium (Methven)

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 323

St. Andrews.
Saturday, 6th July 1861.

Party of 80 or 90 met at the Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee
Railway Station at 6 a.m. and proceeded to St. Andrews, which
was reached about 9.30 a.m. The Provost of St. Andrews, Mr.
Ireland, Mr. C. Howie, Mr. Barclay, Dr. Watson Wemyss, Mr.
Blair, teacher, Cupar, and Mr. Wallace, a student, met us.
Breakfasted in the old Town Hall, breakfast being provided by
Mr. Davidson of the Star Hotel. Return tickets, 3s. 3d.
Breakfast, 1s. 6d. After breakfast, visited the United College,
then went to Castle and Kirkhill, Harbour, Kirkhill rocks and
Cave, and the Rock and Spindle. Returned to St. Andrews in
time for the 3.20 train, reaching Edinburgh about 6.40 p.m.

Among the plants gathered were the following :—

Thalictrum minus Gymnadenia conopsea
Papaver Argemone Carex vulpina

Fumaria micrantha Sclerochloa maritima
Silene noctiflora (on wall at Harbour)
Lychnis Githago Sclerochloa loliacea

(on wall at Harbour)

Sagina maritima
Hordeum pratense

Lepigonum marinum

Trifolium striatum Elymus arenarius
Haloscias scoticum Equisetum These by
Anthemis Cotula variegatum {Mr. Howie

Centaurea Scabiosa Lycopodium from
Solanum nigrum selaginoides / Tentsmuir

Scrophularia aquatica

iocaemmemamenaaa

North Berwick, Dirleton, Gullan, Luffness, Drem.
Saturday, 13th July 1861.
Party of about 30 met at the North British Railway Station
at 10.15 am. and proceeded by train to North Berwick, thence

walked by the Links to Dirleton, Gullan, Luffness, and Drem,
Returned by train from Drem at6.50 p.m. Return tickets, Is. od.

324

BOTANICAL ExCURSIONS MADE BY

Among the plants gathered were the following :—

Fumaria micrantha
Arabis hirsuta
Reseda lutea
Silene conica
», nhoctiflora

Geranium pusillum
Melilotus officinalis
Trifolium arvense
Sedum album
Hippuris vulgaris
Callitriche platycarpa
Smyrnium Olusatrum
Helosciadium repens
Carduus nutans
Onopordon Acanthium

(Gullan)
Thrincia hirta
Anagallis tenella
Convolvulus arvensis
Solanum Dulcamara
Hyoscyamus niger

Veronica Anagallis
Utricularia vulgaris
Calamintha Acinos
Marrubium vulgare
(Gullan)

Ballota foetida
Rumex conglomeratus
Hippophaé rhamnoides
Listera ovata
Habenaria viridis
Scirpus lacustris
Carex disticha

» arenaria

» teretiuscula

», paniculata
Triodia decumbens
Equisetum variegatum
Lycopodium selaginoides
Chara hispida
Uredo segetum
Cladonia rangiferina

Limosella aquatica

——_—_——__

Bridge of Allan, Keir, Kippenross, Kippendavie,
arrie Glen, Stirling.

Saturday, 20th July 1861.

Party of 70 met at the Edinburgh and Stirling Railway
Station at 6.25 a.m. and proceeded to the Bridge of Allan to
breakfast (Philps’ Inn). Visited the Wells and Mr. Macfarlane’s
Museum. Then walked to Keir with Mr. Niven, the gardener.
Then to Kippenross, Kippendavie, Wharrie Glen and Bridge
and Stirling Castle. Returned from Stirling by train at
5.48 p.m.

Dr. Browne and the Rev. Mr. Morrell from Henley, with Mr.
Wylie, accompanied us. Dr. Paterson and Major Hay met us
at Bridge of Allan. Dr. Wilson also went with us. Return
tickets, 3s. 3d. Breakfast, 1s. 11d.

PROFESSOR JOHN HuTTON BALFoUurR. 325

The following were some of the plants gathered :—

Aquilegia vulgaris
(Stirling Castle)
Chelidonium majus
(near Dunblane)
Brassica Rapa
Trifolium hybridum
Ornithopus perpusillus
(Dunblane)
Rubus rhamnifolius
Agrimonia Eupatoria
Sedum Telephium
album
(Stirling Castle)
Circeea lutetiana
» alpina
Conium maculatum
Petroselinum sativum
#Ethusa Cynapium

”

Silybum Marianum
(Stirling Castle)
Lactuca virosa
Trientalis europea
(near Dunblane)
Atropa Belladonna
Hyoscyamus niger
Verbascum Thapsus
; Lychnitis
Linaria repens
Calamintha Clinopodium
Stachys arvensis
Rumex viridis
Listera Nidus-avis
cordata
(near Dunblane)
Paris quadrifolia

”)

EAGCURSIONS

IN: 1562.

Merchiston, Colinton, Slateford, Canal.

Saturday, 10th May 1862.

Party of about 120 met at the Middle Walk of the Meadows at
If a.m. and proceeded to Merchiston and Colinton. Visited
the woods and returned by Slateford and the banks of the

anal.

The usual plants were gathered. Among others may be

noticed :—

Anemone nemorosa
Ranunculus auricomus
Cardamine amara
Euonymus europzeus
Saxifraga umbrosa

mi granulata
Adoxa Moschatellina

Lonicera Xylosteum

Valeriana pyrenaica

Valerianella olitoria

Chenopodium Bonus-Hen-
ricus

Orchis mascula

Equisetum arvense

Also specimens of St#igmaria ficotdes.

326 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Penicuik, Auchendinny, Roslin.
Saturday, 17th May 1862.

Party of about 100 met at the North British Railway Station
at 11.45 a.m. and proceeded to Penicuik. Visited Mr. Cowan’s
Paper Mills. Walked by banks of Esk to Auchendinny and
Roslin, and returned by train at 6.42 p.m. Tickets, Is. 3d.

Among the plants gathered were :—

Ranunculus auricomus Salix alba
Arabis hirsuta or cinerea
Cardamine amara e+, -aDrea
‘ pratensis Neottia Nidus-avis
= hirsuta Orchis mascula
‘ sylvatica Carex pendula
Viola palustris Melica nutans
» sylvatica » uniflora
, tricolor Polypodium Dryopteris
Stellaria uliginosa Phegopteris
Lathyrus macrorrhizus Equisetum arvense
Chrysosplenium alterni- si umbrosum
olium “ sylvaticum
Pyrola minor = palustre
Linaria vulgaris a hyemale

Daphne Laureola

In all about 100 species.

Mid-Calder, Kaimes Hill, Dalmahoy, Ravelrig, Water of
Leith, Balerno, Currie.

Saturday, 24th May 1862.

Party of about 80 met at the Caledonian Railway Station at
10.20 and proceeded to Mid-Calder, then walked by Meadowbank
to Kaimes Hill and Dalmahoy, Ravelrig, Water of Leith, Balerno,

and Currie, whence they returned at 6.11 p.m. Return tickets,
Is.

PROFESSOR JOHN HuTTON BALFOUR. 32

Ranunculus hederaceus
auricomus

‘Prowins europzeus

Aquilegia vulgaris (banks
of Water of Leith)

Aconitum Napellus

Viola palustris

sylvatica

”
Sagina subulata
Geranium columbinum
Saxifraga Geum (banks of
Water of Leith)

Among the plants collected were :—

Saxifraga hypnoides
Linnzea borealis

Galium Mollugo

Valeriana pyrenaica
Antennaria dioica
Trientalis europzea
Anchusa sempervirens
Polygonum Bistorta
Salix Russelliana
Arum maculatum
Carex curta
Equisetum hyemale

Kinghorn, Burntisland.
Saturday, 31st May 1862.

Party of 80 met at the Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee Railway
Station at 9.30 and proceeded to Kinghorn, then walked by the
shore to Burntisland, and returned from Burntisland by boat at
4.50 p.m. Return tickets, Is.

Among the plants gathered were the following :—

Senecio viscosus
Anagallis arvensis
Cynoglossum officinale
Scrophularia vernalis
Plantago maritima

i Coronopus
Hippophaé rhamnoides
Carex arenaria

Papaver Argemone
Cardamine hirsuta
Alyssum calycinum
Cochlearia danica
Lepidium Smithii
Thlaspi arvense
Reseda lutea
Geranium sanguineum

Astragalus hypoglottis Phleum arenarium

. Glyciphyllos Sclerochloa maritima
Saxifraga umbrosa an rigida
Sambucus nigra loliacea
Centhranthus ruber F estuca bromoides
Valerianella olitoria

328 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Dalkeith, Musselburgh.

Saturday, 7th June 1862.

Party of 60 met at Narth British Railway Station at 10.35

a.m. and proceeded to Dalkeith.

Visited gardens and grounds

under direction of Mr. Prentice, and then walked by banks of Esk
to Musselburgh. Returned by train at 3.40 p.m. Return tickets,

1s. Id.

Among the plants gathered were the following :—

Aconitum Napellus
Cochlearia officinalis
Stellaria nemorum
Honckenya peploides
Geum intermedium
Ilex Aquifolium
Sanicula europza
Cornus sanguinea
Adoxa Moschatellina

Petasites albus (Inveresk)

Armeria maritima
Lysimachia nemorum
Fraxinus excelsior
Myosotis sylvatica
Lathraea Squamaria
Polygonum Bistorta
Rumex sanguineus

Rumex viridis
Humulus Lupulus
(Inveresk)
Salix Russelliana

” a a

» omithiana

ten
Populus alba
Listera Nidus-avis
Luzula nivea
Carex muricata

(Dalkeith grounds)

» pendula

wo wane
Milium effusum
Poa nemoralis

North Queensferry, Ferry Hills, Inverkeithing.

Saturday, 14th June 1862.

Party of about 36 met at Newhaven at 11 a.m. and proceeded
to Queensferry, examined Ferry Hills, walked to Inverkeithing,
and returned by boat about 5 p.m. Return tickets, 9d.; Granton

pier, 2d. ; ferry-boat, 6d.

Among the plants gathered were :—

Thalictrum majus
Sagina maritima
Trifolium striatum
Astragalus Glyciphyllos
Vicia lutea (abundant)

Spirzea Filipendula
Sedum villosum
Sambucus Ebulus
Allium Scorodoprasum

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFourR. 329
Cockburnspath, Dunglass, Pease Dene.
Saturday, 21st June 1862.

Party of 70 met at North British Railway Station at 8 a.m.
and proceeded to Cockburnspath. Visited Dunglass by per-
mission of Sir James Hall, walked by shore to the Cove and
Pease Dene, and returned from Cockburnspath at 5.58. Return
tickets, 2s.

Among the plants eee were :—

Glaucium luteum Neottia Nidus-avis
Hypericum calycinum Carex pendula
Mertensia maritima Polystichum angulare

Lamium Galeobdolon

Numerous seaweeds.

Perth, Kinnoul Hill, Kinfauns, Orchardneuk, Moncrieff
; Hill, Bridge of Earn.

Saturday, 28th June 1862.

Party of about 90 met at the Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee
Railway Station at 6 a.m. and proceeded to Perth. Breaktasted
at John Dunbar’s Railway Station Refreshment Rooms. Walked
to Kinnoul Hill, Kinfauns, crossed the Tay to Orchardneuk, and
then walked over Moncrieff Hill to Bridge of Earn. Left the
station at Bridge of Earn at 3.10 pm. Return tickets, 3s. 6d.
Breakfast, 1s. 6d.

Among the plants gathered were the following :—

Malva moschata

Chelidonium majus
Geranium pheeum

Fumaria micrantha

Nasturtium officinale pratense
(4-5 feet long) os pyrenaicum
columbinum

Hesperis matronalis
(in great quantity on Erodium cicutarium
Moncrieff Hill) Euonymus europzeus

Reseda Luteola Vicia lathyroides

(one specimen 7 feet high) Potentilla hirta

Sagina subulata » argentea

330

Rosa rubiginosa

Cornus sanguinea

Viburnum Opulus

Dipsacus sylvestris

Inula Helenium

Chrysanthemum Leucan-
themum (with white
tubular florets of the
ray)

Doronicum Pardalianches

Sonchus asper (6 ft. high)

Campanula rapunculoides

BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Moneses grandiflora (Scone)
Cynoglossum montanum
Antirrhinum majus
Scrophularia vernalis
Mimulus luteus (shore of
Tay near Kinfauns)
Lamium maculatum
(Kinfauns)
Euphorbia Lathyris
(Orchardneuk)
Humulus Lupulus
(Orchardneuk)
Listera cordata
Habenaria chlorantha
Ceterach officinarum
Lastrea Oreopteris

Beattock, Garpol Linn, Beld Crag, Moffat.
Saturday, 5th July 1862.

Party of about 80 met at the Caledonian Railway Station at
6.20 a.m. and proceeded to Beattock. Breakfasted there, then
walked to Garpol Linn, thence to Beld Crag and Moffat.
Returned by train at 4.52 p.m. Return tickets, 4s. Breakfast,
1s. 6d.

Among the plants collected were the following :—

On hillside on way to Garpol :—

Geranium sylvaticum
Drosera rotundifolia
Galium palustre
Valeriana dioica
Antennaria dioica
Myosotis caespitosa
Myrica Gale

Listera cordata

Orchis latifolia, var. incar-
nata

Gymnadenia conopsea

Gymnadenia albida
Habenaria bifolia
Narthecium ossifragum
Scirpus czespitosus
Carex stellulata
» remota
» pilulifera
Lastrea Oreopteris
Lycopodium clavatum
me alpinum
= selaginoides
Splachnum ampullaceum

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 331

In Garpol Linn :—
Aquilegia vulgaris
Geranium lucidum
Rubus saxatilis
Jasione montana (in great

profusion by roadsides
about Beattock)
Pyrola minor
» | secunda
Melampyrum pratense
Veronica scutellata
Habenaria bifolia
2 chlorantha
Carex lzvigata
Melica nutans
» uniflora
Hymenophyllum Wilsoni
Allosorus crispus
Asplenium viride

Athyrium Filix-foemina,
var. convexum
Cystopteris fragilis
Lastrea Oreopteris
Polypodium Dryopteris
a Phegopteris
Lycopodium Selago
Blindia acuta
Orthotrichum Drummondii
Bartramia fontana
Zygodon Mougeotii
Tortula tortuosa
Neckera crispa
Sticta fuliginosa

Nephroma resupinata
Alectoria jubata

Dunfermline, Town Wood, Loch Fittie, Black Loch,
Carnack Loch.

Saturday, 12th July 1862.

Party of 26 met at the Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee Railway
Station at 6 a.m. and proceeded to Dunfermline. Breakfasted
at Milne’s Hotel. Visited Mr. Hunt’s place at Pittencross ; saw
ruins, also old abbey, and Robert Bruce’s grave. Walked to
Town Wood, then to Loch Fittie, Black Loch at Hillhead, and
Carnack Loch. Returned by train at 4.32 p.m. Return tickets,
2s. Breakfast, Is. 6d.

Among the plants collected were the following :—

At Loch Fittie :—
Nuphar luteum
Drosera rotundifolia
Vaccinium Oxycoccus
Trientalis europzea
Alisma Plantago
Scirpus lacustris

sylvaticus

Carex aquatilis (in very
great quantity. This
is the first time it has
been observed within
twenty miles of Edin-
burgh)

Lastrea spinulosa

”

332 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

At Black Loch :—
Nuphar luteum | Veronica scutellata
Nympheea alba Carex teretiuscula
Cicuta virosa
In Loch Carnack :—

Potamogeton pectinatus | Chara flexilis

On roadside, about one mile from Dunfermline :-—

Pyrola media

Drem, Gullan, Luffness, Aberlady, Gosford, Longniddry.
Saturday, 19th July 1862.

Party of 20 met at the North British Railway Station at 10.15

a.m. Proceeded to Drem, then walked to Gullan, Luffness,
Aberlady, Gosford, and Longniddry—returning by train at 7.2
p.m. Messrs. White and James proceeded to North Berwick and
Tantallon. Return tickets, 2s.

Among the plants gathered were the following :-—

Ranunculus circinatus Erythrea Centaurium
Nasturtium palustre pulchella
Lepidium latifolium Yooete aquatica
Silene noctiflora Utricularia vulgaris
Cerastium arvense Atriplex littoralis
Sagina nodosa Salicornia herbacea
Geranium pusillum Suzeda maritima
Trifolium fragiferum Lemna trisulca
Potentilla reptans Potamogeton densus
Saxifraga tridactylites a pusillus
Hippuris vulgaris Scirpus lacustris
Helosciadium repens » Maritimus
Pulicaria dysenterica Blysmus rufus
Centaurea Scabiosa Carex extensa
Specularia hybrida Chara hispida
Anagallis tenella » Vulgaris

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 333
Callander, Ben Ledi.

Saturday, 26th July 1862.

Party of about 45 met at Glasgow Railway Station at 6.25
a.m. Proceeded to Callander. Breakfasted at M‘Gowan’s Hotel,
then walked to Ben Ledi. Left Callander at 7.15 p.m.

The following plants were collected :—

Thalictrum alpinum
Ranunculus acris
Caltha palustris, var. minor
Trollius europzus
Corydalis claviculata
Draba incana
Silene acaulis
Vicia sylvatica
Rubus saxatilis
Chamezemorus
Alchemilia alpina
Saxifraga oppositifolia
nivalis
stellaris
aizoides
hypnoides
Bodum Rhodiola
Circeea alpina
Pimpinella magna
Angelica sylvestris
Cornus suecica
Lonicera Periclymenum
Galium boreale
Scabiosa succisa

Solidago Virgaurea
Gnaphalium sylvaticum
" supinum
Carduus heterophyllus
Vaccinium Vitis-Idgea
xycoccus
Melampyrum montanum
Polygonum viviparum
Oxyria reniformis
Myrica Gale
Gymnadenia albida
Juncus triglumis
Luzula spicata
Carex rigida

irri
Triodia decumbens
Juniperus communis
Hymenophyllum Wilsoni
Allosorus crispus
Asplenium viride
Cystopteris dentata
Polystichum Lonchitis
Botrychium Lunaria
Lycopodium alpinum

EXCURSIONS IN 1863.

Tynehead, Borthwick, Gorebridge.
Saturday, 16th May 1863.

Party of 100 met at the North British Railway Station at
11.40 a.m. Proceeded to Tynehead, thence walked to Borth-
wick, and returned from Gorebridge at 5.27 p.m. Return
tickets, 1s, 2d.

334 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Among the plants collected were :—

Anemone nemorosa
Caltha minor

Viola palustris
Genista anglica
Geum rivale (white)
Myrrhis odorata
Vaccinium Myrtillus
Anchusa sempervirens
Empetrum nigrum
Listera cordata
Arum maculatum

| Carex paniculata
| » . paludosa
Lastrea Oreopteris
Polypodium Dryopteris
egopteris
iyeipechuw clavatum
Equisetum arvense
; sylvaticum
i. palustre
4 limosum
Cladonia rangiferina

———

Kinghorn and Burntisland.

Saturday, 23rd May 1863.

Party of 83 met at the Princes Street Station of the Edinburgh
Perth, and Dundee Railway at 9.40 a.m. Proceeded to King-
horn, thence walked to Burntisland. Returned from Burnt-
island by boat at 4.39 p.m. Return tickets, Is.

Among the plants collected were :—

Clematis Vitalba (hills
above Burntisland)
Papaver Argemone
Cheiranthus Cheiri
Barbarea vulgaris
Cochlearia danica
Armoracia rusticana
Hesperis matronalis
(near Kinghorn)
Thlaspi arvense
Helianthemum vulgare
Viola hirta
Cerastium tetrandrum

Malva rotundifolia
| Geranium sanguineum
Astragalus hypoglottis
i Glyciphyllos
| Vicia lathyroides
Fragaria elatior (Kinghorn)
| arum
Haloscias scoticum
Centranthus ruber
Leontodon levigatus
Tragopogon pratensis (be-
tween Kinghorn and
Pettycur, Mr. Rodger)

is semidecandrum-| = Polemonium czruleum
arvense (Kinghorn and Petty-
t avaters arborea

(Kinghorn)

cur, in quantity)
Auehuas Wisaes ech

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 335

Euphorbia Helioscopia

Parietaria officinalis

Endymion nutans

Carex ampullacea

Sclerochloa maritima
. loliacea .

Myosotis collina

Echium vulgare

Linaria Cymbalaria

Veronica polita (Kinghorn) |

Salvia Verbenaca | ;

Lamium amplexicaule
‘ intermedium

Penicuik, Auchendinny Woods, The Esk, Roslin.

Saturday, 30th May 1863.

Party of 38 met at the North British Railway Station, Edin-
burgh, at 11.45 a.m. Proceeded to Penicuik. Walked through
Penicuik Glen and Auchendinny Woods by the banks of the
Esk to Roslin Station. Returned by train passing Roslin at
6.42 p.m. Return tickets, Is. 3d.

Among the plants collected were:—

Anemone nemorosa
Ranunculus auricomus
Trollius europzeus
Aquilegia vulgaris
Aconitum Napellus
Cardamine amara
Brassica Rapa
Lychnis dioica
Stellaria. Holostea
a uliginosa
Geranium sylvaticum
pratense
Gxalis Acetosella
Acer campestre
Vicia sepium
Geum intermedium
Fragaria elatior
Saxifraga umbrosa
granulata
Chrysosplenium alterni-

Sanicula europzea
Asperula odorata
Centaurea montana

Pyrola minor
Vinea minor
Symphytum tuberosum

Humulus Lupulus (behind

Greenlaw Barracks)
Neottia Nidus-avis
Endymion nutans
Scirpus sylvaticus
Carex remota
pendula
sylvatica

» ampullacea
Melica uniflora
Blechnum boreale
Athyrium Filix-foemina
Polystichum aculeatum
Lastrea Oreopteris
Polypodium vulgare

”

Equisetum umbrosum
Tortula nivalis

6 tortuosa

330 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY
Currie, Water of Leith, Colinton.
Saturday, 6th June 1863.

A party of 30 met at the Caledonian Railway Station at
10 am. We intended to have visited Kavelrig and Dalmahoy,
but as the day was wet and unpromising proceeded to Currie
and walked back to Edinburgh, following the banks of the Water
of Leith to Colinton. Reached Edinburgh about 4 p.m. _ Rail-
way ticket to Currie, 53d.

The following were among the plants collected :—

Anemone nemorosa Fragaria elatior
Ranunculus fluitans Saxifraga umbrosa
Aquilegia vulgaris 3 granulata
Aconitum Napellus hypnoides
Berberis vulgaris Myriophyllum spicatum
Meconopsis cambrica Sanicula europzea
Corydalis lutea Valeriana pyrenaica
Barbarea vulgaris Matricaria Parthenium
Cardamine amara Petasites fragrans
Alliaria officinalis Doronicum Pardalianches
Silene inflata Polemonium czeruleum
Stellaria Holostea Symphytum tuberosum
Geranium pheeum Polygonum Bistorta

mA sylvaticum Rumex viridis

ee dissectum Populus alba

- lucidum ‘5 tremula
Euonymus europzeus Melica uniflora
Geum intermedium Scolopendrium vulgare

Kilconquhar, Elie, Earl’s Ferry.
Saturday, 13th June 1863.

Party of 53 proceeded by the train leaving Edinburgh at 9.40.
Met Rev. Mr. Wood, of Elie. Visited Kilconquhar Loch, thence
walked towards the shore east of Elie and along the coast to that
town, and as far as Earl’s Ferry. Returned by train leaving Kil-
conquhar at 4.45 p.m., reaching Edinburgh about 7.20 p.m.
Return tickets, 2s. 6d. Mr, Barclay, Cupar, joined the party.

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 337
The chief plants collected were:—

Thalictrum minus
Diplotaxis tenuifolia
Cakile maritima
Cerastium semidecandrum
Lepigonum marinum
Astragalus hypoglottis
Saxifraga tridactylites

Symphytum officinale (Elie)

Lithospermum arvense

Lamium amplexicaule
intermedium

Beta maritima (Elie)

Listera ovata

Orchis latifolia, var. incar-

(Kilconquhar) —
(E£nanthe crocata Carex disticha
Haloscias scoticum » vulpina

(shore of Kil-

Vib Lant
iburnum Lantana conquhar Loch)

(woods, Kilconquhar)
Silybum Marianum
(railway banks)

; distans
Alopecurus agrestis (Elie)
Newtown, Dryburgh Abbey, Banks of Tweed, Melrose.
Ls Saturday, 20th June 1863.
Party of 83 met at the North British Railway Station at 9.45
a.m. and proceeded to Newtown. Visited Dryburgh Abbey
Banks of Tweed, and Melrose Abbey. Returned by train leaving

Melrose at 4.19 p.m. Return ticket, 2s. 6d.
The following were some of the principal plants collected:—

Clematis Vitalba
Thalictrum minus
flexuosum
Rantheain: auricomus
Aquilegia vulgaris
Papaver dubium
Cheiranthus Cheiri
Barbarea vulgaris
Cochlearia officinalis
Hesperis matronalis
Viola odorata
Dianthus barbatus
Stellaria nemorum
Malva moschata

Geranium sanguineum
3 sylvaticum
Vicia sylvatica
Geum intermedium
Poterium Sanguisorba
Sanicula europzea
Hedera Helix
Lonicera Xylosteum
Valeriana dioica
Dipsacus sylvestris
Solidago Virgaurea
Matricaria Parthenium
Doronicum Pardalianches
Pyrola media

338 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY
Pyrola minor
Ligustrum vulgare
Vinca minor

Anchusa sempervirens
Myosotis sylvatica
Echium vulgare
Verbascum Thapsus
Melampyrum pratense

Lathreea Squamaria
Mentha viridis
Plantago media
Rumex viridis
Populus tremula
Convallaria majalis
Cryptogramme crispa
Polystichum lobatum

Bridge of Earn, Glenfarg, Ochil Hills (Castle Law),
Ramsheugh.

Saturday, 27th June 1863.

Party of 100 met at the Princes Street Station of the Edin-
burgh, Perth, and Dundee Railway at 6 a.m. Proceeded to
Bridge of Earn. After breakfast at Hill’s Hotel, visited Glen-
farg, Ochil Hills (Castle Law), Ramsheugh. Returned from
Bridge of Earn by train passing at 4.40 pm. Mr. Barclay and
Mr. Bowmont from Cupar, and Rev. Mr. Kirkwood and Dr.
Laing, Bridge of Earn, joined the party. Return tickets, 3s.

Breakfast, 1s. 6d.
The following were among the plants collected :—

Papaver dubium
Cardamine amara
Viola lutea
Lychnis Viscaria
Montia fontana
Hypericum humifusum
Malva moschata
Geranium sylvaticum
re ucidum
Anthyllis Vulneraria
Vicia sativa
Saxifraga granulata |
Sedum villosum

Lonicera Periclymenum

Antennaria dioica
Matricaria Parthenium
Campanula latifolia
Ligustrum vulgare

Gentiana campestris
Myosotis czespitosa
Solanum Dulcamara
Pedicularis sylvatica
Pinguicula vulgaris
Polygonum viviparum
Rumex sanguineus, var.
viridis

Salix repens
Gymnadenia conopsea

“: albida
Habenaria bifolia

7 chlorantha
Iris Pseudacorus
Allium ursinum
Lemna minor

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 339

Carex CEderi

. Alopecurus geniculatus

Melica uniflora
Blechnum boreale
Cystopteris fragilis

Cystopteris dentata
Polystichum lobatum
pa aculeatum
; angulare
Botrychium Lunaria

Mr. White, who proceeded to Perth, collected the following

additional species :—

Euonymus europzeus
Sedum album

Cynoglossum sylvaticum

Linaria repens

Mimulus luteus
Carex remota
Ceterach officinarum

Kielder Castle, Dead Water Fell.

Saturday, 4th July 1863.

Party of 80 met at North British Railway Station at 6.40 a.m.
Proceeded to Kielder (Northumberland). Breakfast at Kielder
Castle. Visited the woods in the neighbourhood of the Castle,
Dead Water Fell (a hill of between 1600 and 1800 feet altitude),
and the mineral well. Returned by train passing Kielder at 7.13,
and reached Edinburgh about 10.30 p.m. Return tickets,

3s. 6d. Breakfast, 2s.

The following were among the plants collected :—

Trollius europzeus
Aquilegia vulgaris
Corydalis claviculata
Cardamine amara
Cerastium glomeratum
Montia fontana
Geranium sylvaticum
Spirzea salicifolia
Rubus Chameemorus
Sedum villosum
Drosera rotundifolia
Senecio aquaticus
Carduus heterophyllus
~ Vaccinium. Vitis-Idzea

Erica Tetralix
Myosotis czespitosa
Veronica scutellata
Pedicularis sylvatica
Melampyrum pratense, var.

montanum
Pinguicula vulgaris
Salix herbacea
Empetrum nigrum
Listera cordata

5 ovata

Orchis latifolia
Gymnadenia conopsea

Habenaria viridis

340 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Lemna minor Hymenophyllum Wilsoni
Eriophorum vaginatum Cryptogramme crispa -
a angustifolium Blechnum boreale

Carex pulicaris Scolopendrium vulgare

» Stellulata Lastrea Oreopteris

» pilulifera ‘ spinulosa

» pallescens Botrychium Lunaria

» binervis Equisetum maximum
Alopecurus geniculatus Lycopodium Selago

North Berwick, Bass Rock, Tantallon Castle, North
Berwick Links, Dirleton.
* » Saturday, 11th July 1863.
Party of 46 met at the North British Railway Station at
a.m. Proceeded to North Berwick, visited the Bass Rock,
Tantallon Castle, North Berwick Links, and Dirleton, and
returned by train reaching Edinburgh at 7.45 p.m. Return
tickets, 1s. gd.; boat to Bass, Is.

The following were among the plants collected :—

Thalictrum minus Conium maculatum
Fumaria micrantha Smyrnium Olusatrum
a arviflora Helosciadium repens
(Dirleton) Haloscias scoticum
Lepidium latifolium Scabiosa Columbaria
(Tantallon) (Canty Bay)
Reseda lutea (Dirleton) Filago germanica
Silene noctiflora (Dirleton) Senecio viscosus
Lavatera arborea (Bass) Centaurea Scabiosa
Trifolium arvense - Thrincia hirta
- hybridum Tragopogon minor
Astragalus hypoglottis Campanula glomerata
Vicia sylvatica Ligustrum vulgare
Potentilla reptans _ (Tantallon)
Agrimonia Eupatoria Erythreea Centaurium
Rosa rubiginosa Gentiana Amarella
Sedum album » campestris
(Dirleton Castle) Cynoglossum officinale

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 341

Echium vulgare

. Convolvulus sepium
Hyoscyamus niger
Veronica Anagallis
Beta maritima (Bass)
Polygonum Convolvulus

‘is aviculare, var.

littorale

Parietaria erecta
Habenaria viridis
Sclerochloa rigida
Festuca Myuros
Elymus arenarius
Equisetum variegatum

Rumbling Bridge, Devil’s Mills, Cauldron Linn.
Saturday, 18th July 1863.

Party of about 60 met at Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee
Railway Station at 6.15 a.m. and proceeded to Rumbling

Bridge.

Breakfasted at Rumbling Hotel. Visited Devil’s Mills,

Rumbling Bridge, then Cauldron Linn. Returned from
Rumbling Bridge at 4,and reached Edinburgh about 8 p.m.

Return tickets, 2s. 6d. Breakfast, 1s. 6d.

The following were among the plants collected :-—

Trollius europzeus
Cardamine amara
Dianthus barbatus
Stellaria nemorum
Geranium lucidum
Trifolium medium
Lotus major
Vicia sylvatica
Prunus communis

» domestica
Spirzea salicifolia
Rubus saxatilis
Saxifraga umbrosa

i hypnoides

Epilobium angustifolium
Circzea alpina
Pimpinella Saxifraga
Angelica sylvestris
Archangelica officinalis
Viburnum Opulus
Lonicera Periclymenum
Galium palustre
Petasites fragrans

Campanula latifolia
Ligustrum vulgare
Symphytum officinale
Mentha velutina

» sylvestris
Calamintha Clinopodium
Galeopsis versicolor
Rumex sanguineus
viridis
aquaticus
Neottia Nidus-avis
Listera ovata
Paris quadrifolia
Carex remota

» sylvatica
Milium effusum
Blechnum boreale
Asplenium Trichomanes ,
Cystopteris fragilis
Lastrea Oreopteris
Polypodium Dryopteris
Phegopteris

”

342 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Pitlochry, Killiecrankie.
Saturday, 25th July 1863.

Party of 52 met at Princes Street Station of the Edinburgh
Perth, and Dundee Railway at 6.15 a.m. Proceeded to Pitlochry.
Breakfasted at Perth Railway Station ; arrived at Pitlochry about
11.30. Returned from Pitlochry about 5.20, and reached
Edinburgh about Io p.m. Return tickets, 5s. Breakfast, 1s. 6d.
Dr. Irvine acted as guide to the party.

Among the plants collected at Killiecrankie, &c., were the
following :—

Thalictrum flexuosum
Sagina nodosa
Geranium pratense
Trifolium medium
Vicia sylvatica

Rubus saxatilis
Agrimonia Eupatoria
Saxifraga aizoides
Parnassia palustris
Drosera rotundifolia
Circzea alpina
Angelica sylvestris
Galium boreale
Scabiosa succisa
Solidago Virgaurea
Gnaphalium sylvaticum
Senecio sylvaticus
Carduus heterophyllus

Hieracium boreale
Vaccinium Vitis-Idzea
Erica Tetralix
Gentiana campestris
Echium vulgare
Myrica Gale

Quercus sessiliflora
Salix repens

Populus tremula
Empetrum nigrum
Gymnadenia albida
Narthecium ossifragum
Juncus supinus
Juniperus communis
Cystopteris fragilis
Lastrea Oreopteris
Polypodium Dryopteris

egopteris
Centaurea Cyanus Lycopodium Selago
Hieracium cerinthoides fe selaginoides
ie prenanthoides
Clova.

Monday, 3rd August 1863.

Party consisting of J. H. Balfour, Thomas L. Brunton, R.
Cadell, Frederick Churchill, K. M. Downie, J. A. Dunsmure, L.
Dunsmure, P. Neill Fraser, H. M. Harvey, J. Irving, R. Light-
foot, James M‘Grigor, Harrison Mitchell, F. Naylor, Charles P.

PROFESSOR JOHN HuTTON BALFOUR. 343

Nicolson, George A. Panton, John Rankine, James Thomson, and
William Thomson, met at the Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee
Railway Station on Monday, 3rd August, at 9.40 am. and
proceeded to Perth, and then by the North Eastern Railway.
They intended to go to Kirriemuir, for which they had return
tickets for 7s. 6d. The party were carried on by the train to
Forfar. They were astonished to find themselves at Forfar, and
on asking an explanation they were told that the train did not
stop at Kirriemuir Junction. Ultimately Kirriemuir was reached
about 5 p.m.

After taking lunch in the Commércial Inn, the party started
in a brake with two horses, a carriage and pair, and two dog-
carts. Reached the inn at Clova about 7.15, having taken about
two hours in coming from Kirriemuir. The inn at Clova is now
kept by Mr. Barnes and his wife, and is a nice building, much
improved and with plenty of beds. We were all accommodated
in six rooms, most of them with double beds and four of the
rooms with two in each. We dined on arrival, and in the evening
walked to the bridge and gathered Carex aguatilis and Carduus
heterophyllus. On the way we all picked Meum anthamanticum,
and near the inn Anchusa sempervirens.

Tuesday, 4th August 1863.

Started this morning at 8, and walked on the western side of the
Esk to Glen Dole gathering <Alchemilla alpina, Trientalis
europea, Malaxis paludosa, Gymnadenia albida. Botanised on
the rocks to the west of Glen Dole, and gathered :—Szlene
acaulis, Rubus saxatilts, Saxifraga aizotdes, S. stellaris, S.
opposttifolia, S. hypnoides, Sedum Rhodiola, Saussurea alpina,
Guaphalium supinum, Arctostaphylos Uva-urst, Pyrola secunda,
Veronica alpina, Salix rupestris, S. reticulata.

Visited Astragalus cliff. Messrs. Irving, J. Thomson, and
Nicolson ascended the cliff and gathered Astragalus alpinus in
flower. At the cliff we gathered also Dryas octopetala, Erigeron
alpinus, and Vaccinium uliginosum. Near the cliff was abun-
dance of Polypodium alpestre. Ascended to top of hill, gathered
Rubus Chamemorus, Cornus suecica, and Carex rarifiora.
-Descended into Glen Fiadh and gathered Oxytropis campestris
and Salix Lapponum. Visited Robert Welsh at Acharn.
Returned to Clova between 7 and 8 p.m.

344 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY
Wednesday, 5th August 1863.

This morning at 8 started for Braedownie, then walked up
Glen Dole and by Jock’s Road to the White Water. Examined
the station for Mudlgedium alpinum, but failed in getting specimens.
Went to the original station near the waterfall and found here
Asplenium Filix-femina and Polypodium alpestre. Afterwards
went along the White Water. Visited Little Gilrannoch ; meant
to go to Canlochan but were prevented by rain and mist.
Returned to White Water and then by Glen Dole to Acharn,
Braedownie, and Clova. :

Among the plants gathered were :—

Thalictrum alpinum Veronica humifusa
Cochlearia groenlandica alpina
Lychnis alpina Pokekdi« palustris
Cherleria sedoides Juncus trifidus
Rubus Chamzemorus » triglumis -
Sibbaldia procumbens Carex rigida and var. be-
Epilobium alsinifolium tween it and C.
alpinum vulgaris
Cornus suecica » aquatilis
Gnaphalium supinum » Yariflora
usillum » pilulifera
Sumiaures alpina » capillaris
- Hieracium alpinum Alopecurus alpinus
Apargia autumnalis, var. Phleum alpinum
Taraxaci Polypodium alpestre
Vaccinium uliginosum Lycopodium Selago
Armeria alpina FF annotinum
Trientalis europzea (in s alpinum
‘i selaginoides

ower
Veronica serpyllifolia
Thursday, 6th August 1863.

Started at 9 this morning for Loch Brandy and the hills
around it. Gathered :—Lodbelia Dortmanna, Sparganium ramo-
sum, Isoétes lacustris, Chara flexilis. Some of the party sailed in

e boat on Loch Brandy. The key of the boat was given by
Mr. Barnes, the innkeeper. The rest of the party ascended the
rocks and gathered Potentilla alpestris, Hieracia of many kinds

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 345

and Carex stictocarpa; on the summit Azalea procumbens and Salix
herbacea; also Cerastium alpinum below the summit. Mr. Cadell
and Mr. H. Mitchell got into a difficult position on the high
crumbling rocks. Mr. Cadell with great difficulty was enabled
to extricate himself and descended, but Mr. Mitchell got into
such a dangerous position that we had to send to the inn for
ropes. Mr. Lightfoot and Mr. Barnes, senr., came up with ropes
and we were enabled to extricate Mr. Mitchell. Mr. Irving
descended with a rope to give Mr. Mitchell assistance. Mr.
Churchill was very kind and daring in his aid. We also
were indebted to Mr. J. Thomson and others of the party.
Before the ropes arrived we handed down some wine and water
to Mr. Mitchell, and we pulled up his botanical box and field-
book by means of string and our straps. By uniting all our
straps we were able through Mr. Churchill’s kind services to
throw a long strap to Mr. Mitchell and thus give him confidence
until the ropes arrived. We were occupied for about three
hours with Mr. Mitchell. He remained for at least two hours or
two and a half hours in his perilous position. On returning to
the inn we went to the marshy spot near John Ogilvy’s and
picked Tofieldia palustris. Afterwards saw John Ogilvy, who is
now nearly 85 years of age. We also called on the Rev. Mr.
Smith, and had the pleasure of seeing him and Dr. Steel of
Thornton in the evening.

Friday, 7th August 1863.

This morning 16 of the party went by dog-carts and carts to
Acharn, and then walked to Glen Fee. Examined the rocks
all round the Glen. The day was very misty, and we were
thoroughly wet on the hills. We were unable to visit the head
of Glen Prosen as I had intended.

Among the plants gathered were the following :—Cochlearia
officinalis, Oxytropis campestris, Saussurea alpina, Veronica alpina,
Poa Balfourii, and many other alpine species.

Saturday, 8th August 1863.

This morning at 4 a cart was despatched with all the baggage
for Kirriemuir, The morning was very wet and misty. The

346 BOTANICAL. EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Messrs. Dunsmure, Brunton, Nicolson, and Lightfoot remained at
Clova with the view of walking to Braemar. The rest of the
party started at 8.30 (after breakfast) for Kirriemuir in a brake
and two dog-carts, and reached the town in time for the train at
11.40. At Forfar the Prince and Princess of Wales passed in a
train for the North. The party reached Perth about a quarter
of an hour behind time. All proceeded to Edinburgh except
Dr. Balfour, who went to Callander. The weather improved much
in the evening.

Strathyre, Loch Lubnaig, Ben Ledi.
Wednesday, 12th August 1863.

Mr. Naylor joined me this morning at Strathyre and we
proceeded towards Ben Ledi. Sailed on Loch Lubnaig as far as
the foot of the loch and saw abundance of Vymphea alba, Myrto-
phyllum spicatum, Scirpus lacustris, also Nuphar pumilum and
Subularia aquatica. Collected also Meum athamanticum. Began
the ascent of the hill not far from the farmhouse. On the left
hand of the stream, ascending about 100 yards beyond the top
of the wood, we gathered some specimens of Malaxis paludosa.
Got Hymenophyllum Welsont on a singular piece of detached
rock.

The best way to ascend with the view of collecting alpine
plants is to go up the stream from the Hymenophyllum rock to
the left. The ascent is steep. You reach a cold wet corrie, and
above are fine rocks producing alpine plants, such as :—

Thalictrum alpinum Saxifraga nivalis
Cochlearia officinalis < stellaris

(alpine forms) o aizoides
Silene acaulis Sedum Rhodiola
Sibbaldia procumbens Gnaphalium supinum
Alchemilla alpina Hieracium alpinumand vars.
Saxifraga oppositifolia Salix herbacea

Also some good alpine mosses, as Andreea.
Examined also rocks on side of Lubnaig at a considerable
‘elevation on Ben Ledi. Left about 12.30 pm, Reached

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 347

the top of Ben Ledi between 4 and 5. Left the top at 5
and got to Strathyre about 8.15 p.m.: beautiful day; fine
view, most extensive.

Killin, Bridge of Lochay, Meall Ghaordie.
Thursday, 13th August 1863.

This morning Mr. Naylor and self went in a conveyance
about 9 a.m. to Killin. Drove about three miles up the Lochay
to Duncrook, where the horse was put up. -Ascended Meall
Ghaordie and visited the rocks on a shoulder projecting into Glen
Lyon. The day was delightful, and there was a splendid view
from the summit. The hill itself is not very productive, but the
rocks looking into Glen Lyon are very fine and produce many
alpine plants as :—

Potentilla alpestris Salix herbacea

Sibbaldia procumbens » reticulata
Saxifraga oppositifolia Juncus trifidus
‘5 nivalis , triglumis
5d stellaris Carex capillaris
Sedum Rhodiola » pulla
Gnaphalium supinum Avena pratensis
Saussurea alpina » alpina

Hieracium alpinum
Bartsia alpina
Polygonum viviparum
Oxyria reniformis

Asplenium viride
Cystopteris fragilis

« entata
Polystichum Lonchitis

We searched for Cystopteris montana, but were unsuccessful
owing, principally, to want of time. The rocks would require
five or six hours for full examination.

These rocks are most easily visited from Glen Lyon. By going
to them from the Lochay the party need not go to the top of the
mountain, but merely to the knoll on the right of the summit
and then down towards Glen Lyon. The rocks are well worthy
of a full examination, and I have no doubt that they are the
rocks mentioned by Backhouse as producing Cystopterts montana.
We returned to Duncrook about 6.30 p.m. After partaking of

348 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

refreshments, we left about 7 for Lochay Inn. Here we got a
change of horse and proceeded to Strathyre, which we reached
about 9.30 p.m.

Killin, Ben Lawers.
Friday, \4th August 1863.

This morning, about 9, started in a conveyance with Mr. Naylor
for Killin and Ben Lawers. Morning dull and mist on the top
of the hills, which continued all day. Rain came on at night.
We took three and a half hours to reach Lawers Inn. Met there
Mr. Harvey, the brother-in-law of Mr. Naylor. Ascended Ben
Lawers as far as Loch na Ghait. Proceeded to examine the
rocks at the head of the loch. We failed in getting Cystopteris
montana, although we examined the spot where it was previously
found by myself and party. We did not go to the Woodsza
rocks as our time was limited.

Among the plants gathered were the following :—

Draba incana Juncus trifidus
Cochlearia officinalis , triglumis
Silene acaulis Luzula spicata
Cerastium alpinum Carex atrata

am latifolium Poa alpina
Cherleria sedoides » Balfourii
Saxifraga oppositifolia » Vivipara

* nivalis Asplenium viride

" stellaris Cystopteris montana, vars.
Sedum Rhodiola Polystichum Lonchitis
Hieracium alpinum Polypodium alpestre
Armeria maritima sa Dryopteris
Salix herbacea ; Phegopteris

» reticulata

Returned to Lawers Inn about 6, and after refreshments
returned to Strathyre. The night becoming very rainy, Mr.
Naylor and Mr. Harvey remained at Lawers Inn with the
intention of going on to Kenmore, and then to Aberdeen and
Inverness,

PROFESSOR JOHN HuTTON BALFOUR. 349

Ben Shean.
Monday, 17th August 1863.

Ascended Ben Shean (sounded Ben Shee-an) on opposite side
of valley from Strathyre.

After visiting the summit walked along the ridge towards the
glen leading up to Balquhidder. Had a fine view of Loch
Lubnaig, Loch Earn, and Loch Voil. The hill is not of sufficient
height for good alpine plants. Saxrifraga aizoides and Alchemilla
alpina were the chief sub-alpine species.

Balquhidder, Loch Voil.
Wednesday, 19th August 1863.

After breakfast proceeded with Mr. Thomas Bayley, Andrew
Balfour, and Colin Campbell by King’s House and Balquhidder to
Loch Voil. In the churchyard at Balquhidder is the tombstone
of Rob:Roy close to the entrance of the old church, which is in
complete ruins. Drove along the side of Loch Voil opposite to
Mr. David Carnegie’s house, and along the north side of Loch
Doyne to the farm of James Stewart, who has 16,000 acres of
sheep farm from the Earl of Moray. Had a fine view of the
braes of Balquhidder. Reached the farm about 12. Mr. Bayley,
Andrew Balfour, and Colin Campbell went to fish in the river
and on Loch Doyne, while I ascended Ben An, the highest hill in
the district, rising to 3400 or 3700 feet, according to Mr. Stewart.
The hill is a promising one and would require very complete
examination. I spent from 12 to6 p.m. on it examining the rocks,
especially near the summit. The best rocks are those on the
€ast side—some large massive rocks. There I saw a considerable
quantity of Drada rupestris in fine fruit.

Among the plants gathered were :—

Thalictrum alpinum Sibbaldia procumbens

Caltha minor Alchemilla alpina

Cerastium alpinum Saxifraga oppositifolia
* latifolium . stellaris

BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Saxifraga aizoides

se hypnoides
Sedum Rhodiola
Epilobium alpinum
Gnaphalium supinum

Hieracium alpinum and vars.

Apargia Taraxaci

Leontodon Taraxacum
(peculiar var.)

Azalea procumbens
(summit of ridge)

Euphrasia officinalis, var.
gracilis

Juncus trifidus

, triglumis
Luzula spicata
Carex rigida

,, depauperata
Aira ceespitosa, var.

alpina and vivipara

Poa Balfourii
Juniperus nana
Cryptogramme crispa
Cystopteris dentata
Polystichum Lonchitis
Lastrea dilatata

Oxyria reniformis
Salix herbacea

(alpine vars.)
Polypodium Phegopteris

There is abundance of Corydalis claviculata on the thatched
roofs of houses near Mr. Stewart’s farmhouse, also fine specimens
of Montia fontana, Callitriche platycarpa, and Ranunculus
hederaceus. In the loch are Nymphea alba, Sparganium natans,
Arundo Phragmites.

Saturday, 23rd August 1863.

About 12 to-day I started with my son, Andrew, for a high
hill behind Strathyre. It attains a considerable elevation, and is
made up of large masses of crumbling rocks which have tumbled
down in great quantities. The rocks are by no means safe to
climb. Few plants were gathered :~-Saxifraga stellaris, Saxt-
Fraga aizoides, Cryptogramme crispa, Lastrea dilatata, vars.

Callander.
Tuesday, 8th September 1863.

Drove to Callander from Strathyre. Visited Leny grounds
and saw the Falls,

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR.

Clematis Vitalba
Aconitum Napellus
Berberis vulgaris
Aquifolium
Cardaniine sylvatica
Tilia europzea
llex Aquifolium
Euonymus europzeus
Acer Pseudo-platanus
», Campestre
», saccharinum (some of
the maples with
fine autumn tints)
sculus Hippocastanum
Staphylea trifolia
Cytisus Laburnum
Prunus Laurocerasus
» lusitanica
» domestica
spinosa
Seinen Ulmaria
Rubus Idzeus
Cratzegus Oxyacantha
Philadelphus coronarius
Ribes alpinum
Sedum Telephium
Circeea lutetiana
Pimpinella magna
Hedera Helix
Sambucus nigra
Aucuba japonica
Viburnum Opulus
Lonicera Periclymenum
Symphoricarpus racemosus
Valeriana pyrenaica
Solidago Virgaurea
Inula Helenium
Tussilago Farfara
Carduus heterophyllus
Hieracium vulgatum

Among the plants seen were the following :—

Campanula Trachelium
Primula vulgaris
Lysimachia nemorum
Syringa vulgaris
Fraxinus excelsior
Ligustrum vulgare
Symphytum officinale
Scrophularia nodosa
Veronica montana
Prunella vulgaris
Stachys sylvatica
Teucrium Scorodonia
Ajuga reptans
Polygonum Bistorta
Rumex conglomeratus
Buxus sempervirens
Ulmus montana
Humulus Lupulus

- Betula alba

Alnus glutinosa
Corylus Avellana
Quercus Robur
Castanea vesca
Fagus sylvatica
Carex sylvatica
Bromus asper

351

Brachypodium sylvaticum

Pinus austriaca
embra

» sylvestris
Abies pectinata
Cedrus Libani
Pteris aquilina
Blechnum boreale
Athyrium Filix-foemina
Polystichum aculeatum
Lastrea Oreopteris
Filix-mas
dilatata
Osmunda regalis

”

352 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Loch Lubnaig, Glen Ample.
Thursday, 1oth September 1863.

Went about a mile along the shore of Loch Lubnaig, and
then turned to the left and went along by the stream which
comes from the top of Glen Ample. Visited the glen, and
ascended the hill on the left and went over this to Strathyre.

There are some good moist rocks on which interesting plants
were gathered. Among the plants collected on the rocks, near
the stream, and high up, were the following :—

Alchemilla alpina Melica nutans
Saxifraga oppositifolia Triticum caninum

(in flower) Asplenium viride

i aizoides Trichomanes
Antennaria dioica, var. Cystopteris fragilis and
Hieracium Lawsoni vars.

prenanthoides Polystichum Lonchitis
Oxyrid reniformis Lastrea Oreopteris
Stuc-a-Chroin.

Friday, 11th September 1863.

Left this morning at 11.30 a.m. Drove to Edinample, and
thence about 14 miles up Glen Ample. Then ascended Stuc-
a-Chroin. This is the hill next in height to Ben Voirlich, which
is the highest in the district. The summit of the hill was reached
about 2.45 p.m.

On the summit we gathered :—

Alchemilla alpina Lycopodium Selago
Vaccinium Myrtillus Dicranum scoparium

Carex rigida Trichostomum lanuginosum
Festuca vivipara Lecidea geographica
Polystichum alpinum

PROFESSOR JOHN HutTTON BAL¥OoUR. 353

On the rocks below :—

Thalictrum alpinum Gnaphalium supinum
Cerastium alpinum Tofieldia palustris
Rubus Chamzemorus Cryptogramme crispa
Sibbaldia procumbens Polystichum Lonchitis
Saxifraga oppositifolia Lastrea dilatata

‘ stellaris Lycopodium Selago

aizoides Pa alpinum

hypnoides a selaginoides

Sean Rhodiola Splachnum mnioides

Epilobium alpinum

Returned to Strathyre at 6 p.m., having left the lower part of
the cliffs at 4.30.

Wednesday, 16th September 1863.

Near Stronvar, on the shores of Loch Voil, gathered Osmunda
regalis. Onthe rocks at the Black Island, where the Calair
Burn from Glen Buckie divides, we got Hymenophyllum Walsont.
At Donald F erguson’s house, Stronvar, saw a peculiar Dahiza,
half yellow and half purple, on the same capitulum.

Near King’s House observed some peculiar varieties of Athy-
rium Frlix-foemina.

| ececemtees rere aren

Ben Voirlich.
Saturday, 26th September 1863.

This morning, about 9.30 a.m., started from Strathyre for
Ardvoirlich House. Ascended Ben Voirlich. The day was fine
at starting, but between 12 and 1 the rain and sleet came on
with wind and tempest; this continued at intervals, with
Occasional clear blinks.

The summit was reached about 2, and for half-an-hour the
party enjoyed a fine view of the mountains and lochs around,
but after that mist came on and continued all afternoon.

The weather interfered much with botanising. Reached Ard-
voirlich House about 4.30 p.m.

354 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Among the plants on the hill may be mentioned :—

Rubus Chamzemorus Azalea procumbens
Sibbaldia procumbens (on ridge leading down
Alchemilla alpina to Ardvoirlich Cottage)
Saxifraga aizoides and Lastrea dilatata
other alpine Saxifragze (peculiar alpine form)

Gnaphalium supinum Lycopodium Selago

o alpinum

7 selaginoides

All the ordinary alpine species were seen. Near the
Ardvoirlich Waterfall Hymenophyllum Wilsoni was gathered.

EXCURSIONS IN 1864.
Gorebridge, Arniston, Dalhousie.
Saturday, 14th May 1864.

A party of 110 met at the Waverley Station at 12.30
p-m. and proceeded to Gorebridge, then walked to Arniston,
and proceeded by the banks of the Esk to Dalhousie Station.
Returned from Dalhousie Station by train at 7.27 p.m. Return
ticket, Is.

The following were among the plants collected :—

Anemone nemorosa Prunus Padus
Ranunculus hederaceus Geum rivale
auricomus Saxifraga Geum
Aguilegia vulgaris ss umbrosa
Aconitum Napellus is granulata
Barbarea vulgaris Chrysosplenium oppositi-
Cardamine amara folium
Alliaria officinalis alternifolium
_ Viola palustris Ribes alpinuth
Stellaria nemorum » vrubrum
Geranium sylvaticum » higrum
Oxalis Acetosella Sanicula europzea
Lotus corniculatus Myrrhis odorata
Vicia sepium

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 355

Adoxa Moschatellina
Viburnum Lantana
Asperula odorata
Tussilago Farfara
Doronicum plantagineum
Vaccinium Myrtillus
Pyrola minor
Primula veris
Vinca minor
Symphytum officinale
tuberosum

Pulmonatia sees
Myosotis sylvatica

7% collina
Veronica montana
Lathraea Squamaria
Buxus sempervirens
Salix alba

Salix cinerea
3 aprea
re os
Orchis mascula
Galanthus nivalis
Allium ursinum
Luzula sylvatica
campestris
Potamogeton crispus
Carex glauca
Blechnum boreale
Polypodium Dryopteris
hegopteris
Bauivetaia maximum
imosum
Pezizas coccinea
Morchella esculenta

Se eer

Burntisland, Aberdour.

Saturday, 21st May 1864.
Party of 110 met at Scotland Street Station at 9.40 a.m. and
proceeded to Burntisland. Visited Aberdour, and returned

by train at 3.3 p.m. Return tickets, 8
The following were among the Hlants collected :—

Thalictrum minus
exuosum
Ranunculus bulbosus
Berberis vulgaris
Cheiranthus Cheiri
Barbarea vulgaris
Cochlearia danica
Sisymbrium Thalianum
officinale
Alliatia officinalis
Lepidium Smithii
Thlaspi arvense
Reseda Luteola

Helianthemum vulgare
Viola hirta
sylvatica

Polygala vulgaris
Silene maritima
Cerastium tetrandrum
semidecandrum
Arenaria trinervia
Honckenya peploides
Sagina maritima
Geranium phzeum

356

Erodium cicutarium
Trifolium procumbens
‘s filiforme
Astragalus hypoglottis

Vicia sepium
Prunus spinosa
Geum urbanum
i divas

Fragaria elatior
Crateegus Oxyacantha
Saxifraga granulata
Myrrhis odorata
Sambucus nigra
Sherardia arvensis
Valerianella olitoria
Tussilago Farfara
Petasites vulgaris
Senecio vulgaris
Hieracium Pilosella

6 vulgatum
Leontodon palustris
Sonchus oleraceus
Armeria maritima
Primula caulescens
Anchusa sempervirens
Myosotis arvensis
Solanum Dulcamara
Linaria Cymbalaria

Mid-Calder, Meadowbank, Dalmahoy Hills, Water of Leith,
Currie.

BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Antirrhinum majus
Veronica hedereefolia
es Beccabunga
Salvia Verbenaca
Nepeta Glechoma
Lamium incisum
Plantago maritima
oronopus
Hippophaé rhamnoides
Parietaria officinalis
Salix Caprea
Orchis mascula
Endymion nutans
Luzula congesta
Triglochin maritimum
Blysmus rufus
Trisetum flavescens
Sclerochloa maritima
loliacea
Asplenium Adiantum-
nigrum
‘e Trichomanes
Ruta-muraria
Athyrium Filix-foemina
Lastrea Filix-mas
,» dilatata
Polypodium vulgare

Saturday, 28th May 1864.

Party of 80 met at the Caledonian Railway Station at 10.20
a.m. and proceeded to Mid-Calder; then walked to Meadowbank,
Dalmahoy Hills, Water of Leith, and Currie. Returned from
Currie at 6.11 p.m. Return tickets, Is.

PROFESSOR JOHN HutTron BALFour. 357

Among the plants collected were the following :—

Ranunculus hederaceus
Trollius europzeus
Aconitum Napellus
Nymphezea alba
Meconopsis cambrica
Draba verna
Sisymbrium Thalianum
Helianthemum vulgare
Viola canina
lutea

Stee inflata
Cerastium glomeratum
Tilia grandifolia
Geranium sylvaticum

lucidum
Oxalis Acetosella
Prunus Padus
Geum intermedium
Saxifraga granulata

hypnoides
Rites rubrum

nigrum
Drdsers rotundifolia
Myriophyllum spicatum
Callitriche platycarpa
Myrrhis odorata
Galium saxatile
Asperula odorata
Pyrola minor
Trientalis europza
Menyanthes trifoliata
Polemonium czeruleum
Anchusa sempervirens
Myosotis versicolor

Salix Smithiana
Corallorrhiza innata
Orchis mascula
latifolia
» maculata
Allium ursinum
Luzula sylvatica
Arum maculatum
Lemna minor
Potamogeton oblongus
Eriophorum vaginatum
angustifolium
Carex curta
pilulifera
panicea
» ampullacea
Nardus stricta
Asplenium Adiantum-
nigrum
Equisetum limosum
is hyemale
Andrezea Rothii
Bryum nutans
ceespititium
ecu Parella
tartarea
heematomma
Sticta scrobiculata
Peltidea aphthosa
Cetraria glauca
Usnea florida
Alectoria jubata
Cornicularia bicolor

”

”)

”

Drem, Gullan, Longniddry.
Saturday, 4th June 1864.

Party of 90 met at the North British Railway Station at 8
a.m. and proceeded to Drem, then walked to Gullan and Long-

358

niddry, and returned by train at 3.36.
4.20 p.m. Return ticket, Is. 4d.

BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Reached Edinburgh at

The following were among the plants collected :—

Thalictrum minus
Ranunculus circinatus
Papaver dubium
rgemone
Cheiranthes Cheiri
Cochlearia officinalis
oni he crue
Viola h
yy canina

Lychnis vespertina
Cerastium semidecandrum

a arvense
Honckenya peploides
Linum catharticum
Geranium sanguineum

xe phzeum

- pusillum

dissectum

Eodiu cicutarium
llex Aquifolium
Astragalus hypoglottis
Potentilla reptans
Pyrus Aria
Hippuris vulgaris
Callitriche platycarpa
Hydrocotyle vulgaris
Symrnium Olusatrum
Sium angustifolium
(Enanthe crocata
Sambucus nigra
Galium palustre
Valerianella olitoria
Carduus tenuiflorus
Centaurea Scabiosa

Apargia hispida
Armeria maritima
Glaux maritima
Vinca major
Menyanthes trifoliata
Cynoglossum officinale
Lycopsis arvensis
Myosotis collina
Solanum Dulcamara
Scrophularia vernalis
Veronica Beccabunga
Utricularia vulgaris
Pinguicula vulgaris
Lamium amplexicaule
intermedium
Atriplex Babingtonii
Hippophaé rhamnoides
Euphorbia Helioscopia
Listera ovata
Orchis mascula
» latifolia
» maculata
Iris Pseudacorus
Sparganium ramosum
Triglochin maritimum
Potamogeton natans
rufescens
Bicobherts oui
Blysmus rufus
Carex disticha
» teretiuscula
» vulpina
Equisetum palustre

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. - 389

Alloa, Lornshill Woods, Menstrie, Blairlogie, Airthrey,
Abbey Crag, Stirling.

Saturday, tith June 1864.

Party of 75 met at the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway
Station at 6.25 am. and proceeded to Alloa. Met Mr.
John Dawson, Dr. Duncanson, Dr. Wilson, Dr. Brotherston,
Rev. Mr. Hallens, Mr. Clark, Sheriff-Substitute, and other mem-
bers of the Alloa Natural History Society, who joined us at
breakfast in the Royal Oak (Mr. Thomas). Return tickets, 3s. ;
breakfast, 1s, 6d. After breakfast, walked by Lornshill Woods
(picking Corallorrhiza innata) to Menstrie and the glen near it.
Thence to Blairlogie and along the foot of the Ochils to Airthrey.
Visited the grounds under guidance of Mr. Fraser, the factor for
Lord Abercrombie. Went to the Abbey Crag, and walked to |
Stirling. Returned thence by train at 5.48 p.m.

Among the plants collected were the following :—

Ranunculus aquatilis
hederaceus
Berber: vulgaris
Corydalis claviculata
Cardamine amara
Viola palustris
Lychnis vespertina
ys Viscaria

Sagina subulata
Montia fontana
Geranium sylvaticum

m lucidum
Trifolium striatum
Ornithopus perpusillus

(Menstrie)
Saxifraga hypnoides
Sedum Telephium
anglicum
reflexum
Callitriche verna
Sanicula europzea
Conium maculatum
Senecio viscosus

”

Hieracium Pilosella
vulgatum
Hypochcetis radicata
Lactuca virosa
Erica Tetralix
Pyrola minor
Villarsia nymphzeoides
(Airthrey pond)
Symphytum tuberosum
Myosotis caespitosa
Echium vulgare
Atropa Belladonna
Melampyrum pratense
Pinguicula vulgaris
Euphorbia Helioscopia
Salix aurita
Corallorrhiza innata
Habenaria chlorantha
Iris Pseudacorus
Luzula congesta
Triglochin maritimum
Carex muricata

» stellulata

360 BoTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Carex ovalis Asplenium Adiantum-
» pilulifera nigrum
Alopecurus geniculatus Cystopteris fragilis
Aira praecox Polystichum aculeatum
Phragmites communis Lastrea Oreopteris
Koeleria cristata spinulosa
Melica uniflora , dilatata
Glyceria aquatica Polypodium Dryopteris
Juniperus communis Phegopteris
Hymenophyllum Wilsoni yliiseeaks palustre
(Menstrie) limosum
Blechnum boreale Lycopodium clavatum

”

Hawick, Denholm, Hassendean, Minto Crags, Newton.
Saturday, 18th June 1864.

Party of 85 met at the Waverley Station at 6.25 a.m. and
proceeded to Hawick. Met Mr. J. A. Murray of the Academy
and Mr. Wilson with his son. Breakfasted at the Crown Hotel.
Afterwards walked by Cavers to Denholm Dene, Denholm, and
Hassendean; then a pilot engine took the party at 5.30 to New-
ton, reaching there in time for the 6 p.m. train. Return tickets,
2s. 6d.; breakfast, 1s. 6d. Mr. A. Craig Christie visited Minto
Crags and gathered Lychnis Viscaria, Asplenium germanicum,
and A. septentrionale.

Among the plants collected were the following :—

Aquilegia vulgaris

Corydalis claviculata

Fumaria capreolata

Cardamine hirsuta

sylvatica

AlGasia officinalis

Brassica campestris

Viola palustris

» hirta

Stellaria nemorum

Geranium sylvaticum
is pyrenaicum
ms lucidum

Euonymus europzeus
Trifolium medium
Anthyllis Vulneraria
Vicia sylvatica
Rubus nemorosus
Geum intermedium
Comarum palustre
Pyrus Malus
Saxifraga hypnoides
Sedum villosum
Sempervivum tectorum
Hippuris vulgaris
Callitriche platycarpa

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 361

Circeea lutetiana
Conium maculatum
Pimpinella Saxifraga |
Silaus pratensis |
Peucedanum Ostruthium |
Adoxa Moschatellina |
Lonicera Caprifolium |
Asperula odorata
Valeriana dioica
Carduus heterophyllus
Campanula latifolia
Pyrola minor
Lysimachia vulgaris
Vinca minor
Menyanthes trifoliata
Polemonium czeruleum
Anchusa sempervirens
Myosotis czespitosa

je palustris
Linaria vulgaris
Veronica polita

agrestis

Melampyrum sylvaticum
Pinguicula vulgaris
Stachys ambigua

» sylvatica
Atriplex erecta
Polygonum Bistorta
Rumex viridis

Epilobium hirsutum |

Euphorbia Helioscopia
Neottia Nidus-avis
Epipactis latifolia
Orchis latifolia
Habenaria viridis
Eriophorum angustifolium
Carex dioica

» disticha

» teretiuscula

ampullacea

Plalecss arundinacea
Trisetum flavescens
Avena pubescens
Cynosurus cristatus
Glyceria aquatica
Brachypodium sylvaticum
Blechnum boreale
Scolopendrium vulgare
Lastrea dilatata
Equisetum palustre

- limosum
Hypnum aduncum
dendroides

Lad

East Linton, Tynningham, Binning Wood.

Saturday, 25th June 1864.

Party of 57 met at the Waverley Station and proceeded to
East Linton. Thence walked to Tynningham. Met Mr. Lees.
Visited the garden and houses, ana walked towards the mouth of
the Tyne and the shore. Walked through Binning Wood to
East Linton, and returned by train at 3.10 p.m. Return tickets
2s. Many seeds were picked on rocks off St. Baldred’s, and near
this abundance of Ophioglossum vulgaium,

362 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Among the other plants gathered were the following :—

Papaver dubium

e rgemone
Fumaria micrantha
Sinapis alba
Viola hirta
Lepigonum marinum
Malva rotundifolia
Linum catharticum
Geranium sanguineum
Trifolium hybridum
Rubus ceesius
Potentilla reptans
Agrimonia Eupatoria
Rosa rubiginosa

», arvensis
Sempervivum tectorum
Conium maculatum
Lonicera Caprifolium
Aster Tripolium
Hieracium vulgatum |
Apargia autumnalis

_Tragopogon minor

Erica Tetralix
Glaux maritima
Erythreea Centaurium
Cynoglossum officinale
Symphytum tuberosum
Myosotis collina
Solanum Dulcamara
Linaria Cymbalaria
Antirrhinum majus
Veronica agrestis
Euphrasia officinalis

Lamium intermedium
Ballota foetida
Plantago Coronopus
Atriplex Babingtonii
Salicornia herbacea
uzeda maritima

Rumex sanguineus
Hippophaé rhamnoides
Buxus sempervirens
Humulus Lupulus
Parietaria erecta
Populus alba

ve tremula
Neottia Nidus-avis
Listera ovata
Orchis latifolia

» maculata
Iris Pseudacorus
Ornithogalum umbellatum
Juncus Gerardi
Triglochin maritimum
Scirpus maritimus
Trisetum flavescens
Lolium italicum
Triticum repens
Taxus baccata
Blechnum boreale
Asplenium Adiantum-

nigrum

Athyrium Filix-foemina
Lastrea dilatata

Equisetum palustre

Newburgh, Lindores Loch, Abdie, Denmiln, Mare’s Crag,
Ochils, Lochmill.

Saturday, 2nd July 1864.

Party of 55 met at the Scotland Street Station at 6.30 a.m.
and proceeded to Lindores Loch, walked round it to Abdie,

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFoUR. 363

Macduff’s Castle, Denmiln, and the Mare’s Crag. Reached
Newburgh about 10.18 am. for breakfast at Mr. Sutcliffe’s
George Hotel. Visited Dr. Lyall’s collection of ferns, and saw
Mr. Lang. Mr. Anderson of the Commercial Bank also accom-
paniedus. Walked by the Ochils to Lochmill, and returned to
Newburgh at 4.35 p.m. Return tickets, 2s. 6d.; breakfast, 1s. 3d.

The following were among the plants collected :—

Ranunculus Flammula
hirsutus
(Pitcaithly)
Papaver dubium
a rgemone
Fumaria capreolata
» micrantha
Sisymbrium Thalianum
Reseda Luteola
Helianthemum vulgare
Viola tricolor
arvensis

Gilerie inflata
Malva moschata

» rotundifolia
Geranium dissectum
Ononis arvensis
Trifolium medium
Anthyllis Vulneraria
Vicia hirsuta

e racca
Agrimonia Eupatoria
Saxifraga granulata
Epilobium angustifolium
Hydrocotyle vulgaris _
Scandix Pecten-Veneris
Galium saxatile
Asperula odorata
Valerianella olitoria
Anthemis arvensis
Matricaria inodora
Senecio sylvaticus

”

Hieracium Pilosella
Vaccinium Myrtillus
Erica cinerea
Menyanthes trifoliata
Lycopsis arvensis
Linaria vulgaris
Scrophularia nodosa
Digitalis purpurea
Pedicularis palustris
Rhinanthus Crista-galli
Galeopsis versicolor
SS Tetrahit
Lamium amplexicaule
Teucrium Scorodonia
Scleranthus annuus
Chenopodium album
Polygonum amphibium
viviparum
Euphorbia Helioscopia
Humulus Lupulus
Orchis latifolia
Iris Pseudacorus
Juncus effusus
Luzula sylvatica
Alisma Plantago
Carex hirta
ampullacea
Phalaris arundinacea
Blechnum boreale
Lastrea Oreopteris
Polypodium Dryopteris

364 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

In Lindores Loch :—

Ranunculus circinatus Typha latifolia

a aquatilis Sparganium ramosum
Nuphar luteum | es simplex
Comarum palustre | Scirpus lacustris
Littorella lacustris Glyceria aquatica

On Mare’s Crag :-—

Dianthus deltoides Geranium lucidum
Sagina subulata Ornithopus perpusillus
Geranium sanguineum Potentilla argentea
v3 columbinum
At Denmiln :—

Verbascum Lychnitis |

In Lochmill :—
Nuphar luteum Potamogeton heterophyllus
Nympheea alba ms crispus
Potamogeton natans

Dumfries, Caerlaverock Castle.
Saturday, 9th July 1864.

Party of 54—along with 30 of Dr. Leycock’s pupils, making in
all 84—met at the Caledonian Railway Station at 7.45 a.m. and
proceeded to Dumfries. Then proceeded in carriages to the
Crichton Institute, where breakfast was provided by Dr.
Gilchrist. Walked by banks of Nith to Caerlaverock Castle, and
returned by carriage to Dumfries in time for train at 6 p.m. for
Edinburgh, which was reached about 9.30 p.m. Return
tickets, 5s.

Among the plants collected were the following :—

Ranunculus sceleratus Crambe maritima
Berberis vulgaris Silene maritima
Cheiranthus Cheiri Sagina maritima
Cochlearia officinalis Lepigonum marinum

Iberis amara Hypericum dubium

the Royal Botanic Gntden
=. List of Stalf =
and

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR.

-Malva sylvestris
Genista tinctoria
Anthyllis Vulneraria
Vicia sativa
Comarum palustre
Hydrocotyle vulgaris
Conium maculatum
Carum verticillatum
Sium angustifolium
(Enanthe fistulosa

re Lachenalii

” cr
Lonicera Periclymenum
Galium palustre
Valeriana officinalis
Gnaphalium sylvaticum
Senecio tenuifolius -
Carduus palustris
Thrincia hirta
Jasione montana
Campanula rotundifolia
Armeria maritima
Glaux maritima
Anagallis arvensis

= tenella
Samolus Valerandi
Ligustrum vulgare
Erythreea Centaurium

s littoralis
Myosotis czespitosa
Convolvulus sepium

Solanum Dulcamara
Melampyrum pratense
Mentha velutina
Plantago maritima
Atriplex Babingtonii
Polygonum lapathifolium
Iris foetidissima
», Pseudacorus
Allium vineale
Juncus glaucus
» Maritimus
Lemna minor
Triglochin : nae
ritimum
Potdiogbins elites
Scirpus maritimus
Blysmus rufus
Carex vulpina
» leevigata
» distans
» extensa
Phalaris arundinacea
Glyceria fluitans
aquatica
Lepturus filiformis
incurvatus
Asplenium Adiantum-
nigrum
‘Trichomanes
Fostinalig vi Abie a

365

Anstruther, Pittenweem, St. Monans, Elie.
Saturday, 16th July 1864.

Party of 35 met at Scotland Street Railway Station at 6.30
a.m. and proceeded to Anstruther. Breakfasted at Robertson’s
Commercial Inn. Met Mr. Barclay, the Rev. R. Colvin, Mr. C.
Howie, and subsequently Rev. Walter Wood and Mr. Michie:
The party was thus in all forty. Walked by the shore to Pitten-
weem and visited old monastery and caves. Passed through St.

366 _ BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Monans and visited Elie Harbour.

Returned by train from Elie

at 4.20 p.m. Return tickets, 2s, 6d.; breakfast, 1s. 6d.
Among the plants collected by the party were the following :—

Thalictrum minus
Ranunculus sceleratus
Papaver Argemone
Fumaria capreolata
= micrantha
Sisymbrium Sophia
Sinapis alba
Diplotaxis muralis
Senebiera didyma .
= Coronopus
Lepidium ruderale
Silene noctiflora
Lychnis Flos-cuculi
ithago
Malva rotundifolia
Geranium sanguineum
po pratense
Genista anglica
Trifolium scabrum
Astragalus hypoglottis
Sedum anglicum
Conium maculatum
Smyrnium Olusatrum
Pimpinella Saxifraga
Anthriscus vulgaris
Haloscias scoticum
Archangelica officinalis
Anthemis Cotula
Tanacetum vulgare
Senecio vulgaris
sylvaticus
Carduus tenuiflorus

Silybum Marianum
Centaurea Scabiosa
Apargia autumnalis
Lactuca muralis
Erica cinerea
Anagallis arvensis
Erythrea Centaurium
Echium vulgare
Hyoscyamus niger
Atriplex littoralis -

= erecta

» Babingtonii
Polygonum littorale
Fagopyrum esculentum
Euphorbia Helioscopia
Orchis pyramidalis

» latifolia

- Habenaria viridis

Alopecurus agrestis
Phleum pratense
arenarium
Polypipon monspeliensis
Psamma arenaria
Trisetum flavescens
Sclerochloa procumbens
‘is rigida
loliacea
Serrafalcus commutatus
Triticum junceum
Asplenium marinum
Botrychium Lunaria

Callander, Ben Ledi, Loch Lubnaig.
Saturday, 23rd July 1864.

Party of 94 met at the Waverley Station at 6.5 a.m.
and proceeded to Callander. Breakfasted at MacGowan’s Dread-

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 367

nought Hotel. Afterwards walked to summit of Ben Ledi,
going as far as Loch Lubnaig, ascending by the Stank Burn.
Examined rocks at summit. Returned to Callander at 6.15 to
tea. Left by train at 7 p.m. for Edinburgh. Return tickets,
4s. 4d.; breakfast, 1s. 6d.; tea, Is. 3d.

Among the plants gathered were the following :—

Thalictrum alpinum
Nuphar lutea |
Nympheea alba
Corydalis claviculata

Cochlearia officinalis, var.

Subularia aquatica
Viola lutea, var.
Silene acaulis
Montia fontana

Hypericum humifusum

Tilia parvifolia

Vicia sylvatica

Rubus saxatilis

- Sibbaldia procumbens

Alchemilla alpina
Rosa arvensis
Saxifraga oppositifolia
- nivalis
Jj stellaris
‘ aizoides
hypnoides

Parriassia palustris,

Sedum Rhodiola |
Drosera rotundifolia .
Callitriche autumnalis
Epilobium alsinifolium
Circzea alpina
Hydrocotyle vulgaris
Pimpinella magna
Angelica sylvestris
Galium boreale

» ‘saxatile
Solidago Virgaurea

ee sylvaticum —

» supinum

Achillea Ptarmica

Senecio sylvaticus

» -. aquaticus
Centaurea Cyanus
Hieracium boreale
Lobelia Dortmanna
Vaccinium Oxycoccus

. Erica Tetralix

» cinerea
Gentiana campestris
Myosotis repens
Veronica scutellata

" Littorella lacustris
- Polygonum viviparum
_ Myrica Gale

Salix aurita

» Viminalis
dgy Toate? Dacea
Empetrum nigrum

~ Malaxis paludosa

Listera cordata

‘Gymnadenia conopsea

albida

i aengiaa chlorantha

Narthecium ossifragum
Juncus supinus
triglumis

”)

- Luzula spicata

Sparganium natans

». . Potamogeton przelongus
Carex pulicaris

stellulata
‘ curta ;
» — binervis

”

368

Carex (deri

»» vesicaria
Triodia decumbens
Molinia czerulea
Festuca vivipara
Brachypodium sylvaticum
Juniperus communis
Hymenophyllum Wilsoni
Allosorus crispus
Asplenium viride
Polystichum Lonchitis
Lastrea spinulosa

BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Polypodium Phegopteris
Equisetum limosum
Lycopodium “Selago

- clavatum
alpinum
selaginoides
Andress alpina
Pogonatum alpinum
Tortula tortuosa
Bartramia pomiformis
Splachnum ampullaceum
Hypnum loreum

”

Polypodium Dryopteris

Loch Lomond, Inverarnan, Ben Voirlich, Ben More, Cobbler,
Ben Ime.

Tuesday, 9th August 1864.

Party, consisting of J. H. Balfour, Francis Walter Moinet,
John P. Gordon, P, Neill Fraser, T. L. Brunton, and James
Thomson, left Edinburgh at 9.15 a.m. for Stirling, Balloch, and
Loch Lomond—having procured return tickets available for ten
days for 6s. 8d. They were detained for half-an-hour by the
number of passengers going north. On board the Loch Lomond
steamer met Mr. Elliot of Wolflee and his daughter and Captain
Hector Macneil. Day very showery. Most of the passengers left at
various places on the loch instead of taking the complete tour.
Reached Inverarnan about 3.30 p.m., and were comfortably
accommodated by Mr. M‘Nab, the innkeeper. After dinner
walked for two or three miles up Glen Falloch, and returned
about 8.30 p.m. Gathered Malaxts paludosa and Rhynchospora
alba, Weather very wet, also chilly. Fire required at night.

Wednesday, toth August 1864.

Day fine. Breakfasted at 7.30, and at 8.15 am. started for
Ben Voirlich. Ascended on the northern side. Visited the loch
and had a fine view from the summit of Ben Lomond; Ben Lui,
Ben Oss, Ben More, Ben A’an, Ben Ledi, Ben Lawers, Ben Venue,

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 369

hills on the side of the Lochay, hills in Glencoe and Ben Ime, all
seen distinctly. Occasional showers passed over the hills, which
added to the effect. After descending the hill walked along the
banks of the Falloch to Inverarnan and reached the inn about6p.m.

Among the plants gathered were the following :—

Thalictrum alpinum Littorella iacustris
Silene acaulis Polygonum viviparum
Cerastium alpinum Salix herbacea
Lotus major (very fine and Juncus trifidus

large) Z , triglumis
Sibbaldia procumbens Luzula spicata
Alchemilla alpina Potamogeton natans
Saxifraga oppositifolia Carex rigida

+ stellaris » pallescens

- hypnoides Poa alpina vivipara
Lythrum Salicaria Festuca vivipara
Epilobium alpinum Hymenophyllum Wilsoni
Solidago Virgaurea Cryptogramme crispa

“A », var.cambrica Asplenium viride
Gnaphalium supinum Polypodium alpestre
Saussurea alpina Cystopteris fragilis
Hieracium Lawsoni ‘i dentata

n umbellatum Polystichum Lonchitis
Apargia autumnalis .| — Lastrea dilatata and vars.
Lysimachia vulgaris Isoétes lacustris
Stachys ambigua

Thursday, 11th August 1864.

Breakfasted at 7.30 a.m. and started at 8 in a drag with two
horses for the foot of Ben More. Drove nine miles on the road
to Killin toa spot about two miles beyond Crianlarich, where
there is a farm called Ben More Farm. The tolls were very
heavy, there being two which were charged 2s. each. Reached
foot of Ben More about 9.30. Ascended towards the rocky part
of the hill. Day was remarkably fine, and the view very
extensive.

370 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Ben More, although rising above 3800 feet, was found to be
very unproductive. The chief plants gathered were :—

Sibbaldia procumbens
Saxifraga oppositifolia
4 stellaris
J aizoides

hypnoides
Epilobium alpinum
Solidago Virgaurea
Antennaria dioica

Gnaphalium supinum
Saussurea alpina
Polygonum viviparum
Salix herbacea
Cystopteris fragilis
Lycopodium Selago

+” clavatum

7 selaginoides

The party, after remaining for some time on the summit of
Ben More, proceeded to Ben A’an, a mountain close to it and

nearly as high.

The rocks looking to the north-east were very

promising and yielded some good plants.
Among others may be noted :—

Draba rupestris
Cochlearia groenlandica
Sagina nivalis
Saxifraga nivalis
Armeria maritima |
Veronica humifusa

Carex pulla
Aira czespitosa vivipara
Poa alpina

» Balfourii
Polystichum Lonchitis

Descended to Ben More Farm at 4.30 and met our drag.

Returned to Inverarnan at 6 p.m.

F viday, 12th August 1864.

Another fine day. ane by the steamboat at 6.15 a.m. for

Tarbet. Return. tickets,

alked to Arrochar and then

breakfasted. Afterwards skated the Cobbler and Ben Ime.
Among the plants collected were the following :— |

Nasturtium palustre
Draba incana

Sibbaldia procumbens:
Saxifraga oppositifolia

a stellaris -
fe aizoides
a hypnoides

Sedum. Rhodiola
Carum verticillatum
Aster Tripolium.
Gnaphalium supinum _
_ Saussurea alpina »
Hieracium alpinum .
» . Lawsoni

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 371

Armeria maritima Aira caespitosa

Scutellaria galericulata Poa Balfourii

Stachys ambigua Hymenophyllum Wilsoni

Polygonum viviparum Cryptogramme crispa

Salix herbacea Polystichum Lonchitis

Juncus trifidus Lastrea dilatata and vars.
, triglumis Polypodium Dryopteris

Luzula spicata
Carex rigida

hegopteris

)

Descended from Ben Ime into the glen leading into Inverglas,
but unfortunately turned off to the right and had a long and
fatiguing walk to Arrochar, in. place of reaching the shore of
Loch Lomond as we intended.

Reached Tarbet at 6 p.m. in time for the boat to Inverarnan.
Met Dr. Philip Malyon and his wife and Mr. John Maclagan on
board. Reached the inn about 7.30 p.m. :

Saturday, 13th August 1864

The party broke up to-day. Some started about 10 a.m. and
walked along the shore of Loch Lomond to Tarbet, where they
met the boat for Edinburgh about 2.20 p.m. and returned to
Edinburgh by Stirling. On their walk they gathered :—

Hypericum humifusum Littorella lacustris
Drosera anglica Osmunda regalis
Scutellaria galericulata

Neighbourhood of Dunkeld.
Thursday, 19th August 1864.

Visited hills near Dalgnig House about five anda half miles
from Dunke ‘
Among the plats gathered were the following :—

Genista anglica ge Pteris aquilina

Vaccinium Vitis-Ideea _ Blechnum boreale .

Arctostaphylos - Uva-ursi 2 Asplenium Trichomanes
(very abundant) ” _ Athyrium Filix-fcemina

Trientalis europea = - Cystopteris fragilis

372 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Polystichum aculeatum Polypodium Dryopteris
Lastrea Oreopteris Phegopteris

,» Filix-mas L yconeskiin Selago

» dilatata s clavatum

» Foenisecii ? a alpinum
Polypodium vulgare

The hills are not of great elevation.

In a pond on the hills :-—
Hippuris vulgaris
Peplis Portula

Juncus uliginosus

Ballinluig, Dalnaspidal, Sow of Athole, Dalwhinnie.

Friday, 20th August 1864.

* Proceeded to Ballinluig, and thence by train to Dalnaspidal,
which was reached about 1 p.m. Ascended Sow of Athole.

_ Gathered :—

Rubus Chamzemorus _
Sibbaldia procumbens
Alchemilla alpina
Saxifraga stellaris

~ Phyllodoce czerulea (past

flowering)

Lycopodium Selago

s annotinum
aizoides (abundant)
Conus suecica = clavatum
Gnaphalium supinum - alpinum

Azalea procumbens
On the summit :—

Calluna vulgeus (dwarf) | Azalea edaed ableagiors

The Phyllodoce was gathered about dhrée-quarters of the way
up the hill on the side next to Dalnaspidal. Carried with me some
seeds of the Phyllodoce cerulea from the Botanic Garden and
sowed them. on the spot where the plant was growing. There
might be some seeds of Phyllodoce empetrifolia amongst them, as
both plants are growing together in the Botanic Garden. Walked
on to Dalwhinnie. Good inn kept by Pullar. Ben Alder—a
high hill near, on side of Loch Ericht—worth visiting. Returned
by train, which reached Dalguise at 6.5 p.m.

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 373

Dalguise, Dunkeld, Murthly, Birnam.
Saturday, 21st August 1864.

Walked by the hills behind Dalguise to Dunkeld and then to
Stenton Rock. Gathered a few common ferns. Could not see
Asplenium germanicum, vegetation much withered. Crossed by
Miller’s boat to Murthly grounds and walked to Birnam. Then
by train to Dalguise at 5 p.m.

Killiecrankie.
Monday, 23rd August 1864.

Visited Killiecrankie and gathered Lathyrus niger. The
station of this plant nearly destroyed by the railway cutting.
Great part of the plant covered with rubbish. Met William
Mackintosh, the guide, who had been at Glen Tilt when the
botanists were stopped in 1847. Heasked us to visit his cottage,
and gave us milk, also a specimen of Cryptogramme crispa from a
neighbouring hill. Walked through the glen and through Faskally
grounds to Pitlochry, meeting Mr. Barbour of Bonskeid on the
way. Returned to Dalguise at 6.5 p.m.

Ben Lawers.
Thursday, 25th August 1864.

Left Dalguise at 9.30 a.m. by coach for Aberfeldy, Kenmore,
and Lawers Inn, which was reached about one. Ascended Ben
Lawers. Day remarkably fine, although there were a few
showers, one of them a shower of hail. Gathered abundance of
Sagina nivalis and other Saginas. Did not meet with Adszne
rubella, On summit of hill found :-—

Saxifraga nivalis
cernua
Leéntodon Taraxacum
_ Myosotis alpestris

Draba incana
upestris
Gerald alpinum
_ Cherleria sedoides

and all the ordinary alpine species.

374 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Returned to Lawers Inn at 7 p.m. Remained there all night.
Next morning walked to Kenmore to breakfast, and returned to
Dalguise about 12 noon.

EXCURSIONS IN 1865.
Penicuik.
Saturday, I 3th May 1865.

Day very wet. Party of 40 met at the North British Railway
Station at 8 a.m. and proceeded to Penicuik: Visited the glen
and Mr. Cowan’s paper works, and returned by train at 11.35 a.m.

Among the plants collected were the following :—

' Anemone nemorosa Salix cinerea

Ranunculus auricomus -
Caltha palustris
Viola sylvatica
Oxalis Acetosella
Lathyrus macrorrhizus
Prunus spinosa

» Padus
Geum rivale
Chrysosplenium alterni-

folium

Tussilago Farfara _
Pyrola minor

Primula vulgaris
Symphytum tuberosum
Mercurialis perennis

Neottia Nidus-avis
Luzula sylvatica
Blechnum boreale
Athyrium Filix-foemina
Polypodium vulgare

= Dryopteris

Phegopteris

Equisetum arvense

i umbrosum

is sylvaticum
Neckera complanata
Peltidea scutata
Calicium chrysocephalum
Alectoria jubata
Morchella esculenta

Kinghorn, Burntisland.
Saturday, 20th May 1865.

Party of 80 met at 9.30 a.m. at Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee
Station, and proceeded to Kinghorn. Walked by shore to
Burntisland. Some visited Kinghorn Loch. Returned by boat
at 3 p.m. ois ives orth ie Dae

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR.

375

Among the plants collected were the following :—

Ranunculus heterophyllus
= hederaceus
3 bulbosus
Fumaria pallidiflora
Cheiranthus Cheiri
Barbarea vulgaris
Arabis hirsuta
Alyssum calycinum
Cochlearia danica
Armoracia rusticana ~
Brassica campestris
Thlaspi arvense
Helianthemum vulgare
Viola canina
Silene maritima
Cerastium tetrandrum
57
= arvense
Honckenya peploides
Linum catharticum
Geranium molle
Vicia hirsuta
» lathyroides
Ribes rubrum

” nl
Myrrhis odorata
Anthriscus vulgaris
Centranthus ruber »
Valerianella olitoria |

semidecandrum

Primula elatior
Myosotis collina
Linaria Cymbalaria
Veronica hederzefolia

+ polita
arvensis

i serpyllifolia
Salvia Verbenaca
Lamium amplexicaule
intermedium
purpureum

= incisum
Plantago maritima

: Coronopus
Hippophaé rhamnoides
Urtica urens
Salix alba
Orchis mascula
Endymion nutans
Luzula multiflora
Potamogeton lucens
Sclerochloa maritima

Hid loliacea
Asplenium Adiantum-
nigrum
a Ruta-muraria

Botrychium Lunaria

”

-Equisetum limosum

Grimmia leucophzea

Leontodon levigatus se Schisti
Armeria maritima = ||_—~ i. maritima

North Berwick, Canty Bay, Tantallon Castle, Bass.
Saturday, 27th May 1865.

Party of 60 met at the Waverley Station at 8 a.m. and
proceeded to North Berwick. Walked by the shore to Canty

376 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Bay. Some visited the Bass, others went to Tantallon Castle,
others visited North Berwick Law. Returned by train at 2.55

p-m. Return tickets, Is. 6d.

Among the plants gathered were the following :—

Papaver Argemone
Cheiranthus Cheiri
Amoracia rusticana
Lepidium latifolium
Reseda Luteola
Viola sylvatica
Silene maritima
Lychnis vespertina
Honckenya peploides
Linum catharticum
Geranium molle
Anthyllis Vulneraria
Astragalus hypoglottis
Vicia sylvatica
Geum urbanum
Crateegus Oxyacantha
Saxifraga granulata
Conium maculatum
Sambucus nigra
Valerianella olitoria
Petasites fragrans

Leontodon lzvigatus
Armeria maritima
Primula caulescens

» . awerts

Anchusa sempervirens

Lycopsis arvensis

Myosotis collina

Veronica serpyllifolia

Lamium amplexicaule

Plantago Coronopus

Humulus Lupulus

Orchis mascula

Ornithogalum umbellatum

Carex arenaria

Psamma arenaria

Elymus arenarius

Blechnum boreale

Asplenium Adiantum-
nigrum

Botrychium Lunaria

Cockburnspath, Pease Dene, Dunglass Dene.
Saturday, 3rd June 1865.

Party of 62 met at Waverley Station at 8 a.m. and proceeded
to Cockburnspath. Walked to Pease Bridge and Dene, along
the shore to Dunglass Dene, _ returned by train at 2.33 p.m.,

reaching Edinburgh at 3.35 p

Among the plants coliceest@ were the following :—

. Ranunculus hederaceus
Papaver Argemone
Glaucium luteum
Cardamine amara

Brassica campestris
Helianthemum vulgare
Silene maritima
Stellaria Holostea
Arenaria trinervia
Honckenya peploides

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 377

Sagina procumbens
Geranium sylvaticum
Erodium cicutarium
Ilex Aquifolium
Acer campestre
Anthyllis Vulneraria
Astragalus hypoglottis
Vicia sativa
Geum urbanum
Saxifraga granulata
Sanicula europzea
Scandix Pecten-Veneris
Anthriscus sylvestris
(Enanthe crocata
Asperula odorata
Eupatorium cannabinum
Anthemis arvensis
Carduus tenuiflorus
Hieracium Pilosella
Armeria maritima
Lysimachia nemorum
Symphytum tuberosum
Lycopsis arvensis
Myosotis sylvatica
collina

; versicolor

Veronica hedereefolia

”

Beccabunga

Lamium amplexicaule
intermedium
incisum

”

” al
Atriplex Babingtonii
Rumex sanguineus, var.

viridis

Hippophaé rhamnoides
Orchis mascula
latifolia

» maculata
Allium ursinum
Endymion nutans
Luzula sylvatica
Triglochin palustre

; maritimum

Carex vulpina

» pendula
Anthoxanthum odoratum
Alopecurus geniculatus
Pinus sylvestris
Asplenium marinum
Scolopendrium vulgare
Polystichum angulare
Equisetum limosum
Isothecium alopecurum
Neckera complanata
Hypnum aduncum
Bryum nutans
Anomodon viticulosus
Sticta sylvatica

”

St. Boswells, Melrose, Dryburgh, Eildon Hills.

Saturday, 10th June 1865. Ae

: P arty of 90 met at the Waverley Station at 9.45 a.m. and

proceeded by train to St. Boswells. Walked by banks of Tweed

to Melrose. Some visited Dryburgh and Eildon Hills. Returned
by train passing Melrose at 4.2 p.m. Return tickets, 2s. 6d. -

378 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Among the plants collected were the following :-— —

halictrum flexuosum

Ranunculus heterophyllus

Aquilegia vulgaris
Fumaria pallidiflora
Cheiranthus Cheiri
Barbarea vulgaris

Cochlearia officinalis (Mel-

rose
Viola odorata

» tricolor
Stellaria nemorum
Arenaria serpyllifolia
Linum catharticum
Geranium lucidum
Anthyllis Vulneraria
Geum intermedium -
Potentilla reptans
Ribes alpinum
Circzea alpina —
Galium boreale
Asperula odorata
Dipsacus sylvestris

Doronicum Pardalianches

Hieracium Pilosella
Lysimachia nemorum
Symphytum officinale

Anchusa sempervirens

Myosotis sylvatica

Echium vulgare
Verbascum Thapsus
Scrophularia nodosa
Veronica serpyllifolia
Lathrzea Squamaria
Pinguicula vulgaris
Plantago media
Orchis latifolia

Allium ursinum
Ornithogalum umbellatum
Juncus effusus

Luzula sylvatica
Carex vulgaris

Melica uniflora
Juniperus communis
Taxus baccata

Pinus sylvestris
Allosorus crispus
Asplenium Adiantum-

nigrum

. Trichomanes

Ruta-muraria

Polystichinm aculeatum
Neckera complanata
Anomodon viticulosus
Parmelia pulverulenta
Ramalina fastigiata

Dolphinton.
Saturday, 17th June 1865.

Party of 65 met at the Waverley Station at 8 a.m. and proceeded
to Dolphinton. Examined the boggy ground in the neighbour-
hood and the woods. Lunched with Mr. Mackenzie of Dolphin-
ton House. Returned by train at 2.20 p.m. Return tickets,
Is. od, es Sccsis: $40

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR.

Among the plants collected were the following :—

Berberis vulgaris
Meconopsis cambrica
Cardamine palustris
(double)

Viola palustris

+, soeen
Cerastium arvense
Spergula arvensis
Linum catharticum
Sedum villosum
Drosera rotundifolia
Cornus sanguinea
Antennaria dioica
Achillea Ptarmica
Senecio aquaticus
Apargia autumnalis
Vaccinium Oxycoccus

Erica Tetralix
Pyrola minor
Primula farinosa
Menyanthes trifoliata
Myosotis czespitosa
Pedicularis sylvatica
Orchis incarnata
latifolia

» maculata
Luzula congesta
Eriophorum polystachyon

: latifolium

Carex disticha
panicea

»» ampullacea
Botrychium Lunaria

”

North Queensferry, South Queensferry, Ferry Hills,
Inverkeithing, Dalmeny, Almond Bridge.

Saturday, 24th June 1865.

Party of 24 met at Granton at 8.30 a.m. and proceeded by

steamboat to North Queensferry.

Examined hills near Ferry.

Walked towards Inverkeithing. Crossed the Ferry to South
Queensferry. Walked by Dalmeny Park and Almond Bridge to
Edinburgh. Pier, 2d. Steamboat, 6d. Pier at Queensferry, 6d.
Ferry across, 6d. Mr. Gray joined the party at Queensterry.
Among the plants gathered were the following :—

Thalictrum flexuosum

Papaver dubium
Brassica campestris
Thlaspi arvense
Cakile maritima
Reseda lutea

#9: >: Aetlteola
Helianthemum vulgare

Sagina maritima
Lepigonum marinum
Malva rotundifolia
Geranium sanguineum
Acer campestre
Medicago sativa
Trifolium hybridum
Vicia lutea

380

Spireea salicifolia

» Filipendula
Geum intermedium
Potentilla reptans
Ribes alpinum
Sedum villosum
Hydrocotyle vulgaris
Pimpinella Saxifraga
Anthriscus vulgaris
(Enanthe crocata
Lonicera Periclymenum
Aster Tripolium
Doronicum Pardalianches
Carduus tenuiflorus

» acanthoides

Campanula rotundifolia
Erica cinerea
Pyrola minor
Armeria maritima

BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Glaux maritima
Echium vulgare
Linaria Cymbalaria
Digitalis purpurea
Plantago maritima

= Coronopus
Hippophaé rhamnoides
Euphorbia Helioscopia
Neottia Nidus-avis
Listera ovata
Goodyera repens,
Epipactis latifolia
Orchis latifolia

» maculata
Allium vineale
Lemna minor
Triglochin maritimum
Asplenium viride, var.

varians

Largo, Elie.
Saturday, \st July 1865.

Party of 46 met at the Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee Railway
Station at 6.25 a.m. and proceeded to Largo. Met Mr. Howie,
who had made arrangements for breakfast in the Schoolhouse
of Upper Largo (or the Kirkton of Largo). Mrs. Ireland, baker
in the village, provided the breakfast. The arrangements were
most satisfactory. After breakfast walked by shore to Elie and
gathered very good plants. Return tickets, 2s. 6d.; breakfast,
Is. 6d

Among the plants gathered were the following :—

Thalictrum minus
Ranunculus sceleratus
Papaver Argemone
Sinapis nigra
Diplotaxis tenuilelia

Pa muralis

Senebiera didyma
“oronopus
Thlaspi arvense
Reseda lutea
Lepigonum marinum
‘Malva rotundifolia -

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFouR.

Linum usitatissimum
Geranium sanguineum
Melilotus officinalis
Trifolium arvense

bridum
Astragalus hypoglottis

Glyciphyllos
Aprimonin Eupatoria
Sedum reflexum
Hydrocotyle vulgaris
(Enanthe crocata
Valerianella dentata
Matricaria inodora, var.
maritima

Centaurea Scabiosa
Anagallis tenella
Mertensia maritima
Echium vulgare
Lycium barbarum
Atriplex littoralis
Salsola Kali

Listera ovata
Orchis incarnata
Habenaria viridis
Sparganium ramosum
Scirpus maritimus
Blysmus rufus
Schoenus nigricans
Carex pulicaris

» incurva
Phalaris arundinacea
Psamma arenaria
Triodia decumbens
Koeleria cristata
Sclerochloa distans
Asplenium marinum
Botrychium Lunaria
Equisetum variegatum
Chara vulgaris
Hypnum giganteum
lycopodoides

”

Leslie, Prinilaws, West Lomond Hill, Bishop Hill, Glen
Vale, Loch Leven.
Saturday, 8th July 1865.

Party of 50 met at the Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee Station
at 6.25 a.m. and proceeded to Leslie. Mr. Wylie of Prinlaws
met the party and entertained them to breakfast in the School-
room at Prinlaws. Mr. Barclay from Cupar was there. Dr.
Grainger-Stewart and Rev. Mr. Colvin were of the party. After
breakfast the party walked to the West Lomond Hill and the
Bishop Hill, Glen Vale, and Loch Leven. Return tickets, 2s.

Among the plants collected were the following :—

Vicia sepium

Rosa tomentosa
Saxifraga hypnoides
Sedum villosum

Hypericum pulchrum
Trifolium medium
Lotus major
Vicia Cracca

382 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Drosera rotundifolia
Epilobium alsinifolium
Pimpinella Saxifraga
Galium saxatile
Scabiosa Succisa
Antennaria dioica
Achillea Ptarmica
Anthemis arvensis
Carduus heterophyllus
Crepis paludosa
Campanula rotundifolia
Vaccinium Vitis-Idzea
Linaria vulgaris
Scrophularia nodosa
Digitalis purpurea
Polygonum Persicaria
Rumex aquaticus
Euphorbia Helioscopia
Corylus Avellana
Empetrum nigrum

Listera cordata
Habenaria viridis
ifolia
= chlorantha
Narthecium ossifragum
Juncus acutiflorus
Luzula multiflora, var. con-
gesta
Triglochin palustre
Carex pauciflora

”

Agrostis pumila
Molinia czerulea
Cryptogramme crispa
Blechnum boreale
Cystopteris fragilis
Lastrea Oreopteris

Lochmaben.
Saturday, 15th July 1865.

Party of 44 met at the Caledonian Railway Station at 7.45 a.m.
and proceeded to Lochmaben, which was reached about 11. Met
Sir Wm. Jardine, the Rev. Dr. Liddell of Lochmaben, Dr. Gil-
christ and friend from Dumfries, Dr. Grierson from Thornhill, and
Mr. Gray from Dumfries. _The Rev. Wm. Graham and the Rev.
R. Colvin were in the party. Forty-four sat down to breakfast
in John White’s Commercial Hotel. Afterwards walked round
Castle Loch to Bruce’s Castle and then by Kirk Loch and Loch-
maben. Railway tickets, 5s.; breakfast, 1s. 6d.

The following were among the plants collected :—

Ranunculus circinatus Corydalis claviculata
Viola palustris
Hypericum maculatum
Nympheza alba pulchrum
Nuphar lutea Malva rotundifolia

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFouR.

Rubus suberectus

Sempervivum tectorum ~

Hippuris vulgaris
Myriophyllum-spicatum
Callitriche autumnalis
Peplis Portula
Lythrum Salicaria
Cicuta virosa

Carum verticillatum
Sambucus Ebulus

Vaccinium Oxycoccus
Andromeda polifolia
Myosotis caespitosa
Veronica scutellata
Scutellaria galericulata
Stachys ambigua
Littorella lacustris
Myrica Gale

Typha angustifolia

383

Alisma Plantago

Gnaphalium sylvaticum » ranunculoides
Bidens cernua Scirpus lacustris
» tripartita Carex (deri
Senecio sylvaticus Phalaris arundinacea
» erucifolius Asplenium Adiantum-

» aquaticus nigrum
Jasione montana Chara flexilis

Aberfeldy and Ben Lawers.
Friday, 21st July 1865.

Party, consisting of John Archibald, J. H. Balfour, C. B. Black,
James G. Black, M.A., T. L. Brunton, J. W. Burman, Alex.
Craig Christie, Edward Clondsley, Robert P. Colvin, William
Craig, Jas. H. Cunningham, John Drysdale, John K. Duncanson,
James J. Fulton, Alexander Glendinning, George Low, William
Boydell Lowe, John Murray, J. F. Naylor, Robert Pouget,
Gilbert C. A. Stuart, James Thomson, G. A. Tibson, James
Watters, George Waugh, and J. T. Wightman, met at the Edin-
burgh, Perth, and Dundee Railway Station at 1.10 p.m. and
proceeded by train to Aberfeldy. Return ticket, 6s.6d. Went
to Mackenzie’s Breadalbane Arms Inn. Visited the Falls of
Moness, and gathered—

Hymenophyllum Wilsoni
Asplenium viride

Campanula latifolia
Trientalis europea
Melampyrum sylvaticum.

Took tea at the inn. Mr. Naylor, Mr. G. Stuart, Mr. R. Black,
and Mr. Duncanson started in a drosky at 12 p.m., and pro-

384 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

ceeded to Ben Lawers to see the sun rise and to meet the
remainder of the party in the morning.

Saturday, 22nd July 1865.

Party rose at 3 a.m., and at 4 proceeded by stage coach (holding
twenty-two) to Lawers Inn. Botanised on Ben Lawers and
returned to Lawers Inn about 2 p.m., whence they returned to
Aberfeldy about 4. After tea returned by train at 4.40, reaching
Edinburgh about 10 p.m. The weather was excellent, although
very hot.

The following are some of the plants collected :—

Draba incana
rupestris
Cochtediia alpina
Silene acaulis
Cerastium alpinum
agina saxatilis
» _Nivalis
Hypericum calycinum |
Rubus saxatilis _
» Chamzemorus
Sibbaldia procumbens
Saxifraga oppositifolia

stellaris
pe cernua
Epilobium alsinifolium
alpinum
Gant boreale

Gnaphalium sylvaticum -

* supinum
Carduus heterophyllus
Saussurea alpina
Apargia Taraxaci
Campanula latifolia
Trientalis europzea
Myosotis alpestris
Veronica humifusa
Calamintha Clinopodium
Polygonum viviparum

Oxyria reniformis
Salix Lapponum
» herbacea
» reticulata
Narthecium ossifragum
Tofieldia palustris
Juncus biglumis
triglumis
Luzuia spicata
Carex dioica
» Tigida
Milium effusum
Aira alpina
Holcus mollis
Poa alpina
Hymenophyllum Wilsoni
Pteris aquilina
Cryptogramme crispa
Asplenium viride
Trichomanes
PoRy pullin alpestre
hegopteris
Cystopteris fragilis
Polystichum Lonchitis
Botrychium Lunaria
Lycopodium Selago

3 clavatum
ree alpinum
ae selaginoides

PROFESSOk JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 385

Clova.
Wednesday, 2nd August 18635.

Party, consisting of J. H. Balfour; John K. Duncanson, W. R.
M‘Nab, F. Naylor, Gilbert C. A. Stuart, and M. Watson, met at
the Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee Railway Station on Wednes-
day, 2nd August, at 9.45 a.m., and proceeded to Kirriemuir.
Return tickets, 7s. 6d. From Kirriemuir the whole party went
in conveyances, leaving Kirriemuir about 3 and reaching Clova
about 6 p.m. They were accommodated at Mr. Barnes’ inn—
the Ogilvy Arms.

Thursday, 3rd August 1865.

Started at 8 a.m. in two conveyances for Acharn (Robert
Welsh). Thence walked up Glen Dole and by Jock’s Road
along the banks of the White Water to a point not far from
Canness. Visited Little Gilrannoch, and returned by the Astra-
galus cliff and Glen Dole to Clova, which was reached about
7pm. The party intended to go to Canlochan, but they found
the distance too great. All the ordinary alpine plants were
collected, and among special plants were the following :—

Cochlearia officinalis
alpina

Armeria maritima (alpine
; form)
Lychnis alpina Veronica alpina

Cherleria sedoides
Sibbaldia procumbens
Dryas octopetala
Epilobium alsinifolium
i alpinum
Cornus suecica
Erigeron alpinus
Gnaphalium supinum
Mulgedium alpinum (in full
flower, below the water-
fall in a river not far
from the Astragalus
cliff)

Juncus castaneus
Carex aquatilis

» capillaris
Alopecurus alpinus
Phleum alpinum
Asplenium viride
Polypodium alpestre (in

various states)

386 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY
Friday, 4th August 1865.

At 8 a.m. the party started for Canlochan, carrying with them
knapsacks and some provisions, with the intention of remaining
at Canlochan during the night. They were compelled to do
this on account of not being able to procure a man at. Clova to
take baggage and provisions over to Canlochan. The day
being warm and sunny the progress of the party was much
impeded by the load which they had to carry.

The party first went by cart to Acharn, thence they went to
the Ma/axzis station and gathered the plant; next they went to
Glen Fee, and picked Oxytropis campestris, Arctostaphylos Uva-
urst, Galium pustllum, and many alpine plants.

Went to the upper end of Glen Fee, and thus crossed by the
table-land to Canness. Descended into the glen, and reached the
sheiling at the foot of Canlochan. There was no one init. The
party deposited their baggage, along with tea, sugar, and butter,
and then proceeded to botanise in Canlochan Glen. Went
round the glen and examined specially the rocks at the upper
part marked by the streaks of quartz. Among the plants gathered
were Carex vaginata, Juncus castaneus, and Mulgedium alpinum
in two places ; in one there were seventy-seven specimens in full
flower ; in the other only one in flower.

Among other plants seen may be noticed :—

Dryas octopetala Gentiana campestris (alpine
Potentilla alpestris form)
Sibbaldia procumbens Veronica humifusa
Saxifraga nivalis i alpina
Erigeron alpinus i saxatilis
Gentiana nivalis Juncus triglumis

Carex atrata

Returned to the sheiling about 8 p.m. Lighted a camp fire
and cooked our evening meal. The night was cold, and the fire
had to be kept up all night.

Saturday, 5th August 1865.

Rose at 5, made breakfast, and at 7 ‘started for the rock of
Canness. Several alpine plants were gathered, such as

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 387

Veronica alpina, Poa alpina, and Polypodium alpestre (in various
forms). On reaching top of Canness, the party went by Little
Gilrannoch to the head of Glen Dole, gathering Lychnis alpina
and Carex rariflora near it, as well as at the head of Glen Dole.
Mr. Stuart and Mr. Watson visited the Astragalus cliff, but
failed to get the plant. All then proceeded by Glen Dole to
Acharn, where they met the dogcart, which, however, broke down
near Braedownie, and a cart was substituted. Reached Clova
about 5 p.m. to dinner.

Monday, 7th August 1865.

About 9 a.m. party went to climb hill opposite the hotel,
gathering Tofieldia palustris, Lycopodium annotinum, Azalea
procumbens, and walked along top of the mountain towards Glen
Fee, but did not find Arctostaphylos alpina.

Mist and rain came on. The weather was changeable—fair
and sunny at one time and raining at another. Visited corrie at
entrance of Glen Fee, also large corrie further up, and gathered
Carex vaginata, C. Vahlii, Salix Lapponum, Azalea procumbens.

Failed to get Carex Grahamt. Saw Polypodtum alpestre and
many alpine plants. Returned to Clova by cart from Acharn
about 7.

Tuesday, 8th August 1865.

This morning at 9, Dr. Balfour, Messrs. Naylor, Stuart, and
Duncanson left in a cart for Bachnagairn with the view of
visiting Lochnagar. Mr. M‘Nab and Mr. Watson went to Loch
Brandy and gathered J/soétes lacustris, Subularia aquatica,
Lobelia Dortmanna, Sparganium natans, Juncus supinus, var.

The Lochnagar party visited the beautiful waterfall at
Bachnagairn, and then walked across the hills to Glen Muick.
Passing between Loch Muick and Dhu Loch, they ascended
the hill and walked towards Lochnagar. Reached the top of
the mountain before 3. Found a party there along with a game-
keeper. Déscended the ravine near the summit and botanised
at the foot of the cliffs, and were rewarded with specimens of
Cerastium latifolium, Saxifraga rtvularis, Aira alpina (vivi-

388 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

parous), Poa alpina, Cryptogramme crispa, Polypodium alpestre
(in various forms).

Rain descended heavily and continued to do so all the after-
noon ; the mist also was so thick that the party had to use a
compass for their guidance. Ascended the mountain and
proceeded along the road made lately for the Royal visitors to
the Dhu Loch.

The walk back to Loch Muick was wet and dreary, then the
party ascended the hill and reached the glen of the Esk about
one mile above Bachnagairn, and had to proceed through wet
woods beside the swollen and roaring Esk with its waterfalls.
At the shooting-lodge of Mr. Donald Ogilvy they got some
bread and cheese, and returned by the cart, amidst rain and
mist, thoroughly drenched, to Clova, which was reached about
10 p.m. The journey was a long and fatiguing one. The view
from Lochnagar was very fine; the party enjoyed it before the
mist and rain came on.

Wednesday, 9th August 1865.

This morning, about 7, Mr. Naylor and Mr. Stuart went to
Loch Brandy, bathed in it, and gathered the usual plants. All
breakfasted together at 10 a.m. Day was dull, but norain. All
went to the cave near Braedownie, which was visited with lighted
candles. A photograph was taken of the cave and the rocks
around it. Dr. Balfour, Messrs. Stuart, Duncanson, and Watson
crossed the Esk at Braedownie and visited Isabella Mackenzie,
the woman without hands and feet. Gathered Sparganium
simplex and Gymnadenia albida.

Returned to the inn at 5.30 p.m. for dinner. Arranged plants
and packed up roots for Botanic Garden. The evening cleared
and the moonlight was beautiful.

Thursday, 10th August 1865.

Breakfasted about 8 a.m., and Messrs. Naylor, Stuart, M‘Nab,
Watson, and Duncanson left in two dogcarts at 9 a.m. for
Kirriemuir on their way to Edinburgh, whilst Dr. Ral
remained at Clova.

PROFESSOR JOHN HuTTON BALFOUR. 389
Wednesday, 16th August 1865.

Dr. Balfour and A. F. Balfour left the inn at Clova in order to
visit the head of Glen Prosen. They walked up Glen Clova as
far as the gamekeeper’s house, and then ascended the mountain
called Driesch, whence they walked by the head of Glen
Fee to rocks at the head of Prosen. At the top of the glen
there are two divisions, one to the east, nearest Glen Fee, and
the other to the west. The latter seems to be the proper head of
the glen, although the stream in the former is larger and seems
to be more properly Prosen Water. Both of the small glens
were visited ; in that on the east all the ordinary alpine plants
were gathered :—

Sibbaldia procumbens | Saxifraga oppositifolia
Saxifraga aizoides Gnaphalium supinum
stellaris Juncus triglumis

”

Large specimens of Angelica sylvestris and of Valeriana
officinalis were seen in flower. On rocks on west of the glen there
was abundance of Carex vaginata and Saussurea alpina. Few
ferns in the glen. In the glen to the west, and specially on the
rocks on its western side, there was great profusion of Polystichum
Lonchitis, Lastrea dilatata in all its forms, Lastrea spinulosa and
Polypodium alpestre in various forms. Looked for Polypodium
fiexile, but could not see any distinct specimens, although some
varieties seemed to approach it. This little glen seems to be
worthy of careful examination ; the time allowed was too short.
Returned to Clova in a direct line over the hills ; a fatiguing walk.

Friday 18th August 1865.

On Craig Bruich, the saddle-backed mountain above Acharn,
I gathered to-day :—

Saxifraga oppositifolia Carex vaginata
Gnaphalium supinum Polypodium alpestre (in
Azalea procumbens forms)

Tofieldia palustris

and the ordinary alpine plants.

390 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

EXCURSIONS: IN..1866.
Ratho, Kirkliston, and Dalmeny Park.
Saturday, 12th May 1866.
Party of 92 met at the North British Railway Station

(Waverley Bridge) at 11.30 a.m.
to Kirkliston and Dalmeny Park.

Proceeded to Ratho, walked

Returned from Dalmeny

Station by train at 5.55 p.m. Return tickets, Is.
The following were among the plants collected :—

Anemone nemorosa
Cheiranthus Cheiri
Draba verna
Alliaria officinalis
Brassica Rapa
Lunaria biennis
Viola odorata
Oxalis Acetosella
Acer platanoides
Prunus domestica
Pyrus Malus
Saxifraga granulata
Ribes nigrum
Myrrhis odorata
Asperula odorata
Valerianella olitoria
Doronicum plantagineum

Primula caulescens
Vinca minor
Anchusa sempervirens
Omphalodes verna
Linaria Cymbalaria
Lamium amplexicaule
. incisum
Polygonum Bistorta
Daphne Laureola
Carpinus Betulus
Listera ovata
Orchis mascula
Allium vineale
Lilium Martagon
Luzula sylvatica
Arum maculatum
Ophioglossum vulgatum

Some of the party visited Cramond Bridge and collected :—

Asplenium Adiantum-nig-

rum
Asplenium Ruta-muraria

Scolopendrium vulgare
Cystopteris fragilis

Burntisland and Aberdour.
Saturday, 26th May 1866.

Party of 110 met at Scotland Street Station at 9.45 a.m. and
proceeded to Burntisland, thence walked to Aberdour by the

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 391

shore. Returned by boat lea

tickets, Is.

ving Burntisland 3.3 p.m. Return

The following were among the plants collected :—

Ranunculus auricomus
Berberis vulgaris
Fumaria pallidiflora
Cheiranthus Cheiri
Barbarea vulgaris
Sisymbrium Thalianum
Alliaria officinalis
Brassica campestris
Lepidium Draba
Thlaspi arvense
Reseda Luteola
Helianthemum vulgare
Viola tricolor
Silene maritima
Cerastium trigynum
Arenaria trinervia
Geranium sanguineum
‘ dissectum
Ilex Aquifolium
Anthyllis Vulneraria
Astragalus hypoglottis
Vicia hirsuta
Geum rivale
Fragaria elatior

Pyrus Malus
Saxifraga granulata
Ribes rubrum
Adoxa Moschatellina
Leontodon levigatus
Armeria maritima
Glaux maritima
Anchusa sempervirens
Myosotis collina
Echium vulgare
Antirrhinum majus
Plantago Coronopus
Rumex sanguineus

» viridis
Daphne Laureola
Parietaria diffusa
Blysmus rufus
Carex distans
Asplenium Adiantum-

nigrum

Botrychium Lunaria
Equisetum palustre
Exidia Auricula-Judze

Some of the party visited Dunearn hill and collected :—

Viola lutea
Scutellaria galericulata

Salix repens

_ Lycopodium clavatum

Gorebridge, Arniston, Dalhousie.
Saturday, and June 1866.

Party of 35 met at the Waverley Station at 12.30 p.m.

Proceeded to Gorebridge, thence walked to Arn

iston and Dal-

housie. Returned from Dalhousie at 7.1 7pm. Return tickets,

Ts,

BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Aquilegia vulgaris
Aconitum Napellus
Berberis vulgaris
Barbarea vulgaris
Brassica campestris
Reseda Luteola
Stellaria nemorum
» Holostea

Arenaria trinervia
Geranium sylvaticum
Oxalis Acetosella
Ilex Aquifolium
Euonymus europzeus
Acer campestre
Sarothamnus scoparius
Prunus Avium

» Padus
Rubus Idzeus
Geum urbanum

» intermedium
Potentilla Tormentilla
Pyrus Aucufaria

» Malus
Saxifraga umbrosa
Chrysosplenium alterni-
folium
Ribes alpinum
» Trubrum

The following were among the plants collected :-—

Ribes nigrum
Sanicula europzea
Scandix Pecten-veneris
Hedera Helix
Asperula odorata
Valeriana pyrenaica
Petasites vulgaris
Doronicum plantagineum
Vaccinium Myrtillus
Lysimachia nemorum
Ligustrum vulgare
Vinca minor
Symphytum tuberosum
Anchusa sempervirens
Pulmonaria officinalis
Myosotis sylvatica
Verbascum Thapsus
Veronica montana
Lathrzea Squamaria
Buxus sempervirens
Allium ursinum
Carex pendula

», paludosa
Milium effusum
Taxus baccata
Scolopendrium vulgare
Equisetum maximum

East Linton, Tynningham, Whitberry Point, Ravensheugh,
Binny Woods.

Saturday, 9th June 1866.

Party of 66 met at the Waverley Station at 7a.m. Proceeded
to East Linton, visited Tynningham garden and* grounds,

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 393

Whitberry Point, Ravensheugh and Binny Woods, returning to
East Linton by the Rhododendron Walk. The party was
accompanied by Dr. Crombie and a guide from Tynningham.
Left East Linton for Edinburgh by the train passing at 3.10 p.m.
Return tickets, 1s. 6d.

The following were among the plants gathered :—

Berberis vulgaris
Papaver dubium
» Argemone
Cardamine amara
Sinapis alba
Viola hirta
Cerastium glomeratum
. arvense
Sagina maritima
Malva rotundifolia
Geranium sanguineum
Conium maculatum
Anthriscus vulgaris

Lycopsis arvensis
Hyoscyamus niger
Rhinanthus Crista-galli
Plantago maritima
Chenopodium Bonus-
Henricus
Salicornia herbacea
Rumex obtusifolius
Euphorbia Helioscopia
Parietaria diffusa
Neottia Nidus-avis
Listera ovata
Orchis latifolia

Ruscus aculeatus
Blysmus rufus
Nardus stricta
Asplenium Adiantum-

Cornus sanguinea
Sambucus laciniata
Lonicera Periclymenum
Doronicum Pardalianches
Leontodon palustris
Arbutus Unedo

Glaux maritima o pinulo

Vinca major Ophioglossum vulgatum
Erythrzea Centaurium Botrychium Lunaria
Cynoglossum officinale Equisetum palustre
Symphytum officinale

nigrum
Lastrea Oreopteris

Grant’s House, Renton, Pease Dene, Pease Bridge,
Cockburnspath.

Saturday, 16th June 1866.

Party of 74 met at the Waverley Station (N.B. Rail.) at 7 a.m.
Proceeded to Grant’s House, visited Renton, thence walked by

3904 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Pease Dene and Bridge to Cockburnspath. Returned by train
passing Cockburnspath at 2.33 p.m. Return tickets, 2s. 6d.
The party was accompanied by Mr. Hardy (Grant’s House) and
Professor Liston, Edinburgh.

The following were among the plants collected :—

Berberis vulgaris
Cerastium glomeratum
Malva rotundifolia
Geranium sylvaticum
Astragalus hypoglottis
Vicia Orobus

» sylvatica
Rubus saxatilis
Ribes alpinum
Sanicula europea
Scandix Pecten-veneris
C£nanthe crocata
Asperula odorata
Armeria maritima
Trientalis europzea
Veronica montana

Plantago maritima
Empetrum nigrum
Orchis maculata

Iris Pseudacorus
Triglochin palustre
Asplenium Adiantumnig-

rum
Ceterach officinarum (wall

‘at Renton)
Scolopendrium vulgare
Polystichum angulare
Lastrea Oreopteris
Polypodium Dryopteris

i egopteris

Blechnum boreale

Kincardine, Culross, Crombie Point, Charlestown,
Limekilns.

Saturday, 23+d June 1866.

Party of about 70 met at Granton Pier at 8.30 a.m. Proceeded

by Stirling steamer to Kincardine.
Crombie Point, Charlestown, and Limekilns.
passing Limekilns at 5.30 p.m.

Thence walked to Culross,
Returned by boat

The party was accompanied by Professor Liston, and Mr. Giles
Munby from Algiers. Return tickets, 1s. 6d. Pier dues, 5d.

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR.

Ranunculus sceleratus
Chelidonium majus
Corydalis claviculata
Reseda Luteola
Sagina maritima
Lepigonum marinum
Malva rotundifolia
Geranium phzeum
Acer campestre
Trifolium hybridum
4 procumbens
Vicia sativa
Drosera rotundifolia
Myriophyllum spicatum
Hydrocotyle vulgare
Helosciadium inundatum
(Enanthe crocata
Viburnum Opulus
Galium palustre
Dipsacus sylvestris
Tanacetum vulgare
Senecio sylvaticus
Carduus acanthoides
arvensis

» ceetosus
Vinca major
Anchusa sempervirens
Myosotis czespitosa
Lithospermum officinale

The following were among the plants collected :—

Echium vulgare
Lycium barbarum
Atropa Belladonna
Rhinanthus Crista-galli
Mentha viridis
Plantago maritima

“a oronopus
Littorella lacustris
Atriplex littoralis

s Babingtonii
Rumex conglomeratus

» Sanguineus
Corallorrhiza innata
Alisma Plantago
Triglochin maritimum
Scirpus maritimus
Carex paniculata
remota
curta
pallescens
leevigata
» ampullacea
Alopecurus geniculatus
Milium effusum
Glyceria aquatica
Festuca arundinacea
Nardus stricta
Osmunda regalis
Hypnum giganteum

”

’)

Dolphinton.
Saturday, 30th June \ 866.

Party of about 63 met at the Waverley Station at 8a.m. Pro-
ceeded to Dolphinton. Returned by train leaving Dolphinton at
2.20 p.m. Mr. Mackenzie of Dolphinton provided the party with
luncheon. The party was joined by Mr. Munby, Mr. Brand,
Mr. M‘Nab, and Professor Liston. Return tickets, 1s. 9d.

396 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

The following were among the plants collected :—

Meconopsis cambrica
Cochlearia alpina
Viola lutea
Linum catharticum
Comarum palustre
Saxifraga Hirculus
Parnassia palustris
edum villosum
Drosera rotundifolia
Galium palustre
Valeriana dioica
Senecio aquaticus
Vaccinium Oxycoccus
Erica Tetralix
Pyrola minor
Primula farinosa
Myosotis palustris
Veronica scutellata
Pedicularis sylvatica
Pinguicula vulgaris
Galeopsis Tetrahit
Rumex aquaticus
Empetrum nigrum
Orchis incarnata
Juncus supinus
Luzula congesta
Triglochin palustre

Scirpus setaceus
Eriophorum vaginatum
si polystachyon
latifolium
Carex pulicaris
= isticha
»» paniculata
» muricata —
» Stellulata
oo carte
» oOvalis
» glauca
»» preecox
4 | panicea
» fulva
» flava
» CEderi
» ampullacea
Alopecurus geniculatus
Glyceria fluitans
Botrychium Lunaria
Equisetum limosum
Chara vulgaris
Hypnum cordifolium
5 nitens
mn aduncum
a lycopodioides

Forteviot, Invermay Woods and Grounds.
Saturday, 7th July 1866.

Party of about 40 met at the Waverley Station at 6.1 5 a.m. and
proceeded to Forteviot. Breakfasted at Station Hotel (Mr. W.
Wood). Visited Invermay woods and grounds. Party was
joined by Dr. Laing and his son, Dr. Lauder Lindsay, Dr. Alex.
Dickson, Dr. Traquair. Entertained to lunch at Invermay
woods by Mr. and Mrs. Brown Douglas—the former accompanied
the party during the day. Sheriff Jamieson also joined the

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOoUR. 307

party at lunch. Returned by train passing Forteviot at 4.32

p-m. Return tickets, 4s. Breakfast, 1s. 6d. Some of the party

visited Scone.
The following were among the plants collected :—

Ranunculus hirsutus Carduus tenuiflorus
Papaver Argemone Pyrola minor

Corydalis lutea (near Perth) Moneses grandiflora (Scone
Hesperis matronalis woods)

Iberis amara Trientalis europeea (Scone
Cerastium glomeratum woods)

‘“ arvense Ligustrum vulgare
Stellaria nemorum Vinca minor
Lepigonum rubrum Polemonium czeruleum
Hypericum hirsutum Myosotis palustris
Geranium sylvaticum Veronica montana
Trifolium medium Melampyrum pratense

yi strictum Stachys Betonica

; hybridum Lamium amplexicaule
Anthyllis Vulneraria Polygonum Bistorta
Astragalus hypoglottis Neottia Nidus-avis
Vicia sylvatica Listera ovata
Rubus saxatilis Iris Pseudacorus
Potentilla reptans Juncus glaucus
Chrysosplenium alterni- Koeleria cristata

folium Asplenium Adiantum-
Circzea lutetiana nigrum
Sanicula europzea Scolopendrium vulgare
Viburnum Opulus Cystopteris fragilis
Lonicera Caprifolium Polystichum angulare
Galium Mollugo Polypodium Dryopteris .
Asperula odorata Botrychium Lunaria
Filago germanica Equisetum umbrosum
Senecio aquaticus Sticta pulmonaria

Beattock, Garpol Linn.

Saturday, 14th July 1866.

Party of 40 met at the Caledonian Railway Station at 7.4c¢ a.m.
Proceeded to Beattock. Breakfasted at Beattock Bridge Hotel
aw re a :

398 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

(Sinclair’s). Visited Garpol Linn and hills beyond. The party
was accompanied by Sir William and Miss Jardine, Miss Gould,
Rev. Mr. Colvin, Kirkpatrick; Rev. Mr. Williamson, Moffat; Mr.
William Carruthers (British Museum), Dr. Dickson, Dr. Traquair,
Dr. Grainger-Stewart, Professor Liston. Returned by train leav-
ing Beattock at 5.2 p.m. Return tickets, 4s. Breakfast, 1s. 6d.

The following were among the plants collected :—

Viola palustris
Lepigonum rubrum
Hypericum humifusum
a pulchrum
Geranium sylvaticum
Genista tinctoria
Trifolium arvense
Astragalus hypoglottis
Rubus saxatilis
Drosera rotundifolia
Epilobium palustre
Hydrocotyle vulgaris
Sanicula europza
Antennaria dioica
Apargia autumnalis
Jasione montana
Vaccinium Oxycoccus
Pyrola minor
Myosotis repens
Verbascum Thapsus
Veronica montana
Pinguicula vulgaris

Some of the party proceeded to Beattock on Friday afternoon
and visited Beld Crag and the hills in Moffatdale, and collected:—

Saxifraga stellaris
Sedum Rhodiola

{

Myrica Gale
Empetrum nigrum
Listera cordata
Orchis maculata
Gymnadenia conopsea
Narthecium ossifragum
Juncus acutiflorus
Carex pulicaris

» levigata

» binervis
Holcus mollis
Melica nutans

» uniflora
Cryptogramme crispa
Cystopteris fragilis
Lastrea Oreopteris
Polypodium Dryopteris

i Phegopteris

Botrychium Lunaria
Lycopodium clavatum

is alpinum

Pyrola secunda
Asplenium viride

Rothesay, Ascog, Mount Stuart.
Saturday, 21st July 1860,

Party of about 50 met at the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway
Station at 6.15 a.m. Proceeded to Rothesay, walked to Ascog

and Mount Stuart.

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 399

Returned by boat passing Rothesay at 4.40

p-m., and reached Edinburgh about 10.15 p.m. Return tickets,
Breakfast on board, 1s. 6d. Pier at Helensburgh, 1d.
Party accompanied by Dr. Dickson, Dr. Traquair, Professor

Liston, Mr. Lowe, and several ladies.

The following plants were collected :—

Chelidonium majus
Sinapis alba
Sagina nodosa

Hypericum Androseemum

e humifusum
pulehrum
Liki usitatissimum
Rubus carpinifolius
Potentilla Tormentilla
procumbens
Cotyléedén Umbilicus
Sedum angulare
Lythrum Salicaria
Epilobium hirsutum
Helosciadium inundatum
(Enanthe Lachenalii
Pastinaca sativa
Torilis Anthriscus
Eupatorium cannabinum
Jasione montana
Lysimachia vulgaris
Erythreea Centaurium
Symphytum officinale

Pinguicula lusitanica
Stachys ambigua
Polygonum lapathifolium

_ Habenaria viridis

chlorantha
Juncus Gerardi
maritimus
», acutiflorus
Sparganium ramosum
Alisma Plantago
» ranunculoides
Blysmus rufus
Carex distans
yy extenes
Asplenium Adiantumnig-
rum
Lastrea Oreopteris
» emula (Feenisecii)
Polypodium Phegopteris
Chara flexilis
Sticta scrobiculata
» pulmonaria
Parmelia perlata

”

Loch Lomond, Inverarnan, Ben Voirlich.
Friday, 27th July 1866.

Party, consisting of J. H. Balfour, John Archibald, W. H.
Carruthers, Alex. Craig Christie, Rev. R. F. Colvin, William
Craig, Walter Dixon, John K. Duncanson, James W. Edmond,
Alexander Irvine, Alexander E. Keith, William John Kennedy,
Professor D. Liston, James H. Lowe, J. R. Marrian, Wm.

400 _ BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Stephen Mitchell, F. Naylor, John Wilson Paton, V. R. Pran-
kerd, Andrea Rabagliati, James Richardson, John Sadler, Wm.
Stokes Shaw, Francis E. Smart, J. Stiell, James Watters, J. T.
Wightman, met at the Waverley Station at 2 p.m. on Friday,
27th, and proceeded to head of Loch Lomond vzé Balloch,
thence walked to Inverarnan Hotel, which was reached about
g o'clock. Some of the party (Messrs. Sadler, Duncanson,
Smart, Mitchell, Edmond, Dixon, and Craig), left the steamer

in the evening at Tarbet, and walked to Inverarnan, Slept at
the hotel. Return tickets, 5s. 5d. Hotel and other expenses,

10s. 6

Saturday, 28th July 1866.

Breakfasted at 6 a.m. and started for Ben Voirlich about 7.
Returned to head of loch about 4 p.m. Left head of loch about
4.20, and reached Edinburgh about 10 p.m.

The following were among the plants collected :—

Thalictrum alpinum
Corydalis claviculata
Cochlearia alpina

Hypericum Androsemum

Rubus saxatilis
Alchemilla alpina
Saxifraga oppositifolia

- stellaris

= aizoides
Sedum Rhodiola
Drosera anglica
Peplis Portula
Lythrum Salicaria
Epilobium alpinum
Carum verticillatum
Cornus suecica
Galium boreale .
Solidago Virgaurea
Gnaphalium supinum
Carduus heterophyllus
Saussurea alpina
Hieracium Lawsoni
Lobelia Dortmanna

Vaccinium uliginosum
Euphrasia officinalis, var.

pina
Plantago maritima
Littorella lacustris
Oxyria reniformis
Myrica Gale
Salix venulosa

» herbacea
Empetrum nigrum
Malaxis paludosa
Listera cordata
Juncus trifidus

triglumis
Ligue spicata
Rhynchospora alba
Carex rigida
ata

” gu
- Hymenophyllum tunbridg-

ense
Wilsoni
Cryptogramme crispa
Blechnum boreale

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 401

Asplenium viride Osmunda regalis
Cystopteris fragilis Lycopodium Selago
Lastrea Oreopteris i annotinum
és zemula ‘i clavatum
Polypodium Dryopteris os alpinum
ve Phegopteris - selaginoides

besides many alpine Musci and Lichens.

Braemar
Friday, 3rd August 1866.

Party, consisting of J. H. Balfour, Thomas Barclay, Robert P.
Colvin, Alfred T. Coore, Walter Dixon, P. Neill Fraser, F.
Naylor, Orlando R. Prankerd, Wm. Stokes Shaw, Francis G.
Smart, and James Thomson, met at the Scotland Street Station
of the N.B. Railway, and proceeded by train at 6.25 a.m. to
Perth and Aberdeen—having return tickets to Aberdeen avail-
able for three weeks for 12s. 6d. Reached Aberdeen at 12.35
p.m., and met Professors Struthers and Dickie, who, after lunch,
- proceeded with us to see the town and Marischal College. Had
a fine view from the tower of the College; the arrangements in
the College are excellent. Saw the hall, library, examination
room, and Anatomical and Natural History lecture rooms. Left
by train at 2.40 for Aboyne. Return ticket, available for three
weeks, 2s. Reached Aboyne at 4.49. Took up our quarters at
the hotel (Cook’s). The evening being fine, we visited the
Suspension Bridge and the grounds about Aboyne Castle.
Gathered Campanula rapunculoides on the roadside. It was in
considerable quantity. Had tea-dinner on return.

Saturday, 4th August 1866.

After breakfast, left about 8 a.m. in an omnibus for Ballater.
Gathered Melampyrum sylvaticum there, then went by hired
omnibus to Balmoral and visited the grounds under the direction
of Mr. Paterson, the gardener. Then proceeded to Braemar,
and took up our quarters at the Fife Arms Hotel (Hunter).

402 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Were all comfortably accommodated. Afternoon was very wet
and windy, and we were prevented from walking. I ascertained
one important fact to-day—that there was no smoking man in
the party. The day became windy and wet.

Monday, 6th August 1866.

Breakfasted at 7 a.m., and about 8 left by drag for Glen
Callater. Went to the gamekeeper’s house (Michie), then
examined the glen, beginning with rocks on the left side of the
glen immediately at the south end of Loch Callater, and then
walked round all the rocks in the glen and in Glen Kandor,
returning to the gamekeeper’s house about 5, where we met the
drag and returned to inn about 6 p.m. The day was very wet,
and we were all thoroughly drenched.

_ We gathered many good plants. Among others :—

Silene acaulis Salix Lapponum
Rubus saxatilis » Myrsinites
Chamzemorus » herbacea

Sibbaldia procumbens » reticulata
Saxifraga oppositifolia Habenaria viridis

J hypnoides Tofieldia palustris
Epilobium angustifolium Juncus trifidus

. alsinifolium » triglumis

i alpinum Carex rupestris
Gnaphalium supinum » Tigida
Saussurea alpina » vaginata
Azalea procumbens » capillaris
Pyrola media Cryptogramme crispa
Veronica humifusa Asplenium viride

9 alpina Polypodium alpestre
Salix arbutifolia Polystichum Lonchitis

Mr. Banley joined the party to-day. He arrived by coach
from Ballater.

Tuesday, 7th August 1866.

The day was very wet and unpromising. Party, consisting of
Dr. Balfour ard Messrs. Fraser, Coore and Dixon, proceeded to
the Falls of Corriemulzie and to the Linn of Dee, and returned
by Mr. Gray Clark’s Allanagavit, crossing the Dee in his boat.

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 403

At Corriemulzie they gathered :—

Arabis petra (in the Carduus heterophyllus
gravelly bed of the Me}ica nutans
Stream near Allana- Poa nemoralis
gavit) Triticum caninum (fear
Epilobium angustifolium Allanagavit)

Wednesday, 8th August 1866.

Rev. Mr. Shaw left this morning for England. The morning
was fine and sunny. Party numbering eight left at 7.45 a.m.,
and crossed in Angus Macintosh’s boat, as the ferry has been
abolished by Colonel Farquharson. Macintosh is head-keeper
to Lord Holmesdale, who has the Ben Avon shootings. From the
point where we crossed the river we walked to Little Craigendal,
taking two turns to the right on the Ben-na-Bourd road. Found
abundance of Astragalus alpinus low down on the west side of
the hill. Plenty of it in flower. Examined the hill fully, and
then descended on the Ben Avon side. Went up to the natural
cairns of Ben Avon; on one we ascended there is a large rocking-
stone. From Ben Avon walked to Ben-na-Bourd and descended
into the glen, walked by the river to Angus Macintosh’s, and
reached the hotel about 6.30. Mr. Naylor and Mr. Prankerd
reached Braemar to-day, thus making our party ten.

A letter was received from Dickie as to Cystopterts montana.
He says that Croall found it on the south side of Glen Callater
under large rocks below the cliffs. It was also found by Dr.
Ogilvy on rocks at head of Canlochan below table-land leading
to Glen Callater.

Among the plants collected to-day were the following :—

Cerastium alpinum Armeria alpina
Astragalus alpinus Trientalis europza (in
Epilobium alsinifolium flower)

S alpinum Tofieldia palustris
Meum athamanticum Aira czespitosa (alpine form)
Cornus suecica Polypodium alpestre

(various forms)
Lycopodium annotinum
Equisetum umbrosum

Gnaphalium supinum
Saussurea alpina
Pyrola secunda
Armeria maritima

404 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY
Thursday, 9th August 1866.

This morning the party, with the exception of Mr. Barclay,
proceeded at 8 a.m. by’car to the back of Canlochan, ascended
the hill, and spent all day in the glen.

The following plants were gathered :—

Cochlearia groenlandica Veronica saxatilis (in flower)
Silene acaulis Juncus castaneus
Cerastium alpinum , triglumis
Potentilla maculata Carex Persoonii
Sibbaldia procumbens » atrata
Saxifraga nivalis » rariflora

rm hypnoides » Vvaginata

. Epilobium alsinifolium » capillaris

‘5 alpinum Alopecurus alpinus
Erigeron alpinus Phleum alpinum
Mulgedium alpinum Aira alpina
Gentiana nivalis Poa alpina
Veronica humifusa » Balfourii

ie alpina

The day was fine with the exception of about half an hour,
when a severe storm, accompanied with mist, came on. The
party returned by car, which met them at 5 p.m.

Friday, 10th August 1866.

The morning was rather promising. The party went to
Lochnagar, leaving at 8 am. by car for Callater, and then
walking. Had a fine view as they ascended, and saw the summit
of the mountain clear, but before they reached it rain and mist
came on and continued all day. Examined cliffs round the little
loch to the west of Lochnagar. Abundance of snow seen, many
feet deep, some patches several hundred feet in extent. Had
a glissade of 100 feet on the snow. Went to top of the mountain.
Descended by ravine so as to get Saxrifraga rivularis. Went
along part of the cliffs and ascended by a gravelly ravine, thence
returned amidst mist, sleet, and wind tothe lower cairns. From
this the party (consisting at this time of Dr. Balfour, Coore,
Prankerd, Dixon, and Thomson) descended to the keeper’s lodge

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 405

at Callater to meet the car and get a change of clothes. Mr.
Fraser spent the whole day at Glen Callater looking for
Cystopteris montana, but was unsuccessful. Mr. Colvin, Mr.
Barclay, and Mr. Stuart returned early. Mr. Naylor lost his
way in the mist and did not reach the hotel till late, having
walked by the Invercauld side of the mountain. Among the
plants collected to-day were :—

Cerastium alpinum Aira alpina vivipara

Saxifraga rivularis
Alopecurus alpinus
Phleum alpinum

Poa alpina vivipara
Cryptogramme crispa
Polypodium alpestre

Looked at the old station for Mulgedium alpinum, but could not
Se€€ any specimens of the plant. The day was one of the wettest
and coldest we had experienced during our trip. Thermometer
on summit, 38°.

Saturday, 11th August 1866.

This morning was very fine. Mr. Colvin and Mr. Banley left
for Edinburgh, by Blairgowrie, along with Dr. Burton of Walsall.
The rest of the party (eight in number) left by drag for Linn of
Dee, and proceeded beyond it as far as the twopenny bridge
over the Dee. Thence walked to Cairn Toul. The day was
warm and sunny and the walk was fatiguing. Owing to the
swollen state of the streams we had to tord one of them which
joins the Dee about two miles from Cairn Toul. Mr. Prankerd
went to the top of Ben na Mac Dhu. The rest went to Cairn
Toul. We did not return from Cairn Toul until 10 p.m., having
walked some twenty-two miles and driven above twenty. |

Among the plants gathered were :—

Arabis petraea Luzula arcuata
Cochlearia greenlandica Carex pauciflora
Silene acaulis , lagopina
Cerastium ee Aira alpina vivipara
num Poa alpina vivipara
Sibbaldia iva goat Cryptogramme crispa
(in flower) Polypodium alpestre
Drosera anglica ,

406 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY
Monday, 13th August 1866.

This day the party broke up. At 9 a.m. most of them left by
conveyance for Blairgowrie and Coupar Angus, which they left
at 3.5 p.m. for Perth, and then by train at 4.10 for Edinburgh,
which was reached about 7 p.m. Mr. Fraser went with the party
as far as Glen Callater road, and proceeded to the glen to
endeavour to find Cystopteris montana.

EACURSIONS IN- 13867
$ Roslin, Polton, and Hawthornden.
Saturday, 18th May 1867.

Party of 85 met at the North British Railway Station at 10.50
a.m. Proceeded to Roslin, thence walked to Hawthornden and
Polton. Returned from Hawthornden at 3.17 p.m. Return
tickets, 1s. 2d.

Among the plants collected were the following :—

Anemone nemorosa Fragaria vesca
Ranunculus auricomus Pyrus Malus
Caltha palustris Saxifraga granulata
Cheiranthus Cheiri Chrysosplenium alterni-
Cardamine pratensis folium
Draba verna Ribes nigrum
Alliaria officinalis Sanicula europzea
Viola sylvatica Myrrhis odorata
Cerastium glomeratum Adoxa Moschatellina
trigynum Asperula odorata
Stellaria Holostea Petasites fragrans
Arenaria trinervia Leontodon palustris
Oxalis Acetosella Myosotis sylvatica
Lathyrus macrorrhizus Veronica montana
Prunus Padus Nepeta Glechoma
» Avium Allium ursinum
Geum rivale Equisetum maximum
» intermedium i hyemale

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 407

Burntisland and Kinghorn.
Saturday, 25th May 1867.

A party of 86 met at Scotland Street Station at 9.45 a.m. and
proceeded to Kinghorn. Walked along the coast to Burntisland
and returned to Edinburgh by boat leaving Burntisland at
3-3 p.m. Return tickets, 1s. td. Day fine.

The following were among the plants collected :—

Cheiranthus Cheiri Saxifraga umbrosa
Barbarea vulgaris Carum Carui

Arabis hirsuta Haloscias scoticum
Alyssum calycinum Centranthus ruber

Papaver Argemone | Fragaria elatior
|
Draba verna | Leontodon palustris

Cochlearia danica Veronica agrestis
Armoracia rusticana Salvia Verbenaca
Sisymbrium Thalianum Lamium amplexicaule
Sinapis alba » incisum
Lepidium Draba Plantago maritima
Viola hirta » Coronopus

» Canina Orchis mascula
Cerastium arvense Botrychium Lunaria
Vicia hirsuta

» lathyroides

Gorebridge, Borthwick Castle, and Tynehead.
Saturday, 1st June 1867.

A party met at the Waverley Station at 12.30 p.m. and
proceeded to Gorebridge, thence walked by Borthwick Castle
to Tynehead. Returned from Tynehead by train passing at
6.55 p.m. Return tickets, 1s. 2d. Day fine, very hot.

408 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

The following were among the plants collected :—

Cardamine amara
Cerastium arvense
Montia fontana
Geranium pheum
sylvaticum
Lina catharticum
Genista anglica
Vicia sativa
Geum intermedium
Fragaria elatior
Saxifraga hypnoides
Ribes nigrum
Myrrhis odorata
Viburnum Lantana
Antennaria dioica
Pyrola minor
Vinea minor
Menyanthes trifoliata
Anchusa sempervirens
Veronica agrestis

Humulus Lupulus
Alnus glutinosa
Empetrum nigrum
Neottia Nidus-avis
Orchis mascula
Luzula sylvatica
» multiflora
congesta
Arum maculatum
Eriophorum polystachyon
Juniperus communis
Scolopendrium vulgare
Lastrea Oreopteris
Polypodium Dryopteris
Phegopteris
Ophioglossini vulgatum
Equisetum palustre
limosum
Lycopodium clavatum

Midcalder, Meadowbank, Dalmahoy, and Currie.

Saturday, 8th June 1867.

A party of 75 met at the Caledonian Railway Station, Lothian
Road, at 10.20 a.m. and proceeded to Midcalder, thence walked
by Meadowbank and Dalmahoy to Currie. Returned by train
passing Currie at 3.13 p.m. Return tickets, Is.

During the day, which was wet, the following plants were

collected :—

Aquilegia vulgaris
Aconitum Napellus
Cardamine pratensis(double)
Viola palustris

yy canina

» aiten

Sagina subulata
Geranium columbinum
ys lucidum

Saxifraga hypnoides

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 409

Myriophyllum spicatum Pinguicula vulgaris
Cornus sanguinea | Chenopodium Bonus-
Galium Mollugo Henricus
Valeriana pyrenaica Populus tremula
Antennaria dioica Empetrum nigrum
Leontodon lzevigatus Anacharis Alsinastrum
Pyrola minor Listera ovata
Pedicularis sylvatica Lastrea spinulosa

Many good lichens were gathered on Dalmahoy Hill.

St. Andrews, Denbrae, and Tentsmuir.
Saturday, 15th June 1867.

Party of 81 met at Scotland Street Station at 6.25 a.m. and
proceeded to St. Andrews. Breakfasted in Davidson’s Royal
Hotel there. - After breakfast visited the old Castle and Pier,
thence walked to Denbrae, where the party were served with
luncheon by the proprietor, Dr. Watson Wemyss. Returned to
St. Andrews by the Links. At breakfast we were joined by Mr.
Jas. G. Black, who acted as guide during the day. Dr. Watson
Wemyss, Professor Oswald Bell, Professor Fisher, Dr. William
Traill and Mr. Traill, Mr. Howie (Largo), Rev. Mr. Astley (Edin-
burgh), Dr. White (Edinburgh). Return tickets, 3s. 3d.
Breakfast, 1s. gd.

The following were among the plants collected :—

Aquilegia vulgaris Scrophularia aquatica
Alyssum calycinum Scleranthus annuus
Cerastium arvense Listera ovata
Geranium sanguineum Convallaria majalis
Astragalus hypoglottis Koeleria cristata
Saxifraga umbrosa Elymus arenarius

i tridactylites Botrychium Lunaria
Glaux maritima

410 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY
Some of the party visited Tentsmuir and collected :—

Mimulus luteus
Euphorbia Esula
Listera cordata
Carex incurva

Lycopodium inundatum
besides many interesting
and rare Musci.

Others visited the rocks by the sea-shore east of the town and
picked Asplenium marinum.

Perth, Kinnoul, Orchardneuk, Moncrieff, Bridge of Earn.
Saturday, 22nd June 1867.

Party of 70 left Scotland Street Station at 6.20 a.m. and pro-
ceeded to Perth. Breakfasted in the Station Refreshment Rooms
(M‘Donald’s). Visited Kinnoul, ferried the Tay to Orchard-
neuk, visited Moncrieff, and walked to Bridge of Earn, which
they left for Edinburgh by the train passing at 4.20, and arrived
in Edinburgh about 7.15. At Perth the party were joined by
Dr, Lauder Lindsay, Dr. Stirling, Dr. Bramwell, Mr. John Sim,
Mr. Ramsay, Mr. M‘Farlane, Mr. Stewart, and Mr. Dawson, who
acted as guide, and who also furnished refreshments in the way
of beer at Orchardneuk. Return tickets, 3s. 6d. Breakfast,
Is, 6d. Ferry, 2d.

The day was fine and many good plants were collected,
including ;—-

Ranunculus hirsutus Erodium cicutarium
Chelidonium majus Trifolium striatum
Cheiranthus Cheiri Anthyllis Vulneraria
Hesperis matronalis Astragalus hypoglottis
Helianthemum vulgare Potentilla argentea
Viola canina z hirta
Silene maritima Poterium Sanguisorba
Sagina subulata Rosa alpina
Malva moschata Sedum Telephium
Geranium sanguineum » reflexum

me pheeum Hippuris vulgaris

. pyrenaicum Conium maculatum

" columbinum Petroselinum sativum

PROFESSOR JOHN HuTToNn BALFOUR. 4!

Cornus sanguinea
Asperula odorata
Lactuca virosa
Cynoglossum officinale
Anchusa sempervirens
Myosotis caespitosa
Echium vulgare
Antirrhinum majus
Veronica agrestis

Rhinanthus Crista-galli

Chenopodium Bonus-
Henricus

Anacharis Alsinastrum

Listera ovata

Alisma Plantago

Koeleria cristata

Pinus sylvestris

Ceterach officinarum

Mr. Christie, who visited Scone Woods, picked :-—

Moneses grandiflora
Trientalis europzea
Corallorrhiza innata

Listera cordata
Lastrea spinulosa

Burntisland, Kirkcaldy, Raith, Balmuto, Auchtertool.

Saturday, 29th June 1867.

Party of 63 left Scotland Street Station at 6.20 a.m. and
proceeded to Kirkcaldy, where they were provided with break-
fast in the Town Hall by Provost Swan. After breakfast, they
botanised over the estate of Raith (the seat of Col. Ferguson).
They returned by train passing Kirkcaldy at 2.46 p.m. Return

tickets, Is. 2d.

The following were among the plants collected :—

Ranunculus hederaceus
Aconitum Napellus
Berberis vulgaris
Nuphar luteum
Meconopsis cambrica
(Auchtertool)
Potentilla fruticosa
Valeriana pyrenaica
Doronicum Pardalianches
Tragopogon porrifolius
(Cupar)

Anchusa sempervirens
Rumex sanguineus
Daphne Laureola
Salix purpurea
Ruscus aculeatus
Typha latifolia
Lemna minor
Cystopteris fragilis

Al2 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Some of the party proceeded to Balmuto and Auchtertool and

collected :—

Meconopsis cambrica - Ophioglossum vulgatum

Gymnadenia conopsea

Others visited Burntisland and collected :—

Sedum anglicum
Carduus Marianus
Echium vulgare
Sclerochloa loliacea

Lepidium Draba
Thlaspi arvense
Geranium sanguineum
Trifolium striatum

Mr. Barclay (Cupar), Dr. Stodart (Kirkcaldy), Mr. Douglas, and
other gentlemen joined the party at breakfast.

Linlithgow, Hiltly, Cuckold le Roi, Kipps, Lochcote, the
Avon, Woodcockdale.
Saturday, 6th July 1867.

Party of 45 left the Waverley Station at 9.45 am. for
Linlithgow. They visited the Castle and then proceeded by Hiltly
to the hill called Cuckold le Roi (Cockle Roy), thence to Kipps,
Lochcote, the banks of the Avon, and Woodcockdale. The
party returned by train leaving Linlithgow at 2.6 p.m. Return

tickets, Is. 3d,
The following plants were collected :—

Gymnadenia conopsea
Habenaria viridis

as chlorantha
Allium Schcenoprasum
Potamogeton perfoliatus
pusillus

Nasturtium palustre
Hieracium prenanthoides
Pyrola minor

Lysimachia thyrsiflora
Veronica scutellata
Anacharis Alsinastrum “i
Epipactis latifolia

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 413

Heriot, Borthwick Hall, Camp Hill, Moorfoot Hills, Green
Neck, Gorebridge.

Saturday, 13th July 1867.

A party of 60 left Edinburgh at 6.40 a.m. for Heriot,
thence they walked to Borthwick Hall, where they were met by
Charles Lawson, Esq., and M. Vilmorin, from Paris. They were
entertained to breakfast in a large tent on the lawn. After
breakfast they visited the Camp Hill, &c, and returned to
Borthwick Hall to lunch at one o’clock. Charles Lawson, sen.,
occupied the chair and gave the party a most hearty welcome.
Lunch finished, they then proceeded across the Moorfoot Hills
by the Green Neck to Gorebridge, which they left for Edinburgh
by train at 7.8 p.m. Return tickets, 1s. 3d.

The day was fine, and a good many plants were collected,
such as :—

Ranunculus hederaceus Parnassia palustris
Trollius europzeus Sedum villosum
Camelina feetida Epilobium angustfolium
Viola lutea : Listera cordata

Montia fontana Allosorus crispus

Tilia grandiflora

North Berwick, Dirleton, Gullan.
Saturday, 20th July 1867.

A party of about 40 left the Waverley Station for Dirleton
at 10.30 a.m. They visited Dirleton Castle and Common, thence
proceeded to North Berwick, where they were entertained to
lunch by Mr. Stevenson, and left for Edinburgh by train at 6.40
p-m. The party was accompanied by Professor Liston, Professor
Alex. Dickson, and Dr. Traquair.

The day was fine, and many good git were collected,
including :—

414 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Thalictrum minus
Ranunculus floribundus
Fumaria micrantha
Alyssum calycinum
Reseda lutea
Dianthus deltoides
Silene noctiflora
Sagina nodosa
Geranium pusillum
Trifolium incarnatum
Astragalus hypoglottis
Saxifraga tridactylites
Parnassia palustris
Sedum album
Hydrocotyle vulgaris
Smyrnium Olusatrum
Helosciadium repens
Centranthus ruber
Scabiosa Columbaria
Filago germanica

» minima
Carduus acanthoides
Centaurea Scabiosa

r Cyanus

Thrincia hirta
Apargia autumnalis
Tragopogon minor

Anagallis tenella
Erythrea Centaurium
Gentiana campestris
Cynoglossum officinale
Lithospermum arvense
Echium vulgare
Solanum Dulcamara
Hyoscyamus niger
Antirrhinum majus
Veronica polita
; Anagallis
Euphrasia Odontites.
Calamintha Acinos
Stachys sylvatica
Galeopsis versicolor
Lamium intermedium
Ballota foetida
Habenaria viridis
Apera interrupta (new to
the flora, on the way to
Dirleton Common in
great profusion)
Psamma arenaria
Equisetum variegatum
Lycopodium selaginoides

Mr. Dickson and Mr. Christie visited Gullan, and picked :—

Silene anglica
Cerastium arvense
Malva rotundifolia

Samolus Valerandi
Littorella lacustris

Callander, Loch Lubnaig, Ben Ledi, Stank Burn.
Saturday, 27th July 1867.

Party of 45 left the Waverley Station at 615 am. and
proceeded to Callander. Breakfasted there in the Dreadnought

PROFESSOR, JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR, 415

Hotel, visited Loch Lubnaig and Ben Ledi by the Stank Burn,
and returned to Callander about 6 p.m. Partook of tea in

Macgregor’s Hotel, and left Callander at 7.20 for Edinburgh,

which they reached about 10 o'clock.

The day was fine and a

magnificent view was obtained from the top of Ben Ledi. The
party was accompanied by Dr, Lauder Lindsay, Dr. Clay, the

Rev. Mr. Colvin, &c.

The following plants were collected ;—

Thalictrum alpinum
Nympheea alba

Draba incana
Subularia aquatica
Silene acaulis
Hypericum Androseemum
Vicia sylvatica

Rubus Chamzemorus
Saxifraga oppositifolia
nivalis
stellaris
hypnoides
Sediain Rhodiola

”

Pimpinella magna
Cornus suecica
Gnaphalium supinum
Hieracium boreale
Lobelia Dortmanna
Vaccinium Oxycoccus
Littorella lacustris
(Loch Lubnaig)

Polygonum viviparum
Oxyria reniformis
Rumex alpinus
Salix herbacea
Malaxis paludosa
Listera cordata
Habenaria chlorantha
Juncus biglumis

» triglumis
Luzula spicata
Carex rigida

» Irrigua
»». Vaginata
Hymenophyllum Wilsoni
Allosorus crispus
Asplenium viride
Lycopodium Selago
alpinum

Isoétes cies
Splachnum ampullaceum

‘. mnioides

Dalwhinnie.

Monday, 5th August 1867.

Party consisting of J. H. Balfour, Charles P. Astley, Alex.
Craig Christie, Robert P. Colvin, Alfred Coore, Walter Dixon,

416 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Jas. W. Edmond, P. Neill Fraser, Arthur Abbott Green, Thomas
Jackson, W. John Kennedy, W. L. Lindsay, left Edinburgh on
Monday, 5th August, at 9.45 for Perth and Dalwhinnie. Return
tickets, available for fourteen days, 8s.

Reached Dalwhinnie between 3 and 4 p.m., where they met
Dr. Lauder Lindsay. In the course of the evening the following
plants were gathered near Dalwhinnie :—

Genista anglica
Pyrola secunda
Utricularia minor

Rumex aquaticus
Cryptogramme crispa

Tuesday, 6th August 1867.

Party started at 10.8 a.m. for Dalnaspidal by train, ascended
the Sow of Athole and also visited the Boar of Badenoch.
Among the plants collected were :—

Rubus Chamzemorus
Sibbaldia procumbens
Epilobium alpinum

Azalea procumbens
Listera cordata
Carex rigida

Gnaphalium supinum Cryptogramme crispa

Hieracium alpinum | Lycopodium Selago
awsoni = clavatum

Vaccuime Vitis-Ideea alpinum

Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi
Phyllodoce caerulea (some
large plants were seen)

x selaginoides

There was a fine view from the summit of the mountain.

The Boar of Badenoch was found to be much less productive
than the Sow of Athole. In the evening there was some rain.
The party walked back to the hotel by the road from
Dalnaspidal.

Wednesday, 7th August 1867.
This morning the members of the party rose at 4 a.m., and

after breakfast went in two boats on Loch Ericht with two
.boatmen, Donald Kennedy and Donald Wilson..

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 417

The morning was very fine, and the scenery on Loch Ericht
was charming. We rowed first to Lord Henry Bentinck’s
shooting-lodge, and then on towards the head of the loch for
about six or seven miles. In all we went about thirteen miles
down the loch. The whole length of the loch is seventeen miles.

On landing about 10 a.m. we had lunch and then proceeded
to ascend Ben Alder, about 3700 feet. Went to the top of the
hill, visited various snow patches, some of them six feet thick.
Saw fine herd of deer twice in the course of the day,

After reaching the summit we remained for some time at the
cairn and had a splendid view of the following mountains,
Schiehallion, Ben Nevis, Ben Lawers, Ben na Mac Dhu, and
snowy summits of the hills at Loch Laggan. Mr. Astley, Mr.
Coore, and myself descended from the summit into the large
corrie. Saw abundance of snow, and gathered many alpine
plants. Came down to the lake and joined the boats. Reached
Dalwhinnie about 10 p.m. Had a good glissade in a snow
wreath on the eastern side of the hill.

Among the plants gathered were the following :—

Trollius europzeus Veronica humifusa

Cochlearia groenlandica » alpina
Silene acaulis Salix Lapponum
herbacea

Cerastium trigynum
Sibbaldia procumbens
Rubus Chameemorus
Drosera anglica
Epilobium angustifolium
ef alpinum
Cornus suecica
Solidago cambrica
Gnaphalium supinum
Carduus heterophyllus
Saussurea alpina
Vaccinium uliginosum
Azalea procumbens
Gentiana campestris

In Loch Ericht :—

Subularia aquatica

Tofieldia palustris
Juncus trifidus

, triglumis
Luzula spicata
Carex vaginata

» pulla
Cryptogramme crispa
Polypodium alpestre
flexile
vulgare
Dryopteris
Phegopteris

Isoétes lacustris

418 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

The best part of Ben Alder is the great corrie or tarn above
Loch Alder. The way to go to it is to land a few miles
above the shooting-lodge and then walk up by the side of
Ben Alder ; the rocks near the snow should also be examined.
This station on Ben Alder is the best now known for Polypodium
frexile.

Lord Henry Bentinck is very particular about the deer-
forest. We had permission from him. His forester, Mr. Clark,
was very obliging, and gave us assistance in our work. This was
a very fatiguing day, eighteen or nineteen hours being occupied.

Thursday, 8th August 1867.

The weather was not very promising to-day, alternate showers
and sunshine. The party did not breakfast till 9, and spent
some time putting their plants in order. They then divided into
groups and went to different places. Fraser and Christie went
to the rocks on the side of Loch Ericht, Astley and myself
walked to Cat Lodge to see Mr. and Mrs, Armitstead, but they
had gone fishing to Loch Laggan. We took lunch at Cat Lodge
and then returned, thus walking twelve miles. Mr. Coore
examined a corrie two or three miles from Dalwhinnie on the
right hand of the road going to Dalnaspidal, and it seems to
be worthy of further examination. He found :—

Silene acaulis Pyrola media
Dryas octopetala (in flower) Salix arbutifolia
Sibbaldia procumbens » herbacea
Saxifraga oppositifolia Habenaria viridis
pnoides Tofieldia palustris
Hieractim alpinum Juncus trifidus
ee Lawsoni Luzula spicata

Messrs. Fraser and Christie visited the rocks on the left side of
Loch Ericht going over, called Black Rock, and found Poly-
stichum Lonchitis, Botrychium Lunaria, Littorella lacustris,
Asplenium viride, Carex vagtnata.

Dr. Lauder Lindsay left for Perth at 1 o'clock, and Mr. Astley
for Edinburgh at 4.30.

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 419

Mr. Kennedy and Mr. W. Dixon went to Killiecrankie and
Pitlochry by train and returned in the evening.

Friday, 9th August 1867.

This day the party divided into two. Mr. Fraser and Mr.
Edmond again visited the great corrie of Ben Alder along with
Donald Kennedy ; they rowed in a boat to the shooting-lodge
and met Mr. Clark, who accompanied them during the day, and
then walked seven or eight miles by the west side of Loch Alder
to the corrie. They gathered in the loch Littorella lacustris,
Subularia aquatica, [soétes lacustris (very fine). In the corrie
they collected abundance of Polypodium flexile, Cryptogramme
crispa, Carex pulla, as wellas Polypodium alpestre, Veronica alpina,
and returned about 8.30 p.m. The remainder of the party, now
numbering eight, proceeded at 7 a.m. by a drag, calling at Cat
Lodge on the way and meeting Mr. and Mrs. Armitstead, passed
the inn at Loch Laggan, and went about 34 miles along the side
of the loch. They then proceeded under the guidance of Donald
Fraser, keeper to Captain Edwards, to Corryarder, a high hill,
probably 3600 feet, the summit being distant about seven or eight
miles by the road taken by the party. The party went by the side
of the Spean to the foot. of the steep cliffs covered with snow.
Patches were several hundred feet in length, one of these patches
arched so as to form a vaulted passage about two hundred or
more feet long. The height of the arch was about seven feet
throughout, and the snow very hard. Under the arch the
party took shelter from a severe shower. The rocks are in
great part inaccessible on account of their steepness: they were
promising, but they did not seem to be so productive as was
expected.

The party went along the foot of the cliffs to the large gap
called “the window of Corryarder,” and intended to visit other
corries on the opposite side, but too much time was occupied on
the first cliffs, and a severe shower of hail and rain arrested
their progress, To examine the rest of the mountain fully
would require several rsh It is an excursion worthy of
attention. ‘

BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Cochlearia groenlandica
Cerastium alpinum
m trigynum
(in fine patches at the
“window of Corry-
arder ”)
Rubus Chamzemorus
(in fruit
Sibbaldia procumbens
Saxifraga oppositifolia
es stellaris
9 hypnoides
(in large patches, and
with very large flowers)
Epilobium alpinum
Cornus suecica
Gnaphalium supinum
Saussurea alpina
(not in flower)

Among the plants collected were the following :—

Armeria maritima
Veronica humifusa
; alpina
Gymnadenia albida
Juncus trifidus

» triglumis
Carex pauciflora

» atrata

5 Vaginata

Aira alpina vivipara
Poa Balfourii (two states)
Cryptogramme crispa
Blechnum boreale
Cystopteris fragilis
Polystichum Lonchitis
Lastrea Filix-mas, vars.

» dilatata, vars.
Polypodium alpestre, vars.

Dryopteris
Hieracium alpinum - Phegopteris

Vaccinium uliginosum

The characteristics of the mountain may be said to be the
ferns mentioned and Cerastium alpinum and trigynum.

The party returned about 6 p.m. to the Inn of Loch Laggan,
where they had tea. They found that Sir W. Elliot and Dr.
Skae and party were located at the inn. From the inn they
returned by the drag to Dalwhinnie, reaching that place after
9 p.m. very wet and fatigued. There seem to be many
mountains on both sides of Loch Laggan worthy of careful
examination. A party might take up their residence at Loch
Laggan Inn and thus be near the scene of their labours. Another
station for a party might be Kingussie, where Cairngorm and
Ben na Mac Dhu might be visited.

Saturday, 1oth August 1867.

The party left Dalwhinnie at 10.8 a.m. by train. Mr. Coore
went to Aberfeldy with the view of visiting Ben Lawers.

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 421

Messrs. Fraser, Christie, and Edmond went to Dunkeld in order
to examine Stenton Crag for Asplentum germanicum. The rest
of the party, six in number, proceeded to Edinburgh, which was
reached about 4.10 p.m.

EXCURSIONS IN 1868.
Gorebridge, Arniston, Kirkhill, Dalhousie.
Saturday, 16th May 1868.

Party of 96 met at the North British Railway Station at 12.30
p.m. and proceeded to Gorebridge, thence walked to Arniston,
and along the banks of the Esk to Kirkhill. Reached Dalhousie
about 7 p.m. and returned to Edinburgh at 8 p.m. Return
tickets, Is.

Plants collected :—

Anemone nemorosa
Ranunculus auricomus
Aconitum Napellus
Berberis vulgaris
Viola palustris
Stellaria media
Rhamnus catharticus
Prunus Avium

5 feos
Cratzegus coccinea
Saxifraga umbrosa
Chrysosplenium alterni-

folium

Ribes nigrum
Philadelphus coronarius
Viburnum Lantana
Doronicum Pardalianches
Anchusa sempervirens
Veronica montana
Lathraea Squamaria
Listera ovata

Orchis mascula
Allium paradoxum
Milium effusum
Scolopendrium vulgare
Ophioglossum vulgatum
Equisetum maximum
Bryum capillare
» ceespiticium

Dicranum majus

a squarrosum
Hypnum denticulatum
cupressiforme
Schreberi
undulatum
a squarrosum
Neckera complanata
Hookeria lucens
Marchantia polymorpha
Uredo Alchemillze
Polyporus squamosus

Ramalina farinacea

BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY
Burntisland, Aberdour.
Saturday, 23rd May 1868.

Party of 80 met at Scotland Street Station at 9.30 a.m.
and proceeded to Burntisland, thence walked to Aberdour.

Returned by boat leaving Burntisland at 6.3 p.m.

tickets, Is.

Return

The following were among the plants collected :—

Thalictrum flexuosum
Berberis vulgaris
Cheiranthus Cheiri
Cochlearia danica
Lepidium Draba
Viola odorata
“ irta
» canina

Cerastium tetrandrum
Sagina maritima
Geranium sanguineum

Y pheeum

- pyrenaicum
Rhamnus catharticus
Astragalus hypoglottis
Fragaria elatior
Anthriscus vulgaris
Centranthus ruber
Hieracium Pilosella
Anchusa sempervirens
Solanum Dulcamara
Salvia Verbenaca
Plantago maritima
Hippophaé rhamnoides
Urtica urens
Parietaria diffusa

Ruscus aculeatus
Triglochin maritimum
Blysmus rufus
Sclerochloa loliacea
Scolopendrium vulgare
Botrychium Lunaria
Ophioglossum vulgatum
Bryum ceespiticium
Anomodon viticulosus
Didymodon rubellus
Ceratodon purpureus
Orthotrichum anomalum
Jungermannia dilatata
Ramalina scopulorum
Parmelia aquila
Fucus serratus

» nodosus

» vesiculosus

» canaliculatus
Chondrus crispus
Odonthalia pinnata
Delesseria sanguinea
Ptilota plumosa
Polysiphonia fastigata
Corallina officinalis

Prestonpans, Cockenzie, Longniddry.

Saturday, 30th May 1868.

Party of 84 met at the North British Railway Station at
10.30 a.m. and proceeded to Prestonpans, thence walked by

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR.

Cockenzie to Longniddry.

Ranunculus hederaceus
Berberis vulgaris
Chelidonium majus
Viola canina
Cerastium arvense
Stellaria graminea
Honckenya peploides
Geranium sanguineum
3 dissectum

Medicago sativa
Astragalus hypoglottis
Vicia sativa

,, lathyroides
Potentilla verna
Saxifraga tridactylites -
Sempervivum tectorum

423

Returned by train passing Long-
niddry at 3.36 p.m. Return tickets, Is.
The following plants were collected :—

Helosciadium repens
(Enanthe crocata
Carduus nutans
Leontodon lzvigatus
Cynoglossum officinale
Orchis incarnata
Triglochin maritimum
Lemna minor

Scirpus maritimus
Blysmus rufus
Sclerochloa rigida
Botrychium Lunaria
Tortula muralis
Hypnum albicans

ms dendroides

East Linton, Prestonkirk, Tynningham, Whitbery Point,
the Tyne.

Saturday, 6th June 1868.

Party of 40 met at the North British Railway Station at 7
a.m. Proceeded to East Linton, thence walked by Prestonkirk
to Tynningham, where they were met by a gardener, who acted
as guide. Visited the garden along with Mr. Lees, saw some
fine Orchids. Thence proceeded through the woods to Whitbery
Point, where a fine view was had of the Isle of May, Bass Rock,
Berwick Law, Trapraine Law, Lammermuir Hills, Dunbar, &c.
Thence by the north of the Tyne, visiting the salt-marshes,
Returned by train from East Linton at 3.10 p.m. —

424

BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

The following were among the plants collected :—

Thalictrum minus
Sinapis alba
Lepigonum marinum
Malva rotundifolia
Geranium sanguineum
Trifolium medium
Astragalus hypoglottis
Sempervivum tectorum
Lonicera Caprifolium
Valeriana officinalis
Tanacetum vulgare
Artemisia maritima

; allica
Leontodon lzvigatus
Glaux maritima

Erythrzea Centaurium
Cynoglossum officinale
Symphytum tuberosum
Hyoscyamus niger
(large quantity)
Antirrhinum majus
Plantago maritima
Salicornia herbacea
Neottia Nidus-avis
Ruscus aculeatus
Triglochin maritimum
Scirpus maritimus
Botrychium Lunaria
Ophioglossum vulgatum
Polytrichum juniperinum

Winchburgh, Niddry Castle, Ecclesmachan, Binny Crag,
Uphall.

Saturday, 13th June 1868.

Party of 41 met at the North British Railway Station at 11.30
a.m. and proceeded to Winchburgh, thence walked to Niddry
Castle, Ecclesmachan, Binny Crag, and Uphall. Returned from
Uphall by train at 5.51 p.m. Return tickets, 1s.

The following plants were collected :—

Aconitum Napellus
Fumaria pallidiflora
Viola lutea
Geranium pratense

Anchusa sempervirens
Myosotis czespitosa
Convolvulus sepium
Rhinanthus Crista-galli

re ssectum Mentha velutina

nodosum Lamium levigatum
Saxifraga granulata Habenaria chlorantha
4thusa Cynapium Convallaria majalis
Asperula odorata Allium paradoxum

Carduus acanthoides

_ Several garden plants were found in the wood, including :—
Spirzea rubella Omphalodes verna .
Symphoricarpus racemosus Nepeta longiflora
Lysimachia tomentosa

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 425

Jedburgh, Arlarly Well, the Jed, Ferniehurst Castle.
Saturday, 20th June 1868.

Party of 74 met at the North British Railway Station at
6.40a.m. Proceeded to Jedburgh. Met Mr. E. Jardin at St. Bos-
wells, who accompanied the party and acted as guide during the
day. Breakfasted at the Spread Eagle Hotel (Scate). Met the
Rev. George Ritchie, minister of the parish, who breakfasted with
the party, also Sheriff Rutherford Russel and Mr. Adam Water-
son. After breakfast, visited the Abbey, under the direction of
Rev. Mr. Ritchie. Walked past Arlarly Well and along the
banks of the Jed to Ferniehurst Castle, the old seat of the
Lothians. <A little beyond the Castle crossed the Jed and
returned by the other side of the river to Jedburgh. Left Jed-
burgh at 4.40 p.m. Return tickets, 4s. 6d. Breakfast, Is. 6d.

The following were among the plants collected :—

Chelidonium majus Carex remota

Cardamine amara » Ovalis
Sinapis alba , vulgaris
Geranium sylvaticum » pallescens
Trifolium hybridum » panicea
Vicia sativa » sylvatica
Geum intermedium « ava
Sanicula europza ore
Galium palustre » paludosa
Carduus heterophyllus Aira czespitosa

Holcus mollis
Melica uniflora
Blechnum boreale
Cystopteris fragilis

Campanula latifolia
Lysimachia nemorum
Veronica montana
Melampyrum pratense
Plantago media Lastrea Oreopteris
Salix aquatica » Spinulosa
‘Listera ovata Polypodium Dryopteris

Paris quadrifolia
Juncus acutiflorus
Carex paniculata

»° stellulata

Neckera complanata
Calicium turturaceum
Sticta pulmonaria

426 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Selkirk, Haining, Haining Lochs, the Ettrick, weil
the Yarrow, Newark Castle, Bowhill.

Saturday, 27th June 1868.

Party of 50 met at the North British Railway Station at 6.40 a.m.
and proceeded to Selkirk. Breakfasted there in the County
Hotel. At breakfast they were joined by Sir Walter Elliot, Rev.
James Ferguson, and Rev. Mr. Brown (Episcopalian minister)
from Edinburgh. Dr, Henry Anderson and Dr. John S. Muir
were prevented accompanying the party by medical engagements,
Rev. Mr, Ferguson acted as guide. The Rev. Mr. Davidson,
United Presbyterian minister, and Mr. Scott, farmer, Philiphaugh,
also accompanied the party. After breakfast they proceeded to
Haining, the grounds of which they were allowed to visit through
the kindness of Mrs, Pringle Douglas, whose gardener (Mr. Scott)
assisted the party in their search for plants. The party visited
Haining Lochs, in one of which the white and yellow water-lilies
were abundant, and in the neighbouring pastures Botrychium
Lunaria and Ophioglossum vulgatum, From Haining the party
proceeded by the banks of the Ettrick to Philiphaugh, the grounds
of which they were permitted to visit by Sir John N. Murray, the
proprietor, and Mr, Pierie, the tenant, and visited the scene of the
battle of Philiphaugh, thence proceeded by the banks of the
Yarrow to Newark Castle, walked over the hills to Bowhill,
which, through the kindness of His Grace the Duke of Buccleuch,
they also visited, under the guidance of Mr. Matheson, the
gardener’s son, Afterwards some of the party ascended the hill
above Philiphaugh for Lzstera cordata. All met at Selkirk about
7.30 and returned by express train at 7.45 to Edinburgh.
Return tickets, 3s. 3d. Breakfast, 1s. 6d.

The following plants were collected :—

Ranunculus Lingua Iberis amara (Philiphaugh)

Nuphar luteum (Haining) Reseda lutea

Nympheea alba (Haining) Viola lutea (Philiphaugh)

Cardamine amara Stellaria nemorum
(Philiphaugh) — (Philiphaugh)

Arabis hirsuta Geranium pratense
(Ettrick banks) (Philiphaugh)

PROFESSOR JOHN HuTTON BALFourR, 427

Astragalus Glyciphyllos

Trifolium arvense
(Ettrick banks)

Potentilla reptans
(Philiphaugh)

fruticosa

Sasiteige umbrosa

hypnoides

Sedum Rhodiola

Telephium
villosum

(Philiphaugh)

Drosera rotundifolia
(Philiphaugh)

Myriophyllum spicatum

Peplis Portula
(near Newark)

Epilobium angustifolium
(Bowhill)

hirsutum
(Bowhill)

Circzea lutetiana ( Bowhill)

Hydrocotyie vulgaris
(near Newark)

Sanicula europzea (Bowhill)

Adoxa Moschatellina
(Bowhill)

Lonicera Periclymenum

Asperula odorata (Bowhill)

Valeriana dioica (Haining)

pyrenaica

Solidago Virgaurea

Doronicum Pardalianches
(Bowhill)

. Carduus heterophyllus
(Bowhill)

Hieracium aurantiacum
(by the side of the loch
at Bowhill)

collinum
(in quantity by the
Ettrick)

”

Campanula latifolia
(Bowhill)
Vaccinium Vitis-Idgea
(Philiphaugh)
Erica Tetralix
Pyrola minor (Bowhill)
Lysimachia Nummularia
(Ettrick banks)
Trientalis europzea
(Bowhill)
Symphytum tuberosum
(Philiphaugh)
Lithospermum officinale
Veronica scutellata
(near Newark)
Melampyrum pratense
(Bowhill)
Calamintha Clinopodium
Scutellaria galericulata
(Philiphaugh)
Populus alba
os», Nigra
Empetrum nigrum
(Philiphaugh)
Neottia Nidus-avis
(Bowhill)
Listera cordata
(Philiphaugh)
» ovata (Haining)
Gymnadenia conopsea
(Philiphaugh)
Habenaria viridis (Haining)
bifolia (Haining)
chlorantha
Iris Pseudacorus
Allium ursinum (Bowhill)
Lilium Martagon
Typha angustifolia
Alisma Plantago
Potamogeton przlongus
pectinatus

”

428 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Carex pulicaris
(Philiphaugh)
» intermedia (Haining)
teretiuscula(Haining)
», paniculata (Haining)
remota (Ettrick
“vents )
», curta (Ettrick banks)
», pallescens
(near Newark
panicea (Philiphaugh)
sylvatica (Bowhill)
fulva (Philiphaugh)
flava (Philiphaugh)
ches (Philiphaugh)
ullacea
Phelavie’ arundinacea
Holcus mollis
Avena pratensis (Bowhill)

Melica uniflora (Bowhill)
Asplenium Trichomanes
(Selkirk Bridge)

Ruta-muraria
(Selkirk Bridge)
Aspidium lobatum (Bowhill)
Lastrea Oreopteris
(Bowhill)
Polypodium Dryopteris
(Bowhill)
Phegopteris
(Philiphaugh)
Ophioglossum vulgatum
(Hainin
Botrychium Lunaria
(Haining)
Lycopodium Selago
(Philiphaugh)

Perth, Muirward Wood, Scone, Kinnoul Quarry.
Saturday, 4th July 1868.

A small party proceeded to Perth by 9.45 a.m. train, visited
Muirward Wood, Scone, and Kinnoul Quarry, accompanied by

Mr. Macfarlane, Perth.

In Muirward Wood were seen :—

Linnzea borealis (in con-
siderable quantity)
Moneses grandiflora
In Quarry Mill Den :—
Rubus nitidus |

Rosa arvensis
Sedum reflexum |
In Kinnoul Quarry :—
Malva moschata
Trifolium striatum |
Potentilla hirta !
Fe argentea

scaieniaanemsaliadiinie

Trientalis europzea
Listera cordata(abundantly)
Lastrea spinulosa

Pyrola minor
Lysimachia Nummularia
Alisma Plantago

Poterium Sanguisorba
Rosa systyla
Antirrhinum majus

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 429

Montrose, Usan Mains, Buddon, Rock of St. Skeoch,
Dunninald Den.

Saturday, 11th July 1868.

Party of 34 met at the North British Railway Station at 6.25 a.m,
and proceeded by Burntisland and Perth to Dubton Station near
Montrose, which they reached about 11.30 a.m. At the station
they were met by Drs. Howden and Simpson and conveyed in
omnibuses to the Royal Asylum, where breakfast had been
prepared for the party by Dr. Howden. After breakfast the
party, accompanied by Drs. Howden and Simpson, proceeded in
omnibuses to Montrose, thence along the coast as far as Usan
Mains, then walked along the shore to Buddon, the Rock of
St. Skeoch, and Dunninald Den. Returned from Montrose,
which they left at 5.15 p.m., and reached Edinburgh about 10
p.m. Return tickets, 6s. 6d. Omnibuses, Is. 6d.

The following plants were collected :—

Sagina maritima Mertensia maritima
Lepigonum marinum Atriplex Babingtonii
Astragalus Glyciphyllos Goodyera repens
Vicia sylvatica Habenaria viridis
Linnza borealis Juncus Gerardi
Matricaria maritima » glaucus
Carlina vulgaris Scirpus sylvaticus
Campanula glomerata Carex distans
Pyrola secunda Triticum pungens
Trientalis europzea Asplenium marinum

Dumfries, Den Mill, Rutton Loch, Cargen.
Saturday, 18th July 1868.

Party of 60, besides 12 under the charge of Professor Laycock,
met at the Caledonian Railway Station at 7.40 a.m. and proceeded
to Dumfries, which they reached about 11.30 a.m. The party
were conveyed from the station to the Royal Crichton Institution,
where they were provided with breakfast. At breakfast they
were joined by Dr. Gilchrist, Dr. M‘Nab, Dr. Grierson, Dr.

430 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Chalmers, &c., &c. Breakfast over, Professor Balfour thanked

Dr. Gilchrist for the handsome way he had treated the party

The botanical party then left in omnibuses and visited Den Mill,

Rutton Loch, and Cargen (Dudgen’s), and returned to Dumfries

in time for train at 6.10 p.m. for Edinburgh, Return tickets, 5s.
The following plants were collected :—

Lepidium Smithii Sparganium simplex
Sagina nodosa Alisma ranunculoides
Geranium sanguineum Potamogeton heterophyllus
Genista tinctoria a lucens
Vicia sylvatica reelongus
Sedum reflexum Scolopendrium vulgare
Lythrum Salicaria Lastrea Oreopteris
Carum verticillatum Polypodium Dryopteris
Meum athamanticum - egopteris
Galium palustre Chara flexilis

Achillea Ptarmica vulgaris

Lobelia Dortmanna Noche crispa

Jasione montana complanata
Melampyrum pratense Foutinane antipyretica
Stachys Betonica Aulacomnion palustre
Littorella lacustris Sticta fuliginosa
Gymnadenia albida

Aberfeldy, Ben Lawers, Farrichar Quarry, Moness Falls.
Thursday, 23rd July 1868.

Party consisting of J. H. Balfour, A. P. Aitken, John Archibald,
Rev. Charles T. Astley, George Bowman, John Storrs Brookfield,
W. H. Brown, A. Craig Christie, Henry M. Church, J. Clelland
Clarke, R. F. Colvin, William Craig, Louis Conrad Jockel, John
Leitch, Robert Lindsay (gardener), William Logie, Thomas
Wm. Mawson, Hugh Miller, P. Miller, Alexander Morrison,
F. Naylor, David Page, John Sadler, John A. Simpson, R. Sive-
wright, Dr. R. H. Traquair, George Twentyman, Dr. Arthur
Abney Walker, E. A. Walker, J. Watters, Dr. H. A. Weddell
(Switzerland), Miss Weddell (Switzerland), left Edinburgh per
Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee Railway at 1.10 p.m. and
proceeded to Aberfeldy. They stayed at M‘Kenzie’s Breadal-

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 431

bane Arms Hotel. Next morning the party breakfasted at
half-past 5, and at 6.15 started in three drags for Ben Lawers,
which they reached between 9 and 10 o’clock. They ascended
Ben Lawers and returned to Lawers Inn about 6 o’clock, arriving
in Aberfeldy about 9 p.m. Next day Farrichar Quarry and the
Moness Falls were visited. The party left Aberfeldy at 1.30
and arrived in Edinburgh about 7 p.m.
The following plants were collected on Ben Lawers :—

Thalictrum alpinum Luzula spicata

Draba incana Carex atrata

, rupestris Sesleria czerulea
Cochlearia alpina Poa alpina
Silene acaulis » Balfourii

Botrychium Lunaria
Sphagnum obtusifolium

Cerastium alpinum
Stellaria nemorum

Alsine rubella ‘5 acutifolium
Cherleria sedoides A squarrosum
Sagina saxatilis Conostomum boreale
nivalis Encalypta ciliata
Rubus Chamezemorus Trichostomum patens
Potentilla maculata » lanuginosum
Sibbaldia procumbens Palytrichuin hercynicum
Alchemilla alpina 4 alpinum
Saxifraga nivalis Bryum Zierii
cernua » crudum

Epilobiuna alsinifolium Timmia megapolitana

ij alpinum Bartramia pomiformis
Cornus suecica 5 ithyphylla
Erigeron alpinus Halleriana
Gnaphalium supinum Neckera crispa
Saussurea alpina » complanata
Hieracium holosericeum Hypnum rugosum
Gentiana nivalis Blindia acuta
Myosotis alpestris Alectoria jubata
Veronica saxatilis Cetraria glauca

islandica

Salix herbacea

» reticulata
Tofieldia palustris
Juncus biglumis

,, triglumis

”
Solorina crocea
Sticta sylvatica
Lecanora Hookeri

ote atarea

432 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY
At Farrichar and Moness :—

Carduus heterophyllus Melampyrum sylvaticum
Hieracium Lawsoni Calamintha Clinopodium
Campanula latifolia Asplenium viride
Trientalis europea Polypodium calcareum

Some went to Killiecrankie and collected :-—
Lathyrus niger |

Some visited Methven Bog and collected :—

Carex irrigua

» limosa
Lastrea spinulosa

Genista anglica
Vaccinium Oxycoccus
Scheuchzeria palustris

tree

Gatehouse and Kirkcudbright.
Tuesday, 4th August 1868.

Party consisting of J. Hy Balfour, A. P. Aitken, Charles T.
Astley (Kent), A. Craig Christie, H. M. Church, R. P. Colvin,
A. T. Coore, D. Liston, G. Twentyman, left Edinburgh by the
Caledonian Railway Station at 1.10 p.m. for Gatehouse, travelling
by Dumfries, and then by the Glasgow and South-Western
Railway for Tarff Station, which was reached about 7 p.m.
Professor Liston joined the party at Beattock, Rev. R. P. Colvin
at Lochmaben, and Mr. Coore at Dumfries.

Tarff Station is eight miles from Gatehouse. There is
another Gatehouse station called Drumore, on the Caledonian
and Portpatrick line, distant about seven miles from Gatehouse.
The line from Dumfries to Gatehouse by the Caledonian Railway
is longer than that by the Glasgow and South-Western. From
Tarff the party was conveyed by omnibus to Mr. M‘Michael’s inn
called the Murray Arms, where all were comfortably accommo-
dated, arrangements having been previously made with the hotel-
keeper. The party had their usual tea-dinner. Afterwards Dr.
Balfour, with Mr. Astley and Mr. Coore, walked to Ardwell
(distant two miles) to call on Mr. Walter Macculloch and to get

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 433

from him information as to the country. Mr. Macculloch had
been a pupil at the High School of Edinburgh under Dr. Carson
along with Dr. Balfour.

Wednesday, 5th August 1868.

Breakfasted at 7 and started at 8 by omnibus for Glen Farn,
passing Ardwell, where Mr. Macculloch joined the party in his
two-horse drag, and accompanied them. Anwoth was passed,
the parish of Rutherford. There is a monument on the top
of a hill to the old divine who, after being minister of this parish,
was promoted to St. Andrews.

From Glen Farn ascended the hill called Cairn Hanna (?), 1497
feet above the level of the sea. Very few plants were gathered,
none of an alpine character :—

Ranunculus Flammula, var. | Centaurea nigra

Polygala vulgaris (radiate form)
oxyptera Vaccinium Oxycoccus

Parnassia palustris Anagallis tenella

Drosera rotundifolia Menyanthes trifoliata

Hippuris vulgaris Empetrum nigrum

Carum verticillatum Lastrea dilatata, var. mon-

tana

The dry weather had withered the grass, and there was little
vegetation on the upper portion of the hill. ‘On the top there
were some deep mud ponds, in one of which four sheep were
found immersed. From the top of the hill the party descended
to the Shean, which passes through a wooded ravine to Kirkdale
as far as the shore of Wigton Bay.

In the glen Polystichum angulare was gathered, and on rocks
not far from Ravenshall Crithmum maritimum. In Kirkdale
Glen there was abundance of ordinary ferns, also Hypericum
Androsemum, H. maculatum, a variety of H. dubtum, Viburnum
Opulus, Stachys Betonica.

Walked by the shore by Dirk Hatteraick’s Cave and Ravens-
hall Point, near which the party bathed. We proceeded to
Kirkclaugh, the residence of Mr. Alex. Macculloch, where we
lunched. Thence we proceeded, accompanied by Mr. Walter
Macculloch, along the shore to Ardwell.

434 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

The plants gathered on the shore were :—

Cakile maritima
Silene maritima

Statice spathulata

)
| (small forms like)

Lepigonum marinum | Armeria maritima
Lathyrus sylvestris Scutellaria galericulata
(Enanthe Lachenalii | Plantago maritima
iy crocata Juncus maritimus
Carduus lanceolatus, var. Schoenus nigricans
Statice Limonium Asplenium marinum
» bahusiensis

Reached Ardwell about 6 p.m. and dined with Mr. Macculloch,
who was most kind and hospitable. About 9.30 returned by
omnibus to Gatehouse, and were employed for some time putting
plants in paper.

Thursday, 6th August 1868.

Breakfasted at 7 a.m. Started at 8 by omnibus for Kirkcud-
bright, visited St. Mary’s Isle, walked on both sides of it, returned
to Kirkcudbright, walked to the bridge over the Dee at Tongue-
land. Returned to Kirkcudbright to lunch at the Commercial
Hotel.

Among the plants gathered on the isle were :—

Cochlearia officinalis Statice bahusiensis
Lepigonum marinum Salicornia herbacea

Acer campestre Suzeda maritima (very large)
Spirzea salicifolia Listera ovata

Sedum Telephium Epipactis latifolia

Circzea lutetiana Convallaria multiflora
Epilobium angustifolium Potamogeton polygonifolius
Aster Tripolium Festuca gigantea

Statice Limonium Ophioglossum vulgatum

Near Kirkcudbright we found Lepidium Smithii, and near
Tongueland Serratula tinctoria.
Returned to Commercial Inn at Kirkcudbright to lunch, and
then proceeded by omnibus to Borgue. On the way gathered :—-
Helleborus viridis Convolvulus sepium

Inula Helenium Verbascum Thapsus
Senecio saracenicus

PROFESSOR JOHN HuTTON BALFOUR. 435

From Borgue village went to the shore at Kirkandrew, visited
the rocks on the shore, and collected :—

Silene maritima Haloscias scoticum
Lepigonum marinum Aster Tripolium
Sedum anglicum Artemisia maritima
Crithmum maritimum Carlina vulgaris

Omnibus met the party at Kirkandrew, and they proceeded by
Margay to Gatehouse.

Friday, 7th August 1868.

Breakfasted at 7 a.m., and at 8 proceeded by omnibus to
Drumore Station. Near the station heavy rain came on, and
some of the party thought it better not to visit the mountain.
There was a division, therefore, of the party. One ascended the
hill called Cannismore, 2600 feet above the level of the sea. This
mountain is one of the highest in the county. It is difficult to
ascend on the western side, and produces no plants of interest.

Ascended to the top of the hill, and had a fine view from the
cairn. Saw the mountains of Kirkcudbright, the Isle of Man,
Cumberland hills, Ailsa Craig, Arran.

The rocks facing the east were more crumbling and produc-
tive, and on them were gathered :—

Saxifraga stellaris | Cryptogramme crispa
- hypnoides Lycopodium Selago
Salix herbacea ss clavatum
Rhynchospora alba A alpinuni
(near Drumore) i selaginoides

Upon the whole, the mountain was very poor as regards alpine
species.

The other division of the party proceeded by train to Creetown,
and examined the shore between it and Gatehouse.

They collected :—

Glaucium luteum Vicia sylvatica
Crambe maritima Lathyrus sylvestris
Hypericum Androseemum Prunus spinosa
me dubium Rubus discolor
quadrangulum Pyrus Malus

”

436 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Sedum rupestre Beta maritima
Epilobium hirsutum Salix Smithiana
Crithmum maritimum Juncus maritimus
Haloscias scoticum Scirpus maritimus
Hieracium boreale Asplenium marinum

= umbellatum Scolopendrium vulgare
Solanum Dulcamara Polystichum angulare

Saturday, 8th August 1868.

This morning Mr. Coore left at 8 a.m. for England. The rest
of the party were occupied with drying plants. Some visited
the marsh near Gatehouse, and gathered Vicia angustifolia,
CGinanthe crocata, and Veronica Anagallis.

Under the direction of Mr. Moule, factor of Mr. Murray
Stewart, party visited the grounds and gardens at Cally House.
The garden is well kept by Mr. Miller, the gardener. On the
shore of the loch in the grounds gathered :—

Nasturtium palustre Lysimachia Nummularia
Callitriche autumnalis Littorella lacustris
Peplis Portula Polygonum Hydropiper

Gnaphalium uliginosum

Visited the Horticultural Show ; competition chiefly among
the working classes, very creditable. After lunch left at 1.30
p.m. for Tarff Station and proceeded to Dumfries.

At Tarff Station gathered Genzsta tinctoria, Rosa spinostssima,
and Alfisma Plantago.

On reaching Dumfries there was a delay of an hour and a half.
After tea some visited the banks of the Nith near the old bridge,
and collected Medicago denticulata, M. maculata, Xanthium
spinosum, and Phalaris canariensts.

rom Dumfries proceeded at 6.10 to Lockerbie, where
Symphytum officinale was gathered, then proceeded by quick
train to Edinburgh, which was reached about 10 p.m.

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 437

EXCURSIONS IN 18609.
Clova.
Thursday, 22nd April 1869.

A party, consisting of J. H. Balfour, I. B. Balfour, and William
Bell, proceeded at 6.30 a.m. for Kirriemuir, by Scottish Central
Railway. From Kirriemuir they went by dogcart to the Ogilvy
Arms, Clova, kept by Mr. James Alexander, which was reached
about 2.15 pm. At Kirriemuir they parted with Messrs. Stor-
month Darling, J. Hunt, and G. Brown, who went to Lednaltrie.

After dinner, party went to Loch Brandy and examined the
rocks in the vicinity, gathering on the way Eriophorum vaginatum,
Luzula campestris, Tussilago Farfara, Lycopodia, and many good
mosses.

Friday, 23rd April 1869.

Visited Robert Welsh at Acharn, and then went to Glen Fee,
passing round the top of the glen to its eastern side. Among
the plants gathered were :—

Caltha minor Hypnum molle
Oxytropis campestris » fluitans
Saxifraga oppositifolia (many varieties)
Tussilago Farfara és revolvens
aduncum

Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi mi
Mnium subglobosum

Pyrola media
Eriophorum vaginatum (fine fruit)
polystachyon ,, cinclidioides

Woodsia hyperborea (barren)
Bryum Duvalii (barren) Splachnum sphzricum
Encalypta rhabdocarpa Trichostomum glaucum
Fontinalis squarrosa

(in fruit)

Saturday, 24th April 1869.

Visited Loch Wharral, Loch Brandy, and the corrie near it.
The rocks at Loch Wharral dry and not disintegrating. Few
plants found. Abundance of Saxifraga oppositifolia in fine
flower. Azalea procumbens on tops of mountains. Visited
landslip at Loch Brandy, There is a large rent at the summit

438 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

of the hill, and ere long there must be an avalanche of rocks into
the loch. The rent has been increasing for many years. Many
mosses and lichens, among them Oligotrichum hercynicum.

Monday, 26th April 1869.

Visited Bachnagairn, a shooting-lodge in Glen Esk. Examined
the hills in neighbourhood, which were covered with large
patches of snow. Many good mosses found, among them :—

Bryum alpinum (in fruit) Fissidens osmundioides
» intermedium Grimmia canescens
torquescens Hypnum elegans

OPtindrodhecitin Montagnei x flagellare

Tuesday, 27th April 1869.

Dr. Balfour and William Bell returned to Edinburgh, which
was reached about 6.20 p.m. I. B. Balfour remained at Clova
for fishing.

Penicuik, Auchendinny, Roslin.
Saturday, 15th May 1869.

A party of 114 met at the North British Railway Station at
7-45 a.m. and proceeded to Penicuik. Visited Penicuik Glen,
walked by banks of Esk to Auchendinny and Roslin, returning
from Roslin at 3.12 p.m. Return tickets, rs.

Among the plants collected were:—

Anemone nemorosa | Doronicum Pardalianches
Ranunculus auricomus | Vinca minor
icaria | Veronica montana

Cardamine amara Salix alba
Stellaria nemorum » Caprea
Prunus Avium » aquatica

Padus Neottia Nidus-avis
Pyras Aucuparia Lilium Martagon

Malus Polypodium Dryopteris
Che vudupladiien alterni- Phegopteris
folium ities maximum

Ribes alpinum mbrosum
Adoxa Moschatellina Ovtheuaehiam affine
Valeriana pyrenaica Morchella esculenta

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 439

Burntisland, Kinghorn, Pettycur.
Saturday, 22nd May 1869.

Party of 86 met at the Waverley Station (Granton Branch) at
9.45 a.m. and proceeded to Kinghorn, thence walked to Burnt-
island along the coast by Pettycur. Returned from Burntisland
at 3.3 p.m. Fare, Is.

The following plants were collected :—

Papaver Argemone Lamium incisum

Fumaria pallidiflora
Alyssum calycinum
Brassica campestris
Lepidium Draba
Thlaspi arvense
Viola canina
Cerastium arvense
Geranium sanguineum
Astragalus hypoglottis
Glyciphyllos
Anthriscus vulgaris
Senecio viscosus
Leontodon levigatus
Borago officinalis
Lycium barbarum
Veronica Buxbaumii
Salvia Verbenaca

Hippophaé rhamnoides
Botrychium Lunaria
Grimmia orbicularis
(new to Fifeshire)
»» leucophzea
Trichostomum crispulum
(new to Fifeshire)
Schistidium maritimum
Weissia controversa
Parmelia parietina
Ramalina scopulorum
Fucus canaliculatus
serratus
nodosus
» vesiculosus
Laminaria digitata
Polysiphonia fastigiata

”

rama cee me

South Queensferry, North Queensferry, Inverkeithing.
Saturday, 29th May 1869.

Party of 100 met at the Waverley Station at 9.15 a.m. and pro-
ceeded to South Queensferry, thence by steamboat to North
Queensferry, and botanised as far as Inverkeithing. Returned
from North Queensferry at 4.45 p.m. and by train leaving South
Queensferry at 5.50 p.m. Return tickets, Is.

The Rev. Mr Colvin and Rev. Mr. Ferguson, Glen Prosen,

accompanied the party.

440

BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

The following plants were collected :—

Thalictrum flexuosum
Berberis vulgaris
Cheiranthus Cheiri
Viola hirta

» canina
Sagina maritima
Lepigonum marinum
Montia fontana
Geranium sanguineum
Astragalus Glyciphyllos

Sedum villosum
(Enanthe crocata
Asperula odorata
Echium vulgare
Allium ursinum
Botrychium Lunaria
Rhodymenia palmata
Delesseria sanguinea

laciniata
Ules laleatun

Dirleton, Dirleton Castle, North Berwick.

Saturday, 5th June 1869.

Party of 40 met at 7.10 a.m. at the Waverley Station and pro-
ceeded to Dirleton, visited Dirleton Castle and Common, walked
to North Berwick, visited North Berwick Law. Returned from
North Berwick by train reaching Edinburgh about 4.15 p.m.

Return tickets, 1s. 10d.

The following plants were collected :—

Cheiranthus Cheiri
Alyssum calycinum
Saxifraga tridactylites
Smyrnium Olusatrum
Centranthus ruber
Senecio sylvaticus
Carduus tenuiflorus

Leontodon levigatus
Chenopodium Bonus-
Henricus
Euphorbia Peplus
Parietaria diffusa
Equisetum palustre
" variegatum

Manuel, Manuel Mill, Woodcockdale, Carriber Glen, Buden
Hill, Cockle Roy, Linlithgow

Saturday, 12th June 1869.

Party of 86 met at the Waverley Station at 11.30 a.m. and pro-
ceeded to Manuel, thence walked to Manuel Mill, Woodcock-

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 441

dale, Carriber Glen and Castle, Buden Hill, Cockle Roy, and
Linlithgow. Returned by train passing Linlithgow at 6.45 p.m.

Return tickets, 1s. 6d.

The following plants were collected :—

Trollius europzeus
Aquilegia vulgaris
Berberis vulgaris
Chelidonium majus

Fumaria pallidiflora

Viola odorata
» lutea

Geranium sanguineum

. nodosum

7 sylvaticum

3 lucidum
Geum intermedium
Rosa alpina

(Carriber Castle)

Saxifraga umbrosa

Sanicula europzea
Adoxa Moschatellina
Viburnum Opulus
Polemonium czeruleum
Symphytum officinale
Myosotis czespitosa
Calamintha Clinopodium
Lysimachia thyrsiflora
Neottia Nidus-avis
Epipactis latifolia
Habenaria chlorantha
Allium Schcenoprasum
Ophioglossum vulgatum
Botrychium Lunaria
Equisetum umbrosum

Sedum villosum

Denny, Banks of Carron Water, Hermitage.
Saturday, 19th June 1869.

Party of 60 met at the Waverley Station at 9.15 am.
Proceeded to Denny, thence walked under Dr. Peter White's
guidance up the banks of Carron Water as far as the Hermitage,
and returned to Denny, which was left at 5.5 p.m. Return
tickets, 2s. 74d.

The following plants were gathered :—

Trollius europeeus Cardamine amara
Meconopsis cambrica Geranium sylvaticum
Viola canina Rubus saxatilis
ia elatior
» lutea Fragari

BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Sedum villosum

» anglicum
Sempervivum tectorum
Carum Carui
Carduus heterophyllus
Menyanthes trifoliata
Mimulus luteus
Listera ovata
Orchis latifolia

Habenaria bifolia

ys chlorantha
Cystopteris fragilis
Lastrea Oreopteris
Polypodium Dryopteris

Phegopteris

Botrychium Lunaria
Cornicularia aculeata
Cladonia rangiferina

» maculata Parmelia saxatilis
Gymnadenia conopsea Urceolaria scruposa
i albida Lecanora parella

Cleghorn, Banks of the Mouse, Cartland Crags, Stonebyres,
Lanark.

Saturday, 26th June 1869.

Party of 94 met at the Caledonian Railway Station (Lothian
Road) at 10.10a.m. Proceeded to Cleghorn, thence walked along
the banks of the Mouse to Cartland Crags, then by Stonebyres to
Lanark, which was left at 3.5 p.m. At Cleghorn the party were
met by Professor Dickson, Glasgow, and fifteen of his students.
Return tickets, 2s. 8d.

The following plants were collected :—

Trollius europzeus
Aquilegia vulgaris
Hesperis matronalis
Geranium sylvaticum

es ucidum
Trifolium medium
‘ striatum

Vicia Orobus
Rubus saxatilis
Geum intermedium
Fragaria elatior

Carum Carui
Viburnum Opulus
Carduus heterophyllus
Jasione montana
Vinca minor
Polemonium czeruleum
Populus tremula
Gymnadenia conopsea
Habenaria chlorantha
Equisetum hyemale
Tortula Milleri

PROFESSOR JOHN HuTTON BALFuUR. 443

Dollar, Castle Campbell Glen, the Ochils.
Saturday, 3rd July 1869.

Party of 50 met at the Waverley Station at 6.30 am.
Proceeded vzé Stirling to Dollar, breakfasted there in Hender-
son’s Castle Campbell Hotel, thence walked through Castle
Campbell Glen to the Castle and the Ochils, returning to Dollar
by King’s Seat. The party was joined at breakfast by Dr.
Strachan, Mr. Westwood, and Dr. Strachan’s son acted as guide
to the party. Return tickets, 3s. Breakfast, 1s. 6d.

The following plants were collected :—

Stellaria nemorum Myosotis palustris
Geranium sylvaticum Gymnadenia conopsea
Ornithopus perpusillus ey albida
Epilobium alsinifolium Habenaria chlorantha
Saxifraga stellaris Eriophorum latifolium

= hypnoides Carex rigida
Smyrnium Olusatrum Hymenophyllum Wilsoni
Solidago Virgaurea Scolopendrium vulgare
Vaccinium Vitis-Idzea Equisetum umbrosum

Kelso, Twizel, Milnegraden, The Tweed, Ladykirk,
Paxton, Norham, Berwick.

Saturday, 10th July 1869.

Party of about 50 met at the Waverley Station at 6.35 a.m.
and proceeded to Kelso, breakfasted there, thence went by
train to Twizel, where they crossed the Tweed to Milnegraden,
conducted by the gardener through the grounds, thence walked by
banks of the Tweed to Ladykirk, the residence of Mr. Robertson,
M.P. Mr. Scott, the gardener, conducted the party through the
garden, houses, and stable. At 1.15 the party, at the invitation of
Mr. Robertson, sat down to luncheon in Ladykirk House. The
party then proceeded to Paxton, visiting by the way the parish

444 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

church of Norham and the old Castle. At Paxton, Mr. Milne
Home supplied the party with refreshments. From there the
party proceeded direct to Berwick, which they left by the
London express train at 7 p.m., reaching Edinburgh about 8.30.
Dr. Douglas (Kelso), Mr. Boyd (Ormiston), and Dr. Paxton
(Norham), joined the party.

The following plants were collected :—

Thalictrum flexuosum (Enanthe crocata
Ranunculus arvensis Scabiosa Columbaria
Nasturtium sylvestre Silybum Marianum

. palustre Echium vulgare
Cerastium arvense Mentha viridis
Medicago denticulata Epipactis latifolia

a maculata Serrafalcus racemosus

Perth, Dunkeld, Birnam Glen, Rumbling Bridge,
Strath Braan.

Saturday ,17th July 1869.

Party of 34 met at the Waverley Bridge—Edinburgh, Perth,
and Dundee Station—at 6.20 a.m. and proceeded to Perth.
Breakfasted in Railway Refreshment Rooms (Mr. M‘Donald). At
breakfast the party were joined by Dr. Lauder Lindsay, Dr.
Bramwell, Rev. Mr. Lowe, and Mr. Dawson. After breakfast
the party crossed the Tay by the Railway Bridge to Barnhill
Toll, examined the north bank for a short distance, and
returned to Perth by the Witch Quarry and Bridge End. The
party left Perth by train for Dunkeld at 12.45. On arriving at
Dunkeld the party proceeded up Birnam Glen for about a couple
of miles and then struck across the country to the Rumbling
Bridge, returning to Dunkeld by Strath Braan. The party left
Dunkeld at 6.15 and reached Edinburgh about 10.30 p.m.
Return tickets, 5s. 2d. Breakfast, 1s. 9d.

The following plants were collected :—.

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 445

Chelidonium majus
Armoracia rusticana
Hesperis matronalis
Lepidium Smithii
Iberis amara
Saponaria officinalis
Cerastium arvense
Hypericum humifusum
Malva moschata
Radiola Millegrana
Geranium pyrenaicum
Genista anglica
Trifolium scabrum
Spirzea salicifolia
Potentilla hirta

” argentea
Sanguisorba canadensis

Poterium Sanguisorba
Saxifraga aizoides
Sedum album
Astrantia major
Cicuta virosa
(Enanthe crocata
Daucus Carota
Galium boreale
Campanula rapunculoides
Vaccinium Oxycoccus
Linaria repens
Mimulus luteus
Galeopsis versicolor
Lamium maculatum
Polygonum viviparum
Listera cordata
Scheuchzeria palustris

Clova.
Thursday, 22nd July 1869.

Party consisting of J. H. Balfour, Andrew P. Aitken, James C.
Allman, W. Bell, John Brown, Alexander Craig Christie, Henry
M. Church, Robert F. Colvin, E. C. Craig, J.C. Cruaux, Alfred
C. E. Harris, Charles Norton Hayman, G. Forbes Irvine, John
Leitch, Thos. Wm. Mawson, Alexander Morrison, John Sadler,
Thomas R. Scott, John A. Simpson, J. L. Stewart, M.D., James
Tait, James Watters, Fredk. W. Wright, and Holmes Young, met
at the Waverley Station at 1.5 p.m. and proceeded by rail, ved
Fife, Perth, and Forfar, to Kirriemuir, thence to Clova Ogilvy
Arms in two drags and a dogcart, supplied by Christison of the
Airlie Arms Hotel, Kirriemuir. Clova was reached about 10
p.m.

Friday, 23rd July 1869.

This day the party proceeded to Acharn in the drags, and
thence walked to Glen Dole and examined the rocks on the left

446 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

side, then crossed to Glen Fee, returned to Acharn and drove
to Clova Hotel, which was reached about 7 o’clock in the evening.
Four of the party who had started at 3 a.m. for Little Gilrannoch
joined the main body in Glen Dole.

Saturday, 24th July 1869.

After breakfast visited Loch Brandy and the rocks on its left,
and returned to the hotel about 12 o’clock noon. After luncheon
the party drove to Kirriemuir, which was reached about 4 o'clock.
They left Kirriemuir at 5.5 and reached Edinburgh about I!
p.m., the train being fully an hour late. Hotel bill at Clova, IIs.
6d. each. Conveyances, 7s. Railway return tickets, 7s. 6d.
Total, 41 6s.

In Glen Dole collected :—~

Thalictrum alpinum Sonchus alpinus

Astragalus alpinus
Dryas octopetala
Saxifraga hypnoides

i. platypetala ° |

Linnzea borealis |
Erigeron alpinus
Saussurea alpina

In Glen Fee were collected -—

Oxytropis campestris
At Loch Brandy :—

Subularia aquatica

Potentilla maculata
Azalea procumbens
Salix herbacea

Pyrola rotundifolia
» media
» secunda
Malaxis paludosa
(near Acharn)
Tofieldia palustris
Polypodium alpestre

Woodsia hyperborea

Sparganium natans
Allosorus crispus
Botrychium Lunaria
Isoétes lacustris

The party who visited Little Gilrannoch collected :—

Lychnis alpina

Armeria alpina

Eriophorum alpinum was planted in Glen Dole by J. Sadler.

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 447

Arran.
Wednesday, 4th August 1869.

Party consisting of J. H. Balfour, Alexander Dickson, Andrew
P. Aitken, Isaac B. Balfour, J. H. Balfour, jun., John M. Bramock,
Henry M. Church, Robert Colvin, James B. Davies, J.B. Duncan,
R. W. Forrest, William Forrest, M. Jameson, John Sadler, and
James Watters, left Edinburgh at 6.20 a.m. and proceeded to
Glasgow, which was reached at 7.45. Thence went by the steam-
boat “Hero,” leaving the Broomielaw at 8 a.m. for Arran. On the
way they touched at Greenock, Dunoon, and Rothesay. They
reached Arran about 2 p.m. and took up their quarters at
Bannatyne’s Inn, Lamlash. In the evening the party went to
dredge in Lamlash Bay, and some visited Holy Island.

The following plants were collected :—

Hypericum Androszemum Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi
re humifusum - Scutellaria galericulata

Cotyledon Umbilicus Zostera marina

Apium graveolens Baila

Thursday, 5th August 1869.

This morning the party left Lamlash at 8 a.m. and walked to
Brodick and Corrie, returning from Corrie by the boat at I p.m.
In the evening dredging and fishing were carried on.

The plants gathered in the course of the day were :—

Sinapis arvensis
Sagina maritima
Lathyrus latifolius
(Enanthe Lachenalii
o crocata
Aster Tripolium
Matricaria maritima
Anagallis arvensis
9 tenella
Samolus Valerandi
Erythreea latifolia

Pinguicula lusitanica
Lycopus europzeus
Salicornia herbacea
Sueeda maritima
Triticum acutum

» Junceum
Hymenophyllum tunbridg-

ense

t Wilsoni
Lastrea emula
Osmunda regalis

448 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Friday, 6th August 1869.

This morning at 6.45 a.m. the party went by the steamboat
“Lady May” to Invercloy. We breakfasted at Macdonald’s near
Invercloy, and then walked to the top of Goatfell. Returned
about 4 p.m. to Lamlash. Very few plants were collected,
among them AJdchemilla alpina and Salix herbacea. Some of
the party came by boats from Invercloy to Lamlash.

Saturday, 7th August 1869.

The day was very wet and stormy, and it was found impossible
to take a botanical trip. There was some boating and fishing in
the evening, when the weather cleared slightly.

Monday, 9th August 1869.

At 9.30 this morning went by drag to Lag, then walked round
Bennan Head to Kilmorie, Kildonan, Whiting Bay, and Lamlash.
Had lunch at Wm. Samson’s at Kildonan. Day stormy, with
occasional showers.

Among the plants gathered were :—

Hypericum Androseemum Atriplex arenaria

- dubium Scirpus maritimus
Lathyrus sylvestris Asplenium marinum
Carlina vulgaris Scolopendrium vulgare
Convolvulus sepium ' Polystichum angulare
Pinguicula lusitanica

Tuesday, 10th August 1869.

This morning at 9 the party went by drag to Corrie, expecting
to meet Mr. Wunsch, who had arranged to visit the bed of fossil
plants near the Fallen Rocks. He did not appear. Party went
to Loch Ranza and then went up the stream to the station for
Pyrus fennica, which was gathered, as also Drosera anglica,
Rhynchospora alba, and Carex paucifiora.

Remained at Corrie (Wm. Morrison’s inn) all night.

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 449
Thursday, 12th August 1869.

Party with the exception of Aitken (who went to Whiting
Bay) proceeded by drag to Blackwaterfoot, Drumodune, and
King’s Caves. Spent the whole day there. Fine day; view very
extensive. Porphyrite basaltic rocks at Drumodune about eighty
feet high covered with Ramalina scopulorum, quite grey with
short lichen. Ivy spreading on them.

On the sands gathered Sznapis monensts, Viola sylvatica (with
big roots), Convolvulus Soldanella, Scutellaria galericulata, Trit¢-
cum junceum; and in King’s Caves, Asplenium marinum,
Scolopendrium vulgare, Osmunda regalis.

Rain in the evening about 8.

Friday, 13th August 1869.

This day party broke up, Dr. Dickson and Mr. Aitken returning
to Glasgow, Dr. Balfour remaining in Arran. Plants of Zostera’
marina in fine flower were gathered, and some were taken up in
a rooting condition in salt water to Glasgow by Dr. Dickson.

EXCURSIONS IN 1870.
Midcalder, Meadowbank, Dalmahoy, Currie.
Saturday, 14th May 1870.

Party of about 100 left the Caledonian Railway Station at 10.20
a.m. and proceeded to Midcalder, thence walked by Meadowbank
and Dalmahoy to Currie, which they left by train passing at 4.5
p.m. Return ticket, Is.

The following plants were collected :—

Caltha palustris Viola canina
Anemone nemorosa » lutea
Viola palustris Lychnis diurna

450 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Stellaria Holostea
Montia fontana
Prunus spinosa

" vium

Myosotis collina
Scrophularia vernalis
Mercurialis perennis
Anacharis Alsinastrum
Geum intermedium Typha angustifolia
Chrysosplenium oppositi- Blechnum boreale
folium Lastrea dilatata
Myriophyllum spicatum Equisetum limosum
Adoxa Moschatellina

Besides Musci, Lichens, Hepaticae, Alga, and Fungi.

Burntisland, Aberdour Woods.
Saturday, 21st May 1870.
Party of 130 (including 25 ladies) met at the Waverley

Station at 9.45 a.m. and proceeded to Burntisland, thence walked
to Aberdour Woods. Returned from Burntisland by boat leaving

at 3 p.m. Return ticket, Is.

The following plants were collected :—

Erysimum cheiranthoides

Camelina sativa
Lepidium Draba
Viola hirta

Sagina maritima
Malva sylvestris
Erodium cicutarium
Vicia sativa
Saxifraga granulata
Myrrhis odorata
Echium vulgare
Primula elatior

Glaux maritima
Salvia Verbenaca
Plantago Coronopus

- Parietaria diffusa

Listera ovata

Orchis mascula

Endymion nutans

Blysmus rufus

Asplenium Adiantum-
nigrum

Ophioglossum vulgatum

Also species of Marine Algze, Mosses, and Lichens.

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR.

451

Canal, Slateford, Colinton.

Saturday, 4th June 1870.

A party of 55 met at the Canal Basin, Port Hopetoun, at 11
a.m. Walked by banks of Canal to Slateford, thence walked by
Colinton to Edinburgh, which was reached about 5 p.m. -

The following plants were collected :—

Corydalis lutea
Cardamine amara
Geranium pheeum
sylvaticum
Geum intermedium
Fragaria elatior
Saxifraga umbrosa
hypnoides
Sanicula europea

Penicuik.

Asperula odorata
Valeriana pyrenaica
Doronicum Pardalianches
Vinca minor
Symphytum officinale
Anacharis Alsinastrum
Potamogeton perfoliatus
pectinatus
Polypoditim Dryopteris

Saturday, 11th June 1870.

A party of 66 met at North British Railway Station at 7.45
a.m. and proceeded to Penicuik.
Walked through Penicuik Glen (Sir James Clark’s) under the

guidance of Mr. Evans.
2.49 p.m. Fare, Is.
Plants collected :—
Trollius europzeus
Montia fontana
Sanicula europzea
Viburnum Opulus
Asperula odorata
Valeriana pyrenaica
Apargia hispida
Campanula latifolia
Vaccinium Myrtillus
Pyrola minor
Myosotis czspitosa
i palustris
Veronica Buxbaumii

Returned by train passing Penicuik at

*
Rhinanthus Crista-galli
Melampyrum pratense
Lathrzea Squamaria
Littorella lacustris
Neottia Nidus-avis
Orchis latifolia
Habenaria chlorantha
Iris Pseudacorus
Allium ursinum
Luzula sylvatica
Juniperus communis
Polypodium Phegopteris
Botrychium Lunaria

452 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Alloa, Menstrie Glen, Stirling.
Saturday, 18th June 1870.

Party of 35 met at the Waverley Bridge at 8.45 a.m. and pro-
ceeded to Alloa. Met Drs. Brotherston and Duncanson, who
accompanied us during the day. Visited Menstrie Glen, walked to
Stirling, which we left for Edinburgh at 3 p.m. Fare, 3s.

The following plants were collected :—

Fumaria pallidiflora
Lychnis vespertina
Viscaria cus
Gersatin sylvaticum Corallorrhiza innata
lucidum Orchis latifolia

Sedvirn Telephium Habenaria chlorantha

» album Iris Pseudacorus

» anglicum Potamogeton lucens
Sanicula europzea Hymenophyllum Wilsoni
Conium maculatum Lastrea spinulosa

Pyrola minor
Chenopodium Bonus-Henri-

Kirkcaldy, Raith.
Saturday, 25th June 1870.

Party of 83 met at the Waverley Bridge at 6.20 a.m. and pro-
ceeded to Kirkcaldy, where they were entertained to breakfast in
Scott’s Hotel by Provost Swan. After breakfast visited ponds and
woods of Raith, and also the shore near the town. At 2 o'clock
the party returned to Provost Swan’s house for lunch and left by
train passing Kirkcaldy at 2.25 p.m. Return ticket, Is.

The following plants were collected :—

Thalictrum minus
Papaver somniferum
Reseda hitea

Malva nioschata
Geranium sanguineum
Trifolium striatum
Astragalus hypoglottis
Geum intermedium
Potentilla fruticosa
Epilobium angustifolium
Ribes alpinum

Valeriana pyrenaica
Doronicum Pardalianches
Vinca minor

Echium vulgare
Mimulus luteus
Rhinanthus Crista-galli
Calamintha Clinopodium
Listera ovata

Ruscus aculeatus
Typha angustifolia
Alisma Plantago

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 453

Perth, Almond Bank, Springfield, Methven Bog, Scone,
Kinnoul.

Saturday, 2nd July 1870.

Party of 46 met at the Waverley Station at 6.20 am. and
proceeded (vzdé Fife) to Perth. Breakfasted at Refreshment
Rooms, Perth Station, after which the party walked across the
North Inch, along the banks of the Tay and Almond to Pitcairn
Field, where Mr. Dawson had provided beer for the party, which
was very acceptable, the day being exceedingly warm. From
Springfield walked to Methven Bog, and left Almond Bank
Station for Perth by train at 4.10 pm. Some went to Scone
and Kinnoul Hill. Return ticket, 4s. Breakfast, Is. 9d. Rail-
way ticket from Almond Bank to Perth, 34d.

The following plants were collected :—

Thalictrum flexuosum
Nasturtium palustre
Hesperis matronalis
Iberis amara

Silene maritima ~
Stellaria nemorum
Hypericum maculatum
Malva moschata
Geranium sanguineum
Genista anglica
Astragalus Glyciphyllos
Alchemilla alpina
Poterium Sanguisorba
Sedum reflexum
Helosciadium inundatum
Linnzea borealis
Asperula taurina
Valeriana pyrenaica
Carduus heterophyllus

Apargia autumnalis
Lactuca virosa
Vaccinium Oxycoccus
Moneses grandiflora
Armeria maritima
Trientalis europzea
Linaria repens
Plantago maritima
Littorella lacustris
Polygonum viviparum
Epipactis latifolia

Fe ensifolia
Habenaria chlorantha

'Alisma Plantago

Scheuchzeria palustris
Carex limosa
Ceterach officinarum
Lastrea spinulosa

Drem, Gullan, Aberlady.
Saturday, 9th July 1870.

Party of 26 met at the Waverley Station at 7 am. and
proceeded to Drem ; walked to Gullan and Aberlady, Returned

454 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

by train passing Longniddry at 3.50 p.m. Return tickets, rs. 6d.
The following plants were collected :—

Papaver somniferum
Senebiera Coronopus
Silene noctiflora
Sagina nodosa
Lepigonum marinum
Malva moschata
Geranium pusillum
Trifolium medium
Sedum album

» reflexum
Smyrnium Olusatrum
Pulicaria dysenterica
Carduus nutans

Campanula glomerata
Anagallis tenella
Erythreea Centaurium
Echium vulgare
Hyoscyamus niger
Limosella aquatica
Utricularia vulgaris
Lamium amplexicaule
Ballota foetida
Hippophaé rhamnoides
Alisma Plantago
Carex teretiuscula

Callander, Loch Lubnaig, Ben Ledi.

Saturday, 16th July 1870.

Party of 65 met at the Waverley Station at 650 am.,
proceeded to Callander, breakfasted there in M‘Gregor’s Hotel.
Professor Dickson with five pupils from Glasgow joined the
party. Thereafter walked by Pass of Leny and Loch Lubnaig
to Ben Ledi, which was ascended by way of the Stank.
Summit reached about 4 p.m. Callander was reached about
6.15 p.m. Left Callander at 7.30. Return ticket, 4s. 4d.

Breakfast, Is. od.

The following plants were collected :—

Thalictrum alpinum
Nymphezea alba
Draba incana
Silene acaulis
Alchemilla alpina
Saxifraga oppositifolia
- nivalis
ra stellaris
Epilobium alpinum |

Pimpinella magna

(Enanthe pimpinelloides
(on the side of the
approach leading to
Leny House. The
first time this plant has
been collected in Scot-
land)

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 455

Galium boreale Gymnadenia albida
Gnaphalium sylvaticum Alisma Plantago
supinum Cryptogramme crispa
Crepis paludosa Asplenium viride
Vaccinium Oxycoccus Polystichum Lonchitis
Menyanthes trifoliata Botrychium Lunaria
Polygonum viviparum Lycopodium alpinum

Malaxis paludosa

Loch Lomond, Ben Voirlich.
Friday, 22nd July 1870.

Party of 26 met at the Waverley Station at 2 p.m. and
proceeded by Glasgow and Balloch to the head of Loch
Lomond. At Glasgow the party was joined by Professor
Dickson and two pupils. The party then consisted of J. H.
Balfour, Alexander Dickson, Tom Anderson, |. B. Balfour, John
R. Blandshard, James H. Bogle, J. H. Balfour Browne, Henry
M. Church, F. S. Fraser, J. S. T. Gow, S. Grunnell, R. M. Gunn,
J. Leitch, David B. Logie, Alex. Loughton, Edward M‘Callum,
E. D. M‘Kellar, Richd. Raimes, junr., A. Clunies Ross, Frederick
J. C. Ross, John Sadler, Robert Scott, J. S. Shaw, J. E. Sinclair,
George W. Smellie, E. W. F. Steven, John R. Warren, Wm. G.
T. Watt, J. Watters.

Remained at Inverarnan Hotel for the night.

Saturday, 23rd July 1870.

After an early breakfast they left the hotel about 7.30 a.m.
and proceeded to Ben Voirlich, the summit of which was reached
about 12.30 p.m. The party returned to Ardlui in time to catch
the 4.10 p.m. boat for Balloch. Messrs. Leitch, Ross, and Sadler
went to Tarbet and collected Hymenophyllum tunbridgense.
Edinburgh was reached about 11.15 p.m. The day was
excessively hot. Return tickets, 6s. 2d. | Hotel expenses, 7s. 6d.

Other expenses, 4s. 6d.

456

BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

The following plants were collected :—

Thalictrum alpinum
Cochlearia alpina
Silene acaulis
Rubus saxatilis
Sibbaldia procumbens
Saxifraga stellaris

re aizoides
Sedum Rhodiola
Peplis Portula
Lythrum Salicaria
Epilobium alpinum
Saussurea alpina
Hieracium alpinum
Vaccinium uliginosum
Armeria maritima
Lysimachia vulgaris
Melampyrum montanum
Stachys ambigua
Polygonum Hydropiper

viviparum

Oxyria reniformis

Salix herbacea

Malaxis paludosa

Habenaria chlorantha
(some specimens mea-
suring twenty - three
inches long, near Inver-
arnan

Luzula spicata

Carex rigida

Poa Balfourii

Hymenophyllum tunbridg-

Asplenium viride
Athyrium Filix-foemina
(fifty-one inches high)
Polystichum Lonchitis
Lastrea spinulosa
Polypodium alpestre
Lycopodium inundatum

Planted Scheuchzeria palustris near inn and on hill.

Killin.
Thursday, 4th August 1870.

Party, consisting of J. H. Balfour, Aitken, G. G. Balfour, Isaac
Balfour, Alexander Dickson, Sadler, Shaw, left Edinburgh by
train at 4.10 for Callander, where they were joined by Dr. Walker,
from Glasgow. They proceeded to Killin Station by train. The
station is about 4 miles from Killin, and the party were con-
veyed to Killin in coaches. They reached Lochay Bridge Inn
between 8 and g, and were all accommodated by John Cameron
and his wife, who were very attentive. Duncan Mackay was
employed as a guide.

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 457

friday, 5th August 1870.

This morning at 8.30, after breakfast, the party went to Craig
Chailliach. They were joined by Mr. John Cameron and his
brother, sons of the parish schoolmaster of Killin. The former
had been a pupil of Professor Dickson’s in Glasgow. We visited

the rocks, and gathered :—

Thalictrum alpinum
Cochlearia officinalis
Silene maritima

» _ acaulis
Cerastium alpinum
Sagina saxatilis

» Nivalis

(a new station for it)

Rubus saxatilis
», Chameemorus
Dryas octopetala
Potentilla maculata
Sibbaldia procumbens
Saxifraga nivalis
= stellaris
aizoides
‘Adoxa Moschatellina

(very large, and near

top of mountain)
Gnaphalium supinum
Saussurea alpina

Armeria maritima
Veronica humifusa
Polygonum viviparum
Salix arbutifolia

» herbacea

» reticulata
Tofieldia palustris
Juncus trifidus

» triglumis
Carex atrata
» Tigida
» pilulifera
, capillaris

Sesleria czerulea
Asplenium viride
Polystichum Lonchitis
Botrychium Lunaria
Conostomum boreale
Andreza alpina
Solorina crocea

Sticta scrobiculata

Saturday, 6th August 1870.

This morning, at 8 o’clock, party of 10 started in two cars for a
farmhouse about 7 or 8 miles up the Lochay. We then ascended

Corrach Uachdar.
Among others :—
Rubus Chamzemorus
(in fruit)
Dryas octopetala
Saxifraga nivalis
Saussurea alpina
(in fine flower)
Vaccinium uliginosum
Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi

We gathered all the ordinary alpine plants,

Asplenium viride
Polystichum Lonchitis
Bryum julaceum
alpinum
Bncalypta ciliata
Solorina saccata
Peltidea aphthosa

458 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Returned to the inn about 4.30 p.m. The day was charming
and the scenery beautiful. On our return we had tea-dinner,
and then went at 7 p.m. to the church at Killin to hear a popular
lecture on Botany by Mr. Sadler. The lecture was listened to by
a large and attentive audience. The Rev. R. F. Colvin arrived
this evening by train, and thus made our party up to twelve.

In the grounds at Finlarig Castle ruins there are some very
large chestnut-trees. One was measured sixteen feet nine inches
in circumference, and another seventeen feet in circumference
at about three feet from the ground.

Monday, 8th August 1870.

This day we were joined by a young lad called Thomson,
from Edinburgh (son of R.D. Thomson). Drove to Lawers Inn
in two conveyances. Met Miss Sophia Jex-Blake and her sister,
Caroline Ann Jex-Blake, who accompanied us up Ben Lawers.
In the course of the forenoon thick mist came on, and the ladies
returned after reaching the part of the mountain where Lochnagar
was visible. Mr. Colvin had previously returned, as well as
George. We went along the side of the corrie where Sagzna
nivalis grows, and gathered plants of it. We saw also many
specimens of Cherlerta sedoides, and Juncus triglumis. The
mist became very thick, and we found our way towards
Lochan-a-Chait, there examined the rocks, also the loch. We
reached this with difficulty on account of the mist. Found
Myosotis alpestris. Mr. Cameron and Mr. Shaw went to the
rocks, and called loudly to each other in the mist with the view
of knowing where each of them was. The sound of their voices
was responded to by a call from some one high up on the rocks.
Mr. Cameron answered the call and ascended the rocks, and to
his astonishment found that it was the Misses Jex-Blake, who
had lost their way and had wandered in the mist into the
dangerous position in which they were now placed. We con-
ducted them down the rocks, and after some difficulty got them
brought home thoroughly tired and drenched. We returned
late in the evening to Killin.

Among the plants gathered were :—

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 459

Draba incana Carex Persoonii
Cochlearia officinalis ‘i

Arenaria maritima » pilulifera
Erigeron alpinus Poa alpina

Veronica saxatilis » Balfourii
Utricularia minor Asplenium viride
Sparganium natans Polystichum Lonchitis
Carex dioica Polypodium alpestre

Tuesday, 9th August 1870.

This morning we were joined by Mr. Archibald Gibson and
Mr. J. J. Thomson. We had three conveyances, which started
at 8.30 a.m. for the pass over to Glen Lyon. We visited Larig-
an-lochan and the rocks above it where Woodsia hyperborea was
said to exist still. It used to abound in that locality, but we
looked in vain for the plant to-day.

We then ascended the hill to the east and pass to Ben Lawers ;
walked round on its northern side to Ben Lawers.

We saw Aldsine rubella, Erigeron alpinus, Gentiana nivalis
(some quantity), M/yosotzs alpestris, and many other alpine plants.

We then ascended to the top of Ben Lawers, and had a
glorious view, the day being clear and warm. On the summit
we gathered Draba rupestris, Saxifraga cernua, Polypodium
alpestre, and other alpine species.

Descended to Carnic about 6.30 p.m., and returned to Killin.

Wednesday, 10th August 1870,

This morning at 8 o’clock the party proceeded in two convey-
ances to Cherai, at the foot of Meall Ghaordie. The partyascended
to the summit of Meall Ghaordie, gathering a few ordinary alpine
plants on the way. The day was very hot and oppressive, and
water was deficient. A quantity of tea was taken up the hill,
which proved very refreshing. On reaching the summit the
party descended on the side of the mountain next to Glen Lyon
and a farmhouse called Stoneriach. They gathered Cystopteris
montana, Bartsia alpina,and many good alpine species, They

460 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

returned to the foot of the hill about 5.30 p.m., and then pro-
ceeded in a conveyance to Killin.

The adventures of the last three days (8th, 9th, and t1oth
August) led to the formation of the Scottish Naturalists’ Alpine
Club, to consist of naturalists who are in the habit of visiting
alpine districts in Scotland for the sake of natural science. No
one to be admitted who had not ascended on foot at least three
Scottish mountains of not less than 3300 feet above the level of
the sea. Each person, before admission, must give a list of the
mountains he has ascended.

The following were declared to be the original members of the
Club, all of them having proved their qualification :—Professor
Dickson, Rev. R. F. Colvin, Dr. Walker, Mr. Church, Mr. Aitken,
Mr. Shaw, Mr. Sadler, Mr. Gibson, and Mr. I. B. Balfour.

A meeting of the members to be afterwards held at Edinburgh
to arrange the rules and plan of procedure of the Club.

Thursday, 11th August 1870.

Another fine and. dry day. This day the party broke up.
Among the plants collected during the excursion were the
following :—

Corydalis claviculata Saxifraga nivalis
Draba incana a stellaris
rupestris i; aizoides
Cochlearia. alpina = cernua
Silene acaulis hypnoides
Cerastium alpinum Sadie villosum
Alsine rubella Epilobium alsinifolium
Cherleria sedoides s alpinum
Sagina saxatilis Meum athamanticum
» Nivalis Erigeron alpinus
Rubus suberectus Gnaphalium supinum
Dryas octopetala Saussurea alpina
Potentilla maculata Hieracium alpinum
Alchemilla alpina a Lawsoni
Saxifraga oppositifolia » eorymbosum

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR.

Vaccinium uliginosum
Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi

rmeria maritima
Gentiana nivalis
Myosotis alpestris
Veronica humifusa

ai saxatilis

Bartsia alpina
Utricularia minor
Plantago maritima
Salix venulosa
arbutifolia

Habenaria viridis

Sparganium natans
Carex dioica
atrata
stictocarpa
capillaris

ulla
Sesleria ceerulea
Poa alpina

, Balfourii
Cryptogramme crispa
Asplenium viride
Cystopteris montana

Sphagnum molluscum

Andreza alpina
rupestris

Gymnostomum curviros-

trum
Blindia acuta
Campylopus longipilus
2E

: 461

Distichium capillaceum
Tortula tortuosa
Encalypta ciliata
Grimmia torta
Zygodon Mougeotii
Pogonatum alpinum
Bryum elongatum

as pseudotriquetrum

Zie

a gees dein
Bartramia Oederi

Halleriana
Conostomum boreale
Aneectangium compactum
Leskea rufescens
Hypnum trifarium

Fontinalis antipyretica
Sticta scrobiculata
sylvatica
ulmonaria
Cetraria islandica
ys glauca
Peltidea aphthosa
venosa
Solorina crocea
saccata
Umbilicaria proboscidea
Cornicularia tristis
Thamnolia vermicularis
Sphzerophoron coralloides
compressum
S sefencnulan paschale
Cladonia wane Tee
ialis

Honea Saba
Alectoria jubata
bicol

is color

462 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

EXCURSION SIN U1874
Kinghorn, Burntisland.
Saturday, 13th May 1871.

Party of 120 met at the Waverley Station at 9.10 a.m. and
proceeded to Kinghorn. Botanised along the shore to Burnt-
island, and returned to Edinburgh by boat leaving Burntisland
at 2.59 p.m. Return ticket, Is.

The following plants were collected :—

Fumaria pallidiflora
Cheiranthus Cheiri
Alyssum calycinum
Brassica campestris
Lepidium Smithii

o Draba
Thlaspi arvense
Viola canina
Cerastium arvense
Honckenya peploides
Erodium cicutarium
Vicia lathyroides
Saxifraga granulata
Myrrhis odorata

Scandix Pecten-Veneris
Dipsacus sylvestris
Linaria Cymbalaria
Salvia Verbenaca
Lamium amplexicaule

ss incisum
Atriplex Babingtonii
Rumex Acetosa
Hippophaé rhamnoides
Carex arenaria
Asplenium marinum
Ophioglossum vulgatum
Botrychium Lunaria

Penicuik, Roslin.

Saturday, 20th May 1871.

Party of 92 met at the Waverley Station at 7.45 a.m. and pro-
ceeded to Penicuik. Botanised by the Esk to Roslin. Returned
by train passing Roslin at 2.59 p.m. Return ticket, Is.

The following plants were collected —

Anemone nemorosa
Ranunculus auricomus
Cardamine amara
Brassica campestris

Viola canina
Stellaria Holostea
Geranium sylvaticum
Oxalis Acetosella

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 463

Prunus Padus Neottia Nidus-avis
Saxifraga granulata Allium ursinum
Sanicula europza Melica uniflora

Adoxa Moschatellina Polypodium Dryopteris
Asperula odorata is Phegopteris
Valeriana pyrenaica Blechnum boreale
Doronicum Pardalianches Ophioglossum vulgatum
Pyrola minor Equisetum maximum
Symphytum officinale 4 umbrosum

Currie, Colinton, Slateford, Canal.
Saturday, 27th May 187%.

Party of 60 left the Caledonian Station at 10.20 a.m. and pro-
ceeded to Currie. Returned to Edinburgh by the banks of the
Water of Leith, Colinton, Slateford, and the Canal. Single
ticket to Currie, 5d.

The following plants were collected :—

Ranunculus auricomus Asperula odorata
Berberis vulgaris Valeriana pyrenaica
Papaver Argemone Doronicum Pardalianches
Cardamine amara Lysimachia thyrsiflora
Viola odorata Polemonium czeruleum
Geranium sylvaticum Anacharis Alsinastrum
lucidum Ruscus aculeatus
Gens intermedium Allium Scheenoprasum
Fragaria elatior » ursinum
Saxifraga umbrosa Potamogeton crispus
hypnoides fe pectinatus
Sanicila europzea Melica uniflora

Carum Carui

Longniddry, Prestonpans.
Saturday, 37rd June 1871.

Party of 108 met at the Waverley Station at 10.30 a.m. and
proceeded to Longniddry, thence walked by the shore to

464. BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Prestonpans, from which they returned to Edinburgh by train at
3.20 p.m. Return ticket, Is. Id.

The following plants were collected :—

Thalictrum minus
Berberis vulgaris
Alliaria officinalis
Astragalus hypoglottis
Vicia lathyroides
Potentilla verna
Saxifraga tridactylites
Senecio viscosus
Carduus nutans
Thrincia hirta
Leontodon levigatus
Glaux maritima
Cynoglossum officinale
Anchusa sempervirens

Lycium barbarum
Hyoscyamus niger
Rhinanthus Crista-galli
Lamium amplexicaule
Ballota foetida
Plantago maritima
Hippophaé rhamnoides
Orchis incarnata
Blysmus rufus
Sclerochloa rigida
Asplenium Adiantum-
nigrum
Equisetum palustre
Uredo Rosze

South Queensferry, North Queensferry.
Saturday, 10th June 1871.

Party of 80 left the Waverley Station at 11.45 a.m. and pro-
ceeded to South Queensferry, thence crossed in ferryboat to North
Queensferry. Returned to South Queensferry, and thence by
train at 7.30 p.m. to Edinburgh. Return railway ticket, Is. Id.;
return boat ticket, 6d.

The following plants were collected :—

Ranunculus sceleratus
Aquilegia vulgaris
iola canina

Sagina maritima
Trifolium striatum
Astragalus Glyciphyllos
Vicia lutea
.Sedum villosum
(Enanthe crocata

Valerianella dentata
Senecio viscosus
Veronica scutellata
Salicornia herbacea
Allium Schcenoprasum
Asplenium Adiantum-

nigrum
Ophioglossum vulgatum ~

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 405
Melrose, Eildon Hills.
Saturday, 17th June 1871.

Party of 90 left the Waverley Station at 10.5 a.m. and pro-
ceeded to Melrose, visited Eildon Hills, &c., and returned by train
passing Melrose at 6.53 p.m. Return ticket, 3s.

The following plants were collected :—

Berberis vulgaris
Camelina foetida
Raphanus Raphanistrum
Viola lutea, var. caerulea
Cerastium glomeratum
a arvense
Stellaria glauca
Geranium sylvaticum
Trifolium hybridum
Vicia sativa
Geum intermedium
Torilis Anthriscus

Anthemis arvensis
Vaccinium Vitis-Idzea
Pedicularis sylvatica
Rhinanthus Crista-galli
Rumex viridis
Empetrum nigrum
Listera ovata
Orchis latifolia

» maculata
Carex panicea
Alopecurus geniculatus
Allosorus crispus

Valeriana dioica |

Cupar, Loch Malong, Logie, Forret, Leuchars.
Saturday, 24th June 1871.

Party of 52 left the Waverley Station (Edinburgh, Perth, and
Dundee section) for Cupar by train at 6.45 am. At Cupar they
were entertained to breakfast by Mr. Thomas Barclay, Sheriff-
Clerk, in the Royal Hotel. At breakfast they were joined by
several gentlemen belonging to the neighbourhood. After
breakfast they walked by Loch Malong, Logie, and Forret to
Leuchars, from which they returned by train at 5.39 p.m.
Return ticket, 3s.

The following plants were collected :—

Teesdalia nudicaulis
(about half-way between
Forret and Leuchars)

Chelidonium majus
Hesperis matronalis
Lepidium Smithii

466 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Cerastium arvense Vinca minor

Sagina subulata Polemonium czeruleum
Malva moschata Scrophularia vernalis
Geranium phzeum Rhinanthus major
Medicago sativa (about half-way between
Trifolium medium Forret and Leuchars)
Saxifraga umbrosa Littorella lacustris
Sedum reflexum Salix repens

(nanthe crocata Listera cordata

Anthemis Cotula Gymnadenia conopsea
Doronicum Pardalianches Lastrea spinulosa
Senecio viscosus Botrychium Lunaria
Carduus Marianus Lycopodium Selago
Centaurea Scabiosa Fe clavatum
Pyrola minor pe alpinum
Trientalis europza

East Linton, Tynningham, Drem.
Saturday, 1st July 1871.

Party of 54 left the Waverley Station at 10.30 a.m. for East
Linton, visited Tynningham, and returned by luggage train to
Drem from East Fortune, and thence by passenger train to
Edinburgh, which was reached at 8.15 p.m. Return tickets, 2s.

The following plants were collected :—

Chelidonium majus Cerastium arvense
Hesperis matronalis | Sagina subulata
Lepidium Smithii Malva moschata
Teesdalia nudicaulis | Geranium phzeum
Viola lutea

Bridge of Allan, The Allan, Foal Bridge, Wharry Burn,
Westerton, Stirling.

Saturday, 8th July 1871.

Party of 64 left the Waverley Station at 7.10 a.m. and proceeded
to Bridge of Allan, where they breakfasted in Philp’s Royal

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 407

Hotel. At breakfast they were joined by Rev. Dr. Ross and Dr.
Paterson ; the latter accompanied the party during the day. Dr.
Hunter, Linlithgow, also accompanied the party. They botanised
by Westerton, along the banks of the Allan as far as the Foal
Bridge, thence up the Auld Wharry Burn, and returned by the
public road to Bridge of Allan, which was reached about 2.30 p.m.
After visiting the Macfarlane Museum they proceeded to Stirling,
where they examined particularly the Castle Rock. They
returned to Edinburgh by train leaving Stirling at 6.15 p.m.
Return ticket, 3s. 3d. Breakfast, 2s.

The following plants were collected during the first part of the
excursion :—

Stellaria nemorum Senecio aquaticus
Geranium sylvaticum Calamintha Clinopodium
Trifolium medium Parietaria diffusa

Vicia sylvatica Paris quadrifolia
Agrimonia Eupatoria Neottia Nidus-avis
Saxifraga hypnoides (in quantity)
Sedum anglicum Listera ovata ~

Viburnum Opulus

On the Castle Rock were collected :—

Aguilegia vulgaris Silybum Marianum
Brassica campestris Lactuca virosa
Sedum album Echium vulgare

» reflexum Atropa Belladona
Conium maculatum Verbascum Lychnitis

Petroselinum sativum

Rumbling Bridge, Banks of Devon, Dollar.
Saturday, 15¢h July 1871.

Party of 62 left the Waverley Station at 7.10a.m. and proceeded
to Rumbling Bridge véé Stirling, breakfasted ina marquee at

468 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Rumbling Bridge Hotel, thence proceeded down the banks of
the Devon to Dollar. Some of the party took the left hand

while others took the right.
p-m. The day was very wet.
Mr. Moncrieffe and Mr. Westwood.

Breakfast, 1s. gd.

They left Dollar by train at 4.30
The party was joined by Rev.

Return ticket, 3s. 94d.

The following plants were collected :—

Trifolium medium

Vicia sylvatica

Spirzea salicifolia
Rubus saxatilis
Saxifraga umbrosa
Ribes nigrum

Sedum Telephium
Viburnum Opulus
Eupatorium cannabinum
Carduus heterophyllus
Pyrola minor
Trientalis europza
Symphytum officinale
Lathrzea Squamaria
Mentha velutina
Melittis Melissophyllum

Polygonum Bistorta

Rumex alpinus

Neottia Nidus-avis

Habenaria viridis
chlorantha

Carataste majalis

Paris quadrifolia

Carex remota

» ovalis

Melica uniflora

Cystopteris fragilis

Lastrea Oreopteris

Polypodium Dryopteris

Phegopteris
Equisetum umbrosum

EXCURSIONS EN .1372.
Roslin, Polton.
Saturday, \1th May 1872.

Party of 127 met at North British Railway Station at 10.30
a.m. and proceeded to Roslin. Walked through Roslin Woods
to Polton and returned to Edinburgh by train leaving Polton at
3-30 p.m. Return ticket, Is.

The following plants were collected :—

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 469

Anemone nemorosa
Ranunculus auricomus
icaria
Caltha palustris
Cardamine pratensis
cs hirsuta
Draba verna
Alliaria officinalis
Viola odorata
» sylvatica
Stellaria nemorum
‘ olostea
Arenaria trinervia
Geranium sylvaticum
Oxalis Acetosella
Vicia sylvatica
» sepium
Lathyrus macrorrhizus
Prunus communis

» domestica

Prunus Padus
Geum rivale

» intermedium
Pyrus communis
Crateegus Oxyacantha
Ribes pe sider

”
Adoxa Moschatellina
Asperula odorata
Vaccinium Myrtillus
Vinca minor ;
Symphytum tuberosum
Myosotis sylvatica
Veronica montana
Lathreea Squamaria
Polygonum Bistorta
Daphne Laureola
Carex pendula
Melica nutans

,. uniflora

Gorebridge, Arniston, Dalhousie.
Saturday, 18th May 1872.

Party of 109 met at the Waverley Station at 1.5 p.m. and pro-
ceeded to Gorebridge, thence walked through Arniston Woods
going to vier Station, which was left at 7.20p.m. Return
ticket ;

ie pelucned —
Aquilegia vulgaris
Aconitum Napellus
Viola palustris
Geranium sylvaticum
Acer platanoides
Prunus Padus
Saxifraga Geum

umbrosa
Chrysosplenium alterni-
folium

Ribes rubrum

» nigrum
Viburnum Lantana
Asperula odorata
Doronicum Pardalianches
Leontodon lzvigatus
Pyrola minor
Primula caulescens
Vinca minor
Pulmonaria officinalis

470 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

’ Arum maculatum
Triglochin palustre
Carex paludosa
Polypodium Dryopteris

% regopteris
Equisetum maximum
Philonotis strobilina

Myosotis sylvatica
Veronica Buxbaumii
; montana
Lathreea Squamaria
Orchis mascula
Galanthus nivalis
Allium paradoxum
Lilium Martagon

South Queensferry, North Queensferry, Inverkeithing.
Saturday, 25th May 1872.

Party of 88 met at the Waverley Station at 9.10 a.m. and pro-
ceeded by train to South Queensferry, thence by boat to North
Queensferry, walked by the shore to Inverkeithing, and returned
to North Queensferry by Ferry Hills in time for boat at 2.30 p.m.
Reached Edinburgh about 4 p.m. Return railway ticket, 1s. 1d.
Return boat ticket, 6d.

Some went to St. Davids and Donibristle and collected Zulipa
sylvestris and Ornithogalum umbellatum.

The following plants were collected :—

Thalictrum flexuosum
Ranunculus auricomus
Cheiranthus Cheiri
Hesperis matronalis
Thlaspi arvense
Helianthemum vulgare

Saxifraga umbrosa

Anthriscus vulgaris
CEnanthe crocata
Lonicera Xylosteum (South

Viola hirta Queensferry)
» canina Asperula odorata
Sagina maritima Filago germanica

Lepigonum marinum
Montia fontana
Geranium lucidum
Trifolium striatum
Anthyllis Vulneraria
Astragalus Glyciphyllos
Vicia lutea

Fragaria elatior

Doronicum plantagineum
Senecio sylvaticus
Leontodon palustris
Armeria maritima
Primula caulescens
Anagallis arvensis
Myosotis versicolor
Plantago Coronopus

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 471

Scleranthus annuus
Hippophaé rhamnoides
Ulmus montana

Endymion nutans
Lemna minor
Triglochin maritimum

Listera ovata
Orchis mascula » gilau

Narcissus poeticus Asplenium Adiantum-
Allium Schcenoprasum nigrum
ursinum

Carex alpina

”

Sea-weeds demonstrated on shore.

Kilconquhar, Elie.
Saturday, 1st June 1872

Party of 58 met at the Waverley Station at 9.45 a.m. and
proceeded to Kilconquhar, botanised Earlsferry coast and
Kilconquhar Loch, &c. Returned from Elie at 4.42 p.m. Return
ticket, 2s. 8d. The party were. guided by Mr. Charles Howie of
Largo. :

The following plants were collected :—

Lavatera arborea
Saxifraga tridactylites

Malcolmia maritima
Diplotaxis muralis

tenuifolia Hydrocotyle vulgaris
Aiyscum calycinum Symphytum officinale
(Kilconquhar Station) Lycium barbarum

Beta maritima
Orchis incarnata
Carex aquatilis

Cochlearia danica
Armoracia rusticana
Viola canina
Lepigonum rubrum

Broomlee, West Linton, Dolphinton.
Saturday, 8th June 1872.

Party of 67 met at the Waverley Station at 8 a.m. and proceeded
to Broomlee. Visited marshes and woods between West Linton
and Dolphinton. Returned from Broomlee at 2.15 p.m. Return
ticket, Is. 6d.

2 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

The following plants were collected :—

Viola palustris

» lutea
Cerastium glomeratum
Genista anglica

Doronicum Pardalianches
Primula farinosa
Pedicularis sylvatica
Pinguicula vulgaris

Rubus Chamzemorus
(abundantly on the
summit of a hill called
Mendick, immediately
above the Primula *
marsh) Carex dioica

Sedum villosum

Valeriana dioica

Antennaria dioica

Salix repens

Potamogeton plantagineus

Eriophorum polystachyon,
var. minor

var. elatius

Botrychium Lunaria

Linlithgow, Cockle Roy, Lochcote, Muiravonside.
Saturday, 15th June 1872.

Party of 62 left the Waverley Station at 8.35 a.m. and proceeded
to Linlithgow. Under the guidance of Dr. Hunter visited the
Palace, thence walked to Cockle Roy, Lochcote, and Muiravon-
side. Returned by train from Linlithgow at 6.47 p.m. Return
ticket, 1s. 6d.

The following plants were collected :—

Trollius europzeus
Chelidonium majus
Lepidium Smithii
Viola lutea
Geranium phzeum
oe sylvaticum
Fragaria elatior
Saxifraga Geum
umbrosa
Ribés alpinum
‘Sedum villosum
Antennaria dioica
Doronicum Pardalianches
Erythraea Centaurium

Lysimachia thyrsiflora
Symphytum officinale
Myosotis palustris
Scrophularia vernalis
Rhinanthus Crista-galli
Melampyrum pratense
Neottia Nidus-avis
Epipactis latifolia
Habenaria chlorantha
Scirpus sylvaticus
Milium effusum

Melica nutans
Scolopendrium vulgare —
Ophioglossum vulgatum

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 473
Drem, Gullan, Aberlady, Longniddry.
Saturday, 22nd June 1872.

Party of 30 left the Waverley Station at 10.15 am. and
proceeded to Drem, thence walked by Gullan and Aberlady to
Longniddry. Returned by train passing Longniddry at 7.15
pm. Return ticket, 1s. 6d.

The following plants were collected :—

Fumaria pallidiflora Centaurea Scabiosa
Cerastium arvense Thrincia hirta
Malva moschata Campanula glomerata
, votundifolia Specularia hybrida
Geranium sanguineum Echium vulgare
Trifolium incarnatum Hyoseyamus niger
3 striatum Utricularia vulgaris
fragiferum Marrubium vulgare
Potentilla reptans Salicornia herbacea
Saxifraga tridactylites Orchis incarnata
Parnassia palustris Habenaria viridis
Sempervivum tectorum Blysmus rufus
Hippuris vulgaris Carex distans
Helosciadium inundatum Lepturus incurvatus, var. B.
Sium angustifolium filiform
Valerianella dentata Bolten ana
Anthemis arvensis Equisetum variegatum

Carduus nutans

Selkirk, Ettrick, Yarrow, Philiphaugh, Bowhill,
Newark Castle.

Saturday, 29th June 1872.

Party of 48 met at the Waverley Station at 6.30 am. and
proceedéd to Selkirk. Breakfasted in Drydon’s County Hotel,
thereafter, under the direction of Rev. Mr. Farquharson, walked
to the manse, along to the junction of Ettrick and Yarrow, thence
to Philiphaugh, Bowhill, and Newark Castle. Returned to
Selkirk and left by special train at 5.45 p.m. The party was

474 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

joined by Dr. Gloag, Mr. Douglas, and other members of the
Galashiels Naturalists’ Field Club, Return ticket, 3s. 33d.
Breakfast, 2s.

The following plants were collected :—

Ranunculus floribundus
Aquilegia vulgaris
Berberis vulgaris
Arabis hirsuta
Teesdalia nudicaulis
Cerastium arvense
Hypericum hirsutum
Geranium sylvaticum
pratense
Piteltoss medium
Vicia sativa, var. 8. angusti-
olia
Rubus rhamnifolius
Poterium Sanguisorba
Saxifraga umbrosa
Sedum villosum
Astrantia major
Sanicula europzea
Pimpinella Saxifraga
(Enanthe crocata
Cornus sanguinea
Viburnum Opulus
Valeriana dioica
Solidago Virgaurea
Anthemis arvensis
Doronicum Pardalianches

Carduus heterophyllus
Crepis virens
Hieracium aurantiacum
collinum
Ciinaue latifolia
Lysimachia Nummularia
Trientalis europzea
Symphytum officinale
Anchusa sempervirens
Myosotis czespitosa
Mimulus luteus
Rhinanthus Crista-galli
Calamintha Clinopodium
Scutellaria galericulata
Plantago media
Gymnadenia conopsea
Habenaria chlorantha
Sparganium ramosum

‘Alisma Plantago

Potamogeton preelongus
Holcus mollis

Lastrea Oreopteris
Polypodium Dryopteris
Ophioglossum vulgatum
Botrychium Lunaria
Palmella sp.

Morningside, Capel Law, Swanston, Braid Hills,
Blackford Hill.

Saturday, 6th July 1872.
Party of 30 met at Morningside Toll-bar at 10 a.m. and
proceeded to Capel Law, Swanston, Braid Hills, and Blackford

Hill. Returned to Edinburgh by oe at 4.30 p.m.
Among the plants collected were :—

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 475

Dianthus deltoides Linaria vulgaris
Lychnis Viscaria Stachys sylvatica
Malva sylvestris Ballota ruderalis
Trifolium medium Rumex obtusifolius
hybridum Empetrum nigrum
Rosh rubiginosa Carex stellulata
Sedum villosum , Dinervis
Epilobium parviflorum Alopecurus geniculatus
Daucus Carota Juniperus communis
Carduus palustris Asplenium Adiantum-nig-
Vaccinium Vitis-Idaea rum
Erica cinerea Cornicularia aculeata
Verbascum Thapsus

Leslie, West Lomond Hill, Bishop Hill, Carlan Crags,
Loch Leven.

Saturday, 13th July 1872.

Party of 40 met at the Waverley Station at 6 a.m. and proceeded
to Leslie by train, thence walked to the Waterworks, about two
and a half miles from railway station. The party was entertained
to breakfast in the open air by Provost Swan. After breakfast
the party examined the different filtering ponds and reservoirs
which supply the towns of Kirkcaldy and Dysart with water,
thence walked to top of West Lomond Hill. Some of the party
visited Bishop Hill, Carlan Crags, and Loch Leven. They
returned to the place where they breakfasted in the morning and
partook of lunch, also provided by Provost Swan. They left
Leslie at 4.50 p.m. Return ticket, 2s. 1d.

Plants collected :—

Oxytropis Halleri Rumex aquaticus

Saxifraga hypnoides Listera cordata

Sedum villosum Gymnadenia conopsea
Epilobium alsinifolium Habenaria chlorantha
Galium boreale Potamogeton polygonifolius
Vaccinium Vitis-Idzea Hymenophyllum Wilsoni
Trientalis europzea Cryptogramme crispa
Myosotis palustris Asplenium viride

Veronica scutellata Lastrea Oreopteris

Littorella lacustris Lycopodium alpinum

476 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY
Dunkeld, Rumbling Bridge, Murthly.
Saturday, 20th July 1872.

Party of 50 met at the Waverley Station at 6.45 a.m. and
proceeded to Dunkeld. Breakfasted in Fisher’s Hotel. Visited
Rumbling Bridge, and walked to Murthly Asylum by the green-
walk and Murthly Castle. Returned by train passing Murthly
Station at 6.30 p.m. Return tickets, 5s. 2d. Breakfast, 2s.

Professor Laycock and several students accompanied the
party to Murthly. Dr. MacIntosh entertained the party to lunch
and tea at the asylum.

The following plants were collected :—

Thalictrum flexuosum Valeriana sambucifolia
Corydalis claviculata Solidago Virgaurea
Hypericum humifusum Carduus heterophyllus
Geranium lucidum Hieracium boreale
Vicia sylvatica Vaccinium Vitis-Ideea
Spireea salicifolia Trientalis europza
Rubus suberectus Calamintha Clinopodium

» ceesius Stachys Betonica

» saxatilis - Polygonum viviparum
Alchemilla alpina Rumex aquaticus
Saxifraga aizoides Narthecium ossifragum
Circzea alpina Sparganium ramosum
Galium boreale Asplenium viride

Mr. John Sim met the party at Perth and supplied them with
specimens of the following plants collected in the neighbour-
hood :—

Malva moschata Mentha sylvestris
Potentilla erecta Plantago media
Sanguisorba canadensis

Clova
Friday, 2nd August 1872.

Party consisting of J. H. Balfour, Alexander Dickson, A. P.
Aitken, I. B. Balfour, William Craig, Tom Drummond, John

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 477

Leitch, Robert Lindsay, John S. Mackay, John Sadler, W. A.
Stevenson, and Wm. Stirling, left Edinburgh per North British
Railway at 9.35 am. by train going v7é Fife. Great crowd of
passengers, and did not reach Perth till 12.30 p.m., being one
hour late, by which time the ordinary train for Forfar had left
the station. Special train was despatched and the party reached
Forfar Station at 2 p.m. From Forfar the party proceeded to
Kirriemuir, which they reached a little after 3 pm. After dining
at the Airlie Arms Hotel the party proceeded by a two-horse
drag to the Ogilvy Arms Hotel, Clova, their baggage being
sent by a game-cart. They reached Clova about 7.30 p.m.,
having had rain during the greater part ofthe journey. They
were comfortably accommodated by Mr. Alexander. A
meeting of the Scottish Botanical Alpine Club was held in
the evening. Dr. Leitch and Dr. Duncanson were elected
members of the Club.

Saturday, 3rd August 1872.

After breakfast at 7.30 a.m. the members of the party left the
hotel about 8.30 for Glen Dole. Three of the party had a dog-
cart up to Acharn, thence they proceeded to the station for
Malaxis paludosa, which was gathered by all the party. Then
walked to the lochs on the western side of the glen, which were
examined carefully as far as the lofty mountains called Craig
Maid. The party returned to Acharn about 5.30, and were
driven to their hotel in three dog-carts, one of them kindly fur-
nished by the Rev. George Smith, minister of Clova, who has
just been presented to the parish of Westray, in Orkney, with a
stipend of £400 a year. After tea the plants were arranged and
put on paper.

Among the plants collected were the following :-—

Thalictrum alpinum Rubus Chamzemorus
Draba incana Dryas octopetala
Silene acaulis Potentilla maculata
Astragalus alpinus Saxifraga oppositifolia
Rubus saxatilis ea stellaris

BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Saxifraga hypnoides
Sedum Rhodiola
Epilobium alsinifolium
alpinum
Linnzea borealis
Galium boreale
Solidago cambrica
Erigeron alpinus
Antennaria dioica, var.
yperborea
Gnaphalium supinum
Saussurea alpina
Hieracium alpinum
vs Lawsoni
— murorum, vars.
(one with florets
semitubular)
Apargia autumnalis
Mulgedium alpinum
Campanula rotundifolia
(two plants with flowers
having seven petals,
seven stamens and
normal stigma)
Vaccinium uliginosum
Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi
Pyrola rotundifolia

» media
» secunda
Trientalis europzea |
Digitalis purpurea (with two
flowers in one)
Veronica humifusa

Veronica alpina
saxatilis

Polye gonum viviparum

Salix repens
» rupestris
venulosa
» reticulata
Malaxis paludosa
Listera cordata
Orchis mascula (in full
flower very high up
on the rocks)
Habenaria viridis
Tofieldia palustris
Juncus trifidus
, triglumis
Luzula spicata
Carex rupestris
» atrata
rigida
» pilulifera
» capillaris
Avena pratensis
» strigosa
Poa Balfourii
Asplenium viride
Botrychium Lunaria
Lycopodium Selago

”

5 annotinum

‘ clavatum

‘5 alpinum

s selaginoides

Monday, 5th August 1872.

Breakfast at 7.30 a.m. and proceeded to Acharn. Thence the
party visited Glen Fee, botanising the rocks and returning to the
hotel about 6 p.m,

Among the plants collected were the following :—

able for Lychnis alpina.
in full flower.

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 479

Cochlearia (varieties)
Oxytropis campestris
Sibbaldia procumbens
Saxifraga nivalis
” hypnoides
platypetala
Fpilobinm alsinifolium
alpinum
Saussurea alpina
Hieracium alpinum and
form between alpinum
and Lawsoni
Azalea procumbens
Veronica humifusa
alpina
Salix lanata
, Lapponum

Salix Myrsinites

, arbutifolia

» herbacea

» reticulata
Tofieldia palustris
Eriophorum latifolium
Carex Vahlii

jy oeteata

» Vaginata
capillaris
Grahami (in the old
station in abundance)
Alopecurus alpinus
Poa Balfourii
Hymenophyllum Wilsoni
Woodsia hyperborea

Tuesday, 6th August 1872.

Breakfast at 7.30a.m. Drove to Acharn in three machines,

thence walked through Glen Dole to Jock’s Road. Ascended by
Jock’s Road to falls of White Water, thence by banks of White
Water for about a mile, then turned to west by stream which led
the party to Little Gilrannoch, a peculiar porphyritic hill remark-
This plant was gathered by the party

Among the plants noticed during the excursion were :—

Cochlearia officinalis, var.
groenlandica
Cerastium triviale, var.
Cherleria sedoides
Rubus Chamzemorus
(in fruit)
Cornus suecica (in fruit)
Vaccinium uliginosum
Azalea procumbens
Pyrola secunda
Armeria maritima, var.
alpina

Trientalis europea
(very abundant)

Veronica alpina
Salix (several species)
Tofieldia palustris
Juncus castaneus
Luzula spicata
Carex pauciflora

» aquatilis

» Yariflora

» capillaris
Alopecurus alpinus

480 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY

Phleum alpinum Splachnum sphezericum
Lycopodium Selago 3 vasculosum
s annotinum (in fruit)
(in fruit) ‘Trichostomum lanuginosum
= selaginoides (on the: top of the
(with macro- and micro- moraine-mound forming
spores alternating on a dense mat three feet
some spikes) thick, passing into peat)
Splachnum mnioides

Wednesday, 7th August 1872.

Breakfast at 7.30 a.m. Started at 8.30 for Glen Fee.
Examined the corrie on the southern side, visited the station for
Carex Grahami. The plant was found in fruit in large quantity.
Went round the corrie and saw Carex Vah/it in abundance,
also specimens of Carex vaginata. A number of willows were
also seen. Examined the tops of several hills, and descended by
a deep corrie at the upper part of the glen, where Cochlearia
officinalis, var. alpina, was growing in large quantity. Day misty
and wet in afternoon and unfavourable for botanising. Returned
to hotel about 4.30 p.m.

Thursday, 8th August 1872.

Breakfast at 8 o'clock. Proceeded to Loch Brandy. The
water being low the party collected in the little loch :—

Subularia aquatica Littorella lacustris
Callitriche autumnalis Sparganium natans
Lobelia Dortmanna Isoétes lacustris

Ascended to the top of the mountain called the Snubb, gathered
on the way the ordinary alpine plants, and, in addition to those
formerly collected :—Cerastium alpinum, Potentilla maculata,
a i ed crispa, and several alpine Hzeracza.
e summit of the hill saw abundance of Azalea procumbens
and ‘Salix herbacea. Lycopodium alpinum was also very abundant.
The day being clear the view was extensive. Cairngorm, Ben
na Mac Dhy, hills at Loch Lee, Battoch hills in Perthshire,

PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 481

Breadalbanes, Fife hills, Lomonds. Lochnagar had snow. The
temperature was very low. From Loch Brandy the party pro-
ceeded to Loch Wharral, and examined the rocks above the loch
and collected the ordinary alpines, also an alpine variety of
Cerastium triviale and of Solidago Virgaurea, var. cambrica.
Went to old station for Alopecurus alpinus, but no specimens
were seen. /soétes lacustris was found in the loch. Returned
to the inn about 4.30, having had fine clear weather during the
whole day.

Friday, 9th August 1872.

Breakfast at 8 am. Left Clova about 9 in drag for Kirriemuir,
which we reached about 11.45. Left by train at 12.50. Lunched
at Forfar Station. Left Forfar at 2.48 p.m. and reached Edin-
burgh vzdé Fife about 7.30 p.m.

The volume containing the continuation of records of Excur-
sions to the end of the year 1878 is, I regret to say, not available
for their transcription.—I. B. B.

Index of Names of Places.

AAR, 263.

Aar glaciers, 265.

Abbey Crag, 359.

Abbey St. Bathan’s, 292.

Abbotsford, 84, wee ~

Abbotsford Fer

Abbotsford Lichen, Se 302.

Abdie, 362.

Aberdeen, 46, 52, 61, 03, 04, 410, 111,
185, 191, 300, 348, 4o1

Aberdeen Granite Works, FEE,

Aberdeen Links, 111.

Aberdeen, Marischal College, 111, gor.

Aberdour, 35, 87, 89, 135, 136, 158, 150,
176, ue = 218, 219, 251, 286, 316,

355, 3
Pe Conte, 177, 196, 197, 219, 251,
16,

Aberdour Woods, 136, 450.

Aberfeldy, 59, 211, 212, S10;, 311, 312,
314, 373, 383, 384, 420, 430, 431.
Aberlady, 27, 33, 66, 85, 86, 126, 127,
181, 204, 305, = 332) 453, 473.

Abernethy, 289,

Aboyne Suspension Bridge, 186, 401.
Acharn, 57, 100, 173, 298, 343, 344, 345,
ae 386, 387, 389, 437, 445, 446, 477,
479.

47
Ailsa Craig, 77, 142, 247, 435.
Airthrey, 359.
Aletsch, 269,
_ Alllan, 466, 467.
Allanagavit, 402, 403.

Almond, banks of the, 233.
Almond Bank, 321, 322, 453.

| Almond Bank Marsh, 240.

Almond Bridge, 124, 216, 379.
6

Alva, 36.

Alva House, 36.

Ambleside, 166, 168,

Andersonian Museum, Glasgow, 42, 139.

Ardvoirlich Cottage, 354.

Ardvoirlich House, 353.

Ardvoirlich Waterfall, 354.

Ardwell, 432, 433, 434-

Argyllshire, 249.

Arlarly Well, 415.

Arniston, 24, 63, 78, 79, 103, 104, 123,
129, 157, 193, 217, 254, 301, 354, 391,
421, 469.

Arniston Woods, 469.

Arran, 42, 116, 139, 223, 224, 244, 247,

447, 449.

Arrochar, 370, 371.

Arthur’s Seat, 27, 39, 92, 284, 285.

Ascog, 398.

Astragalus Cliff (Glen Dole), 114, 173;

Auld Wharry Burn, 467.

INDEX OF NAMES OF PLACES.

Avon, 190, 4
Ayrshire, 6 Bi:
Ayton, 206, 207.

Ayton ‘Castle, 207.

BACHELOR’s Well, 149

43;
Balerno, 178, ma 221, 326.

Ballater, 46, 47, 94, 102, 186, 300, 401,
402

Ballons ief, 2

Batligavid vow 151;

Ballina Lodge

Ballinahow, I ei

Ballinasloe, 153.

Ballinluig,

372.
alloch, 60; 77, 128, 216, 242, 368, 400,

455-
Ballochbuie, 187.
Balmoral, 101, 186, 300, 401.
Balmoral Palace, 186.
Balmoral Suspension Bridge, 186.
Balmuto, 411, 412.
Balnaboth, 100.
Balo, 202.
Balquhidder, 349.
Balvaird Castle, 289, 290.
Banchory

Banks of Mouse, 198, 288, 442.
Banks of Tweed, 337-

9.
Barnhill Toll, 304, 305, 444
192, 233-

Bass Rock, 28, 45; 46, 89, Ill, 138, 139 |
163, 257, 340, 341, 375, 376; 423:
Bathgate,

Beef Tub, 230.
Beld Crag, 137, 293, 330, 398.
Belhaven, 238, 319.

Ben A’an, 349, 368, 370.

Ben Cruachan, 214.

Ben Driesh, 300.

Ben Dubh Chraige, 184.

Ben Gornic, 246.

Ben Ime, be 369, 370, 371.

Ben Laoigh, 183.

Ben pia 51, 60; 63; 71, 725-935-748
189, 208, 210, 211, 213, 214, 312, 313,
348, 368, 373, 383, 384, 417, 420, 430,
431, 458, 459.

Ben Ledi, 308, 309, 333. 346, 347, 366,
367, 368, 414, 415, 454-

Ben Lomond, 30, 128, 214, 244, 368.

Ben Lui, 368.

Ben ec. 214, 368, 369, 370.

Ben More Farm, 369, 370.

Ben na Bourd, 49, 94, 187, 403

Ben na Mac Dhu, 51, 52, 54, 63, 101, 102,
188, me: 190, 201, 202, 214, 405, 417,
420

, 480
Ben esis 51, 52, 101, 189, 214, 417.
Ben Oss, 183, 184, 36

Ben Vorlich, 30, 60,
Ben Voirlich, 184, ee oe 353» 368, 399,

400, 455.
Ben-y-Cruiach Ben, 210.
Ben-y-Gloe, 52
Ben-y-Lassigh, 214
Benarty, 205, 306, 307, 320.
Bennan, 121, 249.

Bennan Head, 121, 240, 448.
| Berne, 263, 269, 273-
| Berne, Botanic Garden, 263.

| Bernese Alps, 263.

177.
Beattock, 137, 229, 230, 293, 330, 331, | Berwick, 240, 241, 443, 444-
Be

397, 398, 432.

rwick Law, 90, 164, 423.

484
Berwick, Piergate, 241.

Bex, 273.

Big Craigendal, 95.

Binning Wood, 28, 361.
127.

Binny Woods, 238, 392, 393.
Birnam, 257, 373.
Birnam Glen, 444
Birnam Hill, 258.
Birnam Station, 258.
Bishop Hill, 201, 202, 205, 206, 381,

475-
Black Devon, 68, 69, 132, 133) 205,
206,

Blackford Hill, 474.
ack Hill, 308.

Blackness Castle, 46, eit S16, 317.
Blackrock, 145, 418.
rene Ra —
lack Water, 121.
icncs I2I, 122, 245, 247, 248,
249, 449.
Blair, 109, 191.
Blairgowrie, 102, 259, 405, 406.
Blairlogie, 359.
Blasquet Islands, 151.
Boar of Badenoch, 416.

Bonnington, 162, 163, 235, 236.
Bonnington Falls, 67, 198, 288, 317.
Bonskeid, 373.

34-

le, 167.

Borthwick, 193, Lea

Borthwick Castle, 41, 42, 106, 107, 175,
254, 407.

Borthwick Hall, 413.

Bowfell, 167.

Bowhill, 426, 427, 428, 473.

Bowling, 128, 183, 216.

Bracklinn Bridge, 208, 209

Braedownie, 100, 173, a 387, 388,

rgue, 4
Borrowda

INDEX OF NAMES OF PLACES.

| Braemar, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54,
55, 60, 61, 63, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98,

= 102, 174, 185, 187, 209, 346, 401,
403.

Braemar Hills, ig
Braeriach, 53, 63, 98, 9
Braes of tekceicn
Braid Hills, 4

Brandon Mountain, 151.

Bray, 144

Breadalbanes, 481.
Bridge End, 321, 322.

Bridge of Allan, 102, 256, 324, 466, 467.
hte of Allan, Mr. Macfarlane’s Mus-

m, 324
Bridpe of Allan op 256, 324.
Bridge of Cally,
Bridge of hen, ae 329, 338, 410.
Bridge of Lochay, 347.
Bridge of Tilt, 58, I9I.
Brienz, 265.
igue, 269.
Brodick, 43, 44, 118, 119, 120, 122, 123,
139, 140, 141, ae 244, 246, 447.
Broomhall Woods,
Broomielaw, 42, “Ay ‘om 139, 142, 224,

22
Broomlee, 471.

Bruce’s Grave, Robert, aq:
Bruntsfield Links, 31.

Saiion ua Linke Toll, go.

Buddon

Buden Hill, 44 441.

Burntisland, ea 34, 35, 65, 68, 79, 80, 87.

412, 422, 429, 439, 450, 462.
Burntisland Pier, 197.

Busby, 295.

But neice 291.

CAERLAVEROCK Castle, 364.

Cairn Toul, 51, 52, 545 63, 98, 190, 405.
bhail, 244.

TGadaient A:

INDEX OF NAMES OF PLACES.

Calair Burn, 353.
Cal 5 71, 208, 200, 308, 309, 333,

Castleton of Braemar, 101,

189.
an a 366, a ne 415, 454, 456. a, Lodge, 418, 419.
405. 45.

Callater, 48, 99, 4
ae riba
Cal use, eee 436.

Canal, 26, 37, 38, 123, 128, 129, 174, 249,
308, 315, 325. 451, 463.
Canal Basin, 66, 112, 123, 129, 174, 308,

315.
Canlochan, ey 56, 97, 98, 172, 188, ‘344;
385, 3
Canlochan es, a 188, 189, 386.
Canness, 385 386, 3
Cannismore, 435-
Canty Bay, 28, 45, 89, 138, 163, 257, 340,
75-

3
Cape Law
Capel wyomen 100,
Cargen, 429, 4
Carlan aes ree 321, 475.
Carlan Hill, 321.
Carlisle, 165, 169.
Carnack Loch, 331.
Carnethy Hill, 308.

Carron Water, banks of, 441.

Carse, 2

Carse of AS 82.

Carstairs, 169.

Cart, 295.

Cartland Crags, 67, 162, 163, 235, 236,
288, 317, 442

Cassel, 262.

Castle Campbell Glen, 443.

Castlecary Glen, 64.

Castle Law, 338.

Castle Loch, 382.

Castleton, 55, 56, 58, 61, 190.

atacol Bay, 2

Cauldfield Loch, 237.

Cauldron Linn, 341.

Cavers, 360.

Cean-Mohr (?), 56, 188.

Chalet of Handeck, 265.

Chamounix, 273.

Chapel, 228.

Le Gardens, 227.
Chapel Woods, 228.

Charleston, 68, 69, 109, II0, 125, 161,

Clachan Glen,

Clachland Point, fies 117, 224.

Clare County, 15.

Cleghorn, 198, so 236, 288, 442.

Cleghorn Junction, 235.

Clevage Hill, 291.

Clevage Loch, 291.

Clifden, 155, 156.

Clova, 46, 51, 57, 60, 63, 100, 113, I14,
115, 169, 170, 171, 173, 174, 296, 297,
298, 299, 300, 342, 343, 344, 346, 385,
386, orth 388, 389, 437, 445, 446, 476,
477,

Cluny, y 58, 9 02,

Clyde, 141, 152, on 249, 288.

m Law, 291,
ea 64, ta i, 132, 160, 178,
179, 211, a 329, 376, 393, 394-
Cockburnspath Town Dene, 255.
Cockenzie,
Cockle Roy, we 449, 441, 472.

Col
Caidinahass. 40, 41, 107,
08.

Coldstream Manse, aan

486

Colinton, 26, 31, 37, 66, 90, 112, 123, 129,
174, 217, 249, 308, 315, 325, 339, 451,
6

403.
Colinton Woods, 38, 129.
Cologne, 262.
Compensation Ponds, 308.
54

Connor Hill, 151, 152.

Cora Linn, 67, 162, 163, 198, 33555236;
288, OB a 318.

Cork,

Cork Brie es 144.

Cork, Queen’s College, 144.

Cornhill, 240.

Corrach Uachdar, 212, 215, 457.

Corrib, Lough, 156.

Corrie, 43, 118, 122, 140, 225, 226, 227,
244, 447, 448.

Corriegills, 117, 224.

Corriemulzie, 4

Corriemulzie Lita, 97.

Corryarder, 419

Corstorphine, 32, 524,216, 233:

Crag na Lochan, 59.

Craig Bruich, 389.

Craig Chailliach, 72, 209, 210, 457.
Craigcrook, 23, 124, 157, 192.
Craigendal, 49, 50, 51, 94, 95.
Craigie, 259.

Craigleith, 192, 233.
Craigleith Quarry, 233.
Craig Maid, tor, 477.

Craig Rennett, 101, 170, 173.
Cramond, 31, 124, 157, 216, 233.
Cramond Bridge, 23, 32, 390.
Cramond Island, 157.

INDEX OF NAMES OF PLACES.

Cramond me 192.

Creetow
Crianlarich, 215 369.
Crianlaric Aya 5:

Crichton, 42, v8 287.
Crichton Castle, 41, 83, 106, 107, 175,

Croachlach, 58, 98.

Crombie Point, 394.

Cuckold le Roi, 412.

Culbin, 52.

Culross, 109, I10, 161, 306, 394.

Cumberland hills, 230, 435.

Cumberland Lakes, 165.

Cupar, 201, 260, 289, 294, 299, 320, 321,
323, 336, 338, 381, 411, 412, 465.

Currie, 26, 31, 37, 36, 66, 77, 78, 90, 112,
120; 1S¥; 150; 194, 220; 221, 252,-902,
308, 326, 336, 356, 408, 449, 463.

DALGUISE, 372: 373, 374-
Dalguise House, 371.
Dalhousie, 24, 41, 63, 78, 123, 129, 130,
157, 217, 254, 301, 3545 391, 421, 469.
Dalhousie Woods, 79.
Dalkeith, 32, 91, eg FO7y 217,325.
seeps 26, on age 112, 131, 159, 221,
302, 326, 336, 408
Palmahor Hil, ay: ae 220,

194, 252,

Dalmeny Park, 379, 390.

Dalnaspidal, 372, 416, 418.

Dalwhinnie, 372, 415, 416, 417, 418, 420.

Danskine, 232.

Danskine Loch, 231.

Dargle, 144.

Dead Water Fell, 339.

Dean Bridge, 233.

Dee, 46, 49, 50, 53, ae we 61, 94, 96,
97, 98, 99, 186, 190, 402, 405, 434.

Den, the [Balcarres], a?

Denbrae, 409,

Den Mill, 429, 430
Denmiln, 362, 363, 364.

INDEX OF NAMES OF PLACES. 487

Denmore, 110, Le oe 30; 02

Denmore Bog, 111.
ing, 64.

mning, 64 Hoag, 245.
Denny, 441. Dull, 311, 314.
Dennyloanhead, 24. Dumbarton, 30, 31,
Derry, 102 Dumfries, 364, hae 429, 430, 432, 436.
Devil’s Mills, 341. Dumfries, Crichton Institute, 364, 429.
Devon, banks of the, 468.. Dunaengus, 154.

Dhu Loch, 47, 100, 387, 388.

Dingle, 151

Dinish Cottage, 150.

Dippen, 246, 247, 248.

Dippen Point, 121. | Dundee, 70, 93.

Dirk Hatteraick’s Cave, 433.

Dirleton, 28, 33, 85, 87, 111, 126, 138,
163, 164, 181, 204, 257, 323, 450, 413,

Dunbar, 178, 179, 238, 319, 423.
Dunbar Castle, 238.

Dunfermline, 68, #,, 132.) 134,205; 33%,

332.
440. Dunglass, 160, 329. .
Dirleton Castle, 112, 126, 139, 204, 257, | Dunglass Dene, 64, 65, 131, 178, 179, 221,
413, 440. . 255, 376.
Dirleton Common, 112, 126, 139 257, 413, | Dunglass Pond, 255.
Dunglass Woods, 131.

Dobb’s Linn, 229, 230. Dunipace, 24, 64.
Dochart, 212, 215. Dunkeld, 46, 58, 59, 191, 192, 257, 258,
Dole, 299. 371, 373) 421, 444, 476.
Dollar, 174, 443, 467, 468. i T Road Station, 192.
Dolphinton, 378, 395, 471. Dunlow Farm, 207.
Dolphinton House, 378. Dunmail Rise, “By.
Donibristle, 35, 68, 87, 88, 135, 136, 158, | Dunninald Den, 42
176, 177, 196, 197, 251, 470. Dunoon, 24, 447.
Donibristle Woods, 159. Dunsappie, 285.
Doune, 71 Duntarvie Castle, 26.
Dover, 274. poe 113, 115, 174, 206.
Dreghorn, 123, 124, sart, 65, 130, 158, ba 227, 475.

174.
Drem, 27, 28, 33, 45, 46, 66, 85, 87, 89, ste House
, III, 112, 181, 182, 305, 323, 332, | Dysart Woods, 34, 79, 80, 130.

357> 453» 466, 473.
Driesch, 389. EAGLESCARNIE, 231.
Drumodune, 245, 247, 248, 449. Eagle’s Nest, 147
Drumore, 432, 435+ Earl’s Ferry, 3
Dryburgh, 85, 135, 199, 200, 201, 237, Earlsferry, 471.

3i/- arm, 2 #
Dryburgh Abbey, 134, 199, 236, 337. East Fortune, 466.
Dubh Loch, 47, 100, 387, 388. East Kilbride, age ~
Dublin, 142, 143, 144, 151, 153, 156, 157- | East Kilmorie, 24
Dublin, College Botanic Garden, 143. East Linton, 179, ae 319, 361, 392, 393,
-

Dublin, Trinity College, 1
Dublin, Zoological Gardens, 143.
Dubton, Royal Asylum, 429.
Dubton Station, 429.

423, 4
East Lomond Hill, 201, 202.
Easter Sui ohos Hill, 39, 159.
Eastern Wemyss, 158, 227.

488

Ecclesmachan, 424.

Eden, banks of, 260.
Edinample, 352.

Edinburgh Se School, 433.
Edin’s Hold, 2

Eildon Hills, 84, 134, 199, 236, 302, 303,
377; :
Elie, 293, 294, 336, 337, 365, 366, 380,

Elie Harbour, 366.

Elphinston, 287.

Enniskerry, 1

Esk, 32, 91, 115, 170, 172, 219, 250, 285,
296, 297, 299, 300, 301, 328, 335:

- 343, 354, 388, 421, 438, 462

Esk Mill, 250.

Ettrick banks, 427, 428.
Eye, 291.
Eyemouth, 206, 207, 208.

FALDONSIDE, 84.
52.

€, 201, 202, 203.
Falkland Boe Station, 201, 202.
Falloch, 184.

Falls of Acharn, 59.

Falls of Clyde, 67, 236.

Falls of Corriemulzie, 402.

Falls of Leny, 350.

Falls of Moness, 383.

Falls of the Muick, 47.

Falls of the Teith, 71.

Falls of White Water, 172, 298.
Farrichar, 432.

Farrichar Quarry, 430, 431.
Faskally Grounds, 373.

Fast Castle, 40, 108, 207.

ergan, 311

Ferniehurst Gouic. ca

Ferry Hills, 35, 68, 125, 159, 253, 328,
379, 470.

Fife, 445.

INDEX OF NAMES OF PLACES.

Fife Hills, 481.

Foal Bridge, 466, 467.
Foineven, 61.
at ge 81, 83, 107.

Forfar, 110, 113, 115, 343, 346, 481, 445,

477-

Forret, 465, 466.

Forteviot, ads a ees ical 397-

Se is

Frankfort

Furggen tae OF:

Fushiebridge, 24, 41, 104, 106, 175, 193,
254.

GALASHIELS, 84, 474.
Galerus (castle), 151.
t,2
Galtmede Moss, 237.
Galway, 153, 156
Galway Bay, 153, 15
Galway, Queen’s College, 153, 156.
Gallowshall, 91, 106.
on ap unloe, 147.
Garpol Linn, sats 293, 330, 331, 397, 398.
Garrion Bridge, 165.

Gatehouse, 432, 434, 435, 4306.

Gemmi Pass, 272.

Geneva, 263, 273.

Geneva, Botanic Garden, 274.

Geneva, Cour St. Pierre, 274.
27

Glasgow, 24, 30, 31, 42, 44, 60, 76, 77:
128, 129, 139, 141, 142, 183, 185, 216,
224, 226, 227, 246, 287, 295, 449, 454,
455> 4.

456.
Glasgow, Andersonian Museum, 42, 139.

INDEX OF NAMES OF PLACES.

Glasgow Cathedral, 128.
Glasgow College, 30.
CEBEOW, Hunterian Museum, 128.

in,
Glasnevin Canes 142.

Glena,

nB 353-
Glen Cale, 57, 101, 188, 402, 403,
405, 406,
Glen Candlich, 56, 188.
Glen Caorrunn, 183.
Glen Clova, 100, 297.
Glen Cloy, 246.

89
ole, 57, 101, .114,. 170, 171; 172,
173, 296, 297, 298, 299, 343, 344, 385;
446, 477, 479.

171, 439.
Glen Falloch, 60, 76, 128, 183, 368.
Glen Farn, 43
Glen Fee, 57, 101, 114, 170, I71, 173,
297, 345, 386, 387, 389, 437, 446, 478,

480.
Glen Fiadh, 343-

n Sannox, 43, 118, ane 140, 225, 244.
Glen of Tillicoultry, 37-
Glen Tilt, 46, 54, 58, 59, 191, 373-

489

Glen Vale, 320, 381.
Goatfell, 43, 119, 120, 122, 140, 225, 226,
» 448.

244, 249, 44

Gogar, 37.

Gorebridge, 63, 78, -103, 106, 123, 129,
157, 175; 193, 217, 301, 333, 354, 391,
407. 413, ee 69.

Gorner Grat, 2

Gosford, 33, ia 86, 126, 127, 181, 204,
395, 3 ge

Gothic Ha il,

Gowbarrow Bui. 168, 169,

Grange Qua 196.

Granite Wak Aberdeen, rit.

Granton, 23, 31, 35, 36, 37, 87; sie 109,
TiO, 1375 12, 125, 135. 857; 80,
192,216,276, 233, 203, 3 son

Granton Pier, 25, 161, 192, 222, 301, 328,

394-
Granton Quarry, eS
Granton Woods, 1
Grant’s House, ae 291, 292, 393, 394.
Grasmere, 167, 168.
Great Glacier, 271.
Greenlaw Barracks, 335.
Green Neck,
Greenock, 42, 142, 227, 44
Grey Mare’s Tail, 229, 230.
Grimsel, 265.
Grimsel Hospice, 266.
Guard Bridge, 182.
Gullan, 27, 33, 66, 85, 87, 111, 112, 126,
181, 182, 204, 305, 323, 324, 332, 357;

oo
sy

—

Guttannen, 265.

Hapssik’s Howe, 31, 90, 308.
Haddington, 231.

Haining, 426, 427, 428.

Hise ; 360.
awthornden, 406
Som Iberg, 2

262.
Heidelberg Castle, 262.
Helensburgh, 399.

490 INDEX OF

Helvellyn, 167, 168.
€ 32:

age, 441.
Highfield Farm, 239.
Hillhead, ee
Hiltly,
Holy isan, 224, 226, 246, 447.
Holy Is F
Holyr =a sy - 92, 116, 284, 285.
Honister Crag, 167,
Hopetoun, 26, 105, 106, 127, 197, 316,

317-
Hopetoun aes 26, 317.
Horse Glen,
Hospice of acy Click 265, 208.
Howth, 143.
Humbie Woods, 196.
Hunterian Museum, Glasgow, 128.
Hunter’s Bog, 284.
Huntly Burn, 84.

IMACHAR, 245.

Inchcolm, 181.

Inchkeith, 181.

India, 272.

Innisfallen, 149.

In seslatien: 263, 264.

scl 30, 60, 76, 77, 18, 183, 214,
215, 216, 242, ass 379; 371, 399, 400.

foo. 54, 96, 405.

Invercloy, 44, = ie 246, 448.

Inverkeithing, 35, 68, 88, 125, 126, 135,
36, 158, 159, 222, 253, 301, 328, 379,
439, 470.
ea as Bay, 87.

290, 291, 396.
fvermay Woods, 239, 396.
s, 348

Isle of May, 423.

Jack-a-Boys Bay, 150.

Jed, 425.

NAMES OF PLACES.

Jedburgh, 425.

Jedburgh Abbey, 4

Jock’s Road, 101, 172, 298, 299, 344, 385,
479.

Jura, 244.

KaIMEs Hill, 252, 326.

Keir, 256, 324.

Kelso, 240, 443, 444-

Kendal, we fey

Kenmare

Kenmore, Be 348, 373» 374.
Ker

er, 339.
eines Castle, 339.
Kilconquhar, 293, 336, 337, 471.
Kilconquhar Loch, 294, 336, 337, 471.
47, 448.

‘illarney, 149, 150.

Killiecrankie, 58, 192, 342, 373, 419, 432.
illin, 46, 59, 60, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 210,
211, 212, 213, 214, 216 » 347; 348, 369,
456, 457, 458, wages

Killin rbtheet

Kilmorie, 117, eee 448.
Kilronan, 154.

Kincardine, 109, 161, 180, 306, 394.
39

> 80, I 103, 175; 234, 23 35>
251, 286, 327, 334, 335, 374, 407, 439,
462.

Kinghorn Loch, 175, 234 286, 374.
King’s Caves, cy
King’s Coll
King’s Cross Point, 117.
King’s Hill,
King’s House, 455, 349, 353-
King’s Seat, 443..
Kingussie, 420.
Kinnoul, 321, 410, 453.
Kin noul Church, 259.
oul Hill, 239, 259, 289, 303, 304,
305, 322, 329, 453.
Kinnoul Quarry, 428.

INDEX

> ae 306.

433
Kirkcudbright, 432, 434.
Kirkcudbright, mountains of, 435.
Kirkdale, 433.
Kirkdale Glen, 433.
Kirkhill, 63, 79, 323, 421.
Kirkliston, 3

Kirriemuir, 100, 170, 174, 296, 299, 300,
343, 345, 346, 385, 388, 437, 445, 446,
477, 481.

Kleinensee, 265.

Knock Hill, 68, 69, 132, Hp: 177,205.

Knox’s soe John, 202

Kylemore, 156.

ie yiedae Lough, 156.

LADYBANK, 289, 290, 321.

Ladykirk, 443.

Lady kirk House, 443.

Lag, 117, 118, 120, 121, 246, 247, 248,
249, 448.

Lag road, 245.

Lake of Brienz, 264.

Lake of Geneva, 269, 27

Lamlash, 44, 116, 117, is 119, 120, 123,
224, 225, 226, 244, 245, 246, 248, 249,
447, 448.

Lamlash Bay, 120, ys 447.

Lammermuir Hills,

Lanark, 67, 162, 163, an 235, 236, 288,

Lancefield Spinning Co., Glasgow, 30.

OF NAMES OF PLACES.

Larbert, 2
Largo, oe Se 380, 400, 471.
94.

Lax, 269.
Lednaltrie, 437.
Leenane

Leith, 455; 260.
Lenno dine: Fab pee

Leny, 309.
Leny, Falls of, 350.

381, 475+
eslie Waterworks, 475.
Leuchars, 125, 182, 260, 465, 466.
Leuk, 272.

a
3
o
“— T
es
a
a
—

Lindores Loch, 362, 364.

Lin fae 26, nite 127; ie 178, 197,
316, 412, 440, 441, 467, 4

Fialltheew Loch, ee 127, ae ye

Linlithgow Palace, 127, 197, 317, 4

Linn of Dee, 51, 52, 54, 98, IOI, 102, he

177.
Little Craigendal, 49, 50, 52, 94, 95, 187,

403.
Little Gilrannoch, 56, 172, 298, 344, 385,

» 369, 457.

andy, 115, 173, 299, 390, 344, 387,

388, 4 i, 446, 480, 481.

Loch Callater, 48, 6, 58, 95, 96, 99, 188,
297, 402.

Loch Candlich, 48, 49.

Lo arnack, 332

Lochcote, 412, 472.

492

Loch Dochart, 215.

Loch Doyne, 349.

Loch Earn, 349

Lochearnhead, i 72, 209.

Lochend, 27, 132.

Loch Ericht, — 416, 417, 418.

Loch Etchachan, 52, IoI, 102, 189, 190.

Loch of Kinnaird, 314.
Loch Laggan, 417, 418, 419, 420.
Loch Lee, 480.
Lochgelly 306, 307, 320, 321.
och Leven, 202, 205, 206, 306, 307, 320,

gern 475-

Loch Leven Castle, 307.

Loch Lomond, 30, 46, 60, 76, 77, 128,
183, 185, 216, 242, 243, 368, 371, 399,
400, 455

Loch Long, 243.

Loch Lubnaig, 71, 209, 309, 310, 346, 349,
352, 366, 367, 414, 415, 454.

Lochmaben, 382, 432

Loch Malong, 465.

Lochmill, 362, 363, 364.

Loch Muick, 47, 100, 387, 388.
Lochnagar, 47, 51, 52, 54, 63, 96, 99, 101,
187, 299, 300, 387, 388, 404, 458, 481.
Loch-na-gat (Lochan-a-Chait), 59, 211,

214, 348, 4

Lochore

Loch Ranza, 122, 226, 245, 448.

Loch Skene, 229, 230.

Loch Sloy, 77, 184.

Logie, 465.

Lomonds, 189, 320, 321, 481.

London, 274.

Longniddry, 33, 66, 85, 127, 181, 204,

305, 306, 332, 357, 422, 423, 454, 463,
3-

Lough Corrib, 156.

INDEX OF NAMES OF PLACES.

Lough Derg, 1 -

60.
Luffness, 27, 33, 85, 86, 127, 181, 182,
204, 395, 323, 332.
Lumsdaine, 40.
Lumsden Bay, 108.
Lunan, 69.

MacDurr’s Castle, 227, 228, 363.
Macfarlane’s Museum, Bridge of Allan,

407.
M‘Gillicuddy’s Reeks, 1
Macnab Burying Ground, 212.

Maa, 156.
Malahide, 144.
Mallow, 151.
Masceriea, 149.
anuel, 440.
Manuel Mill, 440.

e Quarry, 191.

are’s Crag, 362, 363, 364.
Mar rgay, 435-
M st lit 272, 273-

| Massa, 260.
| Matterhorn, 271.
| May, banks of, 201.

| Mayfield,
& pe meais 559, 194, 220, 227;°2452,;
302, 326, 356,

Meall Chandi: 212, 347, 459:

Meeting of the Waters, 150.

Meiringen, 265.

Melrose, 84, 85, 134, 135, 199, 236, 302,
337 377, 4

Melrose Abbey, 134, 200, 302, 337, 378.

Melville Hall, 287.

Methven, 239, 303, “405; 321
Methven Bog, 240, . 322, eon “453
Methven Woods, 240, 3

-
Midcalder, 131, 159, 194, 220, 252, 302,
9.

326, 356, 408, 449.
Middle Eildon Hill, 200.

INDEX OF NAMES OF PLACES.

Middle Lake, 147,
Middle Walk ees 325.
Milltown of Clova, 296.
Milnegraden, 240, 241, 443.
Minto Crags, a 236, 237, 360.
Moffat, 138, 228, 229, 230, 293, 330, 398. |
Mofiatdale, 98
Mo

Moncrieff Hill,

Moncrieff House, 304.
Moness, 310, 311, 432.
Moness Falls, 311, 430, 431.
Monkstown, I

Morayshire, coast of, IOI.

Morecambe Bay, 16

Morningside, 123, 124, 174, 474.
59

88
Muckersie Falls, 290, 2

Muckross ihe 150.
Muckross Demesne, 149.
Muick, 47.

Miron, 472.

Muirward Wood, 239, 428.

Mull oe Canbpre 244.

Mull of Galloway, 244.

unster, 2
Murthly, 258, 373, 476.
Murthly Asylum, 476.

Musselburgh Links, 92. __

NAMELESS Rill, 244.
Navity, 306, 307.
Sesion 207, 208.
Neuhaus, 26.
Newa ae 27, 428.
Newark Castle, 426, 473-
Newburgh, 289, 362, 363.
Newhaven, 34, 79, 328.

239, 289, 303, 304, 305,

493

New Scone, 240.

FS Newton Station, 199.
Newtown, 84, 85, 337
| Niddrie Castle, 26, 105, 127, 316, 317,

“‘Nith, he. 436.

Norham, Fis 241, 443, 444.

| achacts Castle, 240.

North Berwick, 29, 45, 89, 90, III, 112,
126, 138, 163, 2 BOA, 257,325, 332,
349, 375, 413, 4
North Berwick Se 376, 440.

| Wonk Berwick Links, 112, 204, 257,

[ee

| North Esk, 233.

North Ferry, 32.

North Queensferry, 35, 68, 87, 135,
pa 22, 253, 301, 328, 379, 439,

Nadbona, 330.
Northumberland Hills, 167.

OsBER-AAR Glacier, 266, 268.
Obere Hasli- so oi
so Lea

| Oberland, 265.
| Ochils, 8, 359, 362, 363, 443-
338.

170.
Orchardneuk, aA 304, 329, 330, 410.
Ore, 227.
Ormiston, 81,
Ormiston Hall wdeds, 81.
O’Sullivan’s oe 150.
a

Overtow
ities fons (Clova), 297, 298.

PANNANICH Wells, 186.
Paris, 262, 274, 413-
Parson’s Green, 27.

Pass of Leny, 71, 209, 454.
Passage, I

Pathhead, 80.

Patterdale, 166, 168.
Paxton, 443, 444.

| Pease Bridge, 376, 393, 394-

494 INDEX OF
Pease Burn, 132.
Pease Dene, 64, 65, 132, 160, 178, 179,
221, 255, 329, 376, 393, 394.
Penicuik, 219, 220, 233, 250,
326, 335; ap 438, 451, 462.
Penicuik Glen, 335, 438, 451.
Penicuik, Paper Mills, 326, 374.
Penicuik, Valleyfield, 233, 250.
Penmanshiel, 107, 133, 255, 201.
168, 169,

285, 300,

tlands, 31, 90, 123, 124, 174, 189,
308.

Perth, 93, 110, 113, 170, 174, 239, 240,
257, 258, 259, 290, 296, 300, 303, 304,
395, 321, 322, 329, 339, 343, 346, 397,
401, 406, 410, 416, eo. 428, 429, 444,

ead
Pettycur, fas 3 76, 80, 103, 175, 196,
234, 235, 286, 334, 439.
ta, nin 426, 427, 428, 473.
heenix Park, 143.
te Field, 453.
Pitkeathly, 239, 363.
Pitlochry, 342, 373, 419.
tencross, 331.

Polton, 406, 468.

Pooley Bridge, 168, 169.
or Hopetoun, 37, 66, 129,
315, 451.

Portmarnock, 144.

Portobello, 91,

Powerscourt Waterfall, 144.

S, 87, 422, 463, 464.
' :

Prosen Water, 389.

Punch Bowl, 149.

174, 308,

NAMES OF PLACES.

(QUARRY Mill Den, 428.

eSuer eh 32, 35, 68, 87, 88, 125, 136,
301, ee 379-

Gaede Reed

Queenstown, 145.

Quixwood, 292.

| RAITH, 34, 411, 452.
Pevertes: 338.

Ratho, 2
pes ae. Be 38, 66, 77, 78, 112, 131,
302, 326, 336.

157.
ivelindesic Castle, 34, 65, 66, 79, 103,
58.
oper 1,

venshall Point, 433.
pe the 392, 393.

Ravenscroft Castle, 124.
433-

Red Tarn, 167.
Reker Waterfall, 265.
Xenton, 393, 394.

| esta 49, 41, 107, 109
Retreat, the, 292.
| Rhine, 262.

| Rhone, 268, bites 272.

_ Rhone Valley, 265.

Riffel, 272,

Rosiin, 219, 233, 234. 250, 251, 285, 300,
= 335» 406, 438, 462, 468
Xoslin Chapel, 233.

aaa Powder Mill, 250.

Roslin Woods, 468.

Rotterda

Roundstone, 155.

Round Table

Rowardennan, 30, 129.

Rumbling Bridge, 205, 206, 307, 341, 444,

467, 476.

INDEX OF NAMES OF PLACES.

Rutton Loch, 429, 430.
Rydal, 166, 167, 168.
Rydal am 166, 167.
Rydal Mount, 166.
Rydal ecelh 166.
Rymer’s Glen, 302.

SAAS, 270.
Saddleback, 167.

t. Abb’s Head, 40, 107, 108, 206, 207.
St. Andrews, 125, 182, 259, 260, 323, 409,

433-
St. Andrews Castle, 323.

St. Andrews United ee 323-

St. Anthony’s Chapel, 285.

St. Baldred’s, 361.

St. Boswell 134,377, 425:

St; "s, 35, 87, 83, 125, 126, 135, |
136, ie ahs ns 253, 301, 470.

ae Leonar

Saline, 205.
Saline Hills, 68, 132, 133, 205, 206.
Salisbury Crags, 275-30,.02, TT

Scawfell, 167.
Schiehallion, 214, 314, 417.
Scone, 259, 393, 3905, 321, 339, 397,

453-
Scone Woods, 322, 397, 411.
Seafield, 25, 65, I

Shannon, 152, 153.
asics Bridge, 153.
Shean, 433.

Shedog, 248.

28,

495

Shelter Stone, ror, 190.
Shetland 93

_ Sidelhorn, o6<, 267.

| Sikkim, 158.

| Sion AB feos

| Sir W. Scott’s tomb, 85.
| Skellig Rocks, 151.

Skiddaw, 167.
| Slateford, 26, 37, 38, 66, 112, 123, 129,
174, 249, 308, 315, 225, 451, 463.

51.

ahaa Esk Stakign on, 24.
| uth Queensferry, 32, 379, 439, 464, 470.
= sehr of igs 372, 416.
Spean, 4

‘Spe et 3h TOI, 190.

Spital Bridg
| | Spital of rps 97, 102, 188, 189.

| Springbank, 224, 225, 226, 244, 246.

| Springfield, 453.

| Springs of the Dee, 54.

| Stalden, 270.
' Stank, 454. -

Stank Burn, 367, 414, 415

| Starly Burn, 25, 35, 136, 176, 218, 2109.

t ars :
Stirling, 71, 93, 102, 174, 208, 211, 242,
250, 324, 325, 359, 368, 371, 443, 452,
466, 46

7:
Stirling Castle, is y aA 256, 325-
Stirling Castle Rock, 467.

Stock Gill, 166.

St ie ces, 163, 235, 236, 288, 317, 442.
Stoneriach, 459.

| Storsdale, 2, 322.

Stracy, 248.

Straight ange the, 292.

Strath Braa

| Stra’ ie pony oo. 320.

| Strathspey, 53.

Strathyre, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 352, 353.
Striding Edge, 168.

Stronvar, 353.

496

Stuc-a- — 20
Suspension Bridge, 114.
Sai Gi taice 61.
Swanston, 249, 474.
Swirrel Edge, 167.
yee daa. ai

TANNA river, 12
Tantallon, 163, e 332.
Tantallon Castle, 28, 45, 89, 138, 257,
340, 375, 376.
Tarbert, 151, 1
Tarbet, 184, ne 242, 243, 370, 371, 400,
Hn) 55
Tarff, 432, 436.
Tay, 59, 289, 393; 329; 339, 410, 444, 453-
Tay, banks of, 259.
Taymouth, 312.
Phrecoie Castle, 59.
eith,

71.
Tent 182, 260, 323, 409, 410.

Thornton Junctio:

Thun, 263, 264
ill, 240.
Tillicoultry,
Tillicoultry Glen, 37
Tongueland
Torbane Hill, 177.
Torraline Water, 121.
Feiss 10)

Torryburn, oe 134, 161, 162,°306.
Town Wood, 331.
Tralee, 150, 151, 152.

Tulliallan, 109, 161, 180.
T 1, 59.

urk Mountain, be 149.
Turk Waterfall,

Tweed, a 134, ie 199, 200, 236, 240,

377;
eo: 237, 241.
Tweedmill, 240.
Twizel Cast . on 241,

Tyne, 83, 179, 319, pee: 423.

INDEX OF NAMES OF PLACES.

Tynehead, 81, 83, 175, 193, 254, 287, 333,

407.
uc eohaal Bs 179, 238,
393, 423, 4

319, 361, 392,

ULLESWATER, 168,
Unter-Aar Glacier, wee

Utrecht Botanic Garden: 261.

Sas 268, 269, 272, 273.
Valentia, 151.

ie Paper Mills, 233, 285.
269.

Vispac

WALES
Walsall ot
Water of Leith, 78, 194, 220, 252, 302,
3S: a ck 336, 356, 463

» 312

Wells of Dee, 53, 190,

Wemyss, oe 158, an an 227, 228.

Wemyss Bay, 139, 141.
Wemyss aie 227, 225.
Wemyss Hill Farm
Western Dalmahoy Hill, 77, 155.
Western Wemyss, 158, 228.
Westerton, 466, 467.
on, 471
Lomond Hill, 201, 202, 320, 321,
381, 475.
Wharrie Bridge, 324.
harrie Burn, 466.

Ww
Wharrie Glen, 256, 324.
Whitadder, 241, 292.

White Coombe, 2
Whitekirk, 28.

itbery Point, 319, 392, 393, 423.
230.

INDEX OF NAMES OF PLACES. 497

White Water, 57, 101, 172, 298, 344, 385, | \Wolflee, 36 68.
- 479. Woo Seotiblalé: 177, 412, 440
Whiting Bay, 120, 121, 244, 245, 246, 247, Woodhall, 26, 37, 38, 66, 78, 112, 129

248, 448, 449. 159, 194, 315-
Whittingham, 107. Wordsworth’s tomb, 167.

icklow Court, 143. Wytheburn, 167.
Wigton

n Bay, 433-

Wi ana 20; 32, 108, 127, 107, 310, YARROW, 426, 473.
Sits 474 | Yester, 231, 232.
larga 165, 166, 167. ee House, 231.

w of Eorryandees 419, 420. |
Pie Calas, 150.
Wishaw
Witch olny, 444.

Zermatt, 270, 271, 272.
Zmutt glacier, 271.

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