Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden.

BULLETIN
OF

Tue New York Botanica, GarpEN

VOLUME X, 1919-1921

BULLETIN

OF

The New York Botanical Garden

VOLUME X

WITH 28 PLATES

IQIQ-1921

PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN
AT qr Nortu Queen Street, Lancaster. Pa.
uy Tue New Era Printinc ComMPANy

PRESS OF
THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY
LANCASTER, PA.

OFFICERS, 1921
ot Preswent—W. GILMAN THOMPSON
peer VICE-PRESIDENTS 4 Ep Wes >.D: 2AM

s

"HENRY W. DeEFOREST

HN L, MERRIL

pees Bg cae pad DE LA MONTAGNE
ECRETARY—-N. L. BRITTON

TREASURER—JO

s. ELECTED MANAGERS
rm expires January, 1922
HENRY de ree are Pee Se
PAUL D. CRA OLPH LEWISO
WILLIAM BOYCE THOMP SON
Term expires January, 1923
EDWARD D.
ROBERT W. d

JOHN L. MERRILL
FOREST Le N
DANIEL CUGCENHETAL

F. K. STURGIS
Term expires January, 1924
N. L. BRITTON LEWIS RUTHERFURD eo
HENRY W. de FOREST FREDERIC R. NEWBOL
W. J. MATHESON W. GILMAN THOMPSON
2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS
THE pee OF THE City or New York
ed - HYLAN
THE ae OF TH MENT OF PuBLic Parks
HON. FRANCIS DAWSON GALLATIN
3. ae ao RS
a ROF, R. A. HARPER, Chairm
EUGENE P. BI ELL ro. FREDERIC . era
DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY eee "ANNING S. ALL
PROF. WILLIAM J. GIE PROF. HERBERT it “Richarps
PROF. JAMES F. KEMP PROF. HENRY H. RUSB

GARDEN STAFF
DR. N. L. BRITTON, Divector-in-Chief (D Bhar iae Administration)
. H. A. GLEASO ssistant Direct Anat tration
DR. JOHN K. SMALL, Head Curator oe Plants)
DR. W. RR Supervisor of Public a structio
DR. P. A. RYDBERG, Curator (Flowering Plants)
DR. MARSHALL A. HO or (Flowerless Plants)
DR. FRED J. SEAVER, Curator (Flow
pce S. Ree S, Adminis ve he
aon Associate Cur
: L, A ie Gin
Head eae ator o of Plantations
STO Director of the Laboratorie
DR. JOHN HENDLEY BARN RT, Bibliogropher
RAH H. LOW.

, Honorary Curator of the = one oe
A TTON, Ho
_ ARTHUR HO
DR. WI

eer
erk and Accoun
RTHUR o CORBETT, Superintendent of Buildings and Groun
KENNETH R. BOYNTON, Supervisor of GHG Tasiniaion

TABLE OF CONTENTS

No. 37. MAY 12, 1919

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND DrrecToR-IN-CHIEF FOR
THE YEAR IgI8 :
Report of the Assistant Dircewe .
Report of the Head Gardener
Report of the Head Curator of the hineeaae end
Herbarium. : : ‘ : ; :
Report of the Librarian ;
Report of the Bibliographer .
Report of the Director of the Pras
Report of the Superintendent of Buldines sala
Grounds
Report of the noe Curate: of the Hesnothic
Collections.
Report of the Honorary Cisaior . Fossil Plane
Report of the Honorary Curator of Mosses.
Subscriptions to the Emergency Fund, 1918.
SCHEDULE OF ExpENDITURES DuRING THE YEAR IQI8 .
ReEporT OF THE CHAIRMAN OF THE SciEnTIFIC D1RECTORS
R THE YEAR 1918
REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON Pane Fens, AND
MEMBERS FOR THE YEAR IQI
REPORT OF THE TREASURER FOR THE YEAR 1918.
Report oF THE SPECIAL AUDITOR .

No. 38. JUNE 24, 1920

DescripTivE GUIDE To THE Grounds, BUILDINGS, AND
COLLECTIONS .

No. 39. JUNE 30, 1920

Report OF THE SECRETARY AND DrrecTor-IN-CHIEF FOR
THE YEAR I919
Report of the First Reasaae:
Report of the Head Curator of ie NMaxeaine aad
Herbarium.

Report of the cupervisee of Public Tae eaction.

Report of the Supervisor of Gardening Instruction.

Report of the Head Gardener

Report of the Director of the abo tes.

Report of the Superintendent of Bieaee re

Grounds F : . ; :

Report of the Bibliocrapher ;

Report of the Librarian

~ Report of the uae Carte: of ce Meonoune
Collection

Report of the oe Cumicl of WMostee.

Report of the Honorary Curator of Fossil Plants.:
ScHEDULE OF EXPENDITURES DURING THE YEAR IQI
REpoRT OF THE CHAIRMAN OF THE SCIENTIFIC ere

FOR THE YEAR IQI
REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON Patkons, MrmBens, AND
LOWS FOR THE YEAR I9IQ
ReEpoRT OF THE ao FOR THE YEAR 1919.
Report OF THE SPECIAL AUDITOR .

viii

No. 40. SEPTEMBER, 1921

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND DirecTor-IN-CHIEF FOR
THE YEAR 1920
Report of the Assistant Decker.
Report of the Head Curator of the Museums |
Herbarium. F

Report of the Gamer ede of Public Tastnuction:

Report of the Supervisor of Gardening Instruction.

Report of the Head Gardener and Curator of Planta-

tions

Report of the Dice of che, Tanoeones.

Report of the Superintendent of Buildings and

Grounds : : F ; :

Report of the Bi ene ‘

Report of the Librarian

Report of the Honorary err of the Hesromic

Collections. ..

Report of the Honorary Carsior of Moses,

Report of the Honorary Curator of Fossil Plants.
SCHEDULE OF EXPENDITURES DURING THE YEAR 1920.
REPORT OF THE CHAIRMAN OF THE ScIENTIFIC DirEcTorRS

FOR THE YEAR 1920
REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON Bismons, Peerowe: AND
EMBERS FOR THE YEAR 1920.
REPORT OF THE TREASURER FOR THE YEAR 1920.
REPORTS OF THE SPECIAL AUDITOR ; : ‘ 367,
GENERAL INDEX :
Generic InpEx .

BULLETIN
The New York Botanical Garden

Vol. 10 No. 37

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND DIRECTOR-
IN-CHIEF FOR THE YEAR 1918

(Accepted and ordered printed, January 13, 1919)

To THE Boarp oF Manacers or THE New Yorx Bo-
TANICAL GARDEN.

Gentlemen: I have the honor to submit my report as
Secretary and Director-in-Chief for the year ending
January 13, I9I9.

Notwithstanding conditions brought about by the
participation of our country in the necessary task of check-
ing the Teutonic attempt to dominate civilization, the
work of this institution has proceeded without serious
limitations. Our collections of plants, of specimens, and
of books have all been increased; educational work has
been continued as during previous years, with a smaller
number of special and advanced students than usual but
with quite as much attention to the needs of the general
public. All the plantations formerly established were
maintained, variously modified by additions or substitu-
tions; a comprehensive dahlia collection, brought together
and installed by Curator Marshall A. Howe, formed a new
plantation of exceptional interest and beauty. Through
continued cooperation with the Horticultural Society of
New York, the collection of roses was increased by many
kinds, and the rose garden was full of flowers from early
spring until late autumn. The collections in the herbaceous
garden, placed in charge of Dr. E. B. Southwick, have been

eo)

(2)

largely increased by him; valuable gifts of palms were
received from Mrs. C. P. Huntington, from Mrs. Finley J.
Shepard and from Mr. Percy Chubb, and many other
tropical plants from other donors; the great cactus collec-
tion has been increased by rare species from Ecuador,
collected by Dr. J. N. Rose. New horticultural plan-
tations were installed south of the herbaceous garden, on
the land used last year for the convention garden of the
Society of American Florists and Ornamental Horticul-
turists, including extensive series of gladioli, cannas, rose
mallows, and hardy chrysanthemums, and the path
system here has been extended by several hundred lineal
feet. Some additions have been made to the collections
of trees forming the arboretum, and about 600 lineal feet
of additional paths have been partially constructed there,
through the plantation of magnolias.

The total number of kinds of living plants now repre-
sented in out-of-door plantations and under glass is approxi-
mately 14,524, as against about 14,195 in cultivation
during 1917. We now have more kinds in cultivation
than in any previous year.

Additions to the library aggregate 703 bound volumes,
this large collection of books now numbering 29,237 bound
volumes. Museums and herbaria have been increased by
about 24,127 specimens; through continued effort by Dr.
Rusby, the collections forming the economic museum have
been increased, largely rearranged, and mostly catalogued;
the publication of this catalogue will be a noteworthy
contribution to economics.

Work has been in progress during the whole year on the
construction of the new greenhouses at conservatory
range 2, through the munificent gifts of $50,000 each for
this purpose in 1917 by Messrs. Daniel Guggenheim and
Murry Guggenheim; the contractors have been much
delayed by conditions beyond their control; it is now ex-
pected that these structures will be completed in the spring.
Through the same gifts and the accumulated interest

(3)

upon them, an additional coal bunker was built at power
house 2, and an additional steam boiler required for
heating the new greenhouses has been there installed.

The beautiful school garden shelter house, given by
Mrs. Frederick Ferris Thompson by her contribution of
$4,000 for this purpose in 1917, was completed during the
summer, after much delay in obtaining roofing tiles;
path approaches to this building, aggregating over 1,000
lineal feet, were built by an unexpended balance of this
gift and much necessary grading was accomplished in the
immediate vicinity.

Cooperation with the International Children’s School
Farm League, providing instruction in gardening, was
continued in the spring, until Mr. Henry G. Parsons,
Supervisor of Gardening Instruction, was called to the
United States Government Service in May. The school
garden has been maintained during the remainder of the
year and is available for use next spring. Acting upon
authority granted by the Board of Managers, President
Thompson has offered the Federal Board of Vocational
Training cooperation in the vocational training of con-
valescent soldiers and sailors in practical gardening, and
this offer is under consideration.

Botanical exploration was carried on in Florida by Dr.
John K. Small, under the highly appreciated patronage of
Mr. Charles Deering; in Colombia by Dr. Francis W.
Pennell, in cooperation with Dr. Rusby’s expedition for
the investigation of medicinal plants; and in Ecuador by
by Dr. J. N. Rose, of the Smithsonian Institution, who
was aided by a grant from our Science and Education
Fund. A very important cooperative arrangement for
the investigation of the flora and plant products of northern
South America was entered into with the Gray Herbarium
of Harvard University and the United States National
Museum; collections from that region will greatly enrich
our greenhouses, museums, and herbaria.

Public lectures were delivered by members of the staff

(4)

and by others on every Saturday afternoon from April 6
to November z. Docents, selected from members of the
staff, for the instruction of parties from schools and of
other visitors, have been available every week-day after-
noon throughout the year, and their work has been highly
appreciated. The laboratories have been available for
advanced students, but war conditions have prevented
any considerable number applying for instruction. The
library has been much consulted by students and visiting
investigators. As in previous years, a great amount of
information has been given out by mail and to visitors,
all members of the staff participating in this informational
duty.

Publications during 1918 include No. 36 of the Bulletin,
completing Volume 9; Journal Volume 19; Mycologia
Volume I0; 3 parts of North American Flora; 6 numbers of
Contributions; and the third volume of Addisonia.

Additions to permanent funds have been small, but
bequests, not yet paid, have been announced of $5,000
from the estate of Louisa Combe, of an appraised valuation
of $3,897 from the estate of Emil Wolff, and of a munificent
gift by the late Mrs. Russell Sage, being one fifty-second
part of her residuary estate.

Plants and Planting

Planting in many parts of the grounds was accomplished,
both in the spring and in the autumn, continued, owing to
the mild weather of December, until quite the end of the
year; a detailed account of the work done will be found in
the report of the Head Gardener herewith submitted.

1. Herbaceous Gardens

Much attention was given to collecting native plants in
the vicinity of New York, and adding them to the repre-
sentation of many families of plants. A much larger
number of annuals were grown from seeds obtained from
various sources than in former years. The general group-

(5)

ing of the plots was unchanged, but some of them were
enlarged. The defective water supply in the northern end
of the valley, referred to in my last annual report, has not
yet been repaired and needs attention.

2. Fruticetum

Additions were made to the shrub collection by specimen
plants hitherto grown in the nurseries. The extremely cold
weather of January damaged some of the plants which
had withstood winter conditions for ten years or more,
notably the Japanese holly (Ilex crenata) and nearly all
the varieties of box; during the season, however, these
have largely fecovercd.

3. Salicetum

The willow collection in the north meadows has not been
modified. The path leading through it on the west side
of the river was resurfaced with fine ashes from the power
house, as well as the paths through the north meadows on
the eastern side of the river, a total length of path of about
4,000 feet being thus resurfaced. e find this surface
construction of paths with ashes economical, both as to
material, which costs nothing, and as regards maintenance,
because weeds are much less abundant than in paths
surfaced with blue-stone screenings.

4. Deciduous Arboretum

The list of hardy woody plants in the collections, com-
piled by Mr. George V. Nash, Head Gardener, and pub-
lished in successive numbers of our Journal during the
past year, is of great interest; it proved to be more extensive
than was at first contemplated and it is not yet completely
printed, but should be finished by the spring. The severe
winter weather left its traces on a number of trees, almost
the entire series of Japanese cherries having had their
flowers blighted so that their blooming was insignificant.
The collection of catalpas, purchased by means of a gilt

(6)

by Mrs. Florence Lydig Sturgis, is developing satisfactorily
at the northeastern corner of the reservation. Some addi-
tional species were added to the collection by trees brought
from the nurseries. Some work was accomplished on the
extension of the path system, which is as yet incomplete.

5. Pinetum

The collection of coniferous trees has not been much
modified and but few additions have been made to it.
Many of the trees planted in previous years have now
developed into perfect and elegant specimens. The series
of yews is especially noteworthy, and it is planned to
extend this plantation somewhat in the spring. The
severe weather of January killed three fine trees of the
Deodar cedar (Cedrus Deodara), which had withstood
winters for fifteen years and had attained a height of about
18 feet; the Japanese cedars (Cryptomeria) were damaged
by the frost, but have essentially recovered.

6. Viticetum
The vines and climbers on the arbor east of the economic
garden were pruned in the spring, but the collection other-
wise unchanged. It was found necessary to cut out a few
contiguous trees which were shading some of the vines.

7. Water Gardens

No additional kinds of aquatics were added during the
year. The hardy water lilies continued as a feature of
beauty and interest throughout their flowering season.
The large masses of cat-tails (Typha) which have developed
here from very small beginnings, may now require some
restriction of their progressive occupation of the borders
of the pond.

Both the hardy and the tender water lilies and their
relatives, grown in the two concrete tanks in the court of
conservatory range I, continued flowering freely. The
leak in the tank containing the tender kinds, mentioned

(7)

in my last report as having given trouble, was corrected,
by coating the entire bottom of the tank with a thick coat
of tar.
8. Iris Garden

The collection of irises at the southwestern corner of the
reservation was completely replanted in the spring, the
plants having grown so vigorously as to make this neces-
sary; the number of kinds was not increased nor the area
of plantation extended, although space is available for
much additional planting. A path leading from the iris
garden along the west side of the driveway eastwardly to
the mallow garden, called for in the general plan, is now
much needed.

9. White Pine Plantation

The young white pine forest, established in the spring
of 1916 on the rocky hill north of the iris garden, in coopera-
tion with the State Conservation Commission through the
interest of Dr. Walter B. James and the Honorable George
D. Pratt, has continued to develop satisfactorily, and is
of great interest as a demonstration of forest establish-
ment. It has been carefully protected from fire by keeping
the grass cut short in the autumn, and each young pine
has been mulched with a small amount of leaf mould.

10. Red Pine Plantation

Through the further interest of the State Conservation
Commission and of Dr. James, a new plantation of the red
pine (Pinus resinosa) was made in the spring on the rocky
ridge opposite Fordham Hospital, nearly 2,000 four-year-
old transplants being furnished us by the Commission at a
nominal cost. It so happened that planting conditions
in the spring were so good that nearly every little pine
grew, and this plantation has also been of exceptional in-
terest. When these trees grow up, their healing bal-
samic fragrance will doubtless reach patients in the
hospital.

(8)
11. Horticultural Gardens

The land prepared last year for the convention garden
of the Society of American Florists and Ornamental Horti-
culturists, south of the herbaceous garden, was occupied
in the spring by special horticultural plantations as sug-
gested in my last annual report, consisting of extensive
series of gladioli, cannas, phloxes, hardy chrysanthemums,
and rose mallows, which were highly enjoyed during their
flowering periods. They were completely labeled and an
important educational element was thus added. A com-
mencement was made in establishing evergreen back-
grounds for these plantations, but much of this desirable
planting remains to be done, and a path is much needed
from the southern end of the herbaceous garden to the
collection of mallows.

12. Lilac and Peony Garden

The collection of lilacs brought together near Pelham
Parkway, south of the rose garden, has not been increased
during the year, but the plants have been cultivated. It is
proposed in the spring to move into this collection about
one half of the series of Lemoine hybrid lilacs at present in
the plantation near the museum building, given some
years ago by Mr. T. A. Havemeyer. The planting of the
peony collection here must await the necessary path con-
struction and grading of the area concerned. Meanwhile,
we are bringing together collections of peonies in other
plantations, which will be available for this garden at the
proper time.

13. Rose Garden

The grading of the bank at the eastern side of the stone
stairway given by Mrs. Robert E. Westcott was completed
early in the spring and the new bank sodded. Sufficient
stone was obtained here to build the northern boundary
path at the same time. The high-level path overlooking
the rose garden from the west has not yet been completed;

(9)

when finished, it will afford a very beautiful view of the
plantation and its woodland background. Large addi-
tional collections of roses were added, both in the spring
and in the fall, through continued cooperation with the
Horticultural Society of New York, and space has been
reserved within the garden for kinds not yet obtained.

No further progress has been made in the architectural
features planned for the rose garden. These have been
referred to the Endowment Committee for consideration.
The plantation was guarded as during the previous season,
by having one gardener come on at daylight and another
gardener stay until evening; under this observation, no
serious depredations have been suffered.

14. School Garden

Through continued cooperation with the International
Children’s School Farm League during the spring, the
school garden was used by students until May, at which
time Mr. Henry G. Parsons, Supervisor of Gardening
Instruction, was called to Government Service in the
Department of Conservation; a typical vegetable home
garden was maintained there during the remainder of the
season. The completion of the school garden shelter
house, with its tool cellar, during the summer, has pro-
vided a most attractive and useful feature, contributed by
Mrs. Frederick Ferris Thompson, whose gift of $4,000 for
this purpose enabled us not only to construct the building
but to build all the path approaches to it and to do con-
siderable necessary grading.

15. Mansion Garden

It will be recalled that plans for a formal garden to be
located just south of the mansion were approved in 1916.
The completion of other work in progress and the need of
available funds for other purposes have thus far prevented
us from building this garden.

(10)
16. Flower Gardens

The extensive plantations of garden flowers around
conservatory range I and extending to the elevated railway
station, have been variously modified by additions and
substitutions, and have been kept labeled. The difficulty
in obtaining fresh supplies of bulbs and the high expense
of such as could be obtained have operated to reduce the
number of bulbous plants cultivated in these gardens during
the previous season; this restriction will probably be con-
tinued during the coming year.

17. Dahlia Garden

As outlined in my last annual report, the mixed flower
garden which has been maintained for a number of years
in front of the border screen between the railroad station
and the Mosholu Parkway entrance was replaced this
year by a large and comprehensive collection of dahlias,
brought together by Dr. Marshall A. Howe, one of our
curators, who has long given attention to the botany and
cultivation of these plants. Over 300 kinds were brought
into the collection through contributions of roots by many
friends, and the plants flowered profusely, and owing to
the mild autumn the period of blooming was extended well
into November.

It is proposed to modify the front of the border screen
south of the railroad station extending to the Bedford
Park Boulevard entrance, by installing there during the
coming season a comprehensive series of hardy chrysan-
themums, and preparations have been made to carry this
suggestion into effect.

18. Nurseries and Experimental Grounds

Collections in the nurseries were considerably reduced
during the year by the transferral of plants to other situa-
tions, and the area under cultivation here is thus somewhat
smaller than in the previous year. The Director of the

(11)

Laboratories has continued experimental work in plant
breeding, which is described in his report hereto appended.

19. Conservatory Range I

The collections in this great greenhouse have been con-
served and considerable additions have been made to them,
the fine series of palms presented by Mrs. Collis P. Hunt-
ington and Mrs. Finley J. Shepard being the most note-
worthy. The houses are densely crowded at the present
time, owing to the transferral, made necessary by the coal
situation, of the collections from conservatory range 2 in
the early part of 1918, and this crowding of plants is not
conducive to the best cultivation or the most effective
exhibition. A considerable rearrangement of the collec-
tions has also been found necessary, so that the account of
the contents of the different houses as published in our
last guide-book is now out of date in a number of details.
Very extensive repairs to the roofs of these greenhouses
were found necessary during the year, requiring a large
expenditure of money for re-glazing and re-framing, and
the heating system required a large amount of new steam
pipe; all these repairs were accomplished by our own
mechanics and steam engineers.

20. Conservatory Range 2

This range of greenhouses has been empty during the
entire year, as a consequence of the coal situation. Oppor-
tunity has been taken to completely repaint both the
interior and exterior and to make light necessary repairs
to the frame. Construction of the two additional green-
houses of this range, made possible by the gifts of $50,000
each by Messrs. Daniel Guggenheim and Murry Guggen-
heim, elsewhere described in this report, will presumably
be completed in the spring, and it is proposed, during the
summer, to put this range in operation again and to replace
within it the collections moved to conservatory range 1;
many additional plants for this collection may be brought

(12)

from various points in tropical America at such time as
this becomes practicable.

21. Propagating and Experimental Greenhouses

In order to conserve fuel, two of the four greenhouses
of this range were emptied in the autumn, partly by the
elimination of duplicates and partly by transferrals to
conservatory range I. One of the two houses in operation
contains parts of our extensive collection of cactuses, most
of which, when conservatory range 2 is in operation, it is
planned to move to conservatory range 1. Only ordinary
repairs have been required for these buildings.

22. Natural Features

The natural beauty of the reservation remains unim-
paired. Some dead and decrepit trees have been cut out
of the woodlands and used for fuel and fencing, and this
work is in progress at the present time. As a whole, how-
ever, the trees are in excellent condition and the amount of
dead wood within the reservation is very small. Our
patrol against fire and vandalism has been effective, but
it is only that which has preserved the woodlands from
serious damage, inasmuch as a considerable number of
fires have been started, either accidentally or maliciously.
It is still desirable to extend the railings along trails in
various parts of the woodlands, in order to restrict travel
to well-defined lines, but the cost of iron during the past
year has made this extension impossible to secure, and
wooden railings have been found altogether unsatisfactory,
being subject to rapid decay and requiring high expenditure
for repairs.

The income of the fund for the preservation of native
plants, given some years ago by the Misses Caroline and
Olivia E. Phelps-Stokes, has been allowed to accumulate.
It is proposed to use this accumulation, added to the income
of the fund for 1919, for the reproduction of additional
colored illustrations of wild plants requiring special pro-
tection.

(13)

23. Border Screens
The screen of trees planted some years ago along the
northeastern boundary of the reservation, adjoining land
which was brought into the Bronx River Parkway, was
much thinned during the early part of the year by the cut-
ting out of many trees, as recommended in my last annual
report, and the landscape of the valley in this region has
been much improved by this elimination. There remain a
few more trees which may better be removed. ‘The border
screen on the western margin of the reservation, along the
New York Central and Hudson River Railroad, may also

be thinned to advantage in a few places.

Museums

The general arrangement of the museum collections has
not been changed, the series of specimens illustrating
economic botany remaining on the first floor of the museum
building, the collection of fossil plants on the basement
floor, the systematic collections on the second floor, and
the herbarium and special collections on the third floor;
all have been materially increased by additional specimens
and somewhat modified by substitutions.

1. Economic Museum

Acting on previous authorization, Dr. H. H. Rusby,
Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections, com-
menced a revision and cataloguing of this great series of
vegetable raw products in the spring, and has since con-
tinued this work during all the time at his command, with
the help of Mr. R. S. Williams, Administrative Assistant,
and Mr. Percy Wilson, Associate Curator. Several hun-
dred valuable specimens hitherto held in storage have been
incorporated into the series as the work, which is now more
than half completed, has proceeded; the catalogue, which
includes notes and descriptive matter, has been typewritten
in great part and thus prepared for publication in our
Bulletin; it is anticipated that this catalogue may be made

(14)

ready for printing in the spring. Details of this work will
be found in Dr. Rusby’s report hereto appended. The
newly incorporated specimens require mounting and label-
ing.

2. Systematic Museum

Some additions have been made to these collections on
the second floor of the museum building. It is hoped that
through further exploration of regions botanically little
known, many specimens of fruits, seeds and other plant
products may be obtained for further illustration of the
families of plants.

It has now become desirable to transfer some of the
collections on the third floor of the museum to the second
floor, in order to relieve the crowding of specimens, and
it is proposed to put the plan in operation which was
approved by the Scientific Directors several years ago, by
bringing the entire collections of fungi from the third floor
to the second, where they would be installed in the western
wing. About 30 additional museum and herbarium cases
will be required to effect this transferral satisfactorily.

3. Paleobotanical Museum

The report of the Honorary Curator of the Collection
of Fossil Plants hereto appended refers to work accom-
plished on this collection, and notes progress made in the
study of the fossil plants obtained from Porto Rico and
from Cuba, these yielding the first knowledge which has
been obtained concerning the ancestors of living plants of
the West Indies; discoveries made in Cuba during the
past year by Brother Leon, of the College of La Salle in
Havana, have opened up a field which will certainly yield
material of great scientific value as types of undescribed
species, and it is highly desirable that the localities found
to yield fossil plants by him and by his associates should
be thoroughly explored.

(15)

4. Herbarium

The report of the Head Curator of the Museums and
Herbarium gives details of work upon these immensely
valuable collections, which have been largely increased
and extensively rearranged and classified during the past
year. Twelve new herbarium cases were obtained and
put in position, and these have made it possible to incor-
porate many thousand specimens which have been held
in storage for several years, including about 4,800 brought
from Colombia by Drs. Rusby and Pennell. Much ma-
terial is still held in storage which should be brought into
the collections in order to make it available for the use of
students, and it is hoped that additional cases may be
obtained.

5. Lantern Slides, Photographic Negatives, and Prints

Much progress has been made in the rearrangement and
cataloguing of lantern slides and negatives since the ap-
pointment in 1917 of Miss Elsie M. Kittredge as an Assis-
tant Curator, referred to this duty, and some additions
have been made to these collections, for which an additional
case is now required.

The large collection of prints and other illustrations of
plants stored in cases in the library is being rearranged and
made more satisfactory for consultation through the work
of Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox, a member of the Garden, who
kindly offered to serve as a voluntary assistant in the
autumn and has since continued as such; her services are
highly appreciated.

Library

During the year, considerable additional shelving space,
long required for books, was attained by boxing a large
part of the private library of Dr. John H. Barnhart, Bib-
liographer, which has been deposited with the Garden for
several years. The portions boxed were duplicates of
volumes in the Garden’s library. Dr. Barnhart’s collec-
tion contains a large number of desirable books which are

(16)

not represented in the library otherwise, and he has con-
sented to sell these to the Garden as funds may become
available from time to time. A commencement of such
purchases was made this year by the expenditure of $400
from the income of the William R. Sands Fund, appro-
priated for books. The rearrangement above described
necessitated moving from case to case the entire Garden
library of nearly 30,000 volumes, which was accomplished
by the janitors.

The library has become one of the most important col-
lections of the literature of plants in existence, but a large
number of rare works published prior to 1850 are still
unrepresented in the collection. It appears probable that
the close of the world war in Europe will throw many lib-
raries upon the market, and probably no such opportunity
to obtain rare books will ever again occur. It wou
therefore be highly desirable to have considerable freedom
of expenditure for the purchase of books during the coming
year, and several thousand dollars could be used to advan-
tage. This brings up again the desirability of obtaining a
fund specified for library purposes, to yield an annual
income of $2,000 or more.

Reference is made to the reports of the Bibliographer
and the Librarian hereto appended.

Public Instruction and Information

Continued attention has been given to requests for
information by visitors, and the system of docentry estab-
lished some years ago has been most useful. Most members
of the staff have acted as docents on occasion, but the
regular assignment to this duty for afternoons at three
o’clock has been divided between Mr. Percy Wilson,
Associate Curator, Mr. R. S. Williams, Administrative
Assistant, and Mr. H. W. Becker, Foreman Gardener.
Subsequent to public Saturday afternoon lectures, the
lecturer has frequently escorted as many of the audience
as desired to go, to points in the grounds and buildings

(17)

where collections further illustrated the topic discussed,
and these trips have been highly appreciated by visitors.
The labeling of all collections has been continued and
expanded, and all inquiries for information received by
mail have been answered as promptly and as completely
as possible.

In order to still further develop the usefulness of the
collections in public instruction, it is proposed to concen-
trate the supervision of the direct educational work of the
institution in a member of the staff, under the designation
of Supervisor of Public Instruction.

Exploration

The very important botanical exploration of the Re-
public of Colombia by Drs. Rusby and Pennell, referred
to in my last annual report, was satisfactorily completed
in the spring, at which time Dr. Pennell returned with
very large collections of specimens and many living plants.
Many seeds obtained from this trip have been germinated
in the propagating houses, and interesting species have
thus been added to the collection of tropical plants. The
herbarium and museum specimens obtained have been
classified in a preliminary way and their study will add
greatly to knowledge of the flora of northern South America;
duplicates will soon be distributed to other institutions in
continuation of exchanges.

e proposed cooperative arrangement with the Gray
Herbarium of Harvard University and with the Smith-
sonian Institution, referred to in my last report, was con-
summated early in the year, and the first expedition under
this arrangement was conducted during the summer and
autumn in Ecuador by Dr. J. N. Rose, of the United
States National Museum; the expenses of this trip were
met by funds provided by the United States Department
of Agriculture, aided by a contribution from the income of
our Science and Education Fund and by a contribution
from the Gray Herbarium. Dr. Rose returned late in

(18 )

the year with a large and important collection, including
living plants of the cacti of Ecuador which were previously
very imperfectly known; these collections are now being
arranged for study at Washington, and a duplicate set of
them will come to us in due time.

The study of the plants of southern Florida undertaken
by Dr. John K. Small, Head Curator, some years ago and
continued as opportunity has permitted, has been very
important in determining the existence in the United
States of many plants otherwise known only from the
West Indies or tropical continental America, and has also
demonstrated the occurrence there of a number of endemic
species. Inasmuch as the region is fast being developed
for residential and agricultural purposes and its natural
features thus modified or destroyed, the investigation was
most timely. ‘The work has been greatly aided through
the valued cooperation of Mr. Charles Deering, who has
established gardens on his estate at Miami for the further
preservation of the rarer plants.

In continuance of our investigations of the West Indian
flora, collections have been received from Brother Leon of
Havana and Brother Hioram of Guantanamo, Cuba,
from Mr. William Harris in Jamaica, and from Mr. L. J. K.
Brace in New Providence, Bahamas.

Roads and Paths

The maintenance of the driveways by the Park Depart-
ment, as provided by the Garden’s Charter, has been
excellent and the system is in good condition; the valued
cooperation in this work, as also in other matters, by the
Hon. Joseph P. Hennessy, Commissioner of Parks of the
Borough of The Bronx, and of members of his staff, is
highly appreciated.

Little progress was made in completing the large em-
bankment needed on the line of the unfinished driveway at
the north end of the long lake, where some earth has been
needed to finish the slopes; the practical cessation of build-

(19)

ing operations in the vicinity of the Garden, due to war
conditions, prevented us from obtaining the filling needed
from contractors having surplus earth to dispose of, but
it is hoped that this material will be forthcoming during
the next season. In reply to an inquiry by the Commis-
sioner of Parks in May, relative to requirements for cor-
porate stock during the next four years, the request was
made for an issue of $5,000 for the completion of this
driveway, which would finish the construction of the drive-
way system of the reservation as planned.

Some work has been done toward completing the drive-
way approach to the central display greenhouse at con-
servatory range 2 from the Bronx Boulevard and is in
progress there at the present time, looking to the com-
pletion of this road in the early spring.

All the constructed paths, and the trails through the
woodlands, have been kept in order by our own employees,
requiring only the hoeing out of weeds and the resurfacing
of paths of the system by ashes from the power house.
Additional paths, 10 feet in width, aggregating a total
length of 1,685 feet, have been constructed in various parts
of the grounds, and several hundred feet of others have
been partially built, as recorded in the report of the Super-
intendent of Buildings and Grounds hereto appended.

All the bridges have been carefully inspected and are in
good order.

Grading and Drainage

Contingent upon the building of additional paths, con-
siderable grading and filling was required; earth used in
filling was obtained from the excavation made for an addi-
tional coal bunker at power house 2, as also considerable
stone used in path building. At conservatory range 2,
a large knoll of rock along the Bronx Boulevard was drilled
and blasted and the rock used for building walls of the new
greenhouses and of the new coal bunker, and also in roads
and paths, sufficient being reserved to construct the walls
of a new coal bunker at power house 1. The removal of

(20)

this knoll was necessary for landscape considerations in
preparing the ground for the proposed new flower garden
at conservatory range 2. It proved to contain building
stone of a very high quality.

Some stone for path foundations was also excavated in
the rocky hill just north of the museum building, where
the surface remains unfinished.

Additional drainage was accomplished along the drive-
way at the mallow garden by laying over 200 feet of 4-inch
and 3-inch pipes, and a swampy area was thus reclaimed.
Additional data may be found in the report of the Superin-
tendent of Buildings and Grounds hereto appended.

Water Supply

The water pipes have not been extended during the
season, but an extension is now necessary, owing to the
decrease in pressure during the past several years in the
supply of the mansion. A new connection seeking to
improve this pressure was made a few years ago, and fora
time appeared satisfactory, although the pressure did not
reach much above the second floor. What is apparently
needed is to purchase and lay about 600 feet of 4~inch water-
main from near the school garden to the rose garden, along
the south side of the uncompleted driveway, and connect
this with pipes already laid reaching to the mansion.
I have elsewhere referred to the defective water supply
of the northern end of the herbaceous garden, which should
be made good, and a water pipe is needed through the
school garden.

Buildings

Extensive repairs were found necessary on the museum
building, on the roof of conservatory range 1, and on the
boilers in power house 1, requiring high expenditure for
materials. A considerable portion of this work was made
necessary by the arctic temperatures of the early part of
the year, which caused a maximum amount of contraction
in structures and the subsequent loosening; also the neces-

(21)

sity of forcing boilers to their full capacity for long periods
of time deteriorated boiler tubes and furnaces to a marked
degree. The repairs were all made, and the buildings are
now in good condition. Details are recorded in the report
of the Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds.

The two additional greenhouses at conservatory range 2
under construction, through the generosity of Messrs.
Daniel Guggenheim and Murry Guggenheim, will pre-
sumably be completed and made ready for operation in
the spring, and they will provide long needed space for the
exhibition of tropical and subtropical plants. The larger
of these two structures, designated the Central Display
Greenhouse, has been designed, at the suggestion of Presi-
dent Thompson, to include an open space which may be
utilized as a lecture hall, and the facilities thus provided
will doubtless prove a very important pedagogic addition
to our equipment. This large greenhouse may also serve
for more or less permanent horticultural exhibition, the
need for which has always been realized in the city.

The construction of the additional coal bunker at power
house 2 provides important additional storage for coal.
It is hoped that we shall succeed in enlarging the coal
storage capacity at power house 1 during the coming season,
as already planned and authorized. Increased coal storage
capacity will operate economically in reducing the expense
of handling coal, and also operate to obtain coal at some-
what lower prices. In order to ensure a coal supply for
the present winter, an amount estimated as suffcient to
last until April was purchased, after consultation with the
Commissioner of Parks, and delivered at power house 1
during the summer and autumn. It was purchased from
Olin J. Stephens, payment to be made for the amount
consumed in 1918 from appropriations for that year, and
the remainder from appropriation for 1919.

Liberty Bonds

As authorized by the Board of Managers, employees of
the Garden were given the privilege of subscribing to both

(22)

the third and fourth issues of Liberty Bonds, payable by
instalments. The Treasurer purchased $3,800 of the third
loan and $8,800 of the fourth loan for this purpose. A list
of employees subscribing to either the third or the fourth
issue, or to both, is as follows:

G. K. Ackerman, Jr., Clerk

C. J. Auld, Gardener

J. H. Barnhart, Bibliographer

H. W. Becker, Foreman Gardener

Mary T. Becker

J. Blaess, Laborer

J. Brennan, Steam Engineer

N. L. Britton, Director-in-Chief

B. Cassell, Gardener

T. Chadwick, Gardener

Walter Charles, Janitor

A. J. Corbett, Superintendent of Buildings and

Grounds

J. A. Curry, Laborer

W. Curry, Driver

G. De Genova, Gardener

James Dwyer, Stableman

William Eagen, Gardener

J. Fagan, Carpenter

Anna Farley

J. Farley, Laborer

F. Finen, Fireman

James Finley, Gardener

John Finley, Foreman Gardener

G. Frick, Laborer

George Friedhof, Gardener

Henry Friedman, Clerk

A. Glass, Gardener

A, Gleasel, Gardener

W. S. Groesbeck, Bookkeeper

J. Hagenauer, Night Watchman

Morris Hannon, Night Watchman

(23)

Sarah H. Harlow, Librarian

John Hartling, Head Gardener’s Assistant
J. J. Hoffstadt, Mason

M. A. Howe, Curator

P. Howe, Mason

W. Hutchinson, Fireman

Owen Keefe, Gardener

Elsie M. Kittredge, Assistant Curator
R. McAvis, Driver

W. J. McGreevy, Head Steam Engineer
R. McLaughlin, Gardener

J. Malley, Driver

J. Masterson, Night Watchman

E. J. Meyer, Laborer

J. W. Millard, Janitor

J. Moore, Gardener

G. Morse, Night Watchman

W. A. Murrill, Assistant Director

G. V. Nash, Head Gardener

John Purcell, Gardener

Jacob Radlein, Gardener

M. A. Rice, Night Watchman

P. A. Rydberg, Curator

T. Scanlon, Keeper

Grace M. Schilling

F. A. Schilling, Museum Custodian
F. Schmidt, Janitor

F. J. Seaver, Curator

Harry Shafer, Fireman

J. K. Small, Head Curator

C. Smith, Gardener

Harvey Smith, Janitor

J. W. Smith, Gardener

John Sommer, Gardener

E. B. Southwick, Custodian of Herbaceous Grounds
D. E. Stilwell, Janitor

T. Stokes, Keeper

(24)

A. B. Stout, Director of the Laboratories
D. B. Strickland, Steam Engineer

F. A. Thumann, Carpenter

P. Vogel, Laborer

T. Webb, Laborer

F. White, Laborer

Florence M. Willey, Stenographer

R. A. Willey, Driver

R. S. Williams, Administrative Assistant
R. E. Wills, Steam Engineer

Percy Wilson, Associate Curator

Wild Flower Preservation Society

Reports Appended

Following this report will be found those of the Assistant
Director, the Head Gardener, the Head Curator of the
Museums and Herbarium, the Librarian, the Bibliographer,
the Director of the Laboratories, the Superintendent of
Buildings and Grounds, the Honorary Curator of the
Economic Collections, the Honorary Curator of the Col-
lection of Fossil Plants, and the Honorary Curator of
Mosses; also a list of subscriptions to the Emergency
Fund subscribed by members during 1918, and a schedule
of expenditures by the Bookkeeper.

Respectfully submitted,
N. L. Britton,
Director-in-Chief.

REPORT OF THE ASSISTANT DIRECTOR
Dr. N. L. Brirron, Drrector-in-CuIErF.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report for
the year 1918.

The growing season of 1918 was quite moist until late
summer and especially favorable for herbaceous plants
and evergreens. Many of the latter, however, were
severely injured by the unusually cold winter, as described

(25)

by Mr. Nash in the Journal for March and July. The
autumn was very fine, and the dahlias were not killed until
November sixth.

Supervision of the work on the control of destructive
insects has been continued by Dr. Seaver. It was thought
that the unusually severe winter might affect the viability
of the tussock moth, but experiments showed this hope to
have been unfounded. Large numbers of the egg-masses
were gathered in the spring and destroyed. The destruc-
tive work of the tussock moth was not excessive on our
grounds, due in part at least to artificial control.

The Japanese cherries have suffered considerable damage
from the West Indian peach scale (Aulacaspis pentagona).
Special attention is being given to this insect with the
hope of clearing out the pest. Aphids were exceedingly
numerous during the season but their natural enemy, the
lady-bird, was also very abundant and helped to reduce
the destructive work of these insects. The rose beetle
and other standard pests continued their work and have
been combatted as formerly. Work on the control of rose
mildew and other destructive fungi has also been continued
as usual.

Lectures

Pusziic Lectures

Illustrated public lectures on botanical and horticultural
subjects have been given in the museum building on Satur-
day afternoons from April to November, as outlined below.
The total attendance for the year has been 2,454, averaging
79 for each of the 31 lectures; the maximum attendance
being 136 on September 21.

April 6. “How to Prepare the Soil for Gardening,” by
Mr. J. G. Curtis.

April 13. “Vacant Lot Gardens,” by Mr. Carl Bann-
wart.

April 20. “Tree-planting for Forests,” by Professor
S. W. Allen.

(26)

April 27. “Home Gardens,” by Mr. Henry G. Parsons.

May 4. “Drug Plants and Their Cultivation,” by
Dr. H. H. Rusby.

May 11. “How to Grow Fruits in Limited Areas,”
by Professor M. A. Blake.

(Exhibition of Flowers, May 11 and 12)

May 18. “Fiber Plants and Their Cultivation,” by
Mr. Lyster H. Dewey.

May 25. ‘Women as Gardeners,” by Miss Delia W.
Marble.

June. ‘Diseases of Garden Crops and Their Control,”
by Dr. Mel. T. Cook.

June 8. “Insect Pests and Their Control,” by Dr. F. J.
Seaver.

June 15. “Rose Gardens,” with visit to new Rose
Garden, by Mr. G. V. Nash.

(Exhibition of Roses and Peonies, June 15 and 16)

June 22. “Economic Uses and Possibilities of the
Seaweeds,” by Dr. M. A. Howe.

June 29. “Wild Flowers of Summer,” by Dr. N. L.
Britton.

July 6. ‘Scenic and Botanic Features of the Dells of
the Wisconsin River,” by Dr. A. B. Stout.

July 13. “How the Introduction of Foreign Plant
Diseases is Prevented,” by Mr. H. B. Shaw.

July 20. “The Economic Uses of the Fungi,” by Dr.
F. J. Seaver.

July 27. “Edible Wild Plants of the Vicinity of New
York,” by Dr. H. H. Rusby.

August 3. ‘Rock and Alpine Gardens,” by Dr. E. B.
Southwick.

August 10. ‘“‘The Sphagnum Moss and its Use in
Surgical Dressings,” by Dr. G. E. Nichols.

August17. “Through the Eastern Andes of Colombia,”
by Dr. F. W. Pennell.

August 24. ‘“‘Ancient and Modern Ideas in Regard to
Fossil Plants,” by Dr. Arthur Hollick.

(Exhibition of Gladioli, August 24 and 25)

(27)

August 31. “Autumn Flowers,” by Dr. N. L. Britton.
September 7. “Gladioli,” by Professor A. C. Beal.
September 14. “Evergreens,” by Mr. G. V. Nash.
September 21. “Dahlias,” by Dr. M. A. Howe.
(Exhibition of Dahlias, September 21 and 22)
September 28. “Flora of the Vicinity of New York,”
by Mr. Norman Taylor.
October 5. ‘‘Autumn Coloration,” by Dr. A. B. Stout.
October 12. ‘Cut Flowers and How to Use Them,”
by Mr. E. I. Farrington.
October 19. “The Value of Birds in a Garden,” by
Dr. G. Clyde Fisher.
October 26. “Some Plant Diseases of New York and
Virginia,” by Dr. E. W. Olive.
November 2. “Plants as Insect Traps,” by Dr. J. H.
Barnhart.
Publications
JOURNAL

The Journal has been published for each month during
the year, making a volume of 340 pages, with 16 plates.

MycoLocia
This periodical has appeared on alternate months during
the year, making a volume of 307 pages, with 14 plates.

Norto American Fiora
Volume 21, part 3, containing descriptions of Allionia-
ceae, by P. C. Standley, appeared January 22, 1918.
Volume 32, part I, containing descriptions of Rubiaceae,
by P. C. Standley, appeared December 28, 1918.
Volume 22, part 6, containing descriptions of Rosaceae,
by P. A. Rydberg, appeared December 30, 1918.

BULLETIN
Bulletin No. 36, with 115 pages, was issued April 30,
1918. It contains the annual reports of the Director-in-
Chief and other officers for the year 1917.

(28)

ADDISONIA

The third volume of this publication, containing 84
pages of popular descriptions and 40 colored plates, ap-
peared in four parts, issued in March, June, September,
and December.

CONTRIBUTIONS

No. 203. The Flora of the American Virgin Islands,
by N. L. Britton.

No. 204. Further Notes on the Structural Dimorphism
of Sexual and Tetrasporic Plants in the genus Galaxaura,
by M. A. Howe.

No. 206. Revision of the North American Species of
Encalypta, by Dorothy Coker.

o. 207. Notes on Plants of the Northern United
States—IV, by Francis W. Pennell.

DocENTRY
Over 2,360 visitors, including classes from public and
private schools, have availed themselves during the year
of the privilege of viewing the buildings and grounds under
the guidance of Mr. P. Wilson, Mr. R. S. Williams, and
Mr. H. W. Becker.

Nature STuDY

On January 22, about 240 biology pupils from Evander
Childs High School, accompanied by Mr. Paul B. Mann and
several other biology teachers, came to the Garden to
study the conservatory collections and attend an illus-
trated lecture on Forestry by Mr. George E. Hewitt.

On February 27, 500 biology pupils from the Evander
Childs High School, accompanied by Mr. Mann, Mr.
Hewitt, and several other teachers, attended a lecture in
the museum by Mr. Henry G. Parsons on ‘‘How to Make
and Care for a Home Garden.”

On April 17, 176 students from the Evander Childs
High School attended a lecture by Mrs. Britton on the
preservation of our native plants under the auspices of the

Caroline and Olivia Phelps-Stokes Fund.

(29)

The tenth anniversary meeting of the School Garden
Association of New York, was held at the New York Bo-
tanical Garden on the afternoon of June 8, with a large
number of members in attendance. Addresses were de-
livered in the Mansion lecture room by Dr. N. L. Britton,
Mr. Van Evrie Kilpatrick, and Mrs. Henry Parsons.

On June 18, 452 students from the Morris High School
visited the large conservatory range and portions of the
grounds, and then attended a lecture in the museum
building.

On June 19, 247 students from the Evander Childs High
School visited the large conservatory range and portions
of the grounds, and then attended a lecture in the museum
building.

Scientific Meetings

The monthly conferences of members of the staff and
students have been continued, and a report of each meeting
has been published in the current number of the Journal.

The Torrey Botanical Club has met each month as usual
in the morphological laboratory in the museum building.
On October 30, the public hall was used in connection with
the regular meeting of the Torrey Club for an illustrated
lecture by Dr. E. O. Hovey on certain botanical explora-
tions of the “Macmillan Expedition.”

The Police of the Fifty-third Precinct, under Captain
John levers, pursuant to the request of the Police Commis-
sioner, used the museum lecture hall one evening a week
during July and August, for the organization and instruc-
tion of the Women’s Police Reserve and the Emergency
Relief Organization of the Police Department. The
average attendance at the seven lectures was 66.

The New York Microscopical Society held a field meeting
at the Garden on the afternoon of June 8, for the study
and collection of pond life; most of the time was spent at
lakes 2 and 3, where many minute treasures were found,
both animal and vegetable.

The Horticultural Society of New York, in cooperation

(30)

with the New York Botanical Garden, held exhibitions of
plants and flowers in the museum building on May 11 and
12, June 15 and 16, August 24 and 25, and September 21
and 22.

A lecture on the use of plants and flowers in design was
given at the Mansion on October 17 by Miss Donlevy.

Personal Investigations

Administrative, curatorial, and editorial duties have left
little time for consecutive scientific work this year. The
demand for information has increased, especially in con-
nection with fungi causing forest diseases and fungi used
for food.

The gill-fungi of tropical North America were com-
pleted and the two final instalments published in ALycologia
for January and March. Several parts of North American
Flora are in preparation, with the assistance of other
specialists.

he popular illustrated articles on fungi in Mycologia
have been continued with the aid of colored plates drawn
by Miss Eaton, six species of polypores and ten species of
gill-fungi having been treated in this series during the year.
Respectfully submitted,
W. A. AMurritt,
Assistant Director.

REPORT OF THE HEAD GARDENER
Dr. N. L. Brirrox, Drrecror-1xn-CHIEF.

Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith my report as
Head Gardener for the year 1918.

Systematic Plantations
Herpaceous Grounps. There have been grown in
these collections during the past year about 3,266 species
and varieties; there are here 130 beds, 26 east of the brook
and 104 west. 289 show labels have been made for this

(32)

collection. Mr. E. B. Southwick has had charge of the
work here, as well as in the Economic Garden and Mor-
phologic Garden adjoining.

Fruticetum. The representation now here includes
52 families, 141 genera, and 1,035 species and varieties;
the number of specimens is 2,960.

SALICETUM. There are 159 specimens here, representing
2 genera, 39 species and varieties.

Decipvous ArBoretumM. Including those native to
the tract and still at the nurseries, there are in this collec-
tion 411 species and varieties, 59 genera and 31 families.
There are 1,120 trees.

Prnetum. Here there are about 1,669 specimens, repre-
senting 3 families, 20 genera, and 267 species and varieties.
130 show labels have been placed here.

Viticetum. Here there are about 50 species and varieties.

Conservatories. The collections here comprise about
9,356 species and varieties, representing 207 families.
Owing to the shortage of coal it was necessary about the
middle of last January to combine the contents of range 2
with those of range 1. This made necessary dispensing
with many duplicates and cutting down the representation
to as few individuals as possible, so that the collections in
both ranges could be placed in one. Even after this had
been done, range 1 was still greatly crowded, a condition
not the best for the growing of plants. There are now in
range I, 13,447 specimens, distributed as follows: house 1,
361; house 2, 793; house 3, 879; house 4, 762; house 5,
1,616; house 6, 360; house 7, 850; house 8, 678; house 9,
143; house 10, 1,005; house 11, 466; house 12, 1,050; house
13, 668; house 14, 1,066; house 15, 2,735; cellar, 15.
1,240 show labels have been placed here.

PropacaTinc Houses anp Nurseries. For the pur-
pose of economizing in coal it was decided to close two of
the houses for this winter. This necessitated sending
many plants to range 1 and dispensing with all duplicates
possible. There are now here, excluding those used for

(32)

the special studies of the Director of the Laboratories,
6,506 plants. 1,040 packets of seeds have been received,
as follows: gift, 137; purchase, 365; exchange, 210; col-
lected, 328. There have been collected in the grounds,
in addition to the above, 120 packets.

LaBetinc, Recorpinc AND Hersarium. This work
has been under the direction of a gardener for the first
four months of the year, and later of the head gardener’s
assistant. One apprentice has been employed for ten
months of the year in the preparation of labels, of which
the following have been made: pinetum, 130; fruticetum,
593; conservatories, 1,240; conservatory beds, 285; her-
baceous grounds, 289; economic garden, 52; morphologic
garden, 23; rose garden, 136; iris garden, 18; school
garden, 4; horticultural collections, 333; dahlia collection,
516; total, 3,619.

Accession numbers 45,908 to 47,073 have been recorded,
making a total of 1,166 accessions.

The following plants have been received: by gift, 20,543
(including the large collections of gladioli and dahlias),
valued at about $7,800; by exchange 184; by purchase,
1,394; by collections made by members of the staff and
others, 639; derived from seeds from various sources, 358;
total, 23,118.

To the herbarium of cultivated plants about 200 speci-
mens have been added.

The collections contain approximately, including those
native to the tract, 239 families, 2,108 genera, and about
14,524 species and varieties.

Miscellaneous Collections
Included here are the following: morphologic garden;
economic garden; collections of desert plants placed during
the summer in the court of conservatory range 1; conser-
vatory lily pools; aquatic garden; rhododendron collections
in the vicinity of the lakes, at conservatory range 1, and
in front of the museum; rose bed east of conservatory range

(33)

1; flower gardens in the immediate vicinity of conservatory
range I, at the Elevated approach, and the west border;
American wood garden; iris garden; magnolia garden;
American thorn garden; white pine plantation; lilac and
peony garden.

Rose GarpveN. This continues to be one of the most
attractive collections of horticultural plants. Many in-
terested people visit it. ‘There are now 104 beds, in which
have been grown during the past year about 5,200 rose
bushes and 500 kinds.

HORTICULTURAL GaRDEN. The area in which the con-
vention garden was located in 1917 has now been devoted
to a series of horticultural collections. This installation
was begun with a collection of gladioli, planted in May,
of 19,700 corms, all donated by some of the largest growers.
This collection contained, in 17 beds, 247 kinds, one of the
largest collections ever brought together in the vicinity of
New York.

The two long beds at the entrance contained cannas, about
a dozen kinds being represented. There were also two beds
of chrysanthemums and one of phlox. In the large central
bed was a collection of cacti, and between the entrance and
the cannas was arranged a group of agaves on each side.

Danuta Cottection. This collection was installed at
the west border north of the depot plaza. It was assembled
by Dr. M. A. Howe, of the staff, through donations amount-
ing to 516 plants, representing 313 kinds. It was one of
the most attractive features of the Garden during the fall,
being visited by many people.

Rep Pine PiantaTion. Opposite the white pine plan-
tation, already established, was installed a plantation of the
Norway or red pine. To the north of this was placed a
group of the Japanese red pine, Pinus Thunbergii.

General Horticultural Operations
The following force has been available for this work;

monthly, 2 foreman gardeners, 18 to 22 gardeners, and §
drivers; laborers, 18 to 22.

(34)

Foreman gardener John Finley has been in charge of the
outside work, with about eight gardeners, the drivers, and
laborers.

The work of the conservatories and propagating houses
has been in charge of foreman gardener H. W. Becker, to
whom was assigned the remainder of the force.

The following new work has been accomplished during
the year:

In THE SPRING

The development of the horticultural garden on the
site of the former convention garden. 17 beds were planted
with nearly 20,000 corms of gladioli, 2 with chrysanthe-
mums, I with phloxes, and 2 with cannas. A collection
of marsh mallows was begun in the low land on the east
side. The mallows exhibited the previous year by Meehan
& Sons and by Bobbink & Atkins were donated to the
garden by those firms, and form a part of this collection,
together with a large number of plants, of hybrid origin
mainly, produced by Dr. A. B. Stout, of the staff, in his
experiments with the genus Hibiscus. The opening of 10
additional beds in the rose garden. The planting of coni-
fers around the school garden shelter house. The prepar-
ation of a strip about 12 feet wide at the west border from
the depot plaza north, for the reception of the collection
of dahlias, and the planting of the same. Additions to
the magnolia garden. The transplanting of specimens from
the nurseries to the deciduous arboretum and the frutice-
tum. The replacement with others of the conifers killed
during the previous winter. The rearrangement of the
path corners near the fountain enclosure, a group of
Picea Omorika being placed on one side and one of Picea
polita on the other. The planting of a large number of
seedlings in the conservatory beds.

In tHe Fait

The removal of the Japanese holly about the fountain
at the foot of the Museum approach, greatly damaged

(35)

during the previous winter, and its replacement with
conifers. The rearrangement of the shrub and tree border
back of the dahlia collection, and the addition to it of more
shrubs. The planting of replacements in the rose garden,
and the rearrangement of some of the beds there. The
planting of three white ash trees near the depot plaza to
replace others removed. The planting of a red oak and a
red maple along the main drive south of the Museum.
The planting of a red maple along the drive west of the
upper lake. The planting of about 8,000 tulip bulbs in
some of the beds in the court of conservatory range I.

Investigations and Lectures

I have continued my studies in horticultural botany,
especially upon the hardy woody collections of the Garden,
and also upon the orchids.

T have acted with Dr. Barnhart as one of the editors of
Addisonia, and have continued my supervision of the
preparation of drawings for that periodical. I have given
three lectures in the regular public courses of the Garden.

Mr. K. R. Boynton, Head Gardener’s Assistant, had
charge of the conservatory beds and their collections, and
gave valuable aid in the installation of the gladiolus col-
lection. He performed his duties up to the time of his
induction in the service of his country in May. Mr. John
Hartling has been acting in that capacity since that time.

Respectfully submitted,
EORGE V. Nass,
Head Gardener.

REPORT OF THE HEAD CURATOR OF THE MUSEUMS AND
HERBARIUM
Dr. N. L. Brrrron, Director-1n-CHIEF.
Sir: I submit herewith my report as Head Curator of the
Museums and Herbarium for the year 1918.
Miscellaneous specimens were brought together from
nearly all parts of the globe. However, the more impor-

(36)

tant ones came from the western hemisphere and from the
islands of southeastern Asia.

The accessions were recorded during the year in detail in
the several numbers of the Journal. They may be sum-
marized here as follows:

By gift and purchase... 1.6... eee eee 3,462
By €xchange os cicero tiianuigtoms ie ade ae ete eee 10,499
By exploration... 0 200... eees 10,166

Thus a total of 24,127 specimens for public museums and
the herbarium, and for exchange purposes were received
during the year. About 2000 specimens were sent to other
institutions and to individuals as exchanges.

he several collections falling under my supervision
were developed and conserved mainly as in previous years.

The permanent equipment was increased by the acqui-
sition of twelve standard herbarium cases.

The value of gifts is estimated at $197.71.

Museums

The public exhibits were given especial attention during
the year in the way of developing and completing various
collections or exhibits.

The Fossil Plant Museum was enlarged by specimens
from Greenland and the West Indies. The exhibits were
kept in order and several of the cases renovated and re-
labeled. For further details see the report of the Honorary
Curator of fossil plants.

The Economic Museum was the center of active develop-
ment during the year. A systematic renovation and
enlargement of the exhibits was begun and is in process of
execution. The exhibits are being made more complete
by the addition and replacement of specimens and all
arranged in a more logical order and sequence.

Aside from the miscellaneous specimens received for the
various exhibits, the most important additions were special
specimens of fibers, foods, and drugs secured by Dr. Rusby.
For details see the report of the Honorary Curator of the
Economic Collections.

(37)

The Systematic Museum, comprising four distinct
elements, (a) The Synoptic Collection, (6) The Local
Flora, (c) The Microscope Exhibit, and (d) The Plant
Picture Exhibit, was either added to in parts or partly
renovated.

Herbaria

The more important additions to these collections were
specimens representing the floras of continental and insular
North America and northern South America. In addition
to miscellaneous specimens and odd collections, special
sets of fungi were received from the West Indies and several
parts of the United States, lichens from Yukon, Montana,
and the West Indies, hepatics comprising part of the former
herbarium of M. A. Howe, mosses from the Philippine
Islands, the West Indies, and various parts of the United
States, and especially noteworthy very valuable collections
of flowering plants from Colombia and the Philippines
and neighboring islands.

Collections of less importance were received from other
regions such as Argentina and Africa.

A considerable number of specimens, particularly of the
rarer and more interesting species of the region of Greater
New York were brought together and added to the local
flora herbarium. In this connection the material aid in
collecting, aside from members of the Garden Staff, may
be mentioned Mr. W. E. Ferguson. The geographical
origin of all the accessions is given in detail in the several
numbers of the Journal.

Individual specimens and small collections received for
the Columbia University herbarium were mounted and
incorporated in that series.

In all, about 13,793 herbarium sheets containing fully
29,000 specimens of flowering and flowerless plants were
added to the permanent collection. In addition to these
several hundred specimens too bulky to be mounted on
herbarium sheets were placed in cardboard boxes and
incorporated in the several series where they belonged.

(38)

The twelve new herbarium cases referred to above have
been used to take up the expansion necessary to relieve the
congested condition of the herbarium and the space thus
gained will accommodate a part of the miscellaneous
accumulation of mounted herbarium specimens formerly
held in storage. Certain space freed through the rearrange-
ment of part of the general herbarium has given oppor-
tunity to expand and rearrange the local herbarium and
the herbarium of cultivated plants.

The great number of unmounted herbarium specimens,
accumulated as a result of lack of herbarium cases and
assistants to mount them are being sorted into the natural
plant families and genera so that any specimen there
represented will be available for study in connection with
the various lines of research being carried on by members
of the Garden Staff. A great deal of very valuable and
useful material would otherwise be inaccessible.

Investigations and Assistance

The curatorial work of the museum and herbarium has
been cared for by the several curators and associate cura-
tors, some of whom have also participated in or cared for
various side issues and all of whom have followed, inci-
dentally, some line or lines of investigation.

Dr. P. A. Rydberg, Curator, continued in charge of the
herbarium of flowering plants. In addition to the usual
assorting and distribution of herbarium sheets, the task of
assorting a large accumulation of herbarium material,
transferring part of the general herbarium into the new
cases, and readjusting the whole herbarium to the increased
space as well as arranging the unmounted herbarium speci-
mens fell to Dr. Rydberg’s lot. He also continued his
taxonomic investigations and interpretations of the families
Rosaceae, Fabaceae and Carduaceae for North American
Flora. A monograph of Rosa is now in press. The tribe
Psoraleae of the Fabaceae is ready for the press, and the
manuscript of the tribe Senecioneae of the Carduaceae is

(39)

nearly finished. Dr. Rydberg has also reprinted the
analytical keys of his “‘Flora of the Rocky Mountains and
Adjacent Plains” to make an easily portable book for
field work.

Dr. Marshall A. Howe, Curator, continued in charge of
the collections of algae and hepaticae in the herbarium
and museums. He has prepared a manuscript on the
Ricciaceae for the North American Flora and has published
papers on “The Marine Algae and Marine Spermatophytes
of the Tomas Barrera Expedition to Cuba,” ‘Further
Notes on the Structural Dimorphism of Sexual and Tet-
rasporic Plants in the genus Galaxaura,” and “Calcareous
Algae from Murray Island (Australia) and Cocos-Keeling
Islands.”” He has also edited vol. XVII of the Memoirs
of the Torrey Botanical Club, comprising the “‘ Proceedings
of the Semi-centennial Anniversary of the Torrey Botanical
Club.” Asa side issue, Dr. Howe had charge of the new
dahlia border, described in the issues of the Journal for
August and November.

Dr. Fred J. Seaver, Curator, continued in charge of the
fungous collections. Research on the cup-fungi of North
America for North American Flora was continued. Prog-
ress also has been made with the genus Phyllosticta (leaf
spot diseases) of which about three hundred species have
been described from North America. Some time has also
been devoted to a study of the Bahama fungi. Two stu-
dents have carried on investigation at the Garden under
his supervision. A number of minor papers have been
published during the year and two lectures have been
delivered. Work on destructive insects has been con-
tinued (see report of Assistant Director).

Mr. Percy Wilson, Associate Curator, continued his
determinations and studies of tropical American plants,
and incorporated most of the recently acquired West
Indian and South American specimens in the herbarium.
During the summer months he devoted considerable time
to the classification and rearrangement of exhibits in the

(40)

Economic Museum. His duties as docent were carried
out as in former years, and incidentally he took charge of
many of the Saturday afternoon public lectures.

Dr. Francis W. Pennell, Associate Curator, returned in
April from a botanical expedition to Colombia, and on
May 1 resumed his active connection with the Garden.
The collections made in Colombia, comprising nearly
4,800 numbers, have been sorted and one set mounted for
study, while the remainder are being prepared for distri-
bution to other institutions. Beside work upon these he
continued studies in the figwort family as represented in
the southeastern and in the central Rocky Mountain states
and also in the local flora. In June Dr. Pennell resumed
editorial supervision of the Journal. He gave one lecture
in the regular Garden lecture course.

Dr. H. H. Rusby, Honorary Curator of the Economic
Collections, developed the Museum of Economic botany.
(See his report.)

N. L. Britton, Honorary Curator of Mosses,
developed the moss herbarium. (See her report.)

Dr. Arthur Hollick, Honorary Curator of Fossil Plants,
developed the fossil plant museum. (See his report.)

The writer, in addition to numerous major and minor
curatorial details, continued work on North American
Flora and carried further toward completion our knowledge
of the plants and phytogeography of Florida during several
weeks exploration in April and May, and also during a
short trip in December. A report on the field work of
these excursions is in preparation, as are also a number of
papers or monographs on various groups of plants on lines
suggested by observations during recent and current field
work and augmented by study collections. In connection-
too, with our spring excursion, Miss Mary E. Eaton, Artist,
detailed by you to go to Florida, made twenty-odd paint-
ings of rare or otherwise interesting flowering plants of south-
ern Florida for forthcoming issues of Addisonia. I have
published two small illustrated handbooks on the ferns of

(41)

several regions in extreme southern Florida and made an
investigation of the fern flora of the whole state of Florida,
which I hope to publish with illustrations and descriptions.
Respectfully submitted,
Joun K. Smatt,
Head Curator of the Museums and Herbarium.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN
Dr. N. L. Brirron, Drrecror-1n-Cuier.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report for
the year 1918.

Owing to the crowded condition of certain sections of
the library, it seemed imperative that additional shelving
space should be provided. This was secured by the va-
cating of two stacks in the room at the west of the main
reading room, formerly filled with books belonging to the
bibliographer. Since the moving of the entire library
was involved in this change, work was commenced on
September 1 and continued until early in October, when
the end of the east stacks was reached.

At that time the greatly needed work of repairing the
walls of the stack room was begun and completed within a
month. This has greatly improved the appearance of the
library, and it is hoped will prevent the leakage of water
in the future. The necessary cleaning of books has inter-
fered with the further work of moving, but this has now
been resumed and will be pushed to completion.

This additional shelving space will probably suffice for
normal growth during a period of two years.

The librarian’s office has been temporarily transferred
from the library to the room at the west of the main reading
room, thus ensuring greater comfort during the winter
months.

The census taken at the end of the year shows a total of
29,237 bound volumes, a net gain of 703 over the census of
a year ago.

(42)

During the year only 216 books have been bound, in-
cluding 13 which are the property of Columbia University.
A large number of the older books of the collection are in
need of rebinding, and it is hoped that funds for this
purpose may be available during the coming year.

The accessions have been listed as usual in the Journal.
The principal purchases were 32 bound volumes and 178
pamphlets from the library of the late Dr. C. B. Robinson;
and 227 bound volumes and 102 pamphlets from that of
Dr. J. H. Barnhart, the former consisting chiefly of works
relating to the flora of Canada and the Philippine Islands,
and the latter of sets of periodicals and publications of
scientific societies and institutions. There was also pur-
chased from the Hempstead Plains Library the Sertum
palmarum brasiliensium by J. Barbosa Rodrigues, as
noted in the November Journal.

Last year a large number of excerpts from popular
magazines which the Garden would be unlikely ever to have
on file were purchased, and this year 265 similar papers
were added to the collection. These relate chiefly to
economic botany and forestry.

The books received as gifts during the past year number
74, while those acquired by exchange and deposit were 26.

There have been added to the catalogue 1,361 written and
typewritten cards, in addition to the printed cards issued
by the Torrey Botanical Club. Work upon the revision
of the catalogue has been continued as opportunity has
presented itself.

As noted in the November Journal, several shipments of
German periodicals have been received. This has been
accomplished through the agency of the American Library
Association which holds a permit for such importations.
The subscriptions for 1919 have been placed in the same
manner.

The following additions and corrections should be made
to the periodical list as appended to the report of the Lib-
rarian for 1916 (Bulletin 9: 342-363) and supplemented in
the report for 1917 (Bulletin 9: 449, 450):

( 43 )

Omit § before the following:
* Biologisches Centralblatt.
* Botanisches Centralblatt.
t Botanisches Centralblatt, Beihef
* Centralblatt fir Bakteriologie: Abth. I, II.
* Flora.

* Jahrbiicher fir wissenschaftliche Botanik.
* Zeitschrift fiir Botanik.

* Zeitschrift fiir induktive Abstammungs- und Vererbungslehre.
* Zeitschrift fir wissenschaftliche Mikroskopie.

Change f to *
Botanisches Centralblatt, Beihefte.
Insert * before the following:
American Florist
Arnold Arboretum, Bulletin of Popular Information.
Garden Magaz
Gardening
Hardwood Record.
India Rubber World.
Add the following:
* American Society for Horticultural Science, College Park, Md. Proceedings.
* Botanical Abstracts, Baltimore, Md.
Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, N. Y. Memoirs.
* Journal of General Physiology, Baltimore, Md.
Tucuman. Universidad de, Tucuman, Arg. Revista, ne
Virginia Truck Experiment Station, Norfolk, Va. Bullet

Omit the following:
Lorquinia.
Rural New Yorker.

Respectfully submitted,
SaraH H. Hartow,
Librarian.

REPORT OF THE BIBLIOGRAPHER
Dr. N. L. Brirron, Director-1n-CHIEF.

Sir; I have the honor to submit the following report for
the year 1918.

Although much of my time has been used in giving
personal assistance both to my associates and to visitors

(44)

consulting the Library, more time than usual has been
devoted to bibliographic research.

Only three parts of North American Flora have been
issued during the year: Volume 21, Part 3, in January,
and Volume 32, Part 1, and Volume 22, Part 6, during the
closing days of December. The apparent break in pub-
lication was not accompanied by any cessation of work upon
the Flora. It was due in part to temporary effects of the
war—especially at the time of the second draft—upon
the printers’ trade, and in part to the number of authors
contributing to Volume 22, Part 6, and the unusual amount
of careful editorial work required by this part. This
volume was commenced in 1905, thirteen years ago, and
the part lately issued consists largely of additions required
to bring it up to date. Much manuscript for the Flora
is now in hand, and much more is nearly ready, so that
the prospects for its rapid appearance are better than
ever.

Addisonia has appeared as usual, and the third volume
is now complete. This young periodical has already
illustrated, in color, on 120 plates, 122 different flowering
plants, belonging to 93 different genera, and representing
51 natural families. The genus most largely represented,
so far, is Echeveria, with five species; Opuntia and Aster
are tied for second place, with four species each. Of the
families, Crassulaceae and Carduaceae are represented by
fourteen species each, Orchidaceae by eleven, and Cac-
taceae by ten. A complete list is given on the third and
fourth cover-pages of the last number, but the list is growing
so long that the practice of repeating it in its entirety with
each number must soon be abandoned.

There have been no extraordinary additions to the
Library during the year. The most noteworthy ones are
mentioned specifically in the report of the Librarian.

Respectfully submitted,
Joun Henputey Barnuart,
Bibliographer.

(45 )
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE LABORATORIES

Dr. N. L. Brirron, Direcror-1n-Cuter.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report for
the year 1918.

General Matters

The strictest economy has been exercised during the
past year in all matters under my charge. The positions
of the assistant in laboratory work and of the assistant in
propagating work have become vacant and have not been
filled. Only the most necessary of supplies have been
purchased and no new equipment has been installed.

Records of meteorology have been taken and the pro-
grams arranged for monthly conferences of the scientific
staff and students of the Garden, of which reports have
been published in the Journal.

Personal Investigations

During the past few years most of my research as well
as that of various students has been largely directed to
studies of fertility and sterility. The experiments have
aimed to determine the occurrence, the nature, and the
heredity of various types of sterility and the rather prac-
tical question of the effects of selection and inbreeding.
For these purposes species of Cichorium, Plantago, Verbas-
cum, Nicotiana, Ammocallis, Lythrum, Linum, an sch-
scholizia have been grown during the year. Studies of
fertility and sterility in plants propagated vegetatively
have also been continued especially in Narcissus: and
Hemerocallis. In conducting further work it seems de-
sirable (1) to make a further general survey to determine
the various types of sterility and (2) to center intensive
study on species which exhibit the various types of sterility,
are favorable for cultivation, and which may also be of
some economic importance. I should be pleased to expand
the work to include cases of the latter. Numerous prob-
lems connected with these studies are especially well
adapted for student research and cooperation.

(46)

Further plantings of Hibiscus and Phlox were not made
during the year. The greater number of Hibiscus plants,
comprising pedigreed lines of pure species, of varieties and
of inter-varietal and inter-specific hybrids, have been
turned over to you for special display plantings. One
series of plants grown from seed collected near Washington,
D. C., and reported to be Hibiscus incanus, bloomed during
the summer and exhibited striking resemblance to H.
oculiroseus in respect to flower and pod characters. Further
field studies of Hibiscus are desirable especially in the
regions of southern and western range.

Under your general supervision I conducted during the
summer and autumn an experiment to determine the effect
of potash on the growth of beans. The results have been
submitted to you and were printed in the December number
of the Journal.

Special plantings of tulips for continued study of rots,
blindness, and abnormal growth suffered severe injury
through depredations of pine mice. General observations
were made, as in previous years, of the performance of
tulips in the display plantings. Several problems in tulips
of considerable practical interest await further study.

In general my studies during the year have been more
intensive than extensive. This has reduced the number
of plants grown, the space utilized in greenhouse and expe-
rimental plots, and the amount of labor involved.

During the year four papers embodying results of re-
searches have appeared in various scientific publications
and two descriptions of Hibiscus species have been written
for Addisonia. The final and complete report of the
statistical studies of flower number in Cichorum Intybus,
which have been in progress from 1912 to 1916 inclusive,
was one of these papers, and in the preparation of this
Miss Helene Boas was a joint author. The record of
students and investigators at our garden (1897-1918)
was also revised to date and was published in the Journal
for October.

(47)

Special Investigators, Students and Scholars
There has been a decided decrease in student activities
during the past year. Of the special investigators mention
should be made of Professor John W. Ritchie and Mr.
C. H. E. Redding who have continued experimental studies
begun in previous years as reported.

List oF STUDENTS

The following were formally registered for research in
connection with studies for degrees. All satisfied tuition
charges either at Columbia University or at the Garden.
Adams, James Fowler. claus

Mosse.

Stevenson, Mrs. F. (Benak ies Julia). Variegation in Tussilago.

Twiss, Wilfred Charles. Taxon

List oF ScHOLARS
Gleason, Henry Allan. The genus Vernonia.
Respectfully submitted,
A. B. Srout,
Director of the Laboratories.

REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF BUILDINGS AND
GROUNDS

Dr. N. L. Brirron, DrrEcTor-IN-CHIEF.
Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report for
the year 1918.
Regulating and Grading
We removed about 800 yards of earth from the coal
bunker for power house no. 2, of which 300 yards were
used at the Newell Avenue entrance to grade the lowland,
300 yards for grading at the magnolia collection and 200
yards to grade around the new buildings at conservatory
range 2. The northern bank of the Rose Garden was
graded with 250 yards of topsoil which had been removed
from the paths at the southern end of the Magnolia Collec-

(48)

tion. Both sides of the stairway and the northern and
western bank of the Rose Garden were graded and sodded
for a distance of 200 feet on the western bank and Ioo0 feet
on the northern. Considerable grading was accomplished
on the eastern side of the grounds near the School Garden
section.

About 3,000 yards of fill were hauled into the Garden by
outside contractors and placed on the new road north of
Rose Garden. This fill was carted in at the expense of the
contractors who were looking for a convenient place to
dispose of it.

About 2,500 yards of stone were blasted and removed
from the two quarries in the Garden. The stone removed
from the quarry near conservatory range 2, amounting to
nearly 2,000 yards, was used to extend the size of the coal
bunker at power house 2 and for the paths on the eastern
side of the grounds. The remainder of the stone was
taken from the quarry near the museum building and was
used in the construction of paths on the lower side of the
Horticultural Gardens.

Drainage

In order to drain the Rose Garden two catch-basins were
built, for which we used 188 feet of 4-inch tile pipe and 50
feet of 3-inch porous pipe. To drain the Horticultural
Gardens at the lower end near the road, one catch-basin
and three culverts were built with 156 feet of 4-inch tile
pipe. A ditch 200 feet long was built and lined with
boulders near the road at the northeastern corner of the
Horticultural Gardens. We also built a culvert on the
eastern side of the grounds under the path running south
from the School Garden. We put in one catch-basin in
order to drain the northern end of the Magnolia Collection.
In changing the position of the drinking fountain at the
Iris Garden, 72 feet of 3-inch tile pipe were used. It was
necessary to change this fountain so that the waste water
outlet might be connected with the sewer.

(49)

Paths

A path 10 feet wide and 85 feet long was constructed on
the northern bank of the Rose Garden to connected the
upper part with the stairway. At the bottom of the steps
in the Rose Garden a path 45 feet long and Io feet wide was
completed. A 10-foot path 185 feet long was completed
at the southern end of the Rose Garden leading through
the canyon and also an 8-foot path 200 feet long. A path
500 feet long and 10 feet wide on the eastern side of the
School Garden running to the southeastern entrance
of the grounds and another 270 feet long and Io feet wide
running north at the School Garden were completed.

A 25-foot road, 75 feet long, was lined with stone and
made ready for paving at the eastern entrance of conser-
vatory range 2. In the Magnolia Collection a 10-foot
path 385 feet long was paved and made ready for screening.
All the paths on both sides of the Bronx River in the Salice-
tum were repaired, ashed and rolled down. ‘To connect
the Iris Garden with the Horticultural Gardens a 10-foot
path 400 feet long was paved and ashed. At the southern
end of the Magnolia Collection 350 feet of a 10-foot path
have been lined and made ready for paving. ,

All the paths in the Horticultural and Rose Gardens were
reashed and rolled. The path through the Hemlock Grove
to the bridge at the falls was resurfaced.

Buildings

The front steps of the museum building were repointed
and the interior of the library rear wall was remodeled and
plastered. The wall and ceiling of the typists’ room was
repaired. This work was done by the masons. Other
minor plaster repair work was accomplished throughout
the building. Several of the doors, windows and cases of
the museum building were repaired by the carpenters.
Twelve new herbarium cases were built by a contractor
for museum specimens. The steam engineers made all
necessary repairs to steam leaks in the museum building
and the water system was repaired by the plumber.

(50)

The framework, sash and doors of conservatory range 1
have received considerable repairs by the carpenters.
The painter has replaced at least 500 lights of glass and
painted the exterior of houses 1, 13, 14, 15, and 9. The
steam engineers repaired all leaks and put in new pipes
in houses 2, 3, 14, and 15 and have replaced the decayed
pipes throughout the range. The plumber made numerous
repairs to the leaders and the water system.

The brickwork of the boilers in power house I was rebuilt.
The taps in all boilers were repaired. A conveyor for
ashes and soot was constructed by our own men.

Owing to the shortage of coal, all the plants at conserva-
tory range 2 were removed to conservatory range I during
the first week of January, the water and steam being turned
off in the former range. The carpenters made necessary
repairs to the sash and doors and-the painter replaced all
broken glass and painted the exterior of four houses. The
coal bunker at power house 2 was extended to 47 feet by 15
feet by 29 feet to enable us to increase the storage capacity
with an additional 300 tons. This was constructed by
our own men.

Considerable repairs have been made to the stable and
propagating houses by the carpenters. They have also
repaired the roof of the mansion and the interior in various
parts. Two rooms to be used for School Garden work have
been painted on the third floor. The comfort stations
have been put in working order and all necessary repairs
made by the plumber.

Twenty-eight tubs for plants were built for conservatory
range 2.

Grounds

The carpenters completed a shelter house at the School
Garden. Necessary repairs were made to the other shelter
houses. The carpenters built eight rustic benches and
repaired those that were broken. Twenty-four signs were
repaired, painted and relettered by our employees.

Sufficient wood was cut to supply the propagating houses

(51)

for four months and the mansion for two months by running
the gasoline engine for two weeks. We have continued to
uproot the poison ivy throughout the grounds.

On Saturdays, Sundays, and holidays from June to
September, we had two city officers in civilian clothes and
with our two regular keepers and twelve additional guards,
selected from the gardeners and laborers, the grounds
have been well protected. At all other times during the
year one city officer was detailed to the Garden. The
number of visitors on Saturdays and Sundays during the
summer months averaged about 40,000. This number
was greatly increased during July and August. Owing to
the watchfulness of our employees little damage has been
done to the plantations throughout the Garden during
the year.

A wire fence, three feet high, has been erected to protect
the 2,500 red pines which have planted near the Iris Garden.

Respectfully submitted,
Artuur J. Corsetr,
Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds.

REPORT OF THE HONORARY CURATOR OF THE ECONOMIC
COLLECTIONS
Dr. N. L. Britton, Direcror-1n-CHier.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report for
the year 1918.

Our work has been of exceptional extent and importance.
The Scientific Directors authorized the preparation of a
guide book to the economic museum. This work was
begun at the earliest practicable date thereafter and has
occupied all of my available time since, with such needed
assistance as you have assigned me. All the articles in
the western half of the museum room, numbering more
than 4,000, have been catalogued, and this manuscript,
with the exception of some minor details now being com-
pleted, is ready for the printer. Work in the eastern half
of the room will proceed without delay and will be much

(52)

simpler, and occupy less time than that already com-
pleted. The work of cataloguing has necessitated much
rearrangement, both as to sequence and correlation, and
improvement of appearance.

e plan has called for the consecutive numbering of all
articles, the numbers being affixed to the specimens or
their containers and to their labels, and being entered in
the catalogue. This method will effectually prevent
future misplacements and errors of identity. Additional
specimens hereafter acquired will be given the appropriate
integral number, followed by a decimal. Many specimens,
acquired since the work was begun, have already been
numbered in this way.

The classification of the collections heretofore prevailing
has been maintained, the primary division being economic,
into fibers, resins, rubbers, condiments, foods, drugs, etc.
The articles in each of these classes, wherever appropriate,
have been subdivided according to the parts of the plant
represented, such as roots, leaves, fruits, and seeds. In
each of these subdivisions, the articles have been arranged
in the botanical sequence of their families and, in the case
of large families, of their genera. This arrangement, while
affording an economic basis that appeals naturally to the
ideas and convenience of visitors and students interested
in this feature of the exhibits, at the same time preserves
scientific relations and affords convenient reference for the
taxonomist.

In preparing the reading matter of the guide book
accompanying the respective numbers, I have given the
principal common or popular names, followed by the
definitions, comprising the botanical name, including its
author or authors, and a statement of the part of the plant
represented. In many cases also the definition contains a
brief statement of the state or conditions of the plant part,
as when the latter has undergone artificial treatment in
preparation. Then follows the family names, scientific
and popular, unless there is a family heading for a group

(53)

of articles. The nativity of the species is then stated,
followed by a record of the source of the specimen, as to
production, collection and donor. Special attention is
given to the last mentioned portion of the record, in order
to fix as perfectly as possible the authenticity of the article.
In many cases, reference is made to the existence of the
living plant in our conservatories or grounds, and to her-
barium specimens representing the same collection as that
of the museum specimen.

The systematic work, carried on as above described,
has disclosed the existence of hundreds of omissions of
important articles, many of them capable of being secured
with relatively little trouble or expense. A list of such
articles has been prepared and their accumulation has been
commenced, nearly a hundred having been secured since
work on the guide was started. Many others will call for
greater efforts, and some expenditure, during the coming
season. ‘Their addition to the museum at this particular
time, with their resulting inclusion in the guide, is a matter
of great importance, and I trust that no failure to make
the necessary provision for this work may be permitted.
To do so would cause a serious imperfection in a work that
will have a very extensive use for years to come. I am
prepared to devote the coming season chiefly to this work,
if the necessary means are provided. We can probably
arrange with botanists living in various localities to collect
for us about half of the articles, at very little expense.
For the collection of others, I should have to do some travel-
ing and collecting in person. I earnestly request that a
special appropriation of five hundred dollars be made for
this work.

The portion of the work already completed has consumed
almost the entire supply of jars provided for the year.
About five hundred more, of various sizes, mostly medium,
will be required for its completion, in addition to a lot of
three hundred, of small size, to contain a special collection
of rice samples, donated by Mr. E. B. Southwick.

(54)

Fully a thousand labels will be required for the additional
articles. By the temporary use of typewritten labels this
expense could readily be postponed until more money is
available.

In conclusion, I again urge the careful consideration of
the above requirements. I believe that no other want
has been more often expressed by visitors than that of the
guide that we are preparing. This work having now been
undertaken, it should be as well done as our circumstances
permit. Respectfully submitted,

H. H. Russy,

Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections.

REPORT OF THE HONORARY CURATOR OF THE COLLECTIONS
OF FOSSIL PLANTS

Dr. N. L. Brrrron, Director-1n-CuHIierF.

Sir: I have the honor to report as follows upon activities
in connection with the paleobotanical collections of the
Garden during the year 1918.

Study was continued and drawings: made of specimens
of fossil plants contained in the collection made in Porto
Rico by the joint natural history survey of the New York
Academy of Sciences and the American Museum of Natural
History.

During the latter part of the year I have been engaged
in overhauling the paleobotanical material in the latter
institution and arranging a series of specimens on a taxon-
omic basis for display in connection with the general
paleontological taxonomic exhibit of the Museum.

Incidental to this work it has been my privilege to
examine, assort, and identify as far as possible the collec-
tions of fossil plant material brought from Greenland by
the Arctic Expedition of the Philadelphia Academy of
Natural Sciences, under command of Robert E. Peary,
C.E. (now Rear Admiral), U. S. Navy, in 1891-92. This
material is mostly in the form of large fragments of matrix,

(55)

collected at Atanékerdluc on the south shore of Nugsuaks
Peninsula on the shore of the Vaigat, which separates the
peninsula from Disco Island. By arrangement with the
Garden a selected lot of this material will be exchanged
for duplicate material from the Garden collections. Fossil
plants from Greenland have heretofore been entirely lack-
ing in the Garden collections and an interesting and
valuable accession has thus been assured.
Respectfully submitted,
Artuur Hotticx
Honorary Curator of the Collections of Fossil Plants.

REPORT OF THE HONORARY CURATOR OF MOSSES
Dr. N. L. Britrron, Drrecror-1n-CHIeEr.

Sir: No mosses have been purchased during the year;
690 specimens have been received and 2566 duplicates have
been sent out in exchange; to the Bureau of Science in
Manila, Philippine Islands, we have sent 678 and received
in exchange 205 specimens; to H. N. Dixon, of Northamp-
ton, England, 414 duplicates from the Mitten collection,
and 8 other packages are awaiting shipment; to the National
Museum, 397 specimens; to Mt. Holyoke Colege, 150
Eastern North American mosses; to Dr. A. LeRoy Andrews,
285 miscellaneous duplicates; to Prof. J. M. Holzinger,
234 specimens; and to Mr. A. T. Beals, 67 specimens of
Ephemerum for photographing. We have received for
determination from the Philadelphia Academy of Natural
Sciences, 35 mosses and hepatics collected in the Canadian
Rockies, and from the Colegio de la Salle, Cuba, 150
mosses and hepatics. From Dr. E. O. Hovey, of the
American Museum of Natural History, 50 plants have
been received including some flowering (10) and the rest
flowerless, collected by him at North Star Bay, Greenland,
on the relief to the MacMillan Expedition. We have
continued our exchanges with the members of the Sullivant
Moss Society, of which I have been President during the

(56)

year, and the Curator of Mosses, Mr. Kaiser, has assisted
in the determinations of the mosses sent in for study.

During the late winter and spring, Miss Dorothy Coker
has made a critical study of the North American species
of Encalypta, under my direction, and we have reduced
the number of recognizable species from 18 to 8. The
descriptions of the mosses for the “‘Flora of the Bahamas”
have been completed.

Acting as Secretary for the Stokes’ Fund and the Wild
Flower Preservation Society, I have answered all letters
pertaining to this subject and have delivered a number of
lectures on Arbor Day and Conservation topics to Public
Schools in The Bronx.

Owing to War Activities, the Garden Clubs have devoted
themselves mostly to farm and garden work, but the
Litchfield, Connecticut, Garden Club invited me to
address them in June and gave me the opportunity to
visit the large area of native forest which is owned and
protected from vandalism by two of its members.

My interest in the lantern-slide collection has been
continued; a set of fern slides from Mr. Ransier and 64
colored slides of Colorado plants from the American
Museum of Natural History have been given to the collec-
tion.

Respectfully submitted,
EuizaBetu G. Britton,
Honorary Curator of Mosses.

(57)

CONTRIBUTIONS TO EMERGENCY FUND OF
1918 UP TO JULY 23

Transferred from Cherry Garden Shelter Fund

subscription... ....... 0.0.0 cc eee cece eee $1,000
Mr. Fritz Achelis.......00000.0.00 000000 cee 100
Mr. Edward D. Adams....................... 300
Mrs. Robert Bacon...............0.....2.0.. 100
Mr. George F. Baker... ....0....00.0......0.. 100
Mr. Andrew Carnegie..................00000. 500
Mrs. Charles D. Dickey...................... 100
Mr. Cleveland H. Dodge.................0... 250
Mr. Daniel Guggenheim...................... 250
Mr. Murry Guggenheim...................... 250
Dr. Walter B. James................0000 0000 100
Mrs. John Innes Kane.................00005. 100
Mr. Adolph Lewisohn.................000005. 100
Mrs. V. Everit Macy... 0.20.00. 000... cece eee 100
Mr. William J. Matheson..................... 100
Mr. J. P. Morgan... 0.0.20... 00.0.2 cee eee 500
Mr. Geo. W. Perkins.............. 00000 eee 250
Mr. Charles F. Rand... . 0.0.0.0... 0c c eee aes 100
Mr. Edwin A. Richard.......... 00.00.0000 eee 100
Mr. William Rockefeller...................-.. 100
Mr. Jacob H. Schiff......... 0.0... 0020.0 e eee 100
Mrs. Henry O. Taylor .................-000-. 100
Mr. Myles Tierney............ 00.0.0. 02 0005. 100
Mr. Louis C. Tiffany. ............ 00.022 200
Mr. W. K. Vanderbilt...................-.00. 300

(58)

SCHEDULE OF EXPENDITURES DURING THE

AR 1918
1. CITY MAINTENANCE ACCOUNT
AMO Wane sts eva oi 5%. ce hisadnatien eat He eee eee ae $119,835.00
Expended
Salaries 03 2 id dacreels ca Sa atale ote $83,473.00
abor.. meree ,280.9
DG tiall srestexiscaronn shee ta emer apace ema a, ee $89,753.95
Motapesss.oncssGcte ta eng hice eee 1,521
Pu€listcictutticet edie ee inact iieta des 19,152.46
Supplies jes eiis ke ieee tea 1,881.83
Equipment..c:.iicsece gee vas oo aes 1,180.32
Materials... 0.2... cee ee ees 4471.18
Rep aire ci heise ene wae oe heats 1,219.52
Telephone service. ......... 2.00002 eee 222.43
Contingencies.......... 0.0. ce eee eee 431.38
POta lamas nctiietantenin aneaan oe one ee acta tee $30,081.05
Total Expended.« 4c.c05ec eo dae wad Bee ee eee $119,835.00

z. SPECIAL GARDEN ACCOUNTS

ExpLoration Funp

Balance from 1917 $ 24.05
Museum anp Herparrum Funp
Balance: from: 1007p os enecue eee eee ae eh apa $ 71.90
Less Vouchers transferred from Income,
ce and Education Fund..... $ = =45.82
Balance vrcinsioore he eke 2h es $ 26.08

Piant Funp

nee Ns IQI7.. ee $ 338.40
Salessof haya co) otis ne iliadaass mats $ 563.75
Totals eis ahs 2 eis staebhtecgt haute ant $ 902.15
Expended Sear inion Wiis Sees 3 399.80
Balance ..6.n50 ego sa Pe aes $ 502.35
SpeciaL Boox Funp
pea aes GOT bares ete Seated, Sensis $ 101.26
Cont HOD wn k ings at hawumady a bees 40.00
Sale 5 books Be eels tg acne atean wate cy 7.09
i Ec) 9 (eee ene ae en een ee re $ 148.35
Expendéd tau qiie05,34.8, Maat taieen salle 69.49

BLANC octet isos aS Jace ote at as $78.86

(59)
Rose Garpen anp GARDEN Extension Funp
Balance from 1OU7.. cece cece cence ees
Less-Recharged to adjust error on Voucher
No. 7

GARDEN oe Funp. Contrisution Ac-
Balance from I9I7..

Sale of tools and implements.............
Sale of books... .............0 002 e ceca

GARDEN pane Funp. Appropriation Ac-

NT
eos.
d

Guccenuerm Greennouse Funp
Balance from 1917... 0.00 cece cece eee

Contracts of siga whe anda tees win eens

Balaneé saison Sot eeab eee Lea eee
cHOOL GARDEN SUMMERHOUSE Funp
Balance from 1
Refund to adjust over payment on Voucher

No. 31

| eee

Salaries vcatan vows tite tod ae eed es
We aDOR i ests hed nigel e aoa ea meena
Contracts sania eens Se hahah eet ees
Miscellaneous... 0.2.0.0. cece ee eee eee

$ 13.85

473-18
$ 4,015.00
163.75
3.00
3.16

B 4,184.91

$ 4,658.09

$ 4,500.00
$% 1,306.65
52.07

8 1,358.72

$ 3,141.28

$ 90,027.99

$B 542.50
2,371.16
32,716.50
1,180.68

$ 36,810.84

¥ 53,217.15

$ 1,381.44
30.00

B 1,411.44
B 360.00
268.00
525.00
163.94

$ 1,316.94

$ 94.50

Emercency Funp

Balance from 1917.0... ccc eevee ee ce eee $ 100.53
Contributions........0. 0.0.0. e eee e eae 5,300.00
Totalics.osice bec: paadtedad plea $ 5,400.00
Expended
Salari€s viens y edes wath atess % 1,621.25
Labotcies nin eaeee hte ee ee Me as 1,819.45
Miscellaneous.............0 00000 - eee eee 3,942.34
Total 3126 Gene ieee te eae $ 5,383.04
Balance ..os.5 eevee vege hiee ts e288 $ 17.09
Summary or Spectra, GarpEen Accounts
Balances from L917... 6. cece eee ee $92,510.38
Contributions and Fees................. 9,518.75
Dales onsen si pee caee wea eaten 577-00
Vota) cteoce4 Mexeaie dea eee eek $102,612.13
Bxpendeds asco cee sas ived heeds kore 45,338.83
DB GLONCEs cies fe teat ieee ae eet tees $ 57,273.30

3. SPECIAL INCOME ACCOUNTS
Appropriated Expended Balances
Income of Science and Education Fund

Publications. ............2.--00005- $ 884.84
Herbarium. sic.ae ete ate eeee ee 517.22
Lectures. . . 798.11
Photography................-20-55 46.29
boratories... 0... .. 0.0.0.2. eee ee 35
Explorations onic acakeisgh ete tees 3.59
otal... . ..$ 4,000.00 $ - a5. 37 $ 174.63
Income of Darius O. Mills Fund.
oats footieasit inet eee aes $ 811.12
Books and Binding. ................ 578.85
Investigations at other Institutions 107.93
tal teas gare rase stato ate $ 2,000.00 $ 1,497.90 $ 502.20
Accemalated Income of Henry Iden Fund.
Se ete eect oa oes $ 500.00 $ 475.00 $ 25.00

oe of “Villian R. ees Fund.

Horticultural Prizes................ B 350.00 8 316.00 $ 34.00
Accumulated Income of Olivia E. and Caroline

Phelps Stokes
he Preservation of Native Plants$ 150.00 $ 14.50 $ 135.50

Accumulated Income of Students Research

Und.

Aid for Students Research........... $ 500.00 $ 100.00 $ 400.00
Income of David Lydig Fund.

Publications. ...................00. $ 4,000.00 $ 2,886.36 $ 1,773.64

(61)
Accumulated Income of Addison Brown

For Preparation, ae and
sa aiaaiar a of Addis

ary of Artist................ 8 330.00
saad ete © achithe Sues enes. hes 3,622.78
Miscellaneous.................. 352.58

Totalsnis gevaeeheeeede dees B 4,325.00 $ 4,305.36

$ 19.64
pee anontir Expended Balances

Income of John Innes Kane Fun

Plants for Grounds and Greenhouses Seeetes $ §00.00 $ 483.31 # 16.69
Income of Maria DeWitt Jesup Fund.
For Increase of the Collections...........
Books 25.2 20isnaeu he oteseaegie d do bk kets $ 470.04
SPECIMENS 4024 see ne bow Aw dated wean dates 423.31

TL Ob al cee ets adn pence eas $ 1,000.00 8 893.35 $ 106.65
Accumulated Income of Charles Budd Robin-

son Fun

For aiding Hepler CON ee Seas $ 80.00% 50.00 $ 30.00
Income - eee re Fund.

Salaries .s0)ceon0e ie teenes eekedtied $ 375.00

La Bete ieee ee eer aaah ek 1,274.00

Miscellaneous..........-.2.-0-20-05 3,002.77

Total. . eee enenee ces DB 5,000.00 $ 4,651.77 $ , 348.23

aGeaisSpeclt Income Accounts........ $22,405.00 $19,498.92 $ 2,906.08

4. GENERAL INCOME ACCOUNT

Appropriated Expended Balances

Insurance

Boilers and Elevators............... $ 126.72
Museum a ernaae and Books....... 366.60
Horses and Wagons................ 11.00
tal staan na nee $04.32 $ 504.32
— Grain Circulars for ee
eRe er ee eae $ 223.79
ae Man vagaie ete Re Dee ee ; 972.15
ae Anita diimteees hase es $ 1,200.00 $ 1,195.94 $
Contingent se
i ee 695.68 $ 694.36 $
Entertainment
Refreshments..........0. 00000 cere $ 116.00
Hire of touring cars..........-..--- 74.50
Printing and postage.........-..... 174.50
Total. 0... cee ccc eB

4.06

I.j2

365.00 § 35.00
Appropriated Expended Balances

Assistance for Treasurer.

Services rendered..............+.055 $ 540.00 $ 480.00 $ 60.00
Salaries.
Individual accounts..........-55005 $14,246.70
Miscellaneous..........2. 2000s sees 1,009.33
Total ciiiaesccseveeiceekeets $15,260.00 $15,256.03 $ 3.97
Labor.
Weekly Pay Rolls.............00005 $ 991.30
Guard Duty. .......... 0.000 e ee eee 872.30
Miscellaneous overtime............. 474.50
Hake noaaat ehaeiae ae ucuen te $ 2,100.00 $ 2,038.10 $ 61.90
Plans, Survey and Construction.
Fe Me ten teeta Manes $ 620.00
dicasaaua aehaacons amaecseetnne 297.20
Construction... 0.0... 00 0c eee eee 2,703.28
Miscellaneous. pw RE aes does alae s 369.79
Lotalieis bee eda eee ees $ 4,000.00 $ 3,990.27 $ 9-73
Totals—General Income Account........$24,700.00 $24,524.02 $ 175.08
5. EXPENDED FROM FUNDS OF THE GARDEN
Special Garden Accounts..............-. $45,338.83
Special Income Accounts...............- 19,498.92
General Income Account................ 24,524.02
Totals. i4 iets dei naabaseew eae las $89,361.77
6. BOARD ROOM FUND
January 1, 1918. Balance—Cash. z 45-09
Gross Receipts—January to December. 8 156.84
Less—Credited to Income of Lydig Fund. . 3.89
Total Net Receipts................. BS 1§2.95 $8 152.95
Total. $ 198.94
Disbursements.
DUPPNESi.c che deeeiendeeeeeaand Baad as $ 108.17
Contingencies............ 0.00: eee eee 36.45
Ot ale wrk ears cat caer cane ate aces B 144.62
December 32, 1918. Balance—Cash....... $ = $4.32
Respectfully submitted,
WatterR S. GROESBECK,
Bookkeeper.

E, and 0. E
New York, January 13, 1919.

(63 )

REPORT OF THE CHAIRMAN OF THE SCIEN-
TIFIC DIRECTORS
(Received and ordered printed January 13, 1919)
To THE Boarp or Manacers or THE New York Bo-
TANICAL GARDEN.

Sirs: The scientific directors of the Garden have held their
regular meetings through the year and have advised with
the Director-in-Chief in all matters of general policy which
have come up. In the work of the year we note especially
the opportunities for more effectively promoting interest
in rare and beautiful blooming plants, tropical fruits, etc.,
which will come with the completion of the large combined
display conservatory and lecture pavilion provided by the
gifts of Messrs. Daniel and Murray Guggenheim.

Of great importance also is the possibility now opening
up of undertaking work in cooperation with the Federal
Board of Vocational Training in teaching the elements of
gardening and horticulture to partially disabled and con-
valescent soldiers. The work thus started may lead
finally to the successful establishment on a permanent and
financially adequate basis of a school for Gardeners such
as has been long needed in this country.

The constructional, scientific and educational work of
the year is fully reported by the Director-in-Chief and
need not be further summarized here.

Respectfully submitted,
R. A. Harper,
Chairman of the Scientific Directors.

(64 )

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PATRONS,
FELLOWS AND MEMBERS FOR THE YEAR
1918

To THE Boarp oF Manacers oF THE New York Bo-
TANICAL GARDEN.

Gentlemen: The number of new members who have
qualified is 41. The number of annual members is now
881; life members 141; sustaining members 14; fellowship
members 2.

Of these 23 are now in arears for dues for 1918, 15 for
dues for 1917 and 1918, 7 for dues for 1916, 1917 and 1918.

Dues have been collected to the amount of $9210.
One person has qualified as a life member by the payment
of $250. These sums have been transmitted to the treas-
urer.

A complete list of all classes of members to date is
herewith submitted.

BENEFACTORS
*Hon. Addison Brown, Murry Guggenheim,
Andrew Carnegie, *D. O. Mills,
Columbia University, *J. Pierpont Morgan, Sr.
*Hon. Chas. P. Daly, John D. Rockefeller,
Daniel Guggenheim, *Cornelius Vanderbilt.
PaTRONS
Oakes Ames, George J. Gould,
*Miss Catherine A. Bliss, Edward S. Harkness,
Dr. N. L. Britton, *Mrs. Esther Herrman,
*Hon. Addison oe Archer M. Huntington,
Andrew Carnegi *Henry Iden,
*Mrs. George Whitfield Collord, Mrs. John Innes Kane,
*James M. Constable, *John Stewart Kennedy,
*William E. Dodge, *J. Pierpont Morgan, Sr.,
James B. Ford, *Oswald Ottendorfer,

* Deceased.

*Lowell M. Palmer,
William Rockefeller,
*William R. Sands,
*William C. Schermerhorn,
*James A. Scrymser,

(65)

Mrs. Finley J. Shepard,

*Samuel Sloan,

Mrs. Frederick F. Thompson,
W. K. Vanderbilt,
Mrs. Antoinette Eno Wood.

FELLows FOR LIFE

Edward D. Adams,
George F. Baker,

Miss Elizabeth Billings,
Mrs. W. Bayard Cutting,
Dr. Robert W. de Forest,
Cleveland H. Dodge,
James B. Ford,

Daniel Guggenheim,
Murry Guggenheim,

S. R. Guggenheim,

Mrs. John Stewart Kennedy,
Edward V. Z. Lane,

Mrs. Frederic S. Lee,
James McLean,

Ogden Mills,

George W. Perkins,
Mrs. John A. Roebling,
Mortimer L. Schiff,
Francis Lynde Stetson,
Miss Olivia E. Phelps Stokes,
Charles G. Thompson,
Louis C. Tiffany,
Tiffany & Company.

Lire MEMBERS

Edward D. Adams,

Dr. Felix Adler,

Mrs. James Herman Aldrich,
Constant A. Andrews,

J. Sherlock Andrews,

Dr. S. T. Armstrong,
Edward W. C. Arnold,
Mrs. H. D. Auchincloss,
Samuel P. Avery,

Samuel D. Babcock

Dr. John Hendley Barnhart,
George D. Barron,

Aurel Batonyi,

Gustav Baumann,

Samuel R. Betts,

William G. Bibb,

Miss Elizabeth Billings,

J. O. Bloss

George Blumenthal,

G. T. Bonner,

Mrs. Addison Brown,
J. Hull Browning,
Joseph Bushnell,

T. Morris Carnegie,
Frank R. Chambers,
Hugh J. Chisholm,
Hugh J. Chisholm, Jr.,
Geo. C. Clark,

Banyer Clatkeon;

Dr. James B. Clemens,
Wm. F. Cochran,
William Colgate,

Miss Georgette T. A. Collier,
W. E. Connor,

Mrs. F. A. Constable,
Theodore Cooper,
Zenas Crane,

R. N. Cranford,

Melville C. Day,

Charles Deering,

Mrs. John Ross Delafield,
Miss Julia L. Delafield,
Maturin L. Delafield, Jr.,
W. B. Dickerman,

James Douglas,

Miss Josephine W. Drexel,
Miss Ethel DuBois,

Miss Katharine DuBois,
Wn. A. DuBois,

Geo. E. Dunscombe,
Thomas Dwyer,

Newbold Edgar,

George Ehret,

Ambrose K. Ely,

Edward J. Farrell,

Mrs. H. J. Fisher,
Andrew Fletcher,

Chas. R. Flint,

Mrs. John French,

Henry C. Frick,

Mrs. Theodore Kane Gibbs,
James J. Goodwin,
Daniel Guggenheim,
Bernard G. Gunther,
Franklin L. Gunther,
Frederic R. Halsey,

Chas. J. Harrah,

Dr. Louis Haupt,

R. Somers Hayes,

George B. Hopkins,
Samuel N. Hoyt,

Archer M. Huntington,
Frank D. Hurtt,

James H. Hyde,

Mrs. Columbus O’D. Iselin,
Theo. F. Jackson,

Dr. Walter B. James,
Miss Annie B. Jennings,

(66 )

Nathaniel T. Kidder,
William M. Kingsland,
H. R. Kunhardt,

W. B. Kunhardt,
Charles Lanier,

W. V. Lawrence,
Meyer H. Lehman,
Mrs. Geo. Lewis,
Joseph Loth,

Wm. H. Macy, Jr.,
Mrs. Wm. H. Macy, Jr.,
Louis Marshall,

Edgar L. Marston,
William J. Matheson,
C. W. McAlpin,

Guy R. McLane,
Emerson McMillin,
Dr. Geo. N. Miller,

A. G. Mills,

Dr. Lewis R. Morris,
Hon. Levi P. Morton,
Sigmund Neustadt,

A. Lanfear Norrie,
Gordon pia

Geo. M. Olcot

Mrs. Chas. Tyler Olmstead,
Wm. Church Osborn,
Geo. W. Perkins,
W.H. Perkins,

M. Taylor Pyne,

Geo. W. Quintard,
John J. Riker,

J. C. Rodgers,

Thomas F, Ryan,
Mrs. Herbert L. Satterlee,
Dr. Reginald H. Sayre,
Edward C. Schaefer,
F. Aug. Schermerhorn,
Jacob H. Schiff,
Mortimer L. Schiff,

Mrs. I. Blair Scribner,
Geo. Sherman,

James Speyer,

Miss Ellen J. Stone,
Albert Tag,

Paul G. Thebaud,
Charles G. Thompson,

Mrs. Frederick F. Thompson,

Robert M. Thompson,
William Thorne,

Wm. Stewart Todd,
Miss Anna Murray Vail,

(67)

F. T. Van Beuren,

Mrs. C. Vanderbilt,

Dr. Henry Freeman Walker,
F. N. Warburg,

John I. Waterbury,

Miss Emily A. Watson,

5. D. Webb,

Dr. W. Seward Webb,

Hon. Geo. Peabody Wetmore,
John D. Wing,

Mrs. Anna Woerishoffer.

Fettowsuip MEMBERS

J. P. Morgan,

E. A. Richard.

Sustaininc MeEemBERs

Miss Elizabeth Billings,
Miss Mary T. Bryce,
James Douglas,

Wn. H. Fischer,

John Greenough,

Mrs. McDougall Hawkes,
O. H. Kahn,

Edgar L. Marston,
George Grant Mason,
Arthur M. Mitchell,
Wm. Church Osborn,
William H. Porter,
William R. Stewart.

AwnnuaL MEMBERS

Dr. Robert Abbe,

David T. Abercrombie,
Benjamin Abert,

Fritz Achelis,

John Achelis,

F. B. Adams,

Henry S. Adams,

Mrs. Cornelius R. Agnew,
Douglas Alexander,
Ernest J. H. Amy,

A. J. C. Anderson,

J. M. Andreini,

Miss Charlotte L. Andrews,
W. H. Andrews,

D. A. Ansbacher,

Mrs. John F. Archbold,
Mrs. George A. Archer,
Francis Arend, Jr.,
Reuben Arkush,

Mrs. H. O. Armour,

E. Asiel,

Dr. John Aspell,

Miss E. E. Auchincloss,
Mrs. E. S. Auchincloss,
John W. Auchincloss,
Dr. Pearce Bailey,
Charles Baird,

Miss Charlotte S. Baker,

Geo. F, Baker,
Stephen Baker,
Albert H. Baldwin,
Frederick H. Baldwin,

George V. N. Baldwin, Jr.,

William D. Baldwin,

Mrs. Robert F. Ballantine,

Bernard Bandler,
Mrs. Herbert Barber,
Percival M. Barker,
Wm. M. Barnum,
Clarence W. Barron,
Mrs. A. Battin,

Mrs. L. P. Bayne,
Alfred N. Beadleston,
Jeremiah Beall,

John D. Beals,

Mrs. Margaret B. Becker,
Gerard Beekman,
Frank Begrisch, Jr.,
Robert Behr,

Mrs. A. Frederick Behre,
Dr. Otto F. Behrend,
Louis V. Bell,
August Belmont,

E. C. Benedict,
James Gordon Bennett,
Miss Mary Benson,
E. R. T. Berggren,
Isaac J. Bernheim,
Chas. L. Bernheimer,
Philip Berolzheimer,
S. Reading Bertron,
Edward J. Berwind,
George N. Best,
Eugene P. Bicknell,
Mrs. George Biddle,
Mrs. Sylvan Bier,
Abraham Bijur,
Samuel H. Bijur,

(68 )

C. K. G. Billings,

C. Edw. Billquist,

Mrs. William H. Birchall,
Samuel Bird, a

James C. Bis

Frederick S. oak

J. Insley Blair,

T. Whitney Blake,

C.N. Bliss, Jr.,

Miss S. D. Bliss,

Mrs. Walter P. Bliss,
Hugo Blumenthal,

Miss R. C. Boardman,
Mrs. Edward C. Bodman,
Henry W. Boettger,
Robert Boettger,
Theodore Boettger,
William H. Bolton,

Mrs. Sydney C. Borg,
Frederick G. Bourne,
Louis Bou

Miss Edith G. Bowdoin,
Frank Brainerd,

Mrs, E. N. Breitung,
Mrs. Benjamin Brewster,
John R. Brinley,

Jno. I. D. Bristol,

Miss H. Louise Britton,
Richard H. Britton,

Dr. Edward B. Bronson,
Bronx Hay & Grain Co.,
Mrs. Kate M. Brookfield,
Mrs. H. D. Brookman,
Miss Aneita D. Brown,
Dickson Q. Brown,
Edwin H. Brown,

M. Bayard Brown,
Vernon C. Brown,

Mrs. J. Hull Browning,
F. W. Bruggerhoff,

H. B. Brundrett,
Thomas B. Bryson,
Mrs. Jonathan Bulkley,
Dr. L. Duncan Bulkley,
James A. Burden, Jr.,
Dr. Edward S. Burgess,
Louis Burk,

E. R. Burnett,
Algernon T. Burr,
Chas. W. Burroughs,
Mrs. Wendell L. Bush,
Charles S. Butler,
Rev. Edwin E. Butler,
Miss Emily O. Butler,

W. R. Callender,

Henry L. Calman,

H. H. Cammann,

Henry L. Cammann,
Edward B. Camp,

Mrs. John Campbell,

H. W. Cannon,

Mrs. Charles F. Cantine,
Mrs. George L. Carnegie,
Wm. T. Carrington,

R. A. Carter,

George B. Case,

Miss Jennie R. Cathcart,
Miss Elizabeth Chamberlain,
Miss Maria Bowen Chapin,
Dr. Walter F. Chappell,
Jose Edwards Chaves,
John H. Child,

B. Ogden Chisolm,

Geo. E. Chisolm,

Mrs. Joseph H. Choate,
Miss oe cca

Wm. G.C e,

Mrs. ae L Chubb,

(69 )

Percy Chubb,

Chas. T. Church,

John Claflin,

D. Crawford Clark,
Miss Emily Vernon Clark,
F. Ambrose Clark,

Hon. W. A. Clark,
William N. Clark,

E. A. S. Clarke,

Lewis L. Clarke,

Albert Clayburgh,
Edward B. Close,

Wm. P. Clyde,

G. D. Cochran,

Miss Mary T. Cockcroft,
C. A. Coffin,

Edmund Coffin,

E. W. Coggeshall,
William N. Cohen,
William W. Cohen,
Mrs. Rufus Cole,
Charles B. Colebrook,
Mrs. R. McM. Colfelt,
Mrs. James B. Colgate,
William Colgate,

Robert J. Collier,
Samuel P. Colt,

Miss Mary Compton,

T. G. Condon,

Hermann Conheim,
Roland R. Conklin,

J. N. Conynghan,
Arthur N. Cooley,
Marin LeBrun Cooper,
Mrs. Marin LeBrun Cooper,
C. R. Corning,

Mrs. Charles Henry Coster,

Mrs. Jonathan H. Crane,

(70 )

Mrs.Agnes Huntington Cravath, Charles —

Robert L. Crawford,
William Crawford,
Mrs. Thomas Crimmins,

James W. Cromwell,

Mrs. Joseph F. Culiman,
G. Warrington Curtis,

R. Fulton Cutting,

Mrs. Barton Cuyler,
Miss Eleanor De Graff Cuyler,
Jean De Saint Cyr,

Mrs. Ira Davenport,

J. Clarence Davies,
Julien T. Davies,

Alvah Davison,

Clarence S. Day,

Henry Dazien,

O. de Comeau,

Dr. Robert W. de Forest,
Mrs. Robert W. de Forest,
John F. Degener, Jr.,

B. F. DeKlyn,

J. R. Delamar,

Eugene Delano,

Moreau Delano,

John B. Dennis,

Rev. H. M. Denslow,
Walter D. Despard,
Countess de Laugier-Villars
William G. De Witt,

J. Henry Dick

Geo. H. Diehl,

Chas. F. Dieterich,

Miss Josephine H. Dill,
Miss Mary A. Dill,

Miss Gertrude Dodd,
Cleveland H. Dodge,
Francis P. Dodge,

Otto L. Dommerich,

Henry Dos

Mrs. Assi William Douglas,
Mrs. James Douglas,
Alfred Douglass,

Tracy Dows,

J. R. Drexel,

Isaac W. Drummond,

Dr. Matthew B. Dubois,
Mrs. Matthew B. Dubois,
Mrs. John P. Duncan,
Ralph Wurts Dundas,
Dr, Edward K. Dunham,
Mrs. T. Coleman du Pont,
E. G. Duvail,

John E. Dwight,

Mrs. Frederick H. Eaton,
Thomas C. Edmonds,
Mrs. J. S. Ehrich,

Mrs. Ernest Ehrmann,
Karl Eilers,

Henry G. Eilshemius,
August Eimer,

Monroe Einstein,

William Einstein,

Miss Kate Eisig,

Wn. D. Ellis,

Mrs. James W. Ellsworth,
Miss Lydia F. Emmett,
Robert Temple Emmett,
Mrs. Arthur B. Emmons,
R. Erbsloh,

Henry Esberg

Arthur F. Estabrook,
Louis Ettlinger,

S. M. Evans,

A. W. Evarts,

Mrs. Ernesto Fabbri,
Eberhard Faber,

Harris Fahnestock,

Chas. S. Fairchild,
Samuel W. Fairchild,
Percival Farquhar,
Mrs. Max Farrand,
James C. Farrell,
William L. Feeney,
Louis Ferguson.
Walton Ferguson,
William C. Ferguson,
Pliny Fisk,

Harry Harkness Flagler,

Mrs. Joseph A. Flannery,
Nathan Fleischer,
Fred T. Fleitmann,
Isaac D. Fletcher,
Edward H. Floyd-Jones,
Franz Fohr,

L. G. Forbes,

Scott Foster,

Mrs. M. J. Fox,

Mrs. William Fox,
David J. Frankel,

R. A. Franks,

Miss Jane K. Fraser,
Miss S. Grace Fraser,
A. S. Frissell,

John W. Frothingham,
John H. Fry,

W. W. Fuller,

E. A. Funke,

Albert Gallatin,

Geo. F. Gantz,

Francis P. Garvin,
Mrs. Walter Geer,
John J. Gibbons,

R. W. Gibson,

Prof. William J. Gies,
Mrs. William J. Gies,

(72)

J. Waldron Gillespie,
Robert McM. Gillespie,
Mrs. S. D. Godfrey,

Mrs. Mary R. Goelet,
Julius Goldman,

Chas. Gotthelf,

Abraham L. Goldstone,
Philip J. Goodhart,

Miss Clara J. Gordon,
Chas. A. Gould,

Edwin Gould,

Mrs. W. R. Grace,

Rev. David H. Greer,
William G. Grieb,

Miss Margarette E. Griffith,
Miss Susan D. Griffith,

E. Morgan sa
George Bird Grinn

Mrs. an! enn Sr.,
A.

Mrs. Gurnee,

Mrs. C. S. Guthrie,
William D. Guthrie,

Miss Edith Haas,

John A. Hadden, Jr.,
Daniel S. Hage,

Hon. Ernest Hall,

Wn. Halls, Jr.,

Mrs. Charles W. Halsey,
Wm. Hamann,

L. Gordon Hamersley,
Miss Elizabeth S. Hamilton,
Mrs. William P. Hamilton,
Ferdinand Hansen,

J. Montgomery Hare,

E. S. Harkness,

Mrs. Stephen V. Harkness,
Mrs. Frank D. Harmon,
Miss Josephine T. Harriot,

William Hamilton Harris.
Jacob Hasslacher,

T. A. Havemeyer,

J. Woodward Haven,
Miss Caroline C. Haynes,
Mre. W. R. Hearst,

Wm. W. Heaton,

Hancke Hencken,

Chas. Henderson,

Mrs.E. C. Henderson,
Harmon W. Hendricks,
Philip W. Henry,

Mrs. A. Barton Hepburn,
B. F. Hermann,

George B. Herzig,
Samuel A. Herzog,

H. H. Hewitt,

Mrs. James J. Higginson,
Hugh Hill,

Mrs. Robert Hill,
Walter Hinchman,

Mrs. Samuel N. Hinckley,
B. Hochschild,

Mrs. H. P. Hodson,
Richard M. Hoe,

Mrs. Richard March Hoe,
Mrs, Robert Hoe,
Bernhard Hoffmann,
Mrs. Edward Holbrook,
John Swift Holbrook,
Edwin T. Holmes,

Mrs. Elon Huntington Hooker,

Chas. H. Hoole,
Ernest Hopkinson,
Frederick B. House,

Mrs. Henry E. Howland,
John Sherman Hoyt,
Miss Rosina S. Hoyt,

(72)

Theodore R. Hoyt,
Walter C. Hubbard,
Conrad Hubert,

Mrs. E. W. Humphreys,
Mrs. H. E. Huntington,
Mrs. R. P. Huntington,
Dr. Lee M. Hurd,

H. D. Hutchins,

Frank DeK. Huyler,
Mrs. Clarence M. Hyde,
Henry St. John Hyde,
Edwin W. Inslee,
Adrian Iselin, Jr.,

C. Oliver Iselin,

Miss Georgine Iselin,
Lewis Iselin,

William E. Iselin,

Mrs. William E. Iselin,
Miss Flora E. Isham,
Dr. Abram Jacobi,
Samuel K. Jacobs,

John S. Jacobus,

A. C. James,

Mrs. Arthur Curtis James,
Dr. Robert C. James,

E. C. Jameson,

Mrs. Alfred Jaretzki,
Alfred W. Jenkins,

O. G. Jennings,

Walter B. Jennings,
George S. Jephson,
Gilbert H. Johnson,
Mrs. Townsend Jones,
Karl Jungbluth,

Henry M. Kahle,

Felix E. Kahn,

Louis Kahn,

Mrs. Delancey Kane,
Miss Louise Landgon Kane,
Mrs. H. F. Kean,

(73)

Frank Browne Keech, Adolph Lewisohn,

Henry F. Keil, Miss Alice Lewisohn,
William W. Kelchner, Paul Lichtenstein,

Prof. J. F. Kemp, E. K. Lincoln,
Mrs.H.Van SS eae. Frederick J. Lisman,
Mrs. John S. Kenn Lucius N. Littauer,
David Keppel, Mrs. John R. Livermore,
Rudolph Keppler, Miss Anna P. Livingston,
John B. Kerr, Mrs. Francis G. Lloyd,
Geo. A. Kessler, Mrs. I. Ferris Lockwood,
Patrick Kiernan, Frank J. Logan,

S. E. Kilner, Russell H. Loines,
Alfred R. Kimball, Lord & Burnham Co.,
Mrs. Wm. M. Kingsland, P. Lorillard, Jr.,

Darwin P. Kingsley, Ethelbert I. Low,

Morris Kinney, Miss Carlotta R. Lowell,
W. Ruloff Kip, August Lueder,

E. C. Klipstein, Walther Luttgen,

Roland F. Knoedler, Mrs. N. H. Luttrell,
Chas. Kohlman, William M. Lybrand,

A. H. Kursheedt, J. M. Richardson Lyeth,
Adolf Kuttroff, S. Ma,

Francis G. Landon, Mrs. C. B. Macdonald,
Edward V. Z. Lane, Clarence H. Mackay,
Woodbury Langdon, Kenneth K. Mackenzie,
Mrs. Jacob Langeloth, Mrs. Charles F. MacLean,
Mrs. John J. Lapham, Malcolm MacMartin,
Lewis H. Lapham, V. Everit Macy,

John Burling Lawrence, F. Robert Mager,

Henry Goddard Leach, J. H. Maghee,

Prof. Frederic S. Lee, Pierre Mali,

Lederle Antitoxin Laboratories, Chas. Mallory,

Marshall C. Lefferts, Thomas L. Manson,
Wm. H. Lefferts, Miss Delia W. Marble,
George Legg, John Markle,

James M. Lehmaier, Mrs. John Markle,

Wm. H. Leupp, Dr. J. W. Markoe,
Edmund J. Levine, Otto Maron,

G. Levor, Mrs. Henry Marquand,

Louis 8. Levy, Edwin S. Marston,

Dr. Walton Martin,
William J. Matheson,
Robert Maxwell,
Harry Mayer,

Mrs. R. de L. Mayer,
Dr. D. H. McAlpin,
Geo. L. McAlpin,
George McAneny,
Henry P. McKenney,
John A. McKim,
James McLean,
Edward F. McManus,
William McNair,

B. Frank Mebane,
Morton H. Meinhard,
Dr. Walter Mendleson,
Herman W. Merkel,
John L. Merrill,
Manton B. Metcalfe,
Herman A. Metz,
Eugene Meyer, Jr.,
George A. Meyer,
Harry J. Meyer,

John G. Milburn,

Dr. Adelaide Mills,
Mrs. John Murray Mitchell,
Barrington Moore,
Clement Moore,

J. C. Moore,

Miss Katherine T.4Moore,
H. de La Montagne,
Miss Anne Morgan,
Miss C. L. Morgan,

E. D. Morgan,

Mrs. J. P. Morgan, Jr.
Wm. Fellows Morgan,
Mrs. Pierpont Morgan,
Mrs. Cora Morris,
Mrs. Dave Hennen Morris,
Dwight W. Morrow,

(74)

Henry C. Mott,

Mrs. John B. Mott,

Frank J. Muhlfeld,

Car! Muller,

Rev. Joseph A, Mulry, S. J.,
John P. Munn,

Frank A. Munsey,

William S. Myers,

A. G. Nesbitt,

Mrs. Russell H. Nevins,
Miss Catherine A. Newbold,
Miss Edith Newbold,
Frederic R. Newbold,

Mrs. William G. Nichols,
William H. Nichols,

Wm. Nilsson,

George Notman,

Howard Notman,

Adolph S. Ochs,

John Offerman,

P. M. Ohmeis,

E. E. Olcott,

Elam Ward Olney,

Robert Olyphant,

Mrs. Emerson Opdycke,
Mrs. Wm. Openhym,
William C. Orr,

Prof. Henry F. Osborn,
Mrs. William Church Osborn,
Joseph Osler,

Miss Elizabeth H. Packard,
Fred’k Page Co.,

Augustus G. Paine,

Henry Parish, Jr.,

Junius Parker,

Winthrop Parker,

James C. Parrish,

Chas. W. Parsons,

Miss Gertrude Parsons,
Mrs. Henry Parsons,

W. A. Paton,

Mrs. Frederick Pearson,
Charles E. Peck,

Dr. Charles H. Peck,
Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham,
Edward S. Pegram,
Mrs. Sarah G. T. Pell,
Edmund Penfold,

Mrs. William A. Perry,
Samuel T. Peters,

Mrs. Theodore Peters,
W. R. Peters,

Carl Schurz Petrasch,

Lloyd Phoenix,
Phillips Phoenix,
Carl Pickhardt,
Gottfried Piel,
Henry Clay Pierce,
Winslow S. Pierce,

Mrs. R. Stuyvesant Pierrepont,

J. Fred Pierson,

Mrs. Frank H. Platt,
Edward Plaut,

Gilbert M. Plympton,
Bernard Pollak,

Chas. Lane Poor,

Mrs. James Harper Poor,
James E. Pope,
Alexander J. Porter,
Abram S. Post,

Miss Blanche Potter,
Frederick Potter,

Mrs. George D. Pratt,
Mrs. Herbert Lee Pratt,
John T. Pratt,

Mrs. L. oe

R. B. P

Miss Cornelia Prime,

(75)

Thomas R. Proctor,
Mrs. Kate Davis Pulitzer,
H. St. Clair Putnam,
Miss Eva C. Putney,
Percy R. Pyne,

Charles F. Quincy,
Charles Raht,

Edmund D. Randolph,
Stanley Ranger,

G. B. Raymond,

Mrs. William A. Read,
Miss Emily Redmond,
ieee Redmond,
John R

Geo. N. Reinhardt,
Chas. Remsen,

Howard Price Renshaw,
Miss Elvine Richard,
Oscar L. Richard,

Wan J. Riker,

r. Wm. C. Rives,
7 Emeline Roach,
G. Theo. Roberts,
Miss Mary M. Roberts,
Miss Jennette Robertson,
Louis J. Robertson,
Andrew J. Robinson,
William G. Rockefeller,
Edward L. Rogers,
Miss Harriette Rogers,
Hubert E. Rogers,
A. J. Rolle,
W. Emlen Roosevelt,
Mrs. W. Emlen Roosevelt,
Hon. Elihu Root,
Henry C. Ross,
Jacob Rossbach,
C. H. Ruddock,

Louis Ruhl,

Jacob Ruppert,

Miss M. L. Russell,
John Barry Ryan,
Arthur Ryle,

Harry Sachs,

Samuel Sachs,

Clarence Sackett,
Daniel C. Sands,

Miss G. W. Sargent,
Herbert L. Satterlee,
Mrs. Herbert L. Satterlee,
Hermann Schaaf,
Fred’k Miller Schall,
George E. Schanck,
John Scheepers,

Anton Schefer,

Mrs. H. M. Schieffelin,
Dr. Wm. J. Schieffelin,
Charles A. Schieren,
Gustave H. Schiff,
Rudolph E. Schirmer,
C. P. Schlicke,

Miss Jane E. Schmelzel,
Fedor Schmidt,

D. Schnakenberg,
Henrich Schniewind, Jr.,
Louis B. Schram,
Henry Schreiter,

B. Schutz,

C, M. Schwab,

Gustav Schwab, Jr.,
Walter Scott,

Miss Grace Scoville,
Robert Scoville,

The Scoville School,
Mrs. Arthur H. Scribner,
Edward M. Scudder,
Alonzo B. See,

Charles E. Seitz,

(76)

Prof. Edwin R. A. Seligman,
Jefferson Seligman,

E. W. Sells,

Mrs. Charles H. Senff,
Alfred Seton,

Mrs. William F. Sheehan,
George R. Sheldon,

Finley J. Shepard,

James Shewan,

Wm. Shillaber,

Alfred L. Simon,

John W. Simpson,

Francis Louis Slade,
Ralph E. Slaven,

Benson B. Sloan,

Samuel Sloan,

Thomas Smidt,

Daniel Smiley,

Miss Fanny A. Smith,
Frank Morse Smith,
Pierre J. Smith,

R. A. C. Smith,

William Graves Smith,

E. G. Snow,

Mrs. Charlotte Sorchan,
Mrs. Edward W. Sparrow,
Mrs. Gino C, Speranza,

J. R. Stanton,

Mrs. Mary P. Eno Steffanson,
Chas. H. Steinway,

Fred. T. Steinway,

Wm. R. Steinway,

Olin J. Stephens,
Benjamin Stern,

Sereno Stetson,

Mrs. Byam K. Stevens,
Frederic W. Stevens,

Dr. Geo. T. Stevens,
Lispenard Stewart,

Wm. R. Stewart,

Chauncey Stillman,
Miss Clara F. Stillman,
Dr. D. M. Stimson,
Mrs. Willard Straight,
H. Grant Straus,

Roger W. Straus,
Albert Strauss,

Chas. Strauss,
Frederick Strauss,
Martin Strauss,

Samuel Strauss,
Edward W. Strobhar,
Mrs. Gustaf Stromberg,
Benj. Strong, Jr.,

John R. Strong,

Mrs. Theron G. Strong,
Joseph Stroock,

F. K. Sturgis,

Mrs. F. K. Sturgis,
Mrs. James Sullivan,
Miss Mary Taber,
Henry W. Taft,

E. H. T. Talmage,

C. A. Tatum,

Henry R. Taylor,

W. A. Taylor,

C. H. Tenney,

H. L. Terrell,

Mrs. John T. Terry,
Thomas Thacher,

Miss M. J. Thayer,
Mrs. Hector W. Thomas,
Mrs. Howard L. Thomas,
Percival Thomas,

Seth E. Thomas, Jr.,
L. S. Thompson,

Lewis M. Thompson,
Loren Ogden Thompson,
William B. Thompson,

Dr. W. Gilman Thompson,

Jonathan Thorne,

(77)

Samuel Thorne, Jr.,

W. V. S. Thorne,

Myles Tierney,

Louis C. Tiffany,

Henry N. Tifft,

James Timpson,

Mrs. Margaret T. Tjader,
J. Kennedy Tod,

P. S. Trainor,

A. F. Troescher,
Frederick K. Trowbridge,
Carll Tucker,

Dr. Alfred Tuckerman,
Paul Tuckerman,

‘Geo. E. Turnure,

Benjamin Tuska,

Mrs. Mary A. Tuttle,

E. S. Twining,

Lucien H. Tyng,

Oswald W. Uhl,

Theodore N. yeu

James J. Van A

Mrs. Frederick T. “Van Beuren,

Mrs. Warner M. Van Norden,
Edgar B. Van Winkle,

Hon. Robert A. Van Wyck,
Mrs. Wilbur Linwood Varian,
Mrs. James M. Varnum,
Richard C. Veit,

Thos. F. Vietor,

Alfonso P. Villa,

Mrs. Gustavus A. Walker,
James N. Wallace,

Leo Wallerstein,

Dr. Max Wallerstein,

Wm. I. Walter,

Artemus Ward,

Mrs. John I. Waterbury,

C. W. Watson,

Thomas L. Watt,

Mrs. E. H. Weatherbee,
H. a on
J.G. W

Mrs. W. ae Webb,
Miss Alice D. Weekes,
Chas. Wehrhane,
Charles H. Weigle,
Bernard Weinig,

Mrs. C. Gouveneur Weir,
Mrs. Samuel W. Weiss,
Mrs. John Wells,

Oliver J. Wells,

Arthur L. Wessell,

Dr. William West,

William Young Westervelt,

Miss Edith Wetmore,
Mrs. Alice T. Wheelock,
Dr. Wm. E. Wheelock,
Miss Caroline White,

Mrs. Stanford White,
Clarence Whitman,

Miss Margaret S. Whitney,
Edward A. Wickes,
Elmore A. Willets,

MEMBERS OF THE

Mrs. Robert Bacon,
Mrs. Thomas H. Barber,
Miss Elizabeth Billings,
Miss Eleanor Blodgett,
Mrs. Charles D. Dickey,
Mrs. Walter Jennings,
Mrs. Delancey Kane,
Mrs. Hamilton F. Kean,
Mrs. A. A. Low

Mrs. Charles Mac Veagh,

Honorary MEMBERS OF

Mrs. E. Henry Harriman,
Mrs. John I. Kane,
Miss Olivia E. P. Stokes,

(78)

Mrs. Percy H. Williams,
Richard H. Williams,
William H. Williams,

W. P. Willis,

James R. Williston,
Frank D. Wilsey,

Prof. Edmund B. Wilson,
Miss Margaret B. Wilson,
M. Orme Wilson,
Bronson Winthrop,
Grenville L. Winthrop,
Mrs. Robt. Winthrop,
Mrs. Frank S. Witherbee,
Lewis S. Wolff,

William E. Wolff,

Prof. R. 8. Woodward,
Miss Julia Wray,

Mrs. J. Hood Wright,
Mrs. A. Murray Young,
Joseph A. Zanetti,

Mrs. Anna M. von Zedlitz,
Charles H. Zehnder,
Charles Zoller,

O. F. Zollikoffer.

Women’s AUXILIARY

Mrs. V. Everit Macy,
Mrs. Henry Marquand,
Mrs. George W. Perkins,
Mrs. George D. Pratt,
Miss Harriette Rogers,
Mrs. James Roosevelt,
Mrs. Benson B. Sloan,
Mrs. Theron G. Strong,
Mrs. Henry O. Taylor,
Mrs. George Cabot Ward.
THE WoMEN’s AUXILIARY

Mrs. F. K. Sturgis,
Mrs. F. F. Thompson.

(79)

REPORT OF THE TREASURER

New York, January 13, 1919
To THE Boarp oF Mawnacers or THE New York Bo-
TANICAL GARDEN.

Gentlemen: Herewith I submit a statement of my Receipts
and Disbursements during the year 1918, and Balance
Sheet from my Ledger as of December 31, 1918.

Respectfully submitted,
Joun L. Merritt,

Treasurer.
Receipts AND DisBURSEMENTS
Receipts
Balance from Annual Report of 1917............. $ 35,156.42
Investment Guggenheim Greenhouse Fund
Sale of $45,000. New York Central
Railroad Company Two Year 5%
Coll. Gold Notes................ % 44,521.88
Life Membership Fees Credited to En-
dowment Fund................... 250.00
Contributions from New York City
towards Maintenance............. 105,759.11
Other contributions
To Students Research Fund........ 121.00
To Garden School Fund........... 4,148.66
To Emergency Fund.............. 5,300.00
To School Garden Summer House
Fund ee cceau aed utero 30.00
To Special Fund for Books.. 47.09
Refund, credited to Convention Garden
Pundtse stuido swetee ee ates 13
Annual Dues............--00 00 eee 8,570.00
Fellowship Members Fees............ 200.00
Sustaining Members Fees............ 350.00

Subscriptions to “Addisonia” credited
to Income of Addison Brown Fund . 2,435.00

( 80 )

Subscriptions to “North American
Flora,” Sales of Publications, cred-
ited to Income of David Lydig Fund

Plant Fund.......................-.

Sundry Sales, credited to Income of
Stokes Fund.....................

Sales of paper, credited to General
TCOMAG acct chaes vate eae tanataae ooare Beas

Sale of plates, credited to Income of
Addison Brown Fund.............

Sales credited Chas. B. Robinson Fund

Liberty Loan Subscriptions made for

account of employees
Repayment by employees..........
Income from General Investments
credited to General Income Ac-
count
5% on $50,000. Southern
Ry. ist Consolidated
Mortgage Bonds........$2,500.00
444% on $50,000 Ches. &
Ohio R. R. Co. General

Mortgage Bonds........ 2,250.00
4% on $50,000 Erie Rail-

toad Co. rior Lien
Bonds................. 2,000.00 *

4% on $59,000 Erie Rail-

road Co. Penn. Coll.

Trust Bonds........... 2,360.00
4% on $50,000 Reading

R. R. Co. ee Jersey

Central Coll. Tr......... 2,000.00
a on eg he
R. R. St. Paul,

Ee Divn............. 960.00
4% on oco Northern
R. R. Bonds, Gt.

Nor, C. B. & Q. Trust .. 1,400.00
5% on $10,000 Louisville
& Nash. R. R. Egpt.

2,056.19
563-75

21.55

9470.00

(81)

4% on $10,000 New York

City Stock due 1959.... 400.00
416% on $10,000 N. Y.

Cent. Lines Eqpt. Notes 450.00
4% on $11,000 Milwaukee,

Sparta & No. West. R. R.

Bonds................. 440.00
444% on $50,000 ae

vania R. R. Genl. Mtge.

Bonds................. 2,250.00
5% on $10,000 Balto. &

Ohio R. R. Bonds...... 500.00

5% on $50,000 Great Nor.
R. R. Coll. Trust Gold
Notes. ................ 2,500.00 20,510.00
Income from Investment of John Innes
Kane Fund, 5% on $10,000 Great
Northern Railway Co.. 500.00
Income from Investment ae ‘Mana
DeWitt Jesup Fund,
4% on $15,000 No. Pac.

Prior Lien. ............ % 600.00
414% on $10,000 Liberty
Loan Bds. Sept.1,1918.. 148.98 748.98

Income from Investment of Addison
Brown Fund,
4% on $22,000 Nor. Pac. Prior Lien
BSS geese cee. Basten 880.00
Income from Investment of Guggen-
heim Greenhouse Fund, N. Y. Cen-

tral 2 yr. Notes................. 3,994.45
Interest on Liberty Bonds held by Gar-
den, not paid for by employees... 30.00

Interest account, being interest at 3%
on balances deposited with Messrs.
J. P. Morgan and Company for the
year 1918 (credited to General In-
come Account)..............--. 634.12
$211,125.99 $211,125.99
$246,282.41

(82)

Disbursements
Investments
Account Maria De Witt Jesup Fund
Third Liberty Loan Bonds $10,000 $10,000.00
Allowance Director-in-Chief
Increased appropriation to Director-
in-Chief for working fund........ 5,000.00 $ 15,000.00
Expenses paid Through Director-in-Chief
Account of New York City appro-

priations....................00. $105,759.11
General account for vouchers paid.. 26,455.36
Garden School Fund.............. 1,791.53
Guggenheim Greenhouse Fund..... 41,772.08
School, Garden Summer House Fund — 2,283.50
Emergency Fund................. 5,861.25
Special Fund for books............ 63.69
Plant Fund for purchase of plants... 487.72
Publications, debited to Income of

David Lydig Fund.............. 1,482.64
Sundries, debited to Income of D. O.

Mills Fund... 0.0.0... ee. 1,400.86
Printing, debited to Income of Stokes

Punideccy ie Sie a ada 26.55
Income of Science and Education

Bund tee eee eet et 3,938.08
Income of Students Research Fund 100.00
Income of Henry Iden Fund....... 475.00
Income of William R. Sands Fund... 461.00
Income of John Innes Kane Fund .. 476.72
Income of Maria DeWitt Jesup Fund. . 899.49
Income of Addison Brown Fund.... 3,953.22
Income of C. B. Robinson Fund.... 50.00 $197,737.80

Sundry Accounts
Subscription to Third Liberty Loan,
for account of Garden employees . $ 3,300.00
Subscription to Fourth Liberty Loan,
for account of Garden employees . 4,400.00 7,700.00

$220,437.80

(83 )

Balance, Cash in hands of Treasurer
(on deposit with J. P. Morgan

ANG CON ioe feet tase ta heaton werk 25,844.61
$246,282.41
Lepcer Batances, DecEMBER 31, 1918
Credit
Permanent Funds
Endowment Fund................. 000000005. $306,260.00
Endowment Fund, for Science & Education..... 83,461.90
David Lydig Fund, ae of Charles P. Daly . 34,337.86
Legacy of Wm. R. Son Rt eta ohne eee tec 10,000.00
Darius Ogden Mills ae toni eeeaaentetaephe ce 50,000.00
Henry Iden Legacy.........0.....000....00... 10,000.00
Addison Brown Legacy....................... 21,850.00
John Innes Kane Fund....................... 10,000.00
Stokes Fund... ........0....0000 0000 eevee 3,000.00
Charles Budd Robinson Memorial Fund........ 673.85
Maria DeWitt Jesup Legacy.................. 25,000.00
Students Research Fund...................... 4,124.00
$558,707.61
Temporary Funds

Guggenheim Greenhouse Fund................ B 54,175.02

Rose Garden and Garden Extension Fund...... 13.8
Garden School Fund. .................0..00.. 3332-07
Emergency Fund.................0.-00 00005: 1,044.84
School Garden Summerhouse Fund............. 124.50
Income Students Research Fund............... 415.45
Income John Innes Kane Fund................ 60.13
Income Addison Brown Fund................. 1,423.60
Income Charles Budd Robinson Fund.......... 28.53
Special Fund for Books...................0.... 135.24
Income David Lydig Fund.................... 475.61
Income Stokes Fund. .............-....--.00.. 4.74

Interest on Liberty Loan Bonds (not taken up by

employees).............00 00000 e eee eee ee 30.00
Plant Fund .. 3 3.8% sfeiabebrd sep tee 542.35

Exploration Fund............ 0.0.0.0... 0 005s 24.05

Museum and Herbarium Fund................ 26.08

% 61,856.06

Grand total... 0000..... 000 eee eee $620,563.67
Debit

General Investments

$50,000 Ches. & Ohio Genl. Mtg. Bonds ]
50,000 So. Ry. Co. 1st Cons. Mtg. Bds.
50,000 Erie R. R. Co. Prior Lien Bds.
59,000 Erie R. R. Co. Penn. Coll. Tr. Bds.
50,000 Reading R. R. Co. J. C. Coll. Tr. Bds.
24,000 Nor. Pac. R. R.-St. P. & D. Div. Bds.
30,000 Nor. Pac. Gt. Nor.-C. B. & Q. Coll.
10,000 N. Y. City 4% Stock 1959 5

Investment, D. O. Mills Fund
$50,000 Penn. R. R. Genl. Mtg. Bonds, 414%... $ 50,418.33
Investment, Science 3 Education Fund
$10,000 N. Y. Cent. Lines Eqpt. ]
10,000 Louisville & Nashville Eqpt.
10,000 Balto. & Ohio Refunding
Genl. Mtg. Bds. due Dec. 1995, 5% | 3 84,532.36
5,000 Chic. Burlington & Quincy R. R. Jt. 4s.
July 1, 1921
50,000 Gt. Nor. Rwy. 5% Gold Notes due
Sept. 1, 1920
Investment, Henry Iden Fund
$11,000 Milwaukee, Sparta & No. W.R.R. Bonds. 10,120.00
Investment, Addison Brown Legacy
$22,000 Nor. Pac. Prior Lien Bds. 4%.......... 21,380.69
Investment, John Innes Kane Fund
$10,000 Gt. Northern Rwy. Co. 5% Gold Notes due
DEPiwly 102024. 445 are ae ee ee 10,015.62
Investment, Maria De Witt Jesup Fund
$15,000 No. Pac. Prior Lien Bonds, 4%
$10,000 Liberty Bonds, Third Loan. iia
Investment, Guggenheim Greenhouse
$30,000 N. Y. Central Lines, 1919............. 28,228.12

r $312,424.18

J

23,378.75

(85 )

Income from Investment Maria De Witt Jesup Fund. 134.96
Director-in-Chief Working Fund.................. 30,000.00
General Income Account

Balance borrowed from Permanent Funds...... 21,931.05
Liberty Loan Account

Due by employees..........00...0 0.0000 0005. 2,155.00

Cash in Hands of Treasurer
Jan. 1, 1919 (on deposit with f. P. Morgan & Co.) 25,844.61

$620,563.67

(86)

REPORT OF THE SPECIAL AUDITOR
TREASURER’S ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR 1918

Room 3111, Granp CENTRAL TERMINAL
New York, March 19, 1919
Mr. Epwarp D. Apams,
Chairman, Finance Committee, New York Botanical Garden,
71 Broadway, New York, N. Y.
Dear Sir:

This is to certify that I have, by direction of the Board of
Managers, examined the books and accounts of the Treasurer of
the New York Botanical Garden, for the year nineteen hundred
and eighteen (1918), together with their proper vouchers, and
that I find the balance sheet and the Treasurer’s statement of
receipts and disbursements attached hereto to be correct.

I have also examined the various investment securities and
find the same to be as reported in the said balance sheet.

Respectfully submitted,
A. W. Stone,
Special Auditor.

(87 )

Director-1n-Cu1er’s ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR 1918

Room 3111, Granp CEenTRAL TERMINAL
New York, March 19, 1919
Mr. Epwarp D. Apams,
Chairman, Finance Committee, New York Botanical Garden,
71 Broadway, New York, N. Y.
Dear Sir:

This is to certify that I have examined and audited the
financial books and accounts of the Director-in-Chief of the
New York Botanical Garden for the year nineteen hundred and
eighteen (1918), and that I find the same to be correct, and the
cash balance to be as stated in the current cash book.

In accordance with recent practice, I have not included in
this auditing the examination of the vouchers for City main-
tenance or construction work paid for by the City, as such
vouchers have been found proper and in order by the City
authorities, and it was decided in 1904 by the Chairman of the
Finance Committee that a further examination of them was
unnecessary. By like authority I have omitted also a detailed
examination of the annual membership dues account. These
dues are received by the Director-in-Chief and forwarded by
him to the Treasurer, the former keeping a detailed record of
the same.

Respectfully submitted,
A. W. Stone,
Special Auditor.

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BULLETIN
The New York Botanical Garden

Vol. 10 No. 38

DESCRIPTIVE GUIDE TO THE GROUNDS,
BUILDINGS, AND COLLECTIONS

Fourth Edition*

Location
The New York Botanical Garden is situated in the north-
ern part of Bronx Park, north of Pelham Avenue, the
reservation including nearly 400 acres of land of a very
diversified character, furnishing natural landscapes of great
beauty and variety.

Means of Access

The Garden is conveniently reached in the following
ways:

1. By the Harlem Division of the New York Central and
Hudson River Railroad to The Botanical Garden Station.

2. By the Third Avenue Elevated Railway system to the
terminal station of that road at Bronx Park. .

3. By the Subway, Lenox Avenue and West Farms
branch, with transfer at 149th Street and Third Avenue to
Elevated Railway, thence to Bronx Park Station, or by the
White Plains Avenue Extension of the Subway from
East 180th Street to stations at Pelham Parkway and
Allerton Avenue.

4. By trolley car on Webster Avenue to 2ooth Street or
the Woodlawn Road. This line connects with lines from

* For first edition see Bulletin no. 16; for second edition see Bulletin no. 23; for
third edition see Bulletin no. 34.

(89)

(90)

the western part of The Bronx on Fordham Road, and on
Tremont Avenue, and also with the line to Yonkers.

5. By trolley car on the White Plains Road east of Bronx
Park from West Farms, Williamsbridge, and Mt. Vernon,
connecting with lines from the eastern part of The Bronx at
West Farms and at Mt. Vernon.

6. By trolley car, on the Southern Boulevard to Pelham
Avenue. This line connects with lines from the southern
and southeastern parts of The Bronx.

7. By driveways in Mosholu Parkway from Van Cort-
landt Park; from Pelham Bay Park through Pelham Park-
way; through the Crotona Parkway and Southern Boule-
vard from Crotona Park; there are also driveway entrances
at 200th Street, convenient for motor-cars coming from
Jerome Avenue; at Bronx River Parkway, at the northern
end of the Garden, for motor-cars coming from the north;
at Allerton Avenue on the eastern side of the Garden for
motor-cars coming from the east; and at the Woodlawn
Road, convenient for motor-cars coming from Yonkers,
and from other points west and northwest of the Garden;
there are three driveway entrances from Pelham Avenue.

Purposes

The New York Botanical Garden was established by an
Act of the Legislature of the State of New York passed in
1891 and amended in 1894 “‘for the purpose of establishing
and maintaining a Botanical Garden and Museum and
Arboretum therein, for the collection and culture of plants,
flowers, shrubs and trees, the advancement of botanical
science and knowledge, and the prosecution of original
researches therein and in kindred subjects, for affording
instruction in the same, for the prosecution and exhibition
of ornamental and decorative horticulture and gardening,
and for the entertainment, recreation and instruction of the
people.”

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(91)

General Plan
A. Burtpines

The principal buildings open to the public are:

1. The largest botanical museum building in the world,
located near the Botanical Garden Station of the New
York Central Railroad and the Mosholu Parkway entrance.
This building includes, in addition to the museum exhibits
on the main floors, a lave lecture hall for public lectures
in the basement; and the library, laboratories for in-
struction and io. and the herbarium, on the upper

oor.

2. Conservatory range I, a large and handsome glass-
house located near the Elevated Railway Station and
containing plants from tropical regions

3. Conservatory range 2, a similar building more than
half finished, situated on the eastern side of the Garden
near the Allerton Avenue entrance.

4. e mansion, a stone house built by the Lorillard
family in 1856, stands on the east side of the Bronx River,
above the waterfall. It contains meeting rooms, board
rooms, horticultural laboratories, a lecture room, the
oellections of the Bronx Society of Arts and Scenes. the
office of the Secretary of the Horticultural Society of New
York, and the shops of the Garden, which are in its base-
ment.

B. SysTEMATIC PLANTATIONS

Containing plants arranged in botanical sequence for
comparative study.

s. The pinetum, or collection of cone-bearing trees,
mostly evergreens, brought together on the hills and
slopes on all sides of conservatory range I, and in the space
between that structure and the museum building.

The young white pine, red pine, and white fir plantations
are located south of the herbaceous garden, near the Victory
Grove of Douglas spruce trees.

6. The deciduous arboretum, or collection of trees which

(92)

lose their leaves in the autumn, located along nearly the
entire eastern side of the grounds from Pelham Avenue to
Williamsbridge.

he salicetum, or collection of willows, occupies several
acres on both sides of the river at the north end of the
grounds.

7. The fruticetum, or collection of hardy shrubs, located
on the plain northeast of the museum building at the Wood-
lawn Road entrance and extending northward into the
north meadows; this collection is also arranged by botanical
relationship.

The viticetum, or collection of shrubby vines, is in the
edge of the forest east of the economic garden, not far from
the museum building.

8. The herbaceous garden, situated in the valley east
of conservatory range I, near the Southern Boulevard
entrance, containing collections of hardy herbaceous plants
arranged by botanical relationship.

g. The morphological garden, just north of the herba-
ceous garden, designed to illustrate forms of plants and
plant structures studied in elementary botany.

10. The economic garden, adjoining the morphological
garden on the north, containing groups of hardy plants
whose products are directly useful to man.

C. Horticutturat PLANTATIONS

Containing plants that may be used for decorative pur-
poses. The systematic plantations also contain a number
of such plants.

11. Decorative woody plants in groups along the roads
and paths and in various parts of the grounds, consisting
of conifers, rhododendrons, flowering shrubs, magnolias,
etc
12. The Japanese cherry collection, in the valley between
the river and conservatory range 2, containing over a
hundred trees that flower every spring.

13. The rose garden, an area of over an acre located in

(93)

the valley west of Long Lake and not far from the Pelham
Parkway Station of the Subway. Several hundred varie-
ties of the finest roses are in bloom there from early summer
to autumn.

14. The lilac garden, situated south of the rose garden on
Pelham Parkway and containing a good representation of
single- and double-flowered varieties.

15. Flower gardens containing a great variety of plants
in bloom from early spring to late autumn. These are
chiefly located in the vicinity of conservatory range 1 and
the Elevated Railway Station.

16. Horticultural collections, situated south of the
herbaceous garden and containing collections of cannas,
phloxes, gladioli, rose mallows, and plants having varie-
gated or colored foliage.

17. The dahlia collection, in the west border north of
the Harlem Railway Station, containing several hundred
of the best varieties to be obtained.

18. The iris collection, or iris garden, situated in the
extreme southwestern corner of the grounds where Pelham
Parkway and the Southern Boulevard meet.

19. The water garden, northeast of the museum building,
containing water-lilies and other aquatic plants.

D. Naturat FEeaTuRES

In addition to these artificial features, the following natu-
ral features are noteworthy:

20. The hemlock forest, a grove of the Canadian hemlock
spruce, clothing the hills between the museum building and
the Bronx River and covering about forty acres, consider-
able portions of it being primeval.

21. The gorge of the Bronx River, extending south from
the waterfall at the Mansion, along the edge of the hemlock
grove. The river plunges through its gorge in a series of
rapids passing into quiet waters before it leaves the Garden
under the Linnaean Bridge.

22. The north meadows and river woods along the Bronx

(94)

River from the northern end of the hemlock grove to the
northern end of the Garden.

23. Deciduous woodlands on rocky ridges in the southern
and central parts of the reservation.

E. Parx FEATURES
24. Entrances.
25. Roads and paths.
26. Bridges.
27. Water supply and drainage.
28. Shade trees and border screens.
29. Shelters and pergolas.

1. The Botanical Museum

The Museum Building has a frontage of 312 feet, and in
so far as now constructed, a depth of about 90 feet; the plan
of this building contemplates its future extension toward
the rear, so as to form a quadrangle enclosing acourt. The
architectural style of the building is Italian Renaissance.
The walls are of light-colored brick and the trimmings of
terra-cotta. It has a steel frame and concrete floors.
Three floors are devoted to public exhibits, while the
upper floor contains study rooms, the library, labora-
tories and herbarium, which may be used and consulted by
permission.

The building is approached by two straight driveways
and accompanying sidewalks leading from the main park
driveway near the New York Central Railroad station;
this front approach to the building is ornamented by a
bronze fountain executed by the sculptor Carl E. Tefft,
and by terra-cotta fountains and marble seats designed by
R. W. Gibson, the architect of the building. The lofty
steel flag-poles were donated by Mr. Edward D. Adams.
The vista lines are formed by four parallel rows of tulip-
trees.

The public collections in this building are:

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(95)

THE MUSEUM OF ECONOMIC BOTANY*

This occupies the entire main floor, and comprises both
crude and refined products of plants used in the arts, the
sciences, and the industries, as well as illustrative photo-
graphs and drawings. The specimens, at present totaling
nearly 10,000, are classified primarily as products, in-
cluding (eods drugs, fibers, gums, resins, sugars, rubbers,
spices and flavoring-agents, dye-stuffs, tanning-materials,
plant-constituents, fixed- and volatile-oils, cork, starches,
and others as indicated by the accompanying floor plan.
The articles pertaining to each of these primary classes are
then arranged in their botanical sequence, proceeding
from the lower to the higher plants.

The arrangement of the larger groups is as follows:
Foods and fibers occupy the west hall, the former in cases
on the north side, the latter on the south. The west wing
is mainly given over to exhibits other than foods, fibers,
drugs, and woods. The east hall contains the drugs,
while to the east wing are assigned woods and wood-pro-
ducts, and a collection illustrating North American den-
drology. Not all of the cases are as yet in place, additions
being installed from time to time, as the growth of the
Museum requires. In the following numbering, allowance
is made for such additions.

Fibers. Cases 1 to 30.—In the first case of the series
devoted to fibers may be found cotton, now the most im-
portant of the vegetable hairs and fibers. It is derived
from the fruit of the cotton plant (Gossypium), being the
hairs that cover the surface of the seeds. The fruits from
several different kinds of cotton-plants may be seen with
the cotton bursting from the capsule, while some of the
many different products are also shown.

The fiber of other plants, derived from leaves, stem, bark,
roots, and other organs, is of great economic importance
and is used, either in practically its natural condition, as

* For more detailed information, see our Guide to the Economic Museum.

(96 )

may be seen by the specimens of fans, hats, boxes, bags,
baskets, mats, matting, crude ropes, brooms, ornaments,
and toys; or it is manufactured into articles of commerce
after processes which remove it considerably from its
natural aspect or condition; for example, linen, which is
made from the flax plant; cloth, twine, and rope, made
from jute, hemp and abutilon-fiber; and paper made from
wood and other fibers.

Cork and its Products. Case 34.—This exhibit comprises
the crude cork bark and specimens illustrating its prepara-
tion for the cutting of corks; also a large number of articles
illustrating its uses. Cork forms the outer portion of the
bark of most woody stems. That of one species of oak,
Quercus Suber, of the Mediterranean region, possesses
peculiar properties of toughness, elasticity, and impervious-
ness to liquids and vapors, which make it useful for bottle
stoppers. Many attempts have been made to find sub-
stitutes, but none have been found to possess an equal
value. It has many other important uses. After re-
moval from the tree, and the shaving off of its gray outer
layer, it is alternately beaten with mallets and heated, to
close up the natural fissures. Its removal does not injure
the tree, since it will split off periodically if not removed.

The cutting of cork requires extremely sharp instru-
ments, operated by machinery running at a high rate of
speed. The substance, as we are accustomed to see it,
is prepared by means of boiling the cork bark and scraping
off the rough outer portion. A large jacket of crude cork
is exhibited near by, just as it was stripped from the tree.

Paper Pulp and Paper. Cases 35 and 36.—Wood sec-
tions used for paper pulp, and the various stages in the
manufacture of the latter are illustrated, as well as a number
of varieties of paper made from such pulp.

Wood fiber, especially that obtained from the trunks of
the spruce and poplar, enters largely into the manufacture
of paper. In cases 35 and 36, the fiber is shown in its
crude condition and in the various stages of refinement,

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(97)

as well as the various qualities of paper into the structure
of which it enters. Here also are specimens of straw and
other specimens illustrating the several stages and sub-
stances connected with the production of straw paper.

Rubber and Allied Products. Cases 37-39.—The first
case in the west wing contains rubber and allied pro-
ducts. Here are the implements and utensils used in
collecting the rubber “milk” from the trees which grow
in tropical forests. Rubber is derived mostly from trees
belonging to the mulberry family, spurge family, and dog-
bane family. Rubber, India-rubber, or elastic consists
chiefly of the peculiar substance caoutchouc, which, in the
form of an emulsion, constitutes the milky juices of many
plants, existing in special milk-tubes of the bark and wood.
The bark is cut or punctured, when the milk exudes and is
caught in some receptacle. The milk is coagulated by
various methods, mostly by subjecting it to the action of
smoke, and the coagulated mass, after losing water by
slow evaporation, takes on the dark color, toughness, and
elasticity characteristic of rubber. Rubber is more valu-
able in proportion as its percentage of caoutchouc is greater,
and that of its resin less. The most important source of
rubber is the tree Hevea brasiliensis, the Para Rubber tree,
native of Brazil, now very extensively planted in the East
Indies.

Several varieties of rubber may be seen in the different
stages of refinement, together with some articles as manu-
factured for the market. Here, too, are two allied products,
gutta-percha and balata, which are derived from the
trunks and foliage of certain trees belonging to the sapo-
dilla family. These trees grow in many portions of the
tropics.

Varnish Resins. Cases 40-42.—The varnish resins

roper are mostly dug from the earth, where they have
laid imbedded for ages in a sort of fossil state. Their
value for varnish purposes is due to the fact that they
dissolve with great difficulty, thus possessing the quality

(98 )

of permanence and durability; also that they are very
hard, for which reason they take and retain a high polish.
Many resins of recent production and of less value, are
added to the cheaper varieties of varnish. Our collection
contains representatives of practically all varnish resins
that are in use.

Miscellaneous Resins. Cases 43 and 44.—Resins are
waste substances produced by the life processes of the
plant. They are transported through the plant body in a
liquid state, being dissolved, mostly in volatile oils. When
the ducts or cavities containing them are broken or cut,
they exude upon the surface and may then harden by the
evaporation of the oil. They are collected for use by va-
rious methods, some of which are illustrated by the speci-
mens and pictures exhibited in the cases.

Dye Stuffs. Case 45.—Many of the substances pro-
duced by the living plant and stored in its body possess
colors which can be imparted to fabrics or other articles
immersed in their solutions. There are others which
although themselves not colored originally, yield useful
dyes when some chemical agent is added to them. All
such plant substances, as well as the vegetable tissues
containing them, are known as “‘dye stuffs.’ 00
illustrations are logwood, brazil-wood, madder, alkanet,
and indigo, besides which, many of ce importance are
to be seen in our collection.

Although the use of anilin or coal-tar colors has very
largely replaced that of vegetable dyes, there is still a vast
use of the latter. But for the introduction of the former,
it is dificult to see how the demand for colors could have
been supplied under modern conditions.

Tanning Materials. Cases 46 and 47.—The tanning
materials are also very important from an economic stand-
point. They depend for their value chiefly upon the
tannic acid that they contain, but that other constituents
contribute is clear from the fact that a substance containing
less tannin may be more valuable than one containing a

(99)

larger percentage. The tannin cures and toughens the
skin, but other effects are required to produce the best
quality of leather, especially that of “filling” the minute
cavities. For this purpose, white-oak bark seems to be
preeminent and this continues to be the most valued tanamg
substance. It has become scarce and costly, and “oak
leather” now brings the highest prices. The tannins are
represented by saw-palmetto, mangrove, pine, hemlock,
sumac and by other products. The crude materials of the
mangrove and the saw-palmetto are accompanied by their
fluid extracts, which contain the tannic acid, and also by
the spent material or refuse which remains after the extract
has been made. This latter material may be used for other
purposes.

Flavoring Agents, Spices, and Condiments. Cases 48-51.
—The term ‘“‘flavoring agent” is applied to any substance
used to impart an added agreeable flavor to anything in-
tended to be taken into the stomach through the mouth,
or to remove or cover a disagreeable flavor in such a sub-
stance, as for instance a disagreeable medicine. The term
“spice” is applied to a flavoring agent which possesses an
aromatic and more or less pungent quality, such as anise,
caraway, or cinnamon. By the term “condiment” is
usually understood one of the more powerful agents of
the preceding group, such as pepper, capsicum, mustard,
or horseradish. Condiments do something more than to
impart a flavor to the food. They act strongly on the
nerve of taste, stimulating it to a keener sense of the
natural flavor of the food. They also tend to affect the
appetite and, when properly used, often to increase the
digestive activity. All of these groups are liberally repre-
sented in these cases.

Waxes. Case 52.—Waxes are plant exudations, related
chemically to the oils. Although they are produced by
many plants, this product is usually so small that their
collection is not practicable. In this way, they exist
upon the surface of such fruits as grapes, plums, and some

( 100 )

varieties of pumpkin, appearing as a thin whitish coating,
commonly called the “‘bloom.” In the same way they
occur upon the surface of many leaves. The term glaucous
is applied in descriptive botany to such surfaces. In a
few cases, wax exudes in such quantity as to be collectable
in commercial quantity. This is usually done by placing
the wax covered tissue in hot water, when the wax is
melted and may be skimmed off of the surface of the water.
A good illustration of this wax is that found upon the surface
of the bayberries, illustrated in our collection.

Fixed Otls or Fats. Case 53.—Fat is a very abundant
plant product, occurring more abundantly in ripe seeds
than in other parts. Fats also often occur abundantly
in the pericarps of fruits, especially those of the palm
family. The best method of extracting oils is by a simple
process of pressure, in the cold state. Such an oil, if the
pressure be moderate, is likely to be quite pure. Pressure
with heat is often employed, the yield of oil thus being
increased. In many cases, oils are obtained by boiling
the product in water, from the surface of which the extracted
fat may be skimmed. In many cases, this method is
liable to cause deterioration of the fat by its partial de-
composition. Many oils, as those of coconut, cotton-seed,
and olives, yield important food products. Many others,
as linseed oil, are largely employed in paints, others in
soap-making or for lubricating purposes. In other cases,
as castor and croton oils, they are highly medicinal.
There are vast numbers of oil-yielding products in tropical
countries which are not collected, the annual wastage of
such products running into enormous values.

Soap and Soap Substitutes. Case 54.—One of the most
important uses of the fixed oils is for soap-making, and of
the volatile oils, that of perfuming such soap. The manu-
facture of soap consists essentially in boiling the oil or
fat with an alkali by which process the acid of the fat is
caused to combine with the alkali, this product constituting
soap. ‘The glycerin of the fat is set free as a by-product.

(101)

Resins, being much like fats in their chemical nature,
may ic substituted for a fats, resulting in what are
known as “resin soaps.” In this case may be seen a
series of products which illustrate the various steps in the
soap-making process.

Many plants, such as soap-root and soap-bark, contain a
peculiar substance called “‘saponin,”’ which possesses the
property of forming a lather with water, like soap. Al-
though this is too irritating for general use upon the skin,
it has great cleansing power and is largely employed as a
soap substitute in the cleansing of fabrics, the removal of
grease and for similar purposes. Many vegetable sub-
stances containing saponin are displayed in this case.

Volatile or Essential Oils. Cases 55-60.—These pro-
ducts are exceedingly numerous in the vegetable kingdom,
being responsible for the fragrance of flowers and other
parts of the plant, as well as for some odors which are ex-
ceedingly disagreeable to man. The volatile oils are
stored in special cells or cavities and are extracted for
human use in various ways, the most usual being that of
distillation. This method consists in tightly packing the
plant or plant part containing the oil, in a still, flooding
with water and applying heat. A small quantity of the
oil thus driven out of the plant-tissue is absorbed by the
water. After the water has become saturated with the
oil, the remainder of the latter passes off in the form of
vapor, which is caught and condensed by cooling. In a
few cases, as those of lemon and orange-peel oils, the oil
is extracted by pressure. Volatile oils are usually rather
expensive products, some of them, like attar of roses, posses-
sing a very high money value. The following are some
of the best known volatile oils. From roots are obtained
the oils of lovage, elecampane, and muskroot; rootstocks or
underground stems furnish the oils of calamus, ginger,
orris-root, and wild ginger; herbage is the source of the
oils of pennyroyal, tansy, spearmint, and peppermint;
wood furnishes the material to make the oils of red-cedar

( 102 )

wood and sandalwood; bark is the source of the oils of
birch, cinnamon, and sassafras; leaves yield the oils of
hemlock, spruce, pine, cedar, eucalyptus, and wintergreen;
flowers yield the oils of cloves, lilac-flower, and orange
flowers; fruits yield the oils of pepper, lemon, caraway, and
fennel; seeds furnish the oils of mustard, wormseed, nut-
meg, and almonds; while resins give us the oils of elemi,
mastic, myrrh, and frankincense.

Perfumery. The volatile oils described above are the
principal substances used in the manufacture of perfumery.
Very often the perfumes are made by merely dissolving one
or more such oils in water, alcohol, or other substance capa-
ble of absorbing them. The oil-saturated water, produced
in the distillation process described above, is itself used as a
perfume. In other cases, layers of fresh fragrant flowers, as
roses or violets, are pressed tightly between layers of lard or
other fatty material, which absorbs the oil directly from
the flowers and constitutes pomades. In some cases, oils
having very offensive odors may have such odors completely
changed into agreeable ones by combination with some other
substance.

Fumitories and Masticatories. Cases 61-64.—The term
“fumitory”’ is applied to any substance used for producing
a smoke that is to serve some useful or desirable purpose.
That now almost exclusively employed for smoking by
human beings is tobacco, although various other substances
are often added to the latter. A “masticatory” is a
substance used for chewing. Tobacco is very largely
employed as a masticatory also, but has in recent years
been largely replaced by chewing gums of varying com-
position. In the chewing of these articles the chief or
only object sought is that of exercising the jaws, but there
are masticatories in use by the people of other countries
which produce far more important effects. This is notably
true of the coca-leaf, chewed by the natives of the South
American Andes and producing very powerful and im-
portant physiological effects. Most of the important
masticatories in use are shown in our collections.

( 103 )

Beverages, including Chocolate. Cases 65-69.—These
are represented by both the alcoholic and non-alcoholic
classes. Of the latter, one of the most important is pure
or nearly pure drinking water obtainable from the hollow
leaf-stems of the traveler’s palm, from the stems of some
tropical vines, from young cocoanuts, and some other
plant parts. Other non-alcoholic beverages represented
are tea, coffee, maté or Paraguay tea, and various fruit
juices. Of the alcoholic group, malt liquors: such as beer
and ale, many wines and distilled liquors are shown. In
our Guide to the Economic Museum may be found suitable
references to the origin and manufacture of these beverages
and to their special effects on the human system.

Proximate Principles or Plant Constituents. Cases 70-
75.—These cases contain the most valuable, as well as
the most instructive set of collections in our Museum.
A “proximate principle” of a plant, or animal, is any sub-
stance having a definite and fixed chemical composition
as it exists naturally in the living body. As illustrations
of such substances, we may mention starch, sugar, cellulose,
saponin, castor-oil, and quinine. It will be noted that
they represent nutrient as well as medicinal substances.
In fact, it is the proximate principles of plants which
give to them any useful properties that they possess when
absorbed into the human system. When any vegetable
food is eaten, it is only its nutrient proximate principles
which are extracted and absorbed by the digestive organs,
the remainder being excreted as waste. When vegetable
substances are used as medicines, a similar process takes

lace. The medicinal constituent or constituents are
extracted by the system and produce their medicinal
effects, either on the entire body or on the particular tissue
or organ for which they have their selective affinity, the
rest of the plant being non-assimilant. It is often pre-
ferable, instead of giving the entire vegetable substance,
either as a food or medicine, to extract the useful proximate
principles and use them in their purified form. This very

( 104 )

large collection, generously donated by E. Merck & Com-
pany, of New York, and valued at several thousand dollars,
contains all of the more important proximate principles of
plants, some of them being worth as much as five or ten
dollars per grain.

Starches. Case 76.—Starch is largely formed by most
plants, as a reserve food supply, from the water taken in
through the roots and the carbonic acid gas inhaled from
the atmosphere; the chemical combination is effected by
the sun’s energy, directed by the green coloring matter
(chlorophyl). Starch is mostly found in the form of
granules, sometimes in small rods, and is easily converted
by the plant, or artificially, into glucose, in which form
the plant consumes it. In darkness the plant consumes
starch previously formed in daylight. Starch is insoluble
in water and can therefore be easily washed out from ground
plant tissue. The forms of the starch grains are so con-
stant and characteristic in each plant that they afford an
excellent method of identifying the latter, even in powder.
Starch, as in the case of many other substances, exists in
and is consequently derived from the several organs of
various plants, for example, the roots of the cassava plant
furnish the cassava flour and tapioca, while those of coontie
yield coontie flour or Florida arrowroot, which is quite
similar to sago, and those of the sweet-potato plant furnish
sweet-potato flour. The rootstocks of the common potato
plant abound in potato flour, while those of the arrowroot
plant yield arrowroot flour. The stems of some of the
sago palms and those of some of the true palms are the
sources of sago flour. The fruits, both dry and fleshy, of a
great variety of plants, contain starch; for example, those
of the several grains, wheat, rye, and corn; while those of
the banana yield the less common banana flour. The
seeds of some plants are used as a source of starch.

Sugars. Cases 77 and 78.—Sugars are formed by plants
at a stage in the manufacture of carbohydrate foods, and
again when the carbohydrate is used by the plant as food,

( 105 )

as explained on our label, in the starch case. Although
many varieties of sugar are recognized, they all fall into
two great classes, cane-sugar and glucose. Cane-sugar
occurs mostly in stems and roots, glucose in fruits. Glucose
is cheaper than cane-sugar and if pure, is more healthful
for human use, but the commercial article is very apt to be
impure. Glucose is mostly manufactured from corn.
Cane-sugar is mostly manufactured from sugar-cane,
sugar-beets and sorghum cane. Sugar is a very important
plant-product and it is of vast economic value. Sugar-
cane (Saccharum) is the basis of the world’s sugar supply.
The juice from the stems of the plant is boiled down and
by other processes is made into the principal crude pro-
ducts shown in the cases and later into the commercial
grades of sugar, also shown.

The juices of other plants are also used in making sugar,
for example, in temperate regions, the sugar-beet yields
an enormous amount, the sap of the maple tree is made
into maple-sugar, while in tropical regions the sap of various
palms, such as the coconut-palm and the sugar-palm,
is made into palm-sugar.

Fodder Plants. Cases 79-81.—These are mostly shown as
sheaves. Fodders are derived chiefly from plants of the grass
and bean families. Illustrations of the former are the vari-
eties of hay known as timothy, red-top, blue-grass, and
orchard-grass. Such hays are made by cutting the plants
when in bloom or early fruit, and drying entire. Another
form of the same class consists of the plants of the grains,
wheat, rye, oats, and corn, cut while young and dried. n
dried after the removal of their grain, they constitute straw.
The corn-plant, cut young, is often chopped up and stored
fresh in pits and bins. Such fodder is called ensilage.
The grains themselves, separated from the straw, are
largely used for fodder. Illustrations of the second class
are the plants of clover, vetch, lupine, meibomia, and peas,
cut in a similar stage of growth and dried into hay. Fod-
ders of this class are much more nutritious than the grass-

( 106 )

hays, but are not so wholesome and must be fed sparingly,
especially to horses.
uman Foods. Cases 85-114.—The utter dependence
of man for sustenance upon vegetable products lends ex-
ceptional interest to the consideration of plants as foods.
hile it is true that man subsists largely upon animal
food, these animals are themselves dependent upon vege-
tation, so that human dependence thereon is but one step
removed. It is our intention, so far as possible, to have
represented in our food collection every natural vegetable
substance known to be used as food by human beings, and
also many of the more important manufactured food pro-
ducts made from such substances. In the case of culti-
vated products, it is not practicable to represent all of the
cultivated varieties, but in all cases, a sufficient number of
them are ert to illustrate ne nature and range of
variation. The number of articles in this group is so
great that it has been found necessary to adopt some
special method of classification and arrangement. They
have therefore been grouped in the following divisions:
A. Underground Portions.
B. Aerial Stems, Buds, Leaves or Leaf-stems and Flowers.
C. Fleshy Fruits and Seeds
D. Nuts and Seeds eaten in the dry state, such as Marrow
Beans and Peanuts.
£. The Cereal Grains and a few products of similar nature.
The articles in each of these classes are arranged in their
natural botanical sequence, from the lowest to the highest
plant.

Group dA—cases 85 and 86—includes roots, rootstocks,
tubers and tubercles, and bulbs. Although some fruits,
such as the peanut, are produced subterraneously, it has
been thought better to place them under fruits rather than
in this group. In these cases will be found, not only such
staple root-crops as potatoes, sweet potatoes, yams, taro,
turnips, radishes, beets, and carrots, but also a large num-
ber of aboriginal foods, from many countries. Many of

( 107)

these, while quite unknown to the general public, could
probably be developed, through selection and breeding, into
products of equal value with some of those now generally
cultivated.

roup B—cases 87 and 88—includes such plant-stems
as asparagus, pokeroot, and milkweed, such leaf-stems as
pie-plant, celery and cardon, such buds as cabbage and
brussels sprouts, leaves like spinach, Swiss chard, beet tops,
and lamb’s-quarters, and varieties of cauliflower.

Group C—cases 89 to 105—shows collections of fleshy
fruits, including not only those commonly understood by
this term, such as apples, grapes, and the berries, but those
which, like string beans, are eaten as vegetables, but in
their fresh state. It also includes seeds eaten in the fresh
green state, like green peas and lima beans. It therefore
comprises not only those sweet products which are com-
monly called fruits by the public, but also those which,
like tomatoes, pepper, and okra, are eaten as table vege-
tables. is collection, in its entirety, is very large.
Here will be found not only all the cultivated fruits of
temperate regions, in many varieties, as well as those of
tropical production, but also such wild edible fruits and
berries as our collectors have accumulated from our own
and many foreign countries. Aside from its economic
interest, this group affords first-class material for the special
studies of the morphologist and taxonomist.

Group D—cases 106 to 110—like its predecessor, con-
tains a large number of articles in use in other countries,
which are quite unknown to most persons in the United
States. Prominent among such articles are some of the
nuts and many varieties of beans grown in tropical coun-
tries, especially in Chile and the Philippine Islands. Of
great interest also is quinoa, the seed of a species of lamb’s-
quarters of the Andes, constituting the principal food of
the poorer classes in Chile, Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador.

Group E—cases 111-114—comprising the cereal grains,
is also very large, representing those of all countries, and

( 108 )

in a large number of varieties. Several hundred varieties
of rice, chiefly from the Philippines, will be found of
special interest. Of Indian corn, we show not only the
highest product of modern plant breeding, but many
primitive forms, not far removed from the original wild
product. Dhoura or Kaffir corn is another highly im-
portant grain, little known among us except as a chicken
food, but constituting the staple article of diet of millions
of oriental people. Of the more common grains, such as
wheat, oats, and barley, the products of different countries
have been gathered, as well as sets representing the com-
mercial grading by the New York Produce Exchange.

Drugs. Cases 115-174. Our materia medica collec-
tion is the largest in the Museum, with the possible ex-
ception of that of foods. It includes only the crude,
ground, and powdered vegetable drugs, with a few con-
stituents extracted from them. It has not been deemed
advisable to include manufactured medicinal prepara-
tions, partly because of their great number, and partly
because of their liability to deterioration when kept for
long periods. It is not to be understood that the presence
of a drug in this Museum is an endorsement, or even an
indication of its value. It is recognized that a large
minority, if not an actual majority of vegetable drugs that
are or have been used, are either worthless or of so little
value as not to be entitled to use. It sometimes happens,
however, that new discoveries are made regarding the value
of a drug previously regarded as worthless that reveals it as
the possessor of important properties. It appears desirable
also that such a collection should possess historical value,
which is subserved by including in it all plants that have
been considerably employed in medicine, without regard
to the justification for such use.

The classification of these collections is of similar charac-
ter to that of the foods. They are first grouped as under-
ground portions, barks, woods, leaves, flowers, herbs, and
twigs, fruits, seeds, and miscellaneous parts and products.

( 109 )

The articles of each of these groups are again arranged
in the order of their natural botanical sequence, from the
lowest to the highest plant.

Poisonous Plants of the Vicinity of New York. Cases 122
and 123.—While a vast majority of plants are innocuous,
a number are decidedly poisonous, either to the touch or
when taken into the system. Although many of them are
not likely to be eaten, there are a few which, for special
reasons, are very liable to be so, and which are the cause
of many fatal accidents. Prominent among these are
pokeroot, sometimes mistaken for horseradish, aconite
root, often mistaken for the same condiment, pokeroot
shoots, eaten like asparagus without proper precautionary
preparation, veratrum leaves and stramonium leaves,
eaten as greens, Cicuta roots, eaten for Jerusalem arti-
chokes, and its stems, eaten for angelica, and belladonna
fruits and stramonium seeds, sometimes eaten by children.
Besides these, there are others which are liable to be eaten
with evil results by live stock. Owing to imperfect knowl-
edge of these poisonous species, accidents are liable to
occur, on the one hand, while on the other, unjustified fear
may prevent the use or handling of quite innocent plants.
It has therefore been deemed desirable to have a very com-
plete and carefully prepared exhibit of all poisonous plants,
both wild and cultivated, growing in the vicinity of New
York, which may be consulted or studied, especially by
children. At the time of the printing of this Guide, this
collection is very incomplete, so that it cannot be relied
upon as a complete guide on the subject. Plans are per-
fected, and will be promptly executed, for the perfection of
this exhibit.

Insecticides. Case 124.--Many of the poisonous plants,
and some which are not so, have a wide use for the destruc-
tion of insect pests, in the house, infesting cultivated
plants, or even found upon the animal body. A number
of these are here exhibited and to them additions are
being made as opportunity affords.

(110 )
Woods and Wood Products. Cases 181 to 195.—The

great number of useful woods and their more important
products precludes anything like a complete representation
of those of the entire world, with our present means and
equipment, although it is not improbable that such an
exhibit may be undertaken inthe future. Inthe meantime,
the collection will be found to contain much of interest
and value, and will be extended as our facilities permit.

Charcoal. Case 196.—Charcoal is the residue remaining
after driving off the volatile constituents of wood, both
those which exist naturally in it and those which are formed
during the application of heat, oxygen being excluded to
avoid the burning of the carbon. Although charcoal is
chiefly employed as a fuel, it has many other important
uses, different sorts being specially applicable for certain
of them. One such use isin the manufacture of gunpowder,
for which purpose the carbon must be free from silica, or
other crystals capable of causing sparks by friction.
Another use requiring very special properties is that for the
carbons of incandescent electric lamps. Certain kinds of
charcoal are specially useful in medicinal preparations.
Our collection of these products is at present very small,
but is nevertheless of considerable interest.

Miscellaneous Specimens. Case 197.—In this case will
be found a number of interesting articles not properly
referable to any of the special classes above enumerated,
ornaments and toys being specially prominent. Many
seeds and other plant parts are employed in the making
of beads and decorative articles. The ivory nut, the very
hard seeds of a species of palm, is largely used in the
making of buttons, chessmen and various carved articles,
substituting ivory for such purposes. This collection is
capable of indefinite extension as a result of visits to countries
inhabited by savages and other primitive peoples.

North American Dendrology. Cases 199-264.—The col-
lection of North American Dendrology is based on speci-
mens of the wood of all North American trees. To the

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wood specimens are added specimens of twigs, of flowers,
of fruits, and of other objects of interest from the various
trees.

2. THE MUSEUM OF SYSTEMATIC BOTANY

This occupies the second floor of the building, except the
west wing, and is designed to illustrate by specimens, draw-
ings, and photographs, types of all the natural families of
plants, beginning with those of the simplest structure and
ending with the most complex. It consists of four series of
objects:

(a) The general synoptic collection

(b) A series of microscopes showing selected specimens

(c) Illustrations of the local flora

(d) Plant photograph exhibit

(a) Synoptic Collection. This is designed to illustrate
the plant world. A series of characteristic objects is
installed as a basis for illustrating each plant-family.
These specimens are accompanied as far as possible by
plates, drawings or photographs, while on the shelves are
arranged additional objects, such as flowers, fruits, woods,
specimens of fossil plants, and models of various organs of
plants, all intended further to illustrate the structural
characteristics of the different groups. This collection is
arranged according to the most natural and thus far most
generally satisfactory interpretation of the interrelation of
the plant-families; it may be considered as falling into
two main series, namely, the flowerless or spore-bearing
plants and the flowering or seed-bearing plants.

The flowerless plants fall into three phyla or subking-
doms: (1) the Thallophyta, in which the plant-body is not
differentiated into stems and leaves, as represented by the
slime-moulds, the bacteria and other micro-organisms,
the seaweeds, the fungi, and the lichens (2) the Bryophyta,
represented by the mosses and their immediate relatives;
and (3) the Pteridophyta, including the ferns and the
fern-allies.

(112)

The Thallophyta (cases 1 to 40), may be defined as
plants without true roots, stems, or leaves; but notwith-
standing their simple structure they exhibit an infinite
variety of form and color.

The Myxomycetes or slime-moulds (case 1), standing
at the bottom of the plant-scale, occupy the first exhibition
case placed at the right hand side of the stairway from
the main floor. They are thallophytes, having neither
chlorophyl nor (in their vegetative condition) a cell-wall.
These very simply constituted plants usually grow upon
and derive their nourishment from decaying organic sub-
stances. They vary greatly i in size, some being exceedingly
minute, others assuming the form of relatively large ir-
regularly shaped masses spreading in all directions as they
grow. Most of the plants are small, and the structure is
very delicate, in fact some are so fragile that a mere breath
of air will ruin them.

Following the slime-moulds stand the cases devoted to
the algae or seaweeds (cases 2 to 16), which may be briefly
defined as thallophytes with chlorophyl, the green coloring
matter of plants. The plants of this series are much more
variable in form than those of the preceding, and are also
much more numerous. Some forms are microscopic,
others attain considerable size. The first case of the series
is occupied by representatives of the blue-green algae
(case 2) and the diatoms. The plants of these two groups
are minute, so much so that in most cases the individuals
can be well seen only with the aid of a microscope. As one
finds them in nature they commonly form slimy or oozy
masses which are not particularly attractive to the naked
eye, but under a compound microscope they are of very
great interest. Following the series just mentioned are the
green seaweeds (cases 3 and 4), the group which includes the
plants that are sometimes called the pond-scums, green
slimes, green felts, and stoneworts. Some of jee are
microscopic; however, some of the green seaweeds attain a
considerable size and begin to look a little more like what

(113)

are popularly termed “plants.” After the green seaweeds
come the brown ones (cases 5 to 8), and here the largest
kinds are included. In their tissues is found a brownish
pigment which obscures their green coloring matter. To
this group belong the widely distributed “‘gulf-weed” or
““sargasso-weed” (Sargassum) and the gigantic “great
kelp” of the Pacific Ocean, which sometimes attains a length
of more than a hundred feet. The seaweeds culminate in
the red algae, a group in which the plants show some shade
of red, pink, or purple; these (cases 8 to 15) exhibit a
marvelous range of form and color. The last group of
cases containing this series is given to the group of red
algae which are known as the corallines, on account of
their outward resemblance to the corals. These plants
are thoroughly permeated with lime and are often as hard
and stone-like as any coral, and build up reefs in the tropi-
cal oceans much as the corals do.

The next great type of plant life is the fungi (cases 16
to 40). These, like the plants of the preceding group,
vary greatly in size and complexity of structure; but,
unlike them, they are devoid of chlorophyl, the character-
istic green matter which enables other plants to build up
complex food for their nourishment, and consequently
they are wholly different in their mode of life. Some are
parasitic, deriving their nourishment from living plants
and causing enormous damage to crops; others are sap-
rophytic, deriving it from the remains of dead organisms;
while others are symbiotic, living in such relationship with
chlorophyl-bearing (green) plants that they mutually
nourish one another, as in the case of mycorhizas. There
are five generally recognized series here: First in order are
the alga-like fungi (case 16, in part); these vary in form from
simple masses of protoplasm to simple or branching threads.
Here belong many of the moulds and similar forms which
grow both on other plants and on animals. In case 16,
also, have been installed specimens and illustrations of
crown-gall, an abnormal growth which is caused by minute

(114)

plants known as bacteria. This peculiar growth is com-
monly known as vegetable cancer on account of its close
resemblance to the cancer of the human body. e
disease is very destructive to trees and shrubs of various
kinds. Second we have the stalked-spored fungi (cases 16
to 29). This series falls into two groups, the one typified
by the “rusts” and “‘smuts” which are commonly para-
sitic on the leaves and fruits of other plants; the other the
great saprophytic group, well known through the mush-
rooms, bracket-fungi, stink-horns, and puff-balls. Third in
this series are the spore-sac fungi (cases 30 to 35). In these
plants the spores are borne in delicate membranous sacs,
called asci, which in the more complex forms are collected
into bodies of various shapes. The plants vary greatly in
size and structure and may be either parasitic or saprophytic.
To this group belong the yeasts and mildews; and also the
chestnut-blight fungus. This disease, which has been im-
ported into this country, has caused the death of all of the
American chestnut trees in the immediate vicinity of New
York City and threatens the entire destruction of this valu-
able tree. Some plants grow above the surface of the ground,
as in the case of the morel; while others are subterranean,
as in the case of truffles. Fourth in the series is the group
known as the imperfect fungi (case 36). In this group the
spores are borne directly on the threads or “hyphae”
which constitute the vegetative portion of the organism.
They are often parasitic on the leaves and on the bark
of both wild and cultivated plants. The fifth and in many
respects the most interesting of all the groups is that con-
sisting of the lichens (cases 37 to 40). The lichens have
commonly been considered to form an independent sym-
biotic group, each lichen being supposed to consist of a
fungus and an alga living together, the one nourishing the
other, but, according to some of the more recent students
of the group, the lichens are simply fungi that live parasiti-
cally upon algae. The lichens are quite familiar to most
people as plants of more or less leathery texture growing on
rocks, on poor soil, or on the trunks of trees

(115 )

A step forward brings us to the Bryophyta. These are
seedless green plants, most of which possess roots, stems,
and leaves, but have no vascular tissue (cases 41~50). This
group is best known through the mosses, which form its
largest division. Of somewhat simpler structure are the
hepatics or scale-mosses (cases 41 to 43). The stems and
leaves of the hepatic plant are sometimes combined into
a flat thallus-like body which creeps closely on the ground or
other objects and resembles in aspect some of the lichens.
The leaves, when present, are usually more delicate in
texture than in the true mosses and they do not have a
midvein. These differences alone enable one to distin-
guish a hepatic from its relatives by the unaided eye or at
most by the use of a lens. In addition to these characters,
the capsule or the receptacle which bears the spores, or
reproductive bodies, usually splits into four valves when
full-grown and the spores themselves are accompanied by
spiral threads called elaters. The favorite habitat of
hepatics is wet places, and mountains continually steeped
in clouds yield a surprising variety of forms. Closely re-
lated to the hepatics, and commonly included with them,
is the group Anthocerotes; these plants may, however, be
distinguished by the presence of a central axis or column
(columella) in the capsule, and there are several other im-
portant structural differences in their tissues.

The mosses (cases 44 to 50) follow the hepatics in order
of development and complexity; they differ from them,
however, in many respects. The stem and leaves have
more differentiated tissues, and the leaves usually have a
midvein. The moss capsule generally opens by a lid under
which there are commonly appendages to aid in scattering
the spores, which in this case are not accompanied by
spiral threads as they are in the hepatics. The mosses
fall into three primary groups: First the ‘‘peat-mosses”’
(Sphagnum), which differ from the rest of the mosses in
the development of the tissue-structure of the capsule and
in the spores; they grow in swamps and other wet places,

(116)

and their accumulation forms peat. The “black mosses’
(Andreaea) differ from both of the other groups in the
valvular capsule; they grow on dry rocks. The true mosses
vary exceedingly in size and aspect. An examination of
the specimens in the exhibition cases will convey to the
mind a better idea of this group than may be gained from
a description. They grow under all kinds of conditions
from dry rocks to deep water. Many of the kinds grow on
almost any kind of rock, earth, or bark of trees, while
certain ones are more particular as to their habitat. Some
will thrive only on limestone, which they often gradually
disintegrate and partially preserve in the masses of closely
set plants as a calcareous tufa; other species prefer ground
that has recently been burnt over, as species of Funaria
and Leptobryum, while others grow only on the bones of dead
animals or in places where animal refuse has accumulated.

Next higher in the plant kingdom is the subkingdom
Pteridophyta, or ferns and fern-allies, the seedless plants
with roots, stems, leaves, and woody tissue (cases 51 to
55). The ferns as a group perhaps attract the attention
of a greater number of people than any other series of
plants. Associated with what are usually known as ferns
are the fern-allies, for example the “‘horse-tails” (Equi-
setum), “‘lycopods” (Lycopodium), and ‘“quillworts” (Iso-
etes), but these are usually less conspicuous than the
“ferns.”” Fern-plants differ from all the plants of simpler
organization in having vascular (woody) tissue, that is,
a system of vessels for conducting sap through the different
parts of the plant-body. They exhibit an almost infinite
variety of form; their stems may be underground, hori-
zontal on the ground, or erect; the leaves are either simple
or compound, and sometimes perform both the work of
foliage leaves and that of bearing the spore-cases (ferns),
while in other cases some of the leaves have become changed
into mere spore-bearing organs (cinnamon-fern).

The “flowering” plants (cases 56 to 128) comprise a
single subkingdom, the Spermatophyta, or seed-bearing

(117)

plants. This extensive group seems to have followed two
independent lines of development and consequently the
plants fall into two well-marked groups, the first being
the gymnosperms, cone-bearing plants, or plants in which
the seeds are borne exposed in variously shaped cones
(cases 56 to 58). This is a comparatively small group,
but exhibits great diversity, including plants ranging from
straggling shrubs or vines to the largest trees. The leaves,
too, vary from structures resembling needles or scales to
expanded fern-like structures of considerable variety’
In a former geological age these plants were the dominant
seed-bearing plants, but now the second group of the sper-
matophytes largely predominates; namely, the angio-
sperms, covered-seeded plants in which the seed is borne
in a seed-case. These plants also existed in the later
geological ages, and now form the most important and
conspicuous part of the vegetation of the earth. The
covered-seeded plants (cases 59 to 128) fall into two divi-
sions, the one in which the embryo has a single leaf, the
monocotyledons (cases 59 to 71); the other in which the
embryo has two leaves, the dicotyledons (cases 72 to 128).

(b) Microscope Exhibit. The exhibition microscopes
occupy small stands on the mezzanine landing between the
first floor and the second floor. In front of the windows
on the right, if one enters by the right stairway, are shown
a few of the simplest and smallest forms of plant life.
Under the lenses of the first microscope are representa-
tives of the diatoms—one-celled organisms, some o
which have the power of animal-like locomotion; the
living substance of each cell is enclosed and protected by a
hard transparent glassy wall consisting of two halves,
one of which fits into the other like a band-box into its
cover. The second microscope shows attractive and
varied forms of fossil diatoms from California. Following
this are shown “‘sea mosses,” or “‘seaweeds,” as they are
commonly known, and closely related minute plants which
inhabit fresh water and belong to groups often referred to

(118)

in popular speech as ‘“‘pond-scums” or “ooze.” In the
natural unmagnified condition, many plants of this sort
seem quite the reverse of attractive, but when placed under
a sufficiently power EOS Ope nny of them reveal a
rare beauty. The “‘sea mosses,” or “‘seaweeds,” gradually
lose much of their natural beauty of coloration on pro-
longed exposure to the light, but the prevailing elegance
and symmetry of form and structure persist.

Following the plants of the seaweed type are several
representatives of the smaller fungi. The first of these
specimens illustrates the resting spores of the parasitic
fungus that causes the well-known rust of rose leaves.
The second shows a vertical section through the cluster-cup
stage of a fungus that draws its nourishment from the
living tissues of the leaves of violets. Of the fungi which
live upon decaying refuse matter, Ascobolus is one of the
more interesting among those selected for exhibition. In
this, the spores, or propagating cells, are borne in groups
of eight within transparent ellipsoidal sacs, and at maturity
these sacs, each enclosing eight spores, are ejected with
considerable force. Under the next microscope are shown
sections through the gills of a common mushroom, illustrat-
ing the manner in which its very minute and numerous
spores are borne.

Then follow specimens of the liverworts or scale-mosses,
plants in which the differentiation of the vegetative body
into stem and leaves becomes first clearly evident. One of
these, a Frullania, has a part of each leaf peculiarly modi-
fied so as to oir a reservoir for water. By aid of this
device, the frullanias and their allies are able to thrive in
drier situations than are in favor with most of the order to
which they belong. Preparations are exhibited showing
also the vegetative structure and methods of reproduction
of the true mosses. Especially interesting is the “peri-
stome”’ of one of the mosses, which is a fringe of peculiar
appendages surrounding the mouth of the little urn in
which the minute dust-like spores are borne. These ap-

(119)

pendages move about as a result of changing conditions of
moisture and these mechanical movements assist in scat-
tering the spores. A somewhat analogous device is found
in connection with the spores of the equisetums or horse-
tails, though the appendages in this case are attached to
the spores. Near the slide illustrating this feature of the
horse-tails is one showing the spores and spore-cases of the
common polypody; the spore-case here is provided with
a sort of spring, by the action of which the spores are
violently ejected, catapult-fashion. Another preparation
shows the structure of the stem of the moonwort (Botry-
chium) as it appears in a cross section. And yet another
shows a cross section of the submerged stem of an aquatic
plant with its large air spaces and poorly developed
strengthening tissues. On the last table, at the left as
one enters the landing, is a preparation showing “ pollen-
grains” from the flowers of a shrub of the mallow family,
the grains being in this case globular and covered with
small sharp points. Grains of this sort are carried by bees
from the anthers of one flower to the stigma of another,
thus resulting in cross-fertilization. The last slide illus-
trates the structure of the wood of a young pine stem in
cross section and brings out clearly the anatomical basis
of the annual growth rings.

(c) Local Flora. In this collection it is designed to
illustrate every plant-species growing naturally or without
cultivation within one hundred miles of New York City.
For the most part specimens of the plants themselves are
used, but in cases where the structure of the plants renders
this method undesirable, or impossible, a photograph or
a drawing is substituted for the plant-specimen. This
collection is displayed in swinging frames which are placed
so as to correspond in a general way to the sequence of the
cases of the synoptic collection already described; thus,
the first stand is near the first museum case as one enters
the west hall from the top of the staircase. All of the
plant groups are here represented by those members that

(120)

occur locally, and the characteristics of the several groups
as mentioned under the synoptic collection also apply here.

(d) The Plant Photograph Exhibit. A series of over 200
enlarged photographs, illustrating plant societies, habit-
characters, flower-characters, and fruit-characters of the
higher plants, as well as habit and structural characters of
some of the larger algae and fungi, is displayed in frames
fastened to the walls of the systematic museum. As far
as practicable, they have been placed near the cases con-
taining representatives of the species illustrated. The
photographs are II x 14 inches in size and are mounted in
glazed frames, some frames containing 4 and others 6
photographs.

3. THE MUSEUM OF FOSSIL BOTANY

This collection, installed in the basement, is designed to
show the successive stages of evolution through which the
ancestors of our living flora have passed since the time of
the first appearance of plant life on the earth, as far as the
remains of extinct plants have been preserved. The
general arrangement adopted is therefore based upon the
sequence of the geological time divisions: Eozoic, Paleozoic,
Mesozoic, and Neozoic, and their subdivisions into periods;
Laurentian, Cambrian, Lower Silurian, Upper Silurian,
Devonian, Carboniferous, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous,
Tertiary, Quaternary, and Modern. ‘This arrangement is
therefore geological, but incidentally it is also biological,
and follows the same system as that on which the synoptic
collection of the museum of systematic botany is arranged,
inasmuch as the plants of the earlier periods are low in the
scale of life, consisting of thallophytes and pteridophytes
and plants of uncertain botanical determination, while
those which appear in the successively later periods are of
successively higher and more complex types, represented

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(121)

Each specimen on display, with the exception of the
very large ones, is placed upon a separate wooden block,
and each one is labeled, giving the generic and specific
name; the family, order, or class of plants to which it is
referred; the geologic period and subdivision in which it
belongs, and the locality or region where it was collected.
All essential information of a botanical and geological
nature in relation to each specimen is, therefore, included
in the label. Whenever a figure of any specimen can be
obtained this is placed on the same block with the specimen,
and pictures of ideal landscapes, showing the extinct vege-
tation of certain geologic periods, as well as restoration of
certain extinct plants, are displayed in their proper cases.
The series of exhibits begins in the first cases to the left
as one enters the east hall of the basement. The sequence
of the specimens in the wall cases corresponds to that of
the floor cases.

In floor- and wall-cases Nos. 1 to 4 may be seen repre-
sentatives of Eozoic and Paleozoic Time: Laurentian,
Cambrian, Lower Silurian, Upper Silurian, Devonian and
Carboniferous Periods. In floor- and wall-case No. 1 are
specimens of graphite of Eozoic age and of anthracite and
bituminous coal of Carboniferous age, showing the trans-
formation of vegetable matter into the ultimate condition
of pure carbon in the form of graphite or ‘“‘black lead”
in the oldest rocks. Other specimens in this case, classed
as algae, are of uncertain botanical relationship, as the
structure of the primitive plants was not well adapted for
preservation as fossils. For example, some organisms ap-
pear as mere filamentous strips of graphite in white lime-
stone, without any trace of the original structure remain-
ing, while others may be seen as casts and impressions which
closely simulate in general appearance different parts of
the seaweeds now existing. In this series of problematic
fossils are also included a number of forms at one time
definitely classed as plants but now by some assumed to
be of animal or inorganic origin; namely, Scolithus, which

(122)

may be caused by worm burrows; Phytopsis, which may
be a coral; Plumulina, which may be a hydroid; Dendro-
phycus, which may be current-markings; and Dictyolites,
which are most likely sun-cracks. All of these, however,
have at one time or another been definitely regarded as
the remains of marine plants and were originally so de-
scribed and classified.

In these cases and in wall-case No. 2 are also the remains
of the earliest fern-plants and their allies (Pteridophyta)
of Devonian and Carboniferous age, represented by
Lepidodendron, Sigillaria, and Calamites, and the early
seed-bearing plants, the cone-bearers (Gymnosperms),
represented by Cordaites, with the fossils under Trigono-
carpon, Rhabdocarpon, and other genera.

Floor-cases Nos. 2 and 3 and wall-case No. 3 contain
specimens of Carboniferous age, for the most part ferns or
fern-like plants, which were originally described as ferns,
but which are now placed in a different group, the Cycado-
filicales, that is, plants that had characteristics of both
the ferns and the sago-palms, but more closely related to
the latter than to the ferns.

Floor- and wall-cases No. 4 are devoted to specimens of
Carboniferous plants in the genera Lepidodendron, Sigil-
laria, and Stigmaria, in order to show the variation in the
arrangement and shape of the leaf scars and the difference
between specimens with the bark preserved and those
which have been decorticated.

Floor-case No. 5 contains types of early Mesozoic time:
Triassic and Jurassic Periods. The plant remains in this
case are mostly sago-palms or cycads, with a few cone-
bearers and fern-plants, besides specimens of the so-called
“Glossopteris flora,” a flora of uncertain botanical relation-
ship, which flourished in the transition period between
Paleozoic and Mesozoic time, particularly in the southern
hemisphere, and may yet be represented by the living
South African genus Stangeria, a cycad having leaves with
pinnately arranged forking veins, similar to ferns.

(123 )

Floor-case No. 6 encloses plant remains from the rocks
of later Mesozoic time: Lower and Middle Cretaceous
Period. These specimens represent the first appearance
of the higher-seed-bearing plants (Angiosperms), the type
which is dominant in the existing flora. The genera are
in most instances apparently identical with those now in
existence, but the species are extinct. The plants of the
Lower Cretaceous consist largely of ferns and cone-bearers,
while those of the middle Cretaceous show a preponderance
of angiosperms.

Floor-case No. 7 is arranged to show specimens of the
Middle Cretaceous flora found within the limits of the
City of New York, on Staten Island, or in the immediate
vicinity in New Jersey and on Long Island.

Floor-case No. 8 contains specimens from the Middle
Cretaceous of the western States. ‘Those from the Dakota
Group are exceptionally fine, many of them being perfectly
preserved and showing both case and impression of the
same leaf as counterparts.

Floor-case No. g is devoted to plants of the Upper
Cretaceous (Laramie Group), and completes the vegetation
of Mesozoic time.

Floor-cases Nos. 10 to 12 and wall-case No. § contain
plant remains of Neozoic time. Those of the early Ter-
tiary Period (Eocene) are displayed in floor-case No. Io.
Those of the later Tertiary (Miocene) and Quaternary
Periods in floor-cases Nos. 11 and 12. The specimens in
the latter case complete the sequence of plant life on the
earth and bring it up to modern times. A number of
specimens at one end of the case show the methods of
preservation by petrifaction, incrustation, and carboniza-
tion, and on the upper shelf is a series of specimens from
Quaternary and more recent swamp deposits which show
how the conversion of living plants into fossils, a process
now going on, has its beginning.

The specimens in wall-case No. § further illustrate the
characteristics of the plants of the late geological periods

(124)

and the methods by which the various plant structures
have been preserved. A number of specimens of silicified
woods show the method of preservation by what is known
as petrifaction, or conversion into stone, in which the
woody structure is replaced by mineral matter. Other
specimens show preservation by incrustation, in which
mosses and the stems of reeds are coated or incrusted by
mineral matter deposited from springs; while on the upper
shelf on the top of the case are logs and stumps from old
swamps and interglacial deposits, in which the wood has
been partially carbonized, or converted into lignite, by
the slow process of natural distillation. This process
represents the beginning of the conversion of vegetable
tissue into coal.

LECTURES

Other features of the museum building include the large
public lecture hall, with a seating capacity of over seven
hundred, which occupies the western end of the basement.
It is equipped with an electric projection-lantern, and free
public popular lectures covering a wide field of botanical
and horticultural subjects are delivered here on Saturday
afternoons from spring to autumn; these are fully illustrated
by means of a very extensive collection of lantern slides
owned by the Garden which is constantly being increased.
A noteworthy part of this collection is the series of delicately
and accurately colored slides of flowers, fruits, trees and
shrubs, by Mrs. Adelaide S. Van Brunt, from photographs
made during many years by her late husband, Cornelius
Van Brunt.

The Horticultural Society of New York holds several of
its monthly meetings at the Garden, using the large lecture
hall, and also uses the basement museum hall adjacent for
the purpose of exhibitions.

The Torrey Botanical Club holds monthly meetings from
October to May, on the afternoon of the last Wednesday of
each month, in the museum building, and several of its field

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meetings on Saturday afternoons throughout the season
are held at the Garden.

THE LIBRARY

The library of the Garden is located in the center of the
upper floor of the museum building, and is available for
consultation, by permission. It has been formed by the
Board of Managers in order to provide for the use of
students, all the literature of botany, horticulture and re-
lated sciences, and is rapidly becoming one of the most
complete collections of books and pamphlets in the world
dealing with these subjects. It consists of a reading-room,
circular in shape, and two stack rooms opening off from it.
The collection contains over 30,000 bound volumes.

In addition to its own books, the library has on deposit
many of the botanical works belonging to Columbia Uni-
versity and the New York Academy of Sciences.

The Cox collection of Darwiniana, named in honor of
the late Charles Finney Cox, by whom the collection was
made, consists of a complete set of the works of Darwin.
These books occupy a specially constructed cabinet which
stands near the center of the reading room.

Manuscript letters of botanists, as well as many portraits
of botanists, are also on file.

THE HERBARIUM

The herbarium consists of dried specimens of plants sys-
tematically arranged in cases; it occupies the greater portion
of several rooms on the upper floor of the museum building,
and is available for consultation by permission. It contains
prepared specimens of all kinds of plants from all quarters
of the globe, and is the most extensive and complete col-
lection of its kind in America. It comprises the Garden
herbarium and the Columbia University herbarium. ‘The
latter is one of the oldest collections of its kind in the
United States, having been begun by Dr. John Torrey

( 126)

soon after the commencement of the last century. After
half a century of natural growth several large herbaria were
incorporated in it and large sets of special collections were
added to it. The Garden herbarium was begun with the
inception of the Garden. It has grown rapidly and now
far excels the Columbia herbarium in the number of speci-
mens. The rapid growth of the Garden herbarium and its
importance is due to the fact that it is built up of approxi-
mately thirty different herbaria which represent plants of
all groups from all parts of the globe. To this as a basis
have been added miscellaneous collections and the first
sets of the plants secured by members of the Garden staff
while exploring in different parts of the New World and
the Old.

The great majority of specimens are mounted on her-
barium sheets, but many thousand specimens, such as
bulky fungi, fruits, seeds, and other parts of plants not
suitable for placing flat on herbarium sheets are contained
in cardboard boxes of multiple sizes.

The herbarium now comprises more than one and
one-half million specimens. All groups of the flowerless
plants and flowering plants are copiously represented.

THE LABORATORIES

Laboratories and working rooms for research are pro-
vided on the upper floor of the museum building, and prop-
erly qualified students of botany are permitted to make use
of this equipment, under the direction of some member of
the staff of the Garden. The equipment is designed to meet
the needs of a very broad field of investigation, including
plant chemistry, pathology, physiology and morphology.
An experimental garden and greenhouse at the nurseries
are used in connection with the laboratories. A valuable
series of old microscopes, illustrating the history and de-
velopment of that instrument, was presented by the late

Mr. Charles F. Cox.

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2. Public Conservatory Range 1

This great glasshouse, located but a short distance from
the zooth Street Station of the Third Avenue Elevated
Railway, is 512 feet in length, with a central dome about
go feet in height, and wings extending from the main range
in such a way as to form a court open to the southwest.
The area under glass is about one acre. The building
stands on a terrace 5 feet in height, approached by six
flights of cut granite steps connecting with the path and
driveway approaches. The house contains fifteen com-
partments, separated by glass partitions and doors.

Fig. 1. Ground plan of Conservatory Range 1.

House No. r contains palms of numerous species from all
parts of tropical and warm regions, both of the Old World
and the New. Of West Indian palms, the collection con-
tains the royal palm of the West Indies, Florida, and
Panama; an elegant plant of the corozo palm (Acrocomia
aculeata) of Jamaica, Porto Rico and the Windward Islands;
and the cocoanut palm, planted in all tropical countries for
its fruit and for the numerous uses to which its fiber, wood,
and leaves are applied—it is not definitely known that
the cocoanut palm is a native of the West Indies, and where
in the tropical regions it actually originated is uncertain.
Other tropical American palms are illustrated by the
silvertop palm (Coccothrinax argentea), of Florida and the

(128 )

West Indies and by the curious Mexican Acanthorhiza
aculeata with spine-like roots on its trunk. Old World
species are shown in a very large tree of the Chinese fan-
palm, and by numerous other large species from the
Pacific islands. Another Old World palm is Calamus
asperrimus, of Java, curious in its climbing habit; the
specimen here is over one hundred and seventy feet long;
the long tail-like appendages to the leaves, which have back-
wardly turned spines, enable the palm to climb on sur-
rounding vegetation. Related to the palms and shown by
numerous specimens in this house, we find a number of
species of the Panama hat-plant family, the most conspicu-
ous being the Panama hat plant (Carludovica palmata), from
the young leaves of which the costly Panama hats are made.
Opposite the entrance to the court is a plant which be-
longs to the grass family, the Chinese bamboo (Bambos
vulgaris), whose stems reach into the upper part of the
dome; this plant grows with great rapidity each year by
new shoots which come up from under ground, our measure-
ments showing that they reached 65 feet in height in 95
days, a rate of about 8 inches a day. The plant has been
introduced into the West Indies, and in places where it
grows its stems are put to a great variety of uses in con-
struction, for water pipes, and for various utensils.

Houses No. 2 and No. 3 contain a collection of exogenous
tropical plants. These are arranged in botanical sequence,
the families appearing to the right or left of the walk, or
both, as cultural conditions require, the sequence beginning
at the east end on the north side, proceeding to the west
end of house 3 and returning on the south side of the two
houses, and terminating at the east end of house 2. On
the right, as one enters from the north door from house 1,
is a collection of the pepper family, Piperaceae. These
are largely of the genus Peperomia; many of these
plants have been collected by Garden expeditions to the
West Indies. Plants of the genus Piper are usually large,
and the larger ones will be found in the center nearby.

(129)

The nettle family follows, represented by such plants as
the odd Procris; Pilea, in several species, including P.
microphylla, the artillery plant; the Gyrupia poison-tree,
a native of Australia, one of the most vicious of the sting-
ing nettles—at fruiting time the dull purple of its fruit
makes it quite attractive; and the two-lobed Boehmeria,
from Japan. The flat-stemmed Muhlenbeckia, native of
the Solomon Islands, belongs to the knotweed family.
As one proceeds, many species of figs will be found, in-
cluding the common rubber plant of our homes. Further
on is the laurel family, one of the interesting plants be-
longing here being the alligator pear, the fruit of which is
edible and much used as a salad, and otherwise, in the
tropics. Near this is the custard-apple family, including
the cherimoyer, an edible fruit, native of tropical America.
Nearby are the senna and mimosa families, represented by
numerous individuals. To the senna family belongs the
poinciana, commonly grown in Florida and tropical coun-
tries on account of its decorative red flowers. To the
mimosa family belong the sensitive plants, of which there
are two here which show this characteristic noticeably,
Mimosa pudica and Mimosa Spegazzinit.

Near the west end of house 3 is a collection of the spurge
family. Here will be found the genus Codiaeum in many
colored forms, usually known as garden crotons. Other
genera represented are Croton, Phyllanthus, Xylophylla,
Antidesmia, and Acalypha. Here, also, are two plants of
the curious West Indian ivy, belonging to the genus
Marcgravia. On the south bench of this house is a large
collection of begonias. Entering house 2, the north side
of which we have already visited, we find more begonia
plants on the south bench, and nearby the meadow-
beauty family, largely represented in tropical regions, to
which belongs our native meadow-beauty, Rhexia vir-
ginica. Other families following are the vervain, acan-
thus, potato, madder and thistle, the last two near the east
door.

(130 )

House No. 4. Here are brought together many kinds of
large tropical plants belonging to families also represented
in the smaller houses, but too tall to be grown on the
benches.

In this house may be found large specimens of the aroid
family, the most noteworthy one of these being a magnifi-
cent plant of Veitch’s tail-flower (Anthurium Veitchit),
from Colombia, which is believed to be the most elegant
plant of its kind in cultivation; climbing on trunks of trees
set as supports, will be found a number of vines of the
genera Philodendron and Monstera, one of these, Monstera
deliciosa, a Mexican plant, producing an edible fruit,
with the odor of pineapple. Another is Jfonstera late-
vaginata; the early leaves differ widely from the mature
ones. The main aroid collection will be found in house Io,
and other plants at range 2, houses 16, 18, and 20.

A large tree of the common rubber plant, much grown in
parlors, may be found in the center of this house, reaching
to the roof; this is a native of tropical Asia and yields some
rubber, but not in as great quantity nor of as good quality
as the other rubber trees of South and Central America; it
is a species of fig (Ficus elastica); other species of Ficus are
shown in this house, notably a fine tree of Roxburgh’s
fig, which bears its inedible fruit in bunches near the base of
the tree, and a specimen of the Banyan tree (Ficus beng-
halensts). Chocolate trees (Theobroma Cacao), native of
tropical America, may be found here; the small white
flowers are produced on the trunk and on branches, and a
few of them develop into the large woody pods containing
the seeds or chocolate beans, which are dried and ground up
into chocolate and cocoa; specimens illustrating the choco-
late industry will be found in the economic museum. The
papaya, or papaw, also of tropical America, is here also;
its fruit, esteemed as an aid to digestion, is borne just under
the crown of leaves. A specimen of the bread-fruit tree
(Artocarpus incisa) may also be seen here; originally from
the islands of the Pacific, it was introduced into the West
Indies in the latter part of the eighteenth century.

(131)

Several interesting tall vines climb on the pillars of this
house, and on supports along the sides, among them the
night-blooming jessamine (Cestrum Parqui) of tropical
America, which opens its flowers after dark and exhales a
delicious perfume, the flowers remaining open during part
of the morning; Henderson’s Allamanda, of Brazil, with
its showy large yellow flowers, climbs to the roof.

House No. 5. The plants in this house are from desert
regions. Especial attention is called to their fleshy stems
or leaves which serve as storage organs for a water supply
to carry them over periods of drought. On the right hand
bench, as one enters from No. 4, are mainly plants from
southern Africa: the carrion flowers (Stapelia), relatives of
our common milkweed of the roadsides; Gasteria, Hawor-
thia, and other South African representatives of the lily
family; and the fig-marigolds, Mesembryanthemum, be-
longing to the carpet-weed family.

On the end of the center bench, opposite to the entrance
from house 4, is the collection of the fleshy members of
the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae, mostly natives of the
Old World. These closely resemble forms of the genus
Cereus and related genera of the cactus family, to be
found in houses 6 and 7. In fact, the adaptation to an
arid environment, by the thickening of stems or leaves, is
strikingly illustrated in the plants of several families con-
tained in the collections in houses 5 to 8. On the center
bench are the aloes, mainly South African members of the
lily family. A part of the center bench and the side bench
on the east side are devoted to members of the orpine family,
many of these interesting and beautiful forms. ‘The eche-
verias from Mexico and Central America, and the sempervi-
vums or house-leeks, from the Old World, are conspicuous
among these. Among other genera represented are Sedum,
Kalanchoé, Pachyphytum, and Crassula (in house 6 are large
specimens of Crassula portulacea). Many of the stone-
crops are hardy plants, and a collection of these may be
found at the herbaceous grounds. A large number of

(132)

specimens belonging in this house and in the three following
ones may be found during the summer in the beds in the
conservatory court.

House No. 6. This is also a desert house. On the
corner benches is a collection of century plants (Agave),
a large genus known only from the New World; other and
larger plants of this same genus may be found in the central
portion of the house. Conspicuous among these are:
the thread-bearing agave, Queen Victoria’s agave, the
sisal plant (Agave sisalana), and the common century
plant (Agave americana). The first two are decorative
and curious; from Agave sitsalana is manufactured the sisal
hemp of commerce; the last, Agave americana, is well
known, and it is from the sap of related species that the
Mexican drink ‘‘pulque”’ is obtained by fermentation.
It is popularly believed that the century plants flower but
once in a hundred years, and then die; it is true that the
plant dies when done blooming, but it blooms at a much
earlier age than a century, sometimes when but eight or ten
years old. The collection of West Indian agaves is espe-
cially rich in species.

A group of the dracaena family may be found in the
central portion of this house. This comprises members
of the genera Yucca and Dasylirion. A group of cacti
may also be seen here, the most imposing figure of which
is the giant cereus, Carnegiea gigantea, known as ‘‘sahuaro”’
by the Mexicans and Indians of its native country, Ari-
zona and Sonora. The plants here shown were obtained
by an expedition sent to those regions by the Garden in
1902, and are the largest specimens in cultivation in the
east. Several large specimens of the hedgehog cactus,
secured at the same time, form part of this group; the
Indians in the desert plten secure a supply of drinking
water from these plants by cutting off the top and macer-
ating the interior substance.

Houses Nos. 7 and 8 are wholly occupied by the cactus
family. The collections here have been greatly enriched

(133)

and enlarged i in the past few years by extensive explora-
tions made in South America, in cooperation with the
Carnegie Institution, and from other sources. These col-
lections, the richest in species in the world, have been
assembled to facilitate the production of a monograph on
this family now in course of preparation by the Garden in
cooperation with the Carnegie Institution. In addition to
the plants in these houses, many hundreds of others are
located at the propagating houses. Nearly all these
plants are devoid of leaves, these organs, when present,
being mostly small and inconspicuous; in the genus Opuntia
they are usually present on the young growths as awl-
shaped bodies, while in some few species they are much
larger and remain for some time; in the genus Pereskia,
specimens of which will be found in house No. 8, the leaves
are large and well developed. The stems of the cacti are
fleshy and assume a great number of forms: in Opuntia
the stem is composed of joints, either cylindric or broad and
flattened; in Cereus and related genera the stems are
angled; in Carnegiea they are thick, massive columns with
many longitudinal ribs; in Echinocactus the plant-bodies
are but little elongated, or almost globular; while in other
genera the plant-body is covered with rows of spirally ar-
ranged projections. The flowers of many cacti are ex-
quisite in form and color; they are borne on various parts
of the plant-body, in the Turk’s-head cactus on a curiously
modified portion of the top.

In house 7 on the center bench is the genus Cereus and its
many related genera, Pachycereus, Cephalocereus, Lepto-
cereus, Acanthocereus, Nyctocereus, Hylocereus, Selenicereus,
Harrisia, and others. Among these is the old-man cactus,
Cephalocereus senilis. On the west and north side benches
is a collection of the genus Epiphyllum, often known as
Phyllocactus. The broad flattened parts of these plants
are stems and not leaves, the flowers being borne in the
notches along their edges. The flowers are very showy,
many of them beautiful in the extreme. On the south

(134)

and west side of the center bench are plants of the hedgehog
cactus, Echinocactus, and also of Echinocereus and Echinop-
sis. On the south bench is a collection of cactuses, largely
of the genus formerly known as Afamillaria. Here also
will be found specimens of Echinocereus, Echinocactus, and
of the curious Turk’s-head cactus which bears its flowers on
the red cap to the plant, hence its popular name.

House 8 is mainly devoted to the collections of the genus
Opuntia. On the center and north benches are the platy-
opuntias, those with broad flat joints, while on the south
bench will be found the cylindropuntias, or those with
rounded stems. Among the platyopuntias are a number
of plants of Burbank’s so-called spineless cactus; these
were obtained direct from Mr. Burbank in rg12, and it is
curious to note that many of them are now developing
spines. It is claimed that these plants are valuable for
fodder in arid regions. As already remarked above, the
leaves of the opuntias are usually small and awl-shaped and
occur on the young growths. In this house will also be
found the genus Pereskia, in which the leaves are normally
developed. One of the commonest of these is the Barbados
gooseberry, Pereskia Pereskia, of tropical America. Peresk-
iopsis is a related genus of which a number of species will
be found here; its leaves are also well developed.

An interesting economic plant in this house is Nopalea
coccinellifera, upon which the cochineal insect breeds; it is
from these insects that the dye cochineal was obtained.
Nopalea much resembles the flat-stemmed Opuntia in
its plant body, but is distinguished readily by its different
flowers.

Few of the cacti are of economic importance. A number
of different kinds are used for hedges in tropical America.
Certain species of Opuntia produce edible fruits known
as Indian figs. These are offered for sale in the fruit
stores in New York at the proper season. In the island of
Grand Turk certain species of Opuntia which grow there
are used in making a soup, known as pear soup, the young
joints of the plant being used for the purpose.

(135)

House No. 9. This is the aquatic house, and plants
which find their homes in the water or require much moist-
ure are brought together here. From the bridge spanning
the pool the various features may be readily observed.
Fringing the pool on the right, as one enters from house

o. 10, are members of the sedge and grass families, while
on the left hand side the fringe is made up entirely of
grasses, largely of the graceful bamboos. Of special in-
terest among the sedges is the Egyptian paper-plant
(Cyperus Papyrus), from which many of the ancients ob-
tained their writing paper. Among the grasses by far the
most important is the sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum);
from the lower portions of its stalks the juice is extracted
by pressure, and from this juice molasses and sugar are
manufactured. Among the plants in the pool are many
with attractive flowers; conspicuous among these being
water-lilies (Castalia), of which there are several different
kinds; the water hyacinth; the parrot’s-feather, with its deli-
ate feathery masses of green; the water poppy; the water
snowflake; the water lettuce and golden-club, members of
the arum family; the floating fern; and some odd little
plants related to the ferns, members of the genus Salvinza.

House No. ro contains specimens of the aroids, repre-
sented by a large number of different species, located on
and underthe benches. The plants of this family (Araceae)
are mostly of tropical distribution, but they are represented
in our northern flora by the skunk cabbage, the jack-in-the-
pulpit, and the sweet flag; the most familiar one in cultiva-
tion is the calla lily (Zantedeschia aethiopica), not botanic-
ally a lily. The plants all have spikes of very small flowers
closely massed together, and usually subtended by a
broad leaf-like structure which is known as the spathe; this
is usually highly colored, pure white, yellow, red or scarlet,
and is commonly thought of as the flower, though not
botanically so; species of Anthurium, known as tail-flowers,
are abundant in the West Indies and tropical America, as is
the genus Philodendron, signifying tree-loving, on account of

(136 )

many species being vines climbing high on the trees in tropi-
cal forests; numerous species have underground stems and
branches which contain much starch and are cultivated
in the tropics for food, under the name of yautias and taros.
Plants of the same family, too large for exhibition in this
house, may be found in house No. 4. Others will be
found at range 2, houses 16, 18, and 20.

House No. 11. Here are brought together many kinds of
tropical plants belonging to the banana, ginger and canna
families. The collection of bananas and their relatives
occupies the greater part of the space and one or more of
the specimens is usually in fruit; the collection contains
both the edible, commercial bananas and the plantains,
and also several species whose fruit is not edible, but in
which the interest lies in their decorative leaves and flowers-
The stems and leaves of all these plants contain some fiber,
which is produced in enormous quantities in the Philippine
Islands from Musa textilis, and is the well-known Manila
hemp. The supply of fruit for the United States comes
mostly from Central America and the West Indies, and
some from northern South America. Bananas will grow
in southern Florida, but the rocky soil of that region is not
well adapted to their cultivation. The traveler’s tree,
from Madagascar, is shown in several fine specimens, and
gets its English name from the fact that the axis of each
long leaf-stalk contains a great deal of water which can be
tapped and drunk. The bird-of-paradise plants, which
take their name from their gaudy flowers, will be found in
this group; they are natives of southern Africa and belong
to the genus Sérelitzia. Another genus of the banana
family, Bihai, is also represented by several species, called
wild plantains, natives mainly of tropical America.

Here also may be found several species of the genus Costus
and of other genera of the ginger family, including the
ginger plant (Zingiber Zingiber).

House No. 12 contains specimens illustrating several fami-
lies of monocotyledonous plants of tropical regions. The

(137)

amaryllis family is represented by a number of species of
the spider lily (Hymenocallis), bearing large white flowers,
the commonest being Hymenocallis expansa from the sandy
coasts of the West Indies; large plants of the genus Crinum,
some of which have white flowers and some red or purple,
may be seen here, and the maguey (Furcraea) of the West
Indies (a spiny-leaved relative of the century plant, native
of the West Indies, and used there for hedges); this name
maguey is also applied in parts of the West Indies to
species of Agave, which will be found in house 6.

Numerous representatives of the dracaena family, many
of which are used for ornamental planting in the tropics,
are in this house. Larger plants of this family will be
found in house 13 adjoining. The collection of the genus
Sansevieria is also located here; many species yield a
tough and valuable fiber from the leaves; they are com-
monly referred to as bowstring-hemp.

The interesting screw-pines, natives of the Old World
tropics, are illustrated by several species, the leaves of
which are used in the manufacture of mats, hats and
baskets. These plants are not at all related to pine trees,
the latter part of the name referring to the slight resem-
blance the leaves bear to those of pineapple plants, which
are commonly called pines in the tropics, while the remain-
der of the name was suggested by the spiral arrangement
of the leaves. Larger specimens will be found in house
13 adjoining.

The tacca family, Taccaceae, is here represented in two
genera, Tacca cristata and Schizocapsa plantaginea. This
family is closely related to the amaryllis family.

The arrow-root family is illustrated by the arrow-root
(Maranta arundinacea), native of South America, but
widely cultivated in the West Indies, its roots furnishing
the commercial product; Calathea comprises a large number
of tropical American plants noteworthy for their fine
foliage; and there are other genera represented.

House No. 13. This house contains largely temperate

(138 )

palms, or other palms which will thrive under temperate
conditions. Here is the dwarf fan palm (Chamaerops
humilis), of the Mediterranean region; the genus Howea,
native of Lord Howe’s Island, and commonly known
among florists as Kentia; the date palm (Phoenix dac-
tylifera), of northern Africa, and other related species;
the palmetto (Sabal Palmetto), of our southern states;
and perhaps the most striking of all is the fan palm of the
California desert (Neowashingtonia robusta), in four fine
specimens. Large specimens of the screwpines (Pandanus),
and of the genera Dracaena and Cordyline find a place here;
smaller plants will be found in house 12 adjoining.

One of the most imposing plants here is Araucaria
Bidwillti, a native of Australia, where it is known as bunga
bunga; the members of the genus Araucaria replace in the
southern hemisphere the pines of the northern. Other speci-
mens of Araucaria will be found in the Central Display
House at Range 2.

The gum-trees of Australia and Tasmania (Eucalyptus)
are represented in two plants; these trees occur in large
forests, and sometimes attain a height of 200 to 400 feet.
There is also a specimen of the camphor tree (Cinnamomum
Camphora), from which the camphor of commerce is de-
rived. There is a tea-plant (Thea sinensis), the commercial
plant from which is obtained our beverage tea; black and
green tea are obtained from the same plant, the difference
in color being due to the method of preparation; the
tea-plant is extensively cultivated in many warm and
tropical countries, having been used as a beverage by the
Chinese from time immemorial; its first introduction into
Europe is said to have been by the Dutch in 1610.

On the columns or against the walls will be found a
number of vines. Among these is the yellow jessamine
(Gelsemium sempervirens), of the south; it sends out its
bright yellow flowers in February, and they persist for
several weeks. Among others there are the following:
Cherokee rose (Rosa laevigata); Bougainvillaea in two

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(139)

species, the bracts surrounding the small flowers being
bright magenta colored or red, making of the plant when
in bloom a gorgeous show; the flaming bignonia (Pyros-
tegia venusta); the blue bignonia (Clytostoma callistegioides);
and the large-flowered Solandra (Solandra grandiflora),
a native of tropical America.

Houses Nos. 14 and 15. In these two houses are the
smaller specimens of the palm family and Panama-hat-
plant family, the larger plants being in house 1. On the
north bench in house 14 is a collection of plants of the
Panama-hat-plant family.

CoNnsERVATORY CouRT

There are three attractive features here during the
open season, viz., the display of tulips in the spring,
followed by the collection of desert plants, and the water-
lily collection. The water-lilies may be found in two
pools, one in each end of the court. In the easterly
one are placed the hardy sorts, such as are able to with-
stand the severe cold of our winters, which remain per-
manently where they are, winter and summer. In the
westerly pool are the tender kinds, or such as require pro-
tection during the winter; many of these are stored in a
warm place during winter and placed on view again in the
spring. The most conspicuous of the tender sorts is the
royal water-lily from Paraguay; this is not hardy in
this climate, and, as it is too large to protect from the
cold, is grown anew from seed each year; the seeds are
sown in the propagating houses late in winter, and the
young plants placed on view late in the spring or in early
summer.

In summer the collection of desert plants is in the beds
in front of the entrance to house No. 1, usually occupied
by tulips during the spring. The central bed contains
American desert plants only, made up largely of members
of the cactus, amaryllis, and dracaena families. The
bed paralleling this to the west contains a collection of

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cacti, members of the genera Nopalea and Opuntia, the
‘latter prickly pears, with flat stems or joints, all natives of
the American desert. In a bed paralleling this on the
opposite side of the central bed is a collection of desert
plants from southern Africa. Placed transversely to
this is a small bed with desert plants of one family, con-
taining representatives from both the Old World and the
New. A corresponding bed on the other side of the court
is devoted to desert plants from the Old World. Near
to this is a small bed containing plants of the genus Opuntia,
those with round stems or joints and the tree-like forms.
In the corresponding bed on the other side of the court
is a collection of desert plants belonging to the spurge
family.
3. Public Conservatory Range 2

This range is located on the easterly side of the grounds,
a short distance from the Allerton Avenue Station of the
Subway, and in the midst of the deciduous arboretum.
Only the central transverse part and the houses north of
it have been completed, consisting of the central display
house, placed transversely to the long axis of the com-
pleted range; four lower houses, at a right angle to this,
about 140 feet long, of which two are divided into two
compartments each; and another section, about 156 feet
long and 28 feet wide, parallel with the central display
house and connected with it by the four lower houses
above mentioned, and divided into three compartments.
Connecting the long north and south houses are smaller
houses, nos. 4, 8, and 12, used for potting and other pre-
paratory purposes. The main entrance to this range is
at the east end of the central display house.

In this range will be found the greater part of the collec-
tions of temperate plants, those which are not hardy in
our climate but require cool cultural conditions; the collec-
tions of the orchid, pineapple, and fern families; the
collection of cycads; the collection of pitcher plants; and
some representatives of the arum family.

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Central Display House.—This house, the gift of Messrs.
Daniel and Murry Guggenheim, has a length of about
170 feet, a breadth of 47 feet, and a height of 35 feet.
The central portion is designed for the purpose of giving

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| Central Dispray House |

Fig. 2. Ground plan of Conservatory Range 2, so far as completed.

lectures on botanical and horticultural subjects, the large
collections of living plants furnishing illustrative material.
This portion is provided with a cement floor about 58
feet long and 47 feet wide. Flower shows may also be
held here, the excellent light and the*cool conditions
maintained being well adapted to this purpose.

(142)

Here is being brought together a collection of temperate
plants, natives of the warm temperate regions or of the
higher mountainous portions of the tropics. Passing in
through the main entrance, immediately in front will be
found a group of acacias, mostly natives of Australia,
although some few are of hybrid production. When in
full bloom, which occurs usually from mid-winter to early
spring, they are beautiful in their profusion of yellow blos-
soms. Back of this group is a miscellaneous collection,
including a large specimen of Podocarpus Purdieanus,
a native of Jamaica, and a large plant of Araucaria Bid-
willii, the bunga bunga of Australia, its native country.
At the other end of the house are groups comprising in
part members of the pine family, such as Araucaria,
Juniperus, and Pinus; there are also plants of the yew
family, represented by Podocarpus, and a number of
species of the myrtle family in the genera Callistemon,
the bottle brush, Myrtus, the myrtle, Eugenia, and others.
In this house is also a plant of the olive tree (Olea europaea),
which is a native of the Mediterranean region and the
Orient, but has now been largely introduced into cultiva-
tion in other warm countries; in the middle of the 18th
century it was first introduced into California, at San
Diego, it is said, and is now largely cultivated in southern
California. Other interesting plants here are: the ole-
ander, in the flowers, leaves, and especially the bark of
which occurs a poisonous principle; the crepe myrtel
(Lagerstroemia indica); the edible fig (Ficus Carica); and
the pomegranate.

House No. 2. This house and compartment B of house
6 contain the orchid collections. The orchid family
is widely distributed, occurring in all tropical regions,
but finding its greatest development in the Old World
in India and the Malayan region, while in the New World
its greatest numbers occur in Brazil and other parts of
northern South America. In temperate regions relatively
few species are found, while in very cold countries they

(143 )

are entirely absent. Most of the tropical forms are
epiphytes, that is, they grow upon trees and usually have
bulb-like or thickened stems and fleshy leaves for the
conservation of their water supply, as, from their habitat,
this supply must be precarious. In temperate regions
nearly all of the species are terrestrial, and have thin leaves,
the soil about their roots serving to protect them from the
cold and also giving them a more constant water supply;
they do not, therefore, need pseudobulbs or thickened
stems. Coming from all parts of the world as they do,
their blooming time varies greatly, so that at almost any
time of the year, be it winter or summer, some of these
interesting plants may be found in bloom.

This house is the gift of Messrs. Daniel and Murry
Guggenheim. Jt has a length of 140 feet and a breadth
of 29 feet. It is divided into two compartments, 4 and B.

In compartment J are the orchids requiring cool condi-
tions. Here will be found: Coelogyne cristata and Paphioped-
tlum insigne, of the Himalayan region, the latter species with
many color variations, and one of the exceptions in a
genus usually requiring the conditions of a stove house;
some species of the genus Epidendrum; Lycaste, an Ameri-
can genus; Odontoglossum, also of America; Oncidium,
a large genus of tropical America, with a maximum de-
velopment in South America; Masdevallia. 3 in large part, a
genus of great altitudes in the American tropics; Pleurothal-
lis, with much the same distribution as the preceding genus,
many of the species being very small, some only a half
inch tall; and Pletone, of the Old World.

n compartment B are those requiring intermediate
conditions as to temperature. Here, among others, will
be found the genera: Cattleya, in most part, native of
America only; Epidendrum, in part, also a large American
group; Laelia, of American distribution; and Oncidium,
in part, likewise American.

House No. 6. This house is the same length as house 2,
but is only about 21 feet wide, and is a little lower. It is
also divided into two compartments, 4 and B.

(144)

In compartment 4 is the collection of the pineapple
family. These are mostly plants which live on the trunks
and branches of trees in tropical forests, and are there-
fore called epiphytes, signifying plants growing upon
other plants; many of them are exceedingly beautiful
in foliage and in flower; the so-called Florida moss, or
Spanish moss, clothes the trees of the live-oaks in the
southern Atlantic States, and is not a moss at all, but a
plant bearing small flowers which show its relationship
to others of this family. The pineapple itself, doubtless
the most familiar member of this group, has been culti-
vated in tropical regions for an indefinite period for fruit,
and is not certainly known in the wild state; the pineapple
fruit is the ripened bunch of flowers which forms at the
top of the stem; the plant is propagated by cutting off the
tuft of leaves, which is found on the top of the fruit, and
by suckers which sprout from the side of the plant near the
ground; it is an exception to the tree-loving habit of most of
the family, in growing on the ground, and is cultivated in
the Bahamas and on the Florida Keys, often in very rocky
soil. One of the very spiny-leaved species, Bromelia
Pinguin, is widely utilized as a hedge plant in the West
Indies. Other genera to be found here are: Tillandsia
and Vriesia, in many species; Guzmania; Aechmea; Puit-
cairnia; Hohenbergia; Cryptanthus; and Buillbergia.

n compartment B are those which require very humid
and hot conditions for their successful cultivation; such
a house is called an East Indian or stove house. Here the
larger and more interesting of the genera represented are:
Catasetum, of American distribution; Dendrobium, a large
group of the Old World; Coelogyne, of large representation,
also in the Old World; Paphiopedilum, the Venus-slipper,
an Old World representative of the group containing our
lady-slippers, Cypripedium; Peristeria elata, of Panama,
the Holy Ghost or dove orchid; Vanda, widely distributed
in the East Indies and Malay Archipelago, many of them
with large and showy, often sweet-scented, flowers; An-

(145)

graecum, of tropical Africa and the Mascarene Islands;
and Phalaenopsis, native in the East Indies and the Malay
Archipelago. Other plants requiring the conditions here
are the tropical or East Indian pitcher-plants, Nepen-
thes, a collection of which will be found here. They
are mostly vines, growing naturally on trees, their leaves
curiously ie at the ends into hollow structures,
provided with lids, and technically known as pitchers:
which are often wrongly regarded as the flowers; these
pitchers contain water and secrete from their sides a liquid
which digests insects that fall or crawl into the pitchers;
this form of nutriment is apparently not necessary at all,
however, to the growth of the plants; the flowers are small
but borne in large clusters arising from the stems and may
often be seen in this collection.

House No. ro. In this house is a large part of the
collection of tropical ferns and their allies, and a part of
the collection of cycads. The larger specimens of ferns
and the tree-ferns will be found in houses 18 and 20, and
the larger cycad plants in house 16. This house is the
same size as No. 6.

In so far as cultural conditions will permit, the ferns
and their allies are arranged in families and genera, thus
expressing relationships. The arrangement begins on
the east side, as one enters from the central display house,
and continues on and around the house, terminating on
the west side opposite the point of starting. Among
the larger fern genera here represented are: the maiden-
hair ferns, Adiantum; the polypodies, Polypodium, and a
few related genera; the brakes, Pteris; the shield-ferns,
Polystichum and Dryopteris; the spleenworts, Asplenium;
and the Boston fern and its relatives, derived from Nephro-
lepis exaltata, a tropical species—an interesting group,
showing the great diversity in forms which may result from
a single species by selection and propagation. A large
group, related to the ferns, is the selaginella family, repre-
sented by many species; this family is largely tropical, a

(146 )

comparatively small number of species being found in
temperate regions, a few of which are in North America.
Psilotum nudum is another plant related to the ferns,
and of rather rare occurrence in cultivation.

At the south end of the center bench is-a part of the
cycad collection. Muicrocycas calocoma, a rare Cuban
plant, is among these. There are a number of specimens
of the American genus Zamia, including representatives
from Florida and the West Indies.

House No. 14. ‘The plants in this house, which is the
same size as No. 2, are natives of warm temperate regions,
or of the greater altitudes in the tropics; they are not
hardy in our climate. The larger specimens of the tem-
perate collections will be found in the Central Display House.

The plants here are arranged in sequence of families as
far as cultural conditions will permit, thus furnishing a
collection for the comparative study of plant families and
genera. The sequence begins on the right hand, as one
enters from the Central Display House, and continues on
and around this house, terminating on the west bench
opposite the point of starting. First come the temperate
ferns and their allies, and the members of the pine and yew
families. Then follow the endogenous plants, those which
are typified by the common lily, the grass, and the palm.
Following these, and forming the greater part of the collec-
tion, are the exogenous plants, those with net-veined leaves.
Two curious plants among the endogens are members of
the lily-of-the-valley family; they are the butcher’s broom
(Ruscus aculeatus), and the double-tongue (Ruscus Hypo-
glossum). The iris family, to which belong the flags, is
represented by an example from Bermuda, known as the
Bermuda iris (Sisyrinchium Bermudiana); to this genus
belong the blue-eyed grasses of the United States. The
amaryllis family has as a representative a yellow star
grass (Hypoxis villosa) from southern Africa, much re-
sembling the species found wild in the eastern United
States. A few specimens of Paphiopedilum insigne are

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placed here, in order to show the relationship of the orchid
family to the other endogenous ones. Curious among
the exogenous plants is the horsetail knotweed (Polygonum
equisetiforme), of southern Europe. Others of curious
interest are the pitcher-plants (Sarracenia), of the south-
eastern United States. The pitchers contain a liquid in
which the insects are drowned, the fluid resulting through
their decay being absorbed by the pitchers; these struc-
tures form a part of the leaves and are a modification of
the petiole. The sundews (Drosera) are also insectivorous
plants; they secrete a sticky substance from the glandular
hairs on their leaves, which can digest insects and other
animal matter. A plant useful as a ground cover in a
temperate house is Helxine Soletrolit, a member of the
nettle family. It grows rapidly and soon forms a beautiful
carpet of green.

House No. 16. This house is about 28 feet wide and 43
feet long. Here is a collection of sago palms or cycads;
others will be found on the south end of the center bench in
house 10. This family of plants is represented by large
specimens of Cycas revoluta, from Japan; Cycas circinalis,
from the Molucca Islands; a single plant of the rare
Stangeria eriopus, from southern Africa, where it is known
as the kaffir’s-head; the American genus, Ceratozamzia,
named on account of the horns on the scales of the cone—
Ceratozamia mexicana and Ceratozamia Miqueliana, both
from Mexico, are in the collection; a number of specimens of
the genus Zamia, including the small Florida coonties;
the kaffir-bread (Encephalartos), from Africa; Macrozamia
Moorei, from Australia; and the Mexican genus Dioén.
The stems and trunks of plants of this family contain much
starch, which is extracted, in the countries in which they
grow, by crushing and washing, and passes into commerce
under the name of sago starch. On the walls are specimens
of aroid vines.

House No. 18. This house is about 68 feet long; it
contains a part of the collection of tree-ferns, specimens of

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other ferns too large for house 10, and the main collection
of staghorn ferns, which are hanging from the roof. Speci-
mens of aroid vines will also be found on the walls.

The graceful tree-ferns inhabit mostly the mountains of
the tropics, commonly at an elevation of 1500 feet or more.
Some of the plants have been secured by Garden expedi-
tions to different parts of the American tropics. Sus-
pended from the roof, in addition to the staghorn ferns, are
other desirable ferns.

House No. 20. This is the same size as house 16. It
contains tree-ferns, and large specimens of other ferns,
including some of Blechnum brasiliense. Here is a fern
from China and Tartary, known as the Scythian Lamb
(Cibotium Barometz), which is of interest as forming the
basis of a marvellous tale, current in early times, to the
effect that on a vast plain to the eastward of the Volga
occurred a wonderful plant, looking like a lamb. This
animal, so the story ran, was supported upon a stalk and
as soon as it had exhausted the vegetation at hand died from
starvation. There are also climbing ferns in this house.
Aroid vines will be found on the walls.

PoweER Houses

Steam for heating conservatory range I is supplied from
the power house, located near the New York Central
Railroad just south of the zooth Street entrance and
connected with the range by a subway about six hundred
feet long containing the steam mains; five boilers are in-
stalled and supply steam not only to the range, but also
to the museum building through another subway about
twelve hundred feet in length.

Steam for heating conservatory range 2 is supplied from
a boiler house near this structure, a little to the north.

4, The Mansion
This large stone house, situated on the high eastern bank
of the Bronx River above the waterfall, came to the use

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(149)

of the Garden with the tract of about 140 acres added by
the city to the reservation in 1915. At that time it was
much out of repair, but considerable work has since been
done upon it. The basement is used for shops for storage;
the Bronx Society of Arts and Sciences has occupied a part
of the building for several years, having museum collections
on both the first and second floors as well as the use of a
room for its Secretary; the Horticultural Society of New
York has been given office room on the second floor; some
of the laboratories of the Garden are located here; and part
of the first floor has been fitted up for board rooms and a
lecture room.
5. The Pinetum
[COLLECTION OF CONE-BEARING TREES|

The collection of cone-bearing trees, technically known
as the Pinetum, because the pines are the most abundant
of these trees, is planted over a space of about 30 acres in
the southwestern part of the grounds, extending from the
approach to the elevated railway station southeast to the
herbaceous garden, and northeast to the museum building
and the borders of the hemlock forest. The species of trees
are grouped in genera, which are mostly separated by paths.
The planting out of these trees was commenced in 1901;
the collection will continually become more complete year
by year as additional species are secured; many of these
have to be raised from seed, and the process of cea
a collection of conifers thus requires much tim

Commencing at the approach to the ee railway
station we find the Douglas spruce (Pseudotsuga mucronata)
planted in the space between the traffic road and the park
driveway to the left of the path leading to the conserva-
tories; this tree is a native of western North America from
the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Coast and is sometimes
known as red fir; in the far northwest it sometimes be-
comes 180 to 210 feet high, its trunk occasionally as much
as 14 feet in diameter, but in the Rocky Mountains it is

(150)

seldom one-half this size, and trees taken from the far
northwest do not thrive well on the Atlantic coast, owing
to the much greater rainfall which they naturally receive
there; the cones of the Douglas spruce are from 2 to 4
inches long, pendant on the branches, their scales rounded
and shorter than the bracts which project beyond them.

The hemlock spruces (Tsuga) are planted south of power
house 1, and are represented by the Canadian hemlock
spruce (Tsuga canadensis), the same species which forms the
interesting forest on the hills bordering the Bronx River,
and indicated on the general plan of the Garden as the hem-
lock grove. This tree occasionally becomes 100 feet high,
with a trunk up to 4 feet in diameter, and is distributed
throughout northeastern North America, extending south-
ward along the mountains to Alabama, northward to Nova
Scotia and westward to Minnesota. Its bark is the most
important tanning substance in the United States and a
great many trees are annually felled to obtain it; its wood
furnishes a cheap lumber of little strength and durability.
The weeping hemlock (Tsuga canadensis pendula) is one
of the most beautiful dwarf evergreens. The Carolina hem-
lock (Tsuga caroliniana), from the mountains of southern
Virginia to Georgia, may also be seen here, as well as
Siebold’s hemlock spruce (Tsuga Tsuga), to which the name
Tsuga was first applied. The hairy-twigged Japanese hem-
lock, Tsuga diversifolia, is also here.

In the area to the westward of the conservatories,
extending to the west border, and bounded by paths on
the north and south, are the firs (Abies). These can at
once be distinguished from the spruces (Picea) by the erect,
instead of pendulous, cones, and by the smooth branchlets.
The wood of the firs is usually soft and not durable, so it
makes poor lumber. Specimens of the balsam fir will be
found here; this is widely distributed over northern North
America, and from it is obtained canada balsam or balm of
fir, used in the arts and in medicine. The Japanese silver
fir is an attractive plant, with its dark green stiff foliage.

(151)

Veitch’s silver fir, from Japan, and said also to occur on
the neighboring coast of Manchuria, is useful for orna-
mental purposes; it was discovered in 1860 on the famous
Japanese mountain, Fuji-yama, by Mr. Veitch, for whom
it is named. The red fir, from Washington and Oregon,
with its blue leaves, borne almost erect and apparently
on but one side of the branchlets, makes a conspicuous
object; in its native country it sometimes attains a height
of 250 feet but here is of very slow growth, as evidenced by
the plants in the pinetum which are about 20 years old;
its wood is sometimes used in the interior finishing of
buildings. Among other firs here are: the white fir, from
western North America, sometimes growing to a height
of 200 to 250 feet; the Siberian fir, from northern Europe
and Asia, yielding a soft lumber in general use and a bark
used in tanning leather; the silver fir, from Europe; Nord-
mann’s silver fir, from the Caucasus; the Cilician fir, from
Asia Minor; and the Nikko silver fir, from Japan.

The spruces (Picea) are located in the area to the north-
east of the firs. Some of the spruces are most valuable
timber trees. The oriental spruce, from western Asia and
the Caucasus, is present in several specimens. One of the
hardiest spruces for our climate, and a general favorite, is
the Colorado spruce, which sometimes becomes 100 feet
tall in its native country; this will be found here in the
green form; also in the varieties glauca and Kosteri, the
blue color of the young leaves more marked in the latter,
and a pendulous form of variety glauca. The Norway
spruce and a number of horticultural forms are brought to-
gether to the west of the group of golden bells or Forsythia
near the Garden station plaza; it is a commonly cultivated
tree and furnishes a useful timber, which is known as “‘ white
deal” in England, and is largely used in the manufacture of
musical instruments; the resinous exudation of this tree
is known as Burgundy pitch, which, in combination with
other ingredients, is used in Europe to line beer casks.
Other spruces of interest here are the Yesso spruce, the

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wood of which is much used in Japan; Engelmann’s
spruce, from western North America, the wood of which is
largely manufactured into lumber and the bark sometimes
used in tanning; the Servian spruce, one of the largest
and most valuable timber trees of southeastern Europe;
and the tiger-tail spruce, from Japan, introduced about
forty years ago, one of the hardiest Asiatic species in cul-
tivation.

The space allotted to the pines (Pinus) embraces the
region to the eastward of the spruces and public conserva-
tory, range I, extending across the road to the herbaceous
grounds. Most of the pines are of great economic impor-
tance, furnishing large quantities of lumber, turpentine
and resin. Many of the white pines will be found on the
westerly ridge of the herbaceous grounds and across the
road from this to the eastward of range 1. Among these
is our common white pine, which is perhaps the most
valuable of the timber trees of northeastern North America,
large quantities of lumber being derived from it. Near
this is the Himalayan white pine, resembling it, but with
longer drooping leaves and the cones borne on long stalks;
this sometimes attains a height of 150 feet in its native
country, where its lumber is much used for building and
other purposes. In this region will also be found the white
Swiss stone pine, of Europe and Asia; and the Macedonian
white pine, of southeastern Europe.

In the area to the eastward of range 1 will be found,
among others, the Austrian pine, with a hard, strong wood
which is much used; the variegated Scotch pine, with
the young leaves variegated; and a number of plants of
the white pine, Himalayan white pine and the Rocky
Mountain, western, and Korean white pines.

In the region to the north of the white pine tract, and on
the westerly side of the herbaceous grounds ridge, will be
found the Japanese red pine, and several horticultural
forms of it. Following these to the north are a number
of plants of the Jack or gray pine, native of northern North

(153 )

America; its wood is sometimes used for fuel, and was
valued by the Indians for the frames of canoes.

In the area to the eastward of the spruces are a number of
other pines. The Korean white pine, a native of eastern
Asia, is located next to the spruces. Near this is the Table-
mountain pine. On the high ground to the eastward of
the above is the Scotch pine, the principal timber pine of
Europe and Asiatic Russia. On the easterly slope of
this higher land and on the lower ground nearby may
be found, among others, the red or Norway pine, from
northeastern North America, the wood of which is largely
used for building purposes and for masts, piles and spars;
the small-flowered white pine, from Japan, where it is
frequently used by the Japanese in producing their minia-
ture trees; the Japanese black pine, useful for its wood; the
Austrian pine, found native from Austria to the Balkan
peninsula; and the yellow, or bull, pine, from western North
America.

In the triangle located midway between the south gate
and range 1, are the American cypresses (Taxodium), in
two species: the bald cypress, and the pond cypress.
These, like the larches (Larix), and a few other coniferous
trees, shed their leaves for a portion of the year. They
form vast areas in parts of the southern states, called
cypress swamps. Their timber is of economic importance
and their bark isrichintannin. None of the true cypresses
(Cupressus) are hardy with us.

At the northern end of the swale in which the herbaceous
grounds are located, and to the westward of the morphologic
garden, is the collection of larches (Larix) and also the
members of the yew family (Taxaceae). ‘The larches are
deciduous trees, the wood of which is of great economic
importance. Specimens of the European larch are here,
and also of the Japanese larch. The genus Pseudolarix,
distinguished from the larches in having the scales of the
cones decidous, is represented by its single species, the
golden or Chinese larch; this, like the true larches, is a
deciduous tree.

(154)

The yew family (Taxaceae) is represented by three
genera. Of the true yews (Taxus) there are: the American
yew, or ground hemlock; the English yew and several of its
horticultural varieties, the wood of which was highly
prized in ancient times for the manufacture of bows; and
the Japanese yew. The last is by far the best for this
climate, standing well the dry summers and cold winters;
there is a dwarf form of this known as variety nana, which
is an especially desirable evergreen for decorative planting.
The cluster-flowered yew (Cephalotaxus) is represented by
two from China and Japan. e Japanese Torreya
(Tumion nuciferum) represents this genus. Another spe-
cies, Tumion taxtfolium, of Florida, is not hardy in our
climate: it will be found in house 14, conservatory Tange 2.
Still other representatives of the yew family are in the
central display house and house 14 of conservatory range 2.

o the north of the economic garden will be found speci-
mens of the umbrella pine, not a true pine, however, but
belonging to the genus Sciadopitys, a native of Japan.
Another tree here is the Japanese cedar, Cryptomeria
japonica, with several horticultural varieties; this will
stand our winter climate only in sheltered situations such
as this; the variety Lobbit is more hardy and therefore
better Ried to this climate.

On the westerly corner of the conservatory terrace and in
the immediate vicinity are located the retinisporas, which
are so commonly cultivated as decorative plants. There
are many horticultural forms here represented, but they
are all variations of two Japanese trees: the Sawara cypress
(Chamaecyparis pisifera); and the Hinoki cypress (Cham-
aecyparis obtusa). The latter species is frequently used by
the Japanese in their dwarfing process. The names borne
by the various horticultural forms have been suggested by
some peculiarity in coloring or in manner of growth.
North American species of the genus Chamaecyparis will
be found in the low ground along the south walk, not far
from the south gate.

(155 )

On the easterly corner of the conservatory terrace, oppo-
site the retinisporas, is a part of the juniper, or red cedar
(Juniperus), collection. ‘The remaining and larger portion
of this collection will be found on the easterly end of the
area lying between the driveway and the traffic-road south
of range 1. In these two areas will be found many species
and varieties of these plants. The common juniper, of
north temperate regions, is one of these; also the Irish
juniper, a form of this, of compact and strict habit. The
red cedar, so common in a wild state in the grounds of
the Garden, finds representatives in many horticultural
forms. The savin juniper, of Europe and northern Asia,
and its American representative, the Waukegan juniper,
of northern North America, are both neat low-growing
sorts. The Chinese juniper, and its striking form, of
columnar habit, known as variety pyramidalis, are each
present in a number of specimens. There are still other
varities of the Chinese juniper represented here, including
Phiizertana, one of the best dwarf conifers.

t the westerly end of this area is the arbor vitae group
(Thuja). The species of this genus produce a durable wood
which is of especial value where there is contact with the
soil. The Japanese arbor vitae is represented by several
specimens. ‘The common arbor vitae, from northeastern
North America, is fully represented, not only by the
typical form, but by many horticultural varieties, some of
them very decorative; the wood of this tree is valued for
fence posts, railway ties, etc., and from its young branches
fluid extracts and tinctures are made which are used in
medicine. The Chinese arbor vitae, from China and
Japan, has a number of specimens representing it and some
of its horticultural forms; this as a decorative plant in this
vicinity is not satisfactory, as it is not quite hardy, the
branches often killing back in the winter and the foliage
burning badly.

The maiden-hair tree family (Ginkgoaceae) is represented
by a single species, the maiden-hair tree, several specimens

(156)

of which may be found on the southern portion of the
westerly ridge of the herbaceous grounds. This interesting
tree, with its fan-shaped leaves, isa remarkable relic of a type
of vegetation which was commonand widely distributed in
tertiary geologic time, but is now restricted to eastern tem-
perate Asia in this one species, Ginkgo biloba.

PLANTATIONS OF YOUNG CONIFERS

The young white pine forest, established in the spring of
1916 on the rocky hill north of the iris garden, in coopera-
tion with the State Conservation Commission through the
interest of Dr. Walter B. James and the Honorable George
D. Pratt, has continued to develop satisfactorily, and is of
great interest as a demonstration of forest establishment.
It has been carefully protected from fire by keeping the
grass cut short in the autumn, and each young pine has
been mulched with a small amount of leaf mold.

Through the further interest of the State Conservation
Commission and of Dr. James, a new plantation of the red
pine (Pinus resinosa) was made in the spring of 1918 on
the rocky ridge opposite Fordham Hospital, nearly 2,000
four-year-old transplants being furnished by the Commis-
sion at a nominal cost. It happened that planting con-
ditions were so good that nearly every pine grew, and this
plantation has also been of exceptional interest.

A small plantation of the white fir (.fbies concolor), a
native of the west, has also been installed nearby, adjoining
the beds of cannas in the horticultural collections.

The Victory Grove of 150 Douglas spruces (Pseudotsuga
mucronata), also natives of western America, is locate
near the beds of gladioli in the same area. The trees were
already about five feet high when planted in the spring of
1919 as war memorials.

6. The Deciduous Arboretum

This plantation extends over much of the garden area
east of the Bronx River. The sequence of plant families

WOALAUOTAV SNONGIOAGd AHL NI MAIA

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(157)

begins at the southeast corner of the grounds and continues
northward to the northern boundary, occupying the easterly
ridge and the low grounds adjacent thereto. Here hardy
trees are brought together, trees being regarded as woody
plants which have a single main stem arising from the
ground and not branching until some distance above it.
The groups will be referred to in the order of their
sequence.

The first is the willow family which occupies the land
south of the nursery, where a collection of willows and
poplars may be found. Of these Simon’s balsam poplar,
native from the Amur valley to China, is of rapid growth
and upright habit, and more graceful than the cottonwood
or Carolina poplar; the American aspen, a native of north-
ern North America, the wood of which is largely manufac-
tured into pulp for the making of paper; in northern British
America it is the principal fuel of the Indians, as it burns
freely when green and without sparks; the inner bark, which
is sweet, is often used by them as a food in early spring.
This tree has been of great service in re-foresting large
tracts which have been denuded by fire; the long hairy ap-
pendages to the seeds enable the wind to carry them far and
wide, and as they germinate quickly and the young seedlings
grow rapidly in exposed situations, it is admirably adapted
to the above purpose, quickly furnishing a covering for
the land until more desirable trees may get a foothold.
The white or silver-leaf poplar, of Europe and Asia, and
Bolle’s poplar, a variety of this with lobed leaves and quite
ornamental, are here. There also is the Lombardy, or
Italian poplar, from Europe, with its tall spire-like growth.
Among the willows are the white willow, from Europe and
Asia, and the weeping willow, native of southeastern
Europe and Asia, a tree commonly planted for ornamental
purposes, and sometimes known as Napoleon’s willow.
An additional area to the south, east of the long lake, is
now being developed for the willow family and the walnut
family.

(158)

The walnuts and their relatives may be found in the
region to the north of the willow family. The narrow-
winged wing-nut, from China, is here. Of the walnuts
(Juglans), the English Walnut, native from southeastern
Europe to China, produces a most desirable nut, often
called Madeira nut; the Romans introduced it into Italy,
and from that place as a center its cultivation has spread
in all directions, both in the Old World and the New;
the nuts form a common article of food in southern Europe;
in Europe and northern India an oil, called walnut-oil,
used as a substitute for olive-oil, is obtained by sub-
jecting the seed-leaves to pressure. The black walnut
and the butternut are both wild elsewhere in the Garden,
and are also represented here by small trees. The pecan-
nut (Hicoria Pecan), wild in the southeastern United
States, is another nut of popular favor, as is also the
big shell-bark or king-nut, of the eastern United States.
The water hickory, of the southeastern United States, and
the bitter-nut or swamp hickory, of the eastern United
States, are both represented, while the common shag-
bark hickory and the pig-nut grow elsewhere in the grounds.

The birch family is located along the driveway, west
and south of the stable, where birches, alders and horn-
beams are planted; the European hornbeam is represented.
The American hornbeam is common in Bronx Park, and
the hop-hornbeam is occasional. Those desiring to study
the birches (Betula) will find several species available;
one of these is the yellow birch which grows wild in eastern
North America, and is one of our most valuable timber
trees; the wood, on account of its closeness of grain, strength
and hanes is suitable for many purposes. Another is
the paper, or canoe, birch, of frequent occurrence in nor-
thern North America; the wood of this is preferred to that
of any other tree for the manufacture of spools, and is also
used in the manufacture of shoe-lasts and pegs; the Indians
also make use of its wood in the manufacture of sledges,
and from its tough bark they make canoes and baskets.

(159)

The river, or red, birch may be seen here; it is frequent along
streams and lakes in the eastern parts of the United States;
its wood is used in the manufacture of furniture. The
black, or cherry, birch is in the collection, and this and the
poplar-leaved birch are wild elsewhere in the Garden.
There is also the European white birch and some of its
varieties, the southern yellow birch, and others. The
alders are present in several species: the dye alder, of Japan,
which becomes a large tree; the Japanese alder, also of
Japan; the speckled or hoary alder, of north temperate
regions; and the European alder.

The area devoted to the beech family lies to the west-
ward of that assigned to the birch family; the oaks, the
chestnuts and the beeches belong here. The oaks (Quercus)
are represented by many species. One of these is the
rock chestnut oak, of the northeastern United States;
its wood is strong and durable, especially when in contact
with the soil, and is therefore of great value for railroad
ties and fence posts, and its bark is largely used for tanning.
The mossy-cup or bur oak, of eastern North America,
may be found here; this was discovered by the botanist
Michaux in 1795, and is a valuable timber tree, its wood
largely used for boat-building, for the manufacture of
carriages and agricultural implements, for the interior
finish of houses, and, on account of its durability in contact
with the soil, for railroad ties. The red oak and the
swamp white oak are natives of eastern North America;
the latter is also a good timber tree, its wood being used for
cabinet work and in various kinds of construction. The
saw-toothed oak forms a part of this collection; its leaves
are much like those of the chestnut, and might easily be
mistaken for them; it is often planted in Japan in the silk
districts, as its leaves are available as food for the silk-
worms; the Japanese make charcoal from its wood, and
from the bark they extract a blackdye. The post, oriron,
oak is a native of the eastern United States. Here may be
seen also the English oak, a native of Europe and western

( 160)

Asia. The large-toothed oak, of Japan, a valued timber
tree there, is represented Beret as is also the gland-
bearing oak, another Japanese species. The shingle, or
laurel oak, of the eastern United States, is not of much
commercial value, as its wood checks badly in drying;
it is sometimes used in making clapboards and shingles.
Schneck’s oak comes from the south central parts of the
United States. The Turkey oak, of southeastern Europe
and western Asia, is valued in that region on account of
its bark which is used in tanning leather. Several hybrid
oaks form interesting parts of the collection. The pin
oak, the scarlet oak, the black oak and the white oak are
to be seen in large wild specimens elsewhere in the grounds.

The chestnuts (Castanea) are represented by the Japanese
chestnut, of China and Japan. The American chestnut
was in former years common about the grounds, some of
the trees being large and of great age. The chestnut
blight has destroyed or necessitated the destruction of all
of these trees. The beeches (Fagus) are located in the
north part of the swale at the west side of the oak family
reservation. The European beech and its purple-leaved
variety may both be found here in small, recently planted
trees; there are large specimens of the purple-leaved and
weeping varieties of this south of the mansion. Small
trees of the American beech are also here, but large wild
specimens may be found along the driveways and paths in
the vicinity; the wood of the beech takes a high polish and
is largely used for furniture, while the nuts are edible.
The uses of the European beech are about the same as
those of the American.

The elm family, to which belong the elms, the hack-
berries or sugarberries, and the water-elms, is located on the
ridge to the north of the stable. Among the elms (Ulmus)
to be found here is the Scotch or Wych elm, native from
Europe to Japan; the red elm, growing wild from Tennessee
to Alabama; the cork or rock elm, of northeastern North
America; the Chinese elm, of China and Japan; and the

(161)

winged elm or wahoo, of the southeastern United States.
The American elm and the slippery elm are wild in the
grounds. The hackberries (Celtis) represented are the
Georgia hackberry, the dog hackberry, and Small’s hack-
berry, of the southeastern United States; and the nettle-
tree, or sugarberry, of eastern North America. The
water-elms are illustrated by the sharp-pointed water-
elm, or Zelkova, a native of Japan. The mulberry family
(Moraceae) is represented by the osage orange (Toxylon),
a native of the south central parts of the United States,
trees of which may be found to the south of the drive-
way from the long bridge; and by the Russian red and
white mulberries. The kadsura tree family has for its
representatives the kadsura tree, of Japan, and the elm-
leaved eucommia, of China, located just to the south of
the row of large tulip trees east of the Bronx River.

The magnolia collection is planted on the west and south
sides of the swale between the two ridges. The long-
leaved umbrella tree is one of those to be seen here; it is
a native of the mountain woods from Virginia to Florida and
Mississippi. ‘The cucumber tree, the white-leaved Japa-
nese magnolia, the umbrella tree, and a number of hybrid
forms are other magnolias to be looked for here. Large
specimens of the umbrella tree and of the large-leaved um-
brella tree will be found at the north end of the herbaceous
grounds, on the west side; and still other species at the
fruticetum. The tulip-tree is shown by a row of fine wild
specimens just to the south of the long bridge over the
Bronx River, the largest trees within the grounds of the
Garden. ‘This tree is native of the eastern United States
and yields a valuable lumber known as yellow poplar or
white-wood; the Indians formerly made their canoes from
this wood. Four parallel rows of this tree form part of
the approach to the museum building. Related to the
magnolias is the custard-apple family, represented by two
specimens of the North American papaw, which will be
found at the herbaceous grounds on the west side, near

( 162 )

the north end; this is a native of the eastern part of the
country, from Ontario and New York to Michigan, Ne-
braska, Florida and Texas. Other tropical representatives
of this family will be found in house 2, conservatory range I.
The laurel family is represented by the sassafras, many
trees of which may be found wild in various parts of the
Garden. The sweet gum (Liguidambar), also wild in
the grounds, represents the witch-hazel family.

The plane-trees are to be found just to the west of the
elms. Here are specimens of the American plane-tree;
it is a native of the eastern United States. On a knoll
nearby is a large specimen, native to the grounds, of this
tree, which is also known as the button-wood and button-
ball, and there are many other wild trees along the Bronx
River. Specimens of the London plane will also be found
here. This is largely planted as a shade tree in Europe, and
is often used in this country for the same purpose. It is
commonly known and sold as the oriental plane, but it is
not that tree, but a hybrid of horticultural origin. The
wood of the American plane, or button-wood, is largely
used in the manufacture of boxes for tobacco, for furniture,
and for the interior finishing of houses.

The apple family and the peach family are located to the
north of the driveway leading to the long bridge. In the
apple family may be found some of the tree hawthorns and
thorns, including the Washington thorn, a native of the
southeastern United States. Following to the west are
some of the true apples (Malus), among them the Siberian
crab-apple, a native of eastern Asia; the cherry-leaved crab-
apple, presumably a natural hybrid, originally from Siberia;
the American crab-apple, from the eastern United States;
and Soulard’s crab-apple, from the central United States.
In the peach family, among others, may be found the rose-
bud cherry, a Japanese plant, and a highly decorative
species; and the ordinary sweet cherry, originally from
Europe, a delicious fruit, of which there are many horti-
cultural forms.

( 163 )

Along the path in the little swale running to the west is a
collection of the Japanese flowering cherries which are so
highly admired by the Japanese, and this admiration is
shared by all who see these specimens at the height of
their loveliness which comes about the last week in April or
the first in May. There are about one hundred trees in
the collection, the blossoms from single to double, and the
colors ranging from white to the deepest rose, and one with
the blossoms a yellowish green, quite in contrast with the
remainder. There is also in this collection a group, oc-
cupying the point dividing the paths, of the Japanese weep-
ing cherry; this blossoms two or three weeks earlier than the
others; its long drooping branches, clothed with delicate
pink blossoms, make of it a graceful and charming object.

Near the eastern end of the long bridge are trees illustrat-
ing the senna family, located south of the bridge approach,
and the pea family, the rue family and the mahogany
family on the north side. One of those in the senna family
is the honey-locust or three-horned acacia (Gleditsia), a
native of eastern North America; its durability when
in contact with the ground makes its wood of especial
value for fence posts, for which purpose it is largely used.
Another of this family is the Kentucky coffee-tree, in
several large and small specimens. One of the representa-
tives of the pea family, from Japan, is the Japanese yellow-
wood (Maackia). Another is the locust-tree (Robinia), a
native of the south central United States, but extensively
naturalized elsewhere; its wood is hard and close-grained,
and is very durable when in contact with ground or with
water, so the high value in which it is held for fence posts
and for ship-building may be readily understood. The rue
family has for representatives the Japanese cork-tree
(Phellodendron), from central Japan, and the Asiatic or
Sachalin cork-tree, from northeastern Asia. The ma-
hogany-tree family has a single species represented, the
Chinese bastard-cedar, a native of northern China; the
mahogany tree itself, and other representatives of the
family, will be found at conservatory range I.

( 164 )

On the ridge to the northeast of the apple family, and to
the west of conservatory range 2, are trees of the ailan-
thus family, represented by the Ailanthus, or tree-of-
heaven, a native of China, but extensively naturalized in
the eastern parts of the United States, where in some places
it has become a nuisance, both on account of its ill-smelling
staminate flowers and its habit of freely suckering from
the roots.

On the ridge to the west of conservatory range 2 are
representatives of the maple family. The maples (Acer) are
represented by a number of species. Perhaps the most im-
portant of these is the sugar, or rock maple, a native of
eastern North America, and the principal tree yielding
maple sugar and syrup. The sap is usually collected from
late in February to early in April; trees from twenty to
thirty years old are considered the most productive, and a
tree will usually yield in a season from four to six pounds of
sugar, some giving less and others much more. This tree
is often planted for shade along streets and in parks, its
beautiful coloring in the fall enhancing its value for this
purpose. Its wood is largely used for making furniture,
in ship-building, for tool-handles and for shoe-lasts and
pegs. From the southeastern United States comes the
white-barked sugar maple, also in the collection. Another
tree here is the red maple, ranging throughout eastern North
America; its wood is now used in large quantities for the
manufacture of furniture of various kinds, for gun-stocks,
etc. The striped, or goose-foot, maple, sometimes known
also as moosewood, of eastern North America, is a pretty,
decorative species, especially attractive on account of
the beautiful marking of its bark. The box-elder, or
ash-leaved maple, native of eastern North America, repre-
sents another type with compound leaves. Three Old
World representatives are the common European maple,
of Europe and western Asia; the sycamore maple, from
Europe and the Caucasus; and the Norway maple, with a
number of varieties, also from Europe and the Caucasus.

(165)

The sycamore maple is a valuable timber tree in Europe;
its wood is used in the manufacture of musical instruments,
spoons and other household utensils. Other maples are at
the fruticetum. Farther north on this ridge may be seen
young trees of Koelreuteria, the varnish tree, native of
China, Korea, and Japan.

In the buckeye family, planted north of conservatory
range 2, is the common horse-chestnut (Aesculus); for a
long time the native country of this tree was unknown,
and its home was ascribed by different authors to various
lands; it has been pretty well established now that it is
iadiccnou: to the mountains of northern Greece and
Bulgaria. Another tree here is the fetid or Ohio buckeye,
of the south central United States; its wood, as well as
that of some of the other kinds of buckeye, is manufactured
into artificial limbs, for which purpose it is highly esteemed;
it is also used for wooden-ware and paper pulp. To the
north of the buckeye family is the linden family. The
American linden or basswood, found over the eastern
parts of North America, is here; it produces a large amount
of lumber under the name of whitewood, which is used in
the manufacture of wooden-ware, furniture, and carriage
bodies; it is also largely used in the manufacture of paper
pulp. Other species are the white or silver linden, of
eastern Europe and Asia Minor, and the common European
lindens.

Next in the sequence comes the oleaster family, repre-
sented by the oleaster, a native of southeastern Europe
and western Asia. ‘Then follows the ginseng family, repre-
sented by several species of aralia, while others will be
found at the fruticetum; many other species of this family
may be found at the conservatories. West of these is the
ebony family, represented by the persimmon or date-plum
(Diospyros), a native of the southeastern United States;
its wood is preferred for the manufacture of shuttles;
its fruit contains tannin, which gives it its astringent
properties; this fruit, when fully ripe, is eaten in large

( 166)

quantities in the southern states, and is also offered for
sale in the markets of the north. Larger trees will be
found along the driveway east of the museum.

Farther down the hill, west of the persimmon group,
is a collection of the flowering dogwood, Cynoxylon floridum,
both the form with white flower bracts and that with red;
the former being common in the woodlands. Another
representative of the dogwood family is the sour gum
(Nyssa), of eastern North America; it occurs wild in the
Garden in many fine specimens.

Beyond the ginseng family, on the western slope of the
hill, is the olive family, represented by many species of the
ash (Fraxinus), some of which are useful for timber. The
common European ash is to be seen, and among the North
American representatives are the green ash; the Texas
ash, restricted to that state; the Biltmore ash, from Penn-
sylvania to Georgia; the white ash, and the red ash are
common. Following to the north is the figwort family,
represented by Paulownia, a native of Central China. Ter-
minating the sequence is the trumpet-creeper family,
represented by species of Catalpa; among these is the
Indian bean, a native of woods in the Gulf States, and
Kaempfer’s catalpa, from China.

SALICETUM

The area occupied by the willow plantation is between
the main driveway and the Bronx River, north of the
fruticetum, and comprises several acres. Here are brought
together moisture-loving willows (Salix) and _ poplars
(Populus) as a collection apart, many species grown here
not being represented in the arboretum and fruticetum.
In the corner of the salicetum, next to the driveway, is a
group of willows, consisting, in part, of the red-stemmed
willow, of horticultural origin, and the slender purple
willow. ‘To the east of this may be found the golden or
yellow willow, of common occurrence in eastern North
America, but a native of Europe and Asia, and the Bashford

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willow, a native of France. Along the west bank of the
Bronx River may be found the Eugene poplar, of horticul-
tural origin; and a row of the weeping willow, a native of
southeastern Europe and Asia. At the northern end of
the area devoted to this plantation are to be found, among
others, the purple willow, a native of Europe, Northern
Africa, and Asia; and the black willow, of eastern North
America. Many other species are represented in this
collection.
7. The Fruticetum
[COLLECTION OF SHRUBS]

This plantation, occupying about 16 acres, is located to
the northward of the lakes in the rear of the museum
building, and is confined to the area lying between the
lakes, the railroad, the woodland on the east, and the north
meadows. In this collection are brought together speci-
mens of hardy woody plants which are shrubs, that is, plants
with woody stems which branch from the ground and have
no single main stem. The arrangement here parallels
that in the herbaceous grounds and in the other syste-
matic collections. ‘The sequence begins on the southerly
side near the long stone bridge which crosses the Bronx
River, and proceeds on both sides of the path running to
the north along the edge of the woods, returning south-
ward on both sides of the path paralleling the main north
and south driveway, to the peach family, on the bank over-
looking the water garden. It then crosses to the senna
family directly opposite and overlooking the westerly lake,
proceeding northward from there across the transverse
driveway, and following the line of the path paralleling to
the westward the main north and south driveway. The
sequence then continues to the westward along the north
path, again extending southward at the Woodlawn Road
entrance, continuing on both sides of the westerly path
and terminating with the thistle family at the westerly end
of the lake near the railroad border. The families will be

( 168 )

referred to below in this sequence. Woody vines are grown
at the viticetum.

The pine family, represented among others by low-
growing junipers and pines, begins the sequence to the
southward of the approach to the long bridge. ‘The next
is the willow family, beginning across the road from the
pine family; this group is located on both sides of the path
and comprises many forms from various parts of the world;
the family is largely an inhabitant of temperate regions, so
many species can be grown here. The bayberry family
occurs across the driveway from the willows, occupying a
position on the bank overlooking the water garden. Here
may be found the sweet-fern, a native of eastern North
America; the sweet gale, at home in north temperate re-
gions; and the waxberry or bayberry, common in north-
eastern North America; the berries of the latter have a
covering of wax, which is separated by throwing the
berries into hot water, when the wax melts and rises to
the surface, where it is skimmed off; it is still used to
some extent in making candles. The monotypic corkwood
family is represented by the corkwood (Lettneria) of the
southern United States, which has proven to be hardy here
at the foot of the terrace, its catkins flowering early in the
spring. The birch family follows the willows on the east
side of the path; here are the hazel-nuts, the alders and the
shrubby birches; the common hazel-nut, of eastern North
America, and the beaked hazel-nut, from northern North
America, also the common hazel-nut or filbert of Europe,
and others; the smooth alder, common along streams
and in swamps, in the eastern United States, is also here.
Following the birch family on the same side of the path
comes the beech family; here may be found the shrubby
oaks, and the chinquapin of the southeastern United States.
On the same side of the path, a little farther along, is the
elm family, represented by the dwarf elms; most of the
members of this family are trees and may therefore be
found in the aboretum. Immediately following this is the

Vor. X. Pu. 214

Butt. N. Y. Bot. Garp.

VIEW IN THE FRUTICETUM, OR SHRUB COLLECTION

WALADILLAUT SAONVULNA GVOU NMVIGOOM

Siz “Ig "X ‘104 ‘aavy “LOG ‘A ‘N “TINg

( 169 )

mulberry family, represented here by specimens of the
Russian mulberry.

The crowfoot family occupies a space just to the north of
the willows west of the path, and is represented by the
moutan or tree peony, from China, and the shrub yellow-
root (Xanthorrhiza), from the southeastern United States;
its roots are yellow, and at one time were employed as a dye;
there are many herbaceous members of this family at the
herbaceous grounds. The barberry family is a little farther
north on the same side of the path; many species of bar-
berries and mahonias occur here. Among the barberries
may be mentioned: the common barberry, native from
Europe to eastern Asia, the ripe fruit of which is sometimes
made into preserves, and the unripe ones pickled as a
substitute for capers—its bark is used as a dye and for
tanning leather; Thunberg’s barberry, from Japan, a
desirable plant for small hedges and for the borders of
walks; the neat barberry, from the Himalayan region,
which colors a beautiful red in the fall; and the spine-
toothed barberry, from the Himalayan region; the mahonias
are represented by the Oregon grape, from northwestern
North America; and the Japanese mahonia, distributed
from the Himalayan region to China and Japan. The
magnolia family occurs a little back from the path, be-
tween the crowfoot and barberry families; there are here
several species of shrubby magnolias, and others will be
found at the deciduous arboretum. The strawberry-
shrub family is located on the point dividing the paths,
opposite the mulberries already referred to; here may be
found several species of the strawberry-shrub, and the
oriental sweet-shrub, from China and Japan. A short
distance to the north of the strawberry-shrub family is
the laurel family, represented by the spice-bush (Benzoin),
a native of northeastern North America; as the different
kinds of flowers, staminate and pistillate, are borne on
different plants, only those having pistillate flowers bear
the bright red berries in the summer and autumn. In

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the lower land below, to the east of the path, is the Virginia
willow family, with shrubs of the Virginia willow, a native
of the southeastern United States. Across the path from
this is the hydrangea family; here may be found the
syringas (Philadelphus), the deutzias and the hydrangeas,
several species of each; the mock orange (Philadelphus
coronarius), a native of the Caucasus, Armenia, and Europe,
indicates its presence by the rich fragrance of its flowers;
the slender deutzia, from Japan, bears its long slender
clusters of white flowers in great profusion; the lawn hy-
drangea bears a profusion of large bunches of white flowers,
which in the late summer and autumn change to a beautiful
rose color; the oak-leaved hydrangea is perhaps the oddest
member of this genus and is a native from Georgia and
Florida to Mississippi. Following the hydrangea family
comes the gooseberry family, and to this belong the currants
and gooseberries; one of the showiest is the golden currant,
native from South Dakota to Texas, its rich yellow flowers
giving forth a delicious spicy fragrance. The witch-
hazel family is located to the north of the north path and on
the point opposite; here is the witch-hazel, of eastern
North America, from which the extract of witch-hazel, or
Pond’s extract, is made, the Japanese witch-hazel, and also
a Chinese representative of this genus; the common cory-
lopsis, a Japanese shrub, belongs here, as do the fother-
gillas of the southeastern United States.

The rose family occupies a large area, beginning just
north of the gooseberries and currants and extending west-
ward to the main north and south driveway, and south-
ward along that as far as the first transverse path; here
belong the spiraeas, of which there are many forms, the
blackberries, the raspberries, the roses and others. Among
the spiraeas, the steeple-bush or hard-hack and the hairy
meadow-sweet are common as wild plants in this latitude.
Other interesting forms are Thunberg’s spiraea, from
Japan, one of the earliest to flower, and other Japanese
spiraeas. Among other plants of interest in the group

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which contains the spiraeas are the Chinese pearl-bush,
a native of China, with its profusion of white flowers in
early summer; the Japanese rose (Kerria), from Japan,
not a true rose, however, with bright yellow flowers;
another shrub from Japan, the white Japanese rose (Rhodo-
typos), bears large white flowers resembling in appearance
those of the mock orange; two other Japanese shrubs,
the common and the large-leaved stephanandra, are ex-
ceptionally graceful and attractive plants; Neviusia, an ex-
tremely local plant, known in a wild state only in Alabama;
and the nine-barks (Opulaster). To the southward of the
spiraea group comes the collection of blackberries and rasp-
berries (Rubus) represented by many kinds; two of the
showiest are the wineberry and the thimble berry (Rubacer),
the latter common in rocky woods in this part of the
country. Farther to the south is the group of the true
roses; many kinds may be found here, including the sweet-
brier, the dog-rose or wild-brier, and the red-leaved rose,
all natives of Europe; the pasture rose of the eastern
United States; and the odd-looking Watson’s rose, a
native of Japan. Numerous herbaceous species of the
rose family are grown at the herbaceous grounds.
Following this is the apple family; to this belong the
apples and pears, many of which, being trees, may be found
in the arboretum. Ofa shrubby habit, and therefore mem-
bers of this collection, are many of the hawthorns or thorn-
apples, the quinces, the cotoneasters, the choke-berries, the
service-berry and the shad-bush. Southward across the
driveway from these, and overlooking the easterly lake,
is the collection illustrating the peach family, to which
belong the plums, cherries, apricots and peaches. As
many of the species of this family are trees they may be
found at the arboretum. Among those represented here are
the western sand-cherry, of the central United States; the
double-flowered plum and the dwarf cherry, from Europe.
Crossing the driveway to the west, the sequence is again
taken up on the ground overlooking the west lake, with the

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senna family, represented by the Asiatic red-bud, of
China and Japan, and the American Judas-tree of the
eastern United States; in spring, before the appearance of
the leaves, these are profusely covered with pink or pur-
plish flowers. Across the transverse driveway to the
north, and directly on the opposite side, may be found the
pea family. Here are various species of the pea-tree:
the pigmy pea-tree, ranging from the Caucasus to Siberia
and Thibet; the Chamlagu pea-tree, from northern China;
the Chinese pea-tree; and the small-leaved pea-tree. The
Scotch broom and the dense-flowered broom, of Europe, have
representatives here; of these, the former, in Spain and
France attains the size of a small tree, and its wood is
highly prized for veneering and cabinet work; its branches
are extensively employed for making brooms, whence its
commen name. Other plants of interest are the false
indigo, the rose acacia, and Kelsey’s rose acacia, all
from the Southeastern United States; the tall bladder-
senna, from southern Europe and northern Africa; and
the scorpion senna, from southern Europe. Immed-
iately beyond is the rue family, illustrated by the hop tree
(Ptelea trifoliata) of the eastern United States; the prickly
ash, from the northeastern United States, Bunge’s
prickly ash, from China, and the Japanese prickly ash
from Japan and Korea; the trifoliolate orange, from
northern China, which has been used as one of the
parents in the recent hybridization experiments by the
U. S. Department of Agriculture in its effort to produce a
more hardy orange; the lemon and forms of the orange may
be found in conservatory range 2, together with other woody
members of this family. Following this is the box family,
represented by a number of forms of the box-tree, from
Europe, Asia and Japan; the wood of the box-tree is
highly prized for wood-engraving, on account of its hard-
ness and close fine grain, and it takes a fine polish. A
few steps farther on is the sumac family, to which be-
longs the common poison ivy, so frequent in and around

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New York City; here are the fragrant sumac, the mountain
sumac, and the smooth, or scarlet, sumac, all from the
eastern United States; Osbeck’s sumac is a stately shrub
from China. The European and the American smoke-trees
(Cotinus) are relatives of the sumacs; the former is some-
times called the wig-tree, on account of the flower-clusters,
which become white and feathery in fruit; a dye is obtained
from it which is called young fustic.

Crossing the transverse path to the triangle, the holly
family is on the nearest point, shown by Siebold’s holly
and the Japanese holly, both from Japan, and the American
holly; the European holly is grown in conservatory range 2.
The Virginia winter-berry, of the eastern United States,
bears its bright red berries far into the winter. On the
opposite corner of the triangle is the staff-tree family,
illustrated by many forms of Euonymus; the European
spindle tree, the burning-bush of eastern North America,
the winged spindle-tree of China and Japan, and Bunge’s
spindle-tree of the Amur region are shown. Crossing the
path to the north of the triangle we come to the maple
family; most of the maples are trees, so they must be looked
for in the arboretum, but here are specimens of the Ginnala
maple, from Manchuria, northern China, and Japan.
Immediately beyond this is the bladder-nut family,
represented by species of the bladder-nut (Staphylea),
both from the New and the Old World. Following
the path to the west, we come to the buckeye family,
represented here by the small-flowered buckeye, from the
southeastern United States; many of the buckeyes and
horse-chestnuts are trees, and are grown in the arboretum.
Following this is the soapberry family, with the genus
Xanthoceras, a native of northern China, as a representative.
At some distance from the path to the left is the buckthorn
family; the most familiar plant here is the New Jersey tea
or red root, of eastern North America; its leaves were
formerly used as a substitute for tea; the jujube, an in-
habitant of the Mediterranean region and temperate Asia,

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is of this family, its edible fruit oval in shape and about
the size of a plum, with an acid taste when fresh; the
Dahurian buckthorn, growing wild from central Asia to
the Amur region, and the purging buckthorn of Europe
and western and northern Asia, the berries of which are
medicinal, are here; from the juice of the ripe fresh
berries of the purging buckthorn, mixed with alum, is
made the pigment, known as sap-green or bladder green,
used by water-color artists. Close to this is the linden
family, represented by the genus Grewia. The mallow
family, further along the path, is represented by speci-
mens of the rose-of-Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus), from
Asia, and often found escaped from cultivation in the
eastern United States; many herbaceous representatives
of this family may be found at the herbaceous grounds.
Near the mallow family is the tea family, represented
by the mountain Stewartia, from the southeastern United
States; other members of the tea family, including the
tea plant and the common camellia, may be found
in conservatory range 2. Also near the mallows may
be found the St. John’s-wort shrubs (Hypericum), with
their showy yellow flowers. Farther on, where the path
bends to the left, is the tamarix family, represented by
several species of tamarix, Old World plants. Next comes
the mezereon family, having as a representative the
leather-wood or moose-wood (Dirca), of the eastern parts
of North America; the name leather-wood refers to the
very tough inner bark; the bark is a violent emetic; the
daphnes are of this family, and here will be found the
garland-flower, the spurge flax, and the Chinese daphne.

Some distance from the path and opposite the Woodlawn
Road entrance, is the oleaster family, including several
species of oleaster, the buffalo berry, and the sea-buckthorn,
a native of Europe and Asia, the berries of which are acrid
and poisonous; the berries of several of the species of oleaster
are edible; the buffalo berry, of central North America,
is largely eaten by the Indians of that region; the berries

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of the oriental oleaster, known as Trebizond dates, are
made into cakes by the Arabs, after having been dried.
Plants of the ginseng family form a group opposite the
same entrance, some of these being quite tropical in aspect;
the Chinese angelica-tree, from China and Japan, is one of
these, and another is Maximowicz’s acanthopanax, from
Japan; the variegated Chinese angelica-tree is quite
ornamental. Beyond this group, and on both sides of the
transverse path, is the dogwood family, shown by many
species of dogwood or cornel (Cornus), from both the Old
World and the New; the red-osier dogwood, the kinni-
kinnik and the panicled dogwood are American representa-
tives; the officinal dogwood comes from Japan and China
and is known in Japan as sandzaki; the dogberry, gater-
tree, or hound’s-tree, is from Europe and the Orient;
its wood is hard and is sometimes made into butchers’
skewers and tooth-picks; in France, an oil used for burning
and in soap-making is extracted from the black berries.
Benthamia japonica, the Japanese flowering dogwood, from
China and Japan, is shown in a number of specimens; this
is related to our native flowering dogwood, Cynoxylon
floridum, which will be found in the deciduous arboretum.

Across the path from the dogwoods, at the foot of the
steps, may be found the white-alder family. Here are
the Asiatic sweet-pepper bush and the North American
sweet-pepper bushes or white-alders, their fragrant white
flowers appearing in August. The heath family is next,
represented by many forms of azaleas and rhododendrons;
the Japanese Pieris is a pretty plant, and another, from
the southeastern United States, is called mountain fetter-
bush; the stagger-bush, of the southeastern United States,
is also here. Following the path to the south, we come
next to the huckleberries and to the shrubs of the storax
family. On the other side of the path is the olive family,
which covers a large area, extending along the path for
a considerable distance; the olive-tree is the type of this
family, and specimens may be found at conservatory range

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2; in the fruticetum are several forms of the golden-bell
(Forsythia), mainly from China; a number of the privets,
including the California privet, so much used for hedges;
a variety of lilacs (Syringa), including the Rouen lilac,
hairy Chinese lilac, the Pekin lilac, from northern China,
the Himalayan lilac and the common lilac, a native from
southeastern Europe to the Caucasus, so frequently culti-
vated in gardens, and the genus Forestiera. To the right
of the path and following the storax family is the logania
family, with species of Buddleia, including the summer
lilac, from China. Following this is the vervain family,
and some of these shrubs are especially attractive in fruit,
among them being the Chinese callicarpa, and the Japa-
nese callicarpa; most attractive is the late-flowering clero-
dendron, known as kusagi in Japan, where it is native; its
flowers have a delicious spicy fargrance, much like that
of the sweet-pepper bush; the sepals are a beautiful rose
color, while the corolla is creamy white; it blooms late in
the summer or early fall, when flowers of shrubs are few.
We next come to the potato family, shown here by the
matrimony vine, a native from China to southeastern
Europe, but often found growing wild, its purple flowers
followed by bright red berries; most of the hardy represen-
tatives of this family are herbs, so must be sought for in
the herbaceous grounds, while many of the woody species,
and some of the herbs, are tender, and may be found in
house 2 at conservatory range I. The figwort family is
shown in a single representative from the northwestern
United States, Pentstemon Scoulert; many other repre-
sentatives of this family are in the herbaceous grounds and
in house 2 at conservatory range 1. The succeeding group
is the honeysuckle family, to which is allotted a large area,
there being many hardy kinds; the viburnums are repre-
sented by many species, both from the Old World and the
New, such as the European cranberry-tree, from Europe,
Northern Africa, and Western Asia, ornamental by its
masses of bright red fruit; the dwarf cranberry-tree, an

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exceedingly compact form, very dense in its growth;
Thunberg’s viburnum, from China and Japan; Siebold’s
viburnum, from Japan; the Japanese snowball, from
China and Japan; the wayfaring tree, from Europe
and western Asia; and the woolly viburnum, from China
and Japan; among American forms may be men-
tioned the veiny arrow-wood, the black haw or sloe, the
withe-rod, and the larger withe-rod with its large bunches
of showy fruit. The group of the honeysuckles occu-
pies a position across the path from the viburnums, and
here may be found, among others, the fragrant honey-
suckle, from China, one of the first to send forth its blos-
soms richly laden with perfume; Morrow’s honeysuckle,
from Japan, covered with coral-red fruit in late summer
and fall; Standish’s honeysuckle, from China; Albert’s
honeysuckle, from Turkestan; the Turkestan fly-honey-
suckle; and the golden-veined honeysuckle, from China
and Japan, with the veins richly marked with yellow, or
sometimes the whole leaf yellow. Across the transverse
path to the south, and overlooking the lake, may be
found the weigelas, symphoricarpos and the diervillas; the
weigelas are illustrated by many showy forms, flowering
in early summer; the showiest Symphoricarpos is the
smooth snowberry, native of northern North America, laden
in autumn with its ivory-white fruit, making it most at-
tractive; the diervillas are represented by two or three
species, including the bush honeysuckle, a native of
northeastern North America. The elder-berries (Sambucus)
are also represented by two or three species. The hybrid
abelia will also be found here; its fragrant flowers are borne
in great profusion during late summer and early fall; the
sepals are deep red-brown and the corolla is white, flushed
with rose, making a pleasing combination.

Following the viburnums comes the thistle family. Few
of the woody species of this family are hardy in this lati-
tude, but large numbers of the herbaceous species may be
found at the herbaceous grounds. As representatives in

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the fruticetum, we have the groundsel-bush or pencil-tree
(Baccharis), a native of the southeastern United States,
bearing in the fall a profusion of white fruit, making it a
most attractive object.

VITICETUM

The area devoted to the plantation of hardy vines is
above the easterly side of the economic garden, where
a rough arbor has been constructed for them to climb
upon. The arrangement begins at the southerly end of the
arbor, on the left hand side, with the smilax family, to
which belong the green-briers or cat-briers, and the yam
family is placed immediately opposite to the right. The
birthwort family, with the dutchman’s-pipe as a representa-
tive, follows the smilax family on the left. On the left hand
side, and beyond the birthwort family, is the akebia family,
where one may find the five-leaved akebia, a native of
Japan. Following this on the same side is the moonseed
family, to which belongs the Canada moonseed. On the
opposite side of the arbor is the hydrangea family. Fol-
lowing this, also on both sides of the arbor, is the pea family,
including species of the peas and wistarias. Further on,
occupying both sides, is the staff-tree family, where may
be found the climbing bitter-sweet and other vines of this
family. Succeeding this comes the grape family, to which
belong the grapes, the Virginia creeper and the Japanese
ivy. Beyond the grape family, is the actinidia family,
represented by the sharp-toothed actinidia. Then comes
the trumpet-creeper family, of which the trumpet-creeper,
a native of the southeastern United States, is a mem-
ber. This family in turn is followed by the honeysuckle
family, ees here by several species of honeysuckle
and woo

8. The Herbaceous Garden

The systematic collection of hardy herbaceous plants is
situated in a valley southeast of conservatory range 1,
and between the main driveway and the western border of

NaGguvO snogdovadaH AHL NI Maia

gIZ “Ig "X “TOA “MIVD “LOG “A CN TING

(179)

the woods fringing the hemlock grove. This valley is about
1,500 feet long and averages about 300 feet wide. A small
stream runs through it from north to south and is here
and there broadened out into pools. The plants are
arranged in beds according to their natural botanical
families. At the southern end are the seedless plants,
represented by the ferns and their allies; east of the brook
are the families of seed-bearing plants belonging to the
large endogenous division, or those with parallel-veined
leaves and with one seed-leaf (monocotyledons). To
the west of the brook are the families belonging to the
exogenous division of plants, or those in which the leaves
are usually net-veined and which have two seed-leaves
(dicotyledons); this latter group embraces the larger
part of the plants in the collection. Along the brook,
or in it, may be found many aquatic plants, representing in
some cases families which are exclusively water-lovers,
while in other cases they are aquatic representatives of
families occurring in the immediate vicinity in the beds.
In this plantation, the family groups are arranged sub-
stantially in a sequence beginning with those of simpler
organization and proceeding to the most complex.

The series commences in the southern corner of the valley
at the foot-path entrance, where the hardy ferns and their
allies may be found, including species from many parts of the
north temperate zone. Among these may be mentioned the
ostrich fern, the cinnamon fern, Clayton’s fern, the royal
fern, the brake or bracken, and a number of species of the
shield-ferns and of the spleenworts. Some of the aquatic
representatives of the ferns and their allies may be found
in the pond nearby.

In this pond may also be found the following aquatic
endogenous families: the cat-tail family, the bur-reed
family, the pond-weed family, and the tape-grass family.
At the junction of the brook with this pond is the water-
plantain family, including, besides the water-plantain,
several species of arrow-head (Sagittaria). A little be-

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yond, in the brook, may be found the water-poppy family,
represented by the water-poppy, a showy plant common
in tropical regions; this is not hardy and must be removed
to a warm place for the winter; it will also be found at
all times at conservatory range 1, house 9.

Following to the north comes the large group of the
grasses and grass-like plants, those whose flowers, mostly
very small, are subtended by chaffy scales or glumes.
This is represented by the grasses and the sedges, several
beds being devoted to each of these families. Some of the
more familiar grasses are: timothy; Kentucky blue-grass;
reed canary-grass; orchard grass; red-top; and tall fescue-
grass; all used in making hay. Other grasses of interest
are: sweet vernal-grass, exhaling a pleasant odor when
bruised; the Japanese plume-grass, in several forms, very
ornamental; the ribbon-grass, a variegated form of the reed
canary-grass, and also ornamental; and species of many
other genera.

The sedges are represented mainly by the large genus
Carex, of which there are many species, native in the United
States, growing in swamps, meadows, and woodlands.
Fraser’s sedge (Cymophyllus Fraseri) is a striking plant
from the southeastern United States, at one time one of the
rarest of plants, but rediscovered in recent years in large
quantities in the mountains of North Carolina. The
tussock sedge, common in our swamps in early spring, the
cat-tail sedge, Gray’s sedge and the fox sedge, are others
belonging to the genus Carex. There are also representa-
tives of bullrushes and other sedges.

Following the sedges is the arum family, having as repre-
sentative plants, familiar to many, the skunk cabbage, the
green arrow-arum, the green dragon, the jack-in-the-pulpit,
and the sweet flag. In the brook opposite to this family
may be found the somewhat related duckweed family; the
duckweeds (Lemna) are very common, the tiny plants
sometimes occurring in such numbers as to cover the surface
of ponds and slowly moving streams. Coming now to the

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spiderwort family, we have represented mainly the spider-
worts and day-flowers. In a small pool and along its
eastern edge is placed the pickerel-weed family. Here
may be found a large clump of the pickerel-weed (Ponte-
deria) which is common in swamps and along streams in
the vicinity of New York; here may also be found the
water-hyacinth, which has become such a pest in some of
the rivers of Florida and the West Indies, and the closely
related blue water-hyacinth, of more straggling habit, also
of tropical origin, planted out in summer; neither of these
is hardy; they may be found at all times at conservatory
range I, house 9.

The rush family occurs next in the sequence, represented,
among others, by such familiar plants as the common bog-
rush, the slender rush, and the common wood-rush. Fol-
lowing this come the members of the bunch-flower family,
with several species of bellworts, the turkey-beard, the
Japanese toad-lily, the fly poison, and others. Closely
related to this is the lily family; one of the beds given
over to this family is devoted to the true lilies (Lilium) in
several forms; another is set aside for the onions and their
relatives, of which there are many interesting forms, some
of them of decorative value; while another bed is given to a
miscellaneous collection of plants belonging to this family,
among which may be mentioned the day, or plantain, lilies,
the yellow day lilies and the lemon lilies, the true asphodel
or king’s sword, the grape-hyacinth and Adam’s needle.
Other close relatives of the lilies belong to the lily-of-the-
valley family; here may be found many familiar plants,
among them being the lily-of-the-valley (Convallaria),
the wild spikenard, the common asparagus, of such wide
use as a vegetable in the early part of the summer, and
several species of the Solomon’s-seal.

The amaryllis family is shown by a number of species of
daffodils and narcissus. In the iris family, which comes
next, many species are represented. Most familiar among
these are: the common blue flag of our swamps, the yellow

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flag of Europe, the fleur-de-lis, the Siberian iris, the Japa-
nese iris and the blackberry lily. For the canna family
reference is made to the plantations at the Garden foun-
tain at the approach to the museum building, to the large
collection of different kinds at the Horticultural Garden,
and to house 11 of conservatory range I; cannas are not
hardy and must be removed to a warm place for the winter.
For orchids, the most highly developed of the endogenous
plants, reference is made to conservatory range 2, houses 2
and 6B.

Crossing the brook now by the path paralleling the drive-
way, we come to the beginning of the sequence of the large
series of plants with net-veined leaves and with two seed-
leaves (dicotyledons). This series begins with the lizard’s-
tail family, represented here in the brook by the lizard’s-tail
(Saururus), a common plant of our brooks and river borders
in the eastern United States. To the nettle family one bed
is at present given, located near a group of magnolia trees,
where may be found, among other kinds: the slender nettle,
of North America; the stinging nettle, native in Europe and
Asia, but introduced into this country; and the wood nettle,
also a North American plant; all of these secrete an oil
through the hairs covering the stem and leaves, this oil
being irritating to the skin, especially in the stinging nettle.
In the immediate neighborhood and to the right is the birth-
wort family, represented by several species of wild ginger
(Asarum), among them the common one of this region, the
short-lobed wild ginger, the root of which is of medicinal
value. To the buckwheat family there are at present
devoted three beds, forming a group to the left of the
nettle family. The docks (Rumex) are shown in many
forms, as are the knotweeds (Polygonum) and related
genera; the most showy of these are the Japanese and
Sakhalin knotweeds; the latter, a plant of considerable
economic importance, being used as a fodder plant, is a
native of the Sakhalin Island; to this family also belong
thubarb, or pie-plant, and buckwheat. Next to this

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and near the brook is the goose-foot family, with several
species, one of which, the lamb’s-quarters (Chenopodium),
is native of Europe and Asia, but is found as a common
weed in waste places and along roadsides in this country;
its young shoots are sometimes used as a vegetable. Closely
related to this, and just south of it, is the amaranth family,
represented by several species of the pigweed, many of
them among the commonest weeds of our roadsides and
waste places. Forming a series to the right of this are:
the whitlow-wort, four-o’clock, pokeweed, carpetweed
and purslane families. In the whitlow-wort family are
gnawel, a common weed of fields and waste places, and the
forked chickweed. In the four-o’clock family may be
found the common four-o’clock of our gardens, a native
of tropical America, its flowers opening only on cloudy days
or late in the Secon on clear days, whence its name;
and the umbrella-worts, from North America. In this
vicinity is the Madeira-vine family, to which belongs the
genus Basella, here represented. The pokeweed family
is present in the common poke or garget (Phytolacca),
native of the eastern part of North America, a plant of
medicinal value and poisonous, but its young shoots when
ee appearing above the ground are sometimes used
‘greens.” In the carpetweed family are the carpet-
er from which the family derives its name, a native
of the United States and Mexico, but a common weed
in this vicinity; and representatives of the south African
fig-marigolds (Mesembryanthemum), many of them very
showy; they are not hardy in this latitude and must be
planted out every spring. In the purslane family, among
others, may be found the sunplant or common portulaca
of the gardens, a native of South America; the small-
flowered talinum, from the central United States; and
the common purslane or pusly, a pernicious weed in many
sections of the country, and often used for “‘greens” or as a
salad.
Then comes the chickweed family, with sandworts, chick-

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weeds and related plants. The pink family follows, where
many kinds of pinks, catchflies, and gypsophils may be
found. In the first pool, formed by the widening of the
brook, is the water-lily family; the large yellow pond
lily or spatterdock, a native of eastern North America,
may be seen here, as may also its relative, the red-disked
pond lily, from northeastern North America; the sweet-
scented water-lily, and its variety, the pink, or Cape Cod,
water-lily, also find a place here. The tanks in the court
of conservatory range I contain a great many additional
kinds. The water-shield family, is represented in the pool
by the water-shield, a native of North America. The
horn-wort family likewise occupies a position in this pool.
The aquatic members of the crowfoot family are grown
here, the terrestrial forms being placed in four beds to
the westward; one of these beds is given up entirely to
the peonies (Paconia), of which there are a number of
interesting and handsome forms, and others may be seen
at the flower beds at conservatory range 1; and in the other
beds may be found lark-spurs, columbines, buttercups,
meadow-rues, anemones, liver-leaf, and many other rela-
tives; aconite, or monk’s-hood, of great medicinal value,
also belongs to this family.

The barberry family, which is represented by a single
bed on the ridge to the right of the crowfoot family, con-
tains, among others, the blue-cohosh and the may-apple or
mandrake (Podophyllum), natives of North America;
the twin-leaf, a native of the northeastern United States;
and of Japanese plants, the red epimedium. In the poppy
family may be found the oriental poppy, a native of Asia
Minor and Persia, and here may be seen also the cordate
Macleaya, from Japan, and the Mexican poppy, a native of
Mexico and found as a weed in many tropical and warm
temperate regions. In the fumitory family are the bleed-
ing-hearts (Bicuculla), represented by the wild bleeding-
heart from the eastern United States. The mustard family,
which comes next in the sequence, occupies two beds. To

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this family belong the candy-tufts, represented here by the
evergreen candy-tuft, from southern Europe and Asia
Minor, and the alpine rock-cress, from Europe and North
America, one of the showiest flowers in early spring, its
mantle of pure white flowers making it a conspicious
object; there are many other species represented in this
group. The caper family has as representatives the showy
pedicellaria, a native of the Old World, and the clammy
weed (Polanisia), from northern North America. The
white and yellow cut-leaved mignonettes (Reseda) repre-
sent the mignonette family. Across the path to the right,
on the ridge and partly surrounding a rocky knoll, is the
bed devoted to the orpine or stonecrop family, where there
may be found many of the stonecrops (Sedum), among the
more showy and attractive being: the great purple stone-
crop, the great stonecrop, the white stonecrop, and the
mossy stonecrop, all natives of Europe and northern Asia;
the wild stonecrop from our own country; the Siberian
stonecrop and the poplar-leaved stonecrop, both from
Siberia; and a Japanese species, Siebold’s stonecrop; also
belonging to this family are the houseleeks (Sempervivum),
of which there are many representatives, all from the Old
World, however, as these plants are not indigenous to the
New World. Many other species of this family, not hardy
in this latitude, may be found at conservatory range 1,
houses 5 and 6. Across the path from the orpine family
may be found the three beds devoted to the saxifrage
family. The heart-leaved saxifrage, with its large, thick
leaves, from Siberia, is one of the showiest plants here,
sending up its large masses of pink flowers early in the
spring, so early sometimes that they are nipped by the
frost. Among other plants here may be mentioned:
the alum-root, from the eastern United States; the two-
leaved bishop’s-cap, from the northern United States; the
Japanese plant, Rodgersia; and the shield-leaf saxifrage,
from the western United States. Menzies’ saxifrage, from
western North America, is interesting from the fact that

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in late summer and fall it produces small plants at the
base of the leaf-blades.

To the herbaceous members of the rose family are al-
lotted five beds, located to the left of the saxifrage family.
Many species of cinquefoils and agrimonies may be found
here; of the strawberry (Fragaria) there are several species
represented; the lady’s-mantle, from north temperate
regions, the various species of avens, the goat’s-beard, the
burnets and many others, are of decorative value or of in-
terest for other reasons. ‘The roses, blackberries and rasp-
berries, also members of this family, are shrubs, and may
be found at the fruticetum. The mimosa family has
relatively few representatives in temperate regions, most
of its numerous members being confined to warm temperate
regions and to the tropics; many of these may be found in
house 2 at conservatory range I, and others, including
the attractive acacias from ren at the Central
Display House, range 2. To the senna family belong
the sennas or cassias, a showy representative being the
American senna, a native of North America; this family
being also ice of warm temperate and tropical dis-
tribution, many other species may be found at conserva-
tory range I, near the mimosa family. To the right
of the mimosa family may be found the bed devoted to the
pea family; to this some of our most valued economic
plants belong, such as the pea, the bean and the clover,
which may be found at the economic garden; to the pea
family belong also the baptisias, the bush-clovers, the
vetches, the tick-trefoils and many other familiar plants.

Next in the order of sequence is the geranium family, to
which belong the geraniums or crane’s-bills; the plants so
often cultivated in the house under the name of geraniums,
but which are not hardy out of doors in our climate, are
really not what they are called, but are truly pelargoniums,
a closely-related group of pian Belonging. to the same
family; our common wild geranium or crane’s bill may be
found, among other plants here. A little farther on, near

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the brook, may be found the bed devoted to the wood-sorrel
family, often called sour-grass by children; several species
are shown. Just to the left of the geranium family is
the flax family, to which belongs the flax plant (Linum),
from the fiber contained in the stem of which linen is made.
Beyond this is the bed for the rue family; to this belong
the common rue, of southern Europe, and the fraxinella;
this family also includes the oranges and lemons, specimens
of which may be found at conservatory range 2, and a very
great number of tropical trees and shrubs, located at
conservatory range 1, houses 3 and 4. The spurge family
is in a bed just to the left of the flax family; the flowering
spurge, from the eastern United States, and the cypress
spurge, from Europe, but sometimes found wild in this
country as an escaped plant, are both here. Along the
edge of the brook, and opposite the spurge family, may be
seen the water-starwort family, to which belong a number
of small aquatic plants. About opposite this, and at the
base of the rocky ridge to the right, is a representative
of the box family, a Japanese relative, the terminal
pachysandra; the true box (Buxus) is a shrub or small
tree, native of Europe, and several races of it may be
found at the fruticetum. A little to the right of the wood-
sorrel family is the jewel-weed family, to which belong the
common balsam of the gardens, and the plant so common
along our brooks and other wet places, and known as
jewel-weed, or touch-me-not. A little beyond this are
three beds of the mallow family; the hollyhocks belong
here, as do the mallows; the crimson-eye mallow and the
swamp-rose mallow, both from North America, are showy
representatives of this family; and the marsh mallow, a
native of Europe and the Orient, is also shown; its root
is used in the manufacture of a mucilage and for medicinal
purposes.

To the right of the mallows is the bed given over to the
St. John’s-wort family. The rock-rose family comes next,
a little farther on; here belong the rock-roses of Europe and

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our own frost-weeds. To the right of this is the violet
family; a collection of our native species, together with
some from foreign lands, is here brought together and
many of these may be recognized as old friends. Near the
violet bed is one devoted to the loasa family. Upon the
ridge to the right, across the walk, may be found the cactus
family; relatively few of these are hardy in this climate, so
the larger part of the cactus collection must be sought
at conservatory range I, houses 6, 7, and 8. Here may
be found, however, several representatives of the prickly
pears (Opuntia), including the eastern prickly pear, com-
mon in this part of the country, which is frequently found
on the rocky ridges in the vicinity of New York and occurs
wild on some ledges within the Garden reservation. Down
near the brook, and not far from the mallow family, is
the loosestrife family, represented by the purple loosestrife,
a native of Europe, but introduced in many places in this
country; among others belonging to this family is the
swamp loosestrife, or willow-herb (Decodon), a clump of
which may be found along the brook opposite to the
loosestrife bed. But a short distance from the violet
family is the evening-primrose family; here may be found
a number of the evening primroses (Oenothera), with their
showy yellow flowers, noteworthy as the plants mainly
experimented with by Professors DeVries and MacDougal
in their studies on the origin of species. Along the brook,
not far from the loosestrife family, is the water-milfoil
family, represented by the Chilean water-milfoil or parrot’s-
feather, forming a beautiful mass of feathery green on the
surface of the water. Returning now to the ridge, a little
beyond the violet family, we find the bed allotted to the
ginseng family; here are the Indian-root, from eastern
North America, and the heart-leaved aralia from Japan.
To this family also belongs the ginseng plant, the root of
which is so much prized by the Chinese as a medicine.
Down the slope from this group may be found two beds
given over to the carrot family, which includes many

(189 )

economic plants, such as the carrot, parsnip, celery and
caraway, all of which may be found at the economic garden;
lovage, a common European plant, is shown, and the rattle-
snake-master, from the eastern United States; the wild
carrot and the golden meadow parsnip also belong here.

To the primrose family, located at the base of the ridge a
little beyond the carrot family, belong the primroses (Prim-
ula), many of which are natives of Europe; here we find the
common European primrose, the cowslip and others; the
moneywort, a native of Europe, but introduced into many
places in this country, sends its long creeping stem all over
the bed—this is sometimes known as creeping Charlie; the
fringed loosestrife, from North America, is also here, as is
the clethra-like loosestrife, from Japan, with its racemes of
white flowers. Between the two beds devoted to the carrot
family, and a little beyond, is the plumbago family, to
which belongs the common thrift of Europe; there are
several other thrifts here also, as well as the statices or
sea-lavenders, in several species. The bed allotted to the
gentian family may be found a little beyond the plumbago
family; among them is the blind gentian, a native of the
United States. In the brook, just beyond the little stone
bridge, may be found the buck-bean family; here are shown
the water-snowflake, common in tropical regions, and the
water-lily floating heart, native in Europe and northern
Asia.

Just beyond the left-hand bed devoted to the carrot
family is the dogbane family; the willow-leaved amsonia,
from the central and southeastern United States, and the
broad-leaved amsonia, from the central and eastern United
States, are conspicuous objects here. Beyond this are
two beds of the milkweed family and among its representa-
tives are the common milkweed of our roadsides, the hairy
milkweed and the swamp milkweed; the swallowworts also
belong here and are illustrated by several species. In the
morning-glory family, located to the right of the above,
are the small bind-weed, of northern Europe and Asia,

( 190)

sometimes a troublesome weed in this country, and the
morning-glory. Following the milkweeds is the phlox
family; interesting plants here are the Jacob’s-ladder
(Polemonium), of Europe, with its masses of blue flowers;
the hairy phlox, of North America; Britton’s phlox, a
relative of the common ground phlox, from the southeastern
United States; the ground phlox and its white-flowered
form, both natives of the eastern United States; and
forms of the garden phlox, from the southeastern United
States. In the shade, the natural habitat of many of
these plants, is the water-leaf family, at the base of a large
rock on the ridge; there are the purple, the broad-leaved,
and the Virginia water-leaf (Hydrophyllum).

Farther along and at the base of the ridge is the borage
family; the tuberous comfrey, the rough comfrey and the
common comfrey, all natives of Europe, are represented.
In the vervain family, in a small bed to the left, may be
found the vervains. We now come in the sequence to
the mint family, to which are devoted six beds; among
the true mints may be found here the creeping whorled
mint, the curled mint and the spearmint, all from the
Old World. Many familiar plants may be seen in these
beds, and among them are: the false dragon-head, of the
United States; motherwort, common in Europe and widely
distributed as a weed in this country along roadsides and
in waste places; the horse-balm, of North America, common
in the east in woods; Oswego tea, and other bergamots,
natives of North America; the betony and hyssop, of
Europe; the hedge-nettles, from both the Old World and
the New; the common sage of the Mediterranean region,
highly ee by the housewife, and other sages; catnip,
a native of Europe, but widely distributed as a weed in
this country; Gill-over-the-ground, or ground ivy, also
a European plant, but extensively spread as a weed in
this country; and the dittany, of North America.

The potato family may be found a little to the left and
just beyond the phlox family. Here may be seen the

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common jimson, or Jamestown, weed, the seeds of which
are poisonous, a native of tropical regions, but a common
weed along our roadsides; the nightshade, a European
plant, but commonly distributed as an introduction in
many parts of this country, also with poisonous fruit;
tobacco plants and solanums; it is to this family that the
potato, tomato and egg-plant belong, plants of which will
be found at the economic garden. A little beyond and
to the left of the mints are the two beds allotted to the
figwort family; of interest here are: the beard-tongues, of
which there are several species; the speedwells (Veronica),
among them the long-leaved speedwell and the gentian
speedwell; the fox-gloves (Digitalis), from one of which,
the purple fox-glove, the valuable medicine digitalin is
derived; Lyon’s snake-head from the southern states;
culver’s-root, from the southeastern United States; and
several figworts. Just beyond this may be found the
unicorn-plant family, represented by the unicorn-plant.
A little beyond is the globularia family, with a single
species of globularia. To the right is the acanthus family;
not many of these plants are hardy in this latitude, but
in house 2 at conservatory range I many representatives
may be found, as the family is largely confined to tropical
and warm temperate areas; in this bed may be seen the
hairy ruellia, from the southeastern United States. In this
neighborhood may also be seen the lopseed family, repre-
sented by the lopseed, a native of eastern North America.
To the right of the acanthus family is the single bed de-
voted to the plantain family; several species, such as Ru-
gel’s plantain and rib-grass, are pernicious weeds in this
neighborhood, often disfiguring an otherwise even lawn.
Just beyond the mints may be found the two beds of the
madder family; to this belongs the dainty little bluets or
innocence, which sometimes give a blue sheen to sterile,
sandy plac¢s, so abundant is it in some localities; it is quite
common in eastern North America; several species of
bedstraw (Galium) may also be found here, while many

( 192 )

other plants belonging to this family are grown at the
conservatories, among them the coffee tree. A little be-
yond is the single bed of the honeysuckle family, repre-
sented by the feverworts; this family being largely composed
of woody plants, many other species, including the true
honeysuckles, may be found in the fruticetum and in the
viticetum. To the left is the valerian family with a single
bed; here may be found the valerian, a common European
plant.

Just beyond the plantain family is the teasel family. It
is to this that the teasel plant belongs, used in olden times
for raising the nap on woolen cloth. Several species of
cephalaria may be found here. Next in sequence is the
gourd family, to which belong such common fruits as the
cucumber, muskmelon, watermelon and pumpkin, speci-
mens of which will be found at the economic garden. The
bell-flower family is a little farther on and to the left of the
teasel family; the Carpathian and Host’s bell-flowers, both
natives of Europe, are pretty representatives here; the
creeping bell-flower, or Canterbury bells, also a native of
Europe, may be found here in several forms; the Japanese
bell-flower and its white variety are also here, their large
showy flowers making them quite conspicuous. A little
further on and to the left is the lobelia family; the cardinal
flower and the great lobelia, both natives of North America,
make showy objects; the former is particularly striking
in its rich masses of cardinal-red flowers.

To the right of the teasel family is the chicory family.
The common lettuce (Lactuca), so much used in salads, be-
longs here and specimens of this will be found at the
economic garden; many of the plants are extremely weedy
by nature, and this is particularly true of the hawkweeds, a
genus richly represented in the Old World, several species
of which are shown here; the oyster plant is also a member
of this family.

To the left of this may be found the ragweed family.
All the species here are of a weedy nature. The ragweed,

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the giant ragweed and the common clot-blur find represen-
tation here. Terminating the sequence comes the very
large thistle family, represented by many species from all
parts of the world; there are nine beds at present given over
to these plants; the sunflowers, coneflowers, thistles, asters,
fleabanes, yarrows, golden-rods, tansies, sneezeweeds, bur-
docks, artemisias and wormwoods, cat’s-foot, tick-seeds,
elecampane, boneset, chrysanthemums, colt’s-foot and
many others are shown; the Jerusalem artichoke, one of the
sun-flowers, a native of eastern North America, bears edible
tubers.
9. Morphological Garden
This is located to the north of the herbaceous garden,
the two collections being separated by the driveway which
crosses the valley. It is designed to illustrate here with
typical examples the organs and other features of plants,
including leaf-forms and the various modifications of their
margins, their venation and insertion on the stem; also
the various kinds of stems, methods of propagation,
flower-clusters and fruits, leaf-movements, parasites, desert
plants and seed-dispersal. Looking north on this collec-
tion, the first bed to the right of the brook contains plants
illustrating simple leaf-forms. Immediately following this
on the same side of the brook are the plants representing the
various forms of compound leaves, or those in which there
is a distinct jointing of the leaflets to the leaf-axis. Farther
along the brook, in the pool, may be found various forms
of aquatic roots, stems and leaves; and a little beyond this
to the right is the bed containing plants illustrating forms
of propagation.
he remaining plats of this collection are located on the
left hand or westerly side of the brook. The first of these
to the right is devoted to leaf-venation, and the one to the
left to leaf-margins, the former illustrating the character
of the veins and nerves, and the latter the toothing or
lobing of the margins. Beyond this to the right is the
group of plants showing the manner of insertion of the

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leaves on the stem; and to the left of this are specimens
illustrating the various ways in which plants may form a
mosaic covering on the ground. A little beyond are the
examples of stem-forms; one bed shows the smaller kinds,
while for the larger examples, illustrating tree-twining,
root-climbing and tendril-climbing stems, specimens have
been placed to the left of this.

A little beyond the pool may be found the bed illustrating
flower-clusters, and still farther on that devoted to para-
sitic plants, or those deriving their nourishment from the
living tissues of other plants. To the left of this and farther
up the hill is the group of plants showing leaf-positions.
Beyond and a little to the right are plants which are at
home in desert regions, and the various means of accom-
modating themselves to their natural surroundings are
shown. Farther on to the right is the bed devoted to
fruit-forms; and to the left of this, one showing various
forms of seed-dispersal, those with the surface of the fruits
covered with some sticky substance or curved appendages
or hooked hairs or spines requiring the intervention of some
animal for their distribution, while those with wings or
with hairs attached to the seed are spread through the
agency of the wind. To the right of the above are plants
representing a species and a variety, and to the left of this
is a bed containing plants showing species and hybrids.

10. Economic Garden

The collections illustrating food plants and those produc-
ing substances directly useful to man in the arts, sciences
and industries are planted at the northern end of the long
glade containing the herbaceous collections just described.
The collection is arranged in two series divided by a central
grass walk. The beds on each side are numbered consecu-
tively, the number being indicated on a wooden stake in
the center. A general sign is placed in each of the beds,
denoting what its contents are intended to represent, and
in front of each plant is a smaller label giving individual
information.

(195 )

On the east side of a broad central grass path and the
brook are located plants used for medicine, those employed
as condiments or relishes, and a number of plants from
which the fiber is used in the manufacture of various
fabrics. The medicinal plants which grow in wet or moist
situations may be found on the easterly side of the brook.
Along the woodland border is also a collection of medicinal
shrubs and trees.

On the west side of the grass path and brook are the food
plants. Here may be found many of the common fruits
and vegetables. Along the gravel path is a collection of
shrubs and trees, containing some of the more common
plants producing edible nuts and fruits.

In the eastern series, bed no. 1, located at the northern
end, contains plants used as condiments and relishes; here,
among others, are peppermint, spearmint, mustard, lovage,
lavender, savory, caraway, dill, coriander, basil, marjoram,
anise, balm, sage, tarragon, and horse-radish. Beds 2, 3,
4, 6, and 7 contain drug plants. In beds 2, 4, and 6 it is
the roots and rootstocks which are employed; such drugs
as valerian, Indian physic, convallaria, sanguinaria, podo-
phyllum or mandrake, inula, belladonna, pleurisy-root,
rhubarb, cimicifuga, arum, tussilago or coltsfoot, and caulo-
phyllum are here. In bed 3 among the commonly known
drugs are catnip, tansy, horehound, and stramonium, the
leaves of which furnish the active principles. In bed 7 are
plants from the herbage, seeds or flowers of which drugs are
manufactured; hops, tussilago or coltsfoot, rue, tobacco,
castor-oil, digitalis and dulcamara are some of these. Bed
5 contains plants from which fibers are obtained, such as
cotton, flax, used in the manufacture of linen, hemp, and
broom-corn, from the inflorescences of which brooms are
made. In the adjoining woodland border of shrubs and
trees are the prickly ash, barberry, witch hazel, cramp-
bark, rhamnus, frangula, euonymus, red-root, shrub yellow-
root, and hydrangea. Along the east side of the brook will
be found calamus and magnolia.

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In the western series, devoted to food plants, in bed no. 1,
located at the north end of the first line of beds, are plants
the bulbs of which are useful for food; among these are
onions, garlic, chives, and leeks. In the adjoining bed Io,
the first of the second line, are those furnishing tubers for
food, such as the sweet-potato, Irish potato, and Jerusalem
artichoke. In bed 18, the first in the third line, are plants
with fleshy roots, such as celeriac, oyster-plant, radishes,
turnips, carrots, and beets. In beds 2 and 3 it is the leaves
which are edible; familiar examples are cabbage, kale,
lettuce, Brussel’s-sprouts, collards, chicory, Chinese mus-
tard, fetticus, endives, and spinach. In bed 4 are plants,
the herbage of which is used; examples here are French
spinach or orach, and rocket salad or roquette. It is the
stems and leaf-stalks of the plants in bed 11 which are
edible; here are asparagus, rhubarb, sea kale, kohlrabi,
cardoon, and celery. In bed 5 are cauliflower and broccoli,
the flowers being the edible portions.

Many plants furnish food in the shape of fruits. A fruit
is developed from the flower, thus differing from a vegetable,
which is the edible portion of some part of a plant other
than the fruit. Beds 6 to 8, 12 to 16, and 19 to 27 contain
plants which furnish edible fruits. These divide them-
selves generally into two kinds, those in which the fruit
is more or less fleshy, such as berries, pumpkins and beans,
and those in which the seeds only furnish the food value,
such as wheat, barley and other grains. In bed 6 are the
egg-plant and okra. In bed 8 will be found peas, beans,
and fennugreek; in bed 12 the various kinds of tomatoes;
in bed 13 the different sorts of peppers; in bed 14 straw-
berries; beds 19 to 26 contain each a single kind, as follows:
crookneck squash, pumpkin, muskmelon, citron, water-
melon, Hubbard squash, English marrow, and cucumber.

In the group containing the grains are the four common
cereals, wheat, rye, oats and barley, all in bed 7. In bed
15 are the different kinds of sweet corn. In bed 16 are
the field corns, both flint and dent, and popcorn. In bed
27 are buckwheat, sorghum, and rape, among others.

(197 )

Beds 9 and 17 contain fodder plants. Bed 9 has fodder
plants other than grasses, such as alfalfa, red, white and
crimson clovers, winter vetch, summer vetch, yellow lupine,
blue lupine, and Florida beggarweed. In bed 17 are fodder
plants of the grass family, such as teosinte, Johnson grass,
field corn, timothy, Kentucky blue-grass, red-top, and pearl
millet. In bed 28 is the sugar-cane plant, from the juice of
which sugar, one of the most important articles of food,
is made; this is a native of the tropics, and it is therefore
not hardy in our climate—plants of it may be seen at all
seasons at conservatory range I, house 9.

In the border of woody plants along the gravel walk are
such familiar fruits as the hazel-nut, black, red and white
currents, gooseberry, blackberry, black-cap, elderberry,
chinquapin, barberry, huckleberry, and highbush blue-
berry. Along the west side of the brook will be found rice,
not hardy here, which furnishes the principle article of
food for millions of people, especially in the tropics of the
Old World; the cranberry plant; taro, also not hardy,
an important article of food in the tropics, largely taking
the place there of the potato in temperate climates; and
water-cress.

11. Decorative Woody Plants

Many collections of this nature will be found in various
parts of the grounds. They consist of trees and shrubs,
both deciduous and evergreen.

Along the driveways and paths will be found many kinds
of deciduous trees, and in the arboretum many other kinds
may be studied.

Groups of deciduous shrubs will also be found in many
places along the roads and paths, and in the fruticetum,
where these are arranged in families, the decorative groups
are in close proximity to the families to which they belong.
In the fruticetum will also be found a number of evergreen
shrubs. Other places where the decorative value of shrubs
may be studied are: along the west border, from the
Woodlawn Bridge south to the approach to the elevated

(198 )

railroad, and at the foot of and paralleling this approach;
along the south border; and in the beds in the vicinity of
conservatory range I. Evergreen shrubs, or small trees
which may be used in the same manner as shrubs, are
divided into two groups, those with broad leaves, such as
the rhododendron, known as broad-leaved evergreens,
and those with narrow leaves, sometimes like needles,
such as pines, hemlocks, spruces, firs, and yews, known
under the general term of coniferous evergreens. The
rhododendron is one of the most popular of the broad-
leaved evergreens. Collections of rhododendrons may be
seen on the east and south banks of the upper lake, just
behind the museum building; at the west end of the
Boulder Bridge; in front of the fountain at the museum
building; and on the north side of conservatory range I.
One of the best broad-leaved evergreens for this latitude,
and hardy except during a winter of extreme severity,
is the Japanese holly, [lex crenata, fine examples of which
may be found in some of the beds in the vicinity of con-
servatory range I and at the Mansion.

Coniferous evergreens, as individual specimens, may
best be studied in the pinetum. Groups of these plants,
used in a decorative way, may be found at the foot of the
Woodlawn Bridge approach; at the fountain in front of the
museum building; at the foot of the museum approach;
at the west end of the Long Bridge; in the beds at the
foot of the terrace at conservatory range 1; and in the other
beds to the north of the same range. As examples of the
mixed planting of deciduous shrubs and of various ever-
greens, beds nos. I to 7 at conservatory range I may be
cited as an example.

12. The Japanese Cherry Collection
This collection, a part of the deciduous arboretum, is
located to the westward of conservatory range 2, in a
little sheltered valley which opens out on the main road
and the Bronx River. There are about 100 trees in the

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(199)

group. Itis to the great patience and care of the Japanese
that we are indebted for the great variety in color and
form of this truly charming flower. The first to bloom are
the rosebud cherry (Prunus subhirtella) and the weeping
cherry (the variety pendula), their rosy blossoms appearing
at about the same time, near the middle of April. Follow-
ing these some two or three weeks come the varieties of
Prunus serrulata, the earlier ones blossoming usually about
the first week in May, the flowering period being con-
tinued through the later varieties for two or three weeks.
The flowers are single in the variety known to the Japanese
as Yoshina, in others they are somewhat double, and quite
double in the variety classica, to the Japanese known as
Fugenzo, and elsewhere often as Jas. H. Veitch, under
which name it is usually offered in nursery catalogues.
The flowers of this variety are of a deep rose and the foliage
a bronzy hue, while in others the flowers are paler, and in
some varieties even white; the foliage varies from bronze
to bright green. This cherry bears little if any fruit,
the great effort of the plant being turned toward the crea-
tion of blossoms, of which there is a great abundance.
Individual trees, at the height of their season, are literally
covered with a mantle of charming flowers. It is no
wonder that the Japanese hold this flower in such great
esteem.
13. The Rose Garden

This is situated in a little valley east of the Bronx River,
and a short distance south of the Mansion. It is of ir-
regular shape, containing about an acre and a quarter,
and is about 350 feet long and 200 feet wide at its broadest
part. The beds outside of the intramarginal path are
planted mainly to such roses as have a short flowering
period, commonly known as June roses. Here will be
found the hybrid perpetual, the hybrid sweetbrier, the
Ramanas, the Bourbon, the moss, the China, and the
cabbage roses. Inside of the path above mentioned,
are many beds containing hybrid tea, Pernetiana, and dwarf

( 200 )

polyantha roses; these types bloom practically the season
through, beginning late in May or early in June and in some
varieties blossoming until killing frosts arrive.

None of the plants in the beds outside of the intra-
marginal path require protection in winter; to prevent
whipping in the wind and consequent loosening of the plants
in the soil, the long stems are cut back to about three feet
late in the fall. The roses in the other beds, however,
are protected by hilling up the earth for a distance of six or
eight inches around each plant, much as is done with
potatoes. This protects the wood from too violent freez-
ing and drying, insuring enough good live wood the follow-
ing spring to provide the bloom for the coming summer.
Each plant is furnished with a label giving the type of
rose, the name of the variety, and the name of the donor.

The flight of stone steps which forms the western ap-
proach to the garden was the gift of the late Mrs. Robert E.
Westcott.

14. Lilac Garden

This collection, located a little to the south of the rose
garden and paralleling Pelham Parkway, is being de-
veloped. The lilacs are planted in groups around the
margin, it being tentatively planned to establish a collection
of peonies in the central portion of this area.

15. Flower Gardens

Collections of herbaceous plants useful for horticulture
will be found in the border at the Elevated Railway ap-
proach; along the path leading from this approach to
conservatory range 1 and in the beds in the vicinity of
this range; and elsewhere. Something of decorative value
is always to be found in these collections, from the appear-
ance of the early bulb-plants, and other harbingers of
spring to the arrival of the chrysanthemums in the fall.
The plants are plainly labeled, so that the collections may
be intelligently studied. If one is interested in establishing
a home garden, notes may be made here of such plants as

(201 )

appeal to the individual, and any color scheme for any
period may be thus arranged for. It is not the purpose in
these collections to develop any special color scheme, but
to bring to the attention of the public as many different
kinds as possible of herbaceous plants which may be used
in the developing of individual ideas. Many other kinds
of herbaceous plants which may be used for decorative
purposes may be seen at the herbaceous garden.

The flower beds at conservatory range I are on the
north side in two series numbered from west to east.
One series contains seven beds, and the other, at the
base of the terrace on which the conservatory stands,
paralleling it on three sides, contains four beds. In
these beds and in those on both sides of the path from
the Elevated Railway approach to the conservatories
are grown many kinds of bulbs, such as snowdrops, glory-
of-the-snow, squills, spring crocuses, early tulips, cottage
tulips, Darwin tulips, daffodils, poet’s narcissus, snowflakes,
lilies and fall crocuses. All bulbs have a resting period,
their foliage disappearing at this time, leaving bare spots
in the flower garden. To avoid this, annuals, or green-
house plants raised from cuttings, are provided. These
are sown or planted in time to follow the bulbs, thus giving
a succession of flowers for the summer and fall. In addi-
tion to the bulbs there are many other kinds of herbaceous
perennials here.

Bed no. 11, located at the foot of the east terrace, 1s
devoted to roses. This collection was established in the
spring of 1913. The bed is about 250 feet long and 8 feet
wide. There are over 400 bushes, representing about 140
kinds, including hybrid perpetuals, hybrid teas, teas, baby
ramblers, moss-roses and others. The two rear rows con-
tain hybrid perpetuals, and a few other kinds, the two front
rows comprising hybrid teas and teas.

16. Horticultural Collections
The horticultural collections are situated in the southern
part of the grounds, and face the Southern Boulevard.

(202 )

This area comprises about 5 acres, and is well diversified
as to character of soil and conditions, offering level, hilly,
rocky, dry, wet, sunny, and shaded areas, making it
possible to grow a great variety of plants. It is designed
to assemble here collections of plants suitable or desirable
for horticultural purposes. A feature is made of the label-
ing, as in all other collections of the Garden, each plant
being supplied with an information label; and, when neces-
sary, a larger label for the bed or collection = is employed,
indicating its contents.

A large collection of different varieties of cannas occupies
the beds paralleling the entrance walk from the Southern
Boulevard and the large oval bed at the termination of
this walk. The horticultural varieties of cannas are the
result of hybridization and selection, and many varieties
have been thus produced, new ones being introduced
constantly. The species used in this work of hybridization
are natives of tropical or warm temperate countries, and
are of course not hardy here. The hybrids in consequence
are not hardy, and it is necessary to remove the plants
for the winter to a cellar or other storehouse where the
temperature does not go to freezing, neither should it be
too warm, for then the plants will start growth. Pre-
liminary to removal, the stems should be cut a few inches
above the ground, the plants being allowed to remain in
their summer position until pretty well blackened by the
frost. In the early spring the clumps can be broken up
and the severed parts planted in flats or in pots, where
they are allowed to remain until all danger of frost is
past, when they may be planted in their permanent position
for the summer.

Back of the north bed of cannas is a group of the white
fir (Abies concolor), a native of our western country. Be-
tween this plantation of firs and the walk is a bed devoted
to a collection of plants with variegated or colored foliage,
making an interesting and instructive exhibit. Across
the walk is a collection of chrysanthemums. To the

( 203 )

east and across the walk from this is a collection of the
garden phlox, of which there are many kinds offered for
sale and new ones constantly appearing. These are en-
tirely hardy, and may remain out-of-doors continuously.

Along the south walk, on both sides, are beds containing
a large collection of gladioli, representing numerous ex-
amples of the various types of this popular flower and
many horticultural varieties. To the south of this is the
Victory Grove, planted with Douglas spruce (Pseudotsuga
mucronata).

In the low land on the east side is a large collection of
mallows made up largely of hybrids produced here at the
Garden during a series of experiments. Many of these
are desirable for the garden, as the mallows, while naturally
natives of moist or wet situations, will thrive under or-
dinary garden conditions.

Many other collections are planned for this area, includ-
ing an iris garden, and will be developed from time to time
as opportunity offers.

17. Dahlia Collection

This is located in that part of the west border extending
from the Harlem Station plaza north to the Mosholu
Parkway bridge, a distance of over 400 feet. One of the
finest collections is exhibited here each summer, the blooms
beginning to appear about the end of July and continuing
in an unbroken succession until the time of killing frosts.
The various types of the cultivated dahlias are exhibited
in many examples, each plant being plainly labeled with
the name of the type, the name of the variety, and the
name of the donor. This is one of the most popular
collections in the Garden.

The dahlia is a native of the highlands of Mexico, very
few kinds being known in the wild state. The great diver-
sity of form and color exhibited by the cultivated dahlia
has been produced artificially by hybridization and selec-
tion. Not a hardy plant, it is necessary to remove the

( 204 )

tubers each fall, after growth has been stopped by the
frosts, to a cellar or other storehouse where the tempera-
ture does not reach the freezing point, neither should it
go much above 45 or 50 degrees.

18. Iris Collection
The iris collection at the southwest corner of the grounds
was established in the spring of 1916. In front of a back-
ground of conifers and deciduous shrubs is a border Io feet
wide, in which the irises are planted. The iris may be
had in flower, by proper selection of kinds, from early
spring to the early part of July. The first to bloom are
some of the dwarf forms, such as Iris pumila and I. ertstata.
Then come those of the rhizomatous type, with creeping
rootstocks, such as Iris germanica, I. pallida, I. sambucina,
and many others. These are followed by the Siberian
irises, and these in turn by the Japanese irises, of which

there are many beautiful color forms.

19. Water Garden
The water garden is situated northeast of the museum
building between the lake bridge and the Bronx River.
An attractive display of hardy water-lilies, many of them
Marliac hybrids, may be seen here from June until autumn;
while the borders of the lake are planted with a variety of
water-loving herbaceous plants and shrubs.

20. The Hemlock Forest

The forest of Canadian hemlock spruce along the Bronx
River, within the portion of Bronx Park set apart for the
New York Botanical Garden, is one of the most noteworthy
natural features of the Borough of The Bronx, and has been
characterized by a distinguished citizen as “the most pre-
cious natural possession of the city of New York.”

This forest exists in the northern part of Bronx Park on
the banks of the river and their contiguous hills; its greater
area is on the western side of the stream, but it occupies a

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considerable space on the eastern side above the mansion
and below the boulder bridge. The area west of the river
extends from just above this bridge down stream to a
point nearly opposite the old Lorillard snuff-mill, and is
the part commonly designated “Hemlock Grove.’ Its
total length along the river is approximately 3,000 feet; its
greatest width, goo feet, is at a point on the river heat
700 feet above the ae at the mansion. The total
area occupied by the trees on both sides of the river is be-
tween thirty-five and forty acres.

While this area is mostly covered by the hemlock spruce,
and although they form its predominant vegetation, other
trees are by no means lacking; beech, ash, sweet birch,
red maple, hickories, oaks, dogwood, tulip-tree and other
trees occur, and their fcliaee protects the hemlocks from the
sun in summer to a very considerable extent; there are no
coniferous trees other than the hemlock, ioweven within
the forest proper. The shade is too dense for the existence
of much low vegetation, and this is also unable to grow at all
vigorously in the soil formed largely of the decaying resi-
nous hemlock leaves; it is only in open places left by the
occasional uprooting of a tree or trees by gales that we see
any considerable number of shrubs or herbaceous plants,
their seeds brought into the forest by wind or by birds. In
fact, the floor of the forest is characteristically devoid of
vegetation, a feature shown by other forests of hemlock
situated further north. The contrast in passing from the
hemlock woods to the contiguous hardwood area which
borders them to the west and north, toward the museum
building and the herbaceous grounds, is at once apparent,
for here we see a luxuriant growth of shrubs and of herbs,
including many of our most interesting wild flowers.

21. The Gorge of the Bronx River

The gorge of the Bronx River extends from the boulder
bridge at the north end of the hemlock forest southward
for about a mile, nearly to Pelham Avenue, and is a most

( 206 )

beautiful and picturesque natural feature, besides being of
great geological significance. Its depth from the summits
of the hills on both sides averages nearly 75 feet, and its
sides below the foot-bridge at the mansion are nearly ver-
tical rock faces. The hills on both sides are heavily wooded
with hemlock spruce and other trees. In the upper part
of the gorge the river flows slowly, being held back by the
dam forming the waterfall at the mansion, and the ele-
vation of its surface is only a few inches higher at the
boulder bridge than it is at the fall; after plunging over the
dam, however, the river runs in its unobstructed natural
channel with all the appearance of a mountain stream,
which at high water is exceedingly beautiful.

22. North Meadows and River; Woods

The Bronx River enters the northern end of the Garden
from Williamsbridge and flows as a slow stream southward
to the waterfall at the mansion, its surface being nearly
level throughout this distance. It is spanned just inside
the northern boundary of the Garden by a concrete-steel
arched bridge with granite copings, which carries the main
park driveway across it near the Bronx River Parkway
entrance. The entire northern end of the Garden is formed
of the flood plain of the Bronx River, consisting largely of
grassy meadows and marshes which at average flow of the
stream are several feet above its surface, but which at flood
time are occasionally submerged for short periods, the whole
valley being a very interesting illustration of the behavior
of a small stream with a large watershed at and about its
sources. Considerable areas of the marshy land have al-
ready been reclaimed by filling, and by the lowering of the
dam forming the waterfall at the mansion; the general
plan contemplates a much further reduction in the amount
of marshy ground, and a further lowering and deepening
of the river by dredging, in order to take off freshets with
greater rapidity. <A part of this flood-plain is occupied by
the plantations of willows and poplars already described,

( 207 )

and these will be considerably extended, but large areas of
meadow will be left in their natural condition.

South of these open meadows, the valley of the river is
much narrower and is occupied by several acres of charac-
teristic river woods, containing a considerable variety of
native trees and shrubs, extending south as far as the long
driveway bridge near the northern end of the hemlock
orest.

23. Deciduous Woodlands

The natural deciduous woodlands of the reservation are,
collectively, over 40 acres in area, mostly in the central and
southern portions of the tract, ee they occupy rocky
ridges and some of the valleys between these ridges. Along
the Bronx River, from the boulder bridge north to the north
meadows, are several acres of river woods, subject to over-
flow at freshet periods. The woodlands contain many
species of native trees and a much greater number of kinds
of native shrubs and herbaceous plants; the undergrowth
is, locally, very dense. They are typical illustrations of
forests of our part of the country, and are treated and
protected as such. Dead and decrepit trees are removed
and dead branches pruned off from time to time; where
necessary, young trees are planted to replace those cut out;
the woods are patrolled to guard against forest fires. All
available firewood obtained is burned in the heating plants
of the smaller buildings, and the use of coal is thus reduced.
In order to keep these woodland tracts as typical illustra-
tions of eastern United States forests, no extraneous plants
have been brought into them, except in one small area on a
bank just east of the fruticetum, where many herbaceous
woodland species not native of the region have been planted.

Park FEATURES
The whole plan of the development of the Garden has
been designed in such a manner as to include all the features
of a public park, and it has been carried out in close coopera-
tion with successive park commissioners and engineers of

( 208 )

the Borough of the Bronx. The grounds are open to the
public every day in the year without any charge whatever.

24. Entrances

The Garden has entrances at ten points, as follows:

1. Mosholu Parkway. 2. Bedford Park Avenue. 3.
Southern Boulevard. 4.Iris Garden. 5. Linnaean Bridge.
6. Mansion Approach. 7. Arboretum entrance (not yet
completed). 8. Allerton Avenue. 9. Bronx River Park-
way. 10. Woodlawn Road.

25. Roads and Paths

An elaborate series of driveways provides several miles of
Telford-Macadam roads, most of which are now con-
structed.

Paths located so as to lead to all the principal features
are included in the plan, with an aggregate length of over
fifteen miles and approximately three-fourths of this system
has already been built, and there are several miles of forest
trails.

All the roads and paths have been located so as to do no
damage to the natural features of the grounds, particular
care having been taken to save all possible standing trees
and to avoid disturbing natural slopes except in the im-~
mediate neighborhood of the large buildings, where con-
siderable grading has been necessary, but even here the
study has been to adjust the new surfaces so that they shall
merge imperceptibly into the original ones. Ornamental
masonry retaining walls, made necessary by the grades of
the roadways, have been built at the Mosholu Parkway
entrance, at the Woodlawn Road entrance, and at the ap-
proach to the Elevated Railway Station, and vines have
been planted at the bases of these walls which partly clothe
them with foliage. The Bronx Boulevard, bounding the
Garden to the east, is supported along part of its length
by a high rubble-stone retaining wall.

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26. Bridges

The plan of the driveway and path systems called for the
construction of six bridges; three of these, first, the lake
bridge, crossing the valley of the lakes near the museum
building; second, the long bridge, which carries the drive-
way across the valley of the Bronx River north of the hem-
lock forest; and, third, the upper bridge which crosses the
Bronx River at the northern end of the Garden, have been
carried out in masonry arches from designs by Mr. John R.
Brinley, landscape engineer of the Garden. A unique boul-
der foot-bridge of five arches, just at the northern end of the
hemlock forest was built from designs by the same engineer.
The concrete-steel bridge spanning the gorge of the Bronx
below the waterfall was built by the Park Department;
and the sixth bridge in the plan is a foot-bridge, temporarily
built of wood, ultimately designed in concrete, crossing the
Bronx River in the north meadows.

The bridge dedicated to Linnaeus, which carries the Pel-
ham Parkway across the river, is appropriately located
between the Botanical Garden and the Zoological Park.

27. Water Supply and Drainage

The water supply has also been constructed in accordance
with the general plan and the system has been extended
from year to year as the development of the grounds
proceeded. Drinking fountains and public comfort stations
have been erected at various points.

The drainage of the grounds has been carried out in ac-
cordance with a well-studied original plan, which provides
outlets for the surface drainage for the most part either into
the lakes or into the river, very little of it being taken into
the sewers. Only a small portion of the drainage system
still remains to be built.

28. Shade Trees and Border Screens

The park treatment further calls for the planting of
shade trees where these are needed along the driveways,

(210)

and much of this has been done, a great many kinds of trees
having been used, and many shrub plantations have been
set out, especially at roadway and path intersections,
utilizing considerable numbers of the same kinds of shrubs
at different points.

The general planting plan includes provision for par-
tially surrounding the grounds, except at entrances, with
border screens. This planting has already been accom-
plished along the western and northern boundaries, and
partly along the southern and eastern boundaries. These
screens are composed of a very great variety of trees and
shrubs, variously grouped, and average about fifty feet in
width.

29. Shelters and Pergolas

Only a few of these ornamental, as well as useful, struc-
tures have been erected, but the plan of development
includes a number of them, and also several decorative
fountains.

LAKESIDE SHELTER

A concrete shelter-house stands by the path on the south-
western side of the upper lake, which lies just west of the
water garden. The southern and eastern banks of this
lake are decorated with masses of rhododendrons, mountain
laurel, and other shrubs and trees.

HERBACEOUS GARDEN PERGOLA
A small, hexagonal, concrete pergola stands in a triangle
formed by three paths in the forest edge on the eastern
side of the herbaceous garden.

SCHOOL GARDEN SHELTER
This was completed in 1918 with funds contributed by
Mrs. Frederick Ferris Thompson. It is very attractively
located on a high rocky cliff overlooking Long Lake and the
valley containing the Rose Garden.

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DOCENTRY

(211)

Docentry

In order to provide a method for viewing the collections
under guidance, a member of the Garden staff leaves the
front door of the Museum Building every week-day after-
noon at 3 o’clock, to escort all who may wish to accompany
him. The routes are as follows:

Monday: Hemlock Forest, Mansion, and Herbaceous
Garden. Tuesday: Pinetum. Wednesday: Fruticetum
and North Meadows. Thursday: Deciduous Arboretum,
Nurseries and Propagating Houses, and Public Conserva-
tories, Range 2. Friday: Public Conservatory Range 1.
Saturday: Museums.

Rules

1. The picking of flowers, leaves, fruits, nuts, or the
breaking of branches of any plants, either wild or culti-
vated, the uprooting of plants of any kind, the defacing of
trees, and the carrying of flowers, fruits or plants into or
from the grounds of the Garden, are prohibited, except by
written permission of the Director-in-Chief of the Garden.

2. Leaving or depositing paper, boxes, glass or rubbish of
any kind within the grounds of the Garden is forbidden.

3. Dogs are not allowed within the limits of the Garden
except in leash.

4. It is forbidden to take fish from within the Garden, or
to molest in any way squirrels, birds, snakes, frogs, toads,
turtles or any other wild animals.

5. Throwing stones or other missiles, playing ball, foot-
ball, tennis, or other game is prohibited.

6. It is forbidden to offer for sale food, candy, news-
papers, books, tobacco, beverages, flowers or any other
objects, without written permission from the Director-in-
Chief and the Commissioner of Parks for the Borough
of The Bronx.

7. Boating or rafting on the ponds, lakes, and streams is
forbidden.

8. Trucking, or the driving of business wagons of any
kind, is forbidden on the roads of the Garden, except on
those designated for such purposes.

(212)

g. It is forbidden to accept or solicit passengers for any
cab, carriage, or other conveyance, at any point within the
grounds of the Garden without written permission from the
Director-in-Chief of the Garden and the Commissioner of
Parks for the Borough of The Bronx.

10. Visitors are not allowed within the Garden after
eleven o’clock at night nor before six o’clock in the morning
except upon driveways and paths designated for their use

between those hours.

The Garden is also protected by all city ordinances refer-

ring to the Park System.

EXPLANATION OF MAP

1. Public Conservatory Range 1
Water-lily Tanks

Elevated Railway Station
Power House No. 1
Bedford Park Entrance
Botanical Garden Station
Mosholu saree Entrance
Museum Buildin

Pinetum

. Flower Gardens

. Southern Boulevard Entrance
. Herbaceous Garden

Pergola

. Morphological —

. Economic Garde

. Viticetum

. Deciduous Woodlands

. Hemlock Forest

. Gorge of the Bronx River

. Gorge Bridge

. Waterfall

. Boulder Bridge

i saties
Pr OS SIAR EY YP

LS |
9D DY AK RS

boy Bb
wR
oo
5

a ca
Lm |

ies}
to.
re
oO

25. Water Garden
26. Lake Bridge

27. Upper Lake

28. Lakeside Shelter
2g. Fruticetum

30.

31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37-
38.
39.
40.

Woodlawn Road Entrance

Bronx River Parkway Entrance
Deciduous Arboretum

Power House No. 2

Public Conservatory Range 2
Allerton Avenue Entrance

41. Stable

. Propagating Hou
. Nursery
: ae Ent
. Long Lak

and Experimental Gardens
nce

Rose Gs

. Park Department Barn

op
. Park Department Greenhouses
. Picnic Grounds
. Mansion Entrance
. Linnaean Bridge
. Linnaean Bridge Entrance
. Iris Garden Entrance
. Iris Garden
. White Pine Plantation

GENERAL PLAN
OF

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

BULLETIN
The New York BotanicalGarden

Vol. 10 No. 39

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND DIRECTOR-—
IN-CHIEF FOR THE YEAR 1919

(Accepted and ordered printed January 12, 1920)

To THE Boarp oF MANAGERS OF THE New York BorTani-

CAL GARDEN.

Gentlemen: I have the honor to submit my report as
Secretary and Director-in-Chief for the year ending
January 12, 1920.

Noteworthy events in the development of the Garden
during 1919 include, primarily, the completion, installation
and opening of the central display greenhouse and the
orchid greenhouse, built through gifts of $50,000 each by
Messrs. Daniel Guggenheim and Murry Guggenheim made
for the purpose in 1917, and the commencement of public
lectures, demonstrations and exhibitions in the central
display greenhouse; and the organization and development
of instruction of convalescent soldiers and of civilians in
practical gardening. A city appropriation of $5,000
obtained by Park Commissioner Joseph P. Hennessy,
should provide for the completion of the driveways as
planned. A largely increased maintenance appropriation
for 1920 by the Board of Estimate and Apportionment off-
sets a severe reduction in the appropriation for 1919.

All the collections of plants, specimens and books have
been maintained andincreased. The path system has been
further developed, together with necessary grading and
drainage. Direct education of the public by lectures,

(213)

(214)

demonstrations and docentry has been continued and
expanded. No deterioration in the beautiful natural
features of woodlands, river banks, valleys, glades, hills
and meadows has oan experienced, ond planted trees and
shrubs have been maintained in health and elegance.

Botanical exploration has been accomplished in British
Guiana, Cuba, Jamaica, the Bahamas, and Florida, with
resultant valuable additions to the collections and in
contributions to knowledge. Scientific investigation over a
wide range of subjects has been prosecuted by students,
by visitors, and by members of the staff.

The collections of living plants in the open and under
glass include about 14,600 kinds, a net increase during the
year of about 100 kinds, mostly in horticultural races and
varieties. The library was increased by about 450 volumes
through gifts, purchases and exchanges, the total number
of bound volumes now reaching about 29,700. Museum
and herbarium specimens added during the year by gift,
purchase, exchange and exploration, aggregate about 9,000.

Publications of 1918-19 include No. 37 of the Bulletin,
commencing Volume 10; Volume 20 of the Journal;
Volume 11 of Mycologia; 1 part of North American Flora;
7 numbers of Contributions; and the fourth volume of
Addisonia.

The completion of additional coal bunkers at both power
houses provides largely increased coal storage. The
construction of the cherry garden shelter was commenced
in the autumn and may be completed during the winter.
Bequests of $5,000 by Mrs. Mary J. Kingsland and of
$30,000 by Mrs. Samuel W. Bridgham were announced
during the year. The bequest of Mrs. Russell Sage
announced last year has been appraised at $776,586.

Plants and Planting
All the existing plantations described in some detail in
my last annual report have been maintained, variously
modified. New plantations of great interest were installed
in the central display greenhouse.

(215)

The collections in the herbaceous garden valley were
increased by native American species collected by Dr. E.
B. Southwick and by Dr. F. W. Pennell. A few kinds of
shrubs were added to the fruticetum and some trees to the
arboretum; the list of hardy woody plants prepared by
Mr. George V. Nash and published in successive issues of
the Journal is approaching completion, after necessary
interruption and delay. Water gardens and the iris garden
remain essentially unmodified; we have prepared plans
for a new iris garden much more extensive than the existing
one, which may be constructed and installed in cooperation
with the American Iris Society when funds for the purpose
become available; the cordial cooperation of the American
Iris Society has been secured by Dr. Gleason. The young
forests of white pine and red pine planted in 1916 and 1918
respectively, in cooperation with the Conservation Com-
mission of the State of New York, continue to grow satis-
factorily and are of much interest to the public as demon-
strating forest planting. Large collections of gladioli,
cannas, rose mallows and phloxes were grown in the horti-
cultural gardens, and a special group of plants with varie-
gated foliage was added. Collections of peonies and lilacs
for planting in the new lilac and peony garden along the
Pelham Parkway have been brought together, but their
installation there awaits necessary ground improvements.

The rose garden developed in cooperation with the Horti-
cultural Society of New York has received additional
named kinds of bush roses; construction of path ap-
proaches with necessary grading accomplished during the
past season now permits planting the collection of rambling
roses; provision for the climbing roses is yet to be made.
The school garden developed in cooperation with the
International Children’s School Farm League has been
enlarged and used in the instruction of convalescent
soldiers; an additional plot just south of the nurseries was
also used for this purpose; the increasing number of
students in gardening now requires the preparation of addi-

(216)

tional land. Both plots required woven wire fencing and
also guarding to prevent fruits and vegetables being taken
by interested citizens. Plans for the formal garden just
south of the mansion remain unused, awaiting funds for
construction. The extensive flower gardens around con-
servatory range I, extending along paths and border
screens to the railroad have been maintained with slight
modification. The large and elegant dahlia collection
brought together by Curator Marshall A. Howe, along the
border screen north of the railroad station, was notably
increased and flowered profusely from August until killed
by frost on November 10. Hardy chrysanthemums were
brought together along the border screen south of the
railroad station; the border screen was found to throw
rather too aes shade for their best development, and it
is planned to move this collection to the horticultural
gardens, or to establish another collection of chrysan-
themums there. The nurseries and propagating grounds
south of the propagating houses were maintained with
some reduction of area under cultivation.

Following the reopening of conservatory range 2, closed
for over a year owing to coal shortage, and the opening of
the new greenhouses added to that range by the gifts of
Daniel and Murry Guggenheim, extensive rearrangements
were made of the plants under glass. Large collections
were moved from range I to range 2; the palm collection,
long crowded mostly in two greenhouse compartments,
was further distributed; all the tropical ferns, orchids, and
most of the cycads were taken from range I to range 2,
and many specimens stored in the propagating houses were
made available for examination by the public in the two
large ranges. The educational value of the greenhouse col-
lections has thus been greatly increased. One of the propa-
gating houses has been used in the teaching of convalescent
soldiers, another by the Director of the Laboratories for
experimental work with students, and the third contains a
large portion of the collection of cacti.

(217 )

Details of plants and planting will be found in the report
of the Head Gardener hereto appended.

Museums

The revision and cataloguing of the specimens forming
the economic museum commenced last year by Dr. H. H.
Rusby, Honorary Curator, was continued by him at
intervals during the year, but it was not found possible
to complete the catalogue for printing, this task proving
too great for the time at his command. His report hereto
appended al that this very important work may
soon be finis

A eet modification was made in the systematic
museum on the second floor of the museum building by
moving the cases and their contents from the western wing
to the adjoining hall, and thus making the western hall
available for the herbarium specimens of fungi moved
from the upper floor of the building to relieve congestion
there; laboratories and offices for the Supervisor of Public
Instruction, Dr. Murrill, and for Curators Seaver and
Howe were provided, and the herbarium collections of
algae still on the upper floor will be moved to the second
floor as soon as possible. The microscopic exhibits set
up for the use of the public in the west wing were moved
to the mezzanine floor in the middle of the building,
readjusted and renewed.

he museum of fossil plants on the basement floor of the

museum building has been somewhat increased as recorded
in the report of the Honorary Curator of Fossil Plants,
Dr. Hollick, hereto appended; his investigations of foul
plants of the West Indies were continued. No essential
change was made in the display series of specimens. Addi-
tional cases here would permit the exhibition of many
interesting specimens now in storage.

Some 24,000 herbarium specimens previously mounted
and held in storage were incorporated into the permanent
collections, this requiring almost all the case room avail-

( 218 )

able. Additional herbarium cases are now greatly needed
to properly conserve specimens more recently obtained
or stored. Full details of the museum and herbarium
work will be found in the report of the Head Curator
hereto appended.

The catalogue of the extensive series of lantern slides
and photographic negatives has been made complete by
Mrs. Grace M. Schilling, appointed to succeed Miss Elsie
M. Kittredge, Assistant Curator, resigned. Mrs. Britton
has given continued attention to increasing the collection
of lantern slides, especially of plants not hitherto repre-
sented. Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox continued voluntary work
on the collection of prints and other illustrations of plants
and has put this valuable series in excellent condition for
reference. Contributions to the Emergency Fund were
credited to the purchase of specimens as follows:

Mr. Edwin A. Richard... 00... 0. eee cece eee $250

Mr. Henry W. de Forest... 0.0... ccc cece eee 100

ugene P. Bicknell... 2.0... 00... ee cee eee 25

Professor William J. Gies....... 0... cece eee eee eee 25
Library

As shown by the report of the Librarian hereto appended,
the library was increased during the year by 450 volumes,
this collection of books now comprising about 29,700
volumes. Other requirements precluded the expenditure
of as much money for the purchase and binding of books
as we had hoped for at the beginning of the year. Con-
tributions to the Emergency Fund were credited to the
purchase of books as follows:

Mr. Andrew Carnegie... 2.00.0... ccc cece cence eee nen $500
Mr. Mortimer L. Schiff... 0.0.0.0... 0.0.0.0 c cece eee eee I

Mr. Felix M. Warburg... 0.2... .0 0c ccc ccc cece cece ences 100
Mrs. F. F. Thompson... ....... 00.0.0 c cece cece eee ee 100
Mrnky Ev Oleott cas avtsica cp teuates aacenasel nent aateces 10

Liberal expenditure for book purchases remains as an
important item to be accomplished, and has received special
consideration by the Scientific Directors. We still need a

(219)

library fund with an income of $2,000 or more annually,
specified for books and binding, and there is also need at
the present time for additional book shelving.

For details of library work reference is made to the re-
ports of the Librarian, Miss Harlow, and of the Biblio-
grapher, Dr. Barnhart.

Public Instruction and Information

Instruction by public lectures and demonstrations and
by docentry has been continued, all members of the staff
participating. Following the suggestion in my last annual
report, the position of Supervisor of Public Instruction
was established in January, 1919, and Dr. William A.
Murrill, formerly my First Assistant, was appointed to
fill it. Under his direction, educational work, especially
in docentry, has been expanded, and he has delivered
lectures on various topics at the Garden and elsewhere.
He was placed in charge of a very successful exhibition
of plants used in decorative design held at the Metropolitan
Museum of Art in March and April, in cooperation with
that institution. The completion of the central display
greenhouse, given by Messrs. Daniel and Murry Guggen-
heim, including space for public lectures and exhibitions,
provided important additional facilities for lectures de-
livered there on Saturday afternoons in November, to be
continued. At the November meeting of the Board of
Managers, a series of Sunday afternoon lectures, in addition
to the Saturday courses, was authorized, and these will be
commenced in the spring. Dr. Murrill’s report hereto
appended gives details of the public educational work.

Replies to all requests for botanical information have
been continued and all questions, oral or written, have
been replied to; these questions have been numerous and
the correspondence of the institution continues very large.

(220)

Instruction of Convalescent Soldiers in Practical Gardening

Pursuant to correspondence and consultation by Presi-
dent Thompson with officials of the Federal Board for
Vocational Education, arrangements were made early in
the year for training in practical gardening wounded,
crippled or otherwise disabled men who had served in the
war with Germany for the preservation of democracy. The
first student under these arrangements was admitted on
January 16, and others were received from time to time.
The number under instruction at the date of this report
is 45; the total number enrolled to date is 57; 4 were
transferred to other institutions; 3 were sent to hospitals;
4 left for unknown reasons; and one was lost by death.

Mr. Kenneth R. Boynton, formerly Head Gardener’s
Assistant, and who was in service during the war as a
corporal, was appointed Marshal of the Garden School
in February and put in charge of the details of the instruc-
tion and discipline; in October, subsequent to the resig-
nation of Captain Henry G. Parsons, who had been absent
on leave for government service during the war, Mr.
Boynton succeeded him as Supervisor of Gardening In-
struction. In July, Mr. Walter B. Balch, a recent graduate
of Cornell University, was appointed to succeed Mr. Boyn-
ton, and we have just appointed Mr. E. E. Watson, from
the University of Michigan, as another assistant. Gard-
eners have been detailed for work in instruction as needed
from time to time.

Officials of the Vocational Board have continually in-
spected the work of instruction and have made important
suggestions; they propose to increase the number of
soldiers sent for this training, and in this event additional
instructors will be required.

This vocational work was primarily established through
the following contributions to the Emergency Fund of 1919:
Dr. and Mrs. N. L. Britton. 0.0.0.0... cece eee ee eee $1,000
Mr. W. J. Matheson... 00... 0 2 cece cece eee e eee 250
Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox... 0.0... ccc ccc eee eee ences 200

Mrs, Delancey Kane... ........... ccc eeeeeece encase 100
Mrs. George W, Perkins.........000 0.0 cece eee cece 100
Mrs. Gustav E. Kissel... 0.0... ccc ccc e cence ence eee 100
Mr. and Mrs. Bernhard Hoffmann...............00005 100
Mr. Samuel W. Fairchild. 2.0... 00.0.0 cee eee cee eee eee xe)

At the request of the International Children’s School
Farm League, an unexpended balance of $3,263.62 of the
fund provided by that organization in 1917 to support
the training of teachers of school gardens for two years,
was transferred to the training of convalescent soldiers.
These contributions and this transfer, together with $15
per month paid for each soldier student by the govern-
ment, have sufficed to organize, equip and maintain the
instruction.

All members of the Garden staff have cooperated by
lectures, laboratory work, field instruction and otherwise.
The training of the convalescent soldiers thus took on a
broad and diversified character. Mr. Boynton’s report
hereto appended gives a complete record of this interesting
work, together with a list of students and their disabilities.

We have had numerous requests from various sources for
these students, one employer stating that he could use the
whole school, but their training has not yet been sufficient
to warrant placing any of them in positions.

Instruction of Civilians in Practical Gardening

Subsequent to the organization of the instruction for
convalescent soldiers in practical gardening, this instruc-
tion was extended to civilians, both men and women, and
this educational tender was widely advertised. During
1919, 2 women and I man were enrolled, and 1 woman and
3 men have been admitted in January. A special course
for women desiring training for work in their own gardens
has just been commenced, with an attendance of Io.
The development of a permanent school of gardening has
been given much consideration by the Scientific Directors
and a plan outlined by Dr. Gleason has been approved by
them, subject to confirmation by the Board of Managers.

(222)

Exploration and Collecting
The necessity of applying all available funds to mainte-
nance has restricted exploration work to near limits. The
following contributions to the Emergency fund were cred-
ited to exploration:

Mr. Edward V. Z. Lane... 2. cece eee cece eee eee $100
Me: Charles. Fi Randi ié2 0 seine eee eee ontrack ate 100
Mr ar Lj. Matstone)... sansa bee foe e ede os ee ekiees 100
Mr. Adolph Lewisohn. ..... 0.0... e eee e ere e eee eens 50

Through the cooperative arrangement entered into in
1917 with the Smithsonian Institution and the Gray
Herbarium of Harvard University, for exploration and
investigation of the flora of northern South America, Pro-
fessor A. S. Hitchcock, Agrostologist of the United States
Bureau of Plant Industry, was commissioned during the
summer to explore portions of British Guiana for a period
of about six months. He reports extensive collections al-
ready made, which will doubtless add much to our know-
ledge of tropical American vegetation and its products.
The study and organization of collections made in Colom-
bia, Venezuela and Ecuador under this arrangement has
progressed to such extent as the available time of members
of the staff of the three cooperating institutions has per-
mitted; in order to proceed more rapidly, additional
investigators and collectors are needed.

Through the continued valued patronage of Mr. Charles
Deering, botanical exploration of southern Florida was
continued during the year by Dr. John K. Small, Head
Curator, who visited that region during parts of April and
May, and again in December, and made large collections
of specimens and of living plants. Mrs. Britton and I
accompanied Dr. Small in December and took part in the
work, which enabled us to restudy the vegetation of Florida
in relation to that of the Bahamas, Cuba and Porto Rico.
For additional facilities in this investigation, we are grateful
to Mr. William J. Matheson, of the Garden Board of
Managers, and to his son, Mr. Hugh M. Matheson. We

( 223 )

gave especial attention to collecting the lichens of the region
for comparison with those of the West Indies and to the
study of plants collected in gardens, parks and nurseries,
some of which we secured for our greenhouse.

Some collecting for the local herbarium was done by
members of the staff in northern New York, Connecticut
and New Jersey.

Our West Indian collections have been further increased
by specimens collected by Mr. William Harris in Jamaica,
by Brother Léon and Brother Hioram in Cuba, and by
Mr. L. J. K. Brace in New Providence, Bahamas.

Roads and Paths

Pursuant to our request for a special appropriation of
$5,000 for completing the unfinished driveway through the
eastern part of the reservation, referred to in my report
for the year 1918, this amount was granted during the
summer by the Board of Estimate and Apportionment,
after application by Hon. Joseph P. Hennessy, Commis-
sioner of Parks of the Borough of The Bronx, and was
made available for expenditure late in November. Work
in grading, rock excavation and paving northeast of the
rose garden was immediately begun by a force of workmen
of the Park Department, and continued until December 31.
All grading was completed during this period and all but
about 200 feet of road area was paved; enough stone to
complete this paving is readily available and work may be
resumed within a short time. Provision is made in the
city appropriation for supplying and rolling in the broken
stone and screening required to complete the work, also
for oiling the surface; we may therefore anticipate the
completion of this much needed driveway in the spring.
It will be recalled that our plan contemplates the closing of
the narrow dangerous road leading north from the Mansion
after the new broad driveway is opened for traffic.

At conservatory range 2, the plaza at the west end of the
central display greenhouse was materially enlarged in

( 224 )

order to get better turning and parking space for motor
cars.
High-grade maintenance of the driveways has been con-
tinued by Park Commissioner Hennessy and his able staff,
under the provisions of the Garden’s Charter.

Construction of additional portions of the path system
in various parts of the grounds with collateral grading and
drainage and subsequent planting was accomplished by
means of contributions to our Emergency Fund credited to
grounds improvement, as follows:

Mr. Edward S. Harkness. ......... 0.0 ese e eee e eee eeee $500
Pi Jenks MORGAN obi rece rh eo aaiee a aeas aieyiie ianes 500
Mr. Henry Ce Pricks3 vie wie ve ora poe eean eeeeeees 500
Mr. Daniel Guggenheim... ....... 0.0... c cece eee eee 250
Mr. Murry Guggenheim............0... 00.0 eee eee eee ee 250
Mr. George W. Perkins.... 0.0.0.0... 0. cc cece eee eee 250
Mr. Cleveland H. Dodge... 0.0... elec cece eee 250
Mrs. James A. Scrymser.... 0... eee eee ees 250
Mr. Edward D. Adams... 0.00.00. 200
Mr. Emerson McMillin... 2... cco cece eee 100
Mrs. Henry O. Taylor... 0... eee 100
Mrs. Robert Bacon... ... 0... c cece cece cee eee teens 100
Mr. Robert W. de Forest... 0.20... ccc ccc cee ene ee 100
Dr. Lewis Rutherfurd Morris........... 0000 ccc ee neces 100
Mr. Louis C. Tiffany... 2... eee eens 100
Mr. Myles Tierney. .....2... 0.00000: e eee c eee eee eens 100
Mrs. George D. Pratt... 2.0... cece cece eee 100
Mr. Fritz Achelis 049 2, fev beueies dacndetae eine give ten 100
Mr. George F. Baker... occ cee eens 100
He Marriman ss ene ena, adie eee 100

Mr. Ww tlliam Sloane..2¢.50ecin wets dead Mei ea4 dows 100
Mrs. Charles D. Dickey. . 0.0.0.0... 0000. c cece eee ee 100
Mr. W. K. Vanderbilt... 0... ccc 100
Mr Cr Ay Comins ics wanseveydeg dette ove i advun dee. ixe)
TD Ay Ha vemeyer ve feet tea ares Jan pe eet ees 50

Mr. George Blumenthal... 2.2.0.2... ccc cee eens 50
Mr. Henry R. Hoyt... 0... n ce nee eens 50
Mrs. Theron G. Strong.........0. 00000 cece eee eee eee 50
Mr. A. F. Estabrook. 20.0... 00.0 cece cece cece eee eene 50
Mrs. George A. Armour... 2... 2.0 cece cece cence ences 50
Mrs, Hamilton Fish Kean... 0.0.0.0 cece cee ee cence seas 50
Mr. A. R. Shattuck. 0... occ ccc ence ees 25
Mr Thomas MEE del cee eee a eee ee 25

r. J. sara eth Hares ct ites sta aataanoeae ies $25
Mi Harold I. Pratt....... 00000. cc cece eee n eee e cues 25
Col. Samuel P. cin pheea ant ane nen fxiaiae Oe oad cee ani 25

Mr. John W. ee
Miss Elizabeth Billings...............ccccuseeseeseeees 10

Unfinished paths in the arboretum, through the collec-
tions of magnolias, oaks and birches, aggregating about
500 feet in length, 10 feet wide, were surfaced by ashes from
the power houses and opened to the public. A path 510
feet long, 10 feet in width, extending south from the rose
garden stairway along the ridge overlooking the rose
garden from the west, was completely graded and partly
paved. Work is progressing here during the winter and
this much needed path may be completed and put into
use early in the spring. Paths on both sides of the drive-
way leading from the iris garden entrance to the mallow
garden were completely graded and partly paved; these,
10 feet in width and over 1,200 feet in length, also provide
much needed connections; work here is also progressing
and both paths may be opened in the spring. A path 200
feet long and 10 feet wide, along the southern side of the
war memorial grove of Douglas spruce, was completed and
opened at the time that plantation was established in the
spring. Path approaches to conservatory range 2 from
the north and to the cherry garden shelter from the east
and south, 10 feet wide and aggregating about 800 feet
in length, were partly graded; the top-soil obtained was
used in forming the planting spaces in the central display
greenhouse nearby. Work upon these paths may be con-
tinued next season when funds become available.

The next most important paths to develop are the con-
nection of the Linnaean Bridge entrance northward along
the west side of the Bronx River to the gorge bridge in the
hemlock grove and the companion path on the east side
of the river north to the Lorillard snuff-mill, denominated
the Bronx River paths; some grading and paving was
accomplished upon these in former years; their completion

(226)

will be a great boon to the visiting public, affording restful
and beautiful views of the quiet reaches of the river.

Water Supply

Work was commenced in the autumn and is being con-
tinued during the winter in providing the high pressure
water supply needed at the mansion, referred to in my
last annual report, designed to provide running water on
the third floor of that building; the increased use of the
mansion for instruction of convalescent soldiers and of
civilians in gardening makes a better water supply neces-
sary. We purchased the 4-inch water pipe necessary and
have done most of the earth excavation for the trench;
rock excavation for a distance of about 100 feet is in
progress and we hope to complete the principal connection
within a few weeks; a short connection requiring 3-inch
water pipe at the mansion still needs a few days’ work.

Buildings

Reference has already been made in this report to the
central display greenhouse and the orchid greenhouse
added to conservatory range 2 through the gifts of Messrs.
Daniel Guggenheim and Murry Guggenheim, and to the
reoccupation of the other greenhouses of this range, which
were closed for over a year by reason of coal shortage;
necessary repairs were made to the roofs of the older
houses of this range. Much repair work was found
necessary at conservatory range I, including painting,
replacement of glass, reconstruction of benches, and replace-
ment of sash bars. Available funds did not suffice for com-
pleting all repairs desirable and this work must be continued
during the coming year. At the propagating houses, some
absolutely necessary repair work was done, but all the
plant benches in these houses need replacement in con-
crete, which we are proceeding to accomplish as soon as

possible; some painting is also required here.
he museum building required repairs to the roof and

(227)

the replastering of the interior walls; considerable re-
plastering still remains to be done. One of the piers in
front of this building has settled and cracked, and this
requires rebuilding. The collective amount of repair work
necessary demands large expenditure during the coming
year.

We built a new coal bunker at power house I, using
stone for its walls obtained from the necessary excavations
at conservatory range 2, and utilized the earth excavated
for filling up an unsightly swale along the Southern Boule-
vard at the horticultural gardens. All the masonry and
concrete work of the new cherry garden shelter was com-
pleted, the woodwork for the roof of this structure has
been ordered, and we hope to complete it by the time the
cherry garden comes into flower in the spring. Only minor
repairs have been necessary on the smaller buildings and
these, as well as the bridges, are in good condition. Details
of the work on roads and paths, grading, drainage, water
supply and buildings will be found in the report of the
Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds hereto appended.

Victory Bonds
Employees of the Garden were enabled to subscribe to

the Victory Loan in the same manner as to the issues of
liberty bonds, payable in installments. The Treasurer
purchased $8,000 of the Victory Loan to cover subscriptions
by the following employees:

G. K. Ackerman, Jr., Clerk

C. J. Auld, Gardener

John H. Barnhart, Bibliographer

Henry W. Becker, Foreman Gardener

Kenneth R. Boynton, Supervisor of Gardening In-

struction

N. L. Britton, Director-in-Chief

John Caffrey, Keeper

B. Cassell, Laborer

T. Chadwick, Gardener

(228)

A. J. Corbett, Superintendent of Buildings and
Grounds

James Curry, Laborer

John Farley, Fireman

Thomas Feltham, Soldier Student

Frank Finen, Fireman

James Finley, Gardener

John Finley, Foreman Gardener

George Friedhof, Gardener

Henry Friedman, Clerk

August Gleasel, Gardener

H. A. Gleason, First Assistant

W. S. Groesbeck, Bookkeeper

Dorothy Hale, Museum Aide

Sarah Harlow, Librarian

Marshall A. Howe, Curator

Owen Keefe, Gardener

Robert McAvis, Driver

W. J. McGreevy, Head Steam Engineer

James Malley, Driver

Edward W. Meyer, Laborer

John J. Millard, Janitor

J. Moore, Gardener

George Morse, Night Watchman

D. Murphy, Laborer

George V. Nash, Head Gardener

Hugh F. O’Neill, Soldier Student

George Purdy, Painter

Jacob Radlein, Gardener

J. G. Rechsteiner, Plumber

P. A. Rydberg, Curator

F. A. Schilling, Museum Custodian

Fred J. Seaver, Curator

Harry Shafer, Gardener

Theodore Shaffer, Steam Engineer

John K. Small, Head Curator

Charles Smith, Gardener

( 229 )

John Sommer, Gardener

E. B. Southwick, Custodian, Herbaceous Grounds
A. B. Stout, Director of the Laboratories
Florence M. Willey, Stenographer

Ralph A. Willey, Driver

R. S. Williams, Administrative Assistant

Roland E. Wills, Steam Engineer

Natural Features

Continued care has been taken of the natural woodlands,
thickets, meadows and other features and they have suffered
no serious deterioration of their original beauty; their only
destructive enemies have been individuals of the human
species, and these have been controlled for the most part
by our keepers. Some vandalism has been experienced,
but not sufficient to mar natural attractions to any serious
extent. Parts of the woodlands still require additional
guard rails along paths and trails.

Reports Appended

I append reports made to me by Dr. Gleason, First
Assistant; by Dr. Small, Head Curator; by Dr. Murrill,
Supervisor of Public Instruction; by Mr. Nash, Head
Gardener; by Dr. Stout, Director of the Laboratories;
by Mr. Boynton, Supervisor of Gardening Instruction;
by Mr. Corbett, Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds;
by Dr. Barnhart, Bibliographer; by Miss Harlow, Librar-
ian; by Dr. Hollick, Honorary Curator of Fossil Plants;
by Mrs. Britton, Honorary Curator of Mosses; by Dr.
Rusby, Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections;
and a schedule of expenditures by Mr. Groesbeck, Book-
keeper.

Respectfully submitted,
N. L. Britton,
Director-in-Chief

( 230 )
REPORT OF THE FIRST ASSISTANT
Dr. N. L. Britron, Director-1n-Cuier.

Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith my first annual
report as First Assistant.

On reporting for duty at the New York Botanical Garden
February 10, I learned that no ex officio duties were at-
tached to my position, and I was charged by you with
various administrative and executive duties. Some of these
have been merely routine matters, such as attending to
correspondence, and overseeing the work of certain em-
ployees, and require no special mention in this place.

The editorship of the Journal of the New York Botanical
Garden, which had been assigned to Dr. Francis W.
Pennell, associate curator, was transferred to me with the
Febaiany 4 issue. The twelve numbers for the year include
258 pages, 17 full-page half-tone plates, and 1 text figure
in zinc. Although copy has been sent to the printers
regularly on the 25th of the month preceding, only two
numbers have appeared within the month of issue. Much
good can accrue to the Garden by the prompt publication
of a well-written and well-illustrated magazine. I woul
respectfully recommend the enlargement of the Journal,
when funds are properly available, to an average size of
48 pages and 4 to 8 plates per issue, with the extension of
its scope to include any botanical and horticultural articles
of interest to the members of the Garden, and believe that
the increase in membership of the Garden due to the
Journal would in a short time be sufficient to carry the
extra expense.

As a result of negotiations begun in 1918, a report of
which has been published in the Journal (20: 51-61), a
course of instruction in gardening was established in
January. Its development, under the immediate super-
vision of Mr. Kenneth R. Boynton, Supervisor of Garden
Instruction, has proceeded steadily throughout the year.
In this development I have aided with advice on the
arrangement of the curriculum, on the scope and content

(231 )

of the various courses, and on many details of administra-
tion. I have also acted as the intermediary with the
Federal Board for Vocational Education, handling most of
the correspondence and business.

In an attempt to attract to the courses in garden instruc-
tion a number of civilian students, a small advertising
campaign has been conducted. Notices briefly describing
the courses and the opportunity were inserted in The
Garden Magazine, The Gardeners’ Chronicle, The Florists’
Exchange, and Horticulture. These have brought some
hundreds of replies, but only seven actual registrations.
Others are expected for the early part of 1920, but in
general the advertising campaign has been a failure.

he numerous replies have demonstrated beyond a
doubt that there is a widespread interest in garden in-
struction, and have led me to the conclusion that the lack
of registration is due to some defect in our plan. Acting
on this conclusion, I have formulated a new plan for the
administration of the instruction in gardening, which has
already been approved in principle by the Scientific
Directors, and which will be presented to the Board of
Managers for final action.

For three months during the summer, a small advertise-
ment of Addisonia was inserted in The Garden Magazine.
Again many replies were received, and four new sub-
scriptions followed, which were enough to make the adver-
tising distinctly profitable, although leading me to believe
that some changes in our present method of publishing
Addisonia might result in a much larger subscription list.

Inspired by the success of the exhibition of plant forms
used in design, held at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, a
competition in the use of plants in decorative design was
held at the Mansion in April, and was participated in by
26 art students of the city. A detailed account of this
has been published in the Journal (20: 124-126).

The annual spring inspection of the Garden was held

May I.

(232 )

The new Central Display Greenhouse, the gift of Messrs.
Daniel Guggenheim and Murry Guggenheim, was formally
opened to the public November 8. Its unique facilities
were immediately taken advantage of by a short series of
greenhouse lectures on the three following Saturdays.

The proper heating of the Museum Building still con-
tinues an unsolved problem. The increased demands of
Conservatory Range I at night makes it necessary to shut
off steam from the Museum after working hours, and on
cold days it is impossible to bring the temperature of some
rooms in the Museum to a comfortable temperature. This
condition has been aggravated by the shortage of coal at
some periods of the year, and can never be fully remedied
except by radical changes in the heating system.

Monthly conferences of the staff and students of the
Garden have been held as usual on the first Wednesday of
each month, except during the summer. The Torrey
Botanical Club has continued to hold one meeting each
month in the Museum Building. One special meeting of
the Club in connection with the Wild Flower Preservation
Society was held at the Mansion. The New York Micro-
scopical Society held a field meeting at the Garden in
June. Exhibitions of flowers and plants by the Garden
and the Horticultural Society of New York, jointly, have
been held as usual. Of these the last was held in the
Central Display Greenhouse, which is remarkably well
adapted to such exhibitions.

Our three periodicals, the Journal, Mycologia, and
Addisonia, have appeared regularly, as reported to you
by other members of the staff. One number of the Bulletin
has appeared (volume 10, number 37), comprising pages
I to 87, and containing the annual reports for 1918. Seven
articles have been reprinted as Contributions, as follows:

No. 208. Notes on Plants of the Southern United
States—V., by Francis W. Pennell.

No. 209. Intersexes in Plantago lanceolata, by A. B.
Stout.

( 233 )

No. 210. The Genus Desmatodon in North America,
by R. S. Williams.

No. 211. Phytogeographical Notes on the Rocky
Mountain Region—VIII. Distribution of the Montane
Plants, by P. A. Rydberg.

No. 213. Taxonomic Studies in Vernonia and Related
Genera, by H. A. Gleason.

No. 214. A brief Conspectus of the Species of Kneiffia,
with the Characterization of a New Allied Genus, by F. W.
Pennell.

No. 215. Tulip Droppers, by A. B. Stout.

These include 106 pages and 3 plates. Contribution
number 212 is begun and awaits completion during 1920.

With the approval of the Scientific Directors, I have
begun supplying brief botanical notes and articles of gen-
eral interest to the Scientific American, with the coopera-
tion of other members of the staff. Actual publication of
this matter is expected at an early date.

For many years there has been in America a growing
interest in the cultivation of the various species of Iris,
culminating in the suggestion, frequently expressed, of an
Iris Society with trial grounds and exhibition garden.
I have entered into this movement in cooperation with
several leading Iris growers, and a society will soon be
organized. In all probability, the society will wish to
establish its first gardens on our grounds, and the Scientific
Directors have already expressed their approval of this plan.
Under this arrangement the Garden may soon have the
largest and most complete collection of Iris in America,
without any cost other than the preparation of the ground
and the maintenance of the collection.

In my personal research, I have finished and published
several small articles for which data had been secured
prior to my connection with the Garden, and have pre-
pared the manuscript for that part of North American
Flora dealing with the tribe Vernonieae of the family
Carduaceae. I have also begun the examination of our

(234)

herbarium material of the lobeliaceous genera Centropogon
and Siphocampylus, and this work will be continued in
1920 as time permits.

In connection with the public lectures of the Garden,
I have delivered three lectures in the lecture hall of the
Museum Building and one in the Central Display House
of Conservatory Range 2.

Respectfully submitted,
H. A. GLeason,
First Assistant.

REPORT OF THE HEAD CURATOR OF THE MUSEUMS
D HERBARIUM
Dr. N. L. Brirron, Director-1n-CHIEF.

Sir: I submit herewith my report as Head Curator of
the Museums and Herbarium for the year 1919.

The collections, comprising the public exhibits and the
research material, have been cared for and developed as
in previous years. Specimens were received from various
sources and were accessioned in detail, from month to
month, in the Journal. The accessions for the year may
be summarized as follows:

By gift and purchase. ........ 0... ccc cece eee 2,399
By exchanged «taster tsi seen ee ie gehts ber eae ses 3,133
By exploration. 4 vcsy ateniiws bie staan Panacea 3,826

Thus all together 9,358 specimens were brought together
for the public exhibits and the research collections. The
value of the specimens received as gifts is estimated at
$346.70. About 5,050 duplicate herbarium specimens were
sent to other institutions as exchanges.

Museums
The collections of the public museums were both en-
larged and rearranged. No new equipment was added.
Tue Economic Museum. Numerous specimens were
added nearly throughout the public exhibits of this museum.
The interpolation of specimens necessitated the rearrange-
ment of the contents of nearly every exhibition case. For

(235)

details see report of the Honorary Curator of the Economic
Collections.

Tue Systematic Museum. Specimens were added to
all divisions of this museum and selected ones were inter-
polated in the public exhibits. The setting aside of the
west wing for herbarium and office purposes necessitated
the removal of the exhibits from that hall into the west
hall, as well as a complete rearrangement of the specimens.

THE Synoptic Cotiection. The exhibition cases con-
taining the myxomycetes, algae, fungi, lichens, hepatics,
mosses, and ferns, and the earlier families of the flowering
plants, were all rearranged and the specimens readjusted
as a consequence of the change referred to above. Now
the west hall has its full complement of exhibition cases.

THe Microscope Exuisit. The several stands of
microscopes were removed from the west wing to the
mezzanine landing between the first and second floors of
the museum building. Fortunately the exhibit lent itself
very well to the arrangement. The exhibits were read-
justed or renewed as was necessary.

Tue Locat Frora. Specimens and figures representing
several groups of the lower fungi were incorporated in their
proper sequence in this exhibit. The cases formerly in the
west wing were moved into the west hall.

Tue Pranr Picture Exuisir. It was necessary to
readjust this exhibit in order to make room for the frames
moved from the west wing into the west hall.

Tue Fosstr Prant Museum. About eighty specimens
were received for this department. They came mainly
from the Arctic regions and from the West Indies. The
specimens are available for both the public exhibits and
the research collections. For particulars see the report
of the Honorary Curator of Fossil Plants.

Herbaria
The additions to the herbarium came primarily from
Canada, the United States, Mexico, Central America, the

( 236)

West Indies, and northern South America. About 10,600
herbarium sheets, containing fully 24,000 specimens were
incorporated with the permanent collections. Consider-
able readjustment of the specimens in the cases was
necessary because of the unequal accumulation of speci-
mens. Algae from continental and insular North America
and from the Antarctic regions were incorporated. Hun-
dreds of microscope slides, particularly of the Bahama
algae were prepared and placed with the specimens. Fungi
from North America, the West Indies and from Africa
were added to permanent collections. The more im-
portant species were those from North America and South
America. Lichens came almost wholly from southern
Florida and the Bahamas. Hepatics added were mainly
from eastern North America. Bryophytes representing a
wide geographic range were added. The additions to the
fern herbarium, like that of the flowering plants, were
mainly from America. The most important were derived
from Canada, the United States, Mexico, the West Indies,
and northern South America. A few specimens were
received for the Columbia University Herbarium. They
were mounted and added to that collection.

The local herbarium was increased by special and
selected specimens collected mostly by members of the
Garden staff while on field excursions of the Torrey Botani-
cal Club and on vacations. Some specimens were also
secured through exchanges.

Investigations and Assistance

Dr. P. A. Rydberg, Curator, had charge of the herbarium
of flowering plants. In addition to the usual curatorial
work connected with the collections of mounted specimens,
he sorted all the unmounted herbarium specimens of
North America into systematic order, so as to make the
specimens of any group easily available for study. He also
continued taxonomic work on the families Fabaceae,
Ambrosiaceae, and Carduaceae for North American Flora.

( 237)

The manuscript of Ambrosiaceae was finished and was
delivered to the editor. The manuscript of the tribe
Senecioneae (except the genus Senecio) is essentially finished
and is sufficient for another part of North American Flora.
Work on the tribe Indigofereae of Fabaceae and on the
following tribe Galegeae is advancing. Only a little work
was accomplished on the flora of the Rocky Mountains;
a “Key to the Rocky Mountain Flora” was published
during the spring and one article in the series ‘‘ Phyto-
geographical Notes on the Rocky Mountain Region” was
printed during the summer.

Dr. Marshall A. Howe, Curator, remained in charge of
the collections of algae and hepaticae in the herbarium and
museums. Determination and entry into the herbarium
of somewhat more than 2,000 field numbers of marine
algae collected some years ago by Dr. Howe in the Bahama
Islands has constituted the chief work of the year, and the
results of this study have been summarized in a systematic
treatment of the algae of the Bahamas contributed to
Britton & Millspaugh’s “Bahama Flora,” now in press.
Papers published during the year include “‘On Some Fossil
and Recent Lithothamnieae of the Panama Canal Zone,”
“Tertiary Calcareous Algae from the Islands of St. Bar-
tholomew, Antigua, and Anguilla,” and ‘‘Dahlias and
their Culture.” Dr. Howe continued in charge of the
Garden’s dahlia border, has given three lectures in the
Saturday afternoon courses, and has continued to act as
an associate editor of the publications of the Torrey
Botanical Club and as delegate from the Torrey Botanical
Club to the Council of the New York Academy of Sciences.

Dr. Fred J. Seaver, Curator, continued in charge of the
fungi, which have been installed in their new quarters on
the second floor of the museum building. Research has
been continued on the cup-fungi of North America and also
on certain of the lower fungi causing leaf-spot diseases,
both preparatory to monographs for North American
Flora. A chapter on Bahama fungi has been written for

( 238 )

the “Bahama Flora,”’ and work is under way on the Porto
Rican fungi for a similar flora. A number of museum
specimens have been installed; also several illustrations for
the swinging frames. Local collecting has been continued
and one week was spent at Ithaca, New York, collecting
in cooperation with Cornell University and Syracuse
University. About two hundred specimens were obtained.
One lecture has been given in the regular Saturday course;
also one lecture and one demonstration given before the
class in gardening for convalescent soldiers. Work has
been continued on destructive insects. One paper and
several notes were published on this subject during the
year. He represented the Garden during two days of the
session of the meeting of the international potato patholo-
gists on Long Island.

Mr. Percy Wilson, Associate Curator, has continued his
studies of tropical American plants and the arrangement
and distribution of specimens and has devoted considerable
time to cooperation with the Director-in-Chief in the
preparation of a flora of Cuba. His duties as docent have
been greatly increased through numerous requests received
both from public and private schools desiring special
instruction for their pupils. He has also assisted in many
of the Saturday afternoon lectures.

Dr. Francis W. Pennell, Associate Curator, gave atten-
tion mainly to his monographic studies of the Scrophu-
lariaceae, and to the arrangement of specimens, completing
revisions of this family for the local flora and for the
southeastern United States, and commencing and carrying
to partial completion like treatments for Colombia, for
Panama, for Cuba, and for Ecuador. Also he has made
further advance in his revision of these plants for the
Central Rocky Mountain States. Papers, embodying the
results of these studies, are appearing, or are soon to appear,
in various journals. In addition to work upon the Scrophu-
lariaceae, he has continued his ‘‘Notes on Plants of the
Southern United States,” and has published a synopsis of

(239)

the small but critical genus Kneiffia of the Onagraceae.
Routine work has mainly consisted in completing the task
of sorting into sets and distributing his and Dr. Rusby’s
Colombian collections of 1917-1918. An additional duty
has been the oversight of the Field Excursions of the Torrey
Botanical Club, and in connection with this, the answering
of many questions, both in the herbarium and in the field,
concerning the local flora.

Dr. H. H. Rusby, Honorary Curator of the Economic
Collections, further developed the economic museum.
(See his report.)

Mrs. N. L. Britton, Honorary Curator of Mosses, further
developed the moss herbarium. (See her report.)

Dr. Arthur Hollick, Honorary Curator of Fossil Plants,
further developed the fossil plant museum. (See his
report.

The writer in addition to curatorial routine and mis-
cellaneous duties, accomplished considerable writing for
the Journal and for Addisonia and several articles have
already appeared in those journals. He continued his
studies, incidentally, on plants of the southeastern states,
particularly those of Florida and neighboring regions.

He spent several weeks in exploration in Florida both
in the spring and in the fall. During the spring he travelled
several thousand miles in peninsular Florida and on the
Florida Reef, chiefly in search of specimens of the genus
Harrisia, primarily for elucidating our knowledge of that
genus as it occurs on the North American mainland for
interpolation of it in the forthcoming volume (vol. 2) of
the Cactaceae. In the fall, accompanied by yourself and
by Mrs. Britton, special and general problems were investi-
gated, both on the peninsula and on the reef. The main
results of both these excursions have been embodied in
papers which will appear in future issues of the Journal.

Respectfully submitted,
Joun K. Smatt,
Head Curator of the Museums and Herbarium

(240 )
REPORT OF THE SUPERVISOR OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
Dr. N. L. Britrron, Direcror-1n-CHIEF.

Sir: J have the honor to submit the following report for
the year 1gI19g.

Among the various facilities for public instruction at the
New York Botanical Garden, the following may be men-
tioned:

Collections of living and dried plants and plant products
prominently exhibited and carefully labeled; natural
woodlands, fields, and meadows, with all that they contain
of beauty and interest; floral exhibitions at stated inter-
vals; a system of docentry by means of which the collec-
tions may be visited every week-day under expert guidance;
lectures and demonstrations adapted especially to the
children in the public schools; garden lectures for those
interested in special phases of botany and horticulture;
and regular public lectures covering a wide range of botani-
cal and horticultural subjects.

Instruction has been given free to the public during 1919
in the manner suggested above, as well as by extensive
correspondence, personal interviews, etc.

Lectures
Recutar Pusuic Lectures

Illustrated public lectures on botanical and horticultural
subjects have been given in the museum building on
Saturday afternoons from April to November, as outlined
below. The attendance for the year has averaged 87 for
each of the 31 lectures; the maximum attendance being
232 on September 20.

April 5. “The Advent of Spring, with Illustrations of
Spring Flowers,” by Dr. N. L. Britton.

April 12. “Scenic Features of North Amedean Moun-
tains,” by Mr. Leroy Jeffers.

April1g. “The Place of Trees in Men’s Affairs,” by
Mr. Carl Bannwart.

April 26. “Some, Interesting Tropical Trees,” by Dr.
W. A. Murrill.

(241)

May 3. ‘‘Evergreens,” by Mr. G. V. Nash.

May to. “Plant Hybrids: How Produced: Their
Uses,” by Dr. A. B. Stout.

May 17. “The Future of American Forestry,” by
Prof. J. W. Toumey.

May 24. ‘The Recognition of Medicinal and Poisonous
Properties in Unknown Plants,” by Dr. H. H. Rusby.

May 31. ‘Floral and Scenic Features of the Panama
Canal Zone,” by Dr. M. A. Howe.

June 7. ‘‘The Botanical Garden at Buitenzorg, Java,”
by Dr. H. A. Gleason.

June 14. ‘*Destructive Insects,” by Dr. F. J. Seaver.

June 21. ‘Edible Wild Mushrooms,” by Dr. W. A.
Murrill.

June 28. ‘‘Some Books on Gardening,” by Dr. J. H.
Barnhart.

July 5. ‘‘Why and How to Spray Plants,” by Dr. E. B.
Southwick.

July 12. “Dwarf Fruit Trees for Suburban Homes,”
by Capt. F. A. Waugh.

July 19. “Rose Gardens,” by Mr. G. V. Nash.

July 26. “Attractive Flowering Plants of New York
State,” by Dr. H. D. House.

August 2. “Floral and Scenic Features of the Island
of Jamaica,” by Dr. M. A. Howe.

August 9. ‘‘Through the Central Andes of Colombia,”
by Dr. F. W. Pennell.

August 16. “Botanical Features of Ceylon,” by Dr. H.
A. Gleason.

August 23. ‘Flowering Shrubs,” by Mr. Arthur Herr-
ington.

August 30. ‘“‘The Proper Care of Shade Trees and
Ornamental Plants,” by Dr. Mel. T. Cook.

September 6. ‘‘Sugar and Cocoa: Their History and
Production,” by Dr. W. A. Murrill.

September 13. ‘“‘A Naturalist’s Rambles in Florida,”
by Dr. G. C. Fisher.

(242)

September 20. ‘“‘Dahlias and Their Culture,” by Dr.
M. A. Howe.

September 27. ‘Peeps into Gardens,” by Mr. Leonard
Barron.

October 4. ‘Autumn Coloration,” by Dr. A. B. Stout.

October 11. ‘‘The Digestion of Vegetable Foods,” by
Dr. W. J. Gies.

October 18. “Fall Planting and Winter Protection,”
by Mr. G. V. Nash.

October 25. “‘Conserving the Forests and Wild Life
of New York State,” by Mr. C. G. Abbott.

November 1. ‘The Tea Gardens of Ceylon and Japan,”
by Dr. H. A. Gleason.

SPECIAL GARDEN LECTURES

The following lectures were given in the Central Display
Greenhouse at Range 2 on Saturday afternoons at 3:15
o’clock, where living plants could be used to illustrate
them. This method of presentation met with the instant
approval of plant lovers.

November 15. ‘“‘Cycads and Sago Palms,” by Dr. N. L.
Britton.

November 22. “Tropical Orchids,” by Mr. G. V. Nash.

November 29. ‘Tropical Ferns and Their Relatives,”
by Dr. H. A. Gleason.

ScHooL LecTrurEs AND DEMONSTRATIONS

A great many groups of children from the public schools
of New York and nearby cities have been brought to the
Garden by their teachers during the year and have received
instruction in various ways, as illustrated by the lectures
and demonstrations mentioned below.

On January 22, 300 pupils from Evander Childs High
School visited the Garden to study living tropical plants,
hardy trees, and plant products. They were in charge of
Mr. Mann and some of his teachers, assisted by several
members of the Garden staff. Mr. Hewitt gave an inter-

( 243 )

esting illustrated lecture on forestry in the large lecture
hall in the museum building. The weather was mild and
the work of the pupils very satisfactory.

The first lectures of the year for school children of the
lower grades were given at the Garden as follows: April 23.
“Plant Products,” by Dr. H. H. Rusby; April 25. ‘‘ Woody
Plants,” by Dr. F. J. Seaver; April 29. “‘The Cultivation
of Plants,” by Mr. G. V. Nash; and April 30. “‘Seedless
Plants,” by Dr. M. A. Howe. The lectures were followed
by demonstrations from the living plants.

On June 17, over 300 biology pupils from the Morris
High School, with Dr. Peabody and eight teachers, spent
the forenoon at the Garden observing and making notes on
tropical plants, trees, economic plants, and plant products,
under the guidance and instruction of their own teachers
and most of the Garden staff. Mr. C. G. Abbott, of the
State Conservation Commission at Albany, gave an
account of the various measures being taken by the Com-
mission to preserve the wild life and other natural resources
of the state. His lecture was illustrated with handsome
colored lantern slides and was listened to with deep interest.

The June Biological Trip of the Evander Childs High
School to the New York Botanical Garden took place on
Thursday, June 19, under the leadership of Mr. Paul B.
Mann and three of his teachers, assisted by eight members
of the Garden staff. The pupils, 300 in number, assembled
at the entrance to conservatory range 1 and were guided
through the fifteen houses of this range in groups of 30,
Trees and various kinds of herbaceous plants were then
studied in the valley east of the conservatories, and plant
products on the main floor of the museum building. Mr.
George E. Hewitt gave an illustrated lecture on the subject
of forestry, which was a fitting climax to a very successful
and enjoyable occasion.

Seventy pupils and teachers from the Jewish School at
500 East 140th Street visited the Garden July 9, to study
the economic collections in the museum building and living

(244 )

plants in certain parts of the grounds, under the guidance
and instruction of four members of the Garden staff.

Docentry

My personal attention was given to at least 10,000
persons during the year; while Mr. Wilson recorded about
1,500, Mr. Williams about 100, and Mr. Becker 800.
The total probably reached 15,000. A few groups of
visitors are mentioned below.

Members of the New Rochelle Garden Club visited the
Garden on the afternoon of August 11 and were accom-
panied on their tour of inspection by Dr. and Mrs. Britton,
Dr. Howe, and other members of the Staff. The dahlia
border was first inspected, and Dr. Howe gave a brief
talk on the selection and cultivation of dahlias, which was
followed by questions and discussion. Then the tender
and hardy water-lilies in the tanks at conservatory
range I were examined and admired; after which the
party visited the display borders of cannas, gladioli, and
phlox, and the new rose garden. Mrs. Richards, the
president, called a meeting of the club at the Mansion at
4 P. M., at which twenty members were present, most of
whom remained to see the experiments of plant-breeding
being conducted near the propagating houses by Dr. Stout.

About seventy students of the Columbia Summer
School visited the Garden on the afternoon of August 8,
under the leadership of Mr. L. W. Crawford, Jr., and were
escorted through the grounds and buildings by Drs.
Murrill, Howe, Barnhart, and Pennell, of the Garden staff.

The Garden was visited August 27 by some four hundred
members and guests of the American Pharmaceutical
Association, then in conventionin New York. The visitors,
divided into groups, were guided through the museum
building by members of the Garden staff, after which they
inspected the main conservatory range and drove through
the grounds. The time was too brief for more than a
cursory view of the collections, especially those in the

(245 )

economic section, and many regrets were expressed that
the fine materia medica collections could not be examined
in detail, these being naturally of paramount interest to
pharmacists.
Floral Exhibitions

The Horticultural Society of New York, in cooperation
with the New York Botanical Garden, held exhibitions of
flowers in the museum building on the dates given below.
These were all well attended and aroused much interest in
floriculture. The collections of irises, peonies, roses, dahlias,
etc., on the grounds also attracted large crowds of people.

May 10, 11. Exhibition of Flowers.

June 7, 8. Exhibition of Roses and Peonies.

August 23, 24. Exhibition of Gladioli.

September 20, 21. Exhibition of Dahlias.

There was also an attractive floral exhibit in connection
with the opening of the new central display greenhouse in
Range 2 from November 8 to Io.

Plants Used in Design

An exhibition of plants from the New York Botanical
Garden and art objects with plant motives selected from
the galleries of the Metropolitan Museum of Art was held
in Class-room B of the latter institution from March 15
to April 21, as described and illustrated in the April num-
ber of the Journal. This exhibition attracted large
numbers of people and was highly praised. The following
public lectures on related subjects were given at that time
in a room adjoining:

April 7. “Spring Flowers,” by Dr. N. L. Britton.

April 14. ‘The Use of Plant Forms in Ornament,” by

April 21. “Collection and Preservation of Seaweed,”
by Dr. M. A. Howe.

Personal Investigations
In addition to the work of public instruction outlined
above, I have cared for the collections of higher fungi,

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edited Mycologia, attended meetings, given lectures, and
conducted an extensive correspondence with scientists
seeking advice and assistance.

This has left little time for mycological investigation.
The exhibit at the Art Museum and the moving of the
herbarium of fungi also consumed many weeks of my
undivided attention. My vacation was devoted mainly to
collecting in various parts of Virginia and Maryland. For
a list of my publications during the year, see the Journal
for February, 1920.

The popular illustrated articles on fungi in Mycologia
have been continued with the aid of colored plates drawn
by Miss Eaton, three species of polypores and three species
of gill-fungi having been treated in this series during the
year.

Attention has also been given to Cuban and Bahamian
fungi; a revision of the pileate polypores; and a taxonomic
study of the resupinate species of polypores. On Novem-
ber 8, J lectured at Yama Farms on the subject of ‘‘ Edible
and Poisonous Mushrooms” and began a study of the fungi
of that region which may lead to important results.

Respectfully submitted,
W. A. MuRRitt;
Supervisor of Public Instruction.

REPORT OF THE SUPERVISOR OF GARDENING INSTRUCTION
Dr. N. L. Brirron, Director-1n-CHIeEF.

Sir: In accordance with an agreement between the
Federal Board for Vocational Education, Division of
Rehabilitation, and the New York Botanical Garden,
pursuant to consultation between Dr. W. Gilman Thomp-
son, President of the Garden and officers of the Federal
Board, instruction in gardening was commenced in 1919
with the vocational training of disabled soldiers, sailors
and marines pursuing lines of instruction as formulated
by you, and outlined in the Journal of the New York
Botanical Garden for March, 1919. Later civilian students

( 247 )

were admitted, taking the same courses of instruction.
The course began with one student in practical training
in the greenhouse and outdoor work on January 16, and
with four others who entered in February and two entering
on March 3, the first class was formed on March 3. During
April the class reached a registration mark of 12, in May,
3 more entered, 7 came in June, 3 in July, 2 in August, 1 in
September, 9 in October, 7 in November, and 6 in December
making 50 students sent by the Federal Board for Voca-
tional Education. Of this number 11 have left, 4 were
transferred, 3 were sent to hospitals, 1 died, 1 was taken out
of training by the board, and 3 left for unknown reasons.

Three civilian students have been registered, Mrs. M
L. Johnston of Kansas City, entered on April 14, Miss
Tallulah Moore of McColl, S. C. on July 7, and Mr. Robert
Galloway of Yonkers, N. Y., on October 1, 1919. Miss
Moore studied garden methods and plant materials in
order to take charge of the work on her home estate, and
left on September 1, 1919. The total registration of
students for the year was 53, and at the close of the year
40 were taking instruction.

Before March 3, 1919, only practical training under our
gardeners was given. On this date seven men were formed
into a class, and the instruction continued in the main as
outlined in the Journal for March, 1919. For the rest of
the winter quarter the practical work was given in the
greenhouses, and included watering, mixing of soils,
potting, propagation, top-dressing, pruning and care Bs
plants, under supervision of Mr. H. W. Becker, Foreman
Gardener; and outdoor spraying for oyster shell and other
scales by Dr. E. B. Southwick and Mr. John Finley,
Foreman Gardener. Two afternoons weekly were devoted
to garden botany, mainly a study of conifers, under the
supervision of Mr. George V. Nash, Head Gardener. A
course in elementary botany was given three mornings
weekly during this period by Dr. A. B. Stout, Director of
the Laboratories. This included a study of seeds, seed-

(248 )

lings, buds, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits. Special
lectures were given each week by Dr. Britton and members
of the scientific staff of the Garden, and special demon-
strations were held each week, including moving of trees,
preparation of leaf mould, and building of paths and roads.

For the spring quarter, commencing on April 14, with
ten students registered, the greenhouse practice, in con-
tinuation of the previous work, was cut to one morning
weekly. A course in vegetable gardening occupying two
mornings weekly, was given by Mr. John Finley, Foreman
Gardener, one area south of the Nursery being devoted to
such crops as corn, potatoes, beans, cabbage, celery, kale,
Brussels sprouts, pumpkins, and the like, while about 15
small individual gardens, adapted to backyard or kitchen
gardens, were installed on the school garden area, devoted
to radishes, onions, beets, Swiss chard, parsley, carrots,
turnips, salsify, lettuce and spinach. ‘Two mornings weekly
were taken up with the theory and practice of flower
gardening under my supervision, carried out chiefly in the
flower beds near conservatory range I, and in the special
collections of iris, gladiolus, dahlias and herbaceous
grounds. The seedlings and bedding plants were trans-
planted, chrysanthemums planted, and gladiolus bulbs and
other collections installed.

Two afternoons were devoted to garden botany, given
by Mr. George V. Nash, Head Gardener, and myself,
treating the early flowering trees, shrubs, and herbaceous
plants of our collections, studying the kinds, their adaptions
and conditions favorable to growth. Dr. E. B. Southwick,
Custodian of the Herbaceous Grounds, gave a course in
garden zoology, taking up one afternoon a week, devoted
to a study of insects and animals encountered in horti-
cultural work. Mr. A. J. Corbett, Superintendent of
Buildings and Grounds, gave a course in garden carpentry,
including the use of tools, the making of handy equipment,
rustic benches, and other things for garden uses.

For the summer quarter, commencing July 7, with 18

(249)

students registered, the vegetable gardening course was
continued as before, Mr. Finley being assisted by Mr.
Walter B. Balch. Late crops were sown, and transplanting
and general care of gardens taken up. Practical work in
flower gardening continued, and the garden botany course
devoted to a study of summer-flowering subjects, parti-
cularly to the herbaceous flowers and variety studies in the
special collections of iris, gladiolus and dahlia. One
afternoon weekly was taken up by a course in plant physi-
ology, given by Dr. A. B. Stout, Director of the Labor-
atories, consequent to the course in elementary botany
given eadlice in the year. Dr. Southwick continued his
course in garden zoology during a part of this quarter.
During the autumn quarter, beginning October 6, the
curriculum as arranged was altered to some extent. The
students doing the practical work in sections, alternating
between greenhouse practice at conservatory range I and
practice in propagating bedding plants, sowing seeds and
bulbs of floricultural subjects in the propagating houses,
and fall work outdoors. This took up the mornings and
Monday and Friday afternoons. Tuesday afternoons for
this quarter were taken up by garden botany, a short
course given by me with outlines and references, special
attention being given to berry-bearing shrubs and trees,
and the common broad-leaved evergreens. Beginning
October 15, a course of ten lectures in plant chemistry
was given on Wednesday afternoons by Dr. William J.
Gies, Consulting Chemist to the Garden, treating of the
elements of chemistry as applied to plants and their
absorption, assimilation and elaboration of plant food.
During this quarter the Ilustrated Flora of the Northern
States and Canada, by Dr. N. L. Britton and Judge
Addison Brown, and the Cyclopaedia of American Horti-
culture, edited by Dr. L. H. Bailey, were installed in the
reading room at the Lorillard Mansion, for use in reference
work along with the periodicals relating to gardening.
These reference works are now being used with increasing

(250 )

Students
From Federal Board for Vocational Education:
Entered Duration Left Disability
Thomas T. Abbott,
Paterson .| Sept. 8 I yr. Valvular heart disease.
Carmelo Baiano,
obbs Ferry, N. Y.| April 14 I yr. Gunshot wound in foot.
Isidor B. Blumborg,
ork City Feb. 17 lyr. Sept. 15 | Neurasthenia.
George S. Boyd,
Peekskill, N. Y.. Feb. 24 I yr. Oct. 1 | Tuberculosis arrested.
Heart and s
trouble
Jeremiah Caples
Walli cont Conn. July 7 2 yrs. Loss of one thumb
Ankylosis of joints.
Anthony Cerrone, Jr.,
Mt. Vernon, N. Y.| July 7 I yr. oe otitis rie
Ear drum dam
Lawrence Curatol,
Tuckahoe, N. Y...] Aug. 16 2 mos. Lung trouble,
extended Gassed,
petits Downey,
N. Y. City....... May 1 I yr. Sept. 30 | Lung trouble.
Henry O. Ewing,
« Ve City i oe ces April 29 I yr. Stomach trouble.
Michael Fabrizio,
2 Y Citye ce iaes May 12 I yr. May 20 | Weak eyes.
Thomas Feltham:
ewport, Feb. 17 I yr. Oct. 1 | Injured knee.
Peter Flanagan,
Brooklyn, N. Y. Nov. 21 I yr. Tuberculosis.
Felix alin,
VY CIty. leks Nov. 10 lyr. Gunshot wound.
Loss right eye.
RaymondA. eau
Cee = 7 April 7 I yr. June 18 | Amputated left leg.
Howard
New You ie Dec. 9 1 yr. Psychoneurosis.
Gunshot wound left leg
d finger.
Ce C. Healy,
N. Y. City. ...... Oct. 28 I yr. Gassed.
Benny Greebler,
w York City Oct. 23 I yr. Tuberculosis arrested.
Edward Hohmann,
Brooklyn, N. Y....| Nov. 3 Tyr. Gunshot wound mouth.
Gassed. Dyspnoea
Louis a Jacobs,
Florida.......... Oct. 21 I yr. Tuberculosis arrested.
Uy B. ace
eh nia Nov. 17 6 mos Mastoiditis.
Otitis media.
Emil Koch,
Ne Yo Cit Viet cts Dec. I Tyr. Gunshot wound leg.

(251)

Students—Continued

Entered Duration Left Disability
nry i
aul ae N.J.| June 24 I yr. June 24 | Tuberculosis arrested.
Warren R. Landrum,
Hatti burg, Mis Mar. 3 Tyr. Oct. 10 | Tuberculosis arrested.
Stephen Latarwech,
nsonia, Conn.. May 21 Tyr. Tuberculosis arrested.
Joccph B. as Ta,
N.Y. City....... Oct. 21 Tyr. Eye and ear trouble.
Thomas Tofu.
Norwich, -| April 17 I yr. June 6 | Tuberculosis arrested.
Nathan Meyerowitz,
Pe Ga Gls araeene June 9 I yr. Acute rheumatism.
Walter a), ee
seareesersed June 24 lyr. Tuberculosis quiescent.
Fractured ribs,
Louis Nappi,
Ne ¥.ityss3¢443 Mar. 3 I yr. Nervous trouble.
Hugh F. O’Neill.
ew Haven, Conn.| Mar. 11 lyr. Amputated left hand.
Umberto Palmeri,
New Yo i Nov. 10 6 mos. Tuberculosis arrested.
Frank Paris,
onkers, Oct. 28 Tyr. Gunshot wound.
Laurence Pauline, _
Port Chester, N. Y.| Oct. 20 Tyr. Chronic bronchitis.
teehee dyspnoea.
Myocarditi:
Ue B. Reilly,
Yo Cityess ioe. Dec. 1 I yr. ss of hea
eee ear cae
Antonio Sacchetti,
Yonkers, N. Y....| Aug. 1 I yr. Gunshot wound left
rm and side.
Thomas Sheehan,
Brooklyn, N. Y....|. Nov. 21 I yr. ro oe a ex-
and ral
nerve of leg.
oe E. Sindler,
ree Feb. 3 lyr May 16 | Loss of hearing.
Walter F. Snyder,
Wurtsboro, N. Y..| Oct. 20 Lyr. Tuberculosis incipient
and quiescent.
oe a
N. Y. City. ...... June 11 I yr. Tuberculosis arrested.
William M. oe
onkers, N. Y....| July 22 3 mos. Stiff fing
extended Mental alee
Henry C.Swentzel,Jr.,
N. Y. City....... June 19 I yr. July 7 eT fracture of
ip.
a M. oe
Hilo, Hawaii...... Oct. 30 I yr. Gassed.
John F. Toole.
Clinton, Mass.. June 2 I yr. Conjunctivitis.

Gunshot t wound left ear
Defective vision

(252)

Students—Continued

Entered Duration Left Disability
Me ee
ee Dec. 1 Tyr. Tuberculosis arrested.
sesatiano Vacchio,
Brooklyn, N. Y...| June 2 I yr. Shrapnel wound left
nee,
Limited flexion.
William Wager,
Staten Island, N.Y.| Dec. 1 6 mos. Wound in head
Fractured skull.
Arthur a
N. Y. City.....-. Oct. 6, 1919 | 1 yr. Operation ee ne
and ethnoi
ie Weisinger,
Y. Cite ugest Nov. 21 Tyr. Gassed.
Michael Wozniak,
Detroit, Mich.....| Jan. 16 Tyr. Died. aie arrested.
June 3 | Shelli shock.
ren J. Brun
Wendin Pa. Dec. 9 lyr. pone wound left
side.
Civilians:

Mrs. M. L. Johnston, Kansas City, Mo., entered April 14,

1919.

Miss Tallulah Moore, McColl, S. C., entered July 7, left
September I, 1919

Robert Galloway, Voalen: N. Y., entered October I, 1919.

frequency by the students. Three textbooks have been
furnished to the students: Manual of Gardening, Bailey;
Greenhouse Management, Taft; and Productive Vegetable
Growing, Lloyd.

I was appointed Marshal of the Garden School on
February 14. Mr. Walter B. Balch, a graduate of Cornell
University took up his duties as instructor and has assisted
with the vegetable gardening course, the conservatory
and floricultural instruction, and with social and financial
matters of the disabled service men. My appointment as
Supervisor of Gardening Instruction took effect October 1.
In addition to general supervision of the gardening in-
struction, I have spent much time in the interest of the
social and financial welfare of the students, in cooperation
with Messrs. Farwell, Higbee and Pyle, of the Federal
Board for Vocational Education. The health of the dis-

(253)

abled service men has improved generally. Through the
efforts of Dr. W. Gilman Thompson, President of the
Garden, one of our students, Mr. Hugh F. O’Neill, was
furnished with an artificial arm, furnished and fitted by
Dr. Thompson’s clinic at 5 Livingston Place, New York
City.
Respectfully submitted,
Kennetu R. Boynton,
Supervisor of Gardening Instruction.

REPORT OF THE HEAD GARDENER
Dr. N. L. Brrrron, Direcror-1n-CuHieEr.
Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith my report as
Head Gardener for the year 1919.

Systematic Plantations

Hersaceous Grounps. The herbaceous collections,
including those at the nurseries, have comprised during the
past year about 3,400 species and varieties; in the her-
baceous grounds there are 130 beds, 26 east of the brook
and 104 west. Dr. E. B. Southwick, Custodian of the
Herbaceous Grounds, has been in charge of the work here,
and also in the economic garden and morphologic garden.

Fruticetum. There are here 2,963 specimens. With
the inclusion of those still at the nurseries, the hardy shrub
collections represent 52 families, 143 genera, and 1,071
species and varieties; 196 show labels have been placed
here during the year.

SaticETum. ‘The collections here are about as they were
last year: 159 specimens, representing 2 genera and 39
species and varieties.

Decipvous ArsBoretuM. There are 1,120 specimens
here. Including those still at the nurseries, the collection
of deciduous trees contains 421 species and varieties, repre-
senting 31 families and 59 genera; 429 show labels have
been placed here during the year.

Pinetum. This collection has now 1,718 specimens,

(254)

representative of 3 families, 20 genera, and 267 species
and varieties. The yew collection was increased by the
addition of 26 specimens taken from the beds at conserva-
tory range 1. While this added no new forms, they
extended considerably the size of the collection, making a
large group to the north of the transverse path.

ViticETuM. Here 51 species and varieties are repre-
sented.

CoNnsERVATORIES. The tender collections have repre-
sentatives of 207 families and about 9,400 species and
varieties, including some still at the propagating houses.

ange xr. There are here 8,562 plants. Owing to
repairs being made on houses 12 and 15 these at present
contain no plants. The plants are distributed as follows:
house 1, 268; house 2, 275; house 3, 463; house 4, 674;
house 5, 1,810; house 6, 530; house 7, 822; house 8, 688;
house 9, 146; house 10, 1,008; house 11, 437; house 13,
315; house 14, 1,126; 261 show labels have been placed

ere.

Range 2. The plants belonging here, and which had
been temporarily crowded with those at range I, were
returned during the late summer and fall. The tree ferns
and the larger specimens of the other ferns are in their
old position, the westerly two houses of the transverse
north range, the large cycads again occupying the easterly
house. In the westerly low house are the temperate
plants, in the next house the main collection of ferns, and
in that next the orchids. The new orchid house given by
the Messrs. Guggenheim is not yet ready for occupancy.
The 5,038 plants here are distributed as follows: westerly
tree fern house, 81; second tree fern house, 115; cycad
house, 39; temperate plant house, 947; fern house, 1,060;
north orchid house, 952; south orchid house, 1,310; central
display house, 486; runway, 38; cellar, 10; 320 show
labels have been placed here.

The central display house, given by Mr. Daniel Guggen-
heim and Mr. Murry Guggenheim, has proved of especial

(255)

interest and a great attraction to the public; it was
formerly opened on November 8. A flower show was
arranged in this house for that opening, the show con-
tinuing until the following Monday. This house has
proved well adapted for the holding of flower shows, at
least during the fall months, the flowers keeping well;
one of the bush chrysanthemum plants was not removed
until the middle of December, and some of the begonia
plants exhibited were still in excellent condition at the
end of that month, and apparently good for some time more.
The contents of this house comprise plants formerly in
houses 12, 13, and 14 of range 1, with the addition of a
collection of about 30 species of acacias.

Propagating Houses and Nurseries. Here the classes of
soldiers and sailors have the use of house 3 and part of
house 4; the Director-of-the-Laboratories has part of
house 4 and the two side benches in house 2. Exclusive
of the plants used by the Director-of-the-laboratories for
his special studies, there are here 6,147 plants. There
have been received 856 packets of seeds, as follows: by
gift, 67; by purchase, 463; by exchange, 296; collected, 30.

Labeling, Recording and Herbarium

The head gardener’s assistant has had charge of this
work. The services of a label boy have been available
for only six weeks, with a consequent great reduction
in the usual output. The head gardener’s assistant has
made the labels which were most urgently needed. The
following labels have been prepared: deciduous arboretum,
429; fruticetum, 196; conservatory range I, 261; con-
servatory range 2, 320; conservatory beds, 49; horticultural
gardens, 120; rose garden, 126; dahlia collection, 254; total,
1,755; 35 family signs have also been prepared for the
herbaceous grounds.

Accession numbers 47,074 to 47,781 have been recorded,
making a total of 708 accessions.

The following plants have been received: by gift, 11,364

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(including the large collection of tulips presented by John
Scheepers, Inc.), valued at $2,668; by exchange, 265; by
purchase, 316; by collection made by members of the
staff and others, 383; derived from seeds from various
sources, 345; total, 12,673. The herbarium of cultivated
plants has been increased by 485 specimens.

In the collections will be found, including those native
to the tract, approximately 241 families, 2,139 genera,
and about 14,614 species and varieties.

Miscellaneous Collections

Among these are included the following, in which no
important changes have been made: morphologic garden;
economic garden; collections of desert plants placed during
the summer in the court of conservatory range 1; con-
servatory lily pools; aquatic garden; rhododendron col-
lections in the vicinity of the lakes, at conservatory range I,
and in front of the museum; rose bed east of conservatory
range 1; flower gardens in the immediate vicinity of
conservatory range 1, at the elevated approach, and the
west border; American wood garden; iris garden; mag-
nolia garden; American thorn garden; white pine planta-
tion; red pine plantation; lilac and peony garden.

In the following collections changes have been made:

Rost GarpEeNn. This has been developed along the lines
originally adopted of making it a collection of roses, and
is being visited by an increased number of people each
year. No new beds were opened during the year past, the
number remaining at 104. During the past year there
have been 511 kinds in the collection, represented by 5,424
plants; 126 show labels have been placed here.

HorticutturaLt GarpEn. This has proved one of the
most attractive features, and has been further developed
during the past year. The construction of additional
paths made necessary the elimination of certain beds and
the opening of others to take their places. A total of 19
beds were maintained; of these 13 were devoted to gladioli,

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of which there were 247 kinds, with a total of 21,000 plants.
One bed contained garden phlox. In another was a col-
lection of §5 kinds of plants with variegated and colored
foliage, a collection not represented the previous year.
The plantation of mallows was increased by the addition
of more plants from the collection of hybrids produced by
Dr. Stout, of the scientific staff.

The collection of cannas was considerably enlarged,
many kinds being represented not shown before. Three
beds were devoted to these plants, the two long ones
bordering the main entrance on each side, and the large
oval one. 41 kinds of cannas were shown, represented by
1,830 plants. This was a most attractive display, espe-
cially adapted to an entrance, as the striking masses of
color persisted from early summer to the time of killing
frosts. In the remaining bed was a display of century
plants. 120 show labels were placed here during the
summer.

Dautia Coiiection. This collection was continued,
with additions, the plants being assembled under the
direction of Dr. M. A. Howe, of the scientific staff. This
year there were 343 kinds and 616 plants. Many visited
the collection during the late summer and fall, the attend-
ance being even greater than last year, and it is one of the
most popular exhibits of the Garden; 254 show labels were
placed here during the summer.

CHRYSANTHEMUM Co.LecTion. A collection of garden
chrysanthemums was placed in the west border, south of
the depot plaza. There were 53 kinds and about 1,200
plants.

Co.iection oF Late Tutips. In the seven beds in the
court of conservatory range 1 a large collection of late
tulips was planted in the fall. These were given to the
Garden by John Scheepers, Inc., of 2 Stone St., New
York City. The collection contains 9,343 bulbs of 117
varieties, divided as follows: Darwin, 52; Breeder, 35;
Cottage, 27; Bizarre, 3. This is a valuable collection, and

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contains some kinds not exhibited in this country before.
Tulips of this class usually bloom from the middle to the
end of May.

General Horticultural Operations

For the accomplishment of this work the following force
has been available: monthly, 2 foreman gardeners, 22 to
27 gardeners, and 4 drivers; laborers, 12 to 14. The
details of the outside work have been under the direction
of Foreman Gardener John Finley, to whom were assigned
about 8 gardeners, the drivers, andlaborers. H.W. Becker,
Foreman Gardener, has had charge of the work in the con-
servatories and propagating houses; to him was assigned
the remainder of the force.

The following new work was accomplished:

In THE SprinG, the rearrangement of the conservatory
beds, made necessary by the removal of large specimens to
other parts of the grounds, mainly yews for the enlarge-
ment of that collection. The removal of a large specimen
of Taxus cuspidata densa from the yew collection to the
circle in front of conservatory range 1. The planting of
23 conifers around the comfort station at the Mansion,
as follows: 3 white spruce, 1 blue spruce, and 4 Douglas
spruce from the collection at the Long Bridge; 3 Austrian
pines from the west border; and 12 Douglas spruce from
the nurseries of Hicks & Son. 3 sugar maples weie trans-
ferred from the west border to the zooth St. entrance.
In the horticultural gardens the planting of 21,000 gladi-
olus corms, 1,830 canna plants, and the collection of plants
with variegated and colored foliage; the planting of the
War Memorial Grove, and of the group of Abies concolor.

In THE Fatt in the horticultural gardens, the removal,
labeling and storing of the large collections of gladioli
and cannas. The removal, labeling and storing of the
dahlia collection. The planting in the rose garden of over
300 plants, some for replacements, others of kinds not
formerly in the collection; and the protection of the
whole collection by hilling up and by top-dressing. The

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planting of the large collection of late tulips in the beds of
the court at conservatory range I.

Investigations and Lectures

My studies in horticultural botany have been continued,
and the preparation of the list of the hardy woody plants
in the Garden has been carried on and is now nearing com-
pletion; my studies on the orchids have also been prose-
cuted

I have acted as one of the editors of Addisonia, continuing
my supervision of the preparation of drawings for that
periodical. In the regular public courses of the Garden
I have given three of the lectures, and one in the special
course arranged for delivery at the new central display
greenhouse.

Respectfully submitted,
EORGE V. Nasu,
Head Gardener.

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE LABORATORIES

Dr. N. L. Britron, Direcror-1n-CuIEF.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report for
the year 1919.

General Matters

The routine duties connected with my position have been
performed as in previous years. In addition I have, dur-
ing the year, supervised courses in elementary plant
physiology and in general botany given to students of the
school in gardening for convalescent soldiers and sailors.
This latter work has taken one day each week during nine
months of the year. In general, the laboratories, experi-
mental greenhouse, and breeding plots have been main-
tained as in the previous year. Several matters pertaining
to repair, additional equipment, and normal expansion are,
however, awaiting attention.

( 260)

Personal Investigations

Research has been continuously prosecuted throughout
the year as vigorously as time and facilities have per-
mitted. The experimental work has been directed chiefly
to studies of fertility and sterility in plants. Phenomena
of the so-called correlative sterility have been studied in
several species of Lilium and Hemerocallis. Studies of
variation and heredity in respect to the morphological
development of flowering parts (intersexualism) in Plantago
lanceolata have been continued. Pedigreed cultures of

ythrum Salicaria, grown from seed obtained by self-
fertilization, have yielded important results bearing on
intersexualism and on compatibility in fertilization in this
interesting tri-morphic species. In this work with Lythrum
I was very materially assisted by Mr. H. E. Thomas to
whom you granted a scholarship for one month during the
summer.

Study of self-incompatibility and self-compatibility has
been continued in the radish, in various types of pe-tsai and
in Verbascum phoeniceum. Fertility and sterility are also
being studied in various variegated sorts of Pelargonium
and in a variegated sport of the strawberry. Observations
on the flowering habits of bulb plants are being continued
especially with reference to the after effects of forcing.

The studies noted above have been intensive rather than
extensive. Rather few plants have been grown but these
have been carefully and thoroughly studied. The differ-
ence in blooming dates of the various species and the
growing of certain cultures in the greenhouse have dis-
tributed the work of observation and experimental manipu-
lation well over the year.

The numerous bud-sport varieties previously obtained
in Coleus have been maintained in culture and several
new types of bud-sports have appeared. The study of
seed progenies in these bud-sports, somewhat delayed by
war-time conditions, has again been taken up. Numerous
strains have now been rather thoroughly tested as to

( 261 )

nstancy and the time now seems opportune
to prosecute vigorously the behavior in seed reproduction.
In various lines of experimental work now in progress and
especially in the study of seed progenies in Coleus and of
incompatibility in pe-tsai I am now being greatly helped
by the voluntary assistance of Mrs. M. J. Fox

The studies with Cichorium Intybus have paca brought
to a conclusion and the new results with this species are
now soon to be published, together with various other
data on self-compatibility. No further work was done
during the year with Phlox subulata and with species of
Hibiscus. I should be pleased to again take up experi-
mental and field studies of these.

During the autumn I spent several days at the State
Experimental Station at Geneva, N. Y., in making observa-
tions bearing on the fertility of the grape. A report of the
trip, with recommendations for cooperation with the
Department of Horticulture at the Geneva Station in
certain very fundamental studies of the grape, has already
been submitted to you. Details of the plans for the grow-
ing of grapes at our Garden for the purpose of general
public interest as well as for scientific study await your
further consideration.

The phenomena of sterility and fertility in the cultivated
potato have long been of special interest. There are
undoubtedly two or more types of sterility operating.
Preliminary experiments have been begun to determine this
point most conclusively. Various workers in the Bureau
of Plant Industry and in several State Agricultural Experi-
ment Stations have greatly assisted me by supplying tubers
of various fruitless and fruitful varieties and also seeds of
the latter. IJ am planning to make a comparative and
intensive study of these during the coming summer on the
basis of the experience already gained with other plants.

Several papers dealing with the results of my personal
research have appeared during the year.

( 262)

Students and Scholars
STUDENTS
The students here named were formally registered for
research in connection with studies for degrees.
Findlay, Hugh. Genetics. Fertility and ster-
ility in Abutilon.
Gershoy, Alexander. Taxonomy.
Stevenson, Mrs. F. Variegation in Tussilago.
Tai, Tang-len. Genetics.
Thomas, Harvey Earl. Pathology and genetics.

SCHOLARS
Thomas, Harvey Earl. Sterility and fertility in Lythrum
Salicaria.
Respectfully submitted,
A. B. Srovut,
Director of the Laboratories.

REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF BUILDINGS
AND GROUNDS
Dr. N. L. Brirron, Drrector-1n-Culer.
Sir: T have the honor to submit the following report
for the year 1919.

Regulating and Grading

We removed 1,200 yards of earth for the new coal bunker
for power house No. 1, which was used to fill in the swale
on the northern side of the horticultural garden. The
southern end of the old lane nearby was graded down to the
roadway. The bank between the path and road near the
white pine plantation was graded and sodded for a distance
of 15x 550 feet. About one acre of ground was graded
for the war memorial plantation of Douglas spruce.
Both sides of the central display house of conservatory
range 2 were graded. A bank 125 feet long and 15 feet
wide west of conservatory range 2 was graded and sodded.
The western bank of the rose garden was graded for a

( 263 )

distance of 15 x 140 feet. About 300 yards of earth were
taken from conservatory range 2 and used to fill in the
new road at the rose garden. The earth of two sections
in the display house at conservatory range 2 were taken
out and replaced with topsoil so that we might put the
plants in the ground. This topsoil was taken from the
two new paths under construction, one on the eastern side
of power house 2 and the other near the cherry garden
shelter.

About 600 yards of fill were hauled into the Garden
by outside contractors. It was carted in at the expense
of contractors who were seeking a convenient place to
dispose of it. About 400 yards were placed on the new
road at the rose garden and the remainder was used for the
lane near the horticultural garden.

We blasted about 1,500 yards of stone in the two quarries.
This stone and the balance of that which was blasted last
year were used for paths at the horticultural and rose
gardens and to build the coal bunker at power house I.
Nearly 250 cubic yards of stone were used to build this
coal bunker. The stone taken from the quarry near the
museum building was used to build paths south of the
horticultural garden.

Drainage

To drain the coal bin at power house 1, we used 50 feet
of 4-inch drain pipe. Two catch basins and 120 feet of
3-inch drain pipe were used to drain the mallow garden.

Roads and Paths

The plaza at the western entrance of conservatory range 2
was enlarged from 40x 40 feet to 50x75 feet. We cut
out soil east of power house 2 for a path to feet wide and
about 800 feet long and also for a path 10 feet wide and
100 feet long near the cherry garden shelter, and used it
in forming planting areas in the central display green-
house. On the western side of the rose garden a 10-foot
path, 510 feet long, with a branch 10 feet wide and 60 feet

(264)

long was lined with stone and partly paved. Paths were
built on both sides of the road near the white pine planta-
tion. A path on the western side 10 feet wide and 560
feet long was lined and 450 feet of it was paved and is
ready now for the top finish. On the eastern side a 10-
foot path 735 feet long was lined and 250 feet have been
paved. A r1o-foot path 210 feet long was built complete
on the southern side of the war memorial grove.

Buildings

Repairs were made to the doors and windows of the
museum building. The fountain basin in front of the
museum building was cemented and tarred. The inside
and outside of houses 5 and 15 at conservatory range I
were painted and sash bars were replaced wherever neces-
sary. About 700 lights of glass were used to replace that
which had been broken at conservatory range I.

Two concrete benches 60 feet long and 3 feet wide were
built in house 15 of conservatory range 1. At power
house I the masons built a coal bin 15 feet deep, 34 feet
wide and 58 feet long to hold about 700 tons of coal. The
five boilers at power house 1 were relined with fire brick.

In the new orchid house at conservatory range 2, 477
line feet of concrete benches were built; in the central
display house two concrete tanks and two rubblestone
tanks, with brook connections, were installed, and paths
were built from both entrances to the lecture platform.
One boiler at power house 2 was relined with fire brick
and the floor of the new coal bin was concreted. The
masons have completed the masonry work on the cherry
garden shelter.

The steam engineers made whatever repairs were neces-
sary at both power houses, conservatories and museum
building.

The painter replaced about 120 lights of glass at the
propagating houses and the carpenter replaced 16 sash
bars. The carpenter made forms which were used for all
concrete work around the grounds.

(265 )

Grounds

For the use of the gardening school, the carpenter built
a wire fence 6 feet high, enclosing an area 95 feet wide and
125 feet long at the school garden. He also put up a wire
fence 6 feet high, surrounding a plot 75 feet wide, and 200
feet long south of the nursery.

By running the gasoline engine for two weeks, sufficient
wood was cut to supply the propagating houses with fuel
for four months and the mansion for two months. We have
continued the uprooting of the poison ivy throughout the
Garden. About 75 tons of hay were cut during the
summer.

From June to September we had two city officers in
civilian clothes on Saturdays, Sundays and holidays. With
our two regular keepers and twelve additional guards
selected from among the gardeners and laborers, the
grounds and plantations have been protected. One city
officer was detailed to the Garden every day during the
year. On Saturdays and Sundays during the summer
months the number of visitors averaged about 45,000.
Nearly 4,000 children visited the picnic grounds every
week from May to September. On Saturday, June 21,
we had four parties, one of them with 3,000 children.

Respectfully submitted,
RTHUR J. CoRBETT,
Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds.

REPORT OF THE BIBLIOGRAPHER
Dr. N. L. Brirron, Drrector-1n-CHIEF.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report for
the year 1919.

The customary amount of my time has been devoted to
the bibliographic assistance of users of the library, and the
unusually small amount of publication during the year has
permitted considerable research and writing of manuscripts.

At the beginning of the year the prospect of progress in
the publication of North American Flora looked unusually

( 266 )

bright, but conditions in the printing trade have con-
tinued to delay this publication. Vol. 24, part 1, was
issued in April, and a second part of the same volume was
to have appeared in December, but was delayed until a
few days after the close of the year. The continuation of
vol. 7 has been partially in type for months, but “‘copy
for it sent to the printers in April has not yet been set up.
More material for North American Flora is on hand than
ever before, and with improved trade conditions progress
should be made rapidly.

The fourth volume of Addisonia has appeared, in four
parts, during the year. Increasing cost of production has
resulted in a crisis in the history of this journal, which
demands serious consideration of the future policy con-
cerning it. Either it must be issued at longer intervals
or larger endowment will be required.

There have been few noteworthy additions to the library
during the past year. The purchase of a copy of the atlas
of Brackenridge’s work on the ferns of the United States
Exploring Expedition resulted in the preparation of an
account, for the June number of the Journal, of Bracken-
ridge and his book. A copy of Piso’s work on the natural
history of the Indies (1658), presented by Mrs. Henry O.
Taylor, was of particular interest because of the autograph
signature of the author on the engraved title-page (see
Journal for April, page 93). Many current publications
relating to horticulture, a field hitherto poorly represented
in our library, were purchased during the summer, and are
listed under “‘library accessions” in the September Journal.

Opportunities for the purchase of desirable books appear
to be increasing, and the library can be developed rapidly
whenever sufficient funds become available for the purpose.
It seems unnecessary to emphasize the desirability of such
development.

Respectfully submitted,
Joun HenpLeyY Barnuart,
Bibliographer.

(267)

REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN
Dr. N. L. Brirron, Drrecror-1n-CuieErF.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report for
the year 1919.

Owing to the low temperature in the library it was found
necessary to omit the customary census of the books.
From the records, however, the following statistics can be
given: books purchased, 147; bound, 323; acquired by gift,
71, and received by exchange or on deposit, 32, making a
total of 573. From these should be deducted 107 books
which were rebound and 11 permanently recalled by
Columbia, showing a net gain of 455 over the census of a
year ago. The total number of bound volumes in the
library should therefore approximate 29,692.

As will be noted, a beginning has been made upon rebind-
ing the older books of the collection. It is hoped that this
work may be continued, also that more funds may be
available for keeping the current periodicals bound up to
date.

The principal accessions have been listed as usual in the
Journal. The largest purchase of books was that of 125
works on agriculture, horticulture and landscape archi-
tecture, thus strengthening a part of the collection which
was notably weak. Their shelving, however, has greatly
crowded the stacks in the Bibliographer’s room and addi-
tional space is again needed. In addition to the books
just referred to, 312 pamphlets on similar subjects have
been purchased and catalogued.

There have been added to the catalogue 1,573 type-
written and written cards, in addition to the printed ones
issued by the Torrey Botanical Club. Owing to the
resignation of the library assistant on November 15 this
important work was necessarily stopped. It is hoped that
another assistant may soon be appointed in order that this
as well as other branches of the library work may not be
curtailed. In spite of the weeding-out process which has
been carried on in the general card catalogue many of the

( 268 )

drawers are still crowded, and it is highly desirable that
another case be provided in the not far-distant future.

The current German periodicals subscribed to for 1918-
19 through a Dutch firm have continued to arrive from time
to time. It has been decided to renew the subscriptions
for 1920 through our former New York agent. A list of
lacunae in the sets for 1916 and 1917 has been sent with
the order. Owing to a fire in Leipzig which destroyed a
ware house in which many of these periodicals were stored
during the war, it will be necessary to have the missing
parts reprinted. A long period may therefore elapse before
the volumes are completed.

The following additions and corrections should be made
to the periodical list as appended to the report of the
Librarian for 1916 (Bulletin 9: 342-363; 449, 450 and

43).
Omit § before the following:
Annales Mycologici.

Brussels. Jardin Burnin de l’Etate, Bulletin.
TDeutsche Botanische Gesellschaft, Berichte.
Frankfort on Main. Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Berichte.
tHedwigia
*Jahresbericht der Vereinigung der Vertreter der Angewandten Botanik.
*La Cellule.
Omit the following:
Boletin des Bosques, Pesca i Caza.
La Naturaleze.
Practical Druggist.
Tree Talk.
Change the following:
rican Museum of Natural History, Journal to Natural Hist
Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, Bulletin to Ilinoie ‘State Natural

History Survey, Bulletin.
Ottawa Naturalist to Canadian Field Naturalist.
Add the following:
*Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, Mass. Journal.
*Illinois. Academy of Sciences, Springfield, Ill. Transactions.
*Journal of Indian Botany, Madras, India.
*New York. Conservation Commission, Albany, N. Y. The Conservationist.
$40 Paulo. Museu Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil Revista.

(269 )
Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales del Instituto de la Salle, Bogota, Colombia
Boletin.
Respectfully submitted,
Sarau H. Harrow,
Librarian.

REPORT OF THE HONORARY CURATOR OF THE
CONOMIC COLLECTIONS
Dr. N. L. Brrrron, Drrecror-1n-CHieEr.

Sir: I have the honor of submitting the following report
on the economic collections for the year 1919.

All specimens in the economic museum are systemati-
cally arranged in the cases, and a complete list of them has
been written, the last pages of which are now being typed.

This work has occupied my entire spare time during the
past year. It has been found much more extensive than
was anticipated, owing to the fact that many omissions
were discovered, the missing articles being of such im-
portance that it was deemed undesirable to print a cata-
logue in which they were not enumerated. To secure these
specimens has required the expenditure of much time and
labor. Many have been donated in response to requests
and many others secured through purchase by myself.
Others have been specially collected for us by friends and a
much larger number by myself. Of the latter, many were
grown in my garden for this purpose. The total number
of such specimens amounts to several hundred.

Besides these actual additions to our collections, the
cases have been enriched by the installation of several
hundred specimens which had been in storage, awaiting the
necessary supply of containers.

As a result of these changes, nearly all of the two large
lots of jars supplied me during the year have been filled
and we are already in urgent need of a farther supply,
especially of the smaller sizes and of some extra large ones.
Many hundreds of base-blocks will also be required to
complete the mounting of the jars.

Another result of the year’s growth has been that of

(270)

crowding our cases beyond desirable limit, some of them
to their utmost capacity, so that new ones are needed at
once. I recommend that these be supplied by the instal-
lation of intermediate cases about the pillars on the eastern
half of the main floor, to correspond with those already so
placed in the western half. ‘This increased room is specially
desired for the elaboration of our representation of the

poisonous plants of this region. This I think should be
made a strong feature of our museum, and I have plans,
the execution of which will require an entire additional
unit of cases.

An equally urgent requirement is that of printed labels.
Practically all of the additions of the past two years, be-
sides many others, are without labels, other than the
written memoranda placed in the jars for identification
purposes. I estimate that more than two thousand labels
now require printing, which number will rapidly increase.

It is to be hoped that arrangements can be made in the
early future for some extensive collecting for this museum.
We have very few of the specimens peculiar to Alaska and
the adjacent region and there is a long list of desiderata of
articles used by the aborigines of the Rocky Mountain
region. Many edible products peculiar to the southern
Alleghanies are also much needed. While many of these
articles may be obtained by gift or exchange, experience
has shown that the only efficient and reliable method is
that of carefully arranged collecting expeditions by our
own people.

The aggregate operations above recorded have greatly
advanced the preparation of our Guide Book toward the
stage of printing, although considerable work remains to
be done upon the manuscript, in the way of verifying or
correcting botanical names, and adding of items of informa-
tion. The entire series requires numbering. The articles
in the western half of the building were numbered last
year, but the additions have been so very numerous that
it seems desirable to renumber them as nearly as possible
at the time that the printing is begun.

(271)

I may say in conclusion that arrangements for the
printing of the Guide Book may be made in the early
future, since I am in position to complete the above details
immediately.

Respectfully submitted,
. H. Russy,
Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections.

REPORT OF THE HONORARY CURATOR OF MOSSES
Dr. N. L. Brirron, DirecTor-1n-CHIEF.

Sir: In continuation of our West Indian studies two
small collections have been purchased during the past
year: one of Bahama mosses from Mr. Brace and another
of Virgin Island mosses from W. C. Fishlock. About 650
other specimens have been received in exchange and 3,685
have been distributed from the duplicates of the Mitten
Herbarium. Of these 950 have gone back to England to
Mr. Dixon and the rest to various correspondents and
institutions here and abroad. Among the collections sent
to be determined by the United States National Museum,
73 mosses from Ecuador collected by Dr. J. N. Rose have
been named by Mr. R. S. Williams, who has also deter-
mined a set of Peruvian and Trinidad mosses sent by
H. N. Dixon.

The Geological Survey of Canada has sent us a complete
set of the mosses from the Canadian Arctic Survey, in-
cluding 137 numbers which have also been studied and
reported upon by Mr. Williams. From Professor Brande-
gee we have received a set of Mexican mosses collected by
Purpus, and from Miss Eastwood two sets of Hawaiian
mosses, yet to be studied. Brother Leon has continued
to send us his Cuban collections and a named set ready
for mounting has been returned to him. A beginning has
been made on the preliminary list of the mosses of Cuba.
Dr. Andrews has shared his Iceland collections with us.
We have continued our exchanges with the members of the
Sullivant Moss Society, of which I have served as Presi-

(272)

dent for two years, and Mr. Kaiser, the Curator of the
moss-herbarium, has assisted in answering the questions
that have been referred to us for decision.

Acting as Secretary for the Stokes’ Fund and the Wild
Flower Preservation Society I have answered letters, dis-
tributed literature and arranged for the cooperation of
various Garden Clubs and other associations, including the
Boy Scouts, Torrey Botanical Club, schools, etc. The
Audubon Societies also are cooperating, in order to secure
native fruits for the birds. Owing to disturbed war con-
ditions and the added cost of all color work, no illustrations
of our native wild flowers needing protection have been
printed, but four new ones are ready to be printed.

During the year a general supervision of the lantern
slide collection was entrusted to me and 196 colored and
207 uncolored slides were added to the collection, including
Dr. Pennell’s Colombian and Dr. Rose’s Ecuador slides,
as well as Mr. Parson’s slides of the school garden work and
the photographs of the soldier students at work. Colored
records were also made of some of the exceptionally fine
dahlias from the west border, and a small set of some of
our rarest native orchids were also added. Several appli-
cations for the loan of slides have been received but so
far no provision has been made for this purpose.

Respectfully submitted,
Exizapetu G. Britton,
Honorary Curator of Mosses.

REPORT OF THE HONORARY CURATOR OF FOSSIL PLANTS
Dr. N. L. Brirron, DirectTor-1n-CHIEF.

Sir: I have the honor to report as follows upon paleo-
botanical activities in connection with the Garden during
the year I9I9:

The work of arranging and installing selected specimens
of fossil plants in the stratigraphic and biologic display
series at the American Museum of Natural History,
mentioned in my previous report, was continued during

(273 )

the early part of the year, from time to time, and was
completed in July. Several gaps in the biologic series
were filled by exchange of specimens with the Garden,
through which the Garden acquired a valuable lot of
paleobotanical material from the collections made by the
Peary Expedition in Greenland in 1891-1892.

Study of the fossil plant remains collected in Porto Rico
by the joint natural history survey of the New York
Academy of Sciences and the American Museum of Natural
History was continued and drawings were made of speci-
mens to be described.

Preliminary studies were begun of two interesting col-
lections of fossil plants from Cuba,—the first recorded
collections of the kind from that island, as far as I am
aware—transmitted as a gift to the Garden by Brother
Léon from Matanzas.

On November 28 I delivered a lecture before the Buffalo
Society of Natural Sciences, as a part of their public lecture
course for 1919-1920, on ‘‘ Plants Concerned in the Forma-
tion of Coal.” On December 2 I left for Washington to
resume work in connection with the United States Geological
Survey on the fossil flora of Alaska, which was interrupted
during the past two years by the exigencies of the war.

Respectfully submitted,
Artuur Ho.tick,
Honorary Curator of the Collections of Fossil Plants.

ACCESSIONS TO PALEOBOTANICAL COLLECTIONS, 1919

The total accessions to the paleobotanical collections
during the year include 84 specimens and approximately
40 species.

28 specimens from Greenland, by exchange with the
American Museum of Natural History (21 Cretaceous,
including 12 species; 7 Tertiary, including 9 species).

42 specimens from Cuba, by gift from Brother Léon
(all Tertiary, including about 15 species).

13 specimens from Blacksburg, Va., by gift from Dr. W.
A. Murrill (all Sub-carboniferous, one species).

(274)

I specimen from Forsyth, Me., by gift from Freeman F.

Burr (one species, probably Silurian).

SCHEDULE OF EXPENDITURES DURING THE

YEAR 1919
1. CITY MAINTENANCE ACCOUNT
Allowance 2 ic tie canara saGe Di heen bhai Se ee waa eee rae es $100,000.00
Expended
Sea Se acSiy ache a he atte itu and dian eee anaes $63,462.17
ADOM si ic wbidve Greenlee aaa ele Lae RE wh coe ES 4,664.02
Total Personal Service... ..s.cseeeceeesseeserers $ 68,126.19
Pu@licicoiinacates bane cavnciiai sa tesas $21,902.40
Cecntadeieawraa tices plethe ve beatae 1,148.46
SUPPLIES «22S aces estes eee has Dae coe dlees 1,037.46
Equipment. ccsxcvieisns vee en en ete danas 621.53
Materials: s.6..c200s2Gca¢ecsceaveceed dae es 5,190.74
Reparrsinbie ica eee ee eee eee 1,552.57
Shoeing Horses. .......... 00 ceceeee eee eeee 238.75
Gas Service... . 6... cece cece cece ee eeeee 201.90
Total Sundry Expenses........ 0c cceceeeeeeeees $ 31,873.81
Total Expendéd s+ sieve dqueeiy of dewdds whedeete es eele eee Nea bees $100,000.00
2. SPECIAL GARDEN ACCOUNTS
Exproration Funp
Balance from 1918. cece cece eee cece eee eeeceneeees $ 24.05
Contributions... 0... ec cece eee eter eens 350.00
UhOta ls siya teen ase ae aia ete ae eh 374.05
Expendéd.:. csdigveioien uae bhiieiessios 362.13
Balance psceicecn ee hile nel esc ae ites 3 II.92
Museum anp Hersarium Funp
Balance from 1018 occ e cece enna $ 26.08
Contributions... 0.0.0... cece cece eee eens 400.00
MOta lence anette teers eettat ts caste $ 426.08
Expénded!:.i4 ic .4Gi cance sie Sadi 417.46
Balances saioiiaite tas Hehe ctinen oeelee ks 3 8.62
Piant Funp
Balance from 1918 0... cee eee $ = 502.35
Contributions to War Memorial Plantation... 20.00
Sale of Hay isousaccelit ett ise bea ees 540.00
Sale of Plants... 2.0... cc cece ccc cece eee 13.00
Total isda dite Gairenw ae etc tate ees B 1,075.35
Bxpendéd ss isnt edaciadewatdac ten eaaseoks 1,064.96
Balance scnniva sara Mae beens Seve went $ 10.39

SreciaL Boox Funp
Balance from 1918
Contributions

Rosr Garpven anp GARDEN Extension Funp
Balance from 1918 6.0... cece ec c cece eees
Transferred to Grounds Improvement Fund ..

GarpeEn Scnoou Funp
Balance from 1918... 0 ccc ccc cece cece anes
Sale of magnifying glass.............000 005
tal ages eee cee a oe hs cece

Guccennemm GREENHOUSE FuND
Balance from 1918... ccc cece cece nce ee een
Appropriated, balance of interest and profits. .

Less-transferred to Income Guggenheim Green-

T

Expended, CONTLACES eis aces olduha es dune
Salaries and Labor................000.
Miscellaneous... ..........2.2000 ee eee

ScHOOL sa SUMMERHOUSE Funp
Balance from 1918.0... ccc
Transferred to ae Improvement Fund.

Emercency Funp
Balance from 1918 0.0... ccc cee eens
xpended

Grounps ImproveMEeNT FunpD
Contributions.......0.....0 00sec eee eee eee
Transferred from Rose Garden and Garden

Extension Fund.................00+5
Transferred from School Garden Summerhouse

Fund

$ 78.86
810.00
1.00

3 889.86

387.34

$ §02.52

$ = 13.85

13.85
$ sees 2

a 3,263.62

3,263.62
$ 53,217.15
3,203.44
B 56,420.59
958.29

B 55,462.30
$ 51,076.50
2,066.00
2,305.25

B 55,447.75

4.

$94.50

94.50

$ 17.09

17.09
3 4,930.00
13.85
94-50

B 5,038.35

Expended, Labor....... 0.00. cee eee cena $ 4,623.39
Miscellaneous. .......- eee eee e cece eee 219.90
Otali tau centeeo lass eae wae meee % 4,843.29
BGLQn Cl i055 secre ase nai tein hacen $ 195.06
ConvaALEscEeNT Soupiers’ GARDENING FuND
Contributions yi4 d2accaudes Laerer eee ote % 1,900.00
Federal Board for Vocational Education, Fees. 1,267.50
Garden School, Fees.............-.. 0000s 157.50
$ 3,325.00
— from Garden School Fund....... B 3,263.62
tale tierce ah ns sae ar cnnicna nanan on $ 6,588.62
ieee Dalanessie ot alters sae dee ies 4 1,851.67
Miscellaneous... ......0.. 00. cece eens 2,464.74
Oba ccttoyay-ates'putrne tarts aeate acess teats & 4,316.41
Balance... ccc ccc cece eas $ 2,272.20
Cuerry Garpen SHELTER Funp
Contributions. ......0. ccc cece cee eaee $ 2,000.00
Expended, Mason work. ............000eees $ 800.00
ADOR os des ahs hats aed a wea eases 261.00
Miscellaneous... 2.22.2... e cece 442.01
MO ba lonteen oreattiashc ote eats $ 1,503.01
Balance... 0... cece cece even eee eees $ 496.99
Reserve Funp
Appropriated against accumulated Life Mem-
bership: Fees), cvceisanais eeeeactnes % 22,000.00
eet Ani Zee accumulated Fellowship
bias sateen, Bo dae ia idee banene 8,000.00
eaten ee ee on aertes 3,730.00
ita scan rae cee taees oat cog eer $ 33,730.00
Sere DALAT CS} dpe aerate etre cnape a tama $ 27,143.66
CMnceoe dls ieee Aarons Saliva Ga oats evase 1,271.84
Miscellaneous... . 2... 0. cece eee eee eee 5,306.24
Oba ace ho evn ee eee $ 33,721.74
BGAN sche sc aye oe eR Ae $ 8.26

3. SPECIAL INCOME ACCOUNTS

Appropriated Expended Balance
Income : Science and Education Fund
ublications

P QUOT S oe ones ceoestese secret $ 43.02
Herbarium: i: acicet tatoo ceikeee ess 393.33
Lecturesic, paicueieed taeeaba Gide 751.22
Laboratories. ........ 0... cece eee eee 311.45
Museums

ER ee ee re oer eee ease 1,084.05

saan ae at other Institutions
Scientific Supplies
Tot

a ueneeeg eeautkeds Gerukerdbes 500.00
Income of William R. Sands Fund
INCOME! isis. ae ewes ete $ 400.00
From Horticultural Society of New York. 161.50
Horticultural Prizes.............2-000- $ 561.50 $
Accumulated Income of Olivia E. and Caroline
Phelps Stokes Fund
For the Preservation of Native Plants...$ 150.00
aaa e Income of Students’ Research Fund
for Students’ Research............. B 500.00 $
Income . David Lydig Fund
Publications. ........... 000 eee eee eee $ 4,000.00 $

— Income of Addison Brown Fund
For Preparation, Publication and Distri-

ution of

Salary of Artist

Printing

Miscellaneous

Addisonia

Income of John Innes Kane Fund

% 4,000.00 $

Plants for Grounds and Greenhouses....$ 500.00 $
Income of Maria DeWitt Jesup Fund
or Increase of the Collections
OOKS in cneuekdlete teat waenes lat. $

eat Income of Charles Budd Robinson
Fun

For ae Exploration.............05.

Income of Guggenheim Greenhouse Fund
ar’

~

B 958.29 $

78.65
320.15

2,981.87 $

1,064.71

1,699.57 $

ss

553.00 $

-

150.00 $

3,970.18 $

375.00
3,213.19

97-71
3,685.90 $

324.56 $

171.78
407.29

om 07 $

165.00
300.00
159.00

34.29

33426
958.29

1,018.13

350.00

29.82

314.10

175.44

420.903

(278)

4. GENERAL INCOME ACCOUNT

Insurance
Glass in Conservatories............0005 $ 185.63
Boilers and Elevators................++ 137.46
Museum Specimens and Books.......... 403.29
Horses and Wagons........ 0... esse eee 11.00

$ 740.00 $ 737.38 $ 2.62
Supplies aie: Circulars for Members)... .$ 1,025.00 $ 1,018.72 $ 6.28

Contingen:

Mi sane Serre tei an ae aes $ 1,515.00 $ 1,513.98 $ 1.02
Entertainment of Guests

Refreshments. .........-..- cece ee eeee $ = 174.00

Hire of Touring Cars..............---- 80.75

Printing :.ess eee sat heshueese heel aas 161.75

Miscellaneous..............0000eeeeee 15.00
$ s00.00$ 431.50 $ 68.50

Assistance for Treasurer

Services Rendered..............-.2.065 $ 480.00 $ 480.00
Salaries
Individual Accounts. ...........000000s $ 11,851.67
useum Aides............2..22-00200- 1,180.00
Gardeners). cis cu.aeat nest ebe essen tay 2,926.25
Carpenter ccsaas centres seve nn 18
Driversic: s.Sancqe ovis eee se Yaa 970.00
Janitors ca ditar essen aad ne cea ee 1,360.00
Miscellaneous. ............0.0. eee ee 103.34
$18,575.00 $ 18,571.26 $ 3.74
abor
Weekly Payrolls..........0......00005 % 2,105.00
Guard Duty.) eects ec ance
Miscellaneous Overtime................ 520.12
$ 3,570.00 $ 3,563.92 $ 6.08
Totals—General Income Account........... $26,405.00 $ 26,316.76 $ 88.24

5. EXPENDED FROM FUNDS OF THE GARDEN

Special Garden Accounts...........0....005 $102,081.18
Special Income Accounts..............00005 14,902.44
General Income Account............0000005 26,316.76

tal sia oe heheh cmneneean cobes $143,300.38

6. BOARD ROOM FUND

January 1, 1919. Balance—Cash........... $ 54-32
Gross Receipts—January to December....... $ 176.65
Less—Credited to Garden Funds... 00. ..0005. 4.85

Total Net Receipts.................0.8 $ 171.80 $ 171.80

226.12

Disbursements
NGS scrctaka cxsiaveuassadra agua cera can $ 116.27
Contingencies........... 2.02. eee eee eee 5.67
$ 121.94 $ 121.94
December 31, 1919. Balance—Cash.......... $ s0gi8 $ ro0g.sI18
Respectfully submitted,
WatrterR S. GROESBECK,
Bookkeeper.
E. and O. E.

New York, January 12, 1920.

( 280 )

REPORT OF THE CHAIRMAN OF THE SCIENTIFIC
DIRECTORS
(Received and ordered printed January 12, 1920)
To THE Boarp or ManaGeErRs oF THE New York Botani-

CAL GARDEN.

Gentlemen: The Scientific Directors have held their
regular meetings through the year and have advised with
the Director on many matters which are presented in
detail in his report. In spite of the difficulties from high
prices and the scarcity of labor, the work of public in-
struction, maintenance, and new construction has gone on
very satisfactorily throughout the year. The school for
gardeners is making good progress. The character of the
instructional work offered and the methods of handling
the students are being carefully studied and modified and
adapted as experience shows the need. With the provision
of an apprentice system with part pay for a limited number
of promising young men who desire to become practical
gardeners and foremen of estates, we may hope to have
the nucleus of a permanent gardeners school such as is so
much needed and has been long desired in this country.

The increase in wages and salaries which it is possible
to provide on the basis of the new standard scale adopted
by the city, supplemented by the Garden’s own funds,
coming as it does at a time when it is so much needed,
marks an important advance and is strengthening in a
very essential particular the position of the Garden among
the other great educational and scientific institutions of
the country. Wemay now confidently expect to continue,
in the future as in the past, to command the services of
men of the first rank in botanical science.

, Respectfully submitted,
R. A. Harper,
Chairman of the Scientific Directors.

(281)

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PATRONS,
FELLOWS AND MEMBERS FOR THE YEAR
1919
To THE Boarp or Manacers or THE NEw York Bo-

TANICAL GARDEN.

Gentlemen: The number of new members who have
qualified is 165. The number of annual members is now
979; life members 139; sustaining members 12; fellowship
members 3.

Of these 24 are now in arrears for dues for 1919, 11 for
dues for 1918 and 1919, 10 for dues for 1917, 1918 and 1919.

Dues have been collected to the amount of $10,080.
Three persons have qualified as life members by the pay-
ment of $250 each. These sums have been transmitted to
the treasurer.

A complete list of all classes of members to date is
herewith submitted.

BENEFACTORS
*Hon, Addison Brown, Murry Guggenheim,
*Andrew Carnegie, *D, O. Mills,

Columbia University, *J, Pierpont Morgan, Sr.
*Hon. Chas. P. Daly, John D. Rockefeller,

Daniel Guggenheim, *Mrs. Russell Sage,

*Cornelius Vanderbilt.
PaTRONS

Oakes Ames, *William E. Dodge,
*Miss Catherine A. Bliss, James B. Ford,

Dr. N. L. Britton, George J. Gould,
*Hon. Addison Brown, Edward 8. Harkness,
*Andrew Carnegie, *Mrs. Esther Herrman,
*Mrs. George Whitfield Collord, Archer M. Huntington,
*James M. Constable, *Henry Iden,

* Deceased.

( 282 )

Mrs. John Innes Kane,
*John Stewart Kennedy,
*J. Pierpont Morgan, Sr.,
*Oswald Ottendorfer,
*Lowell M. Palmer,

William Rockefeller,
*William R. Sands,

FELLOWS

Edward D. Adams,
George F. Baker,

Miss Elizabeth Billings,
Mrs. W. Bayard Cutting,
Dr. Robert W. de Forest,
Cleveland H. Dodge,
James B. Ford,

Daniel Guggenheim,
Murry Guggenheim,

S. R. Guggenheim,

Mrs. John Stewart Kennedy,
Edward V. Z. Lane,

*William C. Schermerhorn,
*James A. Scrymser,

Mrs. Finley J. Shepard,
*Samuel Sloan,

Mrs. Frederick F. Thompson,
W. K. Vanderbilt,

Mrs. Antoinette Eno Wood.

FOR LIFE

Mrs. Frederic S. Lee,
James McLean,

Ogden Mills,

George W. Perkins,
Mrs. John A. Roebling,
Mortimer L. Schiff,
Francis Lynde Stetson,
Miss Olivia E. Phelps Stokes,
Charles G. Thompson,
Louis C. Tiffany,
Tiffany & Company.

Lire MemsBers

Edward D. Adams,

Dr. Felix Adler,

Mrs. James Herman Aldrich,
Constant A. Andrews,

J. Sherlock Andrews,

Dr. 8. T. Armstrong,
Edward W. C. Arnold,
Mrs. H. D. Auchincloss,
Samuel P, Avery,

Samuel D. Babcock,

Dr. John Hendley Barnhart,
George D. Barron,

Aurel Batonyi,

Gustav Baumann,

Samuel R. Betts,

* Deceased.

William G. Bibb,
Miss Elizabeth Billings,
J. O. Bloss,

George Blumenthal,

G. T. Bonner,
Mrs.Addison Brown,
J. Hull Browning,
Joseph Bushnell,

T. Morris Carnegie,
Frank R. Chambers,
Hugh J. Chisholm,
Hugh J. Chisholm, Jr.,
Geo. C. Clark,

Banyer Clarkson,

Dr. James B. Clemens,

( 283 )

Wm. F. Cochran,

William Colgate,

Miss Georgette T. A. Collier,
W onnor,

Mrs. F. A. Constable,
Theodore Cooper,

Zenas Crane,

R. N. Cranford,

Melville C. Day,

Charles Deering,

Mrs. John Ross Delafield,
Maturin L. Delafield,

W. B. Dickerman,

Miss Josephine W. Drexel,
Miss Ethel DuBois,

Miss Katharine DuBois,
Wm. A. DuBois,

Geo. E. Dunscombe,
Thomas Dwyer,

Newbold Edgar,

George Ehret,

Ambrose K. Ely,

Edward J. Farrell,

Mrs. H. J. Fisher,
Andrew Fletcher,

Chas. R. Flint,

Eugene G. Foster,

Mrs. John French,

Mrs. Theodore Kane Gibbs,
James J. Goodwin,

Daniel Guggenheim,
Bernard G. Gunther,
Franklin L. Gunther,
Chas. J. Harrah,

Dr. Louis Haupt,

R. Somers Hayes,

George B. Hopkins,
Samuel N. Hoyt,

Archer M. Huntington,
Frank D. Hurtt,

ae H. Hyd

Mrs. oe O’D. Iselin,
Theo. F. Jackson,
Dr. Walter B. James,
Miss Annié B. Jennings,
Nathaniel T. Kidder,
William M. Kingsland,
H. R. Kunhardt,
W. B. Kunhardt,
Charles Lanier,
W. V. Lawrence,
Meyer H. Lehman,
Mrs. Geo. Lewis,
Joseph Loth,
Wm. H. Macy, Jr.,
Mrs. Wm. H. Macy, Jr.,
Louis Marshall,
Edgar L. Marston,
William J. Matheson,
C. W. McAlpin,
Guy R. McLane,
Emerson McMillin,
Dr. Geo. N. Miller,
A. G. Mills,
Mrs, William F. Milton,

Sigmund Neustadt,

A. Lanfear Norrie,
Gordon Norrie,

Geo. M. Olcott,

Mrs. Chas. Tyler Olmstead,
Wm. Church Osborn,
Geo. W. Perkins,

W. H. Perkins,

M. Taylor Pyne,

John J. Riker,

J. C. Rodgers,

Thomas F. Ryan,

Mrs. Herbert L. Satterlee,

( 284 )

Dr. Reginald H. Sayre,
Edward C. Schaefer,
F, Aug. Schermerhorn,
Jacob H. Schiff,
Mortimer L. Schiff,
Mrs. I. Blair Scribner,
Geo. Sherman,

James Shewan,

James Speyer,

Miss Ellen J. Stone,
Albert Tag,

Paul G. Thebaud,
Charles G. Thompson,
Mrs. Frederick F. Thompson,
Robert M. Thompson,

William Thorne,

Wm. Stewart Todd,

Miss Anna Murray Vail,

F. T. Van Beuren,

Mrs. C. Vanderbilt,

Dr. Henry Freeman Walker,
F. M. Warburg,

John I. Waterbury,

Miss Emily A. Watson,

5. D. Webb,

Dr. W. Seward Webb,

Hon. Geo. Peabody Wetmore,
John D. Wing,

Mrs. Anna Woerishoffer.

FEeLLowsHip MEMBERS

E. A. Richard.

Sustarninc MemsBers

Miss Elizabeth Billings,
Miss Mary T. Bryce,
Wn. H. Fischer,

John Greenough,

Mrs. McDougall Hawkes,
O. H. Kahn,

Edgar L. Marston,
George Grant Mason,
Arthur M. Mitchell,
Wm. Church Osborn,
William H. Porter,
William R. Stewart.

AnnuaL MEMBERS

Dr. Robert Abbe,
David T. Abercrombie,
Benjamin Abert,

Fritz Achelis,

John Achelis,

F, B. Adams,

Henry S. Adams,

J. E. Aldred,

Douglas Alexander,

A. J. C. Anderson,

J. M. Andreini,

Miss Charlotte L. Andrews,

Mrs. John F. Archbold,
Mrs. George A. Archer,

Francis J. Arend,

Reuben Arkush,

Mrs. H. O. Armour,

E. Asiel,

Dr. John Aspell,

Miss E. E. Auchincloss,
Mrs. E. §. Auchincloss,
John W. Auchincloss,
Ledyard Avery,

Dr. Pearce Bailey,

Charles Baird,

Miss Charlotte S. Baker,
Geo. F. Baker,

Stephen Baker,

Albert H. Baldwin,
Frederick H. Baldwin,

A. T. Baldwin,

George V. N. Baldwin, Jr.,
William D. Baldwin,

Mrs. William M. Baldwin,

Mrs. Robert F. Ballantine,

Edward L. Ballard,
Chris Bambach,

Louis Bamberger,
Bernard Bandler,

Mrs. Herbert Barber,
Mrs. James L. Barclay,
Percival M. Barker,
Wm. M. Barnum,
Clarence W. Barron,
Mrs. A. Battin,

Mrs. Martha Battle,
Felice Bava,

Mrs. L. P. Bayne,
Jeremiah Beall,

John D. Beals

Mrs. Margaret B. Becker,
Frank Begrisch, Jr.,
Robert Behr,

Mrs. A. Frederick Behre,

( 285 )

Dr. Otto F, Behrend,

August Belmont,

E. C. Benedict,

J. Philip Benkard,

E. R. T. Berggren,
Isaac J. Bernheim,
Chas. L. Bernheimer,
Miss Rosie Bernheimer,
Theodore Bernstein,
Philip Berolzheimer,

S. Reading Bertron,
Edward J. Berwind,
George N. Best,
Eugene P. Bicknell,
Mrs. George Biddle,
Mrs. Sylvan Bier,
Abraham Bijur,

Samuel H. Bijur,

C. K. G. Billings,

C. Edw. Billquist,
Mrs. William H. Birchall,
Samuel Bird, Jr.,
James C. Bishop,
Frederick S. Blackall,
Mrs. Dexter Blagden,
Mrs. C. Ledyard Blair,
J. Insley Blair,

T. Whitney Blake,
Isidore Blauner,

C. N. Bliss, Jr.,

Miss 8S. D. Bliss,

Mrs. Walter P. Bliss,
Hugo Blumenthal,
Miss R. C. Boardman,
Mrs. Edward C. Bodman,
Henry W. Boettger,
Robert Boettger,
Theodore Boettger,

William H. Bolton,

Mrs. Sydney C. Borg,
Louis Boury,

Miss Edith G. Bowdoin,
John McE. Bowman,
Frank Brainerd,

Mrs. E. N. Breitung,
Mrs. Benjamin Brewster,
John R. Brinley,

Jno. I. D. Bristol,

Miss H. Louise Britton,
Richard H. Britton,

Dr. Edward B. Bronson,
Bronx Hay & Grain Co.,
Mrs. H. D. Brookman,
Miss Aneita D. Brown,
Dickson Q. Brown,
Edwin H. Brown,

M. Bayard Brown,
Vernon C. Brown,

Mrs. J. Hull Browning,
F. W. Bruggerhoff,

H. B. Brundrett,
Thomas B. Bryson,
Mrs. Jonathan Bulkley,
Dr. L. Duncan Bulkley,
Henry W. Bull,

Dr. Edward 8. Bias
Louis Burk,

E. R. Burnette;

William J. Burns,
Algernon T. Burr,

Chas. W. Burroughs,
Mrs. Wendell L. Bush,
Charles S. Butler,

Miss Emily O. Butler,
Thomas J. Byrne,

H. A. Caesar,

E. T. Caldwell,

W. R. Callender,

( 286 )

Henry L. Calman,

H. H. Cammann,

Henry L. Cammann,
Edward B. Camp,

Mrs. John Campbell,

H. W. Cannon,

Mrs. Charles F. Cantine,
Mrs. George L. Carnegie,
Miss Alice Carpenter,
Wn. T. Carrington,
George B. Case,

H. A. Cassebeer, Jr.,
Miss Jennie R. Cathcart,
Miss Elizabeth Chamberlain,
Miss Maria Bowen Chapin,
John Jay Chapman,

Jose Edwards Chaves,
John H. Child,

B. Ogden Chisolm,

Geo. E. Chisolm,

Mrs. Joseph H. Choate,
Miss Mabel as
Wn. G. Choat

Mrs. Helen L. "Chabe,
Percy Chubb,

Chas. T. Church,
Richard N. L. Church,
John Claflin,

D. Crawford Clark,

Miss Emily Vernon Clark,
F. Ambrose Clark,

Hon. W. A. Clark,
William Clark,

KF. A. S. Clarke,

Lewis L. Clarke,

Albert Clayburgh,
Edward B. Close,

Miss Frances H. Close,
Wn. P. Clyde,

G. D. Cochran,

( 287 )

Miss Mary T. Cockcroft,
C. A. Coffin,

Edmund Coffin,

E. W. Coggeshall,
William N. Cohen,
William W. Cohen,

J. L. Coker,

Mrs. Rufus Cole,
Charles B. Colebrook,
Mrs. Lathrop Colgate,
William Colgate,
Barron G. Collier,
Mrs. Richard C. Colt,
Samuel P. Colt,

Miss Mary Compton,
T. G. Condon,
Hermann Conheim,
Roland R. Conklin,

J. N. Conyngham,
Arthur N. Cooley,
Marin LeBrun Cooper,
Mrs. Marin LeBrun Cooper,
Mrs. A. J. Cordier,

Mrs, Charles Henry Coster,
Geo. F. Crane,
Mrs. Jonathan H. Crane,

Mrs. Barton Cuyler,
Miss Eleanor De Graff Cuyler,
Jean De Saint Cyr,

Mrs. Chester Dale,

Frederic A. Dallett,

Mrs. Ira Davenport,

De Witt A. Davidson,

J. Clarence Davies,

Julien T. Davies,

A. E. Davis,

Mrs. Thomas B. Davis,
Alvah Davison,

Mrs. Henry P. Davison,
Clarence S. Day,

Mrs. William Harrison Day,
Henry Dazien,

Henry L. de Forest,

Dr. Robert W. de Forest,
Mrs. Robert W. de Forest,
John F. Degener, Jr.,

Mrs. Carlos de Heredia,

William Adams Delano,
William C. De Lanoy,
Countess de Laugier-Villars
John B. Dennis,

Rev. H. M. Denslow,

Mrs.Agnes Huntington Cravath, Walter D. Despard,

Robert L. Crawford,
William Crawford,

Mrs. Thomas Crimmins,
George A. Crocker, Jr.,
Mrs. W. H. Crocker,

W. T. Crocker,

James W. Cromwell,
Mrs. R. J. Cross,

Mrs. Joseph F. Cullman,
G. Warrington Curtis,
R. Fulton Cutting,

Lee Deutsch,
William G. De Witt,
J. Henry Dick

Geo. H. Diehl,

Chas. F. Dieterich,
Miss Josephine H. Dill,
Miss Mary A. Dill,
Miss Gertrude Dodd,
Cleveland H. Dodge,
Francis P. Dodge,
Otto L. Dommerich,

Charles Doscher,
Henry Doscher,

Mrs. George William Douglas,

Mrs. James Douglas,
Walter Douglas,

Alfred Douglass,

W. E. Dowd, Jr.,

Tracy Dows,

Mrs. B. F. Drakenfeld,
J. R. Drexel,

Isaac W. Drummond,
Mrs. Matthew B. Dubois,
Mrs. John P, Duncan,
Ralph Wurts Dundas,
Dr. Edward K. Dunham,
Mrs. T. Coleman du Pont,
E. G. Duvall,

John E. Dwight,

Mrs. Winthrop Dwight,
R. W. Earle,

Mrs. Frederick H. Eaton,
Thomas C. Edmonds,
Mrs. J. S. Ehrich,

Mrs. Ernest Ehrmann,
Karl Eilers,

Henry G. Eilshemius,
August Eimer,

Monroe Einstein,
William Einstein,

Miss Kate Eisig,
Howard Elliott,

Mrs. James W. Ellsworth,
Mrs. Walter Emmerich,
Miss Lydia F. Emmett,
Robert Temple Emmett,
Mrs. Arthur B. Emmons,
R. Erbsloh,

Albert J. Erdmann,
Abraham Erlanger,
Henry Esberg

( 288 )

Arthur F. Estabrook,
Louis Ettlinger,

S. M. Evans,

A. W. Evarts,

Mrs. Ernesto Fabbri,
Eberhard Faber,
Harris Fahnestock,
Arthur S. Fairchild,
Chas. S. Fairchild,
Samuel W. Fairchild,
Percival Farquhar,
Mrs. Max Farrand,
James C. Farrell,
Louis Ferguson.
William C. Ferguson,
Frank H. Filley,
Frederick T. Fisher,
Pliny Fisk,

Harry Harkness Flagler,
Mrs. John H. Flagler,
Mrs. Albert Flake,
Mrs. Joseph A. Flannery,
Nathan Fleischer,
Fred T. Fleitmann,
Edward H. Floyd-Jones,
Franz Fohr,

L. G. Forbes,

Scott Foster,

Mrs. M. J. Fox,

Mrs. William Fox,
David J. Frankel,

Mrs. P. A. S. Franklin,
R. A. Franks,

Miss Jane K. Fraser,
Miss S. Grace Fraser,
A. S. Frissell,

John W. Frothingham,

Eugenio Galban,

( 289 )

Albert Gallatin,

eo. F. Gantz,
Francis P. Garvin,
Miss Florence Gayley,
Mrs. Walter Geer,
R. W. Gibson,
Prof. William J. Gies,
Mrs. William J. Gies,
J. Waldron Gillespie,
Robert McM. Gillespie,
Mrs. E. D. Godfrey,
Mrs. Mary R. Goelet,
Julius Goldman,
Abraham L. Goldstone,
Philip J. Goodhart,
Miss Clara J. Gordon,
Chas. Gotthelf,
Chas. A. Gould,
Edwin Gould,
Mrs. W. R. Grace,
W. A. Gramer,
U.S. Grant, 4th,
B. Greeff, Jr.,
William G. Grieb,
Hon. Anthony J. Griffin,
Charles E. Griffin,
W. V. Griffin,
Miss Margarette E. Griffith,
Miss Susan D. Griffith,
E. Morgan Grinnell,
George Bird Grinnell,
Mrs. Chester Griswold, Sr.,
George V. Gross,
William C. Gruner,
A. M. Guinzburg,
Mrs. Gurnee,
Mrs. C. S. Guthrie,
William D. Guthrie,
Miss Edith Haas,
John A. Hadden, Jr.,

Daniel S. Hage,

Hon. Ernest Hall,

Wn. Halls, Jr.,

Mrs. Charles W. Halsey,
Wm. Hamann,

L. Gordon Hamersley,
Miss Elizabeth S. Hamilton,
Mrs. William P. Hamilton,
Ferdinand Hansen,

J. Montgomery Hare,

E. S. Harkness,

Mrs. Stephen V. Harkness,
Miss Josephine T. Harriot,
George A. Harris,

William Hamilton Harris.
J. Amory Haskell,

Jacob Hasslacher,

Dr. Louis Hauswirth,

T. A. Havemeyer,

J. Woodward Haven,
Carroll Hayes,

Miss Caroline C. Haynes,
Mrs. R. G. Hazard,

Mrs. W. R. Hearst,

Wn. W. Heaton,

Mrs. George A. Helme,
Hancke Hencken,

Chas. Henderson,

Mrs.E. C. Henderson,
Harmon W. Hendricks,
Philip W. Henry,

Mrs. A. Barton Hepburn,
B. F. Hermann,

W. L. Hernstadt,

Mrs. E. D. Lee Herreshoff,
George B. Herzig,

Samuel A. Herzog,

H. H. Hewitt,

Henry Hicks,

Mrs. James J. Higginson,

Hugh Hill,

Mrs. Robert Hill,

Walter Hinchman,

Mrs. Samuel N. Hinckley,
B. Hochschild,

Richard M. Hoe,

Mrs. Richard March Hoe,
Mrs. Robert Hoe,

Miss Mary U. Hoffman,
Bernhard Hoffmann,

Mrs. Bernhard Hoffmann,
Mrs, Edward Holbrook,
John Swift Holbrook,
Edwin T. Holmes,

Elkan Holzman,

Mrs. Elon Huntington Hooker,

Chas. H. Hoole,

Ernest Hopkinson,
Frederick B. House,

C. J. Housman,
Richard F. Howe,

M. D. Howell,

Mrs. Henry E. Howland,
John Sherman Hoyt,
Miss Rosina S. Hoyt,
Theodore R. Hoyt,
Miss V. S. Hoyt,
Walter C. Hubbard,
Mrs. Anna Huber,
Conrad Hubert,

Mrs. E. W. Humphreys,
Mrs. Thomas Hunt,
Mrs. H. E. Huntington,
Mrs. R. P. Huntington,
Dr. Lee M. Hurd,

H. D. Hutchins,

Frank DeK. Huyler,
Mrs. Clarence M. Hyde,
Henry St. John Hyde,
Edwin W. Inslee,

(290 )

Adrian Iselin, Jr.,

C. Oliver Iselin,

Miss Georgine Iselin,
Lewis Iselin,

William E. Iselin,
Mrs. William E. Iselin,
Miss Flora E. Isham,
A. C. Israel,

Samuel K. Jacobs,
John S. Jacobus,

A. C. James,

Mrs. Arthur Curtis James,

Dr. Robert C. James,
Mrs. Wortham James,
E. C. Jameson,

Mrs. Alfred Jaretzki,
Alfred W. Jenkins,

O. G. Jennings,
Walter B. Jennings,
George 8S. Jephson,
Gilbert H. Johnson,
Mrs. T. W. Johnston,
Francis C. Jones,
Mrs. Townsend Jones,
Rodney Wilcox Jones,
Louis M. Josepthal,
Karl Jungbluth,
Henry M. Kahle,
Felix E. Kahn,

Louis Kahn,

Mrs. Delancey Kane,
Mrs. H. F. Kean,
Frank Browne Keech,
Henry F. Keil,
William W. Kelchner,
Prof. J. F. Kemp,

Mrs. H.Van Rensselaer Kennedy,

Mrs. John S. Kennedy,
David Keppel,
Rudolph Keppler,

John B. Kerr,

Emil L. Kieger,
Patrick eda

S. E. Kiln

Darwin P. Kingsley,
Morris Kinney,
Warren Kinney,

W. Ruloff Kip,
William B. Kirkham,
Mrs. Gustav E. Kissel,
E. C. Klipstein,
Roland F. Knoedler,
Chas. Kohlman,
Marion B. Kohlman,
Alex. Konta,

Dr. George F. Kunz,
A. H. Kursheedt,
Anthony R. Kuser,
Adolf Kuttrof,,

Mrs. Samuel W. Lambert,

Francis G. Landon,
Edward V. Z. Lane,
Woodbury Langdon,
Mrs. Jacob Langeloth,
Mrs. John J. Lapham,
Lewis H. Lapham,
Montgomery La Roche,
Henry G. F. Lauten,
Mrs. Amory A. Lawrence,
John Burling Lawrence,
Henry Goddard Leach,
Prof. Frederic 5. Lee,

Lederle Antitoxin Laboratories,

Marshall C. Lefferts,
Wn. H. Lefferts,
George Legg,

S. M. Lehman,
iat M. Lehmaier,
John E. Leikauf,
Wn. H. Leupp,

( 291 )

Edmund J. Levine,

G. Levor,

Louis 8S. Levy,
Montgomery H. Lewis,
Adolph Lewisohn,

Miss Alice Lewisohn,
Paul Lichtenstein,

E. K. Lincoln,

Frederick J. Lisman,
Lucius N. Littauer,

Mrs. John R. Livermore,
Miss Anna P. Livingston,
Mrs. Francis G. Lloyd,
Mrs. I. Ferris Lockwood,
Frank J. Logan,

Russell H. Loines,
Manuel Lopez,

Lord & Burnham Co.,
P, Lorillard, Jr.,
Ethelbert I. Low,

Mrs. Seth Low,

August Lueder,

Walther Luttgen,
William M. Lybrand,

J. M. Richardson Lyeth,
S. Ma,

Mrs. C. B. Macdonald,
C. K. MacFadden,
Clarence H. Mackay,
Kenneth K. Mackenzie,
Mrs. Charles F. MacLean,
Malcolm MacMartin,

V. Everit Macy,

F. Robert Mager,

J. H. Maghee,

Pierre Mali,

J. G. C. Mantle,

Miss Delia W. Marble,
John Markle,

Mrs. John Markle,

Dr. J. W. Markoe,
Alfred E. Marling,
Otto Maron,

Mrs. Henry Marquand,
Edwin S. Marston,

R. W. Martin,

Dr. Walton Martin,
William J. Matheson,
Robert Maxwell,

Dr. D. H. McAlpin,
Geo. L. McAlpin,
George McAneny,
Alfred McEwen,
Henry P. McKenney,
John A. McKim,
James McLean,
Edward F. McManus,
William McNair,

B. Frank Mebane,
Morton H. Meinhard,
Dr. Walter Mendleson,
Herman W. Merkel,
John L. Merrill,
Manton B. Metcalfe,
Herman A. Metz,
Eugene Meyer, Jr.,
Harry J. Meyer,

John G. Milburn,
Dr. Adelaide Mills,
Alex. S. Mitchell

Mrs. John Murray Mitchell,

H. de La Montagne,

C. D. Montague,
Barrington Moore,
Clement Moore,

J. C. Moore,

Miss Katherine T. Moore,

( 292 )

Mrs. Paul Moore,
Russell W. Moore,
Victor Morawetz,
Miss Anne Morgan,
Miss C. L. Morgan,
E. D. Morgan,
. J. P. Morgan, Jr.
. Pierpont Morgan,

. Fellows Morgan,
Mrs. Cora Morris,
Mrs. Dave Heages Morris,
Dwight W. Morrow,
Henry C. Mott,
Mrs. John B. Mott,
Eric Muelberger,
Frank J. Muhlfeld,
Carl Muller,
John P. Munn,
Frank A. Munsey,
G. M. P. Murphy,
William S. Myers,
National Association, Boards

of Pharmacy,

A. G. Nesbitt,
Mrs. Russell H. Nevins,
Miss Catherine A. Newbold,
Miss Edith Newbold,
Frederic R. Newbold,
Mrs. William G. Nichols,
William H. Nichols,
Wm. Nilsson,
George Notman,

Howard Notman,
Adolph S. Ochs,
John Offerman,
Mrs. Ponsonby Ogle,
PM. —"
E. E. Olco
Miss ae oie:
Elam Ward Olney,

(293 )

Robert Olyphant,

Mrs. Emerson Opdycke,
Mrs. Wm. Openhym,

J. Oppenheim,

John B. O’Reilly,
William C. Orr,

Prof. Henry F. Osborn,
Mrs. William Church Osborn,
Miss Elizabeth H. Packard,
Fred’k Page Co.,
Augustus G. Paine,
Henry Parish,

Junius Parker,
Winthrop Parker,
James C. Parrish,

Chas. W. Parsons,

Mrs. Edgerton Parsons,
Miss Gertrude Parsons,
Mrs. Henry Parsons,
T. H. Hoge Patterson,
Mrs. Frederick Pearson,
Charles E. Peck,

Dr. Charles H. Peck,
Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham,
Edward S. Pegram,
Mrs. Sarah G. T. Pell,
Edmund Penfold,

Mrs. William A. Perry,
Samuel T. Peters,

Mrs. Theodore Peters,
W. R. Peters,

Carl Schurz Petrasch,
Curt G. Pfeiffer,
Walter Pforzheimer,
Henry Phipps,

Lloyd Phoenix,

Phillips Phoenix,
Gottfried Piel,

Henry Clay Pierce,
Winslow S. Pierce,

Mrs. R. Stuyvesant Pierrepont,
J. Fred Pierson,

Mrs. Frank H. Platt,
John Platt,

Edward Plaut,

Gilbert M. Plympton,
Miss R. A. Polhemus,
Miss Florence L. Pond,
Chas. Lane Poor,

Mrs. James Harper Poor,
James E. Pope,
Alexander J. Porter,
Mrs. Henry Kirke Porter,
Abram 5S. Post,

Miss Blanche Potter,
Frederick Potter,

Fuller Potter,

Mrs. George D. Pratt,
Mrs. Herbert Lee Pratt,
John T. Pratt,

Samuel Pratt,

Mrs. L. B. Preston,
Clinton B. Price,

Miss Cornelia Prime,
Thomas R. Proctor,
Mrs. Kate Davis Pulitzer,
H. St. Clair Putnam,
Miss Eva C. Putney,
Percy R. Pyne,

Charles F. Quincy,
Stanley Ranger,

G. B. Raymond,

Mrs. William A. Read,
Robert C. Ream,

Miss Emily Redmond,
Geraldyn Redmond,

John Reid,

Chas. Remsen,

Howard Price Renshaw,
Samuel W. Reyburn,

Mrs. E. S. Reynal,
Miss Elvine Richard,
Oscar L. Richard,
Eben Richards,

E. O. Richards,

Mrs. Robert Ridgway,
Wn. J. Riker,

Dr. Wm. C. Rives,
Miss Emeline Roach,
G. Theo. Roberts,
Miss G. Van B. Roberts,
Miss Jennette Robertson,
Louis J. Robertson,
Andrew J. Robinson,
William G. Rockefeller,
Edward L. Rogers,
Miss Harriette Rogers,
Hubert E. Rogers,

A. J. Rolle,

Clarence M. Roof,

W. Emlen Roosevelt,
Mrs. W. Emlen Roosevelt,
Hon. Elihu Root,
Henry C. Ross,

Jacob Rossbach,

Peter W. Rouss,

C. H. Ruddock,

Louis Ruhl,

Justus Ruperti,

Jacob Ruppert,

Miss M. L. Russell,
John Barry Ryan,
Arthur Ryle,

Miss Julia Ryle,

Harry Sachs,

Samuel Sachs,

Clarence Sackett,

Mrs. Walter J. Salmon,
Mitchell Samuels,

Mrs. B. Aymar Sands,

(294 )

Daniel C. Sands,
F. A. Sarg,
Miss G. W. Sargent,
Herbert L. Satterlee,
Mrs. Herbert L. Satterlee,
Oliver H. Sawyer,
Hermann Schaaf,
Fred’k Miller Schall,
George E. Schanck,
John Scheepers,
Anton Schefer,
Mrs. H. M. Schieffelin,
Dr. Wm. J. Schieffelin,
Charles A. Schieren,
Gustave H. Schiff,
Rudolph E. Schirmer,
C. P. Schlicke,
Miss Jane E. Schmelzel,
Fedor Schmidt,
D. Schnakenberg,
Henrich Schniewind, Jr.,
Louis B. Schram,
Rudolph Schreiber,
Henry Schreiter,
Richard Schuster,
hutz,

C. M. Schwab,

Gustav Schwab, Jr.,
Frederick Schwed,
Walter Scott,

Miss Grace Scoville,
Robert Scoville,

The Scoville School,
Mrs. Arthur H. Scribner,
Edward M. Scudder,
Alonzo B. See,

Prof. Edwin R. A. Seligman,
Jefferson Seligman,

E. W. Sells,

Mrs. Charles H. Senff,

Alfred Seton,

Mrs. William F. Sheehan,
Finley J. Shepard,

Hiram W. Sibley,

Alfred L. Simon,

John W. Simpson,

Francis Louis Slade,
Ralph E. Slaven,

Benson B. Sloan,

Samuel Sloan,

Thomas Smidt,

Daniel Smiley,

Miss Fanny A. Smith,
Pierre J. Smith,

R. A. C. Smith,

E. G. Snow,

Mrs. Edward W. Sparrow,
Mrs. Gino C. Speranza,
Dr. Edward H. Squibb,
J. R. Stanton,

Mrs. Mary P. Eno Steffanson,

Chas. H. Steinway,
Fred. T. Steinway,
Wn. R. Steinway,

Olin J. Stephens,
Roderick Stephens,
Benjamin Stern,
Sereno Stetson,

Mrs. Byam K. Stevens,
Frederic W. Stevens,
Dr. Geo. T. Stevens,
Lispenard Stewart,
Chauncey Stillman,
Miss Clara F. Stillman,
Dr. D. M. Stimson,
Mrs. James Stokes,
Mrs. Willard Straight,
H. Grant Straus,
Roger W. Straus,
Albert Strauss,

(295 )

Chas. Strauss,
Frederick Strauss,

Edward 8S. Strobhar,

Mrs. Gustaf Stromberg,

Benj. Strong, Jr.,

John R. Strong,

Mrs. Theron G. Strong,

Joseph Stroock,

F. K. Sturgis,

Mrs. F. K. Sturgis,

Mrs. James Sullivan,

Miss Mary Taber,

Henry W. Taft,

E. T. H. Talmage,

C. A. Tatum,

Henry R. Taylor,

W. A. Taylor,

H. L. Terrell,

Mrs. John T. Terry,
homas Thacher,

Miss M. J. Thayer,

Mrs. Hector W. Thomas,

Mrs. Howard L. Thomas,

Percival Thomas,

Seth E. Thomas, Jr.,

Lewis M. Thompson,

Loren Ogden Thompson,

L. S. Thompson,

William B. Thompson,

Dr. W. Gilman Thompson,

Jonathan Thorne,

Samuel Thorne, Jr.,

W. V. S. Thorne,

Myles Tierney,

Louis C. Tiffany,

Henry N. Tifft,

James Timpson,

Rev. E. P. Tivnan, 8. J.,

Mrs. Margaret T. Tjader,
J. Kennedy Tod,

P. S. Trainor,

A. F, Troescher,
Frederick K. Trowbridge,
Carll Tucker,

Dr. Alfred Tuckerman,
Paul Tuckerman,

Geo. E. Turnure,
Benjamin Tuska,

Mrs. Mary A. Tuttle,
Mrs. Alice B. Tweedy,

E. S. Twining,

Lucien H. Tyng,

Oswald W. Uhl]

Mrs. Walter M. Underhill,
Theodore N. Vail,

Mrs. Henry C. Valentine,
James J. Van Alen,

( 296 )

Mrs. W. Seward Webb,
Miss Alice D. Weekes,
Chas. Wehrhane,

Charles H. Weigle,
Bernard Weinig,

Mrs. C. Gouveneur Weir,
Mrs. Samuel W. Weiss,
Mrs. John Wells,

Oliver J. Wells,

Arthur L. Wessell,

Dr. William West,
William Young Westervelt,
Miss Edith Wetmore,

Dr. Wm. E. Wheelock,
Alfred T. White,

Miss Caroline White,

Mrs. Stanford White,
Clarence Whitman,

Miss Margaret S. Whitney,

Mrs. Frederick T. Van Beuren, Elmore A. Willets,

Barend Van Gerbig,
E. H. Van Ingen,

Mrs. Percy H. Williams,
Richard H. Williams,

Mrs. Warner M. Van Norden, William H. Williams,

Edgar B. Van Winkle,

W. P. Willis,

Mrs. Wilbur Linwood Varian, a R. Williston,

Mrs. James M. Varnum,
Richard C. Veit,

Thos. F. Vietor,

Alfonso P. Villa,

Mrs. Gustavus A. Walker,
James N. Wallace,

Leo Wallerstein,

Dr. Max Wallerstein,
Wm. I. Walter,

Artemus Ward,

Mrs. John I. Waterbury,
C. W. Watson,

Thomas L. Watt,

Mrs. E. H. Weatherbee,
H. Walter Webb,

rank D. Wilsey
ae Edmund B. Wilsons
Dr. Margaret B. Wilson,
M. Orme Wilson,
Bronson Winthrop,
Grenville L. Winthrop,
Mrs. Robt. Winthrop,
Mrs. Frank S. Witherbee,
Lewis S. Wolff,
William E. Wolff,
Prof. R. 8. Woodward,
Miss Julia Wray,
Mrs. J. Hood Wright,
Mrs. A. Murray Young,
George A. Zabriskie,

(297 )
Joseph A. Zanetti, Charles Zoller,
Mrs. Anna M. von Zedlitz, O. F. Zollikoffer.
Charles H. Zehnder,

MemBers oF THE WomEN’s AUXILIARY

Mrs. George A. Armour, Mrs. Charles Mac Veagh,
Mrs. Robert Bacon, Mrs, V. Everit Macy,
Miss Elizabeth Billings, Mrs. Henry Marquand,
Miss Eleanor Blodgett, Mrs. George W. Perkins,
Mrs. N. L. Britton, Mrs. George D. Pratt,
Mrs. Charles D. Dickey, Mrs. Harold I. Pratt,
Mrs. A. Barton Hepburn, Miss Harriette Rogers,
Mrs. Robert C. Hill, Mrs. James Roosevelt,
Mrs. Wm. A. Hutcheson, Mrs. Benson B. Sloan,
Mrs. Walter Jennings, Mrs. Theron G. Strong,
Mrs. Delancey Kane, Mrs. Henry O. Taylor,
Mrs. Hamilton F. Kean, Mrs. W. G. Thomson,
Mrs. Gustav E. Kissel, Mrs. George Cabot Ward.
Mrs. A. A. Low,

Honorary MEMBERS OF THE WoMEN’s AUXILIARY
Mrs. E. Henry Harriman, Mrs. F, K. Sturgis,
Mrs, John I. Kane, Mrs. F. F. Thompson.
Miss Olivia E. P. Stokes,

(298 )

REPORT OF THE TREASURER

New York, January 12, 1920
To THE Boarp or Manacers oF THE New York Bo-
TANICAL GARDEN.

Gentlemen: Herewith I submit a statement of my Receipts
and Disbursements during the year 1919, and Balance
Sheet from my Ledger as of December 31, 1919.

Respectfully submitted,
Joun L. Merrit,
Treasurer.

Receipts AND DisBURSEMENTS
Receipts

Balance brought forward, December 31, 1918..... $ 25,844.61
Sale of Investments
Investment ‘Guggenheim
Greenhouse Fund,
$30,000 New York Cen-
tral Notes............ $29,818.75
Investment of Science and
Education Fund,$40,000
Northern Pacific Rail-
way Co........ 0. ee eee 39,390.00 $ 69,208.75
Income from General Investments
credited to General Income Ac-
count
5% on $50,000. Southern
Ry. 1st Consolidated

Mortgage Bonds........ 500.00
ss on $50,000 Ches.
. Co. nee
vee Boads ee re 2,250.00

4% on $50,000 Erie Rail-
road Co. Prior Lien

( 299 )

4% on $59,000 Erie Rail-
roa o. Penn. Coll.

4% on $50,000 Reading
R. R. Co. Bonds, Jersey
Central Coll. Tr.........

a on A Northern

R. St. Paul,
See Diva ptiatree eave ae

4% on $35,000 Northern
Pac. R. R. Bonds, Gt.
Nor. C. B. & Q. Trust ..

5% on $10,000 Louisville
& Na R. Egqpt.
INGtCS 5 eee

4% on $10,000 New York
City Stock due 1959.

44%% on $10,000 N. Y.
Cent. Lines Eqpt. Notes

4% on $11,000 Milwaukee,
cate & No. West. R. R.

ie on $50,000 Pennsyl-
vania R. R. Genl. Mtge.

5% on $10,000 Balto. &
Ohio R. R. Bonds......
ae on ee 000 Great Nor.
Coll. Trust Gold

5% on $40,000 Great Nor.
R. R. Co. Coll. Trust
Bonds, to date of sale...

2,360.00

2,000.00

960.00

1,400.00

500.00
400.00

450.00

440.00

2,250.00

500.00

1,250.00

1,581.95 B 20,841.95

Income from Investment of Addison
Brown Fund, 4% on $22,000 Nor.

Pac. Prior Lien Bonds...

paneer 880.00
Income from Investment of John Innes

Kane Fund, 5% on $10,000 Gt.

Nor. Railway Co. Bonds.

eee ati 500.00

( 300 )

Income from Investment of Guggen-
heim Greenhouse Fund, interest on

Income from Investment of Maria
DeWitt Jesup Fund,
4% on $15,000 Nor. Pac.

Prior Lien Bonds........ $600.00
4%% on $10,000 Liberty
Loan Bonds............ 425.00

Interest on Deposits, being interest at
3% on balances with J. P. Morgan
& Co. forthe yearIgig. .....
Interest on Liberty Bonds, subscribed
for by employees and not re-
deerme desie pce ae see eee esd oat ee
Membership Fees and Dues
Sustaining Members’ Fees. 300.00
Annual Dues............ 9,480.00

Subscriptions to “North American
Flora,” Sales of Publications, cred-
ited to Income of David Lydig

Subscriptions to ‘‘ Addisonia,”’ credited
to Income of Addison Brown Fund

Sundry Sales, credited to Income of
Stokes Fund. ..... 1.2.2.2...

Contribution for Horticultural Prizes
by The Horticultural Society of
New York, credited to Income of
Wm. R. Sands Fund.... .......

Income of Chas. B. Robinson Fund...

Contributions from New York City
towards Maintenance.......

Other Contributions

To Students’ Research

Fund «casuiidee¢eaks $ 100.00
To Special Fund for Books. 811.00
To Plant Fund........... 573-00

802.78

1,025.00

412.13

44.64

9,780.00

2,127.31
2,599.35

3-50

161.50
31.59

92,239-72

(301 )

To eae and Herbarium

To Convalescent Soldiers’

Garden Fund.......... 3325.50 12,739.50
Sale of Junk... 22... ee cece eee eee 187.90
Vouchers Paid, Refund.............. 9.35
Repayments by Employees for Liberty

Bond Subscriptions............. $ 12,391.13

$225,977.10

Disbursements

Expenses paid through Director-in-Chief
Account of New York City Appro-

priations...............0005. . D 92,239.72
General Account for vouchers paid. 27,361.01
Guggenheim Greenhouse Fund..... 55,104.60
Cherry Garden Shelter Fund....... 1,161.00
Grounds Improvement Fund....... 4,710.19
Convalescent Soldiers’ Garden Fund 3,198.00
Emergency Fund..... ........... 1,044.84
Reserve Fund. ..........2....005. 24,730.26
Publications, debited to Income of

David Lydig Fund............. 2,230.90
Publications, debited to Income of

Addison Brown Fund........ .. 2,767.84
Income of Maria DeWitt Jesup Fund 722.28
Income of Students’ Research Fund 150.00
Income of D. O. Mills Fund....... 1,120.96
Income of Science and Education

Bund 3s ete erence vet Seed 4,909.67
Income of Stokes Fund... ...... 2.20
Income of John Innes Kane Fund.. 20.15

Income of Wm. R. Sands Fund.... 141.00

$251,821.71

Special Fund for Books........... 85.08
Plant Fund.......... 0 2... eee eee 882.42
Exploration Fund................ 300.00
Museum and Herbarium Fund..... 351.46 $223,233.58

Sundry Accounts
Interest on Liberty Bonds, sub-
scribed for by Employees, paid for

by the Garden................. $ 176.79
Subscriptions to Liberty Bonds for
Account of Garden Employees... 12,400.00 12,576.79

Balance December 31, 1919, on deposit
with J. P. Morgan & Co......... 16,011.34

$251,821.71

Lepcer Batances, DECEMBER 31, I9I9

Credit
Permanent Funds
Endowment Fund.......-.... 0.0 cece eee eens $268,760.00
Endowment Fund, for Science & Education..... 83,461.90
David Lydig Fund, Bequest of Charles P. Daly . 34,337.86
Legacy of Wm. R. Sands..............000000: 10,000.00
Darius Ogden Mills Fund..................05. 50,000.00
Henry Iden Legacy..... 0.2... eee ee ee 10,000.00
Addison Brown Legacy..............0 000 e caus 21,850.00
John Innes Kane Fund. ............. ccc eeeeee 10,000.00
Stokes Fund... 2.0... ccc cee eens 3,000.00
Charles Budd Robinson Memorial Fund 705.44
Students Research Fund.................00005 4,124.00
Maria DeWitt Jesup Legacy..............0005 25,000.00
$521,239.20
Temporary Funds
Cherry Garden Shelter Fund....... 839.00
Reserve Fund.................05. 13,019.74
Grounds Improvement Fund... . 358.16

Convalescent Soldiers’ Garden Fund 3,459.57
Investment of Guggenheim Green-
house Fund, profit on Investment. 1,590.63

(303 )
Income Investment Maria Dewitt

Income David Lydig Fund........
Income Students’ Research Fund...
Income Stokes Fund..............
Income John Innes Kane Fund....
Income Addison Brown Fund......

Plant Fund. .............000 ce eee
Exploration Fund................
Museum and Herbarium Fund.....

Grand Total...................0..

Debit
General Investments

$50,000 Ches. & Ohio Genl. Mtg. Bonds
50,000 So. Ry. Co. 1st Cons. Mtg. Bds.
50,000 Erie R. R. Co. Prior Lien Bds.
59,000 Erie R. R. Co. Penn. Coll. Tr. Bds.
50,000 Reading R. R. Co. J. C. Coll. Tr. Bds.
24,000 Nor. Pac. R. R.-St. P. & D. Div. Bds.
30,000 Nor. Pac. Gt. Nor.-C. B. & Q. Coll.

10,000 N. Y. City 4% Stock 1959
Investment, D. O. Mills Fund

167.76

1,745.53

530.41
126.04
539.98

2,126.11

74-62

iS

$50,000 Penn. R. R. Gent. Mtg. Bonds, 444%...

Investment, Science &3 Education Fund

$10,000 N. Y. Cent. Lines Eqpt.
10,000 Louisville & Nashville Eqpt.
10,000 Balto. & Ohio Refunding

Genl. Mtg. Bds. due Dec. 1995, 5%
5,000 Chic. Burlington & Quincy R. R. Jt. 4s.

July 1, 1921

9
10,000 Gt. Nor. Rwy. 5% Gold Notes due

Sept. I, 1920
Investment, Henry Iden Fund

$11,000 Milwaukee, Sparta & No. W. R. R. Bonds.

$ 25,795.18
$547,034.38

$312,424.18

B 50,418.33

| B 45,142.36

10,120.00

(304)
Investment, Addison Brown Legacy
$22,000 Nor. Pac. Prior Lien Bds. 4%.......... 21,380.69

Investment, John Innes Kane Fund
$10,000 Gt. Northern Rwy. Co. 5% Gold Notes due
Sept 119202. sssevatdetebeerer dex IeGesde 10,015.62

Investment, Maria De Witt Jesup Fund

$15,000 No. Pac. Prior Lien Bonds, 4% oe

$10,000 Liberty Bonds, Third Loan. |" " 3937-75
Director-in-Chief Working Fund..........4. 00000. 30,000.00
General Income Account

Balance borrowed from Permanent Funds...... 25,750.29
Guggenheim Greenhouse Fund... 0.0.0.0. c ce cee 126.80
Interest on Employees’ Liberty Bonds

To be borne by the Garden. ...............04. 102.15
Employees’ Liberty Bonds

Due from Employees...........6.0 000 e ee auee 2,163.87

Cash in Hands of Treasurer
On deposit with J. P. Morgan & Co............ 16,011.34

3547,034.38

(305 )

TREASURER’s ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR 1919

Room 318, Granp CENTRAL TERMINAL
New York, May 18th, 1920
Mr. Epwarp D. Apams,
Chairman, Finance Committee, New York Botanical Garden,
71 Broadway, New York, N. Y.
Dear Sir:

This is to certify that I have, by direction of the Board of
Managers, examined the books and accounts of the Treasurer of
the New York Botanical Garden, for the year nineteen hundred
and nineteen (1919), together with their proper vouchers, and
that I find the balance sheet and the Treasurer’s statement of
receipts and disbursements attached hereto to be correct.

I have also examined the various investment securities and
find the same to be as reported in the said balance sheet.

Respectfully submitted,
A. W. Stone,
Special Auditor.

( 306 )

Direcror-in-Cuier’s ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR 1919

Room 318, Granp CENTRAL TERMINAL
New York, May 18th, 1920
Mr. Epwarp D. Apams,
Chairman, Finance Committee, New York Botanical Garden,
71 Broadway, New York, N. Y.
Dear Sir:

This is to certify that I have examined and audited the
financial books and accounts of the Director-in-Chief of the
New York Botanical Garden for the year nineteen hundred and
nineteen (1919), and that I find the same to be correct, and the
cash balance to be as stated in the current cash book.

In accordance with recent practice, I have not included in
this auditing the examination of the vouchers for City main-
tenance or construction work paid for by the City, as such
vouchers have been found proper and in order by the City
authorities, and it was decided in 1904 by the then Chairman of
the Finance Committee that a further examination of them was
unnecessary. By like authority I have omitted also a detailed
examination of the annual membership dues account. These
dues are received by the Director-in-Chief and forwarded by
him to the Treasurer, the former keeping a detailed record of
the same.

Respectfully submitted,
. W. STONE,
Special Auditor.

BULLETIN
The New York Botanical Garden

Vol. 10 No. 40

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND DIRECTOR-
IN-CHIEF FOR THE YEAR 1920
(Accepted and ordered printed January 10, 1922)
To THE Boarp oF ManaceErs oF THE New York Botani-
CAL GARDEN.

Gentlemen: I have the honor to submit my report for
the year ending January 10, 1921.

The maintenance and development of the institution
have proceeded during the year, with many noteworthy
additions to the collections, and with marked improve-
ments to the grounds. Extensive repairs to buildings
have been made and repair work needs to be continued.
Plantations, lawns, trees, and woodlands have been main-
tained in health and beauty, vandalism having been kept
in check, except for a few irritating incidents; high autumnal
gales felled a number of forest trees. ‘The path system has
been extended, especially at the new iris garden and its
approaches; the cherry garden shelterhouse was com-
pleted and path approaches built up to it; work upon the
much needed fence along the Southern Boulevard was com-
menced in the autumn and the entrance to the horticultural
gardens there was nearly completed. The new iris garden
within the horticultural grounds was built and planted
and much progress was made in constructing and planting
the new fern garden and the adjoining rock garden at
the southern end of the herbaceous grounds. ‘The dahlia
collection was much increased and the plantation extended;

(307)

(308 )

a gift of some 20,000 tulip-bulbs from the General Bulb
Growers Society at Haarlem should form a highly attrac-
tive feature in the horticultural gardens next spring. Ex-
tensive additions were made to the orchid collection in
conservatory range 2, and the collections in the central
display greenhouse have developed luxuriantly. In con-
servatory range I, the palm collection has been much
improved by rearrangement and the cactus collection has
been greatly increased.

Public instruction through Saturday and Sunday after-
noon lectures in the museum building and in the central
display greenhouse attracted interested audiences and the
docentry system has been increasingly appreciated. In-
struction in gardening was continued and advanced stu-
dents and visiting investigators in botany and related sub-
jects have made good use of the collections and library.
A very large amount of information about plants, their
cultivation and their products, has been given out to
visitors and in reply to letters. The labelling of all collec-
tions has been continued.

Exploration and collecting were carried out in Florida,
Cuba and Trinidad, yielding important accessions es
living plants, museum and herbarium specimens. Much
work was accomplished in rearranging museum collections
and in adding specimens held in storage to the exhibition
cases.

About 14,782 species and varieties of plants have been
grown during the year, of these about 5,332 out of doors
and about 9,450 in the greenhouses. Many of these were
represented by a large number of individual plants, many
by one or few. The library now contains about 29,950
volumes, an increase during the year of 270 volumes. It
has proved impossible under existing conditions to get
bookbinding done at all rapidly and we have a consider-
able accumulation of unbound volumes. Additions to
museum and herbarium collections aggregate some 16,569
specimens.

(309 )

Publications during 1920 include Nos. 38 and 39 of the
Bulletin; Volume 21 of the Journal; 3 parts of North Amer-
ican Flora; Volume 12 of Mycologia, 3 parts of the fifth
volume of Addisonia, and 11 numbers of Contributions.
An annotated eaclonde of specimens in the economic
museum is in press to form a part of Volume 11 of the
Bulletin.

Plants and Planting

Through valued cooperation with the American Iris
Society a very extensive new collection of irises has been
planted in the area of the horticultural gardens south of
the herbaceous garden, under the supervision of Dr.
Gleason, Assistant Director; details of this installation
may be found in his report hereto appended.

Dr. Southwick, Custodian of the Herbaceous Grounds,
has supervised and personally constructed a new and
large fern-garden at the base of the rocky hill at the south-
ern end of the herbaceous garden valley; he has collected
and planted there many of the hardy ferns of our region
in large quantities and has assembled many more for
planting there in the spring; he has also accomplished
much work in transforming this hill into a large rock garden,
and it is proposed that he prosecute these works to com-
pletion next season; they cannot fail to be very attractive
and instructive additional features.

Dr. Howe, Curator, largely increased the collection of
Dahlias planted in the border at the railroad station,* and
this was of great interest and beauty throughout the
autumn.

All other plant collections were in charge of Mr. Nash,
Head Gardener and Curator of the Plantations, assisted
by Foreman Gardeners Becker and Finley and by Mr.
Hartling, his immediate assistant; Mr. Boynton, Super-
visor of Gardening Instruction, aided when his other
duties permitted. Not much change was made in the

* See Journal N. Y. Bot. Gard. 21: 138.

(310)

plantations already established, other than additions,
substitutions and replacements, and the transferral of
some of the greenhouse collections from one house to
another to effect better display or to obtain better cultural
conditions. Details may be found in the report of Mr.
Nash hereto appended.

Museums

The arduous task of rearranging and cataloguing the
specimens forming the economic museum was completed
by Dr. Rusby, with the assistance of Mr. Williams, and
progress has been made in the publication of the annotated
catalogue of this very important collection; this will be a
noteworthy contribution to plant economics; about one-
third of the proof has been read.

In pursuance of the plan adopted in 1919, the herbarium
collections of algae were moved from the upper floor of
the museum building to the west hall of the second floor,
and the space occupied by them utilized for library ex-
pansion. Details of work accomplished may be found in
the report of the Head Curator, and in those of the honorary
curators hereto appended.

Library

Much needed additional shelving for octavo and quarto
books was obtained through the special development
fund, as elsewhere reported and will provide for library
expansion for some time, but folios need more shelving.
The need for a special library fund, noted in my last
annual report, has been met in part through a bequest of
$30,000 by Mrs. Fanny Bridgham, received during the
year, the income of this fund having been made available
for the purchase and binding of books by request of the
Scientific Directors, granted by the Board of Managers;
this will yield about $1,500 a year; we also have the in-
come of the Henry Iden Fund of $10,000, a bequest from
Mr. Iden, received several years ago, yielding $500 an-

(311)

nually, already specified for the purchase of books, and
some books may be bought from the income of the Maria
De Witt Jesup Fund of $25,000, bequeathed by Mrs.
Jesup and specified for the increase of the collections, while
others may be had from the Special Book Fund, made
up of contributions for the purchase of books. The ordi-
nary increase of the library is thus at least partly pro-
vided for; some very expensive sets of desirable books of-
fered for sale at intervals may need to be secured through
other sources of income.

As recorded in the report of the Librarian, hereto ap-
pended, the library now contains just about 30,000 volumes.

Exploration and Collecting

A set of the important collections made by Dr. A. S.
Hitchcock, Agrostologist of the United States Bureau of
Plant Industry in British Guiana during the latter part of
1919 and in January 1920, referred to in my last report,
was received during the summer,* and has since been
partly studied. I was occupied for about ten weeks in
the early part of the year in botanical collecting on the
island Trinidad with a party of assistants;t we obtained
a fine series of specimens illustrating the vegetation of
that island, which have mostly been studied and in-
corporated into the permanent collections. Both Dr.
Hitchcock’s expedition and mine were carried out under
the cooperative arrangement entered into by us with the
United States National Museum and the Gray Herbarium
of Harvard University for the increase of knowledge of
the flora and plant products of northern South America
and adjacent islands.{ This investigation has proved to
be very important, resulting already in large accessions of
specimens and of plants not hitherto represented in our
collections and in new highly valuable scientific informa-

* See Journal N. Y. Bot. Gard. 21: 129-137.

t See Journal N. Y. Bot. Gard. 21: 101-118.

tSee Journal N. Y. Bot. Gard. 19: 182-185. 1918; and Science N.S. 53: 29,
30. 1921.

(312)

tion; it is desirable that field work should be prosecuted
as actively as possible with any funds that may be made
available and plans for 1921 contemplate several expedi-
tions for which provision has already been made.

Dr. Small, Head Curator, continued field work in Florida
and elsewhere in the southeastern states in the spring and
in the autumn, made possible by the liberal financial
aid-of Mr. Charles Deering, and obtained extensive and
important series of plants and specimens which have been
partly studied; some of Dr. Small’s observations on these
trips and on previous ones have been published during the
year.*

Large collections of specimens made in Cuba by our
valued correspondents Brother Leon, Brother Hioram and
Dr. Juan T. Roig have added much to knowledge of the
vegetation of that island and have made more complete
the catalogue of the Cuban Flora.

Public Instruction and Information

Public instruction by lecturers and by docents has been
continued. Lectures have been delivered on Saturday
afternoons from February 21 to December 11, either in
the museum building or in the central display greenhouse,
and on Sunday afternoons during the spring and autumn
in the museum building; the Sunday afternoon lectures,
first given this year, were received with much appreciation
and it now appears desirable to have them delivered through
the summer as well as in spring and autumn. A special
lecture fund or funds with available income of about
$2,000 a year, for the payment of lecturers other than
members of the staff, and for sundry lecture expenses
would provide much needed addition to endowment.

Instruction by docents has also been continued, with
increasing requests for this service. Dr. Murrill, Super-
visor of Public Instruction, Mr. Williams, Administrative
Assistant, Mr. Wilson, Associate Curator, and Mr. Becker,

* See Journal N. Y. Bot. Gard. 21: 25-38; 45-54; 81-86; 161-178.

(313)

Foreman Gardener, have done most of this work, one of
them having been available at all times to escort parties of
children or adults to parts of the grounds and buildings,
explain the collections and answer questions; all other
members of the staff have, however, participated in such
instruction, which is very effective and highly appreciated.

The correspondence of the institution in replying to
requests for information about plants of all kinds and plant
products continues to be very extensive.

Details of this work may be found in the report of the
Supervisor of Public Instruction hereto appended.

Instruction of convalescent soldiers in practical garden-
ing, commenced early in I919, was continued, with a
decreasing number of students, until November, when
our arrangements with the Federal Board for Vocational
Education were terminated. During the time of this work
84 convalescent soldiers were given instruction for longer
or shorter periods. A few of them developed fondness for
gardening, but the great majority did not, and these will
probably be more useful in other occupations. Those who
appear to be likely to take advantage of their opportunities
have been permitted to remain as apprentices. All these
students were greatly benefited in health while at the
Garden, and this was, perhaps, the most important result
to be obtained.

A few civilians have been enrolled as gardening students
and have done good work, but it would appear that the
establishment of an apprentice system with remuneration
is the more likely to be satisfactory.

We are continuing the position of Supervisor of Garden-
ing Instruction into 1921, however; Mr. Boynton’s de-
tailed report on instruction given during 1920 is hereto
appended.

Buildings and Bridges
Much of the large amount of repair work on buildings
outlined as necessary in my last annual report was ac-

(314)

complished, but much remains to be done, especially on
the roof of conservatory range 1 and in rebuilding the
benches for plants in four of the houses there. Details
of the work accomplished may be found in the report of
the Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds hereto
appended.

The wooden bridge over the Bronx River, beautifully
located in the north meadows, built of chestnut a number
of years ago, at the time we were obliged to remove many
trees killed by the chestnut blight, is deteriorating. We
have had approved plans for a permanent concrete bridge
at this point for several years awaiting available funds for
building it and these are now very much needed, inasmuch
as the path system has meanwhile been constructed up
to this important crossing on both sides of the river, and
we may be obliged to close the chestnut bridge as a pre-
cautionary measure; the cost of the concrete bridge would
be from $8,000 to $10,000.

All the other bridges are in good condition; the unique
boulder bridge at the northern end of the hemlock grove
continues to excite the wonder and admiration of many
visitors.

Boundary Fences and Entrances

During former years substantial fences were constructed,
where required, along the boundaries of the original reserva-
tion, except along the northern boundary line; these fences
along the property-line of Fordham University and along
a part of the Bronx Boulevard boundary were built through
city appropriations; that along the right-of-way of the
New York Central and Hudson River Railroad was built
by that railroad company under permission from and
agreement with the Garden; driveway and path entrances
were built where needed.

The avenue and parkway boundaries of the land added
by the city to the original reservation in 1915 have re-
mained unfenced, no city appropriations for such con-

(315)

struction having been obtainable. During the year the
Board of Managers decided to prosecute this much needed
construction by any funds available and as rapidly as
practicable. A bequest of $5,000 by Mrs. Mary J. Kings-
land was appropriated for fence construction along the
Southern Boulevard and for the entrance to the horticul-
tural gardens from that avenue, and the foundation, walls
and piers of this fence were built for about 500 lineal feet
during the latter part of the year, the purchase of the
iron railing required to complete this length being deferred,
anticipating lower cost; an appropriation by the Board of
Managers of $7,500 from the income of the Russell Sage
and Margaret Olivia Sage Memorial Fund is available for
the continuation of this fence southward toward Pelham
Avenue, and appropriations from this fund of the same
amount have been made for the three following years. A
bequest received from Mrs. Louisa Combe, $5,280, has
been appropriated by the Board of Managers for fencing
along the Pelham Parkway, including the Mansion Ap-
proach Entrance.

The total length of fencing required, including the
northern boundary along the Bronx River Parkway, is
about 5,000 lineal feet, with four driveway and path
entrances and four path entrances. The foregoing ap-
propriations provide for about 3,500 lineal feet of fence,
one driveway and path entrance, and one path entrance,
leaving about 1,500 feet of fence, three driveway and
path entrances and three path entrances to be provided for.

All the fence built along the Bronx Boulevard and about
one-half of that along the property-line of Fordham Uni-
versity was repainted during the year.

Roads, Paths and Grading
The driveways have been maintained as heretofore by
the City Department of Parks, in accordance with the
provisions of the Garden’s charter under the efficient
direction of Park Commissioner Joseph P. Hennessy, to

(316)

whom we are also indebted for other valued cooperation
and advice. Work upon the unfinished part of the drive-
way leading east from the rose garden, referred to in my
report of a year ago, was continued by the Park Depart-
ment, but the funds available from the city appropria-
tion proved insufficient to complete it. In order to ensure
its completion we took advantage of opportunity, com-
mencing in December, to accomplish the remaining Telford
paving and the grading of banks necessary and this work
is now essentially completed, having been made possible
by continued mild weather. The broken trap-rock for
the macadam layer has been obtained and stacked by the
Park Department. It now remains to use a steam-roller,
for which provision has been made, spread the broken
stone and obtain sufficient trap-rock screenings for sur-
facing and to oil the surface, all of which we hope, through
further cooperation with the Park Department, to accom-
plish next year. The opening of this road will complete
the driveway system of the Garden reservation as planned.
It will sooner or later become necessary, however, to widen
the present narrow road leading south from the rose garden
to Pelham Parkway, as we have realized for some time.
The path system has been maintained by laborers under
the direction of Foreman Gardener Finley; considerable
resurfacing was accomplished and considerable needs to
be done. New paths at the new iris garden and approach-
ing it, aggregating 970 lineal feet in length and ten feet
wide, were completely built, and 850 lineal feet were
graded and made ready for the rock foundation which it
is planned to supply during the winter from necessary
grading operations near the museum building; the paths
approaching the new cherry-garden shelter-house from
the south and east, aggregating 280 lineal feet, ten feet wide
were nearly completely built. The path leading south
from the rose-garden stairway, commenced last autumn,
was completed, as also the path leading southwest from
the mallow garden along the western side of the driveway

(317)

there, and some work was done on the path along the
western side of that driveway, the southern portion of it
being completed.

The necessary construction of the new iris garden paths
prevented our doing any work on the much needed Bronx
River paths leading north along the river from the Linnaean
Bridge referred to in my last report, but we hope to build
at least one of them next season.

Grading, regulating, sodding and draining operations,
requiring much time and labor, were necessary during
the work of path-building and the construction of the new
iris garden.

Details of work on roads, paths, grading and collateral
operations may be found in the report of the Superintendent
of Buildings and Grounds hereto appended.

Water Supply
The work of extending the 4-inch water-supply in order
to obtain higher pressure at the mansion mentioned in
my last annual report was satisfactorily completed during
the spring.

Natural Features

The beauty of the natural woodlands, meadows, river-
banks and river-cliffs within the reservation remains un-
diminished. The forested areas, including the hemlock
grove, are in normal health and luxuriance and their
maintenance has been restricted to the removal of wind-
falls, very much fewer in number than the young trees
which are growing up in them. Some of the iron-railing
bought through the special development fund may be
used to extend the railing of trails, noted as desirable in
my report for IgI9.

Special Development Fund of 1920
For the development of parts of the grounds, publication
of a new guide-book, increase of collections, and additional

(318)

library and herbarium cases, purposes for which no ordinary
funds were available during the year, members of the
Garden were asked to subscribe to a special development
fund and the following contributions were receive

SPECIAL DEVELOPMENT FUND OF 1920

DrcRobert Abbe ia. 2arseditn iaeia tae chiara $B 25
Mr. Edward D. Adams..........0..0..0000.00.0000. 500
Mr. Je Ew Aldréd ss isouas eid chowayy eoee ee ois 10
Mrs. . Herman Aldrich....... 0.0... 0.0... 0000004 10
Mr: Oakes: Ames: /: 22442055. vistedt beets edd bh ne 25
ieee. Oe seaedae eg Saye avies 2 ene eh ae en 5,000
Dr. Si TwArmstrong se oie cates eee ends socket 25
Mrs. Bu Amold iiss c.ca td cies Bate rie nade 5
Mrs. E. S. genie ht Sia iin en ena act Be eect anther ae 5
Mr. Samuel P. Avery... 0.00.00. 0. cee eee 10
Mrs. Robert ne baron ge cen sae Se erin 25
Mr. G. V.N. Baldwin, Jr........00.00.00..0..02000- 5
Dr. Otto F. Behrend... 2.2.0... ee 10
Mr. Frank’ N. Bellis sees ang svies ealloueaeee Dawe vs 5
Mr Re Pe Bicknell: 26 ly 3 Debs d onuesdeny Chale ceases 50
raham Bijur................0.0000 000000000 25

Miss’ Elizabeth Billings...........0......00.-000.0.., 2
Mrs. William H. Birchall... 0.0.0 000..0.00.0...0.0000. 10

Mrs. C. Ledyard Blair........00.0.0.00.000000000000004. 2
Mr. George Blumenthal... ..........00 00.00.00. eee 25
Mi ee DOATAMAN, ofa pacing ee at atten ton sels 5
Mr. William H. Bolton... .....0..0..00. 0.000000. e ee 5
Mr. George D. Brewster.......0...0.00 000 cece eee 100
Mrs:-Woe Es Bush 26 oid Soret eaiorawasatenaugeeeaes 10
Mr. Charles Stewart Butler......0.0..000........0.. 5
re H.W. Cannon... 2. cece eee 10
Mr. Frank R. Chambers... ........00.0 0000000000000 10
Miss Frances H. Close........00.0.0 00000000 cence eee 10
r. PG OMMs eaters Aeawele hae detent em ores xe)
Miss Mary Compton... .........000. 0000 c eevee eee 10
Mrs. Jonathan H. Crane.......0..0.0..0 000000000 cue 10
Mr. Paul D, Cravath... 0... eee 100
R. L. Crawford. 0... 10
Mr. George A. Crocker, Jr... 00. cee eee eee 10
Mr. James W. Cromwell.....00000.00000 0000 c eee eee 100
r. Frederic A. Dallett...0..0...000 00.00.0000 cece, 20
Mr. Charles Deering... 22.0000... 0.0.0.0 e cece eee 250
Mrs. John Ross Delafield... .....0.00.0...0 0000000000 ste)
Mr. Moreau Delano. ......00.0.00 0000000 cece eee 50

Guggenheim... ..........00..0 00 cece eee ee
Miss Elizabeth Stewart Hamilton.................00.
Mr

Dr. Louis Havewith i cate beach tie, Ste her seen cea tle aes

Mr. Philip W. Henry..........0..00 00000 cece eee
Mr. & Mrs. Bernhard Hoffmann.................04
Mr. Theo. RETO VG ae eae ee anes ee

Mra PeeWee ates, sche uc sae eae ete a8
Dr AoR. Ledoux.2c.0%2022 peea bee eaande ences
MricGi Levotiiein ois da sieh td aaa ene sabe ood
Mr. Russell H. Loines..........2..-0.200000200000 000s
Mrs. Seth Low... 2... cece cece ee eens
Mr. Kenneth K. Mackenzie................00-00 000

Mr. V. Everit Macy... 0.00 0 cc cece cece eens
Mr. R. W. Martin... 020
Mr. Emerson McMillin. ..........0. 0000202000000 00
Mr. B. Frank Mebane................ 0002 eee
Mr. ae L. Merrill irae a gene ate eee eta eae

Nie Gharlessh: Pek. gacoce et tee ot yest aero hate:
Mrs. ibe Peéckhatay ccindacle dace cueoe ge.
Mr. E. S. Pegram. 2... 0.0 eee

Miss CG. W. Sargent oad ecaeryn saa Meader ae)
Mrs. Herbert L. Satterlee

Oo

mw

Dr. Edward H. Squibb... 0.2.2.0... 0.0. 10
Mr. Frederic W. Stevens........... 0000000 e eee 5
Mr. Chauncey Stillman.........00. 0.0.0 c eee eee 25
Mrs. James Stokes. ...........00...00 00 cece eee 10
Miss Ellen J. Stone... 00.0... eee eee 25
Mr. Frederick Strauss... 0.000.000.0000 00 eee 25
Mrs, Gustaf Stromberg...............0000 0000000 50
Mrs. Theron G. Strong... 0.0.0.0... 00000 e cee 50
Mr. Joseph Strodeks \. s..5 ae ees dew ae amet 10
Miro FP eK vSturgis soe Secct cao hot ee els ae ae abi 200
Mrs. James Sullivan..........0.0..000.0.0 00.0000 000, 5
Mrs. Henry O. Taylor...........0..0... 0.0020. eee 100
Mr. Samuel Thorne, Jr... 0... eee 10
Mr: Louis’ C. Tiflany oi. ahe.9s i vege ees oe 100
Mr. Henry N. Diftes cite eed ae eee 10
Mr. Alfred Tuckerman...................--...5..0... 5
Mr. Oswald W. Uhl... ee 10
Mr. William I. Walter..........0...2..0......0.004, 25
Mr. Artemas Ward..............0.0..02000020000. 20
s. C. Gouverneur Weir. .......0...000.000..000-0, 5
Miss Edith Wetmore. .................000-0.000-005. 5
Mr WaP:, Willisi.ci44 .a24 pede eet oe he eds 25
Mr. Frank D. Wilsey... 0.00000... 000 cee Io
Mr: John-Ce Wistere ad baie tn eaves e Wee bce aes 20
Mr. George A. Zabriskie... 2.0.0.0... 00.0... 00000 eee 10
Mr. Charles Zoller... 2.00020 ee 5
Total 2a .oid Sou ca et pene neayd eee eee eee: $13,485

Through this highly appreciated cooperation, the pre-
liminary construction of the new iris garden and the new
fern garden, together with their paths and a portion of
their path-approaches, was accomplished, and the new
collection of hardy lilies, obtained through Mrs. Fox’s
contribution, made for this purpose, was partly installed;
six new steel stacks of bookshelves and six new herbarium
cases were bought and various minor improvements were
effected.

Reports Appended
I append reports made to me by Dr. Gleason, Assistant
Director; by Dr. Small, Head Curator; by Dr. Murrill,
Supervisor of Public Instruction; by Mr. Nash, Head
Gardener; by Dr. Stout, Director of the Laboratories;

(322)

by Mr. Boynton, Supervisor of Gardening Instruction;
by Mr. Corbett, Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds;
by Dr. Barnhart, Bibliographer; by Miss Harlow, Libra-
rian; by Dr. Hollick, Honorary Curator of Fossil Plants;
by Mrs. Britton, Honorary Curator of Mosses; by Dr.
Rusby, Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections;
and a schedule of expenditures by Mr. Groesbeck, Book-
keeper.
Respectfully submitted,
N. L. Britton,
Director-in-Chief

REPORT OF THE ASSISTANT DIRECTOR

Dr. N. L. Brirron, Director-in-Chief.

Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith my annual
report as First Assistant and Assistant Director.

Besides carrying on the usual routine of administrative
duties, as delegated to me by yourself, I have devoted my
attention to various improvements planned to increase
the eficiency of Garden operation. During your absence
in Trinidad during the winter and in England in the late
summer and early autumn, I took entire charge of the ad-
ministrative work of the Garden and desire to express
my appreciation of the sound advice so frequently needed
and so generously given by the members of our Board of
Managers and Scientific Directors, and of the loyal coopera-
tion by the members of our staff.

At the beginning of the year, about fifty former soldiers
were receiving training in gardening under the direction
of Kenneth R. Boynton, Supervisor of Garden Instruction,
and in cooperation with the Federal Board for Vocational
Education. Mr. Boynton was assisted by Walter B.
Balch and E. E. Watson, and occasionally by other mem-
bers of the staff. The number of students enrolled had
decreased in the summer, and a new contract was made
with the Federal Board, effective November 1, by which
the Garden was assured sufficient income from fees to

(323 )

meet the necessary expenses. The Board of Managers, at
their meeting of November 18, authorized negotiations
with the Federal Board with a view to terminating the
contract. This was done, and the school in its old form
ceased December 2.

The Scientific Directors, at their meeting of December 11,
authorized the continuation of not more than six of the
former students as apprentice gardeners, without wages
from the Garden and without the payment of fees by the
Federal Board. This plan was put into effect December
13, with four men, and its progress will be watched with
much interest.

In the meantime, attempt was made in the spring and
early summer to establish the apprentice gardener system
with four boys, from 16 to 18 years of age. One boy,
James Granville, aged 16, began work in August, and has
been uniformly satisfactory.

During your absence in England, the requests for ap-
propriations for 1921 were submitted, through the Park
Department, to the Board of Estimate of the City of New
York. Inspectors visited the Garden repeatedly through
August and September and approved each of our requests
without change in the amounts except a small reduction
in one item. The total amount appropriated, however,
falls short of our request by about $37,000, and compels
us to postpone many urgent repairs or else provide our own
funds for them.

The Botanical Garden has received more valuable
publicity than heretofore. Several articles appearing in
the Journal have been reprinted or reviewed by scientific
or trade periodicals, while the unusually successful displays
of tulips in the spring and of dahlias in the summer and
autumn, as well as other features, were well covered by
the daily press. A number of special articles, dealing with
the more interesting features of the Garden, have also
been published, particularly in the New York Times.

(324)

Partly because of newspaper publicity calling attention
to special displays of growing plants, partly because of
the housing situation in the city, and doubtless for other
reasons as well, the number of visitors in the Garden has
been notably greater than ever before. On pleasant
Sundays they enter our grounds at the Elevated Railway
Entrance at a rate as high as one hundred per minute,
while other entrances add considerable numbers. Al-
though our grounds are large enough to prevent actual
congestion, still the problem of caring for so many visitors,
of directing them to places of interest, of providing them
with benches and otherwise aiding their personal comfort,
of guarding against petty depredations, of cleaning the
grounds of litter, is sufficient to tax our resources to the
utmost without satisfactorily meeting the situation. The
chief present needs in caring for our regular Sunday crowds
include the improvement of the old comfort stations and
the erection of new ones, the distribution of more benches
about the grounds, the provision of more receptacles for
waste, the erection of path railings and warning signs,
and the employment for Sunday duty of several more
keepers. These matters are already receiving official
attention.

Although conditions on the grounds on week days are
entirely different, more labor is needed in picking up litter
left on Sunday and more keepers are urgently needed as
patrols through the grounds to prevent minor depredations
by boys and thoughtless or careless adults. Additional
police protection is also a highly important desideratum.

Various societies and clubs have used our grounds and
buildings throughout the year and are reported in detail

y the Supervisor of Public Instruction. Of special in-
terest among them was the American Iris Society, which
was organized in the Mansion January 29. Shortly after
its organization the Society entered into an agreement
with the Garden, after approval by our counsel, for the
establishment of a trial and demonstration garden of

(325)

Iris on our grounds. Construction of this garden was
begun in the spring, through the aid of the Special De-
velopment Fund, and plantings were made in the late
summer and autumn. While the garden is not yet com-
pleted, it already contains 559 named varieties of Iris,
and an unusual display is expected for the spring of 1922.

The annual Spring Inspection was held Thursday, May 6.

I have served as editor of the Journal throughout the
year, with the assistance of Dr. Pennell at certain times.
Volume 21, for 1920, contains 238 pages and 12 full page
plates. Increased cost of printing has compelled me to
limit its size as much as possible, with the unavoidable re-
sult that many articles and notes have been omitted.
Addisonia and Mycologia have appeared as usual through
the year. Bulletin 38, the guidebook for the museums,
greenhouses, and grounds, appeared June 30, containing
114 pages and 28 plates. Bulletin 39, the annual report
for 1919, with 94 pages, was published June 30.

During the year 11 numbers of the Contributions have
been published, aggregating 389 pages and g plates, as
follows:

212. Scrophulariaceae of the Local Flora, by Dr. Francis
W. Pennell.

216. Some Applications of the Quadrat Method, by
Dr. H. A. Gleason.

217. Further Experimental Studies on Self-incompati-
bility in Hermaphrodite Plants, by Dr. A. B. Stout.

218. Observations on Monosporangial Discs in the Genus
Liagora, by Dr. M. A. Howe.

219. Scrophulariaceae of the Central Rocky Mountain
States, by Dr. Francis W. Pennell.

220. Notes on Rosaceae—XII, by Dr. P. A. Rydberg.

221. Scrophulariaceae of the Southeastern United States,
by Dr. Francis W. Pennell.

222. The Land of Ferns. The Habitats and Distribu-
tion of the Fernworts of Florida, by Dr. J. K. Small.

(326)

223. Calymperaceae of North America, by R. S.
Williams.

224. Phytogeographical Notes on the Rocky Mountain
Region. IX. Wooded Formations of the Montane Zone of
the Southern Rockies, by Dr. P. A. Rydberg.

227. Scrophulariaceae of Colombia—I, by Dr. Francis
W. Pennell.

While it is in many ways desirable that the research
activities of the members of the Garden staff should be
given publicity through diverse channels, it is in other
ways to be regretted that our own publications are not
able to handle all of our scientific papers.

My personal research through the year has been directed
to a continuation of studies on the South American species
of Siphocampylus and Centropogon, in which notable
progress has been made, in spite of insufficient material.
The studies have already revealed a wealth of undescribed
species in these two genera in the mountains of Colombia
and Ecuador and serve to illustrate and emphasize the
great need of further botanical exploration in northern
South America, a work in which the Garden is already
actively engaged.

Besides the Contribution mentioned above, I have
published during the year, six short articles and have sub-
mitted several short abstracts to the editor of Botanical
Absiracts

Finally, it is a pleasure to record the general improvement
in the esprit de corps of the entire Garden personnel, due
to increase in salaries and the reduction in the cost of
living, and the better condition of our growing plants and
our material equipment, due to the efficient work of our
faithful employees, the reopening of conservatory range 2,
and the increased funds available for maintenance.

Respectfully submitted,
H. A. GLeason,
fssistant Director

(327)

REPORT OF THE HEAD CURATOR OF THE
MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM

Dr. N. L. Brirron, Director-1n-CuHier.

Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith my report as
Head Curator of the Museums and Herbarium for the
year 1920.

The several collections, both the public exhibits and the
research material, were cared for and developed as in
preceding years

e materials acquired during the year represent a
wide geographic range, but the more important additions
came from continental and insular America. The speci-
mens received during the year were accessioned in detail
from month to month in the Journal. The accession lists
there recorded may be summarized as follows:

ppecmen feccived through sae and purchases.......... 4,972
ANSES is chaeitrate temic aa 2,489
a “ ie Biba on Rea er ee rare 9,108

Thus a total of 16,569 specimens was added to the re-
sources of our permanent and duplicate collections. The
value of the specimens received as gifts is estimated at

269. About 3,790 duplicate specimens were sent to
other institutions as exchanges. In return we have re-
ceived specimens or credit.

Museums
The public exhibits were maintained as in the previous
year. No new equipment was added, but miscellaneous
specimens were interpolated and extensive rearrangements
of specimens were effected in the economic museum.

Economic Museum
Numerous specimens were added to this exhibit chiefly
through the personal activity and efforts of Dr. Rusby,
Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections. These
additions were made throughout the various divisions and

(328 )

all specimens were rearranged and the exhibits put in
final sequence—the results of several years work on this
collection. It now contains over 8,000 specimens.

The labelling of the new specimens was begun by the
use of a temporary typewritten label. These labels will
ultimately be replaced by the standard printed label.

The Systematic Museum

The four divisions comprising this museum were main-
tained as heretofore.

The Synoptic collection was increased by the addition of
specimens in some of the lower groups of plants.

The Local Flora was also made more complete by the
addition of specimens in the lower groups and by illustra-
tion to represent plants not suitable for exhibition in the
frames.

The Microscope Exhibit was maintained unchanged,
except for the replacing or renewal of specimens.

The Plant Picture Exhibit was not enlarged, although
many photographic prints are held in reserve awaiting
additional frames in which to display them.

The Fossil Plant Museum

More than fifty specimens were added to this museum.
They were from near the arctic circle, Alaska, on the one
hand, and from near the equator, Trinidad, on the other.
A beginning has been made in replacing worn labels in the
public exhibits.

Herbarium

Specimens totalling 16,227 were received during the
year. ‘The geographic distribution represented was almost
world-wide, but the more important additions, at least as
far as the present work of the Garden is concerned, came
from the Continental United States, Mexico, the West
Indies, northern South America, and the Philippine Islands.

Selections from the accessions of the year and from those
of previous ycars, amounting to 32,000 specimens were
mounted and incorporated in the permanent collections.

(329)

This addition represents 18,940 herbarium sheets. No
new equipment was added to the herbarium, but consider-
able shifting of specimens was necessary owing to the un-
even development of the different plant-groups. The
complete rearrangement, on the Engler and Prantl se-
quence, of the fern herbarium was completed and all the
accumulated mounted fern specimens were distributed
into their proper places. Work was concluded on the
arrangement of the unmounted herbarium material so
that specimens can be consulted when necessary or desir-
able.

The local flora herbarium was increased by the addition
of selected specimens brought together by the personal
efforts of members of the garden staff and by specially
arranged exchanges.

Investigations and Assistance

The curatorial work was performed by the several
curators and associate curators, some of whom have also
participated in or cared for various other matters and all of
whom have followed, incidentally, some line or lines of
investigation connected with Garden activities.

Dr. P. A. Rydberg, Curator, continued in charge of the
herbarium of phanerogamic plants. The mechanical work
this year has mainly been confined to the distributing of
recently mounted specimens. His taxonomic work on the
families Carduaceae and Fabaceae has been continued.
Of the former, the manuscript for one part of North Ameri-
can Flora has been delivered to the editor and enough for
half a part in addition is practically ready. Of the Faba-
ceae, one part, containing the second half of the tribe
Pee alee. was published in January. The tribes Indi-
gofereae and Galegeae are all but ready except the sub-
tribe Astragalaneae of the latter. The manuscript pre-
pared will almost be enough for two more parts. Two
articles were published in the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical
Club: ‘‘Notes on Rosaceae XII,” and “ Phytogeographical
Notes on the Rocky Mountain region XI.”

(330)

Dr. Marshall A. Howe, Curator, continued to have
charge of the collections of Algae and Hepaticae. His
principal publications of the year have been an account of
the algae of the Bahamas, comprising sixty-six pages of
Britton and Millspaugh’s Bahama Flora, which appeared in
June, and a paper entitled ‘‘Observations on Monospor-
angial Discs in the Genus Liagora’”’ contributed to the
Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. He has given con-
siderable time to the study of specimens of marine algae
obtained by several expeditions to Porto Rico, and also to
distributing duplicates of Bahama algae. Somewhat more
than 3,400 specimens were sent to twenty-one institutions
in the United States and Europe, especially to those in
which studies of the marine algae are being carried on and
with which exchange relations have been established. Dr.
Howe has given four lectures in the Saturday afternoon
courses during the year, and has conducted a special course
in the study of the algae. He has continued to act as an
associate editor of the publications of the Torrey Botanical
Club and as a member of the Council of the New York
Academy of Sciences. Asa collateral line of activity he has
again had charge of the dahlia border, which has developed
into one of the most popular attractions of the Garden.

Dr. Fred J. Seaver, Curator, was in charge of the collec-
tions of lower fungi, the higher fungi being looked after
by Dr. W. A. Murrill. Collecting and research have been
continued on the various groups of ascomycetes especially
the cup-fungi. Manuscript on the genus Phyllosticta has
been practically completed for North American Flora.
Considerable time has been used in compiling a list of the
species of Porto Rican fungi to be used by Dr. Britton in
his flora of Porto Rico; also in the study of the genus
Phyllachora, a group of parasitic fungi which are especially
abundant in the tropics. Scveral papers were published
during the ycar and one lecture was given in the regular
Saturday afternoon course. A number of museum speci-

(331)

mens were added to the collection and to the public exhibit
of the local rusts. Work was continued on destructive
insects and one trip made to Long Island to inspect the
elm trees on the grounds of the Sage Foundation Home
Company which were thought to be dying from a fungus
disease, but which were found to be victims of the elm
borer. A few days were spent in Pennsylvania collecting
specimens in collaboration with Pennsylvania State Col-
lege, Cornell University, and Syracuse University.

Mr. Percy Wilson, Associate Curator, devoted con-
siderable time to Rerereys and distributing collections
of tropical American plants, especially those from the
West Indies and South America. He has also received
for determination from specialists of other institutions
many specimens of tropical American plants on which
parasitic fungi occur. His duties as docent continued
three afternoons each week, and he also had charge of
many of the special students and classes that availed them-
selves of the opportunities thus offered by the Garden.
In this way over 1,200 students came under his personal
instruction.

Dr. Francis W. Pennell, Associate Curator, in addition
to curatorial duties, continued his studies on the Scrophu-
lariaceae. During April and May he collected this and
related groups in the western Gulf States and later in the
year he published papers on the hulariaceae of the
southeastern States, the central Rocky Mountain States,
and Colombia. Studies of this family in other parts of
the New World are in preparation, and he began mono-
graphing the tribe Gratioleae for North American Flora.
A bibliographic index, preliminary to the study of the
related families, Solanaceae, Bignoniaceae, and Gesneri-
aceae, was commenced. Dr. Pennell had especial charge
of the local herbarium, and also delivered lectures, in the
garden course and elsewhere, on the Southeastern United
States and Colombian floras.

(332)

The writer, in addition to the general and detailed
curatorial duties connected with the public and research
collections, continued his studies in systematic and regional
botany, especially in relation to the plants of the south-
eastern United States. Articles for the Journal and
Addisonia were written, and several were published. Two
papers also appeared in the journals of other institutions.
The recent discoveries connected with the box-huckleberry,
and the problems involved, as well as range-extension of
certain prickly-pears, led him to devote a few days in
August to explorations in the Delaware peninsula and in
eastern Pennsylvania. Besides general herbarium speci-
mens and various living specimens, he secured colonies of
the box-huckleberry from the three known wild plants for
transplanting in the Garden. He devoted several weeks,
during the early spring and the late fall, to exploration and
study in Florida. The special objects of search and in-
vestigation in the field were palms (Pseudophoenix, Pauro-
tis), cacti (Opuntia, Harrisia), wild-pepper plants (Peper-
omta), lilies (Crinum), spider-lilies (Hymenocallis), coonties
(Zamia), and century-plants (dgave). Success attended
all the writer’s efforts, and living specimens in quantity
were brought together for study-plantations under glass
at the Garden and in the open in Charles Deering’s reserva-
tions at Buena Vista and at Cutler, Florida, where almost
unlimited facilities for experimenting and investigation,
as well as for exploration, have been put at his disposal by
Mr. Deering. The cactus plantation at Buena Vista,
which has already been of such signal service in connection
with your studies in the Cactaceae, was enlarged through
your generosity as well as through that of others. A
century-plant plantation was installed at Cutler, to which
specimens were contributed from the duplicate collections
of the Garden. Numerous experiments in planting and
in the effects of environment were incidentally inaugurated
in both reservations referred to above during periods of
field-work in Florida. The main results of the field work,

(333)

as well as those of studies in the plantations, have been
embodied in papers which will appear in future issues of
the Garden Journal.

The reports of Dr. H. H. Rusby, Honorary Curator of the
economic collections, Mrs. Elizabeth G. Britton, Hon-
orary Curator of Mosses, and Dr. Arthur Hollick, Hon-
orary Curator of fossil plants, appear elsewhere.

Respectfully submitted,
Joun K. Smatt,
Head Curator of the Museums and Herbarium.

REPORT OF THE SUPERVISOR OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
Dr. N. L. Britron, Direcror-1n-CuHIeErF.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report for
the year 1920.

Instruction has been given free to the public in a variety
of ways during the year and has been much appreciated.
The lecture course was considerably extended and more
outside lecturers were secured. Instruction by correspond-
ence has also notably increased. A new edition of the
guide-book was issued early in the year.

Lectures

Forty-five illustrated public lectures on botanical and
horticultural subjects have been given in the museum
building on Saturday and Sunday afternoons from April
17 to October 31 inclusive, the titles of which have been
published in the Journal. Of these 22 were given by mem-
bers of the garden staff and 23 by lecturers from the out-
side. The attendance for the year has averaged about 99,
the maximum being 287 on September 25. The Sunday
lectures were better attended in the spring and the Saturday
ones in the autumn.

During the early spring and late autumn two courses of
six lectures each were given in the central display green-
house of conservatory range 2, where plants could be used
to illustrate them. ‘The speakers were exclusively members

(334)

of the garden staff. Much interest has been shown in the
continuation of these lectures, the attendance increasing
considerably during the year and averaging 42 for the
autumn series.

School Lectures and Demonstrations

Several classes in biology from various public high schools
have visited the garden for the study of living plants and
museum collections and for lectures in our lecture hall.
These have been under the general direction of the school
teachers, guided by myself and assisted by various members
of the garden staff.

Docentry

It is difficult to estimate the number of persons who
have received personal attention from the department of
public instruction during the year, assisted by Mr. Wilson,
Mr. Williams, Mr. Becker, and other members of the
Garden staff. The few groups of visitors mentioned below
will indicate the character and scope of this work.

The North Country Garden Club, presided over this
year by Mrs. Beekman Winthrop, of Westbury, Long
Island, made a field-day excursion to the New York Botani-
cal Garden on the afternoon of Wednesday, May 19. The
Nature Committee of the Good-Citizenship League, of
Flushing, Long Island, consisting of about twenty ladies,
arrived at the Garden May 17 at ten-thirty o’clock and
remained all day. About 60 pupils in the summer school
of Columbia University, accompanied by Mr. L. W.
Crawford, Jr., visited the Garden on the afternoon of
August 9 and were shown through portions of the grounds
and buildings.

Meetings

Several meetings have been held at the Garden by Soci-
eties interested in botany and horticulture, the members
having been shown through the grounds and buildings
while in attendance.

(335)

The Wild Flower Preservation Society and the Torrey
Botanical Club held a joint meeting at the Mansion June 2.
The chief feature of the program was an address by Dr.
Homer D. House, State Botanist, on “‘The Wild Flowers of
New York.” His remarks were illustrated by colored
lantern slides and by plates from his new publication on the
same subject.

The annual meeting of the Woman’s National Farm and
Garden Association was held in the Mansion of the New
York Botanical Garden on May 25, Mrs. Francis King
presiding. After the luncheon, at which Mrs. Charles D.
Norton was hostess, a walk was taken through the hemlock
grove and herbaceous valley to the tulip beds in the con-
servatory court. The weather was fine and the flowers
in superb condition. A lecture by Professor L. H. Bailey,
the distinguished horticulturist and agriculturist, on “‘Co-
operation in Agriculture” concluded the program for the
day. This association has increased rapidly in numerical
strength and is becoming an important influence in bringing
the producer and consumer together.

The American Rose Society held a regular meeting at the
Garden September 29. The members first assembled at
the Mansion at 10:30 A.M. and at 10:45 visited the Rose
Garden. After a luncheon in the tea-room of the Mansion,
there was a business meeting in the adjoining lecture hall,
followed by an interesting program. At 3 o’clock the
visiting guests were taken on a tour of inspection through
portions of the grounds and buildings, including the hem-
lock grove, the new iris garden, the herbaceous grounds,
conservatory range I, the flower gardens in the vicinity,
and the dahlia collection.

Floral Exhibitions
The Horticultural Society of New York, in cooperation

with the New York Botanical Garden, held exhibitions of
flowers in the museum building on the dates given below.

(336)

The collections of irises, peonies, roses, dahlias, etc., on
the grounds also attracted large crowds of people.
May 8,9. Exhibition of Flowers.
June 12, 13. Exhibition of Roses, Peonies, and Irises.
August 21, 22. Exhibition of Gladioli.
September 25, 26. Exhibition of Dahlias.

Personal Investigations

A large share of the time I could spare from public in-
struction has been devoted to work on Wycologia and two
guide-books, one covering the buildings and grounds and
the other the economic museum.

A little mycological field-work was done during my vaca-
tion in Virginia and the southern Catskills. ‘Two articles
on resupinate polypores, containing descriptions of many
new species, have been prepared and published during the
year.

Respectfully submitted,
V. A. MURRILL,
Supercisor of Public Instruction.

REPORT OF THE SUPERVISOR OF GARDENING INSTRUCTION
Dr. N. L. Brirron, DrrecTor-1n-CHIEF.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report for
the year 1920.

With the return of the students from the Christmas
vacation on January 5, the instruction in gardening was
continued according to the revised curriculum. The
practical work was continued at the conservatories and
the propagating houses, by groups under the supervision
of our instruction assistants, foreman gardeners, an
myself, and by individual Hore with our gardeners in the
various houses.

After the general greenhouse practice of midwinter,
such as potting, tubbing, cleaning, watering, and ventilat-
ing, the chief exercises of propagation were carried out.
Practice in seedage proceeded on a large scale with annual
and perennial flowering plants for our borders and with

(337)

vegetable plants, many of which were grown on to trans-
planting size, and used in the students’ vegetable gardens.
With the coming of spring and settled weather, the
outdoor work was taken up. The first to engage our
attention was vegetable gardening. After the lectures on
this subject given by Mr. Walter Balch were finished, the
students planned their own gardens; these were laid out on
the site of the school garden plots of last year, and were
divided into about five gardens of four-student size, two
gardens of three-student size, and seven gardens for in-
dividuals. Nearly all of the common vegetables were
grown, and with greater success than in the previous year.
The soldier students, especially those with families, were
supplied through the summer and fall with fresh vegetables,
grown by themselves.
' The large gladiolus collection was again planted by the
students, and occupied the same space as before. The
other spring practice consisted mainly in cleaning, spading,
and lining up the flower beds near range No. 1, and the
transplanting of annual flowering plants into these beds.
After planting time, the students were divided in groups
and located at various places on our grounds for further
practice under our gardeners. This was continued until
November, when they were returned to the greenhouses.
The class work for the year was given through the spring,
autumn and winter months and omitted during the summer.
Elementary botany was given half day weekly during
January, February, and March, by Mr. Elba E. Watson
and again in the autumn by Dr. Stout, three days weekly
from November 15th. During April, May and June,
Mr. Watson gave a course in plant diseases, on alternate
weeks with Dr. E. B. Southwick’s course on destructive
insects. My course in garden botany was continued
throughout the year, one or two hours weekly being de-
voted to walks and talks around the grounds and green-
houses. During January, February, March, and April,

(338)

Mr. Walter Balch gave a course of lectures on vegetable
gardening on alternate Wednesdays, the rest were devoted
to flower garden talks by myself.

In the autumn classes in arithmetic and English were
given by Mr. Walter Law, one hour daily, and in ele-
mentary garden design by Mr. George V. Nash. The
reading room in the Mansion was used for study and
reference, and the lecture hall there for most of the lectures
and laboratory work.

Mr. Walter Balch resigned on May 31, Mr. Elba E.
Watson on July ro, and Mr. Walter Law on December 7.

The number of students registered ranged from 56 in
February through 34 in June and July, to 27 in September,
and 18, the lowest mark, which was reached in October.

Respectfully submitted,
ENNETH R. Boynton,
Supervisor of Garden Instruction.

REPORT OF THE HEAD-GARDENER AND CURATOR OF PLANTATIONS
Dr. N. L. Britton, Directror-1n-CHIEF,

Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith my report as
Head-Gardener and Curator of Plantations for the year
1920.

Systematic Plantations

Hersaceous Grounps. Including those at the nurs-
eries, the herbaceous collections have comprised during
the past year about 3,450 species and varieties; the her-
baceous grounds have 130 beds, 26 east of the brook and
104 west. The custodian of the herbaceous grounds, Dr.
E. B. Southwick, has been in charge of the work here, as
well as in the economic garden and morphologic garden.
The area devoted to the ferns and their allies is in process
of rebuilding and replanting under his direction.

Fruticetum. In this collection there are now 2,953
specimens. The hardy shrub collections, including those
still at the nurseries, represent 52 families, 144 genera, and
1,085 species and varieties.

(339)

SaLiceTUM. ‘The collections here remain as they were
last year: 159 specimens, representing 2 genera and 39
species and varieties.

Decipuous Arporetum. Here there are I,120 speci-
mens. The collection of deciduous trees contains, in-
cluding those at the nurseries, 430 species and varieties,
representing 31 families and 65 genera.

Pinetum. ‘There are 1,720 specimens in this collection;
they represent 3 families, 20 genera, and 267 species and
varieties.

ViticETtuM. There are 51 species and varieties repre-
sented here.

ConsERVATORIES. The collections under glass have
representatives of 207 families, about 9,450 species and
varieties.

Range r. During the past year considerable changes
have been made here in the arrangement of the collections.
House I remains as before, the repository of the large
palm specimens and a few specimens of other families.
Houses 2 and 3 are now devoted to the collections of tropical
exogens. House 4 contains, as before, large specimens of
tropical plants. Houses 5 to 8, as formerly, have the
desert collections. In house 9 there has been no change.
House Io is now devoted entirely to the arum family, the
pineapple family having been removed to range 2. House
II remains as before, with the exception of the removal
of the specimens of the pine-apple family to range 2.
House 12 contains tropical endogens. In house 13 are the
palms requiring somewhat cooler treatment than those in
houses 1 and 15, and also other specimens requiring similar
conditions. House 14 is at present vacant, but when the
repairs are completed it will be devoted to specimens of
the palm and panama-hat-plant families. House 15
contains specimens of palms. In houses 2, 3,14, and 15
the central benches have been removed, thus permitting
placing there larger specimens than was formerly possible,
and greatly adding to the appearance of the collections.

(340)

There are here 8,034 plants, distributed as follows: house 1,
300, house 2, 708; house 3, 861; house 4, 438; house 5,
1,365; house 6, 459; house 7, 1,043; house 8, 664; house 9,
146; house 10, §16; house 11, 422; house 12, 718; house 13,
168; house 14, empty; house 15, 226.

Range 2. The collections have been re-arranged to some
extent, the collection of bromeliads, formerly at range I,
having been brought here. The numbering of the houses
has been somewhat changed, as follows: the central house
is known as the Central Display House; the houses to the
north have been given even numbers, while those planned
for the south will bear the odd numbers. Signs bearing
these designations have been placed at the entrances to all
houses.

There are here 6,309 plants, distributed as follows:
central display house, 600, cool-house plants; house 2A,
945, cool-house orchids; house 2B 727, intermediate-house
orchids; house 4, 70; house 6A, 668, bromeliads; house 6B,
716, stove-house orchids; house 8B, 179; house 10, 1,050,
ferns and fern allies, with a few cycads; house 14, 1,080,
cool-house plants; house 16, 40, cycads; house 18, 136,
tree ferns and other large fern specimens; house 20, 98,
tree ferns and other large fern specimens.

Propagating Houses and Nurseries. House 3 and a part
of house 4 have been used by the soldiers and sailors in
their class work; the Director of the Laboratories has had
the use of a part of house 4 and house 2; houses 5 and 6
contain the study collection of cacti; houses 1 and 7, with
small areas in the other houses, have been available for
propagating purposes. There are here, exclusive of the
plants used by the Director of the Laboratories, 4,634
plants.

Labeling, Recording and Herbarium

The work here has been in charge of the head gardener’s
assistant with a label boy for a part of the time. The
following labels have been prepared: deciduous arboretum,
25; fruticetum, 254; conservatory range I, 206; conserva-

(341)

tory range 2, 89; conservatory beds, 177; horticultural
gardens 176; rose garden, 95; dahlia collection, 430; con-
servatory court, 116; for doors at range 2, 42; pinetum, 144,
total, 1,754.

Accession numbers 47,782 to 49,193 have been recorded,
making a total of 1,412 accessions.

The number of packets of seeds received was 1,713, as
follows: by gift 58; by purchase, 172, by exchange, 1,468;
collected, 15.

The following plants have been received: by gift, 24,494
(including 17,575 tulip bulbs given by the General Bulb
Growers’ Society at Haarlem, and 5,481 tulip bulbs given
by John Scheepers, Inc.), valued at about $6,000; by ex-
change, 414; by purchase (including miscellaneous bulbs),
6,198; by collection made by members of the staff and
others, 241; derived from seeds from various sources,
1,362; total, 32,709. 310 specimens have been added to
the herbarium of cultivated plants.

The collections, including those native to the tract, now
comprise approximately 241 families, 2,200 genera, and
14,702 species and varieties.

Miscellaneous Collections

Here are included the following, in which no important
changes have been made during the year: morphologic
garden; economic garden; collections of desert plants
placed during the summer in the court of conservatory
range I; conservatory lily pools; aquatic garden; rhododen-
dron collections in the vicinity of the lakes, at conserva-
tory range 1, and in front of the museum, the last collec-
tion having been re-arranged, all plants but the rhododen-
drons having been eliminated from that group; rose bed
east of conservatory range I; flower gardens in the im-
mediate vicinity of conservatory range I, and at the
elevated approach; American wood garden; magnolia
garden; American thorn garden; white pine plantation;
red pine plantation; lilac and peony garden.

(342)

Changes have been made in the following collections:

Rose GARDEN. Owing to the unusually severe winter of
1919-20 the mortality here was much greater than common,
although the plants were protected as usual. It was the
weaker kinds that succumbed, the standard varieties pre-
senting no more than the customary percentage of loss.
Arrangements have been made with the Horticultural
Society of New York, in accordance with the agreement
with that organization, for the replacement of the losses.

HorticuLtTuraL GarpENs. A total of 28 beds were
maintained here during the year. 3 beds were devoted
to cannas, including 49 kinds and 1,759 plants. 1 bed
accommodated a collection of 64 kinds of variegated plants.
The collection of hardy chrysanthemums formerly located
at the west border was transferred here, and many new
kinds added. There were 81 kinds and 646 plants in 2
beds. The collection of phlox remained as last year. 8
beds were occupied by the collection of gladioli, containing
229 kinds and 16,821 plants. In the development of the
new iris garden 13 beds were opened, containing 559 kinds
and 1,493 plants. A bed 75 feet long and 10 feet wide,
located along the path just south of the herbaceous grounds,
was prepared for a lily collection, given by Mrs. Mortimer
J. Fox; up to the present about 500 bulbs, representing 18
kinds, have been received and planted.

Danita CoLiecTion. Owing to the increase in the
number of kinds and number of plants available for this
collection amounting this year to §00 kinds and 730 plants,
it was necessary to provide additional accommodations.
A portion of the west border south of the railway station
plaza was therefore allotted as additional area for the
collection, which was assembled and planted, as heretofore,
under the direction of Dr. MI. A. Howe.

CHRYSANTHEMUM CoLLEcTion. This was removed from
the west border to the horticultural gardens.

CoLLecTion oF Tuuips. At the horticultural gardens
and in the beds at the court of conservatory range 1 have

(343)

been planted this fall large collections of tulips, com-
prising a total of 323 kinds and 32,830 bulbs, of the following
varieties and quantities:

Var. Quan. ar. Quan.

Breeder........ 8 7,752 oe double........ 7 265

arwin......... 166 17,554 Bizarre............. 3 35

areas 56 3,272 ens eee ees | 10

eee double 2 2,852 Miscellaneous........ 5 120
NSA ytredi sees I 970

General Horticultural Operations

This work has been accomplished by the following force;
monthly, 2 foreman gardeners and 29 gardeners; labor-
ers, 14.

Foreman gardener John Finley has had charge of the
details of the outside work, and there were assigned to
him 9 gardeners and the laborers. Foreman gardener H.
W. Becker has had supervision of the details of the work in
the conservatories and propagating houses, and to him was
assigned the remainder of the force.

In the spring the collection of rhododendrons in front of
the museum was re-arranged, and all plants except rhodo-
dendrons were transferred to other decorative plantations.
The pruning of shrubbery and trees, and of the roses in the
rose garden and elsewhere, the planting of the large collec-
tions of gladioli, cannas, variegated plants, and dahlias,
the removal of the chrysanthemum collection from the
west border to the horticultural gardens, the planting of
some conifers in the systematic collections, and at the
fountain at the foot of the museum approach, and the
removal of some of the thorns from the circle at the frutice-
tum, together with the usual maintenance, occupied the
season.

In the fall the specimens of arbor vitae in front of the
museum were re-arranged, being graded more according
to height. The large collections of dahlias, gladioli, and
cannas were removed, labeled, and properly stored. About
150 rose bushes were planted in the rose garden, and about

(344)

500 others received too late for planting in the fall, were
heeled in at the nursery and will be planted as early as
possible in the spring. The bushes in the rose garden were
thoroughly protected by hilling up the earth around them
and by a mulch also, this precaution also being taken for
the hybrid perpetuals, as many of them suffered severely
during the winter of 1919-20.

Investigations and Lectures

I have continued my studies of horticultural botany and
of the orchids, have acted as one of the editors of Addi-
Sonia, my supervision of the drawings for that periodical
being continued, and have given three of the lectures in
the public courses at the museum and three in the courses
at the central display greenhouse.

Respectfully submitted,
GeorceE V. Nasu,
Head Gardener and Curator of Plantations.

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE LABORATORIES
Dr. N. L. Britton, Drrecror-1n-CHIEF.
Sir: I have the honor to present the following report for
the year 1920.

General Matters

The laboratories have been maintained during the year
in equipment and supplies as was necessary to meet the
needs of members of the Staff and of the research students
of the Garden.

Use of an experimental greenhouse and of the breeding
plots has been resumed during the past year on something
like the pre-war basis. At the present time the breeding
plot is being enlarged to give increased facilities and
especially to provide for the growing of grapes.

A beginning has been made in the establishment of a
vineyard concerning which I have frequently consulted
with you. It is planned to extend the planting of grapes
to include as many as possible of the wild species and the

(345)

most important of the cultivated varieties. Plants, and
particularly seedlings, which appear to be promising or are
especially interesting as to grade of intersexualism are
also to be assembled for observation and use in breeding.
The matter of providing greenhouse facilities for growing
grapes under glass awaits consideration. As now planned,
these plantings of grapes will serve at least three purposes.
They will demonstrate the methods of growing the best
varieties of native and vinifera grapes, the species assembled
will furnish material for a critical study of species, and
opportunity wiil be afforded for breeding experiments in
cooperation with the State Agricultural Experimental
Station at Geneva.

For several years I have made preliminary studies and
experiments in the growing and breeding of species of
Lilium. Iam, therefore, especially pleased to report that
through the interest and generosity of Mrs. Mortimer J.
Fox, we are now able to prosecute more vigorously this
project. Bulbs have been obtained for as many species
as are readily obtainable in the market and I have col-
lected about 200 bulbs of native wild species. Other
species will be obtained as soon as possible. These will
be used in two ways as follows:

(1) With the cooperation of Mr. Nash, Head Gardener,
display beds are being planted for the interest of the general
public. In developing these, special attention will be
directed to a study of the cultural needs of the various
species and of their value in floricultural planting.

(2) It is the plan to make a study of variation within
the species, to test the possibility of producing more
varieties by hybridization, and to continue and extend the
studies of the type of sterility characteristic of several of
the species. The plants used in these special experiments
will be grown at the experimental greenhouse and in the
breeding plots where they can be kept under control.

(346)

Much of this research with Lilium will be prosecuted by
Mrs. Fox. I shall advise and cooperate as fully as may be
desirable.

The routine duties incident to my position have been
duly performed. Meteorological data have been taken and
properly recorded. Programs for the monthly conferences
of the Staff and registered students have been arranged and
reports of these have been published in the Journal. I
have given four public lectures at the Garden during the
year.

During the spring months the Garden cooperated with
Dr. D. T. MacDougal, Director of Botanical Research of
the Carnegie Institution, in installing a dendrograph to
a tree of the sugar maple and securing the records. At
your direction, I took charge of the apparatus and sent all
records to Dr. MacDougal.

On July 1st, the position of technical assistant in the
laboratories, vacant for two years previous, was filled by
the appointment of Miss Hester M. Rusk, who is now assist-
ing me in the discharge of various routine duties and in
prosecution of research.

Personal Investigations

As noted in my previous reports, the greater part of my
personal research is being directed to studies of fertility
and sterility concerning which I have already published
several papers. I have now investigated numerous species
in which the various types of sterility are operating. The
study and survey of all types of sterility in plants is being
extended as fully as time and facilities permit. There has
been some opportunity to apply what is being learned about
sterility and fertility to crops in which production of fruit
and the breeding from seed are matters of practical as
well as scientific interest. My cooperation with the
Experiment Station at Geneva, N. Y., in the study of the
grape, for which IJ have your permission, is perhaps a
logical result of my researches on intersexualism.

(347)

In general, my studies of fertility during the past year
may be grouped according to the type of sterility and the
problems chiefly involved as follows: (1) the relation of
vegetative vigor to reproductive vigor, (2) intersexualism,
or inherent variations in the relative development of
stamens and pistils, and (3) physiological incompatibility.

It may be reported that the investigations of the past
two years indicate that sterility in certain species of Lilium
and Hemerocallis which are propagated exclusively by
vegetative means is due to incompatibilities in fertiliza-
tion rather than to direct correlation with vegetative
reproduction. To fully prove this point, at least for certain
species, wild plants from the native home of the species
are desired for study and efforts to secure these are being
made.

Cultures of Lythrum Salicaria have yielded interesting
results both as to sterility from compatibility and sterility
from intersexualism, a report of which is in preparation.

In all of the studies mentioned above, the question of
heredity has been very fully considered. Cytological
studies of phenomena of fertilization in these plants are
being made chiefly by the technical assistant, Miss Rusk.

During the period of the war, only a few plants of the
principal varieties of Coleus, obtained as bud sports, were
kept living. Studies with these have been resumed and the
hereditary value of the segregations giving bud sports is
now being tested by seedling progeny.

The various lines of research noted above are planned so
that the attention required is well distributed over the
entire year. The Brassicas are grown as winter and early
spring crops; the grapes demand especial attention in
spring and late autumn; the Lythrums and the Irish potatoes
are summer crops, etc. This distribution facilitates the
work and promotes economy in labor and in the full use of
greenhouses and breeding plots.

(348 )

Students and Scholars
During the year the following persons were formally
registered for research at the Garden or were utilizing
facilities of the Garden in connection with studies for de-
grees at Columbia University.

Findlay, Hugh, Genetics. Fertility, sterility and heredity in 4bution.
Gershoy, Alexander, Taxonomy.

Hamanaka, Koshin, Genetics.

Hastings, George Tracy, Ecology.

Lebau, Harry, Mycorrhiza of Orthide

Nishimura, Makoto, Algae.

Raines, M. A., Pathology.

Smith, Edna ane, Taxonomy.

Thomas, Harry Earl, Pathology and genetics.

The degree of Ph.D. in botany was granted at Columbia

University during the year to Harvey E. Thomas, Frederick
. Rand, and Makato Nishimura, whose researches were
in part prosecuted at the Garden.

Of botanists who have spent some time in resident re-
search at the Garden mention should be made of Professor
William A. Setchell, Professor Forman T. McLean, and
Professor William C. Coker. Numerous persons have
utilized the facilities of laboratories, herbaria, and library
as visiting investigators for short periods a time, and
note of these has in many cases been made in the Garden
Journal.

Respectfully submitted,
B. Srout,
Director of the Laboratories.

REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS
Dr. N. L. Brirron, Direcror-1n-CHIEF.
Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report
for the year 1920.
Regulating and Grading

Most of this work was accomplished in the horticultural
gardens, in which about an acre of ground was graded for

(349)

the iris beds. A bank 10 feet wide on the eastern side of
the white pine plantation was graded and sodded for a
distance of 432 feet. The old lane in the red pine collec-
tion has been filled in and is now ready for topsoil. The
southern bank of the rose garden was also graded and
sodded.

Outside contractors looking for a convenient place to
dispose of soil from excavations carted about 1,000 cubic
yards into the Garden at their own expense. This con-
tained 250 yards of topsoil, which we used for the new
iris and fern beds. On the eastern side of the roadway
near the Linnaean Bridge 50 yards were used for grading
and 700 yards were placed along the railroad fence north
of the Woodlawn Road entrance.

About 500 cubic yards of stone were blasted and re-
moved from the quarry near the museum building and
used to construct paths in the iris garden and around the
cherry garden shelter.

Drainage

It was necessary to build three catch-basins in order to
drain the iris garden, for which we used 74 feet of 4-inch
tile pipe, 12 feet of 3-inch tile pipe and 106 feet of 2-inch
porous pipe. We rebuilt about too feet of the old culvert
south of the herbaceous grounds. At the southern end of
the serpentine road, 50 feet of 12-inch tile pipe were re-
moved and a culvert 18 inches high, 24 inches wide and
50 feet long was installed.

Water Supply

In order to increase the water pressure in the mansion,
750 feet of a 4-inch water main, with one gate and a branch
tee, were laid along the unfinished road from the school
garden to the rose garden to make a connection with the
4-inch main that runs to the front of the mansion. To
bring about this connection into the mansion 4o feet of
2-inch pipe with two 1}4 inch taps were employed. This
connection is sufficient to raise water 70 feet from the

(350)

ground level, or 10 feet over the roof. The water systems
of conservatory range 1, the propagating houses and the
comfort stations received necessary repairs.

Paths

A number of paths Io feet wide and totaling 970 feet in
length were completely constructed in the horticultural
gardens, and 850 feet were lined and are now ready for
stone. Around the drinking fountain in the iris garden a
10-foot path 270 feet long was completed. A 10-foot path
284 feet long was built at the cherry garden shelter, 230
feet of which have been completed. The paths around
conservatory ranges I and 2 and the path from Bedford
Park Boulevard to Mosholu Parkway were resurfaced and
rolled.

Buildings

The steps in front of the museum building were rebushed
and the pier on the western side was rebuilt. The eastern
section of the roof received needed repairs. Several rooms
were replastered by the masons. The carpenter repaired
the doors, windows and the entrance to the building, and
built a partition in the chief clerk’s room. The painters
replaced all broken windows and painted the new plaster
work.

All the brick work of the five boilers in power house 1
was torn down and rebuilt. A Simmons hot-water heater
was installed and all necessary repairs were made on the
pumps and valves by our steam engineers.

At conservatory range 1, house I, six steam coils were
replaced and in houses 2, 3, 6, and 15 two coils each were
replaced. All necessary repairs to the heating system were
made by the engineers. The plumber repaired the water
pipes, leaders and drainage system. The carpenter re-
paired the sash bars, sash and doors. The interior of
houses 2 and 3 was painted and about 700 panes of broken
glass were replaced.

(351)

One furnace was relined with fire-brick at power house 2
and all necessary repairs were made to the steam system.
The carpenter built a circular ladder for the roof of the
display house and repaired sash and doors at conservatory
range 2. The painter replaced 130 lights of broken glass.
The heating system was repaired wherever necessary.

The water pipe and drainage of the propagating houses
were repaired by the plumber and one heating boiler was
replaced. Concrete benches were built by the masons in
houses I, 2, 3, and 4 and two concrete tanks for propagating
water lilies were constructed in house 4. The sash bars,
sash, and doors were repaired by the carpenter. All
needed repairs to the water pipe and the drainage were
attended to by the plumber and the painter replaced 80
lights of broken glass.

Numerous repairs were made in the mansion and the
stable by the carpenter and the plumber.

Grounds

The carpenter completed the cherry garden shelter and
built eight rustic benches. He also repaired twenty signs
and the rustic fence along the river and near the Woodlawn
Road entrance. The plumber erected 750 feet of railing
around the rock garden, using as material old steam pipe
which had been removed from conservatory range I; this
received two coats of paint and makes an excellent fence.
The boundary fence along Bronx Boulevard and one half
of the boundary fence along the Fordham University
grounds were painted.

For the new fence along Southern Boulevard we built
a foundation 515 feet long, 22 inches wide and 30 inches
deep. On top of this foundation a stone wall was built
500 feet long and 1 foot high, with 450 feet of coring. We
erected twenty piers 20 inches square and 8 feet high,
with caps, and two entrance piers 26 inches square and
to feet high. This is now ready for 450 feet of iron fencing.

(352)

Sufficient wood was cut from fallen or dead trees to
supply the propagating houses for four months and the
mansion for two months by running the gasoline engine
for sixteen days. We have continued the uprooting of
poison ivy.

From May until September groups of children, averaging
about ten parties a week, and consisting of 50 to 2,400
each, visited the Garden. These children were members
of public schools and Sunday schools from the Boroughs
of Manhattan, Brooklyn and The Bronx. The parties were
escorted to the three picnic grounds where they would par-
take of lunches and enjoy the beauties of the Garden.
Special guards were assigned to these grounds daily.

From June until September on Saturdays, Sundays, and
holidays, two city officers in civilian clothes were stationed
in the Garden. The grounds have been further protected
by our own keepers and twelve additional guards selected
from the gardeners and laborers. At all other times during
the year one city officer was detailed to the Garden. Mlore
than 230 arrests were made by officers of the Police De-
partment for violations of park ordinances. These of-
fenders were fined from one to ten dollars each by magis-
trates sitting in the Eighth District Magistrates’ Court.
The average number of visitors on Saturdays and Sundays
during the summer months was about 50,000, but during
July and August this number was greatly increased. Be-
cause of the vigilance of our employes, the plantations of
the Garden received but little damage.

On account of the large number of admirers visiting the
dahlia and gladioli collections daily, it was necessary to
detail a guard constantly in the vicinity of these collections.
The dahlia collection had to be watched night and dav.

Respectfully submitted,
Artuur J. Corsetr,
Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds.

(353)

REPORT OF THE BIBLIOGRAPHER
Dr. N. L. Brirron, Direcror-1n-CuHier.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report for
the year 1920.

As usual, much time has been taken for personal assist-
ance to those consulting the library, both visitors and
members of the Garden Staff, but a limited amount has
been available for bibliographic research.

The progress of North American Flora has shown some
little improvement over the preceding year, but condi-
tions of publication are still far from what might be de-
sired. Volume 24, part 2, appeared in January; but it
was not until near the close of the year that parts 4 and 5
of Volume 7 were published. ‘These, as well as part 6 of
the same volume, had been in press for many months, but
various obstacles prevented their completion. There is
much manuscript on hand for future numbers of North
American Flora.

Of Addisonia three numbers were issued during the
year. The firm that prepared the colored plates for these
numbers did more satisfactory work than any we have had
before, but increasing costs made it necessary to change our
color-printers again, and this has caused delay in the final
number of the fifth volume. Increased cost of production
compelled the reduction this year from ten to eight plates
per number.

The most noteworthy additions to the Library during
the year were the books purchased by the Director-in-
Chief in England during his visit last summer; most of
these did not arrive in New York until the closing days of
the year. A number of them were sumptuous and rare
volumes—particularly may be mentioned the seven large
folios, with colored plates, of Humboldt, Bonpland, and
Kunth’s Genera plantarum, which were presented to the
Library by the Director-in-Chief.

The papers by the Bibliographer published during the
year were more numerous than usual, but mostly brief and

(354)

unimportant. Perhaps the most worthy of mention were
certain biographical sketches contributed to the volume of
American Medical Biographies edited by Drs. Kelly and
Burrage. These related to ten American botanists: T. F.
Allen, John Brickell of North Carolina, John Brickell of
Georgia, A. W. Chapman, W. P. Gibbons, Thomas Hors-
field, Albert Kellogg, P. D. Knieskern, H. P. Sartwell, and
George Vasey. These were all written early in 1919, but
the book was affected by the delays incident to such work
at the present time, and did not make its appearance until
September, 1920.
Respectfully submitted,
Joun Henxptey BarNnuart,
Bibliographer.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN
Dr. N. L. Brirron, Director-tn-CHIEF.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report for
the year 1920

The census of the library which was omitted in 1919 was
taken this year and showed a total of 29,950 bound vol-
umes, an increase of 713 over the census of 1918. Ac-
cording to the records 270 books have been received during
the past year. Of these there were acquired by purchase
gt, by gift 19, and by exchange or deposit 27. Owing to
conditions in the book-binding trade we have been able
to send but one shipment, and only 133 volumes have been
bound.

The principal accessions, with names of donors, have been
printed as usual in the Journal. There have recently
arrived from England over 60 books, including several
rare works. Among these is De Tussac’s Flora Antillarum
in 4 folio volumes with elegant colored plates.

Three new stacks were purchased and installed in the
room at the east of the main reading room. Upon these
were placed the books relating to geology, palaeobotany,
microscopy, pharmacology and agriculture, in part, thus

(355)

relieving the congestion in the main stack room and in
library extension I. elf labels indicating the main
subject headings have been introduced and it is hoped will
prove helpful.

ere have been added to the catalogue during the
past year 1,920 written and typewritten cards, 3,081 cards
issued by the Torrey Botanical Club, and 1,202 guide
cards, making a total of 6,203. In addition to these, 59
cards have been re-written. ‘The work upon the catalogue
has included the supplying of biographical data, about
half of the alphabet having been systematically gone
through.

The majority of the parts of German periodicals which
failed to come during the war have now been supplied and
it is probable that the volumes will be in time completed.

number of German societies and institutions have re-
sumed exchange relations. Considerable correspondence
has been carried on with French and other publishers who
had either temporarily suspended publication or for some
other reason had stopped sending their periodicals, and
satisfactory explanations have, for the most part, been
receive

The following additions and corrections should be made
to the periodical list as appended to the report of the
Librarian for 1916 (Bulletin 9: 342-363, 449, 450; 10: 43,
268, 269).

Omit § before the following:

Belgium. Société Royal de ee Bulletin.

tBerlin. Botanischer Garten, Notizblat
{Botanisk Tidsskrift.

Brandenburg. Botanischer Verein, Verhandlungen.
Bremen. Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein, Abhandlungen.
Deutsche Dendrologische Gesellschaft, Berichte.

France. Société Dendrologique, Bulletin

Hamburgische Botanische Staatsinstitut, Rae,
Repertorium Novarum Specierum Regni Vegetabilis.

(356)

Omit the following:
Amani. Biologisch eas i Institut, Der Pflanzer.
American Journal of
tAmerican Naturalist.
Bulletin of Pharmacy.

Add the following:
Agricultural Experiment Station, Santo Domingo, Revista de Agricultura.
Barcelona. Real Academia de Ciencias y Artes, Barcelona, Spain. Memorias.

, N.Y.
Geographical Review, New York, N. Y.
Respectfully submitted,
H H. Hartow,
Librarian.

REPORT OF THE HONORARY CURATOR OF THE
ECONOMIC COLLECTIONS
Dr. N. L. Brrrron, Drrector-1n-CHIEF.

Sir: I have the honor of submitting the following report
on the economic collections for 1920.

This year, like its predecessor, has been devoted chiefly
to the completion of the manuscript and the reading of a
portion of the proof of our catalogue of these collections.
Nearly all the manuscript has been sent to the printer and
the catalogue, in spite of the greatest brevity consistent
with the accomplishment of its purpose, will be much larger
than was originally expected, making a volume of more
than 300 closely printed pages. Its publication during
the coming spring is expected.

During the progress of theabove work, about 200 ad-
ditional specimens have been installed in the cases in
time for inclusion in the catalogue. They include ad-
ditions to nearly all divisions of the museum, those of drugs,
foods, and poisonous plants predominating. We now have
exhibited in the group of cases immediately at the right
of the entrance a representation of most of the poisonous
plants of our region. The fleshy edible and poisonous
Fungi, specimens of which cannot readily be exhibited

(357)

in the preserved state, have been represented by colored
pictures supplied by Dr. Murrill. Among the additions
of the year, special mention should be made of a fine col-
lection of fruit syrups given by the J. Hungerford Smith
Company.

Upon the completion of the catalogue, we should at
once take up the work of labeling the very large number of
specimens which have accumulated since the printing of
labels was discontinued several years since. This work
will now be very easy, since the necessary data for the
labels will be found printed in the catalogue.

Respectfully submitted,
H. H. Russy,

Honorary Curator.

REPORT OF THE HONORARY CURATOR OF MOSSES
Dr. N. L. Britton, Drrecror-1n-CuHIEF.

Sir: During the year the moss herbarium has received by
purchase, collection, or exchange many interesting series
of mosses, making notable additions to our collections.
These have been published from time to time in the list
of accessions in the Journal. We have received plants for
identification from the National Museum at Washington,
Dr. A. Leroy Andrews, of Cornell University, Dr. C. F.
Millspaugh, of the Field Museum, and others. Arrange-
ments have been made for the purchase of a set of about
400 specimens from Mrs. W. A. Weymouth, of Hobart,
Tasmania, being the duplicates from her husband’s col-
lections. Dr. Andrews has determined for us unnamed
material of Bryum and Sphagnum, and Dr. A. W. Evans, of
Yale University, has continued the determination of
hepatics from our collections. We acknowledge with
thanks various comparisons received through Mr. H. N.
Dixon from Kew Garden and the British Museum and
value his critical notes and determinations of exotic speci-
mens from the Mitten Herbarium.

(358)

The collection of lantern slides has been increased by the
purchase of 116 colored and 31 uncolored slides, by the
gift of 26 colored slides, and by exchange of 6 uncolored
ones. Only eight negatives have been added to the col-
lection.

Acting as secretary for the Stokes’ Fund and the Wild
Flower Preservation Society I have answered letters,
distributed literature, and given several lectures to garden
clubs in the vicinity of New York.

Respectfully submitted,
EvizasetH G. Britton,
Honorary Curator.

REPORT OF THE HONORARY CURATOR OF FOSSIL PLANTS

Dr. N. L. Brirron, Drrector-1In-CHIEF.

Sir: I have the honor to report as follows on work in
connection with paleobotany at the Garden during the
year 1920:

From January 1 to July 15 I was in Washington, D. C.,
continuing my studies of the fossil flora of Alaska for the
U. S. Geological Survey. During the remainder of the
year I was in attendance at the Garden regularly one day
each week and on other days when circumstances permitted.

Work on the collections of fossil plants recently obtained
in Cuba and Porto Rico was prosecuted; preliminary
examinations were made of all accessions and the speci-
mens suitably labeled.

Systematic effort was maintained, through correspond-
ence and exchange of publications, to add to the paleo-
botanical library and to secure all available recent litera-
ture on the subject—war conditions, past and present,
having seriously interfered with the receipt of publications
for several years. About thirty titles, by fifteen different
authors, were thus secured and added to the library.

Two small but relatively important accessions to the
paleobotanical collections may be specially mentioned,

(359)

viz: the collection made during your recent trip to Trinidad,
W. I., consisting of about fifteen specimens of fossil plant
remains—the first material of its kind, so far as I am aware,
ever recorded from the island; and a collection of about
forty specimens from the Province of Bahia, Brazil, con-
tributed by arrangement with Professor J. C. Branner, of
Leland Standord Jr. University, California, in considera-
tion of a report by me on their general characters. Se-
lected specimens of the species represented have been
photographed for critical study and description.

The only changes made in the general collections were
the replacement of individual specimens here and there by
others better suited for display purposes.

Respectfully submitted,
RTHUR Hotiick,
Honorary Curator.

(360 )

SCHEDULE OF EXPENDITURES DURING
THE YEAR 1920

1. CITY MAINTENANCE ACCOUNT

Salaries, ae Employees
Pro

Wages, asians Employees

Appropriated.............0........
Expende d Bee ee ea eee

Summary—Personal Service
Total Appropriated
Total Expended

Office Supplies

Appropriated......00.....0.......
xpended

General Plant Supplies

Appropriated..........00...0.....

evenue

Budget Bond Fund Total
.. $118,154.00 $ 9,018.75 $127,127.75
... 117,670.39 8,970.49 126,640.88
...8 483.61 § 48.26 $ = 531.87
..-8 10,664.00 $ 785.60 $ 11,449.69

10,664.60 642.00 11,306.09
... 8—— $ 143.60 $ 143.69

. .B128,818.co § 9,804.35 $138
++ 128,334.39
...$ 483.61 $8 191.86 $ o 75.

22.35
9,612.49 137, eet
47

8 791.46
sae 791.46

.-.D 22,396.78
oo + 22,391.43
§

Balance... 2000. lee ee

General Repairs and Replacements
ropriat

Speen) Se ee ree eee eee

DB 237-44

237-44

-. 3 949-75

ee 947-15

ee) 2.60

§ 1187.19

__ 1,187.19

...9 1,899.51
1,899

2B 3,165.85
nee 3,165.

Light, Heat and Power

App propriated.. 0.2.0.2... 0. ee eee eee $ 237.44
Expended .{33.20e.. eco, Pes ean Se 230.55
Balances vemaccteia, can naniemeteen awe. $ 6.89

Shoeing and Board ing Horses, including
Veterinary Service
Appropriated. . 0.0.00... eee eee $ 158.29
Expended

Appropriated..............0. 0000000 $ 158.29
eaibeep inte aie Re oo eS kena a 151.80
Balancésscccsiecudeles van inh aos SS) 6.49
Summary—Sundry Expenses
Total appropriated...................8 & 31,182.
Total expended... .. 20. 0... .-00-0- 31,159.95
ion yet maa oh tad eee $ 22.0
Summary—City Maintenance Account
Total Allowance. ........0.. 000-00 eee $160,000.00 $ 9,804.35 aes 35
Total Expended.........0........0.4. 159,494.34 9,612.49 169,106.83
Balances cc csaciinee xe areas $ 505.66 % 191.86 8 ae
Equipment and Supplies.............. 602.96
Supplies and Nena Mec adeecat iotanrh ane 1,279.68 $ 1,846.32
Supplies and Materia
Entrance piers = coping on account. 1,000.00
Stone for fence posts............2...- 840.00
Materials... 0.2... eee eee eee 89.50

re s’ fees
To as for balance due contractor on
ance piers and coping........... 1,537.50
$ 2,200.00 $ 1,802.71 $8 397.29
Bailey Income, Russe is one and Mar-
et Olivia Sage Memorial Fund

Gardener rs, Drivers and Mus seum Aids.. 6,8
la ke ee B 18,548.00 $ 18 or $ 9.13
made red from Materials and Con-
tingencies
a oaeae from Materials and Con-
HAPENCICS Sofa cee Bea eee et ae 150.00
Transtered from Materials and Con-
Bi aced iting ata alee ta 400.00

Mie ofr Cece
2. SPECIAL GARDEN ACCOUNTS
ExpLoration Funp

Balance from 1919... 0. $ Il.92
Refund

Museum AND Herparium Funp
Balance from IQIQ. 0.6... ween ee $ 8.62

Piantr Funp

Balance from IQ1Q. 0.1.0.0 $ 10.39
Contribution, War Memorial Grove........ 10.00
DALE OP aye asc ueeceecnatuteetn ecamoun therm tey ath. 355-75
Co) 0 are ea ec RS ee 376.14
Pxpendédi cc cotesictadtieit eee 4 159.25
BOL ONCE ocech aes pene eee ole Poi. eet te $ 216.89
SpecraL Boox Funp
Balance ae Dds) (0 ee etre Cae ee Ree re eee ee $ 502.52
Expended’.4.....0i reves Seaheddeaneediid ees 236.92
pee Buri tien oe Ramen cuenta ues $ 265.60
GuGGENHEIM GREENHOUSE FunpD
Balance from I91Q.. 06.06.00 $ 15.55
Grounps IMPROVEMENT Funp
Balance from I91Q................. $ 195.26
Ex Ode git aren mao’ ; Sse eb Saiied 166.28
BUOnGl pci «tn eati ee Meee Rae ees 3 28.98
ConvVALESCENT SOLDIERS GARDENING FuNpD
Balance from 1919.00... 6. eee $ 2,244.20
Federal Board for Vocational Education
CCS a tee ten nase hae cplydee gine a eee $ 5,161.92
Equipment and Supplies.............. 176.03

Garden School

Contributions «e265 ve cats ese eden? g 100.00
FeGS iin vy een aS ee oe es 289.00
alesse dangers eee ae Bae ee O75
3 389.75
PE Ota bat nde cetae oe echt cettaase 2 ees $ 7,971.91
Expended
DAA RCS gests au nares Se auece canta eae 3 4,311.38
ages eae eae ee ay Le 1,787.75
Equipment and Supplies. . 602.96
1 er ae eee eee A ee $ 6,702.09
ee daa et cen cetera tm csetea ae $ 1,269.82
ERRY GARDEN SHELTER FuND
Balance from 1919... 00000. e cece ee $ 306.00
Contribution ie.. sy4 eycisa eaee en vedas 1,449.33
De Ota lind ak peat anata Rates econ 1,846.32
Expended
DalaneS pee ate ai ceehe Kalk $B 566.64

Supplies and Materials. . Pee ee 1,279.68 $ 1,846.32

( 363 )

Reserve Funp

General Maintenance

Appropriated.. 0.0.0... 0. cece cee eee % 8,216.00
Expended, Fuel.........0..000...00 00000 1,816.66
LANCE ci cote peram oem io a ati oe $8 6,309.34
Salaries
Appropriated... 0.2... 0.0000... cece eee $ 6,784.00
ag tee eye ne een eee 2,729.52
BAGH CO pea trite ORE eee 8 teehee’ 8 4,054.48
ae and Materia
Appropriated ae from Income of
MDG.) ten tures ae aerate seats $ 12,150.00
Expended, Rae materials, etc........ . 12,101.06
BALANCE soe: eG tee tier geod acta ee de g 48.04
Tota Appropriation Ue et teeta teas te $ 27,150.00
Total Expended.....................-. : 16,647.24
Balance... 0.0 $ 10,502.76
SpeciaL DEVELOPMENT FunpD
Contributions.44.200.8 Mame ee % 13,485.00
Expended
Iris Garden and paths............. * 2 5,711.54
AUN S pete den eect tte Oa ate ann ha nt . 708.28
Books and bookcases. Sone Sas 2,276.57
Museum and Hecbanua cases....... : 242.67
New Guidebook... ............0..0.. 433-24
Miscellaneous... .......0..0...02.-085 66.65
To Reserve for
Herbarium Cases.................--- 1,110.00
Lily Bulbs:i caus seh ece erie Ni 400.00 $ 10,948.95
Balancbi ics sci vievureuiadaxts ees $ 2,536.05
Mary J. Kincstanp Bequest
Appropriated for Fence on Southern Boule-
VAT eee eee tee ates $ 5,000.00
Expended
Mason work 2.4225 suchhaee neses ns $ 680.00
Of og aiaie ic ce eee i ae es 460.80
Entrance piers and coping on account. 1,000.00
Stone for fence posts.............-... 840.00
Materials scene acca wien ae wentees 89.50
Architects’ fees... 22.0... 0. eee eee 350.00
To Reserve for balance due contractor on
entrance piers and coping........... 1,537.50

( 364 )

3. SPECIAL INCOME ACCOUNTS

Appropriated Expended

Income a Science and Education Fund
Herb

Income of Darius O. Mills Fund
Books and Binding. ..................
Investigation at other Institutions .....
Scientific Supplies....................

w

Accumulated Income of Henry Iden Fund

From: Incomes sca scene ch ts es $
rom Horticultural Society of New York
Horticultural Prizes...............0..
Accumulated Income of Olivia E. and Caroline
Phelps Stokes Fun
Preservation of Native Plants ......... $
ate po tse Income of Students’ Research Fund
for Students’ Research............
Income cae a sai Fund
Publications: i. )3c¢42cchG5 sone $
Income of Addison Brown Fun
aren Publication, and Diserions.
n of Addis
Income of John Innes Kane Fund
Plants for Grounds and Greenhouses .. .$

Income of Maria DeWitt Jesup Fund

Accumulated Income of Charles Budd Robinson
Fund

For Aiding Exploration...............8

4,000.00

3)

$

2,200.00 §

g00.00

200.00

5.48
205.48

3

$

250.00 $

500.00

4,000.00

5

3,993-85 $

337-31
219.48
1,245.92,

1,802.71 $

684.99 $

203.50 $

Balance

6.15

20.09

80.00

(365 )

Accumulated Income Russell Sage and Mar-
garet Olivia Sage Memorial Fund
Salaries

Individual Accounts.............. $ 9,005.93
Gardeners, Drivers and Museum
Aids... eee eee 6,832.94
Transferred to Labor............. 2,700.00
YL eerie ee Ce ee % 18,548.00 $ 18,538.87 $
Lab
priated.. 1.0... ee B 3,000.00
Transferred from Salaries......... 2,700.00
Transferred from Construction... .. 300.00
Transferred from Reimbursement
OUNCE atetns ance hence 1,425.00
Mason Work.............0..0... % 3,050.00
Weekly Payrolls................. 2,953.20
Guard Duty and Overtime........ 5412.88
$ 7,425.00 $ 7,416.08 $
Construction
Transferred to Labor............. $ 300.00
Transferred to General Supplies... . 5,600.00
Colored Prospectives............. 1,575.00

B 7,500.00 8 7,475.00 $

Horticultural Prizes
Transferred from Materials and

Contingencies.................. 450.00 $ 430.00 $
Publication
Transferred from Reimbursement
tye chi aad eat bees nes $% 4,000.00 £ 3,613.96 $
Coal
Transferred from Reimbursement
CCOUN Thi) Ghee decile pees B 4,450.00
Transferred from Materials and
ontingencies...........,..... 150.00

$ 4,600.00 $ 4,599.54 $

General Supplies

Transferred from Construction..... B 5,600.00
Transferred from Materials and

contingencies ................. 400.00
Transferred from Reimbursement

ACCOUNT. 2 4.6 hilsees une eeaes 2,700.00

$ 8,700.00 $ 8,698.25 $

9-13

” 25.00

20,00

386.04

( 366)

Materials and Contingencies
Transferred to Horticultural Prizes.
Transferred to General Supplie
Transferred to Coal
Expended

Reimbursement Account

Transferred to General Supplies... .
Summ

$

% 54,378.00 $ 24.725.00 $ 29,653.00

% 12,150.00
43,819.13
$ 86,426.00 $ 55,969.13 $ 30,456.87

4. GENERAL INCOME ACCOUNT

Insurance
Museum Specimens and Books
Boilers and Elevator
Horses and Wagons

Supplies (including Circulars for Members)

Entertainment of Guests and Meetings of

Hire of Touring Cars
Travelling Expenses.

DLAI ES ie ea ception BA ah Ber, Se BO

5. EXPENDED FROM FUN
Special Garden Accounts.
Special Income ceo
General Income Account.........
PP Ota less: san teas :

$B 366.60

286.10

10.00
700.00 $ 662.70 $ 37.30
800.00 $ =. 799.79 $ 0.21

S$ 588.00

240.25

57-64

255.00
1,400.00 $ 1,140.89 $ a2s5Q.rr
1,080.00 $ 7.40.00 3-40.00
18,870.00 $ 18,289.91 $ 580.00
8 22,850.00 $ 21,633.29 § 121677

DS OF THE GARDEN

$119,533-95

( 367 )

6. BOARD ROOM FUND
January 1,1920. Balance—Cash.......... 104.18
Gross Receipts, January to December ...... $ $41.01
Less—Credited to Garden Funds............
Total Net Receipts.................. B 534.51 534.51
$ 638.69
Disbursements
DUPPNCS hctis tae a hanna B 354.59
Contingencies..... 00. .0..0.-2 cece eee 78.72
$B 433.31 8 433-31
December 31, 1920. Balance—Cash........ $ 205.38 $ 205.38

Respectfully submitted,
WaLTER ROESBECK,
Bookkeeper.
E. and O, E.
New York, January Io, 1921.

Director-1n-CuHiEF’s ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR 1920
Room 318, Granp CenTRaL TERMINAL
New York, May igth, 1921
Mr. Rosert W. veEForeEst,
Chairman Finance Committee, New York Botanical Garden,
30 Broad Street, New York, N. Y.
Dear Sir:

This is to certify that I have examined and audited the financial
books and accounts of the Director-in-Chief of the New York
Botanical Garden for the year nineteen hundred and twenty
(1920), and that I find the same to be correct, and the cash
balance to be as stated in the current cash book.

In accordance with recent practice, I have not included in the
auditing the examination of the vouchers for City maintenance
or construction work paid for by the City, as such vouchers have
been found proper and in order by the City authorities, and it
was decided in 1904 by the then Chairman of the Finance Com-
mittee that a further examination of them was unnecessary.
By like authority I have omitted also a detailed examination
of the annual membership dues account. These dues are re-
ceived by the Director-in-Chief and forwarded by him to the
Treasurer, the former keeping a detailed record of the same.

Respectfully submitted,
A. W. Stone,
Special Auditor.

(368 )

REPORT OF THE CHAIRMAN OF THE
SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS
(Received and ordered printed Jan. 10, 1921)
To THE Boarp or ManaceRs oF THE New York Botan-
ICAL GARDEN.

Gentlemen: The Scientific Directors have held their
regular meetings throughout the year. We have seriously
missed our colleague Doctor Lee, who has been absent in
Europe. Among topics receiving special attention are
plans for pushing work in botanical exploration and for
developing experimental research on problems relating to
soils and plant diseases.

There is an increasing demand through the Torrey
Botanical Club for a more intensive study of the native
plants of the local floral region from the standpoint of
variation, geographic distribution, hybridization, etc., and
it is hoped we may be able to make further provision at
the garden for storing and studying the collections re-
sulting from such work.

The report of the Director-in-Chief gives a full account
of the educational, research and other scientific activities
of the garden during the year and they need not be further
summarized here.

Respectfully submitted,
. A. Harper,
Chairman of the Scientific Directors.

(369 )

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PATRONS,
FELLOWS AND MEMBERS FOR
THE YEAR 1920
To THE Boarp or ManaGers oF THE NEw York Botan-
ICAL GARDEN.

Gentlemen: The number of new members who have
qualified is 169. The number of annual members is now
1,090; life members 133; sustaining members 13; fellow-
ship members 2.

Of these 32 are now in arrears for dues for 1920, 11 for
dues for 1919 and 1920, 6 for dues for 1918, 1919 and 1920.

Dues have been collected to the amount of $11,240.

One person has qualified as a life member by the pay-
ment of $250. These sums have been transmitted to the
treasurer.

A complete list of all classes of members to date is here-
with submitted.

BENEFACTORS
*Mrs. Fanny Bridgham Murry Guggenheim,
*Hon. Addison Brown, *D. O. Mills,
*Andrew Carnegie, *J. Pierpont Morgan, Sr.
Columbia University, John D. Rockefeller,
*Hon. Chas. P. Daly, *Mrs. Russell Sage,
Daniel Guggenheim, *Cornelius Vanderbilt.
PaTRONS
Oakes Ames, George J. Gould,

*Miss Catherine A. Bliss, Edward S. Harkness,
Dr. N. L. Britton, *Mrs. Esther Herrman,
*Hon. Addison Brown, Archer M. Huntington,

*Andrew Carnegie, *Henry Iden,

*Mrs. George Whitfield Collord, Mrs. John Innes Kane,
*Mrs. Louisa Combe *John Stewart Kennedy,
*James M. Constable, *Mrs. Mary J. Kingsland,
*William E. Dodge, *J. Pierpont Morgan, Sr.,

James B. Ford, *Oswald Ottendorfer,

*Lowell M. Palmer,
William Rockefeller,
*William R. Sands,
*William C. Schermerhorn,
*James A. Scrymser,

(370 )

Mrs. Finley J. Shepard,
*Samuel Sloan,

Mrs. Frederick F. Thompson,
*W. K. Vanderbilt,

Mrs. Antoinette Eno Wood.

FELLows For LIFE

Edward D. Adams,
George F. Baker

Miss Elizabeth Billines:
Mrs. W. Bayard Cutting,
Dr. Robert W. de Forest,
Cleveland H. Dodge,
James B. Ford,

Daniel Guggenheim,
Murry Guggenheim,

S. R. Guggenheim,

Mrs. John Stewart Kennedy,
Edward V. Z. Lane,

Mrs. Frederic S. Lee,

Ogden Mills,

Mrs. John A. Roebling,
Mortimer L. Schiff,

Miss Olivia E. Phelps Stokes,
Charles G. Thompson,

Louis C. Tiffany,

Tiffany & Company.

Lire MEMBERS

Edward D. Adams,
Dr. Felix Adler,

Mrs. James Herman Aldrich,

J. Sherlock Andrews,
Dr. S. T. Armstrong,
Edward W. C. Arnold,
Mrs. H. D. Auchincloss,
Samuel P. Avery,
Samuel D. Babcock,

Dr. John Hendley Barnhart,

George D. Barron,
Aurel Batonyi,

Gustav Baumann,
Samuel R. Betts,
William G. Bibb,

Miss Elizabeth Billings,
J. O. Bloss,

George Blumenthal,

G. T. Bonner,

Mrs. Addison Brown,

J. Hull Browning,

T. Morris Carnegie,
Frank R. Chambers,
Hugh J. Chisholm,

Hugh J. Chisholm, Jr.,
Geo. C. Clark,

Banyer Clarkson,

Dr. James B. Clemens,
Wm F. Cochran,

William Colgate,

Miss Georgette T. A. Collier,
W. E. Connor,

Mrs. F. A. Constable,
Theodore Cooper,

Zenas Crane,

R. N. Cranford,

Melville C. Day,

Charles Deering,

Mrs. John Ross Delafield,
Maturin L. Delafield,

W. B. Dickerman,

Miss Josephine W. Drexel,
Miss Ethel DuBois,
Miss Katharine DuBois,
Wm. A. DuBois,

Geo. E. Dunscombe,
Thomas Dwyer,
Newbold Edgar,

George Ehret,

Ambrose K. Ely,
Edward J. Farrell,

Mrs. H. J. Fisher,
Andrew Fletcher,

Chas. R. Flint,

Eugene G. awa

Mrs. John Frenc

Mrs. Theodore ae Gibbs,
James J. Goodwin,
Daniel Gigeenhern:
Bernard G. Gunther,
Franklin L. Gunther,
Chas. J. Harrah,

Dr. Louis Haupt,

R. Somers Hayes,
Archer M. Huntington,
Frank D. Hurtt,

James H. Hyde,

Mrs. Columbus O’D. Iselin,

Theo. F. Jackson,

Dr. Walter B. James,
Miss Annie B. Jennings,
Mrs. David J. Kelley,
Nathaniel T. Kidder,
William M. Kingsland,
H. R. Kunhardt,

W. B. Kunhardt,
Charles Lanier,

W. V. Lawrence,
Meyer H. Lehman,
Mrs. Geo. Lewis,

(371)

Joseph Loth,

Louis Marshall,

Edgar L. Marston,
William J. Matheson,

C. W. McAlpin,

Guy R. McLane,
Emerson McMillin,

Dr. Geo. N. Miller,

A. G. Mills,

Mrs. William F. Milton,
Dr. Lewis R. Morris,
Sigmund Neustadt,

A. Lanfear Norrie,
Gordon Norrie,

Geo. M. Olcott,

Mrs. Chas. Tyler Olmstead,
Wm. Church Osborn,

W. H. Perkins,

M. Taylor Pyne,

John J. Riker,

J. C. Rodgers,

Thomas F. Ryan,

Mrs. Herbert L. Satterlee,
Dr. Reginald H. Sayre,
Edward C. Schaefer,

F. Aug. Schermerhorn,
Jacob H. Schiff,
Mortimer L. Schiff,

Mrs. I. Blair Scribner,
Geo. Sherman,

James Shewan,

James Speyer,

Miss Ellen J. Stone,
Albert Tag,

Paul G. Thebaud,

Charles G. Thompson,
Mrs. Frederick F. Thompson,
Robert M. Thompson,

William Thorne,

Wm. Stewart Todd,
Miss Anna Murray Vail,
F. T. Van Beuren,

Mrs. C. Vanderbilt,

F. M. Warburg,

John I. Waterbury,

(372 )

Miss Emily A. Watson,
5. D. Webb,
Dr. W. Seward Webb,

Hon. Geo. Peabody Wetmore,

John D. Wing,
Mrs. Anna Woerishoffer.

FeLttowsyie MEMBERS

J. P. Morgan,

E. A. Richard.

SusTaInInG MEMBERS

Miss Elizabeth Billings,
Miss Mary 'T. Bryce,
Wm. H. Fischer,

John Greenough,

Mrs. McDougall Hawkes,
O. H. Kahn,

Edgar L. Marston,

George Grant Mason,
Arthur M. Mitchell,
Wm. Church Osborn,
William H. Porter,
William R. Stewart,
Charles Strauss.

AnnuaL MEMBERS

Dr. Robert Abbe,
Benjamin Abert,

George A. W. Achenbach,
Fritz Achelis,

John Achelis,

F. B. Adams,

Henry S. Adams,

J. E. Aldred,

Douglas Alexander,

Mrs. George A. Archer,
Reuben Arkush,

Mrs. H. O. Armour,

E. Asiel,

Dr. John Aspell,

Miss E. E. Auchincloss,
Mrs, E. 8. Auchincloss,
John W. Auchincloss,
Chellis A. Austin,

Mrs.Frances Gordon Alexander, Ledyard Avery,

Mrs. John E. Alexandre,
James F. Allen,

Philip Allen,

J. M. Andreini,

Miss Charlotte L. Andrews,

W. H. Andrews,

John F. Anglin,

D. A. Ansbacher,
Francis J. Arend,

Mas. John F. Archbold,

Frank L. Babbott,

Jules S. Bache,

John V. Bacot, Jr.,

Dr. Pearce Bailey,
Charles Baird,

Miss Charlotte S. Baker,
Geo. F. Baker,

Stephen Baker,

Albert H. Baldwin,
Frederick H. Baldwin,

A. T. Baldwin,

George V. N. Baldwin, Jr.,
William D, Baldwin,
Mrs. William M. Baldwin,
Mrs. Robert F. Ballantine,
Edward L. Ballard,

Chris Bambach,

Louis Bamberger,
Bernard Bandler,

Mrs. James L. Barclay,
Percival M. Barker,

Wm. M. Barnum,
Clarence W. Barron,

Mrs. A. Battin,

Mrs. Martha Battle,
Felice Bava,

Mrs. L. P. Bayne,
Jeremiah Beall,

John D. Beals,

Mrs. Margaret B. Becker,
H. C. Beckman,

Frank Begrisch, Jr.,
Robert Behr,

Mrs. A. Frederick Behre,
Dr. Otto F. Behrend,
Frank N. Bell,

Louis V. Bell,

August Belmont,

J. Philip Benkard,

E.R. T. Berggren,

Isaac J. Bernheim,

Chas. L. Bernheimer,
Miss Rosie Bernheimer,
Theodore Berstein,

Philip Berolzheimer,

S. Reading Betron,
Edward J. Berwind,
George N. Best,

Eugene P. Bicknell,

Mrs. George Biddle,

(373)

Mrs. Sylvan Bier,
Abraham Bijur,

Nathan I. Bijur,

Samuel H. Bijur,

C.K. G. Billings,

Cecil Billington,

C. Edw. Billquist,

Mrs. William H. Birchall,
Samuel Bird, Jr.,

James C. Bishop,
Frederick 5. Blackall,

H. C. Blackiston,

Mrs. Dexter Blagden,
Mrs. C. Ledyard Blair,
J. Insley Blair,

Isidore Blauner,

C.N. Bliss, Jr.,

Miss S. D. Bliss,

Mrs. Walter P. Bliss,
Mrs. M. J. Bluen,

Hugo Blumenthal,

Miss R. C. Boardman,
Mrs. Edward C. Bodman,
Henry W. Boettger,
Robert Boettger,
Theodore Boettger,
William H. Bolton,

Mrs. Sydney C. Borg,
Louis Boury,

Miss Edith G. Bowdoin,
John McE. Bowman,
Frank Brainerd,

Mrs. E. N. Breitung,
George 8. Brewster,
Mrs. Benjamin Brewster,
Hans V. Briesen,

John R. Brinley,

Mrs. Willard C. Brinton,
Jno. I. D. Bristol,

Miss H. Louise Britton,

Richard H. Britton,
Dr. Edward B. Bronson,
Bronx Hay & Grain Co.,
Airs. H. D. Brookman,
Miss Aneita D. Brown,
Dickson Q. Brown,
Edwin H. Brown,

M. Bayard Brown,
Vernon C. Brown,

Mrs. J. Hull Browning,
H. B. Brundrett,
Thomas B. Bryson,
Miss Emily Buch,

Mrs. Jonathan Bulkley,
Dr. L. Duncan Bulkley,
Henry W. Bull,

Dr. Edward S. Burgess,
Louis Burk,

Arthur Burnall,

E. R. Burnett,

William J. Burns,
Algernon T. Burr,
Chas. W. Burroughs,
Mrs. Wendell L. Bush,
Charles S. Butler,

Miss Emily O. Butler,

H.

E. T. Caldwell,

Prof. Otis W. Caldwell,
W. R. Callender,
Henry L. Calman,

H. H. Cammann,
Henry L. Cammann,
Edward B. Camp,
Mrs. John Campbell,
H. W. Cannon,

Mrs. Charles F. Cantine,
George A. Carden,

Mrs. George L. Carnegie,

(374)

Arthur L. Carns,

Miss Jennie R. Cathcart,
Miss Elizabeth Chamberlain,
O. E. Chaney,

Miss Maria Bowen Chapin,
John Jay Chapman,

Jose Edwards Chaves,
Dr. Charles H. Chetwood,
John H. Child,

B. Ogden Chisolm,

Geo. E. Chisolm,

Mrs. Joseph H. Choate,
Miss Mabel Choate,

Wm. G. Choate,

Mrs. Helen L. Chubb,
Percy Chubb,

Chas. T. Church,

Richard N. L. Church,
John Claflin,

Mrs. Edward H. Clark,
Miss Emily Vernon Clark,
F. Ambrose Clark,

Hon. W. A. Clark,
William Clark,

E. A. S. Clarke,

Lewis L. Clarke,

Albert Clayburgh,
Edward B. Close,

Mss Frances H. Close,
Wm. P. Clyde,

G. D. Cochran,

Miss Mary T. Cockcroft,
C. A. Coffin,

Edmund Coffin,

E. W. Coggeshall,
William N. Cohen,
William W. Cohen,

J. L. Coker,

Mrs. Rufus Cole,
Charles B. Colebrook,
Mrs. Lathrop Colgate,
William Colgate,
Barron G. Collier,
Mrs. Richard C. Colt,
Samuel P. Colt,

Miss Mary Compton,
T. G. Condon,
Hermann Conheim,
Roland R. Conklin,
Joseph Conners,

J. N. Conyngham,
Arthur N. Cooley,
Marin LeBrun Cooper,
Mrs. Marin LeBrun Cooper,

Mrs. Charles Henry Coster,
Geo. F. Crane,
Mrs. Jonathan H. Crane,

(375)

Mrs. Chester Dale,
Frederic A. Dallett,

D. S. Dark,

Mrs. Ira Davenport,

De Witt A. Davidson,

J. Clarence Davies,

Mrs. Thomas B. Davis,
Alvah Davison,

Mrs. Henry P. Davison,
Clarence 8. Day,

Mrs. William Harrison Day,
Henry Dazien,

Henry L. de Forest,

Dr. Robert W. de Forest,
Mrs. Robert W. de Forest,
John F. Degener, Jr.,

Mrs. Carlos de Heredia,
Moreau Delano

William Adams Delano,
William C. De Lanoy,
Countess de Laugier-Villars,
John B. Dennis,

Mrs.Agnes Huntington Cravath,Rev. H. M. Denslow,

Robert L. Crawford,
William Crawford,

Miss Mary C. Crimimns,
Mrs. Thomas Crimmins,
George A. Crocker, Jr.,
Mrs. W. H. Crocker,

W. T. Crocker,

James W. Cromwell,

Dr. Reuben Cronson,
Mrs. Joseph F. Cullman,
Mrs. E. B. Currier,
Miss Elizabeth Curtis,
G. Warrington Curtis,
R. Fulton Cutting,

Mrs. Barton Cuyler,

Miss Eleanor De Graff Cuyler

Jean De Saint Cyr,

Walter D. Despard,
Julian F. Detmer,
Lee Deutsch,
William G. De Witt,
J. Henry Dick,

Geo. H. Diehl,

Chas. F. Dieterich,
Miss Josephine H. Dill,
Miss Mary A. Dill,
Mrs. Alfred P. Dix,
Miss Gertrude Dodd,
Cleveland H. Dodge,
Francis P. Dodge,

L. W. Dommerich,
Otto L. Dommerich,
Charles Doscher,
Henry Doscher,

Mrs. George William Douglas,

Mrs. James Douglas,
Walter Douglas,

Alfred Douglass,

W. E. Dowd, Jr.,

Tracy Dows,

Mrs. B. F. Drakenfeld,
J. R. Drexel,

Isaac W. Drummond,
Mrs. Matthew B. Dubois,
F. L. Du Bosque,

Mrs. John P. Duncan,
Ralph Wurts Dundas,
Dr. Edward K. Dunham,
H. F. du Pont,

Mrs. T. Coleman du Pont,
William du Pont,

E. G. Duvall,

John E. Dwight,

Mrs. Winthrop Dwight,
R. W. Earle,

Mrs. Frederick H. Eaton,
C. R. Ebert,

Mrs. Charles N. Edge,
Thomas C. Edmonds,
Mrs. J. S. Ehrich,

Mrs. Ernest Ehrmann,
Karl! Eilers,

Henry G, Eilshemius,
August Eimer,

Monroe Einstein,
William Einstein,

Miss Kate Eisig,

Howard Elliott,

Mrs. James W. Ellsworth,
Mrs. Walter Emmerich,
Miss Lydia F. Emmett,
Robert Temple Emmett,
Mrs. Arthur B. Emmons,
R. Erbsloh,

(376 )

Albert J. Erdmann,
Abraham Erlanger,
Miss Katherine V. Erving,
Henry Esberg,

Louis Ettlinger,

5. M. Evans,

A. W. Evarts,

Mrs. Ernesto Fabbri,
Eberhard Faber,
Harris Fahnestock,
Arthur S$. Fairchild,
Chas. 8. Fairchild,
Samuel W. Fairchild,
Percival Farquhar,
Mrs. Max Farrand,
James C. Farrell,
Louis Ferguson.
William C. Ferguson,
Frank H. Filley,
Frederick T. Fisher,
Pliny Fisk,

Mrs. Montague Flagg,
Harry Harkness Flagler,
Mrs. Albert Flake,
Nathan Fleischer,
Fred T. Fleitmann,
Edward H. Floyd-Jones,
L. G. Forbes,

Frank B. Foster,

Scott Foster,

Robert L. Fowler, Jr.,
Mrs. M. J. Fox,

Mrs. William Fox,
David J. Frankel,
Alrs. P. A. S. Franklin,
R. A. Franks,

Miss Jane K. Fraser,
Mss S. Grace Fraser,
A. S. Frissell,

John W. Frothingham,

John H. Fry,

W. W. Fuller,

E. A. Funke,

William H. F. Gade,
Eugenio Galban,
Albert Gallatin,

Geo. F. Gantz,

Francis P. Garvin,
Mrs. Walter Geer,

R. W. Gibson,

Prof. William J. Gies,
Mrs. William J. Gies,
J. Waldron Gillespie,
Robert McM. Gillespie,
Mrs. E. D. Godfrey,
Mrs. Mary R. Goelet,
Julius Goldman,
Abraham L. Goldstone,
Philip J. Goodhart,
Miss Clara J. Gordon,
Chas. Gotthelf,

Chas. A. Gould,

Edwin Gould,

Mrs. W. R. Grace,
Joseph W. Grant,

U.S. Grant, 4th,

B. Greeff, Jr.,

William G. Grieb,

Hon. Anthony J. Griffin,
Charles E. Griffin,

W. V. Griffin,

Miss Margarette E. Griffith,
Miss Susan D. Griffith,
E. Morgan Grinnell,
George Bird Grinnell,
Mrs. Chester Griswold, Sr.,
George V. Gross,
William C. Gruner,

A. M. Guinzburg,

Mrs. Gurnee,

(377)

Mrs. C. 8. Guthrie,
William D. Guthrie,

Miss Edith Haas,

John A. Hadden, Jr.,

Hon. Ernest Hall,
Harrison H. Hallett,

Wm. Halls, Jr.,

Mrs. Charles W. Halsey,
Wm. Hamann,

L. Gordon Hamersley,
Miss Elizabeth S. Hamilton,
Mrs. William P. Hamilton,
Ferdinand Hansen,

J. Montgomery Hare,

E. S. Harkness,

Mrs. Stephen V. Harkness,
Miss Josephine T. Harriot,
George A. Harris,

J. Amory Haskell,

Jacob Hasslacher,

Dr. Louis Hauswirth,

T. A. Havemeyer,

J. Woodward Haven,
Carroll Hayes,

Miss Caroline C. Haynes,

David Helier,

Mrs. George A. Helme,
Hancke Hencken,

Chas. Henderson,

Mrs. E. C. Henderson,
Harmon W. Hendricks,
Philip W. Henry,

Mrs, A. Barton Hepburn,
B. F. Hermann,

W. L. Hernstadt,

Mrs. E. D. Lee Herreshoff,

George B. Herzig,
Samuel A. Herzog,

H. H. Hewitt,

Henry Hicks,

Mrs. James J. Higginson,
Hugh Hill,

Mrs. Robert Hill,

Mrs. Samuel N. Hinckley,

B. Hochschild,

Richard M. Hoe,

Mrs. Richard March Hoe,
Mrs. Robert Hoe,

Miss Mary U. Hoffman,
Bernhard Hoffmann,

Mrs. Bernhard Hoffmann,
Mrs. Edward Holbrook,
John Swift Holbrook,
Dean Hawley Holden,
Edwin T. Holmes,

A. Holzman,

Elkan Holzman,

Mrs. Elon Huntington Hooker,

Chas. H. Hoole,

Ernest Hopkinson,
Frederick B. House,

C. J. Housman,
Richard F. Howe,

M. D. Howell,

Mrs. Henry E. Howland,
John Sherman Hoyt,
Miss Rosina S. Hoyt,
Theodore R. Hoyt,
Miss V. 8. Hoyt,
Walter C. Hubbard,
Mrs. Anna Huber,
Conrad Hubert,

Mrs. Thomas Hunt,
Mrs. H. E. Huntington,
Mrs. R. P. Huntington,
Dr. Lee M. Hurd,

(378)

H. D. Hutchins,
Frank DeK. Huyler,
Mrs. Clarence M. Hyde,
Courtney Hyde,
Henry St. John Hyde,
Edwin W. Inslee,
Adrian Iselin, Jr.,

C. Oliver Iselin,

Miss Georgine Iselin,
Lewis Iselin,

William E. Iselin,
Mrs. William E. Iselin,
Miss Flora E. Isham,
A. C. Israel,

Samuel K. Jacobs,
John S. Jacobus,

A. C. James,

Mrs. Arthur Curtis James,
Dr. Robert C. James,
Mrs. Wortham James,
E. C. Jameson,

Mrs. Robert A. Jamison,
Mrs. Alfred Jaretzki,
Alfred W. Jenkins,

O. G, Jennings,

Walter B. Jennings,
George S. Jephson,
Gilbert H. Johnson,
Francis C. Jones,
Rodney Wilcox Jones,
Mrs. Townsend Jones,
Louis M. Josepthal,
Karl Jungbluth,

Henry M. Kahle,

Felix E. Kahn,

Louis Kahn,

Mrs. Delancey Kane,
Mrs. H. F. Kean,
Frank Browne Keech,
Henry F. Keil,

William W. eae
Prof. J. F. K

(379)

Henry Goddard Leach,

Lederle Antitoxin Laborsiones,

Mrs.H. VanRene -nereaneae Prof. Frederic 8S. Lee,

Mrs. John S. Kennedy,
David Keppel,
Rudolph Keppler,

W. M. Kern,

John B. Kerr,

Mrs. Charles W. Keyes,

Emil L. Kieger,

S. E. Kilner,

Darwin P. Kingsley,
Morris Kinney,
Warren Kinney,

W. Ruloff Kip,
William B. Kirkham,
Mrs. Gustav E. Kissel,
Mrs. Charles P. Kling,
E. C. Klipstein,
Roland F. Knoedler,
Chas. Kohlman,
Marion B. Kohlman,
Alex. Konta,

Dr. George F. Kunz,
A. H. Kursheedt,
Anthony R. Kuser,
Adolf Kuttroff,
Stanley V. La Dow,

Mrs. Samuel W. Lambert,

Mrs. J. H. Lancashire,
Francis G. Landon,
Edward V. Z. Lane,
Woodbury Langdon,
Mrs. Jacob Langeloth,
Mrs. John J. Lapham,
Lewis H. Lapham,

Montgomery La Roche,

Henry G. F. Lauten,

Mrs. Amory A. Lawrence,
John Burling Lawrence,

Marshall C. Lefferts,
George Legg,
James M. Lehmaier,

Edmund J. Levine,

G. Levor,

Louis 8. Levy,
Montgomery H. Lewis,
Adolph Lewisohn,

Miss Alice Lewisohn,
Paul Lichtenstein,

E. K. Lincoln,

Mrs. Frederic W. Lincoln,
Frederick J. Lisman,
Lucius N. Littauer,
Siegfried Littauer,

Mrs. John R. Livermore,
Miss Anna P. Livingston,
Mrs. Francis G. Lloyd,
Mrs. William C. Lobenstine,
Mrs. I. Ferris Lockwood,
Mrs. Frank J. Logan,
Russell H. Loines,

Mrs. Matthew M. Looram,
Manuel Lopez,

Lord & Burnham Co.,

P. Lorillard, Jr.,
Ethelbert I. Low,

Mrs. Seth Low,

August Lueder,

Walther Luttgen,

William M. Lybrand,

J. M. Richardson Lyeth,

. Ma,
Dr. John T. Mac Curdy,
C. K. MacFadden,

Clarence H. Mackay,
Kenneth K. Mackenzie,
Mrs. Charles F. MacLean,
Malcolm MacMartin,
V. Everit Macy,

F. Robert Mager,

J. H. Maghee,

Pierre Mali,

L. William Malone,

J. G. C. Mantle,

Miss Delia W. Marble,
John Markle,

Mrs. John Markle,

Dr. J. W. Markoe,
Alfred E. Marling,
Otto Maron,

Mrs. Henry Marquand,
Edwin S. Marston,

R. W. Martin,

Dr. Walton Martin,
Wilham J. Matheson,
George O. May,

Harry Mayer,

Mrs. R. de L. Mayer,
Dr. D. H. McAlpin,
Geo. L. McAlpin,
George McAneny,
Mrs. Alfred McEwen,
Edward A. Mcllhenny,
Henry P. McKenney,
John A. Mckim,

W. A. McLaren,

Mrs. James McLean,
Edward F. NicManus,
Wilham McNair,

B. Frank Mebane,
Morton H. Meinhard,
Dr. Walter Mendleson,
Henry H. Merriam,
John L. Merrill,

(380 )

William F. Meschenmoser,
Manton B. Metcalfe,
Herman A. Metz,
Eugene Meyer, Jr.,
Harry J. Meyer,

John G, Milburn,

Dr. Adelaide Mills,

Alex. 8. Mitchell,

Mrs. John Murray Mitchell,
H. de La Montagne,

C. D. Montague,

Mrs. H. E. Montgomery,
Barrington Moore,
Clement Moore,

J. C. Moore,

Miss Katherine T. Moore,
Mrs. Paul Moore,

Russell W. Moore,

Victor Morawetz,

Miss Anne Morgan,

Miss C. L. Morgan,

E. D. Morgan,

Mrs. J. P. Morgan, Jr.,
Mrs. Pierpont Morgan,
Wm. Fellows Morgan,
Mrs. Dave Hennen Morris,
Dwight W. Morrow,
Henry C. Mott,

Mrs. John B. Mott,

Eric Muelberger,

Frank J. Muhlfeid,

Edwin H. Mulford,

Carl Muller,

John P. Munn,

Frank A. Munsey,

G. M. P. Murphy,

Fred A. Muschenheim,
William S. Myers,

Mrs. Joseph G. Myerson,
Mme. Elie Nadelman,

(381 )

Edward J. Nally,

Chas. W. Parsons,

National Association, Boards of Mrs. Edgerton Parsons,

Mrs. Russell H. Nevins,
Miss Catherine A. Newbold,
Miss Edith Newbold,
Frederic R. Newbold,
Mrs. William G. Nichols,
William H. Nichols,

Wm. Nilsson,

Mrs. E. L. Breese Norrie,
George Notman,

Howard Notman,

Miss Dorothy Oak,
Percy J. O’Brien,

Mrs. Adolph Obrig,
Adolph 8. Ochs,

John Offerman,

Mrs. Ponsonby Ogle,

P. M. Ohmeis,

E. E. Olcott,

Miss Mary Olcott,

Elam Ward Olney,
Robert Olyphant,

Mrs. Emerson Opdycke,
Mrs. Wm. Openhym,

J. Oppenheim,

John B. O’Reilly,
William C. Orr,

Prof. Henry F, Osborn,
Mrs. William Church Osborn,
Homer 5. Pace,

Miss Elizabeth H. Packard,
Fred’k Page Co.,
Augustus G. Paine,
Henry Parish,

Junius Parker,

Winthrop Parker,

James C. Parrish,

Miss Gertrude Parsons,
Mrs. Henry Parsons,

T. H. Hoge Patterson,
Mrs. Frederick Pearson,
Charles E. Peck,

Dr. Charles H. Peck,
William Halsey Peck,
Mrs, Wheeler H. Peckham,
Edward 8S. Pegram,
Mrs. Sarah G. T. Pell,
B. Henry Pelzer,
Edmund Penfold,

Miss Hattie W. Perkins,
Louis H. Perlman,
Samuel T. Peters

Mrs. Theodore Peters,
W.R. Peters,

Car] Schurz Petrasch,
Curt G. Pfeiffer,

Walter Pforzheimer,
Michael F. Phelan,
Henry Phipps,

Lloyd Phoenix,

Phillips Phoenix,
Gottfried Piel,

Henry Clay Pierce,
Winslow S. Pierce,

Mrs. R. Stuyvesant Pierrepont,

J. Fred Pierson,

Mrs. Frank H. Platt,
John Platt,

Edward Plaut,

Gilbert M. Plympton,
Miss R. A. Polhemus,
Miss Florence L. Pond,
Chas. Lane Poor,

Mrs. James Harper Poor,
James E. Pope,

(382)

Alexander J. Porter, Dr. Wm. C. Rives,

Mrs. Henry Kirke Porter, Miss Emeline Roach,
Abram 8. Post, Mrs. Charles H. Roberts,
Miss Blanche Potter, G. Theo. Roberts,

Mrs. Frank H. Potter, Miss G. Van B. Roberts,
Frederick Potter, Miss Jennette Robertson,
Fuller Potter, Louis J. Robertson,

Mrs. George D. Pratt, Andrew J. Robinson,
Mrs. Herbert Lee Pratt, Mrs. John D. Rockefeller, Jr.
John Pratt William G. Rockefeller,
John T. Pratt, Nash Rockwood,

Samuel Pratt, Albert J. Roe,

Mrs. L. B. Preston, Edward L. Rogers,
Clinton B. Price, John Roger,

Miss Cornelia Prime, G. Vernor Rogers,
Thomas R. Proctor, Hubert E. Rogers,

Mrs. Kate Davis Pulitzer, A. J. Rolle,

H. St. Clair Putnam, W. Emlen Roosevelt,
Miss Eva C. Putney, Mrs. W. Emlen Roosevelt,
Percy R. Pyne,’ Hon. Elihu Root,
Charles F. Quincy, Henry C. Ross,

Stanley Ranger, Jacob Rossbach,

G. B. Raymond, Peter W. Rouss,

George W. Raynes, W. A. Rowan,

Mrs. William A. Read, C. H. Ruddock,

Robert C. Ream, Louis Ruhl,

Miss Emily Redmond, Justus Ruperti,

John Reid, Jacob Ruppert,

Chas. Remsen, Frederick K. Rupprecht,
William Rennult, Miss M. L. Russell,
Samuel W. Reyburn, John Barry Ryan,

Mrs. E. 8. Reynal, Arthur Ryle,

Miss Elvine Richard, Miss Julia Ryle,

Oscar L. Richard, Harry Sachs,

Eben Richards, Samuel Sachs,

E. O. Richards, Clarence Sackett,

Max Richter, Mrs. Walter J. Salmon,
Mrs. Robert Ridgway, Mitchell Samuels,

Wm. J. Riker, Philip C. Samuels,

Dr. A. I. Ringer, Mrs. B. Aymar Sands,

H. Sanhagen,

F. A. Sarg,

Miss G. W. Sargent,
Herbert L. Satterlee,
Mrs. Herbert L. Satterlee,

Mrs. Thomas E. Satterthwaite,

Oliver H. Sawyer,
Hermann Schaaf,
Fred’k Muller Schall,
Jacob Schapiro,

John Scheepers,

Anton Schefer,

Mrs. H. M. Schieffelin,
Dr. Wm. J. Schieffelin,
Charles A. Schieren,
Gustave H. Schiff,

C. P. Schlicke,

Miss Jane E. Schmelzel,
Fedor Schmidt,

D. Schnakenberg,
Henrich Schniewind, Jr.,
Carl Schoen,

W. D. Scholle,

Louis B. Schram,
Rudolph Schreiber,
Richard Schuster,

B. Schutz,

C. M. Schwab,

Gustav Schwab, Jr.,
Frederick Schwed,
Walter Scott,

Miss Grace Scoville,
Robert Scoville,

The Scoville School,
Mrs. Arthur H. Scribner,
Edward M. Scudder,
Alonzo B. See,

Prof. Edwin R. A. Seligman,

Mrs. Isaac N. Seligman,
Jefferson Seligman,

(383 )

E. W. Sells,
Mrs. Charles H. Senff,
Alfred Seton,
Mrs. William F. Sheehan,
Dr. William H. Sheldon,
Finley J. Shepard,

avid Shiman,
5. W. Shipway,
Hiram W. Sibley,

Alfred L. Simon,
Franklin Simon,

Robert E. Simon:
Theodore A. Simon,
John W. Simpson,
Francis Louis Slade,
Ralph E. Slaven,
Benson B. Sloan,
Samuel Sloan,

Thomas Smidt,

Daniel Smiley,

Charles R. Smith,

Miss Fanny A. Smith,
James B. Smith,

Pierre J. Smith,

B. E. pedis

E. G. Sno

Phineas Sondheim,

B. Souto,

William M. Spackman,
Mrs. Edward W. Sparrow,
Mrs. Gino C. Speranza,
Mrs. B. G. Spiegelberg,
Dr. Edward H. Squibb,
J. R. Stanton,

Mrs. Mary P. Eno Steffanson,

Fred. T. Steinway,
Wn. R. Steinway,
Olin J. Stephens,

Roderick Stephens,
Benjamin Stern,

J. Ernest Stern,
Edward R. Stettinius,
Sereno Stetson,

Mrs. Byam K. Stevens,
Frederic W. Stevens,
Dr. Geo. T. Stevens,
Lispenard Stewart,
Chauncey Stillman,
Miss Clara F. Stillman,
Dr. D. M. Stimson,
Mrs. James Stokes,
Alfred W. Stone,

Mrs. Willard Straight,
Mrs. C. I. Stralem,

H. Grant Straus,

Mrs. Nathan Straus, Jr.,
Roger W. Straus,
Albert Strauss,
Frederick Strauss,
Martin Strauss,
Samuel Strauss,

W. H. Strawn,

Edward 8. Strobhar,
Dr. George T. Strodl,
Mrs. Gustaf Stromberg,
Benj. Strong, Jr.,

John R. Strong,
Richard A. Strong,
Mrs. Theron G. Strong,
Joseph Stroock,

Louis S. Stroock,
Duncan Struthers,

F. K. Sturgis,

Mrs. F. K. Sturgis,
Miss Victoria F. Sturmer,
Mrs. James Sullivan,
D. R. Szakvary,

Miss Mary Taber,

(384)

Henry W. Taft,

Henry R. Taylor,

Dr, Richard A. Taylor,
W. A. Taylor,

H. L. Terrell,

Charles T. Terry,
Mrs. John T. Terry,
Miss M. J. Thayer,

Mrs. Hector W. Thomas,
Mrs. Howard L. Thomas,
Percival Thomas,

Loren Ogden Thompson,
L. 8. Thompson,
William B. Thompson,
Dr. W. Gilman Thompson,
Samuel Thorne, Jr.,
Myles Tierney,

Louis C. Tiffany,

Henry N. Tifft,

Dr. Walter Timme,
James Timpson,

Rev. E. P. Tivnan, S. J.,
Mrs. Margaret T. Tjader,
J. Kennedy Tod,

Mrs. John B. Trevor,

A. F. Troescher,

John Trounstine,

Carll Tucker,

Dr. Alfred Tuckerman,
Paul Tuckerman,
Edward Turnbull,

Geo. E. Turnure,
Benjamin Tuska,

Mrs. Mary A. Tuttle,
Mrs. Alice B. Tweedy,
E. 8. Twining,

Lucien H. Tyng,

Oswald W. Uhl,

Mrs. Walter M. Underhill,
Mrs. Henry C. Valentine,
James J. Van Alen,

(385 )

Mrs. Samuel W. Weiss,
Mrs. John Wells,
Oliver J. Wells,

Mrs. Frederick T. Van Beuren, Arthur L. Wessell,

Augustus Van Cortlandt,
Barend Van Gerbig,
John B. Van Haelen,

E. H. Van Ingen,

Mrs. Warner M. Van Norden

Edgar B. Van Winkle,

Mrs. Wilbur Linwood Varian,

Mrs. James M. Varnum,
Mrs. A. C. Veatch,
Thos. F. Vietor,

Alfonso P. Villa,

Ludwig Vogelstein,

Mrs. Owen M. Voight,
Dr. S. Wachsmann,
Harry Wacker,
Montgomery Waddell,
Mrs. J. Howard Wainwright,
Mrs. Gustavus A. Walker,
Mrs. W. K. Wallbridge,
Leo Wallerstein,

Dr. Max Wallerstein,
Wm. I. Walter,

Artemus Ward,

C. Blaine Warner,

Mrs. John I. Waterbury,
G. W. Watson,

Mrs. J. E. Watson,

Mrs. E. H. Weatherbee,
Mrs. W. Seward Webb,
Miss Alice D. Weekes,
Dr. Eugene Wehmeyer,
Charles H. Weigle,
George A. Weigel,
Bernard Weinig,

Mrs. C. Gouveneur Weir,
George W. Weiss,

Dr. William West,

Miss Edith Wetmore,
Dr. Wm. E. Wheelock,
Alfred 'T. White,

Miss Caroline White,
Clarence Whitman,

Miss Margaret 8. Whitney,
Howard Whittemore,

F. B. Wiborg,

Miss F. E. Wickham,
Henry Wigglesworth,
William G. Willcox,
Elmore A. Willets,

Mrs. Percy H. Williams,
Richard H. Williams,
William H. Williams,

W. P. Willis,

James R. Williston,
Frank D. Wilsey,

Prof. Edmund B. Wilson,
Dr. Margaret B. Wilson,
M. Orme Wilson,

Charles A. Wimpfheimer,
Harold Wingate,
Bronson Winthrop,
Grenville L. Winthrop,
Mrs. Robt. Winthrop,
Mrs. Frank S. Witherbee,
Joseph Wittmann,

Lewis S. Wolf,

M. Wolff,

William E. Wolf,

Mrs. William H. Woodin,
Prof. R. $8. Woodward,
Miss Julia Wray,

Mrs. J. Hood Wright,

Dr.
Dr.
Mrs

Peter B. Wyckoff,
George A. Wyeth,
. A. Murray Young,

George A. Zabriskie,
Joseph A. Zanetti,
Henry C. Zaro,

Mrs
Mrs

(386)

Mrs.

Anna M. von Zedlitz,

Charles H. Zehnder,
August Zinsser,
Charles Zoller,
Henry Zuckerman.

MeEmBERS OF THE WoMEN’s AUXILIARY

. George A. Armour,
. Robert Bacon

Miss Elizabeth Billings,

Mrs

. N. L. Britton,

. Charles D. Dickey,
. A. Barton Hepburn,
. Robert C. Hill,

. Wm. A. Hutcheson,
. Walter Jennings,

. Delancey Kane,

. Hamilton F. Kean,
. Gustav E. Kissel,

. A. A. Low,

Mrs.
Mrs.
. Henry Marquand,

. George W. Perkins,

. George D. Pratt,

. Harold I. Pratt,

. James Roosevelt,

. Benson B. Sloan,

. Theron G. Strong,

. Henry O. Taylor,

. W. Gilman Thompson,
. George Cabot Ward.

Charles Mac Veagh,
V. Everit Macy,

Honorary MemBers OF THE WoMEN’sS AUXILIARY
Miss Olivia E. P. Stokes,

. E. Henry Harriman,
. John IJ. Kane,
. James A. Scrymser,

Mrs.
Mrs.

F. K. Sturgis,
F. F. Thompson.

(387)

REPORT OF THE TREASURER

New York, January 10, 1921
To THE Boarp oF ManaGers oF THE New York Botan-
ICAL GARDEN.

Gentlemen: Herewith I submit a statement of my Re-
ceipts and Disbursements during the year 1920, and
Balance Sheet from my Ledger as of December 31, 1920.

Respectfully submitted,
Joun L. MerriL1,
Treasurer.

Recerrts AND DisBURSEMENTS

Receipts
Balance, January 1, 1920...............-..-00-- $ 16,011.34
Legacies
Margaret Olivia Sage (on account of
principal and interest, to be ap-
portioned on final settlement of
legacy) exc cegsde ba ta ei el Cae $500,000.00
Fanny Bridgham................. 30,000.00
Mary J. Kingsland................ 5,000.00
Louisa Combe.................... 5,000.00 $540,000.00
Investment Account
Science and Education
Fund, redemption
at maturity of
$10,000 par value
Bonds of Louisville
and Nashville R. R.
gad, te eee dee tn ee $ 10,000.00

Northern Ry. Co. .. 10,000.00 $ 20,000.00
John Innes Kane Fund,

redemption at ma-

turity of £10,000 par

value Bonds of Gt.

Northern Ry. Co. .. $ 10,000.00

(388 )

Temporary Investment, redemption
at maturity of $13,000 par value
U.S. Treasury Notes..

General Income Account

Income from General Investments

4% on $59,000 Erie R.

R. Penn. Coll. Trust

Bonds.. .£ 2,360.00
4% on grr, 000 Mil

waukee, Sparta & N.

W.R.R. Bonds.... 440.00
4195 on $50,000 Ches.

& Ohio R. R. Co.

Genl. Mtge. Bonds.. 2,250.00
4% on $35,000 Nor.

Pac. R. R. Bonds,

Gt. Nor. C. B. & Q.

Trust. ...... 1,400.00
ee on $50,000 Ricatiag
: . Bonds,
ie Centr. Coll.
Tr.. 2,000.00
5oo on $10, felere) es Nee
R Bonds... . 500.00

4% on $10,000 New
York City Stock, due

Ao re 400.00
490 on $24,000 Non

Pac. Bonds, 6 mos... 480.00
5% on $10,000 Balto.

& Ohio 4, 4 Bonds... 500.00
444% on £50,000 Penn.
R. R. Genl. pic

Bonds.. : 2,250.00
ue on ae ae & N.
Co. Notes, 6

mos.... 2... 0... 250.00

5% on $50,000 South-
ern Ry. 1st Consol.
Mige. Bonds..... .. 2,500.00

13,000.00 $ 43,000.00

(389)

414% on $10,000 N. Y.
Cent. Lines Eqpt.
Bonds............. 450.00
4% on £50,000 Erie R.
. Co. Prior Lien
Bonds............. 2,000.00
444% on $24,000 2nd
Liberty Loan Bonds,

6 mMOSs......-....... 510.00
434% on $23,000 Vic-

tory Loan Bonds, 6

MOS......-.-00000. 546.24

Income from Temporary Invest-
ments, credited to General In-
come Account, interest on
$13,000 U. 8. Treasury Notes...

Income from Membership Dues,
credited to General Income Ac-

count
Fellowship Members... $ 200.00
Sustaining Members .. 300.00
Annual Members..... 10,390.00

Sales of Merchandise, credited to
General Income Account......
Interest on Deposits, credited to
General Income Account ......
Special Income Accounts
From Investment of John Innes
Kane Fund
424% on $10,000 U. S.
Victory Bonds...... g 237.50
5% on $10,000 Gt. Nor.
Ry. Co. Bonds. 500.00
From ae at af vere DeWitt
Jesup
“ on a ooo Nor.

Pac. Prior Lien

$ 18,836.25

341-25

$ 10,890.00

$

134.75

1,787.58 $ 31,989.83

737-50

(390)

414% on $10,000 U. S.
grd_ Liberty Loan
Bonds............. 425.00
Income of the Addison Brown Fund
— on $22,000 Nor.
c. Ry. Prior Lien

Bonds a eer eae 880.00
So cupeon to “Ad-
disonia”’........... 2,586.52

From Investment of the Russell
Sage and Margaret Olivia Sage
Memorial Fun

Dividends

10cO. «shares Amer.

Tel. & Cable Co... 375.00
400 shares Amer.

Tel. & Tel. Co.... 1,600.00
250 shares VU. S.

Steel Pfd......... 1,312.50
200 shares Man-

hattan Ry........ 700.00
10 shares Importers

& Traders Bank. 240.00
52 shares Banter

Trust Co.. 780.00

100 shares Balto.
& Ohio R. R. Pfd. 200.00
200 shares A. T. &

SF. R.R. Co..... 500.00
100 shares Un
Pac. Pfd......... 200.00
Interest

4% on $6,000 Man-

ae Ry. Co.
ee ene 87.33

a7 on as ooo U.

S. Victory Bonds,
ant eee 6,175.00

1,025.00

3,466.52

(391)

44% on $19,000 N.
Y. Tel. Co. Bonds,
tst Mtge. .

_—— on $10,000 Ore,

h. R. R. Co.

382.37

245.56
4% on $7,000 Centr.
New Engl. Ry. rst
Gold Bonds......
314% on $6,000 Bal-
to. & Ohio R. R.
Prior Lien Bonds.
4% on $17,000 Mis-
souri Pac. R. R.

171.89

128.92

190.78

Siecigahawaui ws 48.31

1%, on $6,000 Erie
. Prior Lien

Life Membership Fee, credited to En-
dowment Fund...............
Income of the David Lydig Fund, sub-
scriptions to “North Aenean
Flora” and sales of publications
Income of the William R. Sands Fund,
contribution..................
Income of the Stokes Fund, sales of
leaflets s.ciiei3 2 eee bic os
Special Funds
Charles Budd Robinson Memorial

Fund, sale of book............ $
sei Research Fund, tuition

CES cht aise dane ou Dates eane age ee
are Development Fund, con-

tributions.............-....-.

147-33 $ 13,484.99

250.00

2,338.45
5.48

8.20 $ 21,316.14

172.00

Plant Fund
Contribution......... g 10.00
Sale of hay.......... 463.50 $
Exploration Fund, refund..........
Convalescent Soldiers’ Gardening

Cherry Garden Shelter Fund, contri-
DLION As Ae ee ee

473.50
8.04

59727-70

1449-33
280.00 $ 21,596.07

Repayment by Employees of Liberty Bond Sub-

Disbursements
Investment Accounts
Russell Sage and Margaret
Olivia Sage Memorial

Fund,
52 ee Bankers
Trust Co.... .£ 19,500.00
200 ae Mankitian
Sieoeteaeeeses: 9,125.00
250 Shares U. S. Steel
Corp. Pfd.... 2.0... 27,359.37
10 Shares Importers &
as National
pew + ducking 5,600.00
400 re Amer. Tel.
& Tel. Co... 2.02... 37,775.00
200 Shares A. T. & SF
Ry. Co. Pfd........ 14,525.00
300 Shares Missouri
Pac. R. R. Co. Com-
2) | ea 7,068.75
200 Shares St. Louis
SW. Ry. Co. Pfd.... 4,450.00

100 Shares St.
SW. Ry. Co. Com-
1,200.00

2,082.00

143,762.63
$819,758.01

(393)

100 Shares M. K. & T.

Ry. Pfd. (Equit-

able Trust Co. Ctfs.) 1,200.00
100 Shares Wabash Ry.

Co. Common...... 800.00

Staab ac de2 5 2,262.50
100 Shares Amer. Tel.
& Cable Co........ 5,075.00
100 Shares Balto. &
Ohio R. R. Co. Com-
MON.............. 3,193.75
100 Shares Balto. &
Ohio R. R. Co. Pfd. 4,400.00
100 Shares Un. Pac. R.
R. Co. Pfd......... 6,237.50
$10,000 Ore. Washn.
R. R. & Nav. ist &
Ref. 4%. 0... 0004, 6,500.00
$19,000 N. Y. Tel. Co.
Ist & Genl. 444%.. 14,155.00
$17,000 Missouri Pac.
. R. Co. Gen. 4%. 8,755.00
$6,000 Erie R. R. Co.
tst Cons. Prior Lien
Yee atlas nese 3,015.00
a es Balto. & Ohio
R. Co. Prior Lien

a Eee eee 4,860.00
$7,000 Centr. New

Engl. Ry. rst 4%... 3,675.00
$7,000 Washn. Term.

Co. 34%. 4,830.00
$6,000 Manhattan Re.
Co. Cons. 4%
“Stamped”’........ 3,120.00
$198,681.87*
*Above stocks and bonds received from Executors’ Estate of Margaret Olivia
Sage.

(394)

$260,000 U. S. Govt.

Victory Bonds...... 249,285.00 $447,966.87

Science & Education Fund
$10,000 U. S. Govt.
Victory Bonds......$ 9,626.50
Govt.

Victory Bonds...... 12,514.45
John Innes Kane Fund
$10,000 U. S. Govt.
Victory Bonds................
Temporary Investment
$13,000 U. 8S. Govt. Treasury
NOt6S inchs 4 boo Red eed beet

Special Garden Accounts, Vouchers Paid
Mary J. Kingsland Bequece
Special Book Fund
Special Devclonment Fund
Plant Fund......................
Exploration Fund.................
Cherry Garden Shelter Fund.......
Guggenheim Greenhouse Fund.....
Grounds Improvement Fund.......
Convalescent Soldiers Gardening

Museum and Herbarium Fund.....
Reserve Fund..........0....0.0...

Regular Garden Accounts
Income of John Innes Kane Fund,
Adjustment of Interest $ 192.66
Vouchers Paid........ 567.83
Income of Russell Sage
and Margaret Olivia
Sage Memorial Fund,

Adjustment of Interest 1,440.83
Vouchers Paid........ 28,281.84
Income of William R.
Sands Fund,

Vouchers Paid........

22,140.95

$ 9,626.50

13,000.00

7:450.99
66.00

25,040.06

£ 760.49

29,722.67

599-50

$492,734.32

$45,938.87

(395)
Income of D. O. Mills

und,
Vouchers Paid........ 2,432.93
Income of Addison Brown
Fund,
Vouchen Paid.. 5,768.44
Income of Maria DeWitt
Jesup Fund
Vouchers Baid-. 1,010.98
Income of Science & ‘Bde:
cation Fund,
Vouchers Paid........ 4,366.74
Income of David Lydig

Fund,
Vouchers Paid ....... 10,001.19
Income of General Fund,
Interest to date of pur-
chase on $13,000 U.
S. Govt. Victory
Sita dicis atante 250.39
Interest to date of pur-
chase on $10,000 U.
S. Govt. Victory

Bonds...... i 192.66
NGvacment of Interest 66.00
Vouchers Paid... ..$ 25,663.89 % 26,172.94 $ 80,835.88

Temporary Investment
Adjustment of interest on $13,000 U. S. Govt.
Treasury Notes.........0 0.0000 e eee eee

City Maintenance Account
Vouchers Paid.........0.0-.00 0000202 e eee ee

Increased Appropriation to the Director-in-Chief for
a ee
BaLaNnce, cash in hands of Treasurer December 31,
1920 (on deposit with J. P. Morgan & Co.

and the New York Trust Company).......

46,445.17
$819,758.01

(396)
LEDGER BALANCES, DecemBer 31, 1920

Permanent Funds Debit Credit
Endowment Fund.............0....000...0.. $269,010.00
Science & Education Fund.................... 83,461.90
Russell Sage and Margaret Olivia one Fund. 500,000.00
David Lydig Fund.......... 0.0.0... 34,337-86
Fanny R. Bridgham Fund.................... 30,000.00
William R. Sands Fund...................... 10,000.00
Darius O. Mills Fund.............0......02.. 50,000.00
Henry Iden Fund...........0.0.0.....-....... 10,000.00
Addison Brown Fund...............2.....05. 21,850.00
John Innes Kane Fund.....................4. 10,000.00
Stokes Fund. 64 6. eee ee ie wok eae eam 3,000.00
Charles Budd Robinson Memorial Fund........ 705.94
Students Research Fund...................... 4,296.00
Maria DeWitt Jesup Fund.................... 25,000.00

General Investments
$50,000 Ches. & Ohio Genl. Mtge.
onds
$50,000 Southern Ry. Co. 1st Cons.
Mtge. Bonds
$50,000 Erie Ry. Co. Prior Lien
Bonds

$59,000 Erie Ry. Co. Penn. Coll. Tr.
Bond

$24,000 U. 8. Govt. 2nd Liberty
Loan Bonds
$50,000 Reading Ry. Co. Jers. Cent.
Coll. Tr. Bonds
$30,000 Nor. Pac. Gt. Nor. C. B. &
Q. Coll. Bonds
$10,000 New York City 4% Stock
O00 tay casei tena ore $312,424.18

Investment of Darius O. Mills Fund
$50,000 Penn. Ry. Co. Genl. Mtge.
Bonds. ............-. 0.000004 $ 50,500.00

(397 )

Investment of Science Education hs
$10,000 N. Y. Cent. Ry. Equ
$10,000 Balto. & Ohio Rid. "Guat
Mtge. Bonds
$5,000 C. B. & Q. Joint 4’s
$23,000 U. 8. Govt. Victory Bonds . $ 46,595.18

Investment of Henry Iden Fund
$11,000 Milw. Sparta & N. W. 1st
Mtge. Bonds................. 10,120.00

Investment of Addison Brown Fund
22,000 Nor. Pac. Ry. Prior Lien

Bonds... ap ees eee ee orn 20,680.00

Investment of John Innes Kane Fund
£10,000 U. S. Govt. Victory Bonds . 9,626.50

Investment of Maria DeWitt Jesup
Fund

$15,000 Nor. Pac. Ry. Prior Lien

Bonds
$10,000 U. 8. Govt. 3rd Liberty
Loan Bonds.................. 23,378.75

Investment of Russell Sage and Mar-
garet Olivia Sage Memorial
Fund, as per details under
Disbursements............... 447,966.87

Profit and Loss Account.............. 1,322.77

Income Accounts
Income of Jesup Fund.............
Income of Stokes Fund............
Income of Students’ Research Fund.
Income of John Innes Kane Fund ..
Income of Charles Budd Robinson
Memorial Fund...............

181.78
254.24
702.25
516.99

70.67

(398 )

Income of Lydig Fund.. Sates 4,543.70
Income of Addison Bean Fund. 175.81
Income of Russell Sage and Mar-

garet Olivia Sage Memorial

Pun GS ica dn cog sane 16,237.68
General Income.................. 29,644.49
Temporary Funds
Grounds Improvement Fund....... $ 58.98
Louisa Combe Bequest and accrued
INTETESE.A diotons aces ta ee does 5,385.60
Mary J. Kingsland Bequest........ 3,699.20
Special Book Fund................ 519.58
Special Development Fund......... 6,260.79
Plant Pund | ccucne tive suede. 492.04
Exploration Fund................. 19.96
Museum and Herbarium Fund..... 8.62
Convalescent Soldiers Gardening
MN aces He Geta eestor tetas 1,736.37
Reserve Fund.................... 12,020.32
Guggenheim Greenhouse Fund..... 187.37
Income of temporary investments .. 300.11
Director-in-Chief, working fund....... 40,000.00

Cash on deposit, December

31, 1920
With - P. Morgan &

Company outta ets 7.528.31 46,445.17
1,071,868.79 1,071,868.79

(399)

TREASURER’s ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR 1920
Room 318, Granp CENTRAL TERMINAL
New York, May 19, 1921
Mr. Rosert W. ve Forest,
Chairman Finance Committee, New York Botanical Garden,
30 Broad Street, New York, N. Y.
Dear Sir:

This is to certify that I have, by direction of the Board of
Managers, examined the books and accounts of the Treasurer
of the New York Botanical Garden, for the year nineteen hundred
and twenty (1920), together with their proper vouchers, and
that I find the balance sheet and the Treasurer’s statement of
receipts and disbursements attached hereto to be correct.

The various investment securities have also been verified and
accounted for, and I certify that the statement of the same re-
ported in the balance sheet as of December 31, 1920, is correct.

Respectfully submitted,
A. W. Stone,
Special Auditor.

GENERAL INDEX

Access, Means of 89

Accessions 36, 234, 327

Accountant. she of Expenditures 58, 274, 360
Addisonia 28, 44, 266, 3

Annual Members 67, — 372

Appended Reports 24, 229, 321

Arboretum, Deciduous 5, 31, 156, 253, 339
Assistance, a and 38, 236, 329

ea Direct ee $245.922

Fir Repor
ee on oes 86, 87, 305, 306, 367, 399
Auxiliary, Women’s 78, 297, 386

Barnhart, J.H. Reports of Bibliographer 43, 265, 353
punctictors 64, 281, 369
Bequest, Bridgham 214, 310
‘ombe 4, 315

Kingsland 214, 315

Sage 4, 214, 315

Wolff 4
Beverages 10
eee et Reports 43, 265, 353
Bonds, Liberty 21

Victory 227
Border Screens 13, 209
Boundary Fences and Entrances 31

Boynton, K. R. Reports of Supervisor of Gardening Instruction 246, 336

Bridges 209
Bridgham, Mrs. Fanny. Bequest 214, 3
Britton, E.G. Reports of Honorary ae of Mosses 55. 271, 357
Britton, N. L. aie of Secretary and Director-in- Chicka T4:2135. 307
Bronx River, Gorge of 2
Buildings 20, 49, 91, a bee 313, 350

and Collections, Guide to the Grounds, 89

and Grounds, Superintendent of. Reports 47, 262, 34
Bulletin 27, 232, 325

io)

Chairman of the Scientific Directors. Reports 63, 280, 368
Charcoal 110

Cherry Collection, Japanese 148

Chocolate 103

Chrysanthemum Collection 257, 342

( 400 )

( 401 )

Civilians ] ia Gardening, Instruction of 221
Collecting
Collection, Canes 257, 342

Dahlia 10, 33, 257, 342

Gladiolus 336

Japanese Cher 198

)
Collections, | ee mic. Reports of Honorary Curator of the 51, 269, 356
uide to the Grounds, Buildings an
Miscellaneous 32, 256, 34
Combe, Louisa. Bequest 4, 315
agiaaas on Patrons, Fellows and Members. Reports 64, 281, 369
Condiments 99
a Il, ae - 140, 254, 339
Constituents, Plant
Contributions 28, 23 25
to Emergency Fund 57, 218, 220, 222, 224
to Special Development Fund 318
Convalescent Soldiers in pose Gardening, Instruction of 220
Corbett, A. J. Reports of Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds 47, 262, 348
Cork and its Products 9
Curator of Fossil Plants, Honorary. Reports 54, 272, 358
of Mosses, Honorary. Reports 55, 271, 357
of the Economic Collections, Honorary. Reports 51, 269, 356
of the Museums and Herbarium, Head. Reports 35, 234, 327
of the Plantations, Report 338

Dahlia Collection 10, 33, 203, 257, 342
Deciduous Arboretum 5, 31, 156, 253, 339
Woodlands 207
Decorative Woody Plants 197
Deering, Charles. Assistance 18, oe 312, 332
Dendrology, North American
Descriptive ‘Guide to the Cae Buildings and Collections 89
Design, Plants used in 245
Development Fund, Special 318
Director, Assistant. Reports 24,
-in-Chief, Secretary and. Reports 1, 213, 307
of the Laboratories. Reports 45, 259, 3
Docentry 28, 211, 244, 334

Drainage 48, 209, 262
Grading a . 315, 348
Drugs 108

Dye Stuffs 98

Economic Collections, Honorary Curator of the. Reports 51, 269, 356
Garden 194

( 402 )

Museum 13, 36, 51, 95, 217, 234, 269, 310, 327, 356
Emergency Fund, Contributions to 57, 218, 220, 222, 224
Entrances 208

Boundary Fences and 314
Besenial Oils I9I

t, The Plant — 120
Exhibits Floral 2
Expenditures, Schedales a 58, 274, 360
aaa Greenhouses, Propagating and 12
ounds, Nurseries an
Exploration 17, 222, 311

Fats 100

Features, Natural 12, 93, 229, 317
Fellows for Life, 65, 282, 370
Fellowship Members 67, 284, 372
Fences and Entrances, Boundary 314
Fibers 9

First Assistant Report 230

Flora, North American 27, 44, 265, 353
Floral Exhibitions 245, 333
lower Gardens 10, 200
Fodder Plants 105
oods, Human 106
Fossil Botany, Museum of. See Paleobotanical Museum
Plants, Honorary Curator of. Reports 54, 272, 358
Fruticetum ae 166, 253, 338

Fumitor

cout Development 318

Garden, Economic 194
Tris e 2
Lilac
Pees and ade

ee 178

Rose 8, 33, 199, 256, 342

School 9
Gardening, Instruction in 220, 221, 336
Gardening Instruction, Supervisor of. Reports 245, 336
Gardens, Flower 10, 200

Herbaceous 4, 30, 178, 253, 338

Horticultural 8, 33, 20%, 256, 342

rater, 6, 204

(403 )
General Horticultural Operations 33, 258, 343

an 9I
Gladiolus Collection 336
Gleason, H. A. Report of Assistant Director 322
eport of First Assistant 230
Gorge of the Bronx River 205
Grading and pee 315, 348
Regulating and 47, 262
Groesbeck, S. ee Schedules of Expenditures 58, 274, 360
Grounds 50, 265
ered and Collections, Guide _ the 89
Superintendent of Buildings and. orts 47, 262, 348
Guide to the Grounds, Buildings and tie ions 8

Harlow, S. H. Reports of Librarian 41, 267, 354
Harper, R. A. Reports of Chairman of the Scientific Directors 63, 280, 368
Head Curator of the Museums and Herbarium. Reports 35, 234, 327
Gardener. Reports 30, 253, 33
Hemlock Forest 204
Herbaceous Gardens 4, 30, 178, 253, 338
Herbarium 15, 32, 37, 125, 235, 255, 328
Curator of the Museums and. Reports 35, 234, 327
Hollick, Arthur. Reports of Honorary Curator of Fossil Plants $4, 272, 358
Honorary Curator of Fossil nts. se 54, 272, 35
one of Mosses. Reports 55, 271,
Curator of the Economic nae ons. Repo 51, 269, 356
Members of Women’s Auxiliary 78, 2 6
Horticultural Gardens 8, 33, 201, 256, a
Operations, General 33, 258, 343
Plantations 9
Howe, M. A. teas and Assistance 39, 237, 330
Human Foods 106

oO

Insecticides 109
Instruction and Information, Public 16, 219, 312
of Civilians in Practical Gardening 221
of Convalescent Soldiers i in Practical Gardening 220 ..

Investigations and Assistance 38, 236, 329
Tris Garden 7, 204

Japanese Cherry Collection 198
Journal 27, 232, 325

Kingsland, Mary J. Bequest 214, 315

Labeling 32, 255
aboratories 126

( 404 )

Director of the. Reports 45, 259, 344
Lantern Slides 15, 218
Lectures 25, fee 240, 333, 334
nds

Librarian. ve se oe 354
Library 15, 125, 218, 3
Life Members 6s, pe ae
Lilac Garden 200
and Peony Gar
List of Serer Additions and Corrections to 43, 268, 355
Local Flor
Location te
Mansion 148
Garden 9
oo 102
Meetings 2
Members, een 67, 284, 372
Fellowship 67, 284, 372
Life 65, 282, 370
Sustaining 67, 284, 372
Women’s oe 78, 297, 386
Merrill, J. L. Reports of oe 79, 298, 387
Microscope Exhibit 117
Miscellaneous Collections 32, 256, 341
ecimens 110
Morphological Garden 178
Mosses, Honorary Curator of. Reports 55, 271, 357
Murrill, W. A. Personal Peete ae 30, 245, 336
Report of Assistant Director 24
Reports of Supervisor of Public Instruction 240, 33
Museum, Economic 13, 36, 51, 95, 217, 234, 269, 310, 327, 356
of Fossil Botany. See Paleobotanical
Paleobotanical 14, 36, 54, 120, 217, ve 272, 328, 358
Systematic 14, 37, III, 217, 23 oe
Museums 13, 36, 94-124, 217, ee
Museums and Herbarium, Head ce A! the. Reports 35, 234, 327
Mycologia 27, 232, 325

Nash, G. V. Reports of Head Gardener 30, 253, 338
Investigations and Lectures 35, 259, 344
Natural Features 12, 93, 229
Nature Stud
Negatives, Photographic 15, 218
orth American Dendrology 110
American Flora 27, 44, 266, 353
Meadows 206

(405 )

Nurseries and Experimental Grounds 10
Propagating Houses and 31, 255, 340

Oils, Fixed 100
Volatile or Essential 101

Paleobotanical Museum 14, 36, 54, 120, 217, 235, 272, 328, 358
er 96

Paths, Roads and 18, 49, 223, 263, 315, 350
Patrons 64, 281
1,F

Pennell, F. W. Investigations and Assistance 40, 238, 331
Peony Garden, Lilac and 8
Perfumer,

y 102
Periodicals, List of. Additions and Corrections to 43, 268, 355

Pergolas 210
Suen Exhibit, The Plant 120
Photographic Negatives - 218
Pinetum 6, 31, 149, 253, 3
Plantations, Curator of ioe Report 338
orticultural 92

Systematic 30, 91, 253, 338
Plant Constituents 103

Photo h Exhibit 120
Plants ce Planting 4, 214, 309

Decorative Woody 197

105

din Design 2
Poisonous Plants of a vicinity of New York 109
ower Houses 148
Practical Gardening, Instruction in 220, 221, 336
Propagating and Experimental ras 12
ouses and Nurseries 31, 255, 3
Proximate Principles 103
Public Instruction and Information 16, 219, 312
Ins struction, Supervisor of. Reports 240, 333

North American Flora 4, 27, 44, 214, 266, 309, 353
Purposes 90
Recording 32, 255
Red Pine Plantation 7, 33

( 406 )

Regulating and Grading 47, 262
Report of First Assistant 230
Reports Appended 24, 229, 321
Assistant Director 24, 322
Bibliographer 43, 265, 353
n of the Scientific Directors 63, 280, 368
Committee on Patrons, Fellows and Member 64, 281, 369
Director of the Laboratories 45, 25
Head Curator of the Museums ae Herbarium 35, 234, 327
Head Gardener 30, 253, 338
Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections 51, 269, 356
Honorary Curator of Fossil Plants 54, 272, 358
Honorary Curator of Mosses 55, 271, 357
Librarian 41, 267, 354
Secretary and Director-in-Chief 1,
Special Auditor 86, 87, 305, 306, 3
Superintendent of Buildings and es 47, 262, 348
Supervisor of Gardening Instruction 246, 336
Supervisor of Public Instruction 240, 333
Treasurer 79, 298, 387
Resins, Varnish 9
iscellaneous ea
River Woods 2
Roads and ae 18, a 208, 223, 263, 315, 350
Rose Garden 8, 33, 19 ate
Rubber and Allied Prine 97

Rules 211
Rusby, H. H. Reports of Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections 51, 269,

35
Rydberg, P. A. Investigations and Assistance 38, 236, 329

Sage, Mrs. Russell. Bequest 4, 214, 315
Salicetum 5, 31, 166, 253, 339
Schedules of aon 58, 274, 360
Scholars, List o
Special a Students and 47, 262
School Garden 9
Scientific Directors, Chairman of the. Reports 63, 280, 368
Screens, Border 13, 209
Seaver, F. J. Investigations and Assistance 39, 237, 330
Shade Trees 209
Shelters
Shrubs, Collection of 166
Slides, Lanter
Small, J k. on Investigations 40, 239, 332
Reports of Ilead Curator of the Museums and Herbarium 35, 234, 327

(407)

Soap and Soap Substitutes 100
Soldiers in Practical Gardening, Instruction of Convalescent 220
Special Auditor. Reports 86, 305, 306, 367, 399
Development Fund 31
Investigators, Students and Scholars 47, 262
Specimens, Miscellaneous 110

Pices 99
Starches 104
Stone, A. W. Reports of Special Auditor 86, ee 306, 367, 399
Stout, A. B rsonal Investigations

.B. P 45, 259, 3
Reports of Director of the Laboratories 45, . 344
Students, List of 47, 250, 252, 262, 348

and Scholars, Special ee 47, 262
Sugars 104
Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds. Reports 47, 262, 348
Supervisor of Gardening Instruction. Reports 246, 336

of Public Instruction. Reports 240, 333

iol

nin:
Synoptic Collection 111
Systematic Museum 14, 37, III, 217, 235, 328
Plantations 30, 91, 253, 338

Tanning Materials 98

Tulip Collection 342

Tulips, Collection of Late 257
Treasurer. Reports 79, 298, 387

Varnish Resins .

Victory Bonds 2

Viticetum 6, ae e 254, 339
Volatile Oils

Water Gardens 6, 204
Supply 20, 209, 226, 317, 349

Waxes 99

White Pine Plantation 7

Wilson, Percy. Investigations and Assistance 39, 238, 331
, Emil. Bequest 4

Women’s Auxiliary 78, 297, 386

Woodlands, Deciduous 20

Woods and Wood Products 110

Woody Plants, Decorative 197

Abies 149, 156, 202, 258

ster 44
Aulacaspis 25
Baccharis 178
Bambos 128

Bicuculla 184
Bihat 136
Billbergia 144
Blechnum 148
Boehmeria 12
Botrychium 119
Bougainvillaea 138
47

ryum 357
Buddleia 176
Buxus 187

eons ie

GENERIC INDEX

‘astanea 160
atalpa 166

cast
‘ymophyllus 180
‘ynoxylon 166, 175
yperus I 35
‘ypripedium 44

Dahlia 10

osera 147
Dryopteris 145

Echeveria 44

(409 )

ieee) 133, 134 Kneiffia 233, 239
Echinocereus 134 Koclewena 165
Echinopsts ovr,
Encalypta 28, 56 Lactuca 192
Encephalartos 147 Lagerstroemia 142
Ephemerum 55 rix
Epidendrum 143 Leitnerta 168
Epiphyllum 133 emna 180
LEquisetum 116 Lepidodendron 122
Eschscholtzia 45 Leptobryum 1
E I Leptocereus 133
Eugenia 142 Liagora 330
Euonymus 173 Lilium 181, 260, 345
Linum 45, 187
agus 1 Liquidambar 162
Ficus 130, 14 Lycaste 143
Forestiera 176 Lycopodium 116
Forsythia 176 Lyihrum 45, ce 262, 347
Fragaria 186
Fraxinus 166 Maackia 163
Frullania 118 M
Funaria 116 Macrozamia 147
Furcraea 137 Malus 162
oleae 134
Galazaura 28 Mara
Galium 191 M ieee s
Gasteria 131 Masdevallia
Gelsemium 138 Mesem ie te 131, 183
Ginkgo 156 Microcycas 146
Gleditsia 16 Maes 12
Glossopteris 122 Monstera 130
Gossypium 95 Muehlenbeckia 129
Grewia 174 usa t
Guzmania 144 Myrtus 142
Harrisia ee 239 332 Narcissus 45
oad Ge News 138
Helxi Nepenthes 145
He meroclls 45, 260 Nephrolepis 145
eved 9 wIUsia I
Hanus 34, 46, 174, 261 Nicotiana 45
Hicoria Nopalea 134, 140
Hohenbergia 144 Nyctocereus 133
owea I
Hyd: eles 190
anne ereus Odontoglossum 143
Hymenocal ee. 332, 347 Ocnothera 188
ee 174 Olea 142
Hypox He: Oncidium 1
Opulaster 171
Llex 5, 198 Opuntia 44, 133, 134, 140, 188, 332
Tis 204
Lsoetes 116 Pachycereus 133
Pachyphytum 131
Juglan Paeonia .
nee an 155 Pandanus 138
Paphiopedium 143, 144, 146
Kalanchoe 131 Paulow
Kentia 138 Pauro

7332
Kerria 171 Sanaa 260

Pentstemon 176

a 129
Pinus 7, 33, 142, 152, 156
per 128

ophoen
Prewdarege he I Te 203
Psilotum 146

Pteris 145
Pyrostegia 139

Quercus 96, 159

Rese
Babecerpen 122

mex 182
Ruscus 146

Sabal 138
Saccharum 105, 135

(410)

agittaria 179
‘alix 166

tb Lal
an
VAN

Xanthoceras 173
Aanthorrhiza 169
Xylophylla 129
Yucca 132

Zamia 146, 147, 332
Zantedeschia 135

Zelkova ee
Zingiber 136

ou. MAY £8 19,No- 87

BULLETIN

OF

‘THE NEW YORK

BOTANICAL GARDEN

[ISSUED MAy 12, 1919]

CONTENTS
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND D1REcTOR-IN-CHIEF FOR
THE LEAR 1918
Report of the Assistant Director
Report of the Head Gardener
Report of the Head Curator of the Museums and Her-
barium
Report of the Librarian
Report of the Bibliographer .
Report of the Director of the Laboratories
Report of the Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds
Report of the Honorary Curator of the Economic Col-
lections .
Report of the Honorary Curator of Fossil Plants
Report of the Honorary Curator of Mosses . ; :
Subscriptions to the Emergency Fund, 1918
SCHEDULE OF Expenpirures Durinc THE Year 1918

ReEporT OF THE CHAIRMAN OF THE ScientTIFIC DIREcTORS
FOR THE YEAR 1918

REPORT OF THE ComMITTEE ON Patrons, FELLows, AND
NIEMBERS FOR THE YEAR 1918

Report oF THE TREASURER FOR THE YEAR 1918

REpoRT OF THE SpeciaL AUDITOR

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Journal of the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, ee ean

ing notes, news, and non-technical articles of Camis interest. Free all
members of the Garden. To others, 10 cents ee $1.00 a year. ‘TNot
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cologia, bimonthly, illustrated in color and otherwise; devoted to fungi,
including lichens; area technical articles and new: and otes of general
interest, and an ex to current American myco ological literature. $3.00 4
year; single ere not for sale. [Not offered in exchange.] Now in its

eleventh v ea

Addi a, quarter! ly, devoted oo to colored plates anaes by
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Now in its fourth volum

Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden, containing the annual reports

of the Director-in-Chief and other official documents, and technical articles

embodying the results of investigations carried out in the Garden. Free to all
members of the Garden; to other: 8, $3.00 per volume. Now in its tenth nae

No ai

olu y. . £E ch volu: £ fa

Subscription price, $1.50 per part; a limited number of pears span
will ie sold for $2.00 each. [Not offered in exchan nge.
1, 1910. Nectriaceae—Fimetariaceae.
7, part 1, 1906; part 2, 1907; ane . 1912.

saat e(gs) (Part 1 no longer sold rege
Ea complete), parts 1 an 907; t 3, 1910; part 4, 1915;
1916, Pelppo ee eee (pars). (Parts 1 and 2

)

part 6, 7
no oe sold separately.
Vol. 10, part 1, 1914; parts 2 and 3, 1917. Agaricaceae (pars).
Vol. 15, parts 1 and 2, 1913. Sphagnaceae—Leucobryaceae.
6

rs).
Vol. 17, part 1, 19093 part 2, 1912; part 3, 1915. Ty iiaeacasPeaeels

Vol. 21, part 1, 1916; part 2, 1917; part 3, 1918. Chenopodiaceae—Allio-
niaceae.
Vol. 22, parts 1 and 2, ee parts 3 and 4, 1908; part 5, 1913; part 6, 1918.
Podostemonaceae—Rosace
Vol. 25, part 1, 1907; me , 1910; part3,1911. Geraniaceae—Burseraceae.
Vol. 29, part 1, 1914. Clethraceae—Ericaceae.
Vol. 32, part 1, 1918. Rubiaceae (pars).
Vol. 34, part 1,1914; part 2,19153 A 3, 1916. oo ieneaamae eit
Memoirs of the New York reed Garden. Price to members of the
Garden, $1.50 per volume. To others, $3.00. [Not offered i in exchange.]
ol, An Annotated Catalogs ot the Flora of Montana and os na
stone Park, by ae Axel Rydberg. 492 pp., with detailed map.
Vol. ae Be Light a nd Darkness upon Grow se os oe tee
mes a D. gal. xvi-+ 320 pp., with oe figures.
Vol. I cae ae Cee Corer ee Remains (oi Ke rei ischerville,
New York, by A. Hollick and E. C. Jeffrey. viii-+- 138 pp., with 29 plates

09.
Vol. IV. Effects of the Rays of Radium on oe by Charles Stuart
Gager. viii+ 278 pp., with 73 figures and 14 Lg

ol. V. Flora — the Vicinity of New tA ‘Contribution to Plant
aaa by Norm aylor, vi 3 Pp., op plates.

. VI. Papers eed at the Celebration of the Twentieth Anniver-
sary oe ae ee ee Botanical Garden. viili-+ 592 pp., with 43 plates and
many text fi
Contelbutions: fron the New York pelea area A series of tech-

nical papers written by students or members staff, and reprinted from
area other than the above. Price, 25 ane aes $5.00 per volume. In
the ninth volume.

NEW YORK a ag GARDEN,
x Park, New Yorx "crty

OFFICERS 1919
y PRESIDENT—W. GILMAN THOM
ANDREW CARNEGIE
Vice-Presivents { FRANCIS LYNE STETSON
TrexSuRER—~JOHN L.M
. ASSISTANT TREASU oe ed DE LA MONTAGNE
f Secretary--N. L, BRITTON

1. ELECTED MANAGERS
Term expires eae

-EDWARD D, ADAMS NIEL “GUGGEN HEIM
ROBERT W. ve FOREST torn L. MERRILL
HENRY W. ve FOREST J. P. MORGAN

Term expires January, 1
N. L. BRITTON LEWIS RUTHERFURD MORRIS
ANDREW CARNEGIE FREDERIC R. NEWBOLD
W. J. MATHESON W. GILMAN THOMPSON

Term expires January, 1
MURRY GUGGENHEIM GEOR ee W. NS
ADOLPH LEWISOHN FRANCIS ao: Peon

MYLES TIERNEY

2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS
Tue Mayor oF THE City or New Yorke
HON. JOHN F. HYLAN
THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PusBLic Parks
HON. FRANCIS DAWSON GALLATIN

a esp are DIRECTORS

ROF. R. RPER, Chairman
PROF. CHAS. P. BERKEY oo FREDERIC S. LEE
EUGENE P. BICKNELL ROF. HERBERT M. ee
DR, NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER PROF HENRY H. RUSB
PROF. WILLIAM J. GIE ON. "ARTHUR Ss. ours

GARDEN STAFF
DR. N. - oe Director-in-Chief (Development, Administration)
GLEASON, cies Assistant (Administration
DR. JOHN K SMALL Hee ee of the Museums (Flowe’ bina Plants)
A. MURR ee of Public Instructio

cY f
DR. FRANCIS W. PENNELL, Asso cite Curator
ORGE V. N , Head Garden
DR. A. B. STOUT, Director of the Lab
DR. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, Bibliogropher
Ris RLOW, Librar rian
R. H. 1. ee Curator of the Economic iets
TTO Kai of M

ART R J. CORB T, Superintendent of B ort idinos ad Grounds
HENRY ic PARSONS, cnn isor of Gardening Instruction (on igs for
Government ies ce)

biviaay

Gin ef tne Presideng

VOL. 10 No. 38

BULLETIN

or

THE NEW YORK

BOTANICAL GARDEN

(ISSUED JUNE 24, 1920]

CONTENTS:

DESCRIPTIVE GUIDE TO THE GROUNDS, BUILDINGS,

AND COLLECTIONS. : ; ; . 89-212

PUBLICATIONS

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Journal of the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, a eaiaanes Henan:
notes, pie ae non-technical articles of general interest. Fre mem ber:
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yeologia, bimonthly, illustrated in color and otherwise; devoted to fungi,
including pea containing technical articles and news and notes Ms eee
interest, and an index to current American mycological literature. $4. ear:
single he re sale. {Not offered in exchange.] Now in its ae volume.
Addisonia, quarter] y, devoted exclusively to colored plates accompani

popular descrip ions of flowering plants; eight plates in each number, thi aos in
each volum Aes scription price, $10.00 a year. [Not offered in exchange.] Now
in its fifth volume.

New York Botanical Garden, containing the annual reports
of the Director-in-Chief and other official documents, and technical articles em-

i al

bodying results of ee carried out in the G Free to all member
of the Garden; to others, $3.00 p Now in its tenth vol
North American ner eagllrtaeal of the wild plants of No rth America,
including Greenland, the West 7 aa and Central America. Planned to be
completed in 34 volumes. Roy. "Ea h volume to consist of f or more
ubscription price, ee art; limited number of separate parts
will be sold for $2 ach. [Not offered in exchange
ol. 3, part 1, Nectriaceae— aceay

Vol. 7, part 1, 1906; part 2, 1907; part 3, 1912. Ustilaginaceae—Aecidiaceae
(pars). (Parts 1 and 2 no longer sold separately.)
ol. 9 (now complete), parts ae pay Poly poraceae—Agaricaceae
I $24

3.
Vol. 17, part I, 1909; part 2, 1912; part 3, 1915. yphaceae—Poaceae (pars).
Vol. 21, part 1, 1916; part 2, 1917; part 3, 1918. Chenopodiaceae—Allio-

2, parts I and z, 1905; parts 3 and 4, 1908; part 5, 1913; part 6, 1918.
ace

t I, 1919; part 2, 1920. Fabaceae (par
Vol. 25, part I, 1907; part 2, 1910; part 3, IQII. Ci ees

Vol. 34, part I, 1914; part 2, 1915; part 3, 1916. Carduaceae—Anthemideae.
Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden. Price to members of the Garden,

i < ge.
ol. I. An Annotated Catalogue of the Flora of ntana and the Yellowstone
Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. ix + 492 pp., with detaile d map. 1900.
Vol. II. The Influence of Light and Darkness upon Growth and Development,
by D. T. MacDougal. xvi + 320 pp., with 176 figures. 1903.
Vol. III. Studies of rea Coniferous ae from en New
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Vol. IV. Effects of ae Ray. 3 oe Radi um ie Plants i. Charles ae Cake
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ol. V. Flora of the Vicini ie of New York: ‘4 Contribution to Plant Geography
by Norman Taylor. vi + 683 pp., with 9 plates.
hes VI. Pa apers one at the Celebration of ie Twentieth panes & of
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Con a tions from the New York Botanical Garden. A series of technical
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other than the above. Price, 25 cents each. ee oo per volume. In the ninth
volume.

NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
nx Park, New York City

OFFICERS, 1920

Presipent—W. GILMAN THOMPSON

FRANCIS Bev oC
Vick-PRESIDENTS { EDW ARD D
TreasurER—JOHN L. MERR
ASSISTANT qe eae oon LA MONTAGNE
Secretary—N,. L. BRITTON

1. ELECTED MANAGERS
Term expires ae

N. L. BRITTON WIS RUTHERFURD MORRIS
HENRY W. ve FOREST poe R. NEWBOLD
WwW. ‘J. MATHESON W. GILMAN THOMPSON

Term expires settee
PAUL D. CRAVAT EOR cE W.
MURRY Sporn FRANCIS LYNDE SETSON
ADOLPH LEWISOHN MYLES TIERN

Term expires January, 1923
EDWARD D. ADAMS JOHN L. came

: J. P. MORGA

DANIEL GUGGENHEIM F. K. nes

a. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS
THe Mayor oF THE City or New YoreE
HON. JOHN F. HYLAN
Tue PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF Ae Parks
HON. FRANCIS DAWSON GALLATIN

es SCIENTIFIC aie ees
ROF. R. A. HARPER, Chairm
EUGENE P. BICKNE LL PROF. FREDERIC Ss. io
DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER HON. gees S. PRA
; PROF ERT M. RICHARDS
PROF. JAMES F. KEMP PROF. HENRY H. RUSBY

GARDEN STAFF
DR. N. L. BRITTON, Director-in-Chief (Development, Administration)
. A. GLEASON, Assistant Director (Administration
DR. JOHN K. SMALL, Head Curator of the Tia (Flowering Plants)
. W. A. MURRILL, Supervisor of Public Instruction

PERCY
RA
GEORGE v. ee Head Gardener and Curator “of Plantation
. STOUT, Director of the Labor
DR ok HENDLEY BARNHART, _Biblogrephe
ARAH H. HARLOW, Libr.

DR. H. H. RUSBY, Honorary Curator of the Beanie Pia

ELIZABETH G. BRITTON, Honorary —— ator of M

DR. ARTHUR HOLLICK, Honorary Curator of Fossil Planis
DR. WILLIAM J. GIES, Eibesiendd Chemist
LLI Ms todi.

ineer
WALTE ‘& an untant
ARTHUR J. CORBETT, Superintendent of Buildings and Grow
KENNETH R. BOYNTON, Supervisor of Gardening Instruction

VOL. 10

BULLETIN

Or

THE NEW YORK

BOTANICAL GARDEN

[ISSUED JUNE 80, 1920]

CONTENTS

ReEporT OF THE SECRETARY AND DrrectTor-IN-CHIEF FOR
THE YEAR IQIQ. eee
Report of the First Rican: hearse

Report of the Head Curator of ii “Museams and.

Report of the Supervisor of Public Taste tones

Report of the Supervisor of Gardening Instruction.

Report of the Head Gardener... 2. we ee

Report of the Director of the Laborsocies: Se tietbey

Report of the pei une of ee and Grounds

Report of the Bibliographer. .

Report of the Librarian... = ......

Report of the Honorary Curator 6 the eee

Collections... ac¢. ii eivdtebarieteiiet a bieds x

Report of the Honorary Curator of Mosses.

Report of the Honorary Curator of Fossil Plants.
SCHEDULE OF EXPENDITURES DURING THE YEAR IQIQ.
REPORT OF THE CHAIRMAN OF THE ScrentTIFIC DireEcTors

FOR THE YEAR 1919... 1 cece ee eee ee ce eee
REPORT OF THE Commies ON anna FELLOWS, AND

MEMBERS FOR THE YEAR IQIQ. .. oo... eee eee eee eee
REPORT OF THE TREASURER FOR THE Vea 1919
Report oF THE SpeciaL AuDITOR.

PUBLICATIONS

The New York Botanical Garden

Journal of the New York Botanical Garden, and psig: eeeenroes
notes, news, and non-technical articles of general i Fre member:
of the Garden. To others, 10 cents a copy; thee a aan ince ane in ex-

i volume.

Mycologia, See beg tae in color and otherwise; devoted to fungi,
including ee containing technical articles and news and notes of general
interest, and a ex to ee merican mycological literature. $4.00 a year:
single copies nee fee sale. [Not offered in exchange.] Now in its twelfth volume.

Addisonia, quarterly, devoted exclusively to colored plates accompanied by
popular descriptions of flowering plants; eight ere in each number, eae in
each volume. Subscription price, $10.00 a year. [Not offered in exchange.] Now

i olume.

New York Botanical Garden, containing the annual reports

of the Director-in-Chief and other official documents, and technical articles em-

bodying results of investigations carried out in the Garden. Free to all members
the Garden; to others, $3.00 per volume. Now i lume.

North American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North America,
including Greenland, the West Indies, and Centra] America. Planned to be
a ted in 34 volumes. Roy. 8vo. Each volume to consist of four or more

rea ee price, $1.50 per part; a limited number of separate parts
0 each. ange

ar :
7, part 1, 1906; part 2, 1907; part 3, 1912. Ustilagi Aecidiaceae

7.
Vol. 15, parts I and 2, 1913. hagnaceae—Leucobryaceae.
Cy

rs 3).

Vol. 17, part I, 1909; part 2, 1912; part 3, I9I5. ‘yphaceae—Poaceae (pars).

Vol. 21, part I, 1916; part 2, 1917; part 3, 1918. Chenopodiaceae—Allio-
niaceae

Vol. 22, parts 1 and 2, 1905; parts 3 and 4, 1908; part 5, 1913; part 6, 1918.
Podostemonaceae——Ro osaceae,

Vol. 24, part I, I919; part 2, 1920. aiagene (pars).
vel 25, part 1, 1907; part 2, 1910; part 3, 1911. Geraniaceae—-Burseraceae.
Vol. 29, part I, 1914. Clethraceae—Ericaceae.
par:

Vol. 34, part i, 1914; part 2, 1915; part 3, 1916. Carduaceae—Anthemideae..
Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden. Price to ea of the Garden,
rs, $ rm | a

Vol. I. n
Park, by Per Axel'Rydberg. ix + 492 pp., x etailed map.
ol. II. The Influence of Light and Darkness upon Growth nd Development,
by D. T. MacDougal. xvi -+- 320 pp., with i gures.
Vol. III. Studies of Cretaceous Coniferous Seria from Krefscherville, New
York, by A. Hollick and E. C. Jeffrey. viii + 138 pp., with 29 plat 190
__Vol. Vv. mane of the Rays of Radium on Plants, by Charles sie Gager.

Fl an of is haere: of New Yor a Coaiiios to Plant Geography
by Norman Taylor. vi + 683 pp., with 9 ates. I9QI5.
: Papers eave, at the Celebration of the Twentieth seeped Ge 2
Ree York Botanical Garden. viii + 592 pp., with 43 plates and many t
pete 1g16.

Contributions from the New York Botanical Garden. A series of technical
ete Aadgre by students or members of the staff, and reprinted from journals
other the above. Price, 25 cents each. $5.00 per volume. In the ninth
ae

NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Bronx Park, New York City

OFFICERS, 1920

PRESIDENT-—-W. sary THOMPSO

NCIS oe STETSON
Vick-PRESIDENTS oo WARD D. ADAMS
TreaSuRER—-JOHN L. MERRILL
ASSISTANT TREASURER—HENRY DE LA MONTAGNE
Secretary—N,. L, BRITTON

1. ELECTED MANAGERS
Term expires Geren Als

N. L. BRITTON EWIS RUTHERFURD MORRIS
HENRY W. pve FOREST FREDER RIC R. NEWBOLD
W. J. MATHESON W. GILMAN THOMPSON
Term expires peed de
PAUL D. CRA GE W. PE
MURRY GUGGENHEIM FRA NCIS YYNDE STETSON
ADOLPH LEWISOHN MYLES TIERNEY
Term expires January, 1923
EDWARD D. ADAMS JOHN L. ca
ROBERT W. vz FOREST J. P. MOR
DANIEL GUGGENHEIM F. K. STURGIS

2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS
Tue Mayor or THE City or New Yorx
HO HN F. HYLAN

THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PuBLIC PARES
HON. FRANCIS DAWSON GALLATIN

= ee pea
a R. A. HARPER, Chair
aecaee P. BICK KNE PROF. FREDERIC = rai
NICHOLA LAS MURRAY BUTLER ee ANNING S.
PROF. WILLIAM J. ae F. HERBERT a ARICHARDS
PROF. JAMES F. KEM PROF. HENRY H. RUSBY

GARDEN STAFF
DR. a = Saye Director-in-Chief (Development, Administration)
. GLEASON, Ass ae Director Gongs cane

DR. JOHN K SHALL Hie faa of t
MURR Supervisor of Public Ins:
RYDBERG Curator (Flowering Pl

AV
ROBERT Ss. “WILLIA Administra
PERCY WI LEON. Associate elem
FRANCIS W. PEN eee Associate C:
GEORGE. v. oe Head Gardener and Curator - Pisataiiews
. STOUT, Dee of the Laboratories

RAH H. HARLOW, Librarian

R. H. H. RUSBY, Honorary Curator of the ais raised
ELIZABETH G. BRITTON, Honorary Curator of M.
DR. ARTHUR HOLLICK, Honorary Curat oe Fossil “Plaats

a
ARTHUR J. CORBETT, Superintenden. Gro
KENNETH R. BOYNTON, a caike ie is Gardening eee

VOL. 10 No. 40

BULLETIN

OF

THE NEW YORK

BOTANICAL GARDEN

ISSUED SEPTEMBER 10, 1921

CONTENTS

REPoRT OF THE SECRETARY AND DiRECTOR-IN-CHIEF FOR

THE? YEAR 1920) ice oon sayings woe eee eal ees 307
Report of the Assistant Director................045. 322
Report of the Head Curator of the Museums and

Perbartu ms. esas checker ate Ghee ae DR 327
Report of the Supervisor of Public Instruction....... 333
Report of the Supervisor of Gardening Instruction. ... 336

Report of the Head Gardener and Curator of Plantations 338

Report of the Director of the Laboratories........... 344
Report of the Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds 348
Report of the Bibliographer..............-......2.. 353
Report of the Librarian... 0.0.00... 000.0... c eee 354
Report of the Honorary Curator of the Economic
Collections 3:04 4) asi ae re beep Bee eae ages 356
Report of the Honorary Curator of Mosses.......... 357
Report of the Honorary Curator of Fossil Plants..... 358
SCHEDULE OF EXPENDITURES DURING THE YEAR 1920...... 360
REpoRT OF THE CHAIRMAN OF THE ‘ScIENTIFIC Directors
FOR THE YEAR 1920.......... 00.20 c eee eee ees 368
REporT OF THE CoMMITTEE on Patrons, FELLOws, AND
MEMBERS FOR THE YEAR 1920.......... 000.00 369
REPORT OF THE TREASURER FOR THE YEAR............. 387

PUBLICATIONS

The New York Botanical Garden

Journal of the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, illustrated, containing
notes, news, and non-technical articles of general interest. Free to all members
of the Garden. To others, 10 cents a es $1.00 a year. [Not offered in ex-

ge. i volum

Mycologia, bimonthly, illustrated in lee and otherwise; devoted to fungi,
including lichens; containing technical articles and news and notes of general
interest, and an index to current American mycological literature. $4.00 a Ao
single copies not for sale. [Not offered in exchange.] Now in its twelfth volum

Addisonia, quarterly, devoted exclusively to colored plates crear a ied ~
popular descriptions of flow wering plants; ieee plates in each number, hingeiws in
each volume. Subscription price, $10.00 a year. [Not offered in exchange.] Now

i lume.

w York Botanical Garden, containing the annual reports
f the Director-in- rhe and other official documents, and technical Soa em-
i Gar o al T

completed in 34 volumes. Roy. 8vo. ach volume to consist of four or more
parts. Subser eae ee $1.50 per part; a limited number of separate parts
will be sold for $2.00 each. [Not offered in exchange.}
c imetari

rs .
Vol. 17, hel - 1909; part 2, 1912; part 3, I9I5. ‘yphaceae—-Poaceae (pars).
Vol. 21, part 1916; part 2, 1917; part 3, 1918. Chenopodiaceae—Alllo-
e

Vol. 24, part I, ee ae 2, 1920. Fabaceae (pars).
Vol. 25, part 4, 1907; part 2, 1910; part 3, IOII. Geraniaceae—Burseraceae.

2 ae.

Vol. 32, part I, 1928; part 2, 1921. Rubiaceae (pars)

Vol. 34, part I, 1914; part 2, 1915; part 3, I91 a Cardu: aceae——Anthemideae
Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden. Price to oe of the Garden,

Vol. I. An Annotated Catalogue of the Flora o! thas aa the Yellowstone
Park, by Per Axel Rydber. ix + 492 pp., with det: map. 19
Vol. II. The Influence “at Light oe Darkness upon ‘Cae th and Development,

y D. T. MacDougal. xvi + 320 pp., with 176 figures. 190
Vol. III. Studies of Cretaceous Cues Remains from Kerelachervile, New
York, by A. Hollick and E. C. Jeffrey. viii - 138 pp., with 2

Vol. IV. Effects of the Pee of Radium oo by Chane: one Cun
viii + 278 pp., with 73 fi and 14 p een 19
Vol. V. Flora of the Visiity of N ~ oe fe Conanuties to Plant Geography
by Norman Taylor. vi pp., wit! IO15.
Vol. VI. Papers peseties at ae Geisration of the Twentieth seers a .
e New York Botanical Garden ii + 592 pp., with 43 plates and many t
ae

Co: ntabedons from the New Yorg Botanical Garden. A series ur technical
papers written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted from journals
other than the above. ‘Price, 25 cents each. $5.00 per volume. In te ninth
volume.

NEW YORK grees GARDEN
nx Park, New York City

OFFICERS, 1921
Passivent—W. GILMAN THOMPSON
WAR AD
Vice-Preswoents { HENRY W DéeFOREST

TREASURER—J : he
ASSISTANT TREASURER—HENRY DE LA MONTAGNE
SEcRETARY—N. L. BRITTON

1. ELECTED MANAGERS
Term expires January, 1922

HENRY de FOREST BALDWIN MURRY Sea ame
PAUL D. CRAVATH ADOLPH LEWISOHN
WILLIAM BOYCE THOMPSON

Term expires January, 1923

EDWARD D. ADAMS JOHN L. MERRILL
ROBERT W. de FOREST I. P. MORGAN
DANIEL GUGGENHEIM . K. STURGIS
Term expires January, 1924
N. L. BRITTON LEWIS RUTHERFURD MORRIS
HENRY W. de FOREST FREDERIC R. NEWBOLD
W. J. MATHESON W. GILMAN THOMPSON

2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS
THE Mayor OF THE a oF New <oe
HON. ee tea
THE PRESIDENT OF T T OF Huai Parks
HON. FRANCIS DAWSON GALLATIN

3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS
PROF. R. A. HARPER, Chairm

EUGENE P. BICKNELL PROF. FREDERIC S$. LEE

DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLERHON. ANNING §

PROF, WILLIAM RBERT M. RICHARDS
PROF. JAMES F. KEMP PROF. HENRY H. RUSBY

GARDEN STAFF

DR. N. L. BRITTON, Director-in-Chief Sraeh ta ete Administration)
.H. A. GLEASON, Assistant Director (Administration
DR. JOHN K. SMALL, Head Curator of the tien aan ring Plants)
DR. W. A. RRIL i

(0) 5) a S
DR. JOHN HENDLEY NHART, a da
ae LOW. oe
DR. H. H. RUSB Tee ae of th iar e Collections
ELIZABETH G. A TTON, Honorary Curaioy of Mosses
R.A HO 7

T ra
ILLIAM J. GIES, Consulting Chemist
COL. F. A. SCHILLING, Museum Custodian

ARTHUR * CORBETT, Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds
KENNETH R. BOYNTON, Supervisor of Gardening Instruction i

{ith
Wet
Rann

A

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