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JOURNAL 
OF 


THE NEw YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 


CAROL H. WOODWARD 
EDITOR 


VOLUME XXXIX 


1938 


Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden 
BRONX PARK, NEW YORK, N. Y. 


THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 


BOARD OF MANAGERS 


I. ELECTIVE MANAGERS 
one 1939: rely he ANDERSON oe Crarence Lewis, PIERRE 
E. D. Mer HENRY DE LA NTAGN. = ae cretary and Assistant 
Tens), Wasa J. Ropsins, and Ie SPI 
Until 1940: Henry pe Forest BaLDwin (Vice president) CHILDS aescaet 


Attyy R. Jennines, Henry Lockuart, Jr., MacDouseat, and Jos: 

. SWAN (President). 

Until 1941: E. C. Auc MarsHALL Fiery, Mrs. Eton Vala 
Hooker, Joun L. essa. eee president), Cov. Rosert H. Mon MERY, 


and H. Hosart Porter. 


II. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS 
Fioretto H, LaGua Mayor of the City of New York. 
oe Meas Parks ranean 
JAMES MARSHALL, President of the Board of Education. 
Ill. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS 


Tracy E. Hazen, appointed by the Ee hiee Botanical Club. 
Oo. ARPER, Sam TRELEASE, EpmMunpd W. SINNOTT, and Marston T. 
Bocert, appointed by Columbia Universit ey. 


GARDEN STAFF 


Wuuiam J. Rospins, Pu. D,, Sc. D. Director 
H. A. Greason, Pua. D. Assistant Director ae Head Curator 
Henry pE ta MoNntTAGNE Assistant Director 
A. B. Srout, Px. D. Curator of Education ad Laboratories 
Frep J. Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D. wrator 
Bernarp ©. Doncr, Pu. D. Plant Pathologist 
Joun HeEnpteY Barnuart, A. M., M. D. Biblio 
Percy Wison Associate ae 
Avert C. Smita, Pu. D. Associate Curator 
Harotp N. sepa Pu. D. Associate Curator 
EvizasetH C. Hatt, B. S. ibrarian 
H. H. Russy, M. 'D. Seren ane Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections 
Fiepa GRirriri Artist and Photographer 
Ropert S. WILLIAMS Research A Associa in B ryology 
E, J. ALEXANDER Assistant Curator and Curator of the Local Her barium 
H , Po. D. t Curator 
LYDE CHaNno er, A. M. te chi eal Assistant 
Rosalie WEIKERT Technical Assistant 
FRreperick KavaNacH, ae Technical Assistant 
Caro. H. Woopwarp, A. ean Aion 
Tuomas H, Everett, N. B. Horr. Iturist 
G.L. Race A.M. 
Orto Dea M. S. Collaborator in Hawaiian ere 
Ropert Hic an Honorary Curator of Myxom ycetes 
Erne: Anson S, PeckHam..Honorary Curator, Iris and Narcissus Collectio tions 
ArtTHuR J. Corbett Superintendent oe, Beslaings and Groun 


A. C. PFanner stant Superintedacnt 


THE CORPORATION OF THE NEW eo pons GARDEN 


qhe New 
the State of N 


a ae “perpetuating bode of ecatbonatere who mect zhnvally 2 tie members a oF Board of 
ager. P is 


given bel Tes 
aaa 

cust 

the “ise below. Officera are 

dorff, Vice-chaitman; Mrs, 

Arthur M. Ander: 

“Mrs, Arthur M. Anderson 

George Arent 

*Mrs. ey sates Jr. 

Vincent Astor 


W. Auchincloss 
hi 


nm 
> 
S 
6. 
a 
S 


a 
Ce 
4 
c 


Prof. William i Bonisteel 
George P. Brett 
*Mrs. Richard de Wolfe Brixey 


8 
Miss Mi 
*Miss E. Mabel Clark 

W.R. Coe 
Richard C. Colt 


Alfred J. Crane 
*Mrs. C. I. jevoise 
Edward C. Delafield 
Mrs. George B. de Long 
Rev. Dr. H. M. Denslow 
Julian Detmer 
Mrs. Charles D. Dickey 
*Mrs. John t 
Benjamin T. Fairchild 
*Mrs. Moses Faitoute 
Marshall Field 
William B. O. Fiel 
*Mrs. Robert H. Fife 
*Mrs. Henry J. 


Harry Harkness Flagler 


"Advisor ty Council consists of 1 mor 
they are also elected to the Cove tion. 
: Mrs, Elon Huntington Hooker, Chairman: Mrs. 
Nelson B. ee 
Corresponding Secretary; and Mre. F. Leo 


ew 


einer Seen 

Ke log; 

*Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox 

Childs Fric! 
*Mrs. Carl A. de Gersdorff 
Dr. H. A. 
*Mrs, Frederick A. Godley 
*Mrs. George McM. Godley 


Gleason 


Pierre Jay 

Allyn R. Jenn 
*Mrs. Walter Jennings 
*Mrs. F, Leonard Kellogg 


J. Pierpont Morgan 
Dr. Robert T. Morris 
Y. Morrison 


men who are elected by the Board. By 
ir names are marked with an asterisk in 


Carl A. de oar 
‘ary; Mrs. Townscnd Scudder 
‘Mrs. Augustus G. Paine 


*Mrs. James R. Parsons 


John M. Schiff 
*Mrs. Henry F. Schwarz 
Mr: hur H. Scribner 


Joseph R. Swan 


Bronson Winthrop 
Grenville L. oo 


John C. 
*Mrs. William H. Woodin 
Richardson Wright 


PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 


Books 
An IIlustrated dre of the Nor ee United States and Canada, by Nathaniel 
ord Britton and Addison Brown. volumes, giving descriptions and illustra- 
eae of 4,666 species. “Second edition Sepa ed. $13.50. 
lora of the Prairies and Plains of Central Naw America, by P. A. Rydberg. 
969 pages and 601 figures. 1932. Price, $5. oa aid. 
Plants ot the Vicinity of New York, by A Cc: 284 pages, illustrated. 
1935. $1.6 
Flor: a Bermuda, by Nathaniel Lord Britton and others. 585 pages with 494 
text fours 1918, $3.50. 
A Text-book a core Lichenology, by Albert Schneider. 230 pages. 
76 plates. 1897, $2. 


Addisonia, semi-annual, devoted exe to colored biter accompanied by 
popular descaipaon s of flowering plants; ight plates in each number, rae -two in 
ic : "volume Subscription Hie ae volume 
(two years). Not offered ane ae Free to members of the Gar 
Journal of The New nal Soars onthly, eae aa news 
and non-technical articles. * Subsertion, $1 fs single 6 copies 10 cents. Fre: 
to rua of the Garden. ow in its as ak volum: 
logia, bimonthly, eee in color and pee ee devoted to fungi, 
ae “lichens, containing technical arti a and news and notes of general in- 
terest. a year; single copies $1.24 in its thirtieth volume. 
Twenty: four Year Index volume $3 in paper, 33. 50 in abil d. 
A series of eee papers. Subscription price, $5 a volume. 


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orth American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North aan 
nelu ding ets, the West Indies, and Central America. Planned to be co: 
a ted i olumes, each to consist “of four or more parts; 85 parts now iced. 
Subscription pace, $1.50 per part; a limited number of separate parts will be sold 
for $2 each. Not offered in exchange. 
Contributions from The New York Botanical Garden. A series of technical 
papers written by audena or members of the at and reprinted tee journals 
other than the above. e, 25 cents each, $5 volum: e fourteenth 
volum: 
Mem oirs of The New York oe Garden. A collection of scientific 
papers. Volumes J-VIT. Titles on requ 
Direct all orders to The New 2 Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New 
rk, N. Y 


DIRECTIONS FOR REACHING THE BOTANICAL GARDEN 
The New York Botanical Garden is located in the Bronx, immediately north of 
the Zoological Park at Fordham Road, and at the south end of the Bronx River 
Parkway. It may be reached ty Lesa trains from Grand Central Terminal to the 
eras al Garden Station (200th Street). 
ach the Garden by eee and Subway systems, take the Third 
vente Elev ated to the end of the line (Bronx Park Station); from the East and 
Lexington or peu Av 


€ he 
Third ‘Avene Elevated at 149th Street and Third Aven By Eighth Avenue 
subway (Independent system) take a C or CC train to Bedford Park Boulevard 
ue me then walk east ce the Garde 
r from the city, drive north on Grand Concourse to Bedford 
Park aaa "(Goots coy. en east there, and cross the railroad bridge into 
the Garden grou 


MEMBERSHIP IN THE GARDEN 
Established as a privately endowed pera: aided partially by City appro- 
priations, The New York Botanical Garden s dep endent for its progress largely 
upon benefactions and memberships. Throceht dine” means, though young as botani- 
cal gardens ee it has become the third largest Pir antar ee its kind, its library, 
ne 


herbarium, and horticultural collections ranking ng th st and most complete 
in any country. 
lembership in The New York ee rede therefore, means promotion 
ientific research in eerie o ad the mene of horticultural interests. 
Scientifically, the Garden is able serv g-house of information for 
students and beeen all « over ne Petit fordculurally, - 7 serves as a link 
between the plant explorer or bre a oe the garden 


Through m ae shi Aes ae ions, provision mae t the Botanical 
Garden oe ie training a3 young Gace and gece pereiese hoa eds of new 
books are added annually to the library, which is open daily to the public for re- 


search and reas free exhibits are maintained in the museum, the greenhouses, 
and gardens, and lectures, courses, and free information in botany and gardening 
are given to the blic. 

Each in 


pu 
indi Saad ae of the Garden receives: 
1) A y of the Journal every month. 

(2) A yy of Addisonia twice a year, each number illustrated with 
eight Galera. nae of unusual le coeapined by complete descrip- 
tions and other pertinent informatio: 

share of surplus Asad material of interesting or new varieties 
whenever it is distributed. 
4) Announcements of special floral displays at the Garden from 
season to season. 
(5) Credit, to the extent of the membership fee paid, toward courses 
of study offered by the Garden. 

A limited num of garden clubs are accepted as affiliates. The privileges of 
filiation are a subscription to the Journal, announcements of ee a specially 
conducted tour of the grounds and greenhouses, and a lecture once a year by a 

selected member of the staff. 

Fellowships or Sesuel gets for practical student-training in horticulture or for 
bears research m rey be established by bequest or other benefaction either in 
perpetu r for a definite perio 

ai Y aanies of membership and types of benefaction are as follows: 


Annual Member annual i $ 10 
Sustaining Member sniiual fe 25 
Garden Club alan annual fee for club 25 
Fellowship Member annual fee 100 
Member for Life angle contribution 250 
Fellow for Life single Bee tees 1,000 

atron single contribution 5,000 
Benefactor single contribution 25,000 


Contributions to the Garden may be deducted from taxable incomes. The 
following is a legally approved form of bequest: 
I here by bequeath oy ane New York ee Caden incorporated under the 
fa —————_, 
Conditi bequi may be made ae income payable to donor or any 
designated ee ry Gone his or her lifetim 
Il requests for further information should be addressed to The New York 
Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. 


Vv 


TABLE OF CONTENTS 
1938 


No. 457. JANUARY 
Some Cultural Notes on Hardy Deciduous Azaleas 1 
A Souvenir of 1937 6 
Annual Report of the Acting Director for 1937 7 
ce aval ta Bones 2 Fae at aie Potaical Garden 12-13 
Staff Member: oe A.S. in Indianapolis 19 
Medal to Dr. "sto 19 
Myxomycete Coltectng 19 
Notes, News, and Comment 20 
Current Literature at a Glance 21 
Reviews of Recent Books 22 
58 Fes 

Some Choice Coniferous Evergr reens for Ornamental Planting 25 
The Chinese Water-chestnut, Scirpus tu 32 
i liable Evergreens for the No ee oe 36-37 

New Gardening Courses Begin in March 39 
Hour Chanked™ to 3 p.m. for Spring Lecture Series 42 
Reviews of Recent Books 43 
Current Literature at a Glance 47 
Notes, News, and Comment 48 

No. 459 Mar 

Hardy Azaleas for Beauty of a and Color in the Garden 49 
Bark and Buds to Laci Some Native Trees in Winter 6) 
Reviews of Recent Bool 69 
Cur Sole Literature at a Cine 70 
Advisory Council Report 71 
Notes. News and Comment 71 


No, 460 Aprun 
The Passing of Dr. Sm 73 
Bark and Buds to ident Some ae avi A Pig aa (continued } 80) 
Modern Study of Plants in Relation to Educ 8&8 
Fliicki Ted. oe Dr. T° Teeby 


uckinger Medal Awa 92 
Student ieee Activiti 92 
Reviews of Recent Books. 93 
Current Literature at a Glance 95 
Notes, News, and Comment 96 

No. 461 May 

Springtime in the Rock Garden 97 

par ae oe Last of oath Preceded by Members Days 
an 98 
$ Wilder—A Trib 100 
Flowering Bulbs for the Ro den 101 
Modern Study of Plants in Relation to Education (continued) 105 
Late Spring Flowers in the Thompson Memorial Rock Garden 108-109 
Covina: Presented to Eight Students 113 
Louise Beebe Wilder 114 
News from South America 115 
Notes, News, and Comment 115 
Current Literature at a Glance 116 
Reviews of Recent Books 119 

Jun 

New Varieties Feature the Rose Display fie Season 121 
Propagation of the Native pee - Chimaphila 129 
wering Behavior of Norway Maples 130 
Trapa bicornis, a Water ace. Town a “lie Chinese as Ling Ko 134 
Reviews of Recent Books 139 


Current Literature at a Glance 142 


‘ 


vii CONTENTS 


Notes, News, and Comment 143 
Myxomycete. Collection 144 
Jur 
Results of Recent oe in ee ae ot Pests on Trees 145 
A Plea for the Am 151 
A Mother of en 154 
The Recognition of Sat Common Native Trees by Their Leaves 156 
Reviews of Recent Bo 164 
Current Literature at a Glance 166 
Notes, News, and Com 167 


No. 464 Aus 
The ma ae Ca, in Warring heen the Dutch Elm Disease 169 
Henry W. de Fore 78 


The Recognition OF has Common Native Trees by Their Leaves 180 
Raymond H. Torrey 188 
Roe. of Recent Books 189 
Current Literature at a Glance 191 
Notes, News, and Comment 192 
o. 465 SEPTEMBER 
Trees and Shrubs in New York City and Some Observations on Their 
Growth—I 193 
The Professional’s Poi f View 1 


20 
Ko, the Kudzu ve Provides Food, Shade, Clothes and Medicine 203 
Trees That Thrive Under the Trying Conditions of New York City 206-207 
Two-year Coie: in Practical Gardening 20 


aoe Course for Protesso78 ‘Gardeners 09 
Schedules of Classes for Fall and Winter 210 
ee for the Autumn Monte 211 
A Gigantic Mushroom 212 
Reviews of Recent Bool 213 
Current Literature at a Cine 217 
Notes, News, and Comment 220 
vo. A OcToReR 

Trees and Shrubs in New Y a City and Some Observations on 

Their Growth—I! 221 
Habitat Hunting in Mountains of the Southeast with Student 

Gardeners 


Woody Plants yore avn in New York's Less Congested Zones 234- 2s 
The Gardeners Forw 
tu: 


er iterature a Glance a 
Xeviews of Recent Books 242 
Notes, News, and Comment 246 

No. 467 NoveMBER 


The Contribution of Botanical ae to Community Life 249 
ome Chronicles in aa us tory—I 254 
Grapes of the ee ae Stal 260-261 
Mushroom Poi 263 
Rock Garden Award to Mrs. Schneider 264 
Reviews of Recent Books 267 
Current Lit ae at a Glance 270 
otes, News, and Comment 272 
8 Dec 

Cae Range No. 1, Completely Peneaeiee is Re-opened 273 
Some Chronicles tn Grape History—II 274 
Winter Lectures at the Gidea 281 
Bamboo <s it is Grown for Food in China 282 
ter-chestnut B ng Establi 288 
Reviews of Recent Books 289 
Current Literature at a Cieiee 293 
Notes, News, and Comment 294 


Index to Volume NXNXIX 296 


COVER ILLUSTRATIONS 


Laboratory Scene in the Department of Plant Pathology January 
Winter in the Hemlock Grove February 
Begonia “President Carnot” March 
Spring Along the Bronx River April 
A Scene in the Thompson Memorial Rock Garden May 
The Flower of the Tulip-tree June 
In the Waterlily Pool July 
Midsummer in the Deciduous Arboretum August 
Sunflowers of Early Autumn September 

d Oak (Quercus rubra), f the Native ein - ill 

ein iz ae alle noe Near 180th Str October 
Chrysanthemums in November at the Garden November 


Conservatory Range No. 1 As It Appears After Rebuilding December 


EDITORIALS 
1938 
Exploration and Horticulture January 
Evergreens February 
Begonias March 
Medicinal Plants April 
A Place in Which to Learn ay 
Flowers For All to See June 
The Library’s Services July 
Scholarships August 
Public Education September 
Periodicals and Books October 
The Amateur Botanist November 
1938 December 


viii 


VoL. XXXIX 
N 


JOURNAL 


of 
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 


Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. 
Entered at the Post Office in Yo N. Y., as second-class matter. 
nnual subscription $1.00 Sane copies 10 cents 
to members. of the Garden 


JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
Carot H. Woopwarp, Editor 


JANUARY, 1938 


LaBORATORY oe IN THE DEPARTMENT OF 
PLANT HOLOGY Cover ae Fleda Griffith 
SOME pati Notes oN Harpy Decipuous Aza 
encne G. Bowers : 
A Souvenir oF 1937 (Photograph by Dr. Hans Schifer) 
AANNUAL REPORT OF THE — For 1937 H. A. Gleason : 
sae ene peeae 


BoTANICcAL Gari oe ie "Fleda Griffith) 12-13 
STAFF ee i A.A.A.S. In INDIANAPOLIS 19 
MepaL To Dr. Stout 19 
MyxomyceTEe CoLLEcTING Robert Hagelstein 19 

OTES, NEws, AND COMMENT 20 
CurrENT LITERATURE AT A GLANCE Carol H. Woodward 21 


REVIEWS OF RECENT Books 


EXPLORATION AND HORTICULTURE 

The pe ‘flowered rock-garden plant, eae tee ee 
appears among the photographs on pages 12 and 13, e of t 
subjects ie oc back from expeditions which are now eine i in den 

ew ironm 

Discovered near White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia, by Kenneth K. 
Mackenzie in deg 903, and named by him the following year, it was 
thereupon cultivated by one or two interested people, but was later lost 


n. 
are slated for use in the ae order or in groups of a ubbery—all of 
m plants which will add a new dis! stinctivenes ess to Amer og ae 


t novelties are : 
members, on their vacations or on private collecting trips, habia y bring 
i uable. Collab: t 


esti w subjects 
sometimes they send ae plants. The succulent collection, especially, 
ha ng e of collal rs. 


Thus are sever ns of the Botanical Garden combined with a 
resulting enrichment of ine 


JOURNAL 


of 
THE NEW YorRK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
Vou.XNNIX ——sJawcary 1938 ~~ Sacisz 


Cultural Notes On 
Hardy Deciduous 


Azaleas By Clement G. Bowers 


pore are finding it comparatively easy to grow azaleas in 
New York, New Jersey, New England and elsewhere. 


ot mean all azaleas, all people, or all plac Ho E, 
a goodly number of these lovely shrubs have shown themselves 
to be sati ane dooryard and garden plants, succeeding with 


of sfa r 
little more attention than careful planting and the observance 
a few npnerenen requirements. 

It would be untrue to say that all azalea growers are in agree- 
ment concerning the details of culture, for even the most scientific 


s to be dogma 
regard to such things, and it is very evident, further, that methods 
may vary with soils and climates. But within recent years we 


have learned certain significant facie concerning the physiolog 
and the cultural needs of azaleas and their kin—such things, for 


and harmful an our knowledge of azalea nutrition is ene 
that he is unable to keep aealeas at all, while the man from nearby 
i Lo 


able to raise fine azaleas. I shall not hazard a conjecture as to 


1 


2 


why these and other eae exist, except to say that certain 
obscure or infinitesimal factors in soil, water, or biological rela- 
tions, not yet isolated, may be nae fi here as in numerous other 
plants. 

One rule to follow that is rales safe is this: Do not take too 
seriously the notions of various growers, good as these may be in 


woodland plants, azaleas ly bloo ore abundantly when 
grown in a well ligh tuation, with a fair amount of sunshine, 
than when grown in the ot dry sites, however, such as 


than if growing in complete shade or in the woodland, ae 


h are in e 
large genus. Such winds injure the plants directly by accelerating 
their water loss and they leave an even more disastrous after- 
effect by checking the ae summer growth and thus predis- 
posing it to winter injury later on. 

s noted in a previous paper* a uniform moisture supply during 
d 


eas to 
consequence, makes them more susceptible to winter-killing. 
my trials, a heavy mulch of oak leaves, maintained throughout 
the summer, proved far superior to the garden hose in providing 


* Journ. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 38: 73-78, 1937. 


3 


uniformly good soil conditions for azaleas. This was reflected in 
better growth of the plants which were mulched. 
Although peat may not be needed for all azalea soils, and some 


$ 
a similar peaty soil mixture, but, in alkaline regions especially, 
there is some advantage in grouping the acid-loving plants into 
good-sized beds. 
If fertilizers are desired, be sure to use only those that are 
for rh 


ay ure 
of its alkalinity are suitable forms of nitrogen if judiciously used. 


4 


Other formulae are available. Most fertilizers should be applied 
in early spring and not later than the first of June. Lime or 
ra “i 


oom r 
it may be stated that from April through early May is the most 
desirable time in which to transplant azaleas in the northeastern 


nited States. After choosing the site, t bed a 
mentioned above or, if preferred, set the plants in individual posi- 
ions hen planted individually, dig each I e the size 


of the root-ball and fill this hole with the mixture of peat and 
soil. Set the plant in this mixture. Do not bury it, but try to 
keep it at the same depth as it was formerly growing, since 
azaleas are shallow nee Plants should always be moved with 


re e, 
elm, or other thin or rapidly- pn nintetals soon disintegrate 
and se alkaline, while oak leaves retain their acidity and 
their fibrous character for a long time. If, after long standing, 
the leaves become too tightly packed, they shoul: 
and shaken out. Peat makes a good mulch, but sho 
faced out with leaves, since it becom 


it becomes ry on 
protected and tends to shed water rather than to absorb it. If a 


o 
= 
iow 
o 


, 
edged with low shrubs such as dwarf azaleas, Vaccinium pennsyl- 
vanicum, Juniperus horizontalis or numerous other low woody 
i i ill screen the mulch from view and keep the 
eaves from ‘blowing away. In many situations a mulch is not 
er and such treatment is unnecessary. 
are other ways of handling azaleas than those described 
here, a IT feel that the system of a peaty soil combined with a 


constant mulch, over a porous subsoil, gives azaleas better grow 


rought. Besides this, it has been truthfully said that azaleas and 
rhododendrons lik have their “feet” cool ng the w 
dry days idsummer, the peaty soil underneath the mulch will 


, aty 
remain cool and slightly moist at all times. In winter, also, the 
mulch protects the soil from alternate freezing and thawing, with 


resulting benefit to the azalea eam 
ese, then, are some of the fundamental factors concerned in 
the culture of hard. oe azalea: ore specifically, let u 


say that these directions are intended mae for those species 
hich may be called the native azaleas of America, also for their 


nd w 
mended as the best, I shall try to Hin later. 
I 


d the removal of faded flowers from the plants after blooming. 


A SOUVE 93 
When Amorphophallus titanum was just coming into 


bloo 
The New York Botanical Garden last year, ae Hans Schafer of 


Lebong Tandai, Sumatra, en route to his former home in Gdrlitz, 
Germany, came to the Bronx especially te see the oe inflorescence. 
He was already familia is gi fo) lant world in its 
native habitat and with other species of Amorphophallus, and also 
he had witnessed the flowering of tae of amburg’s ime’ 
a souvenir of his visit he presented the ita with this photo. 
vaph of Amorphophallus Brooksii, sithe en by himself Oe Lebong 
on January 12, 1936. The plant, he said, d grown to its 


Tandai 
mature height of 3.50 "meters (114 feet) in 28 day. 


Annual Report of the 

Acting Director 

For 1937 By H. A. Gleason 
The summary of the year's activities, which follows, was pre- 

sented at the annual mceting January 10 before the pie of 


Managers and Members of the Corporation. 


FINANCES 
As in previous years, the Garden has been operated along lines 
of strictest economy, and closes the year with a handsome unex- 
e s hasi 


i en. 
have enabled us to function with considerably more efficiency than 
before. 


ButLpincs AND GROUNDS 
Our employees have continued to maintain our buildings and 


these have been included in our request to the City ic 
appropriations under the Capital Outlay Budget. 
In the Museum Building, weather stripping has been attached 


8 


to all basement windows, nerees repairs made to the roof over 


w pair of outside doors built, 
parts of the heating system renewed, a new hot water heater in- 


ma 
additional expansion joints were installed in the steam line 
ae the Museum Building, to replace the unsatisfactory ones 
used in the original construction. 
Contracts for the rebuilding of Conservatory Range 1, under a 
City appropriation of $350,000, were let partly to Lord and Burn- 


ham Co. and partly to the Metropolitan Greenhouse Company. 
0 an in the spring, is still in progress, and will not be 
leted until s t i A 


t yet b rted. In general, the repairs consist in 
replacing all defective steel and in substituting steel U-bars for 
oden bars in the ro Id steel work hor- 


oughly painted; new glass has Deen used aan tiare electricity is 
nee installed, and numerous minor improvements a 
In 


ing made. 
connection with this work 


heating system in other houses, and made various 
other minor ee 


new t line has been laid to the eee Memorial 
Rock ie to increase the pressure availabl ink- 
ains on the unds were renewed. New drains were 

installed in the Rose Garden, using about 1,850 feet of tile. Other 
repairs to the plumbing and sewer systems were made as necessary. 
e Works Progress Administration Cc lete a 
surfacing of footpaths west of th nx River and has made 
some progr e east sid ar grounds. The Works 
Progress Administration also provided most of the labor f nk- 


or s 
visory Council Garden and installing 
the necessary curbing 


HorticuLTURAL OPERATIONS 
From the viewpoint of the visitor to our institution, the year 
just closed comprises two distinct periods, the first a period of 
extraordinary success, and the second one of general turmoil. The 


One a the newly resurfaced paths in the Hemlock Forest, aed eas 
past year with the aid of the Works Progress Administra 


10 


former was due to wise superintendence and efficient personnel ; 
the latter was caused entirely by the reconstruction under way at 


and suspension of certain activities until after the completion of 
the building. 

A notable success of the past winter was the continuous display 
of flowers and other ornamental plants in Range 1. Houses 5 and 


material. is has involved a great deal of moving o 

from house to house, including the temporary transfer of many 
plants to Range 2 or the Propagating House. In this process very 
few plants have been lost and of most of these we have living 
duplicates. 

A noteworthy occurrence in June was the flowering of the 
giant Krubi, Amorphophalius ae for the first time in 
America. ea event rece: A ahaes re aan wide publicity. News- 

in ee and some also in 


- 


reels in £ ; it was shows b in shop 
windows, for a ight or more it was literally the talk of 
the to The August number of our Journal was entirely de- 


a 

In Conservatory Range 2 the permanent collections are in satis- 
factory condition. The cae collection has been improved by 
many additional species and shows a eee improvement in 


11 


health. The installation of suitable benches would insure still 


No appreciable expansion of the outdoor flower gardens has 
n, bu 


d were exceptionally fine throughout the season. Because of 


, usin: 
650 plants in 285 varieties. The plantings of hardy chrysanthe- 
mums, hardy asters, cannas, and irises have been maintained as 


In the Advisory Council border, the background has been im- 
proved by planting 19 large cedars. A quarter of the border has 
been lifted, double-dug, and replanted, following our four-year 


s inuous from June to November, attracting many visitors 
An adequate system of drains was installed in November, consid- 
erably lowering the water-table. We confidently expect that it 
aes reduce the winter-killing which has been so prevalent in 
oe 


year. The north end has been planted with 8,000 Ericas and 


the southern portion has been well started and about a hundred 


A new sunken path from which to enjoy 
the perennial border 

of ie Advisory 

Council 


REPRESENTATIVE 
ACTIVITIES 
OF 1937 
AT THE 
BOTANICAL GARDEN 


Retaining walls 
i gia ig 
bases of tr 


Immediate burning 
nm elm afflicted 


mm eniare- 


largest under 


host to many 
botanists — en- 
gaged in taxo- 
nomic research 


Beck 
Sos 


enor hera argillicola, repres 
ing exploration and hortic 


14 


native species have been planted. In May a special Rock Garden 


sulting in a large number of v 
The 


grounds pora: 
femlode were pene in 2 hem 
of thinning and pruning have been done. 


k was designated and the ee was freely advertised, re- 


1tors, 


arge 
Ik accomplished with trees and shrubs has been much 


permanent collections 932 


and 400 mo 
lock forest. Large amounts 
The entire collection of 


conifers and many deciduous trees have been re-labeled 


world, e received 1,786 pac 
The members 

more than 2, kinds of plants 

garden, a 


s were distributed 
s of the 
s in exchang 


of the Garden will be interested to aa that 


now in 


are ing ro 
nd that our collection of cacti Hes one Sick in- 


cludes more than 2,500 species, many of them of great rarity. 


Insect Pests anp Funcous Diseases 


One ne of Dutch elm-disease 
was found on So grounds and the tree 
destroyed. Several other elms with dead 


limbs were also either Savage boned 
or destroyed. | elm Fics beetle was 
kept under control by spraying, except 
on the tops of ae taller ie which our 
sprayer is unable to reach. 

The gypsy moth has not been noted 
on our ps at any time during the 
ear. 


Japanese beetle continues to be a 
c our gardening opera- 
During the year about 3 


iris. is be 

cordingly treated with areenate oe both 
the beetle and the soft rot kept under 
control. 


For the first time in the experience i 
ur Dottie 4 ae white fly, a co mim 


sprayi has in 
pe ee and plantations, and as a 
co x see hey a remes vably free from 
pest d dise: 


HE 
Throughout the aa history of the 
Garden, the deve ent of the herbarium 
has been favored oe the prosecution of 
eon, peed upon it has been empha- 
sized. a result of both, the Garden 
posse i Cane of the really important 
herbaria of the world, rich in types, rich 
in historic material, and illustrative ina 
of tl of bo 


or conti 
nent taxonomists at the Garden, it 
oie i eta rkably high reputation as 
a ee enter, 

gr ie and utilization of the 
iene has continued during 1937 at 


its ual The total additions 
aoa to ii B14, of which 2,442 are 
lgae, 283 hepatica, 3,145 fun; gi Peal 
s, 801 mo and 34,2 


mens, making 
ment of p eecrmee at Wash aia 


the Farlow Herbarium at Har 
se it is probably the ice in ie 
orld, 


“The wth of the herbarium is not 
detected ne specimens only. Thousands 
of types or printed descriptions of plants 
have been mount ith th 


Dr. M ibrary into 
the herbarium” and saving enormou 
amounts of time and r for students. 


re tha: 
permanent preparations of minute pla 


for mi opic study have also been 
corporate 

Thousands of specimens have been re- 
paired, or remounted, or freshly treated 


Small and Seaver, Associate Curators 
Wilson, Smith, and Moldenke, and Assi 
tant Curators Alexander and 
Thirty-one botanists from other institu- 
tions have spent from two days to two 
months with us in the prosecution of 
their own researc! o less than 16,562 


. N 
specimens have been sent out on loan to 
none botanists to assist them in 
research in their own institutions, while 
slightly more a — specimens have 
been borrowed b: 
The 


a csvailable¢ to the herbarium 
no ns s c 


e y our specialis 
ceived about 17,000: ‘péeiiens in 


15 


chang os Be exchange more 

than $50,000, iow have a credit 

ae ae ei specimens | on us t 
bal: xchange relatio 

RESEARCH AND EXPLORATIO: 

It has 


we 2 


N 
always been the policy of The 
New York Botanical Garden to en- 
oe pecearch by qualified members of 
its staff. It has also been the policy of 
the on temporary merger ofthe ion to 


employee devotes _his care time to 
search, but an effort has been made to 
increase the time available for research 
to those persons who are most skilled and 
most productive. 
(A) 


ina 
The Acting Director has been unable 
to ay time to research during 
the y 
- g; . Small, Chief Research 
ssociate, has been greatl dicapped 


the year. e has continued to collate 
his great store of information, acquired 
during nearly forty years of service at 
the Garden, into useful manuals for the 
general botanical public. Among the 
ay be mentioned a series of handbooks 


ued his studie the cu p fun ngi, ‘shi ch 
oe fished ‘wit! be published in North 
American F 


associate curator, 
megs, 
Ths work will be 


ork pub- 


$ 
Smith also pier 
thi Ss 


needed. With the permission of this 

Board, and with further financial support 

font the Arnold Arboretum, Dr. mae 2 
rica in Augu st, 


left for South Amer: 

member - the Terry-Holden Expedition. 
He is locate a in botanically unex- 
plored County noes the southern border 
of British Guian 


16 


- M. ee oe cura- 
ted ript on the 


ue on the Vi 


r. Mold a 
ee authority. His work is being 
prepared with a view to publication in 
North cdmerican Flora, so far as it per- 
tains to > a merican species, in the 
monumental Flora of Brazil, and in the 
‘ora of ae an well as in a series 
of more det ve cae ray ie, 
Mr. E. J. Alex: ae assistant curator, 


de Noted the oa part o 


Flora. He completed tis work on the 
ich 


ed, and his manuscript on 
eleven genera related to the hlia is 
now in the han rs 
D : Pp, nt curator, 
has continued tudies on the Nort 
«American representatives of the Heath 
family, especiall. he blueberries and 
their r es, preparation for pub 
lication o: is important family in our 
North American ra. e has also 


ure he flowers the castor bean, 
which will shortly be read: r publica- 
ion, while a detai xonomic study of 


id 
entirely 


living plants. 

Mr. Robert Hagelstein, honorary cura- 
tor, A continued his eur studies 
of the slime-molds and is rapidly mak- 
ing our collection oo ieee fo ie 
plants the largest and most valuable 
ay ntr: 

eS Laboratory and Experimental Work 

Dr. A. _ Stout, director_of the lab- 


phe 
piadac 
are his studies of the 
lily and his improvement of hardy & 


velopment of many 
Horiculuiral OM nd 
tributed greatly to the popularization . 


lue 0 Ss 
entire cost 
uring ithe forty 

tory. r. Stout's oe 
work in ny ai of poplars for 
pulpwood now been inc in a 
comprehensive project of tree-breeding 
organized by the United eres Forest 
Service, ainidee direct charge of Dr. E 
Schreiner, fo: ss assistant to Dr. Stout 

t the Garder 


ie Dodge, plant pathologist, 
has prosecute ted research on a number of 
mgous diseases a 


ur du’ nderstand the life his- 
tory of the disease in order th a’ 
more easily controlled in green. 
uses, but the agricultural and botanical 
institutions of eles and South Africa 
anxi earching for diseases which 
ay hel: em aur cacti from their 
agricultural land. e has als 
continued h vell w searches into 
he pro : ee of heredity among fungi. A 


ty 

e display of some 70 enlarged pinto. 
graphs, iluctrating this work, was ex- 
hibited at the Paris World’s Fair by 
special invitation. 


PHOTOGRAPHY 
Photographic work, used for our lec- 
tures, for recording the results of re- 
search, and for the eet records of 
the Garden, has occupied the time of Miss 
Griffith, staff photographer, and one 
assistant ir e Works ae Ad- 


Mi 
‘0 enlargement S, 
895 original negatives, 4,360 prints, hese 
540 lantern slides, most of which 
hand-colored 


mi t 
m During the 
Griffith i produced 12 


17 


e Garden has no apparatus for mak- 
motion pictures, nor any facilities for 
oth are important de- 


Gecasiodal: need of apna aratus Te color 


photography. 


ded condition of the library 


y the condition 
more congested today 


last report the library ies 
been increased by the addition of 594 u 


bound books and pamphiets and by 85 
bound volumes. The great majority of 
the latter represent the periodicals regu- 
larly received. hey bring the total con 
tent of the library to 45, volumes. 
plus a large and unknown number o 
pamphlets. uring the year 3,500 cata- 
4 t 


ere appears to 5 be an ever- increasing 
interest in the use of the library, so 
hat often in- 


1S 

floo: he present stack: 
which bee i. granted, provide space toe 
many a ands of volumes ae sone 
the u of pace in the labor 


Pusticity, Lecrures, MEMBERSHIP, 
Epucation, Erc. 
Thirty-six public lec have been 
eye on Saturday Hemost chiefly by 
ers of the staff, with an average 
atendance of 80. It is noteworthy that 


travelogs attract more than the average- 
sized audience, while horticultural and 


otanical subjects fall below the 
Approximately 15,000 children, escorted 

by thei: hers, have visited the build- 

ings inspect our collections. e- 


y our sta 
Visits high school students have 
fallen off, Pisce becuse of the closing 
of our greenhouses. There has been no 
ae Sane in the oe of garden 

clubs sane organiz —. 

ile urate cou a. ual visi- 
tors has our ee poss sible. it i is easy 2 
= that their 
Each 


; 
n of them visit the 


d r 
to better smal alr fac: 
par: rtly i 


Garden again 


he in anaes of student gardeners 
continues to - successful. The Hosgeh 


a plan of the work we scribed i 
recent issue of our Journal and ned 
be repeated here, except the brief 
statement that the course comp: s two 
years, with an optional extension in cer- 
ain circumstances, a consis 


ou! grounds. 
peated lectures on botany and 
culture, with assigned reading and Gan 


study of the local 
participation 
and of informal lec- 
es of the other lines 
the Ga T 


of outside 
personal 


oe 


s at Kew 
i a ioenrs not 
only to the participants, but also to oo 


resident gardeners with whom they come 
in contac 

Volum the Journal was issued 
during the sa , wit! 3 pages. WV oluite 


ie es. 


and 36 
winent fund of Myco- 
as been increased by $500, and 

now amounts to $5,000. 
NNEL 
two 


Only important changes in per- 
une have beer 


n made during the year. 


Miss Sarah arlow, librarian for 
5 years, retired November 1, 1937, and 
was succeeded by Miss Elizabeth C. Hall. 


Forman T. McLean, ee of 
public een: since 1928, ned i 
November, and was replaced r, A. B. 
Stout who te teken general Enercon 
of educational work. 

Personar Honors 

William J. Robbins 

vice- president of the 
f a for 1 


has bee: 
Botanical 


1937 as “presen nt of the 
of Pla ax eros 


ahs a a- 

tional Research Council. 
lodge has served on the 
ask Ne “ork Academy of 
eee editor for the Torrey 
Botanical Cit as a member of the coun- 
cil of Mycological Society of 


Feo 
> 


18 


Paul and as a member of the execu- 
tive committee of the Third International 


ue ress for Microbiol 
Barnhart has been editor 
for rk Academy of Sciences 


ae w Yo 
and Preckieat of the Torrey Botanical 
Club. 
N. Moldenke has been treas- 


vitation in the symposium of 
cal Society of pean at its idtaspoll 
aia and delivered an invitation lec- 
ture before the Horticultural Club of 
ston: 

Mr. : Everett bee 
president of the eames remere 
Society, Gal chairman of the ae meri- 
can - ck Garden Society, and a 

two vpuenee a the National 

A coca of Garden 

Dr. 


has 


B out ee the Tho: 
Roland medal of the Me 
Hertiestaral Society in _recosnition of 
his work in plant breedin 


Works Procress ADMINISTRATION 
employees of the 


On January 1, 8 
Admission were 


uo) 
a 


> ey 
raphers, microscopist, 
ennenne clerks, stenograph 
barium assistants, mounters of specimens, 
label writers, as general attendants. By 
emplo: 


reason of the ment, most mem- 
bers of the staff e been enabled to 
carry on more rch an fore, 
¥v. 


hi 
special eh Prost 
which Uae fac pee, research, althou; 
not directly a 
e a r Se it has bee 
foscible under the ae eae net 
the Works Progress t! to 


e greatly needed 
our eollecticns i kee 
our grounds in order, and comm ae 
of which we never have a cuticles 


Staff Members Address A. A. A. S. 
n Indianapolis 


leason Spee the trends 


e 

organization, which had its inception in 

oe ra in ee and was formed a year 
oe ic City, 

Se pec ge oben: n Vaccini ae 
the title of an addres before 
oe pan ion 
merica by Dr. 


was 

e€ taxo- 

of the Botanical Society : 
W. H. Cam 


took seer in a symposium with ye i. 
ject “Our ene Generic eer 
oO hi ted the questi 


art- 
lett of the University of Michigan, Dr. 
Edgar Anderson and Dr. . Green- 


man of the Missouri Beene "Garden, 
ae Dr. E. E. Sherff of Chicago Normal 
leg 
Dr. “B. O. Dodge spoke before the 
general session on “Combined Effects of 
beg tout and Coasts Lethals for 
is Abortion in Neurospora” and dem 
one his thesis betcre the Genetics 
Society. 
se setae the yea 
o the “yee 


oficial cabliction 
in-chief of Mycolo: 


logical ae iety to the 
Dr. m J. Rol bi E. J. 
ander, D Harcid N. Motdenice, 
we Chandler, and Dr. Edm 
ing also attended the seca 


Medal to Dr. Stout 


Dr. A. B. Stout is the 1937 roe is = 
the Thomas Roland medal of the Mas 
chusetts "Horticultural Society, it was 
announced in a letter from the a 
in early December. The award was 
made in special recognition of his work 
ee ea Deine of Hemerocallis and 
t 


19 


by 
friends and 
Baa Sie was the 

n the medal “for unusual skill in the 
caltivat ion 7 fants.” The med: 


nEpHee st year Elmer D. Smith, 
chrysant um gro and breeder, of 
Adrian, Michigan, was the winner. 


The design of the medal, which is of 
gold, was created itd pe Be ee ae 
and shows a fro 
Roland’s own gar a 

Spingarn was awarded 
son Dawson Mem ial Medal 
recognition of his seas with Clematis. 
Frederick Law Olmsted is me ae aoe 

scape architect to receive e0 
Robert Whitehead Medal of cae 

the Massachusetts ee rae Society, 
Other medals Alfre 


Lord Aberconway, Pigeeats of the Royal 
Eee ural Society Great Britain, 

“distinctive ae in the field of 
horticulture.” He visited America in the 
spring of 1937. 


Myxomycete Collecting 


Every yearly season is different when 
collectin Myxomycetes. Sometimes 
there are lean years; ae prolific ones. 
We have seasons when a 
n 


te) 

lector—in that many 

for ere found. Th 

used “eatey as bake are not so many 
my ce 


species of Myxom: 

Our usual poe cna were continued on 
pone Island. hen I say we, I mean 
t 


and pretty forms. 
ihe little pink 
which I had 
forever. 
iridescent 
Di 


20 


Foray of the Mycological Socie 
hea in pay Hampshire in ae 
and f a good half dozen forms ae 
ii caaice ite constant rain. 

them was a green Fuligo peer 
who ever heard of that before? Always 
it has fas some shade of ee ane 


(we saw fifte 
one time near our abo de), we are alw 
ae 2 “hitting it right.” Eight or nine 
for. which are seldom found, including 
the: scintillating blue Diachea splendens 
and the golden-yellow lumps of Fuligo 
nvuscorum fell to our lot. At all places, 
es, there were hundreds of other 
specimens. 
Av. to Mountain Lake, besiege - 
e old “friends and newer ones who 
the good work of collecting, 
ome things sent in here 
has brought to the 
dozen forms that are 
them having been 
found only once or ice in this oe 
Altogether about 25 extremely rar 
forms together with more than 700 other er 
specimens have been added to the co ollec- 
tion of Myxomycetes, which is rapidly 
becoming one of the ett in the vee 
T HAcELsT 


Notes, News, and Comment 


Vice - Bees dent Dr, William J. 
Robbins was elected Vi eernresiden it of 
the Botan ic Society of America at its 
neene in Indianapolis the last week of 
D 


Annual Meeting. J. E. Spingarn of 
Amenia, N. Y., became a ng of the 
he New York 

en the annual meeting 

other newly elected mem 
of the Board is Allyn R. a, 
ae of Parks for the City of 
w York. 

NSvith Josep Swan, newly chos 


h 
President, a for the yea ethic 
asurer to 


en 


Ithaca, N. Y., 
whee three- “year term expired with the 
annual meeting this month, regretfully 
declined renomination to the Board of 


age, 


Managers because, he said, of 
his 


nagt 
his dutarice from New York, 
sears . eer 
uch of 
third eden: of artis’ 
ork for his “Gentes Herbarum,” 
the latter studying particularly the palms. 


his 
a 


sitors. Dr. David Keck the 
Coun Tisai of Watnttont sta- 
tioned in California at Leland Stanford 
Jr. i th 
days at The New 
his studie' 


. Chaney, paleobotanis, 
° iversity of California; Dr. L. H. 
Bailey of Ithaca, N. nd Dr. Ivan M. 


December visitors at the 


etirement. Dr. U. P. Hedrick, since 
1928 Director of the New York’ State 


works, including ni 
the cherries, peaches, pear 1 
small fruits of New York, a ‘A His- 


tory of Agriculture in the State of New 
York” which was published in 1933. 


ff Conference. The Verbenaceae 


mily at the 
December conference of the scientific staff 
and registered students of the G: 
obert Hage 


ae in searc 
pei to the Botanical Garden’s 


ecture, On December 21, Dr. F. J 

ee eave a le Wess a mus shrooms 
Horticultural Hall, ton, M: 

request ©; 

spent in the Farlow 
vard Universi wt 
Linder, comparing notes on the 
logical work of their respective ia 
tutions. 


Current Literature* 


At a Glance 
By Carol H. cgi 


Beginning with Febru 938, 
Chronica Botanica, which is publsed 2 

Leiden, Holland, will be ued 
monthly instead of annually, and oe 


he speedy pu ablic san of Stor - 
, notes on the results of recent re- 
rch, 


* * * 


¢ original type specimen of Hicoria 


are u ndoubte 
hickor 


be foun in any 
specimen as - tree w sa is still living. 


Propagation - - i ee found in 
Euaoes - £936" W. Ca 
f 193 


ced the co year, Dr, 
Clement G. Bowers announces the 
ctob National Horticultural Maga- 
sine, Bowers and Hen . Skinner 
of Cornell brought in som ants from 
their mountain habitat |. summer and 
now have them under cultivation. The 
predict that pe ne I | hey 
re is in many ways superio ir the 
average ean of Rioteaeneey ie 
ie will soon be in nursery 


Substa ances ent tee or the direction 
of growth in plants, for development and 
diffe rentiation, still offer an almost virgin 


~ All publications mentioned here—and 
Botanical Garden, in the Museum Building. 


a 


field for research, James Bonner con- 
cludes in an article on “The Role of 
Vitamins in Plant ag aaa in The 
Botanical aha as ee ‘ember. 
Thi Riel trees i the state are 
Pee in a new Baier of the 
Jersey Departme f Con: 
Development of ae 
and Paria. It is entitled PN otew orc 
Trees of New e rsey 
ok 
a a aaa bone of the com- 
garden snapdragon, peat 
ne a2 e of 
goblin faces, which a mong th - a 
interesting photographs. anon in Nature 
Magazine for ae 
* 


“Know the Evergreens” is the title of 
an Hoa article also in the Dec 
ber Nature Magazi The outstanding 


of 
explained by E. E. Stanford ae means of 
drawings, ee — 


Writing of aS towaways” (plants re- 
Pesee unex; pee in oa with other 
plants), Dr. iy d Stoker, he Nou: 
aibs and Silva for Orteber, notes that 

ochetus connie will cover the 
pone completely beneath a pine tree 
where few he things will grow. His 
garden is in England. 


A model of how a bibliography can be 
made “a guide without being a bore” ap- 
in the 32. 


Taation: She. ist of eens 
periodicals on the subject is giv 


many others—may be found in the Library of The 


Rotenone-yielding plants of South 
America are the subject of a study by 
B. A. Krukoff aid r. A. C. Smith in 
the American Journal of tany for 
November. V; : nape oS for field 
workers are giv new species 
are described and seven other plants are 
discussed in full detail, Dr. A.. 


in 

Panshin of itichigan State College wr 

on the “Wood Anatomy of gee South 

American potions Vette ae 
'y 


a 
fish Poison which is harmless 0 fae 
species of Lonchocarpus were found to 
ne, rris, the powdered 
‘oot Oo ich also cae rotenone, is 
a closely related genus. Both are now 
being widely ust = ingecticndes: 
Vascular 


ents ae Arctic North 


One hundred ninety-four species 


22 


were collected. In an pppendi Draba 
is treated by aaa rs 


Allegany coe ‘ rk, in the southern 
part of oe Coun nty, New nae 
a icc survey i 

Museum Ha: ndbook 
No. 17. Veg etati a nal areas of the park 
and adjeiding territory are shown in a 
map in color. More than 

1 


York 


survey, whick. i: published in Albany 
the University 2 a ae of New York. 


The same type of ene fungus 
occurs in ni hod dendron as in Calluna, 
accinium, and other ericaceous oa 
H. D. Gordon declares in an article . 
a Rhodod 


urgh show, he says, that the endophyte 
is confined to the roots, that it is not 
seed-borne, at : s not essential 


and 
to the life of the plan 


The New York 


Reviews of Recent Books 


(All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of 
Botanical Garden.) 


Travelogue on Roses 
A ROSE ODYSSE J. H. Nicolas, 
238 Boece Geesea. “indexed. Double- 
cay ae Aca den City, New York, 
oo have no oo s: So quo 
.#wH. as in ne final book, an 


lasting beauty a: . to the far 
corners of the world, and in his vivid way 
he introduces personally the great im- 


of Pernet-Ducher, 
Mebonaer Pedro ‘Dot, Miss Ellen Will- 
mott, Rev. J. H. Pemberton, , and a host of 
others whose names are familiar to rose 
overs — ne accomplishments have 
made tory. 


Thou, ee not intended as a work 
rose ailnike: 


ing. 
copiously supplied wth much atcreiane 
Old World hist 

A firm belie ir rue of 
alkaline soil ee roses, the 
f 7 


23 


Since the publication ie the book, Dr. 
Nicolas has died, and his passing is a loss 


has 
e has left behind a record of his 
many first- 
main a lasting 


is “Rose Odyssey" is a fitting ie 
his many written works on the 
P. J. McK 


NA, 


Manual for Westerners 


RANGE PLANT HANDBOOK. Pre- 
pared by ite Forest ote of the 
United Department of Agri- 
numbered. Iiustrated 


Office, W. saninetens D. c 
2.50. 


in the “Range Plant Handbook” issued 
the United States Department of 
Keticultiire, While the system Mise been 


used before, 


and fruiting es cay separa ately 


otan, 


sarily trai ry. 
ee ae augment: 


tration clear-cut and self-explanatory. 


ae book treats thoroughly 339 differ- 
plan vi 


ants, and provides notes on 500 
ational Beate Gaps in the number- 
ing system of the ae speevice for me 
later inelision of 173 m plants of 


region covered. The hook was prepared 
under the supervision . W. A. Da 
Caro, H. Wi a 


Local Flowers, Month by Month 
WERS OF FIEL 
ras Mathews. 
310. + 


da 
is a aera volume for the a 


Ds Ss 
together with numerous poetic and liter- 
ary quotations and homely 

of the author. Being an artist and illus- 
trator himself, the autho: i 
effort toward exac 
and nomenclature of colors. A systematic 
eae ue ah the scientific and com- 


which i: appe 
tactics about 135 additional ‘species rar 
otherwise aaa d in the 

Unfor this revise ee is 
practically. ee ie tt text with the 
orig eel edition of 1895. Some altera- 


tion: een made the introduc- 
tion, ewor ery short 
“supplementary systematical index” have 
een added, but ot! ise the di 


new edi- 
a pel eee the many inaccuracies of 
ple 


the seventh edition ee Gray's ieee 
and so this is really a very importan 


aera even here 


new addition, mis 
es —for instance, 


have 


for the stabilization of p 
tween 1895 and 1937! 
repeate: 


drawings by 
. MOLDENKE. 


Five Small Useful Books 
THE GARDEN PRIMERS. Five little 
‘s by. Cecile Hulse Matschat, Ilus- 
wi 3 indexed. Mough- 
ton-Mifflin, Boston, 1937. $1.00 each 


w five more 


ae Ue with short ecplanalory 
notes as color and height, time . 
planting, ine and thei 
control. He Ipful ane ans and shares 
such as Nar- 
cus are included. 
apters are devoted to house 
plants, window gardens, Neen and 
rcing of 


=f 


cas 
a 


iz winter months ahead, 

rdening at a stand-still, 

there is ane = to plan the garden for 

the ceo For this, valuable in- 
(e) 


on 
ow to Make a Garden. 
e latter, much attention is given to 
one of the most important parts of gard- 


preparation of gvod so‘l and 
alue of the ae cote 
Detailed di- 


ening, the 

the use and v: 

and commercial a 
for 


rections pane a other 
methods o Beene help to make 
his a handy erence ook. 

“Planning the Home Grounds” will 


1 fiv sho uld Das eater 

parlent | and to some extent 
pr beneficial even to the eae 
gardener. 
HILDEGARD SCHNEIDER. 


1 Woman Explorer 
NORTH 


Aerts RINGED 
s 


ur- 


ae 
Hutchison’s. Alaskan jo 
r’s as- 


the account of the au nto 
fonichide oe from England to 
herself, collect botanical 
for Kew. Gard lens a oe 
for vie Univers 
ris not a ne collector, but 
well, and a eed companion 


a W. 


by 
eee 
gical data 


The 
an ae as 


who : He ‘he interesting people where- 
ever and presents cn to the 
reader wey, leasa ly. Mor ae aa 


journal is well written. Sce 

adequately decubed: and oe ‘dans, 
or i are touched uw not 
intrusive for 


to the inca * The 
ereatet can ia ches by ue lists at 
the wr am lume Poe eee 


and experien 
aor = “Teal presented that 
the ‘book cannot fail to hold one’s interest 
and arouse Gaels admiration. 
Ju 


tia T. Emerson. 


THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 


BOARD OF MANAGERS 


enn MANAGER 


atil 19390: ARTHU - M. Anverson (Treasurer), H Forest, 
ea ee E. Voce “Henny DE LA Mowtaci | Gecretar oo 
Assistant Treasurer), Waa J. carn and J. E. Spinca 

ntil 19. Hen © Forest Batpw (Vice- pesieny, “Chis ae 


Autyn R. ques Ente Lge Henry Locxuart, Jr., 
E ‘ 4 ) 


Until 1947: MARSHALL Fietp, Mrs. Eton Huntincron Ho ooker, Joun L. 
MERRILL (Vice-president), Cot. Ropert H. Mon TGOMERY, H. Hopart Paes 
and Raymon 
II. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS 
Fioretto H. LaGuaroia, Mayor of the City of New York. 
atl Moses, Park Commissioner. 
Henry C. Turner, President of the Board of Education. 
III. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS 
y E. Hazen, pophonis by the pe Botanical Club. 
fe ARPER, mM F, TRELEASE, EpMUND W. SINNoTT, and Marston T. 
eed appointed ee Ciluitia Universi ity. 
oo STAFF 
ere eee Pu. D., Se. 
H. ’D. 


A. GLE Pu. Assistant Director and Head Ce 
HENrRy DE PON EAERE sistant Director 
Joun K. Smart, Pu. D., Sc. D......... Chief Research De te and Curator 
A. B, Stout, Px. D. Curator of Education and Labo Kohden 
Frep J, Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D. Curato 
Bernarp O. Donce, Pu. D. Plant ean 
Joun HENDLEY BARNHART, A. M., M. D. Bibliographer 
Percy WiLson Associate Curator 
ALBERT C. Sara, Pu. D. Associate Curator 
Harotp N. Motpenxe, Pu. D. Associate Curator 
Exvizazetu C. Hatt, B. S. Librarian 
H. H. Russy, M. D. .......... Honorary Curator of the ee Collections 
Fiepa GRIFFITH t and Pho. a ats 
Rosert S. WILLIAMS per Aiscue in Bryology 
E. J. ALEXANDER...... Assistant Curator and Can of the Focal "Herbarium 
W. H. Camp, Pu. D. t Cu 
Ciype CHANoLER, A, M. ae cal Pie 
Rosatig. WEIKERT Technical Assistant 
Caro. H. Woovwarp, A. B. cs Assistant 
Tuomas H. Everett, N. D. Hort. ticulturist 

. L. Wittrock, ‘A. : cent 
Otto ee - = Collaborator in Haw otany 
Ropert HaceEts Honorary Curator of eo 
ETHEL ANSON S. ens -Honorary Curator, Iris and peta ryan 
ARTHUR J. oe Superintendent a Buildings and Grounds 
A. C. Pra Assistant Supe alendcat 


MEMBERSHIP IN THE GARDEN 


Established as a privately endowed ee oP aided partially ey City appro- 
priations, The N York Botanical Garden s_deper ndent for its progress largely 
h h 


upon he one sad member nies Thro ee | ee eans, thoug a ung as botani- 
cal gardens s become the third largest istiution of its kind, its library, 
Re pagan and He Sen eeMeeaene ranking among the finest and most complete 


TMeancanie in The New York Botanical Garden, therefore, means promotion 
ientific research in botany and be ay pacemen of horticultural interests. 


of scient: i 

Scientifically, the Garden is able to clearing-house of information for 
students and botanists all over the ened Horultraly, it often serves as a link 
between the plant explorer or breeder and the gardening public 


Through memberships and benefactions, Saati is made at the Botanical 
n ae chek taining of young scientists and student gardeners; hundreds of new 
e is i daily to t 


n 
and gardens, and lectures, courses, and free nformaticd in botany and gardeni ng 
i e public. 


ach individual member of the Garden receives: 
1) A copy of the Journal every month. 
(2) A copy of Addisonia twice a year, each number illustrated vee 
eight colored plates of unusual la a accompanied by complete descrip- 
ns and other n 


(3) A share of surplus ae Bi et of interesting or new varieties 
whenever it is distributed. 
4 onuncements of special floral displays at the Garden from 
season to is 
(5) Cre to the extent of the membership fee paid, toward courses 
of study ek ee the Garden 
A limited number of garden eibst' are accepted as afhliates. The privileges of 
afhliation are a subscription to the Journal, anne une of displays, a Lie ay 
conducted tour of the grounds and greenhouses, and a lecture once a yea’ 
the staff. 


Fellowships or scholarships for practical student-training in horticulture or for 
botanical research may be scares by bequest or other benefaction either in 
PSP r for a definite period. 

Se of Pee and types of benefaction are as follows: 


Annual Member annual fee $ 10 
Sustaining Member annual fee 25 
Garden Club A fhliation annual fee for club 25 
Fellowship Member annual fee 00 
Member for Life single contribution 250 
Eellow. for Life single contribution 1,000 

single contribution 5,000 
Beaten single contribution 25,000 


Contributions to the Garden ney be deductce from taxable incomes. The 
following is a legally approved form of beq 
I hereby begueath to The New York Betrcl angen incorporated under the 


Laws of aie ork, Cha ed 7+ 285 of 1891, the s 
Con hea beque be made with income payable to donor or any 
aeieasterl beneficiary anne ae r her lifetime. 


All requests for further apes soul be addressed to The New York 
Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, 


VoL. XXXIX Fepruary, 1938 PAGES 
No. 458 25—48 


JOURNAL 
THE NEW YORK Hee GARDEN 


Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. 
tered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. 
Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents 


Free to members of the Garden 


JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
Carot H. Woopwarp, Editor 


FEBRUARY, 1938 


WINTER IN THE HEMLOCK GROVE Cover Photograph by E. H. Fulling 
a cee oo oe FOR 
TAL PLA E. H. Fulling 25 
THE on eae SCIRPUS TUBEROSUS 
W M. Porterfield 32 
RELIABLE EVERGREENS FOR THE NORTHEASTERN STAT 
Photographs by E H. Fulling 36-37 


New GarDENING Courses BEGIN IN MaRCH 39 
Hour CHANGED TO 3 P.M. FOR SPRING LECTURE SERIES 42 
REVIEWS OF RECENT Books 43 
CuRRENT LITERATURE AT A GLANCE Carol H. Woodward 47 


Notes, News, AND COMMENT 


EVERGREENS 
ry genus of coniferous evergreen which is hardy in northeastern 
United States is represented in the New York Botanical: s large collections 
Pi hh 


: u 
ne a d. i 
western boundary Conservatory Range No. 1 and the oT foneah ng 
S us plants. 


w. ish to le hi oe of rgreens in cultivation, 
the 1 Gar ffers an exceptional opportunity for ere 
the prospective planter may see the evergreen trees rubs in suitable 
locations as re s the presence of other trees and the c ur and t 
f ! he planting of the members of each genus in close proximity 
eee that the diffe s between related trees, such, for instance, as the 
seful Asiat a Abies Veitchii and A. No rdmanniana, m 


ic 
a ae by first-hand observation. 

The planter who He to go further into the study of stan types of 
ee es his grounds will find in the library in the Museum Buildin 
indan 


g 

abu ce of mate: rial covering every phase of i eas eae 

the conifers of all re world, informati se i Itiva- 
tion in America, ose material Ris i es zealous reader ca: 


Q 
a 
oO 
: 
3 
Es 


Ameri 8 re 
a living personality o actical eas in any 
as of books on oe selection ae cine den of evergre 

ese services, including the use of the library for ae. are all 
eu free to the public. 


JOURNAL 


of 
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
Vor.XXXIX —”~—SOWFrssrvary,19380— “No. 458 


It is with deep regret that this Journal announces the d 
on January 20 of Dr. ohn K. Small, ie had been a member 
f£ the Botani n’ 898. 


arden, will appear in a forthcoming issue of the Journal. 


Some (/hoice (Coniferous Evergreens 
For Ornamental Planting By E. H. Fulling 
HE brilliant ane of annuals, the permanence of perennials. 


sete olored fruits of berry-bearing shrubs, and the autumnal 
of aoe trees all have their places in those organized 


of which there are many, various in size and habit. All of thos 
bed 


r 
nurseries, Illustrations of some of the subjects will be found on 
pages 36 and 37. 


25 


26 


PINES 
The pines, world-wide in natural distribution, offer many species 
worthy of cultivation and ornamental use. Unlike most of the 
spruces and firs, they do not hae oo with age, but gain in 
character and picturesque appe 
Swi ine (Pinus Cembra). Native to the cold moun- 
tainous regions of central Europe and to northern Asia, this hardy 
tree of formal pyramidal habit is valuable where limited space 
demands a compact tree that will not spread. Slow-growing, it 
is seldom observed in cultivation more than 20 feet tall. 
ayan White Pine (Pinus excelsa). Possessing the longest 


rdly 
it is oS and forms the principal motif in many a 
peantitul landscap 
Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris). Irregular and spreading in 
habit, with attractive orange-colored bark, the Scots pine has long 
been a commonly cultivated and popular ornamental tree. In 
Europe, over large areas of which it is native, it is one of the 
principal sources of lumber 


SPRUCES 
Among the spruces also we find excellent material when large 
he 
particular as to soil conditions so long as good drainage is 
vided 


Norway Spruce (Picea Abies). This is one of the most com- 
monly planted evergreens but unfortunately it is often 


quently suffers when the height of the tree exposes it to winds 
above surrounding vegetation. 


27 


Mai a ae forms of this species are known, marked 
by color or shape of leaves, by eaten or columnar habit, by 
ae nee or by dwarfed statur 

Serbian Spruce (Picea Omorika). ae tree from southeastern 

e bes 


coarse foliage would not ye) 
Tiger-tail Spruce (Picea polita). The lustrous green needles 


pan slow eas hardy tree and one of the most dis- 
tinctive a all the spruce: 
Spruce (Picea pungens). This tree of our western 


years the lower branches die off and the handsome symmetry of 
the tree is destroye 


Firs 
rs provide us with trees of softer foliage, in appearance as 
ear as texture, than the somewhat similar spruces, but only a 
few kinds are commonly and oie aie planted. 
White F: r (Abies concolor). A native of the relatively dr 
North A 


alw:; add a pleasing tone to any large planting of darker-hued 
ifers. 


28 


Nikko Fir ( -lbies homote es The preferred place of the white 
fir among our native species of -/bies is shared by the Nikko and 
the following species among the exotic representatives of the 
group. Growing as tall as the white fir, but darker in foliage, the 
Nikko has proved itself one of our most valuable introduced 
evergreens 

Feitch’s Fir (Abies Weitchii), Rivaling the Nikko fir 
popularity and success as an introduced species, Veitch’s fee rom 
the same land of Japan, is also a dependable subject throughout 
our ee states. 

Nordmann’s Fir ( clbics Nordmanniana). Another popular and 
valuable introduced species, having very lustrous dark green foli- 

i mid habi i i 


age, 
given a little protectan while young, this tree is well suited to a 
specimen position on ie open areas. It hails from the Caucasus, 
Asia Minor and Gree 
Dovuctas Fir 
Fir ee taxifolia). This tree, attaining a 


Douglas 
height of more than fifty feet in the eastern states, is particularly 
valuable for windbreaks and mass planting. As specimen trees 


Juniperus squamata, forming a mat of gray-green foliage, is a 
select species for bedding purposes. 


29 


too it is suitable, and the cones are especially ornamental by virtue 
of their conspicuously projecting bracts. 


Japanese Yew (Taxus cuspidata). There is probably no other 
coniferous evergreen more dependable, so far as vigor and hardi- 
ness are concerned, than the Japanese yew. Tree-like or a 
ing in habit, according to the particular form, it is one of t 
most valuable of our cultivated evergreens 

English Yew (Taxus baccata). Tho fe not so hardy as the 
gas yew, this species too is valuable in a variety of forms 

wel 


and 1 if provided with some protection against winter 
a. 
HEMLOCK 
nadian Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis). The native hemlock 
of our northeastern states is on e most hardy of ornamental 
trees, toler of shade, and an excellent species for windbre 
n lar elicate in foliage ar ide- 


mass planting. e wide-spreading, t 
Canadian hemlock attains fifty feet in height ee rie a 
but almost twice as much in the wild. 


Two useful junipers among the rocks in the Thompson Memorial 
Rock Garden are the creeping juniper and the tamarix juniper, the 
latter in the corner at the right. 


30 


Carolina Hemlock (Tsuga caroliniana). A true aristocrat 
hem 


relative in general appearance but a certain quality of its beautiful 
foliage bestows particular merit. 
JUNIPERS 


Excellent material for rock gardens, for covering slopes, and 
for the forward areas of foundation plantings is offered by man 


ing forms of j , which maintain their prostrate 
nature for | They are especially suitable for providing per- 
manently green aspects in bed herbaceous annuals and per- 


C 
ie which otherwise are lifeless and drab during a portion 
of t 

oe Juniper (Juniperus horizontalis). A native of sandy, 

rocky, and exposed locations over wide areas in our norheasten 
states, the natural species is sometimes employed in ornamental 
uses, but variations of it whic ave been foun ave been 
propagated more extensively as clonal varieties. Among several 
such forms the following is the best known and certainly one of 
the choicest 

egar i dine niper (Juniperus horizontalis Douglas). This 
sat trailing form is valued because of the steel-blue aspect 
which i i 


i leaves bestow upon the entire plant, a hue which turns 
to nee purple in late autu In twenty years’ time it is 
reported to develop a low mass t e to fifteen feet across. 

imalayan Juniper (Juniperus squamata). An introduction 
from the Himalayan region of Asia, this species has entered our 
trade ano valuable ground cover. Useful in covering 
slopes, it also s handsome flat conical mats four to six feet 


across, a foot or so deep in the center. 
eyer’s Juniper (Juniperus squamata Meyeri). This form is 
upright, growing three feet tall, and is probably the bluest of all 
cultivated conifers, partials in spring, when its color sur- 
passes that of the bluest blue spruce 
Savin Juniper ne us Sabutiy; This commonly planted 
species may ale _ feet tall after a great many years but ordi- 


ee t 
about two or three ee high. The following clonal variety of it 
is aie “desirabl e. 


31 


Tamarix-leaved Juniper (J. Sabina tamariscifolia). As a low 
spreading shrub rising above the ground scarcely more than a 
foot, this form is especially valuable where a low dense covering 
is desired. In habit and general appearance it is very similar to 
and easily confused with the creeping juniper and the latter’s 

rms 


ARBORVITAE 
n-shaped branchlets with flat scale- leaves distinguish the 
Psat at a glance from other coni 
American Arborvitae (Thuja Bare Probably the most 
commonly planted ornamental conifers in American gardens repre- 
of nati 


e arious form: the native arborvitae, either as individual 
plants or closely s trimmed into f J ere are 
nu us horticultural varieties of this species, ma f doubtful 
ornamental distinction, and it is probably only the collector or 
connoisseur fo: om t possess any real value. 

riental Arborvitae (Thuja orientalis) is species, mor 
formal in hal an the precedi Iso is abundantly employed 
and is said to uperior to t Tican for! indbreaks 


and hedges because of its denser and more compact habit. It too 
is known in a variety of forms, most of which are distinguished 


r planes. 
iant Arborvitae (Thuja plicata). Native to our cae 
very handsome and fast-growing tree, one of the most petit 
nifers. 
Japanese Arborvitae oe Standishii). This representative 
from Japan is the most distinct of its clan, for it possesses an 


erect leader and droopin ranch ts which render it the most 
graceful of all forms of arbor 


GoLpEN Lar 
Golden Larch Pega: amabilis). A handsome tree up to 
30 feet and more in height, but seldom seen in cultivation, is the 


the most striking spectacles a garden can possess 


32 


The (Chinese Water-chestnut, 
Scirpus tuberosus By W. M. Porterfield 
(No. 2 of a series on Chinese Vegetable Foods in New York) 
HE Chinese at stnut being treated here is the ra 


th 
flattish corm of a sedge, botanically known as Scirpus tuberosus 
Roxb. (or by the synonym Eleocharis tuberosa eae a 
hy her 


no relation to the ot ater-chestnut, Trapa natans L., 

er ars in lists of plant nai gh an fo me in 
China, the plant that for a long time has had the name of water- 
chestnut in the western world is an attractive, hardy, aquatic plant 
which bears true nuts characterized by ur | 
sometimes k: as Jesuit’s nut or water caltrops. 

everal different Chinese names have been ge to the Chinese 
water-chestnut which is our _ present subjec Maa-tai, Pi-tsi, 
Vu-yu, and sometimes Ma-ha s sold in markets the corm 


is dark mahogany-brown in ie and ranges from four to five 
centimeters (two inches, more or less) in diameter. The meat, 

hich is succulent like an apple, is of uniform consistency and is 
sweet to the taste. It is eaten either raw or cooked. During the 
winter all the Chinese vendors stock up on water-chestnuts, for 
they are very popular. They first pare them, then impale several 
on a bamboo stick, and sell them to the passer-by, who munches 
them raw. Many times have I also eaten them as they were 
cooked and served in the homes of foreigners in China as one of 
the vegetables of the meal. Their taste is es ee not unlike 
that of sweet corn although different in tex Sliced water- 
chestnuts enter as one of the ingredients iho suey, and 


who take trouble to shop in the Chinese markets are findin: 
them ae in salads and s 
It is said that the Gee ees also possesses 


ees virtue. Roxburgh? quotes parts of a letter from Mr. 
Duncan, who transmitted samples of the corm from Canton to the 
East India Company’s Botanical Garden at Calcutta. 

“The children here often play with cash in their mouths,” he 
wrote, “which at times slip down into the stomach and bring on 


1 Roxburgh, Wm. Plants of the Coast of Coromandel. 3: 25-26. 1819. 


33 


alarming See The nut is immediately given in quantities, 
either raw or boiled, and they say it never fails to give relief, and 
is always ee as specific; they allege it er the 
metal.”’ 


In respect to its nee it has been certified that the amounts of 
cane-sugar in water-free samples of the Chinese water-chest nut 
are very high, averaging 27.5 percent, while the protein is rather 
low, in the original material lower than in taro (Colocasia 


Base of a plant 7 pale geese raised by the author at The 
ie Yo ee ae cal n, ing the original corm with the 

ung c t the ends a ie ae The Chinese sees 
ae Ma hai.” one of the native names for the water-chestnut. 


34 


antiquorum), as Blasdale? points out. The starch content ranges 
between 7 an oe in the fresh corm. The amount of wate 
is about 77 per 


The ues a ae the corms are obtained grows in stagnant 


water and sends up cylindrical hollow leaves which project above 
nie water level. The time of maturity is September. In general, 
according to Meyer®, the plant miner t ure and 
are grown on a muck or clayey soil covered with 1 inch 
water very much as rice is grown. e plants are set in hillocks 
three feet apart in soil iche manure, then they are 
flooded and left submerged until the frost kil foliage, when 
e water is drained nd the hillocks are dug e corms 
the letter quoted oxburgh! ncan speaks of the 


t 
flooded. The new crop is ready by September. [Turn to page 38.] 


ve 


A trio of Chinese water- aiinge eile size, as found in the Chinese 


rkets in New 


“2 Blasdale, W. C. A description of some Chinese vegetable food materials, 
U.S. D. A. O. E. S., Bull. 68: 16. 1899. 

ae FN. US. D. A, B. P. I. Plant Immigrants (132): 1148. 
19 


aha aie Roxburgh's original illustration of ae tuberosus, to 
manner in which the corms are ced. This was 
publ in 1819 as Plate 231 in his “Pl eM the Coast of 
del.” 


RELIABLE EVERGREENS - 
FOR THE 
NORTHEASTERN STATES 


Nikko Fir, one of the choicest exotics 
for specimen planting 


White Pine, a typical aged specimen. 
Japanese Yew, effective in wintertime 
ors 

Cale time-honored variety in 
cere ork, 


Austrian Pine, one of the best of the 
European conifers in America. 


Another ee Pine, its branches burdened 
with fresh sn 


Table Mountain Pine, in cultivation charac 
teristically broad-topped. 


Pfitzer’s Juniper, Fd ga avec alike for its 
beauty and its thrifty growth 


38 


own as a useful edible plant. 
* (1685) i it ae the useful 
alls atten- 


The water- chestnut ie all over China as far as Chihli 
h ni 


a 
° 


inese r-chestnuts bought in the Chinatown shops are 
ood to eat as a cooked vegetable as desc ow 
them the corms can be planted in submerged flower pots and kept 
in the greenhouse during the winter. hen planted in a pot con- 
taining leaf- and topsoil with a little sand and placed in a 
crock full of water they will ee readily. hen the leaves 


reach the water level, the plant may be repotted with a cow 
r should then be vigorous, and corms 


n ompost. 
should be mature in six mon 


ioc at oats E,_ Early European Researches into the Flora of China. 


Journ. N. Chin. Br. Roy. As. Soc. 15: 1-194. 1880. 
5 Be hacde E. History of european Botanical Discoveries in China. 
p. 16. 1898, 


6 Fortune, Robert. Three Years’ Wanderings in the Northern Provinces 
a China. 307. 1847. 
Henry, Augustine. Notes on Economic Botany of China, p. 27. 
See 1893. 


39 


New Gardening (ourses 
Begin In March 


EY ENING and afternoon courses in practical gardening, one 
of a will be offere men exclus sively, will commence 

in March at The New a Botanical Garden and continue 
rte two months or more of the spring season ne e prin- 


. J. McKenr e the lec 
eight dollars. Established members of the Garden and persons 
subscribing to new memberships will be permitted to take the 


eGabae ening Practice for the Home Grounds” is the title of a 
daytime course which wil cupy ten afternoons beginning 
Wednesday, March 23. On See the course will be repeated 
or a@ class to ae exclusively of men. None of these courses, 
however, will be given for less than ten students. 

The afternoon course will include demonstrations and garden- 
ing practice outdoors as well as illustrated lectu n the Museum 
Building. Each session ‘vil open with an eee talk by P. J 
Mckenna, after which the class will adjourn to the grounds for a 
chance at actual work in digging, planting, pruning, and such 
essential tasks. 

embers of the Garden will be given ae in registering for 
the ‘ Peel Gardening” course, the ae which is $15, u 
to the amount of their ae pdiae ene i 


* That is, members wh e Garden an annual f f£ $10 will need 
to pay only $5 additional nies ae register. Sustai chine ea a whose 
annual fee is $25, may enroll in the course without making further payment 

‘All members receive the. Jounal of the Garden every month as well a 
ciddisonia semi-annually, each number of which is cilgavated with ‘eight 
colored plates and descriptions . bps head plants. They also receive a 
share in the distribution of surplus plants, announcements of special dis- 
plays, and other privileges. 


40 


e the evening course is entitled an “introduction,” it is not 
a besa to the course in practical gardening. Both of these 
courses are especially designed for the home owner who does not 


the oS may ae what they have learned in their own 
gardens at hor 

The ice to be covered in the lectures are outlined below, 
although they will not necessarily be given in the order listed. The 
suitability of each topic for the state of the season will determine 
the order of arrangement. 


INTRODUCTION TO GARDENING 


Afuseum eae New York Botanical Garden, 8 p.m., starting Thurs- 
day, March 3, 1938. 
1. The aati border, its sie arias and management: Which per 
to select and how to rrange them; soil A ae to 
Hae the garden’s succ ars to come; sum culture of 
the plants, foie Sane oi partes and fe ae ing. 
2. Annuals and their culture: The planning of an annual border; raising 
he plants; selections of hardy and half-hardy annuals and 
aa for fall bloom. 

3. Roses: General care for the production of sturdy plants and good 
flowers; summer culture and fall bloom; pruning of hybrid teas 
and hybrid perpetuals and of various types of climbing and rambler 
roses; pests and diseases and how to control them. 

4. Summer bulbs and tubers and their uses: Gladioli, Dahlias, Tuberous 
Begonias, Theres Galtonias, etc. 

5. sai shrubs: How to plant and maintain hedges, groups, and indi- 

ual specimens ; soil preparation; propagation; varieties. 

6. Lawns: Soil preparation; quantity of seed and methods of sowing; 
suitable seed mixtures; maintenance of established lawns. 

7. Vegetative propagation: Methods of growing new plants from cuttings 

stem, leaf, root; multiplication i division; new growth 
from suckers, layers, and by other method 

8. Rock gardens: Placing of pie proper soil mixture; selection of 
plants; planting ; eee 


GARDENING PRACTICE FOR THE HOME GROUNDS 


Museum Building, New York Botanical eee 22-4230 p.m., en 
Wednesday, March 23; men only in uw special class Saturday, Ala: 26; 


each session comprising £ hour of lecture Ae 4 hours of pete 
demonstrations. 


1. saa ace i tate for planting: Digging and double digging, and 
the of treating the subsoil; drainage and the effect of 
surp i bor manures and fertilizers and their proper applica- 
tions; injurious soil practices 


2. Pruning: Roses—hybrid teas and ae perpetuals, climbers, and 
ramblers; vines; shrubs; fruit t 


3. Lawn making and maintenance: poate of the seed bed; grasses 
for special situations ; need a ixtures ; getting an even seed distribu- 
tion; quantity of seed; oo of the lawn—cutting, feeding, 
pest control 


4, Planting: Trees and shrubs, including roses; planting distances and 
other rules for perennials, with attention to oo ? and shallow 
rooting kinds ; how to plant bulbs, tubers, and r 


5, Seed sowing and raising of young plants: Treatment indoors in pans 
and flats; use of coldframes; outdoor methods; care of seedlings. 


6. Potting and repotting: Methods of potting aes kinds of plants; 
importance of size of pot; repotting and wl o do it; handling 
of bulbs and bulbous bit in pots 


7. Disease and pest control: The more common diseases and insects; 
materials used in controlling them; how to mix and apply spray 
material; dusts and dusting methods. 


8. a eas propagation: Hardwood and softwood cuttings and when to 
e em; leaf cuttings; root cuttings; divisions; layering; 
naa budding. 


9. Coldframes and hotbeds: Design ns aspect of coldframes and how to 
get maximum results from their use; wat ventilating ae 
hardening off of plants; ees to make and use a hotbed; materials 


used for heating. 
10. Maintenance of ornamental plantings: Feeding, cultivating, staking, 
atering, bana ne and pinching for increased bloom: 
winter protectio: 


Hour Changed to 3 p.m. 
For Spring Lecture 


Series 


the spring series of Saturday afternoon oo at the 
en the hour will be 3 p.m. instead of the for: 3 
Several new speakers will appear on the Parenti progra 
Nelson M. Wells, who is president of the City Gardens Club: 


r 

Superintendent of Parks for the City of New York and a member 
th den’s Board of Managers. 

The eae schedule of lectures on oo afternoons during 
ia, April, and May is printed below 


Mar. 5 Plants in the Modern City 
Nelson M. Wells, President, City Gardens Club 
Mar.12 Bulbs in the Rock Garden 
Ethel Anson S. Peckham, Honorary Curator 
Mar.19 The Miracle of Seeds 
Jessie G. Fiske, New Jersey State Seed Analyst 
Mar. 26 Edible teicher and How They Gro 
William S. Thomas, Author or Field Book of Mushrooms 
Apr. 2 ieee in the Garden 
Fleda Griffith, Artist and Photographer 
Apr. 9 The Garden’s First Year 
T. H. Everett, Horticulturist 
Apr. 16 Hayfever Plants of America 
R. P. horas Author of “Pollen Grains” 
Apr.23 Our City’s Parks and Playgro 
Allyn R. elite General Superintendent of Parks 
Apr. 30 Where Spring Flowers Grow About New Yor 
E, J. Alexander, Assistant Curator 
May 7 A Summer Program of Plant Protection 
B. O. Dodge, Plant Pathologist 
May 14 Traveling Through Switzerland 
H. N. Moldenke, Associate Curator 
May 21 Showy Flowers of ale 
. Beaman Douglass, M.D. (retired) Lecturer 
May 28 Lilies for Gardens 
A. B. Stout, Curator of Education and Laboratories 


43 


Reviews of Recent Books 


(All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of 
York Botanical Garden.) 


The New 


Open peg to an Aut: 
1s tons Pee aul 

: pages, illu: ea by the 
A _ Univers of Oklahoma Press, 

Norman, Oklahoma, 1937. $2.50. 

My dear Dr ee 

i so long s e parted a 
During ‘the jong le of 
my return I recalled some of the things 

d : Iked he 


later around ne fs fies of the moun- 

you ord: . sharply into 
nes I passed were not 
Hills t too steep os 


tof raw silt: B 


bare 
free ae and houses in disrepair. There 
are some who will think of these as tem- 
passing disruption 
Co} m1. but al a us 
who think of tie biologic beyond the 
i resent know that this is not 
i things are symptomatic of 
the acute diseases which, all too insidi- 

into and ili- 


zation—a civilization based upon the ruth- 
less eS olaetion and destruction of nat- 
ural resources. 

Far to the south where Mexico nar- 
rows to an isthmus there was a once fat 
and laughing land. Not so many hun- 
dreds ar yen ago it was teeming with 


people. I have seen the roads they con- 
structed ; ave ed the eets of 
cities they built, cities which held 
million people; I have gazed with won- 
de mples greater than those of the 
ile. But the roads are abandoned, the 
cities naught b mounds, — th 


temples fallen to ruin and the people 


lived and worshipped ther 
re and living in squalor. Aad: all 
of this in spite of ne ae fog aaa a 
know, as they kne' 
imes, the necessity oe ee ee 
the building of brush and log dams to 
stop the erosion of gullies; in ash . 
a fact that terraces have 
Hae and unplowed contour seis “teft 
in the fields. In spite of the fact that 
think 


people sunk s 
far below their once ps level that they 
aia as opulent a standard of living 
based upon ten dollars per year per 
person. In some of the houses where I 
ane Rue dollars per year per adult 
andard, 


I found 
I like it. 


eo Scan 


: your latest 
book on my desk. 


It is a book 


s a student of 


more frontiers— no more wilder- 
ness, vues . be the wilderness of man’s 


ie TT dusk of m 

laboratory, 1 a ae fee of a great city 
blinking in fe frosty twilight. Is it @ 
fate of this 


were to disappear, they ‘might constitute 


44. 


its only record. “The 
is far poe heer to man 
to it. arth has 
passing oe man 


earth 
is 


oa 
28 
Put 


cautious in Giemandiie an abode 
so "0 aairabhy fitted C a ae in ae very 
nature of thin ne the 


ave ie last wo " 
As you have so aptly pointed out, we 
im: are an ey yeean cof the 
biological cosmos | 
turn to the 


Dp. es 
a cultura ttern leadi lasting 
and t: tly ‘abundant life. 
incerely sa 
. H. Camp. 


On Greenhouses 
GREENHOUSE CULTURE FOR 
AMATEURS. Edith Grey Wheel- 
wright. 163 pages, index, photographs. 
Country Life, London, 1937, $2.50. 

Upon reading Miss Wheelright’s 

“Greenhouse Culture 

i t tl 


hom 
find ee book of its nature contain 
ing such a select and unusual list of the 
es of greenhouse plants and their 

Especially pee eae is the 
ae on oe which covers a for- 
midable list of South African species and 
many others, with little mention of the 
more easily cultivated hybrid narcissi and 
tulips. 


Since this book was written primarily 


for English sere the a 
reader could hardly wi of 
the plants reationed unless vcultural 
modifications are considered. Eve a 
types of glasshouses ee i 
small home would rdly be practical 
where weather condnions are so 

owever, if thi can no are 
than to sti mulate an interest in glass- 


eee in this oe it has accomplished 
orthy 


JosepH W. TANsEyY. 


For the Rock Gardener 
AMER nN CAN ROCK 
ANTS. W. H. Preece. 204 
pages, index, ohstne he. Macmillan, 
New York, 1937. $3.50. 
Random selections of plants, since t 
immemorial, pale nee brought, forth cs 
all kinds of gardene In 


and 


uch standards, Mr. Pr reece’s bundle 

North Pieters Rock Plants, in an ap- 

rimula, 
te) 


Pi 
flee plant literature. a viewpoint 
of iene description and t factual value, 

leaves much to be desired. 


+ 


t is not quite portraiture to sa: 


and filac Soae: 
white-flower ing form,” but 
white-flowering forms, es and without 
the yellow crest. 


Distribution data are not always 
rect. ciliata (perhaps 
familiarly known as Saar ch iat) fas 
a re eas than is indicated. 
Vaccinium dae spitosin. 
The historical data under Shortia 
eauiere will bear aa ae plant 

as discovered Michaux (not 
Michesix) in 1788 (not 89) =a first re- 
coeageon in 1877 (not 1886). More- 
over, the plant is not confined to any one 
locality and there is no Sapphire County 

as oe 

Se and er inaccuracies detract 
from he valde: the book as a record 


cor- 


done better justice to 
Yet in the 


For 
the culture of Shortia galacifoli ia, well. 
ne git with sa ee is ae palate 
but acidity, which be 
requt: Ae 

With all this, Mr. Preece’s book is. 
indeed, far superior to a great deal of 
popular plant literature. 


he holds that American rock gardening 
is a thing of broader signific ee than 
the mere growing lan 
The revicwer admits et teougt his 
hetanical appetite was not satisfied, his 
outh was m: ter ose 
wouldn’t, before such a spread of western 
ic In fact, i 


tude, and which no mere Sven 
acidity or alkalinity can era: 
P. vaN MELLE. 


45 


Much About House Plants 
GARDENING INDOORS. fF. F. 
Rockwell and Esther C. Grayson. 201 
pages, index, photographs and draw- 
ings. Macmillan, New York, 1937. 

2.50. 


rdening Indoors” by Rock- 
an “with ee sponta ae ‘of win- 
dow gardens by Esther C. Gray is 
another faca helpful conibuuon. to this 
ni 


fo} 


ic) 

cB 
a 
a 
oO 


hat no one could fail 

o be ul aving such a garden 
if al the iden directions are followed 
wl 0 


a 


artistic use 


of auty 

ree by the ““thiculties of its at- 

tainment, will be a sel 2 a anneks 
p Ricuey SEA’ 


Authority on Herbs 
HERBS AND HERB GARDENING. 


Eleanour Sinclair Rohde. 206 pages, 
index, drawings and __ photographs. 
Macmillan, New York, 1937. $3. 


Having in my collection seven of Miss 
Rohde’s many books on eke both in 


doe book, “Herbs ne Herb Garden- 
ig.” he jacket, repeated in the 
irontispiece, bath in dolore is a delight 
the eye; the fourteen halftones scat- 


nae through the book show lovely spots 
of herb-gardens in England, helpful in 
f£ plants 


have made 
to Sea correspondent 
bewildered ty the plants that hav 
. up 7 


c 

n for extensive grounds, 
to me somewhat too elaborate for 
ee to undertake. 


Miss Rohde speaks in the preface of 
her treatment of the use of herbs for 
iv wer ga — 


eart, 
growing herbs for 


‘or ag 


garden; but as Miss 
points out, Be he “introduced moe: He. 
lightfully among the bright showy 
flowers. 

The of so many herbs ar 
eee a he because of old seo: 


he several varieties, and advising some- 
what out ae peculiar cultural — 
this fro: nglish viewpo 7 ae 
erally cue in this cow One 
chapter is be to ee omeell culinary 
one taller herbs with which 


ed in medicine and magic. Just a few 
recipes are found in the last chapter. 
- a oa iis oie ie: quotin 
Miss Rohde 


in acne Sto ory of 
the Garden,” although in her work, “The 
English Cadeine “Books,” Pe cites 
Richard Surflet’s translation of “Maison 
Rustique” as the source. The Lawson 
book makes no such division of the gar- 
den. Then (page 9) there is a quotation 

ut the elves’ preparing the seats of 
honor at Na! Castle. It comes Bees 


but Miss Rohde ere : “Midsum- 
mer Night's w en less im- 
ra ‘misquotation is that. from John 
Josselyn’s “New England’s Rarities,” 

“eaten with a 


concerning anise being 
fly. iki 


always been a 


puzzling statement. 
But the ha of the book lies in its 
varied appeal, ee A ies recall of 


memories of grandm s herb garden 
the practical Geeciae sas lane: herbs, 


the identification of varieties, the vast 
amount of legend. Any reader of the 
book soi aes feels that it must have 
een written sas him 

ata E. CLARKSON. 


A pane eek on Ferns 
TO TEEN 


fia Whe 220 
drawings, ue tone frontispieve ae 
Press, Lan » Pa., 1937. $1. 


There fae any books 
ferns in the las iw pee that one 
would es think et could be Ba 
fe This pocket-size manu: 


ee will be tar only di stinct 


eg anyone with a 
gives in cee 


for the Peeinness 


oo 


not 


acid- ener reaction, and 
stresses the importance Pas this fact in a 
excellent concluding arks on fer! 
ing 
ecies suited to various types 0 
An Has adil contribution is the elie: 
ue as Segal names. False “local” 
and color fee personal names are 
derecerded, ei ones nae Massa- 
chusetts Fern g Fern, from Vir- 
ginia Chain Fecn 6 "int ‘Chain. Fern, 
som Goldie’s Fern to Giant Woodfern, 
and from Boott’s Fern to Glandular 
Swamp-fern should ae “heartily endorsed. 
The less usual com ames given are 
simple and appropria tes, Daisylest Grape- 
fern is obvious, exact, and therefore 


47 


gay oh it does not appear in 
other fer safe to say that 
the cane Bony hi 
seemed a ‘mis a ee 


-shaped ; 
Bie Trane Grapefern given a 
ore descriptiv an the old Lan 
jeaged Grapefern. 

Notable is the “all discussion of Cys: Sto p- 
teris fragilis; _variet ¥s mackayi hea 
designated. as Upland Brittle Fern, and 
ey protrusa as Lowland Brittle ean 
—the latter more ree on the Central 
Eastern States. The frequent confusion 
as oe of the Brittle ei with the 

t-lobed Woodsia is cla: sae 
ennstaedtia 


least as compared with the reflexed mar- 

gins of Adiantum, oe and rea 

Dennstaedtia, hav: cup-shap 

or partial fidusia, Seen 

ay ia Woodsia, 
ystopte 


aes 


Onoclea, and 


D. T. WALDEN. 


On the Rules of Nomenclature 


CX A scomnentaty on the 
laws of botanical menclature. The 
ee fiche, Straits Settlements. 

2 - pee saa: one nomenclature 
937, 


current revision of the Interna- 


arious categories 83 


H. A. 


type specimens. 
GLEASON, 


Current Literature* 


At a Glance 
By Carol H. Woodward 
History. When pingarn writes 


J. E. Sp 

on “Henry Winthrop "Sargent and the 
arly Histary of Landscape Gardening 
and Ornamental Horticulture in Dutchess 
County, New York,” he is presenting a 
viral background to the coe of 
landscape architecture in America 

The 35-page reprint from 

Year Book of the Dutchess ca Head 
bees piped tells the story not only 


tion to anny, cluding his cousin, 
Charles Surdeue eee in his _develop- 
ment of the Arnold Arboretum. He gives 
ae ma of Andrew Jackson Dewi 

air ieae er pede bie 
ete ditions, 


ae “SHyde Park”: “and, ae of Dr 
Hoa hn of Hans Jacob Ehlers, 


. Spingarn says, 
he oo "of Dutchess County 
iney foun a golden opportunity, a ey 


work and other events at the garden of 
the Red he? amily at Mount Gulian 
from 1829 to 1866. 


Plants Without oe ae 
ture which he had n, J. W. Shive of 
Rutgers ieee tells in the January 
Poste i ne Horticultural Sorry of 
New Plants can be grown in 


ing a fec- 


ll publications mentioned hi 


"A and m: 
others—may be found in the Library of. The 
Botanical 1 Garden, in the Museum Building. 


48 


and or water supplied with proper 
Sunricat solutions. Me gives two tested 
formulas for feedin ants thus raised, 


Cs pla 
and says that sand : preferable to water 
as the supporting medium. 


“These are the Ber- 


ae Shrubs. 
M in the 


under average 
Writing in oe a of the Garden 
same _ month, 
r D. r an ate: 
eties of decorative berried shrubs whic 
ww ate of Mrs. Hugh Auchin- 
ecticu 
nother Hist of plants to attract birds 
sopeats in Madison oo Garden- 
ng Magazine for Feb: 


Writing of “Better Del- 

Country alas for 

R. O’Bri describes 

fics aay 
n Jan 


Delphiniums. 
phiniums” in 
an 


y 
newest and 


aking particu- 
r 
renee read 


Four Europeans and fou 
oe figure in the brief ‘stan of 
the peak in research on virus diseases, 

writ Melville Cook for the 
Scientife Monthly, where it appears in 


viruses 

robably on he | characters of the 

ewnles forms of life 

Noes News, and Comment 
Edue the invitation of the 

President. “ot Dilgrd University, T. #H. 

Eve 


New Orleans in Janu- 
e apres relating to 


le 
curriculum’ for the training of pro 


sional gardeners at- Dillard. On his 

eee to pd York Mr. ne stomped 
St. Louis and Chicago 

portant ee roa 


Publication. The American Rock Gar- 


ati s of plant 
car plage iiistranione 
a oe notes on rock 

of anding interest. 
e com- 


whic 
descriptions, 
arden pla 


van Melle, Montague 


Free, “Cant Enis oe J. G. Esson have 
been asked to se 

From South America. A ave 
radio sage received the middle of 
January fro Smith by Mrs. 


elieve 


Oo unexp 
ville, who has long 
ae oe a Brazil, 
turn, The New York Botanical 
Cates 


rey Club. Raymond H. Tor: 
7 Tal the Board of 


b 
jeny Hendley eg 
Molde nke Pea 
Clyde Chai 


been elected 
to the council of the 


ooks. Supplementing the Pater 
Pr ele lectures at the Garden, a spe- 
of b n 


_ dis ‘play ooks is now a 
rranged each week in the library by 
Mis Elizabeth Hall. Literature pertain 
to the subject of each lecture is 
pice on a rack in the reading room the 
afternoon preceding the progr d is 


ar to consult 
e library’s eee calleruoe: on subjects 
in eee they are interested, 


THE NEW YORK eine GARDEN 


ARD OF MANAGER 


I. ELECTIVE MANAGERS 

Until 1939: Artuur M. ANpverson (Treasurer), Henry W. ve Forest, 
vine Lewis, E. D. Pe HENRY DE LA oe (Secretary and 

Assistant Treasurer), WittiaM J. Roppins, and J. E. Spincarn. 

Until 1940° HENRY DE Sanne BALDWIN Abe -president), Cuiips ae 
Autyn R, JENNINGS, age Lewisoun, Henry Locxuart, Jr., T. 
ree and Loe Swan (President 

Until 19. ARS. ae Mrs. Eton Huntincton Hooker, Joun L. 
MERRILL (Hice-presiden Cor. Rosert H. Montcomery, H. Hopart Porter, 

and Raymon 


II. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS 


Fioretto H. LaGuarpia, Mayor o the City of New York. 
aad Moses, Park Commissione: 
Henry C. Turner, President of ihe Board of Education. 


III. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS 
Tracy E. Hazen, appointed by the Ae Botanical Club. 


AL ARPER, Sam F, TRELEASE, EpMunp W. Sinnott, and Marston T. 
Bocerr, appointed by Columbia Universi ity. 


GARDEN STAFF 


Lee J. Rossins, Pu. D., Sc. D. Director 
H. A. Gieason, PH ‘D. Assistant Director and Head Curator 
HENRY DE MONTAGNE Assistant Director 
A. B, Stout, Pu. D. Curator of Education and Laboratories 
Frep J. Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D. Curator 
BERNARD ] Donce, Pu. D. a Pathologist 
oHN Henotey Barnuart, A. M., M. D. ibliographer 
PERCY Wilson pine te Curator 
Axvzert C. Smiru, Pu. D. ssociate Curator 
ARoLD N, Moivenxe, Pu. D. Associate Curator 
ELIZABETH - Hatt, B. S. Librarian 
ae H, Rus: ae D. oss reese Honorary Curator of a Pons Collections 
Eva Gal ist and Photo grapher 
bone Ss. Wins rch i Assoc — Bryology 
E. }, ALEXANDER...... Assistant Curator and ea of the Foc ¢ Herbarium 
W. Camp, Pu. re Curator 
Ciype CHANDLER, A.M. Technical Assistant 
Rosalie WEIKERT Technical Assistant 
Frederick KavaANnaGcH, M Technical Assistant 
AROL H. Woopwarp, A. B. euaie f espian 
Tuomas H. Everett, N. 1D. Hort. Horticulturist 
G. L. Wittrock, A. M. hates 
Otto DEGENER, ba S: ee ue borator in Hawaiian Botany 
Ropert HaGeELst vary Curator of Myxomycetes 
ETHEL ANSON 5. “Proiaar - Honorary eerie Iris and Narcissus Callettions 
ee J. nae Superintendent a ea ngs and Grounds 
A.C. stant Superintenacnt 


PUBLICATIONS OF THE me YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
ooks 


An Illustrated Flora of the Nor fee United States and Canada, by Nathaniel 
Lord Britton and Addison Brown. Three ean Bivine Mescuiations and illustra- 
tions of 4,666 species. Second edition, reprinte $13.5 


Flora of the Pearce: and Plains of Central Nord en, by P. A. Rydberg. 
969 pages and 601 figur 1932; elmice: $5. 50 postpaid. 

Plants of the Vicinie) of New York, by H. A. ne 284 pages, illustrated. 
1985 oe 65. 


of Bermuda, by Nathaniel Lord Britton and others. 585 pages with 494 
text fore 1918. $3.50. 
A. Text-book ot Genet Lichenology, by Albert Schneider. 230 pages. 
76 plates. 1897. $2. 
Periodicals 
Addisonia, semi-annual, devoted exclusively to colored plates Bee b 
popular eeecieacns of owennee Biaaee fight plates in cab number, thirty-two in 
each volum ow in its os th volume. Subscription price, a volume 
(two years). Not offered in exchange. ried o members of the Garden. 
The Botanical ae monthly, containing notes, news 
and ea echnical eee: Subscription, $1 a year; anale 6 copies 10 cents. Free 
Late 1 


to tae ers of the Garden. ow in its thirty-ninth volume. 

cologia, bimonthly, illustrated in color and pee a devoted to fungi, 
eta lichens, containing technical ase and news and notes of general in- 
terest. a year; single copies : Now in ie thirtieth volume. 4 


Twenty four Year Index volume $3 in paper, 33 50 in Pabaeaiel 

Brittonia. A series Aa botanical papers. Subscription price, $5 a volume. 
Now in i second volum 

No: 7 Bes ora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North Ane 
including Cece the West Indies, end ee ntral America. Hens ied to 
pleted in 34 volumes, each to consist of or more parts; 85 p now ae rea 
Subscription price, $1.50 per part; a tinited amet of separate ae will be sold 
for $2 each. Not offered in exchan 

Che ibutions from The New vee Botanical Garden. A series of technical 
papers pune by suleo or eRbee of the staff, ae pepHne ey from journals 
abov Pri 2 h, 


other the ve. e, 25 cents eac $5 a me. In the fourteenth 
volume. 
Memoirs ae The New vor ae Garden. A collection of scientific 
papers. Volu LVII. Titics 
Direct sth ne to The Ne ew Naik Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New 
York, N. Y. 
* * 


DIRECTIONS FOR REACHING THE BOTANICAL GARDEN 
ork Botanical Garden is located in the Bronx, immediately north of 
he Zoolorical Park at Fordha m Road, and at the south end of the Bronx River 
arkway. It may be reached aS local trains from Grand Central Terminal to the 
Hane) Garden Station (200th Serceh ))o 
ach the Garden by the Hlevared and Subway systems, take the Third 
Avenue Blevaced to the end of the we onx Park Station); ae m the East and 
West Side subways, transfer from ngton or Seventh enue line to ng 
Thir a has peace at 149th. Street and Third Avenue. a th Ave’ 
subway (Independent system) take a r CC train to Bedford Park Bouleaed 
(20008 Ses then walk east to the ee en. 
ome by motor from the city, drive north on Grand Concourse to Bedford 
Hart Tere Coe Street), turn east there, and cross the railroad bridge into 
e Garden groun 


VoL. XXXIX Marcu, 1938 PAGES 
No. 459 49—72 


JOURNAL 
of 
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 


Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. 


Z 
2 


ntered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. 
Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents 
Free 


o members of the Garden 


JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
Carot H. Woopwarp, Editor 
Marcu, 1938 


BEcONIA “PRESIDENT CARNOT” Cover Photograph by Fleda Griffith 
Harpy AZALEAS FoR BEAUTY OF ForM AND CoLor IN 
E GARDE Clement G. Bowers 49 
Bark AND Bups To IDENTIFY SOME NATIVE TREES IN 
NTER E. J. Alexander 61 
REVIEWS OF RECENT Books 69 


Current LITERATURE AT A GLANCE Carol H. Woodward 70 

Apvisory CouNCIL REPORT 

Notes, News, AND COMMENT 71 
BEGONIAS 


Am the functions of a Botanical Garden is the assembling of com- 
plete ines ms of plants, essentially for ee study but also 
aes for their nae when on public displa 

Begonias are a group which serve this dual purpose admirably, and at 
The New York Botanical Garden there is one of the finest — of 
fibrous-rooted begonias in srr Roe e glasshouse which is given over 
to these plants, there are nearly pecies and varieties. Whi le there is 
always bloom in this house, "ding ebrary and March the aa taken 
over to Cone ory Rang ke an outs! eae floral displa 

h 


by exchan Seeds of wild species collected in Mexico and I ndia. hav 
been a to th Seaiaes eee additional ees age on sent by ae er 
botanical gardens, Plan s have come from growers, sometimes in return 
for surplus material, ae ne in appreciation for the identification of 
species submitted to the Botanical Garden for naming. In 1934 a large 
number of plants were brought from Kew and other g: ardens in England, 
greatly enriching a collection. The Garden co- operates with begonia 
growers far and near, and is always glad to receive new material in 
exchange. 


There is a complete herbarium collection based on the plants being 
grown at the Garden 

From the living collections surplus plants are distributed to members, 
and it is eee that larger numbers of named varieties will be available 
in the fut 


JOURNAL 


of 
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
VoL. XXXIX Marcy 1938 No. 459 


Hardy -Azaleas for Beauty 
Of Form and Color 
In the Garden By Clement G. Bowers 


DEN effects of considerable beauty may be obtained with 
i : 


n fu 
shows, but the species exhibited are often of such cae nature— 


here such wildlings as Rhododendron roseum and 
R. calendulaceum have proved quite as effective and almost as 
floriferous as the more tender sorts. 

n the usual flower show material the colors are commonly re- 
stricted to the white-pink-rose-crimson-purple range, although 
some very fine reds of the R. Kaempferi sort are sometimes in- 
cluded. This is because such azaleas usually belong to the so-called 


49 


50 


Obtusum subseries, originating in Japan and China, which have 
c ellow tru 


Alan: ergreen ever 
or in milder climates. The habit of aan of these azaleas is 


prime reasons why the Japanese and greenhouse azaleas make 
good material for flower shows, especially since some of the native 
azaleas are 2 difficult to force 

There is no denying the ae that azaleas of the Obtusum sub- 


c € 

lectively called the section Pentanthera because they have only 

five stamens, but more recently designated as the Luteum subseries 
oe of these hardy deciduous azaleas are among the siawict 

of all flowering shrubs. Included in the group are forms o 

ae all the colors to be found in the Obtusum subseries, with 


ooh 


S 
eee or greater hardiness bring in different types of flowers and 
plants. There are double and semi-double forms of the native 
eee species as well as among clonal varieties of Ghent and 
Mollis azaleas. Again, the flowers may be fragrant or scentless, 


early or late, large or small. Among the hybrids, one may find 
all sorts of intermediate color tones, combinations and patterns, 
and some “ shades are particularly attractive. Crimson 
purple, however, are not present to any ae nor are their 
values, when found, the same as in the other subseries 
oe American species are generally coarser in habit than those 


of the Obtusum te ee in Asia, and the plants are 
ne taller. Under proper culture, however, these hardy 


51 


sorts will become almost as floriferous as the others, pares quite 
e Id 


uum. : 
the clonal variety called Amoena') the red flower colors fade 


badly after exposu the sun, in the American azaleas and the 
t hybrids certain rose, red and scarlet forms of 
n t fade eve er severe ees re) full eases \ r 


series, I do not know, but I can bear aes t6 the fact that a 


Ghent azalea in my collection, having a lor inlike 
that of empferi (although far from being identical) retain 
its brilli of pigmentation without turning either brownish or 


. roseum are similarly free from color distortion until the flowers 
wither, and I think I am correct in s that no faded flowers 
were observed in the wild collection i ae newly-found scarlet 

Certain names re as Amoena and Daviesii are not ieee hee 


1 
since such plants are rely horticultural varieties (clones), her 
not entitled to Laan fe fence —C.G.B. 


Hardy azaleas combined with rhododendrons along a drive at Highland Park, 
Rochester, N. Y. 


52 


flame azalea of Kentucky. Yellows, however, will sometimes 
fade to white ; this is true of the hybrid known as Daviesii, which 
is cream when the buds open and soon becomes white with 
pattern of golden yellow on the upper lobe. 
erhaps one reason why we do not pay more attention to our 
S think 


ticultural treatment of the most sophisticated sort, under whi 
they m ecome quite different object h hal f- 
starved and scraggly wildlings ) s i 
that they are not beautiful in nature or that the naturalistic style 
is no od for the ut the plants one sees 

e ofte wing r conditions of severe compet d 
hence are seldom the equal of the vigorous, floriferous ae 
mens that can be produced under the best conditions of garde 
culture 


Few flowering shrubs are the equal of the hardy deciduous 
azaleas for general purposes, such as dooryard planting, borders, 
shrub gardens, specimens and points of interest where color is 
needed. The fact that they seldom become overgrown and the 
further fact that they possess an interesting branching habit when 
not in leaf makes them of great potential usefulness i in easels 


eas e s 
against an evergreen background or intermingled with evergreen 
shrubs. They are entirely suitable and sometimes very effective 
when interplanted with true rhododendrons, some of which may 


2Journ, N. Y. Bot. Gard. 38: 73-78. 1937, 39: 1-5. 1938. 


53 


bloom at ine same time. Yellow azaleas, blooming at the same 
b: 


he 
light rays and refract them as through miniature stained glass 


hey are gainst 
dark backgrounds, too, and are effective aaben interplanted with 
dwarfish conifers. In the woodland, also, azaleas are effective, 
especially if touched here and there by rays of sunlight which 


make their flowers glow against the dark shadows of th es. A 
little patch of w may be rendered glorious by the mere addi- 
tion of a ee little path and half a dozen azalea plants en 


1 
ee a = always appear delightfully at tone among the 
trees. 
A situation often overlooked is the great beauty of a garden 
of turf and woody plants carefully designed, and the ease and 
a 


economy with which s ing may be maintained. Not all 
woody plants are effecti ut azaleas and certain other - 
ing trees and shrubs are as showy as any herbaceous plants while 
in bloom and have the ad advantage of furnishing an ex- 
cellent green background for the rest of the garden whe e 
flowers are gone, which is something of ich few herbaceous 
plants are ¢ le. Gar of this general plan although the 


a 

excellent Colonial gardens now so popularly acclaimed at Wiilliams- 
burg. Gardens of similar but more modest plan are to be found 
among the old estates of the North. In southern gardens of this 
type there are many trees, and hedges enclose small areas of turf 
and flowering plants or shrubs. Now, azaleas were probably not 


54 


used in authentic Colonial gardens, because these plants were not 
cultivated in America in the early days, but the point I wish to 


HT tion: 
engendered by t 2 Williamsburg Restoration and similar move- 
ments, plus the inherent beauty of this type of garden, which ¢ 

es a maximum of beauty with a minimum . labor, it is con- 
ceiv carte that a revival of interest in shady gardens and woody 
plant materials may occur. This brings to our attention the fact 
that azaleas are plants par excellence for such usage. O 

r 


display, without the trouble and expense of a large collection o 
plants. 

he present time in this country it is almost necessary to buy 
the Pentanthera azaleas as seedlings or specimens collected from 
the wild. .\mong the azaleas of the Obtusum subseries, which 
are easily propagated from cuttings, one can find many clones or 
named” varieties, sou 


e greatly superior to ordinary 
seedlings. But in the on subseries, plants of named varieties 
i teri 


es a 

which may be more satisfactory than grafting and which will a 
permit the rapid multiplication of superior forms. Some pr ihe 
along these lines is being reported through the use of pla 
hormones, but the practical gardener must ee a long time in 
waiting before he will be able to secure everything he wants. At 
the present moment, therefore, only the more bags may have 
collections of named hybrids, double forms and certain special 


0 
Bxcellche plants of various species are being raised commer- 
cially by certain nurserymen, Although one cannot always find 


55 


the items he most desires, such as Rhododendron japonicum, one 
may often pick up excellent seedling plants o best specie 


want 
especially true of the species most subject to variation 
nge flowe cal 


os nat. 
in assuming that seedlings of R. roseum, R. arborescens 
ROE 


n 
of native plants classify their stock, so that one can often order a 


Zz ? 
or a white form of R. Vascyi, or a similar specified sort, and be 
sure to get it. The equivalents of many Ghent and Mollis hybrids 
will be found among the mixed seedlings of the species I have 
mentioned 


Below I am describing the Sa species of azalea (Rhododen- 


more widely demonstrated in this country, I am not emphasizing 
them in the following descriptions. 

Rhododendron roseumn, the Mayflower Azalea or Downy Pinx- 
terbloom, is one of the very best for general purposes and for 
hardiness. It is widely Rr usually aa and on hilltops 
from New England to the Carolinas, and has for many years been 
considered a variety of R. nudiflorum. In the trade, it frequently 
masquerades under the name of R. canescens, which is a tender 
and inferior species from Georgia and Florida, but the plants are 
really R. roscum from the Piedmont region of Virginia. This is 
how the name Piedmont Azalea became erroneously attached to 
re Florida species. Intermediate forms between R. rosewm and 
R. nudifiorum are not uncommon in the wild, but typical forms 
differ in that R. roseum is of a brighter, clearer pink color and 


et. 


56 


has a strong spicy fragrance of cloves, while R. nudiflorum has 
merely an insipid sweet odor and is horticulturally very inferior 
re ar bf 


here are other distinguishing characters, but these are of most 
horticultural poe nce. Fk. roseum blooms just befor’ ee 
tion Day an es an excellent dooryard and lan 


ma. garden pla 
aleaateon calendulaceum is the brilliant Plame an 
Typically light orange in color, it has forms ranging from lemon- 
yellow to orange-vermilion, and now a bright scarlet form has been 
found. The latter was reported in 1936 from Kentucky by Dr. 
Ww 


. Cat 
blooms about the middle of ae at New York and Boston. This 
is, in ee the ancestor of the Ghent hybrids, R. ee 


ea. I hav 

ododendron antic is a dwarf species from the Coastal 
Plain . Virginia and the Carolinas, which, however, is fairly 
hardy at New Yor! oi Boston. It is usually only eighteen 
inches a and it spreads by underground runners or stolons. This 
spreading character is not a ae however, and makes the 
species useful as a gro t blooms late in May and 
appears in both on ne Sor a the white form being the 


57 


most useful, in my opinion. Possessing abundant flowers with a 
aimee rose-like scent, this species deserves to be much better 


yoke ee ee Vaseyi, the earliest to bloom among the Ameri- 
ML 
d c 


can azaleas, is regarded as one of the azaleas in the 
orl vers differ in shape from t of the others here 
described and a delightful apple-blossom-pink color. 
seyt, native in North Carolina, blooms < in earl 


: y 
May and is perhaps the ee vigorous grower of all. Plants are 


in the e. 
hododendron ee the Rhodora, also blooms early, 


is less attractive. It bears peculiarly shaped, slender, lilac ie 
and has a certain eat of its own, but is the least showy of 
any of o 


foci on ea is certainly one of the most poten- 
tially useful species. It comes from Japan and, like the Flame 
Azalea, has great variation, ranging from the pure yellow form. 


Rhododendron nudiflorum, native to woodlands and hilltops in the ie . — 
cast, under cultivation produces even more abundant flowers than are en 
here in the wild. 


Photograph by L. W. Bi 


58 


var. aureun, to forms that are salmon and salmon-rose. The 


y 
cultivation as good azalea seedlings, but are probably no more 
valuable than ordinary oe — gs, which they actually 
are. japonicum is one of the very hardy azaleas. 
Rhododendr on molle from Chiva is so closely allied to 
japonicum as to be ines identical, but is considered of doubt- 
di P 


summer moisture, and hy both of them have 

in the so-called Mollis hybrids, sometimes called R. Kosterianum, 
which include some excellent hardy azaleas with large flowers. 
The colors are mainly yellow, orange, and brick-red, and the plants 
of ody species and hybrids bloom at New York about mid- May. 


is not 

Nets rhododendron from Korea. It is notable for its very 
y bloom which sometimes comes as early as the first of April 
at oe York City. hough it is on ae this feature makes 
it susceptible to injury by spring frosts. The flowers are of bright 
magenta, not unattractive when blooming by themselves in early 

see but not to be mixed with other colors. 
pepe pa eae the Royal Azalea, appears to be 
ut of a hardiness in 


= 
2 
3 
oe 
- Oo 
we 
N 


flowered azalea of blush-pink color and distinctive foliage. Experi- 
ence indicates, however, that it is somewhat fastidious about its 
environment in a way tha ot yet entirely 

Rhododendron ee appears to - a * headetl and 
promising large-flowered, early, rose-colored azalea for Long 
Island and places of similar mildness, but of doubtful hardiness 
northward. It blooms about the 20th of April. It is very rare 


e now come to the azaleas belonging to the Obtusum sub- 


59 


series. We shall spend little time with these, not being particu- 
larly concerned with them in this article, since the majority are 
not reliably hardy north of the environs of New York City or 


y are ass are 
tensively propagated and sold ine clonal names, because they 
are easy to multiply by cuttings and make attractive garden sub- 
jects in climates where they will survive 

Rhododendron Kaempferi is one of the very few azaleas in this 
class that will grow outdoors at Boston and is the hardiest of its 
group. It is one of the most valuable garden azaleas we have 
and is perfectly hardy to —15° F., but is absolutely tender below 
this temperature and will kill to the ee at —20° F. if sus- 
tained for any length of time. This species 8 quite variable, but 

ht or 


vi 

posure to the ee very garden that is not too cold should 
have R. Kaentpfe here are now some races of ee on the 
market. It is doubtful if they are as hardy as this , but 
several are of undisputed merit. The so- cad ere ee 
belong in this group. 


Rhododendron mucronatum, the Snow Azalea, often miscalled 
dica Alba’’ and 


, 
“Azalea Indica a” “Azalea ledifolia,” is a splendid white- 
ered species from Japan, about four feet high, with partly 
evergreen foliage as in mid-May and is lovely about 
v ity, but cannot be recommended for regions farther 
orth. a number of varieties under special names 
which a distinctive color patterns in rose or purple. 
Rhododendron ioe is somewhat hardy at Boston, but, 


in the opinion of many gardeners, is not worth growing, because 
of its dull lilac color. It has a double form, called the Yodogawa 
Azalea, which 1s tice handsome and does well at The New York 
Botanical Garden, but which is of doubtful hardiness northward. 


60 
Rhododendron indicum comes from Japan, not India, and is 
represented by several forms which will grow outdoors at New 
rk 1 
rs 0 P : 
ovett. nother is a as dwarf form with very double 
R. Ka 


the 
called Ss balsai eal oak t 
Rhod 


a supposed Re Afarwellii, is a splendid ace plant with 
arge flowers of deep rose, hardy at Boston with some protection 

I ndrou obtusum is represent yew the 
familiar varietie moena and nodegiri and the less hardy 
Kurume azaleas nall of flower and act of habit, these 
azaleas are very beautiful and are favorites at fl @) uu 


cannot be recommended north of New York City except in very 
warm spots. 

There are many more varieties which might be mentioned, but 
since we are here interested mainly in azaleas of reliable hardi- 
ness and easy obtainment, it is time to bring this list to an end. 


Bark and Buds to Identify 
Some “Native Trees 
In Winter By E. J. Alexander 


EAVES are by no means essential to the nature student who 

wishes to know and recognise trees. While in summer one’s 
tendency is to glance at a leaf to find a determining mark, this 
method is reliable only for gencralizations, for oak leaves have a 
confusing variety of outline on a single tree, the foliage of dif- 
ferent hickory species has a distressing sameness, and an elm can 
casily be mistaken for something else if only a leaf is seen. 

Even the flowers of trees, while to the botanist they are a posi- 
tive clue to a species, can not be counted on by the average nature 
student, because their life is so short compared to the fifty weeks 
or more in which a irce must be identified by other means. For in 
winter, even if a tree has not grown to fit the sithouette ascribed 
to it by books, there are undeniable marks of identification. These 
lie in the dormant buds, lcaf-scars, and the bark. 

In the December number of this magasine, Dr. Forman T. 
AlcLean told how to identify trees in winter by their outlines and 
branching habits. The same fiftcen trees, all of which are com- 
mon natives in the northeastern states, are now to be described in 
more detailed winter condition, with illustrations of the bark of 
each and of the twigs showing the winter buds. Only a portion of 
the trees will be treated in this issue of the Journal; the remainder 
will appear next month, 

alll of the buds are shown magnified cxactly three times, while 
ithe pictures of the bark were all taken at approximately the same 
distance (about eight feet) from cach tree. The photographs were 
made by Afiss Fleda Griffith, Staff Photographer, with the 
assistance of Aliss Maisie Alilland —C.HWY. 


62 


American Elm (Ulinus ameri- 
cana). Rivaling the sugar-maple 
or st ee as a botanical 
landmark of the New 
scene, this most graceful 
trees, with true feminine oe 
in its form, is without peer as 
America’s supreme acne 
to treedom. Every inch a lady, 
solitary s specimen 1 in per rfect nite 


even in the forest where only the 
trunk is visible. A distinctive additional character may be found 
in a cross-section of the bar ich is internally stratified by 
alteenatne wed and dark brown layers. 
he leaf-buds are ovoid-conical, light 
reddish brown, smooth and shining and ap- 
pressed to the reddish brown or yellowi 
brown twigs which are smooth or slightly 
downy. The terminal bud is usually bent at 
an angle to the twig. The obovoid flower 
buds, which are much larger and taper at 
the base, are usually below the end of the 
twig. They are easily aia against 
the sky even when ou ach. 

Basswood (Tilia eee Among the 
statelier native trees the basswood or linden 
ranks high for, though when in the open 
it forms a broad rounded tree, in the forest 

up tall oe trunk whic 
nee ae high abov 


63 


On young trees the dark gray bark is 
somewhat smooth or with a few furrows 


dividing into flat-to ridges, but 
hese ridges become more numerous and 
more round-topped with increasing age 


on the outsid wed against the sky, 
the twigs and smaller branches are seen 
to be arranged in an . m the outer 
periphery of which the smaller twigs are 
given off a angent, th e being 
spread eee tough and 

rous inr r bark cannot e broken, but 


y 
ae to reak a twig. The American 
d fibre 


a 
basswood is said to have been originally 
bastwood, because of the many uses of 
the fibrous bast. 


Basswood 


64 


ugar Maple (.tcer saccharum). Most loved and cherished for 
the memories it arouses is the sugar maple, whose rounded out- 


Its value for timber and for its sap, from which maple ae aind 
sugar are made, as well as its ability for wresting a foothold from 
the rocky ribs of the New vee countryside, have won for it 


have obtained 


necessary to ascertain its identity. 
a distance the sugar maple might be 
confused with the Norway or sycamore maple, 
tit two trees have evenly furrowed 
bark ar rounded their twigs are much 
stouter, and the ovoid buds—brown on the 
Norway and green on the sycamore maple—are 
fewer in number. 


65 


Silver-Maple (cer saccharinum). Earliest of American trees 
to flower, and most rapidly growing, though short-lived, the 
silver maple is probably unique in its position. The first cee 
ward, then upward sweep of its branches is usually sure identi- 
fication, but even then it is easily confused with the red maple, 
which it also resembles in its gray, somewhat scaly bark. The 
bark of the silver ee how ever, is a bit more loose-appearing, 


s. y 
opened, were thee in Po ughkeepsie, some 
seventy miles farther north 


flower buds of the silver maple are 
dissected it will be found th e flowers 
have a ucanly united cuplike corolla, whereas 


ne 
is similar in appearance 
ut has more wide- 
Spaatne branches, _buds 


ae stalk. In the 


G 
bark of the sycamore 
that remains on the tree 
is dark brown and is 
broken into thin small 
scales rather regular in 
form 


67 


White Ash (Fraxinus 
americana). Since the ashes 
and maples are our only 
common native trees with 


fusior eee ever arise as to 


heir : he ashes 
have rather stubby, black- 
dowr nter buds with the 
outer pair ales some- 


maples have smooth buds with ee ear cai ne Grall ee 
scars. As is characteristic with trees of opposite branching halvit. 


ash, which r 
ing fie meee e hollows, are so disune: 


rs he black ash, r instance, has 
rather dark gray shallowly fissured and very 
scaly bark and is strictly a swamp tr 


the red or green ash) has downy twigs and 
smooth, more pointed buds. 


Shagbark Hickory (Carya ovata). 
Most distinctive among our native trees 
is the shagbark hickory, which may al- 
ways be greeted as an old friend when- 

er it is met, for the long, upwardly 

ich ¢ 


shagging of bark whic er the 
runk unmistakably spell its name. The 
buds ly characteristic, for th 

are large and ovoid with lowish wool, 
and the loose outer scales are ovate with 
long stalk-like tips. Like the ends of the 


twigs, the outer scales are covered with 
blackish wool. 

he other hickories of our region may 
be told by their non-scaling, rigid and 
furrowed bark, as well as by the different 
forms of their winter buds. 


69 


Reviews of Recent Books 


(All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of 
The New York Botanical Garden.) 


Design or History? nee t of gas les dust on a the lim- 
amount un in most roof gar- 

BEE Te AND DESIGN, ae types of plants that will survive in 

Harold pvenaes ee and Cor oof garden, what one may expect 

Jan n Dy’ abbard, | 232 pag ne the length of life of such plants, 

2h seams ae P. Lippincott, and many ie oes ms He come to 

, he oof garden is 

he real ig sie of ithe book, Suan eee ab 
See and Design,” is somewhat ¢ 

fusi ae to me. . the book is to be a historical work 
hould stick i. ‘histor ; if a guide to 


ble it y; 

to be a co Ss © structure and design it should stick to 
amount of history rewritten, and while it structure and design. If it is to concern 
is in an attractive simple style I cannot cuttural methods let them be handled in 
see quite its Pee ina aes of ae tg a simple honest manner : 
except that it may be used f : 


Also one finds the ele oe at are very beautiful, though one 
There seems to be a mixture of historical to twist the big volume in three direc- 
subjects and present-day gar _ me tions from page to page in order to s 

pies 


: of the same them, and some of the writing is very 
If the writers are planning to con- pleasing, but I should like to see it re- 
anged, 


Hucu Finpray. 


which 
al professional From a Dirt Gardener 
landscape architect. The history is am E GARDENER TO AN. 
oe but complete, but one would hardly OTHER. Lucy M. Ellis. 279 pages, 
a comprehensive Bulees in ae a illustrated with. drawings. Thomas Y. 
hook: Even what there is seems some- Crowell, New York, 1937. $2.50. 
red. This book is aptly named, for Mrs. 
llis evidently is a real dirt gardener, 


he writers have tried to put too 
ina ed space and have not reteacied rejoicing in impart what s ows to 
us very eanipleicly nm any one subjec er gardeners who are not so fortunate 
For ample, c ron Rock as to have been t periment in 
arde Ss y incomplete and three “active” garde one “passive” 
simply tells people what is fit ae nfit one, embracing lire? genes of the Uni ia 
for se ype of garden. ae States and one of Canada. She 
for example, the Een on City owned none of these gardens a feels af 
dene hae: Root Gardens. The prince least partly responsible for rimes 
involved in roof garden work are hardl Gainst nature she may <coninit "to 
uuched in the chapter except th refer- quote her own ord: This reviewer too 
ence to certain parts of the gardens i has always held that even if one owns 
Elements of the Composition. I doubt the land, one 1s ewe for 
very much whether any amateur gar- deformations in its 
dener would be able to carry out fully In addition to the Hace practical 
t oof garden suggestions and really knowledge, fe are cine into the 
know clearly what he was doing from enefits derived from ganderine and into 


descriptions in the book. Very little is the intangible on es the life Biss by 
said about soil for the roof garden, con- gardeners, when t e able oO pene- 
tamination of soil by gas and dust, the trate, even rule ae the mysteries 


70 


of earth, birds, flowers and trees. Mrs. 
Ellis has done all rally, with 
ee — without oo She 
kno r+ English, tou ne on origins, 
end book with simple 
planting tables in two eon a 


wes 

knows her color rs, speaking of cyanic and 

xanthic groups greene without refer. 
nce to he fn ary. 

One wo ate she can use so much) 
of her wine ee asiaar eae = gardens 
she doesn’t own, but one feels er- 
haps she realizes ho ao a - 


[ garden aiees will 

s’ readers, even though 

it might ae ‘somewhat discouraging to the 
trade. 


courage, no garden” is her motto 


s 
» 


one Piva like to write to e oes one’s 
see and 
HELen SUZETTE DE Came 
Hormones 
SYMPOSIUM 


ON HORMONES 
Sigma Xi Lectures for 1936-37. 
State University. Illustrated; indexed 
Reprint from Ohio Jour. 
1937, (Obtainable 
from Dr. W. fon Fernelius, Dept. of 
Chemistry, Ohio State Univ., Colum- 
bus, Ohio. $1.00.) 


This pole 


only to title. 
Sei. 37: 315-463. 


of ten 
m on ae 


ns e 
stances i—are 
particular interest to Hotanical stude a 

W. H. Can 


Current Literature* 
t a Glance 
By Carol H. Woodw. 


Greater horticultural u: 


oring. 
nd the development i 


Exploi 
native plants a 


them new era ms is urged 
Ira N. Gabrielson, Chief e Un 
States Bureau o i log ical Survey 
an article, “Explor t Home,” in 
rohan eneee Gentlemon. The au 
cites the selec breeding donc 
the eee va ats nacve plants as as 
and phloxes, and points to the possi 


ties latent in the violas, pentstemons, 


Dry Ice. Transplanting of trees on 
expected! mild winter days with the 
of dry ice to er the oth ball. in 


by 
Su Perea icae er °G 
the method has not yet ne 
has been eee ea Mr. 


rangement” by Vaug 
in the January Buitetin. “of the Gar 
Club of America. Pleading for a < 
plified schedule of flower show class 


Mrs. Vaughi cludes: “The 1 
that a man should be tried by a j 
his peers. Is it too much to ask the s 
pees e for the : or exhibitor?” 
und Cov n The Amer 
Nursery for ae ary 1, L. C. Cl 
ick of Ohio State University gives 
r recult ’ trials of 32 


Agricultural Experiment Statio 
the principles of soil microbiotog 
Soil Conservation for January 


* All publications mentioned her 
athers—may be found in ‘the Library. of 
Botanical Garden, in the Museum Buildin 


Westchester Countryside, a 
Pants publication of the Westchester 
County Co onservation Association, 


mens and library ae at The New 
York Botanical Gar 


hromosomes. A popular account of 
the work of Dr. A. F. Blakeslee in 
treating plants with colchicin to produce 
mutations is given by J. S hanel os in 
Country Gentleman for Februar 


doubled. 
Chromosomes” is the title of Mr. Cates’ 
cle. 


Plant Novelties. Many new and in- 
stage meus are described in the Janu- 
ree te ee and Sil me 


va, including so: 
es, such as species 0: 
Paeeat “hich are still relatively new 
to a opeans. addition, stories of 


plan xploration and descriptions of 
plants of horticultural value from foreign 
regions are am the worth while con- 
te s periodic al. 


Mycorrhiza. Reginald F. Forbes in the 
January tied Monthly give: a sur- 
of p y knowl and 


Al Xperime 
feder: ral unit housed on the campus of t 
University of Pennsylvania. 


anes Council lee 
n presenting the ani 
Elon Huntington 


ry, Mrs. 
Shane expressed ie ardent pape “Of 
Hae group for a Members’ Room at the 
den 


thi nk it would be well,” she sa: 


ve ne 


Q 
O° 
Eg? 


under 
hip 


eps and side-posts 
installed, and a hedge of yew has been 
planted ies the perennial border. 
sory Council recently elected 
four new ener s, who became members 
also of the Corporation in ae. aes 
are: ve i B ae Mrs 
lement neha. 
and Mis Richard de Walks Brixey. 
Besides Mrs, Poa the of 
eed Coun ie : Mrs 
ff, 


we 


corresponding secre- 


ae and "p Leonard Kelloge, 
treasurer. 


Notes, News, and Comment 


Heredity. Before a special meeti mg 
ae by the Torrey Botanical Cin, 
re 


Sone 


7 Wertin st 
some time at the Botanic Boe rden dur: 
his brief sojourn in New York. 
From Ireland. a an informal 
pe of Sees romans the Sixth 
Earl of Rosse w:; the midwinter 
visitors . the “Gar oes aed was shown 


72 


several places . a around New 
York by memt of the 


Kings re Sothern 
elt a is oavicularls interested in 
forestr 
a At the monthly confer 
ence of he Scientific staff and registered 
f the G Feb. 9, Dr, B. O. 


Dr. - Seaver on 

Prol On 12 s mber 
of t ecu reported on ae Tedigesgolis 
necting 9 of the ALS. 


Ear Floz Crocus Korolkowii, 
habit one eof the aioe Ay wers to 
blooi th on Memorial Rock 


homps' 

Can ie to open t ae or 
ebruary 7, and was at st around 
ebruary 25. This was three weeks later 


by Jar Freezing weather which ar- 
rived a f days later did not seem to 
damage the plants. 

Crocus chrysantha variety Bow 


G. Elwesii. 
s 


Lectures. Members of the staff who 
have aressed outside a during 
the ia include Dr. A. B. 
e the pat Science 
4 on “Tn- 


H. a or 
Botanical “Club F 1 on his travels in 
Mexico, then “Ohio dd t 


State Univers ity roandieneee Feb. 3, one 
2 omnia Drift and Plant Distribu- 
on on “Winter in Oaxaca,” 
followed on Feb. 5 by another lecture on 
Mexico before the ae Club at Brew- 
ster, Ohio; and H. haat who spoke 
on “Plant Hunting in the Rockies” be- 
fore the Flushing Garden Club Jan. 24, 
Towe 27 


at Beekma: ers Jan , before the 
Nassau nty Horticultural Society 
Feb. 9, and re the Dutchess County 
Horticultural Society at ought hkeepsie 
March 2; on “Rock Gardens” before the 


Woman's ie of Scarsdale Feb. 2 
the Thom: Memorial Rock Ga 
be oat the ‘Connecti a ater 


nt Hu 
cl a pi ore the Hudson River 
Club M ni 
Visitors. Among the botanists 
visited at the Garden during Febr 
were Professor Alexander Evans of 
University, who was consulting hep 
in the herbarium; Dr. Francis Dr 
m Yale, selecting loan mat 


for his studies on the blue-green al 

Dr. Ruth Patrick, Curator of the 
icroscopical Society at the A 
atural es in Phil ia, 

was studying the collection of diat 
d Jose C. McDaniel, Assi 
orest Ra with the Tennessee V 


tion to breeding Tones rees. Dr. Ir. 
Wiggins of Leland Stanford Jr. 
versity spent Novem at the Ga 
working on the flora of the Sor 
desert of Saar Mexico. 

taff. Frederick Kavanagh, who 
ceived his master’s degree fr 
versity of Missouri, has beg 
under Dr. William J. Robbing a 1 


yes ment. T. H. Everett has 
named an honorary director of the ‘Ai 
can Begonia Society, headquarters 
which are at Long Beach, Cal lif, 


ol. “Virginia Trees Wi 
es amb. Preceding a chec 
of sp e 95 pages of text, 


: 
there ar Dp. 
describing ae sae then the men 
f the e family. 


ee ie monthly meeting o 
Horticultural aie of New Yor 
i im 2 es ae o jo Botanical 


silver medal { 
collection oL peer ‘display ed. 
Azaleas, The three articles on az 


weit Dr. ao G. Bowers is 
cluding in t ber of the Jou 
will Be se from the Botanical 
den in booklet ek m at the nominal cl 
of 25 cents apiec 


THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 


BOARD OF MANAGERS 


I. ELECTIVE MANAGERS 

Until 1939: ee M. ies So Ataahiee HENR DE Forest, 
Crarence Lewis, ERRILL, HENRY DE LA Mon TACK Geers and 
sea aS ae Winstan in ” RopBINs, and J. E. Spr 

Un te HEN e Forest Batpwin (Vice- president), ‘Comoe Frick, 
ALL oe te ECS "Abate pH LewisoHn, HENRY » Jr, D. T. 
MacDovcaty and Josep - oe ene) 

Until 1 MarsHAL Mrs. ~ Huntincron Hooker, JoHN 


L. 
MERRILL (Vice- president), a "RogERT x Mouconeny, H. Hosart Porter, 
and Raymonp 


II, EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS 
Froretto H. LaGuaroia, Mayor of the City of New York. 
Roneat Mess Park Commissioner. 
Henry C, Turner, President of the Board of Education. 
III. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS 
ao y E. Hazen, appointed by the ashe Botanical Club. 


Harper, Sam F, TREL LEASE, EpMuNpd W. Sinnott, and Maxston T. 
ae ‘appointed by Columbia Universit ty. 


GARDEN STAFF 


Wiiam J. Rossins, Pu. D., Sc. D. Director 
H. A. Greason, Pu. D. Assistant Director one ae ad Curator 
HENry DE LA MONTAGNE sissistant Director 
A. B, Srou7, Pu. D. Curator of Education na Laboratories 
Frep J. SEAVER, oe D., Se. D. Curator 
Bernarp O. Donce, Pu. D. Plant Pathologist 
Joun HEenpLey Bienen: A. M., M. D. Bibli her 
Percy WI1ison Associate mate sas 
ALBERT C. Smitu, Pu. D. Asso fate Curator 
Harotp N. Moupenxe, Pu. D. Associate als 
ExizasetH C, Hatt, B. S. Librar 

H. H. Russy, M. Diteesoice Honorary Curator of the, economic Colle: ee 
Fiepa Grirrity t and Photographer 
a > vues MS sociate in Bryoloyy 
E. J. A DER...... Assistant Curator and ee by ce Ea ete 
W. H. Cai, Pu. D. Assistant Cura 
CLYDE ene A.M. Technical pees t 
Rosatig WEIKER Technical Assistant 
FREDERICK AVENACEE M.A Technical Assistant 
Carot. H. Woopwaro, A. B. Paitoniat assistant 
Tuomas H. Everett, N. D. Hort. ocala 
G. L. Wirrrocx, A. M. 

Otto Decener, M. Collaborator in Hawatian Boe 
Rosert HaGELSTEIN ......-.0s0.00 cesses ee Curator of Myxomycetes 
Erne, Anson S. Peckuam..Honorary Curator, Iris and Narcissus Collections 
ArTHUR J. Mee BETT So's fia We Pee esate Ua aa of Buildings and Grounds 
A.C. Pra ssistant Superintendent 


THE CORPORATION OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
ihe! New York Botanical Garden was incorporated by a e Legislature of 
the State of New York in 1891. Act of Inco hen oration pro: other "Board 


The mong 
a eel -perpewtin body of incorporators, whe meet snaually to else members of the 
Man, They also elect new members of their own body, the present roster of which 


special a et of t 


The Advisory Council consists of = 


ondine ea and Mrs. 


Stephen Baker 
Henry de Forest Baldwin 


Sherman Baldwin 


al 
Pr ‘on T. Bogert 
Prof. William J. Bonisteel 


orge P. Bre! 
‘Mrs. Richard de Wolfe Brixey 
Bulkley 


*Miss E. Mabel Clark 
W. R. Coe 


Richard C. Col 
*Mrs. Jerome W. Coombs 
Ronee Crane 

ne 


Henry W. de 
Edward C. Delafield 
Mrs. George B. de Lon, 
Rey. Dr. H. M. Denslow 
Julian Detmer 
Mrs. Charles D. Dickey 
*Mrs. John W. Draper 
Benjamin T. its 
es W. Faitoute 
Id 


ert H. Fife 
*Mrs. Henry J. Fisher 
Harry Harkness Flagler 
*Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox 


C) elected to the Cor 
: Mrs. Elon ae 
Nelson B. "Williams 


Childs Frick 
*Mrs. Carl A. de Gersdorff 
BPA 


*Mrs. Frederick A. Godley 
Geo 


Roswell Miller, Jr. 
*Mrs. Roswell Miller, Jr. 
George M. Moffet 


H. de la Montagne 
Col. Robert H. Montgomery 


ie] 
° 
5 
= 
@ 


*Mrs. Augustus G. Paine 


hg 
arked 
PuGhaTnan® Mrs. 
Rene "Secretary; Mrs. 
F. Leonard Kellogg, Treasurer. 


electes by the Board. By 
with an soil in 


*Mrs. James 
Rufus L. Patterson 


R. Parsons 


y St. C. Putnam 


Prof. H. usby 


rea M. Schi 


Frederick Strauss 

Mrs. Theron G. Strong 
Joseph R. Swan 

Dr. William S. Thomas 
Raymond H. Torrey 

Prof. Sam F. Trelease 
*Mrs. Harold McL. Turner 


ae) 
9 
4 
S 
z 
5 


Bronson Winthrop 
Grenville L. Winthrop 
nC. Wister 
*Mrs. William H. Woodin 
Richardson Wright 


Carl A. de Gers- 
Townsend Scudder, 


Vou. XXXIX AprIL, 1938 PAGES 
No. 460 


JOURNAL 
of 
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 


Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. 
Entered at the Post Office in New 5 Meg aS ond-class matter. 
Annual subscription $1.0 eee copies 10 cents 


Free to members of the Garden 


JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
Caro. H. Woopwarp, Editor 
APRIL, 1938 


Sprinc ALONG THE BRONX RIVER Cover Photograph by Fleda Griffith 


THE PassING OF Dr. SMALL John Hendley Barnhart 73 
BaRK AND Bups To IDENTIFY SOME NATIVE TREES IN 
WINTER (continued) . J. Alexander 80 


MobderRNn StTuDy OF PLANTS IN RELATION TO EDUCATION 
E. J. Salisbury 88 
FLUCKINGER MEDAL AWARDED TO Dr. H. H. Russy 92 


STUDENT GARDENER ACTIVITIES 92 
Reviews OF RECENT Books 93 
CurreENnT LITERATURE AT A GLANCE Carol H. Woodward 95 
Notes, NEws, AND COMMENT 96 


MEDICINAL PLANTS 


Since taxonomic research was first undertaken by the staff of The ee 
York Botanical Garden some forty years ag 0, tae institution has been 
cerned with plants of importance in ane e, and its collections chide 

e sources of all of the well known a 

es ie H. aoe who is to be awarded the Fluckinger medal in Germany 
ne nth in recognition of his many years of productive research on 
herent plans initiated the Ga. re interest in this phase of botany, 

rst by his early explorations in Bolivia, later by his studies of the plants 
he had collected ee and by his buildin up of the Garden's large economic 
museum. 

In recent years, some confusion has existed in the pharmacopeia, as it 
has been realized that the sources of many drugs were botanically unknown. 
bers of : fF i i t 


icinal value. L ar, wit! 
he completed a study of the iy agile Gases plants of that continent. 
Rotenone is fast becoming one of the most important insecticides. Dr. H. N. 
Moldenke, also working with Mr. Krukoft who has brought mee from 
erica hundreds of drug-plants, some heretofore unknown, is now 


e known o with the basi 
pacing € the ee about them on a solid Goundeticn a3 scientific 


JOURNAL 


of 
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 


Vou. XX XIX Agerc1938° No. 460 


The Passing of Doctor Small 
By John Hendley Barnhart 


ITH the death of Dr. Small, which occurred at his home, 
301 East 207th Street, in the morning of the 20th of Janu- 
ary, 1938, The New York Botanical Garden has lost one who 
was associated with its development from the beginning, and one 
whose ais oe taxononiic and floristic work has shed luster 
upon its n 
John Kunkel Small was of Pennsylvania-German stock and was 
born on the 31st of January, 1869, at Harrisburg, where he spent 
his early years. He never lost touch with his birthplace; im fact, 
was not many years ago that the failure of a Harrisburg bank 
in which he was a large stockholder seriously depleted his private 
fortune. 
In 1888 he entered Franklin and Marshall College at Lancaster, 
and soon gave evidence of his interest in that science to which he 


o 


activity, gave up his botanical work and retired to a farm at 


ge 

published. paper, “Classification of plants endowed with the habit 
of slee In February, 1892, several months before graduation. 
he published | in a form a ‘Preliminary list of the mosses 
of Lancaster Cour 


73 


74 


In eee 1890, he joined the Torrey Botanical Club of New 
k Ci h 


be nearly half a century. Before the end of t he 
had made his first contribution to s of the club’s Bulletin, 
some brief “Notes on Asplenium pinnati nn’ Thi t 


0 ifidunt. is was the 
first of fifty-five of his papers that appeared in the Bulletin, the 
last in 1924. He was also a frequent contributor to Torreya from 
its estaishonent in 1901 until 1928. 

ing the summer of 1891, he and Heller undertook a botani- 
we excursion to the mountains of western North Carolina, and 


Britton at Columbia College, now Columbia University, and re- 
moved to New York City, where he lived for the rest of his life. 
Here he ee congenial surroundings: excellent herbarium and 


library facilities, and association with a professor and fellow 
students having interests similar to hi n e upon 
problems of taxonomy and floristics, and published his results 
from time to time in the Bulletin of the Torrey Botan Clu 


Soon he was building up a reputation as a keen eae a 
careful worker, and a convincing writer 

For the topic of his doctorate he chose the genus a ai 
and this naturally took up most of his time; but he 


ree 0 
to chad anise in the Aeneriean Association for the Advancement 
of Science. 


or three years longer he remained at Columbia as curator of 
the herbarium, continuing his studies in his chosen fields. Among 
his many papers contributed to the pages of the Bulletin of the 
Torrey Club was a series of fourteen ae the title, “Studies in 


Photograph by Nation-wide News Service. 


Joun KUNKEL SMALL 
1869 — 1938 


the botany of the southeastern United States’, and he was already 
gathering and arranging the materials for his monumental flora 

t region. He also contributed the text of several families to 
Britton & Brown's “Illustrated Flora.” It was during this period 
that he married Elizabeth Wheeler, who survives him, as do their 
four children, two sons and two daughters. 


76 


The New York Botanical Garden had been incorporated in 


museums. From that time he took an active part in building up 
new institution, until it became one of the greatest botanic 
gardens in the world. 
is administrative work in developing the scientific collections 
of the Garden consumed much of his time, although he 


hours, at home, often sitti p until th all h the 
morning. is had no visi ffect upon his robust health, but 
may have shorten life 

During his early years at tle Garden, his prime interest was i 


ring his ea n 
the completion of his ‘Flora of the southeastern United States.” 
re i 


m; ulky volume of nearly fourteen hundred pages, and in 
spite of inevitable defects could fairly characterized as a 
masterpie It tr t e the right of its author to a 


place sainone the foremost taxonomic botanists of his day. 
t flora, like nearly all of Small’s books, was published 
by and at expense of the author. The New York Botanical 
3 publication, and such 


funds were wholly at d by the regular series, such he 
Bulletin, the ae the Memoirs, and h American Flora. 
t was ther 


ore the settled policy of the Garden never to publish 
any eee written by members of the staff, even though most of 


77 


them paid for themselves, and some showed a small profit. There- 
hi 


r 
of the southern states; these three groups being among those to 
the knowledge of whose occurrence and distribution he had made 
the greatest contributions. 
s has already been mentioned, he earned his degree of doctor 
er. His lat 


of philosophy early in his ca s later degree, doctor o 
science, was an ry one, rred upon him by his alma 
mater, Franklin and Marshall College, in 19 936 he 


was awarded, by the Alumni Association of the Graduate Schools 


78 


of Columbia University, an honorary scroll in recognition of his 
contributions to science as botanist, explorer, am thor 


re bu t single very variable ee but he studied and 
knew them far better than his critics. these irises have 
been exterminated in a wild state, but eee nearly or quite 
all of the forms are still growing in southern gardens. A curious 
fact is that although their natural habitat is in wat ery wet 
places, they can be grow much climates, but only if 
kept in very dry ground are permanently as far 
north as } rk, even in Cats ountai 

mall’s ue tae the revised edition of 1913, were 
inconv: iently fay nce—they were sometimes 


e 
pass ae for a new “and paren edition. By a slight 


flora”, after long delay, made its appearance in 1933. Even this 
was a volume of nearly 1,600 pages, not well adapted to field use; 
it was, however, much smaller than the earlier flora, because 
printed on thinner paper. 

In his later years he devoted more and more attention to the 


rns and their allies. me of his earlier ve 
concerned with these plants, and in 1918 he published two diminu- 
n the ferns of limited areas in s ern Florida, but 
it was not unti 2 that the volume entitled “F f Florida” 
made its appearance, wi n illustration of every species de- 
cribed. T fter he had many more drawings of ferns pre- 
red under his personal supervision, and his erns of the 


pa 
vicinity of New York’, issued in 1935, and his “Ferns of the 


79 


southeastern states”, just off the press, are illustrated in the same 
manner. He also had all of the drawings finished for the illustra- 
tion of at least one other fern book. 
After nearly thirty-four years of active work as a member of 
he staff of the Garden, he was relieved of his administrative 
i i in 


related to his own, he was not merely tolerant, but wholeheartedly 
cordial nd on his travels made ma: iends am 
with whom he had previously corresponded, o riends 


of his friends. These always wrote urging him to return, and if 
he found an opportunity to do so they greeted him with open 
arms. 

ome scientists build their caeuae upon quantity of out- 
put; this alone often inflates their repu utations among their con- 


careful in his work that few of his spa shah can be questioned, 
and future studies will serve only to confirm them. 


80 


Bark and Buds to Identify Some Native Trees in Winter 


(Continued from the March Journal) 


Black Oak (Quercus velutina). With the much-lamented pass- 
ing of the American chestnut from the forest scene, the black oak 
has risen in value as a source of tannin, of which it possesses the 

ighest percentage among deciduous trees. In general appearance 
it resembles both the red and scarlet oaks, but is most easily 
distinguished from them by its buds and bark. From both it may 
be readily told, on studying the bark, by the thick, deeply fur- 
rowed, but narrow and very rough-surfaced longitudinal ate 


her oak possesses this 


character 


81 


Yellow Birch (Betula lutea). The frayed and shredded ends 
hi 


82 


ulip-tree (Liriodendron Tulipifera). Loftiest of eastern trees 
and unmistakable in the majestic upsweep of its tall ie 
runk is the tulip-tree or yellow poplar, the bark of which is 
marked by long, evenly furrowed ridges which run a at 
distant ease Though it is light gray when dry, the bark be- 
comes brown when wet. 
The smooth, reddish brown or purplish twigs are shiny when 
the bloom is rubbed off, and the flattened two-edged buds, coupled 


with the stipular scars which completely encircle the twigs, are an 
unfailing character in case of doubtful idet The persistent 
cones of fruit which stand erect at the tips of the bare twigs are 


a further point of recognition on tulip-trees me hae ring age. 
e American species of tulip-tree having long been thought 
to be the sole remnant of its genus from bygone geological ages, 
ine 


was described by Sargent as a distinct 
species, Liriodendron chinense. This added 
anotlier link to a long chain of parallel 
species in the flora of eastern Asia artd 
eastern North America. 


ur-gum (Nyssa sylvatica). A most distinctive tree is the 
sour-gum or tupelo, with the rather oe trunk pede up 
through the flat-topped crown, and with the branches in hori- 
zontally layered form. The dark gray bark, ea rice and 
cross-ridged into roughly elongated hexagonal blocks, is easily 
recognized in the woods. While sour-gum trees in exposed situa- 
tions often are dwarfed in height, they always maintain their 
characteristic form, including what seems to be an excessive 
number of t 

he con reddish brown twigs are of two types. On shoots 
r on young trees there are fast-growing ones which have several 
leaf-scars crowded near the end, whereas on trees of flowering 
age, the twigs and branches bear numerous short, slow-growing 
spurs which themselves are crowded with leaf-scars. These spurs 
usually bear the flowers. The twig in the illustration is of the 
fast- a type 

The ovoid, sienely lopsided, shiny brown buds are somewhat 

blunt, he me ral ones Aaa ding and raised on cushion-like bases. 
A vertical slit thro wig discloses thin woody partitions in 
the pith, another ree jean mark. 


White Oak (Quercus alba). 
ee of the northern ae 
girth and sprea 
fee the white oak is at once 
the most common of them as well 


thin scales which flake off easily, 
is not a safe character for iden- 
tification, as four other oaks are 
similar enough 


more pointed 
buds. The post oak has greenish-downy twigs and 
smaller, more rounded buds. The swamp white 
oak also has smaller and rounder buds, and the 
young twigs have peeling bark 

The large light brown winter ids of the white 


oak are ovoid-conical in o ry 


e twigs are 
or, in lowland regions near the 


coast, gray in color 


he slender twigs, 

pointed, pee duil brown buds confirm one’s recognition of the 
pin oak 

The clustering of the buds at the ends of the twigs is a mark 
of identity for all oaks, as well as the characteristic by which ve 
may be angie from their close relatives, th 
which have solitary terminal buds but otherwise are quite miles 
in appearance. 


86 


Sweet-gum (Liquidambar 
Stra. The bark of 
e trunk and old branches 


branches it is rather smooth 
silver-gray, or im sap- 
lings entirely so. There is much variance in the tw igs, depending 


section of the twigs are the surest marks of identification. 


Sassafras (Sassafras variifolium). Who, among those not raised 
in the city, does not have fond memories of childhood stirred by 
the mention of sassafras, the bark of whose roots furnished the 
material for sassafras tea, used by Indian and White alike as a 
spring tonic? This eastern tree is possessed of one unfailing 
character in the odor of all parts when bruised or broken. The 

ngular, bunchy manner of branching of : smooth green twigs, 
frequently with lateral branches of the firs 


ng par 
around the en, divide fe ridges into 


The three types of twigs on a sweet- 
enlarged three times. 


gum. At right, a young twig 


88 
MModern Study of Plants 
In Relation To 


Education By E. J. Salisbury 

The following article, which rofessor eee te Selita 
address before ne British Pere is gies ted here by d permission 
of the author and of ne oe of Nature ao. ee it appeared in 
the issues of October and 23, 1937. The British style of spelling has 


been retained wherever 4 differs from the American. 
L WE cast our minds back on the general attitude adopted 
towards botany in the latter part of the eighteenth century, we 


cannot but be struc most apologetic phraseology of its 
votaries and the curious grounds upon which they rationalized its 
pursuit. Rousseau, for ample, ibed botany as rT 
ure curiosity that has no oth al use than that which a think- 
ing, sensible being may deduce from the observatior ure 
nd the wonders of the universe. I venture to think that m 
otherwise educated people today would expre r sentiments, 
though in more modern and probably less eee language. 
eaching of our subject has been nall degree to 


a aim 
tent. For long regarded as a harmless and elegant occupation for 
the female sex, botany only survived as a study of practical utility 
because of the continued necessity for medical practitioners to 
acquire some knowledge of materia medica. How perfunctory 
was much of this teaching is indicated in that charming book, 
“Leaves from the Life of a Country Doctor”, where the late 

unn describes how as a medical student in 1878 “the 
es class gave me a ‘scunner’ at the subject which has lasted 
ever since.’ 

The old technological significance for medicine has long since 
gone, but a newer and vastly more important significance remains, 
can cultural and vocational, which has rarely been stated, let 
alone stressed. Despite the vastly ptaiecd content of botanical 


so 

Q 

fe} 

2 

= 

= 

o 

4 

PP 

@ 

go 

a 

wn 

-g 

Es 
“< 

= 


w : 
an educational subject and indeed its a n any 
system of real cultural development are aspects which botanists 
have failed to present and emphasize. 

he protagonists of compulsory Greek and Latin of the last 
century valued very highly, and rightly so, the cultural content 


89 


which a study of the humanities could provide. It is easy for us 
to be wise after the event, but now that the dust of that con- 


But 
the monopoly of no one bes and that those brought up in the 
classical tradition may be as much philistines as any man of 


professions themselves, it can only be by an increased concentra- 


tion on more general aspects of culture in the scl fa 
as concerned, there is a widespread recognition for the 
need of greater attention to training in observation in the schools, 
allied to what may be termed the — study of natural his- 


ory. o mu 

the acquisition of mere oe oman if recent, too little 
rinciples which are involved. 

This is not intended as a stricture upon the fe since, with 


- 
5 
“8 
2. 
a 
o 
< 
an 
iS) 
zz 
=I 
a 
5 
ct 
4 
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ack 
5 
fe) 
pp 
a 
S 
i) 
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fsb) 
an 
i) 
2 
p 
fa) 
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tions at a stage in 
appreciate - educational content of the curricula. Thus the stu- 


90 


dent who has taken the intermediate examination from school is 
ze handicapped in comparison with those who would appear to 
be starting their university career in a less ee ed sta 

ased demand for material things facilitated the 


thing analogous to mass ‘aaa in the education of children 
and the training of t ers. 
Many there are ie aE e the examination system, which, how- 
ever, with all its faults, if rightly used, is in reality a fairly 
i i arati 


cient s: or se nm where large ers are involved 
But the examination machine is often expected to effect a grading 
of the human material wi hich it di that can only be 
atta’ by more individual methods S§ a consequence, undue 
importance is attache examination results and a w 1- 
phasi ten laid on their significance. This leads to a premium 


by Winston Churchill in one of his novels, edge is pre- 

sented as a corpse which bit by bit we painfully dissect.” 
Furthermore, our educational metho I fear, too often 
divided in their allegiance; on one hand we oa at the provision 
of a liberal culture which will make for the greatest happiness of 
the individual, considered in terms of mental contentment and an 
abiding resource in | life ilst he other hand we aim 
he equipment of the student for the ning ] 


is not merely good education but the apotheosis of worldly wis- 
dom to seek first the cultural background and to believe that the 
vocational proficiency will be added unto you 

he universities cannot be held blameless for the lack of appre- 
ciation by the general public of the implications of our subject. 
May I, in this connexion, quote a passage from an American 
report on university education which loses none of its cogency on 


91 


this side of the Atlantic: “Appointing authorities too often oa 
undue stress on specialization, instead of placing uate 
phasis on scholarly beeen round, versatility af peietal ae 
and general culture.’ 

Whilst activity and distinction in research is a necessary quali- 


7 
o 
e 
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a 

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4 
4 
a 
5 

Lie} 
ona 
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it) 
o 
a 
o 
iam 
Oo 
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2 
° 
a 
wn 
oO 
w 
a 

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ut most of us have pe at one time or another from the 
investigator (2) 

more, we must avoid the undue sacrifice of breadth for ee for 
other reasons. 

e ee of data and the provision of information 
bear m the same relation to the advancement of knowledge as 
ae fertilizers to crop production. Just as our fertilizers 

bal 


ould be as much an obligatory part of a school curriculum as 
eel 
(To BE ContTINuED) 


92 


Fliickinger Medal Awarded 
To Dr. H. H. Rusby 


From Sarasota, Florida, where Dr. 
resides, comes word that 
Fliick- 


ry 

sciences 
botany—6. 
drugs, discovered 
jungles of South Vaheries have been 
made available to the aeneey world, in 
or sad nae 


Y: 
years in hich important new 
by Dr. Rusby in the 


ractices in pharmacy 


now nearly 83 years old, 
y responsible for the len 


to ie 
Puintained activ 
affairs of the institution ee oe 
nce his work on this collection 
A ago he 


more 
from Florida, 
an i 


whicl ga 

mtation of the Fluckinger 

met will take ee in Frankfort-am- 

Main, Germany, e fa eases of May 2 
i the 


ange to receive 
Rusby ved his medal a 
the Centennial Exposton in mete for his 
a of plants of Essex County, 
Y, J. In 1929 He a awarded in Lon- 
me the Daniel Hanbury medal for his 
“original research in the natural history 
of chemistry in drugs. 
m 1888, Dr. 


Fro » Dr was professor 
of botany, physiology, and materia medica 
in the Department of Pharmacy at 


Columbia aed and now is Dean 
Emeritus ther 


Student Gardener 

Activities 
penn who has been a 

New York 


coh about Ju ly 
ceive his ce 
Vere Botanical: (or den’s Scie! 
for Professional Gardeners this mont 
sone: who will soon be 
at Kew 


England as the “1937 exchange student, 
plans pend the following twelve 
months at the Berlin-Dahlem tanic 
Gard hile Mr. Cutting has been 
studying at Kew this past year, Frank 
J. Madan a Kew student gardener, 


ie oe at The New York Botanical 


e herbariums of native plant 
r 


identifieati an 
honors to be diniea ‘evenly 
accordingly awarded to Fraser ‘Macartney 
and Ralp i Pinkus, each o: hom had 
calleenans . nearly 300 specimens. The 
material was all gather ee on the oo 
gardeners’ own time, some of which w 
spent on organized field t =e 

The es € presented at the ey 
ania inner a "the Gardeners 


resses were giver 

, William Macey ei Bo obbink 

ae guests of honor, James 

t Scott. Cher among 

the 64 present included Dr. H. A. Glea 
T. H. Eve 


ner, " George Lupton n, and Robert Weidner. 


Each of the former students gave a 
brief talk, as did Mr. Mack ‘kaness, Mr, 
ae: and Ho ward Swift, who was 
the first exchange student to go to Kew. 


The New 


Reviews of Recent Books 


(All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of 
York Botanical Garden.) 


Pioneer a ae 

PIONEER 
Selected 
Kellar. 
ee realest sea: in- 
goatoucs Surve: ey, 


LON 
AND AcKICE UEURIS un 


Rey re is a Henne picture of Ameri- 
n life of a century ago; the story of a 
Connecticut bor man who 


= 
o 


experiments, and most o 

states east of the Missiedipp? to observe 

and erin on meres of agriculture. In 
oo 


ee ais e than eleven hundred 
me ate page preface 
ae Pere A. Kellar has pre- 
sented 242 separate items of Sole Robin 
son's writings, covering the years fr 
1827 to 1851. pias among eae items 
are ais ments, temperance songs and 
other p bee religious writings, 
political. eee cookery recipes, new 
plants, farm labor, many notes regarding 
gricult practices, and international 
ects of agriculture. The materia 
ol 


the an lgricy ultur ist, the 
Farmers’ Cabin ‘and the ae Bi later 
He fae a on Robinson wrote extensively 


f view. 4 


ing items may be luded. It refers to 
rust in wheat. etc., and to an expected 
Sea bushel yield for Lake County, 


“This at 50 cents per bushel, would 
have bout ae our county $200,000. 
val e liq u 

of deb ut owing to the 

ne arm worm, and rust, our wheat has 
been me rably moe eee . and we 
1 e 100, and this will be 


oubt the correct- 


noting the opinion of some tha 
“the stalks grew so fast that they bursted 
a 


nd let out the juice and that turned to 
red mould”, Robinson continues: 
“It is an important 4 iry, ‘what is 
the cause of rust in whea But a much 
more important inquiry, “What can be 


done to prevent it? 
R. C. Benepict. 


Agricultural Science 


A.B.C. OF AGROB pean by 
. W. Willcox. 323 pages, index 
graphs, charts, tables. W. W. Norton 
& sone any, Inc., New York. 937. 

$2. 

Much space is devoted in Willcox’s 
new beak to the cumbersome pee 
ef a science which has never been com- 
prehensible - any. ‘ob: the most 


obiologic methods un- 
doubted valuable to all pleat: -conscious 
individuals. 
Ath ae h 


2 
5 
oO 


the material is oe and 
ea tifica 


ant growers oe not pee just 
r enough to be intelligently confused 


94 


book for an ordinary 


rely it is not a 
d as 


farmer, nor could it be recommen 
e for 
but a ieanial Adee ietres mig’ 


y of its principles ake more 
effic of the soil 


p P. Watson. 


jent ms 


Some pi Facts 
About Legume 

tte aes FORAGE PLANTS. 

Robinson. 119 pages, 

statistics, 

a Compas 


ested 


structure, 
growth, and 
s ae history 


P 
i lescription a the 
feeumes commonly grown in ie country, 
there have been included several that are 
less well bad Biss but that have with- 
. been introduced to 


afford a ready reference 

dents, agricultural workers, and farmers 

interested in these increasingly ime 
Altogether, it presents 


x 


eae with the Miers of leguminous 


L. M. Stepuens. 


A Tree Manual for the Northeast 
TREES OF THEASTERN 

UNITED STATES. ON ATIVE AND 
NATURALIZED. H. P. Brown, 490 
pages, ilustrted, indexed. Christopher 
Publishing House, Boston, 1938. 7 

In enlarging and revis his 

ae ie New mae ‘State, Native 
Naturalized,” Dr. has given to 
the ee of the nor yikes states : 
most he ‘Ipful se ae manual. 
ticular interest to both beginning and ve 


arli 
and 


getati 
organs, together with sufficient drawings 


to illustrate the text; the “Conspectus,” 
with family and generic descriptions and 
additional keys to the species; and th 
“Derivation of the N. of Trees” 
(contributed by C. th and 

Rehder), contai ning a short discus- 
ion of the linguistic origin plant 
names follo 


derivations. There is also a full technical 


ossar- 

Two pages being devoted 
ce s make the book particularly at 
The right hand page bears the text with 
its paragraphs under he bate ead- 
ings of Leaves, Flowers, Fruit, 
Winter cee Habitat, Range, and 
Uses, while the left hand page bears the 
ilustration and its legend. The plate 


wers; the fru 


“ particularly sa feature and one 
oe ae fate ooks of this type 
lead, in most 
: one ay ed 
one mice 


eis (for se ake 
not 0 greatly censured) 
* isthe inclusion of only three of the ae 
which occur 

of these intro- 
is He insistence in using 
an “obominably: dained system of English 


95 


measurements. The following fractions 
of an inch tae nie multiples have been 


used in bot and text: 1/32, 1/24, 
1/16, po rie 1/8, 1/6, 1/5, 1/4, 
1/3, and 1/2. It is doubtful plas the 
metri oe would have been as con. 


on ae si as three differen 
font type press the fractional 
parts of an ae. Owing to this lack 


either Paulownia or Catalpa which key 
out on the basis o Arr iges eM ae 
long.” The line ald “Leave 
5- 4 inches long. ” 

Yet in spite of these minor items which 


seem to detract a little from its general 
excellence, ce ai iewer unhesitatingly 
a ae va Brown's book as the 
best and m 


sable work of its kind 
on the ee flora of the north- 


eastern states. 
W. H. Camp. 


Current Literature* 
At a Glance 
Carol H. W oodward 


Tax ie 0 . Tn response . the 
tRereine ee and at The New York 
Botanical Garden for references to cur 
rent taxonomic and floristic Huse the 
Garden is issuing monthly mimeo- 
graphed index ie nas “distributed exclu- 

the merican 

Tax “Subjects 
tax floristics, 
chyoeograahy phylogeny, and, when 
titical and extensive “ort lists are 
gy. Only American 
ichens 


nee nists. 
xononty, 


tole) c 
bags are ing regularly 


* All publications mentioned here—and m 
theese be found in the Library of "the 
Botanical Garden, in the Museum Building 


consulted for the compilation of this in- 
dex, which is under 
Dr. eG) 


Thia nT. : ns, 
por Gn a the Fel Procecdings a 
the National Academy of oe on the 
results of experiments with organisms re- 
quiring thiamin (vitamin B,), concludes 


its Tate anedites su azol and 
petnidine) ee be detected by observ- 
ing co wth 

Ae ves merican on ce Associa- 
tion in AVachington has issued an illus- 
n the Dutch elm-disease 


ey 
ew Habs Federation of Sha 
Com 
Viabili ‘Studies of the rank iy 
tion which arose in the be do 
Aci ke h 


quarter-century of use are offered as evi- 
at seed 
a 


11 of the Cranbr we oe titute a Science, 
Bloomfield Hills, 
Mexic The mber issue of 


iexican ‘dnales de Tustituto de Bio 

is devoted to the geographico- botanical 

Ae of that country. While the illu: 
rat 


trati we are her foggy, th on con. 

yey an idea of the types pis dominant 
ones of plants in the differ egions. 
eed: d Soi seri reports 

n experiments with seed and potting 
composts from the John me Horti- 
cultural Institute in England has been 
running in the Gardeners’ Chronicle. 
o. 4, which appeared F 6, gave the 

results of experiments on steri ilizing dif- 


ferent soils under different conditions, by 
oe methods, and for different 


ows. In the first number of Vol. 3 
of yO which is alata by the 
Southern Appalachian Botanical “Club, 
Carleton R. Ball describes oe species 
of willows of the southern sta 


JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 


Carot H. Woopwarp, Editor 
May, 1938 


A SCENE IN THE een MEMORIAL 
Rock GARDE Cover photograph by Fleda cia 
SPRINGTIME IN THE Rock GARDEN 
Rock GarpEN WEEK, Last oF MONTH, PRECEDED BY 
M 27 


Louise BEEBE WILDER—A TRIBUTE Sarah V. Coombs 100 
MopERN pe! OF PLANTs IN RELATION TO EDUCATION 


(Continued) E. J. Salisbury 105 
LaTE ee FLOWERS IN THE THOMPSON MEMORIAL 
Rock GARDEN 


108-109 
CERTIFICATES PRESENTED TO EIGHT STUDENTS 113 
UISE BEEBE WILDER 114 
News FROM SouTH AMERICA 115 
Notes, News, anD CoMMENT 115 
Current LITERATURE AT A GLANCE Carol H. Woodward 116 
Reviews OF RECENT Books 119 
A PLACE IN WHICH TO LEARN 

s the approach of summer brings into increasing bloom the flowers 
pits and woodlands, in intimate home gardens, on ie sige ie 
landscaped highways, and in par s, the er re-awakens e great 
beauty of growing plants a appreciates again the see on that 

plant life plays on the earth. 

atever one’s problem with living plants may be, The New York 
Botanical Garde! ers a solution. The natural pane encouraged in 
certain part the eS shelters many native wild fl . In the 
cultivated areas, plants of every type for small home gardens as well as 
for more elaborate handling on large estates may be seen in various beds, 


borders, and special groups. Flowering bulbs, annuals, herbaceous per- 


ennials, shrubs, native and exotic trees which are suited the climate 
Il may be enjoyed and studied at appropriate season hi ay: 
which wind through the grounds of th al Garden, eventually 
meeting the splendid highways of Westchester County, a 
the finest of trees and shrubs in effectively la ped sur. 
le one of the cultural purposes at the Botanical Garden is the 
creation of pleasing pictures f blic eye, because it is a botanic 
den rimary ai was m. different types, species, 


and varieties of plants as can be suitably grown, and to carry out a clear 
and careful system of labelin 
s study of the plantings at es pace Garden will enable the 
ie 


a pleasant place in which to give oneself outdoor lessons in horticulture. 


JOURNAL 


THE NEW YorRK BOTANICAL GARDEN 


Vou. XXXIN ~ May, 1938 No. 461 


Springtime in the Rock Garden 


A shadowed path invites the lover of flowers to go wandering 
through the rock garden, where at this season are colorful masses of 


i > 
brightening the wooded banks, bordering We stream, or reflected in 
the pool of t he new bog garden. Each week—in fact, every day—at 
this time of the year brings new buds to if and enhances the beauty 
of the flo 2 Raines Du ap - sigs ‘arden Week, which is 
announced o next page. ompson vena Rock Garden 
will be rea Z the height Hg re season of blo 


7 


97 


98 


Rock Garden Week, Last Of Month, 
Preceded By TMlembers Days 
TMlay 26 and 27 


ITH the Thompson Memorial Rock Garden entering the 
most prolific period of bloom that it has known since its 
establishment five years ago, Rock Garden Week will be observed 
at The New York Botanical Garden May 28 t 
e two days preceding the public opening ae "Ro ck Garden 
Week have been designated as Members Days, on which mem- 
bers of the Garden will be admitted upon presentation of cards 
which have just been distributed. 
Rose Week is announced for June 12-18. On both occasions, 
information tables will be set up at the entrance to each garden 


new Hybrid Teas and Polyanthas, and an entire bed devote 
new roses which will appear under numbers, as they have not yet 
been named. Several varieties are being shown at the Botanical 
Gar or the first time anywhere. 

ince the last inventory was made of the species and varieties 
of flowering plants in the Thompson Memorial Rock Garden, 
many new subjects have been added, so that it is estimated that 
this spring, with the trees and shrubs which form the background 
of the garden, there are ae 2,500 different kinds. Of some of 
the newer and ra , there are only single ee while 
others a esta blis hed pats and are increa 

ith the completion last fall of construction of re bog garden 

end, t ial 


s 
which grew there naturally before the garden was made, but 


99 


most of which have been especially raised for that bank. Partridge- 
IT he ground beneath a tree, trailing 
arbutus, which flowered in April, is ae beginning to find a foot- 
there; violets, mertensias, woodland ferns, and other native 
plants appear there as though growing wild. 
Within the spray from the cascade are plants which enjoy con- 
r WwW I 


stant moisture he air as well as near thei t ere th 
small stream runs along the floor of the glade, trollius blooms in 
summer on t ks and er are bluets. ond, wher 


farth ey 
the bog garden has just been established, Japanese prraulas on 
the shore are now reflected rose-re 
e opposite end, a large area has been specially treated with 
a s and planted to varieties of heather, which will be in 


eee or ane comosum—are placed in the special situa- 
ee demand. 
of p lants- from the souther n Appalachians, elsewhere 


r 0 a g 
of bloom, they will be more noticeably displayed. Meanwhile, 
Lewisia Tweedyi, Lewisia rediviva, Lewisia Heckneri, and other 
species from the west, all acquired several years ago, are bloom- 
ing successfully every spring in the Thompson Memorial Rock 

arden. 

Among other plants expected to be prominently in bloom during 
Rock Garden Week are a number of saxifrages, including Sa+i- 
fraga Cotyledon of the encrusted group; Silene virginica, with 
crimson flowers, S. caroliniana, in varying tones of pink, and 


appeninuin roseum, one of the finest varieties of the sunrose 


100 


Louise Beebe Wilder 
A Tribute by Sarah ¥'. Coombs 


Base MED in the wide doorway of her home, Louise HW 

garden Bi brilliant in the enue as fr Bae gathered, min - 

realise that yo were the ere because her brig. deen iit onc on 

somewhere. it youe? It to ich in Fae garden 
and home as ae had cver a cn. oe ae cdiicheu triumphant ne fe 

oe near. Perhaps the garden that lics “eastward in Eden” i. 

far away 


ae who love as ae de a them acquire by that 
service ort of immortality are glorified by it and it is tin- 
possible a connect the ee a death th them. It is easy to think 
of them walking in flower-filled meadows and listening to the songs 
of celestial vide 

We who knew Loutse Wilder will miss her greatly, What she 
did for horticulture is another story which will be well and isi told 
by others. We shall miss the friend whose place, we realise, cannot 
e filled. If we have worked with her, we shall feel doubly that a ued 


soul has gone away, leaving behind many hs of the honest, 
earnest work she did in her chosen task and a i friendly, ne 
ek amusingly human outlook on the world and life. 


(A brief biography of Murs. Wilder, whose death occurred April 20, will he 
found on page 114.) 


In the moraine will be found Androsace lanuginosa, A. 
mentosa and its varieties, and a number of other choice ee 
which the rock-garden specialist will particularly enjoy. Allium 
from whose central ball of flowers smaller clusters ex- 

end like shooting stars, and .4. Karataviense, with two exceed- 
Ree broad thick leaves and a heavy umbel of purplish flowers, 
with Allium roseum and A, unifolium, reveal interesting varia- 
ao eee the flowering onions 

a also will be Aenilied tomentosa King Edward; 
ee little white crucifer known as Schivereckia Por 
muauleri ; Belin as s, a small pink composite ; Stwlophor unt 
diphyllum, the celandine poppy of the central states; and 
ie iiontaie ee an attractive variety of a silky- jeaven 
Alpine legume. 
These are of course only a fraction of the interesting plants 


ong sea Each species and variety is clearly and carefully 
labeled. veto about the plants and the garden are invited 


from visitors 


101 


Flowering Bulbs For 
The Rock Garden By Ethel Anson S. Peckham 


A ary is much discussion as to the advisability of putting 


ardens 

r of too rank growth for the compari 1 oie oba: there are 

also many which are entirely at home there 

garden ns plants should be well placed where 
th 


= 
= 
3 
a 
om 
2 
3 
a 
g 
3° 
3 
p 
3 


used ee oes if attention is oe them when ‘the bulb- 


ly. 
planted with narcissi. grow ee ough to stand a little 


nor must that of brodiaea; but both of these are much lighter and 
thinner and soon die away. For such things as brodiaea I have 


Sar h hy Regi. A. Maltby & Co. 


enetia is a ame variety of Narcissus which is especially suitable for culture 
in Bi garden. 


found the juxtaposition of plants like rock-roses (Cistus) is a 
lan ese I 


good pi re shrubby affairs afford protection in bad 
weather and they can be tidied back on the edges in springtime 
A the bulbs ear they spread nearly r the vacant 


(e) : their 
among the mossy ete will be mneeey y lovely. 


n S, 
dog-tooth violets (Erythroniuim), snowdrops (Galanthus) and 
snowflakes (Leucojum) may be used and indeed, snowdrops 
(single ones) will grow in what is full shade in summer. Hence 
combinations may be made with ferns, epimediums and rare, fine- 


as a tall accent together with phloxes, candytufts, aethionemas, 


103 


etc. Such daffodils as Trewirgie, Cheerfulness, Golden Perfec- 

tion, Moonshine, Thalia, and Harvest Moon should be carefully 

aes so that they will not spoil the general design of the “high 
low.” 


“Tei isa raniseaed in planting a rock garden to ignore the aesthetic, 
for when plants with the same style in habit of growth are spotted 
ect will be bad i 


about, the final eff il ad. Things should be in masses 
whether of color or st Too many spear-shaped le: tand- 


c they are of the 
same color tone. This may be peal planned for some places 
but would not be attractive all over the garden. 
Rock gardens are excellent ay to segregate plants that need 
cking of a Jar: 


rosts. To achieve their best a to nie they need all their 
top growth. Several years of being killed back will cause them 
to give up the ghost. The destr uction of the tops by mice or rab- 
bits as they come up in spring is another re Naphtha flake, 


up rare crocuses. especiaily during a drought in early summer 


104 


They love to dine on the nutty flavored kernels and always seem 
to enjoy most the species crocuses or the new hybrids or rare 
forms! 

Then there are plants that like peaty ground, some of these 
being those tiny gems, Narcissus minimus, N. triandrus and its 
varieties, and the snake’s-head fritillaries (Fritillaria Meleagris). 
These can be tucked in under the edges of heather on the sunny 
side, for they love such a place 

Do not try to put bulbs in ‘ne bog garden; they do not like t 
sit in water. However, damp positions in spring will oe 
do provided the water runs off rapidly. Watch out also that 
gas -rooted plants like ae and some of the phloxes do 

no over into the bulb patches for their heavy roots will 
soir those sleeping below. 

The rock garden is just the place for the smaller species a 
such as a ae with its various forms; 
i also f 


ich S 

varieties of Jf. botryoides and M. neglectuim together with Hya- 
cinthus asureus, often taken for a grape-hyacinth, and perhaps, if 
you are lucky, some old, real H. orientalis retrieved from an 


nor eaten by predatory animals. By all means try then hes the 
plant that goes ae part of the season is always the one to give 
the most joy, j as the well-beloved friend is nearly always 
the one who appears more charming after each brief absence. 


Modern Study of Plants 

In Relation To 

Education By E. J. Salisbury 
(Continued from the April issue) 


E great merit of botanical study from the point of view of 


vation consists essentiall two separate processes, namely, seeing 
the object or phenomenon and the apprehension o n 
The visual perception of the good and bad observer m e alike 
adequate, but it is in the degree of their apprehension that th 

liff To train such powers it is essential t he accuracy 
of appreciation either by means of ver escription or graphic 
representation. he gr phic method is rly 0 more suit 1 to h 


understanding a the nuances of meaning of words unduly re- 
stricts his verbal precision. Drawing, if regarded strictly as a 


ing, and botanical material, because of its well-defined organiza- 
tion, is peculiarly suited for this purpos 


From the cultural point of view, eal life and all that it implies 
s tl n 


past. Even man’s industrial activities have been largely localized 
and in part determined by the geographical distribution of vegeta- 
tion, whether it be that of the forests, of perhaps 280 million 
years ago, which gave origin to our coal deposits, or the 
extent of grasslands that have determined the location of pastoral 
communities 

A realization of the widespread demands made upon plant ve 
ucts would probably astonish many of those who, 


106 


Babbitt, find in the mechanistic devices of the age their chief 
elight. Yet it has been recently estimated that a thousan d 


° h of fo uffs, of textile fibres, of timber, rubber 
tea, o, and innumerable other plant products, the plant re- 
mains perhap east known and appreciated of all man’s 


1 ig a 
servants by those who lay claim to any cognizance of their environ- 
ment. 
the town dweller can scarcely fail to recognize the in- 
h 


irect contacts of his everyday existence with the activities of 
agriculture, forestry and horticulture, and, if education is 
interpr means of enabling the individual to have an in- 


telligent appreciation of and harmonious relations with his envi- 

ronment, then a knowledge of plant life is manifestly essential to 

that end. I should almost feel that an apology was necessary for 

expressing sentiments so trite were I not sure that whatever 

agreement there may be in theory, our educational curricula bear 
Tr 


e. 
The increasing diversity of pursuits in a progressive science 
: ; h 


in different fields. But we only come together for a short week 
in each year, and so it is to the universities that we must look 
mainly for the continuous fostering of a liberal outlook both on 
science as a whole and within the domains of each particular 


arlier phases, botany was naturally concerned largely 


escription, and in such branches as taxonomy, mo ogy, 
anatomy, cytology, mycology, palaeobotany and plan ography 
t iptive aspect must necessaril ay an important penn 


ju 
cee aspects should predominate. But in all, the seal 


107 


value can only be maintained if form and function are closely 

integrated. Each branch has its own contribution to make in this 

respect not only to the pure science but also to its applied aspects 

in agriculture, horticulture, pomology, sylviculture and plant path- 

ology. The mere enumeration of these branches, whether pure or 
es the ri 


ry woven into the warp and woot of a single fabric. 


has saved us from the worst evils of the study of form unrelated 


and not as different facets aE one and the same jewel. 
When we attempt to understand any plant community, the 


to envisage that teeming population of bacteria, fungi and pro- 
tozoa in = soil which, by their proper balance, nee a healthy 
circulation of chemical products and are a necessity for the main- 
tenance of the supply of raw material for the higher plants and 
animals 

Since the environment of the present is in some considerable 
degree the consequence of that of the immediate and sometimes 
of the remote past, the study of external conditions brings us 


LATE SPRING 
FLOWERS | 
| IN THE 
THOMPSON MEMORI 


ROCK.GARDEN 


Midd See 


Lewisia Heckneri 


Cerastium tomentosum 


Phyteuma comosum 


Silene Zawad skii | 


Allium Karataviense 


Marshallia obovata 


ea Plants 
at the 


stream’s 


edge 


110 


into contact with the ee of glaciologists and historians, 
whilst even the student of “place names” may materially assis 
n the reconstruction of those ee conditions that in part hav 
ea the present state. 
When we se from the study of the habitat to that of the 
vegetation which it supports, we are at once confronted with the 
question as to the extent to which one is in equilibrium with the 


er, 
The morphologist and the anatomist furnish the data upon 
which we base our judgment as to the degree to which the external 
form and internal structure have contributed to render the organ- 
isms suited to the environments that they frequent. In so far as 
there is eaee whether passive or active, in this respect, to 
that extent the community is in equilibrium with its surround- 
ings ae presents a climax, subject, it is true, to secular change 
but of a ey table character 
The contribution - the systematist is to distinguish betw 
the more critical species and races which exhibit a eee 
c 


that less meticulous examination might readily ignore and whi 
ften have an ecological importance far greate: e Linneans 
of which t ar segre: he experimental conclusions 


P y the 
ecologist to the elucidation of problems in the field, al tees 
and often profoundly modified by the continual operation of t 
pees factor. 

Finall owledge of the life- histories of the constituent © 


holds an honored place in our esteem. The clichés of the politician 
with regard to policies could be applied with far more than their 
usual significance to the ecologist, who might with some reason 
be described as “exploring every avenue” and “leaving no stone 


unturned” in his attempt to reveal the causal naa underlying 
the social organization of plant life; but this all too brief résumé 
nts and contacts of a single branch _ botany has, I 


ntac 
hope, sufficed to emphasize that the wide range of knowledge in- 
voked by the ecological approach, though constituting its chie 


111 


difficulty, is the very basis of its cultural value, since it weaves 
together into a comprehensive whole so many threads of knowl- 
edge spun by the specialists upon the wheels of research, 


land surface under its various guises may be likened to a sponge 
which absorbs the divers forms of precipitation and allows the 
water with more or less rapidity to find its way into the streams 
and rivers. But the effectiveness of the land surface for holding 
back the water varies according to whether it is under high forests, 
scrub, grassland or is arable. Each type of plant cover has its 


the former would produce ancillary assets of great ae the latter 
ould not. 


Prof. F. W. Oliver pointed out, in reference to the reclamation 
of foreshores, that the plastic plant can and does meet the con- 
TC 


stantly changing impact of the es of Nature in a w ich 
he dead mai of the engineer cann to emulate, and at 
a far lowe But such biological control demands not on 


r cost. Bu ¥ 
a comprehensive knowledge of the life-histories of the species 
utilized, but also an appreciation of the environmental factors, 
dynamic as well as static, that is summed up in the phrase ecologi- 
cal foresight 


112 


Another matter is the much-discussed question of the preserva- 


tion of natural are wing to tl idespread ignorance of 
biological knowledge, the dynamic character of vegetation is b 
no means widely realized. Ther d many educated people 
t who think that to preserve an area all you need to s 
to leave it alone. The that our nd, presented to 
the National Trust, may, if left unhindered, ultimately cease to 
be downland and becor oodland, e of the 
very features for bn served, i x most a 
novel t. n_ enlighte of such control of 


ne y 
national reserves a all that this mee will only be possible if 
the rising generation has been inculcated into a biological mode 
of thought. 
It is probably true to say that no branch of botany could be 
cited that has not its important practical ee Botan: 


y 
needs no defence in respect to the practical uti S$ pursuit, 
although it is probably true to say that the vale of t who 
reap the benefits of its achievements are unmindful of their source. 

ul s, I feel, the contribution tanical knowledge can 


make towards general culture and spiritual contentment that is 
its chief claim to rank high in our educational scheme 

A sympathetic understanding of botanical thought ant progress 
is essential to a community which is to deal adequately with such 


n the foundation of a 
plant life and its requirements can an educated 
public opinion be built up that will receive and give effect to well- 
considered leg: islative action. Moreover, it is 


al to the continued effective 
operation of any policy however well conceived and enlightened. 


113 


(ertificates Presented 
To Eight Students 


Certificates for the completion of the 


two-year Science Course for professional 
gardeners at The New nical 
arden were awarded ight students 
at an informal ceremony conducted at the 
Beekman Tower Hotel the evening of 
April 26. Dr. William J. Robbins s gave 


a brief opening adds eens the func 
ich 57 have 


tions of the course, from a 
been graduated since the pel class com- 
pleted its work i 34. Later he made 


rtificates. 


the exercises. f the grad- 
uating class of 1938 were John Bier, 
Ernest Hoelle, Arthur Bergquist, and 
Norr ith, who are all employed or 
private estates, and John T. Moss, Fraser 
MacCartney, M. T an Fossum, and 
Edward Brennan, who have been em- 


J. 
ployed as student gardeners at 
Garden. 


trained here in the p 
nta 


talk, “will, on in this 
es the fines traditions of garden 
ing. 


Col. Spingarn’s Address 


In speaking of the “ever- increasing 
dignit: eat ihe noble foes, of gar. 
dener, i 


ichelangelo be of 
Rodin as works of immortal fame which 
m d from the craft of the stone- 


e 
cutter of ancient cae es surgeon 


of today was once, he ted, merel. 
a barber, while the tained ae has de- 
from a menial, a maid- orale 


velo ed 
ore 
What really turned nursing into 

dignified career,” he said, ‘ 

It training that gave the profess 


mp he original type of work 
“Tn all professions,” he affirmed, “char- 
acter is important, but the amount of 


training received, plus the training cy 
you, ue example, as gardeners must co 
tinue to give yourselves ae rest of Jour 
lives, is what makes — own callin 
profession of distinctio 

Colonel apnea Realy expressed the 

ish that the garden of today would 
delve into He history mol their profession, 
in order to give . its rightful place in 
the hist ae ae ee 

ere arden for Dr, 
ace who ‘stalished the rat hota 

cal garden New asked. 

ny. ou can find out a mile the 


ork 

03rd Steet oe Fifth. 
you disc 
every garden 

Cae dune certain years. You have 
to hunt for these historical facts, but the 
search is worth while.” 

fi 


professional gardeners in 


tha 
that the responsi for the 
the southe ardens is due. 

ional gardeners 


€ 

years. The ot! 

the Montgomery place, 

dener there for 50 
“They were oe ree the highest re- 
spect,” he said, “a when ey were 

buried they were laid beside the heroes 

of the perio 

ie ie was no organ- 

A. Do 


and _ Germ; Man 


th 
value of the trained over the untrained 


114+ 


long as we could bce 
unepe there 
ial education 


But as 


gardener. 


the 1 war, however, we have 
velop our own professional gardeners. 


Utopia for a ae Colonel Spingarn 
declared, would be employer who 
really understood and to ea ardoane but 
understood it well enough not to inter- 
fer oy wi ue w of o em. 

ploye Anothe Utop ill exist, he 


p 


as por 


cally adde 
elle and scientists a my oun whe 
bey an gerated s oe leth of this 
ny other een deg: A scientist 
should be judged by his ecentife attain- 
ments and essential wisdom and not by 
his degre 
The earliest horticultural courses given 
this country, which were generally 
offered 
but were 
develop ae rather than 
or onal gardener. 


In present-day ¢ rdener training in 
America, the system used in the Royal 
Botanic Gardens at adjusted to 


a model, he “The Ne 
Oo pro- 

vide fe t en an equivalent 

for the work giv at Kew, so that 


en 
eventually the certificate of graduation 
will stamp every man who possesses i 
just as an M. r an RN. 
physician or a nurs 


stamps 


1g, 
nified a past and as great a future as any 
eae in America today. 
me you to this profession,” 
Colonet ‘Soieai concluded, “which can 
fill the empty spaces of this great country 
with gardens that will ee it into 
the most beautiful place in the world. 


Only with the help of you professional 
gardeners can we make America a fit 
Aebieden for our hopes and dreams.” 


Louise Beebe Wilder 


ha 
ae il of 
York BoE e| Garden since April 15, 

36. 

In ars it i: doubtful if any 
one individua had a greater influence on 
American horticulture dae me 
In 1936 she was ded 


usively her own experiences 
n her small but remarkable garden in 
Bronxville she raised rare plants fro 
il over the world, and she was able to 
Il others how they too could develop 
nusual and suc 1 gardens. One of 
the early exponents of rock gardening in 
America, and continuously one of the 
remost, Mrs. Wilder contributed greatly 
to the knowledge of alpine plants, intro 


ducing new oS into her own garde 
and writing not only with oun ele 
charm, but also with profound authority 
about them. 


s Booxs 


the ee of which ap- 
ber, a 


Mrs. 
Her ten books, 
peared last Decem 


My Garden s 916); Co rin my ne 
den (1918); Adventures in my Gar 
and Rock Garden (1923) ; Beablen td 
nee Rock n (1927) ; 
Lucius B iat Wakefield (a genealogy) 
oe Adventures ina rban Gar 
den (1934) ; 5 e Fra io a (1934) ; 
What Happens ia my len (1934) ; 
ee with Hardy Bulbs (1936) ; 
and The Garden in Color (1937). 

During the ick few years much of her 
work was illustrated with photographs 


by her son, Walter Beebe Wilder. oe 
sae Miss Harrison Wilder, is 

cretary for the National Council of 
Pecmied coc Clubs. 

Mrs. ler was a member of the 
Garden Clu of America, Pieris: Gar- 
deners of Bronxville, Federated Garden 
Clubs of New Yor d nue Horticul- 
tural Society of New York. 


News from South America 


yr first letter in many months from 
. C. Smith was written February 
b: 


quarters tor 
of botanical collecting after 
Ter: 


oO 

bers of the y-Holden aay had 
returned to Geo Brees ‘own and New York. 
The letter was receive r. 

Camp the middle of April. Robert 


Snediar, herpetologist 
Museum of Natural History, also re- 
fs) 


in the 
many — will teneport them down 
the co: 

With Fe, Snedigar, Dr. Smith worked 
in the Shodikar region—Shodikar Creek 
is the last eastern affluent of the Upper 

in Al i ins 


ending a couple o 


eeks, 
days on the 1 Brazilian | slopes in the Trom- 
betas basin. 


First IN THE REGION 


This means, accor sears to B. A. Kru 
koff, ‘that Dr, Smith the first man 
ever to make a botanical alletion i in the 

io per mbet: River. 


oO 
ist 

on 

% 


‘apids of the river. Recently the country 
has been opened up by a ndary sur- 
vey of the Brazilian government. 

“Th pper Essequibo,” wrote 


he plants appear 


strictly Amazonian in 
relationship. 


up the 

(strokes, I mean, not steps}, 
the Rup ununi Head. arriving 
da The 


back via 
here at Wrichabai a esterday. 
Rupununi at ates _is a succession of 


water holes 
depth, and it will, ne ae Socibl e to get 
a boat with a ae until the first 
rains at the end of M I am now 
going to aed a ee ‘weeks in the 
Kanakus near the Takutu River.” 


Notes, News, and Comment 


National Academy. An invitation ad- 
iven before the National 


sistance of Frederick Kavanagh. Dr. 
Robbins was introduced by Dr oO 
lodge 


Members of the Garden's Board of 

ae who attended the A wo-day ses- 

the ath were Dr. R. A. 

Hoe Dr. Edm dW. Sinnott, and Dr. 

E. i Dies "who read a biggraphical 
me: Britton. Dr. W. - 

Setchel ‘a the University of Catforni 

milar memoir on Dr. A. 

oration. Mount 


Auyan 
ear the re 


ing Gleason, 
Head Curator. Several hitherto unknown 
plants have nee ae detected, includ- 
ing a fifth spec of South American 
pitcher-plant. 


116 


Senior 
at _ 


cology. Joh Stevenson, 
Mycologtt in the Boe of Plat 
dustry oa odian of the C. loy 
Mycol erica Collections, Smithsonian Ti 
stitution, Washington, recently 
spent two weeks in mycologica 
erbarium dying otanical Gar- 
den’s collection of woody i ngi, prin- 
cipally those forms from the tropics in 
which the herbarium is ae cially rich. 

Lectui Dr. Joh ndley Barnhart 
spoke on “Spring wile Flouee! he 
the South S hole cae. Club at Greens 
Farms, Conn, 

Tea. Dr. and ie J. Robbin 
were e guests of honor at an outdoor a 
iven by Board of Managers and the 
f The New York 


guests went to view "the 
nd the Thompson 
Menara noc Garden. 


Current Literature* 
At a Glance 
By Carol H. Woodward 


eal Gardening. Robert S. Lemmon is 


the serious gardener. It is the sort of 
pep hein a ee a need has long 
been felt he United States—one which 
can Ca ye in serving the gardener 
or which can Soeslenc other 

s. S of format 


g ning magazine mall 

and simple in design, it is an e on 
toward the ideal, the editor says, “of a 
magazine that shall reflect the spirit of 
fact-finding, of directness, of helpfulness 
and clear sincerity which characterizes 


25, a dozen expertly 
handed ee et ie from weeds to 
” rhododendrons, from annuals to 

1 , besides a number of 
shorter pieces giving helpful pointers to 
the gardener. 


* All publications mentioned here—and many 
others—may be found in phe eae of ae 
Botanical Garden, in the Mus utldin; 


Rubber-tree. In the Harvard Museum 
Leaflets for March 31, a rt F. Hill 
points out the correctness of Castille 
rather than Castilloa as the name of the 
Central American rubber-tree. 

Erosion. “What Is Soil Erosion?” is 
the title of a dramatically ThGwe 
booklet issued by the United e- 
partment of Agriculture = ea ete 

28 par FE 


v! B 

few brief lin f text outside of th 
introductory pages, and these explain the 
pictures in easil derstood terms. e 


e u 
booklet is available from the Superin- 


tendent of Documents in Washington, 
D.C. 

Spraying. = thorough program for the 
spraying of e ery i erent fruit crop f 
control 


sprays and how t to use them is included. 
pples, It would appear that a person 
go could be healthy and that few 
diseases could be cured without an abun- 
dance of apples, aa and all, in the diet, 
according to a bulletin by E. M. Tod- 
hunter, recently published by the Agri- 
cultural Experiment Station at Pullman, 
Washington e skin o 
uthor points out, contains from 2 to 10 
sine: as much vitamin C as the flesh 
alone 


Cucurbits. In one of those outstanding 
aaa of the meet of New York 
which tell € d 


uski 
with 00 Gull cee (05 x iat) inches): solored 
illustratior ns. 


Another 
also appeared. ‘this spring. this one pro- 
acd by the J. C. 
It is a 1 page 
eae atalog, which contains much use- 
fal infonmatien about these plants. 


117 


Ros Colored plates from catalogs 
iusteate this year’s edition of the mer 
e the 


rose gar- 
f roses, and disease control 


Though espaliers are often 
where 
er 


Espaliers. 
difficult to establish in a countr, 
n abundance of summ 

wish 


e April number (o} 
ee those who can _ not 
ready read the Geman text will find 
the drawings extremely helpful. 


Biography. A chapter from the life of 
“a a rao Christiaan Hen- 
drik Per 


ers is coi iS in the Octo- 
1937 als te University of 
Stellenbosch Written i in ie fangiage f 
the Dutch settlers of So Africa, to 
those who can ei Afrikaans, it 
wise through 100 pages a baie and 
other personal pa pers , the story of poy 
the great myco ogist was Ae "of fro 


his expected patrimony and how his life 
was affected by his prolonged legal and 
financial struggle. 


Forestry. Definite ner eSS ad- 
vane ae training among British i foresters 
is ve : the ot Annual na 

try 


of Ara erial For Institu ot 
Ox Ost niversity, ae issued. re- 
port covers forestry work in all of the 


British possessions. 


The vegetable gardener - 
ie thersied in Leaflet No. 133 of tl 


explain hat is chicory a 
endive, at 


nd 
least Wen ae Satisfaction, oe the 
purchases of seeds for 
garden 
Snow Algae. es a of Szeged, 
Hungary, who t the Gar- 
den in 


1936, investigating pak algae 
s yas hi the author of a 
article in t cbt uary 15 Journal 
he ane Academy of Sciences 
e describes some new snow 


of t 
in which s 


algae from North America. Miss Ki 
spent a year in America through the In- 
ternational Fellowship iad of the 
Am Aopee ion University 
’ one 
The Journal of the Malayan 
Br sar a the Royal ee rue pub- 
He in peu gapore, dev its entire 
ue of D a i: (received some 
two years er) of the 
rae dialect opie in "Trengganu 
Rules pronunciation an La mple 
phrases a conversation are giv 
In Peeaen No. 19 of th 


Hemlocks. 
Hema ck Arbor 


Fr Jenkins plea me advanced stu- 
dent to undertake octor’s thesis th 
subject, “Mutations of Tsuga canadensis,” 
To an approved student he offers certain 
facilities for the work, as well as a grant 
toward publication of the thesis. 
Roadsides. Telling what property 


owners, as well as highway commissions, 

do to a ap- 
want ate trees, the 
United States Department of Aaricalture 
has issued a revised 
B 


g 1, well as the S st 

regarding the planting of roadside areas. 

Abundant use of native material is rec- 
mended. 


ind. Experiments 
Ries feet in the eee ay "yhte 
Missouri pas ay for February, 
show that basswood 
eben twice the norma 
he day 
Gee The tree wilted oe 
showed signs ae imminent dea 


,O 
"Qe 


h Africans. In the March issue of 


Sout 
American Home, 
tells 
sodiuniad of what the catalogs and labels 
re end,” 


Annuals. Descriptions of half a hun- 
dred cannals and the best dates for sow- 
ing each kind accompany a plan for an 


118 


in an article b 


annual border T. 
House and Guden 


H. 
Everett in for 
ebruary. 
Vegetables. In the Gardeners’ Chron- 

of America om F oe Raymond 

E. Smith descri sol novelties in 

see inane he coe planting this 
ming 


icle 


A ee Auge es seedlings 
n found in Age ae 
Sir Arthur W. 


e s Ba Ly. 
mentions plants in seven other fami- 
lies, he gives special attention to the 
Gesneriaceae. 


Pet The twelfth in the series of 
mance phic studies of genera of the 
so aceae and Avicennaceae by D: 

ald e n 
a nuary an ebruary numbers of 

Fedde’s Repertorium with oes of 

29 species of the genus Pet 


esert Plants. A well illustrated guide 
the desert plant collection at the 
Huntington Botanical G: in n 


Marino, Calif., 
under ne authorship . William Hert- 
rich, Cur: 


Philately. The appearance of plan 
and flowers in the designs of stamps an 
in their watermarks is described a a Ss. 
eee under the title of “Horticulture 
and PI ee in the Cade Giese 

icle for March 19. 
Uinta Basin. Edward H. Graham is 
thor of an Se report ita 
“Botanical Studies in the Uinta Basin of 


tational zones, an id 
gives ai annotated list of plants, fesides 
plates, maps, and a bibliography. 
Key. “A Leaf Key the Flo 
ieee ag Trees” 
rrett 
Montelir New Jersey. This is 
third helpful handbook brought out by 


ue panes of plant fife. While ms 
are omitted, more ve tose other a 
ie an yed, an 
ings of about ity reticent leaf 
are presented. 


types 


Garden Club Book. A program bulle- 
tin of exceptional usefulness has been 
is Club: 


ir 

As an aid in the 2 
t identification, the book contains 
t nd 


eg list of plant fam- 
ilies with familiar Ae eet of each, 
an extensive vocabul: fe pea names 
and their bas iptions of 
orchids of Arkansas a hee botanical 
a explained, definitions of descriptive 

ms use ed in manuals, and a helpful 
bibliography on botany and plant iden- 
tion 


From Holland c 

stu subject of both weGentine one 
popular iene at the moment: those 
mee a ere which cause roots 
te. gro ntitled “On Factors Deter- 
mining aie et xin Content of the Root 
Tip,” the paper, written in English by 
M. H. van Raalte, is published by the 
Botanical Institute of the State Univer- 
sity at Utrecht. 


Prospective ae 
wall enjoy th 
nei oo beautiful 
ty F, Lam 
in the Ree bee of 
tentific Monthly. 


o 


Janeir 
ieee 


the Sci 


Fruit. “Growing Fruit for Home Use 
is the antren or ae rae of the Abe 
eile Exper t Station at the Uni- 
versity of Tllinois. 


n the Notes of 
Edinburgh 


hododendron Buds. 


that impor- 
tance in ‘the “Sassfcaton of Phododen- 
drons. Ther only tw he 
s convolw fe an a re er olut 

are ‘directly related to the Tenidote and 
elepidote series in the genus. 


119 


The New York 


Reviews of Recent Books 


(All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of 


Botanical Garden.) 


Florida Flowers, Revised 


30 
vee 


LOWERS: 
‘oduct. to the 2Flo rida Flora. 
Mary Francis Baker. 245 pages, illus- 

trated with photographs. by the author; 

indexed. Macmillan, New York. New 
edition, 1938, ee 
Mrs. Mary F in her ne 


er w edi- 
tion “Florida Wad Flowers” has 


per- 


dex 


e left out apie 
hee re-wording fe 
coherence and 


€ al n of the book remains the sa 
The Introduction features the diversity 
of the ra. An Explanation define 
flower, fruit, and leaf chara sas b 


plify the parts of a flower; corresp couling 
ones for flower Sea fruits, an nd leaves 
1 AK 


the book 
contains 
of fa 


parts completes t 
description 
ch: ters 


morphology, uses, etc., are Raat 
presente: an 

vey of the volume proves a 
"assertion to the 


e, Feweiti ing of keys as 
in the Orie the shifting of Lauraceae, 


Loranthaceae, and Olacaceae forward in 
the arrangement of families; and such 
ellie as th i 

a host 


ry 
am 


are 
Oscco? s ha for Tra reson ongust 
folius (cro and tl ee of 
Suibiigosie. coelestng, Te i 
The latter flow 


t is 


am 
made from 1 es one ee Florida’s best- 
known aan 

Mary F. Barrett. 


Plants of Economic Value 


ECONOMIC BOTANY. Albert F. 
Hill. 592 pages, illustrated pas in- 
aed McGra we Ht It Book Company. 
New York. $5. 
As elementary Geiss to the 
useful Polaris "and Lee products of the 
world, “Econ ” b F. 


¢ book is divided into comprehensive 
sections Sica: such titles as aa aie 
Plants and Plant Products,” “Dru; 


120 


Plants and Drugs” and “Food Plants.” 
Each section is Subdivi ded into chapters 
: “Fibers and 


the spe- 
“information, 
e is a syste list of 
species that are discussed in ihe ee plus 
_ ae as to both Latin and com- 
na of plants, including the gen- 
ra e names of the products in 
present-da lay usage. 
The interesting subject of our economic 
plant pro stimulates an appreciation 
° ants which civilization in 


vast subject of economic 


G. L. Wittrock. 


g 
duction to the 
botany. 


Rose-growing for All 
HOW TO GROW ROSES, 3 Horace 
McFarland and Robert = yle. 191 pages 
illustrated with drawin: phot ographs, 
and colored plates, Indexed. 18th edi- 
tion, revised and enlarged. Macmillan, 
‘ew York, 1937. $1. 


Into a compact volume of less than 
200 pages entitled “How to Grow Roses” 
J. Horace McFarland and Robert Pyle 
have packed considerable elas on 
rose culture that will of g aly 
amateur or Thee Se ihe i 
rose growing. 
advice on rie “making of rose gar- 

se beds, soil preparation, 
en 


to the 
mo a 


discussir the us of cli roses, 
iowever, the variety Mermaid een 
given for an examp do not thin! 


ol oe 
are often foisted tipon the public. There 


s also some good advice on disease and 
freee control as cl as on pruning and 


winter protectio 
P. J. McKenna. 


os a Leaves 


VES, THEIR PLACE IN LIFE 
rea LEGEND. Vernon Quinn. 211 
pages, ee with drawings by 
Marie wson, Indexed. Frederick 


"Stokes Coe New York. 1937. 


Seldom lea been giv uch 
exclusive Leen = in this Took 
by Vernon Quinn. Leaves, as such, con- 

stitute a decorative phase: ‘of our earthly 


fends ae which most of us fail to appre- 
ciate fully. Insofar as leaves have been 
h legen 


e also 


e style of tl the book is a bit mono 
onous, and smacks too much . a Eales 
if one reads for long at a time. The in- 
teresting Hage sae ealth of tacts seem 


submerged by other. 
The Site ii sketches and chapter 
headings are a feature of the book. Artis- 


ioaeee pe! are excellently done, though 
they often lacking in the accuracy of 
Feceenable details. 

W. M. PortTERFIELD. 


A Book on Bulbs 


LBS FO UR GARDEN. 
Rie H. Wea, re 210 pages, illus- 
trated, indexed. Mifflin 


Houghton, 
Co., Boston, 1936. $2.75. 

sible and nicely put together, Mr. 
s bulb book seems thoroughly prac- 
Unfortunat ely, 


than brevity ; tae t 
and publisher 


me is well Sua “that it is fairly 
easy for the beginner to 
he is anxious to kr 

fter an introductiot 


w gardening, and growin 
bulbs from code 
ErHet Anson S. PeckHaM. 


THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 


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LECTIVE MANAGERS 
Until 1939: ee. “a ANDERSON eae ye ives Fore 
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: ade 

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oL. XXXIX June, 1938 


JOURNAL 
of 


No. 462 


THE NEW YorRK BOTANICAL GARDEN 


Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. 
Entered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. 
Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents 
Free 


to members of the Garden 


JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
Caro. H. Woopwarp, Editor 
JUNE, 1938 


THE FLOWER OF THE TULIP-TREE Cover photograph by Maizie Milland 
New VarieTIES FEATURE THE Rose DispLay THIS SEASON 
PROPAGATION OF THE NATIVE SPECIES OF CHIMAPHILA 
Robert S. Lemmon 129 

THE FLOWERING BEHAVIOR OF Norway MAPLES A. B. Stout 130 
TRAPA BICORNIS, A WATER-CHESTNUT KNOWN TO THE CHIN 

as Linc Ko W.M. Porterfield 134 
REVIEWS OF RECENT Booxs 


Current LITERATURE AT A GLANCE Carol H. Woodward 142 
Notes, News, AND COMMENT 
Myxomycete CoLLEcTION 144 


FLOWERS FOR ALL TO SEE 

The tens of thousands of people who have visited the floral displays at 

be New York Botanical ce during the past month prove by their 

ery numbers the importance of one of the institution’s most apparent 
public services. 

ile many of these people have come to observe and study the plants, 

to take ee on them for reference for their own individual gardens, the 

vast majority have come for _the sheer love of the beauty of the flowers. 

their isp! 


Others come weekly o ae ener to watch the change in the gardens from 
the nex - 


For all of these people, the sight of well grown plants in full flower 
h 


leasure at the sight of living a as respond to any one of the art: 
here mentione 

To e it gouible for the public, without charge, to enjoy flower 
growing outdoors and under glass the year around is one of the fant 
of the Botanical Garden. By means of memberships and gifts, the Garden 
is enabled to present its displays of thousands a varieties fro ing 
thro’ and fall, a di i 


service is privileged, for he is helping in a unique way to bring to the 
lives of many a joy that appears to be fundamental in nature 


JOURNAL 
of ‘ 
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 


Vou.XXXIX——~<C«*SrN, 9B” No. 462 


New Varieties Feature 
The Rose Display 
This Season 


N mid-June occurs at The New York Botanical Garden the 
flowering of eight thousand plants of the ae roses, which 


Garden where questions about the plants and about the Botanical 
Garden's activities will be answered. 

Connoisseurs of roses for some years have recognized the gar- 
den in Bronx Park as an example of fine culture and as a collec- 


varieties, some of which, as yet unnamed, are n 
numbers. They will find the plants as a whole in exceptionally 
fine dition, ult of the new drainage syste 


past many roses had been lost because ti the poor natural drain- 
age in the low area where ae are plan 


Iti is the Garden’ s persisten work, ee with deep prepa- 


oO 
nn 
oO 
=] 
a 
si 
5 
me 
> 
> 
fa} 
Me 
ot 
z 
° 
f=) 
8 
an 
3 
5 
wm 
cot 
fol 
ie) 
7 


ps es in su 
tinuously from June until November. The program of care and 


121 


= 
lo 
bo 


Rog emyecnia is one of the new hybrid perpetual oe which 
may in een a ork Botanical Garden ‘year. e dark 
petals are eran borleed with scallops of white. 


(All photographs from J. Horace McFarland Company, by courtesy 
of Bobbink & Atkins) 


aronne Prevost is a new hybrid tea with large full aie of 
pure rose-color, topping a plant ik uniformly light green leaves 


124 


culture involves a heavy application of cow manure and bonemeal 


mo 
proper pruning at - right oe for each type of plant; an 
dormant clean-up sprays when needed 

While such reliable roses as Mime. Leon Pain, Charles K 


a ions w 
other roses in the garden) have a contributed by Bobbink & 
Atkins, of Rutherford, N. J. t the end of this article are 
reference lists of some of the new roses of different types 

In a special bed will be a group of seven numbered roses er 


ven have 
sings largely of bedding types, which they considered espe- 
cially worth while. 

ae entirely new rose, also a bedding type without a name, 
occupies the center of the rose garden this year, replacing Paul’s 
Scarlet Climber. 

The rest of the climbing roses remain as before, with the addi- 
tion of two new varieties, Glen Dale and Doubloons. The collec- 
tion, which includes 97 different kinds, contains such outstanding 
names as Bloomfield Courage, Dr. Huey, Star of Persia, Evan- 


The border of polyanthas is similarly complete, and contains 
such gems as Sunshine, which is golden-orange shading to pink ; 
le bri 


Dorothy Howarth, with cup-shaped flowers of clear rosy-pink; 
Peach Blossom, of soft carmine-rose; Johanna Tantau, creamy 


125 


; Salmon Spray, with vigorous branches of rich aie 
co ieee ee ke which are carmine-red on the reverse, and t! 
remarkab oulsen roses. thirteen new polyanthas which 
were rit this year are listed on page 128. 
g the neoaily introduced hybrid teas at the Botanical 


ene is oe o’Day, thi uct of the hybridizing skill of the 
Brownells of Rhode Island. Introduced by tkins in 
1937, it is said to be the forerunner of a n ce of extremely 


hardy, st rong, floriferous roses. Lily Pons, of this group, will be 
introduced 3 n 1939, 
n Fr: ills, which came out in 1936, is a sport of Feu Joseph 
UW in 


e 
of 1936, and Baronne Prevost, a vigorous, hardy plant hearing 
large full flowers of pure rose-color, are some of the other 
novelties. 

While the hybrid teas, with 220 varieties, make up the greatest 
part of the rose garden, the planting this year contains one o 
the most complete collections of hybrid perpetuals to be found in 
America. The 46 new varieties, three plants of each of which 
were added this spring, bring the total number of varieties to 105. 
More vigorous than the hybrid teas, with larger and heavier 

owers which are more fragrant and, while they last, more 
eee the hybrid perpetuals have only recently become well 
known ough the vi ites 1 


merica, alth have been favorites in Europ 
for many years Y the new introductions here, called Louise 
Crette, closely resembles Frau Karl Druschke, except that the 
inner side of the petals is yello er elin, another 
novelty among the hybrid perpetuals, has scalloped petals curiously 
e Ferdina: ic s alternate stripes of 


fay 
tj 


to the rose 
gard ve years ago and which has since produced an saben: 
able number of enormous, handsome pink flowers. 

A number of newly patented hybrid teas were brought into the 
garden this year and placed in a separate bed. They include: 


eak O'Day is a vigorous hybrid tea rose produced by the Brownells of Rhode 
blond a sea by Bobbink & Atkins in 1937 as a eae of a promising 


Golden Frills is an attractive yellow hybrid tea, which is a sport of Feu Josepl 
oymans. 


Lo: 


128 


Alice Harding Amelia Earhart 
Carillon Countess 

Dorothy McGredy McGredy’s Triumph 
McGredy’s Pink McGredy’s S 

Eclipse Gloami 

Golden Main Signora 

Rome oe Mrs. Francis King 
Saturni iss America 

Mme. yea Gaujard Viscountess Charlemont 


The new hybrid perpetuals include: 


Felbergs Rosa Druschki tea bocce 
Ferdinand Pichard . M. Gustave V 
enera! Baron Berge = d ne Wood 
ae Aren s St. oe 
e Lyonni i 
Hii ‘Schuh Tho Mills 
Triomphe de 1’Exposition 
A ene Vic ugo 
Leonie Lambert Vis Verdi 
Louis van Houtte Cardinal Prituze 
Louise Crett Char 
Marchioness of Lorne Chot Pestitele 
Marie Baumann Coronati 
Mme. Elise de Vilmor:n Duke of Edinburgh 
Sebastes pu upuy Jamair 
Peony of Fra; Her Majes 
Pride of Waltha: Jear ickso: 
Prince Arthur Marchioness of Landers 
Princesse de Bearn Marquise de Caste 
Rembrandt Mile Verdi 
obert Duncan Mrs F. Redly 
ae Lambelin Anne Crawford 
Ruhm von Steinfurth Comtesse d’Oxford 


The new polyanthas which have been added to the border on 
the west are 


Betty Prio Pirk Charm 

Distinction Dagmar Spath 

Eva Dar 

Feuerschein Gartendirektor O. Linne 
Fortschritt a Ate Caer 
Orange Triumph Peach Blo: 


Trompeter von Sackingen 


129 


Propagation of the Native 
Species of (himaphila By Robert S. Lemmon 


il Deas two species of edie gy native to our dryish eastern 
mbellata and C. mi ctive 


a transplari 

n my pe to germinate seeds a long series of experiments 
was tried with different sowing media, exposures, degrees of 
moisture and light, temperatures, age of seeds, and so on. The 
results were completely negative, and I next turned to runner 
divisions. 

Here, again, little was accomplished, although a few weakly 
plants were eventually produced from tip sections laid flat in a 
sand-peat mixture and kept moderately damp in a closed shaded 
frame 


130 


e same time a series of top-growth cuttings, taken at two- 
week intervals from May 1 until November, was run in an wu 
heated outdoor oa frame, half in sand- “peat and half in 

sand. e Id wo 


o 80 percent was obtained, the higher figure being for 

c ae 
ubsequent experience has confirmed those results of two years 
ago and provided some further details. For mple, the sand 


nd 5, in peatmoss pots. They are then ie in peatmoss in 
practically full shade, kept moderately watered, and set out in 
their permanent places the following spring, pots and all. 


The Flowering Behavior 
Of Norway Maples By A. B. Stout 


flowers of the Norway maple (Acer platanoides) are 
rather small (about 14 inch in diameter) and of a subdued 


d 
an absorbing story is revealed regarding a most fundamental law 
of reproduction. 


131 


e flowers which fall in great number from the trees of the 


n 
rudimentary that the flower is not able to develop into a fruit 
ith seed 


ie 
t the time when the male flowers have accumulated on the 
oa one will find other flowers in considerable number on the 


n the Norway mae the two kinds of flowers do: not mature 
at the same time. By continuing the observations da ily for th he 
i i e wi nd tl 


flowers will mature during a period of about a week. Thus there 
is a separate season of maturity for each of the two kinds of 


some time during the flowering of trees of Acer platanoides many 
co fall and form a oe carpet cee a Sees These are male flowers 

which are dropped a a le pollen is shed. Several thousand of these flowers 
are shown here, but are only a small portion of the total which had 
fallen from a single tree. 


132 


Tr rees this class possess what may be called 


flowers on a tree. 
This condition limits 


a male-female sequence in their flowering: 

or even entirely pen ee pollination; that is, the pollination 

of female flowers by pollen from male flowers of the same tree is 
bee ‘I : 


e 
period of maleness of one overlaps 
the femaleness of ano 

The maturity of the stamens and the pistils at different times 
in a single perfect flower was first definitely described by Sprengel 
in 1793 and he applied the term “‘dichogamie” to this condition. In 
the Norway maples the dichogamous development of the two sexes 
in the various unisexual flowers extends to a tree as a whole. 

hen the observations are extended to several trees one soon 
notes that there are some trees whose flowers oS in the 
female-male sequence and some with male-female seque 
here are two main groups or classes of ade ina 

i h t 


from trees of the female-male sequence may function in the pol- 
lination of trees which have the male-female sequence. 
the Norway maples there is cross- 


3 
2 


Thus in reproduction 
pollination between meee of two groups or classes that are 
different, at least in respect to the sequence of the flower behavior. 
Since these differences are inherent and hereditary the reproduc- 
tion may be termed bi-genotypic 

There are several ee in both animals and plants which 
enforce or compel bi-genotypic reproduction en a species is 
composed of ee male and female menibees, as is the rule 


133 


Flowers of the Norway ee ee one- Sih ina size, taken from two 
trees at the same calendar d at mee in the entire 
period of flowering. At Tighe a ior clu stati with the male- 
jena sequence; the male Fags ae closed, The iene is already hie and 

t, 


are about to fall; t flowers are almost mature. left, a 
Boca cluster a Wace S$ i om a tree of female-male seq I 
fl are now ready to shed pollen but the aloed flowers have already 


development ee vide for the ap aene. cross’ pollination nece: 
for reproduction 


in animals, it is obvious that members of the two classes must 
n 


llaborate in reproduction. Bu principle also operates i 
y plar re hermaphrodites through the actio - 
ditions which limit both self-re ion and intra-class repro- 
uction an h force inter-class repro ac- 
complished in hermaphrodites by incompatibilities in fertili- 
ion, aptations of heterostyly, is, the posses- 

sio s different ler , ( evelopment 

the pistils and the stamens in perfect flowers at erent times 
) the seasonal alternation of sex with 


seen in the Norway maples. The extent to 

indicate that within a species nature revels in bi-genotypic 

rious limitations to self-reproduction were much em- 
00 


pha ee some 75 to 100 years ago in the doctrine that nature 
abhors self-pollination and self-reproduction. But this view does 


that cross-reproduction between individuals that are fully alike is 


134 


thus limited. The pa eae cross-reproduction which is most 
ctive and most fully provided for is that which is bi-genotypic. 
The main facts ae the reciprocation in the flowering 
sequences of the Norway maples may readily be observed. Male 


Pp. s hal 
plants reproduction is often necessarily bi-genotypic 


Trapa bicornis, a Water-chestnut 

Known to the (hinese 

cAs Ling Ko By W. M. Porterfield 
(No. 3 of a series on Chinese Vegetable Foods in New York) 


(@ esees day on Broadway I observed a small group of people 
interestedly looking at something a hawker was exhibiting. 


a rface was floating a flower of Lilium speciosum to 
which was attached a slender curving stem that seemed to spring 
from a blackish two-horned object at the bottom of the glass 
From the curved stem a couple of finely divided leaves floated 
gracefully away into the r. They looked something like the 
d leaves of Trapa, but may have been those o yrio- 

phyllum. Altogether this a wonderful plant and the man ex- 
open-mouthed spectators that anyone could have it 

for twenty-five cents ed object at the botto f the 
glass, he told his onlookers s a “rare nut from China” which, 


he urged them to believe, Ree this lily. As a matter of fact, 


* The observations reported above were first completed by the writer in 
928. A more detailed study of the variations in classes and in the recipro- 
cations in the flower behavior in _ pope eD Me oe maples has more 
recently been made by a research student of e New York Botanical 
Garden, but not yet prepared ee piblication. ee in ndividal variations 
further revealed by this study are not here reported or anticipated. 


135 


he two-horned object was a nut and it came from a Chinese 


to produce such an effect 


The nut had come from the plant commonly called the water- 


chestnut or horn-chestnut, sometimes also o-head fruit,? and 
known botanically as Trapa bicornis? It is ein China. An- 
other species, Trapa bispinosa,® the Singhara nut which grows in 
Ceylon, has two (sometimes four) short slender spines i c 
of the pronounced horns of the Chinese pla: is extensively 


eaten by the natives in that country, but does not seem to be as 
well known here as the Chinese species 
hinese name for this nut is Dink Ko. It can be bought 


cheaply in Chinatown in New re it is commonly known 
as the water-chestnut. Dealers in aquatic plants also car e 
or another species of Trapa, as they are suitable for culture in 


t : 
the nut germinates, the stem develops both floating and sub- 
d lea i 


c with e 

bispinosa. When ripe the nuts fall to the bottom of the pond 
where ie remain all winter, as they must be kept moist to retain 
their vita: 

Robe c ortune* eae tells of the manner of collecting the 
aaa ts in the shallow waterways connected with the Tai 

o Lake in Kiangsu province. Apparently women and boys 
eee in tubs resembling our ordinary wash-tubs and push their 

“1 Williams, S. Wells. The Middle Kingdom I. 364. 1883. 

2 Trapa bicornis, hh normally bears two horns, has been incorrectly 
reduced to synonymy w as T. natans, which has four spines, in the Index 
Kewensis.—E. lexan 

3 Roxburgh, Wm, Flora Sereee 449, 1820. 

4 Fortune, Robert. A journey to the tea countries of China. 27. 1852. 


136 


| 
| 


Water. or horn-chestnuts (Trapa poe): natural size. The ee for the Chinese name, 
Ling Ko, appears in the upper corn 


way among the masses of plants without hurting them. They 


too far and his tub is turning 
Tr 
contained one of the first ie lerentes to the horn- or wa tenschestntit: 


cornis. ere is also a 

Trapa natans, which has become naturalized in a few places in 

eastern United tates, apparently through its use as a decorative 
i le 


aquatic ee i called water caltrops or Jesuit’s nut as well 
s water-che 

The name see like the ae name Trapa, is abridged from 

the mee “calcitrapa” which refers to the spreading ae on the 


ru e term was applie a small bronze or iron 
ball on which projected sharp spikes, usually ne in number. 


5 Bretschneider, E. Early European researches into the flora of China. 
Journ. N. China Br. Roy. As. Soc. 15:7. 1880. 


137 


Caltrops were used in ancient times in warfare when foot soldiers 
wished to slow up a cavalry charge. When caltrops were strewn 


cal name under which this Chinese water-chestnut should be 
known today. 
Bo : “water-chestnuts” are well liked by the Chinese for os 
n fact, Trapa bicornis i is sometimes included among the five im- 
opl 


people. 
hough in taste they remind one of the chestnut, my 


that the corm of Eleocharis Vile is more prized than the nuts 
of Trapa. 

The starchy content® of the fruit of Trapa bicornis in its dry 
state is 67.5 percent, with 12.1 percent protein and 11.6 percent 
albuminoids constituting the other chief compounds. The useful- 


S chestnut for medical purposes was pointed out in 

a t rit en Tsao ng Mu hi al of 

medicinal plants, published in 1590 by Li Shi-chen, furnished a 
goo cription of the plant, its fruit, and the eo 

Williams points out that the nuts are sold on the street after being 

oile: he reason that boiling is always recommended for this 


fruit is that if eaten raw, it is supposed to be harmful to the 
digestive tract. It is said also that it will produce worms and 
~ 6 Journ. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 39:32 


. 1938. 
7 Scirpus ey osus is the botanical name which William Roxburgh used 
o publishing the first illustration - the plant in 1819. nm 1917, however, 


. D. Merrill (An interpretation Rumphius’s Herbarium Amboinense. 
104), revived the name Ele ee dulcis of Trinius, published in 1833 
and based upon the name Mideopouen dulce of Burmann ae aes 
i 1 M rrill _was doubtful about t dentity E. dhl 


1929 (Rhodora 31:158) accepted the identity of the two. species ey thou 
question.—. HL Barnhart. 

8 Bretschneider, E. History of European botanical discoveries in China. 
229. 1898. 

® Blasdale, W. C. description of some Chinese vegetable food mate- 
rials. U.S.D.A.. OLE. - Bull. 68:40, 1899. 

10 Stuart, G. A. Chinese materia medica. 440. Shanghai. 1928. 


ls 4 


rapa bispinosa, as illustrated in Plat 4 of William Roxburgh’s Plants 
of ie Coast of Coromandel, showing ae ean growth habit of members of 
this genus of useful aquatics. 


intestinal disorders. Considering the filthy character of the ponds 
in which it is grown, it is no wonder that eating it raw inevitably 
brings digestive troubles. When boiled, however, it is nutritious 


shells of the fruits can be used in making an astringent from 
which a dye for the whiskers is obtained. 


139 


The New York 


Reviews of Recent Books 


(Ail publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of 
Botanical Garden.) 


The Plant os of 
Eastern Asi 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF EASTERN 
ASIATI ic BOTANY. Elmer D. Mer- 
rill and Egbert H. Walker. 719 pages, 
indexed. Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica 
Plain, Mass. $12.50. 
y ators ti student w 


learning all oe he Teal about a 
others lone in his chosen field. 
Hence the importan good biblio; 
raphies in the equipment of every scien 


u 
o columns to ae 
han 21,000 ma 
entries, under authors’ names, besides fe 
classified index: oe 
It comprises mplete record of 
the hocks and ee dealing with plants 
of China and Japan, and the important 
ones relatin, i 


inese and ee ian. 
guages; for the special appendixes de- 
voted to the older poenel ae the 
oriental serials, and the orie ee eae 


it was necessary to borrow om 
China, althou: the eae Hee 
in Baltimo Similar lists of Russias 
serials and ian authors was have 


been desirable, and type for the Russian 
characters would have been ie difficult 
to secure 


Although circumstances have. in ecessi- 


len has con- 


that time. 
inor errors in a work of this char- 
acter are unavoidable, and do not neces- 


sarily interfere with its usefulnes 


authors “crave a i 


ars of devotion 
to this great 
J. H. Barnuart. 


Modern Note in a 
Biological Text Book 
HIGH SCHOOL BIOL a Ralph 
& Pras te 
K. Stone. 723 “pages, illus- 
trated. indexed. Macmillan, New York. 
1938. $2. 
ung student came to the desk tri- 
igh Sc 


positions. 


tioning bus driver an autom 
and the tribute deserves an 
There are many pictures in t 
excite the interest and satisfy the curi- 
osity of that young student and of others 
—for the illustrations in High School 


inspecti on. 
he book to 


m actual pee and 
photomicrographs, and of them 
timely and modern in 


aoe ae is very 
sinning to ae a sou 


stands as a contrast to an pane foot tree 
kale. Vitamin oe Shiva temple and 
Jimson-weed s o have moved fro 


the front pages of biological news to the 
pages of this bo - 


The text, whic’ greatly ae 
by a large "and eee type, ts excelle i 
reading. It is clear and direct, ahi 
without being roa The cha apters ae 
with few tions, not more than ten 
or he pages long and well-knit in 
content. The k is divided into ase 
units of study. I ae Die e 


S28 


old b 
g to concern them 

with gence aberrations, ages teth 
faclors and inheritance mbe: 


al 


, 
to them “jeans” for “genes,” “fuss” f 

“fuse” and “salvia” for “saliva.” e 
text seems in many places much too 


much students of the ninth and tenth 
year. But it is an excellent book and I 
like fi 

Y ORENSTEIN, 
aa Childs High School. 


900 Pe ecrs in England 
HE 


GARDEN. Ralph 
3s, ilustra strated, indexed. 
$3. 


< heok of 118 pages ‘of reading 
a. Be 158 ile the author 
re his story. The eae is made up in 
five saealy as follow: 
troduction. 


: the search for sustenance oe 1500. 


One does not look far into the book 
before reaching the conclusion that the 


140 


author is not a gardener or would 
Lave Bier in illustration No. % “Early 
a sheer impos- 


sibi ility,_ Thi is * inuseation is of a fine 

full-flowered specimen of Magnolia con- 

spicua, which flowers in ae in aise 
in the U.S.A. Al 


as in 80, 
introduction on page 6 it | is iguehable. : 
an a ee in Agia ae to 


1 

fowerbets and clumps of jaar Or ube. 
or pont ie 

Eno aid t to disclose that the author 
lacked hoctcltral pate ac imple- 
ment himself to ig 
d As an nia 
has quali heations extraordinar 


eeded 
a 


hav 

all writers who 
he trots out our i 
Se ei 


hoice 
able. Li 
iMlusteations,. 
so often in other publi 
ognize them without captior 
1 really read the book verehitly and 
thoughtfully from cover to cover, hoping 
eventually to come to some soul- satisiy- 
ing redeeming oe to justify the title 
f the book. Suppose the author had 
contented himself historically 


been immensely beautified, a amaz- 
ing lopment of smaller gardens ap- 
propriate to smaller homes. Moreover, 
when is a garden not a garden? Since 
the last chapter's closing date is 1900, 
how t those tens of thousands of 
country-wide cottage gardens s 

harm and interest, small in area, yet 


not entirely flowerless. the year around? 
a period for Shee chapter whic 


> 


have been is sum up on p: 

about 12 lines with . casual mention of 
the meee a better ee of the 
late Willia Rone and t e Miss 
Gertrude Je ac MN. 


ArtuHur Herrincton. 


Dianthus Descriptions 


TH ARDEN OF PINKS. L. H. 

Bailey. 142 pages, illustrated, indexed. 

Macmillan, New $3. 
Gardeners have so eae, ete in need 


of a guide as to the “which is which” 
of their pinks that this one is a veritable 

godsend. It is the first since the publica- 
tion, some fifty years ago, of Williams’ 
studies, which seem never to have had 
a wide, popular distribution and are now 

rather hard to come b 

The G 


oe of 
served up, not like ut 
as opstiliag wine, for which oe ane 
be ae nked. 

Such things a ie might say, and 
not one ead t ook. But we have 


and correct many of our parden labels, 
a reading about plants has developed 
a faculty pian which prompts 
S, pe now, to lea of our 
Ae unchanged. 
ne of them is that of Dianthus syl- 
vestris, which we mean to leave with the 
dwarf f out 3-5 in. high,” indi- 
ion under variety 


certain 


me: S 
(see Farrer’s itasiaon in his English 
Rock Garden), we take it to be tynica 
D. sylvestris,—the smaller of the 
forms creel described under the 
cific Hoare y Von Wulfen and illustrated 


‘ee Jac 
ao ve no peace with the nam 
, oa ts Williams, either for this 


a e invalid. It 
is not accompanied by a description, and 
s credited to Koch, we — published 
poets described the p red to by 


arini, subseaucntg. ee ike name 
var. Csubecalis ae name which is em- 
ployed by Hegi, a s to us preferable ; 
and all the more a om the other has 
ae attached to the typical D. syl- 
vesttt. 


Dr. “Bailey me var. 
frigidus is ey ee “Willams The 
made the double error of describing the 


141 


plant as a ee form, and of citing 
No such Dianthus 


as an extremely dwarf, ih ost stemless 
pee wees on nee Seizer oe It ap- 
to een ted au- 
thentically es at ide of the oe dis- 
trict in the Tyrol. We have never met 
with the plant cme arden: 
Speaking of D. sloesti, it appears to 
us that, in the text, and in Plate 43, the 
petals ‘of this ee i a not happily 


In our observation (support 
uin's plate), they are, typicall r 
barely contiguous. 
These detailed reservations do 
ae oar the aay y area value of this 


promises to at- 
tain both these ends. 
P, J. vax MELE. 


A Good Mushroom Guide 


BOOK OF COMMON 
MUSHROOMS. William S. ie 
369 pages, ules a d.  Put- 
nam, New ¥ 19. $3. 


an is sraine to al a siete 
y ds and 


litle friends, 


the “toadstools,” to_ fin 
ew edition of Dr. William S. 


Thomas’ 


inne a number of genera of foie fleshy 
fungi. Th mong oth he 
polypores, 


those spines, "the 


cies and is of remark- 


ably fine flavor Duin cooked, 


142 


handy little volume the ex- 
a 


wor! ke d- ce keys a 
trations b fcc aton 


es sided the book. The new ater 


delicious food. Snedigar’s 
clear, Pole “line drawings ably llastrate 
Dr. Thomas’ simple, untechnical descrip- 
tions. 

The collection of recipes for mushroom 
cookery will delight the gourmet as well 
as the discerning cook over the camp fire. 

Marcaret McKEenny 


Current Literature* 
At a Glance 


By Carol H. Woodward 
For Garden Clubs. The National Coun- 


cit of State Garden Clubs, Inc., at 30 
Rockefeller Plaza, New York, has just 
published a 32-page booklet by Sarah 


Hayfever. Plants which cause hayfever 
in the Middle West are illustrated and 


described oe a _- planographed 
booklet by N c Oe of the 
ey a Wisconsin, Lester McGary, 
and Lau . Bates, all of Madison. 


Wisconsin. Norman C. Fassett is also 
a nee pon manual of 
spring-flowering 


ichens. One of the leading papers in 
the Annals of the Missouri Botanical 
Garden issued in April is an socoune of 
the lichens and lichen Eas ee 
Paul A. Si the ‘ond 


by iple on 
near ctic pea Carrell Ww. Dodge 
and pone 


Baker, the authors, have 
f the 89 


enum: pated a new species out o 


* All publications mentioned h and m: 
others—may be found in ‘the Library of “The 
Botanical Garden, in the Museum Building. 


aeae which were collected. In a table 


the ve oe oe all the collec- 
tions a lichens made in the Antarctic 
since 1839. 


Air Exploration. “Collecting Alpines by 
Air” is the title of an article by Warten 
C. Wilson in the Apr: eg oe 
cultural Magazine, in which a 
trip over the mountains of western ae 
America is described. The purpose ‘| 
the journey, the author states, was 
gain a knowledge of American cnn in 
the wild and to test their behavior under 
cultivation. He mentions 72 showy or 
ether wee: desirable species with horticul- 
tural possibilities. 

Mushrooms. A useful tana as 

in 386 b ies New York Sta 
aca is ise 
Poisonous” by Ray. 
are well Slicsecated with ahotoers phs. 


The i of Brittonia be 


e (the Nutmeg ate by A. C. 
Smith in cllaporatin with R. P. Wode- 


His An attractively bound little 
poo ented “Dr. 
R 


ae which 


1811. 


occupied that site from 1801 


Photosynthesis. To select the right ex- 
esa Uae — reveal iis mechan- 
of phot esis is one of the tasks 
mae ane probably the most diffi- 
cult one—which the F. 
Foundation for the study 
and photosynthesis has 
From its headquarters at Antioch College, 
Yellow a rings, Ohio, comes a publ d 
report of the history and the general plan 
a or aie ae of ie scandalion: which is 
. Inm 


Andes H. Goodspeed is reporting 
in recent aunbers of the Neu Flora and 
= va on the Andean ely expedition of 

he University of California 

Forests. “Green Gold” is the title used 

y 
to erica’s fores sy thei 
the present attempt to restore 
writes in Natural Hates for May. 


143 


e Shrub. Attempts are being made 
to ene one of America’s little known 
de Sra shrubs into cultivation, 

wie A. Knight of Biltmore 
Fo rest in ve Arnold Arbor 
Bulletin os "Po opular Titov ‘mation ne 
April 22. The shrub is Elliottia ee 
which is confined to a vee ted a 
eastern and southern Georg’ 


‘assion-flowers. American species 


cent publication of the 

eld Museum of Natural History in 
Ch icago. The 331 pages include a section 
on varying concepts of classification. 


Fine gardens of E iaes pie 
Cleveland, elsewhere in 
nic one Island are pictured 

spri erly number of Land. 

scape Arch Descriptive text ac- 
companies most of the views. 


Gardens. 
One oa: 


Notes, News, and Comment 


England. T. ae Everett, Horticulturist, 
left May 13 six weeks’ trip to 
England, during ‘which ve planned to at- 

id the Che’ Flo 


Gardeis. pedi tio: 
especially interested a A checking person 
ally the condition A plants acquired from 
the Garden’s Rocky Mountain expedition 
of 1936. hile ea he is lecturing on 
this ee before the ath and 


ring back 


a quantit new plant material. 

Roc Course. A working 
course in al construction is 
planned a t the Botanical Garden to start 


by 
for a total fee oe ian dollars.” Each person 
in the ae ae oe scale model of 
arden, foc. mixing soil, 
and pleeane tivns rents to cover an 
area of approximately 50 square feet. 


Orleans. Frank J, Mackaness, 
Ny 


d sow uu 
years of study which will lead to a 


degree in horticulture. 


Crowds. Following a week-end of ne 
usual crowds at the Poa) rio 
periodic count was made of the cole 

visiting different parts of the erent on 


no longer at their b , 2, ers 
vi e n May 30. With roses just 
beginning to come into flower, there were 
ars ee ed as re the as gar- 
en as they could Approximately 


eople 
through the three succulent houses, which 
are the only sections of Conserv vatory 
Range “No. ‘L that are now open. The 

perennial border of the Advisory Council, 
east of Range 1, was visited by 8,000 
people, ae crowded the path in front of 


the border during most of the day, 
Honors. Prof. Marston T. Bog of 

Columbia Ga member ‘of ne 

Board of Managers of The York 


ard Nev 
Botanical Garden, has twice nae jrovored 
ly the field of chem On 


A few days later word cam 
where Professor Bogert was attending 
two worldwide chemical meetings, that 
he a been elected P; lent 


e 
hon Priestley, diecsven ot 
oxygen in 1774, and since then has been 
awarded trienn: ially. 


Sigma Xi. Dr. wae iam J. Robbins w: 


speakers 
Wiegand of Cornell on “A Taxonomist’s 


Experience with Hybrids in the Wild” 
and Dr. Walter H. Snell of Brown Uni- 


versity on research work in forest path- 
ology. 


isiters. Two Swedish botanists from 
Uppsala were visitors at the Botan i) 
Garden Ma They were Dr. 
‘uresson, irector of the Institute ot 
Plant Systematics and Genetics of ue 
Agricultural College of Sweden. 
Car Alm 


tases af fas Sonic 
Gare os the pa ity t 
ye a rs ee 
Garin i in Pace « Count, Florida, 
Mrs. Robert H. 


the place in his honor, gave the prin 
cipal address, speaking on “The Future 
f the Garden.” During the last fe 

years of his life, Dr. John K. Small ha 


tribute was paid to the work 


Montgomery. 
Hepaticae. Continuing a series of 
aa ra The fh she has been cone 
the Botanical Garden at 

Caroline C. 


1893- 1804. These collections comprise a 
paar addition to the Garden’s herb- 
arium, to which Miss Haynes has already 
cantabuied much useful material and 
knowledge through hee age sae of 
the liverworts. This last gift pre- 
sented duriae a visit to the Carden with 
her sister, Miss Louise Haynes, May 12. 


Meeting. Fifty members of the Ameri- 
can Rock eee Society held their an- 
a the al rden 


nual meeting Botanic: 
May 16, enne the Thompson Memorial 
Rock Garden, then going b is to 


he garden of Mr. and 
Blair. Mrs. Clement G. 
Houghton was re-elected president of the 


144 


Mycologist. 


Dr. Lewis E. Wehmeyer, 
Ass 


ociate | Professor of Botany, Univer- 
: at 


ascomycetous prepaatory to a 
monograph of the ge nus Eutypella. 


s. Arthur Herrington, who 
nglish Garden” in this ue 
E 


author of “Mushrooms of Field 
Wood.” 


Myxomycete Collection 


a rk Botanical Garden has 
d by purchase the Snares 


ginia an 
them also are abou 
a fea of the world Secls € 


XC 

pe col lections are rich in type m Hi 

s and varieties, an 

The entire collection “of 
i des also the 


e 

finest in rth America, and one of the 

important Gollections of the ee It is 
atalogued and arra nged 30 that 3 par- 


ticular Epeanien may be found. 

a large amount of duplicate material— 
even in rare species—which is available 
for exchange with other institutions and 
students. Co epondene: regarding these 
specimens is invited. 


THE NEW YORK rieeichig GARDEN 
BOARD OF MANAGER 


I. ELECTIVE MANAGE 
Until 1939: ArtHuR M. ANvERson (Treasurer), ae ENCE E: 
Merritt, HENRY DE LA ae we iat and pets ie. 


Until 1940: HENRY DE Fore Bae N (Vice-president), Cups Fricx, 
ALLYN R. Jawnines, Heuey eee co D. T. MacDoucat, and JosepH 
R. aes ae 2 

Until Mrs. N Huntincton Hooker, Joun L. 
MERRILL "Dice resident, ce "Rosert x Mon TGOMERY, H. Hosarr es 
and Raymonp H. 


II, EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS 
Froretto H. LaGuarnia, Mayor o: vs the City of New York. 


Rogert Moses, Park Caspian: 
Henry C. Turner, President of the Board of Education. 


III. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS 
Yy E. Hazen, appointed by the Torrey Botanical Club. 
‘A, ARPER, Sam F, TRE ELEASE, EpMUND W. SINNort, and Marston T. 
Bocerr, appointed by Columbia University. 


GARDEN STAFF 


WILLIAM J. Rogssins, Pu. D., Sc. D. Director 
H. A. Greason, Pu D. Assistant Director and Head Curator 
HENRY DE a MONTAGNE Assistant Director 
A. B. Stout, Px. D. Curator of Education and Eaborai ores 
Frep J. Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D. uralor 
Bernarp O, Doves z, Pu. D. pane Pathologist 
JoHn Henotey Barnuart, A. M., M. D. ographer 
Percy W1 ceo Gora Curator 
ALBERT C. Sune Pu, D. Associate Curator 
Harotp N. Movpenke, Pu. D. Associate cua 
ELIZABETH ~ Hatt, B. S. Librari 
H. H. Rus: eae De sgtecvses Honorary Curator of the Economic Callen nS 
Fiepa Gri Artist and Photographer 
Rosert S. Vo h Associate in Bryology 
E, J. ALEXANDER...... Assistant Curator and eas of the Local Herbarium 
W. H. Camp, Pu. D. assistant Curator 
Crype CHANDLER, A. M Technical Assistant 
Rosatig WEIKERT Technical Assistant 
FREDERICK NAGH, Technical Assistan 
Carot H. Woopwarp, A. B. Editorial Assista 
Tuomas H, Everert, N. D. Horr. ulturist 
. L. Wittrock, A. M. ocen 
Otto DEGENER, Ss. Collaborator in Hawaiian Botany 
Rogert Hacetste Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes 
ETHEL ANSON Ss. Perea. -Honorary Grater. it and Narcissus Collection: 
oe a oe Superintendent of, pulaings and Grounds 
A.C, istant Suse ak 


THE CORPORATION OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 


The N 
the State of 
Manauerah They also elec 


© Advisory Council consists of 12 
custom, neva are also lected we her ieorporation: 
Office 


the list below 
d Wes 
Correspondi ng ae cretary; pal A 
Arthur M. Anderson 
*Mrs. Arthur M. Anderson 


Dr. ce 
*Mrs. Robert Bacon 
‘of. L. H. Bailey 


Prof. L. H. 

Stephen Baker 

Henry de Forest Baldwin 
Sherman Baldw: 
*Mrs. James Barnes 

Prof. Charles P. Berkey 
George Blumenthal 

Prof. Marston T. Bogert 
Prof. William J. Bonisteel 

eorge 
*Mrs. Richard de Wolfe Brixey 


‘Miss E. Mabel Clark 


W. R. Coe 
Richard C. Colt 


Rev. D. enslow 

Julian Detmer 

Mrs. Charles D. Dickey 
*Mrs. John W per 

Benjamin T. Fairchild 
*Mrs. Mo: Faitoute 

Marshall Field 

William B iel 


y 
Harry Harkness Flagler 
*Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox 


New York Botanical Garden was incorporate 
New York in 1891. 
Pedy of pina 


ted by a 
The Act of incorporation provides 


Childs Frick 
*Mrs. Carl A. de Gersdorff 


Dr. H. A. Gle 
*Mrs. aes DNe esa ey 
McM. 


*Mrs. George Godley 


Capt. Henry B. n 
Mrs. Christian R. Holmes 
*Mrs. Elon H 

*M 


*Mrs. David Ives Mackie 
Mrs. H. Edward Manville 
Parker McCollester 


Roswell Miller, 
*Mrs. Roswell Miller, Jr 
George M. Moffe: 


*Mrs. Augustus G. Paine 


pecial act of the Legislature of 


among other Ebine den 
me: of the 


acOEpOrStOTES who ually mbers 
bers on own bo ie ent roster of ee 
or more wo: who are elected by the Board. By 
Their feanes are marked sch an asterisk in 
n Huntington Hooker, Geamen Mrs. de Gers- 
aA He "Williams, eee Secret: Mrs. Townend Scudder, 
. F. Leonard Kel , Treasure} 


*Mrs. James R. Parsons 


*Mrs. Louise Beebe Wilder 
*Mrs. Nelson B. Williams 
Bronson Winthrop 
Grenville L. Winthrop 
John C. Wister 

*Mrs. William H. Woodin 
Richardson Wright 


VoL. XX XIX Jury, 1938 PAGES 
No. 463 145—168 


ene 


THE NEW YORK Parente GARDEN 


Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. 
tered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. 
al subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents 
Free to members of the Garden 


JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 


Caro, H. Woopwarp, Editor 
J 938 


IN THE WATERLILY PooL Cover es os by Fleda Griffith 
RESULTS OF RECENT RESEARCH IN THE ConT: 

Pests ON TREES E. Porter Felt 145 
A PLEA FOR THE AMATEUR Sarah V. Coombs 151 
A MoTHER oF IsLANDS H. H. Rusby 154 
THE RECOGNITION OF SOME COMMON NATIVE TREES 

By THeEm Leaves Harold N. Moldenke 156 
Reviews oF RECENT Books 64 
CurRENT LITERATURE AT A GLANCE Carol H. Woodward 166 
Notes, News, AND COMMENT 167 


THE LIBRARY’S SERVICES 


High school and ee students, instructors, professors, research 
workers, specialists in mber of lines besides the growing of plant 


= 
an 
io} 


nt 
club members, and other gardeners, both amateur and professional 
—these are the types of people as are making regular use of the library 


New Yor. nical Garden. 
Landscape architects come to consult the ae historic bere as well 


as the numerous works on the culture of plan Lawyers attempting to 
settle cases by means of botanical facts; ee desiring to increase 
their knowledge of drug plants; engineers and contractors requiring, for 
instance, no weight of oom foot of soil; physicians eens 


w the weig! 
technical details of such toxic plants as poison ivy a species which p 
duce hayfever, are not infrequent, visitors in the libra: 

udents and workers preparing for civil service “examinations and 


are sought-— ound—in the library; information on where rare or 
eae plan is come ie or can i obtained. 
There is scarcely a profes or rags ie or botanical interest 
which can not be ee in a es of The New York Botanical Garden 


JOURNAL 
of 
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 


VoL. XXXIX Jury, 1938 No. 463 


Results of Recent Research 

In the (Control of 

Pests on Trees By E. Porter Felt 
Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories, Stamford, Conn. 


HE satisfactory control of insect pests depends to a large 
an a 


dissemination. as shown a num 0, for example, 
that although the female gypsy moth, Porthetria dispar, was un- 
able to fly, sa tensive dissemination by wind carriage 


there were a number of puzzling situations of vital importance to 
those attempting to eradicate or control t est. 

A somewhat analogous situation exists in relation to the 
European elm bark beetle, Scolytus ee iatus, now believed to 
be a most important agent in the dissemination of the Dutch elm 


g. 
° 
5 
o 
Q 
fo] 
tric} 
as 
<q 
o 
3 
ct 
Oo 
ct, 
ina 
o 
“] 
5 
wm 
iv 
% 
ion 
g 
Ge 
ae 
o 
n 
° 
x 
is} 
an 
i=) 
an 
uo] 
= 
as 
° 
—_ 


the fact that swarms of related species have been known to be 
carried considerable distances by wind currents 


145 


146 


In an effort to throw light upon this problem the Bartlett Tree 
Research Laboratories started a balloon release project in 1936 


New York Ci ere were nearly five hundred returns, and a 
number of drift records of thirty to forty-five miles an hour 
They showed idedly easterly drift, both northerly and south- 


nearly to Hartford, with a iderable number landing 
along the south shore of Connecticut both in 193 37. T 

concentration along the south shore agrees very closely with the 
extensi { th Cc isease infecte ea, the number o 


=] 
Fh 
ane 
38 
we 
o 
ist) 
o 
sr 
2 
o 
~ 
i= 
o 
Est} 
5 
=] 
fo) 
4 
a 
a 
o 
Za 
oO 
= 


n 
have been lost at sea. This probability is further — by 
the hosts of Japanese beetles in midsummer drift on both New 


use es 
and weakly trees throughout the infected area, thus greatly re- 
ducing opportunities for these beetles to multiply 


Spruce Trees in Danger 


ppearance of the Eur uropean spruce sawfly, Diprion poly- 
Ww 


praying uce with arse 
ate of lead while the ae are small should give ee 
control 


Saving the Holly 


leaf miner, Phytomysa ilicis, Bae disfigures 
foliage of this beautiful evergreen, and r to last summe 
satisfactory method of contr nown x 


7. as used al 
the rate of 5 pounds to 100 gallons of water with a suitable 
preader or sticker, such as .5., at the rate of 1 pound to 100 


gallons of spray. Equally satisfactory results were secured by 
outdoor applications to badly infested plants. 


148 


Difficulties with Dogwood 

Studies on the dogwood club gall were continued the past season 
and an unusual situation developed. Two gall midges were reared 
in almost t equal numbers from a large number of galls and neither 


satisfactory control in small or somewhat isolated plantings. 
Azalea and Pine Borers 

azalea stem borer, Oberea myops, hollows the tips of azalea 
branches and girdles rhododendron stems. The nearly grown 
grubs are yellowish, less than an inch long and distinctly swollen 
in the region just behind the head. Two years are required to 
eae the life cycle. The second summer the grubs work their 


Tr eav t satis 
brosia beetle, Caine. punts produces similar condi- 
tions in rhododendron stems, except that the entire stem is affected 
ie the aa, placed series of oT blackened galleries causes 
it to break readily at the surface of the ground 

Fe Scotch pine borer, Hylobius radicis, the grubs of which 


at 
o a number of the weevils and i y effective in killin 
ae related black vine weevil, Bae ee so injurious 
to the roots of Taxus. 


149 


Scale Insects 
cale insects continue to attract notice. A new mealy bug, the 


abundant on axUs pidata, at Greenwich, Cor 
a urrence and the e of infestation so far bee 

limited. This mealy bug does not produce the masse 

matter hanging in festoons and load h s haracteristic 
of stock’s m bug, Pseud C mistocki 
occurs on Ta’ species of Pulvinaria, beli new, h 
also been found upon Taxus and is reported as likely to become 
quite serious other al , an d species 
f Cerococcus, was found extremely abundant in a laurel planting 
at Haverford, Pennsylvani his brown, somewhat - 

scale insect is related to the much more non Lecaniums. A 


t t 
somewhat abundant infestation of locust trees by a species of 
Lecaniodiaspis was also found at Haverford, Penn. 

The European beech scale, Ci cree fagi, has been abundant 
and injurious on beech at ae tford, Conn., for some years and 
is known to occur in relatively sparse numbers in several locali- 
ties in southern Wes ae ae ew York. This insect 
produces conditions on beec favorable to invasion by a nectria 


gr 
Maine. Fortunately, this deadly alliance has not, to our knowledge, 
become established farther south. Forcible spraying in midsum- 
mer with nicotine at the usual strength with two percent of a 
white or summer oil to serve as a spreader appears to give reason- 
ably satisfactory control of the scale insect. 

The abundant occurrence of the English walnut scale, Aspidiotus 


oce consider. 
nut, cee locust, maple, and box-elder, as well as on most a 
rees. 

An unusual infestation of the well known oyster-shell scale, 
Lepidosaphes ulmi, occurred on beech in a woodland at Stoc 
bri ‘ 


n 
midsummer by the somewhat general occurrence of twigs with 
dead leaves attached. 


150 


On Rhododendrons 
ropean white fly, Dialeurodes chittendenii, is becoming 
ne and destructive on rhododendron in the greater New 
“ork area. It was first found in a Long Island nursery in 1934 


and is considered to 
oe builds up rapidly. A two percent summer oil spray is 
aid to give satisfactory control. 


Tested Sprays 

Experiments at the Laboratories the past two seasons with 
several colloidal arsenates of lead in which the arsenical was in a 
very fine suspension failed to indicate a markedly greater toxicity 
for these compounds as compared with the more usual arsenates 


ctory re dosa; 
pace eee that recommended for the sendanl arsenates of 
lead 


xtensive tests with derris powder or cubé powder in rosin 


factory reports. hile the reports on scale insects and red spiders 
were contradictory, good results were obtained against the tent 
caterpillars, fall webworms, catalpa sphinx caterpillars, spiny elm 
caterpillars, pear slugs, European spruce sawfly larvae, and cur- 
rant worms, and fairly good results were obtained in the control 
of the larch case bearer, Japanese beetle, the Asiatic garden beetle 
and June bugs. Generally speaking, the results were reasonably 
good in the case of more susceptible species and not so favorable 
with pests possessing a higher resistance. 


151 


A Plea For the Amateur By Sarah V. Coombs 


OME professional horticulturists think with moderately con- 

ealed scorn of the amateur and his or —generally her— 

eer to the science of gardening, as as shown in 
0 


It is true that the earn contribution to “straight” horti- 


ishly. s 
scientiousness, over each exhibit carefully, even when the 
wh ass aed Paes be dismissed with a wave of the 


are we going to raise the standard of growing and ex- 
biting in n this c ountry, never forgetting that amateurs are some- 
ar? The forwa 


go 

professionals are hopeful, but the amateurs must feel the urge 
themselves, must jack themselves up or we shall not get very far. 
Yet they can be helped 

Though good horticulture is professedly the aim of gardening, 
it is often lost in the maze of other interests. To say that for 
many amateurs it rests on the shaky foundation of the 
ture Arrangements” in flower shows is pretty far-fetched, yet 
there is more than a grain of truth in this statement, for it is by 
means of such apparently unimportant and foolish lures that the 
person we want to influence is first attracted. The owner of a 
sinall garden is persuaded to put a miniature arrangement in a 
flower show. It looks easy. It isn't, for it is even more difficult 
to make a good design, with good color, in a tiny picture where 
everything is reduced to its simplest terms than in a large arrange- 
ment. It goes in, however, and perhaps because the exhibitor is 
something of an artist or because of the weirdness of much 


152 


“artistic” amateur judging, it gets a prize. Many clubs now have 
© novices in which they are pitted against those only 


a cla 
who are as imi as they. In any case, the exhibitor is en- 
— to a some of the other classes in the next show. This 
goes on for ear or two when—it would seem suddenly—the 
aeons attention is held by the flowers themselves. Perhaps 


she has taken a course in Judging for Amateur Shows in which 
a large share is given to straight horticulture. In any case, she 
compares her flowers with those grown by others and the start is 
made 

Just here is where others can help. Perhaps the exhibitor’s eyes 
have been opened to the beauty and variety of daffodils in one - 
the big shows. The names of the classes mean nothing. Wha 

Barrii or an incomparabilis cyclamineus hybrid? ie ; 

flori 


° 
the name | ee is the jonquil class filled with sweet-scented 
little clustered flowers? 

Tost ae a $s now have horticultural chairmen whose duty 
it is to tell the members just such things, but botanic gardens, 
horticultural magazines and, above all, the scientists themselves 

€ 


When daffodils are in seas y person who can be in- 
duced, beaten, bribed or aaa eat be taken to see one or 
more of the great glorious blooming spots and the different types 
should be pointed out. Once shown such a place, a springtime 
hereafter when those people miss that sight will be considered by 
them a springtime wasted. It is a rewarding task, for the ama- 
tcurs are on the whole a rather meek and ¢ otra lot. Will they 
not grow better da ffodile hereafter? They should be helped by 
classified lists of varieties suitable for the full and for the rather 
flat ae lf os grow one fine daffodil as a result, even that 


ow 1 
in our botanic gardens? Or the irises or the roses, the gladioli 
i he 


botanists are over-busy with their research and their classifica- 
tion, the horticulturists are hard at work planting all these lovely 
things, but the amateur needs their help. 

Wi e a literate race, yet most of us hark back 
to our remote ancestors in learning more quickly and easily by 


153 


seeing. Perhaps we have read about the beauty-bush or the 
Louisiana pene or the dove-tree. We may have seen colored illus- 
trations which are vivid and interesting but when we have once 
seen a glorious waterfall of the pink flowers of the Kolkwitzia 
or the strange tawny color of some of the irises, or ee if 
e s fluttering white “bird’’, shall 
never forget them. The more flowers the amateur can see, the 

more likely he is to develop into a real horticulturist 
e mediaeval dimness of the early years ee the century, 


Bailey’s “Cyclope of American Horticulture’ was, to t 
writer of this, ther eager but entirely ignorant gardener, the 
lamp which many midnight hours of ’s 
book: are standards still ere are ae others nowad 


ne 
learn, in one way if not in another, and ae nae will s 
many a false step and many a time-wasting mistake 
A Word to the Amateur 
This has been a plea to the scientist to help the amateur. Now 
a few words to the amateur herself. There are men’s garden 


foliage or the flowers are not as big as they should be for that 
variety, it will be just too bad. 


154 


Since the path to horticulture is strewn with flower shows, a 
hint or two about preparing for them may not be out of place. 
Cut your flowers the night before and set in deep water in a 
cool place over night. Wrap a paper about your dahlias, your 
poppies, your heliotrope and your mignonette and burn the ends 
of the stems over a flame till a porous carbon is formed which 
will let the water enter. Cut your roses in bud, your poppies also. 
Plants with a milky juice will be helped by salt or ashes in the 
water which keeps the sap from hardening. A pail half-filled with 


cate the 

the color, but let the sun bleach the white ones. When you get 
to the show, arrange your flowers if you have a chance. A collec 
tion may be made or spoiled by arrangement. 

bove all, have good flowers. Have something those fine pro- 
fessional horticulturists will really tas to judge; and thus shall 
we who are amateurs win favor in their cyes, and whether our 
days are long in the land or ae we shall have had a grand time. 


cA Mother of Islands By H.H. Rusby 


HE mangrove, which may be found at the edge of salt water 


in cal regions, has been well characterized as a “mother 
of islands.” It al owly extends the area of the land toward 
the ocean wherever it takes root. The principal mangrove of tt 


S 

Mangle L. Other species of essentially the same, though slightly 

different habit, occupy similar regions in other parts of the world 
orn loose by the waves during a storm, a small native man- 

grove shrub is carried away by the tide until it becomes stranded 

at some place where the water is shallow. Here it takes root and 


155 


eee into a bs erect shrub or small tree. Eventually it bears 
flowers and fru 

i flowering, the mature pod does not fall, neither does 
discharge its seed, but it remains closed and sometimes pee 
as long as a year, its stem continuing to grow indefinitely. The 


from the under side of the branches, either vertically or at an 
angle. As these reach the water, and later the mud below, the 
branches, strengthened by this new support, and by others which 
develop later, extend themselves indefinitely, spreading outward 
in all ae ections. By continuation of this process, these adven- 
titious roots often branching, the original plant develops into a 
miniature forest with hundreds and finally thousands of stem-like 
roots standing thickly in the shallow water, and so firmly anchored 
that they safely resist the action of wind and wave. 

any of the leaves which fall become entangled in the roots 
and decay, thus making continual additions to the soil at the 
bottom. This same network of stems and roots catches and holds 
other floating eS which comes its When storms 


less at this ca material is caught in the network of vegeta- 
tion, and it in turn becomes a resting place for further additions 
of the same kind. As the years go by, this mangrove growth, at 
first oe Be) come to cover acres or even square miles, 
an t first barely showed above the surface at a 
daa e point ones an island or an extension of the shore, where 
ultimately human habitations may be established. 
is is no fancy sketch of a a cess that is merely possible, but 
an accurate description of one that is now in operation in hun- 
eds of places. It is not too ak to say that much of the land 
now constituting the southwestern portion of the peninsula of 
Florida and the adjacent islands originated in this way. 


156 


The Recognition of Some 
Common Native Trees 
By Their Leaves 


hens escriptions of the leaves of eight of the fifteen common native 
Mes 


By Harold N. Moldenke 


°, is 
issue. Lea fa Pane. trees will be described by Dr. 
Moldenke ina w for thcoming number of the Journal. ries Wi c 
tinued with an illustrated presentation of the flowers and fruits of these 
sane trees by Dr, W. “ Camp. The photographs of the leaves in this and 
the next pe which have been made by Miss Fleda Griffith, have ao 
a taken at the same detanes from the subject, and are repro oduced her 
approximately one-fifth natural size — “CE. W. 

t-gum (Liquidambar Styracifiua). The characteristic leaves 
of the sweet-gum render it one of the easiest of our native trees 
i i sesses sees 


con- 
irregular in cate 
are equipped with long petioles, and arranged on the tw 
a 


in 
Iternate fashion instead of opposite 


in pairs. They are ee 
when bruised sad turn to a deep crimson color in the autumn. 
The blades, which are three to nine inches in diameter, are mostly 
broader than long, and they vary from almost truncate to slightly 
heart-shaped at the base. Smooth and shining above, the leaves 
are often pubescent beneath in the axils of the larger veins. The 
three to seven deeply cut, sharply pointed lobes are surprisingly 
uniform and regular. Their margins are evenly serrate with fine, 
sharp, gland-tipped teeth. The main venation is eae is, 
the principal veins issue from a single point at the base 

leaf ee where they spread outward somewhat in i manner of 

s of one’s hand. 


inden (Tilia americana). Of the dozen or more 
oe Pe in the eastern United States, this one is perhaps 
the most common in our immediate region, where it is frequently 
called either basswood or whitewood. The leaves, which are com- 
paratively large, occur in alternate fashion on the twigs. Unlike 


* Trees in Profile by Forman T, McLean, Dec. 1937; Bark and Buds 
Identify Some Native Trees in Winter by E. J. Alexander, March ee 
April 


157 


those of the sweet-gum, however, they are not arranged spirally, 
but are borne on directly opposite sides of the twigs in a distichous 


The sweet-gum (above) is the only native tree with definitely star-shaped 
leaves. The base of each leaf of the American linden (below) is inequilateral. 


158 


or two-ranked fashion. A twig of sweet-gum will not lie flat on 
the table, because the leaves issue from all sides of it, but a twig 
ind. : : ie 


the 
venation is eae is, like the branches 
eather, cept at the very base on -the longer 
Silver Maple (Acer saccharinum). "The maples cee in that 
comparatively on group of native trees ne leaves are ar- 
anged in pairs opposite each other on the twigs. The pairs, as 
can be plainly seen in the upper illustration, fie at right angles 
to each other, so that a perfect mosaic is formed when the branch 


a 
fa 
=) 
GQ 
3 
S 
fa) 
> 
oy 
= 
ay 
a 
4 
+ 
aa 
= 
B 2 
is] 
as 
o 
® 
3° 
g 
a 
® 
4 
w 
S 
o 
® 
a 
x) 
< 
3 
wn 
ry 
c= 
o 


= 
3s 
o 
is 
2 
5 
® 
3 
2 
o 
[ay 
h 
soy 
- 
= 
o 
> 
o 
wo 


very 
The ot tobe usually has a small eee secondary lobe 
each side at about the middle. 
S Maple (Acer saccharwin). Of the dozen or more maples 
of the eastern see the sugar maple silver maple (described 
above) are perhaps the commonest in this area, although the red 


159 


and Carolina maples are also locally abundant. The individual 
lobes of the leaf of the sugar maple, shown in the upper left- 


The twig at the right shows the typical arrangement of maple leaves, as 
engined by the silver maple. aie at the left, is a single leaf of the 
native sugar maple. Similar in form but different in texture are the leaves of 
the buttonwood, shown below at both ae left and right. 


160 


hand corner of the illustration, are much broader than those of 
the silver maple. The blades, which are palmately three- to five- 
veined and three- to five-lobed, are usually about three to six 
inches in both breadth and length. They are rather thin at 
maturity, smooth on both surfaces, dark green and dull above, 
paler beneath, and heart- -shaped or truncate at the base. The 
broad lobes are sparingly and irregularly sinuate-toothed, and 
both lobes and ae are sharply acuminate at the apex—that is, 
they are drawn out into an elongated point. The sinuses between 
the lobes are eee rounded, causing the leaf-surface to appear 
more or less wavy and the lobes to overlap when a leaf is laid 
flat for ees aphing. 

Button d (Plat nus occidentalis). The leaves of the button- 


cipal veins beneath. One lea the left in the illustration and 
a small one on the right are ce in reverse. The leaves vary 
greatly in shape, even on a single tree, though the lobes are 
always broad, mostly large, and acuminate at the apex. The mar- 
gins may be sinuate-dentate with rather remote acuminate teeth, 
as in the photograph, or entire and merely undulate. 

Sassafras (Sassafras variifolinin). Unmistakable is the sassa- 
fras tree in leaf. No other tree in our local flora has leaves which 
vary so conspicuously on the same branch from entire-margined 


161 


to mitten-shaped and even plainly three-lobed! Also, none of our 
other trees has leaves which are mucilaginous when chewed, and 


sassafras bears three types of leaves on a single branch—entire, mitten- 


he 
re and. three-lobed. 


162 


these have the distinctive sassafras flavor. The leaves are spirally 
alternate in their arrangement on the twig, and their blades ar 
ovate or obovate in outline, four to six inches long, two to four 
inches wide, and plainly cuneate ee anne at the base. 
Smooth, bright green above, they are glaucescent and smooth or 
slightly pubescent beneath, eae oe pubescent in age. Their 
thin texture is revealed in the impression of the twig through 


a e pri 
along the midrib, ne he veins leading to the lobes are 
et stronger a an oem than the r 

Tuli 


e ther tree in the region y from three 
to six inches in length and width and are borne on long petioles 

ich a irally alternate on the twigs. At base they vary 
from slightly heart-shaped or wedge-sh (as in the picture) 
to truncate or rounded. Ordinarily four-lobed, the blades some- 
times have two small cieages basal lobes. At maturity the leaves 
are rather thin in textu hey are smooth and lustrous above 


a paler dull green ee A few of them turn color as 
soon as the flowering season is over the last of June. so that by 
early autumn an entire tree is brilliant vello 

Sour-gum (Nyssa sylvatica). This tree, ies is also known 
as tu os or pepperidge, is most common along streams and about 
the margin of ponds, although it may be found also on hillsides 
and in a corsa where its seeds have been dropped by 
passing birds. glossy leaves are eee smaller than any 
of those thus a discussed. ough they are ey alternate, 


ve inches long, rather thick in texture at maturity, dark green 
and very lustrous above, and glaucescent and aoe beneath or 
more or less pubescent along the veins. At the x the leaves 
are rather abruptly acute, while they are cuneate at ae base. The 


163 


petioles are one-quarter to one and one-half inches long and are 
usually fringed on the margins. The’ leaves turn bright scarlet 
the upper surface in rather early autumn before they fall. 


The tulip-tree (left) is known by the indentation at the tip a each leaf; 
the sour-gum (right) by its glossy, clustered, entire-margined lea 


164 


Reviews of Recent Books 


(All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of 
The New York Botanical Garden.) 


Good Reading for Gardeners 


THE GARDENER’S NAY BOO] 
paeeat eee Wright, 384 Bases, in- 
xed. J. B. Lippincott Co. 1938, $2.50. 


e question of what inveterate 


it. con ma know a od 
e fact that, althor i 


walk, 


his own rich storeroom er 
's, reminiscences and present-day 


This Day Book follows the form and 


with a daily reminder such as “Oil the 
mole traps . a e 4 eding them 
soon,” or “ ing water or 
Christmas oes aad het buds won't fall 
off.” At tl Mr. 


end of each month 
k within bounds so 
i measure an extra 
2,000-word hei Scnd calls it the Long 
Piece—“At the Tavern of the Old Tax 


onomist” is his choice for the close ot 
eee 
s difficult to present a true pic- 
ture a ae oe Se ree this book as 
hat 


1 not be disappointed when you read 
The Gardener’s Day Book.” 
LIZABETH C, HALL. 


On Flower Shows 
FLOWER SHOWS AND HOW TO 


STAGE THEM. Adele S. Fisher. 
Illustrated with photograplis. Richard 
R. Smith, New Yor! 938. $5. 


This book has much t end i 
For che. ee it 3 ae i betes i the rst 
one to offer 


na nu er 
tions. It is an agreeable book to look at, 
many of the pic s being reproductions 
of prize-winning flower arrangements, 
box groups, garden 


on ones shows and was instrumental in 
starting the first ee center, that of 
Hackensack. She has been interested in 
civic ees and roadside improvement. 

er influe is far-reaching. Bees a Ise 
of her go cn Sone I find ie dificult ae 
ungracious to say that I think her bool 
might have oe better. 


Ther any good suggestions. 
One, peel. 4 is the use of a card cat- 
flower-comm 


£ h an implication as to 
ne t is oe expected, so that departments 
will not over] 
nd epecaily. a the steeee 
clean-up chairman and for a flowe 
dsetution ania 
many flower Boal I know 
Geane up afte ral days of har 
work, with the ctement all past, is one 


is 
= 


of the dullest and most difficult sobs 
i and the idea of having 
fresh, in 


How IC or 
the flowers would mean to people if 
they reached them carefully 1 


ea the aid in suit- 
able boxes, neatly wrapped and tied. 


ith Mrs. Fisher that 


of flowers. Line, color, propor- 
tion are all most fapocant fe there is, 
in work with flowers, something further, 

possible to be understood 


but m 
He lg “of Vane with many delight. 
ful a 

ie i am supposed to be horticultural 
watchdog for a sizeable Broup of garden 
club members, I shall have lo a little 
barking. With all its good ae T fin 
the book cece n one important et 
ticular. It all back t 


Ss 
ie plan? 


> 
8 

aS 
a 
oO 
= 
= 
oO 


wers themselves, 
fa pene for specimens in the sched- 
ules, t in the dal hlia one and in 


flower show 
there are gardens galore, but 
fae poner: importance has been given to 


Now, ving barked rather fiercely, 
may re ae by saying that Mrs. Fisher's 
book wil any people in thei 
flower show pl: ans and that, if those peo. 
ple will give “straight” eee at 
least a fifty-fifty chance, all will be 


HY. One 


$8. 


165 


Ferns and Their 


OUR_ FERNS, nik iene TS, 
HABITS AND FOLRLOR Willa: rd 
Neon Clute. 388 pages, iret 
index Stokes Co. 


xed. Frederick A. 
$4. 


Thi: welcome revision of the 
geccllent: pend “Our Ferns in Their 
Haunts,” which has been out of print 
for some 

Eighty- cae species and their various 
forms found east of the Rockies and 
north of the Gulf States are included. In 


le 
10 vi ich ded, and t! 

nomenclature has apie rought up t 
late. There are seve short, concise 
keys: two descriptive eae one for the 
genera and one for species in ao oe 


We thankfully note that the ele Stabs 
lished common names have not been 
changed and that synonyms for the scien- 

n. auth 


tific are give The or has, how- 
ever, given a number oS ae less 
mon forms new popular 

is conservative in diy isions of 


species, as in Pellaca arab Le pee 
he does no Be a 
species, but rathe 

The many Giotion. of ee ry and the 
references to the folklore and distribu- 
tion in other countries add much spice to 
the fine descriptions. “Our Ferns” will 
make a valuable addition to the reference 
library of the fern student or nepbys 

Faripa A. WIu 


The sid oad Care of Tre 
ACTICAL TREE coe Y. Mi 


R 
ara F. Blair. 297 pages, ullustrated. 
indexed. Christopher Publishing How: 
Boston. 1938. $4. 


ae ical Tree Surgery” by Millard 
F. B 


pages deal hubba a wid 


half of it ane devoted to brief discus- 
sions of many insects and pl. diseases. 
The au i me o tree surgery, 
using in its restricted and 
proper sense occupies less than 100 pages 
and dea with s bjects as tree struc- 
ture, os 1 nd pruning, 
bracing, cavit ork, feeding, moving, 
afting and budding, propagation by 
cuttin; and layering, ean of 
ae t un- 


28 
flowers, flower parts, and a 
usual chapte er on ropes aad ie 


166 


large number of subjects he 
brevity, in some cases at t te 
pense of clarity, The book appe 

have been written with the needs OL ie 
mind and is obviously western 
in its discussions of insects and diseases 
in pane It is therefore of greatest 
service to tree men on the eae ae a 

E. P. 


S 


i in 


sila seca Garden. 
GAR 


S AND GARDENING. Edi- 
ted id N A. Mercer. 132 pages, fae 


trated with photographs and_ plan: 
The Studio, New York and Londo on 
193 4.5! 


Poles ritish flavor and continental! 
rare come to enter a gardening ae 
d, the 


American photographs and 
suficient pry ete for any land, 
o be of decided interest and usefulness 


_ Amerie. gardeners. Abundantly and 
beautifully ‘illustrated, the volume 
cludes, among its main topics, Planning 


yee 


and flower is super! 
AROL H. Woopwarp. 


Picture Books 
GARDE. UL COLOR. 
Horace ‘MeFarland, x. Marion Hatton 
y. 296 pages, iss 


trated i jor,” indexed. illan 
New York, 1938. 
ANNUALS. FOR GARDEN 
Daniel J. Foley. 96 pages, illustrated 
in color, indexed. Macmillan, New 
York, 

When a ie collection of catalogs, 


are— 
and one on pediess wae people seemed 


to like the earlier one on garden flowers 
patch to induce a publisher to out out 
re. Their chief advantage is to en 


re) 
entifications of plants which ing up 
without benefit of labels. Information 
and simple cultural directions are given 
r each plant illust: e book of 
annuals emphasizes t -America se- 
lection. The bulb boo 


of several indoor 
hardy garden material. In view o 
gainst such tulips as 
wc are likely to 
virus disease through aes 
it seems a bit out of place 
Gyeaine of the ‘ folipe for the 
authors to remark: “Gardeners are mis: 
ing much pleasure by not o owing nore 

f them.” 

However, the books on the whole are 
se Hees ad no doubt serve a good 
pur in acquainting their purchasers 
pictorial with many colorful garden 

Caro H. Woopwarp. 


Current Literature* 
At a Glance 
Carol H. Woodward 


The May-June issue of Torreya 


for 
described the ferns to be found in that 


City Trees. How a program for the 
planting of street trees in New York City 
wens carried out is explain 
E. Seymour in the City Gardens 
Club Butters we arrangement with 
Anthony V. Grande _in the Park Depart- 


a suels tree may be planted at the re- 
quest n individual in metropolitan 
ew x for ost of about fifty dol- 
lars. In other Beas and for trees in 
quantity, the of each specimen be- 
comes 

* All publications mentioned here—and many 
others—may 


be found in the ey, of The 
Botanical Garden, in the Mus uildin; 


167 


Ornamental ahve of 
Fir he ate oa by Harold Mowry 
pete = of the Agricultural Experi- 
it Sta at Gainesville, Fla. 
pe of re- 


ugh Gardening. A new ty: 


to) 
00 years, are us d 
a number of them at the os Flower 
Show in London this y 


Phlox. Dwarf species and varieties of 
phlox are described in the May : num- 
ber of Lexington Leaflets. A s 
named color forms of Phlox cubulte: are 
listed. 


ce 


sila Brief, up-to-date directions 

© commercial storage - fruits, 

vesubles and florists’ ae ene 

in the revised edition of Cir- 

cular 278, which is Seine fae the 

Superintendent of ner Washing- 
, D.C., for 10 


Walls. 
use in 


A series of articles a plants to 
ba gardens, written by C. W. 
Wood, pening in The dmerican Nur- 
serial * this summer. 


Nuttall, The travels and the scientific 
collections of Thomas Nuttall are the 
subject 


incorporated in the final work by Francis 
W. Pennell. 


Franklinia. “A Supplementary Chapter 
on Franklinia oe. ea been written 
by Francis Har and Art . Leeds 


disappearance from the wild remains a 
mystery. 
paper- 


Australia andboo 
corerat and cheese in oe lists 86 
common Australian wild flowers. 


abe A new green vegetable for 
the table? is fete orane throug! 
the ig “selection and use of soybeans. 
A study of soybeans for = American 


diet has been made by Sybil Woodruff. 
and He ne 
oe 


at 
as a “Towctet source 


’ of tulips. 
"etc Who: 


dain or L. tigrinum, 
common cause for the 
disease in large plantings is the preence 
of the potato and peach aphids. The 
disease does not show until the year after 
as Bie Parker. tulips do not belong 
“broken” class, but Rembrandts 
do. This means that a grower who 
wishes to maintain healthy net should 
destroy all tulips of the Rembrandt and 
similar types, as they are diseased. 


n.o 


Gardeni: Three of the outstanding 
Presa aries in Real Gardening for 
June are “Sprays and Dusts for Garden 
oe by L. C. Chadwick, “What 


rT 
month sedums, 
eriogonums, and vegetables. 
rington writes especially - or ioe club 
members 0 “Ju st How Organize a 
Flower Show.” 


Notes, News, and Comment 


land. Profess: bert 
C. oe a Ayoanat formerly Master of 
apes Colleg e and Vice-Chancellor . 


for 
ticularly in this country re his 
“Plant Life Through the es.” 


Scholarship Students. Working 
on scholar: ip: 
from the Unicity of Cincinnati, who is 
spending two months on the liverwort 
genus Bazcania; Edna Kobs of Boi k- 
burn College in Virginia, doing a month’s 
research on su ee Joseph Ailerion of 
New York Uni ity and Betty Water- 
bury of New ae oa a a Raa 
ae woe under out for 
month ; Josep ae ‘McAllister, a 
to lumbia graduate student, who is con- 
tinuing a studies on ‘diseases of Opuntia 
with a 1 work under Dr. 


B jedge: During the spring, Oswaldo 
ropes spent a aie ith Dr. Dodg 
arship making illustrations and 


schol 
cultures of the pink bread-mold, Neuro- 
Spor 


Laboratory. Mrs. Mary Bartley Schmidt 
came to the Garden July i; from the Uni- 
versity of Missouri to do four months 
of epee! laboratory ae on the nutri- 
tion of ro ae the direction of Dr. 
William J. Robbin 


Summer Studies. Dr. Ernest Nailor, 
Assistant Professor of Botany at the 
University of Missouri, 


veget g 

Middleton, a “graduate student at Mis- 

souri, aie here in June do- 

in Lies ork in mycology. 
Prize-winners. A group of daylily seed- 

exhibited by The New York Botani- 


prize 


owl of cut clematis 
ae teem the gardens of J. E. 


C. Smith ce 

ee Garden earl. 
trip explorin ie 

ring whi . he 


Returned. Dr. 
ew 


ther mens from unknown terri- 
tory i in the interior of British Gunes 


Dr. H. ap Whetzel of Cor- 
aan Uneae spen' 
Botanical Garden tn identifying 
some fies hosts from Santo Domingo. 


168 


Dr. Frank Egler of Syracuse University 
worked for a day in the oriental herb, 


New Books. Among the books which 
have recently been acquired by the 

ibrary are eel from the Stanford 
Lee aee Press. “Alaska Wild Flow- 

s” by Ada White Sharples fills a need 
arene northern travelers with many good 
Photos wes ee its 156 pages of 
d “No ocky Mow 


now the methods, technique, styles, and 
codes to be used in lustating Poe 
works. “The Me of Yosemite” 

er is illu: ie with 


5 eee! ae 
are provided 
Pease ics. Professor Edmund W. Sin 

a ege, a member of the 


e to the bot: 
cal pl 


Tre a ee Skottsberg, Direc- 
tor OL ie e Botanica Garden at connare: 
Dea stopped al e New York 
tan: Garden ae . on “his way me 
Hawai where he will do three months 
of research, reiueHing home to Sweden 
via New Zealand. 


pes Flora. Dr. Eric Hultén of 
yu University, Sweden, spent two 

eeks in June at the Botanical Garden 
hee worn on the flora of Alaska in 
the herbar: 


Dr. Stout went to 
*N. Ys dae Bs to continue his 
work in the breeding of hardy seedless 
grapes. 


THE NEW YORK cadres GARDEN 
ARD OF MANAGER 


lL ELECTIVE MANAGE 

Until 1939: ArTHUR M. ANpbERSON (Treasurer), ge CE E. 
Magee, ene DE La MoNnTAGNE ee aes and pres go 
wa ey = and J. E. Sprnca 

Until 1 Henry pve Forest Bato See (Vice-president), Cuitps Frick, 
ALLYN R TeNHINcs, Henry Tocenaad. Jz., D. T. MacDouecal1, and JoszPH 
R. Swan (President 

Until 1941: MARSHAL Mrs. Eron Huntinctron Hooxer, Joun L. 
MERRILL Vice-president, ca "Rosert H Moniek H. Hopart Pons. 
and Raymonp H. Tor 


II. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS 
Frorecto H. LaGuaroia, Mayor of the City of New York. 
Rove Moees, Park Comihiuones 
Henry C. Turner, President of the Board of Education. 
III. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS 
y E, Hazen, appointed by the Torrey Botanical Club. 


nee ARPER, Sam F. Tri RELEASE, EDMUND W. SINNoTT, and Marston T. 
Bocert, appointed by Columbia Universit ty. 


GARDEN STAFF 


WILLIAM J. ROmNS) Pu. D., Sc. D. Director 
H. A. Greason, Pu D. Assistant Director on” hog Curator 
HENRY DE Pi MoNTAGNE t Director 
A. B, Stout, Px. D. Curator of Education fa Daborumnes 
Frev J. Seaver, Py, D., Sc. D. Curator 
Bernarp O, Dongs, Pu. D. elo i athologet 
Joun HENDLEY peer aes A. M., M. D. iographer 
Percy WILson Prt Curator 
Avgert C, Smitu, Pu. D. Associate Curator 
Harotp N. Movpenxe, Px. D. Associate Curator 
ExizaBetH C. Hatt, B. S. ibrarian 
H. H. Russ ins Devin aeuess Honorary Curator of a Economic Collections 
Fiepa GRIFF Artist and Photographer 
Rogert S. Wine h Associate in Brvology 
E. J, ALEXANDER...... Assistant Curator and Cae of the Local Herbarium 
W. H. Camp, Pu. D. ssistant Curator 
Crype CHANDLER, A. M. Technical Assistant 
Rosaume WEIKERT Technical Assistant 
FREDERICK VANAGH, M.A Te tse Assistant 
Caro, H. Woopwarp, A. B. Editor ator 
Tuomas H. Everett, N. D. Hort. Hor culturist 
G. L. Wrrrrocx, A. M. Docent * 
Otto eee a Ss. Collaborator in Hawatian Botan 
Ropert HaGELs: Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes 
ErHEe, ANSON ‘S. "Peer nau: -Honorary Curator, Iris and i i oleae ‘Collections 
ea J. Foote Superintendent of _ idings and Grounds 
A.C. DER stant Gupte endent 


MEMBERSHIP IN THE GARDEN 


Established as a privately endowed instiaeD aided partially ey City appro- 
priations, The New York Botanical Garden s dep ndent for its 
aren Thro h 


progress largely 
ppelactions and meee hips u, ‘ ese means, though young as botani- 
gardens go, as third largest ees of its kind, its library, 
herbarium, ane are eeilecaene ranking a g the finest and most complete 
in 
ae in The New Yorks sonar Garcon therefore, means promoti 

nae research in botany the advancement of horticultural interests 
Scientifically, the Gar i O serve as a cleat ne enoies of information for 
and pon ts all over the world; horticulturally, it often serves as a link 

between the plant explorer or teen and the gardening public 
ro a hips and » provi is the Botanical 
Garden for the training of young scientists and student gardeners; hundreds of new 


xhibi 
and gardens, and lectures, courses, and free Toate in botany and garden 
public. 


individual member the Garden receives: 
A copy of as Journal every month. 
y of ee twice a year, each number illustrated with 
Be tue accompanied by complete descrip- 
(3) ne is re ey surplus eee eae of interesting or new varieties 
whenever it is distributed. 
pncuncenens of special floral displays at the Garden from 
season to seaso 
(5) Credit, to the oe of the membership fee paid, toward courses 
of study Baeea by the Garden 


A limited number of garden ae are Coes as afhliates. 


Fellowships or ccholirahi ips for practical student-training in horticulture or fee 
ee eur research may b eat shed by bequest or other benefaction either 
r fo 


perpetuity or for a definite 
The tee of reas a types of benefaction are as follows: 

ual Member annua te $ 10 
Sustaining Montes nnu DS 
Garden Club Affiliation a e for club 25 
Fellowship Mem! annual fee 100 
Member fo: single contribution 250 
Belew f fi single cont ibution 1,000 

tron 


Reece single contribution 25, 000 


Contributions to the Garden may Bee Seduced from taxable incomes. The 
pace is a legally eae form of beq 
ereby bequeath to The New York Batam Garden incorporated under the 
boas 3 New 7 York, Chapter bi . 1891, the of —————_—_—_.. 
Conditional bequests de with income payable to donor or any 
designated ener using ene or hee lifetim 


requests for further information an be addressed to The New York 
Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. 


: 
4 
, 
: 


VoL. XXXIX Aveust, 1938 PAGES 
No. 464 169—192 


JOURNAL 
THE NEW YORK neal GARDEN 


Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y 
Entered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. 
ual subscription $1.0 Single copies 10 cents 
Fre 


to members of the Garden 


JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
Carov H. amas, Editor 
August, 1938 
MIpsuMMER IN THE DECIDUOUS ARBORETUM 
Cover * Photograph by Fleda Griffith 
THE PEOPLE'S Se Aa eld IN WARRING AGAINST T 
DutcH Etm DIsEAsE Don Bloch 169 
HENRY W. DE ForREsT 
THE oo oF SomE Common NATIVE pee 
TH 
ees rn ee 
Reviews oF Recent Booxs 
CurRRENT LITERATURE AT A GLANCE 
Notgs, News, AND COMMENT 


SCHOLARSHIPS 


ee summer a number of botanists from other institutions come to 
The York ‘Boaaiel Garden for a month or more to pursue special 
: ate 


wold - N. Moldenke 180 
. 


Carol H. Woodward ot 
192 


ot eeding or the 
of the cells and organs of plants for their oe stud 


° Bp 
e purpose of the scholarship is a dual one: to aid 


search. the 
o make a contribution to the progress of oe 


research worker and t 
scienc 
Alexander P. Anderso on, Biles eee ae ago egniaias the breakfast 
soe in “exploded” of rice and w while he w: 

research at the Botanical Garden, ran rae the Alexander P. and ydia 


Anderson Research 
ear i e or more 


mportant botanical projects. 
f regret that larger sums for these purposes are not at 
nica , because this institution is in 


ae] 
ot 
wa 
c 
5 
@ 
Oo 
c 
= 
g 
a. 
3 
m 
= 
B 
yy 
° 
isk 
=a 
ay 
is) 
a 
roe 
° 
5 
tad 
9 
e 
e 
= 
a 
fa] 
oa 
ao 
ct 
° 
ue} 
° 


een bare for scholarships. 

an much 

ae. pos in bot nical r ae since TI e New York Botanical 

arde ith i y, laboratories, and highly trained scien- 

tific staff, offers el means for ement of the science which 
deals with the fundamental living things of the earth. 


JOURNAL 


of 
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 


VoL. XX XIX Aucust, 1938 No. 464 


The People’s Responsibility 
In Warring Against the 
Dutch Elm Disease By Don Bloch 


While Me ess has been definitely made during the past five 
years toward the cradication of the so-called Dutch elm disease, 
dangers still lie ahead unless persistent efforts are made to destroy 
every weakened elm which might become a carricr. This means 

ron pHINE 1 ad h 


the story of the Dutch elin disease and describes the campaign for 
its climination.—c.H.W 


DAY, in this country, a billion elms grow in wooded valleys, 

n hillsides, and along the highways of the nation. Twenty- 

five ‘nillion of these are counted as of special shade and orna- 

mental value, nourished for bey ane or sentimental qualities. 

ould you u have them al 

The question is a i one. There is danger—imminent 
danger, that they will go, and that in no great space of years. 

n 1930, i i i 


cut, that a real epidemic was recognized. Immediately, our scien- 
tists began systematic lease to discover its method of entry 


169 


170 


into this country and to control its further sprea ad. A gr of 


‘ent Beattie of the oral Burea lant Industr. 

“The first Graphium-infected elms cut down in Ne ey 
revealed,” M ie continued in his report, “that live beetles 
and larvae were abundant in tunnels bet wood and the 
bark. These were determined as Scolytus mutltistriatu ut e€ 


though the beetle was carrying the fungus Graphium Ulmi from 
elm tree to elm tree in New Jersey, how did the beetle and the 
fungus get from Europe to America? 

“On Monday, August 7, 1933, L. M. Scott: Piant Inspector of 
the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine in charge of 
the port of Baltimore, examined in his port ten elm burl logs which 
had just arrived from France. He had read the night before an 
account of the Dutch elm disease. The burls, he found, were 
destined for a veneer manufacturing plant in Kentucky. In these 
logs he found some bark beetles which were determined shortly by 
Dr. M. W. Blackman, of the Bureau of Entomology, as Scolytus 
Scolytus, the vector in Europe, and a species not known here. 

“Representatives of the Division of Forest Pathology were 
notified at once. They examined the logs and found an abundance 
of fungous growth in and around the insect tunnels between the 
bark and the wood and, in the young wood, characteristic brown 
streaks such as are produced by Graphinm Ulmni. From specimens 
then taken, a considerable number of colonies of Graphium Ulimi 

were soon isolated by Curtis May and M. E. Fowler, thus con- 
firming that these elm burls were carriers across the Atlantic of 
the dread Dutch elm disease.” 

About this time Scolytus muiltistriatus was determined as the 

isease t 


o 
nh 
3 
a 
4 
3 
a 
> 
o 
wn 
= 
i) 
Resi 
4 
g 


0 " . hundred or more eggs laid 
close together along both sides of a tunnel, tiny larvae or grubs 


This double-comb 
pattern, which is 


just beneath the bark 
of elms, indicates the 
presence of the elm 
bark beetle, principal 
carrier of the Dutch 


allel to the grain is 
the tunnel in which 
eggs ave laid. The 
wavy “teeth” of the 


the burrowing of the 
newly hatched grubs 
to the points at 
which they emerge 
by digging holes 
through the bark. If 
a tree is diseased, 
they carry the spores 
with them to other 
trees upon which 
they feed when ma- 


ture. 


hatch and burrow across the grain to form a characteristically 
wavy “double-comb" pattern. 

Shedding its skin from time to time as it grows and eats its 
way to the end of its larval tunnel, each is transformed into a 
reddish black, ane nee Then as a beetle, it digs out through 
the bark leaving a tiny shot-hole-like opening in the bark about 
one-sixteenth of an inch long. Thousands of such beetles may 


172 


emerge from a single tree. Should their tree host be affected with 
the Dutch elm disease, the beetles may carry its spores on their 
bodies and in their digestive tracts. 

Then flying—actually swarming in bright weather—to nearby 


times innoculated with the fungus under laboratory conditions in 
this country and in Europe, with definite conclusion that no elm 
which grows naturally anywhere in the United States is safe. 

The fact that the bark beetle of European origin, Scolytus mul- 
tistriatus, has been established as the chief carrier of Dutch elm 
disease, gives little or no sense of security, for we have a native 
bark boring beetle, Hylurgopinus rufipes, with similar habits. The 
American beetle is found in practically all places where the elm 
is native. Should these beetles begin feeding on diseased elms, 


tributed there. So far, beetle and fungus have been miraculously 
ep pee in these latter areas; but when the fatal affinity may 
take place, no on 
te, federal, and ioe authorities agree that we need w 

c ed 


wn 
+ 


time he place, t ae could be eradicate 
Increasing es 820 cases in the three most heavily infested 
i t 


se in 
number of Dutch elm diseased trees to ate. The total number of 
i i 0, w 


from latent <lisease. But in addition to ee trees, there have been 


173 


abies vast numbers of elms—dead, dying, or of non-commer- 
infected areas. Altogether, 4,532,043 elms have been 
Hee - a variety of sanitary measures. This has been found 


< 
an 


Phot rah ne courtesy of G. a Baetzhold. 
The American elm, shown here, and every other asi of Ulm 
which is native to the ae ted Sie is ee Dutch ne 
disease unless government and citizens unite in ee efforts to 


keep the ae ae oe control. 


174 


— to a the spread of the disease: since every devitalized 
low is a potential breeding place for the beetle, 
ntly, it has b 


the parasite may lie darn 


cent sus figures 
estimating the e of sh and ornamental elms in the United 
On the basis of an age 26.50 for each orna- 

e 


jected eradication program embodies anes major fea- 


tures: he outlying infections, prompt employment of meas- 

es to cian the disease by felling infected trees and burning 

ae or the New Jersey, New York, and Connecticut areas— 
1 


ee and methodical scouting for diseased and devitalized 
elms and t 
h 


ater removal and destruction, (2) the rendering 


egardless : the condition of the elms therein, so that the total 

‘a can be progressively contracted from without and re- 

duced ‘from ery 
T d 


men who climb and examine each elm to discover its 


It is called the “protective zone”. Trees showing wilted 
foliage and discoloration of the wood are tagged and quarantined. 
However, since a number of other fungi cause similar symptoms 


175 


in elms, laboratory culture and diagnosis comprise the only reliable 


danger asa ee Hae is eee nullified. 


+ 
ww 
B 

+ 

o 

= 

oO 

=} 
a2) 


convenience the wood for fuel or other purposes 
at eradication costs may be reduced by increasing the speed 
{ the wor in scouting to find infe trees and cutting 
them out, two new forms of equipment have been introduced 
me is a power. fit so mounted that it can be taken to rela- 
tively rough or inaccessible place ith it, ten men can cv 
and make ready a tree twenty-one inches in eter at 


breast height, in just twenty-one minutes. Another is a use of 
aut ss planes for scouting. 

: observer traveling in an autogyro scouted 12,000 miles 
i ian rights-of-way over which the original imported elm 
b ingi i had been 


url logs bringing the infection from abroad | hauled in- 
I o the veneer factories. A fo. up g crew visited 
points marked on a map checked by the aerial observer. Othe: 


yy r 
gyro. rrying observers hovered close above the tree tes over 
inaccessible regions in and around the centers of infectio 


Photograph by Rothstein, 

eo are used for aes heavily joeste areas and other out- 

of-the-way places in search of tr ae w the characteristic wilt- 
ing or a. of the Dutch aa ae 


All aes becomes seetine difficult as the ee 
he men on this wor 


) 
fungi borne on the backs and in the bo ies of tiny, pai 


he 
, New York ae 1,740 diseased trees; in 1937, only 
1274-3 total of 7,776 since 1933. These have been destroyed. 
The crews which cut and destroyed them worked also on all dead 


177 


and dying elms—the potential breeding spots of the future. More 
than three-quarters of a million such elms were destroyed in West- 
chester and Rockland counties last year. 

State authorities in New York have so conducted their cam- 
paign that community and even private citizen “scouting”, to re- 
port suspicious elms or possible new insect carriers, is a regular 
part of the general fight against the disease. Eradication has been 
thoroughly ‘‘sold” to the people of that state. Of course, once in- 
fected with the Dutch elm disease, there is no hope for saving the 
tree. However, without complete agreement among pathologists, 
all concede that spread of the disease is at least not so rapid where 

ealthy elm trees predominate. Dead and dying elms are attrac- 


ni 
around the protective zone fringing it, countless elm trees are in 
nditi no law o i i 


poor condition. By ature is the disease bound to re- 
main wl i i ently cor A combination of 
circumstances, climatological or pathological, may easily present 
i cause the disease oss its present 


to prese 

vague bar riers, spread rapidly through New York into contiguous 
areas to the west, leaving a waste of stricken elms in its wake. 

Thus it threatens every elm in the country unless checked with- 
in its present region of heaviest infestation. erein, in a man- 
ner, lies the responsibility, particularly of Westchester and Rock- 
land counties. Of the almost 100,000 elms which — examined 
during the late foliar months of last year, no less than 75 per cent 
were locally or generally wilted, Caaairas ha yellowed or 
dropped-off leaves--a at paradise, an egion eminently 
suited to serve as a natu “pathological” bridge to healthy elms 

j i t ctions 


0 ould urge co 
tinuance of funds to wage the t being saree je the Federal 
and State Governments to oe out the Dutch elm disease 


178 


Henry W. de Forest 


FOR ten years, until he resigned last November, Henry W. 

de Forest was President of The New York Botanical Garden. 

When he died on May 28 at the age of 82, the Garden as well as 

the numerous corporations which he had headed lost a leader who 

had been endowed with a rare ability to perceive and plan for the 

future, whether ae future demanded immediate attention or a 
elopm 


dence in his leadership of the Botanical Garden. A man with an 


up y P 
gressive change thtaugh which he could see a greater future for 
he Garde: 


that the Botanical Garden’s herbarium collections were increased 
until, with 1,800,000 specimens, they ranked as one of the great 
collections of the world. 

Mr. de Forest’s own estate at Cold Spring Harbor, Long 
Island, was proof of his capabil 


is 
ment resulted there, as in those parts of the Botanical Garden in 
i e = special interest, in harmonious, satisfying, land- 
— effect 
t was ae that when Mr. de Forest addressed a board 
of directors, whether in the railroad, banking, oil, or insurance 


pro- 
fessional gardeners, they too gave their attention, for here was a 
man from whom they knew ee could learn 
lawyer by profession, Mr. de Forest was also a railroad 
executive ie had held, ainonig other posts, the ee of 
the board of the Southern Pacific), and had dir at various 
times the affairs of such diverse corporations as ee Pacific Oil 
ompany, Bank of Commerce, and several insurance companies. 


i f New York Herald-Tribune 


eTap! 


Henry W. ve Forest 

Deeply concerned with civic affairs, and the preservation of wild 
life, he had been a leader in several national movements to save 
the birds, mammals, fish, and plant life of America, while 

human welfare led him to take part in the eablen: 

S 
f all his interests, one of ns keenest was The New Yo: 

Botanical Garden. To its welfare he devoted unstintingly his 


remarkable energies. 


180 


The Recognition of Some 
Common NNative Trees 
By Their Leaves By Harold N. Moldenke 
(Continued from the July issue) 
Black Oak (Quercus velutina). There are some fifty different 


kinds of oaks in the eastern states, constituting an extremely 
difficult group for the amateur. In the black oak, as in all of them, 


a young tree is shown in the upper left of the Sue opposite. 


n Oak (Quercus palustris). This tree, often known as swainp 


lobes on each leaf and the lobes are oblong, lanceolate, or triangu- 


Bre 

oaks are a i eae group if ae rae ee considered, but the three 
re bea are all distinctive forms. In the er left is the black oak; at 
the right, with deeply ae pas tipped tee is ni . in oak; below, with blunt 
lobes pointing toward the apex of the leaf, is the white oak, one leaf turned 
to show the whitish under-surface. 


182 


— divergent, one- to four-toothed or entire, and sepa 
by broad rounded sinuses which sometimes extend almost to 
ae midrib itself. The petiole is slender and only one-half to two 
inches long. A typical branchlet is seen on the right-hand side of 
the photograph on page 181. 
White Oak (Quercus alba). The white oak differs from both 


idrib. 

usually irregular, often with small secondary lobes toward their 

apex. The petioles are stout and only one-half to one inch in 
th 


Shagbark Hickory (Carya ovata). The hickories and ashes 
differ from all the other trees mentioned in this series in having 
i € i leaf is 


are arranged in pairs along a stout, smooth or hairy, slightly 
grooved rachis (‘“‘midvein”) the lowest pair being the smallest. 


hagbark hickory bears compound leaves, each one consisting of five 


The 
seven fle ts. These leaves, like others in this series, are reproduced one- fifth 


184 


The single terminal leaflet is borne on a short stalk. The leaflets 


vary from oblong to oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, or the 
terminal o ay be o oa are six inches long, 
acuminate ee -pointed) at the apex, inequilateral at the base, 


ve, pa a 
glaucous beneath. Leaves with five and seven leaflets are shown 
at the bottom of the picture. 


American Elm (Ulinus americana). This tree is certainly one 
of the best-known and best-loved of all eastern American trees. 
Although we have several kinds of elms in the eastern states, it 
is the American or ae elm which is the outstanding and most 


beautiful one. The leaves are simple and are borne in distichous, 
or two-ranked ee like those of the American li The 
blades, as seen at the left of the photograph on page 18 e€ 


an 
to three inches wide, acuminate at the apex, and obtuse or rounded 


185 


~ 


The white te re all of its oe ee pinnately compound leaves which 


are borne opposite each other on the s. They ave smaller than those of the 
hickory and ae a ee different ee 


186 


and inequilateral at the base. At maturity they are dark green 


and slightly rou: ed or almost smooth above, aler and 
either softly hairy or smooth beneat I rgins are regularly 

rather coarsely serrate and each tooth is again serrate with 
smaller teeth along its margins I erous parallel veins, 
which are arranged in pinnate fashion, are usually, like t - 
rib, impressed o en above and quite prominently raised be- 
n ach vein continues directly to the poin me of the 


teeth. The short petioles are stout and only about one-quarter 
inch in length. Two individual elm leaves with different types of 
leaf-blades are shown at the lower right. The related slippery 
elm ee fulva) is also common here, but may be distinguished 
by its leaf-blades being extremely rough-papillose above and white- 
a. beneath 


Yellow Birch (Betula ee At the right of - pare 
of the comm 


greatly ee id or “spurs” on the naa where they 
e 


spur bears two ee The leaf-blades OF the acs birch, a sepa- 


mon as a p 
spicuously ings to narrowly rhombic-ovate, with a long- 
attenuate t 


187 


The Tease rough- ae leaves of the American elm are shown at the 
left, with two individua s be low, while the thinner, smoother leaves of 
ey th v i 


the pana of th ie tee the feel of the leaves, they may be dis- 
tinguished by aa of the tips of the veins. 


188 


Raymond H. Torrey 


“A valiant fighter for the preservation of the wilderness 

areas of the United States and for their jae develop- 
ment for enjoyment by those He could appreciate them 

Thus did the New York Herald Tribune on Jul 16% appro- 

ately describe Raymond H. Tor rrey, whose death on his fifty- 

nest birthday had occurred the preceding day. 
Mr. Torrey had been a member of the Corporation of the New 
th 


ca 
a 


on eae the Bible of thousands of nature love ho li 
to tramp the woods and climb the hills pa mountains near the 
metropolis. 

ways eager for others to share in his enjoyment of life out 
of doors, Mr. Torrey pursued his interests through many associa- 
i i iendshi 


tions, in which he developed a host o long frier S a 
member of the board of managers o lachian Trail Con- 
ference, he wa factor in the development of the alachian 
rail, ch now extends for 2,050 miles along the crest of t 
mountains from Maine to Georgia also cha: n of the 
- Jersey Trail Conference, which maintains marked 
paths for hikers in the ad oat area. ad be rious 
times a secretary for the New York State Council of Parks, 


National Conference on State Barks and the American Scenic 


189 


and Historic Preservation Society, for which he had marked many 
with 


spots in New York wi 
death he was secretary of 
the Adirondacks. He wa. 


At the time of his 


Natural History, and the Appala- 


chian, Green and Adirondack Mountain Clubs, and the Fresh Air 
ubs. 


and Tramp and Trail Cl 


The New 


Reviews of Recent Books 


(All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of 
York Botanical Garden.) 


le Years of 

Garden: 
meee YEARS OF GARDENING, 
Anna Gilman Hill. 301 pages, 
illustrations from photographs, ace 
“_— A. Stokes, New York, 1938. 


If e a gardener-author took a fel- 
low i ie by the hand and walked out 
into — flowered knowledge, it is Anna 
Gilman Hill, who has expressed the very 


e of generosity and personal kno 
ledge in her book, Forty Years of Gar 
dening. For t 


her is so uisite a 
one wishes every little girl could begin 
where she aes le ee en in that of 
a gardener-m the other 
hand holding 2 a little t tro 
ill’s pai oe heart finds an 

in love of 


can appre- 
ciate a deli eae ent, 
Mar 


HA Benen eee 


Complete, Compact Notes 
On the Iris piace 


BULBS IRIDACEAE, 
ae ae Sey Grey. 403 pages. 
Tilustrated with drawing: 


s and colored 
plates by Cecily hee (Glossary. E. P, 
Co. ew 1938. $8. 
Lt. Co ‘Gre m Kent, Eng: 
oo eee amis “that “he ie Tee 
his boo ries him because 


lum, 


he Crocus and Iris crera are of 
greatest interest to me and I read of 


many species with a very definite sense 
oi covetousness. It is a it to find that 
h ncluded 


in certain cas e author has i 
species that even he Painable a - 
cu or ex ifoli 

had thou, 


e as elu- 


me Be — istata 
onym for 


ace errone- 
a ce 


23 
fare} 
oF 


resumptive to discuss tl 
Sule a to aes that for the 
s would annear 


taxonomy 


plants as nature 


ieee volum 

way the 

. I look forward to the pleas- 

e of becoming acquainted with them all. 
J. G. Esson 


On Home Grounds and 
Plant Materials 
PLANNING AND PLANTING 
YOUR OWN PLACE. Louis Van de 
pages, illustrated with half- 
938. 
that discuss ornamental p ant 
—that is, tell how 
i—there are legion. 
rily with the ar- 
ome grounds, in which 
plan ae are freated bijective: if at all, 


Sti 


there are also quite a number. Those that 
attempt : - ne are comparatively few 
—an le Boe’s ne of them, 
Condering ‘the. size and complexity o: 
the subjects, let alor ulty of 
combining two styles of treatment, he has 
done ood job. He has covered a re- 
markable amount of ground in a simple, 
commonsense, constructive manner; he 


stood and he gives evidence of 


190 


having done many of the things he wri 
ju 


also of having thoughtfu 


e alway 
cultural ma 
The 


whether wners Or prospecti 
owners ok aie ill buy such 
book are likely to really do much of t 


ctual wor eals with: grading t 
lawns and terraces, constructing wal 
and “tives dead by the , are 
mentioned), making lawns and flow 


eds, planting the larger trees and shrul 
and as ag care of the hea 
tenance tasks. 


man oe. Tew 


em don t by he plo: 
or e reason, the nero 
t of space the author gives to c 
scriptions of all kinds of plants—especia] 
woody ones—and their ae valu 
and requirements, is > oe ende 
even when one gives ee cai 
a 


blanche it is Giiereotog. Seay ying, 
while 


worth to be able intelligently 
appeal provides. Much of tl 
information is offered compactly in tabl 
or lists (Mr. Van de Boe calls the 
Fen as me in the readable te: 
And i recommendations for partic 


he 


n home land 
commercial Horticulturist 
especially these day 2 nee 
eir customers com Gas 
heir business than ee themselves a 
E. L. UR. 


. SEY 


Guatemalan Tale 
THE E IN ANTIGUA. Lo 
illustrated w 
Harper & Brothers, N 
While L s Guatemalan “ 
venture in beauty” is ei a botani 
nor a horticultural book, it contains j1 


di 


he reader will never on to 


of the cena which it ¢ 
pleasan' 


and ho: 
eawaaly reviewed ese pages. 
Car fats Woopwarp, 


The Care of Trees in Quantity 


FOREST PROTECTION. Ralph C. 
Hawley. 262 pages. Glossary ao in- 
ae John Wiley & Sons, New York, 


937, 
ees in the lumber and pulp i 
dustries, members of conservation com- 
h t dec 


chapters. 
Tw short chapters on protection 
against fungous parasites and insect pests 
illustrate the author's en he says 
that is ok is devoted to underlying 
principles rather than detailed instruc- 
tions for carrying on specific types of 
wor! 

opinion that 
pplying fungi- 
to forest sere 


The author gives as his o 
no practical methods for a 
ie and insecticide: 


N ‘or rseries 
Only three or four fungous diseases of 
trees an many insect n- 


tains, should recognize 

each and leave 7 “Hleatication a 

Parasites and pests to olo 
ists and entomologis ae i aca of 
he details _with Saale - the life his 


author is at 
of seven pages de- 
fining t terms used i in ae control work is 
given in the appendix 

B. O. Dooce. 


191 


Current Literature™ 
At a Glance 
a Carol H. Woodward 


Psa oe Magaz _ An unusual vol- 


su 
has been maintained by th 
more than a century a bade a ost of 
the 57 plant subjects which are treated 
fae Neen ag saa to the desire 
from the Royal Botanic 
Garden at Ed abar 
Sempervivums. : 7 loyd Praeger’s im- 
portant treatment of the genus Sempervi- 
ee a shed by the Ro ot fe rticultural 
Soc: of ee hae recently been 
oaied to the librar This work is an 
ou for aes atcapune to cy 
mber of this greatly confused g 


e Stu A complete set of the 

Peis series - leaflets Lee by the 

chool Nature League o ork is 

now in the ete of the Botanica Gar- 
den. The a er give: i 

by Arthu 

Srawings by Maud H. Ey os se es 


and fruits of ten com 
Quick SD atest Albert G. Sn now, Jr, 
of the Northeastern Fores periment 


selected st rains, of ee fe ees. is re- 
ane of extensive eaierimicne with trem- 
ae and large-toothed aspen trees is 
en in the Jo es of es for June. 


Color. eekly itorial in the 
aA Lae Tor ao oe a points 
the “brilliant researches” on the dis 

aot publications mentioned here—and 
ot! here may be found in the Library of The 
Botanical Garden, in the Museum Building. 


192 


ery of “both the nature and the way 


of inheritance of the colors of flowers 
done Rose Scott-Moncrieff of the Joh 
Innes Horticultural Institution, 


ult and pub- 
lished in the Journal of the enicultueal 
ela m Association for the current 


Islands. Two volumes by Eric 
cently spent ne ee at 


aie 


min; 
. a world's most popular vacation 
esort 


Bie Ws Names. In the section of the July 
Gardeners’ Chronicle of -imerica devoted 
to the American Roc! arden Society, 
P. J. van Melle contributes some ae 

ich he pigs 


e has growr his 1 den and c 
with original botanical citations. He oe ‘| 
ith those t ch are commo: 
own as Ajuga ckbanki and Narcis- 
sus Pseudo-Narcissus minimus, and gives 
pera bet n <lnemone apennina 
al. blanda and ae bags Con- 


ooklet for reference, especially at thi 
season. Prepare E. Britton and 
J. P. Johnson, it rela e history of this 
devastating pest in erica, the life his 


dra s and photographs, 

and ae ee eare is “directions for control 
on all types of plan 

Mushrooms. The January-February 

number of the Philippine ae of 

Science devotes its 128 pages and 79 full- 


page ania to a presentation of Philippine 
mus José Miguel Mendoza. 
While m oat ar the illustrations are repro- 


ae of photo 


ee several are rong 
intings in water-color. 


Notes, News, and Comme 


Dr, Willia 


Community Life. 


sity, July on 
Botanical Gardens to Community Life 


Kew Student. The third exchange s 
dent to come to is Ee ne : aes 
cal Garden from tl yal Botanic 
dens at Kew, eet : Phinp Cha 
ler, who arrived in New York July 
Te as a sud 


ra year of work 
gardener. Fraser MacCartney, who 
The Ae York Botanical Garden's « 
change dt id 


tudent, sailed toward the en 
June for his year at Kew. 


Daylilies. Gardeners and nurseryn 
in exceptional numbers have visited 
di garden of daylilies this ye 

hich now contains more th: ‘00: 
horticultural clones besides many spec 
{ Hemerocallis. The display enables th 
o make their own cisions regard: 
the relative merits of the many clo 


which are now being offered in the tra 


Vis Dr. H. S. Jackson, profes: 
of mycology at oa oe of Toror 
spent tl 

uly oo on the Aheishocce. I 

Stan A. Cain of the University 

Teanese ve most of July working 
e Garden 


Lilies. Around 75 enthusiasts and ¢ 
perts in lily culture gathered at The N 
York Botanical Garden July 2 for an 


pn done at the Garden under the 
rection of Dr. A. B, Stout, who v 
chairman of the committee in charge 
the dav’s trip, the group poe to 

Boyce Thompson Institute Plant J 
search if Yonkers, r 

ee aes 


d 
an effort to tain plants free os 


mosaic disease. 


THE NEW ane speci pamcas GARDEN 
RD OF MANAGER 


IL poe Hanan 


Until 1939: ArtTHUR M. ANDERSO urer), or £ Lewis, E. 
Merritt, HENRY DE LA Montage (Secretary and Assident ess 
Wi1aMm J. Rossins, and J. E. Spr 


Until 19g0: Henry DE Forest ape oa (Vice-president), CHitps Frick, 
ALLyn R. Jennincs, Henry Lockuart, Jr., D, T. MacDoucat, and JosEPH 
R. Swan A geen 

Until rz MarsuHatt Fietp, Mrs. Eton Hunrincton Hooxer, Joun L. 
ee ite. paRrn Ts Can Roverr H. Montcomery, and H. Hosart 


II, EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS 
Fioretto H. LaGuarpia, Mayor of the City of New York. 
Ropert Moses, Park Commi aonee 
Henry C. Turner, President of the Board of Education. 
III. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS 


Tracy E, Hazen, appointed by the Torrey Botanical Club. 
R. x ARPER, Soa F. Trevease, Epmunp W. Sinnott, and Marston T. 
BocErt, appointed by Columbia University. 


Rais EN STAFF 


Wuiam J. Rospins, Pu. D., Sc. Director 
H. A. Gieason, Pu. Dz Assistant Director and _ ad Curator 
HENRY DE LA MONTAGNE ssistant Director 
A. B. Strout, Px, D. Curator of ene and ae 
Frep J. Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D. urator 
Bernarp O, Dooce, Pu. D. Plant pahalogsst 
Joun HENDLEY BARNHART, A. M., M. D. Biblio. 
Percy WILSon Associate Cou 
Avgert C. Smitu, Pu. D, Associate Curator 
Harowp N, rela Pu. Dz Associate Cureior 
Euizabete C. Hatt, B. S. Libraria 
ussy, M. D. eave Honorary Curator of the Economic Collechons 
FLeva GRIFFITH ae tist and Photographer 
Ropert S. WILLIAMS arch Associate in Bryology 
E. J, ALEXANDER...... Assistant Curator and a ieee i the _ al Herbarium 
W. H. Camp, Pu. D. ssistant Curator 
Crype CHANDLER, A. M. ait Assistant 
ROSALIE ee en Assistant 
Freperick Kav. echnical Assistant 
Caro. H. Wosswe. ve - ‘Ealtoril pene 
Tuomas H. Everett, N. D. Horr. Horticulturist 
G. L. Wittrock, A. M. Docent 
Orto Decenser, M. Collaborator in Hawaiian Botany 
Rosert HAGELsTEIN . Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes 
EtHe. Anson S, Peckuam..Honorery Curator, Iris and Narcissus ‘Collections 
vas: J. oe Superintendent of Buildings and Ground. 
A.C. Assistant Superint fenders 


PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 


Boo 
An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States and Canada, by Nathaniel 
Lord Britton and Addison Brown. Three volumes, eine descriptions and illustra- 
tions o ei species. Second edition, reprinted. $13. 


Flora of the erage: and Plains of Central North es by P. A. Rydberg. 
969 aces and 601 figu 932. Price, $5. es postpaid. 
Plants of the Vighisy a New York, by H. A. Gleason. 284 pages, illustrated. 


TENS SUS, 
Flora of Bee: Py Nathaniel Lord Britton and others. 585 pages with 494 
text eae 1918. 
xt-book a Gener Lichenology, by Albert Schneider. 230 pages. 
76 plates. ot 80, $2.5 


Periodicals 
nia, semi- pontlaly cas exnevely to colored plates peer by 
ners aes ns of flow plants; aay plates in each number, thirty-two in 
each volume. ow in its Ge Breil ata Sates cri i 
(two eae Not offered in exchange. es to members of the Garden 
Journal of The New York Botanical Garden, monthly, containing notes, news 
and non- Aechaical articles. Subscription, $1 a year; Bee Bae 10 cents. Free 
to Spree the Garden. ow in its ae See 
ee bimonthly, illustrated in color and otherwise; devoted to fungi, 
ues lichens, coneiniae technical ar ticles Ae news and notes of general in- 
terest. a year; single copies 3 ow in its thirtieth volume. 
ie Year Index volume $3 in p noe 33. 50 in fabrikoid. 
Britton: series pet botanical papers. Sikes eee price, $5 a volume. 
Now in a sea volum 
h American Flora, Descriptions of the wild ae of North Ame 
realuatine Greenland, the West Indies, and ae tral Am vice Planned to be 
pleted in 34 volumes, each to consist of four or more ae parts now issue sea 
Seeger price, $1.50 per part; a Limited aanaee of one parts will be sold 
for $2 each. Not offered in exchan 
oa ibutions from The New — Botanical Garden. A series of technical 
papers written by students or members of the staff, ands fein from journals 
other than the above. Price, 25 cents each, $5 a the fourteenth 
volume. 
Memoirs of The New vere ies Garden. A collection of scientific 
papers. Volumes I-VII. Titles 
Direct all orders to The Ne ew Sark Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New 
York, N. Y. 


* * * 


DIRECTIONS FOR REACHING THE BOTANICAL GARDEN 
ork Botanical Garden is located in the Bronx, immediately north of 
the Zoological Park a coe Road, and at the south end of the Bronx River 
Parkway. It may by local trains from Grand Central Terminal to the 
Botanical Garden Scene O08 Street). 
each m e Garden by the levered and Subway systems, take the Thi rd 
venue Elevated to the end of the line (Bronx Park Station); from the East “ral 
West Side subways, transfer from the Lexin Ae or Seventh A 
hind Avenue Elevated at 149th Street and Third Avenue. ey Eighth Avenu 
subway (Independent system) take a C or CC train to Bedfor Haya Boulevard 
(20008 Suet), eee walk east to the Garden 
motor from the city, drive aorth on Grand Concourse to Bedford 
ay TBostevard “(2008 Street), turn east there, and cross the railroad bridge into 
e Gar 


ES 


Voi. XX XIX SEPTEMBER, 1938 PAGE 
No. 465 193—220 


JOURNAL 


of 
THE NEW YorRK BOTANICAL GARDEN 


Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y 
Entered ost Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. 
nnual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents 


Free to members of the Garden 


JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
CaroL H. Woopwarp, Editor 
SEPTEMBER, 1938 


SUNFLOWERS OF EaRLY AUTUMN Cover Photograph by ae Griffith 
TRE a AND SHRUBS IN NEW YorK CITY AND SOME OBSERVAT 
N THER GrowTH—I. Ne Iso n Miller Wells 193 
THE AER s Point oF VIE J. G. Esson 201 
Ko, THE Kupzu VINE, oe ae SHADE, 
CLOTHES, AND MED W. M. Porterfield 203 
TREES me — ee THE TRYING CONDITIONS OF 
New x City 206-207 
Two-YEAR hen IN PRACTICAL GARDENING 208 
ScIENCE COURSE FOR PROFESSIONAL GARDENERS 209 
SCHEDULES OF CLASSES FOR FALL AND WINTER 210 
LECTURES FOR THE AUTU Mon 211 
A GicanTic MusHRooM F. J. Seaver 212 
Reviews OF RECENT Books 213 
CurrenT LITERATURE AT A GLANCE Carol H. Woodward 217 
220 


Notes, NEws, AND COMMENT 


PUBLIC Sa 
One of the functions of The New York Botanical Garden, according to 
the Articles ie Src is to a instruction in the botanical sciences. 
A phase of thi he informal information service in which e¢: 
member o he es paticipate in - own 7 without cost to the able 


nother phas t g 
Sed beled aie of living ae others occur in the services 
of th h of bo 


e library with its wealt! oks, in the provision of leaflets to serve 
as guides through different parts of the grounds and bu eae pone ae 
appointment of staff members to conduct special groups of visitor 

The publications issued by the aeration and the aid giv nee oe 
w jae on special problems, all are related, at least in part, fa the Botani- 
cal Garden’s program of public a ation. 

x those persons who wish to take their learning casually, the Garden 
offers free lectures on Saturday = onan 

For those who ha erious ee t in gardening, either iia tas or 
amat e ffers special opportunities through it: ses in the 
sciences underlying horticulture and practical gardeni con 
cerni th these courses wil ound in tl ber of the Journal. 

uote Professor Salisbury in the issue of last May: “From ee cultural 
oe of ¥ ere plant life and all that it implies may be regar as the 
foundation of a ae extent of human activity a and the basis of a nen and 
essential part of every human envir ronment.” 


more, both ee: and ecaeally ly, of. the eed world of plant 
life. The Botanical Garden offers its services, and with them its exhibits 
and its well Bere courses. 


JOURNAL 


of 
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
VoL. XX XIX SEPTEMBER, 1938 No. 465 


Trees and Shrubs In New York (ity 
cAnd Some Observations 


7 By Nelson Miller Wells 
On Their Growth L Landscape Architect 


AN-MADE structures in a city and — of the 
plant kingdom are not congenial neighbors. Certainly in a 
city like New York there are numerous onaieions which are un- 
favorable as well as unnatural for the growth of plants. Acres of 


—as if these were not enough—a deficiency of good soil: all con- 


succeed while others fail in this situation and it is interesting and 
important to note which are the more tolerant. 

uxuriant vegetation unique in its geographic location orig- 
inally covered the area we now know as New York City. A 
northern flora reached its southern limits here and a southern 


on 
half of the vascular plants eae to the northeastern United 


193 


194 


States and Canada, reached their distribution outposts within the 
short radius of a few miles of this center. 
But with the steady increase in the development of the city, 


city land which has not yet been developed (mostly coastal wastes) 
or in the iaieee and cemeteries where they have been preserved 
or re-establish 

any str actares in the city lie below the surface of the ground. 


mi 
the poisonous effects on plants are very definite and persist for 
a ime. 

f course new soils have been brought into the city from the 
neighboring country. Some of these are sandy, some clayey, while 
r 


9 
° 
a 
oO 
4 
a 
i=] 
a 
p 
3 
= 
_ 
isg 

a’ oO 
5 
ch 
w 
Q 
= 

a 
w 
i 
3 
oO 
q 
[o} 
5 


ing an o- 
duce odgepodge i a ee variety and spotty distribu- 


n 
offer little promise in supporting vegeta 
ae oO fa 


2 
5 
ra 
=a 
oO 

< 
ne: 
ba 
2 
3 
= 
oO 
ies 
oO 
2 
cE: 


soil. 
nother, and no means the least, of the handicaps for 
decctatia. is the ae air of the city. Gas from automobiles 


wa! : 
Photograph by Nelson M. Wells. 


The English elm, as shown by this rugged tree in Washington 
Square, has proved more satisfactory for city culture than any other 
elm. 


(For further illustrations, turn to the center of the book.) 


196 


and dust are Berlepe not so damaging as the ever present smoke. 


and reduces the power of the ae to ie food from the 


subsoil waters constantly er humus and plant foods 
c ter collected and div 


on 
treatments given to plants under normal conditions are neede 
here tenfold. 

The best results become merely the semblance of plantings with 
no hope of ripe and picturesque maturity. The sprawling growth 
of the city has caused almost as complete an annihilation of 
vegetation as the glacier cause ut if we will take the necessary 
pains and precautions some Ge the most tolerant growth may 
restore: 

Sirancely enough, several of the kinds of plants which grow 
best under the most trying conditions are o origin. Here 
we find the tree-of-heaven and the maidenhair-tree. Next in im- 
portance are certain of our native woody plants. Among these it 


=A 
wn 
me 
Es 
. 
a 


te) 
many of the plants ee succeed are those which grow naturally 
in partial shade. 

So far as the writer knows there has been no actual survey of 
vegetation in New York Cit a to determine the degree of tolerance 
possessed by different plants. Such surveys have been conducted 

elsewhere usually in connection with damage claims against factory 


197 


districts. With the wealth of new plant material added to our 
city parks since the spring of 1934 there would appear to be an 
unusual opportunity for such observations within the next few 
years. 

In 1913 a survey of Des Moines, Iowa, was made and a zone 
map prepared showing seven belts of varying intensities of smoke 
amage. In the first belt, a narrow 500-foot strip nearest the 
factories and known as the general elimination belt belt o 
restricted annuals, there were three pies ntative ae ts, old- 
witch grass (Panicum capillare), crab-grass ( — sanguin- 
alis) and prostrate pigweed ee ‘bitoi ides). In each suc- 
ceeding zone there was a marked increase of plant varieties with 
the first woody plants, willows and poplars, appearing in the third 
belt. This was in the business section of the cit 

The lists of aie which follow in these pages are not based 

ut 


The lists of plants for the three zones are therefore tentative. 


The First Zone 


The areas of the city referred to as belonging to the first zone 


western parts of the mx. The smoke from the factories alon: 
e hore is supplemented by smoke f e factories 
and heating plants within the city. is is carried revail- 


ant 
smoke, wind, shade, dust, heat, or lack of moisture that spells the 
0 ° 1 or i i 
e@ most conspicuous growth in the first zone is the tree-of- 
heaven. Undoubtedly many specimens have been planted but most 


wind-spread seeds. Heavy shade and gusty winds which tear the 
brittle wood may account for the irregularity of growth. Young 


198 


Photograph by Fleda Griffith, 


One of the oldest of the ginkgo, or maidenhair, trees in New York 
is a eg specimen which overhangs a steep bank on Broad 
wa. 212th § 


199 


trees up to twenty feet in height are usually quite symmetrical 
but larger trees are apt to lean sideways and they usually have 
irregular crowns. The reason why large or mature trees are 
seldom found is more likely because building improvements call 
for their removal rather than because they have been killed pre- 


he trees whic e been planted, poplars, willows, black 
locusts, catalpas, ees and English elms and London planes 
are next in importa: the maidenhair-tree is probably as 


tolerant as the tree-of-heaven there are fewer examples and these 
are mostly street trees. 

Poplars and willows are prohibited by City ordinance from 
being planted in public places. Nevertheless, many poplars have 
been planted as street trees in different parts of the city. There 


roots work havoc with sidewalks and underground utilities. Their 
soft wood is susceptible to breakage in wind storms and in spite 
of their thrifty growth they are really troublesome trees. 

Black locusts have frequently been planted in congested city 
areas and it would appear that they are less troubled by borers 
than in aa districts. Perhaps the rs cannot stand the 
polluted atmosphere. From one shipment a locusts about 1 
nd 


oO 
os 
a 


r 
bo same seasons. he downtown trees are still 
practically ae while the nursery trees became so riddled with 
orers that they have since been cut down. 

The London, or European plane, as it is commonly called, is 
generally considered the best tree 2 street planting in “deep” 


g 
@ 
+ 
wm 
far 
= 
B 
+ 
o> 
o 


ably straight trunk, a well s crown, branch structure adap- 
tabl pruning and shaping, and a considerable tolerance to 
drought, refle heat, and smoky ai 1 sloughing off 


ca 
° 
rh 
o 
a 
(] 
(sy 
i) 
ie 
o 
4 
“ 
20 
go 
io) 
asi 
=y 
o 
Me 
os 
5 


Pp 
nearly as tolerant but g 
anthracnose, a fungous disease of the leaves, and its freer branch- 
ing fone it is less commonly plante 
the American elm is not actually credited with being able 
to survive under severe city conditions, it seems to be nents 
tolerant. However, in various park plots in congested areas wher: 


200 


several kinds of elms have been planted there are a number of 
instances where forms of the English elm have attained a greater 
size and appearance of thrift than their American cousin. Al- 

ough there are no large Chinese elms, because of their more 


recent introduction, it Id ap that these strains may pr 
o be even more tolerant than the oth a general class, 
however, the elms be considered to be as resistant to 


c 
mong the shrubs, fer fornia privet appears to be the mo 
enduring. The severe winters of 1934-35 and 1935-36 caused He 


y. ur 
to the cold and may prove to oe better than California pri rivet when 


8 
in the first zone include the Siberian pea-tree, fringe-tree, cock- 
spur-thorn, five-leaved aralia and devil’s walkingstick. 


Trees and Shrubs of the First Zone 


Five-leaved Aralia -lcanthopanax Sicbaldianus 
Tree- ai Ailanthus oe 
Rose-of-S Althea ro. 
Devil’s Watkins clralia coe 
oe Caragana arborescens 
talpa Catalpa spp. 

en Chionanthus virginica 
Cockspur Thorn Crataegus Crusgalli 
Maidenhair-tree Ginkgo 
Amur Privet Ligustrum amurense 
Ibolium Privet Ligustrum boli 
Ibota Privet Ligustrum Ibot 

egel Privet Ligustrum Eeegdinn 
California Privet Ligustris si Fe 
American Plane Platanus occidentali 
London Pl. Platanus acer 
Poplar Populus 
Black Locust Robinia psendoacacia 

ill Salix s 
American Elm Ulinus dinehitane 
English Elm Ulnus procera 
Chinese Elm Ulmus parvifolia 


(To be continued) 


201 


The Professional’s 
Point Of View By J, G. Esson 


RS. COOMBS’ remarks in the July issue of the Journal 
d me to recall my oe on eating my first tomato! 


ness in tomatoes just as In case of amateur gardeners 

I believe that the professional gardener, more so today than 
ever before, aids the ur to scribe his work. Indeed, 
it would be difficult t r other profession or line of 


point to any ot 
life where the skilled practitioner has shown such eagerness 
encourage the amateur and to explain to him fully the innermost 
ec f hi r cra 


It is very true that the professional does think “with uncon- 
b 


e€ r oni 
personal success will ae out of all proportion the value of 
their work as well as the scope of their ability. is is not the 
trait of the true Bardener oa knows that ‘a little knowledge is 
a dangerous thing. 
he professional gardener or r scientist can help the amateur 
the 


a great deal of serious thought. It would rofessional’s 
advantage if it cou one. But, unless one has the urge, will 
lower shi a diffusion of daffodils be th th of n 


$ or 
gardeners any more than an introduction to logic will convince 
men - spiritual truths? 

our people are becoming more garden- and tree-minded i 
ean from the garden cities that have grown like aes 
on all sides of New York these last few years. However, altho 


appeal. For them we can almost repeat what was written 
England one hundred years ago: 


202 
“When lavish art her costly work had done 


Was a . arden from the Palace 


If one will take heed of what may be 8 in the records 
of our arene magazines and books, amateurs have blazed 
the trail in many of the most difficult phases of gardeni 


Dean Hole’s “Book of the Roe Guaent by Eden Phil- 
tts, or Susan Delano J MeKelvey’s lilac monograph. When 
consider purely scientific work by an amateur, the most appeal- 

ing might be Mendel’s theo 
We are blessed today with three definitely distinct types of 


sgie 
for through many years of bitter pilin s the ie ais 
ay: “The c 


whether he does oO win prizes at the shows not 
every gardener who has he or even cares for competition. It 
will, however, be greatly his advantage to discuss problems 


with other gardeners, isath Seer amateur. He will be 
assisted stil more if he becomes an active member of the Botanical 

arden or joins a horticultural society that has a good library, 
where information garnered by scientists and gardeners the world 
over will be at his disposal 


203 


Ko, the Kudzu Vine, Provides 
Food, Shade, (lothes, 
And Medicine By W. M. Porterfield 


(No. 4 of a series on Chinese Vegetable Foods in New York) 
DZU, the common name by which Pucraria Thunbergiana 
is known to hor ticulturists, is a word of Japanese origin. 
Ko i 


Nv ad and 
definitely from the provinces of Chihli, Shantung, Kiangsi, Kwang- 
tung, Chekiang and Hupeh. 
The occurrence and use of the kudzu vine in China was firs 
reported, according to Bretschneider,? by Martinus Martini in i 
ee I tes a 


Atlas Sinensis published in n that account he o 
fac t the natives in the Liping in the prov 
Kweichow weave a from i. fiber, which they ae ae 
garments most suitable for summer wear 

ater Voisin,* a French missiona ent to China in 1824, 
obtained therefrom several economic ee among which was the 


e 
History in Paris through Stan. Julien and the plants raised from 
ee seeds were examined by Prof. Jussieu who found that it 
s a leguminous plant near Dolichos bulbosus. It was later iden- 
tified as Pucraria. 
In Japan this plant is also cultivated and it is from there that 
E e. C 


it eventually found its way into Europ arriére® in the Rezne 
orticole for 1 quotes a letter written to him by Paul 

Mortillet describing this plant, which was first sent to him from 

Japan in 8. In this letter its value a: nental plant, its 


se as a source of starch, and its eee. sociales for paper 


1 Henry, A. Notes on Economic Botany of China. pp. 57-59. Shanghai. 
1893. 

2 Read, B. E. and Liu, J. C. Plantae Medicinalis Sinensis. Flora Sinensis, 
A.1: #372. “Pueraria hirsuta Schneid.” 1927. 

3 pence, . Early European Researches into the flora of China. 
Jour. h. oy. As. Soc. 15: 1-194, 1880. 
: t'Bretschneder, E. History of European Botanical Discoveries in China. 

45. 1898. 

5 Carriére, E. A. Revue Horticole 63: 31-32. 1891. 


204 


manufacture were all mentioned. One of its remarkable traits is 
d 


wall space. In two years it had covered an area of 28 square 
eters 


From France the kudzu was introduced into Germany in 1895 
and was heralded as a new ornamental vine for that country. An 
account in Gartenflora for 1896 by L. Wittmack® expands the 
account that appeared earlier in France and extols its useful 
characteristics. 


The useful tuber of the kudzu vine, sod two-thirds natural size, 
with the character for Ko, its Chinese n 


n New York’s Chinatown the kudzu appears on sale i e 
form of long potato-like tubers which are trimmed at both ends 
i hi 


S : s 
age or - fine starch it yields. These fleshy roots may branch 
grow to great length (over a meter) assuming grotesque 
aes in es growth. 
In brief the uses of this plant are four in number: ornamental, 
nutritional, industrial, and medicinal. Its value as a rapidly grow- 
ing trellis vine for ornament and shade is important to gardeners. 


8 6 Wittmack, L. Gartenflora 45: 401-404. 1896. 


205 


s a source of food the roots as such do not make a suitable 


er and no amount of ill e them so an 
therefore only be used for starch which they yield in the 
f a flour called by the Chinese Ko- Carriére noted the 


spoonful was sufficient to make a large dish of soup. He described 
the starch as sweet, fine, and without odor. 

In Japan the vine is also used as a forage plant for cattle. 

The industrial uses arise from the fact that the best fibers from 


I 
as a_ binding een in much the same way in which osier 
branches are used. 
As a source of beneficial as well as harmful hc all parts of 
this plant have been used both in China and Japan. Stuart? brings 


e 

as the root : thirst relieving, antifebrile, anti-emetic, and 
counter-poisonous.” Ko-hua, a drug coming from Canton and 
Ningpo, is hae os mm the flowers. Colds, ae influenza sen- 


rom the root. It is also taken as an antidote for poi rugs 
such as croton oil and is applied in cases of dog bite. The seeds 
are used a e flowers in cases of alcoholic excess. Th 


oils. Flowers, leaves, stem, roots, and seeds are used to o 
come skin rashes. 


7 Stuart, G. A. Chinese Materia Medica. Shanghai. 1928. 


‘TREES . WHICH . TI 


UNDER THE TE 


CONDITIONS: OF 


NEW YORK CITY 


ee) 


; . 
ie 
Li(acaey es 
witiends “ 


3 


ntly on Ban tt 


Greenwich Village. 


3. Willows * surviving di- 
rectly be ae Hs elevated 
highway at Eleventh Ave. 

nd 22nd — 


= 


Treés-of-heaven, black locus 
nish-trees in the Schiff Park: 
the approach to Manhattan 


6. A black aie on Sedgwi ick A 
v Kingsbridge Ro. 


5. Weeping willow near the George 
Washington bridge. 


Photographs by [i 
Nelson M. Wells 
mand 
Fleda Griffith 


7. A double row e ona Tendon planes on Morminesde 
Ave. from 113th St. north. 


R  Plane-tree surrounded hy havement 
ave 


208 


Two-Year Course In Practical Gardening 


“A: HIS course is intended to meet the needs of professional and amateur 


gardeners who desire to know more o ‘why’, ‘how’ and ‘when’ of 
many operations concerned with plant growing and. e nintenance of 
garde! t treat of garden design hi i se covers two 
years’ rk and consists of four classroom subjects and two laboratory sub- 
jects, any of c! e taken separately without obligation to complete 
the entire cours The laboratory subjects are nhouse 
d garden and afford students practice in actual wo ssroom 
bject occupies twelve one-hour lectures and each laboratory subject eight 
meetings of from one to two hours duration. New s oO 
the course at the beginning of pe fall, winter and spring sessions. ie 
lectures are given at a convenient meeting place in York City 


g 
Thursday evenings from pee the beanie of ‘Odieher to Christ. 
mas and from a in the New Year to the Pests of April. The labora- 
tory meetings are held at ee New York Botanical Garden on Thursda: 


evenings during May and Upon the soutien completion of the 
full course a certificate is granted by The New York elon, re: en. 
ation fee n dollars for each classroom subje id fifteen 


on 
nnouncement of the exact date and place of these lectures and any other 
details concerning the course may be obtained by eupiceticn to The New 
York Botanical Earden, “Bronx ls New York City. 


Fundamentals of Gardening 

A study of the basic principles which underlie good gardening. Considera- 
tion is given to a structure and py eee ister ae of the plant and 
to the environment in which it gro ae e factors affect garden practice, 
particularly in Coatiorenip to soils and eir Ninproremen: ceed sowing and 
vegetative means of propagation, ee pruning, watering, feeding, mulch- 
ing, shading, ventilating, and disease and pest control. 


Outdoor F lower Gardening 
sed here oe the planning, preparation, planting, and 


Problem 
maintenance a Cea flower gardens and lawns. Plant m, aterial con- 
sidered will include rae biennials, perennials, aquatics, bulbs, vines, 
roses, and rock garden plan 


The Cultivation of Trees and Shrubs 

ly plants are dealt with from the standpoint of their usefulness i 
a garden ae their a e soils and environmental factors. Con- 

eir b fi 

Eee, “The lectures will jeclude a general omen one oice and 
lesser known oF vat as well as of the more commo eh Par- 
ticular emphasis will be placed on propagation, planting, fora: Be training, 
feeding and Ghee pperatiods connected with their culture. 
The Cultivation of Greenhouse Plant 
the culture of shea 
poinsettias, cyclam ae tlae: eine Dalbs, ete. 


natio beg: 
‘Attention. ‘will ale ef directed to a selection oe the more unusual green- 
house subjects. 


209 


Indoor Gardening crags 
Actual practice in work connected with the growing of plants in cold- 
pies hotbeds, and ene is aden ed. The student va be called 
on to prepare seed flats, sow seeds, transplant seedlings, Hes and insert 
aon types of cuttings, and pot and repot growing “plan ant prepare 
sprays as well as perform other work incidental to the ee and care 
of plants indoors. 


Outdoor Gardening (Laboratory) 


The student will here given an opportunity to gain experience the 
correct handli f tools and in carrying out the various operations of the 
outdoor garden. e will ne alled asda to prepare oa or seed sowin 


tine plants 


Science Course For Professional Gardeners 


NROLLMENT in this care cus : restricted to professional gar- 
deners, nurserymen and co ial flower growers who have had appro- 
priate experience and hae qualifications are abpro ved by a committee of 
professional horticulturists. cti deni 
4 : : 


day evening from approximately the oe Onicber to Christmas and 
from Bee in the New Year ito the beginning of April. The full course 
covers two an work but is so arranged that the subjects may be taken 
student may, if he wishes, ee fewer than four subjects 
the satisfactory completion of the eouie a certificate is granted by 


Ww arden. 
The lectures are given at a convenient meeting place in New Yo ue City 
and a nominal registration fee of five dollars per cane ect is charge An- 
nouncement of exact date and place of these lectures and any ee ‘details 
concerning the course may be oes by euulication to The New York 
Botanical Carden, Bronx Park, New York City 
ee pies a and Systematic Botany B 
a discussion of the general principles of plant 

cassification, a ae and_ scope of ithe. species, ae and family, 

al and horticu and m f th 


‘am. in horti in detail, including 
their structural eee recognition marks, ae eeceeohicl distritiation. 


Plant Morphology 
A study of the structure and development of the root, stem, leaf, flower, 
fruit and seed. 


210 
Plant Physiolo, 


iology 

Discussions of the synthesis and utilization of organic food substances by 
ae their growth, development and reproduction; and the environmental 
factors which influence these processes, particular attention being paid to a 
basic eae of the manner in which these processes are related to 
the various horticultural practices. 
Plant pat 

of t - aims, methods, and results of plant breeding, of the 

physical ae of heredity, of Seta and 7 ae of ae sve 
attention will be directed to horticultural pla n discussing such m: 
as the role of bud seen polyploidy, fperaeaeon and Sicceuis in mes 
improvement of plan 
Ecology and a Geography 

The lectures include an elementary presentation of the whole field, in- 
cluding the nature of the environment and the reaction of plant life to it, 
vegetative forms of plants, the organization and behavior of plant com- 
eres and the discribution of the principal types of vegetation over the 

orld. 


Plant Pathology 

A study fei ee caused by fungi, Laie slime moulds, viruses, 
shainuteition, and faulty cultural practices. nature, structure, life his- 
tory a ae classification of fungi, ue of artical cas and inoculation 
: : ’ he @ ‘cease 
control throueh sanitary measures, soil pestnicnt ad fungicides. 
Economic Botany 

An introduction to the useful plants as applied in industry, medicine and 
food for man, with a discussion on the origin, history and the by-products 
of the plants used. 
Soils and Fertiliz 

The constitution of as the manner in which their physical and chemical 
composition affects plants, and how they are affected by ee cultural 
treatment; and fertilizers, their origin, use and effects on plant growth will 
be treated. 
Entom 


ology 
The insect pests of plants, their classification, ve histories, and the con- 
trol measures for them will be treated in this co 


Schedules Of (lasses For Fall and Winter 


Science Course for Professional Gardeners 


The classes will be held evenings in the Museum Building, oe 


October 3. Lectures will begin promptly. Applications for admission to the 
course may mailed any time prior to the beginning of a ae io may 
be made in person at the building between 7 ane - m on 2 pening 
ight. The professional qualifications ppli are 


g wed by 
oa of professional horticulturists who ae the nehP te “reject ae 

pplication. A nominal registration fee of five dollars per subject is charged. 
ae Session 

to cums: October 3 to December 19, inclusive. 
gv and Plant ees oe 
oun H. A. Glea' m. to 8:40 p.m. 
Plant ee 
. O. Dodge, 8:50 p.m. to 9:45 p.m. 


211 


Winter Session 
eae evenings, January 9 to April 3 inclusive, but excluding 
March 13. 


Plant Breeding 
Dr. A. B. Stout, 7:45 p.m. to 8:40 p.m. 
Economic Botany 
Mr. G. L. Wittrock, 8:50 p.m. to 9:45 p.m. 


Lecture Course in Practical Gardening 


The classes will be held evenings in the Museum Building, beginning 
a ciae 29. aaa will ace promptly. Application for admission 

the course may be made any time prior to the beginning of the session 
a on the cuenine night between 7 and 7:40 pm. <A fee of ten dollars per 
subject is charged. 
Fall Session 

Thursday evenings, September 29 to December 22 inclusive, but exclud- 

ing November 24. 

Cultivation a Trees and Shrubs 
r. J. G. Esson, 7:45 p.m. to 8:45 p.m. 

Winter Session 

ae wir evenings, January 5 to March 30 inclusive, but excluding 


Greenhouse Practic 
Mr. Joseph Te nee 7:45 p.m. to 8:45 p.m. 


Lectures For the Autumn TMonths 


The free lectures given each Saturday afternoon in the Museum Building 
will be resumed September 10. They will ao start at 3 p.m. and ae _ 
01 


display in the library each week. Publicadons of the a an pencils 
those which contain material dealing with the topic of the aay. will be 
placed on sale at the ee desk at the el of the lecture hall. 

The schedule of the ai lectures follow 


Sept. 10 EXH HIBITING AND JUDGING OF le OWERS 
THEL A. S. HAM, Honorary Curator 
Sept. oe ON cn THE AUTUMN ‘WOODS 
m S. Tuomas, Autho: ee ee Mushroom Book 
Sept. 24-AUTUMN FLOWERS eeOUNY NEW Y 
ALEXANDER, nee Curator 
Oct. 1—ROCK GARDEN CONSTRUCTION 
C. Pranper, Assistant Superintendent 
Oct. 8-HUMORING THE GARDEN ee 
H. Everett, Horticulturist 


Oct. IS—BOTANISTS AND HUMAN PROGRESS 
J. H. Barnuart, Bibliographer 
Oct. 22—WINTER IN OAXACA 


Oct. 29—GARDEN WORK WITH SHRUBS 
ae M. Koster, Nurseryman 
Nov. 5—SOME ade ee DRUG PLANTS 
Wm. J. ee Poet University 
Nov. ee FLOWERS OF ee eee GRE 
F. CLARENCE H. Col Davee: a Mrs. Younc 
Noy. 19— PORIGIN "AND IMPROVEMENT OF PLANT 
B. ey Res of Education and Laboratories 
Nov. 26—THE ROMANCE OF PLANT NAMES 
A. Gu oe “Head Curator and Assistant Director 


. Camp, Assistant Curator 


212 
cA Gigantic Mushroom 
By F, J, Seaver 
ECENTLY there was brought to the Mycological Herbarium 


wD 
° 
th 
p 
best 
2 
a 
io} 
A 
i] 
g. 
5 
73) 
e 
Q 


e€ ncerned, was a recor 
It was obtained on Staten Island by two italian boys who collected 
it purely out of curiosity. 

This grayish fungus produces its fruiting bodies in a dense 
clump, all springing from a single base. In this instance the 
clump was nearly 3 feet in diameter and weuned 36 pounds. 


= 
om 


A single specimen of Polyporus giganteus weighing 36 pounds. 


hile the mushroom belongs to the pore- producing group of 


ar woody, 
Mcllvaine, the old authority on mycophagy, states: “When young 
and fresh it stews to a pleasant, edible consistency, but is tough 
if not well See or too old. The flavor of a gravy from it is 
at all times goo 
he Ae and figures on diameter and weight were re- 
ferred to Dr. L. O. Overholts of Pennsylvania State College, who 
is the leading authority on this group, and he reports that it must 
be close to an all-time record for this specie. 


213 


Reviews of Recent Books 


(All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of 
The New York Botanical Garden.) 


What is Ecology? 
PLANT_ECOLOGY. J. 
and F, E, Clements. 2nd edition. 601 
pages, ie we 271 figures and 
colored. xed. McGraw-Hill, 
i938" “se 


ork 
The a igs of Ecology can be 
counted on the fingers of one hand, and 
mo: th i 


E, Weaver 


p r is it merely 
a art, as old as Whesphrasie? 


Their 
book should be the answer, and it wil 
ose who o not know that "Ecol- 


the present volume will certainly be. But 
: ae pole apart, and illustrat better 
wilderness of discussion the won- 


derment of the public, and especially the 
garden public as to ‘What is Ecology? 

Te i is perhaps a little odd that nowhere 

in the present volume is Ecology defined, 
does the word o d 


nor ccur in the index. 
Plant geography alco. lacks eeomition or 
mention in the index. The ht k, then, is 
apparently meant for thos who aed 
that Ecology is still the iyo tide an 

ster es a 


The s have produced a standard 
text- mon an "physiographic ecology and 
no one should be astonished at this for 

G the 


ecley merely illustrates what Professor 
Cowles said twenty-five years ago, when 
he did exactly the reverse: coos 

to fun al 


ie reduced to its bare essen- 

rises the “relationship of oa 
i thei environ Response to that 
environment is oe of all the Ddulea- 


‘al adjustment that a bias aa 
and its organs must ke to survive, 
When enough of them ae made it we 
get groups of plants srw ne together— 


h 
se vou be 
n fac s bee sed, in a text- 
aeek: ented ea erie erin of North 
ecology, as 


the limits of plant 


lately on what they think is ecology, 
should make it required readin ‘or 

ere, in far greater detail than can even 
be mentioned in a brief review, one finds 
the fundamental principles that control 
plant societies. There is perhaps no other 
phase o ee aoe so aio nor 


so practical to 

growth o 

authors are to be congratulated upon the 

production of so lucid and 
book upo 


initiated ‘and most of the 
public the right to “What is 
y?? 

Ecology? sane TAYLOR, 


Phytohormones—A New Field 


P ORMONES - W. Went 

and Kenneth V. Thimann. 294 pages, 

illustrated, indexed. Macmillan, New 
ork, 1937. $4, 


This text is an exten: summary and 
a of a ee new and most 
interesting field. The authors trace the 
history of the development of the hor. 


mone concept and discuss the neue ique 


tween auxins and growth, the chemistry 
of auxins and ism of their action, 
auxin and the th of roots and th 
relation of au. to ious tropisms, 
the formation ae er inhibition of buds, 
to cell division, cambial growth, swell- 
ings and other phenomena. A_ bibli 

00 references is in 


Jensen; some will claim that the book 
overemphasizes t' of xins in 
certain henomena discuss 


n qualified to 


k by their own pear 4 a a 
W. J. R 


Cell rae ka the ee aaeatacad 


DVANCES IN - 
bey" ‘t Darlingt 2nd Mit ion, 
671 pages, ‘illustrated with 160 text 
figures and 81 tables. Glossary, bibli- 


Seer ee index. Blakiston, Philadelphia, 
1937. 

The ed "edit on of Darl uate 

“Recent Advances in Cytology” i 


do and ignores all cytoplasmic constitu- 
ents except the a osom itosis, 
with its constancies and variations in 
chromosomes, d meiosis in diploids 
polyploids, and various hybrids are de- 
cribed as si as is consistent with 
the complexity @ processes and with- 
out emphasis on divergent views he 
$ 


iza- 
se for a relatively 
ie group of se nts At animals. The 
A telat and gon ms of steps i 
curring occasion- 
ally. pe # character tically are made to 
strengthen the general thesis of c 
mosomal importance r; 
tract it. In tl 
mechanics, Darlingt 
ee of peti apd ae to the 
roblems of nuclear behavior; and spiral 


214 


, PH’s, isoelectric points, liqui 
ielectric constants, attraction 


molecules 
crystals, di 
repulsions, 


tor tions, sonar ae an 
magnetics mingle th the centrosome: 
centromeres, Cheong ones ae mati 


nd sp indles i in an impressive a 


aren cry 


nally, I liked the summary 
obser pears in tables, the Roan bib 
th ti 


ography, the evolutionary o: ization oO 
the subject matter, and ca use ph unify 
I disliker 


ing concepts and assumptions. 
the almost complete omission of conflict 
ing interpretations, the use of unlabelec 
photographs and 2. fee and table 
without text refer the unnecessarih 
complicated coe on the eagle 
oe in the present Pine of our kno 
edge, deductions 
over observations, et ee 
many observations less reliable tha 
area does. was disappointed no 
any discussion of recent advance: 
in f techie or of observations on living 
material. I would recommend th 
- anyone working in or ¢ 
review "de velopmen 
pales cytology. 
V. KavanacH. 


Plants and Their Life Sp 
Lee LONGEVITY OF PLANTS 
Dr. Han i Molisch. Authorized Englis! 
edition Edmund ‘ulling. 
es atrations tables, One apter 
index. Published he translator 
New York. 1938. ss 

At last—an English presentation of the 

ks of Hans Molisch on Die Lebens- 

dauer der Pflanzen. The subject of 
longevity of living organisms is one ol 
the important aia propicms anc 
Molisch has presented t r 


hensive consideration of the Thick fror 
oe coe point of v: Many zoolo- 
gists hav orked on this problem anc 
an exectent: summary is given by Kor- 
schelt in his well kno lumes _or 
Regeneration and Transplantation. We 
have now a companion text which is 


more generally available since it is 


215 


English, thanks to the translator, Edmund 
Fulling. 


erhaps the most outstanding contri- 
n of the entire book is that scattered 
ich for the most part i 


upon different authorities. It is arrange 
according to the great orde nd f 
ilies and is excellent for references to 
one int in certain speci ‘ables 
in which the maximum ages various 
plants have tea Aeneas are wsfu 
ee are good but not 

reque 


Several chapters follow on the long- 
evity of various organs of the plant and 
also on different tissues. nh ae as 
of the text is devoted un 
mental considerations of ihe Bible of 

The- 


old age, death and reju enescence. 

ories of leading biologists are present 
and critically reviewed, and Molisch adds 
sol his own interpretations. Old ag 


on whether n ei with 
pe 1 life, and thi a 


cuttings brings about weaknesses of old 
age, 

A good bibliography is to be found. 
and the. translator has made 
still! more useful ee ae 
clude ce more ent exp Nae 
x those interested in nthe 

ci 


ed w ioe ae an 
been neglected by speie writ 
RNST 
elssistant Professor of Botan 
University of Mascot 


Of Herbaceous Plants 
r Use 


And Thei 
HERBACEOUS BORDERS. Richard 
Sudell 297 Pages, eeaeeeg: aot illus- 
Scribner, New York, 1938. 


Mr. Sudeil’s Herbaceous Borders has 
In its favor excellent photography, com- 


mendable planting plans, and well organ- 
ized subject-matter. On the other hand, 


gligence is frequent in his lists ot 
herbaceous flowers. For le, the 
orth American ee extmia is 
bracketed as synonymous wi e Asiatic 
pecies, D. formosa; ihe oriental poppy 
s the only name ao ae 
eae ae aha a 


gen Pela goat. 
Spey ie oe a Gen dealt with 
incompletely or under trade names not 
always acceptable according to interna- 
‘ie! rules of botanical nomenclature. 

otwithstanding this 
ee in regard to 


lection of plants of one genus. He also 
vides some valu notes on water- 
loving materials and ir S list 


Henry E. Dowr ere are 
a iad selections for various purposes 
and an alphabetical list of herbaceous 
flow 


Th “chapter on cultivation contain. 


Herbaceous oa material “employed 2 
its best advantag 
a States. 


or nfor: ants, 
his gardening anaes eg ae based upon 


the best traditions of England, and we 
can learn much, fundamentally, if we heed 
his sound working advice. 
Howarp W. Swirt. 
i ak Wild Flowers 
MAN'S WILD LOWERS 
AND TREES: Miles Had field. 184 
pages, illustrated with Dae and 
colored plates; indexed. Dutton, New 
Y¥ 1938. 


ol 

Any traveler who h as wandered over 
Enaland’s hills trying to eer the un- 
familiar wild flowers with of the 
less ctehae handbooks of the British 
flora whic! ae he can pe up at Foyle’s or 
Meggs’ will welcome Mr. Hadfield’s 
compact little book. The descriptions are 
not detailed enough to enable a botanist 
to distinguish one species from another 


n the same sents, a a no at- 


men af floral oe Sue accompanied 
as most of them are by pictures of the 
flowers, they will serve the beginner in 


pene most 


er: 
learning the identity of the 
onl ravines, which 
ributed, 


een. ee line 
elf h 


which have been adapted from Sowerby’s 
eee ies Flowers. 

xplanations of the meanings of 
the henel names are a commendable 
feature of the book, and its size and 
ae pasha type make it convenient 

r field u 
Carot H. Woopwarp. 


ondon irteeid 
C fae Plan 


s Ae a reel 

EUR. Thom 180 pages, 
illustrated with, Peeeiaahe by Ro: 

Hay, indexed: Macmillan, New York, 
Characteristic of Mr. Thomas Hay 

was an incident which eccuried’ ne the 


Chelsea Flower Show this year. Though 
the meeting was accidental and I had _ 
seen him for about four 


years he 
me than he said abruptly 


You are just the man I wanted to see! 
I want you to get some seeds of Ar 
tomecon f fod 

a is by makin 


and maintaining such 

le with fecale yy ean of the world 
m London t the genial Su- 
peritendent of ee Royal Parks 
has succeeded in gathering fon distant 


hee numerous rare and useful pian 
many of whi have since proved thei 
value in ga 

Ir. Hay is c Hee as well, of rare 
old books on gardening and botany ae 
when in one these he finds mention 
of a worthy plant unknown today in cul- 
tivation he exerts every e ae ‘brite 
about its introduction. Suc’ rk neces- 
sitates considerable correspondence and 
effort but pays high dividends in satis- 
faction in which all who garden may 
share. 


Having a Satis ao in all kinds 
Mr. 


plants, sents a type of 
gardener all ae cence i < aaa = 
in America. Although this 
book, he has fe ears on ae eae 


les 
mber of his published articles. It 


216 


shows great restraint in a man of 
Hay’s years and ex tera cat t 

previously put into bo 
knowledge of plants. 
ture would benef 


ae infor 
b 


or e 
rare re plants ei ‘choaid = timulate intere 
in these and_ perhaps cadace others 
follow Mr Hay’s example in searchii 
out the unusual. 

T. H. Evererr. 


Dehlia Growing and Exhibiting 


MODERN DAHLIAS. J. _ Lot 
Roberts. 211 pages, illustrated w 
drawings, eee Doubleday, Dora 
New York, $2. 
the ever-increasing interest of 
rger number of gardeners each_year 
dahlias, a new book “ mm Dahlia 
y J. Lo rts is opportune. Havii 
grown dahlias himself for a numb 


m7 


the autumn flower shows and g 


217 


gardens during the season and make his 

election with a owe . their be- 
h The f ty at he end of 
in aaah: 


ly from a 

ae eolantin ng thr a pont oe c 

produce large, soot oe eS r ile ue 

A few years ago 

insects and di ee - " frouble th a ili, 

what these are today 
them makes 


sixty 


gives a detailed analysis of the various in- 
sects and Sean a dahlia is eet to 
and prescribes the remedy for 

ropagat ion plait Gn cultu gar- 
den and vais eloth nesses ae eee 
over winter are covered in such detail 
that the ee novice can unders' a 
and the experienced grower can oe 
uate 

ost helpful those interested i 

hibits their toc are Chapters 16 and 
17 which treat very fully every step in 

rowing for the Exhibition ak and 
ne any can ood 
find that hey fuck 


p to make the best erecta on ihe 
jules All these pouits ne well set forth 
and 


should bear fru uch better ex- 
hibits by some ol a all as by new 
exhibitors at our shows this fall. 
Mrs. H. D. Tuomas, 


aterson, N. J. 


Current Literature* 

At a Glance 

es H. Woodward 
. In a pap 


7 Mary 
ey Schmidt conclude that a medium 


composed of pure cane sugar, mineral 
solution, and vitamin Bi a ee : 
adequat : fring oe d growth of ex 
tomato teri is cfedive. . 
very great dilution] ee ie 40,000,000,- 
000,000 gives a visible 


‘amous Trees. In Miscellaneous Pub- 
oe No. 295 of the ena ay ie 
partment of Agriculture, 
associated ane noted 
places, and trees 
their size or en or fr 
scribed. The publication, w! nti 
115 pages, including a bibliography, is 
available from the Superi fe) 
Documents in Washington for 15 cents 


hi ork in pa 
on estates, around housing projects, and 


ee ths. Three dozen a and ate 


oy alt as ee species 
are 
ainila rly des: 


tilbe. A recent issue of the etn 
Leaflets is devoted to Astilbe, a plan 
too He seen in America. A decorati 


: investigate 
id wood products and ‘thei adapta- 
n to different fields of u: 


Okra is mentioned as hav- 


ing had a oli 

reception at a dinner of the 

Food Society” in an article on unusual 
* All publications mentioned here—and many 

others—may he found in the Library oe as 

Botanical Garden, in the Museum Buildi: 


218 


vegetables by André L. Simon in the 
June Journal of the Royal Horticultural 
Socicty, The au 


ki 

he speaks of pumpkin pie, his greatest 

regret is that a soup is not better 
ciated in Eng’ 


In an oversized volume 
Gein ac No. 287), E. 
Munns of t D. A. gives maps 
showing the dimebation of 170 species of 
forest trees of the United States. The 
book is available for 35 cents from the 
Superintendent of Documents, Washing- 
ton, D. C. 


Ze 


Bronx Park Spring. In a posthumous 

book by James Reuel Smith, printed for 

Historical Society, a 
e 


i 
° 
a 


m the s 
supply, the original "spring having been 
diverted into a culve 

“Tt is at about Eas t 201st Street, or 


bi t, or aps near the 
projected Mosholu Parkway South, and 
at thi f{ a strip of land devoted by 


hr 

rsh in the Botanical Gardens. It is 
cirrounded by some clumps of red clover 
ee oe that make it as attrac- 
ie the near-by spots that 
ne painstalingty Hented with carefully- 
cultiva ee The book, “Springs 
and ral a Mantatan and the Bronx,’ 
is iMtustrated with 54 ee hen 

by the author between 1897 and 1901. 


Editor. The Flower Grower, 


re 
continuing publication under the editor- 
ship of Paul F. Frese, who comes to New 
York from Better Homes and Gardens in 
Des Moines, 


New Jersey Soil. The new y ee 
ond edition of Save New Jersey si 
published by the State Soil Conservati 
Committee at New Brunswick, N. 
tells graphically what happens wh 
rains, floods, and winds attack the lar 
and ve an equally clear picture of wl 
fa be done to keep the soil from was 
and blowing away. Photographs 
Se eroded areas are followed w 
ae of land with good forest cov 
ith hay, pasture, small grain, and gre 
manure crops, of grassed waterways 
a etc deep mulches a 
crops orchard: 


armi 
venting ol erosion. The earth wash 
away 19 times as fast on a hill whe 


planted across, the bulletin says. 


A rather unusual boo 
let ae oo pee ae appeared, written 
oe A. Bonet and sree “Forest R 

and its Garden he backwoo 
on ‘Mahlenberg cae es miles sou 
of Greenville, Kentucky, and fifty mil 
from his home in Louisville, Mr. Rothe 
has turned the heart of a 2,000-acre ti 
a tract into a five-acre garden. mh 
he has many evergreens, herbaceous pe 
nni and a well- 
greatest interest is in plants with var: 
gated foliage, of which he has collect 
125 varieties. He is desirous of acquirh 
w and rare types of variegated plant: 


Native. Cucurbita moschata proves 
be a native eae food plant, accor 
i i tanic 


ng to Pauw Vestal in the Botani 
Museum lane 's of Harvard Universit 
A carbonized peduncle which de 


nitely identified as this species was fou 
in some Guatemalan ruins dating frc 
900 A.D. 


G. S. Cansdale is t 


plars. 

thor on: 
“The Black Poplars and their ae 
Sante in Britain” which has 


characters are described and 
attention is drawn to the different 1 
types on the long and short shoots 
each tree, 


219 


Herbertia. The tig eae of the year- 
book of the American Amaryllis Society, 


of 
Narcis- 


anthes, and 
are aa gen- 

era hich af are ened in this number. The 
1937 volume (No. 4) is dedicated to the 
memory of William Herbert, who pub- 
lished ed “Amaryllidaceae” just a cen- 
The volume contains, besides 

t 


erbert’s on 
plant breeding and a paper on the place 

of Herbert in the history of face writ- 
ten by C, D. Da en - the John Innes 
Horticultural Ins An_ introduc- 
tion to the book ie ie written by Sir 
Arthur W. Hill, Director of the Royal 


Botanic Gardens at Kew. The subjects 
in the book include descr iption s and phy- 
logeny of the amaryllids; cytology, gen- 
etics, and breeding ; gy S 
production; culture, notes on the 


society’s progress, which in so short a 
pied 2 time can be said to be out- 
andin, 


Shr a in Flushing. The 1938 Garden 
edie of he Flushing eres Club on 

ong Islan aie a a of about 200 
rine whic M4 in 
Mrs. E 


and its exact 


Chile. “Endemic Pla f Chile” is the 
translated le aie a a acquired book 
which gives descriptions, distributions, 
o nd uses, as well as illustrations of a 
arge number of Chilean plants. Otto 
Green is the author. 


Microscopes. The presidential address 
: Reginald S. Clay of the Royal Micro- 
copic Society, published in ihe March 
issue of the Society’s Journal, reveals the 
marvels of moder: mm econ in high- 


portant is a cylindrical lfens-cap which 
be applied on a mi being used 
by a se es afflicted with astigmatism. 


Germination. What is called “A Rapid 
Method of Determining the Viability ol 
Dormant Seeds” is given Florence 


actual germination tests in cultiva 


iza. A note in Nature fo 


Myc a ly 9 
ete that M. 


us, Phlo. Deane mdii, Ver. 
bene Cpe aie Clerodendron i inerme 
Baie: developed endotrophic my- 


when in 
goin and of a low humus conten 


Fossil Pollen. The beginning of a study 
of the fossil pollens in New Zealand has 
been made by Lucy M. Cramwell of 
Auckland ee A ay repor! 
subtitled “The Key to the Vegetation ot 
the Past,” is published { in the New erin 
Journal of ua and ae palate fro 
which a t has bee ved. 


North American Flora. Par rn 
ume 29 of North pene ican Flora oo 
a resunek t of the Apocynaceae oe Roker 
Eve rard Woodso ae 

offee the 


Cc t of the Bota 
Leaflets. (NS. (22) eon 


the Field Mu 


eudotsuga. A revision of the genus 
Poewdorsuga is ave by Mile. F, Flous 
n Nos 2 . 


1 The same author treats the igo 
le in the following two number: 
that 


a Ro ck Forest. Botanical studies 
in the Black Rock Forest of Pale ae sb 
State comprise the seventh 

ea and the thi 


this ar on svat 
research. 
has taken th i 1 i rt 


nd a list of lichens is is given by Lucy 
up. 


220 


Perit In the Quarterly Review of 

tology for June, Addison Gulick of the 
tae rit of Missouri concludes a highly 
overs pee entitled “What Are the 
Genes?” In the first instalment he gave 
the a and evolutionary picture; in 
the second, the physio-chemical picture. 


Citrus Fruits. Japan and India, and per- 
haps New Zealand too, may soon be rivals 
of the United States in 


Zeal r 
devs. a special section to citrus culture. 


Notes, News, and Comment 


Old Books. When the New York 
Secs Boone which is one of the old- 
est library organizations in New Yor! 
City, recently moved its headquarters 
from University Place to 53 East 79th 
Street, it offered at pri 


velopment of the library by exchange. 


olog ae conference on plant and 
imal communities arranged by the Bio- 
Cael Laboratory of tl the Lone Island Bio- 
logical A d Sp pring ee 


n r 
. Cain, Secretary, who has spent con- 
id i The New York Botani- 

cal Garden this past summer. 


Summer Visitors. A. J. Sharp, oa 
preteeece "of botany . ne Oa Spite 2 
worked 


mon 
scholarship last Siniiee ef ihe Garden 
studying the mosses south of the United 


States—in Mexico, Central Amer 
South Am . ca, and the West Indies. 
Dr. J. Carabia, a student - 
rene Experiment  Statio 
Havana, Cuba, has come to the Un 
States for the winter months. hile 
ing some taxonomic work at the Unix 
sity of Pennsylvania, he will suppler 
his studies by spendi 


lufioz, engineer oo 


vil hs 
is " visiting this country ona Guggenh: 
fellowship. 

Chris G. Schmitt, University of ) 
souri eranuete student, has been do 
research on smuts at the New Y. 
Botanical Garden, in preparation for 
ao thesis. 

Walter 


F. Loehwing, poe 
botany at or Univers sity of Iowa, visi 
e Garden August 30 in search of 


Pie ced to ad in the oe 
a new foe arden a a City. 
Dr. Hen Ss. Con of Grinr 
Towa, apenie Aupact 8 ab The New 
Botanical preted studying South Am 
can 


Ree ae late summer visitors w 
dgrove oi London, Mrs. R 


ureau 2 Plant Indus istry, 
(On Gladys Warner of the 
Prue Service, Winnipeg, Manit. 


Flower Show. About thirty kinds 
ve wild flowers and fruits are be 
ex 


‘ounty Center, 

Pl September 14-17, oe variet 
being oe with both co 
scientific nam 


THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
ARD OF MANAGER 


I. ELECTIVE MANAGERS 

Until 1939: ARTHUR vg ANDERSON ee). Crarence Lewis, E. 
MErRiLL, ages ra LA MOoNTAGNE Ai ecretary and Assistant ene 
Wiuram J. Rossins, and J. E. Sprncarn. 

Until 1940: Hiewey pE Forest Balwik ( Ate Aen iae Cuitps Frick, 
ALLYN R. Dae Henry Locxuart, Jr., D. T. MacDoucat, and JosEPH 
R. Swan (President 

Until 1941: Marsu HALL Freip, Mrs. Eton Huntincton to oN L. 
anareg (Vice-president), Cot. Rorerr H. Montcomery, an ART 


II. EX-OFFICIO MANAGE 
Fioretto H. LaGuaroia, Mayor ne the City of ae York. 
pied ee Park Commissio 
Henry C, Turner, President of Oe Board of Education. 
III. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS 


Tracy E. Hazen, apnenied by the Torrey Botanical Club. 
A, Harper, Sam F TRELEASE, Epmunp W. SInNotr, and Marston T. 
Bocert, appointed by Columbia Universi ty. 


GARDEN STAFF 


Wiu11am J. Rozsins, Px. D., Sc. D Director 
. A. Greason, Pu, D. Assistant Director and Head Curator 
HENRY DE LA MONTAGNE Assistant Director 
A. B, Stout, Px. D. Curator of Education and Laboratories 
RED J, SEAVER, Pu, D., Sc. D Curator 
Bernarp O. Dongs, Pu. D. Plant Pathologist 
Joun Henptey Barnuart, A. M., M. D, Bibliographer 
Percy WILSON Associate Curator 
cee C. Smit, Px. D. Associate Curator 
Harotp N. Morpenxe, Pu. D. Associate Curator 
eee Cc. ane B. S, L yieehiie 
H. H. Ruspy, M. Dicisicacecs Honorary Curator of the Economic Collec: 
FLEDA Ginn Sigal and Pholsgrathe 
Ropert S, WILLIAMS cee in Bryology 
E. J. ALEXANDER...... Assistant Curator and es of the Loc i Herbarion 
W. H. Camp, Pu, D. Mea Curator 
Ciype CHANDLER, A. M. eee eee 
RosaLigE WEIKERT Technical Assis 
FREDERICK KAVANAGH, M.A Technical pres 
Carot H. Woopwarp, ‘A.B Edi lore ton 
Tuomas H. Everett. nD D. Horr. sida 
. L. Wittrock, A. M Deer 
Otro Decener, M. S. Collaborator in Haw Be 
Roserr HaAGELSTEIN Honorary Curator of M mycetes 
ETHEL ANSon > Paaiiaes ‘Honorary Muikaral Tris and ee “Collections 
ee uur J. — perintendent of B idings and Ground. 
. C, Pra eae Gubesin Gident 


THE CORPORATION OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 


he New York Botanical Garden 
the State of New York ip 1891. 
bod in orp orator 


he 
custom, 


the list below 


Advi y Council consists of 12 or more 
Ghsy el are yale elected fo the (Corssmation’ 
flice Elo! 


was incorporated by 


‘s, who ually t 


mbers of ein awa bathe ae 


n Huntington Hooker, Chet 


dorff, Niceechaieman We, BNE te B. Williams. Recording Sec: 
Corresponding Secretary; and Mrs. F. Leonard Kellogg, Treasure 
tM. Ander: Childs Frick 
*Mrs. Art . Anderson *Mrs. Carl A. de Gersdorff 
eorge Arents, leas 
*Mrs. George Arents, Jr. *Mrs. Frederick A. Godley 
Vincent Astor Mr: odley 


fis Ths 
Stephen 
Henry de Forest Baldwin 
Sherman Baldwin 
*Mrs. James Barnes 
Prof. Charles P. Berkey 
George Blumenthal 
Prof. Marston T. Bogert 
Prof. William J. Bonisteel 


corge P. Brett 
*Mrs. Richard de Wolfe Brixey 


Edward C. Delafield 
Mrs. Bea B. de Long 
.M. 


Rev . Denslow 
Tule Detmer 
Mrs. Charles D. Dickey 
*Mrs. John W per 
Benjamin T. Fairchild 
“Mrs. Moses W. Faitoute 
Marshall Fiel 
William B. O. Fi 
*Mrs. Robert H. Fife 
*Mrs. Henry J. Fisher 


Harry Harkness Flagler 
*Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox 


Pierre Jay 


Parker McCollester 


*Mrs. Roswell Miller, Jr. 
George M. Moffett 
H. de la Montagne 
Col. Robert H. Montgomery 


*Mrs. Augustus G. Paine 


a special act 
The Act of aneorporation Provides, among) other things, ser 
em of the of 


of the Legislature of 


roster of ote a is 


cted by the 


who are ard. By 
Their « names are ¢ marked with an Pea in 


Mrs. Carl A. de Gers- 
ae Nes, Townsend Scudder, 
*Mrs. James R. Parsons 

Rufus L. Patterson 

Mrs. Wheeler.H. Peckham 
*Mrs. George W. Perkins 


Dr. William J. Robbins 
Prof. H. H. Rusby 
*Mrs. Herbert L. Satterlee 


*Mrs. Townsend Scudder 
*Mrs. Samuel Seabury 
Prof. Edmund W. Sinnott 


*Mrs. Samuel Sloan 


*Mrs. Theron G. Strong 
Joseph R. Swan 


Richardson Wright 


Vor. XX XIX OcroseEr, 1938 PAGES 
No. 466 221—248 


JOURNAL 
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 


Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. 
Ent at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. 
Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents 


to members of the Garden 


JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
Caro. H. Woopwarp, Editor 
TOBER, 1938 
Rep Oak (Quercus rubra), ONE OF THE ea ge STILL 
STANDING ALONG Pe Drive Near 1 St. 
Cover Phas by Fleda Griffith 
TREES AND Ses IN New York City AND SOME OBSERVATI 
on THEIR GROWTH Nelson Miller Wells 221 
HaBitraT Howie GIN ee OF THE eee WITH 
STUDENT GARDEN E. J. Alexander 228 
Woopy Puawr a Tukie IN NEw Yorx’s LEss ee 'GESTED 
ZON Photographs by Fleda Griff 
Nelson Miller Wells 234-235 
THE GARDENERS FoRUM 240 


CurRRENT LITERATURE AT A GLANCE Carol H. Woodward 241 
REviews OF RECENT Booxs 242 
Notes, NEws, AND COMMENT 246 


PERIODICALS AND BOOKS 
Scientists and laymen alike are served by the publications of The 
t 


York Botanical Garden. Wi rth American Flora, which care 
will tain a monograph of every plant family of this continent, taxo 
mists are kept informed of the identification of ay nown plan 
of the United States, Mexico, Central America and the adjacent dinsde 


he n en fad 
vittonia, named in honor of the founder and first director of tl 


new S. sonia, i r of B , Dr 
Britton’ s collaborator in preparing the famous Britton & Br volumes oi 
the flora of North America, gives complete descriptions and full-page 


colored plates of flowering plants of oo interest which have been 
ee at sted at The New York Botanical Garden or which are native 
to 


Mycologia is ce official organ of the Mycological Society of America. 

Issued every ae month, it contains technical material, illustrated, on all 
orms and phases of the fungi 

Gar a Journal, on the other hand, is meant to be popular, and 

vet to present in paneeee manner to its readers articles of interest on 

ie yee and botany, nature study, and kindred subjects, besides a 

urvey of the c i n. 


r 
‘Plants of the Vicinity of New York” by H. A. Gleason is poe intended 
for the people. This convenient volume dealing with flowering plants 
which grow within 100 miles of New York, is a simple guide oe flowers 
of woods and fields usable by anyone who can distinguish a petal from 
a lea 
While _Rydbere’s “Flora of the Prairies and Plains of Central North 
merica” is a botanist’s handbook, like Britton & Brown’s ey ed 
Flora of the ae - ited States and Canada”, it can be used t 
advantage by the ama 
uch works, which a are uel representative of the Botanical Garden’s 
productions, are on the institution’s major services to the world of 
science and to ae education. 


JOURNAL 


of 
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
VoL. XXXIX Ocrozer, 1938 No. 466 


Trees and Shrubs In New York (ity 
cAnd Some Observations 


On Their vowth By Nelson Miller Wells 
G Landscape Architect 


The Second Zone I. 


HE exact boundaries of the 7 zone of plant tolerance 
in New York City are not clearly defined. From the edge o 
the first zone, where the paramount ieee are ieee which limit 
the successful growth of plants, the second zone xtends | thro 


cient to support plant life exists in only see quantities ; natu- 


nd i re 
number of others which will grow here although they vary in 
the degree of their success 

Among the trees, Norway maples and pin oaks have been con- 
sidered appropriate and each kind has been quite freely planted 
over a period of years. The pin oak appears to have been the 
more successful of the two, although it usually loses its excurrent 
habit and assumes a stunted appearance. Very likely if they were 


221 


222 


tried, the red, scarlet, and | oaks would be as good as or 
etter than the pin oaks. Even the Turkey and mossy-cup oaks 
are reasonably good in Cale Par! 

Pin oaks, having a fibrous root system, transplant easily, even 
when they have not been nursery grown. The roots of red oak: 
are coarse and are seldom kept adequately pruned in nurseries 


nt. y lea 
stand up well during summer ne while pin oak leaves fre- 
quently appear shriveled. 
ther trees which are reasonably thrifty under these conditions 
include the eee a honey-locusts and mulberries. Hack- 


it has a picturesque habit of growth, the foliage is g di 
will app ppy eve en growing on thin dry s 
he Chinese scholar-tree, though rarely seen, is an excellent 


y 
for this zone. Several specimens have been planted here 
inden: 


nge 
it is found to be exceptionally pee If this tree were no 


it aoe in the larger parks, it has endured for many years 
These all such luxuriant trees that the species might be ex- 
pected : aaa even greater adversities. 

Among the small-growing trees and large shrubs there are a 
number of good representatives. Hawthorn, witch-hazel, mag- 


223 


nolia, and cork-trees are about the best, although two of the small 
aearen English hedge maple and the Amur maple—as well 
as buckthorns and flowering cherries can each be found in 
ae pane 

Il of the common kinds of hawthorn, such as the Washington 


city but a number of junds ach are surprisingly successful 
Tw viburnums also are good. One, the native blackhaw 
wil n , thin soil and straggle up to a small tree, 


hi 
Manhattan, it will reach a height of twelve feet and appear ee 
thrifty. 
Several vines make their appearance in this zone. English ivy 
is fairly good, especially as a ground-cover. Wisterias will grow 
ries hi i i 


an 
covering the ground. Some of the woodbines are also occasionally 
found here 
The Third Zone 

The third zone of plant tolerance covers a very large portion 
of the city. It extends from the second zone through the less 


intensively developed portions of the unrestricted busi zones, 
including the areas of three-story atta and semi-detached 
houses in residential areas. It has its outer limits se por- 


uburbs, where houses are spaced on at least 60-foot lots, there 
is a gr ncreased amount of undevelope nd; air an 
oisture conditions better, and ther an opportunity for 


The line between the second and third zones is quite fjadefuite. 
Some of the plants mentioned for the third zone may survive in 


224 
zone two, and many from that zone are likely to be a great deal 
more successful here. It is noteworthy that the largest part of 
the trees and shrubs which appear for the first time in this list 
are native to this region. They include the American ash, sassa- 
fras, sour-gum, sweet-gum, persimmon, and American larch. 


street trees in this ae _ the others are usually found in 
parks or as lawn shade 


ver: 
These include the goldenrain-tree, the eran (both native 
an uropean species), cornelian cherry, silverbell, snowbell, 


Among the native shrubs are the chokeberries, cornels, sumacs, 


sq bs e seen, su 
quinces, bush honeysuckles, hydrangeas, forsythias, rose acacias 
iri id 0 he 


n 
survived for many years in the heat aad dust of that busy 
thoroughfare. 


Notes on Special Plants 
Evergrcens 
We all seem to have a longing to use a certain amount of ever- 
green material in our plantations. Even though we know they 
are not going to be entirely successful in the a we cannot resist 


ustrian pine is about the best of the evergreen conifers, al- 
though it soon languishes if the air is bad. The yews, mene 


raph by co sy of Mrs, Andrew Carnegie 


ity garden like this, in which broad-leaved evergreens are a 
rine feature, must be dead ed with fresh material every four or 
five years. The scene is in the private garden of Mrs. Andrew 
Coreg, as Copal Park from Fifth Avenue, in New 
York C 


226 


the various forms of Japanese yew, are being sed extensively. 


ome will endure possibly for several ye e best planta- 
tions are those which have their sickly plants replaced each year 


o 
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4 
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= 
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ot 
nm 
i 
Oo 
2 
od 
dd. 
x 
Rg 
S 
a=] 
0) 
o 
® 
wa 
us} 
co 
ind 
Lisl 
oO 
s 
A. 


i 
evergreen bittersweet are not generally dependable. 
Plants that are Not Successful 
Some plants seen around the city are invariably in a weakened 


and sickly condition. Such kinds should always be avoided where 
i rf 


e. 
vergreen trees are the most conspicuous failures. Hemlock, 


survive in New York City are red and sugar maples. Even the 
ir 


e 
they do not do well in oo Park or in situations where the 
conditions are more adve 

Excepting for the evergreen trees the range of plants is quite 
extensive for city planting. Trial and error afford the surest test. 


second and third zones are Ree 


gh . unaccountable oversight, the doe aa oon eda last 
ont! th | ist of plants for the first zone wa: ven the botanical name 
of the i tehotk instead of its rightful name, Hibisens ae 


The Second Zone 


pom vais Maple 
ae 


ae apig 
nae chestnut 


Hackb 
Carriére a horn 


Matrim 


-tre 
Ch ines — -vine 
Black Che 
Flow ve “Chervis 


k 
Mossy-cup or Bur Oak 
Red Oak 


Buckthorn 
Chinese Scholar-tree 
Bald Cypress 


Small- i European Linden 


Weeping Linden 
Silver Linden 


Blackhaw 
ered Ay 


The Third 


Bottleb an Buckeye 
Shadblov 


d Choke Try 
Black Chokeberry 
picebush 
Japanese Barber 
uropean Hornbeam 
American Hornbea 
mmers 


ue Cher: 
Gra: 


Russian Olive or Oleaster 

Winged Euonymus 

European Spindle-tree or 
Burning Bush 


Acer campestre 
Acer Ginnala 


‘rataegus Crus-galli 
ee triacanthos 

era Helix and varieties 
Howmet sp, 
0; nicera ja On 
“yeti ali aioli 
daclura pomifera 

nolia spp. 


[eae Pe 

SS 
of8 
KI 


C 
uercus rt 
hamaus spp. 
ophora 


Japon 
eau atic 
ilia cor 
Filia pean 
Pilia ea 


Filia 
iaipon “protium 
Ae aan i 


clesculus par ee 


Cornus ea and similar 


Pee 
Corylus 
Chaenomeles Japonica 
ospyros virginiana 
ER aeagnus angustifolia 
Euonymus alatus 
Euonymus europaeus 


Evrorae Beech Fagus sylvatica 
Forsythia Forsythia spp. 

White Ash Fraxinus americana 
Silverbell Talesia carolina 
Hydrangea dydrangea spp. and vars. 
Winterberr: lex vertici 

oldenrain-tree Koelr oe ia paniculata 
American Larch ari 

eee aaa arix Rae i note 

vi Le ld teach 

nh elle Lonic. fee. 

our-gum 

orrel-tree beatae hes um. ar arlonate 

umac Rhus 

ose-acacia Robinia hispida 

ugosa Rose Rosa rugosa 

rairie ag Rosa setiger 

assafra: Sassafras variation 
Japanese Snowbell said japon 

Blu el Cini Hie pe 

iba num cassinoides 

Nanny- etry Viburnum Lentago 
Vibur Viburnum molle 


Habitat Hunting In PMountains 
Of the Southeast With 
Student Gardeners By E. J. Alexander 


lhen four of the student gardeners of The New York ae fanical Garden 
chose to spend their vacations this es by making a collecting trip through 
or. 

i D 


ortion - vires had been collected on 
itt f while 


2 s 
independent trips. Spice on the ihe er hand, were cies 

vated, but oncs which the students had formerly not associate ith the 
wild state. In addition, they observed many plants entirely new to them 
and brought back seed or living specimens of a number of subjects which 
may be new to horticulture. 

Part of their usual outside es as le gardeners consists in making 
ene collections of the local flora. To their specimens gathered on 
previous jaunts 7 the vicinity of New York, cach of them added about 160 
new subjects, all representing plants which do not grow north of central 
saci 


tr 
San Bridge,  atton, and Donald <a IS Tene acquainted 


eg U 
collections of plants ie sty and reference, and added nearly a thousand 
plants y fifty or more ee ous species, besides a number of woody ones, 
to the Botanical Garde hirough digs collections of seeds an 
rial, eiy guide on the trip was E. J. Alexander, who took them over 
much of the region covered foe aoe oe on the Garden's official 
expedition in search of plants —C.H.W. 


229 


Into the Southern Appalachians 


HE shale-barren a along and around the Virginia-West 
in di 


e 
ragwort, Senccio antennal was past flowering, but its seeds 
were ripe and s hoped yet to introduce this plant to rock 


One of the greatest rarities of the region, the little purplish- 
flowered Astragalus distortus, which had proved most unamenable 
to cultivation, was sought and found in both flower and fruit. 
ce as it does in a dry hardpan mixture of shale tia 

nd their evan ie it will probably still prove a ata ough 
pee subject. Trifolinm wirginicuim, the mless endemic 

over of the region, was found also in flow oe fruit. 

The shale-barren region is not continuous, 80 we found a dif- 


in: oO pes rby w 
colonies of Linum saa: aaturalized eae the eases 
as we know, this is the first record of this European species in 


n. 
Near the headwaters of the Pot tomac river, we came across 
d 


e a wor’ 
cultivation. On the mountains east of Monterey, Va., we stopped 
to look at plants of Menziesia pilosa, an ericaceous. shrub -with 


230 


dull yellowish-orange flowers, and in searching through a nei igh- 


in ecu: 
mountains, the southern Aileghenies, and i 
the only plant known with 
zone of three continents 


ce 
B 
5 
= 


astern As is 
a natural ge abilion. in the temperate 


In damp hollows nea were attractive colonies of the filmy- 
flowered Heuchera villosa and the white heads of Clintonia 
unibellulata. 

ne more aes was visited where, in August and Sep- 
tember great drifts of Eriegonum Alleni cover the steep unstable 
slopes with a i glow.’ Here also are colonies of the s 
Clematis ovata, with dull purple nodding bells. The Giic fone 
Sedum Nevii? is common throughout the southern Appalachians, 
but nowhere does it reach better development than in the shale- 
barren area 


trip was made in West Virginia to visit a colony of the 


qu buried under avalanche of mountain laurel, one 


more et the typical tee saounEaiE n hich are 
ither confined to or reach their best aaa in the higher 
altitu T hich t became ntiful were nolia 
acuminata vt, Oxvdendrum ane m, alta acuminata, 

Za lendulacea, Gal phylla, Silene virginica® unt 
ternatuni e been long in cultivation, but it was of great 


e stands. 

n northwestern North Carolina and northeastern Tennessee, 
it was of botanical interest to note frequent occurrences of 
FHieracium pratense, w ic is not listed in the manuals as 
occurring south of Virgi 


1 For a description of eis cilleni see Cae 20: No. : 

2 Sedum Nevii is now established in the Thompson Memorial Rock 

Garden, where it is mal king an increasingly splendid show of eg bloom 
3 Though a difficult s apie ect in the north, Silene virginica now se 


be holding its own with its flery blossoms in. the Sua Memorial 
Rock Garden. For a description, see 4ddisonia 19: No. 1935. 


231 


Photograph by A. J. Bisaillon 


The upper portion of Mount Pisgah, 5,749 Ae in altitude, 
heath-bald in an advanced stage. The middle s s of this on 
landmark f Asheville are covered with a Piopel southern 


Appalachian forest. The saxifrage shown on page 238 was photo- 
graphed on its upper slope. 


Traveling on steep grades and long winding and twisting roads ; 


through whose effor ‘s many rare native plants are being brought 
into cultivation. Accompanied by our friends we visited the 


232 
famous swamp at Flat Rock where in its type locality we saw 
Sarracenia Jonesii. Associated together in this same swamp is a 
and Pogonia divaricata from the coastal one Anianthium mus- 


0 
tains; Myrica Gale an zalea discos: which are distinctly 


named are in exce 
furnished the best oes for study. e nearby warm valley 
region, we saw a fine colony of the hetay native passion-flower, 


as a fine heathebald development, maki an area es ane 
worth visiting. forests on the middle slopes are great 
f ns of Aristolochia ats and fine thickets of Azalea 
calendulac 1 vations, Saxifraga leucantheinifolia 
and Houstonia purpurea om the great mass of cliff-face plants, 
the woo und being well supplied with Hugeria erythrocarpa, 
Ilex montic ar nsicsia pilosa ermost areas 
Hypericum Buckleyi and Potentilla tridentata form heavy s in 
open stret : 1 odendron carolinianiin ar atat- 
tense form the heavy thickets just bel the summit. On the 
summit itsel one of the most finely developed stands known 
fo) ieris floribunda, where a trail runs for a mile or so ee 
its gnarled, headtopping growth. Off the western 
handsome colonies of Phlox carolina and Eryngium ae 
and i ntahala Gorge we had a long-drawn- a r 


so 
eximia. Crossing into the Tennessee River valley we saw the only 
bit of southern lowland flora of the trip, where along the river- 


233 


banks were heavy thickets of Ulenus alata and Quercus nigra and 


scrambli em Vitis rotundifolia, Bignonia crucigera and 
Cocculus carolinus. Ascending the Great Smokies from the west, 
we admi great forests and the thicke endron 
and laurel, and on t mmit ridge made several side trips into 
the heavy — of Abies Frascri and Picea rubens. The more 
interesting things handsome purple-flowered form of 
Hydrophyllum virginianum, occasional patches of Claytonia caro- 
intana an arnassia asarifolia and quantities of Solidago 
glomerata and that interesting endemic of the Smokies, Senecio 
Rugeliat. Back in North Carolina we along t ank of 


Alarka creek a nice stand of Rhodo ie minus. 


maxtinun and Kalinia latifolia 25-30 feet high were seen, and 
; e 


of emic ae ty, Gaylussacia ursina, 
. with Ind ain Castilleja coccine f 
~ Cae oe the latter eful plant for 
shady wooded planting. On the summit of the mountain, the 
fine stand of Azalea arborescens Richardsonti was j om 
into flower, the yellow blotch on its upper petal easily distinguish- 
ing it from the species. N summit was n nt we 


00 
some of the deep ravines e lower slopes were frequent 
colonies of Diphylleia cymosa, a relative of the May-apple, with 
leaves a foot in diameter. 

Near Highlands, we went to see one of the finest known colonies 
of Stewartia pentagyna and near it the velvet-leaved, dwarf holly, 
flex Beadlei. 

ut now our oe started. It was decided after a council- 


meeting to go into the Whitewater country in South Carolina to 
see Shortia elect in its natural habitat. It would probably 
mi interesting afternoon trip o or 30 miles and we 


an 01 
could easily — Asheville again by dark. So we went blithely 


4 Senecio Rugelia is described in Addisonia 20: No. 2. 1937. 


WOODY PLANTS Wi 


THRIVE IN NEW. YO 


LESS CONGESTED ZC 


7 i Wisteria ee to. the roof on‘one 
the. early houses :-at- Wathingion 
_ Square : 


2: An American holly. 28 feet wah Brow 
gin Owl's Head ean in Brookly Ls 


“3: A row of yo ung pin oaks, ‘recently 
» planted, Gee promise of a fine : 
nue one te St. between 
‘and Res 


4 oe shingle oak often. assumes a a! flit. 
opped appearance inthe. city.” It: 
hal ie folate well durin 


Se On the grounds. of -Mother. Cabrini. = 


American. pla me, ackberry, 
ptaba rdy a all bortered 


and 
by: 


briv 


6. The c lage glossy leaves of Crataegus. 
appear luxuriant even after ~ 

: yedrs on Br baraae in one of 

: the bls ned? 80th ; 


Paulownia, 


the - empre. resstvee, 
it 


ew York, an even 
within the city into an ap- 
propriately tnajestic tree. 


This one is in Central Park. 


Photograph by A. J. Bisailton 


Galax aphylla is one of the a asngie of woodland cover plants in the 
southern Appalachians. 7 was found on Mount Mitchell. Ralph roe 
is shown examining one of the candle: ‘like’ spires of white bloom above t 
glossy evergreen leaves. 


down into Horse Cove, from nae we turned into a side road 
winding down one mountain other. We knew that our 


§ 
many of them. Of course we were not in thé Whitewater valley 
and we knew it, but why should Shortia not grow in other valleys 
where the habitat was similar? We did find beautiful colo 
of the large-flowered wild ginger, Asarum Shuttleworthit and 
one patch of the rare Ophrys Small, a tiny orchid with rather 


237 


drab-colored flowers, and many a beautiful woodland stand of 
Amianthinin muscaetoxicum. 
Black clouds rolled up and rumbles of thunder came nearer and 
nearer. 
a head- — thicket of Leucothoé Catesbaei,’ in most per- 
fect eae we see, but no Shortia; neither could we 


miles fror e line. nally we crossed the — 
Sou at 


t ? 
ie ” He then stated that it grew 15 or 20 miles away in 
h Carolina, and recommended that we go to Salem, for any- 
one a could direct us to it. 
To Salem we went, finding it only after ata the hit-and-miss 


water Falls was and directed us to the Tae The road twiste 
rkle 
finally started to ascend the mountaits. It heaine Anos im- 


quent rolls of thunder, until we heard the roar Te 
fall. There in a deep gorge was the 300-foot ree () 


° 
te 
iy 
+ 
Th 3 
BD 
= 
oO 
7 


description of Amianthinum muscaetoxicum will appear in the next 


5A des 
number of Addisonia. 
aoe southeastern plants mentioned here which have been ica 
din A 1. 1; 


ribe cree are: Rhododendron carolinianum, Vo : 
Compra Fraseri 1. ; Oxvdendrum arboreum 4. No. 2; a Pe 
Catesbaei 4. No. 4; Caulucace brachycera : No. 2: Shortie (Sherwoodia) 
galacifolia en No. 1; a viscosa glauca 11. No. 3; Eryngium qucet- 
foliune (aguaticum) UL. No. ; a calendulacee 13. No. edum terna- 
an Ae icentra (Bicuculla) eximia 14, No. 4; Oenothera argilli- 


. No. 
; Pogo aia (Cleistes) divaricata 18. No. 3; Stewartia Ce 
ea ee grandiflora 19. No. 1; Azalea ar borescens 19. No. 


es AND PLANTS FROM 
HE 7 UDENT ee as 
ACATION TR 


Photograph by Samuel Bridge 


Whitewater Falls in 
South Carolina is in a 


Ss 
stands in the foreground 


: aie 
Photographs by E. J 


axifraga leucanthemifolia, ae stands about a foot high, frequents wet cliffs and 
oe in the southeastern mountains, but it is not well known in cultivation. From 
which the student gardeners brough it back from their trip it is hoped to — i oe “ 
saxifrage in gardens. Shor 2 acon ie oe a weed” in its native haw 
in the Whitewater countr He in 


239 


Whitewater River, the cliffs all around covered with Rhedoden- 
dron minus in full flower, truly a glorious sight. Still no Shortia. 


we were looking for. Again we drew a picture. “Oh, that eed? 
he said, “it grows around the spring right over here.” We fol- 


mi. re 
sarum virginicum, Viola hirsutula, 1’. hastata, V pallens, 1 
rotundifolia, Viburnum nudum, and the climbing hydrangea rela- 
tive, Decumaria barbara. The habitat was exactly what we had 

thou Pa wet rhododendron thickets. 
tchell, highest point in the eastern states, was our next 


say nothing of the gr reat carpe of Houstonia serpyllifolia and 
H, purpurea which fairly swale ee At one place a colony 
of pure albino H. serpyllifolia was found. Above 5,000 feet 


240 


Rhododendron catawhbiense ran riot, in all shades of magenta, 

rosy-purple, and even rose. 

The last day was spent in a highly educational trip through 

the famous Biltmore Estate, where we saw many surpassingly 
ng: 


fine plant of both common and rare plants, native and exotic. 
On the way out of North ae we found good colonies of 

Symplocos tinctoria Ashei, an early se ait shru ic 

is to be tes ed for hardiness At Blowing Roc revices wer 


n the northwestern corner of state and in adjacent Ten- 
nessee we found Crepts capillaris, pg gs efore sa ie 
far south. On the way back through Virginia, stops w 
to see the rather rare Pachistima Canbyi and Cena “Addisonii, 
as well as the more common Anemone lancifolia, Phlox ovata, 
Allium cernuum and eye eee 


York Botanical Garden, but a fair number still re- 
main to be placed in cultivation or to have their eae 
possibilities werk out. Practically all are being tried out at this 
institution, for their hardiness and ornamental value. 

Of equal ae was the pele in the Nik-Nar Nursery and in 
the private nursery of . D. Beadle, Superintendent of the 
Biltmore Estate, of a ne of native rarities which we did not 
have time to seek out in the wild. These were ha their first 
steps along the road leading to American garden: 


The Gardeners Forum 


AN unofficial see eae among the student snes 
and other members of the gardening staff of The New York 
Botanical Garden, the Gardeners eae began its fe year of 
activity at the annual meeting held Sept. 19. 
P. J. McKenna was re-elected pe for the year; es 
Tansey was chosen vice-chairman to succeed Franklin C. ore 
and Wilbur Wright was made secretary-treasurer, ener 


. Moss. 


241 


Assisting Mr. Wright in planning the subjects 


n 
for diecdssion during the year will be George McGregor and 


Samuel Bridge. 


wice a month during the autumn and wi 


nter, the 


s 
the following subjects were presented by the gardeners named: 


Lives 
Sorts AND FErRTILIzers 


pada eerie 


ard A a 
eens or TREES AND SHRUBS as Mess 
NotewortHy TREES AND SHRUBS a Moss 

OME “Consent Metops ee IN THE PROPAGATION 
AND Cu E OF PLA Ronald B. Townsend 
THE TRE - Horncore rE sae G. eae 
GREENHOUSE INSECTS pep Tan eae Ge 


C p Cap 
THe Deva eraene oF Goes 


Current Literature* 
At a Glance 
By Carol H. Woodward 
Mushroom Cultur 
wide a 
peal, scientific, practical and popular— 


pop 
the principles and problems of mushroom 
culture. Besides the common 4 


er of othe 
ushr: whi ay be subjected 
cultivation, though he he into greatest 
detail in treating the field mushroom of 
the American market 


alapagos. The ve: aia of the i- 
ous island which for 


goal of both scientists ad explorers is 
treated in anish in a recent paper- 
covered volume entitled (in translation) 
‘Gal: ae eae ees : 
Hes Solis the author t 


k, erriee is published ie the Central 
a of Quito, Ecuador. 
ations menti 


ublic: ioned and 
sie ae he found in ne Tingare He "The 
Botanical Garden, in the Museum Buildin 


E GROUND 


eorge McGrego 
GC. Nichole A, Belo 
Ralph Pinkus 
A. E. McKay 
Donald eaaison 


FLoRICULTURE Samuel Bridge 


Plant Influence. The possibility that 
Shoe ra from fruits hav. 
urpose or usefulness not yet d 


apples promoted 


eaten : plies and Willow a stimu- 
lated r ormation on willow 
Small Bulbs. which flowe 


Crocuses 
in aaa ar i 
io. 


ho shows 
fee to die bulbs of many species in 
natural size 


House Plants. What to do with potted 
plants seo they are brought indoors 
the end of the summer is told by Esther 
iC. Gr rayson in the September pike of 
the American Home. 


242 


Reviews of Recent Books 


(All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of 
The New York Botanical Garden.) 


wing Plants 

Chania Solut 
s LESS H OF PLAN 
Carleton Ellis and Mea W. Swaney. 
155 pages, illustrated, indexed. Rein- 
hold, Ne ‘k, 1938. $2.7 
CHEMI GARDENS AND 
TO CARE FOR THEM. evis 
Edition. Anonymous. 19 pages. 1938. 
Chemical Garden Co., Evanston, III. 
25¢. 
GR NG__ PLANTS THOUT 


oO 

SOIL BY THE WATER COLEORE 
METHOD. i R. Hoagland and D. I. 
16 ges, mimeographed, 1938. 
Oalversity i California, College of 

Agri , Berkeley, Calif. 
Popular eee in | growth = oo 
without soil has 


ously called water culture, tray agricul- 
ture, tank far nine, hydroponics, foe 
gardecie. and s The ahs lees 
ti mentioned above were W ner in r 
sponse to this interest 

The book by Ellis and Swaney is t 
mos bitious of the three. Its presen- 


io: 
2 ae Pics ure 


Cee and heavy water— which rae 


recently attracted cae ee fey 
attention from the aut cuss 
their own ex clei ents inducing Nhe on 


rocking troughs simulating the conditions 
a Hees are grown in soilless cultures on 
ps at sea, as well as experiments by 
alee 
The pamphlet by the Chemical ae 
ompany gives a straightforward des 


ture method and procedures for growing 
plants by the water canine method. They 


do not believe the water culture methoc 
offers advantages over soil. ey say 


at of plants grown it 


W. J. Rogsins. 


water culture.” 


Forests in Germany 
GERMAN FORESTRY. Franz Hes! 
342 pages, illustrated Aan ‘holographs 
charts, and maps; index le Uni 
ersity Press, New foe tere $3 
The one of forests in German 


acer » ar make its 
technique more available to foresters ir 
ther countries. i to 


University anc 
. collaborat 

especially inter res to note ie 

sot poe forest 

was the concern 


S an organiza 
ae developed comparable to the 
n Forest Service in its scope and cen: 


243 


tralizing objective. A year later, private 
forests, W! Lara have long played an im- 
portant role he sum total of Ger! 
forestry, came Sande national ree ih 

not by way of confiscation, but by tech- 
fital puidsace coupled with se 


ae 
LE 


wo 
reste: and each state 
counterpart. In addition to these sell 
ove aves agencies, the Nat oa 
as its own forest ae 
Sree rd ata of ae z HH to 
he coordin of the entire German 
fovetiny str oe 

ith respect to the 
resources of 
that 


natural woodland 
eminded 


the primeval stands and th a 
in many cases seriously altered the asso- 
ciation of t today is 


of vegetation, namely, the heath region o 
northwestern Germany, the western Baltic 
beech region, the broadleaf and pine re- 
gion of Pomerania, the spruce region of 
East Prussia, the north German pine re- 
gion, the pine-spruce-fir region of Upper 
Silesia, the spruce-beech-fr region of 
central and southern Germany, 
Pp 


he a 
as broadleaf exon of southern 


addition to these items, culled fro 
this. interesting volume, there are chapters 
lealing forestr cati the 


i= 
s 
a 
om 


heritages in the United States 
E. H. Fe 


Five Pounds on Gardening 
RS OMNIBUS. 


THE GARDENE 
Edited for the Massachusetts Horti- 


cultural Society by Edwar Farring- 
ton. 886 pages, illustrated, indexed. 
Hal le, Cushman & Flint, Boston, 1938. 
$3. 


“Thirty-nine books in one” is the an- 
nouncement which accompanies "The Gar- 
dener’s Omnibus of the 109- 


ticultural 
quarters up in fs ston. The subjects of 
the “books” va rom the 


appeared each wi 
many years, to rock g: 

a special Eon on each of 
tant groups of plants, such as ee oa 
flowers, hedge plants, bulbs, and trees, 
besides discussions of garden pests, labels, 

pruning; greenhouses, and many other 

topic 


Mos of the material has appeared ii 
Homiaulivre ae the whole book is ee 
‘yle eek 


up in the st; of that weekly eet 
which means that its 886 large pages 
wit heavy covers ‘h fe nn 


h weigl 
Nearly every page contains at least one 


photograph of a plant subject being dis- 
cussed. While m experts 
appear at the ends of articles, the bulk 
of the book is admittedly written by and 

r amateur: suet any statements 
are made with gland conditions 
in mind, the aries Cae = untry in 


alice’ ion from coa 
e Gulf beyond the border cae Canada. 
Caro. H. 


Woopw 


A Fungus-Insect Relationship 


THE GENUS SEPTOBASIDIUM, 
ohn N. Couch. 480 pages, indexed. 
Tilustrated with text-: peures: and plates 
carers -_ ONG th Carolina Press, 
Chapel Hill, "35. 

ee ee “The 


Genus Sep- 


rn 


University 


This 


The introduction presents a description 
of the life histories of some of the typical 


244 


species of this genus, and the account 


and intimate correlation of ¢ ungus 
with its insect host is almost apa 
able. All of the species of this genus 
are parasitic on scale insects, which, ir 
tur c] ir nourishment fromthe 
plant host on which live. The fun- 

able to live with- 


the author points ae Al is not 
a leat case of parasitism where the 
fungus lives purely at the detriment of 
its insect host. In qed is its enforce 
y generously 
wtich the mn 


ee live and by which they are pro 


in them 

selves to the well-be'ng of the. fungus, 

e not so sacrificed re 
t nd 


otector. 


is to be ile ted’ on his salable 
contribution to science 
F. J. SEAVER. 


Exploring in Burma 
And Tibet 

PLANT HUNTER’S PARADISE. F. 
.. illustrated 
appendix; index. 
Macmillan, New ae 1938. - 3.50. 
down the 


list of 
been introduced ait 
the expl 


ar 

vides). And 
itis t 

species of onnaei en 

and where cer 

ter, one 

would find many more names that in 


recent years have anne catalogs, gar 
dens, and flower show 


writes hapter (the story o 
his fourteenth expedition into is 
running in the Gardeners’ Chronich 
f£ London), he mentions newly discov 
ered pla offer possibilities fo: 


vel 
ir “the wer s to be grown in tomorrow’: 
arder 


Caro, H. Woopwarp. 


Tree Care for the Amateur 


OUR SHADE _ TREES. | Ephrain 
Porter Felt. 187 pages,  illustratec 
with photographs, indexed. Orang: 
Judd, New York, 1938. 


Of the many books and periodical s pub- 
lished on the care a trees 
col 


RPS 


a 
tion as this popular-priced boo 
well known entomologist and pe aur hor 
ee Dr. E. P. Felt. Little 

aid in as simple se undersea 
a seaiiee on such a subj 
ers is outlinec 
a Felt ther 


hims 
iranmnentel. ‘factor: rs affecting hee tre: 
wound id cavitie e selecti 


planting of Hebe 
st 


93 oO 
Ba 


at we. 
graphs. The whol 

ing the captions to the phot 
how 


ogra, 
admirably readable, and th 


245 


author’s keen sense of tree problems and 
of the important place of trees in the 
it 


y. 

ghout there is a gene ae ine 

Ly oe ite capable 

aging the various Alifialties ‘encounter 
true ther 


is no on 
problems of Iture than the expert, 
but it ld be more gratifying to th 


After all, the analysis of symptoms is 
the pri me requisite for any successful 
diagnosis. 


JosepH W. TANSEY. 


Auxins and Other eg cetiees 
PLANT GROWTH SUBSTANCES. 
Hugh Nicol. 108 pages. Indioes of 
substances, authors, and plants. Leonard 
Hill Limite d, London, 1938. 

This the fourth book on plant 
growth substances ‘which hee come a the 
reviewer's attention; the others are the 

Be ‘ 


of Boysen- Jensen's books and the text by 
Went and Thimann. gh entitled 
“Plant Growth Substances” this book i 
largely limited to a discussion of th 
“auxins” and compounds having similar 
effects Pas reference is made to vita- 
min a growth substance, to pan 
thenic acd: thyroxin, male and female 
hormones, Bottomley’s auximones 
and other substances, but rather sur 


prisingly no mention is made , ni or 

of the eae ae B.) s 
The first thapters are res sed 
to the lay oo but the hesestion of 
the author in ve chemical aspects of the 
€ and origin of the 


book heavy reading fo 


y. 
Ss apparent pon the author’s dis- 


he substitution of 
magnesium 2-pyrrole-carboxylate for iron 


in the NA of plants. Altogether the 
book a stimulating discussion, 
i it should 


interested in plant alee substanices. 
Wit 


M J. Rosin 
Darwin—A New Portrait 
Of the Nasecua 
As a Man 
RLES DARWIN. Geoffrey West. 
oe cee ijlustrated, indexed. Yale 
Unive: Press, New Haven, 1938. 
$3.50. 
rely as the great naturalist 
form lated the theory of n al se- 
lection as the basic mechanics of organic 


ed with 


han any previous 


S 
z 
nF 
g 
Qo 
p 


ry begins, as must all tales of 
ries Darwin, two generations before 

his birth, for at a the pee 
its_incep- 


was so eased aes later by 
a. grandson Char 

many years eer, before the 
ay M the Great Work, as Charles Dar- 


win regarded it. In the meantime we 
read of Charles’ happy ne at Shrews- 
ury, at a time wh Europe was 


e heed. 


to please his forbear. 
however, an ee 
“where any man, 
ous or Sporn. cou 
cording to his talents.’ 

Soon, however, his ee terests wandered 
into natural science, into collecting, and 


a niche ac- 


246 


particularly into geology And then 
came the gr reat, cpeaoa. Charles’ 


Teneriffe, 
Cap ds, 
cance. the Rie er Patagonia, Tierra 


and New Z 


periods of time. He was only twenty- 
oe at the time when the voyage be- 

gan, but his earlier excursions into nat- 
ural histo d alrea for him 


lecting mania have since ma 

age memorable in the annals of science. 
Finally he returned England with a 

diary of so 189,000 words and a con- 

stitution so impoverished that for nearly 

forty years, it was said, “he never knew 


mach that wrought such 

ery during the remainder of his days 
oud er him so phbelieae ae for 
at a time he 


year: ork 
more than a jew hours a a Had it 
not been ne chose an ideal wife in 


in. ening ex- 
ni lustry despite iit health. By 


| to studying 
t ogy, coral refs 

ace ee ane Sapien of plan 
and animals under domestication, as well 
as sexual selection. earthworms and other 
phases of natural history. The culmina- 


tion of it all was the announcement i 
1858 of the Theory of ea by Nat 
ural Selection, and 

gin 


d last edi 
tion one despite Hike inevitable criticisn 
o all ian works it had ene i 


est a tablished as a great 
tributio 

Darwin frequently feared lest publica 
tion of his ideas offend people. Thi: 
angle of his nature bothered him par 
ticularl hen he was led a con 
siderati f himself. Finally, hi. 
convictions prevailed ai “The Descen 
of Man” appeared. But i 


lations of this man was ect te 
Alfred Se ae his contemporary 
In the mid f Darwin ors 

ceived : from this scolleseae whick 
contained si nee essence of Darwin's 
long pon di and which seemed tc 
take all originality foi is own worl 
But Dar no malice and passec 
the pie on ae publication. His 
ward lay oe the greater fame attached 
to his own work later and e friend- 
ship heoenticn which came from 


Wallac 
Epmunp H, Futtine. 


Notes, News, and Comment 


Storm Damage i heavy storm 
which struc . 


a few elm 


oken from 
which were just 
b : 


entering a pro mising season of bloom 


247 


and the hardy asters, just beginning to 
a0 were whipped almost beyond recog- 
n, both plantin h 


a 
hardy chrysanthemu did ni m to 
feel the effects of the storm 

the Arnold Arboretum D. 
Merrill reported the damage from the 
storm to have been the worst in the his- 
tory of the institution. “A hu ried sur- 
vey made the next morning,” he wrote, 


“shows that sooty 1,500 trees 
were either w ed 


Arbor oe 


year 


Michaelm: 
occupy a border poral Sone plants. 
expecte 


go oun nd ‘ e middle of Octo- 
ber. Of these there are 3,000 eae in 
72 varieties. The hardy and _ tropical 
waterlilies have been Oe aie nae 
this year and ase Eigomine has been 
continued well i the 


re Je. President of 


meeting of the Board 


In Chic Dr. W. H. Cam as in 
vited to lectire - ae Field Meseum in 
“Winter in 

a 


ouis Oo faves 
from the Ozark 
Mountains at Missouri Botanic 
Garden, 

neva. Dr. A. B. Stout spent a week 
at ieee N. Y., the middle of pee 
valuate the 


on the new seedless grapes. 


Visi Dr. David Crawford, Pre: 
dent a the University of H 
hi 


mer home 


ohn 


to 
th Eigi gin ‘Botan Cris 
oF Bae ‘he was the “founde 
Manda, peared 
grower iw West Orange, N. 
a Garden during September, 
ber of fine orchids wit! 


oo 


bringing 


lege; E. 
Research Labor. atories, accompanied by 
na he fe ce Ey D. Merrill of Har- 


ity; A. oy 

ore ell Psa eia rennet 
Honolulu; Arthur 
ternational Flower how: Marga 
r i Thomas 
Herbarium; F. 

ee a ie University of 
Henry Teuscher of the 


F 
Raymond Fi 
Pennsylvania ; 


eal Botanic Garden; Leon Croizat 
He “ihe cee Arbo retum; Ernest Rou- 
of U y 


niversit: ‘of Montreal ; 

anda K Meare of the Boyce Thompson 
Institute; Clyde Fisher of the American 
Museum of Dies : e, 


an 
aux, France, 
who is doing pathalegiell Hasty at 
Louisiana State peas this 


ures, Openin; e first of a series 
of lectures ay eatiged ee patrons o the 
flower sho Greenwich, ; 


by 
Horticultural Society, with t 
of the Greenwich, Ri = side, 
Hor tulus Garden lee the Little Garden 
Club of Rye, The Green Fingers, and the 
5 Club cae leners. Mr. aay 
ar 


h Africa. 
it: oldenke recite to the 
to) 


as guests 18 on 
“Growing Healthy Higa at The New 


York Botanical Gar 
Mycological For. 
uchesnay, northwest of Oues Rie = 
the Forest Rangers School acted 3 as ace 
Dr. ede e, Dr. F. J. Seaver, and 
) gelstein were am th 
70 persons who attended the annual foray 
of the Mycological Society of Americ: 
beginning August 23 and oo 2 


d € 
the royal erieieasnieah 
hout the ses 


which was offered throug! - 
sion, made the foray an unusually suc- 
cessful one. Mr. Hagelstein address 


excursions to 
country and motion pictures of Canadian 
scenery and life. 


e Gardening Staff. Donald Dodds, z 
rt, who wa: 


J. 

Eldridge estate at Great Nee. fae ie 
ing the Ga rden. 
has been assistant 

Fe s being transferrec 
as sien foreman. 
, formerly assistant 
; nes enrolled this 


work at 

ahlem Botanic Garden, but ref 

after little more than nae months there. 

After a season sp orking : a 
nursery in Suiceand pice Geber 

former gardener at the Bot: tanical Carden 

and a graduate of the science i also 
returned to this country in September. 


To Yal John T. Moss, a student 
eis! who received his certificate from 


organize 
depart t for the propagating of plant 
material for ale University’s 


255 


mental pees The 
come ler man agement of 
Bureau “of Planting, will chiefly be don 
in the greenhouse which 


B a 
apprentice, and shortly hee was ap- 
pointed a student gardener. 


Mex Hay: tracted 
ness = while collecting oe 
ig 1 


phere from Alaska i 
outh America 


THE NEW YORK shpat GARDEN 
BOARD OF MANAGER 


I. ELECTIVE MANAGERS 
res 1939: Pals M. goes hea haa CrareNceE Lewis, Pierre 
D. Merritt, Henry bE LA Saks Paton) and Assistant 
1 carer) We AM J. Rossins, and 
Until 1940: Hee DE Forest Brusvow" Vice-president, oe FRIcK, 
ALLYN R° pers Incs, Henry Locxuart, Jr., L, and JosEPH 


. ident 

Until 1941: MarsuaLt Fievp D, Mrs, Eton Huntineton Hooker, ae oe 
ME _ ia (Vice-president), Cot. Ropert H. Montcomery, and H. Hos 
Por’ 


II, EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS 
FrorELto H, LaGuaropra, Mayor a the City of New York. 
Ropert Moses, Park Commission 
JAMES MarsHALL, President of ihe Board of Education. 
III. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS 
Soe E. Hazen, arncnied by the Torrey Botanical Club. 
ARPER, Sam F. TRELEASE, EpmMuND W. SINNotT, and Marston T. 
rete appointed by Columbia University, 


GARDEN STAFF 


Liam J BBINS, Pu. D., Sc. D. Director 
. A. Grzason, Pu. D. Assistant Director ie coped ad Curator 
HENRY DE LA MONTAGNE Assistant Director 
A. B. Stout, Px, D. Curator of Education ae Laboratories 
Frep J, Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D. Curator 
eee O. Dongs, Pu. D. Plant Pathologist 
N HENDLEY BARNHART, A. M., M.D. Bibliog 
Pace WiLson Associate sie 
A Cc. Sais, Pu, D. Associate Curat. 
Harotp N. Motpenxe, Pu. D. Associate Curator 
Exizazetu C. Hatt, B. S. LE iia 
H. H. Russy, M. D. .......... Honorary Curator of the Economic Collec: 
Fiepa GRIFFITH Artist and he 
Ropert S. WILLIAMS search evans in Bryology 
E, J. ALEXANDER...... Assistant Curator and atti of the ie i Herbarium 
Camp, Pu, eae urator 
CLYDE trae A. M e. pra 
OSALI Technical Assistant 
FREDERICK nea M.A Technical Assistant 
Carot H. Woopwarp, "A. B. Editorial Assistant 
Tuomas H. Everett, N. D. Hort Horticulturist 
G. L. Wirtrrocx, A. M. ‘ocent 
TTO DEGENER, M. S. Collaborator in Hawatian Botan 
Ropert HAacELSTEIN Honorary Curator of Mt. pieces 
ETHEL eae = ee Honorary Curator, Iris and Narcissus Collections 
eae jJ.c Superintendent a dune lings and Grounds 
Ce PEANDES Assistant Gupericadent 


MEMBERSHIP IN THE GARDEN 


tablished as a spuvete tely endowed institutions aided Panally oy City appro- 
een The New York Boma MGarden s dependent for progress largely 
upon benefactions ad mem pence oug 4 ey means, nuh young as botani- 
cal gardens go, it has bec the th: a araest seutnicn of its kind, its library, 
pera ats orcas reoleecans ranking among the finest and most complete 
any c 


A eee al in The New York Botanical arden: therefore, means promotion 
of scientific research in botany and the advancement of horticultural inten 
Scientifically, the Garden is able to serve as a chssiny haw: ° ness n for 
students an i it s vie 


[op 
® 
S 
cI 
o 
o 
5 
c 
5 
i) 
° 
* 
By iS 
a) 
La] 
° 
(a3 
eR 
ot 
a. 
e 
5 
p 
is) 
a 
mp 
G 
aq 
QP 
lal 
[oy 
is} 
uv 
oo. 


emberships enefactions is made at 
den fee the ¢ training of young scientists and student gardeners; hundreds of new 
; aes F : 


r nn ot Y, ic r 
arch and rea sdice: free exhibits are maintained in the museum, the greenhouses, 
and gardens, and lectures, courses, and free TAtgEA Gen in botany and gardening 
are given to the public. 
ac 


individual member of the Garden receives: 
copy of ie Journal every month. 
(2) A copy of Addisonia twice a year, each number illustrated with 
eight colored plates of unusual aes ceeea ated by complete descrip- 
tions and other pertinent Pa enee 


(3) A share of surplus plant ee of interesting or new varieties 
whenever it is distributed. 
4) Announcements of special floral displays at the Garden from 
season to season 
5) Credit, to ne extent of the membership fee paid, toward courses 
of study offered by the Garden. 5 
A limited number of oe clubs are accepted as afhliates. The privileges of 
afhliation are a subscription to the Journal, announcements of displays, a specially 
conducted tour of the grounds and greenhouses, and a lecture once a year by a —S 
selected member of the staff. : 
Fellowships or sehen for practical student-training in horticulture or for 
botanical research may be ee a shed by bequest or other benefaction either in 
perpetuity or for a eae 
The ee of ae te a types of benefaction are as follows: 


Annual Member $ 10 

SuEETETAe Member annual fee 25 

Garden Club Affiliation annual fee for club 25 

Fellowship Member annual fee 100 

Member for Life single contribution 250 

Fellow for Life single contribution 1,000 
atron single contribution 5,000 

Benefactor single contribution 25,000 


Contributions to the Garden may Be Seducted from taxable incomes. The 
following is a legally approved form of beq 

I hereby peaueaels to The New York Bene Garden incorporated under the 
Laws of New ork, Chapter 285 a 1891, the ——______.. 

Conditi me bequests may made Sie income payable to donor or any 
designated pene ficiary duane ane or hos lifetime. 

All requests for further information shoal be addressed to The New York 
Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, 


Vou. XX XIX Novemeer, 1938 PAGES 
No 


SCORN SE 


THE NEW YORK bree GARDEN 


Published monthly by The New York Botanical ae Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. 
Entered at the Post Office in York, N. Y., as second-class matter. 
Annual subscription $1.0 Single copies 10 c 
Fre 


e to members of the Garden 


JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
CaroL H. Woopwarp, Editor 
NoveMBER, 1938 
CHRYSANTHEMUMS IN NOVEMBER AT THE Gar 
Cover Phooeaoh by Fleda Griffith 
THE CONTRIBUTION OF BOTANICAL GARDENS TO 
Community LiF William J. Robbins 249 
SoME CHRONICLES IN GRAPE Hisrory—I B. Stout 254 
GRAPES OF THE EASTERN STATES 1 
MusHroom PoIsonINc 
Rock GarDEN AWARD TO Mrs. SCHNEIDER 
Reviews OF RECENT Books 
CurreENT LITERATURE AT A GLANCE Virgene Kavanagh 270 
Notes, NEws, AND COMMENT 272 
THE AMATEUR BOTANIST 
na search is made in the annals of the biological sciences, there are 


When 
found, beside the names of professors and institutional research worker. 
y persons not engaged by any organiz zed body whose contributions . 
: pige 


Fred J. pee 263 
264 


These are the amateurs in the scientific world—men and wom te) 
make well ordered collections of natural objects, who classify en. per- 


E Darwin was an amateur. He studied sl oe gases but gave 
. Whe ate 


it up for a hazardous expedition n he returned he fortunately was 
om! a te not ne to i rr is 
scientific studies an engro ae pastim oe n earned a 


oO was an am He worked out the basis of ca att 
of inheritance which is i today while serving as a mo 
us a 


r own d right here in New Yor ie en ehenced botanical 
ma 


yer 

orld authority on the sedges. Raymon orrey, a newspaperman, 

became an authority on the lichens. Addison Brown, one of the founders 
f the Garden and the collaborator of Dr. N. en ge was a New 


judge who was absorbed in his avocation of bot: 

of amateur bee ists now living ee names will go down in 
the history of th ce is ost endless. Their is ntly as 
important as that o professionals. And every painstaking collector of 


plants or logical experimenter in this field is making a proportional con- 
tribution to science. 
‘o these ee The New York Botanical Garden opens its doors and 
s them, so far as its palit permit, the co-operation of the staff and 
i pee a use of the equipment, the library, and the collections. 


JOURNAL 


of 
THE NEW YorRK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
VoL. XXXIX NovemBer, 1938 No. 467 


The (Contribution Of Botanical 
Gardens To Community Life 


By William J. Robbins 

(Adapted from an address given before a joint conference of educators 

and other community workers at Teachers College, Columbia University, 
1938. ) 


July 22, 


! [ ‘HAT botanical gardens contribute materially to community 
life is self-evident from their persistence as parts of our 


of Aristotle and Theophrastus (340 )} to the present and 
many of the gardens of today are old as human institutions go 
he Jardin des Plantes in Paris was founde ; the 


New York Botanical Garden were founded in 1889 and 1895 
respectively. 

Why are there botanical gardens 

Fundamentally, the existence of el gardens is because of 
the importance of plants. Plants in the last analysis are the 


U1 ei 
hairs are used for cordage and clothing, aba ae the cellulose of 


249 


250 


their bodies chemists make cellophane, artificial silk, powerful 
her products nt 


sibl 
mercial fermentations. The economic value of plants is of the 
a ss hi 


as 

as ina pene but as individuals. Some pare frequently their 

flowers, leaves or seeds, is often the motif from which a formal 

artistic design is developed. The beauty of form and color of 
ad 


tanical gardens are museums of ha life, in which some 
exhibits are living, changing from day to day and year after year, 
and others are preserved for ae reference and display. 
otanical gardens are necessarily roan by whatever conditions 
affect cone museums. What I have to say, therefore, on the con- 
tribution of botanical gardens to ne life applies, in the 
main, to the contributions made by other types of museums; modi- 
ed, of course, by the differences in the type of material dealt 
ith. 


First. Botanical gardens, if located in cities, are bound to be 
places of recreation. ey are antidotes for the artificiality of 


offere ) 
men ae private means or adjuncts to royal courts. In accordance 
with the progress of the times they have become the common 
re of all. 

Not long ago a visitor to The New York Botanical Garden 
said to me after inquiring for some directions: “You see, I’m 
out of a job, and I sit at home for hours sometimes bert 
what the ie holds. I get so J can’t stand it any lon e 
after tramping the streets some more, trying again to find some 


ie) 
4 


251 


work, I get on the Elevated and come out here to the Garden. 


garden I the impression tha h an institu- 

tion is to b rded as a park or playgroun should 
parks and playgrounds—they have their place in community life, 
it is an import one; but any botani ed 
primaril a. a playground misses, in my opinion, the 
unique contrib to rec no i is capable or 
th h its ordered plantings outdoors and under glass, with the 
1 labeling of spe ns oups, and through its museum 


exhibits, library services, and lectures, a botanical garden can 
provide educational as well as merely pleasurable forms of 
recreation. 


Second. Going further, a botanical garden contributes to com- 
munity life by acting as a reliable center of information on plants. 


n which a plan 
for introduction into ene ee aes where to get cow 
manure; what books to read on gardening; why there are no blue 
roses; what information exists on chemical gardens; where to 
secure large quantities of ragweed pollen for studies on hay- 


be those of a wore included by a housewife in her jelly 
it inedible. 
large botanical garden with its world-wide contacts, its 


, herbarium, and its trained staff, is peculiarly aule of 
fading reliable information on plants 


252 


Third. Its function as a demonstration area is important. 


A 
fine sod, a well-grown tree, a model garden, a pla of flowers 
x shrubs is not only a pleasant, it is an inspiring sight: it shows 


courages them to achieve fine results in their own gardens. Much 
s we value the passive enjoyme { flowers, shrubs, and trees. 
we 


e who wish to have gardens or are otherwise con- 
cerned with cre 
Fourth. From what I have said it is clear that a botanical gar- 


e the interest of an individual in a subject 
ying the interest aroused. Again 


colleges 
is my opinion tha ile h programs are of value, they r 
the danger of duplicating educational agencies fe y provi 
r of taki 


ed 
aking over functions which an organized ee already 
existing can perform. 
Th 


are, however, some oes educational efforts which 
by en: 


e. xtend ov or tl 
rovide training ee to secure elsewhere. In 


eae fitted the education of gardeners. 
tai ducati 


fe, ar 
with some guidance and with facilities for their work. No botani- 


253 


cal garden with which I am acquainted is at present equipped to 


not enough merely to maintain a museum and a garden, even 
though both are of the v best quality. There must be oppor 
tunity for individuals one ves to become active. 


Finally, a botanical garden contributes to community life 


r 
facts and processes are discovered and disseminated by an insti 
tution like a botanical garden to that part of the ae which 
can use the Peace mn. 

There is not space to discuss in detail an ideal scientific pro- 
gram for a botanical es but its guiding principles should 
these : 


1, The questions investigated will vary with the location and resources 
of the garden. 
ram should be fundamental and not superfici 


N 
3 
a) 


City should Bate world- wie interest and be concerned with investi- 
gations of world-wide imp 
In summary I may say that a botanical garden contributes to 
community life by providing recreation, by fostering scientific 
advancement, and by serving the public as a source of informa- 
tion and inspiration and as an educational agency. 


254 


Some Chronicles In 


Grape History By A. B. Stout 
I. 
HE Grape meee ee includes about ten genera and a 
total of near] 0 different species. l these are woody 
plants with fae semi- climbing, or somewhat bushy habits of 
1 cases t 


ee 
by selection within a species or by hybridization between 
species followed by selective breeding. 

The species of itis, now recognized by botanists, number 
between 40 and 50; bad 2 these about 30 are native to the area 


nd 
semi-tropical regions of both the New and the Old Worlds, but 
exclusively in the northern hemisphere. 


Vitis Vinifera in the Old World 

the wild grapes of the Old World evidently only one type, 
Vitis vinifera, became important in early cultivation. The culture 
of this grape began at a remote prehistoric date, and in time ex- 


plant that appears may be multiplied for culture as a clonal variety. 
The numerous variations in these grapes are indeed noteworthy 
ae their diversity. But it is not unusual for such differences to 

rise within a single species, especially after long cultivation with 
ee tion of diverse ce ates s which then cross rather freely in 
the production of t 

The vinifera grapes ae table, wine and raisin grapes. Usu 
ally the fruit has a high sugar content, rather solid or meaty an 


and a rich flavor called ous”. In the quality of their fruit 
the best of the vinifera grapes undoubtedly surpass all grapes of 
ther types now in cultt B vinifera grapes have rather 


fleshy and tender roots ae a constitution not suited to the colder 
parts of the temperate zone. 


Vinifera Experiments in the New World 
e attempts to establish the culture of vinifera grapes in 
rth Ame 


by colonial assemblies and later by both state and national gov- 
ernments. Experienced grape growers or “vine dressers’ were 


y y from 

to Kentucky, Ohio, and Indiana, attempts were made to establish 
the culture of the European grapes. Everywhere there was dismal 
failure.* 


eae for these failures are now evident. The vinifera grapes 
are unsuited to outdoor culture in the United States except on 
the Pacific Coast where they thrive in a culture that is now ex- 


E to n 
to give the fatal weakness that dooms these grapes for commer- 
cial culture anvwhere in eastern United States. 


Those who may wish to read in more detail interesting accounts of this 
epoch of age ltural failure are referred to the volumes “T grapes of 
New York” by Hedrick and “The evolution of our native fruits” by Bailey. 

t a rot of grapes (Guignardia bidwellii) ; powdery ft (Uncinula 
necator) ; and downy mildew (Plasimopara viticola ). 


256 


Grapes and Botanical History 
t was destined that grapes suitable for culture in eastern United 


knowledge during the period from early colonial days to the Civil 
ar in the United States. 
Belief in acclima tion. oo of this period shared in 
the rather universal belief of the time that the character of a plant 


ap' 
gradually gave way during the first half of the 19th century to 
hybridization and selective breeding. 
Knowledge of sexual reproduction in plants, At the beginning 
it 


o 
sions were recorded in a letter published in 1694 and again in 
1696 in volumes that are among the rarest of botanical publica- 
tions. Various aspects of sexual reproduction, especially in re- 
spect to the necessity of pollination for fruit and seed formation, 
had long been eas but not understood, in the culture of suc 


ew In as 
published in seven editions between 1717 and 9. This some- 
what widely distributed book — the functions of the pistils 
and stamens of flowers in seed formation, discussed variation 
among seed progenies as due . cross-fertilization and emphasized 


257 


the value of selecting the best plants as parents in the efforts to 
ants 


improve cultivated plar hus the importance considering 
the poll arent as well as the seed par selection was 
emphasized and clearly presented. Eventually this eles was 

plied and extended in the work of breedi a 

Selective breeding within species. The famous ae breeding 
firm of Vile nasa ieee in France was established in 1727, 
and among the outstanding contributions of this firm e the 
r s selection by hich culminated more 
than 100 years later in the breeding of the sugar 0. 


S nt 
aes In Hiceaal Knight nea working with inter- 


a segregation of characters. Van ns in cere tudied the 
seed pro; arious fruits (especially pears) and published 
a valuable monograph (1835) on the results which he obtain 

Le Co and others ma rted extensive 


to t the most valuable strains and to keep them pure 
preventing inter-breeding of different varieties and cross-pollina- 


ur 
much attention. This was in the years between 1760 and ee 
In Germany, Koelreuter (publications from 1761 to 1766) a 
Gaertner (1849) reported extensive experimental oe 
which a resulted a several hundred different hybrids. But 


ome ¢ 
cerned with practical results in ae new types a ens of 
value to horticulture. 
Several of these earlier hybridists and plant breeders held views 
r time. M f the methods of 


and thee hee between true species are necessarily sterile, un- 
fruitful, and of no value. Also in the popular mind and in 


258 


ecclesiastical circles, it was widely held and advocated that hybridi- 


zation must be a sacrilege and an abnormal if not pervertive 
TOCeS: ut these views gradual ve way before the accumu- 
lation of evidence, which was summarized and presented in the 
publications of C Darwint, that hybridization is a natural 


and effective means of aroduene variation and is of much prac- 
tical value in breeding plants 


Hybridization in Grapes 
Natural crosses. Dame Nature herself played an active and im- 
by chance hybridizations of new 
i n Uni State 


rapes of merit. At many p! ° 
a peri f about 200 years, vinifera grapes were grown in the 
vicinity il s of nati aaa This prance oppor- 


of v 
oe for ae nce hybr 


Pos 
in the ae f vinifera grapes and recommended certain grapes 
believed to be native were those of Thomas Mease i Domes- 
tic Encyclopedia (1804). Mease praised certain “native” grapes 
hich were ime being grown with considerable su e of 
these, known as the Alexander Grape, illustrates how these grapes 
origi nate 


dener for William Penn, growing 
ite of an old vi 


yard of European grapes. The fruits ha 
acteristic of the wild Vitis Labrusca; the pulp was firm, juicy, 
and quite sweet, and a good wine of the claret type could be made 
1 berries were oval in sha It is now be- 
hybrid. ee Jefferson 


a han 
he wine made from the pes nder Gra worthy of 


in existence in 1826, Certain over-enthusiastic vineyardists and 


£1859, On the Origin of Species. 1868, The Variation of Animals and 
Plants under Done ein. Pe The Effects of Cross and Self. “fertiliza- 
tion in the Vegetable Kingdon 


259 


nurserymen distributed this grape under the names Tokay and 
ape and claimed it to be a vinifera type. This grape was the 
first hybrid of a native American grape which was generally grown 
with commercial success. 
The Isabella Grape appeared in 1816 and soon became an im- 


teristics are strongly like those a, but the flowers 
are perfect, the berries are oval, the vine is susceptible to 
mildew, all of which indicate nas hee is V. vinifera in the 
parenta; om 

The Catawba Grape was first noted in 1823 and it soon be- 
came _ most popular commercial grape in America. Even now 
after more than a century in culture it a the chief wine grape 
grown in New York State is grape strongly resembles th 
wild V. Labrusca but its rs are perfect, the fr are vinous 
in flavor, the plant suffers from attacks of mildew, and many of 


which seeds may have been planted. But evidently no attempts 


GRAPI 


OF THI 


EASTE] 


STATI 


1. Panorama at Naples, N. Y., 
of the aa grape: ue 
regions in the 


2: i main trunk of one of the 


3, a ine aoe vineyard of the 
uth, at Southern Pines, N. C. 


acre a 
-U. S. Bureau of Plant Industry Courtesy of Garre 


Wild grapes 


5. Vitis argentifolia, 


ive grape 

BSE which is abundant 
in the vicinity of 
New York. 


6. Typical vineyard 
in the Finger ria district of 
New York Sta 


Yor 


262 


were made to control pes or to compare the progenies of 
different parents. Yet definite recommendations were made that 
the best of the species ee in America be used in hybridization 
with vinifera grapes 


g : 
Planned breeding. The first deliberate hybridization in grapes 


; the vine was vigorous and hardy. as a ine on plant 
Ada 


The Concord Grape and its origin are of special interest in this 


etts Horticultural Society the fruit of a seedling which was 
destined to ma ri istory under the name Cone Grape 
According to his statement Mr. Bull transplanted 


r a Grape. Late 
he collected seeds from the wild vine, planted them, and thus 
obta: Bae the original Sahat which was prop 

Cone Grape. The s of wild grapes which bear fruit have 
ae stamens, ane it seems certain that the Catawba vine 
was the pollen parent of this seedling. The Catawba itself is 
believed to be a hybrid with vinifera ancestry. Hence the 
Concord Grape is to be regarded as a plant which has a vinifera 
parent in its ancestry. 


ruit of a definitely known hybrid was exhibited in 1854 in 


siderable promise was grown and distributed under 
AL 


n’s Hybrid. This grape had various characteristics which 


263 
plainly indicated a vinifera parent and it proved to be not hardy. 
or some reason this grape attracted more attention than did Dr. 
Valk’s hybrid of earlier origin and it was widely publicized as a 
demonstration of what may be accomplished by hybridization in 
Tapes. 


(To be continued) 


SMushroom Poisoning By Fred J. Seaver 


ECENTLY a practising physician called at the writer’s home 
bag n 


2 
ES) 
2 
to) 
4 
ms 
S 
oq 
° 
M< 
fc) 
3.3 
o 
G 
a 
5 
3 
fe) 
3 
a 
on 
o 
p 
ing 
3 
teas} 


The physician wished to know the name and nature of the sus- 
pected offender 

The fungus was readily identified as Clitocybe illudens, com- 
monly known as the Jack-o’-lantern fungus because of its phos- 
phorescent glow in the dark. Though considered poisonous, it is 
not « one of the deadly forms, and there is some difference of 


Photograph by Fleda Griffith 


Clitocybe sar re a saffron-yellow mushroom with a phosphorescent 
low in the dark. It is a poisonous species. 


264 
the individual. oe the old authority on mushrooms, states: 


“This fungus is so inviting in quantity and beauty that one turns 
from it with a regret that lingers. Eaten in quantity it acts upon 


ve ar 
authority on mushrooms, states: “I have known people to eat it 
without harm, ete the chances are that it will make most persons 
os alt ought to be good, since it is so abundant and looks so 


This fungus occurs in | large clumps in very late summer and 
any other mushroom be so used until its identity has been learned 
and its qualities are known 


nee oe aes to Mrs. enna 


Schneider has been in charge of planting in the one 
Gard 


Second honors went to Donald Samson, a student gardener; 
third to Ned Irish of Bronxville, N. Y.; and fourth to Dorothea 
i i e G 


oO 
cs) 
Lar} 
is} 


and at prese ent in t 
gardening. Fifth place was shared by pson 

uilt two models, and Philip Spear, both of whor are student 
gardeners. 

Special mention was given to Philip Chandler, exchange stu- 
dent gardener from Kew, for a formal composition which the 

C did not consider competitive. Two members of the course 
constructed models to be copied on their own home grounds. The 
highest rank given was 79%, on a basis of 90 possible points: 


The 
‘mal composition made by 
Philip oe in the Ca rden’s course 
rock garden construction. Beneath it, one a the gardens 
pee by Hildegard Schneider. 
For phot oeeple Pie the other panels which were awarded honors in the 
course, see pag 


Abou 
for 


30 each for principles of construction, for scenic value, and for 
grading. The judges were Es 
h ° 


a 
wn 
i= 
us) 
oO 
a 
> 
oO 
3 
a 
2 oO 
is! 
o 
° 
ch 
a 
> 
oO 


the Poughkeepsie Nurseries ; and Joseph Tansey, greenhouse fore- 
man at the Garden. The models were built to scale to cover 
approximately 50 square feet and were made of stratified rocks 
and a composition soil. There were 18 people in the course, which 
was given under the direction of A. C. Pfander. 

During the judging, each of the model rock gardens was desig- 
nated only by a number. Each judge inspected the work of the 
class at a different time, so that the scoring of each was inde- 
pendent of the others. The gardens receiving honors are illus- 
trated here. 


67 


The New 


Reviews of Recent Books 


(All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of 
York Botanical Garden.) 


Bearer a the Pacific 
OF eee s 7 
ages, illustrated 
Frederick 
$3.50. 


Ms ate mess uc 

with phstagrapks, jeanne 

A, Stokes Co., New York, 1938. 
Probably no other writer has been so 
ceteilently, equipped to record the saga 
of the Polynesians as Te Rangi Hiroa, 
the son of a fiaey ri mother and a father 
from a_nortl of Ireland family. Te 


Bisho 
Sun: 
re abe ‘rom, his alae See 
the hich his rnal 


ge. 
Few human migrations have the ro- 
of th a ted and 
ET tr riguing an 
oPae ific when 


r 
Dr. Buck's ancestors fest ened their 
eyes to the eastern horizon. “Viki 
of th Sanree? tells of igrations 
in readable and often beautiful language, 
and the author has not sao ate 
ously to intersperse his sc facts 


with legends, mythology, end “state 
chants. The work contains fine 
photographs. 


pas: 
e is no doubt in the author’s mind 


on 

all Pee a in fairl 
and the main body of the 
book deals. with their dispersal iroteh 
out the oven triangle” from ‘the 
original center the Society Islands. 
From this point, Bree bly from the island 
$ 


remote groups as 
Marquesas, Easter Island, New Ze ala nd, 
Samo 


"Oe gre feateut interest to those concerned 
with plants is the chapter on “The Trail 
of Plants and Animals,” which the author 
concedes must have been across Melanesia 


ather than the Micronesian atolls. From 
e eastern extremity of Melanesia (the 
iji Islands), such fo nts as the 


was to America 


came to be w 
long before the advent of the first whites. 
He makes a voyag c from the 

to the Peruvian coast § 

and indeed the 


farther east in search of new land, and 
found Ameri h kn en- 
aD who led hs Pee is credited 


fuck a: g 
indivi oe to the records of 
e Polynesians. 
A. C. Sita. 


Wine From The Hills 
BUBBLING WATERS. Cla B. 
Firestone, 296 pages, thstrated in- 
dexet Robert Oy ale Bride and Com- 
, New Moe 
From the land a erokees along 
the oo to ie nent “licks” of 


ndiana, and thence through the hill- 
country to the Tuscarawas: re are 
he boundaries of a region where life still 
follows the tempo of that past our fathers 
knew. Into th se, the las Ider- 
nesses, Clark irestone went in search 
of that magic whieh Pliny said “doth lie 
in bubbling waters.” It is a multitude of 
things were there: Spring in the Blue- 
grass i - 


ture; the trail of ¢ raider Morgan; 
stories of ol an’l Boone: the laughter 
of Kentucky folk; an pace on ee 


tain tops. These thin 
many more—and now fe hse we to 
us in a series of yarns as refreshing as 


that sparkling wine drawn from the cool 
springs which feed the swift- Sanne 
streams region dominated by ou 
Southern Appalachians where, sometimes, 
there is n r sound “save the phoebe’s 
ery . the sighing a a wind fra- 
grant with balsam.” If like 

Scaiheen Highlands (and we doesn’ 2, 
this is a book you will want to read 

W. H. Came. 


Correvon on the Flowers a eee 
Marshes, Fields, and Woo 


UR, DES EAUX ET E 
MARAIS. H. Correvon. 243 pages, 
rates with drawings and colored 


Neuchatel and Paris. 1938. 12 Swiss 
Francs. 

CHAMPS ET BOIS FLEURIS. H. 
Correvon. 201 pages, illustrated with 


drawings and colored 
Deloehay ux & ree 
Paris. 1937 2 Sw 


plates, indexed, 
Neuchatel and 
s Francs. 


the a botanical ae in the seri 
utés 


ful flowers grow 

ater in the mountains 
rland. 

ig the aquatic and palus- 

of his 


in ad near 
and pales af Suite 
er describin: 


on an enchanting tour, everywhere closely 
studying the flowering plants of the 
onds, the marshes, the dam lines, 


oO 
ag 


and season to 


subject, you recog it 
that you could find it next time yourself 
you wi alone flower-hunting 


f Careead nes long been known 


for his ark with alpine plants, his book 
on aquatic plants, pie: ntly a newer 
study, has more of an immediate appeal 
than his Champs et Bois Fleuris, in the 
same series, of which the second edition 
appeared in 193 This is largely be- 
cause the colored aah of the 
moisture-loving eae ttered 
through the book, sad of being 


bunched at the back ayneee they el 
each other’s effect, and partly because 


268 


the captions in the more recent work are 
descriptive instead of being appended 
as mere labels. 

But in both books there is plenty of 
good reading matter: scenic and botani- 
cal descriptions, ckground of bio- 
i 1 


his country to find plants that are suit- 
able for cultivation 
In both books there is a ap ful choice 


and drawings by S. Rivier and 
nee Rene oa walle and pleasure 
o both v 


AROL H. Woopwarp. 


’Way Down Upon . 


SUWANNEE RIVER. Cecile Hulse 
Matschat. 296 pages, illustrated, in- 
dexed. Glossary and bibliography. 


Farrar one Rhinehar'! 
1938. $2. 


While the hee river may not be 
one of America’s great streams as to 


t: 

the river. itself, however, which is a typi- 
cal southern stream, interest lies in the 
people of the land through which it flows. 
ittle gi their early history and 
gend, b te = about the 
present abiGnE of the region, their 
ustoms and superstitions, thee . nee 
and their. reminiscences of e or 
the cases i td by the old Pie 


schat describes her trip from 
the tittle explored ane of the Okefe- 
nokee, dow to the Gulf of 


Se 
ee Pei giving as much of the. onl 
history as could be obtained in so short 


269 


atime. There may be those whose appe- 
tites are so jaded as to ee ne a 
stream so historically insignificant in the 

but 


s to have no space for adverse cities 
E, J. ALEXANDER. 


The ee of Many Waters 
‘AE. The Grass of Many Wat 

Tans Hanford Tiffany. tel pezes: 

illustrated with 41 plates (colored, half- 

tone, and line drawings) and 12 dia- 

grams; indexed. Charles C. Thomas, 
Springfield, Illinois, 1938. $3.50. 

busy ae 


and rarely for the layman—the re- 
sls of Hie iboes. It is ie often that the 
who does fu eh ee what it 
is tet othe . wal o know, or is able 
to present it in an nteteitie pes 
heen Dr. pda is such a 
An authorit 


that matter, hich live even in our o 
alimentary tracts, 
W. H. Camp. 


Exploring the Mad Mountains 
Of Equatorial Africa 
MOUNTAINS OF aE Pate 
Patrick M. Synge. 221 eS, 
dexed, illustrated with Suoterabhe: 
cotored plates, and sketches. BPs 
New York. 1938. $4. 
Would your read of the Mountains of 
the Moon, that snow-capped central 


African range which lies so near the 
equator and possesses, besides the snow- 
peaks, those fantastic forests of heat 

in whose depths there is such weird, 
dank silence? Here lobelias, to us such 
low! d 


y herbs, go mad and run u 
odes foot columns, while groundsels, 
en more lowly weeds to us, 
eat gnarle wisted trees, givii 


d and t d i 
ae Fandseape an aspect Picea oad 


ne hes region a British Museum Ex- 
mgasani 


with their strange and 
he 


the senate 
is 


this regio 
den possibilities of the plants 
E 


ALEXANDER. 


poe a ae Rock Garden 


SENSE _IN TH. CK 
CRRDEN. James H. Bissland. 217 
pages, illustrat ed ae anor d. De La 
M rd Boo! New ork. 


ar len 
1938. $2.50. 
Although a mber of good boo 

on the ee of Tocke gardens he been 


imple rules and instructions for vari- 
ous kinds of gardening with rocks are 


given, including the natural outcrop, 


dens, and pavements, all with helpful 
sketches and illustrations for the setting 
and grouping of ston r lants. 


mene is of these various 
kinds of plant. 
Common Sened 
a clearly etna 
solve many begin 


the Rock Garden is 
sep, poe it will 


EGARD hae, 


pia Trees in ae 
ORTRAIT 


OGWOODS. 

Aol Miller. a nae illustrated in 

‘olor. pee by the author, Nor- 
own, Pa. 1937, $1, 


men ve ae a greater Sea 


full flow duced in color, and 
the text “tells of sence dogwood trees 
and of American and world-wide interest 
in this species. 

Carot H. Woopwarp. 


Fifty American Trees 
KNOWING YOUR TREES. G. 
Collingwood. 109 pages, hilstate, 
pea “Bibtiogranhy American For- 
estr’ ciation, Washin ton, Dd. 
1937 i. 


exceedingly praiseworthy 


An projec 
has been started by 


the aaa Fon 
hat to publish 
i 


can trees ith such general sta- 
tistics as an would wi know. 
The frst foal eens fi brings 


fty trees, 
together the information concerning Bi 
as it was printed in American Forest. 


It is a beautiful work, with phelcecarte 


e entire tree, and of leaves, fruit 


ever ry tree- and nature-lovers’ shelf. 
E. J. ALEXANDER, 


Current Literature* 
At a Glance 
By Virgene Kavanagh 


my. A new taxonomic journal, 


ora 

has excellent eerenn many in color. 
Sea Life. The Journal He ce rine Re- 

search, Vol. I, No. 1, has 


the infor: 
aiinine ihe distribution are marine forms 


e use of trees without trunks 


nas a as hibits the use c 
eae 
aoe ‘Agricalra i pecan 
Station, Farg 


Mt. Rar A check list of plants in 
Mt. Rane ee Park with descrip- 
ions Bae e popularly called flowers 
the mimeographed bulletin of 
U . 5. Dz. National Park Service 
Vol. 24, No, 1-2, 


The ten most bg a trees 


al Sherman Bot od con 
taining the greatest volume lumber 
e ) the Nattonal Community Christmas 
Tree, a spruce on the lawn e i 


House, (5) Mother’s Day Tree, a white 


“Ally publications mentioned he and m; 
others—may be found in the Library ae The 
Botanical Garden, in the Museum Buildin, 


birch planted at Reading, Pa.; 

Jefferson Pecans planted b 

Washington at Mt. Vernon 
m 


(6) the 
George 


ie the land_ 
an eaves fund ne its care: 
e Dueling Oak, a con- 
ei 
Trees, 
Sept., 193 8, a new aeacine Tbene pub- 
lished in Santa Monica, Calif. 


Succulents. Descriptions and exception- 


ally good colored photographs of the 
sere f four species ae succulents ap- 

Blihende Kakteen und ee ¥ 
fuklente ae by Dr. Erich 
Werder 


Teaching. Lack of porns seems to 
be the outstanding feature of botan: 
Te ob- 


marized in bulletin 
Pla a plants 

ahi i ree oo ae or have been made 
are a and described briefly by Lena 
Artz in Claytonia for July 1938. Teas 


berries : Sone of the common sumacs. 
Plant Tum In one 
pone veceived from Dr. Dontelion oo 
nsti 2 Penis US.S.R 


well as of cancerous grov 


Ind. The December 1936 index num- 
ber of Bislooial Abstracts has appeared. 


New Mulch. Glass wool has many ad- 
vantages for 
st 


n Real Gardening, Glae 


Plant Breeding. Sweden has long been 
recognized as a leading vation in metho: ds 
of plant breedin, A view of the 
country’s work a appears in a bulletin form 
as “Swedish Contributions to the De- 
velopment of Plant Breeding.” Stock- 
holm, 1938. 


e Gardens. The 1938-39 Members’ 
Halos of ue este nee Society 
lists rose gardens throughout the ony 
which may be seen iy Pen and a 
the public rose gardens of America. 


Disease Control. Unusual methods of 


iy 

number of The Botanical see 
of the methods mentioned are the use of 
ee aes wraps for fr 


acidity, and 


que: 
trenching to check soil fung 


Insects Color. Excellent ein 
illustrations ie the com 
8 


Circulars No. 162-177 of the 
York State Experiment Station, 


Nectarines and Peaches. A romantic 
story is told in brief in a continued 
fi 

P 


egins 


who pr ied the EN last year before 
the Society, follows these fruits from 
their origin in a thr their intro- 
te into other countries i any parts 


apie 


H. oe reviews historic writ- 
ings on te 


272 


Notes, News, and Comment 
onfer: 


The first Eastern 
Shae Tree Conference will ie ce at 
‘w York Botanical Garden Dec. 8 

$ 


Felt of the us 
Laboratories ; ; and 


in the cultivation and serving 
trees. 
National A Dr. B. O. 
gave a paper gorues “the National pak 
emy of Sciences in October on “Further 
Experiments ibe the ‘Dominant’ ee 
Cre R. A. Harper 


Ey 

ae 
a8 

& 
“3 
i} 
Pad 
os 


cid 4 eting, he was 

held at Chapel ui, NV. C. with the Uni- 

sabes of ey h Carolina ‘and Duke Uni- 
ity a 


Addre. Dr. William J. Robbin 
spoke oe the Journal Club of the esate 
ment 0: th Insti- 


“GOs 
aod. 
aes lo} 

3 


S$50- 


“Plan 


ent Corn 
r ao celebration. 


Visitor. Dr. Samuel J. Record of the 
School of Forestr ry at Yale University 
visited the Botanical Garden, Oct. 26. 


Collabor red J. Seaver has 
rand eee favited Doctors P. Reda- 
d R. Ci 


diseases in ie human body. 


splays. The 3,000 plants . hardy 

FL cious which pri 

ae outdoor display this Mee were 
in full bloom the last week in October 


and promised to remain in fine condition, 
barring killing bh well into Novem- 
ber. The 72 
number at the new K 
The dahlias o1 
i ta! 


Ww: 
und: 
sil attracting many Gas during the 
early par November, 


ne indoor floral display for 


h a new entrance to the g 
house near the western end of the 
ea age border. The disp 
sisted chiefly of n 
begonias, ao pints the banyan 
tree in House No. 4, and unoaa s 
with orange les whose fruit was ju 
turning ne Since then the floral tis 
play has been extended into an adjoining 
house. 


une a vacation trip in 
‘oul 


loweri 

ollege, Oct. 11, and at Ohio State Uni- 
ersity, Oct. 25. He inspected the plant- 
ings of hybrid poplars made by the Dow 
hemical Co. in the area about Midland, 

ich., and also made observations on the 
distribution of wild species of gra 


i parts Jer: 
Eee et Michigan, Wisconsin, Ohi 
Hlinois, and West Virginia. 

Hon Dr. F. J. Seaver was recently 
elected 2 an honorary ies of the Cali- 
fornia Mycological Soc 


ibits. Recent exhibits in the Mus 


nth of Nov is a special 
exhibit of dae pets. 


THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
BO 


ARD OF MANAGERS 


L ECTIVE MANAGERS 
phi 1939: ARTHUR M. eae Cae); Ciarence Lewis, PIERRE 
E. D. Merritt, Henry pe LA Montacn: i bs cretary and Assistant 
Geueeh) Wituiam J. Rogsrns, and J. E. Spr 
Until 1940: Henry ve Forest Batpwin Vice-residen), Cups Frick, 
Autyn R. Jennincs, Henry Locxuart, Jr., ACDouGAL, and JosePH 


' t). 
Until 194r: Marsu. Fretp, Mrs. Eton Huntineton Hooker, aa i 
ean RILL ice preeu), Cot. Rorerr H. Montcomery, and H. Hos. 


II, EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS 
ipsa H. ma Maree Mayor of the City of New York. 
T Moses, Park Commissioner 
ae Mansnacn President of the Board of Education. 
Ill. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS 
Paes E. sander apenee Py the leas Botanical Club. 
R. Harrer, Sam LEASE, Epmunp W. Sinnott, and Marston T. 
Anon Tepe by es Universi sity. 
GARDEN STAFF 


Wi1AMm J. Roppins, aie D., Sc. D 


H. A. Greason, Pu. D Assistant Director and Head rae 
Henry ve La MONTAGNE Assistant Director 
A. B. Stout, Px, D. Curator of Education and Laboratories 
Frep J, Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D. Curator 
Bernarp O. Doncz, Pu. D. Plant t athologss: 
Joun HENDLEY BARNHART, A. M., M. D. Bibliographer 
Percy WILson Associate Cirater 
Axpert C. Smitu, Pu. D. Associate Curator 
Harotp N. Morpenke, Px. D. Associate Curator 
EizaseTz C. Hatt, B. S. Librarian 
H. Russy, M. Dy a2iaaste Honorary Curator of ihe Economic Collections 
FLEvA GRIFFITH Rate Peeper ae 
Rozert S. WILLIAMS are: ciate in Bryology 
E. J. ALEXANDER...... Assistant Curator and pbaniel : aig ee Herbarium 
W. H. Camp, Pu, D. sistant Curator 
E acres A. M. To ical Assistant 
Rosatiz WEIKER’ Technical Assistant 
FREDERICK AAG, A Technical Assistant 
Carot H. Woonwaro, A. B. Editorial Assistant 
Tuomas H. Everett, N. D. Horr. orticulturist 
G. L. Wirtrocx, A. M. Docent 
Otto Decener, M. S. Collaborator in Hawatian Botany 
RogERT Haceisrein Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes 
Eruer Anson S. Peckuam..Honorary Curator, Iris and Ne. ae Collections 
ArtTHuR J. Cone: Superintendent of, Buildings and Grounds 


A. C, PFANDER ssistant Superintendent 


PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 


Books 
n Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States and Canada, by Nathaniel 
Lord ia and Addison Brown. Three valeeen cee descriptions and illustra- 
tions of ee species. Second edition, reprinted. $13.5 
Flora of the Eranice and gee of Central ae eee by P. A. Rydberg. 
aid. 


969 Bees and 601 figu 932) Prices bo). Hay? 
Plants a the Peat. é New York, by H. ix cms 284 pages, illustrated. 
1935. $1.6 


Flora a Bommads, By Nathaniel Lord Britton and others. 585 pages with 494 
text pie 1918. 
Text-book ny Gene Lichenology, by Albert Schneider. 230 pages. 
76 Bee 1397, $2.5 
eriodicals 
Addisonia, semi-annual, devoted exclusively eS ole plates accompanied by 
popular deanae ons of flowering Blane Ss eee lates in each number, thirty-two in 
eth ‘sity ipti i a volum 


Journal of The New York Botanical Garden, monthly, containing notes, news 
and non-technical articles. Subscription, $1 a year; single copies 10 cents. Free 
me. 


to members of the Garden. ow in its thirty-ninth volu 

Mycologia, cme illustrated in color and nee pee to fungi, 
including lichens, containing technical articles and n and n of general in- 
terest. $6 a year; anal aes 1.25 each. Now in fee aieseen volume. 
Twenty four Year Index volume $3 in paper, $3.50 in fabrikoid. 


Britto: eries of botanical papers. Subscription price, $5 a volume. 

Now in its Seo wales 
rth American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plans of North Anne 

inclu uding Greenland, the West Indies, and Central America. Planned to be 
pleted in 34 volumes, each to consist of four or more oa rts; 85 a rts now ‘eae 
pub caption Ease $1.50 per part; a limited number of separate parts will be sold 

fe 6) @ offered in exchange. 

pea oes from The New York Botanical Garden. A series of technical 
papers written by students or members of the staff, and Lepeineed from journals 
other than the above. Price, 25 cents each, $5 a volume. In the fourteenth 
olume. 


Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden. A collection of scientific 
papers. Volumes I-VII. Titles on request. 

Dire all orders to The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New 
York, N. 


DIRECTIONS FOR REACHING THE BOTANICAL GARDEN 
The New York Botanical Garden is located in the Bronx, immediately north of 
the Zoological Park at Fordham Road, and at the south end of the Bronx River 
Parkway. It may be reached by local trains from Grand Central Terminal to the 
Botanical Garden Station (200th Street). 
h the Gar ie by the Hee and Subway systems, take the bees 


Avenue Elevated to the end of the line (Bronx Park Station); from the East and 
West Side subways, transfer from Ke xington or Se a venue line to the 

Third Avenue Elevated at 149th Street ad Thir By th Avenue 
subway (Independent system) take a C train ie PBedtord Park Boulevard 


ee were then walk so to the Caen 

r from the city, drive pouk on Grand Concourse to Bedford 
Park "Boulevard "(aooeh Street), turn east there, and cross the railroad bridge into 
the Garden gro 


Vor. XX XIX DEcEMBER, 1938 PAGES 
No. 468 273—304 


JOURNAL 
of 
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 


Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. 
E ly 


ntered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. 
An 0 


— 
r=) 


nual subscription ingle copies 10 cents 


¢ to members of the Garden 


JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
ROL H. Woopwarp, Editor 
DECEMBER, 1938 


Conservatory Rance No. 1 As Ir Appears AFTER REBUILDI 
Cov ieee y Eric J. Baker, courtesy Lord & Boras Co. 
Gio RAN . 1, COMPLETELY REMODELED, 
1s RE-OPENED 273 
Some CHRONICLES IN GRAPE History—lIl A. B. Stout 274 
N 


81 
BamsBoo AS IT Is GROWN FoR Foop in CHINA W. M. Porterfield 282 


CuRRENT LITERATURE AT A GLANCE Virgene Kavanagh 293 
294 
INDEX: TO VoLuMe XXXIX Rosalie Weikert 296 


NINETEEN THIRTY-EIGHT 
One of the most significant achievements of the year at The New York 
Botanical Se has been the resumption of dee ys in Conservatory 
Range No. 1 as a result of Re near completion of as remodeling which 
was begun in oe spring 0 
With this as a climax, be year now passing may be said to have been 
horticulturally successful. Record numbers of people visited the Thompson 


come to study the ie and the familiar Here which are being grown 
at the Garden 
As these pe eee come to Bronx Park in ever greater numbers, they ar 
learning more of other services of the Garden—the use of the library, te 
Saturday aera eee ae horticultural courses, the publications, such 
as the Journal, t willin: of staff members to answer their ques 
a ne 


thou an accurate record having been kep' ere is good r 
to hie that the Garden has ey a larger aes of people in x 
through its displays and its efforts toward giving information and ed 
tion aan in any previous year. It is anticipated that its services ‘will 
continue to be used and their value increasingly appreciated. 


JOURNAL 


of 
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
VoL. XXXIX DecemBer, 1938 No. 468 


(Conservatory Range No. 1 
Completely Remodeled, 
Is Re-opened 


INCE early November, visitors to Conservatory Range No. 1 
have been able to see the new tropical rain-forest house which 
has just been completed, as well as two houses devoted to seasonal 
floral cee and other features in the newly remodeled range 
of Sum 
three ae devoted to cacti and to other succulents of the 
Ww 


Old a Ne orlds have been o ublic since last 
spr bu was not until October that any other portion of 
the new building was r to e seen. an he pla ia 


so that people may readily pass from the west end of the range, 
where the succulents and flowering plants are shown, to the east 
end, with its aaaie rain-forest house. In the new tropical fern 
ouse, which adjoins the rain-forest, 300 species of ferns are 
already planted out naturalistically on improvised banks, along a 
mall stream, and around a pool. The benches around the walls 
remain to he planted later. 

Economic plants of temperate and tropical regions, aroids, and 
decorative flowering plants of the tropics are among the oS 
groups which are to be developed in the conservatory. New palm 
are occupying the domed house in the center. 

The opening display of flowering plants consisted of several 
thousand pots of chrysanthemums, begonias, and many other oka 
mi 


or early summer. The conservatory is open every day in the week 
from 10 am. to 4p.m 


273 


274 


Some (Chronicles In 


Grape History By 4. B. Stout 
IL. 


The Golden Age of Grape History in Eastern America 
The introduction of the Concord Grape and the ans by 
deliberate hybridization of Dr. Valk’s hybrid, Ada, and of Allen’s 
ybrid came at an opportune time to provide the final stage set- 
ting for the “golden age” of viticulture in eastern United States. 
It had become generally recognized that the European grapes were 
not suited for culture in this area. That plants have sexual means 
of reproduction which permits hybridizations had become rather 
common knowledge. That hybridizations had already played an 
paporan Tole in the osu of ay cultivated plants was 
ha best in cultivation were 


a 
ce 
i= 
cS 
4 
8 
py 
y 
oO 

= 

a 
wD 
ag 
- 
8 
=] 
& 
w 
e 


1 
be obtained by deliberate breeding had been demonstrated in 


a 

manner that “awakened the slumbering hopes of the horticulturists 
a continent” (Hedrick, rapes New York, page 165). 
ere were three important developments during this period. 

(1) A large number of seedlings were obtained by hybridization 
and breeding, and t st of thes propagated as named 
clonal varieties Many of the new varieties ly 
planted and thu diay were the rigid and practical tests necessary 
for their evaluation. (3) The main areas most favorable for the 


commercial culture of these new grapes were determined by 
rience 


The growth of commercial viticulture. A survey of viticulture 
in eastern United States which was made in 1859 by E. M. 
Erskine ? (summarized by Hedrick in The Grapes of New York) 
pane that there were about 7,000 acres of vineyards scatter ed 


s ‘ine 

,000 acres of vineyards. Erskine did not mention grape growing 

in New York State, and at that date there were probably no more 
than 500 acres of vineyards in the entire state 


1 British Parliamentary Papers (Library of Congress) Vol. 30, 1859. 


275 


The rapid expansion during the “golden nae of viticulture in 
the northeastern states, including New York, was checked abou 
0 lar; 


very successful rapes ome type are now gro 
state of the union, though less than 1,500 vines are reported for 
yoming a re are less than 7,000 vines in each of the 
states of Montana, North Dakota, and Mai cording to the 
latest published reports of the United States Department of Agri- 
culture (Agricultural Statistics, 1937), the production of grap 
in Califo 1 as 1,699, short tons and that for all 
other states was 179,790 short tons. There have been fluctuations 
in the annual pro nd in the prices o . with 
iods of sectional expansion and depression. Yet the ro- 


which seems 
to indicate that viticulture in the United States has, in general, 
been rather stable during the past twenty years. 


The Present Status of Viticulture in New York 


New York State now leads all other states except Sones in 
the extent of viticulture. About 50. r 


(11,200 acres), Arkansas (7,400 acres), Missouri (6,600 a 

Illinois (3,200 acres), Kansas, Iowa, and Oklahoma (about 3,000 
acres each), and Indiana and New Jersey (about 2,300 acres 
each). In all these states the so-called “bunch” American a 
of hybrid origin ae Commercial Pal of grapes 

New York is now centered in four areas aah 
district bordering Lake Erie in which 24,000 acres are devoted 


Or ‘Oo 
various SG varieties. 
out 2,000 acres of which 56% is Gao and 38% is Niagara. 


276 


The most important factor involved in the culture of grapes is 
0 


e€ 
oday are not suited for wide ae throughout the area of 
New York State 


An Evaluation of Grape Breeding 

The value of native wild species. Not until wild species were 
used in hybridization were grapes highly suitable for culture ob- 
_ In The Grapes of New York Hedrick mentions by name 
eee oe clones of grapes that can be classed as 


many of these grapes are lacking but usually the ancestry of a 
clone is revealed by its characters or by the character of its 
offspring 

The majority of the clones produced or grown in the north- 
eastern states have at least some of the characters of the northern 


ox grape, V. Labrusca. At least 30 of t best varieties are 
decidedly like plants of this species and some of these have been 
regarded as pure for this species. bout 75 clones show bot 
V Labrusca and V. vinifera qualities 


(2) The species Vitis witlpina L. (V riparia Michx.), the 
Riverbank or Frost grape, is more widely distributed than any 
other American species of grape. Its fruits are maually one 
their flavor is decidedly acid but free of “foxiness,” an 
is melting. It would seem that this species should be of oe in 
hybridization but pe clones thus derived are of value 
Worthington Grape, of some importance in the early aera 
of viticulture in Aeris and the Clinton Grape show character- 
istics of this species. About 15 of the more important named 
clones appear to . hybrids of V. eulpina and V. Labrusca. ere 
nee to be few, if any, varieties that are obviously hybrids be- 

ween V. vulpina and V. vinifera. 


On the opposite page, an arbor a igi eae ata home in Westchester 
County, New York, showing how ca mbine a pleasant garden spot 
with the production of good fruit. 


278 


the e I’. vulpina plays a very important part in Euro- 

pean er tur Vhen the grape root-louse (Phylloxera) was 

introduced eae into France it spread rapidly and did 

such damage that the extensive grape industry of France faced 
: : dt , 3 


ke 
excellent rootstock for the grafting of viniferas; so by this method 
most grapes are now grown in Fra 


(3) The rather variable species i itis aestiwalis (the eaten 


New York to Florida and westward ir ‘ € 
black, juicy, and rather tart; they make a wine of rich color. There 
are several botanical varieties of this wild species which differ in 


es 
size and quality of the fruit. One horticultural defect of this 
species is that the cuttings root orly. About 10 of “ major 
varieties of American grapes are I”. Labrusca x I’. aestivalis; the 
orton Grape, a leading aoe grape for areas south of New York 
State, is of this parentage. About 35 clones have I” Labrusca, 
I’, aestivalis and I” winifera m their ancestry, and of these the 
Delaware Grape is to be noted as the best of the commercial 
grapes for quality of fruit. 


= 


Pinewoods or Post Oak grape of Téxas and adjacent states 


g 
V. Munson in the development of clonal varieties of S 
he bunch type suitable for culture in the h. Munson 
devoted much to the study of the wild grapes of 
the Texas area and to the breeding — testing of grapes. Iti 
said that he originated more varieties hybrid grapes than any 
her person in the United States. In a volume of 252 pages 


ot! 

published in 1909, Munson summarizes his life work with grapes. 
It may be noted that the best of Munson’s grapes were usually 
complex hybrids which had in their ancestry more than two wild 
species. 


Sore Vitis candicans and V. ee is were, it is 
h 


Beene involved in the parentage of a very few varieties. 
) The sale grape (I7itis rotundifo olia) is the most 


dro 
when ripe. The skin of the berries is tough, the flavor strongly 


279 


"been 
ns 


e Te 
Photograph by Edward Steichen 


New York grapes in baskets, ready for the market. 


musky. The most ames clones in cultivation have been de- 
rived from wild p hese some, as the James Grape, 
have black eg an as the Seuppernong, have greenish- 
She fruit. 

This species and the still more southern [”. Afunsoniana are 


280 


very distinct from all other grapes in respect to several characters. 


Considerable rt is now being directed to breeding which in- 
volves the ies. i orted that hybrids have 
recently been obtained between ’ rotundifolia and varieties of 
” vinifera an ith several of the clones cultivated in the 
orth, ocang Ca a, Delaw Concor nchell and 
Cam me of these hybrids have the sterility char- 
acteristics ae ‘pybridlity and are hence unfruitful; others are of 
no value; but sor the selections are now being studied for 


; but some 
possible value in further breeding. 
he present extent of grape breeding. All over the world 


than a revious date. In the Old rld grape breedi in 
progress i ce, Germany, Italy, the Union of Soviet Socialist 
Republics, and in A li n the United States breeding of 
grapes is now being done at State A, ural Experiment Sta- 


a 

Industry is eoaie ae grape breeding at Beltsville in Maryland, 
at Fresno in California, at Meridan in Mississippi and at Willard 
in North Ca pohns 


€ program in grape breeding and comprehensive 


e Experiment Station at Geneva, N. Y., since 2. Various 
new grapes of promise, as Seneca, Sheridan, Ontario, Portland, 


The breeding for the development of hardy seedless grapes has 
been a special project in which the writer has co-operated 
since 1919. 

In general the methods in breeding grapes include selective 
breeding within the grapes already in cultivation, studies of native 
wild species, and further hybridizations. The aims are to develop 
grapes of quality that are fully hardy in the more northern regions, 
more resistant to diseases, and better, at least for certain regions, 
than are the varieties of the present time. 


al century of grape breeding. Almost a hundred years have 
h 


w elapsed 
the pollen parent and the seed parent in the breeding of grapes. 
The main effort has been to combine the productiveness and the 


281 


excellent ane of fruit possessed by vinifera grapes with the 
rdiness i 


is still opportunity for the development of better grapes. 


Winter Lectures at the Garden 


E winter series of free Saturday afternoon lectures in the 
useum Building at the Botanical Garden started Dec. 3 
ith an address by Dr. A. C. Smith describing his South American 
collecting ene of 1929. In the spring he will give a talk on 
s trip 0 t year into British Guiana. The complete schedule 

of winter ee is given below 


Dee. 3 From the Andes Down the Amazon 
A. C. Smith, Associate Curator 
Dec. 10 Indian Food, Drink and Drug Plants 
G. L. Wittrock, Docent 
Dec. 17 Garden Books for Gifts 
Elizabeth C, Hall, Librarian 
Jan. 7 Bamboo—The Universal Provi 
M. Po da U. S. Soil Conservation Service 
Jan. 14 A Naturalist in Florida 
Harold N. Moldenke, Associate Curator 
Jan. 21 Bermuda—tIts Scenery and Gardens 
Fred J. Seaver, Curator 
Jan. 28 New Autumn Chrysanthemums 
Alexander Cumming, Bristol Nurseries 
Feb. 4 Gardening with Native Plants 
Rober ef Lemmon, Editor, “Real Gardening” 
Feb. 11 Some Chronicles in Grape History 
tout, Pa of Education and Laboratories 
Feb. 18 The Role of Shrubs in Planti 
Henry F. Downer, Vassar College 
Feb. 25 Spring Cleaning in the Garden 
B. O. Dodge, Plant Pathologist 


282 


Bamboo As It Is Grown 
For Food In China By W. M. Porterfield 


(No. 5 of a serics on Chinese Vegetable Foods in New York) 


AMBOO as such needs no formal introduction, for its gen- 
appearance and the numberless uses to which it is put 
- 


are known to nearly everyone. - role as a vegetable food 
product is an important one among the Chinese. 
Roughly speaking, bamboos, oe include several gene f 


ra o 
the Grass pe may occur in any one of three habits: (1) the 


es sprea 
the climbing and vine-like habit, 
which is not considered here as it is not important to the present 
discussion. 

‘The clump bamboos such as Bambusa and Dendrocalamus are 
mostly tropical, while the spreading type (Phyllostachys and some 
species of .4rundinaria) push up into 2 subtropic and temperate 


t 
ground in all directions, and (3) 


ac 
found them being ce generally and e. who a Sapaes 
the French embassy to China in 1843 was responsible for sending 
the edible bamboo Sen mitis - Algiers where it os now 
established. Foreigners in China regularly have them served at 


be preserved in pickle. ow, canned bamboo ho 
bought. For faacporeden bamboo shoots may be a fresh by 
packing them in mud, but for long-distance shipping they are 


oO 


1 Fortune, R. A residence eal the Chinese.  p. 1857. Also 
Bretschneider, E. History of early botanical discoveries in cf attr pp. 513- 
516. 


2 Bretschneider, E. foc. cit. p. 537. 


of bamboo shoots and its contents, purchased in a Chinese grocery 


Rea in Nee York. 


dried. Of this I shall speak later. In Chinatown only dried and 


canned bamboo shoots can be bought. In East China and in 
Japan Pi slisstdels edulis Lehaie, P- bambusoides Sieb. 

(P. Quiliot A. & C. Riv.) and P. mitis A. & Riv. are the 
species which furnish the best shoots, the first being the largest 


ge 

and the third mentioned producing the tenderest, most delicate- 

tasting shoots. In the south of China* the shoots of Bambusa 
~ 4 a ; 


i : 

about 30 minutes or more ner tender. They never ica 
mealy like a potato but remain firm and crisp. For three early 
recipes for cooking aes shoots let me refer the aay to 
Fairchild’s brochure “Japanese Bamboos” (U. 2 
Buran of Plant ice Bulletin 43, p. 25. 1903), bag to an 
way’s amboos: Their Culture and Uses in the United States” 
U.S °D. A. ane of Plant Industry, Bulletin 1329, p. 21. 1925). 


8 Wilson, E. H. A naturalist in western China, IT. p. 62. 1913. 


284 


For the more elaborate recipes the Chinese Cook Book compiled 
by Mr. M. Sing Au (1936) and published by the a Arts 
Press in Readi Pa., and similar publications should b n- 
the book Sapa . be 
aid that 

ey sake anes 


ng, an 
sulted. These may be obtained in 
large department stores in New York and New 
when Fortune was in China he was in the hi a. 
shoots as a vegetable almost every day, sometimes boiled by them- 
selves, at other ee ~~ in on: an nd o on one occasion Mr, 


an excellent omelette ne bamboo shoots included. 


ae ion of 


10 € nd the 
The fr shoots are dug out of the eae washed in 
boiled i 


in a closed chamber where t are dri ver a steady fire fo 
out four hours. The partially dried shoots are then taken out 
he oven and rolled between the hands, after which they are 
pounded flat with a hammer. In the south and elsewhere the 
shoots are a sliced lengthwise and dried as shown the 
photograph. Once more they are put back in the oven and dried 
fc) out one and a half hours. When the drying process i 


for the market. The entire process lasts about two days. From 
200 catties of fresh shoots only 20 catties of dried shoots are 


obtained because of the high water content. 
The business of nalne the dried shoots is carried on by many 


are two chief kinds of workers, namely, “driers” who do the 


4 Chinese Economic Bulletin, 16: 315-317. 1930, 


285 


inside work and the ‘diggers’ who are engaged on the “bamboo 
hills” to dig the shoots, wash them, take off the sheath-leaves, 
; : “drier” 


Sliced, dried bamboo shoots as sold in the Chinese food shops. 


Chekiang province through ee the collection place, amount 
to about 300,000 Chinese dol $s per annum. Sixty percent of 


remaining 10 percent goes to Hongkong, Singapore and southern 
ports. 

According to one authority? on bamboo growing in China, from 
an eight-year-old eae forty Seals of shoots per mow (one 
mow = 7, sq. ft. of an acre) can be cut annua 

A bamboo grove eee is ae a for its shoots must not be 
allowed to age. On the other hand, too many of the shoots must 


5 Meyer, H. F. and Ekelund, B. Tests on the mechanical — of 
bamboo. The Engineering Society of China, 22 (paper no. 7): 1923, 


286 


t be cut since this will affect the general vigor of the plant and 
al the shoots will tend to remain small and of inferior quality. 
Since a grove may be but one plant in which the canes are con- 
nected by an extensively interlaced system of horizontal under- 
ground stems or rhizomes, the rules of careful pruning must be 
observed. All canes are dated. On coming up from the ground 
the most vigorous shoots are left to grow and carry on the life 


parts of the rhizome), because they are likely to be more tender, 
are culled for sale either fresh or dried. No cane is allowed to 


Bamboo shoots as they c up from the ground. This photograph, taken 
near Hangchow, in Chekiang Province, China, shows Phyllostachys bam- 
busoides, which is widely grown there for the trade. 


stand longer than from five tu ten years, and each year ee 
mately the same number of canes will be cut in the fall as the 
were shoots left to grow in the spring. In order to divert the 


en ve ’ of the grove is eal raised three or four inches. 
This oe proper nourishment for the roots and protects the 
shoots as they come up through the soil so that they will be 


287 


tender and succulent. It is the practice in some parts of east 


ginnin 
the soil. Exposure to Heat make them bitter, therefore they 
are kept in the dark until c 

While I have not heard ne particular belief expressed by the 
Chinese there is in British India a saying that the bamboos will 
not put up their shoots until the thunder comes. Kurz® 
incident told by a certain Captain W. H. Sleeman. In the rains 

£ 1835 the Captain discovered that his bamboos at Jubbalpore 
had not produced their shoots at what he considered the usual 
time, so he asked his gardener the cause. He replied, “We have 
had no thunder yet; as soon as the thunder comes you will get 
shoots.” The Captain inquired what possible connection there 
could be between claps of thunder and the shooting of bamboos. 
“God only knows,’ said the gardener, “but we know that until 
the thunder comes, the bamboos never shoot well.’ The thunder 
came and certainly the gardener’s theory seemed confirmed for 
the bamboos began and continued to produce abundant shoots. 

In Japan, according to Sir Ernest Satow’s account,’ fixed rules 
have been applied to the cultivation and harvesting of bamboo 
shoots. The Japanese Encyclopaedia informs us that a bamboo 
plant may be of either sex, and that the sex can be detected from 


while yet raw, they lose their tender ness. They must be boiled a 
long time, for eaten raw they are ede unwholesome. Such 
as have an irritating taste are bad for the throat they must 
be thoroughly boiled with wood ae over nae over again to 
remove this wens quality. 

10 9 shoot are good food. In a series of pe ae car- 
ae with Dr. Eugene in China, but 
aide we definitely established . fact i fresh bamboo 


6 “Bamboo and its Use”. 32. 1876. 
7 The Cultivation of Hanbos in ees p. 16. 1899. 


288 


shoots contain vitamin C. They are known also to have a fuel 
value o calories per pound. A gross analysis puts their water 
content at 90 percent; they also contain 3.2 percent protein, 0.2 
po fat, 6.2 aera carbohy aie and 0.4 faa ash. 


in 
boos: most ba nliog s flower very we and a alter , 30, 35, 


oO ‘ears, according to the species. Since bamboo is ‘ 
but a tree-grass, tl owers are like ‘ ley, etc., when 
they ar However, since the e , it is di t 


ppear. Ho 
to identify a bamboo except by certain morphological characters. 
akenouchi® in 1931 in an able paper analyzed these and before 
him Kurz® in 1876 suggested certain characters by which bamboos 
could be identified. Aly own observations have led me to niles wit 
the suggestions made by these men that among other constant char 
acters the shoots constitute de Renae criteria ae tenting 


specics. The sheaths that envelope the shoot are very characte 
tic as regards texture, sur ae color, markings, margin, and ae 
form of pseudophyll, ligule, oad auricles. A classification based 


on the sheath characters would, I believe, be very reliable. 


OP eiouehe Y. Syst ae i Morphologie und Anatomie 
der Vegetations Organe der ae Ba mis Arten. Mem. Fac. Sci 
and ete (Tathoieu peer Chivers) 3: 1-60. 1931. 

®* Kurz, S. Bamboo and its Uses. Caleutta. 1876, 


Water-(hestnuts nape Established 


Referring to the third of Dr. W. MI. DPorterfield’s articles on 
Chinese food plants in New ae . Robert T. Morris of Stam- 
ford, Conn., writes to the Journal, saying that the water-chestnut, 
Trapa, would grow well in the stream at the foot of his lawn, 
excepting that nasa and wild ducks eat it as eagerly as hey 

eat the leaves Nuttall’s pondweed which he has tried to estab- 

lish there. oe chestnut, he remarks, is said to be estab- 
lished in the ce ie to such an extent that predators can 
not eat all of it. species is presumably FT. natans, which 
comes mainly from tee and has become naturalized in Massa- 
chusetts, New York, and near Washington, D. C., though Dr. 
Morris speaks of the plant on his property as Tr fie bicornts, the 
Asiatic species. 


289 


The New York 


Reviews of Recent Books 


(All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of 
Botanical Garden.) 


“Come In and Learn 

About Life” 
BIOLOGY—THE STORY OF LIV- 
XG THINGS. George William Hun- 
evbert ihe Iter, George 
_ Hunter, Jr. 670 pages, illus- 
American ‘Be ole Com- 
937. $3. 
The bir nding or cover is the a im- 
seni which a new book leaves a 
tudent’s mind, os oo ee this 

ft 


hich he enters into t lume’s con 
tents. iology—~The of Living 
Things is fortunate i i ct. T! 


cover is oa dis- 


a ren of the 
donate a has sty a a the outline 
and preview of each cl and a brief 
study of the ieee redine lists— 
left me with a very favorable impression. 
and critical reading of the 


g > 


sed of 


raphs; then the gradual and normal in- 
troduction and deciopine t of the other 
phases and facts of the sul i ct. Second, 


which id telive choad be presented in 
detail to every student. And, third, the 
roll c a 

fifty-five page roll call with its 
Seconipaivice glossary of terms is, in it- 
self, not only a textbook, but also an 


open door into the whole living world, 
aid an ee ee to each stu- 
to 


“Come ae i about Life.” 

The illustrations, ae anying the de- 
aed gees pertaining a each phylum 
section, well done and ne ee 


AI 
ee wadece will be the aden cae 
will not find at least one of these illus- 
trations intriguin, 
The factual matter of the book is we 
jireenred: accurate, and not obs cured is 
much-wordiness. On the who 


chapters and pages are cited as applic 
ae to supplement ie preceding ae 
he text, here is a real yea 

me y and a lifetime of investigation ‘and 
contemplation between the covers of this 


Again considering the volume from the 
mechanical viewpoint, it is a pleasure to 
ead. The t 


ontent of the next sever 
paragraphs; and italics, in the stressing 
i nt facts an olatior 
terms and parts of the object under im- 
neither mis- 


eda study, hav 
ace nor overworke 


ae of 


ve been 
bs 


one more thing ost ah 
that I were . te field of 
Sas sty so cota Mins grand book 

ould be first ir oe to the 


a 
ane ect and my first invitatio 


fa a n to “Come 
in and jeer about Life.” 


Cartes GILLy. 


290 


Chromosomes in Simple Terms 
MOSOMES. M. J. D. 
. 128 pages, 20 illustrations, 
glossary, index oe Publishing 

Co: ew York, 1 $1.50. 

This a pocket-size volume which 
cae Sie and nee the 
extensive researches hro’ ie be- 


fundamentals of 
relation to reproduction, 
aed evolution. 


cytology 
heredity 
A. B. Srourt. 


A College Text and Manual 


A TEXTBOOK GENERAL 
ee E. Grace White. 2nd_edi- 
tion, 667 pages, 33 illustrations, 
glossary Laan index. C. V. 


Mosby & Co., St. Louis, 1937. $3.50. 

Freshmen in ae ee are re- 

quired take in genera 

biology ; oneueny : fertile field is 

provided for writers of general a 
(ce) 


vary ‘ttle with respect to their subject- 
te content. They differ widely in 
th anner in whic! h the material 


s been Tid as include, 


he 
been 
amplified with new material on plant 

tation. 

The i i s divided into three sections. 
The firs an The Unity of Life, gives 
a Brees detailed uae ret o 
certain type forms: the ssho 
green plant, a paramecium, an sae i- 
ceo ore Included in this sec- 
ons of cellular organiza- 
the green plant, 
ogen, and sulphur cycles, and 

= he second 


tion, Progressive Development, describes 
various types of plant and animal 

ganizatior 1S. Many type organisms are 
described in detail. A separate chapter 


volume a. 
ne ne en- 


on cae adaptations is included in this 
seci 


t is co-ordinated with 
panion laboratory manual which, topether 
room discussion and lecture 


terial is discussed in th sroom an 

that the morphol 1 material i 
ndled in t The initial 

intensive study i i 


not symoathe 

The lang 

is ce eae and direct. M 

trations ue e to clarify the 

feels that the topics within the ook are 

arranged in too heterogeneous a fash 

no opportunity is provided i peeve 

thinking; no problems are ed; many 
of the aspects of modern biology are not 

mentioned at a 
The usefulness of the text de lepends 

a aie. extent upon its sae with 

other activities. 
€ 


Department of Biology, 
Morris High School. 


New Plant Names by the Thousand 
To Tempt Rock Gardeners 


Sumpson Clay. 679 pages, 


with ane eae indexed. Thomas 
Nelsot & Son: New York. 1938. 
$12.30. 

What Ae, going still far from 


with 
mooth over s original clearing, 
ee in Dr. cia i 
ground a ee ‘broken. Rae of us 
who do not mind the clod-ho; 


hauling from viewpoints 
eable description, taxonomy, and no- 
awe we have here, instead, sev- 


eral thousand new plant names intro- 


is, ¢ has 
shaky (ine Goa y. 
bea ee a these a nam h 

e have nol red 
ae ie iolieenly so pee fmdiede ot 
old pas ones, all the way from Arabis 
to Yuci 


ie annot refrain from evaluating the 
setulae of a Pielanatital 
' : aecapae 


in 


g& p 
is utilitarian viewpoint the book would 
n to imited usefulness, 


upon our 
lingo, alrea grievously 
n fact, this book does not impress 

one as _a serious els of Paes cae 
t is ay atte 
ond aon the 

robable desrabiity as ge garden 
mu ue tude 


ening deserrien, all this is of very lim- 
ited worth. One appreciates . oS 
of comm an adjunct to iae 


ent as 
scr: eae “But hesitates to acce f 


Si 


‘or 

olana. on Ne Piss ae . finally ie for 

eran to. the much Hats seful, 

brief, text in Bailey’s Hor 

resent ere not materia ee 
up-to-date revisi in 


acceptable plem 
out more revision and ameltisenon than 
Dr. Clay has undertaken 


291 


_ We are still far from having, in this 
ce at all 
we 


mparable in quality wit may say, 
Rehder’s Manual ir Aa realm of ros 
plants, Yet, that is the 
petent work, well: fuenished “with ‘otani 
cal data and references, eady 
horticultural usage, by w: wt a 
structure for all manner of literary and 
popular side-shows to lean to. Such a 
job would be beyond the scope of any 
one individual. It might be a worthy 
ee for a botanical institution. Be 


need ata 

hazy comment on unknown ood ace 

dated subjects. 

would take Sr literary ae 
in so large ook as Clay 


rid has ever forgiven Farrer his 
hortcomings. Heaven send ore such 
smners. But, lacking such - 
ey will be judged by the usefulness of 
their plant description ae ae eir tax- 
ol 


omic and nomenclatural p 


demonstration criticism here e 


and fibr 

ben oinitied in many instances; ; as ha 
also, eel a 
erence is made to C Mold : 
both of which, in the original work, stand 
in — iM elaboration and revis pen 
eral s e likened t 

eed jason er, 
peculiar merits or 
stance, C, 
listings of 
terest) rien 
as mat? 


ma 


wo 
. white Mowered: Sicilian 
densiflora might have ra ted praise. 

terial ea cultivated as such, or as 
var. densiflora, represents one or another 


292 


solida form from south of the Alps, re- 


lated or belonging to C. sonae Sw., var. 
australis ron (C. stralis in 
arrer’s inade a variety 
which cultivation, does sar manta 
its distinguishing floral character 
gives i inc igh, as anne 6 
inches (or less) r solida, ile, in 
‘act, this southern “australis” relation- 
ship averages han the more 
northerly solid 


Sev of the Corydalis texts are so 
instinctive ae ey would fit one sort 
well a other, 


of mere coer 


as a viewpoint 
hee 6 one yoke if C. Se ae 
should not supersede C. solid 


The bes 2 a book i“ bee 
es mall number of 
genera, including Pr pals and Gentiana 

and upon a selection of ae 
aie h fey ens to be of | 
in the greater le of 
ing United Stat 


e illustrations are mostly very good, 


the rock-garden- 


and of considerable interest. The spiri 
of thi goe mainly toward the 
new ntried. arrer’s, it 
essentially that of the explorer—not that 
systematic worker. ence, per- 
; interesting expression, in the 
introduction, of contempt for pile om 
cal, nomenclatural research as uch 
clerks’ labor, unworthy of the epeatihe 
worker, e that as it may, it will still 


th 

themselves, a commendable aid 
good compilation. It may not be pu 
science, but it is extremely useful in 
the cause of clear understanding. A little 

of it i r. Clay’s might 
have smoothed as a - rough spots 
But rough spots will found in the 
best of books, aad one ee not hold 


a 


them particularly ieee this wor! 
interest and 

with- 
‘h re 
of this eae | ae n: To what ex- 

i. 
in this 
is which amon} g our thousands o rock 
garden plants? 


P. J. van MELLE. 


Herbs for the North 


OLD-TIME HERBS FOR NORTH- 
ERN GARDENS. Minnie Watson 
am. 256 ALES, peta with 
drawings, indexed; 32 ges of photo- 
graphs. Little, B as Company, 
Boston. 1938. 

Minnie Watson Kamm’s book, Old-time 
Herbs for Northern Gardens, is very 
timely with the awakened interest in herb 

dens. from o q 


mete ed. A mplete 
Gelerest Hae on youl 


their use Si present-day cooking would 
be valuable to the Haat C 
TH 


. GLEASON. 


Viruses Brought Up-to-date 
A_ TEXTBOOK OF PLANT VIRUS 
Bee ae Kenneth M. Smith. 
justrated with photographs and 
Fawings: appendix, page: Blakiston, 
ares 1937, 


Tn ook Smith presents briefly 
a dey a rather com meee account at 
t known plant vir ties, 
Gi tliods of transmission, hock ranges, and 

sea Th 


symptoms of di are described. The 
viruses are arran ie in the order heir 
plant hosts, oe Hutchinson’s sys- 
tem of classification. The classification 
and naming wot viruses are based on a 
scheme suggested by James Johnson, but 
Johnson's _ syste r of numbers 


uames of ho: ar or English popular 
names. Smith’s classification is doubtless 
s good as an iou: used, but his 
doption of new 


lant pathologists. 

chap on insects that ae 
virus diseaee and one on maladies su 
pected of being due to viruses add fa 
to the value of the book. 


Ze 


of vario ’ 
important Tock plants is a convenient aid 
in identifying diseases. Ilfustrations are, 


The book 
entitled 
F Plant Viruses,” 
published by the same author in ee 


on the whole, seca 
Pt 


Rockefeller Tainie 
Princeton, N. J. 


Curious Insects 
THE BOOK OF _INSECT ODDI- 
eee and L. Ditmars, illus- 
ted color by Helene Carter. 
ey pages, indexed. Lippincott, Phila- 
delphia. 1938. $2. 


book, in which 


ture is just bei 

magnification o 

Jee abee teristics is mi 
when 


e able t 


shi ju 

cational cand aeretae o outstanding 

facts about insects of a large portion of 

the world are mentioned in simple ean 

ae numerous hints are given for further 
tudy, 


Rate Pinkus. 


Biology, Cartoon Style 
BIG FLEAS HAVE LITTLE FLEAS, 
OR WHO'S WHO AMONG THE 
mer, 285 
drawings, 
cartoons; slossary 
. Willia & 


aleiclies ‘of protozoa, the few pho’ 
graphs, a i plata! oo are ex- 
cellent, yet ‘ontains ast amount of 
accurate ie ogy 


suit- 
“Recent 


293 


With malaria far from eliminated in 
the aes eine pia amoebic dysentery 
m the inc 


aiting ee Nene bor rt 
tourist, it would seem to be time to tell 
you and me and the rest of us about the 
protozo hat it can be done so pain- 
lessly is gratifying. “Big Fleas have 
Little ” sho m your “must 
3 


VirGENE KavANAGH. 


Current Literature* 
At a Glance 
By Virgene Kavanagh 


N. L. Britton. ee ay of the biographi- 
cal memoir of N. Britton, prepared 
ented 


the oe den. 

tains 42-page 

ritton's work prepar' 
art. 


bibliography fo) 
Dr 
Barnhi 


ed by 


r-book of 
ety lists 
nd enumerates 


ck Garden. 938 ¥ 
merican Rock veering: Sock 
gardens open to ea a 
books on rock gardening. 
Chlorine. Geraniums and begonias are 
often killed or 


suffer. Th ¢ of rain water for water 
ing the plants is the only certain cu 
Patani, New 1 


Blueberries. Several varieties of blue- 
Es 


ave en.—Horticulture, 


Lincoln Garden. The 


Garden Club o 
lllinois, ue eos 
brah. 


f 
this, fall an 
Garden on 
southwest 

ee 
ou 
naturalistic planting scheme, ck he 
All publications mentioned here—and m: 
she nee be found in_the Library ne The 
Botanical Garden, in the Museum Buildin: 


294 


old farm-land, forest, the lake, and two 
ee 


Fardes 
devoted to a deenption Gf this oe 
garden project. 


Children’s Books. A descriptive list of 
science books suitable for the elementary 
school library almost fills the Cornell 
School Leaflet for 
Rives interested in books 
children would find the list useful. 


Flushing. A list of trees which are 
isto Paine in oe ng appears 

n Vol. 1, No. 1 of the little magazine, 
FH lushing, October, tose 


me 


Useful Plant. Red clover, the state 
flower of Vermont, is probably the most 
veges plant selected by any state as 
its symbol—/adison ee Gardening 
Alag eee for Octobe 


Soil. “To Hold This Soil” is 
nating account of land-savi that 
ee ed, in ‘Miscellancous Publications 
o, 321 of the U.S.D.A. 
Algae. Several reprints dealing with 


the algae of the 
ceived from Dr. 


Americas have been _re- 
ay~ 
lor and from Dr. 


William Randolp ph 
Frances Droue 
“Alice in 


dan vs. Virus. 


Virusland” is 


spirochaete, ay popes of their clan weigh 
n in the balance ees Judge Limulus 

and find him scarcely worth living 

Journal of Bacteriology. Scateniber 1938. 


In the Air. A stud. 
isms in the upper air ca 
at the sachusetts 


ly micro-orgar 
rid on since 1932 
ech- 


rv S nel ‘molds ae 
at 16,500 feet altitude. Six species have 
ecently been recorded from that heig’ 


of investig 
m Se in the 
August Journal of Bacteriology 


ee News, and Comment 


ard Member. Dr. C. Auchter of 
Washington D. C., was tected Nov. 18 
ie Boa 


e to devote to his 
. Au chter, who is Chief of the 
Plant Industry of the nite od 
rtment 2 Agriculture, has 
in Hae ae 
A di of 


fi doctor’s cee 


Assistant 
year Chief of the bureau. 
ne Pea interest is in Reta fruits, 
their breeding and cultu 


Through arrangement with 
rig praia which handles the books for 
the Botanical Garden's library, reade 
of the ae ibe of Basa ‘th 


year may heir volumes ae at 
special cas a set o. he 12 
monthly ee of “the ao cal ihe price 
for binding is $1 p stage. ae a 


Po: 
volume of Aiea cousistne of 
ea, the price s $1.60 
he binding will be of 
Ae d, pe quality. board: 
full ie cloth, lettered in pennies gold. 
To have a volume bound, the entire set 
should be wrapped ne corrugated boards 
and mailed directly Dess & T. 
Con 


y t 
he entire set shoul 
bindery in one package. 
of Addisonia can also be ane at the 
regular price of $2.50. 


Con rett has been 
ee ie oe perce committee of 
Hortus, Inc., the oratieation eae has 
charge of the horticultural exhi 
the World’s Fair. 
tee he has been assigned to the schedule 


295 


committee, on which he will work with 
G. Esson on plant novelties to be 
exhibited, 


. The second term of the course 


place either aa 
night between a pm 
classes are he e Museum Building. 
The Cultivati an He Geeeilicise “Plants 
will oe | subject 1 se e course i 

tical ening, to Tht 
evening, “asiar y 5. sce will 

oseph 


advaaee or on the 
2 nd 7: he 


SEE 


the Carte 
Ay an 
culture of ieee plants. 

i the raising of wering 
plants as begonias, carnati One Moinectias, 
primulas, rie else and bulbs, at- 
tention will be iv to some novelties 
for greenhouse cu! 

This 


his subject wil oh followed in the 
spring : a laboratory course in indoor 
gardening, in whi number of green- 
house plants will be raised by the class 

tudent gardeners and others taking 


ar for classes in Plant 
Dr. A. - Stout and 
er G. Wittrock. 
new tery will be 


ni 
he 
given on Monday evening, Jan. 


aie bequest from the late Ken- 
neth Machete for several years a 
the ae Board o 


th ic 
Carex, together with. a sum of money for 


their publication. 
Th 


e drawings illustrate in great detail 
every th American species of this 
great s except four. These are now 
being illustrated by original artist, 
and editorial work preliminary to pub 
lication is in progres hi rawings 
ill be accompanied by bot al descrip 
tions and ott appropriate information 
and wi published in large quarto 


form, probably in two volumes of about 
540 pages each. 

try. Dr, A. Stout attended the 
asite eine of the Be eaieeas Forest 
Research Council at New Haven, Dec. 1 


and 2. There were discussions and re- 
ee on such matters as timber salvage 
and forest restoration in relation to the 
lamage done by the r 
the dulieation of forest products, flo 


ae oo the scope and progress of 
the work in eas genetics, in which Dr. 
Stout is a collab 


Alexander gave 


Lectures. E. J 
illustrated lecture on 


the Roc Mountains” before “he le 
partment of botany of the Brooklyn In- 
stitute of Arts and jences e 
Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Oct. 1 


0: and 
before the botany students of Caanecteut 
ee New London, Oct. 20. Dr. 

ae Loldenke lectured to the Summit 
N. J.) Nature Club, Oct. 28, on “Treas- 
oF of the Watchur ng Hills. 


Mycologist. Dr. Alexander Smith of 
the University of Mea spent the 
Phanksgiving week-end ai Botanical 


arden doing some ne research. 
e€ was accompanied by Mrs. Smith, 
who is working in palaeobotany. 


Dr. J. T. Roi esa of 
ral Dae oni in 
several days at the 


From Cuba. 
the Agricultu 
Havana, Cuba, spe us 
Garden in Novembe 


her Visitors, Dr. Philip A. Munz of 
cali in 


O 
Noveniber 8. 


haere other visitors a 
the month were Arthur ilisbury of 
Berkeley, Calif, famed for his develop- 

of slow-motion photographs of 
growing plants; Mar. wes of New- 
gland, paint of gardens 


cnomie work in the herbarium 

Lec ae tional Parks” wa 
the Uibiee at Dr. N. Moldenke ina 
lecture before the Toba Burroughs 
den and Community Club of A oiikers 
November 


5 a 
s 


Conference. At the first fall confer- 
ence of the scientific staff and Riis 
students of the Garden, Noven 

r sumr i 
given octor: ae ins, Gleason, 
Dodge, Cave and Sto 


INDEX TO VOLUME XXXIXx* 


2 
concolor 27; Fraseri 233; 
homole eee is 28; Nordmanniana 28; 


uw 

ee 
ww ft 
a 


Addisonia 18, 230 

Advisory Canal 96, 116; border 8, 
11, 12, 143; report t71 

Aesculus Hippocastanum 227; parvi- 


ora 
Ag aricus aes 241 
ssima ed 


Is to "identify some 
rees in winter 61, 80 
Habitat fae in mountains of 
the ne with student gar- 
deners 228 
AtwélonieL herbarom 15, 96 
All ie Jos 168 
Alli cerca 240; Karataviense 
100, > roseum 100; Schuberti 
; untfolium 100 
ee blitoides 197 
oa 227 
American Fos rests 270 
Rain Home 48, 117, 241 
American Journal of Botany 22 
American Nurseryman 70, 167 
erie Rock Garden Seces 48, 
n Rose Society 117, 271 
paar Hees una 232, 237 
ee i 6; tita- 


fae del Instituto de Biologia 95 
nderson, Arthur M. 20 
pripopoees dulce 13 
An nT e lanuginosa 100; sarmen- 
ee Fae hacen blanda 192; 
if ae ia 229 
2 ‘Tis 
a ac Museum 118 
nnual meeting 
Annual report vol the oe Direc- 
tor for 1937 A. Gleason) 7 
Anthyllis monte Jacaaint 
Antirr a 21 


st 
-Og 


ytia insignis clispersa 19 
renaria stricta 229 

Aristolochia macrophylla 232 
Arnold Arboretum 247 

pone arbutifolia 227; melanocarpa 


Ar re de Botanica do Estado do 
S. o 270 


* Compiled by Rosalie Weikert 


Arundinaria 282 
Asarum Shuttleworthit 236; virgini- 
cum 2. 
Asplenium pinnatifidum 74 
Astilbe 217 
Astragalus distortus 229 
, EL C. 295 


7; arbor- 
alendu- 

232; viscosa glauca 237 (See also 
Rhododendron ) 

Azaleas, hardy deciduous 1, 49 


Bailey, L. H. - ae 

Bamboo as it i in 
China (W. M. Donctheldy. 282 

Bambusa 282; arundinacea 283; vul- 


buds to identify some na- 
tive trees in winter (E, J. Alex 


ander) 
Barahat, John Hendley 18, 48, 95, 
116, 


the ae of Doctor Small 73 


a 
Beg 143 
Bellies pelltdieates Yoo 
Benedict, R. C. 96 


omes and Gardens 218 

Betula lenta 186; lutea 81, 186; popu- 
lifolia 186 
ignonia crucigera 233 

Binding 294 

Biol ogical es 271 

Eisaillon, A. ie 

Blair, Mr. & Mrs. Walter D. 144 


Bleptilia, ciliata 3 : 
Bloc The people’s responsi- 
Pity in warring against the Dutch 


Blithende. *Kaktteen und andere suk- 
kulente Pflanzen 
Boehmeria fake 205 
ogert, Marston T. 
Bonisteel, William 13 
Book reviews (name a he reviewer 
in fee 


Adamic, Louis. The house in 


Antigua (Carol H. Wood- 

1) 

Anonymous, Chemical gardens 
a how to care for them 
(W. J. Robbins) 24 

Arnon, D. I. and D. 
ea i . oe plants without 

he water culture 


ried Ww. J. Robbins) 242 


296 


Deae. TOT Te tandtan af nial, 297 


Bailey, L. H. The ai of pinks 
(P. J. van Melle) 141 
Baker, Mary ee pile 
wild flowers (Mary F, Bar- 
rett) 119 
vere Ralph C., Warren W. 
Knox and Georg eK. coe 


High aa fo (Lucy 
oe ) ne 


Blair, Millard F. Practical tree 
ee (E. P, Felt) 165 

Brow P: rees of north- 
ogee United States, a 


and naturalized (W. H. Camp) 


of i 
see oddities (Rains Pinkus) 
293 


ed ae The present-day 
arden (P. J. van Melle) 


Clements, F. E. and J. E. Wea 
ver. Plant ole (Norman 
213 


elson. Our ferns 


, G. H. Knowing 
(E. J. Alexander) 
Correyon, H. Champs et bois 
ae (Carol H. ere dd) 


oe H. Fleurs des eaux 
TO. 


Darlington, Dz a 


and 
ter, He ee ial of iescel 
ddities (Raph ‘Pik 29. 
ries Ralph. h gar- 


Fin 
oe eles and Swaney, Mil- 
W. Soilless growth of 
i nts (W. pe ty s) 2: 
Ellis, Lucy M e gardener 
to another ‘leten Siete de 
rsdorff) 6! 


Farrin, ngton, Bie ware The gar- 
dener’s pearly ‘canal H. 
, Woodward) 243 


. dener’s eoaaibi (Carol H. 


Felt, Ephraim Porter. Our shade 
trees (Joseph W. ae 2a 

Firestone, Clark B. Bu 
waters (W. ay Camp) ae 

Fis se Adele S rica shows 

how to stage them (Sarah 

v. Coombs) 1 

Foley, Daniel ie Annuals for 
your garden (Carol H. Wood- 
ward) 166 

Foley, Daniel J., McFarland, 
J. Horace and Hatton, R 


Department of culture. 
Range noe Handi Pei 
H. Woody my 7. 

Furtado, C3 entary 
on the laws ] eee ye 


Grayson, Esther C. and Rock- 

well, F. F, 

(Mau 

Grey, Charles Hervey. ieedy 

Iridaceae (J. G. Es. 
8 


Hadkield, Miles. oe wild 
flowers and t (Carol H. 


Hegner, Robert. Big fleas have 
little fleas (Virgene Kava- 
) 293 


eske, Franz. German forestry 
E. i 


Hill, Anna ilies Forty yea 


Hutcheson) 

Hoagland, D. - and Arn 

D. I. Growing plants neat 
by the culture 


Find lay) 6! 


so 
Kamm, nnie Watson, Old- 
time hee for northern gar- 
dens (Thea M. Gleason) 292 


298 


ar, H. A. [editor a on 


rren W., Ston 
nd ete Ralph C. 
iology (Lucy 
Mathews, Schuyler. Far miliar 
flowers 


(ALN. 
Matschat, Cecile Hulse. Suwan- 
iver (E. J. Alexander) 


Matschat, Cecile 
arden primers 
Schneider) 24 

Men J. ns ae ihe 

R 


Hulse. The 
(Hildegard 


¢P: J: McKenna) 20" 
McFarland, ; Hat 
R. Foley, Danit 
Gar en pelbe in color (Ca 
H odward) 166 


3 [editor] Sides 
and gardening (Ca H. 
Woodward) 
Merrill, Elmer D. and Egbert H. 
alke A_ bibliography of 
stern oe botany (J. H. 


Pamihae) 

Molisch, The longevity of 
niente (Es EK. Naylor) 214 
Miiller. Se Pontaite of dog- 

woods a 1 H. Woodward) 


270 

Nicol, Hugh. Plant growth sub- 
stances (\Villiam J. Robbins) 
245 

Nichols, J rose odyssey 
(P. 

Preece, W. H. A. North cule 
can rock plants (P. J. 
il 


yle, Robert, and McFarland, 
J. Hor 


race. How to grow roses 
J. aa 
Quinn, Ver their 


place i an life ae raed CW. M. 
eis field) 120 

lias (Mrs. H D. Thomas) 216 
Leauminens 
forage ieee an M, Stephens) 


Recall F. F. and Grayso: 


Esther C. Gardening indoors 
(Maud Richey Seah 45 
Rohde, Eleanour Sinclai erbs 
and herb gardening (Rosetta 
E. Clarkson) 45 

Sears, Paul B This is our world 
W. H. Camp) 43 


Sigma Xi Lectures for 1936-37. 
Ohio State University, Sympo- 
sium on Hormones (W. H. 


Bins oe ge Kx., Ralph C. Bene- 


Ore enstein) 139 
oe ee ciaers bor- 
s ( ard W. Swift) 215 
Seng: Mil Ellis, 


“ihe moon (E. J. Alexander) 


Tima, Kenneth V. and Went, 
Ph orcrniones CW. J. 
2 


m S$. Sa a 
of common mushrooms (Mar 
0 


Tiffany, Lewis Hanford. Algae, 
the grass of many waters 
CW. H. Camp) 269 

Van de Boe, Loui Planning 
and planting your own place 

DD. 


Seymour) 1 
Walker, Egbert H. and Mer 
rD A ene 3 
nen Asiatic botany (J. 
139 


living (hines 
(Chace ‘Gity) 289 
Ward, Kingdon. Plant hun- 
cae $ ae (Carol H. Wood- 
ard) 244 


eaver, J. E. and Clements, 
F. E. Plant ecology (Norman 
Taylor) 213 
Went, F. W. and Thimann, Ken- 
neth Vv. Phy tohormones (W. 
i 2 3 


arles es Darwin 


cul 
(Jos no W. Tansey) a 
Wherr ry, Edgar T. Gui 
eastern tne (D. T. ‘Wisltien) 
ai 


White, E. Grace, A textbook of 
general biology (Jerome Metz- 
290 


D. The pe 
s (A 'B. Sto ut) 290 
Willeox, O. W. A.B.C. of agro- 

biology (Donald P. Watson) 


Wood, n H. Jr. Bulbs for 
your garden, (thet Anson §. 
Peckham) 1 


Wright, eae son. 
dener's day book CBtizabete *C. 
Hall) 164 


Borin, John 248 
Botanical gardens (their contribution 


to community He Ea 


Botanical Gazette 


Can 
Smith, *caneth M. A er 
Botanical Museurt, Teas 218 


Diant virus diseases (L, O. 
or ie 


Rawere Clement @ 71 79 


Bowers, Clement G, 21, 72 


deciduous 


zalea 
Hardy ae for poet of form 
color in the garden 49 


vd 
d J. 92, 113, 241 
Bridge, Saruel "28, 241 


Britton, N. L. 74, 76, 115, 294 
Prittonia 15, 142 
onx Artists’ Guild 272 


: 101 

le la Socele d'Histoire 
Naturelle de poo 219 

et of the Garden Club of Amer- 

Bulletin of of vue Horticultural Society 

oO 47 

Bulletin of ee  Micsouri Botanic Gar- 
den 11 

Bulletin of Popular Information 143 


ue 22 

Camp, W. H. 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, 56, 
72 ’95, 115, 156, 211, 247 

Caragana arborescens 200 

Carex 295 

ou pee 227 ; caroliniana 227 

arya o~ 182 

Castanea: 08 

Castilla 116 

Castilleja coccinea 233 

ule 116 


ie) 


talpa 200 
Cetin cae alis 
re) 


Certificates presented to eight stu- 
dents 11 
Chaenomeles japonica 227 


Chandler, Clyde 16, 19, 48 
Chandler, Philip 192, 264, 265 
Chimaphila Pee maculata 129; um- 
bellat 
hinese “vate emu Scirpus 
pai s (W. M. Porterfield) 32; 
see 
Grosanthus virginica 200 
Chionodoxa 104 
Chronica Botanica 21 
ee 102 
y Gardens Club letin 166 
Caytenia 71 : ne 3 
1 tis 19; oy a ovata 230 


Clement, Mr. 
C 


ia Sut ulat: 


Fhnservatory Range No. 1: 8 10.116. 


299 


spat Ldear of botanical gardens to 
y life (William J. Rob- 
Contributors fro Boyce 
Thompson institute 
Convolvulus i ie nus tpt Tate 192 
Cook, Melville T. 48 
Co ombs, Sa ok Vv. 
A plea for the amateur 151 
Louise Beebee Wilder—a tribute 
100 
Cornel! Rural School Leaflet 294 
Cornus mS 227; paniculata 227 


Corylus 2. 

County gaan 48, 70, 7 

Crataegus Crus-galli 200, eer in- 
tricata 227; Lavallei 227, 235 
Phaenopyrum 227 
rehan, rtin 

Crepis capillaris 
ocus 24; biflorus 104; chrysanthus 


72, 104; Korolkowii 72; Salzmanni 
104; Sieberi 104 
Cucurbita esha 218 
Cultural notes on hardy oe 
owers) 1 


a 
a 
a. 


Cale Pe seni 232, 237 
Cytisus albus 109 


de Forest, Henry W. 178 
Decum: maria barbara 


fe im 247 
Di nae jeucopodi globosa 19; splen- 


Ditias 14, 141, 144 
Di 


aie 

‘oses 121; 
Bes Exhibits. 
2. 248 


D a 9 
Dodge, 19, 96, 


115, 168, 210, 248, oi. 281, 295 
Douglass, H. man 
Dawier Henry = ane 

raba 22; 
Dutch elm ne 2 ie OS, 169 


Eastern Shade Tree Conference 272 
E 227 


leni 230 
fa ycetoliar 232, 237 
esthronim 102 


300 


Esson, J. G. 48, 211, 248, 265, 294 
The professional’s point of view 


Euonymus alatus 227; europaeus 227 

Eutypella 144 

Ean T. A 18, 42, 48, 72, 92, 143, 
211, 248, 295 

Exhibits in Museum Building 272; of 
ea of fungi 16. See also 

Displays 
Exploration 15 


Fagus sylvatica 228 
Farchild Tropica Garden 144 
Felt, E. Porter 272; Results of recent 
pee in rite contro! of pest on 
trees 145 
Filley W. O, 272 
Finances - 
Fiske, Jessie G. 4. 
Flora of Brazil 6: oe Surinam 16 
Florists’ nity 
Gro 


Flower Grower 218 
Flower show (eo. o 
ies ra havior Norway 


Maple B. Sto a 
Flowering f ibs for the rock garden 
Ethel Anson S. Peckham) 101 


ae ae medal awarded to Dr. 
H.H. ry 92 

Flushing (eens) 294 

Forsythia 228 

Fossum, M. Truman 113, 248 

Fox, Mr 


a ris 
Margaret 16 
Fuligo muscorum 20; aie 20 
Pulling, ae H. 19, 
Some choice een us ever: 
grees s for ornamental plant- 


x 
APs 
fe] 

eB 


ne ee diseases 14 


aes 72, 102; byzantinus 72; 
wesli 72: nivalis 72; plicatus 72 
Ga i ax aphylla 230, 236, 239 
Garden Bulletin of the Flushing Gar- 
den Club cae 


Garden Glorie: 

Gardeners’ Chranilé (British) 95, 
118, 191, 244 

Gardeners’ Chronicle of America 48, 
118, 192 

Gardeners’ Forum 240 

Gardening courses 39, 208 

Gardening ey 167 

Gartenschonhe 

Gaylussacia es 230, 237; 


ir 

Gebert, Albert 248 

Gigantic mushroom (F. J. Seaver) 
212 


oe biloba 200 


Gleason, H. A, 19, 92, 95, 115, 210, 
21, 220, 295 
Annual report of the Acting 
Director for 1937 7 
Gleditsia triacanthos 227 
Grape hist 25 


4, 274 
Grapes of the eastern states 260-261 
Graphium Uimi 169, 170 
Griffith, Fleda ve ae A 156, 263, 
hs Jan. - Mar., 


Guignardia bidwellii 255 
Guntner, Charles F. 92 


Habitat hunting in mountains of the 
southeast with student gardeners 
Alexander) 228 
Hagelstein, Robert 16, 20, 96, 144, 
248 


& 


Myxomycete collecting 19 
Halesia ole 228 
Hall, 0. a C. 18, 48, 281 
donde lis 
ardy oe for bea form 
and ecu in thie a ees 
49 


Haynes, Caroline Ms and Louise 144 
Hedera Hel 

Hedrick Uz ”. 2, 96 

Helenium brevifolium 232 

Heli anthensam appeninam ae 99 


Hep 5,1 
Herbarium 15- Me 96, 115, 144 
ee 
Herringto we thur 
Heuchera ‘parviflora 232; villosa 230 
Hibiscus syriacus 22 
Hicoria Panemians 21; 
ao mis 2 
Hieracium - ratense 230 
Hill, Anna ae 272 
ee Ernest 1 
Mrs. Chistian R. 168 
Honors i, 143, 272 
Horticultural operations 8 
Horticulture 243, 293 


myristicae- 


erythrocarpa 232 
a acinthus azureus 104; orientalis 
ydrange: 


H. 228 
Hydrophylam virginianum 233 
Hydrangea 


“DeAVIE ~Z5u 5 


wrnetinMnde 190 


Tlex Beadlei 


THUOMLICULA ae 
monticola 232; 
n Agricultural Experiment 
Station Cire eed 118 

eet pests and fungous diseases 14 
Tris 190; peer erey 102; reticulata 104 
Irish, Ned 264, 266 


Japanese beetle 14 


ae of Agriculture (New Zea- 
lan 
Journal of Bacteriology 294 


Journal of Forestry 21, 191 

Journal of Horticultural Education 
Association 192 

Jenene! of Malayan Branch of the 

117 


Journal - Gecnnet Academy of 
Sciences 117 


Juniperus horizontalis 4, 30; horizon- 


talis Douglasii 30; S abina 30; 
abina tamarisc ifolia 31; : squamata 
28, 30; squamata Meyeri 30 


amie carolina 232; latifolia 233 
agh, lee 72, 1 

i Virgene. Current litera- 
270 


provides food, 
st hade, clothes, and medicine CW. 
M. Porterfield) 203 
Kobs, Edna 16 
i olrouteria paniculata 228 
Koster, P. M. 211 
Kri ukoff, Boris A. 15, 22, 115 
Kudzu vine 203 


Laboratory and Lear e) work 16 
e ite 217 


8 
Late spring Howes in a Thompson 
M ock Garden 108-109 
nm 


mon, Robert S. 281 
Propagation of the native species 
of Chimaphila 129 
Leucojum 1 
Leucothoé serge 237 
Lewisia i 99, 108; rediviva 
99; nee 
Lexington Leatets 167, 217 
Liatris Helleri 2 
Library 17, 48, 168, 220 
Lichens 15, 142 
Ligustrum amur lium 


200; Ibo! 
200; Ibota 200; re Regelianum 
200; ovalifoliu m 20! 
Lilium speciosum 134; tigrinum 192 
Lily pilgrimage 192 
Lincoin Garden 293 


eer) tee 
T inealn Garden 203 


Linum perenne 229 
Liquidambar Styraciflua 86, 156, 228 
Liriodendron chinense 82 ; Tali pifera 
82, 162 
Lonchocar rpus 
Lonicera 228 ; ae 227 
Li Wilder —a_ tribute 
100 


Lupton, George 92 
Lycium halimifolium 227 


aatelaned Fraser 92, 113, 192, 241 
Ma nae G. os 14, 13, 241 
295 


zine 48, 

OF acuminata 230; con- 
spicua 140; Fraseri 230 
Marshallia obovata 109 

azus rugosus 101 
McAllister, een) 96, 168 
McGreg e 241 
McKay, pues 
McKenna, P. f "0 240 
McKenny, Margaret 144 
McLean, Fouman T 18, 61, 156 
eee ig eae Garden 72, 168; 
y 9, . Stout 19 

Mee, ‘atifolians 


Menziesia pilosa 229, 232 
Merrill, E. D, 15, 92, 115, 144, 220, 
we ee 


Mexia 248 
eer "Dorothea 264, 266 
ae He Maizie 61; cover photograph, 


Mien Fh of plants in relation to 
education (E. J. Salisbury) 88, 


Moldenke, Harold N. 15, 16, 18-20, 42, 
96, 118, 248, 272, 281, 295 
The recognition of some common 
iv ees ir leaves 

0 


Montague, Mrs. Gilbert H. 96 
Montgomery, Robert H. 144 
Montr fal Botanical oe 96 
Moore, Franklin C. 2: 

Morus 

Moss, Donald 241 

Moss, John T. 113, 241, 248 

Mosses 15 

other of islands (H. H. Rusby) 
54 


comosum 


m 92 
104; 
ae 


212 

(Fred j. 
a 18, 19 

{oro} en foray 248 

Mycopatho logia 272 

Myrica Gale 232 

Myriophyllum 134 

Myxomycete collection 19, 144 


Mw 


vue 


Narcissus 102; minimus 104; Pseudo- 
Narcissus minimus 192; ‘triandrus 


National Academy of Sciences 95, 
115, 272, 293 
National Horticultural Magazine 21, 


New von Botanic 


Courses 39, 


s 19 
Dine: 10, 11, 121, 247, 272 
Educati vere 17 
Exhibits 220, 272 
Expedition 15, 48, 115 
Fin: ve 


Gifts, 
Ce and buildings 7 


Laborat and. experimental 
work 16, 168 

oe 42, 211, 281 

Library 17, 48, 168, 220 

Lic] a 1 

Membership 1 

Mycologia 18, 19 

Myx hades collection 144 
orth American Flora 15, 16, 

Personal honors 18-20, 72, 92, 96, 
143, 264, 272 

Photography 16 

Publicity 17 


Report of Acting Director 7 
Research and exploration 15 
Rose garden 8, 11, 98, 121 
Scholarship students 168 
Student Gardeners 92, 113, 228, 


Thom mps son Memorial Rock Gar- 


= 
rs 
Pend 
= 
“I 
oO 


Works Progress Administration 
8, 9, 16-18, 96 
New Zealand Journal of Science and 
Technology 219 


North America Flora 15, 16, 2 

Notes, news and comment 20, ‘a 71, 
96, 115, 143, 167, 192, 220, 246, 
272, 295 


Nyssa sylvatica 83, 162, 228 


Oenothera argillicola 13, 229, 237 
Oph hrys Smallii 236 


Oxydendrum arboreum 228, 230, 237 


Pachistima Canbyi 2: 
Panicum capillare rie 
Papaver 215 

‘arks and Recreation 70 
Parnassia asarifolia ar 
arochetus communis 
Powe argyrocoma ‘240 
Parrott P. J. 96 
Parthenocissus 254 
Passiflora incarnata 2. 
Passing of Doctor 
eae Barnhart) 7. 
Pa clowns 235 
Peckham, Ethel Anson S. 42, 211 
Flowering bulbs for the rock 
garden 101 
ee C. Nicholas A, 241 
Penstemon canescens 232 
People’s responsibility in war: 
against the Dutch elm disease (pee 

Bloch) 169 
Pests on trees, Control of 145 
Petrea 

43, 211, 265 


Pfander, C1 

Phacelia ocuanede y99 
Phellodendron 22 
Philadetphus hirsutus 232; 
232 
Philippine Journal 
Phlox oe 230; 


*Swall (John 


inodorus 


of Science 192 
carolina 232; 
Drummondii 219; ovata 240 

Phyllostachys 282; bambusoides 283 ; 
edulis 283; mitis 282, 283; Quilioi 


Phyteuma comosum 99, 108 

Picea Abies 26; Omorika 27; orien- 
talis az, ae ita 27: pungens 27; 
rubens 


ierz, John 
Pinkus, Raph 92, 228, me 241 
Pinus Cembra_ 26; celsa 26; 


pungens B38 Strobus 26; sylvestris 


lasmopara viticola 255 
Platanus a cite 200 ; 
160, 


occidentalis 
66, 
Platt, rea 272 
Plea for the amateur (Sarah V. 
Coombs) 151 


Pogonia divaricata 232 
Polygonum 74; Aubertii 2: 
Bie giganteus 212 
opulus 2 
eae giganteus 212 


N 
™“ 


eee ice owes OU 


Pongal “WM 
Bamboo as it is ae for food 

in China 2 
Ko, the tee vine, provides food, 
shade, clothes and medicine 203 


The Chinese  water-chestnut 
Scirpus tuberosts 32 
Trapa bicornis, a water-chestnut 


known to the icine as Ling 


Potentilla tridentata 232 

Practical gardening aaa 208, 211 

Professional’s point of v w (J. G. 
Esson) 2 

Propagation of the native species of 

ce aphila (Robert S. Lemmon) 


Aca tina 227 


Pyr watt ia pubera 233 
Phin Butleri 115 


Quarterly Review of Biology 2 
ae es 84, i ee ‘itloba 
182; 22 27 ; 


imbricaria in) baste ae 
nigra 233; poles 85, 180, 227; 
rubra 227 ; velutina 80, 180 


Ramondia pyrenaica 99 


common native 
- trees i cee “eaves (Harold N. 
Moldenke) 156, 180 
Reliable evergreens for the north- 
eastern United States (E. H. 
i 6-37 


Fulling) 36- 

Repertoriu 

Representat activities of 1937 at 
the Botanical Ce 12-13 


E. Porter 
Baas Ay recent books: See Book 


view: 
Rianne 227 


Rhizopho 54 

Rhodedendron 22, 55; arborescens 
55, 56; atlanticum 56; calendula- 
ceui , 49, 55, 56; canadense 5 


carolinianum 232, 
237;  catawbiense 232, ee 
gandavense 56; Kaempferi 5, 
51, 55, 59, 60: Kosterianam 8: 
indicum 60; indicum balsaminae- 
florum 60; japonicum oo 50, 55, 57, 
58; japonicum aureum 58; maxi- 
233; minus 233, 238, 239; 
; mucronatum 59; 


nam 49; 
Setligweabecka 58: 


BUILT Un grax wert UU, LUSEUIIL 47, 
ef. Ont co. 


Vaseyi 55, 57; viscosum 56 
Rhus 228 
Robbins, William J. 18-20, 48, 72, 92, 
a 96, 113, 115, 116, 143, 168, "192, 
272, 295 
eed contribution of botanical 
gardens to oe ae, life 249 
Robinia Ree 228; 


eudoacacia 
a 3 viscosa 239 
arden award to Mrs, 
Sch eae 264 
se eacden buibs 101; course 143; 
eek 14, 98. See also Thompson 


92 
A mother of islands 154 


Salisbury, E. J., Modern study of 
plants in relation to education 88, 
105 


Salix 200 
Samson, Donald 228, 241, 264, 266 


Saitraga ‘Cotyledon 99 ; leucanthemi- 
folia 
Scener.: an ae os from the student 
gardens’ vacation trip 238 
chafer, Dr. Hans 6 
Schivereckia ian 100, 109 
ey Mrs. Mary Bartley 168, 217 
Schneider, Hildegard 264 
Scholarship students 168 
chreiner, 16 
Science course for professional gar- 
deners 20 10 
Scientific M 


a 104; biflora 104; sibirica 104 
Scirpus plantagin ; tuberosus 
32, 33, 35, 137 


S obert 92 
Scutellaria integrifolia 232 
eaver, Fred J. 15, 19, 20, 72, 248, 
272, 281, 295 
A gigantic sliniele 


212 
263 
Sed N telephioides 229; 
ternatum 23! 
Selaginella Sherwoodii 232 
Sempervivum 191 
Senecio antennariifolius 229; Rugelia 
233 
Septobasidium 243 
Setchell, W. A. 115 
Shortia Sapa 233, 236-238 
Shrubs a: n New York City 
193, 


Silene caroliniana 99; virginica 99, 
230, 233; Zaswadski 99, 108 
264, 21 


304 


Smith, Norman 113 

Soil Conservation 70 

Solidago glomerata 233 

Some choice coniferous ae 
or ornamental planting (E. 
Fulling) 25 

none ee in grape history (A. 
B. Stout) 254, hs 

eee japonica 227 

South America, news from 48, 115 

Spear, Philip 264, 266 

Spingarn, J. E. 19; 20, 47, 113, 114, 168 

Spine lecture series 

Springtime in the Rock Garden 97 

Stephens, 

Stewartia pentagyna 233; pentagyna 

23 


grandifl 
Storm damage 246 
Stout, A. B. 16, 18, 42, 72, 168, 192, 
211, 247, 272, 281, 295 
Some chro icles in grape history 
254, 274 
The flowering behavior of Nor- 
way maples 130 
Stuart, Tae 
Student gardener activities 92, 113, 
228. 2 
Sturgis, Wi 


R. 20 
Swift, Howard 92, 241 
Symplocos tinctoria Ashei 240 


Talinum teretifolium 232 
nae Joseph se 265 
11 


Tate, G 
Taxodium ees 227 
Taxono Index 95 


Xl 
Taxus baccata 29; cuspidata 29, 149 
Terry-Holden expedition 15; 48, 115 
Teuscher, Henry 96 
Thermopsis eins 233; fraxini- 
folia 2. 
Thomas William 


S. 42, 211 
a homree Memorial Rock Garden 


8, 29, 72, Pe 99, 108-109, 116, 
ha 78, 230, 2 ae 
‘huja occi 


s 31; orientalis 31; 
i 31 


aris 


Torr 


241 
Trapa eure. 134- 7; bispinosa 
135, 137, 138; — 32, 135-137 
Trapa_bicornis, ater-chestnut 
known to a ‘Chines as Ling Ko 
( M. field) 134 
Trautvetteria nent 232 
Trees [magazine] 
7 and shrubs in New Yo ity 


York Ci 
some observations on_ thei 
own (Nelson Miller We ils) 
193, 221 


bark and buds of 61, 80; 
of 156, 180; pests on 145; 


Trees, 
leaves 

conference on 
Trees ene oe under the trying 
f New York City 206- 


Trifolium Meats 22' 
Tropaeolum majus 219 
Tsuga canadensis 29, J17 ; caroliniana 
30, 232 
Tulipa biflora 104; dasystemon 104; 
aufmanniana 104 


Ulmus 173; alata 233; americana 62, 
in ae fulva 186; parvifolia 200; 


pro a 200 
ncinala necator 255 
U.S.D.A. publications 117, 294 


Vaccinium 19, 22, ae ie arboreum 


Munsoni 

ie 
Voislawsky, Mrs. Antonie 
Von Wettstein, Dr, F. 71 


Water-chestnut ae pres 32 
yee ase mee 
Donald P 


g 
£3 
B 


ells, Nelson i 
rees and shrubs in New York 
ity and some cbresvations on 
growth 193, 
Westchester Countryside a 
Weikert, Rosalie 
Wiegand, K. 


Wilder, Louise Beebe 700, 114 

Wilson, Percy 15 

Winter fectares at the Garden 281 

Wisteria 227, 234 

Wittrock, G. L. 96, on 281 

Wor nae R. P. 4 

Woodward, Carol H Current litera- 
me at ‘4 ce al 47, 70, 95, 116, 


thrive in New 
Works sae te snes 213 8, 
Pe Wilbur 240, 241 

roe © Prof. and Mrs. Clarence H. 


A Wen Cn: 


THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
BOARD OF MANAGERS 


a ELECTIVE MANAGERS 
pee 1939: ARTHUR Anperson (Treasurer), CLARENCE Lewis, PIE 
ERRILL, oe DE LA cures io cretary and iciten 
ve “Wim J. Rossins, and J. E. Spx 


Until 1940: Henry pe Forest BaLpwin (Vicecpresident, Cups Frick, 
R. Jennines, Henry Lockuart, JR, JUGAL, and JosEPH 

R. Swan, A hake nt), 
Until 1 E. C. Au LL Frecp, Mrs. Eron Hunrtincton 


OOKER, ane L. Meme ee: ead Cov. Rozert H. Montcomery, 
and H. Hopart Porrer. 
Il. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS 
Fioretto H. LaGuarpia, Mayor of the City of New York. 
Rogert MosEs, Pe Coyne ner. 
JAMES MarsHALt, President of the Board of Education. 
Ill, APPOINTIVE MANAGERS 
y E, Hazen, ca A the done Botanical Club. 


ARPER, Sam F. Tre ASE, EpMuND W. SINNoTT, and Marston T. 
ons appointed by Columbia: Unica so: 


GARDEN STAFF 


ee J. Sgn Pu. D., Sc. D. Director 
H. A. Gueason, Pu. D. Assistant Director and Head Curator 
Henry DE LA MONTAGNE Assistant Director 
A. B, Srout, Pu. D. Curator of Education and Laboratories 
Frep J. Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D. Curator 
Bernard O. Donge, Pa. D. Plant Pathologist 
Joun Henpiey Barnuart, A. M., M. D. Bib Haake 
Percy WILson Associate Cura 
Avpert C, Smitn, Pu. D. Associate a 
Harotp N. Movpenxe, Pu. D. Associate Curator 
ExizaperH C, Hatt, B. S. Librarian 
H. H. Ruspy, M. D. ......... Honorary Curator of ie Economic Collections 
Fiepa GRIFFITH on ie Photographer 
Ropert S. WILLIAMS Asso in Bryology 
. J. ALEXANDER Assistant Curator and ities i the Tocal Viesbaran 
W. H. Camp, Pu. D. ssistant Curator 
LYDE CHANDLER, A, M. pa Assistant 
Rosatig WEIKERT Technical Assistant 
Hoa KavanacuH, M.A, Technical Assistant 
Caro H. vo A. B. Editorial Assistant 
Trou mas H. Everett, a D. Hort. Horticulturist 
G. L. Wirrrocx, A. Docent 
a DEGENER, M. oo Collaborator in Hawaiian Botany 
Tt HAGELS Honorary partis of Ms ysomipeetes 
Era ANSON S. "Packtan. .Honorary Curator, Iris Nee va ollections 
ARTHUR J. Cor Superintendent of B uildings and Grounds 


ASG Bae. coat Superintendent 


THE CORPORATION OF THE NEW YORK Saini GARDEN 


piane cre They 


he PAdticom Council consists of ore 
custom, they are also elected t 
t bel Offi 


cers are: 
dorff, Vice-chairman; Mrs. 
Corresponding Secretary; and M 
Arthur M. Anderson 

*Mrs. Arthur M. Anderson 


P. . Bogert 

hat es ek 

George P, Brett 

*Mrs. Richard de Wolfe Brixey 
ley 


* 
vss 
te 
Zo x 
a ol 
=) 
F) 
3 
o 
E} 


fred J. e 
- C. I. DeBevoise 
Edward C. Delafield 
rs B. de Lo 


Rev. Dr. H. M. Denslow 

Julian Detmer 

Mrs. Charles D. Dickey 
*Mrs. John W. Draper 

Benjamin T. Fairchild 
*Mrs. Moses W. Faitoute 

Marshall Field 

illi 


ie 
t . . Fife i 
Harry Harkness Flagler ( ) 


to the eae 
rs. Elon Huntington Hooker, Chairman; 
Williams. Recordin ‘Secretary; Mrs 
. F. Leonard Kellogg, Treasurer 


Nelson B. 


*Mrs. nea Fox 

Childs Fric 

*Mrs. Carl A. de Gersdorff 
. A. Gle 


*Mrs. Sean ds Garis 
*Mrs. George McM. Godley 


Barton Hepburn 


*Mrs. William A. Lockwood 
r. D. T. MacDougal 
*Mrs. David Ives Mackie 


*Mrs. Jot McGinley 
Dr. E. D. Merrill 
ohn L, Merrill 


Roswell Miller, Jr. 
*Mrs. Roswell Miller, Jr. 
George M. Moffett 
H. de la Montagne 
Col. Robert H. Montgomery 


Y. Morrison 


women who are glected by the Board. 
e 


the present sane r of which is 


r. 
. Townsend Scudder, 


*Mrs. Augustus G. Paine 


Dr. William J. Robbins 
Prof. H. H. Rusby 
*Mrs. Herbert L. Satterlee 


*Mrs. Samuel Sloan 


*Mrs. Nelson B. Williams 
Bronson Winthrop 
Grenville L. Winthrop 

ohn C. Wister 

*Mrs. William H. Woodin 
Richardson Wright 


4 


JOURNAL 
OF 


THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 


CAROL H. WOODWARD 
EDITOR 


VOLUME XL 


1939 


Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden 
BRONX PARK, NEW YORK, N. Y. 


TABLE OF CONTENTS 
1939 


No. 469 Jan 

Discovery of Circular of 1889 Marks Flee ae 
of Garden's Conception 1 

Sturdier, Healthier Trees the Aim of Eastern Shade Tree 
‘onference at Botanical Garden 5 
Program of the Conference 8 
Plant Collecting in British Guiana 10 
Exploring for Plants in British Guiana (Photographs) 14-15 
Question of the Month 22 
ercy Wilson Retired 23 
Reviews of Recent 23 
Current Literature at a Glanc 26 
otes, News, and Comment 27 


No. 452) Frenrvary 


Pointers for Exhibitors at Flower Shows 29 
Three New Daylilies 32 
Plant Collecting j in British Guiana—] 35 
Outdoor Flower Displays at the ene April— November 
(Photographs) 4-4 
Hurricane Damage to Trees in New York C 4 
Dealing with Storm mere a: in a oe 4 
Studies of Root Syete ms 4 
Questions of — ar a 4 
Reviews of nt ks 4 
ee: Literatue re ee a Cah 
, News, and Comment fe 
0. 471) Marci 
The oe . Begonias Grace at the New York 
otanical Garden 53 
Brit Not i on Their Culture and History 53 
e Species and Varieties 5 
Beg onias From the ee on Collection (Photographs) 64-65 
Conipast sing a Border of Anr 8 
Spring Lectures at the i 71 
Reviews of Recent Book. 7? 
Current Literature at a Glance 75 
s, News, and Comment 76, 
No. 4 APRIL 
The Japanese Art of Arranging Flowers For the Home 77 
. New Propagation Method for Hybrid Rhododendrons 83 
Begonias Bring Three Awards to ae Garden 89 
Sir William Wright Smith a Visito: 90 
ee ogists Coming to New York in September 92 
Southwick 92 
bea nge Student Gardeners 93 
een Forum 93 
es, News, and Comment 93 
ner of Recent Books 95 
Current Literature at a Glance 100 
No. 473 Mav 
Botanical Garden Represented in Two Exhihits at World's Fair 101 
ee rece ue oe ation 103 
The Yam-Bean a Source of Food in China 107 


Cacti in the Nort the ast 109 
Cacti Under Cultivation in the West and Ne Coley 112-113 
Peeliminary Program of the Rose Conference at the Nev 

Botanical Garden 116 


Plants for Distribution to Garden Members 

Clarence Lewis Addresses Graduating Class of Gardeners 118 
Reviews of Recent Books , 120 
Current pee ata opus 122 
Notes, News, and Comment 123 
No. 474 June . 
Fundamentals of Rose-Growing 125 
betas Se New = the Garden This Year 129 
itional Roses of Not 129 
Oe od ‘Roses tive Again at the Botanical Garden 130 
List of Old-Fashioned Roses Pla anted at the oe Garden 134 
C. Bobbink Honored by the Botanical Garden 134 

Some Suggestions for ne oe of Common Diseases and 
Pests of Garden Ro: 136 
William Hebert Medal / A wailed to Dr. Stout 144 
144 


Dr. Rickett Appointed New Staff Member 
Reviews of Recent B ae 
otes, News, and Com 148 


No. Jur 
Pearl Buck Unveils Bronze ae eee to L. C. Bobbink 149 
Japanese Beetle Time is Here Again 152 
Japanese Beetle (Picture Sheet No. 4 from the ie of Entomology 
an Quarantine, U.S.D.A.) nsert opposite page 152 
Weeping or Pendulous Hemlocks 153 
Weeping Hemlocks and Their Branching Habits (Photographs) 160-161, 163 
Reviews of Recent Books 166 
Current Literature at a Glance 170 
Notes, News, and Comment 171 
No, 476 AvGcust 
Roses 173 
Folklore and Fact of Medicinal Plants in Rural Mexico 176 
aniother Krubi from Sumatra Blooms at the Garden 179 


182 

American Wild Flowers for the American Garder (Photographs) 184-185 
Capt. F. ea Ward Visits New York, The Fair, and the Garden 189 
190 


J. Spi 
Delghinm Fellows ship 190 
Notes, News, and Caninient 191 
Cat Literature at a Glance 192 
Reviews of Recent Books 193 
No. 477 Sae 
Tuberous Begonia Hybrids a Gardening Hobby 197 
Begonia oe rana—Its Progen and Their Culture 201 
Chinese Gin 208 
Evening Cou rses Garden: 212 
Lectures for the Autumn Months 212 
re eee Collected 213 
Reviews of Recent Book: 214 
urrent Literature at a Glance 218 
Notes, News, and Comnient 219 
No. 478 Ocroper 
The Making of a Flower Master 22] 
Propagating Tropical thee by Leaf-Bud Cuttings 229 
ae ae Hemlock Tre 233 
Recent Mushroom Benois 236 
Revi iews Recent Books 237 
Current Literature at a Gl 242 
Notes, News, and Comment 243 


Microbiologists Meet in New York for International Congress 244 


ili 


NoveMBER 


The Modern Role of Ancient Herbs in Industry and Home 245 
Tropical Flower Garden Opened with Ceremony and Tea in 
Conservatory 253 
Bae Begonia Nages Clarified 256 
ooks for the Practical Gardener 259 
Reviews of Recent Books 260 
of Doctor Small Honored in Louisiana 265 
Now News: and Comment 265 
Current Literature at a Glance 268 
o. 480 DEcEMBER 
The Leaf of Victoria Regi 269 
Tuberous ahi Species ‘Native to the Americas 274 
Plant Novelties from M 278 
Courses fe ‘or Gardeners 286 
Reviews of Recent Books 287 
Current Literature at a Chas 290 
Notes, News, and Com 291 
Index to Volume 40 293 


COVER ILLUSTRATIONS 


ae Into the Central res of the Main Conservatory January 
Hemerocallis aoe ust Pio February 
erode “Pose , “Rate Species From Tropical Africa March 
Awakening: ‘Span “A Composition in the Moribana Style 

According to the Ohara School April 
The Graceful Paloverde Entwined Among the Sahuaro 

Growth in Sahuaro } National Monument, Arizona May 
Rosa pone ae Flowering in May June 
Weeping ock in Front of the Tcseun Building July 
Borders of Aanisle and the Dome of the Main Conservatories August 
Begonia Emily Clibran September 

rion, One of the Hardy Chrysanthemums in the New York 

Botanical Garden’s Border October 
Scene in the New Tropical Flower Garden November 
Victoria Regia—A Portion of the Underside of the Leaf December 

EDITORIALS 
1939 
After Half a Centu January 
For the Coming Sasi February 
Flower Show March 
For Nature Students April 
New Friends for the Garden May 
The Rose Garden June 
“For Beauty and for Service” July 
peace a. ae ug 
utumn Displays 

A Specialized Macca mepiemibes 


Labeling ov 


In the Library oe 


Vor. XL January, 1939 PAGES 
No. 469 1—28 


JOURNAL 
of 
THE NEW YorK BOTANICAL GARDEN 


Oh 
\\( 

2X\ \ | 
SS 


\\ 


Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y 


Entered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. 
ual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 c 


Free to members of the Garden 


JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
CaroL H. Woopwarp, Editor 
January, 1939 


Looxine Into THE CENTRAL DoME OF THE MAIN CONSERVATORY 
Cover eines o Eric J. Baker, courtesy a a & Burnham Co. 


DES oe CIRCULAR 0 OF 1889 Marxs FirtigeTH ANNIV 

F GARDEN’S CONCE ae 1 

Srunpien, “eatin TREES THE fee . EASTERN SHADE TREE 
Con NCE AT BOTANICAL GaRl Carol H. Woodward 5 
PROGRAM OF THE CONFERENCE 8 
PLANT CoLLectING IN BritisH G A. C. Smith 10 
EXPLORING FOR PLANTS IN bare ee Photographs 14-15 
UESTION OF THE Mo 22 
Percy Witson RETIRED 23 
Reviews or RECENT 23 
CurRENT LITERATURE AT A GLANCE Virgene Kavanagh 26 
TES, NEws, AND COMMENT 27 


AFTER HALF A CENTURY 


ifty years — when the idea of a great botanical garden in New York City was 


first proposed, there was an enthusiasm among foresighted men which made ii 
possible in a f ee years to offer the public the pleasure of walking among well- 
cared-for gai on spacious grounds, of observing shrubs and trees such as the 
ad never seen before, and of visiting new conservatories where living plants from 
afar were b: t before their marvelin es. To the student and the scientist 

re was opportunity in America’s greatest city to study living plants, 
to ect plants and place them in a safe and useful repository, and 
collections hs others in the herbarium, besides the opportunity of learning fro 
ever-growing library all that others had learned and recorded in the past ae 
plant ie 

The generosity of these men who made the establishment of The New York 
Botanical Garden possible is qeneebered today; the money which they gave is still 
being used for part of the institution’ es are 


service—a program which, if funds are provided for carrying it out, can mean as 
much in additional enlightenment and pleasure for the oo of today as the 
establishment of the Garden meant nearly two generations back. 
Few of the early donors are here today. Many securities purchased with their gifts 
i i di 


inadequate funds. For an example fae are the magnanimous gifts for public 
service which were tendered fifty years ago. 


Be PAI. CAL 
Qe riiy 
JOURNAL 


of 
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 


Vou. XL January, 1939 No. 469 


Discovery Of Circular Of 1889 
Marks Fiftieth Anniversary 
Of Garden’s (Conception 


YELLOWED piece of paper which had spent a cae 


in the back of a drawer in an old desk came to light r ently 

just before ye ae? anniversary of its ale ee in 1889. 
Headed ‘ eal for a Public Botanic Gar nm New York 
City”, the a “se circ eae bordered in now sa tad of red, 
states: “At a regular meeting of the Torrey Botanical Club, held 
January 8,1 the subjoined appe: s unanimously adopted 
and ordered to be printed general circulation.” No name is 


signed, and there is doubt to the author's identity, though it 
may have been E. E. ei or perhaps the leaflet was a com- 
ite pi : 


In reviewing the life of are Lord Britton in this Journal 
for August 1934, Dr. Marshall A. Howe recorded the story of 
how the idea of a great ores ‘arden in New York was first 
proposed to the Torrey Botanical Clu 

“Dr. Britton himself,” he wrote, “is Sor for the statement 
that the Lah of the history of The w York Botanical 
ct ay be traced to : sak made to him by ne Britton 

ae summer 7 1888, n they were on a visit to the Royal 
Bot c Garde: eee Mrs. Britton, ‘i ressed by 
the cane and scent interest of the plant exhibits at Kew and 
y the importance of the Royal Gardens’ numerous contributions 
to the literature . plant ae aoe in effect: ‘Why couldn’t 
: S 


w York? 
the Torrey Botanical Club held on oo 24, 1888, Mrs. Brit- 


] 


2 


ton gave a description of the ae Gardens at Kew. At the next 
meeting of the Club, a committee was appointed, consisting of 
E. E. Sterns, Arthur Hollick, Thomas Hogg, H. H. Rusby, T. 

Allen, N. L. Britton, S. Newberry, and Addison Bro. a 
Sead the. idea of establish hing a botanical garden in the City 
v York. At a meeting of the Club on January 8, 1889, an 


eal 


a or such a garden, prepared by the committee, was adopted 

ie ordered printed.” 
Beginnings of the Garden 

The eventual results of this patie are evident today. Within 
two years The New York Botanical Garden was incorporated 
under the laws of New York sores Judge Addison Brown began 

e campaign for funds by contributing $25,000 toward the estab- 
lishment of The New York Botanical Garden. This sum was 
Neale by J. Pierpont Morgan, John D. Rockefeller. and D. O. 
Mills, as well as by Columbia: College. ae additional funds 
subscribed by W illiam E, Dodge, J. A. Serymser, William C. 
Schermerhorn, Hon. Charles P. Daly, Oswald ee fer, Samuel 
Sloan, George J. Gould, Helen M. Gould, ae S. Kennedy. 
William Rockefeller, Arnold-Constable & Co., Morris K. Jesup, 
Mrs. Melissa P. Dodge, Tiffany & Co., and Hu ae 'v. Camp, the 
endowment reached $250,00 000 = ve 1895. The following ea 
the institution was granted th right to occupy a tract of 250 a 
in an undeveloped portion of "Br ronx Park. 

In recognition of the eee. of the endowment. the City 


provided $500 requir I lature, and the work 
on the grounds and buildings commenced al ce he 
bee h ie ioe ba largest public greenhouses the world had 


to the public in 1901. Meanwhile the 
museum, oe = nee to house a herbaria and library of 
hen undreamed-of magnitude, was started in 1898 and partially 
occupied late the fo piloe year. The aan PY plants and 
their products, the need for which was especially mentioned in 
the Torrey Club's appeal, were assembled as part of the gre 
collection of economic plants by Dr. Rusby. Trees and none 
were planted outdoors and extensive gardens were developed. A 
modest appeal it was, yet it marked the beginning of an over- 
reas ee from patrons of horticulture and botany who 
for the s of a large botanical garden in the metropolis. 
pi text = a Torrey Club’s appeal is given on the following 
pages 


The Appeal of Fifty Years Ago 


The accumulation of wealth and the growth of public spirit in ae 
metropolis make it reasonably certain that we shall have, aon or later, 


jr aa 
seems to be uae le shall have it very ‘shortly, or wait another genera- 
tion for its establishm 


Strictly speaking, a garden of this sort is a scientific and educational in- 
stitution, ile as much so as a library or a colts ee bak its eee 
and main‘ ‘ope: O s fro: ich 


so many ~ our eae and libraries eee been erived. Ean ages 

New York City of to have, would fully equal in tale such fre 
tineuiahed institutions Be ‘Comel nee Vassar College, or the Asto 
and Lenox libraries. e it would even surpass them in pes 
for it would occupy an " eucational wand scientific field at present very in- 
adequately cultivated in this 


Such a garden might be xt d maintained by one man of wealth 
or by a corporation of c An institution on the latter b: 


ed by y a - 
vided wit cient maintenance fund, would form the nucleus of an in- 
id. in its incepti but sus: 


ceptible, under se direction, of ultimately attaining a high degree of 

scientific aeetulncee A third "method of securing sheer rae would 

be by municipal appropriation and under municipa al a anagem The city 

might, at least, afford Renae aid to the project bys ening a ae from the 

ae appropriated for park purposes; and an annual subsidy of fixed a 
y (or Stat te) treasury would als so be an important assistan 


The uses of a botanic garden may be reckoned as of four sorts. First and 
inant) is the purely scientific and one use. Subsidiary to this, ‘but 

till of a marked degree of importance, the pharmaceutical and horti- 
etal ee ae nely, the general ie as a place of agreeable resort for 
the ee 


It vious that a considerable collection of living plants, arranged with 
scientific pera and Agee ue tolerable ee ia various 
om. t be 


classes and orders of the table kingd mus interest 
and value every piactieal” ie nist. Such a garden a’ w wor might 
have would speedily become a Mec ‘or the botanists of America, and 

t Old World also if due attention were paid, as it should be, 

making the representation of distinctively Am n plants as full as possible 
To students of botany in tl Is and ! ges within a hundred 
miles of us, s arden would be the greatest benefit. Courses of 
instruction, vividly illustrated by living specimens, Toad be provided for 
pupils from New York and its vicinity and thus a great and desirable 


impetus might be given to the pursuit of one of the most useful and interest- 
ing of sciences. 

Students in eae and peace, approach the subject of palany with a 
particular object in view. Plants of medicinal value have for them a special 
importance. Wit ample means. ‘at Cota it wold be easy to bean an 
abundant representation of pla of this nature, without prejudice to the 
purely scientific character of the pe ths securing for the depuis the 
highest degree of pharmaceutic usefulness, and making it an invaluable 
auxiliary to our admirable medical school is 


4 


The horticultural uses of a great botanic garden are more or less indirect, 
and yet of the utmost consequence . all practical ‘gardeners. The hot-houses 


of such an institution should be models of construction and management ; the 
eee of pei ns shoul - best that science and experience can 
dictate; the dire and his dep should be of highest ability in 
ou calling. a follows, therefore, “that stich a garden becomes, of necessity, 

sort of e of Horticu Iture, service in ahd or a reasonable term 
v woul ie aes ible pr ation for practising the gardener’s art. 
Moreover, the pam. abject of a botanic garden inc the introduction 
and cultivation of new and untried plants, and consequently the florist would 
find gathered there a multitud ie rare species, many of which might prove 


desirable for ornamental cultiv: 


The remaining use of a botanic garden, as a place of agreeable and profit- 
able resort for the general public, is by no means to be lightly ee 
—_ large attendance at our orchid and chrysanthemum shows, the 

ns 


to prove beyond a doubt that the public at large would keenly appreciate a 
public erica where, thanks to systematic grouping and a liberal use of 
labels, a considerable acquaintance with plants might be readily and pleas- 
antly ‘acquired. It is aside from the true purpose a ae one garden to give 

plants, | of the showy 


‘or 
even the most indifferent v 


erve Racy os ee various uses pee indicated a botanic Paginas 
ciol . 


S re in the suburbs, 
special care being taken to select a place easily accessible at all seasons of 
the year. The question of site, howerey. is secondary to the etion of 
funds, and can be readily solved whenever the money is forthcoming. 


More than one of our wealthy citizens enjoys public repute as a generous 
patron of horticulture. Scarcely any are ie iit to it. Suey the 
elf to all. 


scheme of a public botanic garden should mend its: oa ne 
ren erican institutions of kindred na os Shas aw Garden at St. Louis and 
the Arnold Arboretum at Brookline, Mas already in successful ere 
tion, Haat oie ating the names ‘of their respective originators, and 
ben efting at e the student and the general public. tas i modest 
affairs, remote ay a Heal eee situ tuated but a bot: of the 
highest es, cstablist hed in New Yor ity or its amediate Pac 


would be placed at the best imaginable point to win a lasting reputation for 
itself and its founder, both in this country and abroad. 


Sturdier, Healthier Trees The Aim 
Of Eastern Conference At 
Botanical Garden By Carol H. Woodward 


EPEATING their conviction that tree capi Bee go on, 

but declaring that sturdier trees must be used in the future 

and that vigorous ee must be made to keep ee aa insect 

troubles in check, twenty-six experts on trees addressed the Eastern 

Shade Tree ee at The New York Reena Garden 
December 8 and 9. 

The meeting, which was attended by about persons, was 


> 


called by Dr. oe J. oo at request of a committee 
consisting o on . O. Filley, For the Comes Agricul- 
tural Experi Os Station: Dr. a P i ‘lt, ector 1 Chief 


Entomologist a the Bartlett Tree Research gn oratories; and 
. B. O. Do Plant Pathologist at the Garden. Mr. Filley 
served as rnc of the pe the purpose of which, as 
announced in 2 ae gram, was to present a “broad discus sion of 
hurricane dama shad. trees, with aa reference to re- 
habilitation and “lt problems.” It was an emergency confer- 
ence, called because of the damage reves by trees in New York 
and the New rae states during the hurricane of September 21. 
Although no permanent organization was formed, the proceedings 
will be published and di istributed at cost. It is planned to publish 
in the Nata of this Journal excerpts from several of the papers. 
While iar toll of a million or more good trees with 
eet ge to many millions more was on deplored, 
the spe men eee that the tropical storm had left in its wake 
some useful lessons. Dr. D. T. MacDougal, who has spent years 
in the ire 7 the Delonge pee of trees, even pees the 
a bo 


uprooting of lordly t to science, beca of the 
opportunity it offered ee the tas "of aes without iy 
digging up healthy mature specimens. A pap Ir 


er by ac- 
Dougal, who has recently retired from his post with the Desert 
eon of the Carnegie Institution at Tucson, was read at the 
meeting by Dr. Robbins. 
lyn R. Jennings, General Superintendent of Parks in New 
York City, and Carl Bannwart, Superintendent of the Newark 
Pee Tree eas both ce the fact that the damage 
ould have been less if in the past large numbers of poplars and 
silv er maples had not been planted in the two cities by property 


6 


owners. In New York there is now a law against the planting of 
these two trees, because their brittleness makes them susceptible to 
the = a Anes ta akes them hazards a ng the street. 
Em as placed by a number of speakers on the need for 
cnt lating Ls t at the same time for the selection - only 
hich 


thos es Ww e best suited for the ee 
“The eee must go on, come what es ai a hn L. Wright, 
State Director of aces Developm in Conneeiaie “Gf this 
generation is to pass on to future ener their just heritage 
of tree-lined roads.” While the tree crews of the Connecticut 
highway department are now, he said, concentrating all effort on 
repairing the trees worth nee a shade-tree ae ie drat 


n 
uegeed been doing some outstanding woe in the © provision of 


shade tre nae country highways and city streets. m New 
Haven, winch s the country's old ne st bureau ie none 
to shade-tree care, Fred S. Eaton, City Fo rester, brought the 
news of a new ae a linden ch the city is propagating 
because it does not shed its leaves in oe ele mer Or become un- 
sightly from rel Ee ca of plane , the bureau 
hopes, will not frost-crack or wint Li e an ae “better than 


Ulmus ane bearing dense, deep green foliage which is un- 
attractive to aphids and elm-leaf beetles but most attractive to the 
human eye from the time the leaves appear in very early spring 
until they fall at Thanksgiving time; of a good Chinese eee 

several lesser known oaks: a new cork-tree (Phellodendron) ; a 
of a grafte . perenne a ee It is with these 


that will b t t ight, e 
other work bei ing d re toward the improvement a: tree varieties. 


on in this country, the better, Dr. 

Graves said, Pecnmenine | a disease-resistant eepeties like 

Gina pana, the Siberian Ln should be ed wit: ne the 

ai elm. “The object in view should be, in ae opinion, 
ated, “to produce an elm of large size and beautiful vase 

ou ae like our cherished American species, and at the same 

resistant to the Dutch elm disease. 


7 


Wherever there were sugar maples there was hurricane dam- 
age which will have a severe economic effec H. L. Bailey, 
Entomologist with the Ve t Departme nt - Agriculture, re- 
ported 20 percent of the sugar ae a in his state dang = 
M. A. Mackenzie of Mass ae etts State College told of a 

loss of sugar maples also in his ste Mr. Bailey pointed ee 
that in Vermont the sugar maple is the tree most serious! 
affected by the forest tent Rela which in different regions 
f of s 


Fallen maple trees, he en will give the larvae a chance to 
hatch and eventually infest the ane ae trees. Increased 
vigilance will be r Heats do next sumy yatching for egg masses, 
spraying wherever c: aad eh have ade and iraine all brush 

r 


question of Hee insect injury to trees as a direct 
result of the hurricane nee a large portion of the conference. 
One entire morning v devoted to papers on the Dutch elm 


ne srorslogel problems discussed e insect in- 
ae was held to be a aielene cause of storm damage, ie sc 
of its ia effect, the greatest danger to trees, the — 


indicated, lay in the epee increase of insect pests 7 tre 
ae a ay nerease also in ees or fatal fimenuc 
disea The broken limbs, the strained and weakened trunks, 
the i “fo sliati ion by wind when that occ be the fa es ae and 
standing stumps are all an invitation to s toc and fee 
and build their homes and create a ee of oe ae 
out and infect a healthy tr 

aoe 


a ne and care to eon an to develop more ade- 
root systems ‘for their pla was another factor considered 
of oe ee by the tree experts. 


“Neglect of this may be costly,” said Dr. Felt. “A recently 
published item stated that $100,000 is needed to repair abet 
broken by uprooted trees in Queens Co ounty, New York. It is well 
known that deep roo ial is Hees in a shallow soil, on ede 
and in a soil where the water table or a heavy c clay o a ia an is 
near the surface. Th jane ane is oO recognize nddi- 
tions and use low-growing trees in such areas. or ree a ‘pack 
to offset to some extent the manifest root limitations. It is known 
that the roots of most trees reach out after plant food, and even 
in areas where deep rootage is impossible, it is believed that 
judicious feeding may result in a material expansion of the root 
system, thus giving the trees a firmer hold upon the soil.” 


8 


The eee inadequate development roots beneath pave- 
ment was pointed out during the Saas 


various ee especially the ae froin: attack by insect pest d 
fungous diseases and the trunk and branches from invasion by 
orers, shade tree ae care throughout its existence in 
much the same a as the fru 
For New York especial ee as any other large city—Nelso 
M. Wells ‘olen a seven-point program of tree planting. Tn 
este 


1, That leg: eo uate xities should be cleared away so that ilies 
authority and Tresyous iG rest with the Commissioner of Parks 
other responsible agency. 

. That adequate funds be provided to plan a street tree program properly 
and intelligent hs 

3. That the eons of trees with respect to curbs and property lines be 
carefully consi 

. That the “tree cee shall be of the finest quality and of types 
which are adaptable to the prevailing soils and exposures and the esthetic 

ects att: 4 


5. That provisions be made in the matter of ample soils and fertilizers, 
drai nage, guying and sures of young trees, and paving blocks or iron 


gratings to prevent the compacting of surface soils. 
6. at a mainten. a iad be provided which is capable of 
practising the best lenowi ‘irineip iples of forestry service. 


‘hat to rid our city ee of the poisonous gas and soot which 
now pollute it, smoke abatement ordinances be enforced. 


Program Of the (onference 


Opening with an address of welcome hy Dr. Wilham J. Robbins, 
the program for the Eastern Shade Tree Conference proceeded 
as follows: 


Tuurspay, Decemeer 8, 1938 


The a aac of the Conference 
W. O. Filley, Forester, cee cata Experiment Station 


The Storm at Nena? k, N. J, and Rec uction 
arl Bannwart, gotten, Newark Shade Tree Bureau 
Hurricane ven to Park ai treet Trees in City 


R Jennings. "Gener al Superisiterident’ Denar nea of Parks 
Shade Trees and Future in New Haven, Conn. 
Fred S. Eaton, City Forester, New Haven 
The Shade Tree Policy of Rhode Island 
. Ste State Entomologist 
The Cemetery Trees ne Ulustrations of S 2 Dama; 
Oscar Burbank, Gupcantendcat. of Hope Cemetery, Worcester 
Storm Damage in eae and the Forest Tent Caterpillar 
H. L. Bailey, Entomologist, Vermont Department of Agriculture 


Other Factors Affecting Storin Damage and Tree H'elfare 


Dealing with Storm Damage in Central ieee us 
Prof. 


.M. = McKen Massachusetts State College 
Food Rots as a sens Before and After es Storm 
Perley Spaulding, “vied States Bureau of Plant Industry 


The Relation of ae Work te Sed e Dam 
S. W. ley Ba rtlett Tre Research Laboratories 

The Future of the Japanese bo le and Its Con 
C. H. Hadley, ies States Bureau of Enmcigy and Plant oo 


Two Introduced Insects of Evergreens, the nm Spruce Saw; 
and the European iced Shoot Mot 
R. B Friend, Entomologist, Connecticut Pas Experiment Station 


The Gipsy Moth as i: Anprowkes the Barrier Zon 
. F. Burgess, United States Moth Control 


Fripay, DecEMBER 9, 1938 
Dutch Eli Disease and Other Problems 


The Present Status of the pute Elm Disease 
-G. Bre ue ee Elm Disease Eradication 
Dutch Elm Disease Control in New York State 
. H. Rankin, Sree Hie eee New York State 
Dutch Elm Disease Work i ati ersey 
E. . Re New Jersey Department of Agriculture 
Dutch Elm Disease Work in ees tic 
WO. aa Forester, Conmeedeuk Agricultural Experiment Station 
Importance of the Study of Root Systems of Trees 
D. 7 MacDougal, Desert pee ea Institution 
The Broader Aspects of Hurricane Damage to Shade 
I. P. Felt. Bartlett Tree Roe Laboratories 


Rehabilitation and Restoration 


Soil Fertility and Root Development 
Carl . Deuber, Yale University 
Trees on City ee Village Streets 
. E. Van Fleet, as Municipal Signal Association 
The Shade ac of New York ¢ 
Ne on . Wel . President, City Gardens Club 
The Better Trees Me Street and Oraame a 
eorge H. Hollister, Superintendent of Parks, Hartford 
The Shade Tree Perky on Masachuset tts Highways 
J. V. MceMa Ee Roadside Development, 
s Department of Public Works 
The Shade Tree Program of Corned 
John L. Wright, Dee Roadside Development, Connecticut 
Breeding Trees for Disease Resistance 
Arthur H. Graves, Brooklyn Botanic Garden 


10 


Plant (Collecting In British Guiana 
By A.C. Smith 


F THE countries of northern South America, British nee 
must _ considered one of the most attractive from a bota 

wpoint. To the traveling scientist its 90,000 square miles 

ae ea ave s of country, including coastal forest, interior rair 
forest, savanna, upland grass country, and a fine series of sand- 
stone hills culminating in the famous ae a Our 
botanical knowledge of British Guiana lent back 
nen provided by the work of the cee: Seen whose 
chief books (6, 7, 8)* are known to ates one inter aaa in South 


American travel. Another famous collec in the region was 
G. S. Jenman, Superintendent of the Tacde Gardens a George- 
town for many years. With np work of these early collectors as 
a basis, as many as a dozen more recent collectors have sub- 
stantially ene our — oe the flora (2, 

On August 27, 1937, rry-Holder eens sponsbt red 
by the renee Museum i poe al ae with the ee 
tion of the New York Botanical Garden, left New York for 
Georgetown. The Cea was made possible | py the generosity 

f Mrs. Franklin P. Terry, and was organized by Dr. William 


cas ewer Staff Surgeon of the American Museum. In addi- 
tion to Dr. Holden. the Paso! consisted of Alr. R. P. Snedigar, 
events Mr. W. G. Hassler na W m- 
gerford, oe cena Alr. Nei writer as 
botanist objectives of a nee were to ae oe head 


of the Es Mee R iver, to study the Indians of tha: on with 
special a for their Roth pees and their us a plants, 

d lect the fauna and flora of a hitherto essentially un- 
collected area. Enroute to Georgetown, we had time to spend a 
day Caracas, where T had the great pleasure of visiting Prof. 


ro) 
3 
+ 


Henri Pittier, the distinguished authority on Venezuelan Lae 
and i“ examine parts of his herbarium. In Port-of-Spain, Trini- 
dad, an interesting day was ae in the eae Gar . en. 


Ai ving at Georgetown on September 12. we immediately sct 
to work Lae pe ue ial into ie ae erior. It is an interesting 
ee ce tha ed in British Guiana:on precisely the 
one- -hundredth anniversary of the departure from Georgetown of 


fe) t : 
Mountains, our own geographical objective. Georgetown, with its 


*The numbers in parentheses refer to the list of reference works given 
at the end of thts instalment. 


1 


attractive Botanic Gardens, has been so Petcee described that 
ry reader 


y i of travel is acquainted wi s historic situation, its 
interesting Bet its ae ae avenues, anil its modern 
business hou Her received every assistance from officials 


and a oe sede ee - whom ‘the expedition is much 

indebt 
8 boats having been built and duly christened Schomburgk | 
and Schomburg i, we aes ed to Bartica, a Lee of ea 
the 


for travelers the erior, situated at the 

ee ‘Maz zaruni Rivers. .\ third boat was hired oe 
and we took our final departure on Bree i pate ner 
with nae ae ae The crew consisted 28 Araw 
Indians fror e ee eee the Northwest a. Ee 
14 negro boninnes . act as captains, oe and engince uch 


boat on these rivers is paqiiel to carry lee: pares oy 
howmen, without whom a passage iia the rapids would be 
impossible. ee are also certain hee regulations concerning 
he size and draught of boats. The ‘Bri ish Guiana government, 
by Sie ae these eae ae enous cut down the num- 
ber of serious ae ents on the rivers, but still several Gara 
occur yearly ¢ ) ees or over-confidence. Travel ¢ 
these rivers ne be perfectly safe and comfortable. if boats are 
A by good crews and sean captains. It is due to 

ur good fortune in these respects that the entire trip was accon- 
plished without a mishap, through many hundred imiles of river 
travel. 

The two ee ee were excellently constructed hy George- 
town hoat-builders, and were of the type hest suited to the country. 
Each boat was abn out 38 feet long and seven {eet broad, with a 
draught when loaded of about two feet. In constructing such 
hoats, the most ea of the colony's fine timbers are used. For 

he keel, bottom Niet gunwale, and “bends”, the well-known 

greenheart (Oco Rodioei) is preferred. The ribs, bow, and 
stern are of the a mora ae excelsa). The s ides are gen- 

tally constr a of some lana wood such as_ silverball 
ees ies of Nectandra or Oco 


= 
© 


Dep: ee eee Bartica, one ae es for a time most 
evidences of European influence. The Essequibo, a magnificent 
dark-water river often several milzs = ea (inclusive of 
islands), is eer by | one of the most impressive rain-forests 
of the world, typically Amazonian in ers ance. The components 

of this for es ate ie nearly every ay of ue 
trees being represented. Particula ce impressive to the t ee er 


e the great buttressed ae “of Mo ee ee silk -cott 


12 
(species of Boimbax or of the related ee Ceiba), and numerous 
attractive flowering legumes such as species of Eperua. Orchids, 
aroids, and other ep: phy tes are eae a pteridophytes, the 
ia plants, except for a few common species, are not conspicuous. 
aoe the Most interesting flowering plants of the region arc 
everal spe of Podostemonaceae which characteristically cover 
a sath Todas: near water level. In this family the mag- 
nificent Afourera fluviatilis, with sprawling frond-like leaves and 
arge ae -flowered spikes, is arresting in its colorful water- 
moved bea 
Collecting along the ee was ati by age travel, 


but a few plants were obta of t any rapids 
which pede our Lea we ce ries a oe i beginning 
of the short dry s the rivers were far below their high- 


water ts but nevert ee were quite navigable. An extensive 
rapids begins about 20 miles above Bartica, just above 

Mora ot Creek, on which the Oxford Expedition of 1929 (1, 3), 
vith Mr. N. Y. Sandwith as botanist, made such thorough and 
ae collections. Two days were consumed in ara g through 
these r. eee eee which is Itaballi Falls, ie Robert Shon 


burgk, o of his descents, lost the collections hich re 
sented mn months of pain ta ing labor (8:5 The m a 
use outboard and inboard er s has greatly increased the 
speed and safety a vel. On viewing the w se rushing 
a new admiration for the work of the 


cataracts, one conceive 

Schomburgk beatae ae had only small ae oe unaided 
man- use to make their many ascents and descents. Some o 
the rapids can be ascended with the aid of po al engines and 


River, pea we reached on 
dale . see laboriou tages were necessary 

Two of travel up ae prin, since i low: er reaches 
of he Hee are free of rapids, brought us to Karenambo, the 
ranch of Mr. E. McTurk, whose hospitality we enjoyed for 
week. From this point, our transport was under the direction of 
Mr. John Melville, to whose ae Rage the further suc- 

xpedition was due Melville was adequately 

assisted by his brother Charles, ae we must also express the 
greatest appreciation of the kind co-operation of many other 
Saas, in the pate he notably Mr. T. Orella and Mr. 
Teddy Melville, as well as the hospitality of the Jesuit oe at 
St. Hao Mission on ce Takutu River, Father Mather and 
Father Kea 


13 


Ug agit and Yupukari, a nearby a aa on the Rupu- 
nuni, [ was able to settle down to collecting for a short while. 
The river a this point flows through a savanna vee but for 
several miles on each side of the river are extensive stretches of 
forest and transitional ao The actual ie of the river is 
lined by thickets of the wa ete muka-muka (Montrichardia 
arborescens) and the aie e- sidium aromaticum and 
P. parvifloruin. The forest does ee ne in height and luxuri- 
ance to that of the oo there are many swamps and 
lagoons of great interest. In some of these lagoons are ae the 
vast leaves and fragrant blooms c Victoria regia, the sensational 
waterlily first discovered by Robert Schomburgk and since intro- 
duced into many well-known haa gardens, The lagoons 


= 
y W.(. Hassler 
Mourera fluviatilis growing on rocks in the renee rapids. 


abound in ee a earns ean ae a fish. 
obtain the lat h bow and arrow vith the harpoon is a 
picturesque oe of oe Maca a YW pe Indians of 
the region. About the lagoons, in trees bright witl howy 
orchid Cattleya violacca, nm nt attractive egre aa cranes ee 
inhabit their nests. he er itself is often 


ter eat 
fields of the water- eae Bichhor nia asurea, a co little a 
ing fern-relative, Salvinia auriculata 


Botanical education of the Wai-wais. 


mna oasis in a stand 
. oe ité nae es Mauritia 


-EXPLORING 
FOR PLANTS 
‘IN 7 

BRITISH . 


GUIANA 


Photographs by A, C. Smith Forest of the ae Essequibo, bide ee granite 
vs along the 


*he a saat ascending the ars 
t far from its source.. 


Flowers of Gustavia ies a tree of 
the Brazil-nut family. 


16 


Farther inland, and sometimes in a narrow belt along ae river 
f “bus and sa a. 


ee 
height seldom reaches 20 meters. Beautiful yellow Sdoweted trees 
of the families mate ae and Vochysiaceae give color to the 
aereee ne ost ¢ oe feature of - ie pununi region 
s the which extends southw: or many miles 
paieee ie Rupununi and Takutu Rivers fe into ae 
Brazil. This savanna is Aiea nly by the magnificent forested 
Kanuku Mountains, an isolated mass of extreme botanical in- 
terest, and by a few pena smaller peaks, On the savanna are 

plant associations worth detailed ecological study, because of t 
variation fro’ ieee areas of a meee to small lakes and lagoons. 
The only tre many par he savanna is the widespread 
ee oe (Curatella Soren which forms dense orchard- 
like groves and which provides rough leaves used as sandpaper. 
Beneath these trees and in swamps are smaller woody plants which 
appear to have ye into the savanna from the transition belt. 
Watercourses and swamps are invariably irae vy — ae the 
ae ité palm, ae itia Lae On the avanna most 
ody growth is supplanted by pei eee a ie 
eae ae which grasses aa sedges are eee The 
area provides good oe for cattle, ae raising of which is the 

Color is ot 


. e pl 
the bright flowers of Byrsoniima verbascifolia, Desmocelis villosa, 
ee a pee Sowvagesin Sprengelti, species of Xyris, and many 
lan 


ea the ae leita features of the savanna are small 
rie: 


shallow ponds, the borders of which an interesting s . 
associations is ne In this habitat such era as Mayac 
Aubleti, the iridaceous Cipura paludosa, species of Her pestis, an 
the sundew, Drosera ses. oe va are abundant, ann others of the 
families Erioc aulaceae, Butomaceae, and Cyperaceae. The sl aed 
water of the eas is bright with the flowers of the bla a 
Ut ricularia mi. the primrose-willow, Jussiaca sedoides; and i 
water-hyaci oh ae diversifolia. 


The ae problem of the causes of savannas cannot be a 


e 
ee pease savannas in many places are underlaid by a 
of clay 


laye: hardpan which explain the apeence : large 
Le Fires 4 by Indians me nae ers may be a factor ae 
tenance of savanna, but they hardly seem a ae caus 


The dry season in this region lasts about eight months and ae 


17 


total sau . . course much less than that of the forest, but 
whether a Iry season is a cause or an effect of savanna is 
still a etal snes 
Leaving the Rupununi ie a short while, the party vari around 
the ie n extremity of the Kanuku Mountains cae ned to 
the river at Wichabai, Mr. John Melville’s ranch. So 
to an see from Yupukari, about 100 miles was covered in 
eck by g horses and bullock carts. The crews, with 
exception ee few Arawaks, were sent a ‘a i. 
- during the ran ndet of the trip our laborers were 20 to 30 
Wapisianas. This is one of the finest tribes of British Guiana, its 
as pene excellent woodsmen and hunters, and at the same 
time sufficient contact with Europeans to have acquired the 
cee - foreign civilization. The Wapisianas occupy the ex- 
tensive savanna region drained by the Rupununi and 
Rivers south of the Kanuku Mountains, while to ie north of 
these mountains are ens the Macusis, a tribe of completely 
different o The savanna area is well po aed, not only by 
Indians, me es by Parone settlers who extend every assistance 
to scientific travelers. Except for a few staples, one can depend 
upon te country for food Te 
This long we across the savanna gave us a good sas 
to ae the a, but collecting was impo ossible enro 
ever, at Wi ea oa other points south on the ene I con- 
tinued collecting, finding the sav anna and its fomeiiig forest similar 


- 
oO 
oe, 
> 
a 
a 
ae 
ee 
a 
S 
oy 
5 
® 


savanna near the Rupununi head which had previo usly served as 
a bas p for the British Guiana-Brazil Boundary Ona 
- rom ce o oint we hoes wed the route one by this commission 

‘o the Essequibo h head ; their work a fev ago in ee = 
- region oe a our suheeduenr a At Ishe 


a few miles from the edge of the extensive forest which covers 
the ely ae of the colony, a base radio station was set up, 
and A . Hungerford and Mae\ila remained there, return- 
ig to oe York via Georgetown in February and March, 1 
TI st of the party ae southward he Kuyuwini 
ver, traveling two days through the forest foot, with pack- 
bullocks for tran his trail passes through the isolated 


ansport. 
Parabaru Savanna, which would be well worth detailed st 
The existence of a few such patches of savanna deep in an other- 
wise forested area seems to indicate that ee conditions, - 
than rainfall, the important cause of the Guiana savanna: 
From this ae we followed the route ia by Robert chm 


Is 


burgk in 1837, a route still used = Ww re aes in their trade with 
Wai-wai Indians of the Akarai region. Ten days were spent at 
the end of the trail on the Kuyuwini Rh ver, while a large “halla- 
hoo" and several “corials” or dugout canoes were built. The 
hallahoo is a local craft well suited to shallow rivers, built of 
strong ribs = an ae with square 5 abs 

a keel makes such a vessel easy to manage on rivers where fre 
a ase with rocks and Pease ogs are inevitable. 
nstructed of a single log and are often more than 
30 i re “Sites the log has been eae by the use of axes 
and adzes, it is spread by a manipulation of wedges and the use 
of fire. The pie craft may carry as a as a ton of freight 

ac vera ia 


The a area drained eS tl he FE ssequibo and its tributaries 
south of t aan mouth t present uninhabited save for 
two small ci g Wai-wai aaa Taruma Indians, with a tota 
of perhaps Bele See This is certainly one of - most 
sparsely inhabited areas of tropical America, as well as one of 
the least known from a biological viewpoint. A large par of this 
densely forested region is only slightly above river level, but be- 
tween the streams ee the Praia eu are ae up 
to 1,000 or perhap 300. meters elevat 

Co ilecting near - Kyu ini River g gave a fair ee of the 
flora of the entire region. The forest is nearly as high as that 
of the lower Essequbo, ‘ut eee to be even richer in its 
components. The large trees are of diverse families, nee which 
he a Sree Rosacee, “Annonacee, Lecythidac Euphor- 
hiaceae, Moraceae, and Lauraceae are predomina ant. ‘The surface 

of the Kw fete is often ne by dense mats of the flowers 
of a species of Caryocar, fallen - rom overar vehi hing trees. Important 
elements of the undergrowth, elsewhere in tropical America, 
are species of Piper and ae of the Melastome family. 
Bry a and pteridophytes are not common in this lowland 
forest. Epiphytic plants are only occasionally 

river trip from our camp on the nee River to its 


ng six crafts. JExtremely slow progress was made along the 
upper river, which is frequently only a few meters broad and 
very 8 shallow. Across it have fallen innumerable trees, and progress 
is ae only by the es use of axes. Here we passed through 
a belt of “pimpler bush”, so named because of the abundance of 
a vict ee armed palm, oe ocaryum Jauari. Where these palms 
have sprawled across the river, leaving their spiny petiole bases 


19 


hidden in the sand, slags care must be used, as the spines cause 
flesh wounds easily in 

The Ku tyuwi nl ie “Tike other parts of the upper Essequibo 
basin, is rich in game. Peccaries, capybaras, agoutis, other small 
i plenty of m i 


and trumpet bird, are abundant. For food one may also depend 
1 fish of many sorts, among eg we Ree enjoyed the 

carnivorous haimara, although t his fish and the equally vici 

ae are not eer ated by serch It may be seen that the 
ion f food t 


So 
o 
77) 


offers serious difficulties 2 ie matter of food to a 
ie property “sorte w ith sta) Snedigar and Mr. 
Hassler e pleased to find a a faitly crn Se Boe ie the 


Kuyuwini. os a anacondas were seen and two were collected 
for mounting, . Rael being nearly = feet oa Other ee 
life consists of otter, occasional “tigers”, as ja aa oc ce and 
other cats are bale known, yc many species of monkey: The 
pleasantly awe-inspiring roar of red howler nes perhaps 
the most characteristic sound of his forest, is heard every evening 
ee mor, ning. 

a coincidence worthy of note that we passed into the 
a ibo on December 8, one hundred years to the day after 
a Ra reached the same point on his historic trip. 

an trav the Essequibo brought us to the ee of 
oe we oe na ail eastern affluent, where nearly three weeks 
ve spent. Dering this ees an outboard motor was ee the 
e ballal owi ing a ser corials in a ete ee Sub- 
ve ae our aS in the ee region I vy able spend a 
cek near one of the Wai-wai cee where ae regard- 
ing medicinal plants was sought. I was particularly interested 
in ascer’ taining what plants the Wai-wais use in preparing their 
arrow-poison. Sfrychnos guianensis seems to be the chief in- 
Jee while S. toxifera, the important component of Macusi 


o 


ra not known to the Wai-wais, nor was it observed in their 
territory. 

Continuing | ee ard progress, we reached the mouth of 
eee Creek, the last eastern affluent of the Essequibo. At this 
point the main river is ape hae in size to the creek; all the 
nents maps are seriously in error in indicating the source of 
the een far south of its ac fal location. That this region 

nee supported a large dined suai is Beery: ed by great 
bers of axe-sharpening he the bed rocks and by 
oes aes where the ee are cover oe i ancient inscrip- 


Even in Schomburgk's time there were many populous 


20 


villages which have since disappeared. At present, wee is deeply 
impressed by the atmosphere of peace and solitude which hangs 
over the qui i 


the voices of eli and monkeys “chanting faint hymns to the 
cold fruitless moo 

Our last sn in 2 this area was made several days’ travel up 
Shodikar Cre ek, a narrow tortuous stream which has its sources 


i Mouse ns. T of the eee paler 
sions in this area was a great gale to u 
in evidence. Along parts of the of ae fae "Mountains 


ry good re 
cently as ae 1937, On January 8, 1938, ee Holden and 


yr. Ha Wa acting as ca 
riers, began a trip of several days o So. to the 


assler traveled via Georgetown to New York, arriving there 
April. 


Mr. Snedigar _ cae seat as a ue the Shodikar 
Creek camp as From this I was able work in the 
low mountains w es Ee sely are the a he aH The lower 
elevations in this are ae essentially ne same oo at 
least as to genera, as a e Kuyuwini region. How of the 
eas trees is the stately brazil- Ae Ber oleae ‘vel. 

hich appeai ans (> De found) 1p nts) Gu aie and in 
a oa areas - htly to - north. A trip was made © the crest 
of the Akarai Mountains, the fesse Tounday aa oF Brazil. 
The higher clevations of ‘these mountains support a flora for the 
most part specifically distinct ala that of the area fowls 
An Amazonian cee nent appea o predominate. a ae se erns 
and erage ae are fairly aa e under: ae sts 
of plants of diverse fa ae ee a ae pial white. 
ie d Tachia ee ee The maintain oe - 
lofty cena of the lowland Ga cee them may be r 
tioned a spec ae Hevea, a bie rant Acrodi clidiunn, and ne 
species of Sa nae eae. It seemed that nearly one tree in every 
three, in this ee yielded aba a te or yellow latex when 
cut. It was difficult for us to agre pana s descrip- 
tion (8:116) of the Akarai Monee as a region reigned over 
“the silence of Death.” We found that Routes ete and 


21 


numerous birds cheerfully kept the forest noisy. The insane 
yelping of toucans and the discordant cries of macaws were 


ear 
Toward the end of Janu uary the remaining members of the 
i M vi 


party, includi ssrs. Melville, star ownstream, our 
supply of ate being exhausted and collecting equipment in 
po hi Nearly continuous rains during January greatly 


hampered our work. We had intended to descend the Essequibo 
to the Ripe mouth, as the middle stretch of Guiana’s largest 
river is essen shai unknown. The geologist Barrington Brown is 
the only scientist who has traveled this stretch. sae of the 
heavy rainfall, ae ever, the Essequibo was so high t i to descend 


ve b eref 
we retraced our route up the Kuyuwini River, the hee part of 
which was dry enough to offer great difficulties, In one place the 
entire flow of the river a be stepped across. After stops of a 
few days at our Kuyuwini oe and Parabaru ae we 


It is through the generous ce and the co-operation of the 
American Museum of Natural History, Mrs. ie vi 
Holden that botanical work in this area was made pos 

During the Terry-Ho 1 Expedition I was able to erie ie 
Hinks numbers in sets of 10 or 11, and! 323 wood specimen 
Although somewhat fe in volume, this collection will 
doubtless add much to our knowledge of the flora of an almost 
unknown area. 

(To be continued) 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


ms 


Davis, T. A. W. and Richards, P. W. The Vegetation of Moraballi 
Creek, British Guiana: an Ecological Study of a Limited Area of 
Tropical Rain Forest. Jour. Ecol. 21: 350-384. 1933; 22: 106-155. 1934. 
poe in British Guiana. Jour. N. Y. Bot, Gard. 


Ww 

a 

we 
2 
id 
8 
ay 


Hingston, R. W. G. A Naturalist in the Guiana Forest. London, 1932. 

Hitchcock, A. S. Floral aspects of British Guiana. Smithsonian Re- 

port for 1919: 293-305. 1921. 

Peuieuy, a oe of the vegetation. fos the Suriname savannahs and 
yamps. led. Bot. Rijks as ae 823-851. 1936. 

coe eee ar ard, vels Guiana during the years 

1840-1844. Leipzig, ies. English peeiaae by W. E. Roth, George- 

town, 192: 

Schomburgk, Richard, and collaborators. Versuch einer Fauna und 

Flora von Britisch-Guiana. Leipzig, 1848. 

Schomburgk, Robert. Travels in Guiana and on the Orinoco during 

the years 183. Pe a Leipzig, 1841. English translation by W. E. Roth, 

Georgetown 


be 


own 


fon 


oN 


Question Of The Month 


Poinsettias In The House 


t Chr we purchased three poinsettias in a ae each one in bloom. 
ane a pl were ek blooming, we cut them back to within six 
inches of the sotl, then placed them in the cellar for a posting period. About 
a " a Ki a; e 


'e the. : a t 
going to bloom. What can be aie to Hike these plants ee again, or are 
they through bloomin re 

he poinsettia cannot be regarded as a satisfactory house plant, 
although occasionally people succeed with it. Providing the shoots 
shea aa a cut back plant were ae ae ise neo leaves, 


there is rea why they should not flow t Christmas 
time. lia a pla | “oe not bloom, I can oa spe that es 
shoots pe ecg re thin and weak, in which ¢ either n 


flowers will appear or if a are i i will be el and of 
poor quality. 

The best method of handling old poinsettias is to start them 
into growth after the resting period, sometime between May and 
August, and ai that time to repot them in a rich porous soil. As 
growth develops they should be afforded full unlike and receive 
careful attention with r regard to watering. One of the chief diffi- 

culties experienced in house cultivation is that of oS 
uniform temperatures, for the poins settia resents wide fluctu 


gr 

. the lack of humidity in the atmosphere, a cause which is fre- 
ently Soo eae for the sheddi a a leaves ter the Ane are 
reioved indoors and subjected to artificial he: In the green- 
house this is Poison by fre ea ree down the floors 
nee eee on which the plants stand. This cannot, of course, 
be done under house conditions but a broad shallow tray of 
moist gravel or sand placed beneath the pots will be of some 


nce. 
If your plants do not make satisfactory aes oe year it 
would raed = worth while keeping them another Strong 
plants, how after they have completed bloo ae can a partly 
ut back ae pe for a while in ae cellar before being started 
into ol again 
T. H. Everett. 


23 


Percy Wilson Retired 


ae forty years of service, chiefly on the scientific staff 


The New York Bo 
of Dr. N. L. 


Indies, aera ove 
ity o 


Upon his eee the B 
Garden presented Mr 
resolution, 

a ne and happy life” 
ince the early years 
Wilson ages been 


sian s. 


tanical 
ciate oe was Nes ired the first 
Bri 


oard of 
. Wilson with the 
ae him at the same time “the best of health and 


of The New York Botanical yee Mr. 
one of its trusted and efficient employ 


and 
the honor oe authorship of the Flo 
d: 


Garden, a > ilson, Asso- 
of January. A rly associate 


on, he accompanied him on 


of his tri 
1 the Laas collected there, ae 


the flora ‘of tha 


vee of the Botanical 
following testimonial 


Rane 


ora of 


ilson wil continue his connection with the Garden as 


Mr. Wilk 
Research Associat 


(All publications reviewed here 
The New York 


Reviews of Recent Books 


may be consulted in the Library of 
Botanical Garden.) 


The Herbal as a oo 
To Modern B 


Henuale: THEIR ORIGIN AND 
Arber. 326 


To the pe tanist, Mrs. Arber’s ‘book i 
a prelude to Linnaeus, “A Chapter in the 
History of Botany”. The author, in the 
preface, clearly limits her field of 
research: 
“The main object of the present book is 
to trace in outline the evolution of the 


The the ket is eatin: 
a that Herbelist’s Gaiden and Store 
from “Das Kreuterbuch oder 


Herbarius”, e see lovely ladies 


ture is not a forerunner of the contents 
of Mrs. Arber’s book. 

m the other a the book is a mas- 
terpiece of compe study of the old 
herbals in 


tion, and illustration. 
1912, it now has been rewritten and ex- 
pan nded by a section on botany in Spain 
and Portugal, and one on the origin of 
herbaria; by an increase of bibliographical 


& 


sources and a helpful subject index to 


them. Chronologically ananeet is a list 
of the principal herbals printed between 
1470 1670. Mrs. hee points out 


that after that period we hear less o: 
herbalists since noe ie taken an in- 
dependent place in the rid. 


In Chapter I is an interesting discus- 
sion of the early canes herbals. The 
importance of t Dioscoride es, 
revere me ee to he Saas day, 
is shown ironically enough, to be not he- 
cause is worth as an herb tee, but 
real e the constant effort to eluci- 


er 
en to characteristic illustrations, 
ithe nen a the ae herbalists 

e 80 books sed 


mat three capiers presuppose the reader 
o have a clear ae of all the herbals 


eae previously, reference being 
made to thos books by way of examp 

The result is that eac the principal 
herbals is discussed four times, each tim 


oO 
8 
< 


ie up ie sub- 

ect of plant descr tion The author 
teen ses that a kno wwled dge of the actual 
plants must have been transmitted hy 
word of mouth. 

“The pictures in the herbals 

and the tleserinions Eo) inaderiuate, “that Hen: 

tification must have been practically im- 

possible.” 
The herbals, 
reference 
healing 
appearar 
amilia 


she thinks, were merely 
books from which to learn the 
amet of Ae herbs with whose 
nce eader was already 


Chapter VI sets forth the confused state 

of plant classification in the early days. 

Gradually during the 16th and 17th cen- 

turies was developing the idea of natural 
ig plants 


affinities amon: , and in Caspar 
Bauhin’s “Pinax”, 1623, order from cha 
res Fro ime Linnaeus re- 
eived a copy of this book, ae read it 
constantly — and to en the 


botanical world 
In Chapter VII, it is sie pe that 
the art of plant illustration was not 


24 


pr ogressiv ely better in each age, many of 


“te 
& 
s 


ir book a 
quality, ‘of the early fo orts at botanical 
il There ar 
alf of fo) 
gur e story of 
the woodcuts is most interesting. The 
author has Tierney ee on ate 
erbal and shows how the oodcu' 


hi Lai 
appea ered again aad a ain, lareely. b oe 
f the fact that between 1530 and 1590, 


there were only five important collections 
of woodcuts. 
Chapter VIII is devoted to the Doctrine 


of Signat a astrological botar any ; 
“backwaters, connected with the main 
channel, but leading nowhere.” 


rigina’ 


aph v which s 
Ir 


8, to abs any influential power 
; and thou; the 


Pp 
t and influenc ce on the 
created Vegetables’ 
In the dates of editions, there are two 
discrepancies. One relating to Askham’s 
“\ Lytel Herball” which Mrs. Arber 
states was printed by Jhon King in oF 
os date of oon “ the title bein 
orrect since ad not then Bers 
to print, the reference is probabl. 
date of the les niet ~ pe a rang - 
ee did ition. 
Mrs Arber apparently has ee the 
1 of 1550, printed by Wyllyam 
Powell, an original copy of which this 
ewer owns, 
Then, in ae ve ~ herbal of Mon- 
ardes, issued i 
Mrs. Arb 


ook, as bei rt 1 
illustration taken from the herbal is iden- 
ed as “Monardes, Segunda parte del 
libro, 71”. 


To those to whom “Old Herbals” is 
synonymous with still-rooms, sirops and 


25 


electuaries, remedies for the * ‘bitings of 


of. 
Ss, project then 
€ lives of the | herbalists, shat 
ey ate, Be tools they had, what be- 
lieh and ag they ¢ cherished, Mrs. 
Arber mal eal, ook is for 


et 
ecenracy in plant. deer ption: botani- 
cal ee dn the romance of the 
earl oodcuts, in the comparison of the 
old herbals from the botanical point of 
view. 
Rosetta E, Crarkson, 


Garden Record Books 
A YEAR IN MY GARDEN, .\_Day- 
by-day Guide and Record for the Home 
tinrdener. Compiled by Pan! \. Dem 

The Stardard Cam 
8 


di aur 


g3 


iAT A 
; Clippings vi In- 
Ni 


‘ten baer eee 


edition. Plann ned and arranged hy jail 
A. pater ‘Mamaroneck, N.Y., 
$1.60. vith celluloid indes fas. a 


she edit jon in leather, $ 

Her e two aun dfterent types 
of garden fecord bo 

Professor Paul ‘Det mpsey of the 
of oh ce 
ollege offers 
a tw lve aie 
Sew in any sl with a brief cultural 
hint on every e. 

Mrs. Li 


rs. Latimer, Feil oe n garden con- 


plant ords, They: are arr. et Ponder 
tlassife od aubjec s and the = Rae re- 
veal the various sections Roc 

Garde lants, Annuals a Wienniske 


und Covers, we rk of the 
, Color, and 


koa 
% 


other similarly. useful top’ 
ELIZABETH rC. Hatt. 


Up-to-date Propagation 
PROPAGATION OF PLANTS. M. G. 
Kains and 1. Me, MeQuesten,’ 5s 
pages, indexed and illustrated. Oran 
Judd, New York, 1938. $3.50. 


Messrs. Kains and McQue sten 7 


all 
pronesion. They have compiled a Rook 


of 555 pages, illustrated with some 3U 


oa whic 


o the studen' 
ar 

Reproduction of plant material has been 
carefully saa from nature’s method 
of se dage to the lat ee practical applica- 
ae growth substances for 
use upon cuttings. 
. mere establishment a 


mers man- 


The latter portion o fide jak contains 
several condensed icles tables which 
deal with all the major types of plant 
material. These should prove very useful 
to gardeners in general. 

Should this book bet ised as a it 
is well equipped with 33 pages ut oa 
ticums and notes for teacher 


The original edition of Propagation a 
Plants, publish ed 22 years ago, has hee 
completely modernized cake totich new 
material which nee come to light in the 

This new edition 
should therefore he 8 as S wsefl and popular 
as was its predecess 
Joun T. Mo 


Yale Unease. 
More on elie see 
HA ol. 2. (Amaryl 


RD Vv 
daceae, ‘commeline inaceae, cdoracese: 
Orchidaceae, eee > ale baie 


Cecily a 
Ss y. E, P. Dutton Co., New 
1938. $8. 

ain, as in his first volume of 


of the 
“bulbs berous fibrous rooted 
plants” in the various families noted 
above. 
This treatment, of course, as in the case 
his i kor e Tridaceae 
(Vol. 1) covers those subjects which the 
author regards “half-ha . as 
ose strictly hardly like the oe cissus, 
ucojum, Ixiolir a and v: rres- 


Le vari erre: 

trial orchid species treated toward the 
close of the Hook. peak of the more 

tropical items are not touched. 


Although it occupies only the first 115 

pages, the section on the Amaryllidaceae 

will be of pr rincipal pnporan ice to the 

average gardener.  Commelinaceae, 

a inclu the jemi Tradescantia, 
about 18 


ver! pages. e Haemo- 
dorice ae, s, Orchi e no less 
than 163 pages, and Scitamineae 30 pages. 


cusses many subjects which are only safe 
as eros plants in the United States, 
th as around the 


This is "the only inconsistency of Lt. 
Col. 


The ‘author ‘apparently missed Mr. 
revision of the Zephyranthes- 


Lt. Col. ‘ollows the r out- 


admits 0’ 135 that it would hav 
ate ae i ees eae ” to have based 
his work on Dr. v inson’s ne 


The Cecily Grey Pee are deli- 


cate and artistic, and usually attractive, 
especially so the color plates of Nerine 
Sarnicnsis ie =©Chilean — rarity 


sis, an t 
Tecophilaca cyanocrocus. 
robably the author could have abridged 
his technical descriptions and diagnoses 
without lessening the utility of his work. 


26 


nce the value of the volume as 
hotan ical or taxonomic reference Wore is 
a oa by its planned narrowness 
of se within the particular fields 
cme 


Nevertheless, if the book, while written 


things so a amef 


ully neglect 
horticultw 


ed by western 
Wynpuam Haywakri 


D, 
Secretary, American 
Amaryllis Society. 


Current Literature* 
ta 
By Virgene Kavanagh 


Repository. Type specimens should be 


placed ina central repository oe a place 
readily accessible to those who need them, 
but far from probable military ob ectives, 


Congress.—Journal of Botany, November 
1938, 


and Mycology. Human allergy has 
fe aus teed | in identifying species of Clado- 
sporium. In addition to providing a new 
ee technique, perhaps this re- 
oe the old saying that everything has 
es.—Guba an ackemann, in 
Wrenn November-December 1938. 


Weed Pictures. Do you recognize the 
common weeds as they show above the 
snow? The phetderaphe by E. L. Palmer 
in ee Ucar: December 1938, 
should help y 


Argentina. MM. i the somewhat 
oeing ate ce orial publication 
the Ministry of ee réulture of the 
Ateeutiie Nation devoted - scenes re- 
lated to sali industri 
Cacti as Art. In Mexico where they 
have ae cultivated for food and beauty 
ublications me! —and many 


“+A pi d her 
Bier nae be found an othe Libr 
Botanical Garden, in the Muse! _ Build ne: The 


27 


for many centuries, cacti are named 
among the art treasures of the country. 
of them are d 


Some cribed as “silken 

wers ze stems” in an article in 
Mexican Art and Life for ly, a ne 
publication of the publicity 
bureau of Mexico, publishe d at Bucareli 
12 ‘o City 


arks, Volume 1 of the Re- 
je ‘Review earn by the National 
Park Ser Reg: One, Richmond, 


ake 


and historica 
pps ines s, and developments of the 

ie ee number has an are 
the Great Smokies 


area. 
on ae a. of 
H. M. Jennison. 


Cactus Ter Cactus is eee ne a 
guide to the ecient and m 
of pent ae and botanical teins with 
ee actus lovers should be none 
and the eae = “F” appeared 
in a November numbe 
A contributor to The Ameri- 
a ee “Mapas inc, a ember-December 
1938, reports tha we es aes were badly 
wilted ni reci ved and looked 
as if t a een w Greshly. cut atten they 
were Me ina ete of the root- inducing 
us kno hormodin A. ao 
none oF th Re flowers were 
water ee fone A to see ae 
ould also 
- term “board feet”, 
or’ 


Th 

which j is entcnis to North America, was 
originally applied ee vith 
“superficial feet” to indicate the space 
which boards would cover. It supplanted 
a simple linear measurement of pee 
ie He n the Boa ‘cot 

rement aie ; Teuenal re For- 
cee a "Octo ber 


e Buffalo Society of Nat- 
published a history of 
pansion of its museum 
, which comprises 


Mus 
ural en ae 
the growth and 6 
in «Seventy. five Years" 
Vol. 18 of its Bulleti 
the person who feels 
is research 
a commercial basis, Dr. A. 
he Usefulness of Useless 


Knowledge” should provide comfort, at 


least, if not ways of Sidestepping the at- 


ve nal of Pharmacy, era eee 1938. 


Notes, News, and Comment 


-A.A.S. Two papers were given by 
Dr. William J. Robbins at the 103rd 
meeting of the American Association for 
the Advenceuent of ae = Aenea 
ae during the week Chri. 


Before a general dessicil ‘he oole” on 
“Thiamin a Vitamin Bi) and Plant 
Growth” and before the section on plant 


physiology he spoke on ‘Recent Observa- 


tions on Plant Growth Substances” 

Dr. H. A. Gleason spoke before the 
plant taxonomists on ‘The Concept of the 
pee Dr. addressed 
the group on * A 


tag aed an t 
. C. Sm x 
pediti on in Brith sh Guiana, Others from 
the Garden who bus the botanical 
a pt B. Do 
Sea’ Molde ike Clyde 
7 J. ander, ” besides 
duat a ‘Chere a J. 
wyer, ea Ellys But . P. Carabi 
vi 


*N. 


rst 
ye g paper before the systematic 
section and the plant iconomint: in which 
he briefly described the flora of Cuba. 
orts 


rts on the Richmond meeting: 
were given by those who attended at the 
monthly conference of the staff and 


registered students Jan. 1 


bit. Watercolors showing scenes 
Sa eat life in Korea, done by Florence 
Hedleston Crane, who as the ‘wife of a 
ae eg spent 25 years in that 
ry, shown 


: 
dividual flower Paltings 
collection have appeare 
lowers and Fi 

but all of represented reccat 
work. plans to complete her flower 
eae by. ithesteatng, ae her retu 
to Kor the 


z 


ese? will appear in a nea num- 
er of the Journal. 


28 


Holiday Display. Many out- ae 
people were among the four thousand o 

e who left their holiday cesbrations 

t 


on "Christmas and the day a ne visi 


the floral display at The York 
Botanical Garden. About twice “as many 
ppeared over the New Year week-end. 

rly ing and 


Nea 2,000 pots 
foliage plants of 77 species ‘and. varieties 
were the special erat a 
arden 


attractively on the benches 
si 
Poinsettia in n whit and pink as well 
of the features of the 


an yz 
including Pl: iibage 
riparia. Maluavisets: “penduliflorns, 
(the “stevia” 


trinervia of 


the rest of the range, includ- 


e flo amr display will 
onfer Dr, "Bam nd H. Fulling 

showed colored slides and’ motion pete 

taken in ion and Chile and spoke on his 
to 


visit ose countries at a fee of 
he and registered students on 

Visitors, The holidays brought a num- 
ber - ota to the oe au 
most ‘m stopping here on t way 
to Rie ae Among them were Dr. 
William C. Steere, University of Michi- 
gan; Dr. Ralph W. Chaney, Berkeley, 
Calif.; Dr. F. ymond Fosberg, Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania; and Dr. David 


R. Sumstine, Carnegie Museum, Pitts- 
burgh. 
Others were Robert T. Clausen, Bailey 


Hortorium, heer: and Frank E. Egler, 
k Sta Ite 


Fasters Shade Tree Gonterenes earlier 


inter visitors eee D. Merrill, 
‘Arnold Arboret Keck, 
ores Tnstitition, altorig Rodney 
P: se Dir 


ector, Morris Arboretum; 
George 1, ritz, a of Montana : 
Earl A oadman, President of Morning- 
side Cath Sio City; Luzern 
Livingston and Be Wood, Swarth- 
more Colles e5 ee 


Geo 
Ciudad Bolivar, Vene: 


; Lewis Hebbs, 
David Calthorpe, ead Nei Balls from 
England; Hiroshi Hara, Tokyo Imperial 
University; a uelles, Director 


iy ae 
the Bureau of Science, Mar nila. 


Moldenke oan 


City” 
Park Nature Club on “Pian Life in the 

Watchung: 

Addisonia. Beginning with 1939, 


sonia will be issued only on 
This rae which t 
ith 


tion, which was established 

through a bequest from Judge Addison 
Rrown, this magazine appeared four 
times a year. From the beginning, the 
income from the bequest was supple- 
le d from the pea general funds, 
but as demands ae grew 
ae le “tones remiaine r less sta- 
tion: it becai to 


me increasingly "Gi fficul 
upport: a ae poe 


Bad the neans 
aaa ns 
duced t a aah = Gerands 


upon oe Gdns “Funds have made i 
a 


necessary ag: to restrict the magazine 
With its colored plates and popular de- 
riptions of nts, there no other 


mber 
Seginning with Volume a 
oe on 2 aoa 
ume 
Gmiple at a oak years. The 
subscriition hice per soln will remain 
taehat nged, 


THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
BOARD OF MANAGERS 


I. ELECTIVE MANAGERS 
Until 1940: Henry pe Forest BaLtpwin ae president), CuiLos Frick, 


Artyn R. Jennincs, Henry Locxuart, Jr, D MacDoucat, Mrs. Harotp 
1. Pratt, and JosepH R. Swan (President). 

Until 1941: E. C. Aucuter, MarsHALy Bee Mrs. Eton ale 
Hooker, JoHN oe (Vice-president), Cox. ROBERT H. Mow’ aay, 
and H. Hopart Porte 


Until ao Aarues ue os Rson (Treasurer), PIERRE Jay, CLARENCE 
Lewis, E. MERRILL DE LA ee _(Secretary and Assistant 
Tr casurer), Wik J. See and J. E. Sri 

Il EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS 
RELLO of the City of New York. 
Rosen ees Park | Con asnissa ‘oriet 
James MarsHAa_t, President of the Board of Education. 
III]. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS 

Tracy E. Hazen, appointed by the Eades Botanical Club. 

R. “A. Harper SA Mm F. Trerease, Epmunp W. Sinnott, and Marston T. 
Bocert, appointed by Calin Onesie. 


GARDEN STAFF 


ree eg a Pu. D., Se. D. rector 
H. A. Ge. PH: Dy sehr en deeaceeas Assistant Director and. Hea rae ator 
HENRY DE a UMenTaGuE og Director 
.. B: Srout, PHe Dieses ieee, Curator of Education ia ‘Labo ratories 
RED J. Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D. ‘uralor 
ERNARD ©. Dopce, Pu. Flan. Fathologist 
Joun Henpiey ‘Bannan, A.M, M.D, Bibliographer 
LBERT C, SMITH, Pei rator 
oLD N. co Pa. D. Associate Curator 
LIZABETH c Hatt, S Librarian 
H. Ruspy, M. D. ......... Honorary Curator of the Econamic Collections 
'LEDA Gane Artist and Photographer 
ERCY WILSON Research Associ 
OBERT S. WILLIAM search Associate in Br 


8 ‘yology 
XANDER...... Assistant Curator and Ge of the ree "Herbarium 
.D. t Cur 


E 
FREDERICK KaAvANAGH, Technical Assistant 
‘AROL FH. Woopwarp, A. B. ditorial Assistant 
HOMAS He a N. D. Horr. Horticulturist 

. L. Wirtrock, A. M. Docent 
TO Deceues a Ss. Collaborator in Hawaiian Botany 
Ropert HaGELSTE Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes 


EtHet Anson S. Pee cane. -Honorary Curator, Iris and ‘Narcissus Taleo? 
ae e ee Superintendent ot Buildings and Grounds 
“C. Assistant Superintendent 


MEMBERSHIP IN THE GARDEN 

ed institution, aided partially by City appro- 
progress largely 
though young as botani- 
e the third largest span of its kind, its library, 
g the finest and most complete 


Established as a privately endow 
priations, The New York Botanical raat is depen dent for its 
upon benefactions and memberships. Through these means, h 
cal gardens go, it has bec 
mee 


and the ay van ncement of soe ae interests 
serv ing-hous: i 
the world; force it Sr serves as a 
tween the plant Bale orer or breeder and the arden g publi 


° 
De 

ee 

) 

5 

3 

Pp 1 
£. 

io) 

5} 

os 

3 

5 


the Botanical 


and gardens, and iene oes: and 
o the publi 


y of Adcisonia twice a year, each number illustrated with 
pla ne acco Meat by complete descrip- 
tions and other pertinent Fatoeine 
(3) A share of surplus plant seed of interesting or new varieties 
sige it is distributed. 
An ene of special floral displays at the Garden from 
season as seaso 
(5) C , to the extent of the membership fee paid, toward courses 
of aed wees by the Garden 

A limited number of garden clube are accepted as afhliates. The privileges of 
afhliation are a de eon to Ae Journal, announcements of displays, a specia ey 
conducted tour of the grounds and greenhouses, and a lecture once a year by 
selected member of the staff. 

Fellowships or Sat for practical student-training in horticulture or for 
bo tanical research may be Bene hed by bequest or other benefaction either in 
perpetuity or for pane period. 

The aes of a ane and types of benefaction are as follows: 


Annual Member annual fee $ 10 
Sustaining Member annual fee 25 
Garden Club Affhliation anaual fee for club 25 
Fellowship Member annual fee 100 
Member for Life Saale contribution 250 
Fellow for Life single contribution 1,000 

atron single contribution 5,000 
Benefactor single contribution 25,000 

Contributions to the den may be deducted from taxable incomes. The 
est 


me is a legally at form of beques' 
hereby beneath The w York Boralieal Garden incorporated under the 
ah of New York, Ch ter ae a 1891, the sum of ——————_—., 
Conditional bequ e mad vale income payable to donor or any 
designated beeheae GAS ik or her lifet 
All requests for further information shodld be addressed to The New York 
Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. 


Fepruary, 1939 


JOURNAL 


of 
THE NEW YorRK BOTANICAL GARDEN 


Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. 
red at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter 
Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents 
d 


e to members of the Garden 


JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
Caro. H. Woopwarp, Editor 
February, 1939 


HeEMEROCALLIS ““AuGusT PIONEER™ Cover aes 
POINTERS FOR Cea! AT FLower SHows Ethel Anson S. Peckham 

THREE New YLILIES . Stout - 
PLANT Ghee In BritisH Gurana—II. 6. Smith 35 


Outpoor Flower DispLays At THE GARDEN APRIL - NOVEMBER 
(Photographs) 40-4 


Hurricane DamMace To Trees IN New York Cit Allyn R. Jennings 5 
DEALING WITH Storm DamacE IN CENTRAL oes i A. McKenzie 43 
Srupigs oF Root Systems oF TREES D. T. MacDougal 2 
QUESTIONS OF THE MONTH 


es 
CurRENT LivzraTURE AT A GLANCE Virgene Kavanagh 51 
ores, News, AND COMMENT 52 


FOR THE COMING SEASON 


While several thousand people week are enjoying the ever-changing floral 
display in the main conservatory, Bunny ae for the coming season outdoors are 


for the Thompson Memoria ct Rock Garden. Their winter ele demands careful 
attention to light and moisture, temperature and ventilation, to insure strong, 
a plants. 


or spring bedding, 3,500 wallflowers, seeds of which were sown last June, are 
being ee through the winter in seat which are made comfortable with 


O 

In warm parts of the greenhouse, es ropes and ene are being t eats as 
standards with every side-shoot assiduously pinched o Thousands of hunne- 
mannias are being grown in individual pots for summer be din; 

n a tank of water kept at an even temperature of 90 ees checked several 
times each day, five young plants of ska regia are being grown. e other 
tender waterlilies for the conservatory court and for the World's Fair are also being 

ampered over the winter in the ake 


Through the long cold months, young days ie outdoor display are developing 
like slender blades of grass in the greenhouse. bruary 1 saw the stock plants of 
chrysanthemums moved in from the coldframes for the production of 4,00 ca 
The fleshy dahlia roots, dug at the onset of frost last November, have been split u 
dusted with sulphur, and carefully stored snl late May. 

Outdoors, all of the heavy groundwork was finished late in the fall. Most of the 

d. s were double-dug, manured, and left rough so that the soil, with but 
tele extra t handling, will be in condition for planting in be spring. 

arde: be improvised; it must be planned pean Preparations 

for a single season’s displays are carried on for many months, sometimes for several 
years, before the public sees the results. 


ne 


THE NEW YorK BOTANICAL GARDEN 


Vor. XL Fepsruary, 1939 co 432 


Pointers For Exhibitors 


At Flower Shows By Ethel Anson S. Peckham 


ae aes a ae given by Mrs. Peckham at 
ork Botanical Garden.) 


EW people realize how pee the ooo and judging of 


flower shows are knit hs To be either a good exhibitor 
or judge one has to know a great deal ok tier material and 
it is bes’ n - the principles of design, the 
demands of good current and historical taste in the art of livin 
and th ce ce arden clubs and horticultural societies are 
trying to fur w is supposed to be edu arene and the 
awards are mene oe to the visiting public as to what 
the experts have found to be best. Published rene of prize- 
inner y tell in detail why a particular exhibit merited the 
attention it received, and f some ab i hat is more 


s than beautiful receives so much attention that great harm 
done. The ignorant then delight in rushing to copy some 
stunt” that has no definite value from either the horticultural or 
artistic point of view. Confusion exists also in that the horticul- 
tural eee are e often judged in quite a different manner from 
the artist: 
ae we come to consider rules, : feel that the general run of 
people connected with shows are very slack about the proper use 
this word. One ibi j 


0 

I hope they do not mean—to disobey the rules of the flower show. 

Exhibitors hee see) the rules of te show they are ae in 
or they run risk of being disqualified—and rightly The 
ules are pees My point boils down to this: ne aie 


29 


30 

and speakers should use the words “rules” and “principles” 
their proper places and, while rue ae spectacular statements likely 
to catch the eye or ear of ae ore careless-t ee oe 
weigh well how some foolish or ni exhibitor may misunder 
stand and thus ei an a an it will take ee time 
and effort to eradic: 

Because in a flower show better horticulture is being eee 
the standard must be Vite er than for the flowers, fruits 
tables normally seen. a should show only the finest 
arieties—those andar 


e well. 
esides ae: much needs to be learned abo . the cutting, 
handlin g, keeping, cane and transpo: nine of material. Flowers 
and pene reserved for the show need protect ion aie winds, bad 


her mat 
rial has to be retarded or even cut and put in cold-storage. 


ld be and written about such details. 
When it comes to staging the exhibit, not only must the rules 
and class specifications be carefully . bee aaa nee 


but the selection of the material is vital. wher 

hibitor can exercise his judgment. Ping ne ‘the peek, 3 re- 
moving dead leaves or broken petals, termed Baines ” is allowed 
within reason, provided the character the variety i t change 
Wiring and other aie aids are prohibited in Horta 
classes, ee tying is sometimes done in artistic 

vided it does not show or it c ibe made part of the 


Ae 
When ae the ae the Laowledee of the ee for 
exhibiting certain sorts is ine Tulips should we awaits 
with the stem- ‘leaves on, therefore the stems are cut the 


t not too crowded, so that each floweret may be clearly en 
Climbing roses are generally cut by takin ng a sect ion of the ful 
flowering branch of the length specified in the schedule; = 
roses are cut in smaller bud than ee are aes to be in the 
show, for they open tap idly. In types of roses, buds are 


wn in classes where go 
be practised by disbudding, buds are prohibited. ways to be 
remembered is the fact that the judges consider whether the ex- 


31 


hibit is good according to its — or, in the esthetic classes, 
ae to its prescribed style or period or use. 
In staging horticultural exhibits for the ee classes, ae 


the very best are chosen. A as cimen cae one: one flower, 
stalk, one spike, one plant, An exhibitor selects an entry a 
eens cinietieg one ne ae until the specimen re- 
ing has everything necessary in the way of length of stem, 
aie and health os foliage, quality, color, form, size of flower, 


and condition of t e whole. All these attributes go into the judg- 
ing, and a the novelty of a plant or its correct peak: 

ill a tw ition is important because the 
judges will pass by exhibits “not in flower show condition.” For 
the classes callin ng for two or more of the same variety, uniformity 


The same applies to vegetables, fruits, pot-plants, and ot ther 
subjects. 

In cutting plant — use ae pelea put the stalks 
at once into deep receptacles filled with cold wate a cool, well- 
ventilated eee ee re rk, ie ve sur ee is no draught 
or sudden change of pa aatele Some flowers need to be treated 
by en the ends o ms or tg ne m. 

The packing a sii ae experience s travel 
ae Ae heed placed in so they cannot ae ek fe they 

t be so crowde ae get crushed. Each variety should 

be scone and legibly labeled. ne easiest way to do this is to 
ach kind while cutting and to check the names again when 
betas Damp cotton placed cai the ends of stem ith 


wax paper pinned around 


the flowers to hold the petals in place even before ae are cut in 
the garden. Stalks of iris with the terminal bud just ready to 
open downward may be laid lon: 


very we try flow 
or plants exposed in an open car is fatal. ne take more 
material nee is eis by the sents 
Let e that every exhibitor reads the rules and schedule 
carefully, nee a classes early and experiment ing and w ork- 
ad beforehand over the exhibits. Let each also emphas: 
@ purpose of the class and thus Sverihslis re judge with oe 
ora that these exhibitors knew what they were abou 


32 


Three New Daylilies 


By 4. B. Stout 


IIE daylilies described below were developed at The New 

York Botanical Garden, two of them by hybridization ie 
selective breeding and the third by ail on many plan 
the same species pea were a o the Garden directly on 
the Orient. The dugust Pioneer, Festival, and Hankow ee 
will make their aa bow to ie habe ne year through the Far: 
Nurseries, where these new clones have been propagated for i 
trade. 


August Pioneer 


The general habit of this plant, an illustration of the flowers of 


is more robust and the flowers are larger and they have a flush 
of fulvous coloring. The scapes are about 34 inc an as 
eae ed and mostly extending above the lea e foliage 
becomes brown, wiry, and fully dormant in Feet on ae plant 
2 to be very hardy. The open flower has a spread of about 

¥Y% inches; the coloring is chrome-orange with a tole flush 
of reddish especially over the outer half of the petals. The flowers 


this plant has bloomed with conspicuous profusion during late 
August and its period of bloom has pore into September. 
Festival 

This daylily has a vigorous and robust vane - growth with 
coarse, erect, and much- dpranche dl scapes that rise to a height of 
about four feet. The foliage is medium coarse fund it remains 
green until ‘- first freezes of autumn. The flowers are about 
five inches in jee teas ee oe = folded. Th 
throat of the flov ich sep € orange with 
slight reddish- brown t ae re ‘bia - i . ane are nearly 


is throughout most of July with the climax about the 15th. The 
owers are day-blooming ee some fading when exposed to full 
sunlight in hei dry weath 


33 


Of many selections in good bloom together at The Nev eos 
Botanical eae this seedling was especially admired as a a 
and gold | * by Reverend John Allan Blair who has wu 
i this noe . propagated for ” gar eden culture, and has a 
that it be named the Festival daylily 


34 


his plant is a ae of the species aed i pias which is 
extensively cultivated near Hankow, Chin seas roduction - 
the flowers whi ie are a ted and used . ee 7 
The flowers are rather large (about 5 vs pare across), wide- 
spreading, and rich yellowish-orange in color with a bold fe zone 


in - aes that is near jasper-red or scarlet. The period of 
bloom at New York has been from the middle of July ell into 
ily, her of the 


te a Compared 

clones cultivated in China, the flower is more spreading, the gen- 
ral color is more yellowish-orange and the scapes are lee Of 
the numerous eae and eines ma of Hemerocallis fulva 
obtained from the Orient by The New York Botanical Garden, 
this is ener by many visitors to ay one of the most attractive. 


35 


Plant Collecting In British Guiana 
UL. By A.C. Smith 


HE remaining months of my stay in British Guiana were 
spent in making collections nae the joint pala s of The 


New York Bota ea Garden, the - oe Arbor and the 
Yale oe ol of Fore ee peti this period I woke in the 
Kanuku Mountains and the adjacent savannas, making use of a 


es but a crew s ue Arawaks, a Wapisiana, a Macusi, 

nda Brazilia 

ae ke uae: are a belt of hills, with a maximum 
elevati f less than 1,300 meters, stretching across the colony 
from ae Takut tu to - Corantyn Rivers slightly north of latitude 
3° N. The eastern part of the range is low, and its flora pea 
approximates that of fae middle Ess equibo region. We 
Rupununi, however, the terrain is more broken, with ae eee 
and paged cliffs. Because of the fact that this forested 
mountain mass is for the most part surrounded a savanna, a 

nsiderable percentage Me endemism may baat The 
existing forest is constituted of the same generic eler s as that 
of the upper Essequibo mee and - Akarai can re since 
the area has hardly been touched botanically, future work must 
decide ae other geographical areas have contributed to the 
Kanuku flor 

n its ee aiarsinaes the western mass of the Kanuku 

a Mositains bears a striking resemblance to a aes v oleanic | 

e undulating savanna takin the place of the sea. During e 
a my trips along the southern face of the am y was sat 
by the similarity of the terrain to that of the Fijian isla 
Vanua Levu; the same types of peaks a ridges, the same pte 
ments and deep creek valleys ee the illusion. 

Tw o princi ipal camp sites were used as bases during we work 
in the region, one near the v oo. tip of the range, distant only 
a few miles from the Takutu River, and one in the one of 
Moku-moku Creek, a more northerly Takutu affluent. The transi- 


AGS 


n from savanna to forest is very abrupt, only a narrow belt of 
such woody plants as Aleph occidentalis, Casearia ee nS, 
Piptadenia percgrina, ospermum vitifolium, and Vites 


sue ates Seite Near the western extremity of i 
range the lower elevations, in March, were comparativ ely dry in 
appearance. Teiauy one is reminded of autumn in our northern 


Savannas of the ea region, with the Pacaraima Mountains 
the distance. 


Bi as the foliage is not thick and the ground is covered with 

w-fallen leaves. To add an imitation of autumn leaves to the 
pie there are ee species of deciduous trees which at this 
season are covered with a ellow, orange, or blue flowers. These 
rees appear to belong the families ene ninosae and Big- 
sana At middle elevations (500-700 meters), the are 
rc) ora en ocky 8 : ee interrupt t e forest 
numerous pee are found, s Anemia La 

oryopteris palmata, and a species of = nella. Also character- 
istic of these ledges are cacti of the genera lee cus, Cephalocereus, 
nd Cactus. The forest itself is lower than that nearer the base o 
wth one 


PS 


ch 


melastomes as J/ficonia prasina, Al. pterapoda, and Clidemia 

aphanantha. Among several passion flowers, Passiflora securiclata 
ves a dees touch to the shady forest with its long repent 

racemes = Ss! 
ns 


aay 


t flov 
ee vy ee forest industries in the Kanuku 
The first of these, which engages the attention of many 
eee and ee uring the rainy season, is the collecting of 
fro . i 


latex from the well-kn balata tree (AMimusops balata Schom- 
burgkit and perhaps other speci Stringent rules are eine 1 
by the Forestry pains to prevent excessive bleeding of trees, 
The eceal oe use of balata is the insulation of undersea cables 
The othe of some cnet mportance is the tonka bean 
(Comnar hee ee ata), the seeds of ae oo celled 
and dried by Indians, evenly find t for 


market w alee they are used primarily in ae er 


37 


The savanna in the Takutu region hardly differs from that near 
the Rupununi. But having more leisure to become Soa si 
it, I found the grassy a fe fale ful as sli vers be 

the Ta 


lowered Girlie scorsoneracfo olia. Smal ee bane 
oe among them being Grimaldia hispidula, Chamaccrista 
leruosa, Indigofera pascnorum, Eriosema ne and 
oad cinerca, 


y most interesting trip in the Kanuku region was made in 
the pleasant company of Father H. C. Mather, who guided me on 
an nies of Mount Tramaikpang, a prominent cliff-marked peak 
of about 975 meters elevation, on the northwestern face of the 
ane ‘Richard Schomburgk had made a brief ascent of ae 
ee y: 345-349) *, and Father are was able to lead me 
- Xx fi ic 


wife wide! owr : 
es a fr a Ae of our eu ae we ascended from the 
savanna through beautiful thick fore sing an inconspicuou 
ridge at about 600 meters and ae slight ly to Komu Creek, 
which eventually reaches the Takutu. Beside ihe swift cold-water 
stream we pitched a camp. From this point the summit can be 
Teaehett in an hour, so the second day we collected intensively and 


* The” figures refer to the bibliography in the first instalment, which appeared in 
January. 


A shallow pond on the Rupununi savannas. 


38 


spent several hours on the peak, as enraptured by the view as 
was Schomburgk, whose oe description need not be enhanced 
The summit itself i e mass of granite, fallin y on thr 


extensive tangle of Pteridiuin arachnoidenm. On more exposed 
rock surfaces the moss a nti savannaruimn is the pre- 
dominant plant. We were fortunate in fir oe g nearly ly every species 
on the summit in good eerie . collec Th he area is aaa 
typical of expose ed rocky — t higher cksations in the a 
kus, and it is apparent that the flora of such areas is very dis 
from that of the ee Slope The eee *Piteair nia oe 
eer ae red inflor nees, is abundant. Other characteristic 
plants are Clea iginosus with exquisit e blue flowers, 
the ae forming J/yrcia sylvatica, Clidemia dependcns, and the 
orchid pace um decipicns. The | oe slopes of ohoui — 
eae support a dense wet forest of diverse character. Col ns 
were 1 a this forest on the return from the co ot 
ae ne ease oes in our camp on Komu Creek, 
returned to the 

The rainy season ae 1938 began a few weeks earlier than usual 
in the Rupununi District. During the dry season the savanna 


mi 
than 15 feet, and the following d cei ace 
cs the oe direction of Mr. John \ ‘Velvitle. a fast trip wi 

made to Rockstone, on the Essequibo River, ion os point an 
old eed leads to Wismar on the Demerara Riv Our collec- 
tions were transported along this line on flat cars ae b 


region (2), which M Mr. Snedigar ao obser ved by the lig! 
g 


forest wa e only — 2 of e entire trip 
i er boat makes frequent trips to Georgetown, which 
we reached on Ma luxuries of the ci e 


: s vere a welco 
hange, although at first I found a hotel bed unprovocative of 
slumber, after 234 consecutive se in a eee ock. Although 
Mr. Snedigar remained in Georg: n for several weeks, I left 
on May 22, and after a pleasant ae with ee ae at the Lesser 
Antilles and Windward Islands, arrived at Boston on ae 6. 

My work in - Seite Mountains was necessarily very 
cursory, and it is to be hoped that some Paes will spend at 
least an entire season in ce area, which is of considerable im- 
portance in a study of the British cane ye and at the same 


A forest camp in the Kanuku Mountains. 


e quite accessible. By ordinary has of transportation, the 


Keanu region can be reached in less than two weeks from 
Geo ron 1 on the savanna is not difficult, and thus a 
col ae 1s er to work oe numerous streams toward t 
terior summits Danke hae f m , 602 herbarium 
numbers, in 1 , were collected, in addition to 2. 
wood oa The woo ood epg will be deposited at the 
Yale Scho a of pas the firs of herbarium aaa $ 


aken on entire trip will be ie ted at The New 
Botanical ea n, and copie te v Gonboed to the a 
tant American and Eur n he han 

In uae I wish to expre reciation for the assistance 
given by the co- oneratng ee which made possible 
ee “subsea ent to the Terry-Holden expedition. 

Althou; n this a to British Guiana only the most super- 
fee ae could be done in a vast and pr aay uncollected area, 

is the writer’s a that ee collecting may be stimulated as 
a oor of the 


OUTDOOR 


FLOWER DISPLAYS 


AT THE GARDEN: 


APRIL - NOVEMBER # 


is in more tha 
00 varieties, late 
fay and early 
une, 

Spring and early 


iummer,the Thomp- 
‘on Memorial Rock 
Barden. 


Borders of annual and perennial flowers 
in brilliant array all summer. 


5. Waterlilies of the finest throughout sum- 
mer and fall in the outside court of the 
conseruatory and also at the World's 


6. Model gardens showing a succession of bloom 
from spring to fall. 


7. Dahlias in an autumn display containing 400 
varieties. 


8. Hardy chrysanthemums, following the hardy 
asters, and lasting until heavy frost. 


Throughout the winter and until the first of June, 
there is a continuous ae display of seasonal mate- 
rial in the conservator: 


42 


Hurricane Damage To Trees 
In New York City By Allyn R. Jennings, 
General prea oli iE of Parks 


(Excerpts from Mr. Jennings’ address at the Eastern Shade Tree Conference 
at The New York Botanical Garden December 8 and 9) 


N GOING over the records and analyzing ae vee 2 trees 


t ich the most damage occurred duri hurricane of 
last September 21, I find that out of a eel . 3,181,421 trees 
in parks, pa y d city streets, our 


2,319. Silver maples and poplars accounted for the larges 
majority; the Park Department is not responsible for the planting 


on city streets were planted by priva ate real = developers years . 

ago, and when these private streets were turned over to the City 

the trees ain a part of the care of the ‘Par Department. 
There w ae silver ea and ras poplars mole 

i ee ie he varietie: the larger bracket 

follows: 651 Seep. 605 linden ns, ee Norway maple S, "400 

Seas 360 planes, 169 American elms, 157 ne en oa one 

and 30 ashes. There are at least 30 varieties of t ee 

our streets. If silver maples and poplars, iar. de 33 

t 


or street trees and their use should be discouraged as much as 
ossible. 


The Park Department ae and is a en an intensive eer 
f the better trees for par and street usage, ted by the staff 
a 


a 
in and red oak, linden, Norway maple, honey-locust, London 
plane, American elm, tulip, and ginkgo. 

every effor t to foster street tree planting not only by 


in inter- 
esting and helping various property owners and large real estate 
holdings with their street tree eas This activity has met 
with gratifying success throughout the cc. nd IT have no doubt 
but that the hurricane has brought re realty owners ae ees 
of planting any but sturdy growing trees in front their 
property. 


43 
As a result of the storm, the Commissioner of Parks has made 


a re t oar 2. to re ee 
destroyed and for surgery on the damaged trees. We realize that 
if work on the damaged trees is not pushed ahead, these trees with 
open wounds, broken branches, and te tissue will be i 


ore S 
bility the Park Department has in the planting and maintenance 


acres, and 980,750 are street trees sc: attered over 5,521 miles of 

eets. To this total - added 67,773 trees this year which, based 
on average mortality of 50 years means over 50 percent more 
than are needed for ae replacements. 

The Park Department’s work involves spraying, removal of 
dead and dan ngerous trees, pr uning, Lees tree surgery and 
other activities in connection with the care of t Of course, 
we cannot begin to s olve a problem which calls, a instance, for 
150,000 His pruning jobs each year, with such inadequate 
forces, but by s rstematic geographic Y haidlin g of our work, 


tree divisions, he City’s budge’ 
authorities the need for a more adequate appropriation io 
orestry work in the City. 


Dealing With Storm Damage In 
(Central Massachusetts 


By M. A. McKenzie, 
Massachusetts State College 
(Excerpts from the paper presented by Prof. McKensie at the Eastern Shade 
Tree Conference. The entive paper will be published as Contribution No. 328 
of the Massachusetts Agricultural ae iment Station, in the Proceedings 

he Conference, t to be publishe ed.) 
URVEYS of the effects of ile recent eee on shade an 
tal trees in on England have aroused co alee 
ning the e i 


- verse ai 
arently conflicting oe of specific tree injuries. How- 
ever, all r reports agree t that the number of trees destroyed by the 
hurricane is unprecedente: | na the staternent in the press that 
00,000,000 trees were down in Massachusetts appears to be a 


44 


reasonable estimate. Not all of these trees were shade trees by 
any means since the forest plantings sulfcred heavily ; but the loss 
of street trees as well as ornamental trees on private property 
was a major catastrophe. 
central Massachusetts trees were partially or completely a 
rooted a Sita rather wide but not unbroken area. In the 
town of Amber. ee <ample, approximately 1,000 trees on pub- 
- Lae were uprooted or otherwise ers while in the 
of South Hadley ten miles of Amberst rela- 
el few trees were destroyed, but ce tos included the 
eG we: ane ones which stood out so prominently 
on the ee li ching Mount Holyoke Colleg ge from Am- 
herst. In the of Sun de aa: ie collapse of two huge and 
vigorous elms lng known as landmarks on the east side of the 
main street left a gap to mar . tranquil beauty of this quaint 
New aan nd v vile str Less than a half a mile north of 
these elms the renowned err ee ed to be the largest tree 
of its nee in Massachusetts, escaped serious injury. The de- 
struction of sugar maples in Sunderland was sufficiently extensive 
o indicate a curtailn 


a 
ae 


ndicate urtal ent of maple svrup products next spring 

n the west a the Connecticut River just across the Sunder- 
ne aes the historic town as Deerfield, locale of the early 
iar ssa nd n mecca for tourists, with its eae 
eigenen eee pees picturesquely framed by stately 
elms, considerable damage resulte trees and buiklings but 


ilted to 
fortunately the damage is not even’ pee 
Vhen the 


stage well set for an a dae record of t e destruction. The 
thoroughly soaked ground freely gave ot sy oe S 

posedly anchored tenaciously by functional and physical laws 
Rather close ob n of ral larg s preceding and 
during the process of uprooting revealed no ee crash but 
rather so relatively ce and measured a fall t a trees fre- 


quently fell with almost no audible indicatior 
leaned over 
to a 


on fa in some cases 
0 rest against structures with a minimum Of damage 


o 


~ 


orly developed roots, es the ou of severe pruning dur- 
ing ee constru poor site, or inadequate water food 
Suede material in w feleaina the mechanical support of 
trees. Hov er, inconsistencies san the theory tl i 


3 


i today of n of trees i 
the path ‘of the eee which were ok Se at 


45 


some time in the past by root cutting and mutilation is evidence 
that a cons of factors was frequently active in the destruc- 
the 


tion or val of trees during the hurricane. 

for t ie ae ak a since the hurricane have facilitated 
tree restoration work in Massachusetts. fee PE anting to replace 
irreparable losses has rested i aah We s toward reh abilita 
tion although a remains e dor ie vay of tree repair. 
ae optimism with which eee a ae faced the in- 


scapable responsiblity 0 of repairing and replacing trees is a most 
encouraging s of tree- ues ies on the part of the public 
Unrecorded ae a nuine appreciation of pleasant experiences an 
trees in the past has stimulated oe interest in a sincere desire 
for tree welfare in the future 


Studies Of Root Systems Of seh 
By ", MacDougal 
Coastal Laboratory, a California 
(Read by Dr. William J. Robbins at the Eastern Shade Tree Conference) 
YSTEMATIZED Pa aee as to stature and —. 7 
roots of trees beyond the seedling and nursery 
fragmentary. The ney oy crown are under con as - ee = 
tion and much is known as t oe changes which are im portant in 
the physiology the tre ee iculture, timber production, and 
ornamental planting. Similar tno or measurements of the 
development a maturity of r are extremely scanty 
and very few generalizations 17 oe . ne " 1 upon them. 

In my own studies of the Monterey pine, measurements of 
root-systems could be sie ae ie excavations, at a cost of $15 
to $25 per tree of an age o nty A dozen ae trees 
were ee ca ae out cand a se w ‘hich had been eae by 
storms also available. The arrangement of the results made 
it pee : ee that of the woody material ey from 
the leaf-products of this pine tree as much as one-fourth or as 
little as one-seventh of the total amount in ea and branches 
was used in ne construction of the root-syster 

Taken in connection with dengan ome it became a 
parent that the flaring bases of trunks and the abruptedly eee 
hasal portions of attached roots cottated a distinct physiological 


7 He e Carnegie Institution of Washington 
OED Life History of a Pine Tree. Chapter VIII. Tree 
Gack Leiden. 1938. 


46 
unit, or well-defined region so far as period of seasonal growth, 
tivity of the cambium oe concentration of growth-promoting 


ace ances were concern 
Its ee ae more marked with age and it is 
f 


d is this mass of woody material which anes 
maximum one from the flexion of ees swayed by the wind 
Sor ese features are refle in esults f 


cle: 
specific c gr avity, ied strength and ee of rupture in the 
engineering labora 
Of the esti se million trees reputed to have fallen in the 
great storm in New England it seems highly probable that a few 
eee red or a few thousa ond representing several species have ah 
ted in ae manner as to render ee studies of t 


proo 
decepmnent of root-systems with respect 
a. panes ng stage of the 
b. Nature of the oe or eee eee 
c. Character of stand and associations 
d. Extent and volume of root-sys stem. 


Systematized information as to the above features would con- 
stitute a contribution of permanent value in the physiology of 
trees, in forestry, horticulture and in all kinds of silviculture and 

n 


ornamental planti 
Definite schemes a: measurement should be for mulated in which 
ul e field. What- 


n the a in aa w <a pathological w 
A commi cae to make orking plan and to supervis se a 
execution should be ms o as a necessary first step in the 


movement. 


Questions of the MMonth 
As asked and answered at The New York Botanical Garden 


until it eventually exists a a ise re 


Clone and Variety 
ber of separate member: ae ich, 
What ts to. f ; k er, no matter how nae eae 
sery practice and in garden cul-  agation has be riormed, "actually a 


“4 
a 
» 
72 
+ 
3 
=) 
° 
= 
S 
Bo 
iS] 
a 
= 
a 
» 
a 
iy 
a 
2 
3 
a &. 


the plant itself is divided, or cuttings are 
made it thus 


from it, and it is multiplied group of plants of a species or a true 


47 


variety, each plant of which has arisen 


the hlox th come true from 
seed a examples of true horticultural 
varieties. These are usually en a dis- 
tinguishing ele such as Apricot, Ford- 
is an Crim or Splendens. At the 

ent ti ae cannot tell from horti- 
cultural erature a ae name refers 

clone. 


pe—an 
ould be desirable. The daylilies, for 
ich havi 


instanice, and 6 r perennials whic ve 
been developed ae 2 bridization and 
selective breedin as ports” or 
ely ies ae Abies: each one may bi 

reproduc e to type only by vegeta- 
tive eee The name by which they ai 
known 


name—for ee : Hemerocallis (Day- 

lily) eas 
term clon from the Greek word 
neanite a twig or slip was suggested 
for this Herbert J. We 
in 1 


ebprce es the status of a proper 
imple 


hi 
Garden je February 1929. 


A. B. Stout. 


Olives in -tncient ae 
what season the ancient 

Baybvis se eee oe oil? 
e literature on the cal 
seasons for pickin 
would be as 

If olives are ie be ‘preserved or pickled 
they are picked before they are ripe, 
that is, in Se nae or earl 
If they are to be 
of oil—oil of iuality rather than quan- 
tity to be used for culinary and table ser- 
Coane are picked in November or 
December. If they are to be used for 


poor grade of oil in which quantity is 

wanted eas of erik Look are Eee 
February and Mar This = ee 

as i bo $ 


ack o 
ve therefore, have more oi 
ipe ones, 00 


ecole for what pu: 

o be used, and so with 
ance were able to date the 
ology of their papyrus. 


chron- 


. N. MoLpenke. 


Flowers in Victoria’s Time 


What flowers could be bought in 
ade ae in London during Queen 

tctoria’s 

lf we may indge Pe a brief account 
in R. P. Brother: “Book of Cut 


a in "the Lon. 
ictoria’s day “Brotherstoi 
says? 

“We are indebted to Mr. Mayhew for 
an account of the flower trade in pains 
in 1850-51, from which it 
Vv 


not 


“The introduction of Russ methods 


of dining, which dispen: vith carving 
n the table, brought with it a change in 
the domestic employment of flowers. Pre- 
viously, only a4 Rane aie was placed 
on the table; then, hov T, number 
of glass vases were ot € The 
flowers in use include er , pel- 
argoniums, cinerarias, fuchsias, an ‘a- 
iums, the wealth of floral treasure among 
hard: nts having been seemingly un- 
ecognized at this date.” 


Evizapetu C. Hate. 


48 


Reviews of Recent Books 


(All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of 
The New York Botanical Garden.) 


Dr. Small’s Southeastern Ferns 


FERNS OF THE SOUTHEASTERN 
STAT John. Kunkel Small. 517 
pages, 


illustrated, indexed. Science 
ancas ‘a. 1938. $3.50. 
Dr. Small’s monumental general floras 
of southeastern tee States will always 
be sor ribute to his encyclopaedic 


°o 
= 
o 
a 
a 
a 
5 
74 
a 
a 
= 
7 
5 
gs 
« 
rad 
ry 
ve 
4 
Gi 
us 
5 
a 
& 
a 
i=} 
= 
a 


botanical vee and his enthusiasm in 
the study of th ia: 


of the Southeastern States, is the most 
ensive. 
In his general floras, Dr. Small was 
dealing with thousands of species. In 
i ted : 


fe 
im: o that fern stu- 
dents of northern eae will fee hss 
tically all the ne ie fer 
manuals he norther: 


e with 
ce 


iz is, 
erly 
his fotanicer work - he rec 


tral mean, and the > pdivision i larger, 
polymorphic genera into ee He Lea 
The validity of such sive 


consensus of opinion which later mono- 


graphic studies andemic basis, 
may develop. ’ Historically, —— 
division of ete widesp ae nd 
gener rely in in wi 


objecti will come from the general 
tani the amateur student wh 
may fi replacing those 


ni new lames 

which are familiar, and who, defensively, 
not scientifically, ma ir 
Ze Eventually, whatever the point 


The ae - of all fern eee 
ne tee Gin tl old sense), is split 
up into generic ine which have been 
as AB Haare proposed before. 

( b 


he field of s 
: the segregations fade. will 
fall as a result of later inten- 


The most interesting example of species 
treatment is found in the recognition of 
genera, and the 


th as ary- 
interest to 
possible addi- 


a collect 
roved § 50 “infectious that 
he! 


here separated a Thelypteris. They 


49 


ribe as new four species in Ophtio- 


desc 

glossum and six in Thelypteris and pis 
port several ego neta ne Tri- 
chomanes — o Flor: hau 

work of St Sicene - al inceesting 
illustration of the possibilities 

search in natural history and taxonomic 
fields f biology. Retiring fro: Au e 
in unrelated nroteésions to take 


dence in Cas their ee aid help 
enli ri 


sted se . Sm all, e become 

expert in their knowle he ie the classi- 

ae i eli Florida ae 
In appearance, 


e boo 
Slit ‘oth as to on Me illustration 
nd 


ig general c ry. 

Knight contsibites a eee 
on he cultural habits of the more com- 
spec Al S- 


mon so appended a gl 
sary of te as besides a tabulation of dis- 
tribution ranges ‘or the included species 


by Dr. Baral art. 
subje 


fact, to correction, will be dis- 
cov: vered, Th e only one to be cited here 
is the illustration of 4 , which seems 
unrepresentative, both ae vegetative 


and reproductive character. 


NEDICT, 
Br ookiyn Collen and 
Brooklyn Botanic Garden 


500 Plants for Hedge Use 
HEDGES, SCREENS, AND WIN 

KS! ~ Donald’ Wyman. "249 

ages, illustrated, tat Pa ey 
House, McGraw-Hill, 

8. $2.75. 

Str. it ma: em, there has not, 

until the. Sipearance of this volume, been 

available to nurserymen, landscapers, and 

gardeners, a boo! dealing with plant ma- 

ae wpecliarly ae ae ee mak- 

and windbre: work, 


ore than a dozen subjects suit- 
able for h ee Bane ally for northern 
secti the extensive a 
tion of plants that will meet winter con 

om 5 to 50 below zero 
will doubtless prove surprisi 


Until comparatively recent 
experimental test plots of hedge plants 
be found in the United S $ 


years, no 


were to d States, 
although one such plot has been in exist- 
ence at awa, Canada, for 30 years. 
Dr. Donald Wyman of the Arnold 
ee has at that institution as well 

s clsewher en able to collect much 


coupled w his sea “Knowledge of 
hardwood plants, he produc: a 
volume fulfilling a ong want. 

In its 250 pages, exclusive of nur 11S 
full-page illustrations in halftone, the 
work, in three sone deals with hedges 
and screens and their uses, with planting 
and after-care instructions; a general 
selection of plants listed according to 
their suitability for v as purposes 
formal, informal, flowering, fruiting, ever- 
green, otective, topiary, , tall, and 
so forth; followed by oq e list 
in alphabetical order. This list affords 

ill information as to hardiness vith the 
zone limit indicate orth 
Ame colored to indie ate he in zones 
recog! the United States Weather 

ure ave average mini t 
peratures as given, enables one at a glance 
to as cin ‘whether any particu sub- 
Da is like eae cceed 1 "s er- 


! here 
alee te “index which enables one to find any 
i ssed in the text, in 


ate estimate oe taling more than 

500 species and varie 
A, WESTON, 
Associate le : 


The Florists’ E.rchay 


Art of Two Hemispheres 


FLOWERS: EAST-WE:! By J. 
3 Conway in cullebaration with 


4 
Elinor Wallace - Hiatt. Photographs 
by Julian Hiatt a ill Coane 
336 pages, indexe ed A. Kno 
New York. 1938. 


Here is a beautiful book—a noteworthy 
addition to the growing literature on 


actis S. 
aymbobein, nd part, 
Flowers: est, is cohcemned with ar- 
rangements as practised in the Occident, 
with the more or less recent’ aoa 
here of Japanese principles. The is 


enriched by one hundred magnilicent illus- 
trations. The masterful flower composi- 


i tell 


or the florist and for those who are 
ears owets: ue Ais eine of 
Some critics t ith 


Sy 
The publisher has pro 
great distinction, which oe classify 
fe ase among the “fifty best books of 


Harriet K. Morse, 
Brief Notes on Varied Books 


England 
HISTORIC GARDENS OF ENG. 


LAND. The Lady Rockley (Alicia 
mherst). 260 pages, 96 plates. 

Scribner, New York, 1938. 3. 
der her maiden name of Alicia Am- 
herst, The — ns fee a sae 
familiar to en- 


land.” She has also appeared in print 
under the name of Lady "Evelyn Cecil 

] volume she attempts t 
isitor’s handbo: but 

beet Historia “peide. wi hich shows how 

in England fave developed from 

ale sei hed es of several centuries 
back to the floriferous gardens of toda’ 


lands. A few brief chapters of text which 
trace the changes through enturies 
rly a h d - 


hs, each one with a 
desrition of the estate on the opposite 


Wild Life 

FEATHERS AND FUR ON ane 
TURNPIKE. James Sim: 

148 pages, illustrated with tables and 
photog: taphs. Christopher, Boston, 1938. 


Speed “of ‘automobiles plays an impor- 
tant part in this small volume on the 


50 


conservation of feathered and furred ani- 
mals. T 


‘he author makes an impassioned 
plea to motorists to learn to appreciate 
the wild life that borders on the high- 


when it enters the open space of the 
road, I ond half of the book Mr. 
Si s forestry and conserva- 


relation among these branches of work 
hich deal with the natural wild life of 
the 
Plant Lore 
an S. Their Place in Life and 
Legend. Vernon Quinn. 230 pages, 
illustrated with drawings by Marie 
Lawson, indexed. Stokes, New York, 


1938, $2. 

Replete with lore and superstition in 
the quaint ante of an earlier day, 
the third mber in Vernon Quinn’s 
series—first nse eds, 

oots and their p' 


—tells of the aideus uses of close to 300 
ifferent roots. Tales have been drawn 
from American Indian lore and from the 
ear on every other continent. 
Stories are given of edible roots, poison- 
ous roots, roots used as drugs, and other 
topics, all illustrated with pictu ue 
line drawings. 
Hawaii 
FLORA HAWAIIENSIS, tto De- 
gener, Third century. 310 pages, 123 
full-page plates, loose-leaf, in board 
covers. Published ren athe vat at 
2220 University nolulu, 
fawaii, 38. $3. EM 
T indefatigable ork of Otto 
Degener entice as ie proceels in his 
original loose- leaf style of manu ual, to 
illustrate and describe every fern and 
flowering plant that grow: ild 
Hawaii. The third 


which are to be the place as- 
igned, accordin; i ‘ 
among the plates and descriptions already 
ublis us no temati i 


as scientists to om the de- 
scriptions and synonymy are significant, 
ill find Mr. Degener’s work of value 


oO! 
them. The present volume, in which 
$ 


t it- 
ney collaborated, contains 27 species and 


2 varieties or forms which are are 


combinations.” 

Ecology 
AN ECOLOGICAL GLOSSA J. 
Richard Carpenter. 306 err Ys ibil 
ography, and appendix of maps and 
Aables pre _ oor homa Press, 
Norman, Okt: $4. 

From ig meaning “ "to 
sufallige ning “accidental species,” Dr 
Carpenter gives a bewilderi: Paes 
tion of terms which have been ed up 
in forty years o oe. Treratre 
mee in ea some articles 


in Germa: 
tt are expetle ed t 
nces are given, 
A list of the p 
torical bibliogta 
approximately ia term 


nda 
batons ‘Sted oy : is. 
The book contains 
rms. 
ot H. Woopwarp. 


Current Literature* 
At a Glance 
By Virgene Kavanagh 


Flower Prints. New books that are 
very welcome in an library are “Flower 
uit Prints” by Dunthorne 

be : 


ie a 
ave an opportunity 
of the ean anc 

oks flowers ai 


which informal garde: fing 


developed. 
Laws. Ric oe ite discusses sev- 
eral oo “th a ten and inconveni- 
ences of the | existing regulation for plant 
ng’ id suggest: int St tate- 


interference.— 
ate Bee: 
Florists Exchange, Dec. 31, 
Jan. 7, 1939, 


1938, 


* All publications mentione —and m 
others— eteay be found in the Library of 
Botanicat Garden, in the Museum Building. 


many 
The 


Copeland 


sification. rt OF, 
S os be arranged 


Herbe 
aoe that “organism: 


8 
e 


Quarterly Rey a Biolog gy, Dec 
1938. 


Tropical. The Seventh International 
Congress of Tropical and Subtropicat 
Agriculture will be held March 13-17, 
1939, in Tripoli. 
pee Deer ae 
of Stine ene 
as a project for 1938. 
Static. To overcome static when sec- 
tioning With a raga ee the te 
after it has been ted 0 the 


gether so t! ibbon is mot bro y the 
static me —The aching Biolo 
gist, Jan 


Mississippi. Southern travelers who are 
interested in the plants they see will find 
valuable reference in Bulletin 32 of the 
Mississi pi State Geological 


Director of the 


Conservation. Designed to fit 


th an introduction by Harold L. 
le ae Unit 6 of the conservation bab: 


aa of the Emergency Conservation 
Com of New York at 734 Lexing- 
ton ace, rograms for forest conserva- 


tion and replacement are emphasized and 
a bibliography of available publications 
1s presented. 


52 


Notes, News, and Comment 


International Flower Show. Begonias in 
cee it a ae will be a by The 
re tanical at the I 


Gand Cer a Palace, New York. These 
will represent th arden’s collection of 
some 300 species and ieties, one of the 


ournal for March will 
feature begoni jas and will give a brief 
ee ot ery variety and specie: 

t the flower shoe 


For Flower Show Exhibitors. The open- 


bila deal w 


s has 


be i ee ret Bee i ry 
years at the International Flower Show 
in New York. Cut fl s and specimen 


the main floor of the show, have prouel 
him the highest honors year after year. 
The lecture will be given in 


d will in 
suggestions table decorations, for 
which he has atso been awarded many 
rizes. 

The rest of the spring program will 
be eae in the Journal for March. 
Annual Meeting. New 


names were 


added to the Board of Managers, the 
le and the Advisory Council 
The New Y¥ en 


Harold I. Pratt was elected to the board 
in the class of 1940. All members in the 
class of were elected to succeed 


themselves for a period of three years. 
Mrs. Warren Kinney, Mrs. Gilbert 
Montague, and Mrs. Antonie P. Voislaw- 
sky, who were chosen last spring to the 
‘Advisory. Council, peas ee of ie 


elt 
were elected to both the Advisory caret 


and the Corporation during the meeting. 
Mrs. Arthur H. Be pee as Nelson 
M. Wells were mbers of the 
Corporation, 


Service. Curious are t which 
The New age ‘Botanical Cardeais is called 
into service when pane, geen 
is needed. On the Sunday in December 
following the suicide of the man ‘ino own 
as F, Donald Coster, a police reporter 
brought to the Ga rden a small fragment 
of a plant which had been found in the 
pecker of the late pre cident of McKesson- 
ees a a pany. Dr. H. N. Mol- 
ee nke, mn duty that day, identi- 

fied te sien othe cout English ivy, 
Hedera Helte, anid ded the reporter 
with numerous eee from the ae 4 
oti pharmaceutical uses for 


he Co- operating with 


e New 


Librarian, has been appointed as “one oak 
the judges A ee eg of garden 
literatu bookst which 
sponsors of aelen eek 
awarding prizes. The yale of building 
up a eae ee will be stressed dur- 
ing the we 


Journal Binding. Subscribers who wish 


to preserve their Journals for the past 
year may have ee bound, by Sai 
arrangement, for nominal sum—on 


dollar plus toctaee” 
The binding will be of the hi hest 


rk Cit The work will be promptly 
e and a bill will sent before the 
bound volume is returned to the owner 
Missing copies of the Journal will 
supplied by the Garden at ten cents apiece. 
I ire ould be mailed to the 
bindery in one package 


THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
BOARD OF MANAGERS 


I. ELECTIVE MANAGERS 
Until 1940: Henry ve Forest Bacowin (Vice-president), CHivps Paes 
Attyn R. Jen ae evar Lock HART, Jr, D. T. MacDoucat, Mrs. Har 
I. Pratt, and Josepp R. Swan ccna 
1941: E. C. Aucnter, Marsnwatt Friern, Mrs, Eton Huntincron 
Hooxer, Jonn L, Merrit (Viee- president), Cov. Rosert H. MonrTGoMERY, 


and H. Honart Porter. 

Until 1942: ArtHur M. ANDERSON (Treasurer), Pierre Jay, CLARENCE 
Lewis, E. D. Merritt, Henry DE La eae ey and Assistant 
Treasurer), Wiiiiam J. Ropsins, and J. E. Spi 


X-OFFICIO MANAGERS 
Fioretto H. even. Mayor of the City of New York. 
Rozert Moses, Park Commissioner. 
James MarsHALt, President of the Board of Education. 
APPOINTIVE MANAGE 
Tracy E, Hazen, annealed by the aed Botanical Club. 
R. A. Harper, Sam F Tretease, EpmunpD W. Sinnort, and Marston T. 
Bocert, appointed by Columbia Univer. rity, 


GARDEN STAFF 


Wi.uiaM J. Rossins, Pu. D., Sc. D. ect: 
H. A. Gieason, Pu. D. Eoaiiseee Ne Bint od, cence Assistant Director and Head rakes 
ae DE LA MONTAGNE Assistant Director 
A. Bo Stout, Pa: Di cece. akias ces cas Curator of Education and Laboratories 
TRED. J. Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D. Curator 
ERNARI Dovcz, P Plant Pathologist 
OHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A. M., M. D. Bibliograph 
LBERT C. Smita, Pu. D. Associate Curator 
{aro.p N. MoLveNn gE, Pu. Dee desaciale: Cees 
LIZABETH C, Hatt, A. B., B. rar 
. H. Ruspy, M. D. ......... pee Curator of -_ Economic Cole pre 
LEDA GRIFFITH tist ee Photographer 
ERCY WILSON rch Associate 
OBERT S. WILLIA Research pees in Bryology 


4g MS 
. J. ALEXANDER...... Assistant Curator and Curator of the Local Herbarium 
_D. 


Edi a Assistant 


RIC 
H 

Homas H, Everett, N. D. Horr. risculturist 
Wi ck, A. M. Docent 
Tro DrcENer, M. S. i cou aneraior in Hawaiian Botany 
OBERT HAGELSTEIN norary Curator ae ae omycetes 
THEL ANSON S. PeckHAM. -Honorary Bey Iris and Narcissus Collections 
ARTHUR J. CorBETT ‘uperintendent of | Buildings: ‘ond Grounds 
. C. PFANDER ssistant Superintendent 


PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 


Books 
ated Flora of the No: porate United States and Canada, by Nai inane 


An ItIlustr. 
Lord Britton a Addison Brown. Three volumes, ene descriptions and illustra 
tions a 4,666 species. Second edition, Peart ed. $1325 
ora of the Prairies and Plains of Central Nene RATS by P. A. Rydberg. 
969 ae and 601 figur: 1932. Price, $5. a postpaid. 


Plants of the Vane of New Siete, by H. A. oe 284 pages, illustrated. 
1935. $1.65. 
Flora of Bermuda, Py Nathaniel Lord Britton and others. 585 pages with 494 
text igure 1918. $3. 
Text-book of Gener Lichenology, by Albert Schneider. 230 pages. 
76 eae 1897, $2.5 


Periodicals 
Addisonia, annually, devoted exclusively to colored plates accompanied by 
popular descriptions of Henier de plants: ate p-ates in each number, cree in 
each volume. Now in its twenty-first volu Subscription price, $10 a volume 
(four ye) pe offered es ee nge. eee to members of the Garden. 

e New anical Garden, monthly, containing notes, news 
and non’ techn ice "Subsepaon, a a year; sna copies 10 cents. Free 
to members of the Garden ow in its ecto 

Meee bimonthly, ee in ee and Saat ase ed to fungi, 


including peace containing technical articles and news and notes of general in- 
terest. $6 eae copies $1.25 aad. Now in its sets eee volume. 
Twenty- sie yew Sader volume $3 in paper, $3.50 in fabrikoid. 


Brit A series of botanical papers. Subscription price, $5 a volume. 
phe in ts third volume. 
nn. Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North An 
ining “Greenand, the West Indies, and ae ntral America. Planned to be c 
pleted i volumes, each to eee of four or more parts parts now seat 
Seen price, $1.50 per part; a limited porate ni separate parts will be sold 
each. oe 


Contributions from The New York Botanical Garden. A series of technical 
papers written by students or members of the staff, and rebiioesd from journals 
other than the above. Price, 25 cents each, $5 a volume. In the fourteenth 
volume. 


Memoirs of The New York Boric Garden. A collection of scientific 
papers. Volante: TVIL. Titles on reque 

pues all orders to The New ae Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New 
York, 


* * * 


DIRECTIONS FOR REACHING THE BOTANICAL GARDEN 

The New York Botanical Garden is located in the Bronx, immediately north of 

the Zoclon pints ag ne itham Road, and at the south end of the Bronx River 

Parkway. y be d by ical trains from Grand Central Terminal to the 
one Carden seuee Cost Street). 

ach the Garden by ope ated and Subway systems, take the Third 

wae Elected 0 the end ae Ae tine (Bronx Park Sen aD from the East and 

en 


West Side subways, transfer from the Lexington or Sev nue line to th 
Third Panic Elevated at 149th Street a Third Aven Nas Eighth Avenue 
subway (Independent system) take a t CC train to Bedford Park Boulevard 
ie sect snes walk east ts the Goan 

from city, drive north on Grand Concourse to Bedford 


Park Bovieaed * Goth ee genet east there, and cross the railroad bridge into 
the Garden 


Marcu, 1939 


apis 


THE NEW YORK OEE GARDEN 


Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. 
Entered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. 
Annual subscription $1.0! Single copies 10 c 


Free to members of the Garden 


JOURNAL OF — NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 


RoL H. Woopwarp, Editor 
Mar 


ch, 1939 
sae Poccei, A Rare Species FROM TROPICAL AFRIC. Cover Photograph 
aba eo sa OF peo Grown aT THE New Yor 
NICAL GARD’ T.H. Everett 53 
ee TES 0 EIR ere AND HIsTory 53 
HE SPECIES AND VARIETIES 55 
BEGONIAS FROM THE BOTANICAL ee 's CoLLECTION earl ar ne 


Composinc a BorDER OF ANNU. ard W. Swif 


i 
CurrenT LITERATURE AT A GLANCE Virgene Kavanagh 75 
Notes, News, anD CoMMENT 76 


FLOWER SHOW 
the International Flower Show in Grand Central Palace this month, The New 
ee) Botanical Garden is eee one of the largest collections of begonias that 
has ever been assembled for such an occasion. The beauty of these plants and the 
awakening of interest in hee Seca uses have been factors in the choice of 
begonias for the display. 


the species and varieties which will be seen at the Flower Show are 


e ly rare in cultivati and re n one has bee ised from seeds re- 
ceived directly from the wi p have been acquir: private or 
ra cial gro and others from institutions which thus co-operate with the 
Botanical Gi n in i is thorough study of begonias, including 


i 
spirit in which they oe an art exhibition or opera—as an esthetic, perhaps an 
emotional, experience. Others will be there for such a practical reason as 
interest in better gardening, whether it be a business or a hobby or whether carried 
on i e open, in a greenhouse, or on a windowsill. Some will attend mainly to 


3 
2 
ae 
a 
a 
Q. 
e 
EB 9 
= 
ras 
° 
lam 
4 
8 
= 
a 


The Botanical Garden's exhibit should have something of value to offer to every 
one of these p 


he ee as ersi vo in begonias will be s in the selected gro 
magnificent plant specimen: shown. Coverin re than 400 square feet of 
space, with each plant ay labeled, this large collection will offer an opportunity 
for tl nd different be 
The lay will serve, it is as a pleasant introducti een the peopl 
he Botanical Garden. In representing one o institution's activities, it 
exemplifies the effort t the intere lower lover, the amateu 


ardener, commercial grower, plant specialist, pane Ga the general public 


JOURNAL 


of 
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 


Vor. XL Marcu, 1939 No. 471 


The (ollection Of Begonias 
Grown At The New York 


Botanical Garden By T. H. Everett 


Because of the wide interest in begonias at present and because of the large 
collection vie the ase oe ‘al Garden is exhibiting this month at the Inter- 
national Flower Show, this special material on begonias has been prepared. 
Visitors to the. : ee Show will find here, besides directions for culture, a 
brief description and record a origin, so far as known, of each kind in the 
exhibit and of others now bet own at the Garden. Other readers should 

nd these descriptive hates a “aseful guide to the begonias which they ee a 
interested im growing. ee ites on a types of begor 
will appear in this Journal later in the —C. 


Brief Notes On Their Culture And History 

For any years there has been a pe horticultural aaah in 
rains the New York Botanical Garden has accu ted 

m ie glasshouses a large ie ae many ae which will be arene 
the International Flower Show in New York City March 13 

. 18. _ This display pen consi hie of the fibrous- rooted kinds 


r 
somewhat arid conditions, as in a house, are those having thick 
rhiz r stout, erect stems and fleshy leaves as Bunchii, caro- 
linjacfolia, Feastii, Gilsoni, heracleifolia, incana, manicata, Mrs. 


53 


54 


Mary Peace, Mrs. Townsend, nelumbiifolia, Paul Bruant, phyllo- 
maniaca, ricinifolia, speculata, Templinii, venosa, and Verschaf- 
feltiar 
These kinds also like a rather heavier soil than is pcommendsd 
f 


the rate of a pint to a bushel of soil. For newly rooted cutt 


the fe et should be omitted and extra sand hae: The soil 
must be made ae moderately firm, not packed hard. Gost: drain- 
age is pase, Repotting should receive ae at the beginning 


of the growing season and as often thereafter as te plants fll their 
receptacles with roots until about a month before flowering time, 
when feeding with see li as - rtilizer is ate ed. 

Vith the exception of the erflorens varieties, all fibrous- 
rooted begonias should be afforded ne ee st rong : summer sun- 
shine, a most of them respond to full exposure from late Oc 
to Febru ee ose we oe leaves and thos ae vary 
grow in fe shade, such as “braziliensis,”’ ere ayana, Engler 
goegoensis, eee. ate a Rex-cultorum are more eee 
to sunburn than others. 

The watering of begonias requires care, for the soil must be 
maintained alway s ina plea asantly moist condition but must not be 
alee ed to stagna’ Sufficient water should be applied at one 

to pee thorough the whole ball of soil and it should 

at room temperature. Begonias are particularly impatient of 

a a sudden ee of temperature 

vege etative pr aces of these p lants is very sim ee Stem 

cu a ngs, afforded mospheric conditions, root readily in 
moist sand oe some inde n be easily heed by means of lea 

uttings. Seed is in some cases available. It is fee a sh oe 

be sown on a surface of carefully pr epared 5 ed pans without 

any covering of soil. A sheet of glass is place "i over the pan to 

1 


gE 
ao 


er 
ure to strong sunlight is fatal. Begonias are not par aly subject 
to disease or insect pests. The most common enemie mealy 
bugs, aphids and mites. These are controlled by ny or spray- 
ing periodica cally with an approved nicotine insecticide. 

A Franciscan ae and botanist, Charles Plumier, first applied 
the name Begonia to this genus. He named it in honor of his 
traveling companion, ae Begon. The genus was first de- 
scribed by Tournefort in 1700, Since that time more than 1,300 
species have been ka as a in nature but some = these 


55 


‘onias 
& 


names undoubtedly are eae Beg 
ost O 


atic. in the mountains. Their ae centers of distribution are 
India and the warmer p: of Amer: 

Only a small minority of the ee al species have ever been 
ae ed i 


lene 2,500 na 


00 n e been used in horticultural oe 
The names which are ae ive ee aralied to cultivated be: = 
during the last century or more are greatly confused, and o Sal 
x eae that the New ie Botanical cee collection serves 
an aid in untangling some of this confusion. Research of this 
ae is car ‘ried on conanasuely at the Garden 


The Species And Varieties 


HE following descriptions of begonias raised at The New 

York Botanical Garden are of species and varieties from which 
will ae sae a the plants exhibited at the International Flower 
Sho Every effort has been Bvn to preser is information 
securely a I am indebted to Mrs xton, Mr. C. 2 
Kelly, Mr. Theodore Gruenbaum, M obinson and 
Res Tie for assistance in securing information re- 
arding rigin of ican-raised varie Mr gard 
Schneider has ca 7 


Amer 
rried out much of the 


e ty ype. The wor 
c Raise ed 


of the es to whi ch it it refers. The numbers in parentheses indi- 
cate the dates of introduction a cultivation. 


B enone Descriptions 


Abel Carriére—(B, Rev x B. Evans. Of French origin. Received from Kew 
ana) Seo ee stems and “branches ‘eh 1935. 
swollen oe ; leaves broad-o 
very; ep pine Ae oad oe ne andi oo ia) — whole ae 
es 1 covered with a brown s stems er 
hybrid of rench origin. eak; leaves ovate, pointed, fleshy, dull 


acutangula—similar to B. oo is but 
with lar. tis and broader se-toothed 
leaves, pale on ve ins. ae ed from 
Kew 1937. Listed as “acutangularis.” 

Alle ryt ( B. 
medium, val 
regularly toothed, veins be. 
neath purple; flowers pale pike: summer. 


meta ica x B. oigantea) 


Dee by a 
New York Bot 
cal Garden in 1902 

angularis—( Brazil) medium, smooth; 
branches many, cape ate or drooping ; 
ovate-ac 
cidulate: 6 


$e 
be small aid white, Listed as UZebtina. 2 


Argentea-guttata——(B. albo-picta x B. 
olbia) medium, much branched; leaves 
ovate-acuminate, slightly lobed, green 
heavily sp tted ni flowers am 
tinged pink, partly hidden in foliage. A 


French hybrid, Well area ot of easy 
culture. e “Trout” be 


ne x a 
nedium, fre ely brane! hed 1 hits 
es ovate metallic purple Pact 
young, bec ag 


Siena Ww ith 


‘alle-—(B 


‘O- 


= 
Bs 


ery disti netive. Received from 
37. 


stems 
dentate, 


ushy, glabrous ; 
Neares ovate, 
flowers many in 
Similar to Sachsen 
with ee ts ed 
of German ori 


—low, 


and Preusse 
leaves. Probably 


Bellagio—(Lucerna seedling) medium, 
oe oe ms cane-like Hee ovate, 
dark red peieate flow pink. 
Rael | in fr Galitoraie. (1934) 

“braziliens unidentified species 
which is comm 
brasiliensi 


—an 


in bud: 
Requires at tempera 


Bunchii—a sport of Feastii with crested 
leaf- oe Originated in Fredonia, 
Kan 


caroliniacfolia. — (Mexico) medium; 
oe, very thick, ene rarely branched ; 
leave ae te; leafle to 8 elliptic, 
desi. ; flowers oe pink in long 
cpeonne Gnflorescone eS 


cathayana—(China) low, softly hairy; 


stems erect, red; leaves ovate, long- 
pointed. olive- “green with silver hand 
flowers 


re ae veins crimson ; 
range-vermilio 


i¢ela—tall: stems and under sides of 
leaves hairy: leaves ovate, toothed, dark 
green, red benea ‘A Has not a jomed at 
trden. Raised in Califor: (1930) 
ccinea— (Bra tall. smooth: stems 
ton hase cane ie ea ace weake 
leaves sh late, ovate-oblone, light 
green: flowers large, numerous in Jarg 


Cc 
drooping cae bright coral-red. This 


56 


the B. rwhra of gardens and is the type 
of the “Angel Wing” begonias of which 
se ps named varieties are in culti- 


oe oe ee medi- 

ooth ; 
attenuate, es oe en. 

ver, toothed; inflorescences drooping ; 

flowers large, pink. Raised in California. 
1934) 


an 


a —Presumably a seedling of 
mars, oo in having narrower 

es veins much more silvery 
i surface bright reid A 
of ‘this name is listed in Index 


B. 
ie 


the 
opens 
Kewens 


de Feu—(B. se miperflorens x x 


Be “hhsioides) tall, 
oa 


“Ascotiensis” 


Credneri—(B. Scharffiana x B. metal- 
lica) medium, bushy, softly hairy; leaves 
ova olive- -green, reddish ee a flo 

ink, hairy without. Sum 


ow- 


Cy praea— (anetallica eons) medium, 
white pilose; leaves ova’ olive-green 
ith darker veins, Pee lobed and 
Slightly toothed; flowers large, white or 
pale we pink-| bearded without. Summer. 


dia —(Borneo) tall; stems erect, 
Swi ee a base; branches upright leaves 
deeply irregular] ma’ lobed 


drooping ; : owen, 
ti 


dichotoima — (Venezuela) tall; stems 
o 


d erect inflo srescences 
stems spread- 
glossy 
; flowers la arge. 
fail aiid: winter, A slow 


one orange, 
grower. (1906) 


ytra—a coccinea variety with blush- 
Fite ie (1930) 


ent 


scarlet; 


Raised in Eyeland 
and “Sander: 


soni” 


gon 


R 
ER 
na 
ROS 
Es 
eo 
ae 
= 


arge, 


o 
deep red; ore scences ee 


flowers 


flor 


ricalts 


a—(B. fuchsioides x B. sem- 


eee medium ; 
7 ov: ate , the 
ie Ae een | mar- 
: aforecennce com- 


erous 


othy Grit 


Va’ 


white 


dark 


or 


? low, freely branched; leaves 

, elliptic-ovate, mle ly aa 

serrate, shining, es oo flower: 
a 


long period. 


is sted as “Sander 


; cae 


very small greenis 


he 


—tall, vigorous, p! ladee 


Dor 
cent; pele many, ee branched ; jeave: 
glo: 


gree 


Fght pail with 


a 


57 
heard without. Summer. Raired in Cali- 
fornia. (1928) 


Dregei—(South Africa) medium, gla- 
bro tuberous: stems annual, much 
i . shal 


purple veins; inflores cences about 5-floy 
ered; flowers white. (1836) 


Druryi— (Cy pra x B. sanguinea)? 
tall, branched: leaves ovate, poi gies dark 
green, red and hairy beneath. not 


bloomed at Ga. Raised in Caitternia 
( ) 


echinosepala — (Brazil) medium, hir- 

sute; stems ee a branched ; leaves 
i hee ovate, arscly toothed, glossy 
veins dar ker, pur ine beneath ; 


Abel Carriére, an outstanding begonia hybrid from France, characterized by 
the silver coloring of its pointed leaves. 


flowers delicate pink, pink-bearded with- 
out. Summer. Easy and decorative. (1870) 
Received from Kew 1935. 


smoot 


Elui 
s cane-like with de ene 
leaves lanceolate-oblong, concave, undu- 


late, serrulate, black-green, ee. spotted 
silver, palin a red: flowers pink. 
Origin, Califor. (1928) 


Engleri—(Tropical Africa) tall; stems 
succulent, ae eae a with 
spots ; coarsely 
scabrous, nee: veins purplish ; 
in arching flat panicles, clear 
pink. A delicate species requiring a warm 
temperature. (1904) Received from Kew 
1931. 


Evansiana — (Orient) tuberous, low, 
smooth ; stems annual, 
. acute 


Hardy 


or so vat New ¥) ‘ork. (1804) Listed 
as “ lo 

aurea (Brazil) tall, glabro 
stems erect few ex raced smuch thickened 
at base: branches lea Jar; 
deeply palmately ine ee “stlashed 
with a flowers large, white. (1892) 

Fea —(B. manicata x B. hydrocotyli- 
jolia). ff stems rhizomatous; Jeaves 
fleshy, rbicular, smooth, green, red b 
neath; inflorescences ere pyramidal ; 
owers numerou: ng, clear pin 
Com: k the “Beecfsteak 
hegoni: to grow and very decora- 
tive. 


rida Species” —an unidentified plant 
Pee listed — ee name. Me oe 
um ; 


r 
osottly ue ok 
aree : flowers large, white. Hand- 


a -~ (Colombia) medium, smooth, 


; stems arching or drooping ; leaves 
small, ovate, bronzy-g: ave inflorescences 
eer flowers small, white 


‘AN. distinctive “plant of fern- 
Excellent for baskets. 


pale pin 
like appea rance. 


Frieda Grant—medium, bushy, pubes- 
oe : ee eeate ovate, dark g green, 
beneath; margins undulate inflo jores- 
once: few, flowers pink, hairy without. 
attractive ee plant. Raised in 
California, (1928) 


58 


fuchsivides — (Mexico) tall, smooth; 
stems erect, branched ; leaves small, ovate, 
glossy green; flowers drooping, crimson- 
scarlet, decorative 
Gilsoni—medium ; s stout, erect, 
branched; leaves ovate atenvats shal- 
lowly lobed, dentate, en, glossy; 
petioles ise ay beneath thay inarest 
cences ; flow male 
double, oak Originated in New York 
about 1880. 
glaucophylla—scandent ; stems slender ; 
leaves 


w ‘ood 
basket subje ect. Listed ‘as alaucophiylla 
scandens.” 

Gloi de Jouy—tow, bushy; leaves 
ovate, ‘slightly lobed, aN densely cov- 


ered with o ue gray: n spots, rough- 
hairy; flow soft Sot leepening at 
“Siow -growing. Received from 


center. 
Kew 193 


yocgoensis—( Sumatra) low, rhizom: 
tous; leaves Sibicuer. peltate with quae: 
rangular petioles, dark olive-green with 
pa alee veins; inflorescences loos ase, site 
an) pink, Requires tropical temper. 
(1882) 


ae — (Brazil) medium, softly 
hairy, bushy; leaves large, ovate, oe 
olive-green, red bene eath ; flowers ii 
He cove peseaaa pale pink, hairy 

vithou Sum A good decorative 
eat 


Helen—medium; stems erect; lea 
ovate-acuminate, green; margins Gees 
crinkled; flowers in droop cymes, 
greenish-white. (1928) 


Hel. ise os —(Lucerna secdling) 
tall, cng cane-like; leaves 
ovate-! eee with large Ge lobe, 


red-olive-green, 


neath ; flowers clear p pi ink. Raised i in Cali- 
fornia. (1920) 
heracleifolia — (Mexico) rhizomatous, 


hairy; leaves large, deeply lobed to more 
than half their diameter, green; inflores- 
cences tall, erect; flowers numerous, pink, 
ee tive. The “type” of the “Star” 
be: 


on nigricans—a variety with 
black-green leaves and paler veins. 


da eaie ego low, bushy, hairy; 
mall, broad- ovate, green; 


S ; flowers 
; greets white. Of no decorative 
importan 


im perialis—( Mexico) rhizomatous, low, 
hairy; leaves pola brownish sa 
green veins, velvety; hades a 
flowered; flowers sal, hite. Choi 
Requires warm conditi 


imperialis ees variety with 
emerald-green lea 


incana—(Mexic 0) medium, whole plant 
oo”, ae scurfy ; stems thick, 

eaves fleshy, peltate c 
ing; flowers numerous, drooping. white. 
Very distinctive. Listed as ‘peltata.’ 


in. ata—(Mexico) low; stems erect, 
fuch.. “iyranched : eaves small, ovate, 
toothed, light green; inflorescences few- 
flowered ; flowers pink. (1827) 


Ing —(B. nitida x B. 
tall, Sn leaves small, ovate, et 
sparsely hairy, ara 2 es green; flow 
pink. grown as “B. 
Englis ie origin (1849) 


fuchsioides) 


rlaken — ucerna ae x) tall, 


rs dull cd: browit 
Raed in Califarnia (1934) 

pag eee a a) low, smooth; stems 
erect, branches spreading; leaves ovate- 
onions: convex, shining green; margins 
red, toothe inflorescences _ terminal: 
ae greenish edged 
pink ; an sainastial species for the collector. 
Received from Kew 1935. 


Jinnie May—low. bushy, smooth; re- 
sembling Bavers Sachsen and Preussen 
but with to. ‘salmon flowers. Leaves 
not spotted. Originated in Califor 
(1925) 

Ker tall; stems cane-like, 
branches Seti ing; leaves ovate-acumin- 


ve 
ate, green; aflbrescences pendulous, flow- 
ers greenish-white. English origin. 


Lady — (coccinea 
smooth ; ee erect ; 
late, green; margins 
undulate: flowers 1 

d 


seedling) tall, 
leaves ovate-lanceo- 
ele ee 
large, blush-pink, in 
ny-flowered cymes. Rais re * Cali- 


(1934) 


ma 
fornia. 


(Lucerna scling) medium ; 
ect with aud branches ; leaves 


Al ing 
pink, Origin, PGaliforaie: 


obulata— oa stems erect, 


a 
ag 
: 
+o 
oO 
a 
eae 
ye 
a 
7 
8 
BPs 
Q 
z.5 
» 
i] 
po 
5 
s 
o 
: 
oO 


y York Botanical Garden by T. Ma ac- 
gall. 


mygipes petiolata—stems stout, er 
succulent; leaves with long red de 
ovate, green, bristly-hairy ; flowers small, 
white, in oe many-flowered inflore 
cences. Received from Kew 1938. 


S- 


— ( Lucerna ade medium, 
s weaker 


wers large, pink; 

w Raised in California. 
srid) tall, smooth, vigor- 
cane-like, with weaker 
ova 


Ww with sae wings. 
grown as “Cor: 
Switzerland 


alline Lucerne.” Raised i 


gano a ucerna Ree 


ae a shar, 


tall, 


yellowish pink. “Rais 
0) 


California. (1921 
lixurians 
stems 


— (Brazil) tall, aaa 

leaves large, compound, 
palmate, ‘Teafiets to 16, narrow- “lite, 
yreen, serrate; flowers inconspicuous, 
white in erect inflorescences, Ver: ey dis- 
acne. (1846) 


Macbethii—° of Dregei of 
more compact habit “and with smaller, 
more deeply lobed lea 


“Machu Picchw An undetermined 
plant aa Hon seed outa at i 
ruins of Machu Picchu, Per Mediu 


60 


: anched, smooth; leaves broad- ovate, 
; Howers lavender-pink in dense in- 


fiocescence superlicially res: ie aaa ni- 

tida but malic flowers dipeta Very 

floriferous, (1936) 
maculata—(razil) tall, smooth, with 


habit of B. etka a leaves plainly 
marked with silve Flowers = 

maculata 1 pe distinet var-et 
concave Ivaves ee 
spotted  silv s greenish white. 
Received fon Kew in 1935. 


e de Less aT aera 
freely 


: ‘aitia) tall, ae 
branc hed; leaves large, ovate, ed and 
toothed, olive- -green chatted wines red 
Haas flowers greenish, flushed pink. 
Sun 
Madame Fanny Giren—(incarnata hy- 
brid) low; stems branched; leaves ovate- 


aiemate toathe d, green: flowers brig 
n. sed in France. (1875) 
Maggio. (Lucerna seedling) very 
similar to rLauceraa ae with rather smaller 
and unspotted leaves. Origin, Calif. (193: 


ee a ant ee bushy, a 
ent 
oe 


& 


a fac small, too the 
fl 


enecs 

drooping, n plush. pink, Received from 
Botanic Garden, Hamburg, 1935. 

Drea bell _ — medium; stem 


oat erect; lea 

green, toothed with collar of | ee jarse airs 

at top of peti ; ae ces i - erect, 
: ieee s pink, 

droop! ing. Very fe i 1837) 

manicata aureo-macitlata. — a variety 

with yellow-blotched leaves. 


manicata crispa—a variety with crested 
leaf-margins. 


Margaritacea—related to Arthur Mallet 
which it closely resembles, but differs in 
that the Jeaves are duller and of more 
leaden appearance. Flowers pink. 


Margueritae—-(B. echinoscpala x 
moti ? medium, bushy, softly hai 
leaves ovate, slightly lobed and tothe 
live. green; veins purple beneath. Flov 
pink, sere without, summer. 
France. (1883) 


Racal 


Marjorie Daw--(B. coccinea x B. glau- 


cophylla) smooth; stems many, lax; 
leaves tr pavenlar ovate, bright green, 
slightls inuate; influrescences many- 
a “Undoping flowers large. clear 

pink. an good hasket variety. Raised in 
c al for: (1900) 


Mar pink-flowered coccinea variety 
with fod Sorne petioles and leaves some- 
times silver-spotted. Raised in California. 
(1930) 

Queen—a_ coccinea 

a “grectsh white flowers. 
Cal fornia 


variety with 
Raised in 


Medora—medium, bushy; stems ae 
der, ae Pie Mee 
angular. lanceolate, ae 
he avi ly “0 ee oan 
ind waved ; inflorescence drooping, few- 


ilewen ed; flow pin vary wings 
on pink. Not free- flowering. Origi- 
ed in Medora, Ill. (1926) 

metallica Bah medium, bushy, 
hairy; leaves ovate-pointed, shallowly 
Jobed = and thed, glossy oll STERN ; 

ins metallic-purple, depressed, red be- 
neath; flowers pale pink, red-hairy with- 
out. A well-! known plant of easy ‘culture. 
(186! 

Mrs. Fred Seripps—tall, hairy, bushy 
stems red; es ovate, distinctly 5- to 
-lobed wi the basal lobe sometimes 
wrming a separate | t, olive-green, 
often with one or more rudimentary leaf- 
lets from the sinus; scences loose, 
eee -flowere: + flowers white. hand- 

variety " originated in California. 


Mary Peace—(Ricinifolia x 
caroline ? a oe 
Hes! ale green, deeply 7- 9 

ae ‘the termi Tobe large: . glos: 
ree undulate, toothed ; flowers numerous 
in erect, - amidal cymes, pink. Raised 

n Califor. (1920) 

end—In habit and Icaf tex 

re eamlae to Feastii: but with lees 
vhallowly 7-lobed and toothed and = in- 
florescences stiffer and more crowded and 

stightly deeper in color 


flowers 
stiffly 
with 
ade eccnee: 
flowers soft pink. 


WeoS. Ki ae a 
's pointed-o green 
brist] y hairs: 

drooping oe 
3) 


w 
crea 
= 


Likes warmth. (191 


Below: Begonia scandens used effec: 


tively as a specimen plant 


“Multiflora —This 


Rosea”. 
flowered One It is not related to 
the species B. muditiflora. 


is a pink- 


Neely Geddis—tall, densely hairy; 
leaves ovate, dail olive- -green, red be- 
neath ; flowers large, creamy 
hairy without, summer; like runifolia 
but with a Adinciaes green leaf at th 
inflorescence fork. Raised in California. 


Nelly Bly—medium, bushy, _ hairy; 
leaves pointed- a coarsely toothed, 
very dark gre red beneath; flowers 


pink. Originated ‘in "California, 


white, white- . 
. 


stems erect; 
glos: 


Above: Verschaffeldtiana, 
one of the excellent hy- 
oe developed in Switzer- 
land 


nelumbtifolia— (Mexico) medium, rhiz- 
omatous ; leaves very large, ovate-orbicu- 
lar, ee green; Howes ae many, 
ll, erect cymes, white or tin: ink, 
euchatel — (Lucerns 
smooth; shoots cane-like 
branches; leaves i 
base, olive-green with faint 


flowers oe cots pink tinged yellow. Not 
very attractive. Raised in California. 

(1934) 
nitida — (Jamaica) medium, smooth; 
leaves broad-ovate, fleshy, 


sy green, convex ; inflorescences many- 


62 


flowered; lowers large, white or delicate plantlets; stem erect, stout; leaves ova’ 
pink, handso me. This was probably Ais one _Slos ssy green, veal dao waved ae 


first species of Begonia introduced in ‘oothed; inflorescence bra Ney early 
cultivation. (1777) eee lowers pink, var’ pink. 
(1840) Listed as “Jessie.” 
olbia—( Brazil) low, bushy; lea : 
ovate, iehed, a toothed, noe brownish Pogyci—(Tropicat Africa) low, ster 
olive-green with darker ve and scat- erect; leaves  ovate-acute, piatiately 
tered stiff whi - irs, red. oer in- veined, dull green; inflorescences very 
florescence drooping ; flowers Short: flowers greeni ish; ovaries red, 


escences  § Ae é ¢ 
aaa Hae Not too easy but good cylindrical, wingless. oe leaves said 
when well-gro (1883) to edible. 


foal 
o 
& 
> 
a) 
a 
a 
i= 
= 
3 
18 
wo 
28 
fi 
iz} 
Oo 
B 


Slow growing. Received fon Kew 1937. 


Orrell — (Lucerna seedling) medium 4 : 
smooth; stems cane-like with weaker Evcsiden! Car not—(B. coccinea x B. 
branches ; leaves ovate, undulate, light albia)? tall, vigorous; stems cane-like 
n, silver-spotted; margins to thed With weaker side-branches; leaves oe 


green, spi 01 
and crinkled; flowers bright coral-red. OVate. somewhat lobed, coarsely toot 
Very decorative. Originated | in California, and crinkled; green ty faintly silver- 
a9 30) spotted, —— beneath; inflorescences 
ee droopi oe large, carmine: 
“Palmifolie’—very similar to dichof- ovary and win ame color. French 
oma, but having short style eis origin. (1891) 
Hie sees a aes ae Ha an nd Preussen—almost identical with Bayern 
rounded at the apex rather than sharply but silver spots, evident only on the 
triangular. young leaves. Said to be of German 
origin. 
wl Bruant — medium; stems erect, 
bearing many tiny ady entitions 


Prunifolia— (VF iaude seedling ) resembles 
stout, a 
shoots as in B, phlonaniacn; leaves 


Viaude; leaves shorter and more distinctly 
egg-shaped, lighter green, more toothed, 


r 8 arsely purple-red beneath; inflorescences long, 
hairy, green; inflores Gees vith pa ee coping; flowers large, cream, white- 
persistent pink-brown bracts;  flov hairy without. Very Horie rig- 
ey ae ovaries green. ehcelletit in i fc 

ated in California. (1920 
e plant. Raised in France. (1888) ( 


: Rex-cultorum—Here belong the numer- 
Perle Lorraine—(B. polyantha x B. ous Treat fliege plants commonly 
daedaica) low, bushy; leaves pointed- grown as B. Rev. They include hybrids 
ovate, dark green freely marbled with and 
chocolate; flowers soft pink, darker in a B. ae 
bud. A very beautiful variety, Raised cultivat -cultor is repre 
mm France, (1902 ) Listed as “Bertha ccnted in ie ‘New York Botanical Gar- 
von Lothri den collections by the following varieties : 
phyllomaniaca—(Brazil) medium, stems Chretien, Emperor, Glory of St. aed 
and leaves freely producing adventitious King Edward, Lucy Closson, and Rajah. 


See pages 64-65 
BEGONIAS FROM THE BOTANICAL GARDEN’S COLLECTION 


Begonia dichotoma, from Venezuela, nearly 6 feet tall. 2. oe git 
a_ similarly albodine species from Brazil. 3. Speculata, known as the 
“Grape Leaf” begonia. 4. Begonia glaucophylla, in a shaaine basher. 
5. Feastii, an re grown poled known as the “Beefs ia begonia 
Fred Scripps, a large handsom 7. Mrs. Town- 
send, similar to OF ‘astii in te habit, but distinct. onia imperialis, a 
rhizomatous species from Mexico. 9. “Machu Picchu oe undetermined 


begonia of exceptional beauty, raised from seed eer in Peru, 


Ricinifolia—(B. _ heracleifolia B. 
ee ere rhizomatous, hatiy 
be) - I> . he ad 
ia se ed eter S: 
cences tall, erect, en 
merous, pink, "4 oe a persistent pe 
pressed bract occu e base of each 
ovary. Probably the Ae hybrid, Raised 
in England. (1847) 


va — (So 


Africa) small, 
to Macbethii, 
finely an 
white. Listed 


Richardsiar 


ee cut ; small, 


“Richardso 
(B. 


oseu- ‘gigant eu— sem perflorens 


stems 
y 


s ‘orn 
with a bright red spot at sinus; ‘inflores. 
ences stoi ng pee many, bright coral- 


red, bloo: ver a long pe mae One 
of the mo: tf decorative and easily grown 
begonias, Much taller. and more Migros 
than semperflorens. A French hybrid. 
(1883 ) 

'—tall, smooth; stems erect, cane 
nk? ves ovate, light green; margins 
red; inflorescences “droonin flowers 
large, pink. Decorativ (1920) 


“Rubra Odorata”—a vigorous coccinea 
variety with deep rose-pink flowers 


Sachsen—very similar to Preussen but 
of looser habit and decidedly darker 
(bronzy olive-green) foliage. The female 

ers of Sachsen are larger. Probably 
Germar gin. 

sanguinea—( Brazil) medium, smooth, 
loosely branched ; a red; leaves ovate, 
subpeltate, fleshy. en ab ve, crimson 
beneath ; Distine- 


flowe Serie white 
tive and decorative. (1823) 
scabr ze (Venezuela) tall, 
hairy erect, stout, branching; 
leaves eee green, toothed ; cymes 

rect; flowers many, small, white, Re- 
cei ved from Kew 1935. 


rough- 


scandens—(Brazil) smooth, _Stems scan- 


owers white. en 

ven support forms a very attractive tall 
decorative plant or may be used to good 
effect in a basket. 


Schunidtiana 
Ac caves small, 


— (Brazil) low, hairy, 
ovate, olive-green, 
n, tinged pink, small, 
red i inflorescences. (1878) 
bee nenn te of this species 
are popularly known as “Wax” see or 
0. d 


S varieties exist aud 


dens. ‘ou ew 
ones appear each Pie The plants are 
low and bushy, blo cee continuously 
and range in telor ot ee r from white 


to deep crimson. 
ple foliage are grown. 
tinct varieties al 

ightness, 


Br ily, Gustav Lind, 
Indianerin an 


nd Loveline. 
y with green- 
ee small sil- 
Originated in 


Shas coccinea varie 

nee wh ie | Goce and sca 

er spots on the leave: 

California. (1930) 

Shrimp—a coccinea variety ; leaves nar- 

oe Pie flowers soft pink. Orig: 
in California. (1930) 


rhiz zomatous, hairy ; 


icuouUs, 


The 


subvillosa: — 


Ss ae eae 
pe Leaf” beg 
zil) medium, 
s succulent ; 


wing, the r two represente nere 
ridges. as “Scotch lux- 
urians.” (1841) Raised from seed re- 


ceived from Edinburgh Botanic Garden. 


sire tall, 
we Fae 


Pie eagion 


AZ! 


a onl, 


er: 
on va inside of he large cipal 
were a and clear pink. Raise 


Calito: 


Superba-kenzii mbles 
asells but with rae les dee 
sharply lobed and Pane ae 
spotted with silver. Has r 
the Garden. Raised j in California, 


a rba- 


(1925) 


oe 
ay 


4 
¢ 
ot 
i 
es. 


ar at seedling) medium, 
leaves resembling those of 
Madame 2 Lesseps but smaller and more 


ao 
oe 
“4s 


heavily spotted in a ver; inflorescences 

short; flowers lar; elicate pink to 

white. Originated a Gators: (1934 
sutherlandtt low, tuberous 


fe bright green with us veins, serrate ; 
wers many, red-o' Attractive and 
distinet (1867) 


Sylvia — (incarnata seedling) Wty 
loosely “biauched : leaves ovate, shallow 
lobed and toot! hed, ght green; 

pink. ee in California, 


es nii—(phyllomantaca sport) s 
ilar  alomontice a with "lw 
Hatched leav Originated at Cal 
Ohio. (191 OL) 


fee 


ed 


Teusch a Se alaya) medium, pilose 
S ovate acuminate, shal- 

e-green; margins 
; flowers deep pink. Plants received 
from Kew in 1937. (1877) 


Thurstonii—(B. smetallica B, 
guinea) tall, bushy ; Hee ae lossy 
olive-green, ot beneath; flowers small, 
pink, summer. An easily ‘grown and pop- 
ular variety. ‘Grint d in Paterson, 
New Jersey. (1887) 


ulmifolia — (Colombia) tall, 
hairy ; stems erect, | 


=] 


rou ugh- 


m-li = green; 
inflorescences dens: Bowers small, white. 
Very distinctive 


Undine—low, branched; leaves small, 
of curled. and distorted appearance, broad- 
ovate, eshy, glossy green, irregularly- 
toothed ; flowers delicate pink, in few- 
flowered cymes. Originated in California. 
(1900) 


uadilata—( Brazil) medium, similar to 


Kewensis but with smaller pele which 
are eae ey undulate, and pure whit 
flov very decorative species, (182 


medium ; whole plant 
seurt ; 


venosa—( Brazil) 


e 0 

at center, not peltate, very thick 
mene inflorescences long; flowers 
white. Our plants raised from Feed from 
Berlin- Dahlem 1933, (1898) 


66 


erschaffeldtiana—(8. caroliniacfolia x 
B. ears east stems sea erect ; 
leaves fleshy, -petiola te, vate-orbicu- 
lar, shallowly 6. “lobe ect toothed, 
ich shining en; inflorescences long, 
many-flowere wers drooping, clea 
pink. Very Tetcorne: (1853) Originated 
in Switzerland. 


Fiaude — (Duchartrei x Pictavensis) 
medi, hairy ; 


hallowly toothed ; stipules persisten nt: 
pects one red; flowers large, white, 
hai witho Decorative. Raised in 


r 


A adei— ( Philippines ) low ; stems ai 


York Botanical Garden in 1932, Grows 
eens on coralline limestone near the 


(1932) 


Waite’s Red Argentea—tall, very sim- 
erna ee with tay ves lighter 
tted e distinctly 
more distinctly lobed ; 
ee pink, large, in pendul Te 
clusters. Originated in California. (1927) 


WF allow—medium bushy, bristly-hairy ; 
leaves ovate-lanceolate, olive-green, bright 
s Soe ae not 


red beneath, coars te - 

flow ee = at The anical 

Garden. Originated in beniers “(1928) 
¥ tall, freely branched ; 


‘a €1 
stems semi Succulent leaves ovate-acute, 


a California garden. 
aved” begonia. 


ber mes Sutherlandii x B. 
dt us, medium , bushy, smooth ; 
of i bE ences much swollen; leaves 
ovate-acumi inate, shallowly lobe d and 
toothed, pale green with pukplish Seis: 

s pink, profuse. Raised in England. 


70) 


Weltoniensis Alba—a_ white-flowered 
mM. 


form 


wanthina — (India) low, rhizomatous, 
allied to B. Rex; leaves cordate-ovate, 
dark green; flowers butter-yell 
co 


low, petals 
pper-red beneath. (1850) 


67 


In addition to the species. varieties, ea a — above, 


the ee listed below are gro 
either because ae P 
or because ee 


applicati f{ the names they be: 

re also grown. The bees 
ALBO-PICTA GRANT'S PUCHARTREL 
ALICE MANNING GUINEAS 
AL! i HAAGA 
ALZASC HAAGEANA DROSTI 
AUDRE HAWATIAN SEEDLING 
BENNE HO 
BOLIVIENSIS SUPERBA HUGELII 
CARMINATA ILLUST! 
CASTANEAEFOLIA INCARNATA SANDERSIL 
CHIA JOSEPHIT 
CLEMENTA LADY MAC 

Ts. "Ss RED LADY WATERLOW 
CONCHAEFO! LEPIDOTA 
CORINTHIAN PINK LETONICA 
CORAL RUBRA LINPLEYANA 

ATA LORATA VARIEGATA 
CROFTONII LOM. AL’ 
CYPRAEA SEEDLING MACRBETHIL PINK 
CORA MARGARET E. ITARM 
DUCHARTRET MARIETTA 
NUKE OF CAMBRIDGE MARION 
ECUA MARTHA 
ITHE MARTIANA 

EMILY CLIBRAN MAYBELLE E. 
ETHEL CALLOWAY MEDIA PICTA 
EVANSIANA ALBA MEGAPTERA 
FLAMBEA a 
FROEBELIT MORGANO 
FRUTI M. E. HAM 
FRUTICOSA SEEDLING MRS. SCHINKEL 


FRUTISCARIA 


a 


Ax 
MULTIFLORA “COPPERY 


GENEVA 
GIGANTEA GOLD” 
GLARRA NITIDA ODORATA 


GLOIRE DE LORRAINE 
GLORY OF CINCINNATI 
GRACE 

GRACILIS HETEROSIS 


DORATA ROSEA 


the Gar 


en are - chs time suit- 


Descri 


tions 


mheincae o the 
aber of unnaned ‘ants 
lis 


ee are not 


PERFECTIFLORA 


PLAGIONEURA 

PRU A PINK 
RE MPTA 
RICINIFOLIA FISIIERT 
RIGIDA 


ROBINSON'S 
RO 
ROBUSTA DECKERS 
ROXBURGHILT 

RU 

RUBELLA 

RUBRA ODORATA 
RUBRA PINK 


S FRUTICOSA 


VAN-E 


(Composing a Border 
Of Annuals By Howard W. Swift 


LANTS which may be grown from seed to maturity in one 
season have adva ei Possessed few oe oe of garden 
material Tisted | in the elabo seed catalogs of 19. 

For use in window en ren a. fe = newly de- 
veloped suburban homes, for children’s ee nd for situations 
where masses of color are - ired during a ie ular part of the 
summer or es no ae of ee w 7 as more aca) 


oh 
“3 
< 
g 
=f 
o 
wu 
=] 
ia 
a 
ez) 
aw 
o 
a 
ei 
=e 
°o 
a 
is} 
a 
g 
a 
2 
ey 
gt. 
a 
aa 
7) 
4 
o 
p 
a 
iat 
a 
is 


a 

composition of an annual border is undertaken. In the first place, 

ara need full sun. Secondly, preparation of the ground should 
tho 


be thorough, the ideal ae including cultivation to a depth of 
eighteen inches and incorporation of a ous of manure. 
As a substitute for the manure, sue ss and a complete com- 
mercial fertilizer may be used—peat for a ility t ae water 
and nutrients, fert a izer to ae ree ee of plant food. 
Thirdly a roper | an a oe uld be Laie ed. W see it, 
maximum ctsfaction ne e achieved. In some cases, a 
may make a perfectly good ee but a more jee asing fs 


is aly a ed it | Seeiee by the us Eve 
green or decidudus ae furnish excellent ieee ieee ne in 
ia vas where a temporary planting is desired, annual vines 
nay be effectively trained upon a well proportioned and well 
eee el trellis 
everal fiers govern the choice of annuals for border plant- 
ing. Length of iloontine period, ease of culture, and oan to 
the attacks of insects and diseases are important, but not to be 
ov a feed is the eae which enables ae plants to withstand 
the roughness of s nds nan he ees 
With Ri ene - r ae ve fa ctor the following annuals, 
grouped according to their fee are aa recommended : 
Four To Six Feet Hick 
Telianthus (Sun 


Cosmos A the flow 
Ipomoca (Movning Glory) Polygonum ortentale “Prince's Feather) 
Quamocht (Cardinal Climber) Hibiscus Manihot 


69 


Two To Rove pie Hicu 


Tagetes (Marigold) ‘anthis caudatus (Love-lies-| Meéding} 

opeaase EGaigencne trrvolor (Joseph’s Coat 
Zinnia ect alata 

Salvia farinacea (Mealy-cup Sage) FN. tris 

S. splendens (Scarlet Sage) *N. uate (Crimson King) 


“Euphorbia marginata (Snow-on-the-mountain} 


NE TO Two Feet HicuH 


ratio Houstonianum *Mirabilis Jalapa (Four o'clock) 
Sei rignde | *Celosia plumosa (Feathery Cockscomb ) 
Beis hy. {Centaurea Cyauus (Bachelor's Buttan) 
ae “C. moschata’ (Sweet Sultan) 


*Hunnemannia fumariaefolia (Santa Barbara or Tulip Poppy) 
5 Cou Hiei 

eratum Houstonianum ‘Fraseri”* *Lob. Erinus 
f erbena eerie he Sehacholeea culitoruice (California Poppy) 
*Lobularia maritima (Sweet Alyssum) *Torenia Fourut 


With a selection of annuals aes promise to be most depend- 


able, a plan ea awn to scale will help greatly in placing them 
effectively. In composition of fat ail, logic dictates starting at the 
back of the ie and progressing toward the front, and cosmos 


ane excellent material with which to start. Groups of six 
or eight plants (later to be thinned to Hes or four), oe group 
representing a single color, are ideal for the back. To these may 
be added groups of the smaller eee such as a Stella 
hybrids, a groups of hibiscus which will supply 
late summer. Polly; saa is ee for its foliage effect and feather 
pink flowers but, bec of its massiveness, it must be used with 
care. As eae Sees grows to eight feet, it is unsuit- 
able for a narrow space. 

Climbing al may be included in the border itself, not neces- 
sarily used as a background only, by letting them clamber over 
aa made af ae branches. aor this purpose beech or birch 

the preceding winter into five- or six-foot lengths to be 
thrust into the ground to form an inverted cone, or tepee, as sup- 
port haan vines ike the cardinal climber and morning glory. 
in this , these ee add distinct character to a garden of 
ee. 

Color arrangement offers the first Lael in developing a 
planting scheme from groups of larger plants. It is well to re- 
oe that ae each color is ee ina prow of comprehensib! ¢ 

the effect will be most striking. The newer marigolds and 
zinnias are oe erb for this purpose, ov the Tee hpeetles Cee 
our regard and relish them for feeding. These (aa in their 
eorbeos colors, have no substitutes, nfortu nately, so there is 
little to do but use them and keep the onrush of eae at a 


‘Annua als not attacked seriously by Japanese beetles. 
+ Common known as Herbena venosa. 
* Strictly a trade name. 


70 


minimum, With both of these flowers, individual colors rather 
than mixtures will be found most effective, and much depends 
eee a caret sete ion of vari 

Fo r hight, effect t ae Hs masses of coarser material, 

Seabtosa, in i ‘umerous to ones of pin k, purple, and blue, Euphor- 
te marginata in green and white, and Salvia farinacea with its 
soft blue ses all possess merit, and will bloom from early sum- 
mer unti 

Salvia sendens, oe) scarlet, and dimaranthus caudatus, red 
of a different natu ach has its admirers, but in using them 
neighboring cae mu e be considered w ith” care as their colors 
re difficult to combine with others 

With Nicotiana alata and NV’. sy ue stris, favorites with all wi 
like the swect fragra nee of their white eae at night, a ee 
or even third period of eat may be enjoyed if the stems are 
cut back after i e first flow g. A red a .N. Sanderae “Crim- 

n King” is another ae ee of this genus. 


“G oup 
within a foot or two of the front of the border—or all the way 
forward here on there—so that the heights of plants will not 
become monotonous. Bey soft blue coloring of Ageratum i is beau- 


tiful with the yellow of bas Hu aie the stiff 
triteness of er zinnias or the y depth of purple petunias. 
Here too may be used those os oo. — are so oe onal 


in sturdiness, in flower production, and 

ies rigida and Tinea rosea alba. The ery ae a “this 
erbena may seem difficult, but if is well used with several of 

the marigold varieties. Centaurea Cyanus, Centaurea moschata and 

Mirabilis Jala Ve were favorites of our eae rae and are no 

less favorites tod Celosia plumosa too is an old standby which 

many find woth “roving for its a plumes of straw- 


one ans edging, or continuing the group effect all the way for- 


. In the 1 t a 
edging is attractive, but in extensive borders, groups of plants 
varying in height and character intensify the effect of an entire 
composition. 

Plants suitable for the front of the border include Ageratiui 

w f 


in | orms; T"erbena hybrida, in a variety of irable colors; 
et alyssum, California poppy, and the two-toned bl d 

ah fl $ : enia ae All of these blend easily wi 
of larger plants and, with the oo of the California 


oups nts 
ane will ae ee ie summer 


71 


With the ee planned on paper, the next problem is 
acquiring of plants. Annuals are of simple culture and, v 
seeds are pers: from a reliable firm, even the amateur a 
be well rewarded for his efforts in making an annual border 
Among the plants listed here, the Polygonum, Serra Euphorbia. 
Nicotiana, and sen iaegi may be sown directly in the ground, 
whereas the others are more successfully started indoors . set 
ee aw flats after dar nger of frost is past. In the vicinity of 

ew York, late March is the usual time for sowing ate - these 
ae indoors. 


One of the greatest advantages of an annual border is its 
challenge to ve imagination. Color schemes which alter the entire 
character of a border may be changed each year and, by using the 


plants listed pees as a foundation for new introduc fae and 
novelties, the possibilities for composition of successful annual 
borders is practically without limit. 


Spring Lectures at the Garden 


seas is the program for the spring series of free lectures 
e given in the lecture hall in the Museum Building every 
eee through May at 3 p.m 
Mar. + Preparing Flower Show Exhibits 
George Gillies, Supt., Marshall Field Estate 
Mar. 11 Timberline Trails to the Yukon 
W. H. Camp, Assistant Curator 
Mar. 18 Composing a Border of Annuals 
Howard W. Swift, Gardener 
Mar. 25 Raising Flowers For ne 
Mrs. Jerome W. Coombs, Author and Lecturer 
Apr. 1 Gardens of Today and Tomorrow 
E. L. D. Seymour, Horticultural Editor, American Home 
Apr. 8 Trees for City Gardens 
Nelson M. Weils, President, City Gardens Club 
Apr. 15 Our National Parks 
H. N. Moldenke, Associate Curator 
Apr. 22 English Parks and Gardens 
T. H. Everett, Horticulturist 
Apr. 29 Plant Exploring in British Guiana 
A.C. Smith, Associate Curator 
May 6 Some Seaweeds and Their Companions 
H. Beaman Douglass, M.D. (Retired) 
May 13 Springtime Flowers About New York 
E. J. Alexander, Assistant Curator 
May 20 Raising Healthy Plants Outdoors 
B. O. Dodge, Plant Pathologist 
May 27 Rose-Growing For the Beginner 
P. J. McKenna, Foreman Gardener 


Reviews of Recent Books 


(All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of 
The New York Botanical Garden.) 


Plant Explorer’s Autobiography 
THE WORLD WAS MY GARDEN. 
David Fairchild. 494 pages, indexed, 
iMusts ated, Scribner, New York, 193 
$304 
Deli git era reading for the 
botanist as well as the layman sore 
i ided by t thi 


icity the romance of 
d hi 


other important matters merit notice 


a family of intellectual pioneers, 
7 


Pa scientific agri- 

course of his hife’s 

its ae ‘which he still enjoys, 

in At merica has ee into a 
“ditterprise: epitomized by the 
developed United States Depart- 
t i Fairchild became 


cel year 
President's Cal 
He Sdaatil se oe Gea "before from the 
Kansas ae College of eos and 
aged 


ned and went 
s during this voy- 


abroad udy. 

age that there occurred - ould: 
life e of those  fortuito incidents 
which so often determine men’s lives. It 
involved his st Vv ir of 
Pajamas—nightshirts were still the rage 


—and in the pajamas was one who was 


later to become Fairchild’s benefactor 
woe many years and a life-long friend. 
of the Ban 


e Fairchild in search of valu- 
able economic plants which might be in- 
troduced i - America. 


The gre yrva of the book with its 
inter esting ‘bo ae and 


00 Oh 
Ras ac 


arper, whom we of 
sauhee er generation are also privileged to 
know. 

LING, 


E. H. Fur 
Editor, The Botanical Review. 


Plant Physiology, del 
PLANT Hee ae C. Miller. 
2nd edition Fs figures, 
author and. subject des: 
Hull, New York “and London, 


EP 
3 
er 
g 
Fi} 
3 


The new edition of this valuable refer- 

as is an enlargement of the first 
edition; some 300 pages have Lea added. 
The ee headings include the plant 
cell, solutions and meobrans, ‘the roots 
f tak 


= 
ey 
= 
& 
7 
a 


no pehapier on tepro oduction, - Bact that 
word te not au contained in the index. 
The hook is neither planned for nor 


adapted to the amateur or the peeinnue 
student ; fs special value is for the 
stigator advanced student. 
the ane i 


the Ree Eee Stations is 
iF: 


a debt oH erattade for us compilation of 
this tal volum: 
asm ve end various criti- 
e made of such a text. It is 
unortnat te ny the author found it nec- 
‘o limit the Be = higher eae 
ae de which p 
i ar 


and less like a collection of abstracts 
The author and subject indic e exten- 
sive yet there are curious omi: ns fro 

the latter, for e je—toxicity, distilled 
water, plant movement, irritability, repro- 
duction, and a: sted in the 
sub lex. a a eg of 

e one canno 


i 
this gai im- 
pression that a complete Bere Dh cicieey 
of advanced crane is probably beyond 
the power of any single individual. 
J. Ronerns. 


Artistic Tropical Bloo: 
FLOWERS OF HAWAIL 
McLean and Mary D, Frear. 
oe flowers in ‘Horie 

d Compar : Yor 
Th Sas to con: ee 
cant accion: . the actin: on Hawn 
botany, this book is eminent as an artistic 
ore a Howetiana, tf ee be wel- 
col both a ries of s er 


Olive Gale 

30 “plates 

Dodd, Mead 
. 


McLean ee pa inted thirty 

the most fokne a ue Rea orna- 
entals of Honolulu r bot 
artistic and realistic, doce! as that 
be. These have been reproduced 


73 


unusually well, the only fault being, per- 
fees, a slight over-vividness of some of 
e greens. 
"Fort tunately the plates are well a 
speak for themselves, as t 


additional information about plants. 
he foreword explains the conspicuous 
bsence from the book of any real, in- 
digenous “flo { Hawaii” and brings 
ut the unfortunate fact that the visitor 
to the islands is likely ee onl: 
immigrant members o e flora. Ss 


matter of fact, the pictures could be 
equally well labeled flowers of Havana, 
or of Rio, f Singapo: 


pinta (Plates 


ana late , and in the foreword to 
the pore pal hich is Rovstonea regia. 

r the visitor merely a casual 
catered: the bor Ok F may serve a useful 
guide, tho: eh - pensive one, to 
a few of the most conspicuous and beau- 
tiful plants to be seen in Honolulu. For 


oe lover of fine aes ey or of hand 
made boo! will be a 


Hawaiian tee the book has little to 
offer. 

F, R. Fosserc, 

University of Pennsylvania. 


New Facts Revealed About 

Poisonous Plants 
Ned PLANT: OF THE 

ST TES. Wea Iter Conrad 

Be pages, illustrated, in- 

Macmillan, New York, 1939. 

Since ear! rliest times people have en 
interested in poisonous plants, and 
more recent years, with advances in chem 


es of plants and their con- 
the toxic elements 
isolated. These 


cal analys 
secnts, 


mous plants, namely that 
: ae ee poisonous 
e so, while 

decid: 
eae 


r in his preface 
some of these interesting and vary- 

- Dra tgie as has b' 

“the 

the research in this e- 

where concerning the Sawa bane 

which occur in n the United Sta 


arranged - tanically according to fami- 
lies. Ther one! index, and the 
literary feter eS comprehensive. 
The aumerone “tustrations will assist the 
reader in recognizing the plants described, 
and they finet! emphasize in general the 
particular portion of the plant in which 

the toxic substances may be locate 
author has brought to date an 
important subje s listed and de- 
ik the species of plants which are 


pecies o H 

ost poisonous to animals he 
work oo be found timely and useful, in 
addition to being interesting and read- 


able, 


Jessie G. Fis 
New Jersey eealeaal 
Experiment Station. 


Autobiographical History 
SIXTY YEARS OF BOT IN 
Bae eae Boca ae impression - 
Eye- xit112 
ges, W wich 
filustrations. 
London, 1938 


Canis: ‘and 3 other 
_ Macmillan, New York and 
$3 


growing complexity of the 
becoming incre 


4 ie 
Pea was in a positio to say, with 


Ulysses, “Tam a part of all that I have 


net.” 
Bower has realized that he is the last 

survivor of those who shane in the 

introduction into England of the labora- 
ry methods of b 


ae botany, in plant phy: sil. 
Bowe 


b 
vances in 
id 


ogy, an n plant morphology, 
presents in cone detail the events lead 
ing to the ee of the nals 


lel 
. 
5 
8 
7 
3 
os 
6 
-. 
> 


du 
is of particula: e botanists 
of the United States “that one of the edi- 


tors of the Annals has always been an 
American. 
Among the as sketches a par- 


ticularly “noteworthy one is that of Thisel- 


ton-Dyer 
thos 


ates 

him high as a botanist. He emphasizes 

ane fact that Dyer was the first Ce 

n England to give a laboratory course 

n botany. Attention has been called 
this before, but i ina less SU Nag Sere 


a 
movement in botan ny,” al nd the same writer 
remarked his deep sae in ae work 

of the Jodrell Lal fe Wade at Ww. 
This book of les n 125 p is a 
model of accuracy, pen ee read- 


75 


ability, and mple of the 
author's par fees ei ae English language. 
It may be commended to the attention of 
all botanists. 

oHN HenbLEY BarNHART. 


A Pig aCe eet Botany 

OOK OF PHARMACEUTI- 

EOTANY, , Oth edition Heber 
ages, index, araw 


Young ones: wt pateiere ’Blakis 
ton, Philadelphia, 1938. $4.75. 
e th edition of this well knowr 
ook de) s from previous “editions in 
that the text i provides a cul- 


der ane thor 
elle, and eel inclusions, 


not sufficiel covered the average 
college-grade ws A i {th of illustra: 
tive material is provided that could w 
be introdu i ses bota 


a ope ‘O- 
schirch, wh pears 
n the fr ontipiee, while little Acrigwn in 
this country, pioneered many ode es that 
le ane to the eaacnene o ue e pure food and 
in the Uni 
oe J: Bow NISTEEL, 
Fordham University. 


rug laws 


For Hybridizers 
eae eed PLANT _ BREEDING. 
J. C, Lawrence. 155 pages, faure 
tate indexed. 
Unw: Ltd. London, 
Pistibed in ceeery by A, T. De La 


This ee ae volume aims “to out- 
simple terms” scientific back- 
or the 


id 
and nurseryman, or for the student who 
is beginning to specialize.” There are 
chapters on (1) The Structure of 


Flowers, (2) Pollination and Fertiliza- 
tion, (3) The Technique of Breeding, 
(4) The s of Inheritance, (5) The 


Mechanism of Inheritance, (6) St terility, 
Plant I amp? yen and 
(8) Results of Plant I 

oem 


Current Literature* 


At a Glance 
By Virgene Kavanagh 
Saxiflora. The first eight descriptions 


of rock garden ee to be published by 


the American Rock Garden Society have 
oa i oe leaf form under the 
ame Sa. - full-page drawing 
show wing ue and leaves and the 
abit of the pla oe Pacompanies each de- 
scription, which is mtended “to present 
a careful study of an individual kind 
plant ith particular attention to identi- 
Ht lature, and cul ” Mem- 


ao 
e itial fial 
ber are Chr anoaanin 
virgianum, Epimedium macranthun, Alys- 
sum scardicum, Saxifraga cortusacfolia, 
laphne Genkwa, Primula vulgaris, and 
Scilla sinensis. 


Plant Cartoons. Colored plates of flower 
paintings interspersed with oo ee 
ad Rata ips ee enmities 
differ 


ermany. ei n 
chiefly from Volume I of the company’s 
“Lehrbuch der biologischen Heilmittel.” 


Collec Monkeys can be trained to 
a “olanis am pation as well as 
cor 


dition t e di 
—Journal of Bo stdin P yaauary 

Giant Forests. The redwood forests of 
California have been photographed in 
color for the National Geographic Maga- 
sine, February 1939, to illustrate an article 
by J. R. Hildebrai nd. 

West Africa, “The Usef o 
We st Tropical Africa,” an appendix to 
the “Flora of West Tropical Africa” by 
J. M. Dalziel, records the common and 


ul Plants 


* AIL publications mentioned here—and many 
others—may be found in ‘the Library ae The 
Botanical Garden, in the Museum Build 


76 


vernacular names, commercial uses, medi- ed “The Background of Horticulture.” 


cinal uses among the natives, and other Robbins was elected a Director of 
interesting eae about the plants ne Society on January 11. 
described in the It is published The Little Gardens Club of Greenwich 
by the Crown Agents for the Colonies, Village heard an illustrated lecture at its 
4, Millbank, Westminster, London. Garden Center at New York University 
on January y P. J. McKenna, who 
als. Mrs. Rosetta E, Clai spoke on “Around the Year at The New 
son, edit f the Herb Journal, is a York Botanical Garden.” Among other 
tempting to locate old herbal: and sim- eae recently given by staff mem 
ilar books in existence in private ands “Sout ri Plants” by 
today. Her request _is to send to the Everett before the South Oniige Garden 
Herb Journal, 412 Gulf Street, Milford, CJyb, an affiliate of the Botanical Gar- 
onn., title, author, edition, publisher, dey bruary 13, and “Exploring for 
date and place published, whether illus-  Pfants in Br. Aish Guiana” by Dr. 


r 
uUs- Dr. 
trated, w on original or reprint, Smith aie the Torrey Botanical Club, 
if you own or know someone who owns — Febr: 7. 
an old I otha 1 (da ted before 1700) or an 
old ain book (before 1700) or an 
old-time still-room book (before 1800). 
yrd Antarctic Expedition” 
niontaly conference of the staff and i 
Notes, News, and Comment istered students on February 10. Follow- 
ing her talk, Dr. F. Seaver spoke on 
Colloquium. Dr. William J. Robbins “Botanizing in Bermuda. 


spoke at the zoology colloquium at aa 
Columbia University January 31 on Competition. The City Gardens Club, 
“Growth Substances for Plants.” 598 mn Ave., announces a_competi- 
tion in design of a garden for Greenwich 
Lectures. The Horticultural Society of _ House Music School, 46 Barrow St, 
New York aah a lecture by Dr. N. Y. The contest closes at noon 


William J. Robbins on February 15, en- March 30. 


Some Forthcoming Horticultural Features of this Journal 
in 193 


More on Begoni 
mea tic I Infor rmation by a Group of sca 
A New Method of Propagating Rhododendro 
. ides of the aig and selected 
articles on Plant Exploration, eNeture Study, and other 
topics of intere: 
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THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
BOARD OF MANAGERS 


I, ELECTIVE MANAGERS 
Until 1940: Henry pe Forest BALDWIN ae ce CuHILDs Hear 
Attyn R. eee Henry LocxuHart, Jr. D. acDouca.t, Mrs. Har 
: President). 
Until 1941: E. C. Aucuter, MarsHatt Frerp, Mrs. Eton Huntincron 
Hooxer, JouN S MERRILL (Vice- president), Cou. Rozerr H. Montcomery, 
and H. Hozsarr Porter. 


Until 1942: Artuur M. ANpbeErson (Treasurer), Pierre Jay, CLARENCE 
Lewis D. Merritt, HENRY DE LA ae ies eee and Assistant 
Treasurer), Wruam J. Ropsins, and J. E. Spi 


X-OFFICIO MANAGERS 
Froretto H. LaGuarnpia, Mayor of the City of New York. 
Rozert Moses, Park Commissioner. 
James Marsuatt, President of the Board of Education. 
APPOINTIVE MANAGE 
oe E. Hazen, appoinied by the Torr 2 Botanical Club. 
R. A. Harper, Sam F. F, Trevease, Epmunp W. Sinnort, and Marston T. 
oes appointed by Columbia Universit ity. 
GARDEN STAFF 
Age wiiaM J. Rossins, Pu. D., Sc. D. 


H. A. GLEASON, PEED ccegitigs saree danse assistant Director and Head Caan 
Henry pe LA MonTAGNE Assistant Director 
. Bi Srout, PH. Dewi eciveeeeeecn bins Curator of Education and Laboratories 
Frep J. Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D, Curator 
Bernarp O. Donce, Pu. D. Plant Pathologist 
oHN Henptey Barnuart, A. M., M. D. Biblio. 
re C. Smirx, Pu. D. Associate rah ‘ator 
Harotp N. Morpenxe, Px. Dee Associate. asus 
Buea C. Hau, A. ss B. Librarian 
H. H. Ruspy, M. ‘D. 2 ec Curator of the Economic Collections 
FLEDA Grirrity cod ho piesa 
Percy WILson h Ass 
Rosert S. WILLIAMS esearch Ageeae in Briley 
E, J. ALEXANDER...... Assistant Curator and ae of the pets al Herbarium 
, Px. D. ssistant Curator 
Ciype CHANDLER, A, M. Tene Assistant 
Rosalie WEIKER’ Technical Assistant 
Freperick Kavanac Technical Assistant 
‘AROL H. Woopwarp, Editorial Assistant 
Tuomas H. Everett, N. D. Horr. Jturist 
G. L. Wittrock, A. M. 0 
Orto DEcENER, a Ss. Collaborator 2 ete an Botany 
Ropert HacELs' Honorary Curat. r of M. mycetes 
EtHe. ANson S. apres aa. “Honorary Curator, Iris and Ni is CISSUS “Cotetions 
ArTHuR J. CoRBETT uperintendent a Buildings and Grow 


T 
A, C. PFANDER Assistant Supe: antendeni 


THE CORPORATION OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 


York Botanical Garden was incorporated by a special act of the Legislature of 


The New 
the State of iNew York in 1891. 


The Act 


a self-perpetuating body of incorporators, Sih meet annually 
on bo aay 


Managers. They also elect new 


members of their o' 


of Incorporation provides among other things, for 
ele f the Board of 


ct members o 
present roster 


dvisory Council consists of 12 or more women who are elected by the Board. By 


elo" 
The x 
custom, they are also elected to the Corporation. 


Chairman; Mrs. Carl A. de G 
Secretary; Mrs. Townsend Scudder, 
Treasurer 


Mrs. William Felton Barrett 
Prof. Charles P. Berkey 
George Blumenthal 

rof. Mar. . Bog 
Prof. Cae ae 


eorge P. Brett 
Mrs. Richard de Wolfe Brixey 


. Jo raper 
Benjamin es Pichi 
Mrs. Moses Faitoute 
Marshall Field 
William B. O. Field 
Mrs. Robert H. Fife 
Mrs. Henry J. Fisher 
Harry Harkness Flagler 


Officers are: 
ersdorff, Vice-chairman; 
Garreasondine Seneca 


Mrs. Morigen), Fox 


- Hecksche 
Mrs. William F. Hencken 
s. A. Barton Hepburn 
ea crs Heylman 
rs. Christian R. Holmes 


Mrs. Elon Hooker 
rs. Clement Houghton 
Archer M. Huntington 


val Walter Jenning: 


Mrs. William A. Lockwood 
61D)5 105 MacDougsl! 

Mrs. David Ives Mac! 

Edward eit 

Parker McColles 

Mrs. John R. ne 

Dr. E. D. Merrill 


7 


John L. Merrill 

Roswell Miller, Jr. 

Mrs. Roswell Miller, Jr. 
eorge M. Moffett 


n 
Mrs. Gilbert Montague 
Col. Robert H. Montgomery 
Banged) Moo! 


B. Y. Morrison 


ue Elon Huntington Hooker, 
Ison B. di 
Mrs 


n. 
leonerd Kellogg, 


Mrs. Augustus G. Paine 
Mrs. James R. Parsons 


tterson 
heeler H. Peckham 
orge W. Perkins 


il 
. William ie Robbins 
Prof. H. H. Rusby 
Mrs. Herbert L. Satterlee 
hn M. Schiff 


C. Turner 
s. Antonie P. Voislawsky + 
is Wardwell 
Nelson M. Wells 
Mrs. Nelson B. Williams 
Bronson Winthro} 
Grenville L. Winn 
John C. Wi 


iste 
Mrs. William H. Woodin 
Reces Wright 


VoL. XL ApRIL, 1939 PAGES 
No. 472 77—100 


JOURNAL 
f 
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 


Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y 
Entered at the Post Office in New York, Y., as second-class matter. 
Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents 

Fre 


o members of the Garden 


JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
Caro. H, Woopwarp, Editor 
April, 1939 


“AWAKENING SPRING’—A — OMPOSITION IN THE MoriBANA STYLE 
RDING TO THE RA SCHOOL over oS 


THE JAPANESE ART 0: ay ena FLOWERS FOR THE vin §. Ferry 77 
EW PROPAGATION METHOD FoR Hyprip ee Henry T. nee 83 
Beconias Brinc THREE Awarps TO BOTANICAL G 
Sin Wi WricHt SMITH A VISITOR 90 
MicrosioLocists Cominc To New York In SEPTEMBER 92 
. Sou I 92 
EXCHANGE STUDENT GARDENERS 93 
GarDENERS ForuM 93 
Notes, News, AND COMMENT 93 
REVIEWS 0 NT Booxs 


CE. 95 
Current LITERATURE AT A GLANCE Virgene Kavanagh 100 


FOR NATURE STUDENTS 
a famous actor of about two decades back spoke his peenani lines about 
“the little “bode = ces on eee bushes,” he was expressing the sentimentality which 
seizes nearly every per: n the spring, when balmy air and cau sap tie plant 
life into ae again. 
At the Botanical Garden the revival of interest in growing things is seen eac’ 
ear in the pe hee people who write, telephone, or call to ask, “What is ne 
plant that I found the woods yesterday? 
This casual, nl interest not infrequently translates itself into an intelligent 
‘or reater knowledge of plants. The week-end collections of amateurs, 
im | 


Pp for the region, a new form, or the extension of the range of a plant. 
At other times the contribution of an amateur is the result of definite and 
serious stu 
a pearl around New York—and some who are far away—have learned to 
use The New York Botanical Garden to ae them a their identifications and 
other studies of plants. In the library they find illustrated books on ferns, sh- 
h ts of the wild, 


“ 


plant life, such as the lichens, algae, liverworts, and m eric all of which ee 
their devotees among nature students. There are also volumes on other phases of 
botany—plant ‘physiology, re pathology, and such. Some of the publications 
issued by the Botanical Garden are of definite help to the beginner, as well 
the long-experienced or ee bo! : 
n the main floor in the Museum Building ae is a a mo 
inds o i ants 


a 
a 


ical Garden 
who are making the stu dy of plant life their avocation. hi owledge of the 
staff and he institution's facilities are at the service of the botanically minded public. 


JOURNAL 


of 
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
Vou. XL ‘Apri, 1939 No. 472 


The Japanese Art Of Arranging 


Flowers For the Home By Ervin S. Ferry 


Master of the Ikenobo, the Misho, the Saga, and the Senkei Schools of 
Japanese Flower Arrangement 
LANTS and flowers in Japan are held in such ee esteem bee they 
have been given souls and on ies and godde Thus y play 
an important part in the life of the people. A Japanese Soh ah contain 
very little ial but there will ae always be a flower composition 
n the alco a the pr incipal room. Though done in apparently simple 


ae it will L ey feature. 
e feeling for the decorative value of plants, and 
t 


, 

o best advantage when selected so as to be i y 

her and with ha surroundings. Flowers that naturally ae : 
the same environment agree better with one another than flowers 

thrive in noe e different en ations. A mountain oe would he as aa 

ina eee of water-loving plants as would a Bedouin in a 


2 oO 
‘oom 


out o 
group FS debt 
In Japan, the sys conte ue. of the flower art is more common than 
a or Europe. Most women and many men 


the study music in 
take lessons regularly and practise conscientiously for a time ne re 
to become proficient in designing compositions for home eae rati 
For pictures, statu nd flower mit as nents alike. there are t o great 
types of compo: Peaks ae and line. Many occidental paintings are pri- 
marily compositions of massed oe g 
other hand, depend for their appeal upon beauty 2 line. 
i of . ri Europe, 
masses receives the chief attention. whereas ne fade fon of line is 


angement of color 


77 


A composition in the Nageire style suggesting abundance, according to the Saga 
school. 


neglected. In fact, in many of them, only flowers and foliage are visible. 

apanese painters and flower masters, on the other hand, emphasize a 

for their beauty. In all of their compositions, branches, stems and flow 

stalks are given primary consideration. 

nother important difference between an occidental and a Japan 

flower composition is that the former is frankly a group of plant See 

separated from their roots and thrust into a vase, whereas the latter is 
of pla all 


plant material in a Japane se flower arrangement are hidden below a broad 
water surface representing the earth. Transparent vases are not used. All 
flowers, buds and branch tips are directed upward as they were while 
growing 

ome anaine works of art are designed for no purpose other than for 
decoration. Others not only satisfy the esthetic judgment but also evoke 


The buoyant joy of strength, virility, and dynamic beauty is expressed in the 
thythm, dissymetry of balance, and the unity and harmony of lines, masses and 
space of this Kakka composition according to the Senkei school. 


80 


in the mind of the beholder some sentiment, emotion or idea. y Japa- 
nese flower c ompositions are of this latter class. To an anemre viewer, 
ta uae on may y exes welcome : a friend returning from 
a Another “Go a = eed,” congratulations, condo- 
lence, oe for various ie ao or it 1 s a familiar tradition, 
poem or precept. For ex eee a es consisting of a toy hatchet 
ee an pate yas a eee cherry tree ees exhibited on Feb- 
y 22, would sugges y American a familiar story, which would 
pee ce sone ee as a symbol o af eurdinee 
Ther 


@ 


w 


re are many systems or “schools” of principles, methods and tech- 
nique that are accepted and practised by large bodies of adherents. The 
t 


Throw a a. of these centuries men endowed with love of Nator 


eae ay Levee a numerous ‘sugges These are not manda- 
y but, ed, will result in faultless oe Anyone who 
eo ice cate ae . a them with respect and ape 
should at hae of these idea 
Within this Hees ork of pr oe and suggestions, ee is latitude for 
much variety of styles and designs. ee ee that have been ae veloped, 
ere are He . vich at the present tin of especial nage nce. The 
simplest and the one most like that enon practised in ee 
countries is called the Nageire (thrown ae e. An sangeet in ie 
Nageire style represents a group of plan ee might 
other at the same ite and ee The ene of a ee oie dis 
this 


he oribane (piled up) style ner a bit of landscape or a scene 
such as one oe find beside a pond, ina field or on a mountainsid: 

ae icone style, which is the most highly developed 

of ee ae is the o nost esteemed by art lovers. The name indicates 

the thoroughness with w which this style has been organized and the great 


On the opposite page ave two compositions in the Kakka style according to the Ikenobo 
Welc 


school. come home after a long voyage is expressed in the upper picture. The 

boat model directed toward the left indi a homeward bound. The overhanging 

branch suggests the steering oar of the boa he deep curvature of the sail ee 
ved : 


due to strong wind. Success and ce are expressed by the arrangement 
the iris and the evergreen in the lower illustration. 


82 


age and definiteness of its rules. The experience and taste of genera- 
tions of eminent masters have offered these many precepts for the guidance 
of oh ba of their su alas relate to such esthetic principles as 

Oth such natura 


yth r : 

phenomena a as changes of plant form ah changes of season, the develop- 
flowe lage wi ct e direction of inci 
peculiarities of certain species as we as the sey of z tngividual speci- 
i ty] u 
w 

To learn the fundamentals of even oe first two styles of ee aa 
eee a prolong cd Bae ot study in Japan; to become profici 
i] 


flower composition i to ce able to play ina one 
In an organized course ot aie ie design of compositions for pure 


decoration is practised first. During the early lessons, the master speaks 
little while he arranges the composition in one of the simple styles according 
tu his school. The pupils make sketches and try to copy the model. The 


second criticism. Then the pupils take the material home for further 
practice. 

In some schools a pupil on completing a unit of the course, say fiit 
nec. receives a certificate of progress and a textbook covering . 
work already done. Later, the master explains how the esthetic principles 
are attained in flower arrangements designed for decoration. 

Many wie do not progress further than decorative composition, 
ceasing their formal instruction after having completed about one hundred 
and fifty ee in ais Nageire and Moribana styles. Those who do 
See eee e lay { plant grow ee and ae styles or variants 
of the a ies d. Tho who aspire to the degree of Flower 
a ae up the study - sy ce mal for the expression of ideas 
in compositions for vari es of occasions. They also familiarize 
themselves with a ies io ations which are Pee symbolically sug- 
ie ey flower compositions 

nderstand this symbolism and to be able to make it speak ia 
brane os leaves and flowers is. to Japanese men and women, a neces 
cultural accomplishment. Plants are an element of artistic cone in 
their lives 


rry has written for a Jorn a number of the Journal an are called “The 

yeas of a Flower Master.” is he depicts, in terms of his experience while 

studying in Japan, the method of oo of Japanese women 4 men in the national 
of flower arrangement. 


83 


cA New Propagation Method For 
Hybrid Rhododendrons By Henry T. Ski 


ell Uueiy 

eae! DRONS and azaleas rank among the ee decorative of 
all garden plants. Popular usage of many of the best of them, how- 

ever, rie remain limited so long as costly pro ae nee raise their 
price beyond a means of many gardeners who greatly admire this out- 


a 
Q5 
oo 
5 
B& 
9 


rou 

nal nee. of the hybrid rhododendrons can only be reproduced by 
Biers ropagation. In commercial practice grafting and layerage are 
most commonly employed. Both of these methods are not only slow but 
also expensive. In grafting, the question ees arises as to whether the 
plant will be as long-lived and vigorous as upon its own roots. With 
aleas the grafted plant is eae Suny “nfeto, but with rhododen- 

drons this ‘gestion cannot be so definitely answered. 
A number of rhodode ees cara va ps rea ly propagated by stem 
cuttings, a ularly when treated w: synthetic growth sub- 
nees. This atl has alread ee eee in considerable detail in 
an earlier paper. In a series of tests made by the writer, ordinary stem 
very fai 


produced, within a year, quite satisfactory plants. But during these tests 
a different kind of cutting was also coe the leaf-bud cutting. Wi a: — 
new type of cutting, results have been so superior that after three years of 
testing it has seemed worthy of Introduction as a new and worth- while 
method for the nurseryman or for the amateur grower to try out.” 
The Kind of Cutting. It has been ae for many years that the leaves 
certain plants will root een easily while stem cuttings of the 


same plants prod s poorly o all. If such a leaf cutting con- 
sists only of lamina and petiole, eee the development of a | d 
egetative shoot may | ee ng delayed, if it occ 1. Stoutemeyer 
and others have used a modified leaf cutting and have found it to 1 


oth edar fi 
successful in the ae of blackberries. This is the “leaf-bud” cut- 
ing. It consists not only of lamina and petiole, but of these with axillary 
ae and a portion of stem attached. This new type of cutting suggested 
itself for trial w a ericaceous sae Rhododendrons have many leaves 
to a growth-shoot: if each, b table treatment, would root easily and 
produce a new ae the Teac in conservation of material and 


1 ine response of azaleas and other ericaceous plants to auxin treatments. 
Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 35 :830-838 (1937) 1938. 

2 Re ults of Mr. Skinner's experiments were first announced at the Short Course 
for Nurserymen at Rutgers University on Feb. 16. This is the initial publication of 
the method. 


84 


in quantity Cas would be obvious. The suggestion has worked out 
urprisingly wi 
ke of Taking Cuttings. e best time to take leaf-bud cuttings of 
catawhbiense hybrids and such ee rhododendrons as have been tried 
seems to be about the last week of June or in early July. At this time 
aes aa ee formed upon the current season's growth and the young 
aes ull veloped and partially hardened. Bearing this in mind, 


inter. The perce ooti however, seems some- 
t higher and the time required for rooting shorter when cuttings are 
ke in summer. November cuttings are being tried for the first time this 
the time of writing, a month later, they are well callused but 

i not yet ve 
ing the Cut When the young shoots are in proper condition 
any ie sized nai nes es which bear dormant but visible axillary buds 


A strong shoot of Rhododendron catawbiense provides five or six leaf-bud cuttings. 
A single cuttin ne is shown at ue le in a Pere in which it is placed in the 
anda fram 


md-peatmoss medium € propagating 


3 By February the percentage ae was found to be porn lower than that 
of comparable summer cuttings, but during March shoot growth was unusually rapid. 


€: 


opment a few weeks 


A leaf-bud cut- 
of Rhododendron 
cum. Right: Its root 

k 


ater, 


At right: Root-ball and shoot of 
R. decorum approximately elas 
months after a ing had b 


can be taken from them as cuttings. Each leaf is removed ce ca stem 


wit harp knife so that the axillary bud and a portion of w ‘ 
bout 34 inch long, remain attache th f f 
tl oot leaves are often so closely clustered that only ae 


other one can be conveniently used. A normally vigorous shoot of 

variety such as R. catawbicnse Roseum Elegans will aa as many as 
six or more cuttings. Ordinary Saaenialey to prevent undue water loss 
during handling pace of course be taken: it is well to wrap the shoots in 
moist burlap as soon as they are gathered aa keep the leaves themselves 


Rooting. Close d grafting frames within the greenhouse have oe a 
satisfactory for rooting. Outdoor frames would doubtless serve the 
pose, provided that the sashes ft tightly, for a moist  atnoephere show 
a cuttings is very necessar} A bottom temperat of 70-75° is 


r 1 
of 3 parts New y Jersey quartz sand to 2 parts of peatmoss. In all c 
this has proved decidedly better than either ee or sand alone 

The cuttings are set in the normal way in rows aaa 2 inches apart, 
with the leaves upright and just touching in the row, though not overlap- 
ping. for plenty of light must be allowed to Hee a leaf. The cutting 


85 


86 


is buried to about he ee of the petiole. The rooting ea ae 
be just firmed, but sed hard, Ae as soon as an area is filled t 
ia can be ne as ae by w 


‘reatments. Many leaf- bad cuttings will root entirely satis- 
Basip wine chemical treatments. It has been found, however, that 
the growth substances do gi ees a rather «betes root system and certainly 
reduce the rooti = time by tw thr eeks. If indo. aaah acid is 
used, a treatment of about 6 railtier ams sof per 1 water is 
recomr putes = cuttings bi being s oaked i n the norr re way for 8 to 
24 hours before placing ae m in the rating ne This is equivalent to 
a 60 BTL. unit applica of Hor 


ee oe ra i not, up ee ae present time, proved quite as 
effec e liquid treatments, but they are ees simpler to use 
and materials reduce the usual time required for rooti 

If properly handled, haan whether sae treated or not, it has been 
eine that 80 to 100 percent of the taken from such varieties as 

ule de Neige and Rae Elegans ai ene root well. 
are During Rooting. The care of leaf-bud cuttings is no different 
from that accorded to any ordinary softwood cuttings. Shading will be 
al 


vuttings set in | e June and treated with indolebutyric acid usually 
make good root ae in about ten weeks; untreated cuttings will require 
about three weeks longer. 


ted plants of R. ponticum and of the cue hybrids Boule de Neige and oe Elegans, from left 
ght. as they appeared in early December tings had been taken on June 


87 


After Handling. As soon as the cuttings have made a sizeable root ball 
it ae been found practical to pot them in 2%4-inch rose pots in a soi 
mixture composed of acid wood soil, peatmoss and quartz sand. In potting 
it is well to keep the basal bud as close to the soil surface as conveniently 
apa: The rooted cuttings are then placed on the greenhouse bench and 
kept at a fairly high temperature (75 to 80° F.) to induce breaking of the 
basal buds. 


ome difficulty was at first experienced in securing satisfactgry shoot 
grow ‘ aon the rooted cuttings. Various light and temperatur re yeatments 
were bee and it was found that temperature is apparently the¥¢tntrolling 


factor ; o is too low to induce proper breaking of the buds. -\n 18-hour 
day, om ed - is use of 75-watt bulbs suspended 3 feet above the 
en: in addition to ae high temperature, will induce rather more 


rapid shoot grow a ik at 75° F. the buds will break quite satisfactorily 
without this additional light. 
The ease w . which shoot oes can be as fr om: the axillary ee 
variable with different species. Rhododendron ponticuim breaks 
eadily sae in fact, cuttings this plant ie fr equently produce oo 
an inch or two long while still in the propagating frame. The catawbiense 
is early. 


An occasional liquid ae he a suas pea of sulphate of 
ammonia ia (1 tablespoonful to 3 g s of water) or a small amount of an 
organic nitrogenous fertilizer aa ete or pee a added to 
the potting mixture ee encourage more rapid vegetative growth. 

Cuttings made in late June and potted the second week in See aber if 
immediately carried on - a warm temperature will usually have developed 
shoots 3 or 4 inches long by early November. The 1 to 15 percent which 
have not star aie ae ms time will prob: an be found to have had their buds 

ae and may better be discarded. 

The tea anne S eS i be kept in Saaevais growth by ee them at 
a warm ane ure. eee be more practical, however, to harden them 
as at ree stage and se in a cool a until they can . planed in 

red a ree in vay pring. With proper care and the provision 

ee od g a conditio he dodendron plants from 12 to 18 inches 

high can be produced ae a ce leaf within a year. 

riter has rooted lea of R. po a fata July and secured 

ee a sufficient size in aoe months for t to be used quite success- 

fully as understocks for grafting in March. — h plants were of course 
maintained in a state of more or less continuous growth. 

Varietal Response. It will remain a much wider eee 

se) been possible at this early date to determine what species and 

of rhododendrons can be sat a orily propagated by Teat -bud 

he In the tests upon which this report is based, R. ponticum has 


Plants of poe Species ees Rhododendron sixteen months old from a oe poe, 
mm left to right: R. catawbiense, R. dec and R. pon 


ae ae most bois response of any plant so far tried. With due care 
uttir 


e hybrids of Rhododendron catawbiense, three only have been 

bance but all ee them with very fair success. These three were: 

le de Purpureum Elegans and Rose ie aaa be aia 
sates ine gave the most sae oS while Pur, Eleg 

was the slowest. On an average, t 80-85 percent we all leaf- Shad 


plants 
. decorum responds ododendrons crainian i minus, 
on the poe hand, rove very slow to root; they may take sixteen 
weeks or longer. One ed, they produce plants ae cal cae eiaae 
of the ee involved, See on of these plants by leaf-bud cuttings is no 
at present peat nite to be practical. The same is true of R. a 
and may sibly be found to apply to other small-leaved plants. 
lactevir ie can be propagated much more readily by stem cuttings. 
maximum has given the poorest response of any. The difficulty again 
is in rooting. The rooting percentages an this plant may ultimately be 


eoks) 
= 


88 


89 


as high as 90 pleat a not ee a 16 or 20 weeks in the propagating 
bench, which is a v ong time 
Among related he Pieris ae nica and Leucothoé Catesbaei have 


no response at all. But the eae were taken rather late in summer and 
for oe reason it should not, perhaps, be considered a fair test. 

r those ae nts with which it is successful the leaf-bud 

method sone to te both an economical and rapid system of propagation. 

which, i oe will make only one cion and provide 


will produ ce an se fully as large as the grafted planes in about one- 
a oO the 
aed prc ae the chief interest of this ee centers 
und i value of quickly acne such forms of the 
fee ay cee ee as at pe nly be oe re 
propagated by Lines or layering. Of these orien the horticultural 
varieties of R. whiense are of first nroeie to those who happen to 
have their oe in the northeastern United States. At least some forms 
appear to respond quite well. It will be interesting to discover just how 
many species and varieties ean peau) be handled by this method; it will 
be equally interesting to find how practical the a of rhododen- 
drons by leaf-bud cuttings a ultimately prove to be. 


Begonias Bring Three Awards 
To Botanical Garden 


begonias in a hundred ae which The New ae Botanical 

Cae displayed Jast month at the International Flower Show won 
for the Garden two gold medals ee a pea prize. One a medal was 
h Tod Bulkley award of the Ga rden Club oe America, given in 


and the 

beauty of the displa It was presented at the annual luncheon of the 
organization March 15 at the Waldorf-Astoria by Mrs. Samuel Seabury, 
President of the Garden Club of America, and was eer ea on behalf of 
the Garden by Dr. William J. Robbins, Director. Both Mrs. Seabury and 
Mrs. Bulkley are members of the Corporation and the hag Council 

of The a York Botanical Garden. 

Anu ected feature of the Flower Show collection was a plant which 
began & tee for the first time just before the show opened. A piece of 


art of the exhibit of a hundred different kinds of fibrous-rooted begonias which won 
aa honors for The New York i: So aia at the International Flower Show 


the sia se been sent oe year by lee prey we while he was 
collecting for te fe n the mountains of Oax southern Mexico. 
So Ce ne is es a ae plant r repr esents an unidentified oeauat While 


it i er 
decorative specimen and a parent for some interest i rms. 


hes, large, 
green, and marked with silvery the ois the 


there were only a few flowers on the plant at the time of the show, there 
seemed i he more than a indeed buds arising beneath the lea 

The nias which. comprised the display ranged from brilliant tly 
flowered tae plants, only a few inches high, to specimens standing ten 
feet and more above their pots in the € Backgrond - se ile ne a every 
specimen was exhibited in full oe a few were noteworthy for their 
He decorative leaves. In color of flower they baer pee pure white 
through ne and orange to oe They were effectively shown against 
a backdro a of plum- Sap a - ue with three oe ge ae ed cards above 
describing begonias in gen the culture of begonias, and begonias at 
The. New York Botanical en Stay tio ae Garden’s Slave col- 
lection serves as a basis for horticultural and scientific research. 


Sir William Wright Smith a Visitor 
HE British flag flew beside the American at the Museum Building on 
Wedne pee March 15, when Sir William Wright Smith, Regius 
Keeper of the Royal Botanic Garden at Edinburgh, paid an official visit 


to The New oe, Botanical Garden 
90 


91 


Sir Wilham, er Wright Smith, and Dr. Alexander Nelson of the 
rd 


Botanic Garden’s staff in Edinburgh were in America as guests of the 
Horticultural ae of New Yo rk, Boston, a Philade elphia . the 
time of the three great spring flower shows. Sir William’s visit to the 


Garden preceded the annual luncheon of the a. Club of ee at 
which he and his oe were guests of honor and he was principal speaker. 
In his tour of the ands and conservatories at the Botanical Garden 
padi the morning, Sit Ww illiam showed special interest in the topography 

e park, including the gorge of the Bronx River, and in the general 
re In Range I he remarked particularly about the naturalistic 
plantings of the a and other page the ferns, aaa espe cially the 

ropical rain-forest, and expressed the opinion that the banyan tree in the 
aol display house was the finest one he ha dl ever seen in a ivation. 

Before leaving for the luncheon, he conversed with members of the 
staff in the Director’s office 


TH SIR WILLIAM WRIGHT SMITH IN THE meee HOUSE 
es to sees a a re Dodge, Sir William, H. de la Montagne, T. H. Everett, 
. A. Gleason, and Dr. William J. Robb me 


Microbiologists Coming 
To New York In 


nail 
from . every continent 


So CEN 

Ne = at the Third Inter Hae 
tional (Congress for Microbiologists, which 
will take place in New York oo 
2to 9 Dr. BO. poke of the New 
York Botanical Gard a member of 
the executive camimittee a of the local 
group soe his govrke plans for the 
Mrs. Dodge is crepes at 
plans ‘or “the entertainment of the women 
who end. 
The 5 rogram, ve ch will be in nine 


pivsology ; viruses and viral 
(III); rickettsiae and Fekettsial 

aiseace dv); protozoology and para- 

itolgy (V); fungi ba fang us diseases 


(VI); medical and veteri acteriol- 
ogy (VII); agricultural aaa industrial 
microbiology (VIII); and immunology 
(IX) 

D arper, Professor Emeritus 


ia University and a 


Tr. W 

Fred J. Seer New Yor 
red D. Weidman, Philadelphia 

ae ie é Karling of Columbia Uni- 

corder and Dr. Gardner 
Hopkeng, College of Physicians and Sur- 
geons, is secretary of the section. 

The tentative program of Section VI 
will consist of a group of papers com- 
panne ashes infections of plants and 

mals in their host-parasite relations; 

a series on gro ona substances for fungi, 
an is being oe and will be led 
Robbin micro-organ- 

ae homie substances on a typi- 

cal growth in plants, in which Professor 
C. Y. Chiao a ae — uae the 
summer of 1934 New York 


Botanical cea is scheduled to give a 
ion and gene! etics of the 


consider Velssfcation ao some 
higher fun; 

Officer: oo the Congress are T. M. 
Rivers, M.D., President; M. H. Dawson, 
M.D., General Secretary ; Kenneth Good- 
ner, Ph.D, General Treasurer. 


E. B. Southwick 
DMUND BRONK SOUTHWICK, 


34) Gatcdine of the Herbac 
of The New Yor 

died at his home in the borough of Man- 
hattan, New York City, December 18, 
1938. 


He claimed direct descent from Jonas 
Bronck, the early Danish settler in Dutch 
New Amsterdam, from whom 


in Greene Cou 
interest in nature date rom his early 
years, and was centered Les in 
y entomology. Most of his 
earlier insect collections can to the 
abies a of Natural soe 
ie was housed in the Man: 


“and 


e Carden that attracted much 
gtention 


He was in his seventieth year when 
er 


during t le 

nnection wth ‘this, institution. 

From or ‘bee! ae of the year 1924 he 

was list mber of the scientific 

staff. 

His published papers were not numer- 
y 


ous. The earlier ones were chiefly en- 
tomological, the later ones ie O- 
anical and horticultur: He 

quiet gentleman, exactly bashful or 


reticent, 


This probably accounts for the limited 


product of his pen, as well as for the 
fact that his re will be hes ni 
th works of as 


vain in suc rerer 
American Men ae Science and t 1- 
ous Who's Who books. 

His society memberships included the 
New York Entomological Society, the 
Torrey Botanical Club, the New Yor 

cademy of Sciences, the New Yor 
Historical See d the ela eeasy 
Society of . In the days of 
the old New ork “State Forestry Asso. 
ciation, nearly thirty years before the 


establishment in 1913 of the later organi- 
uae earing the same fame. he was 
its recording secretary. 


Exchange Student 
Gardeners 
HE fi exchange of student gar- 
deners 
den in Edinburgh goes into effect this 
month. Do Samson, who has been 
tanical pay 


y from Edinburgh for six 


ly been awa: 
k garden for 


months constructing a roc 
an Indian veer 


Samuel Bridge ‘3 been chosen 
the 1939 exchange student gardener for 
Gardens at Kew. He 
tion 


was the final sele 
applicants, of wl three i 

ed by a committee from the National 
Association of G; s at ni 


at Cos Cob, Conn., be before becoming a 


student at the hal 


* 
hen G, ae who was exchange 


land that year eC 
head gardener on the estate of J. Hale 
Steinman, newspaper publisher, at Lan- 
caster, Pa. 


Gardeners Forum 
duled activities of 


eason’s sched 
the Garde : pata the unofficial 
organization of student gardeners, 


ee on April tte with a program of 


each member pre 


sat of ae tise ol- 
rs and 


Bisaillon; “Oppor- 


enc 
“Compos ting ore Some 
the Sterilization of Soil,” en 
ler; “Plants in New York arry 
Ford; “Native Plants Preece %» Rober 
Simpson; and “Lawns,” Raymond Ewing. 


Notes, News, and Comment 


Daylily Week. Gardeners, garden club 
ne sie ubiarey growers, and others 
te invited 

e 


e public without charge. 


Rose Conference. Plans for a two-day 
conference on roses are now being made 
and will be announced in next month’s 
Journal, It will take place at The New 


aid 
he open t 


York Botanical Garden early in June, 

when the roses are ee the peo of their 

bloom. A conducted tour of the rose gar- 

den and of other horicaaral teatures of 

oe grounds will be included in the pro- 
ni. 


Shade Tree Papers. The Ce 
of the or tern Shade Tree re 
which took pl ee ies The New Yo 
tanical Ganlen 8-9, have now been 
published and deco to those 
subscribed. The 27 papers, coveriiie 
chietly the damaxe to shad 


September hurricane 
af 


by si ng a che r 
ed do ce oO E. Ti Roaniey. New York 
Botanical cee who has been mad 


custodian of the Conference funds. 


Display. Following a succession 
of alent displays of flowering plants in 
alae oo in two “houses of 
Rang e New Y oe eae eae 
is ee a special Easter display which 

will be open to the oie daly, including 
Sund day, at the usual hours, from 10 a 
p.m. Information oe membersh 
rses, and ‘publications of 
now available every Sunday 
servator. 


ips, 
the ae i 
at the 


additi ition to 109 pots of Easter lifies, 
the new display he include many pri- 
mulas, stocks, 
clivias ; euch "shr y 
genistas, and astibes 
narcissi, hie 
of the 


is, cand ee 
will be pla: aed ina 

natural istic arraieenient. and there will 
be other decorative plants which are sel- 
outside of a Bota nical Garden 

oe More 


than forty 


his work in Vane logeny. 


first to see and correctly jnterpret the 


osis a division in 
Of late his 


ss of meio: 


ersa 
Se ivehation: mically, 
did outstanding ee an. Bguisctin. 
Visito Pro: Regi 
Buller OF Winning and London spent a 
week at the Ga’ 


ig other recent visitors at the 
ae A. Chrysl 


wae 

ee se : Cuatr reca sas, Madrid: 
oS ngton; and E. D. Meo “Jamaica 
van te Bull ler was invited to give a special 
lecture at Columbia University Feb. 21 
to botanists in the vicinity of New York. 
poke on sex mechanism in the rusts, 
jally to what he calls 


Confer Motion pictures of 
Terry- “Holden Expedition to British cut 
of 1937-38 were 


shown b wit m7 sler, expedition 
photographer, the meeting of the staff 
and registered students of the Garden 
March 10. C. Smith, who was a 


aa of ie “expedition, introduced Mr. 


Has 


aa : ee J. Robbins ad- 
nee ed rnard Botanical Club 
of s id i 


March 100 on i subject 
the IR 


of the 
the American 
a 
Eliz die th C. Halt lectured Jan. 
The Flus ae Raa Club on 
Chair ee 
r. W. 
3oston ton 
Massa ac 


cience Engineering Fair 
American Institute, held a 
Museum of Natural His 


aa 


vation Soe iety on “Hunting Wild 
Mex ica" 
Assistant, Nicholas Pecora, who com- 
pleted a = aug for the student 
gardene o, has been trans- 


95 


ferred from the gardening staff to become Half a Century. At the time The N 

an assistant to Dr. B. Dodge, with York Botanical was just beginning "iB 

whom he Hee ps on the control of take form in the minds of its eee 
fo 


diseases and p nders, the region around “tl ne 
: Bronx Park” was being eee as a 
Radio. wae fae Flower Show eek, chandcome suburban quarter.” Today the 
H. described the Ga ae park is surrounded by apartments. 
hegonia une assisted by Miss Lillian A copy of The World for Sunday. 
Bostock (Mrs. W. E. Weber) over sta~ March 10, 1889, which recently came to 


tion WMCA, Questions and answers light around some old herbarium see 
were used to bring out the highlights of mens, contains ue hee item in its 
the display and explain begonia cul- real estate colum 

th ar ch 


special e jeties which 
ie eran as een bi a Spee aitie For Sale, 
rom $16 o $25,000; 

Japanese Alg Am the herbarium : : BU ae L 
Spcciniens “of ‘patietar rinterest which the in the 
Garden h ved by exchange during HANDSOME SUBURBAN QUARTER, 
the past ee are 137 aarie algae from edford Park, 
a - t_ by uae ee IN THE CITY OF NEW YORK; 
of the Institute . Algological Research, : : 
Hokkaido Imperial University at Sap- eee rom ee ea bokat 
pora, Japan. to Bedford Park station, on the prem- 

ses eid five minutes’ walk of the 


The se imens sent to the Garden, Garied ‘styles’ of 
which are all in exceptionally fine con- 


archit' : a 
dition, are in many cases newly described combi reple ith a rm con- 
veniences; cabinet trimmed, plate-glass 
windows ric bells. Croto: 
& r i 


Ba 


species, while many others represent new ton, baths 
localities. s : Duilt on beauti- 
Ninety specimens received are from the oa chi ahh id avenues, and 
bemarium the ! te Doctor Kintaré surrooded: ive houses have “al Tready 
Okamura, who w Professor Emeritus been sold in this delightful places m Wich 
of the Imperial Fisheries Institute. Some are occuied by, their owners: I ae 
gers ae or ark is adjacent to the new 
from Yoon kuni and t middle Kurile Park and the Meshal, Parkway, and ie is 
Island are especially feieeeGne material. also within easy ng distance of 
oo g) Pal er Serom ay A club 
stable has been erected in a suit 
Committee. H. Everett has been able distance of the park for the ¢x- 
appointed to ae “Labeling Committee of clusive use of the residents. Watch- 
Hortus, Inc., which will “have charge of meh on the baie a for i par- 
. fieulars, pl lotograp his, &c.. apply to the 
-_ the labeling of al mans exhibited at the oveners, 11 Broadway (Trinity Build: 
kK ‘ ing), room 90. 


Reviews of Recent Books 


(All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of 
The New York Botanical Garden.) 


For — pecan own review of the book which appeared 
in his own magazine, He Cactus and Suc- 
THE AMATEUR. AN ” 
aed 1 pases, indexed ae Journal. (“After all, he asks, 
oa ‘uhustrated, Abbey -_ is len Pre who knows aaa than the author what 
Pasadena, $1 in $1. his aims in publishing such a 
in D - 

With its ee cut text and helpfu * he writes, ai aa 
illustrations, this is such a thoroughly beens ‘tenn id of “requests 
practical book on cactus culture that w oe men on growers possessing “only 
are tempted to quote the author in his a few How can I grow 


. Which kinds are most desirable? 


I graft cacti? oH cacti grow in 
cold climates? I is book we have 
tried to answer these quesuans and many 
more. e have endeavored to show in 
pictures an t that can b 


The e 
S than cacti a oles ‘wil paueay 
withstand moves from plac place or 
He of ne ie t. This new book 
has aimed to bring the experiences of 
many row wers to thos se who are just be- 
ginne: 


e agree with the autho or that 


a useful one as well to experience Ow- 
ers. It is attractively printed and it sells 
ata t actus enthusiast can 
ff 

Caro H. Woopwarp. 

Maximov in a New 

Revised Edition 

LANT YSIOLOGY. Nicolai A. 
Maximov. Edite R. B. Harvey 
d A. E. Murneek, 2nd English edi. 
i evised from the 


473 pages, 144 
wll New York and 
1938. ie 


Lond: 
The aceon from he Russian was 
€ 


made by Irene V. Krassovsky, and the 
book as edited and revised by Harvey 
and M k is better than the earli 

English translation from the first and 
second Russian editions. The material in 
the book has been rearranged and igh 
up to date. The chapter headings in this 
e cover physicochemical organiza- 
tion, chemical composition and metabol 
ism, respiration, growth, carbon acl 

tion, assimilation of nitrogen, absorption 
of mineral elements relations, 


vegetative oe ction, physi 
pe » flowering and ripening, 

ity. 
The patie tor and editors made fewer 
errors i: edition than in the earlier 
e English is improved, though 


S Ww 
xpressions commonty used by scientists 


are a kind of scientific slang, the elimina- 

tion of which would be desirable, though 

pe gue unattainable. 
i 


ents. 

resent translation, 

in the opinion of the reviewer, will prove 
o be one of the most useful books on 

pain physiology for student use. 

W. J. Rospins. 


A New Type of Gardening 
BIO- DYNAMIC FARMING 


AND 
GARDENING.  Ehrenfried Pfeiffer. 
220 pages, illustrated; bibliography. 
sj auhronosephie Press, New York. 
1938. ‘82. 


io-Dyn and Gardening 
byt Bhrenfried te fe an unusual book. 
ot ma: 


Its unusualness lies not inly in the 
ae presented—soil scientists in gener: 
ccept most of these facts. But the in- 


terpretation of these facts is made the 
basis of a system of soil management 
quite different from that in vogue in this 
country 

All erienced growers know that 
plants a ee organisms which require 
for thei h ny ¢ i 


understood and oe of 
even be known. is idea the author 
ore cultivated field 
ing organism, a living entity in 

the totality of its nee 
If t er or gardener can neither 
understand nor adjust nor “supply all of 
ie essential factors of optim 

wth P 


Gaoreaic fertilizers or 
. The plant nutrients sup- 
the 


plied grower are all in or- 

nic ey are carried by farm 
manures which are prepared in a special 
manner and b ther plant nimal 


which cause 
the right kind of fermentation, 


Spray materials recommended are also 
all cae 
These 


organic mate which ar 
sed for controlled as of 
es and compost, for sprays to Pro- 


and insect pests and for growth 
tion effects on the plants are ca iled “plant 
preparations.” These ee Pa ese 
preparations” are made, for ar 
from selected wild pl: nts an Ss. 
The book rovok- 
and concise 


Bio-Dynamic Farming an 
he autho r is a cultured gentleman 
une presente his thesis, in the book and 
n lectures, in a conservative manner. He 
shows he eae a oe to Ls 
who may not agree with him. 
. HERSMAN, 
Long Island Institute of 
alpplied Agriculture. 


North American akin Lis 


INDEX 
FERNS. 


= 


TO NOR AM 

Ca fue edit 
Broun. 217 pages, ied exe 
compiler, Orleans, 

As poi ted out in Mr. Charles A. 
Weatherby's foreword and in the com- 
piler’s preface, the need of an i 
N al as 


the 


cum de not include the names o 
specific a Ups. 
The present volume, therefore, has 


definite ne in the fern student's a 


and smaller groups, with synonyms. In 
regard to taxonomy, Mr. Broun has fol- 
lowed Christensen as much as_ possible 


terpret generic and specific limits. 
brief state: he habitat and 
nge of most speci as been contrib- 
Dr. Edg: . Wherry, and ¢ 
portion of the work should be of especial 
val eld rkers. A total of 356 


species, 223 forms, and 110 varieties are 


97 


agate A useful list of authorities cited, 
. H. Barnhart, and a complete 
ume easy to c sult 
consider: number of new names 
appears in the volume, because of changes 
in status. Although it is doubtless 
sirable hi 
H 


mig! 
have first appeared to better advantage 
in lg botanical journal of wide circu- 
tiol 


Bs 


A. C. Situ. 


Textbook on Physiology 
THE PILYSIOLOGY OF PLANTS 
William ace als Paes, : 
indexed. W ee $3.50. 
ee ae on plan’ 
Ww 


sis and entran 
and_ stoi 


mple, a 
fe) nt tissue culture, of the 
more pecent knowledge. 2 1 oe 
of the cell wall, of h nd 


ing 
is not disct ssed ; 


1 of cla 
ity at times perhaps pei of the brev 
ity of treatment; for instance, the dis- 


cussion of translocation. It is encourag- 
ing to note, however, that texts on a 
ae by ‘American authors 
appearing. 

W. J. Rogarns. 


ace oe te 
pipers VARY. Ed- 
oe 888 pages, 
peuehien Mifflin, Boston 
1938. re 50. 
So much has been ‘said about this book 


ho ee zones of hardiness 
merica s the outstand- 


Oth 
alphabetical aa of common a 
horticultural Hi otanical names, 
the key to pion neciation, mention of the 
family and origin of e D 
pe 


seful informa- 
its 


ae enumerates garden tasks month b: 
nth. 


Caro, H. Woopwarp. 


Landscape Gardening 
For The Home 


THE ART OF HOME LANDSCAPE. 
M. E._ Bottomley. 


ality of mu ce that 
aide debe it natural for so 


Pp 
t out even more of value 
For the author, 


h a fluent and logical style, has the 


98 


t of transferring his vast experience to 
the reader’s imagination, so that ah 
formed in the ileus mind as he 
foe throug! 
The practical oa ee values of 
pee styles of planting ae presented 
a manner that makes study of this 
volume an adventure. The eck oughness 
Y the treatment makes the book of oe 
. aaa and amateurs alike. It 
ork which should not be missed by 
anyone who is even remotely iaterested 
in landscaping. 
A. C. PFANDER. 


Diatoms 
DIATOMACEAE, Robert Hagelstein. 
ouney of Porto Rico and 
is. Volume VIII, 
Paper covered. Pages 313- 
450. Indexed ard illustrated. Pub- 
lithed hy the “ew var ae se of 
Sciences, New York, $2. 
As part poem survey of 
Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, the 
New Y 


ea. 
ing with the Diatomace: The author 
is Robert Hagelstein, and much of the 
research material, bo! argue and 
writings, s tom his own pri- 


kes 
more than 900 
index lists = 


ynonyms her incidental nam 

Forty-two new species and varieties are 
described and _ illustrate ith p = 
graphs, which are reprodu y 1 


‘plants being enlarged 


names and d: of authors have been 
supplied by Dr. John Hendley Barnhart, 
erving in the double capacity of editor 
for the Academy and as bibliographer for 
The New York Botanical Gar 

which Mr gelstein is an hono rary 
ates 


entire paper is an impressive i. 
daniel piece of work, from the 
parent completeness of the research and 
accuracy of its presentation: to the re- 
markably clear typography and illustra- 
tions. 


Caro. H. Woopwanrn. 


Brief Notes on Varied Books 


Bibliography 
SCIENTIAE NATURALIS BIB- 
LIOGRAPHIA. Dr. W. Junk, The 
cake e $1.60 a year. 
A useful—in fact, an almost indispen- 
sable period a those who need to 
keep abre; of 


pub- 

lished in The Hag 1s is fhe second 
year of this periodical, the t volume 
of which, in two numbers, contained about 
1,200 titles in many languages, including 
avic. The present number con- 


s not in general circulation. 


ide 
phe TO NEW 


YORK. Rosalie 
Slocum and Ann Todd. Paper covered. 
312 iiwess indexed and ue a ee 
Modern Age Books, Inc 
39, 708 


t 
corners where he can frequently 
most aes ne of all. 
A good of the style of the 
caer in oie o the paragraphs 
der 


Ss we “thei diseases, and 
prescribes for t hen they are vue 
And that a eauenty an pet aa is sen 

to some plac ‘o hunt foe 
i ae bring es 


very great h 
o be permitted to accompany one of thes 
pediti 


Bugs 
INSECT ALLIES. Eleanor King and 
bees hana i Pages, eras 
Harper, New Yor! $1. 


good 
i bby and Jane demand Insect Allies 
And Bobby and Jane will be lucky if they 
get glimpse the before Da 
has turned the last pa: nd re-inspected 
all of the photographs. A large part of 
the (which can be read within an 


book a 
hour) is devoted to the story of al 
governments are fighting crop-destro 


insects with other insects which prey 


ard, paving 
cheme pron ure and help 
ca ou k 
tem of balances work for us instead of 
ayainst 


Ohio 
wiED FLOWERS OF OHIO. Harold 
Madison. 190 pages, illustrated; 
aes and glossary. Museum of Nat: 
ural History, Cleveland, Ohio, 1938. 
$1.50. 
Eight hundred twenty-five wild flow 
of Ohio are ee in three lines cach 
€ opposit 


and illustrated on 
cuts little more ie one inch square 
But I brevity, the descriptions 
and the pictures, each of which is clearly 
labeled with name an umber, are 
amazingly clear, Common and _ botanical 
Names are given for each yer, an 
many of the genera and families are de- 
scribed. The book fits handily into a 
small coat pocket. 
Verses 

MORE GREEN FINGERS. Reginald 

Arkell. 96 pages. en tel 

Mead, New York, 1938. 

Mr. Arkell likes 2 Re car a 

gardener’s life. This is his second volume, 


the first one being ‘called just “Green 
Fingers.” “Compensation” is the title of 
one of his poems: 

A gardener’s lif 


e 
Ts full ef sweets and sours; 


When he needs the showers. 
But, don't forget— 
He’s always. growing flowers. 
asa — Hone 
FES IN ae GARDEN AND 
tig Y IN THE LARDER. Mary 
Louise Galena. ae Dees: illustrated: 
Doubleday-Duran, Yo 1939 
$1.75. 


A rare little book is Mrs. Cole eman’s 


tim a gives enough prac- 
ia cae ib - 
tivate bees Successfully and sul 
to have a finer garden, by following. the 
eas, of the author through 
yea 


Caro. H. Woopwarp. 


100 


Current Literature* 
At a Glance 
By Virgene Kavanagh 


Mushrooms. If you insist on ae 
wal 


in- 


Fire. The United ste Forest Ser- 
vice Library has bublishe da eee 
on the effects of fire on orests. A very 
brief ae of the titles is included. 
it oil, If you want to cat fresh 
tomatoes S ee your own Svindow box, the 
bulletin by rie Hoagland and Arnon 


ing Bea te ar a 
California, Berk 

Lloydia. Iss 
of biological 


ssu ae ae ee, 
science, Tide Seared as 


All publications mentioned here—-and many 
Betonie Garden, in the Museum Building, 


a single, four-number volume in Dec 


ber 1938. It is published es the lieid 
Library of Natural History. uae 
Ohio. Theodor “Tost ae Toh oskins 
are the editors, ust iefly 
taxonomic. 

National Parks. “What Are National 


Parks?" is a booklet issued by the ae 


upplement to Planning and Civic qt 
ment, to point out th ue beauty 
74 national parks created since 
06 and to urge the protection offered 
the park for other areas w migh’ 
well belong to the people as a whole 
stead of pans subjected to private 
ploitatior les ue Planning and 
Civic Comm a is a useful i a 
anyone interested in public bea 


Colonial Gardens. V. R. ae 
gional Tandscsoe “Archi tect for 


0 

ae of the oe writes briefly 
on the garde s of the early American 
colonists in the January number of The 
Regional Review, accompanying r 
with drawings of the types of enclosures 
used at different Pg for gardens, 
fields, and properties. 


others—may be found in the Library of The 


ae ation a Water 
OSe, 


Some Forthcoming Horticultural Features of this Journal 


lilie. 
s—Practical hee . a aiies sh Experts 
ae + Begonias and How to Grow T 
s reviews of the newest oe and selected 
acticles on aus bi pai Nature Study, and other 
topics of int 
ONE DOLLAR WILL BRING YOU THE JOURNAL FOR AN ENTIRE YEAR. 
An extra oe will ee a subscription for a friend. 
Name 
Address 


Branch P. O., New York City. 


Mail to The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, Fordham 


THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
BOARD OF MANAGERS 


I. ELECTIVE MANAGERS 
Until 1940: Henry pe Forest BaLtpwin ae president), CHILps ease 
Attywn R. Jennincs, Henry Locxuarr, Jr., MacDovuecat, Mrs. Har 


(P: lent). 
R, MARSHALL Fierp, Mrs, Eron HuNnrTInGTON 
Hooxer, JoHN L. Merritt (Vice-president), Cor, Rozert H. MonTGoMERY, 
and H. Hopart Porter. 
Until 1942: ArtHurR M. Awnperson (Treasurer), Pirrre Jay, CLARENCE 
Lewis, D. Merritt, Henry ve LA MONTAGNE “Secretary and Assistant 
Treasurer), Wiiam J. Rossins, and J. E. Spinca 


q 
& 
be 
ica] 
a 
z> 
aq 
m 
a 
fat 


II. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS 
Fioretto H. LaGuarpta, Mayor of the City of New York. 
Rozert Moses, Park Commissioner. 
James MarSHALL, President of the Board of Education. 
APPOINTIVE MANAGERS 


Tracy E. Hazen, appointed by the Torrey Botanical Club. 
“A, ARPER, SAM F, Tretease, Epmunp W. Sinnott, and Marston T. 
Bocsar, appointed by Columbia Universit ity. 


GARDEN STAFF 


Wuiam J. Ropeins, Pu. D., Sc. D. Director 
H. A. Greason, Px. D. Assistant Director and Head Curator 
Henry pe LA MONTAGNE. Assistant Director 
4. B. Stout, Po. D. ......... 2 eee Curator of Education and cree hunaded 
RED J. Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D. ator 
ERNARD QO. Doncr, Pu. D. Plant Pathologist 
oHN HeENDLEY BARNHART, A. M., M. D. Bibliogri 
Bert C. SmitH, Pu. D. Associate Coe 
Tarotp N. MoLpENKE, Pu. Dae Associate Curator 
LizaBeTH C, Hatt, A. B., B. Librarian 
1. H. Russpy, M. D. ......... ere Curator of ve Economic Collections 
LEDA GRIFFITH Artist ame Soe 
ERCY WILSON rch Associa 
OBERT S. WILLIAMS Research pega in Base. 
. J. ALEXANDER. ..... Assistant Curator and Curator of the Local Herbarium 
p, Pu. D. ssistant Curator 
LYDE CHANDLER, A. M. Technical Assistant 
OSALIE WEIKERT Technical Assistant 
'REDERI KavanacH, M.A Technical Assistant 
R oopwarp, A. B. ditorial Assistant 
Homas H. Everett, N. D. Horr. orticulturist 
. L. Wirrrocx, A. M. cent 
Tro Drcener, M. S. ace laborator in Hawatian Botany 
cea HAGELSTEIN onorary gue of Myxomycetes 
THEL ANSON S, PECKHAM. “Honorary | Ce Iris and Narcissus “Collections 
enon J. Corsert perintendent of Buildings and Grounds 
. C. PFANDER Assistant Superintendent 


MEMBERSHIP IN THE GARDEN 


tablished fe a pusatey ends wed ApeHeHoR ied parnly 2 City app: 


TO- 


i eee ans, fist voane as botani- 

cal gardens go, it has become the third largest institution of its kind, its library, 

ae ey and horticultural eeeseaee ranking among the finest and most complete 
ountr 


ember: ae in The New York Botanical Garden, therefore, means promotion 
entific research in botany and the n 


fi 
Scientifically, the Gar i le a clea 
dents and botanists all over the world orcs, it often serves as a link 
between the plant explorer or breeder an ublic 
emberships and ae : : oe ion the Botanical 
rden for the training of young scientists and student gardeners; hundreds of new 
books are added annually to the library, which is open daily he pub! rr re- 
search and reading; free exhibits are mentees in the museum, the ae 


sbi 
and gardens, and lectures, courses, and e information in botany and garden 
h individual Pe nbee of the Garden receives: 

(1) Ac a a i Journal every month. 

(Dy A Py © Addisonia twice a year, each number illustrated with 
eight coloted® le sa of unusual ee accompanied by complete descrip- 
tions and other pertinent information. 

(3) A share of aed Be material of interesting or new varieties 
whenever it is distribut 

seo of special floral displays at the Garden from 
season to seaso 

(5) ean to ihe extent of the membership fee paid, toward courses 

f study offered by the Garden 

A limited number of gar in faba are accepted as afhliates. The ppalenee fa 
fhliation a subscription to the Journal, apne nen of displays, a speci 
condu r a the grounds and greenhou and a lecture once a yea’ ae 
selected member of the sta 

ships or “scholarships for practical student-training in horticulture or for 

eae researc hee 2 established d by bequest or other benefaction either in 
perpet or fora iod. 

Tie Yeats of ieee and types of benefaction are as follows: 


Annual Member annual fee $ 10 
Sustaining Member annual fee 25 
Garden Club A fhliation annual fee for club 25 
Fellowship Member annual fee 100 

ember for Life single contribution 50 
Fellow for Life single contribution 1,000 
Patron single contribution 5,000 
Benefactor single contribution 25,000 


Contributions to the Garden may oa ered from taxable incomes. The 

ae is a legally approved form of beq 
hereby besa to The New York Patan Garden incorporated under the 

a of New York, Chapter 285 of 1891, the ——— 

Condit cal ener may be de at income payable to donor or any 
designated beneficiary during his or Ber lifetime. 

All ete ee further information ou be addressed to The New York 
Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. 


Vor. XL May, 1939 PAGES 
No. 473 101-124 


JOURNAL 
THE NEW YORK Ba TANIOsT GARDEN 


Published monthly by The New York Botanical ee Bronx Park, New York, N. Y 
tered at the Post Office in New Yoi Y., as second-class matter. 
Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents 
Fre 


to members of the Garden 


JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
Caro, H. Woopwarp, Editor 
lay, 1939 
THE feet PaLoveRDE ENTWINED stay eiae THE SAHUARO GROWTH 


N SAHUARO NATIONAL MONUMENT, ARI 
eee by Martha Prentice Strong 


BoTaNicaL GarDEN REPRESENTED IN ae Exuipirs at Wor p's Fair 101 
WATERLILIES—THEIR CULTURE AND PROPAGATION George H. Pring 103 
Tue Yam-BEAN as A SoURCE OF Foop IN CHINA .M. Porterfield 10 
Cacti IN THE NoRTHEA Martha Prentice Strong 109 


Cactr UNDER aes IN THE WEST AND SOUTH 
(Photographs by Ma: ae ee pa 112-113 
PRELIMINARY PROGRAM OF THE Rosr CONFERENCE AT THE NEW 


BoranicaL GARDEN 116 
PLANTS FOR DisTRIBUTION TO GARDEN MEMBERS 117 
CLaRENCE Lewis ADDRESSES GRADUATING CLass OF GARDENERS 118 
Reviews oF RECENT Books 120 
CURRENT LITERATURE AT A GLANCE Virgene Kavanagh 122 

oTes, News, AND COMMENT 123 


NEW FRIENDS FOR THE GARDEN 
hrough the World’s Fair many thousands, probably hundreds of thousands, of 


people ‘will be making their re acquaintance with e New York Botanical 
rden. The waterlily pools in “ s on Rar ade™ will represent to them tl 
flower displays which may be seen here . The activated 


“krubi” (Amorphophallus titanum), with the photographs which frame the demon- 
stration, will represent such activities as horticulture, science, exploration, educa- 
tion, and displays for the public’s SS and informatio 

With new friends being made for the Garden, this is es ideal time for the old 
friends—-members, Journal ee and others—to play a part which man 
heretofore overlooked: that of telling others about The New York Boi Ga 
Garden, what it stands for, what it does, how it serves scientists, students, gardeners. 
other institutions, and how its work affects the citizen and the visitor. 


resident Joseph R. Swan exhorted the student garden their graduation 
last month by saying: ‘When you go out into the world, creat ee gospel of the 
n rin: tl le a new appreciation of the place where you have 


both to the Garden and to their aa. a letting oe know about the horti- 
i i of 


e Garden’s role in the progress of science, education, and public service. 


AY 13 1989 


Nitsa maar’ 
BOTANIC 
ab erne. in 


JOURNAL 


of 
THE NEW YoRK BOTANICAL GARDEN 


VoL. XL May, 1939 No. 473 


Botanical Garden Represented 
In Two Exhibits At 
World’s Fair 


ATERLILIES which have been planted in three outdoor pools 


facing one of the entrances of the ees aie “Gardens on 
Parade” at She New 4 tk World’s Fair, compri e of two attractions 
at which The New York Botanical Garden will ie represented to hundreds 


of reeees of feonle during the coming months in what used to be 
Flushing Meadows. 

ibit is an activated, life-sized model of the “krubi” 
(Amorphophallus titanum) which bloomed for the first time in the western 
hemisphere two years ago at the Botanical Garden. This ex ae ns 
is, housed in the New York City building, is provided by the City of 
New York. It is accompanied by a series of photographs shoving ie 
stages in the development of the gigantic inflorescence and by another 
group of enlarged photographs depicting some of the Botanical Garden’ n’s 
functions in the public interest— horticultural displays, botanical research, 
reference work in the library, and exploration for plants. 

The wat pallies of which 28 hardy varieties have been planted in the 
three pools, surrounded by a narrow border of tulips for an erty display, 
are expected to come into bloom about the middle of June. und the 
end of Taly these hardy sorts will be replaced with choice eeter ones 
selected, like the hardy ones, from those which the Garden has previously 
grown for display in the two outdoor pools in the conservatory court 
The usual displays of hardy and tender varieties will be continued all 
summer at the Garden. At the Fair, other tropical flowering aquatics will 
be shown during the latter part of the summer while the tender waterlilies 
are in flower. 

“Gardens on Parade,” is being presented at the Fair under the manage- 
ment of Hortus, Incorporated, a non-profit organization of which Mrs 


101 


102 


arold I. Pratt, a member - the Botanical Garden’s Board 
is president and Dr. Willia 


of Managers, 
includes 50 horticultural e 


vice- presidents. It 


a continuous series of 
competitions in flower arrangement and plant exhibition. 


Photograph by Donald U. Beck 
Sunrise, one of the largest of the hardy waterlilies, is on. 


€ a the ie varieties which 
will be ae in the Botanical Garden's pools in ardens on Parade” this 
summer at the New York World's Fair. It is a recently kanal yellow variety. 


Rose Conference June 6-7 


Rose Conference of which a ee A Cn al 
made in last month's Journal will a ee e New Yor 
Botanical Garden June 6 and 7, The 


jo-day v progres m aul ee 


a clinic on culture 


il seases 

and insect pests. he conference will be a en he to members of 

re New York Botanical Garden and to TSO% Special 

invitation, The ae ney to ie Hee by dedication 
 bronse plaque hor 


. C. Bobbink of Bobbink & 
Atkins, is ee on ae - THe. 


103 


Waterlilies—Their Culture 
And ‘Propagation 


With a oy of Choice Varieties of 

oth Hardy and Tropical Sorts 

By Geor, Pring, 

Superintendent of the Missouri Botanical Garden 

bas the beginner in gardening, armed with the parties should 

have success with a waterlily pool, for the culture of the plants is 

aatvey simple 

Waterlilies, both hardy and tropical, are rank feeders, and need large 

chews of cow manure to produce Sects ed flowers. This fertilizer 
ma: m 


your “ily bed”; or placed at the eae of the boxes, if you prefer to 
grow them that way. 
Pest Control 

eee — ae Seer in the pool, the water should be left stand- 


ing for and efforts should be made to ne trol the algal growt th 
which is oe a me while i plants are still 1. If your pool is large 
and has no fish, you can fill a little cheesecloth "ae ith ee sulphate, 
suspend it from the end of a stick, and drag it slowly along the es . 


the pool until the water turns blue. After an ay or two, a an 

your tie but if you are putting in a a of fish, don’t es os 
loose - i is water for a week. 

If y s small or if it is already iis with fish, a safer method 
of eee : ae use of adie aes of p Put some of this chemical 
a ee filled with water. Stir it ce a a and let it stand until the 
r has absorbed all it can take up, and there is still a slight residue in 
ue bot ttom of the container. This system gives you a ties cients 
of permang ste of potash, and this mixture is what you will u on- 
trolling the alga Approximately one teaspoon of the Eason | is ee d 
for each gallon Os water in your pool, and this may be done not only 
ae the ct are gt eee ut at different ne ete the growing 
n if n Only the youngest of baby fish will suffer any ill 


the amateur gardener, and c t be applied during the growing season 


the fis i 
hoosing methods of insect control aye the summer, it is anes 
wise to consider the fish before spraying. erever possible, ort to 
hand-picking for large pests like the larva a ne delta eit, faa ay 
proprialis, and use forceful water sprays for aphis, rather than risk killing 


104 


those invaluable little mosquito-eaters who will find arsenic or nicotine 
uprre W ele have so few pests cee ia that you can afford 

‘o be charitable to the fish . . . and you’d miss the fish a great deal more 
a you would a ae leaves from your lilies, 


Setting Out Plants 


Hardy w waterlilies may be set out as soon as you can get into the pools. 
Their only care is page of cow manure, and a thorough division every 


three or four year ne overcrowding. They grow sees like a 
common iris, and r e left out-of- ee with a foot of w 
above them, or eee w | leaves and s ; or brought ion in in 


i and wrapped in damp burlap all w ae 
Tropical ee are another thing altogether. Their winter care is 


so difficult from an amateur's standpoint that it is much simpler to buy 
your stock fresh each s n any case, they cannot = planted onside 
until the ter arias of the water stays above 70° . they will go 


ee eep and may stay thai In the Middle Vest, we can ay 
set out our w peti by the imide of May, but in Ae East and the Great 
Lakes region, the first of June is more likely to provide a safe dat 


fifty percent of es waterlily’s beauty will ‘be lost if it cannot spread it 
leaves to make an open - tern of foliage and water ... and you will hee 
get nearly as ia bloo 


A Lesson in pains 


The pro tion of tropical waterlilies eles the use . an easy trick, 
which ee only a little ingenuity and practice and some heated tanks 
of water in full sun over the winter. The ee oe hi ae the 
current growth are practically eles to store .. but most of these 
large tubers will ey e formed a propagating tuber at their one : 
time summer is ov When you dig oe ee ae the first frost, thes 

mall, -shaped oe aead be removed ai ored in ois. weit 


a in noe containers, until early spring, ae i sunlight begins to 
grow stron 
Then a or in sandy soil, with the tuber very deep in the pot to 


induce a long radical growth. Place the pots in water above 70° 

sunny window, and the young leaves will appear in about ie weeks 
Now comes the interesting ieee ae soon as — floating leaves are devel- 
oped, locate the radicle, whicl em-like growth connecting a young 
plant to the tuber. W ith ier a forefinger, fo rae this growth down 
to the ea ay carefully pinch it off just abov. tuber, ae ng the 


young plant with its attached roots, a ie - propagating tuber 
in its pot. 


105 


Photograph by Donald U. Beck 


St. Louis is said to be the only yellow variety known among the tropical water- 
lilies. It is expected to be among the varieties to be shown by The New York 
Botanical Garden in ‘‘Gardens on *parade™ at the World's Fair later in the summer. 


Pot up the young plant immediately, to prevent its a. out, and place 
it to grow in the far end of the same heated tank in which you are raising 
your propagat ing stock. In another two weeks or so, fe propagating 
tuber will again a up a new plant, which can removed and potted 
in the same fashio: . and this process may be eated two or three 
times before th aie should be allowed to ae its i plant. Your oa 
will then be flied with infant waterlilies to carry on next season’s bloo 
The Viviparous Habit 

Some few of the tropical waterlilies have a very obliging habit of for 
ing baby plants in their leaf sinuses during the summer. These w aterlilies 
are known as viviparous, and their offspring should be removed with 
phe roots and ies = just as the other ee lease are handled 

the winter a ood viviparous lilies the s Panama 
Pac ‘acific nw) ugi + Ko o in different “shad des ae blue. “They are worth 
having both for hee beauty and their ease of culture 


106 


Tropical Varieties Recommended 
Among other good tropical ae are sauna oe and 
Castlifora, ape ee Henry Shaw and Jup fine blues. 
still the best white in ie day ane rou, while 

ne on a ete is ae ae that amazing offspring of the “Lost Yellow 
Lily of Africa,” N. Burtt Mrs. Edwards Whitaker is an au nene 

lavender-blue, which develops a white-and-blue combination the third da: 
In care to the day- blooming tropical w: stone ae is a large class 
of tropicals blooming at night. They do much to make the garden 
ee ee on summer dvehines: since they ae th 


heat of the ) Leading this list is a handsome white waterlily 
which SS ania have proved more popular if i - n 
listed as a night-bloo This is the variety Missouri, w e broad, 
lotus- like petals and Pineapp ple a typical of these loosing 
members of the genus Nympha Quite untypical, however, is its ex 

tremely early ees and late ie which keeps it in bloom most of 


brings it out again late in the es rnoon. Considered by 
some to be the: a waterlily in commerce, Missouri should be 
ool. 


t » A. 
and Frank Trelease, The Mrs. George Hitchcock and Emil 
: a : 


rev a different shade from the original type, so don’t blame your 
a ie if ‘this b appens. However, they are all ae things ... 
and Missour: De fee never been known to change color from 
its eae wh 


Good bid Varieties 


Am the hardies are unsiaes good ones. The new Sunrise 
icadie ice almost a! as some of the ere ‘while the oie 
variety Gladst tone is we eee n form. Another fine white is Gonnere, 

e an 


while te dark pink of James Brydon and the orange of Comanch d 
atare are excellent colors. 


Even if you have a very tiny pool, no bi igger than a oe barrel, you can 
an have waterlilies. Two charming pigmies are N. vola in yellow, 
d N. ste in white. Obviously any water area any suggest the 

use of waterlilies, Bara miles alee it ae ee sun and has suffi- 
cient a depth. The y types w and have the 
more ey colors, eee a Rese ic one he ae ‘antic in size 
and c n lovely pastel shades. Nothing co en ie more aa in 
he of mmer ay he fra agrance and color of a wa y pool, 


the he su 
reflecting the blue 


an t 
sky between the leaves, and dane an ae 
depth and beauty to your garden 


107 


The Yam-Bean As a Source 
Of Food In (hina By HW’. M. Porterfield 
(No. 6 of a@ series on Chinese Vegetable Foods in New York) 


HE yam-bean vine has achieved a place among Chinese vegetable ee 
because of the superior quality of starch which is yielded by 
tuberous roots. 

Fan-ko is the name by which the native Chinese distinguish ips pee 
plant. Botanists know it today as Pachyrhisus erosus (L.) Urb. It 
formerly called P angulatus Ric h. 

The yam-bean has a tropical distribution around the world. De Candolle? 
reported it from the Moluccas, India and Mauritius; Dr. Trimen? oa 


The tuber of Pachyrhizus erosus, three fourths natural size, with the character 
for its Chinese name, Fan pe pute a ot edible starch is derived 
om m-bea 


“1 De oo Pyramo. Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 
402. 1825. 
2Dr. Trimen in Kew Bulletin 25: 121. 1889. 


108 


Java and Ceylon; Henry? from Canton, China; Bentham* ae Brazil ; 
and ae and Collins’ from Porto Rico. But the land of its rigin is 
obscu Henry is a the opinion that it originated somewhere in ae 
Bena said th at probably Central America was its native aos 

angular ee homes give this species the two a s by 
stuck it nee been nee n and distinguish it from its ae ‘est Indian ie 
P tuberosus (Lam.) Spre ng., whose leaflets are The leguminous 
character of the Baar is evident in its ia ae and flat pods, 
which are shorter and more hairy on P erosus than on P tuberosus. Dr. 


= 
a 


hi : hey had be c 
ee - pods of P tuberosus, which had been introduced into 
Ceylon a few rs earlier and which had proved a to ordinary 
French ios ee they were stringless and nearly smooth. 

The fleshy root of the yam-bean : nearly globular a shape, though 
broader tha n long, and it varies from 1 to a pape in diameter. 
shape it is somewhat lobed, a: SS figure shows. The flesh is of firm con- 
eas and is sweet to the taste, but i eee a disa pia in accepting 

a desirable vegetable cee palates. Generally, the young 
rot ita are eaten, while the older ones are principally ee as a source 
of starch. In some countries, while the yam-bean tubers are not 
es source of food, the people oe upon them to carry ae over 
times of scarcity when the usu ie rops fai 

An analysis of yam-bean tubers shows they have an abundance of 
nutritive eaieonee In water-free material the following proportions are 
found: 9.8 cals protein, 6.5 percent pv aedan 38.5 percent starch, 
16.9 percent cane sugar . percent fat, 6.5 p t crude fiber, and 3.6 


WW 
s 


percent ash. The starch s present in nearly Pene grains, appearing 

singly or in compound aa and, according to Blasdale®, there is no indi- 

cation of their occurri ing in a layer-like structure. This ‘absence of strati- 

ee of the grains is a diagnostic character by which the starch of the 
am-bean can be identified. 

as medical uses are wn. for this plant. The me however, contain 
a a amount of poisonous resin which is found to be a very active fish 

In P tu ae the poison exists in ote amounts in as ee 
ht 3 is presen also in the tubers. 

From the tw aes stem the natives of Fiji derive a ae ay which is 
used in Peaune fishing nets. Other than this no special u the upper 
a of the olan are ae and no particular cer ve is attrib- 

ted to the 

3 Henry, A. Notes on Economic Botany of Chit 57-59, Shanghai. 1893. 

4 Bentham, G. in Meuntins Flora Brasiliensis 13. (Papilionaceae): 199. 1859- oa 

5 Cook, O. F., and Collins, G. N. Economic Plants of Porto Rico, Contrib. fro: 

J. S. 8 (2 oy 1903. 

6 Bla: asdale, Walter. Cc. ‘A description of some Chinese vegetable food materials. 

U.S. DA, O. E. S., Bull. 68; 23-25. 1899, 


(acti in the Wortheast 
By Martha Prentice Strong 


The story ee an Widalaas by air in search of cacti in the Southwest, ii how these 
ert plants were later cultivated at a Long Island hom: 

VIVID aes i my childhood was Me beauty of a great cactu 

flower. In the terraced garden of our home on Brooklyn Heights, 
covering the western il of the camellia pathos the thorny green joints 
of a cactus plant were trained. The night the magnificent flowers of this 
“Reina de la Noche’ bloomed, our neighborhood was en féte. It was a 
rare sight to watch the rae o he a ae and satiny white 
petals, until the myriad golden ealed in their radiant 
beauty, to the glorious die ae aoe anded flowers ; n, as 
gradually, one watched the passing cr this “Queen of the Night 


t was necessary for me to go to Arizona, April 29, 1936, at 8:30 P.M. 
I flew from the Newark Airport. Early the following morning, flying 


Photograph by courtesy of W ilham Hertrii 
Hylocereus undatus, the “Reina de la Noche” which Mrs. Strong saw blo a 


3 OOM: 
child at her home in Bookivn and with which ae again became gavonuee oe oes 
70 years later at the Huntington Botanic Garden 


The satiny yellow flower of the native cactus found among the Long Island dunes. 


over Bs oe bea glimpses of gears mene: — cae 

fields oon obscured by fog. Rising, n of blue 

panics ere over ede oe ene oh yee down ak 
ti 


s s 

Britton & Rose; studied the ava ne literature of the Sahuaro, Opuntia, 

Bisnaga and other cactus groups; learned of their oe pone and 

ada, sone nee centuries, to ne : arid desert nvironment ; a 
fo 


sage field trips to the Sahuaro Monument. With a letter of introduction 
from the late Dr. Marshall A. Howe, former Diretor of The New York 
Botanical Hee i motored 240 ae to visit the Boyce-Thompson sees 
western Arbor , devoted to the wth of sub- se climates, and w 
kindly ee: ie Mr. Francis Gibson, the director; and Mr. Jack Whi . 
head assisted me in making many photographs of the cacti growing there in 
beautiful natural surroundings 


ill 


As the Huntington Garden of San Marino has the most comprehensive 
ee of a in the world today, growing out-of-doors, 
my Mec 


that 
ree nl si 1937, a eo T started on another lap of my air odyssey. 
m t 


t sahuaros beneath wu 


long blue-black shadows r the desert; the giant 
were m ation oe to the left, five mountain ranges came ae 


ere exclam 
view as we ascen 
Flying over mone tipped with jagged, fantastic aaa we saw 
the Colorado River, later the azure-blue Salton Sea in the white desert, 
and then through t 7: San Gorgonio Pass of aS cee Nena Moantains 
with their glistening ae snow peaks towering 1,200 feet above us 
either s seni flew a’ unions of 1,000 feet eee them. Behold, Ge 
arid desert was a mem Before us, chaparral-covered green ioe aene 
green felds, groves a ae palms, oranges, almonds, figs, and my Mec 
San Marino! 
rt. William Hertrich, Director the Garden, kindly permitted me in 
the morning when the Garden was not opened to the public, to make photo- 
graphs of this unique cae plant collection. From he I learned that the 
wondrous cactus of my childhood memory was one ae ne most beautiful 
ge i the night- boomine ate s, Hylocereus undat 


ing to my Long Island summer home in East oe three 
cee wail from the ‘Aflaite oo IT brought w 
Ariocarpus fissuratus metas pane micromeris 


Deamia testudo 
Lemaireocerus Thurberi 


Lophophora Williamsti 
olor 
Cepha. —— senilis 


ae bicol 
Opuntia Coville 
Opun Ferocactus able 
Morita MacDougall Astrophytiin ornatum 
cus peruvianus Mamimillaria prolifera 


Peniocereus Greggit 

To these were added, through the kindness ne Mrs. Jerome W. 
member of our Advisory Council of The 

succulents she had brought oe South ae 

Mi esembryanthemum* Zeyhe 


Coombs, 
w York Botanical Garden, 


Crassula arborescens 


ccineum oles ies arinata 
aureunt Senecio aizoides 
Hawor thia rugosa Klenioe tubi, 
cuspidata Adromischus clavifolius 
a denticulata 


* These species are now classed by botanists under Lampranthus. 


CACTI UNDER oo IN THE 
WEST AND WEST 


ie 


4 


3. 


4. 


5. 


9 


SOU 

Echinocereus ees the yellow-spined 
hedgeho. 

Opuntia fda. a cholla’ with small rose- 
purple flowers. 

Ferocactus Wishzent, the candy-barrel or fish- 
hook cactus, growing nearly seven feet tall. 

Cereus peruvianus at the Huntington Botanic 
Garden 

A young three- headed specimen of Ferocactus 

islizeni. 


Us, 
Opuntia linguiformis, cow’s-tongue cactus, 
A group of cacti at the Huntington Botanic! 
Garden consisting chiefly ue eae : 


Grusonii and Ferocactus no 
One of the many species of oe in a 
garden, : 


114 


The glass frame on the porch of her home at East Hampton in which Mrs. Strong has 

culnonted the cacti which ae brought back from her southwestern trip. Exposed to 

full sun on the south and qe ected from wind and rain, these desert plants here have 
ade al situation for their growth. 


I established a desert nana having a southern exposure on the 
piazza. As the cacti and succulents must have full sunlight, plenty of air, 
and protection from rain, - arranged a glass frame of simple construction, 
easy adjustment, and o ras ends for ae circulation of a 

To cultivate the ie ae species native in the East, Oniilia com- 
pressa, | made a dune rock garden. In this were planted many of the 


Evo view Stale Tee _ 


Plan of the frame which Mrs, Strong devised for the outdoor culture of her cacti. 


cactus plants from a near-by dune. There in our hot summer sun they 
ich t 


isnagas, and other cactus forms make unique and never-to-be forgotten 
he I may now delight in my realistic cactus landscape in miniature— 

ee our beautiful native Opuntia compressa bloom, = recall the ee ta) 
a childhood memory, the wonderful “Reina de la Noche,” Hyloce 
undatus. 


116 
Preliminary Program 
OF THE 
ROSE eee 
The New York Botanical Garden 
June 6 and 


Tuespay, JUNE 6 
Mornine 10-12 :30 


Address of Welcome Dr. William J. Rob Director, 

The New York Be Garden. 

History of the Rose . ........ Mr. Bee Wright, Chairman, Board of mr 
he Horticultural at of New York. 20m 

Public Rose Gardens and ee Beautification . Dr. J. eee McFarland, 


Pa: Tree ae The American Rose Society. 
, The a Rose Annual. 20min. 
Soilless Rose Culture .......Dr. H. ue Bi Ass e Orn Rec rearg 
New y Acree: ee ae Sate n. 15m 

Contributions of the United States Does of Agriculture to Rose Culture 
Dr. E. C. ne Chief, Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D.C. 20 min. 
My Favorite Ros. 
Mrs Charles Doscher, representing the Federated Garden Clubs of New 


York Sta , 5 min. 
Mrs. oe C. Hill, representing the City Gardens ee 5 min. 
Mrs, Francis King, representing The Garden Club of Am in. 


m: 
Mrs. H. Edward Manville, representing the International eae Club. 5 mi 
Mrs. rotete W. Perkins, representing the Advisory Council of The New York 

Botanical Garden. 5 min. 
A Reece hey of the Woman's Auxiliary of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 5 min. 
uNCcH 12:30 
pein 2-4:30 
Greenhouse Roses . Mr. Charles Totty, Past President, 
The Society of American Florists and Ornamental ie ae 20 min. 
Roses for City Parks 


lyn R. Joes 
neral Superintendent of Parks, ae co City. 


Old Frederick L — noe Great Neck, N. Y. oe min. 
Done of ‘Bronze “Plague in the Rose Gar in Honor of Mr. L. C. Bobbink 

Presiding, Mr. Joseph R. Swan, 

President, Board of vest of The New York Botanical Garden. 

Inspection of Rose Garden Led by Messrs. Everett, Dodge, and McKenna. 


Wervene is UNE 7 
forninc 10-12:30 


Importance of Soil Preparation for Roses .... .Mr. T. H. Everett, ares 
The New York ponies Garden, 15 min. 
Experiments on Roses ee .Dr. P. W. Zimmerman, Thyaenent 


Boy e Thompson Institute for Plant PResear ch. 20 min. 
Use of Roses in Floral rein (with demonstration) 
Mr. Max Schling, Florist, New York Cit 
Books for the Rose Grower. ...... ... .Miss Elizabeth C. Hall, Librarian, 
“The New York Botanical Garden 


117 


Roses for the Home Garden Mr. Arthur Herrington, Secretary and 
Manager, International Flower mp 20 min. 
Species Roses for the Garden r cGinnes, Readin; ‘a. in. 
Design in the Rose Garden. .. Annette Hoyt Flanders: Landscape eee 15 min. 
H 12:30 
ema 2-4:30 
Care of the Rose Garden through the Mr. George Gillies, Head arenes 
Marshall Fiela “Restate, Huntington, Long Island. 20m 
The Rose Midge and Its Control C. A. Weigel, Entomol 
United States Desertnent of Agricultu 
peice of Equipment for Control of Diseases and Insect Pests of eae 


lemonstration will be followed by an informal clinic on the diseases, pests, 
aa culture of roses. Home gardeners and ie . a invited to bring their 
personal nae ee to the clinic for individual a 

D O. Dedge, Plant Pathologist, The oe an Botanical Garden 

Dr. C. oe Hamilton, Entomologist, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment 

Statio 

Dr. Louis ‘i Ma , Professur of Plant Pathology, Cornell University 

Mr. P. J. a nee Gardener, The New York T'otanical Garden 


Plants For Distribution use a in the rock garden a aaa 


To Garden Members mens to introduce into other eas 


4 ee choice varieties of herbaceous up numerous stems, each of which bears 
plants which are ae for the rock a flat-topped corymb of lemon-yellow 
garden or border will be available for flowers. The fine fern-like leaves beneath 
istribution to r ers of The ew re gray-tomentose. The odor is of camo- 
York Botanical Garden during M mile. This plant likes full sun and fai 
long as the supply lasts, one young plant moisture but is fairly indifferent as to 
each ronica spic rosea anil soil, seeming to do equally well in a limey 
Achillea tomentosa variety King ward or neu _ ae ml and form 
will be given out. make it ate well in rock garden or 
To Shean the ee a member or a horder ‘with See ied Teuerinmn ee 
resentative © member may call It usua’ on blooms around May 
Conservatory Range No. 2, near rae The other plant heing offered. 7 eronica 
Avenue on the east side of the grounds. spicafa rosea, grows slightly Iess than 
1 -di on ng May between 10 two ea Hi igh an has many erect stems 
a. nd 4 pm. No “plants ” ill be given bearing bec. set spires of pink flowers 
quithout presentation f the membership around June 30. hile there is a slightly 
card of The New York Botanical Garden. ae cast to the pin nk, it is not Giples 
For members who wish the plants s long as it is kept away from reds 
mailed to them, arrangements have been oi ‘gene 
made with an outside agency to handle a een of the a aa 
the wrapping and postage for 25 cents, dur: e@ past two years with the 
sent to the Garden in advance. Plants seq piece and comic 6 
will not, however, be ee a a of — plant oe op ta it impossible 
the Japanese beetle bar for the Gar offer lant novel- 
Th arden’s original ae cr Atchillea ties to its eae for the past year and 
tomentosa variety A ‘dward was ac- : Ue i More plants are now being propa- 
quired in 1933 fro: the garden of F. K. however, for distribution to mem 


Bulley in sanherh eaeed and has been ey at future dates 


Clarence Lewis Addresses 
Graduating Class 


Gardeners 

ERTIFICATES were eee to 

fifteen men, most of whom have been 
serving as dent gardeners, for the 
completion of the two-year science course 
of The New York Pe nical Garden i 
exercises conducted eekman 
Tower 


the 

Hote Monday hing April 17. 
his class, which is the sixth to 
the young men have 
the Garden, while the 
are professional gardeners 
working elsewhere. 

The work of the past two ar s has 
covered the subjects of systemat Cheon 
plant morphology, physiology, breeding. 


and pathology, economic botany, and 
eaek 

Cla McK. Lewis, a member of 
the Garde len’s Board of Managers, ad- 


rd 
dressed the students at oy zradvating 
offering them tions for 


penin: the definition aa oes 

the British hacia W. J C. 

rence, that a gardener is 0 ne 

a wide variety of conditions can grow 
ni well, Mr. Lewis pointed to ‘o addi 
tional requirements for a a. 
responsible job as gardener. 

‘Can you keep accounts?” he asked. 


ae ‘submit reports a ae 
wt have men under 
fe ‘handling ane multiplicity = ‘adiinistra 
tive Hs which are required in such 
a pos 


know how to exhibit plants 

1 nen er, oe is a fine 
test of any gardener’s skill 

eo to fe pe y obs is a necessity 

a wh pes a career 

ae Sardcning, o “the sreatest attribute 
of all comes from experi 

In England, Mr. mented, 
gardeners may take einen to keep 
ao of developments in their pro- 
fessio 

tk dene the desirability of a position 
or line of work, he pointed out that there 


special value in a job when it offers 


ield a sense of 


gardeners start looking 


r the a successful ae 
you will do well to consider,” he sai 
Rie ae the Hace odie possibilities 

et poke bri M opportunities 

1. ae ie 

2. Public parks. 

3. Cemeteries. 

4. Botanic ga 

5. Government test gardens 

6. County agent Posts “(in counties 

where commercial growing under glass is 
important) 

7. Nurseries 

8. aries work. 

There is a multiplicity of vase and 
poe in nurseries, Lewis 

gator 


ong commercial jobs, he continued, 
there’ are such possibies as eae Taising 
for and p 


f{ material ot-plants, 
the raising of gh “the od indus- 
ry, tere growing of fruits and 


essary as 

pide Sint 

sporeticeship 0 
Men 


sing of orn: namental 
work—either 


Ww 

are oka helps them to a greater suc- 
ess in later life. 

e “ the “present decline a large 


Giving examples sho names 
: ave become ie fon fhe work in 
ecific horticultural fields, i 
ial ee the 
Veitch England, 
John Veitch, bork 


a 
etaey of the Veitch nursery is incorpor- 


119 


in the interesting book “Hortus 
Veitch poplicaes in nas Mr. Lewis 
then told 


m 
with tthe 
Thomas Lobb ere Gu Maries—whos' 
lg ane also come down to pottery. 
the wi es oe ie (great French 
and ae 


em 
a 


rin, 
the pla nt explorat ion don 
Robert Fortune, Reginald Farrer, George 


Forrest, and Kin gdon Ward, as well as 
E. H. Wilson, hie rev ally came to 

He spoke of “J: pple- 
seed” Chapman) (1768-1847) 


have seedlings on which to graft the 
apples, peaches, and grapes they wanted 
to raise. 


an example of a gardener who be- 
me a famous architect, he mentioned 
“Capability” (Lancelot) Brown of early 
eae century fame. He told the 
of Thomas Blaikie, the Scottish 
0 went to France and lived 
he 


great gardens Blaikie laid out ‘a 
telle garden i aris. His story ‘s given 
in “The Diary of a Scotch Gardener of 


the French Court at the 
Eighteenth Century,” published in New 
York in 1932. 


The speaker also lauded the gardener 
Jee aay ho owas. a made Sir 
Jo: oseph—for his accomplishmen at in de- 
Tete in 1851 the agli Palace at 
Sydenham, which cost £1,500,000 
to ee oe 
ha 


magrihcent Pes 


d an of about o m square 
feet. It was 1,608 feet teas ee 312 feet 
wide. Joseph Paxton was not only 


knighted for this outstanding service, but 
also served as a member of Parliament 
for jee until his death in 1865. 


ong American plant explorers who 
ee as gardeners, and whose chief in- 


terest remained in gardening, a oe 
noted André aes and on, 
Francois ux, Wil iat Bar. 


André Micha am 
tram, Constantine Rafinesque, and ae 
rich "Trangott Pursh. Trained as a 

ee i a . 


of "the men ‘Botanical eer here in 


New York, which was on the site where 
Rockefeller Center now stands and which 
was, in a way, t ae historic precursor of 
our gots “lew ‘ork Botanical Garden. 


Other ee 
larly peri were Sargent 
of the Arnold Arboretum, Frank N 


culture, a with his 
test garden at Tela, nduras, his resi- 
ic t Antigua, Guatemala, and his 


extensive and va 
United States Goverment and now for 
the United Fruit Compan 

Mention was also made the interest- 
ing career of Dr. J. 


ne 
cres under cultivation ee the growing 
at garden seeds. 

After his address 
of ate Ja coon Dow 


Mr. Lewis spoke also 
ning of New- 


bur; o in his brief span of 
ne Years “casiga 1852) o eo ot 
e greatest influence o: n Am 
ican el ng and ee e did 
not mention Dr. David Fairchild, he ex- 
plained, beca Dr. Fairchild could not 


in igins or equent inter. 
ts. e other men of he 
were fundamentally Speman rs. 
Joseph R. Swan, President of the New 


Yorke Botanical Garden, 
the certificates, first said 
ates, “When a man knows what he w: 


a 
eed here to work, to 


John Bachmann, Adelard Bisaillon, 
Samuel Bridge, awrence Connolly, 
Geor; regor, Donald J. Moss, 
Charles Pecora, Ralph Pi Donald 


Wright, at as ee ae a 
Garden; and, 
William Reoeslond, ta ae an and 
Paul H. Jacoby, professional mardenee: 
who are employed elsewhere. 


120 


Reviews of Recent Books 


(All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of 
The New York Botanical Garden.) 


Good News for aoe Gardens 


GARDENING THE SH 
H. K. ee ts pages, finer: 
dexed. Seri , New York, 1939. $3. 


The question of 3 to plant in that 
aad plies ae aia ee a troublesome 
e for garden tu 


r gar common attitude 

fi 11 anne a - ane author in this 
raph: “ shade sp a sunny 
garden is the problem which faces most 
gardeners. They try their luck h sun 
lovers, hoping for miracles ich just do 
- t hi The plants languish and die 

liv uch nostalgic lives, they 


better dese: 

patience aru gives up, a 

the shady spots—just bare. 

Ras this oe 2 he guide there can be 
for 


i=} 
iam 


eaves 


pro 
groups of 
. Seasonal Plant 
combinations for varying degrees of shade 


yard—even into the sunless window 
ust 

A classified and detailed list of some 
500 nae estat plants is given, which 
proves ther as a of ae eee 


to add 4 e of vines 
for a shady place. It is a good twiner for 
fences and arbors or to sprawl around 
rocks, and makes a good billowy ground 
cover. 


The very good illustrations from pho 
graphs show pais ee a for 


arious conditions and speak well for 
mselves and the olatiters. 

is is a ae and timely book, that 

ul much to change uw sightly bar- 


should do un! 
ren spots into well Zach scenes of 
real beauty and inter 
enry E. Downer, 
Vassar College. 


Forestry in America 
AN INTRODUCTION TO AMERI- 
CAN FORESTRY. Shirley W. Allen, 
402 pages, ilustrated and indexed. 
McGraw-Hill, New York, 1938. $3.50. 


This text is one o: 


es 4 
editorship of Professor Mulford of the 


on its way to fulfillm 
k must therefore 
e light the 


study 
mer viewpoint that the present. re- 
viewer re qualified to comment. 
here s the danger in Sten pt: 
rge a he Ida as that of 


By 


2388 


n one 
creep in, and the coverage ea so thin 
that depth = utterly lacking. Professor 
Allen has happily ae this ue ae) 
stopping again and ag. in the 

sweep of the canvas he is S puntas me give 
arresting details re stimulate the re eader 
to peruse the subject further i 

cific texts. his | is a rea 
“introduction” 


at 
tat: Shed “without considerable though 
ie nea an the of tl utho 
might 


reat will be intrigued te: peruse those 

To the layman, forestry usually means 
reforestation. Even though it is in truth 
only a part of the whole picture, it is, 
nevertheless, a very important part, and 


it is to be regretted that Professor Allen 
has hie reforestation such a small place 
ext (a bar at me 


both as ; 
reflect Professor Allen's fess ea in the 
8 


ally saying so. 


aeons Pea Allen’s failure to gi 
ry hatsoever to the splendi 

wore in a dvancement of private for- 

estry that been accomplished since 


working with bes of the’ 
country—the an Palin and the re- 
sults both in education and accomplish- 
are corre i significant. 
It is not desi detract in any 
om the intrinsic merit of this book, 


i practised or 

taught in this great nation of ours cannot 
lightly be passed by. 

J. A. Cope, 

Extension Forester, 

Cornell University. 


Herb Primer 


WHAT TO DO WITH HERBS. 
Mary Cable Dennis. 91 pases, appen- 


dix “of Jecipes, index. nm, New 
York, 1939. $1.50. 
Miss De ha: 
andy at her place Rie eda Tout’ aa 
ere she grows herbs, a few each of a 
short list. 


a 

asts with the herbs from her gard 
A bouquet of hyssop, rue and wormwood 
k the flies and for her the 


ay; 
borage grew so ae she had to chop it 
ax 


down with an 


e book is well written but it is scant 


least original. these days 
when so many gardeners are interested in 
growing ine ae a will ve stimulat- 
ing, for it tells a sprightly fashion 


ways of usie these ena plants with 
their ancient family t 
* Heve M. Fox. 


State Flowers 
STATE NAMES, FLAGS, SEALS, 
SONGS, BIRDS, FLOW ERS AND 
OTHER SYMBOLS. George Earlie 
Shankle. Revised edition. 522 pages, 
indexed, illustrated. W. Wilson, 
New York, 1938. $3 
Here is a most useful source of authen- 
i ‘information oe on ea docu- 
The 1 th 


of particular value in a nature library. 
Er tH C. Har 


Plants in Solution. 
PLANT C 


ICULTUR. Guid 
to Peperiments in Growing Plants 
Ay ithour aol ane D. wson and 
M. V. d Edition. 130 pages, 
Dastratoa” ath photographs. Pacihé 

Carbon & Pri ing Co., Los Angele 

Calif. 1939. aL 

aes pular aiseascian of tank farm- 
ing, w frcaltare, hydro} oponics or chemi- 


cure amend a 
wa culture method. 
ice ent, 


y develop, 
instructions on planting anid ee pages 
ie : pale a which supplies 
ma: cured and to various general 
tex ts: 

The a rae a enthusiasts, not scien- 


mistake various chemical “aymbole (Sb 
for arsenic, Po for phosphorus). The 
and Arnon on the same subject 

W. J. Rogsrns, 


Genetics for Students 
PRINCIPLES OF GENETICS. 
mund W. Sinnott ead L, Cc. Dunk 

XIV 408 pages, 147 

: McGraw ue New 

don, 1939. 

ds ie of thi Cat known 

s the high sender of ex- 

cy. earlier editio: i 


unaltered. It still a_ boo Titten 
primarily for the beginning student of 
genetics and is not specifically designed 
for popular consumption. As in previous 
editions, its style is clear oncise and 
its organization logical. 

In general, the te- 


ich the following may 
section on statistical methods no 

longer appears as an appendix, ee - 

broken up and distributed in aa ch a 


fulness of the statistical treatment is 
eee nhan a 

The chapter Genes and Chromo- 
somes is = rearranged and brought up Au 
date er Daas to recent work, 
‘Dineen ay ‘land 

A new cha apt er on Cytoplasmic Inheri- 
tance is introduced, an indication of the 
Tee spirit in which the book is 


he Origin of Hereditary 
Genetics pe Se and 


In spite of added material, total 
Jength of the book is decidedly less than 
that Buy Ss : id edition. 

mber illustrations have 


A new 
oo introduced, and copy of Bridges’ 
of the salivary gland cromoscmes 
in " Drosophit nie lanogaster now appea 
as te fro 
pr alee te which this text has 


s been 

mewhat enlarg 
iy placing them at the ends of ue cone 
ters instead of the end of the bool 


122 


aerate citations still remain 
The bo 


rs of genetics will The: Feta id ar 
this “excellent text ae been reviced 
brought to oe By 
occupy the sam 
in the field of pode textt-bo oks 
was held by previous editi 
Rareu E, CreLann, 
Indiana Universi: 
Current Literature* 
At a Glance 
By ae iad Kavanagh 
ping 
chore 


Desert Garden. Ari 
Dee Botanic Garden and A 
nix and Succulent Tae 


a 
at Phoen me 
nal, Februa ary, 1939. 


New Pina Microentomology is 


one of the newer publications added to 
the library. Published at Feat Uni- 
n Volume 3, 


versity, California, it is no 
Part 3. 


oe “Eaters, The stories back of the 
orts of “man-eating trees” are told, in 
"Carnivore Plant and the Man-eati: 


e” by Sophia Prior in Botany Left 
3 the Field Museum of Natu 


Hist 
Ca — Virus. 

considerable dam 

of wint = 


Black ring has caused 
mage to poe crops 
eae lee cauliflow In 
greenhou the 
francmitted by abbas ge and @ en pea 
aphids infected a serous other 


viras was 


and it 
species of plants.—Journal nee cloricltural 
Research, December 15, 


Hay-Fever Plants. We eds, Waste, 
Hay Fever” 


and 
presents a loud and heartfelt 


plea for conservation and restoration of 
Am suas natural vegetation, which con- 
tail y few s i 


ine 
ae hay fen 
am 


a 
ane ae hich spread by the reduction 
in soil fertility which prevents less harm- 


ful plants from holding their own— 


R. 
Mi house in Natural History, March, 
939. 


* All publications mentioned here—and many 
ed aamen ares be found in the Library oe. The 
Botanical Garden, in the Museum 


Lists of recommended 
and other ae chiefly 
k , with ad- 


Pennsylvania. 


shrubs, bulbs, 


Arc 
suggested are such shrubs as palais oe 
es wlenta and Parrotia 
and peony originations of Mrs. 
Ho oe t Scott, who is a member of the Cor- 
oration: oe the Advisory Council of the 
1 


National Park. 


ae ‘hur 


upport for the pro- 


as a memorial s the “Father of the Na- 

tional Parks” in Publication No. 74 of 

the Emergency Conservation Committee, 
ity. 


New York City. 


Insecticide. Basic copper arsenate, Cu 
(CuOHAs on is as toxic to the insects 
on Pala it n tried as is acid lea 


cid lea 

nate, bu he it ess more slowly so that 
the. seeks eat a ee = aie they 
stop feedin an 2 prey t plants 
than other ands = Jovi 
of Economic Gets February, 1939, 


Plants in Sand. Sand cultures may be 
a practical pare of many problems for 
both a r and professi 

ill a 

lar 

n be kept in various kinds of con- 
faners can be used again oo again if : 
s free gi, and can be used t 


ed from fungi 
stait seedlings or to 2 lan a tha 
turity if the proper fertilizers are ae 
a Sen euler of Seedling. 

e Plan unlap, "Connecti 
Aescanel Experiment Stati Cir- 

cular 129, February, 1939. 

Bamboo. The Rhode Island Experi- 
ment Station has grown bamboo for eight 
years now, promises to al slanae a6 
ful as holder and a of 
plant Paes and it has possibilities “algo 
as a windbreak and as mental 
background plant, 1A. E. Ste ten aay mer- 
ican Bars ryman, March, 

Eco. pers. The Aiea tcan Mid- 
land etwas 1939 con- 


° ihe conference on 
plant ana animal communities held at 
the Biological Laboratories at Cold 


for January 
ings 


123 


Spring Harbor, L. I., August 20-Septem- 
2, 1938 


ing. How and when to mow 
ai more vigorous turf ore 


lished by O. M. Scott Company, Ma rys- 


ville, Ohio. 


Notes, — and Comment 


ock Roc rden 
Weel aie ke Res is year at The 
York Botanical Gard n May 21-28, 


ew 
wih hae and 23 set aside as members’ 
day 
Wallflowers. A feature of the spring 
a pheensrout the month of May at 
e New York Botanica’ 


(bright i ire King (flame), and 
Vulcan elvety red) will be 
shown with deep red Darwin tulips. 


wds. Easter Sunday brought mo 
oe ee thowsand ‘visitors to the Sofie 
ie ee to see ee displays, 

ua ich ind pleas re Si eg ithe 


ich 
filed with ceasoual Aoeeine plants. Most 
the visitors also went through the 


capplenient 

of ten guards si 
Popke ene hout the ay, 
The 


arger crow 


Art Exhibits. Beginning April 22, three 
art exhibits have been scheduled ae ee 
He own in the rotunda and on the za- 
nine in the Museum oe pera one in 
connection wit! ae one of the Saturday 

afternoon lectur 


Mar’ es, English artist, lent the 
Botanical gone a group of her paint- 
ings of Eee gardens to be shown from 
April 22 to May 


Under: ae life off the coast of the Ber- 


ly S 
wild flowers for ae wll be howe 
in the Museum Building beginning May 20. 
Children’s Show. New York young- 
sters ese in oo ee vee are 
dom 


sel ere treated on March 21 
and 22 ar i third annual free flow 
show in Germania Hall on Second Ave 
nue. hirty-five hundr girls 


and continues under the personal manage- 

ment of ne Ji McKenna of The New 

York Botanical Garden. 

the Tens tional Flower Sho 

hibitors contributed plants for the “Child, 
exhibit. In addition, Bobbink & 


At ae ae is 


on some of the large estates. Rae 
f plants in the a pa as one of 
s  taug! ani Has were 


the lesson P’ 

awarded to the Bee writing down the 

ae siete eee the show and 
hat it meant t 


oth. Complete Relea 


letter to Dr. B. O. Dodge. In July 1985 


the Journal in which he told of the 
State’s campaign against this pest and 
begged the people to 


writes, “that we m 
search in this same focality a year ago, 


124 


without finding any sign of the insect, 
we feel justified in stating that complete 
extermination has been achieved.” 


Lily Com . Stout 
in _Philade ae reat 45 a a 
the ae Committee of the 
cult fural Sard and attend 
oe Philadelp hia Flower Sho 


Sta mbers who have re- 
es cra! we eee platforms in- 
ee a a ae Everett, 

Memorial 
eet mn ne Asal eS hela re ae garden 


“Cultivated Trees and 
w Yo rk City’ March 30, 


ures of the Watchu Hills” April 20, 
G oe Club of Morristown, J25 
enna, “Roses” arch 7, Englewood 


Garden Club; “Hardy Bulbs” April 17, 
. Vernon Garden Club. 


Conference. “Rare Myxomycetes Col- 
eae alee was pan on of Rob- 
t H al 


nus 
Central ek and Dr. 
on “The Genus Rochefortia.” 
“Hortus 


Early Bot of 
Americans” 1794, by Dr. Henry Barham 
the 


the li y. Others in tl up are “ 
amily Herbal” by ard Brook, 
“Medical Botany” by A. I. Coffin, M.D. 


and ae nea of Botanical 
Drugs and Pre 


(Mar 


Author. Mrs. Ther G. 
Prentice) Strong, was ‘elected a epee 
hi 


ge of she 
ctive association with 
Her article, Cae in the 
Northeast, ” begins on page 


THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
BOARD OF MANAGERS 


I. ELECTIVE MANAG 
Until 1940: Henry pe Forest BaLpwin Wie freien ne Frick, 


Attyn R. Jennines, Henry Lockuart, Jr., AcDoucaL, Mrs. Harotp 
I. Pratt, and ee R. Swan (President). 
Ke til 1941 C. AucutTer, MarsHart Fiero, Mrs. Eton HuntincTon 
ER, Joun ‘a MERRILL (Pice- president), Cov. Rogert H. MOoNTGOMERY, 
ars H. Hozart Porter. 
Until 1942: ArtHur M. Annerson (Treasurer), PIERRE JAy, CLARENCE 


Lewis, E. D. Merritt, Henry DE La MoNntTAGNE UScevelars and Assistant 
Treasurer), WILLIAM J. Rossins, and J. E. Sprncarn. 
II, EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS 
Fioretto H. LaGuarpia, Mayor of the City of New York. 
Rozert Moses, Park Commissioner. 
JAME! 5 MARSHALL, President of the Board of Education. 
Ill. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS 


y E. Hazen, appointed by the ay Botanical Club. 
ah RPER, Sam F. TELEASE. Epmunp W. Sinnott, and Marston T. 
Bocert, appointed by Columbia University 


GARDEN STAFF 


Wiutiam J. Rogsins, Pu. D., Se. D. Director 
H. A. Gieason, Pu. D. ............-2-- Assistant Director and Head Curator 
Henry DE LA MoNTAGNE Assistant Director 
A. B. STout, Pie Dy cao ee ia ets vs Curator of Education and Laboratories 
Frep J. SEAVER, ie D., Sc. D. Curator 
Bernarp O. Donce, Px. D. Plant Pathologis 
Joun HENDLEY Baenuaei: A. M., M. D. Bibliographer 
Avpert C. Smirn, Pu. D. Associate Cordier 
Hazotp N. Mowvenxs, Pu. Ds Associate Curator 
ExizaBeTH C, Hatt, A. B., B. Librarian 
H. H. Russy, M.D. ......... ee Curator of the Economic Collection. 
Fiepa GRIFFITH tist sane "Photographer 
Percy WILSON rch Associa 
Ropert S. WILLIAMS Research ee in Br clay 
E, J. ALEXANDER...... Assistant Curator and Curator of the Local Herbarium 
, D Ss. Curator 
CiypE CHanopier, A. M. Technical Assistant 
RosaALiE WEIKERT Technical Assistant 
Fre KavanacH, M.A, Technical Assi 
Caro, H. pwarD, A. B. ditorial Assistant 
Tuomas H. Everett, N. D. Horr. Hortie: ae 
WL. re A. M. Doc 
Otto Decener, Collaborator in Haw 3 Botan: ny 
Rosert HacELste Honorary 5 Curator of Mya romycetes 
Erne. Anson S. PEcsiaM. .Honorary Curator, Iris and Narcissus Collections 
Artuur J. Corpetr Superintendent of | Buildings and Grounds 


A. C. PFANDER Assistant Superintendent 


PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 


OOKS 
ustrated Flora of the Medien United States and Canada, by Nathaniel 


n Ill 
Lord peas a pe on Brown. ree volumes, pine de austere and illustra- 
tions of 4,666 s Second edition, Sunt cel, Glsa5 
Flora of ie Prairies and ons oe Seagal Nore eee by P. A. Rydberg. 
969 sages and 601 figu 1932. , $5. ee aid. 


Plants of the ccna of New ve by Ae ones 284 pages, illustrated. 
1935. $1.65. 
Flora of Bermuda, Pe Nathaniel Lord Britton and others. 585 pages with 494 
text aares: 1918. $3. 
Text-book of Gener Lichenology, by Albert Schneider. 230 pages. 
76 plates. 1897. $2. 
Periodicals 
Addisonia, annually, devoted exclusively to colored plates accompanied by 
popular descriptions of flowering plants; eight plates in each number, thirty-two in 
1 N vol 


each volume. ow in ‘ts tatehiey fret volume. Subscription price, $10 a volume 
(four years). Not rey in exchange. Free to members of the Garden. 

Journal of The New York Botanical carden, monthly, containing notes, news 
and non-technical articles. Weer $1 ear: anole copies 10 cents. Free 
to aoe ers of the Garden. ow in its onsen volume. 


cologia, bimonthly, illustrated in color and otherwise; devoted to fungi, 
indi lichens, “containing ee arcicles phe ews and notes of general in- 

$7 ingle $1. Now in its thirty-first volume. 
Taihity- four Wee fades sialon ee $3. 

Brittonia. A series of botanical papers. Subscription price, $5 a volume. 
Now in i third volume. 

North American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plans of North Ancey 
including Greenland, the West Indies, and Central Amer ss Planned to be 
pleted in 34 volumes, each to consist of four or more part ee arts now satel 

ot offe in exchan rices 0 cae 


ributions from The New York Botanical Garden. eG series of tech nical 
e sta 
other than the above. Price, 25 cents each, $5 a volume. In the fourteenth 
volume. 


Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden. A collection of scientific 
papers. Volumes I-VII. Titles on req 

Direct all orders to The New oe Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New 
York, N. Y. 


DIRECTIONS FOR REACHING THE BOTANICAL GARDEN 

The New York Botanical Garden is locates in the Bronx, immediately north of 
the ie Park at Fordham Road, at the south end of the Bronx River 
Par t may be reached by a eas from Grand Central Terminal to the 
Botanical ue Station (200th Street). 

To reach t arden by ee ‘Bitated and Subway systems, take the Third 
Avenue eed ue is ahs end of the line (Bronx Park Station); from the East and 
i es gh 


ways, tr the ine to the 
Third Avenue Elevated at 149th Street and Thir By Eighth Avenue 
subway (Independent ee) take a r CC train is "Bedfo rd Park Boulevard 
oe Str ) then walk east to the Gar den 
r from the city, drive nek on Grand Concourse to Bedford 
Park seed * aooeh Street), turn east there, and cross the railroad bridge into 
the Garden groun 


PaGES / 


Vor, XIE June, 1939 
125-148 


No. 474 
JOURNAL 
THE NEW YORK erent GARDEN 


Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y 
tered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. 
ual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 c 


to members of the Garden 


JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 


Caro, H. Woopwarp, Editor 


June, 1939 
Rosa SPINOSISSIMA, FLOWERING IN May Cover ene by Fleda Griffith 
FUNDAMENTALS OF Rose-GRrowING P. J. McKenna 125 
QuTSTANDING Roses New To THE GARDEN THIS YEAR 129 
ADDITIONAL RosEs oF NoTE 129 


OLp-FasHIONED Roses Live AGAIN AT THE BOTANICAL GaRD: 
Mrs ee L. Keays 130 
134 


me: oF OLD-FasHIONED Rosts PLANTED AT THE BOTANICAL GARDEN 


L. C. Bopsink HoNorED BY THE BOTANICAL GARDEN 134 
oe een FOR THE CONTROL OF Common DISEASES 
D Pests OF GaRDEN Roses B. O. Dodge 136 
WILLIAM HERBERT MepaL AWARDED TO Dr. Stout 
Dr. RickeTt APPOINTED NEw STAFF MEMBER 144 
Reviews OF RECENT Books 145 
Notes, News AND COMMENT 148 


THE ROSE GARDEN 


members of The New York Botanical Garden and others attend the Rose 


roses, but t will also see in a natural rose bowl nearly 600 different kinds of 


in testing and makin, wn the an roses of all periods, this garden, the plants 
i hich are largely the gift this firm, contain wi election of ros 
many types. In this way it fulfills one of the primary horticultural purposes of the 
Botani arden, which is to grow and exhibit as ny different kinds of plants as 
urrent horticultural practice and future possibilities make desi A nical 
Garden thus differs a or a pri arden, in which the aim is mo 


Beauty in planting is by no means neglected here, however, and ie entire garden 
in the rose bowl has been arranged to create a delightful view from every vantage 
point at its margin or within, But in this garden completeness is never sacrificed 
to appearances. The one is made to complement the other. 

Many gardens are larger, and many have greater representations of each kind 
of rose that is shown, but few gardens in America can compare with that at The 
New York Botanical Garden for the number of varieties of roses on display outdoors 
from May until November 


JUN 6 1939 


JOURNAL oe 
of 
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
Vow. XL June, 1939 No. 474 


Fundamentals Of Rose-Growing 
4 Guide for the Beginner 
By P. J. McKenna 

HE art of rose eae ae be said to consist of two phas The 
rst consists of the of the initial Pi abern One: funda- 
mentals that should be de closely adhered to, while the second con- 
aie certain ae es which vary ee local conditions and the 
wishe ee on T. 

The — course, distinct correlation between the two phases, for it 
can i eedy said that the ana or methods used in the actual grow- 


ing of roses are ee an extension of those used in the initial preparation 
and planting. We will approach the sabied therefore with a discussion 
of a. piaetaen ae a the 

e those needs? 


Drainage. Perhaps the most important from a sare of healthy 
roses is the question of proper drainage. It is true tha ses require 
oe moisture during their growing season, lut iene approach- 
ing a waterlo ae See of the soil is a detriment to healthy growth 


in summer, while ich a conden is the chief cause of winter 
killin A ss ee sh aud have some means of draining la the 
hides used depening upon the nature of the soil and of the 

A soil Waar h a sandy or gravelly subsoil affords oer te 1 
drainage, as doe that is sloping. A hard impervious subsoil, how- 


opir 

ever, need s ae eee times it merely requires to be broken up to 
a depth of 3 feet to Laan : necessary drainage and permit of the 
excess water being carried a 

Dra e can be still fe er "side = d ae He beds 3 feet ee 
dees in ee bottom some co material s s broken bricks, 
je or even cinders to a ae of 9 - 12 et On top of he He 

ial place some hae grass-side down; these will prevent the soil fro 
a washed down through the drainage material. Extreme instances of 
stiff clay soil or a low-lying site may require the installation of agricul- 


125 


126 


tural drains, but this job should be undertaken only by someone who 
thoroughly understands the problems involved. 


he Soil. Good root action and vigorous growth are possible only in a 
soil of good tilth, particularly in the region immediately surrounding the 
roots. This is obtained mainly by soil preparation at 2 feet depth, with 
- a ered of manure or old compost that will lighten the soil, 

ender it friable, and assist in forming that loose granular structure that 
ole free te action ae i 

In this region also should ie distributed - essential food materials. 

ues ae other aes buried more than 2 feet d are of little 

ual use to rose plant: oe ey should be ee ae the a 2 feet of 

en a i roots are usually confined. If this work can be performed 

some time in advance a ae nting to 1G. for aeac settling and 

amelioration of the soil it will add still further to the ultimate success 
of the ae 


Planting. The actual operation of aavaiee ae a few details that 
ea co eee strongly. Briefly, the 

1. Dig the hole wide enough to eal of roots being spread out, 
the better to insure contact with the soil. 

2. Keep the roots ecu ee during the process of planting to 
prevent them from a ng out. Immerse them in a pail of water or cover 
them eee rlap. 

ns the soil i is friable, not wet and soggy when planting. The 

proper aac of the soil is one of the prime essentials, yet it is all too 

amen nee cted 

Work the soil thoroughly among the roots and set the plants in 
a. 


a 


Water well after planting to settle the soil around the roots. 
To attempt to work a soil when it is wet and sticky is pare sae 
Even though it may incur a delay in getting the plants into the und, 


it will injure the 

that purpose chi we fly had in Ae the maintenance of a good 
granular condition to encourage free roo 

Depth t ie ail depend on the al of soil ns a light soil one can 
aa much deeper t than in a heavy soil. A good general rule to follow in 
planting roses is to have the junction of the stock a bud about 2 inches 
ee normal soil level. 

With soil preparation and planting considered, we now approach the 
second phase of the subject. 


Pruning. Of all the operations consequent upon rose growing, that of 
eee seems to offer the greatest difficulty to the beginner. All pruning 


Photograph by J. Horace McFarland, courtesy of Bobbink & Atkins 


President Macia, a Hybrid Tea, is reputed to stand up well year after year. 


is based upon one cardinal principle—the habit of flowering ; that is, 
whether a ee produces flowers on the current season's growth or on 
growth of the previous year. 

Hybrid . nd Hybrid Perpetual roses bloom on the current season's 
growth, hence are pruned after the same fashion each spring, w ares 


ing and Rambler roses bloom on growth produced the previous yt 
fore they are pruned after booming = cutting back during rae summer. 
Hybrid Perpetuals, because of their more eae growth, are usually 
not cut back as much as Hybr id ‘ . good method to use in pruning is 
first to remove a thin eros ee just the several main canes 
e the t back to a length commensurate with their vigor. In 


Thes 
Hybrid Denies ae may he from 18 inches or more in length to as low 


128 


as 6 inches in hybrid teas. If the canes are killed back, as paiue in 
ae past wi a er, o there is no choice left but to prune bi ba e firs 
live bud. is work should all be performed in spring se e bu 
ue ieee enough to be tens select them. All cuts oud - nn 


one-quarter to ete inch above the bud selected. 

The pruning of ‘Climbing ne Ra ae r roses Weis a different problem ; 
these are pruned mae flowering, usually in July arly August. There 
are two main types. In one, numerous “tin canes are produced in great 
profusion from oe base each . It is on these canes that the ow ers 
of next year = be borne. ee in ae case consists of merely re- 
moving the canes that have already flowered and ae in the new canes 


for bloom the toile ne year 

Plants of the second t ae require a somewhat different method of 
treatment, for they blcom ‘best on wood that is two, three, or four years 
old and not so much on one-year-old wood. They are best recognized by 
their having 7 canes and large wicked thorns. As a rule they do not 
produce a great rofusion of new canes each year. Pruning therefore 
consists not re et the main canes but in cutting back the side 
growths that have sprung from the main canes. se year, too, it will be 
s and t ve us same ie 

ne 


All climbing an rambler roses when newly oo a have all 
growths cut bac the base a given a fresh 
and General Maintenance. To ha a oes prepared the 
1 and inc n it old cow manure oa bonemeal in sufficient 
ea to supply the initial needs of the plants is sound practice, but, 
rder to mene in the pe ts in health and vigor, some form of supple- 
el feeding will be sary. 
Established roses teat ee a top-dressing of cow manure and fine 
bonemeal each phe ce is ete forked into the surface of the bed, 
taking care not to inju 


w 
= 
5 

33 
° 
» 


should he applied at ne rate car 3 pounds per square gard, and watered in 
with a hose at ten-day intervals until the end of — Aes all feeding 
should cease to permit of the canes saute before the of winter. 
All fertilizers should be ae hen the soil is — . an should be 
watered in Sea ea afterward. 

Clean cultivation of the ae ee be practised throughout the growing 
season a al spent flowers should 2 removed to conserve the vigor of 
the plants as well as for sanitary reasons. 

Winter Protection. The last oe consists of hilling up around the 
bane winter protection. This is done after frost has stopped al 

wth. Tall plants are reduced in gh by shearing of the tops. The 
Ge are then hilled up around their base with soil or a mixture of soil 


129 


and coal ashes. With this covering, water drains away and the canes are 
kept dry, which would not happen were any oth 
leaves or strawy manure, used for their winter prote 

Roses require attention all during their growing season. Practical ways 
of keeping them free from diseases and pests are given by Dr O 
Dodge in another part of this Journal. 


mn 
aa. such as ol 


Outstanding Roses New to the Rose Garden This Year” 
PHYLLIS GOLD. Hybrid Tea. - Gold Medal ae of the National te Society 
ie nd). <A rose of fine shape ie Selb promising fu ae 
K DAWN. Hybrid iam Not exactly new, Fit : finest pink int oe ed in 
ae four aes - combines good growth, color, form, and dee ae 
QUEE TY. "Hybeid Tea. Like Golden Dawn, from which it came, 
it is remarkable te sor foliage and its ability to keep on flowering when 
others are past their bes 
PICTURE. cae aoe - lovely rose which has been neglected for some unkno 
agua Its p possibilities ha have ees been realized and Bobbink & Atkins cHtead 
to make it o yf in 


last eee oe ws S 1207 a ar). A new type of rose developed by 

itman Cro: ‘or ees raihiee than pon of flower, it has 

‘kably ane Hea foliage, produces large clusters of flowers continuously, 

and is is in oe a strong growing, fool-proof, shrubby rose adaptable to almost 
any situat 

GOLDEN DRUSCHKL Hybrid Perpetual 


A golden yellow counterpart of the 
en Avent Frau Karl Druschki. 
class. 


welcome addition, as yellows are scarce in 
N KING. Rugosa Hybrid. Although classed as a Rugosa, the foliage and 

flower are of Hybrid Tea form, similar to Dr. Eckener. 

segs rere a STELLA POLARIS. Two very fine improvements on the true 


LADY B BOUNTIFUL. Climber. A seedling of American Pillar with remarkable 
Rugosa-like foliage, which looks as if it might develop into a first-rate creeper. 
Additional Roses of Note 
Hybrid Teas 


ATROPURPUREA YY ANNE LANDON 
AMI QUINARD BENEDIKT ROEZL ee eee VON 
MRS, PIERRE S. DU PONT CARMEN 
ENCHANTRESS 
HILDENBRAN ‘ 
Polyanthas now pWaee Hybrid Perpetuals 
parent SOUV, DE PHILEMON EMPEREUR DU MAROC 
COCHET ECLAIR 
SHANTIE STERN VON PRAG AN’ BATTLES 
HYTHE CLUSTER TEUSHEEDE BING “GEORGE V. 
R VANG PHILIBERT BOUTIGNY 
HaOoE®: : REINE DES VIOLETTES 
AGNES Climbers TOM WooD 
AGNES EMILY CARMAN APRICOT URDH 
LAR BEAR GOLDEN ORANGE CLIMBER VICTOR TESCHENDORFF 
ROSERAIE DE L'HAY NETS EVEREST 
SANGUINAIRE Nu. 


IRE DE MARGOTTIN 


* These lists were prepared by the late William Murray of Bobbink & Atkins, whose untimely 
death occurred late in April, in the midst of preparations for The een York Botanical Garden’s 
Rose Conference, in which he was to have played an important part 


130 


Old-Fashioned Roses Live Again 
At The Botanical Garden 
By Mrs. Frederick L. Keays 


HE planting of a border of old-fashioned roses this year at The New 
York Botanical Garden, pee the courtesy of Bobbink & Atkins, 


will bring these worthy flov to the attention of thousands of people 
who for the first time will pestis how lovely and distinctive are 
favorites of former days. ther persons, remembering them from 


past, will be surprised to learn how many have survived through ne 
years of neglect. 
Interest in the preservation of old roses never really died out. Senti- 


mental ioc oe to perserve certain ones. Families have kept 
them through ral generations. Migrations carried them over the 
country we i cee are found almost everywhere 


1 . Oo 
late, appreciation of their beauty, fragrance, and hardiness has been steadily 
mounting. The movement for their preservation has been stimulated by 
the co a ae pace of forgotten roses by Mr. L. C. Bobbink and 
other lovers of e sturdy, faithful types. 

At oe che cae settlers coe roses in ba ay eis 
dens, choic y limited. Ther the fou species, Ros 
gallica, Re cent ae ae "R. alba, and R. dnmascon es ancient  Maiden’s 
Blush and Celestial, forms of alba: and Lancaster, a form of 
eae a few aerate variants ; ae Sicee tbrier, Cinnamon, and 
such other sorts as we find noted in the books of the herbalists, By 1785, 
time of William nei “Planting and Rural Ornament, al 
hyb ao and vigorous s ae planting had brought forth a small list 

of varieties of the four great s' of Sweetbrier, and a Scotch roses. 
Climbing 1 roses at that time add oe ‘d R. sempervirens, R. oe (now 
known as R. pendulina), and both single and double ae 

vo everblooming roses from China, Old Blush China aa Red China 
were iotrodaced in 1789 and hailed with delight. Soon there came a 
series of crosses ees » Fe bloomers or ae et ever-bloomers— 
probably one cr ing in a class called Hybrid 
Chinas: roses w ith ane ey splendid ie oe song blooms in a range of 
colors, with a blooming period of five or six weeks but showing no ten 
dency to repeat. One variety and an pana one is placed in the 
border planting, River’s George the Fourth. The class was ay nea a 
hundred years ago and more; now it is almost lost. So far only five 
viving varieties have been ee to our knowledge 

Early in the 19th century rose interest was stimated by two events: 
the fitese nation of the ae and the yellow Tea roses; and the creation of 


131 


a rose ae at Malmaison by the Empress Josephine, in which every 
and pro ners was planted. New varieties of the as 
booing roses, including Moss roses, un - Pe and Tea roses 
wed this wide view of the an 
on Noisettes came in. 
had its experimental st 
ar 


s known as Bou aes 
i new Hens heh so the Hybrid itl 
It was an ex 7 ime, 
ieties Ae now been lost forever. Naturally the surviving 
old roses are the most self-sufficient kinds, are of holding their own 
against neglect, eae uaauiseeg grass and bi oe and bad weather. 
Fragrant, they of fine rose form, of te rank color, distinctive 
foliage ; roses os oe structure aie a will t 
ah — ance cannot be dis: 


Countless 


o liv 
ted from a an rose. In most old 


most 

is i licious: Rie old-timey scent of Rosa cain ola. sharp 
a stating the rich deep scent of damascena, suggesting wi 
Pp en a 


warmth and 
erma: : clean, healthy, honest scent of gallica, and the tender 
Se 
Beauty in rose 2 teen 


is not restricted to one long-budded, high-centered 
form. Far from it. Cupped, globular, expanded, imbricated forms are 
among ae ers forms in old roses, with the outline often a perfectly 
flowing curve of the 


win circle. 
Folia ne “prickles oe growth present the eee ae 
however, and are largely the basis of classifying old r . The 


form of Rosa gallica, for instance, = thi Kish tough ue 
number, pubescent beneath a smooth 
prickles, standing about three rose- 
a sais with a b r threes, 

n proportion, als, a rnd ee tube 


feet high, bearing semi- -do wae ey 
rilliant ring 7 stamens, singly o 
fragrant, with short sepal 


iter a fo number o 


_ 


e 

ssible to date them. lors - from the pale 
Belle Isis and ae white with pink center of Louise Méhul to the 
on “pore of Cardinal Richelieu. Others are ee marbled or 
spo 


ee centifolia has broad, down-dropping, 


sometimes quite wrinkled 
leaflets, the edges deeply serrated and glanded: handsome foliage on stalks 
with unequal prickles, some strong, some weak; the plant eis and 
rising to five feet and more. The eae eee are very full, very 
fragrant, good clea: eee ay eta ong stem, “coming ee 
from ends and along the stalk. As  aiboine open the “cabbage” form 
is shown with stamens hidden 


Sep: a in the type oe 7 not ae 
developing into an oval hip. Varieties of 
R cas will be aie lacking or reversing typical details, but on the 


The calyx tube 


132 


large count car a ees Seana Varieties in the Scams 


planive jeg = fro undated Red Provence and Ros 
des Peintres, to Konig n Dain ark and Variegata di Bologna sf 
quite eee pue Sone ete ies Sie not kept the cabbage form of 
bloom. Some e foliated sepals and reflex them. Mme. d’Hebray hi 


hem. 
aire so sce that it appears blistery and rusty red. 
n the common Moss rose the w Me = fees characteristics of 
R. oe of which it is considered t sport, ch exagge- 
5 : 


g E “ry po dur arl 
Victorian decades. The named varieties in the pas date between 
1840 and 1860. Crested Moss, a charming rose, seems more like R. centi- 
folia than Moss, as the little bunches of bristles are not eer It g 
ae a He name Chapeau de Napoleon and dates back to 1827, Ir Mos SS 
wide range of color from soft flesh- fon to deep purple, 

maroon, wee nea aw The general opinion seems to be that when a 

ariety shows these deep colors Rosa gallica i eis: into its 
connor. 

Rosa damascena, like R. gallica and R. — in its merge forms 
goes back to oS - me of Pliny, Virgil and ue It i be the 

ose of the Crusaders; it was eS rose of the early Sek se in 
oe, quite oe tely. she of R. ne are paler, moderately 
large, five to seven in number iE athery, and the young foliage is quite 
downy. Stalks are fiercely ee with prickles; they rise to about four 
feet, and carry fragrant pink blooms sot w hich Parkinson says, ‘The 
flowers are of a fine deep blush colour, as all know, with some pale yellow 
threads in the middle, of most eee sweete sent far surpassing all 


e often prettily winged and long pointed. The calyx tube is longer 
ee the others; the hip bright red and rather soft. 

Rosa damascena ne ed a repea ting tendency as early as the time of 
Virgil, who wrote about its “two springs In her book of plates of 
1797 Miss Mary Lawrence shows white, pink and red pe Peas, 
called also ‘Roses of Four Seasons.” ieecics is not 
to 


ntly ti ob e nam Da 
“Da amask roses ee in the a very highly perfumed, with a 
wide range of color. The Hybrid a roses remarked about above, 
crossed with Damask Perpetuals, provided the greater part of the new 


e site o 
R. centifolia, R. alba, R. dae and China, conan ready but unused 
for years, for the crossing in of the Tea rose to make the great modern 
class, Hybrid Tea. 


Two typical old-fashioned roses 


Photographs by courtesy of Bobbink & Atkins 


Such es survivors as are planted in the old rose border tell that they 

are roses of easy ae that, ae they can Oe without culture. How- 

hey will give the grower a welcome answer to his kind attention, 
Aoaishing reer when given ee aes ha some fer ul 

. because too much may push them into an stalk and 

flag at the expense of bloo Otherwise they be ee pen 

o bloom when expected. 

They can take hard ae but seem more rewarding when eae 
where oe can go their n gait, being merely cleaned of dead wood a 
shortened for protection ee rocking wind. In general Mee sun 
ae air, the Mosses, especially, ee 2 a sunny airy loc: Old 


es gather up tl g n th 
foliage and worms like to chew their ds. They ey sould therefore 
be sprayed ; but they can take the blights. “They have endured mildew and 
worms for generations, or we would not be ae them today. 

When growing on their own roots these June-flowering old roses car: 
on propagation by root suckering. sending up stalks away from the main 
center. These can oS cut off and planted. As a rule they will not strike 
from cuttings. The asional exception is in R. damasccna. It and its 
fory n be vlereacea by budding but, judging by their — 
thrifty and healthy performance ee grown on their own roots, i uld 
seem that nature intended that such old roses as these should grow ihe 
own thickets of suckers and insure their own self preservation 


. At left, Rosa damascena; right, Rosa gallica in the single form. 


134 
List of Old-Fashioned Roses Planted at the Botanical Garden 


Rosa gallica and hybrids Rosa centifolia and hybrids 


A GALLICA MARMORATA ROSA CENTIF 
ROSA M KONIGIN VON DANEMARK 
ROSA GALLICA ROSE DES PEINTRES 
BELLE ISIS VARIEGATA DI BOLOGNA 
neue NELOULE VIERGE DE CLERY 
ADIEU DE: RORDIOR PETITE ORLEANAISE 
c DE RICHELIEU RED EROVENCE 


a, , 
LOUISE MEHUL 
NOUVELLE TRANSPARENTE 
TEN TIE, 


REE PARM 
DUMORTIER DUC D’ANGOULEME 
DUCHESSE DE BUCCLEUGH MME. D'HEBRAY 
DUC DE GUICHE 
PRESIDENT DE SEZE 

eeire Rosa centifolia muscosa 
LA COURONNE TENDRE MUSCOSA JAPONICA 
JEANNETTE MALVINA 
MERCEDES a 
ME. SAPORTAS 
pHoRBUS QUATRE SAISONS 
OVAL SikRBRER CAPITAINE JOHN ING 
ROSE PONCHEAUX CATHERINE DE WURTEMBERG 
TRI R JEANNE DE MON 


ANEII 
MARIE DE BLOIS 
OLD PINK MOSS (COMMUNIS) 


OSA DAMASCENA 

JACOBUS VARIETY CELINA 

KAZANLIK CRESTED M 

IARIE LOUISE DUCHESSE D’1STRIE 
ME. HARDY NUITS DE YOUN 


OF. EMILE PERROT KING GEORGE IV (CHINA HYBRID) 


L. C. Bobbink Honored 
By Botanical Garden 


N gone ee C. Bobbink by a oo a a bronze plaque 
in the rden, The New York Botanical Garden is bringing recog- 


nition to die man Taio more tha 


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t 3 p.m., with Jo eph R, ae oe iH fe ha at ing. 
n for of Holland 


8 
ing to America in 1895 a 
eae Mr. Bobbink fund in use ave ae a nn nies of 


135 


shrubs, scarcely half a dozen kinds of Hybrid Perpetual roses. and almost 
no well grown Hybrid Teas. Moreover, there was little appreciation for 
the ee variety of fine woody plants which he had to offer. After he had 
passed a successful apprenticeship in Holland, spent three years at work 
in nurseries in Germany, ae as long in France including a year at the 
Jardin des Plantes, and three years more with nurseries oe “outside of 
London, his first American venture appeared to be a failur 
But the following year he came back, bringing some ae of his own, 
and with this he set himself up ia business at Rutherford. New Jersey. 
Before the end of the century, the Lei of Bobbink & .\tkins was 
adie and the business grew, as Am s learned of the beauty of 
these new types of nursery aia Bobbi : & Atkins became the pioneer 
norte in quantity of box “an ie trees, many coniferous evergreens, 
ododendrons, azaleas, se paln and were the origina al introducers of 
ae of our choicest ornamental ee material which is in use today. 
ways a pile plantsman, with an almost instinctive knowledge of 
plants, their varieties, their culture, and their future possibilities, Mr. 
Bobbink soon ane specializing in ro’ Until about 1914, most nursery- 
men believed that the a jon a “fe eld-grown roses on a commercial 
scale in America was impossible. Their canes a ae been due 
to the use of unsuitable ee for the under: o Mr. Bobbink deter- 
mined to find the right sort. Pas astern ae “St tates, he discovered, 
the most enn stock was the Japanese strain of Rosa multiflora. His 
use of this stock, plus his pegs of many new varieties : ae 


2 
72 
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ea 
r his all, 
oe knowledge of roses and his er rsistent Senicae on them, Ameri- 
an gardens tay bn be nearly barren of one of their loveliest and 
ae reliable flov 
Not only did Mr. Bobbink oo many new varieties. but he also 
sought out ee finest of the old roses. To him great credit is due for the 
re-introduction of the charming old- fashioned roses into the gardens 
of today. 


Mr. Bobbink’s uncanny instinct for what is best in plants has Atte de 
great horticultural riches to America. His popularization of the rose has 
had far-reaching effects. a ee of oe plants to fniporis e rose 
gardens in -\merica have served to acquaint the public with the many 
roses that can be grown succesfully in this ae While many gardens 
have benefited from his generosi eae New York Botanical Garden is 
especially indebted to him, for s 1923, the rose garden. which now 


contains more than 6,000 plants in ee 600 choice varieties and natural 
species, has been largely the gift of the firm of Bobbink & Atkins; espe- 
cially, since Mr. Atkins’ death, of Mr. Bobbink personally. 


136 


Some Suggestions For The Control 
Of Common Diseases And 
Pests Of Garden Roses By B. O. Dodge 


[* previous issues of this Journal? the writer has discussed some of the 
common practices nO im use in the control of fungous diseases and 
insect pests of ros \s these numbers are no longer generally available 
to our Toadens it may ie timely to review some of the principles involved 

rowing he ealthy roses. Mildew and black-spot are still our most 
ee enemies, 


Rose Mildew 

Every rose grower is familiar with early sv uae of cies by the 
powdery mildew fungus, — re the younger . es tend to curl, exposi 
the lower surface. Such aves are ap ow a more sr es green 
color than usual. Where oe tip-ends of i. canes of pole roses ar 

ected, leaves are dw ne and — Young canes te cieee 
downward from the tip for a of a foot or more. In cases of 
serious infection, the es of canes wi ‘ll be killed. When flower-buds are 
infected they do not 


ae 


The celium of the fungus a rasite is entirely superficial. On the canes, espe- 
cially, there are several layers of the fungus threads forming a mat over the surface 
(Fig. 1). Sections of the infected cane or leaf will show no thread actually penetrat- 

the cortex he cane. But 


ing eae epidermis, the palisade cells of leaves, or of the car 

practically every epid: 1 cell will show the prese of ucking organ called a 
haustorium. Fro il of a superficial thread or hypha, a very fine tube is put out 
a this penetrates the cuticle and outer cellulose wall of the epidermal cell, and 
tilarges in the cell ca (Fig his sucking organ is surround nass 


1 cell « ig. 1,5). organ is surrounded by a m 
of material which is probably composed of some cellulose-like substance developed 
by the host, possibly as a protective measure. These haustorial structures of the rose 
of ae iderm 


mildew have never been studied sufficiently. With every ar epi is in- 
vaded, the effects on further growth eee aa a A serious. e is one case where 
aene or bordeaux mixture or other c mpounds a ctitall y ill the fungus 


ium; therefore they may be rleseas s " then as true fungicides. In case of 

Hackese and most other fungi these compounds merely prevent the germination of 

Control. As so jon as hybrid teas and hybrid perpetuals have been 

pruned in early ing, the dormant plants should he ruses ee com- 

mercial lime- Gh using 1 gallon of the liquid with 15 or 20 gallons o 

water. Full-strength reer te may injure the more ae canes of 
m0 


g 
. Later on one should begin dusting the plants with sulphur as 
soon as the first leaves are out. Two or three applications a few days 


“1 Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 30:105-124, 1929. 
Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 33 :45-53. 1932. 


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§. Feeding organs or haustoria invading upper 


6. Mass of cellulose-like substance surrounding the 


Green cell layers of the leaf. 


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(Drawings were made with the assistance of Miss Bass Guttman, a W.P.A. employee.) 


Fig. 2. eat of — stages a. infection of rose leaf by the black- spot fungus. 
L ae . 2. Fun oe ten or ere ; . Cuticle of leaf. 
idermal Cells: mpervious cross-wal infection 


ee ie tube. 
6, 7. Hanstoria or feeding organs a oe 8. Beginning ‘of the strands of 
brown fungus threads that give black-spot its color and fringed margin. (After 
Aronescu.) 


apart ones be all that will - ee Later on in the season mildew 


will appear again unless the roses have been regularly dusted in controlling 
black a Infection by ie occurs most readily when the air is 
saturated with moisture, but the spores of the parasite do not germinate 


well when the leaves are wet ry dew or rain. This probably accounts 
for the fact that mildew, unlike black spot, is not favored by continuous 
rains 


oe 

There are a number of ne ee diseases of roses caused by fungi. in- 
sects, re other agents. Black-spot can > ese an spots 
a e darker ee and ae toe the The ur either 


e ns erside or the upperside of the in . W ne a hand re 3 small 


Probably no rose variety is immune to oe but ae ordinary 
garden conditions certain varieties are more susceptible than others. Some 
ike Golden Ophelia, lose their leaves very soon after i 


roses, like Go fia, lose th 1 after infection. 
Others like Grange Colombe, do not easily ne aah leaves, but the spots 
continue to grow and often become as laces a dim 

The first einen aoe in early summer, the spores brought to the under- 
side of the lea sult of dashing of rain which causes the particles of soil 
carrying spor ee te os sticte d upward to become attached to the lower side of the 


leaves. Later “oh, as the black-spot Gane matures, spores are carried from leaf to 


139 


leaf by insects, artificial watering, and the dashing of rain. Most pease occur on 
the upper surfaces then. As a rule spores germinate in films of water on the leaves. 
The infection tube penetrates the leaf cuticle, after which it develops in tl the ore bie 
of the seem ole just beneath the cuticle (Fig. 2). ey fe mee hour i 
pervious wall (Fig. 2, 5) is laid down ee e fungus near of catianee 7b 
that no matter how soon afterward the sun may dry t the eat, = nee much sprayin; 
is then done, further penetration of the eee is not preven 

Within ten or fifteen hours after spore germination the ae sends out haustorial 
feeding organs into the epidermal cells and proceeds invade the epidermis of the 

ir ing many toria. Th i 


The branching is rather irregular and this gives the spot its siebaceiios “appearance 
with a fringed margin. Fig. 3 gives further details of black-spot infec! 
ontrol. While the powdery mildew fungus threads are a super- 
ficial, the mycelium of black-spot, as noted above, is mostly under the 
protecting cuticle, so that the application of fungicides can 10 t kill the 
s withou 


good grade of ene eee the ae ae granules prevent the 
Sao ee of the ores. Giv ight hours de eau 
for the leaf, the fung fou oe aes and . further progres not 
be halted without ee the leaf. Cor of black- ae sh oe Begin 
with the gathering and burning of all oie fee at the end of the grow- 
ing season. The fungus overwinters in these old leaves and the — are 


. 
ray 


(? 
ws 

i" 
cafe: 

a8) 


Fig. 3. Diagram of section of leaf infected with the black-spot fung i. Cuticle. 
2. Cushion Au two-celled spores. 3. Subcuticular threads of the pas 4+. Haus- 
toria or feeding organs. 3%. Epidermis of the leaf. 6, 7. Green cell layers of the leaf. 


140 


scattered to mix with the soil, which, as noted above, may be ae 
upward by early rains to ae ae to ie lower side of the 
Dusting shoul begin as s s the lea well out and ce aaae ail 
summer. s forme: ey our er ee liso ntinue our dusting by the 
15th of panne but we have found that many new infections occur 
later, as we have a @ lone ae season in m Sew York 

Pro tection of the roses on surance of good growth the 
next year. That half of a ee wh ne as wae protected while the 
other a not ae protect will show a effect the following season; 
the protected plants will make a much more v net ous growth. 

Certain dusting adobe are dyed gre that the foliage does not 

ly discolored. The addi 


a pois g 
possible when the folia nee is ee “A light pape more frequently 
i is oe ae ome roses oe two applications a week 
es the season. It is not necessary © put on so eens that it shows on 
oliage. In the cold weather of ae or fall, a ar is not ver 
eae aedinet black-spot ; and as copper sprays are o be injurious 
one way or another to roses in this area, we are still in eae of the ideal 
fungicide for roses 


Fig. 4. Two stages of gray mold, Botrytis, showing how it prevents the opening of th 
flower-buds of roses. At left, gray mold on a winter-killed cane, from where t 
will infect the living plant, unless the cane is cut and burned before the spores 
are released. 


Gray Mold or Botrytis Blight 


Certain hybrid tea roses are susceptible 
to attacks by the fungus a is le which 
fro he 


efor 
tainly prove less destructive and no doubt 
as effective as a fungicide. 


Brown Canker 


e are several fungi that cause cank- 
The m i 


area, eae nee oa 
ite. 


of the 


I eg wl ae 
larly di h As to oatrol 
black-spot, we now h eth teats dif- 
ficulty ir Chiang: spect ms of this 
disease, whereas originally it was very 
common and ioe 

growers usually hesitate to cut 

out a cane of epi rose bearing a 
canker of this type, especially if it is go- 
ng loo: ch a will die a 
way an destruction in tim it e 

ny nes 


many other canes. y p 
particularly subject to brown canker. 
every case es canes should be cut 
out and bur 


«The figures stand for 4 pounds bluestone 
50 gallons of water. 


Fig.5. Crown gall on Hybrid Tea rose. 


Crown G i 


soil may be sterilized with formalin and 
aiged i remain a week or two before 
planting new 
Firus Dise 
ent years, certain cases of vi Tus 


mottling 
leaf discoloration. ing 
ut of the infected canes did not eee 
the development of the disease on ne 
nes springing up from 
mG the plant was in a vig 
aud about eight feet high.  Pewer blooms 
id less growth developed each aes ios 
w bee 


inte he ailing plant has 
cut almost to the groun AY ee hy 
brid tea roses in the same garden showing 


East, but rose growers should inspect 
their plants with a w to destroying 
plants that appear to be infected with a 
virus, 


(copper sulphate), 4 pounds hydrated lime, and 


usually appear on roses with 
. The flower stalks 
become in- 
fested v rly. The a has 
oe contact spray com pound on the mar, 
de found that 40 per- 
ia - af 40 and 
a very ec 
tive, although certain pepe and der- 
a products are i less fa ectionable as ae 
app ned. Ni 


phids 


e the 


nay be eee a repeat “the Spraying 
be ecause of new infestations. 
oe 
there are usually 
The first 
or early 


arden 
two infestations by ee aisle 
the lat X 


the 

i " Thorough spraying of the 
s of the nike with a strong 
ontact spray, repeat after 2 a few days, 
will kill the young le; ath oppers. If spray- 
ing is delayed until the wsects have ma- 
tured, cont is very 
difficult. 


rol by contact sprays 


Rose Chafer 


senate of lead, to 4 lev 


reatn nai , not very 
se er and the 
Japanese beetle. ee roses 
in full bloom it is “vious inadvisable 
t senate of lead 

un apott ing of the 

foliage. The Pt in which the rose 
chafer does its damage is very short and 


the most practical method of coor oine 
these ene is 2 pk ck them off bus! 
into a can of ker 


Japanese Beetle 
t satisfactory method y 


this way 


son is ov S oliage damage 
‘ollow if the plants are not sprayed wit 
aaa of lead or with a es prepa- 


um sulphate 
hi 

rains wash the 
Thi xtu: 

‘ood r repellent cue while 


vented 


stomach poison 
ie formula is ta 


Tf the 1 ther grass plots in 
é vicinity of gardens are protected 
ete the larvae or grubs of the Japa- 


OWL rose yee here treatment of all 
grass plots with 10 pounds of arsenate of 
ead 1,000 s. ware oe has not only 


nee served to nae . 


aep li ed ae ae The. of year o 
the app plication is ciimetedat as long 
the ground is A frozen. This 
will be effective for at least 
Where the stilphiie dust appli ed in the 
écntrot “of fungous diseases. contains 10 
per cent arsenate of lead, the soil in the 


143 


rose beds will eventually be impregnated 
with sufficient pleas — lead to prevent 
— from feeding on the roots of the 
a rule, how. wever, the adult 
beetles lay. their eggs in lawns 


Other Chewing Insects 


a sulphur dust to which has be 
a 10 per cent as of lead is regu: 
larly applied to in the control of 


ger n Dp ) 
the arsenate to 100 aoa of water and 
one aes of fish oil, or some other 
eader, 


Miscellaneous Diseases and Pests 
Anthracnose, rust, various leaf-spots, 
cankers and other fungous diseases are 
as destru 
d 


y not apt to be tr 
. The spiral ae cane-borer infre- 
a Hugonis, and 


ane-borers 
sities 


emer; 


dentally . the calohur. dust used against 
black-spot. 
The ia 


stershell scale vege and 


The old ens of vari- 
ties of the Dorothy Perkins type are 
ordinarily cut out each year er the 
looming son to make ro for the 


e dormant “anplica 
tion “S pee sulphur as strong as 1:9 9 
be nece 


S 
a4 
pt 
Se 
= 


Equipm 
A one-quart brass or copper atomizer 
is one of the most useful pieces of equip- 
a small home 


Most home nee Ts acaure or 4- 
gallo: ss pressure sprayer. Some pre- 
fer a 3-gallon knapsack sprayer. ia ae 


Angle one: are 


For the lage garden or estate, the 10- 
gallon hand-pump spray outht would Hie 
able. There are also now 
market 50-gallon power sprayers, 
ped with two rubber-tired wheels. 
ca! ved about in a 


o 
up to iT ‘e pressure, 

A one-pint or one-~ adil hand duster, 
operated by a piston compressor, is more 


z 
Rose cane- ‘borer ina Hybrid 


Perpetua 


144 


reliable than the bellows types; at least 


it is more easily repaired. 


‘oses The piston type of duster is better 
ior high pole rose 
quipment commonly lacking but very 
essential would include: measuring spoons, 
pint, quart, and sures, a 
spring scales, one grad 
other 


uated t 
ae ounces, anothe we 
nds. 


to eh 


one uses the 50-gallon paws 
ie. 


e cut down very much for spra: 
brid Tea roses. Damage can be done to 
tender leaves by too for 1 spraying, as 


jent, and that is mor 
one uses the patios! hand 
ie pressure sprayer. 
possession and use of the right 
equipment for applying pete and dusts 
is ee Las battle in combatting diseases 
and pests of roses. 


William Herbert Medal 
Awarded to Dr. Stout 


The American Amaryltis Society has 
announced the awarding of one o 


A.B oe recognition his “out 
standing ork i reeding, logy, 
genetics, introducti tion of new wild type: 


ages show of Dea 
wil Herbert ‘778. is) who in 
1837 rblened his great on the 
Amaryllidaceae—a_ study whic HN renaine 
fee book for horticulturists and bot- 
On th 


. t 
aie taken from Leopold uy ttin- 
ick’s “Thesaurus Botanicus” (181 


Established by the American halo 
1936, the medal was first 


in ‘urd 
; Fred H. Howard of Mon 
iJ. Ba of the Royal 
otanic Garden at ites ile nd ; a 
S. Percy-Lanca See of tl yal 
Ses So sai at nee Trias 
besides . Sto 
Winners in te Kre 
= oo Houdyshel, ae bert Damn 
. du Pont, and Jar 


resent year, the society has 


3 
Eo 
8 
a.° 

2 


a 
announ 


Dr. Rickett 4 ppointed 
New Staff Member 
Dr. Harold William Rickett, Associate 
Professor “ot Botany at ne ee of 
Missouri, has been appoi ted Assistant 
Bibliographer at The New Bot i 
den. 


ae Ga He will assume his dut 
out July 1. 
orn in Se Dr. Rickett took his 


ork at tanta after study- 
ity. He hi 


Royal Botanic 
Gardens at Kew : 
in Hae ee = in 1920, an h.D. in 
1922, s assistant in the botany 
department during his last three pear’ = 
the Uni of Wisconsin. He 


then apne int ae an instructor. 
From 1924 to 1928, he was assistant 
_ the ive! of 


professor of botany 
Assur: since then he has been asso- 
ciate professor bas In 1937- 38 he 


taught as Me professor of botany at 
Reed Colleg n Or ae 

Ri ae . orked in plant mor. 
and eee and is the aut thor 
f 


Dr. 
phology 
papers, especially in the 


of a munber ° 
er a 

tt the Garden will consist in 

. Gleason a 

rth 


eee ican Flora 


145 


The New 


Reviews of Recent Books 


(All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of 
York Botanical Garden.) 


Plant Chemistry for the Specialist 
THE CHEMISTRY OF PLANT 
eaten alee eas Ole Gisvold and 
Charles H. 309 pages, index. 
Burgess: Bablishing Co punneapelis, 

Minn. edition. $3.50. 

an excellent book ie the spe- 

the carbohydrates, ae 


noids, fan- 


ne: 
Sota mee 
menia He It is 
with s 
and the 


pounds discussed is very useful. 
oo! s t 


o the advanced student 
and investigator. 
W. J. Roppins. 


Biology for the Young 
In Wo. sd They Can 
Understand 
ENTURES WITH LIVING 
THINGS. Elsbeth Kroeber and Wal- 
Jolff, 798 apaess 7 pee heures, 
bend. D.C. ath & ny, 
1938. st 96. 


putable 


ittle or no compr ion of -b 
materials.* High school text books offer 
© some students a maze of verbal com- 


save and difficulty which they never 


“* English Monograph No. 6 of the National 
Counc of Teachers of English. D. Appleton— 


Elsbeth ica and Walter H. Wolff, 
widely recognized as inspiring teachers 
and euRCestul ‘ini 


traversed Yerbal. b ri lee 
and subject. Tea 
hav e had to forget iniveceal truths, basic 
principles dele attitudes and habits 
of scientific thinking in an effort to over- 
come students! language handicaps, now 
have an invaluable tool in Adventures 
With Living Thing: 
No biology text book has been written 


of biology who 


comes e cane nt’s 


the text, 
i rst-hand 


relation en 
Ot Gia” hence the need 
caaneene all ie tou having to 
wade thro ugh a we of involved ter. 
miney 
I, How Plants and Animals Live, 
ee a ay . ae way in which 
plants and animals out mer ee 
functions Ehaconmere relatio 
stressed. A wealth of iistrtions of 
sacptations ‘of living things to thei: 
vironments makes the 
more meantnetal 
Part III presents - 
z B 


ng pater 


Great Generali- 


tines of Biology: that there is unity 
in all living things; a balance of life on 
the planet; and con: change on the 


these concepts, with a picture of ‘the S- 


146 


sible future of mankind, are arrived 


at 

logically and _ . most appropriate psy- 
chological procedure. 

While the quantity of illustrations is 


that the subject matter dealing with 
Genetics, Selection and scars and Cel 
lular Division might a fuller, 
more enriched presen ry io: 

e for 


biology, 
and economic factors that affect the bo: 
and girl in a pea world, we feel 


aches a new 
achievement. 
JEROME METZNER, 
Bronx High ae of Science 
AM PENZER, 
ee “High School, 


Gardens To See in America 
THE GARDENER'S TRAVEL BO 


trated. Hale, man & Fli int, Boston, 
1938. $2.50. 

The idea behind The Gardener’s Travel 
Book is definitely a good one. Nobod: 
thought of it before, yet nothing has bee: 
needed m than a guide book for gar- 


are oa excellent 
graphs, besides ae and city maps. 
book s serve two 
puroosees Reet to ee pas uide book, and 
second to be good reading. This is an im- 
for it results in 


oO 
1 op 


ill eventu- 
ily h i : for ev in the 
U.S. oO write an 1M 


Fareington ‘what he fas left o 
His firs may ig ‘have ey 
1 


from os Wha en. The Nev 
World’s Fair is not Fagan Catite 
nians have seen 


more a 
senite then at any previous one, as the 


The main scheme 
I by a central board 
ign ach 


area is much lar 


which has passed on the design of e 
exhibitor. An entire eaate “Gardens | on 
ay garden: ns, 


> 
es 
aS 
on 
= 
p 


the pie 

ve acres will become a public park. 
Tore suggestions for the travel book 

are: 

Hotel gs ardens of California. 


Visiting days for enreg gardens. 
Trees of Flushin: N. Y., especially the great 
eeping beech. 


New York City, Long Island, and Westchester 
County open days for famous sardens: (West- 


The Smith College Graduate School of ache 
tecture ai — Landscape Architecture at Cam. 
bridge, Ma: 

Narcissus fields bylon Tey Ne 

Island semen ay in apreeais and 
ne iy under Hicksville). 

Library, herbariim, museum of 


The New York 
Botenical Garde 


Sta Institute BE Agriculture, Farmingdale, 
L. LN. ¥% 

Iore names of designers, as ‘Enfant for 
Washington, D. C. 
ation of s: 


lower shows, whe 
plantings neve been made (as in Frente). 
ane e on oe as to how to reach the 


Daionsl “tis ts for special interests 
would be appreciated, such as garden pres 


ook. “Visitors to New 

York,” it says, “will naturally spend much 
me in Central Park.” Granted that they 
will, a have my , it might help 
them ell where it is, who designed it, 


when, oad what to look for besides gen- 
eral plantings ae wisteria. 
to locate the Elgi 


in New ¥ ity. At Rockefeller Cen- 
rt ay it lies between the two 
buildings on Fifth Avenue on the block 


aroun em. Or 
n the physicke gar- 
cd in ae Take your 
on whether you go 

mer’s Eve 


ep 
rrington m 
den that disappeare 
choice, depending 
to see it on Midsum 
Also how sure are our welconies in all 
these “places? 
There is little value in saying that “Mt. 
Vernon is one of the country’s most in- 


147 


ots” and the Arnold Arbor 


Hai sp 
um point of horticultural waters 


which a6 gardener or tree lover should 
fail to see.” Their ear in this book 
presupposes as much, of a blue 


could then i ae 
nd awa: 


a 

garden fro ee r, no seasone 

gardener is ever ecg to do his traveling 

between the covers of a book. 
Mary ae M.LA., 


Trees From Alaska To Oregon 
FOREST TREES OF THE PACIFIC 
COAST. Willard Ayres Eliot. 565 pages, 
wdenc and illustrated. Putnam, New 
York, 1938. $5. 

Under the title “Forest Trees of the 

Pacific Coast” Willard Ayres is ae 

ed by G. giv 


sist ry B. McLean, has a 
particularly interesting oe helpful book 
ipon the trees shrubs native 
from ae 


uthor, this book 


In the words o the a 
has og written to meet the increasing 
to 


demand for a popular field book be 
used by amateurs, outdoor clubs, elemen- 
tary forestry s nts, nature teachers, 
forest rangers, all have need or 
desire to learn what they see when 

are outdoors in that iehly interesting 
region. The bock is the re: ae ral 
years of extensive travel dad's y by the 
author and its primary purpo: o fur- 


'Y purpose He 
identifying the ae 


nish a means of 

described by the appearance of average 
mature leaves. This identification is 
greatly facilitated by the splendid photo- 
graphs, inly made cae Ste- 
phenson, Bes show the trees in their 
entiret, typical situations, ai 


‘y i ad also by 

scale photoeraphe and drawings of leaves, 

i s. More than 90 species 
ion. 


been taken to 
combine ine results of “personal beer 
tion with the carried i ig list 
of Reblieons siseerthy Forest Servic, 


and others, upon the same sub- 
ject, to which full credit is ie 
For eac ecies described in the 


h of the s 
book there are in oy arranged para- 
graphs the latest cepted scientific 


names, 


notes as to former nomenclature, 
list i 


of common names, a detailed dis- 
1 and local 


and the part which pe ch Glave 
tore makeup 

est Tee of the Pacific Coast” 
should bi aie ae eee of every person 
nterested in the diver- 
hed ond “abundant flora of the last vir- 
gin timber region of ‘Am nerica, 
oyaL S, KELLogc. 


Grass Plants and Legumes 
COMMON ay es arktaety AND 
LEGUMES. J. O. Thomas and L. 

Davies. 124 pages indexed, illus- 

a bongmans: Green, New Yor rk, 


icated by the baa 
species which are 


This book, as indi 
deals with the 


e key on a this group, 
and 26 are e deserbed in “deta 
15 are well know: 
pa: a 


Eighteen legumes are covered in ie 
key on this group, 16 of which 
are in detail. Eight of thee are 
grow: widely in the oy ae 
for agricultural purposes. As 
of ie the ce sketches are wee in 
obtai ine @ picture of the habits 
the pla 


. B. AGUE, 
New Jersey State College of Agriculture. 


148 


ee News, and Comment 


In Fashin At meeting of the 
National renee of ‘Seine in Wash- 


ington April 26, Dr. O. Dodge spoke 
on a new ow ian in New pls 
which effec abortion her- 


in mon growth substances 
in relation to fungi. 


Eight representatives of 


From Italy 
the aan “Hortcultaral Society, who 
had come New York attend the 
World’s Fair, visited w York 


Botanical Garden 


alae Clubs. ie Mortimer J. Fox, 
who is Corporation and 
the Advisor of The New York 
Botanical Garden: oa ht 40 inembers of 
the Garden ee 2 ae oo 
Heights, and Fee the Gar 
afternoon of 


Thirty mi oe of the aaa a of 
Dobbs Ferry visited the Tho: oe 
morial Rock Garden May 2. The Sul 


Deb group os ne ane Club of Larch 
mont made a e Garden April 13. 
t Visitor. 


Studen. 
dents (corn New Brunswick, N. J., under 
re direction of Prof. J. Harold Clark of 
Agricu im: a 


s. Ten horticultural stu- 


a 
n about plant 
breeding being done here and to see the 
Thomp: a Memorial Rock Garden. 

Dr. enedict of Brooklyn Col- 
me hou pa a ae botany students 
‘o the Garden 14. 
the past 


and a kindergarten in the 

Gardeners Foru At the annual din- 
ner of the Gardeners ron April 30 at 
the ee Hotel, Samuel 
Bridge w set of Britton & 
Brown's Tete a Flora for having 
made the finest hecheumn collection of 


local plants among student gardeners dur- 


ing the past y H. Everett was 
ee vad perp were oper Py 
ed Sparks, John “a 


ridge, so will go to England foee: a 
year in Jul 


Student Gardeners. Fraser MacCar' 
ney, who has spent the past year as ex- 
en ee eae = Hee has ac- 

ted a a Istar ey. 


g 


completing his student gardener taming 
at the Botanical Garden, has been ap- 
pointed greenhouse foreman on the eau 
of Mrs. B. Schlotman at Grosse Point 
Shores, Detroit 
Visitor Am the botanists 
have recently “registered in the library 
M.A. Chr New : 
F. A. Var: Elias, 
Yale University’ F. R. Fosberg, Univer- 
sity of ele er A. Fredholm, Jack- 
ville Li 


sony iang Hwang, Liuchow, 
China ; — Ri erby, Cambridge, Eng- 
land; Joseph H. Pyron, Athens, Ga.; and 


Eee T. Wherry, University af Pennsyl- 
vania 


Dr. William J. Robbins spoke 
at a "Oard annual meeting of the New 
York State Association of ars Health 
Laboratories on May 8 Grasslands 
Hospital, Valhalla, 

Tulip Dr. W. Cam 
es Poke ‘New York Botanial Garden 
Tudor 


City May speaking on the ne tory of 
the tulip. 
Birthday. The 80th birthday anniver- 
sary of Robert S. Williams, Research 
ssociate in Bryology the Botanical 
garden, was observed a day in advance, 
May 5, by members of the staff who 
gathered in the Director’s office. Among 
ay s = steers him during the day 
Theron G. Strong, 88. Mr. 
Williams “has been associated with the 


Garden since December 1899. 


THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
BOARD OF MANAGERS 


L ECTIVE MANAGER 
Until 1940; HENRY DE oe EST BaLpwin (Vice-president), CHiLps ee 
T. 


1940; 
Attyn R, Jennincs, Henry Locxnart, Jr, D. T. MacDoucat, Mrs. Har 
I. Pratt, and Josern R. plied ae > 
Until 1941: E. C. Auc Frecp, Mrs. Eton oo 
Hooker, Joun L. Mesa, ice. piesdene. Cot, Ropert H. Mon MERY, 


Until ae ARTHUR M. ANDERSON (Treasurer), Pierre Jay, CLARENCE 
Lew: Merritt, HENRY DE LA es ge eoeeaey and Assistant 
ne Wittam J. Ropsrns, and J. E. Spr 

II]. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS 

Fyoretto H. LaGua Mayor of the City of New York. 

Rozert Moses, Pa a Connon 

James Marsua tl, President of the Board of Education. 

III. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS 

Tracy E, Hazen, appointed aes figs Torrey Botanical Club. 

R. A. Harper, Sam F. Tre Epmunp W. Sinnott, and Marston T. 
Bocert, appointed by Colonia Uae, 


ea STAFF 


oe J. Rogzins, ae D., Sc. Director 
A. Greason, Pu. D. ...... 2. eee ee Assistant Director ise Head ee 
eee DE LA cee Assistant Direc. 
An BY Sroure Pa Dress hae saaeten acieate Curator of Education aid seein 
Frep J. SEA Pu. D., Se. D. Curator 
BERNARD o Dover, Pu. ee Pathologist 
Joun Hen y BARNHART, A. M., M. D. grapher 
ALBERT Sine, Pu. D. coe “Curator 
Harotp N. MoOLDENKE, Pu Associ ae Seas 
Exizazetu C. Hatt, A. B., as rar 
H. H. Ruszy, M. B* A tecdn ee Dee Curator of the. panei Colton 
Fiepa GriFFITH and P rapher 
Percy WILSON sd Aon 
Rosert S, WILLIAMS esearch Associate in Bryology 
E, J, ALEXANDER...... Assistant Curator and one : the god Herbariin 
W. H. Camp, Pu. D. istant Cur 
Ciype CuHanpier, A. M. Feehoual Pines 
Rosalie WEIKERT Technical Assistant 
Frepertck KavanacH, M.A. Technical Assistant 
Carnot H. Woopwarp, A. B. Editorial Assistant 
Tuomas H, Everett, N. D. Horr. Horticulturist 
G. L. Wirrrock, A. M. Docent 
Otto Decener, M. S, Collaborator in Hawaiian Botany 
Ropert HaGe.sTeIn Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes 
ee ANSON = an Honorary Curator, Iris ge Narcissus Collections 
G 


Artuur J. Cor uperintendent of B uildings and Grounds 
A. C. SP EANUE A sistant Superintendent 


THE CORPORATION OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 


© New York Botanical Garden was incorporated by a special act of the Legislat of 
the State of New York in 1891. The Act of Incorporation provides, among other Sineay teh 
a self-perpetuating body of incorporators, he meet annually to elect somber of the Bo: ardhe 
Managers. They also elect new members of their own Bee the present roster of whic 
given below. 

The Advisory Council consists of 12 or more women who are elected by the Board. By 
customs: ithe are also elected to the Corporation. Oar fs are: Mrs. Elon pantine?an Hooker, 
Chai Mrs. Carl de Gersdorff, First Vice-chair: ; Mrs. William A. Lockwoo eas Bee con, 
Vice- eainaan: ‘Mrs. Nelson B. Williams, Recording Secretary; Mrs. Townsend Scu ae 


responding Secretary; and Mrs. F. Leonard Kellogg, Treasur 


Arthur M. Anderson Harry Harkness Flagler B. Y. Morrison 
Mrs. Arthur M. Anderson Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox Mrs. Augustus G. Paine 
George Arents, Jr. Childs Frick Mrs. James R. Parsons 
Mrs. George Arents, Jr. Mrs. Carl A. de Gersdorff Rufus L. Patterson 
Vincent Astor Dr. H. A. G Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham 
E. C. Auchter Mrs. Frederick A. Godley Mrs. George W. Perkins 
Dr. Raymond F. Bacon Mrs. George McM. Godley Howard Phipps 
Mrs. Robert Bacon urry Guggenhei James R. Pi 
Prof H. Bailey Edward S. Harkness obart Porter 
Stephen Bak. Prof. R. A. Harpe Mrs. Harold I tt 
ry de Forest Baldwin Prof nee E. Hazen Mrs. Hen t. C. Putnam 
Sher Idwin A Stanley G nge 
Mrs. William F. Hencken Johnston L. Redmond 
Mrs. William Felton Barrett Mrs. A. Barton Hepburn den Mill id 
Prof. Charles P. Berkey Capt. Henry B. Meylman Dr. William Es Robbins 
George Blumenthal Mrs. Christian R. Holmes Prof. H usby 
Prof. Marston ert Mrs. n H. Hooker Mrs. Herbert L. Satterlee 
Prof. William J. eee rs. Clement Houghton John M. Schiff 
eorge P. Brett cher M. Huntington Mrs. Henry F. Schwarz 
Mrs. Richard de Wolfe Brixey Pierre Jay Mrs. Arthur Hoyt Scott 
Mrs. Jonathan Bulkley Allyn R. Jennings Mrs. Arthur H. Scribner 
Dr. Nicholas M. Butler Mrs. Walter Jennings Mrs. Townsend Scudder 
Prof. Gary N. Calkins Mrs. F. Leonard Kellogg Mrs. Samuel Seabury 
Mrs. Andrew Carnegie Mrs. Warren Kinney Prof. Edmund W. Sinnott 
Miss Mabel Choate Clarence McK. Lewis Mrs. Samuel Sloan 
Miss E. Mabel Clark Henry Lockhart, Jr. James Speyer 
W. R. Coe Mrs. William A. Lockwood Sol. J. E. Spingarn 
Richard C. Colt Dr. D. T. MacDougal Mrs. Charles H. Stout 
Mrs. Jerome W. Coombs Mrs. David Ives Mackie Nathan Straus, Jr. 
Alfred J. Crane Mrs. H. Edward Manville Mrs. Theron G. Strong 
Mrs. C. I. DeBevoise Parker McColle: Mrs. Arthur H. ae 
Mrs. Thomas M. Debevoise Mrs. John R. ai Joseph R. Sw: 
Edward C. Delafield Dr. E. D. Merrill Dr. William S. Thomas 
Mrs. George B. de Long John L. Merrill Prof, Sam F. Trelease 
Rev. Dr. H. M. Denslow Roswell Miller, Jr. Mrs. Harold McL. Turner 
Julian Detm Mrs. Roswell Miller, Jr Mrs. Antonie P. Voislawsky 
Mrs. Charles D. Dickey George M. Moffett Allen Wardwell 
Mrs. John W. Draper H. de la Montagne Nelson M. Wells 
Ne ceemWanraieoute Mrs. Gilbert Montague Mrs. Nelson B. Williams 
Col. Robert H. Montgomery Bronson Winthrop 
Marshall Field Barrington Moor Grenville L. Winthrop 
William B. O. Field Mrs. William a Moore John C. Wister 


Mrs. Robert H. Fife J. Pierpont Morgan Mrs. William H. Woodin 
Mrs. Henry J. Fisher Dr. Robert T. Morris Richardson Wright 


Jury, 1939 PAGES 


149-172 
JOU we 


THE NEw YorK PP RICAL GARDEN 


Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. 
Entered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter 
nnual subscription $1.00 Loa copies 10 cents 
Fr 


¢ to members of the Garden 


JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
Caro. H. Woopwarp, Editor 
July, 1939 


WEEPING HEMLOCK IN FRONT OF THE MUSEUM BUILDING 
Cover Photograph by Fleda i 
Peart Buck Unvelts Bronze TaBLET DEDICATED TO L. C. ee BIN 
Japanese BEETLE Time Is Here Acal . O. Dodge 152 
JAPANESE BEETLE (Picture vee No. 4, ois the Bureau - Entom oe logy 
and Plant Quarantine, U.S.D.A.) ert opposite page 152 
WEEPING OR PENDULOUS are A. B. Stou 
WEEPING HEMLOCKS AND THEIR BRANCHING Hasit 
(Photographs ik B. Stout) 160-161, 163 
166 


it 153 


Reviews oF RecENT Booxs 
CurRENT LITERATURE AT A GLANCE Virgene Kavanagh 170 
Notes, News, aND COMMENT 171 


“FOR BEAUTY AND FOR SERVICE” 


In speaking of the often quoted diag for which The New York Botanical 
Garden was incorporated, President Sw: aid to the aes gathered for the 
dedication of the plaque in ee of L. Cc. Bo obbi nk on June 6: 

“This is a fine objective toward which, during the past almost fifty years, oe 
Ga has constantly set its aim. Its grounds, greenhouses and plantings y 
see about you. Each year they devel op and improve. Its herbarium of nearly two 

gies poo increases at t ae rate ot nearly ples thousand a year. Its library 

- sa lts arch work i me: major import- 
a re its pu public All of ae activities are carried on with 
moet means a are ‘capable oe ‘great development a nd much greater usefulness. 
ehalf. 


Pearl Buck tr to unveil th is another 
sign of the hig! rde: OS acquainted 
with it entation of valuable books, herbarium colle: 8, rar d unusual 
living plants, are oth endly acts which the Garden cherishes as it does the 
objects given. Time an ice of experts in fields outside the den’s immediate 

scope are similarly appreciated i f m . far in increasing the usefulness 


of the Botanical Garden to the public and to scien 

Wi thout friendship such as this, ae Garden scale be unable o function according 
to its pledge of half a century o t behooves every ease ho now regards the 
institution with friendly interest ae d new friends add to the great circle of 
those who are already promoting ae mie ee aislide fee beauty and for service 
which are here at hand.” 


Wye 


JUL LO 


JOURNAL 
of 
THE NEW YorK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
Voi, SL Jury, 1939 No. 475 


Pearl Buck Unveils Bronze Tablet 
Dedicated To 2. (. Bobbink 


Ceremony is Focal Point 
Of Two-Day Conference on Roses 


i (ee appr coe for Le a af aes ited of eke ae during 
the xteen yea 


nd for the wise counsel that has fostered the 
collection a dea oe ale roses at The New ae ae al Gar- 
de: bronze plaque was dedicated by the institution the afternoon of 
Juve 6 to honor Lambertus C. Bobbin 


arl S. Buck, author of “The Good Earth.” “Suns,” and other works 

a x Nobel prize-winner, unveiled the tablet after oe an informal 
adc 

am here because of my gratitude for roses,” she said in opening. 

“When so many speeches must i made today for many causes—Spanist 


The rose garden on the day of the dedication and conference. 


150 


and German refugees, starving Chinese babies, and other uae 

ee of life in a warring world, it is a joyous thing to be able pealx 

about aa — inuing, she told of her long association vik ce 
> 


I know that the rose is my own eas rorite 

ower, for all my life roses have been nee 
me whereve r I have been, e Ven NOk, 
of Mr. Bobbink’s roses are blooming in my 
garden in Pennsyloa 

I have found ae roses will grow alniost 


eis sometimes under the most trying 
circumstanc and wherever they are, they 
always ae joy. For that reason IT never 


ve a 
feel badly when a rosebush is taken away, 
for I know that in its new home it will bring 
pleasure ie sonicone else, 

The sight of these roses here soa a 
ros on . my childhood, beside 


ebt 

aianes mom qwall in China; then oe beside ie oak 

Pearl Buck ing xellow waters the Yangtse River ai 

hanghai. I seem to have grown up under 

a great bush of fragrant roses—probably pelea Then in 1911 

came the et and still there were roses ever aw Giz. all through the 
war, dr arden was something to go into to fo orget. 

We ie ee the north of China, and there in ae ary oe dreary he 
we found Chines se roses to grow in this most difficu ce. Upon 
return we found, in the midst of the eee de ie roses had piled 
through and were piesa sil for us after two years of war and ae ct. 

Ro oses take the mind away from trouble ad ae a 


Tam glad to ee a a to one who has given his life to roses. Tork 


ree _boug 


ie ‘Max “Schling. was 


John Dive of ne gar- 
dening ae The Plaque 


151 


Joseph R. Swan, the Garden's President, directed the ceremonies, an 
Charles Totty, long a cis ee Mr. Bobbink’s, spoke briefly on the guest 
of honor’s prowess n all-around plantsman—"“a eset of He 
first water,” he called. hi Before the program and afterward, while 

guests inspected the rose etek the City’s Park Department Band nigel 
a he outside the garden 


This cerem i served as a foc: al point around which was built a conference on roses 
which brought to the Garden representatives of ee one cultural aes 
Reaeg cles schools, hortic ae ae nae an Ln clubs, as well a ry 

vate lar, = ale growers an leners. 00 people, ‘neluding those 
came bot h days, attended the Sessions. on Tu a ‘and bitin June 6 and 7. 

The Proceedings of the Rose Conference, including ae complete address : Miss 
Buck, will be published by the Sticnes Press, accordin plans ow under wa: 

A feature of the pro vhich brought ae applause during the first 
morning session w: description of “My Favorite ’ by re precentative: of fiv 


as 
major atin fos with horticulture. The favorite roses and the women 
io chose them 


Charles Pe Mrs. Charles Doscher, Federated Garden Club of a ya - 
site! dare Blush, Mrs. Robert C. Hill, City Spay, Club; Gruss 

ancis King, Garden Club of America ; Prem Mrs. H. Edward "sdaevite 

Tateraaroral Garden Club; Moss, Miss Elizabeth Remsen Van Brunt, Wom 


Mr. Bobbink and Miss Buck with the plaque which was anaes ae 6. Photograph 
by courtesy of the Flower Grower Mag. 


152 


ley of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden; Silver Moon, Mrs. George W. Perkins, 
Advisory Council of The New toes Botanical G arden. 
Dr. ae O. Kunkel, who c k from Princeton for the oo 


vas aske speak on Friday aiternoon on iaitus diseases of roses. Par of the 
he rose clinic at the lose of the session on Friday 
i ses 5, 


. ri 
roses by Dr. Anna Jenkins; spraying and dusting equipment display 
derson & Company. and owe of an a and pests and the means of 
trolling them, arranged by Dr. B. O. Dod, 


Japanese Beetle Time Is Here Again 
And All Must Co-operate If the Pest is to be Controlled 
pono ee as to the ways of controlling the Japanese beetle will 
a be in great demand. We are therefore availing ourselves of the 
opportanity = oie ribute through this Journal the accompanying illustra- 
ion of the life history of the insect, obtained through the courtesy of 
the Bureau of “Ento sae and Plant ¢ Onarain of the United States 


Reena of Agricu On the reverse side will be found information 
as to the most ee “yeliods of oer that have so far been 
work oan of in this country. 

No tion is made on the leaflet : the use . Mi which have been 
ied. Mh geraniol aie nie opl rate, me smell of the 
geraniol will draw more beetles ee one’s ne sagibor ardens than will 


wi 
be caught in the traps. W ith neighborly co- re ee trapping 
would certainly be helpful. 
Natural enemies of this insect, such as species of eelworms and the 
parasitic Tip ee Alar ae are ioe ae ed by Federal i investigato Ts = ch 
methods of kno “biological control,” are pro 
helpful, but as nee ee eye ee be used. For the small ae 


iol 
Sy 
ya! 
fan 
@ 
5 
- 
> 
o 
2 
2 
a 
is} 
a 
a. 
5 
ia) 
+ 
an 


ficial to the flower garden because, by killing the grubs which otherwise, 
as a would become leaf and flower feeders. much later destruction 
nted. 


ne e Garden we have tried out the four methods of control listed on 
the ee of the illustration and have found them all helpful, though the 
Naan aan are by no means yet eliminated. Much work remains 
to be 


ors eee containing py fae and derris now heing advertised 
effective contact sprays merely . a etles for a time without 
killing them. To make sure that vor really effective poison, 


you may try — products by aoe a ee ed beetles under a 
jar for a few ho 
If everyone ee his utmost, using ie en methods against the Japanese 
beetles in July and August each year, there is hope that someday this 
worst-of-all nes pest will be role: if not exterminate 
O. Dooce. 


dult 
Insert, eer beetle, about nee wice natural size. Fi bee s below ound represent 
i (I g); 


Left t 
pupa; beetle laying a one aecinpine. ci fea summer pad fall); a 
about twice natural si 


(See other side for life history and control) 


Bureau of f Entomology ae Plant Qu Quarantine Picture Sheet No. 4 


ae : co. re 


no as BMaszaesan 
JAPANESE BEETLE 
(Popillia japonica Newman) 
Life History 
Japanese adie Ab tans as grubs, or larvae, in the soil at 
e ur 


and cause serious Su 
Control of the Beetle 
tective or repellent sprays.—The foliage of fruit, shade, and 


e 
made as needed to maintain a protective coating on all portions of 
the plant apes to attack as long as the beetles are present. The 
most useful sprays are as follows: 

1. ee lead arsenate, 10 ounces; wheat flour, 6 ounces; water, 10 


gallons (for ornamental Hak and shrubs). 

2. Powdered lea senate, 1 el ea bra ay oil, 2% ounces; 
water, 10 gallons (for ornamentel trees and s 

3. eras euphe Y% poe hydra ea lime! 2p wands; water, 10 gal- 
lons ornamenta: s and shrubs, beanie apple, plum, and 
cherry tress, seeatevinies eral fruits, and flowering plants). 

4. Powdered derris (4 percent rotenone), 5 ee nces; water, 10 gallons sa 


Heine apple, plum, cherry, ant peach trees: bearing gr grapes ands 
fruits, and flowering plants). 

Con sprays.—Contact sprays are of value in eames beetles 

if care is pate to actually ne them with the fauid, bat they may not 

afford satisfa pt protection of foliage. e act sine in- 

clude: Spray 4, listed ae commercial fish-oil soap or a good 

gra ade of household soap, 3 pounds to 10 gallons of water; and 

the Eee 1 pyrethrum sprays, at rates recommended by the 
manufacture 

Control of Grubs 


Lawns can be protected from injury by Japanese pee grubs 
fora Eeie period by ney one application = ad a senate at 
the rate of 10 yeti per 1 vee square feet o ee oison 


should be es its ool me of mois “sand, Aa or 
other suitable patecial and Tbeeaden st by hand. 
Cautions in the Use of Lead Arsenate 


Lead arsenate is poisonous to man and oo and children or 
animals should not be allowed access to i Great care should be 


16) 
stic animals should not be allowed to feed on treated 
rass or on or under sprayed trees or shrubbery while any poisonous 
idues is visible. 8—12618 


October 1938 U.S. Government Printing Office 


Weeping Or Pendulous Hemlocks 


Some Notes on Their History, Propagation, 
And Peculiar Habit of Branching 
By A. B. Stout 


ry three-quarters of a century, since the first weeping hemlocks were 
Pst near the village of Fishkill, N. ¥., just cast of the ees River, 
there has a considerable interest in this as form of Tsuga 
canadensis. What causes the pendulous effect? Can it be ee - 
seed, or must the trecs be propagated poe Sie in ae r to reproduce 
their own kind? VVhat is the history of He te specimens which, arc 
known bo be in the wild and in cultivatio 

Dr. Stout has been Haas this form . _ eee fe nearly a quarter 
of a . Recently he found in the wild what appears to be the largest 
specimen of a eee hemlock in existence anywhere. Here he records 
his observations of this, which he calls the Horton ee and ve as 
some of which he has raised himself from seed. C.H 


HILE most of the weeping hemlocks of the Sargent type eae 
today have been derived from a few plants discovered aaa 
the 1860's, the ie and ea ae specin men of this type 
(Tsuga canadensis var. pendula) i that stands in stately one 
in its original wild ee on the ee overlooking ae hamlet of 

Hortontown, close to the northern border of Putnam County, N. Y. 


The Horton Hemlock Tree 


Designated here as the Horton hemlock, this great tree has long been 
known to persons who reside in the vicinity. Mr. Joseph Hor baie now 
the owner of the land on lea it stands, states that he has — it's 


65 years ago and that it was then i least one half as large a now 
Apparently this tree has age ee mentioned in (en ie or ‘brane 
iterate a oa e present writin My first knowledge of this tree wa 


during 1937 when it came into aa as I pa a by auto along a Tey 
Een ue State Parkw 

his tree is about 16 feet in ae height measuring from the ground 

de of the trunk but it stands on sloping ground and the projected 

serial in from the tips of the lowermost branches to the level of the 

highest point of the top is perhaps 20 feet. The trunk is + feet 10 inches 

in “circumference at a height of 4% feet. At first it is somewhat leaning, 


154 


a is sharply bent at a divergent — pean which it soon age into 
the 


o large-sized divergent units in which there is rther 
ee characteristic of the eere oe (See Figures + a o 
The present branches begin at 5 feet, but below this and close to the base 

re is a noticeable scar where a branch of sor Ze W d 


the: e size was long ago she 
or removed. At the first sharp bend in the main axis several branches of 
some size have died, one of wick was a a eee In the view 
shown in Figure 6 the top of this tree is a flattened dome but at right 
pails to this view the top is noticeably Pee in the middle 


This tree produces cones in cons ma number i it stands aes to 
Sane. ed a ae e has been little chance for seedlings to acs 
and survive. At only _ seedlings fae recen a grown to 
noti recaps size in ae ie ie ees Mr, oe states one of 
Gene which was pendulous, was ae a it five when it 
s several feet tall, and that it died Exere) As fede now 


aati 7 feet tall seems to have the habit a ee a is normal for 
hemlocks. Another young hemlock tree in the yard is a normal wil 
seedling transplanted ts om some distance away. No other hemlocks are 
now growing nearby es scatterin oe rees are in view on the surrounding 
ae tien Hemlock t ce abundant in the region but were 

mostly ¢ t both for tamber oe the bark which was of commercial 


value in ae tanning industry 


= 


The Fishkill Seedlings of Tsuga canadensis. var. pendula 


The “discovery” of four wild plants, evidently the first to be known 
{ the “pendula” form of the Canadian hemlock, has been credited to 


General Joseph Howlan pr ee regarding who first observed 
only ed the pendulous pee of a se ; ae tions se 
pa fay they were e, ae 


time. It was ae in 1897* that “several of a plants were orig: a 
found together about forty years ago on the Fishkill Mo ne ains in Nev 
York.” But Mr. Char [ nkins r 


a by Prof. Charles S. Beis states that ae oa ee Mees seedlings 
e found was between Ben 1870. It is ted that the Hort 
ae tree stands only about i: ve miles in a nee a ine from village 
of Fishkill, The further history and ae ae of these four 

individual plants may be Ere as follow: 


* Charles S. Sargent. Notes on Cultivated Conifers. —-NI. Garden and Forest. 
a 490-491. 1897. 
* Charles F. Jenkins. Sargent’s Weeping Hemlock. The Hemlock Arboretum 
Bu sltetin No. 4, 1933. 


155 


he Tioronda Hemlock. One of the four wild plants was Lia a tu the country 
r Bea Yo 


T. r 
estate (named oie of General Joseph Howland nea on, New rk. This 
property is no by the Tioronda Company and is the | location of the Craig 
House Sani pana ela is still alive and ae oe ae now about 11 feet in 
greatest height and Air 35 feet in greatest spread. in Figure 9, the trunk 
is much-branched Ge wide-spreading. The dome of foliage is 5 relatively low and flat. 
Th fou , main, ch-crooked and angled trunk-like branches which arise 
from below the ore t level he ground and ee entirely separated at that level 
ee ich ae soon divided. side branches, some of several inches diameter, 

have od en i plant now stands. close to a large normal hemlock 


ed a e emoved. Thi 
which shades and ted overtops it aad ey there is abundant opportunity for cross- 
pollination in the pro of its cones and seeds. 

The Wodenethe ae eee ie locks. One of the original wild seedlings was 
fan p ented an the country home (called Wodenethe) of Henry Winthrop Sargent, 
whic e@ present town of Beacon, N. Y., and another was taken to the 
estate Be H. TL Hunnewell at Wellesley, Mass. The death of these two trees was 
recorded in a by an unnamed writer in the Gardeners’ Chronicle (London). There 
appear to be lata on the precise character and size of these two trees other than 
that ey eat a ira form and there is no specific record regarding propagations 
from thes ndividuals. 


ce Ho - a Hemlock. One of the four wild seedlings found near Fishkill was 
transplanted to the estate (Holm Lea) of the late Professor Charles S. Sargent at 
Brookline, Massachusetts. iy the present time this plant is cae i Bis a ae its 
highest point and the greatest width is about 27 feet. The form, in Fi 
is widely spreading and low- Me anched and very similar to the Tiorende henilock, ‘pul 
the lowermost outer branches are retained and sweep to the ground. 


The Habit of Growth in These Pendulous Hemlocks 


In the “normal” growth of plants of the Canadian hemlock (Tsuga 
canadensis), the main or terminal bud of the se ae cae 
maintains the lead over its laterals and a trunk develops that and 
dominant, making the frame noticeably of the excurr ac : pe ntly, 
however, trees v ave in the main fram < more ree tee. 

ng s levels, in each of which the branching is ex 

eral aspects of growth eee i . ce branches of hem ocks com- 
ne to give unusual beauty and grac e system of branching. The 


bi fn vs 
of branches are weak and dro oping ond the pret on the SS Lee 
branches are noticeably flattened i wo ranks. Thus, although the 
primary framework is excurrent w ith ae ae laterals radially disposed, 
the secondary lines are feathery and drooping. 

In plants of the ea pean hemlock a single main axis and 
Series are not pre The mework, in contrast to the excurrent 
form of the normal Teale nae is deliquescent. or much branched, and 
ets thai bush, and the drooping branches are rather closely 

rlapping SO that en ees to form a dome, the outermost lower 
i ee a which rea the ground in a nearly circular outline. In 
respect to the cn 7 ee acter of the base of the main framework two 


The 
divergent ne of the stem Cae arise close to the ground or, 
transplanted plants, from below the level of the ground. (See Fi igs *D 
The development of a plant with this habit and form is as follow 


Two seedlings at the Ran Wilton Nurseries, showing difference in stature at the same 
age. Between ue ands W. A. Van Heiningen, son of J. C. Van Heiningen, owner 
of the nurserie. 


The initial aa or main axis of a seedling, a grafted scion, or a cutting 
does not become erect but instead it leans decidedly from the ee 
position. ae a Inter : boa ese in a divergent direction to form a fork 

xXpai i e 


to the top a mo : 

growth of the oe oe some laterals arise either directly above 

their own aah or in divergent and diverse aaa Also various 

of the ascending later: rals Decom e dominant i in vi of growth to a degree 
i st 


K g or two 

laterals that are nearly opposite ee develop to almost the same extent. 

Thus the stem-units eo rather sharply ne a . requently forked. 

The habit of growth in these pendulous hemlocks is well shown in Figure 
i i i show dir 


n which the ee ed 

of the branches. This is of a seedling that has been under observation 
oie a period of 23 y The branches were parted for this photograph 
which hee. te several features of special growth: (a) no 
branches are erect; (0) th oe are sn aae a! overtopped by some 
of their own laterals; (c) the axi test growth is diverted to the 
interals- and (d) the laterals are so To that they fill in and round out 

the dome of foliage within the circumference of the outermost reaches 


157 
Beneath and ee the een of ae foliage that arises, the ae of 
many shaded branches of various sizes occurs and in time many of the 
are naturally shed. ii sone cases t ee death of lower branches may ie so 
general ae oe that the green foliage does not reach to the ground. 


This co: on is seen in the trees at Fairmount hak Philadelphia 
( Figur 7 from eae dead lower branche uch as several 
‘fees in diameter ha ae time to time, a Pien i pruning. In 


large trees of this type the g n foliage may reach to the ground, but one 
may walk oon beneath ne sie Bt foliage in the ie once occupied 
by branche 

So far as ste writer has observed there is no sprouting of shoots from 
roots or from the base of older portions of the main trunk in any of 
these plants. 

Phe eal ae described above is characteristic (a) of the twa w oS 
are still | of the four original pendulous plants first found: (0) 0 
many, ie oe on propagations that have been grown from their Tee 
and (¢) of all but one of the known te grown from the seeds of 
these Waa 


4 


The standard form differs from that nies pee . coe the 
is a main ore of rather uniform diameter which rises to a height of sever: ‘ 
feet before it breaks into pendulous branches of cnaaerile S size. ee ae 
a peau the lower lateral branches about the main axis are re 
small and are likely to die and be shed. The framework is hence faa 
umbrella-li ke. 

Bes Horton hemlock tree has a high- pecmaa See he s oe 
is not fully erect. It is angled and bent and near the base scar 
oe a oe al that has been lost. ae =) Con nspicuous ane ot th 
standard fone exist in trees that a ae either of graftage or 
oo — the ie Fishkill pea The tre ene ] Fig. 3 is 
ne The standard form in grafted pr eet may, it seems, 
i: oo ‘by eee in nursery practice when the main leader of 
a grafted plant i is staked and ti ied ji in an upright position and the lower lat- 

erals are removed while they are small. 


ae from the Fishkill Seedlings 


Soon after the discovery of the first four “The We ceping Hema pee erie a 
‘arsons writes to us trom ash 
wild slant s of the Sargent hemlo aE pro: praising: the beauty of the Weepin 
pagations were undertaken in the nursery (Abies canadensis var. pendula), The 
of Parsons and Sons at Flushing, Long form of the Hemlock is a very reehe “wee, 


< J and this one will prove a welcome addition to 
Island, and also by a Mr. Gaines who ai rounds: 


lived at Beacon, N. Y. It appears 

the first mention in print of a of the: At this date the botanical distinction 
weeping hemlocks refer: oe e of ee Haare “he firs (the genus -tbies) and 
propagations. This is 2 publication in ate (the genus Tsuga) had not 
1875 of the Ea oan by the ae fully established. This publication 


editor of an English journal, The Garden app plies the botanical name poe to this 
(in Vol. 8, page 310): pe of pendulous hemlock a true 


158 


varietal name. This name was accepted eri are credited to Mr. Samuel B. 


y Beissner Cea h der Nadetholz-  Parsor 
kunde, 1891 n beth hi ne and “Its habit of growth is so decidedly weeping 
botanical a the common name and the leaves ray branches fs Hick that twas 
” at once suggested to graft it upon high 51 Sy 
Peco hemlock” has been applied to all like a Kilmarnock Willow, for example. But 
the individuals which are to be included the great expectations of securing an evergreen 
in Tsuga canadensis var. pendula. These tree form of unique and incomparable grace thus 
designations are perhap adequate unless Teesonaby Beebe ey: neve not Peet fale 
“ t may ily grafted on hig] Dae ata 
clonal propagations fon different indi- does not thrive as well, the naked steam cracks 
viduals show noteworthy and distinguish- and suffers, and the massive foliage, like that 
ing differences in habits of growth, in af peste vergreens pe oled upon high stems | is 
. ‘at mn, an 
which case clonal names of horticultural arial caer by oe ae 
eet will ae Se le. f pla f Her s definite record that some 
e first catalog listing of plants of of the eaters ons had been made “upon 
these propagations was evidently by Par- high stocks.” Although this method was 
sons & Sons in 1879 and this is as follows: found less esha than low-grafting 
“ad ees Sn nana sarge) “ ti i, Sargent’s it was without do uubt responsible for cer- 
weepin: emlock, the most graceful an eli- ie 
ately beautiful evergreen known. When the tain of the plants with the standard-form 
leader is trained ta a stake it can be carried to Which are now to be found in culture. 


n oO ke it ¢; 
any reasonable height, each tier af branches It appears, also, thet in nursery treatment 
drooping gracefully: to the ground, like an ever- certain plants that had been grown from 
tain. t was 


green fountain. au it sent ay from ms “ 
Flushing, having been received from WwW low grafts or from layers were stake 
r » of Fishkill-on-Hudson,” nae — laterals pruned and thus forced 
a main erect oa distance of 
Further mention of the methods em- eae feet. Thi hod is: n . 


ployed in propagating ea sar fee ployed by a nurserymen ie noe 
5 : Bulleti 
peste age nee me iste Garden 1939) in forcing propagations i peronie 
: taller. 
eee oe oe Sent: ‘by rther Heat regarding the early 
is 
hows 


propagations of these hemlocks has been 
muel B. Parsons which show. plant supplied by Mr, Tac ob C. van Heiningen, 
which was then growing Parsons ue tor e South Wilton Nur. 
nursery and which was, without a doubt, "OW Sars ha ilton, Cee The fol- 
one of the earliest of the plants grown by f hich h 
raftage. This illustration clearl OWS lowing i is anes tome a letter which he 
a plant with pendulous branches reaching ities a ig La vane as Son 
to the ground, but the top is oe Nuveen Cs, “Pheard that Mr. pr ae Trimpy. 
tall and rounded, as are other propaga- the famous propagator who was brought over 


tions now known, rather than broad and ona failing vessel hy ae Samuel, Bowne ae 
<= 4 sons trom ugh Low & o., London. ngland, 
flat-topped as are the Tioronda and the hetore the Civil War, was sent to Fishkill-on- 
Holm Lea specimens. Hudson to get scions of the original plants 
j ompanying this illus aw as far as 7 understand the first, plants 

shown were at the great exhibition in Phitadel- 

tration includes the following statements phia, Pa. in 1876 and the Parsons were the 
regarding the propagation of this variety, first'to introduce these Hemlocks in the trade.” 


o 
p 
a 
i] 


Specimens of Sargent Hemlock 


Plants obtained by the early propaga- nial Exposition in 1876. These are all, 
tions e ae Ronit pene are now presumably, early Po hy graft. 
to be poi abo fr 


ut New age from scions of some r more of 
York, Pt Miladelvhia. and Be Many the four original ceedlinigg. noted above 
of these ao taller than either of the two They are now from 12 to 1 t tall. 
survivors the four originals. Several One. (Figure S - much branched close 
of ee plants may here be mentioned and s o ground ; are low-branched but 
illustrated, 8 somewha t oe level; and one has 
In SF pions Park, Philadelphia, ine 3 sone main nan to a height of ear 
ur members of Tsuga canadensis va ane any the lower branches 
ea which were planted near the Hor. hese plants iage died and been reitoved 


ticultural Hall at the time of the Centen- pruning. The stubs of branches rather 


159 


recently sawed off and the scars of 


earlier dates a 


arge or a 
vigorous as are many other propagelion 
about Philadelphia that are at lea 
older. 


On the grounds of Bryn Mawr College 
there is a ae nine individuals whose 
tops m One is a large plant about 
18 ee in iy duiineier and about 12 as ey 

with a trunk which forks abi foo 
above the grow ae 
next in size have t' 


im 
There 
re ve 


n of these have a d form wi 
e main stems without (at present) 
side deus 3 ae ve least . feet. Sev- 
eral ns wil lous 
peaches that reach { to ee and. One 
other plant has a trunk that low- 
branchir A smalt plant that is regarded 
$ ed rowing 


hich was formerly g¢ 
derbrus 


ha ect main trunk about 
tall which is then divided into drooping 
branches. 
At the Morris Arboretum near Phila- 
athe there are two splendid specimens 
the Sargent hemilee i ae is of which 


a is gee weet “tall and 
< at he greatest diame ter (spr ead). 


at breast hei ght i z 

The other of ie se two ie s is 11 fee 
tall and 16 feet in spread. $s main fk 
has a diameter of 714 ee breast 
height; it is erect to a height about 
seven feet but has several fe the 


largest of which is about three inches in 
diameter, and in the crown it breaks 
abr rut iptly into several divergent Sale 


ns of the en 
lock. Al e of the low-branching shrub 
form with a height of about 12 feet and a 
spread 25 feet, 


a spacious area of lawn. 
(The Flemlock er Bulletin Ne. 


21, Jan. 1, 1938) “at one tim: 
dealer had s A six o i remarkable 
trees to a an in 


n Long Island f 
200.0 ich eae d and a anted.” but 


$12 
that difficulties arose in regard to the 
Paaplaaa and sale and the order was 
finally celled. 

In immediate vicinity of New York, 
especially in _Westehester County, on 


in ay Jersey a 
id Secniens the Sar; 
he lock. some of considerable size, which 
ob came from the early propag: 
tions rsons 1s Nursery. 

one of these, now grow- 


ing on the estate of Mr. R. Coe, is 
ported by Mr. P. D. V’ ussberg of Hicks 
Nurseries, Inc., as follows: 
“This plant was Srowing in a_ neglected lot 


letween Flushing and College “point, When 

apatted by hg uuyer children were playing in 

the bran a cow was tethered to the 

tral TR i ikely 
HC s 

It snitered some from moving and still shows 


ge Cor. 


umerous lower branches and 
much like the weeping hemlocks at Fair- 
mount Park. 

At Fishkill, + on a property owned 
by Mr. iran Berta there is a large 
miock 


Mr. Gaines who lived in Beacon. 
tree is 13 feet and about 25 feet in 
spread, A single sh ain trunk is four 


m 
feet six inches in circumference and it 


7EEPING HEMLOCKS AND THEIR BRANCHING HABITS 
(Photographs by A. B. Stout. All the plants are reproduced 
at approximately the same scale.) 
The Holm Lea hemlock. 
Specimens in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia. 
A tree of aaron cage at the Arbore oe , with 
a j. of the ade staff. his tree 


as one of he any propagations from i original 
Fishkill seedlings, 


4and 5. 


162 


n forks into two large branches each have died and been removed, especially on 
more than three feet around. Both of the north ae facing i street; but on 
these and the main stem are flattened and the other the gre n branches reach 
decidedly ribbon-shaped. Many branches to the gro eon (See Fig e 8) 


Seedlings of Sargent Hemlock 
Seedlings in considerable number have is flattened; the other is 4M feet tall and 


been grown from seeds obtained from 12 feet wide and the top is more rounded. 
plants which are propa nigHe but it is os the ay stration on page ee 
f 


net known how many of the four wild the South Wilton Nurseries are also 
plants were propagated and which one or several ‘handed propagations by. layering 
more of them are involved in the parent- from of the seedlings oe nes 
age of these seedlings. ‘he record for : n voy I } pas Heininge’ 


Tro" 

ese seedlings Ow in 5 eve! 

given by Charies F. Jenkins (The Hem-  low-branc hed ramey ‘ork and the pendu- 
eck Arboretum Bulletin No. 11, 1935). lous aa characteristic of the Sargent 
Additional information regarding these hemlock. The y some sae in es 
seedlings has been supplied to the writer hut are oth fierwise. wery unifori cha: 

in a letter fom r. Jacob van Heiningen acter. 


and from this letter the following is Seedlings obtained at The New York 
quoted : Botanical Garden. 3 several Daa 
f Sargent hemlock The New Yo 
f beg ce a" © inform anes aries ae aie eke otanical Ga en ae 7 is b lieve , ‘of 
jn 1906 from two Sargent weepmg hemlocks HUrsery propagation. All have the shrub- 
i ar- i 


Holland and they’ 3 
they grew of t branches have di he largest of these 
were sold in ee quantities, in Europe and the 


In 1916 


trees 
Ss air wt 918, the last year : 
port ty the U. S.A. Treceived 150 the writer collected seeds from one of 


o 
> 
a 
2 
a2: 
° 
a 
@r 
4 
° 
R 
w 
= 
o 
3 
7 
z 
» 
a 
° 
<q 
= 
NI 
mm 
a 
a 
a 
+ 
=a 


left, of which I enclose ‘herewith on picture ef tal], 
exac 


e t 
dimensions of the plants, which will give you an All but one were “pendulous and six years 
idea of the difference of size and hit of 


i h 7 ize and } the later i oie in a from 10 inches 
two plants of exactly the same age. In the to 2 Sor ather flattened in 
meantime we grew a lot of young plants Uayers) F : 
of the original import: lants, which we will form oh chen vee more erect and 
be glad to show you any time. We have a nice rounded in profile. ive of these plants 
lot of t The other original p! sold to are still under the observation of the 
customers of mine, like Col. Montgomer: 8. * Thi 1 hick 
Walter C, Teagle, Mrs. Stillman wckefeller, writer. e€ on ae ee which is not pen- 
etc. I grafted a number of hemloc - fitter dulous has a ain stem and one 
cnt varieties but do not recommend tha smaller one ar ane i rom the ground and 
growing them; they unite O. K. in the. ee both and. h a habit 
bator, ‘but the trouble starts after they are Doth are erect excurrent with a habit 
planted in the nursery for they keep on dying of growth that i is normal. The largest of 
the errs eae pana nf Sore bat do a the others is now almost 4 feet tall (see 
propaga m that way a ut use the + 
Old-fashioned way of layering which is aturally Figure 10) and ae ee is 3 feet tall. 
perfect, as they are on their own roots. During the 23 years of the’ growth under 
ve in ‘avorable Conditions "the rate of in- 
Of the two seedlings still retained i height for the largest oecmne 
the nursery at South Wilton one is 2 feet has. “been arey less than two inches 


tall and 7 fect in spread with a top that each yea’ 


The Kelsey Weeping Hemlock Tree 


A form of weeping hemlock somewhat information regarding its history by Mr. 
ae oe Hi ot ig Sarreiit hem- Ha rlan P, Kelsey. This ae wes ob- 
sae n Figure 7. The writer BabA about 1911 we the edge woods 
this tree - the "Kelsey- Highland als he an rty of the Kelsey- Higa 
Nursery in April 1936 and was given Nur Mr. Kelsey considers that s 


7. ‘The Kelsey hemlock, a different form ‘from 
the Sargent type; Mr. Harlan P. Kelsey 
beside st. 


9. Branching habit of the shrub:form 
Tioronda hemlock, 


8. Low branching in a weeping hem- 
lock tree of the Sargent type. This 
tree was propagated from one of 
the four original seedlings. 


10.. One of the seedlings raised by the 
author, who is standing behind it. 


of another seedling raised 
The dominance of. laterals 


164 


A propagation of the Sargent hemlock at 


Charles H. Jenkins ay has a 
of the Canadian hemlock. 


eral young seedlings grew under or near 


ig 

afte being ae by fee eae 
seedlings a ln toa ae toa 
the nursery i 
Ki 


e 
een given to 


the - te) ue of 
such a plant was foun in the re s by 
. Judd when I visi ed ie a 
later. At any rate, the fine 


igure 7 is the only 


few day 
Specimen shown in Fi 
he original seedlings definitely 


one 0 

known today. 
This plant has two main and peas 

trunks which 7 from the esa 
se. One is ou ee peak 

eral branches Be hot acai 
ee dominate ae 
rks 0 


he 

a dome- ae ate compact crown 
chavactedatic of the members of Sargent 
hemlock. 
“grafted” 


1° plants from scions of 
lateral branches 
ig o : 


ant are 
an 


s 
is Ce “Ot the pronadation at tthe 
Arnold Arboretum, one has several main 


“Far Country,” with 
large collection there of the torn 


branches ied from close to the ground, 
ae at all others have only one single n main 
which is almost vine-like. ‘Tn 

the stem wa 


cases 


tion. Mr. C J é 
lock Arboretum Bulletin No. 10, 1935), 
in speakir tion of the Kelsey 


though it ne never. throw up a leader 
with — eno backbone to stand up 
straight 
The as yet no evidence ies this 
particular 
fre uy 
that 
Hae will 
ber of 
otanical y 


cultral name suc 


th ‘lone from this individual. 
Mr. F. A ' io has collected 
yrown variations of wild hemlocks in 
Vermont, states in a 1 r to the write 
that a large tree of weeping habit which 
grows near his farm is more like the 
Kelsey hemlock than like any of the mem- 
ne of the Seo aie k. Possibly 
pee ns 


ti 
nee in horticulture. 
wlan might be known 
ck. 


will i 
in which case the 
the Abbott 
hemlo 


as 


165 


The So-Called “Tsuga canadensis var. milfordensis” 


In addition to the type of Tsuga cana- that are shorter than ae for the spe- 


densis var. pendula (Sargent hemlock) cies, But evidently only one individual of 
and that seen in the Kelsey hemlock, one this type was known. It : stated* that 
ae Rese a ise sng been recognized this plant was growing in aa 
in litera a cana- . : 

densis var. ‘nifordens This was de- ae ark, He see a the time of = 
scribed a globular in form, and entennial Expos jut its origin al 


with ee vee shoots and leaves fate seem not to be known. 
Other Types of Weeping Hemlock 
There are now growing in the Sou main framework and the habit 2 aus 
Wilton Nurseries numerous ane ing are essentially the same a’ 


the Canadian hemlo ich exhi a Sargent hemlock but 

most remarkable series of variations. Sev- branches are compact in growth and a 

e f are to or stiffly drooping rather than fully pendu- 

pendulous than the no 1 o is lous. The re, among these seedlings, 
i Tr = of these the main frame- nt combinations of variations in the 
ork is erect and excurrent but more characters of the main axis, in the a 

Bening a compact than is usual. In position of the terminal branches 


mp: 
others se ‘ramework sn sists of several 7 aes of the twigs as to diameter. 
whos' b and t ize and the disposition 


of several shapes. In some of the seed- t uo i. that com 

lings the ends of the branches slen- sive survey @ <ariations en the Cana. 
der and elongated; in others the twigs dian hettileck ae prepared by John C. 
are thickened and the leaves compacted Swartley, a consideration of the weeping 
and short. In several of these plants ie forms will be included. 


Concluding Remarks 
The pendulous habit of growth in the erect position as one or more laterals 
main framework and lateral branches of usually do when a leader with a strongly 


plants of the Sargent hemloc ‘suga  excurrent grow emoved. ut so 
pau cities ee Rie la) is a eae or of these sub-terminal branches rise higher 
characte Only — thi heir own terminals er 3 
t dive 


muta us nl an tl i either in posi- 
five i individu als an this particulate typ ti bove them or ivergent angles, 
have been found wild and the numerous and also the axis of oe & wth i 
plants of the type now in culture are either diameter is “shi fted to them form 


em 
propagations o seedlings derived from nae ae ie eo axis or is cebu 
f thes: oer a for! 


certain o e divergent peor 
This mation is essentially a change a he numerous ae and droo 

iv irection of the growth of the branches combine to form by iome of a 
ees S. ee main axis of a - ling, a foliage that often extends to the ground 
scior tting is unal assum: in a nearly circular outline. The charac- 
ae ‘aintain the fully erect en char- ter of the end branches in respect to 
a the negatively geotropic re- growth in diameter and to the size and 
ac on in the growth of a normal excur- disposition eaves s to be quite 
rent trunk. It leans away from the erect like that which is normal fo: e aes 
posture and is from the start more hike a Evidently the framework is u: ly low- 
lateral bra is This habit of growth ex- — branc' hed | but a pean form ee develop 
tends to the successive branches, none of either natur ay r under nursery treat- 
which are able to assume a dominant ment when the fain growth is somewhat 


*Tohn C. Swartley. The Eastern Hemlock and its Varieties. Arborist’s News 3: No. 4. 
April 1938. 


166 


continued in a single aot before it breaks 
into major divisions. In other pendulous 
mutations, now wn in the species 
Tsuga canadensis, somewhat different fea- 
tures of growth are to be recognized, 
either in the main axis or in ve ae 

acter of Is of branches and the 
leav a 


It of special interest that the pen: 
du ious. peaiga! of peices hemlock 
Of appro tely 2,000 
s far grow! ey peri pok: 
linated as v obtained from plants grown 


as propagations, all but one ne 


aeoaee habit of growth 
tativ 


ygous” for 

A. well- -grown plant of the Sargent 
hemlock is indeed a specimen plant that 
is to be rated among the most capa 
and graceful of the many excellent e 
greens in cultivation 


Reviews of Recent Books 


(All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of 
The New York Botanical Garden.) 


G. M. Smith’s Tiwo Volumes on 
d 


Gilbert M. Smith. 
99 figures, index. Mec- 
w York’ and Londo: 


senting ex: 


ee facilities for weighing 
ence to rea 


d t ch his own or the same con- 
clusions. 

Smith’s classification is exemplary for 
its clarity and convenience. Among the 


algae the eeaabinin ing of the Chrysophyceae, 
Heterokontae, and Bacillariophyceae into 


ngle division, the Chrysophyta, and 
Pp. 


cetes. 


having its most recent backing Clem- 
ents and Shear, The Genera of the Fungi) 
and a monophyletic origin from either an 
algal ancestr: colorless flagellates, is 
not clearly r Some legitimate dis- 
sension mi b sed over the exclu- 
ion of the Myxothallophyta from the 
fungi pro Particularly it might be 
oted that certain Phytomyxinae—Spon- 
ospora and Plasimodiophora, here allo- 
cated t 


OSS 
nequal length n the mycetes the 
position of, the Exoascales might be ques- 
coe on the oe of the author’s 


fe) 
ships of its members, the author has over- 
looked a frequently proposed hy pothesis 


ound amor 


di 

oregoing remarks should not be 
allowed to detract non the fundamental 
importance of this It is beyond 
doubt a noteworthy addition to the t 
book world. 
Guiapys E. Baker, 

ITunter College. 


Volume IT 
ChYES OGAMIC BOTANY. Volume 

and Pteridophytes. 
i380 pages, 244 fig- 
w-Hill, New York 

and London. 1938. 3. 
The a gr owth of ‘botanical science 
within the last two oe — ie 
iterature make 


e 
<eep abreast is published, 


in a measure at least, 
eC 


volume under consideration will tak e its 
place as of t 
f rought together 


olar. 
elf drawn and practically al 
gad 

oS according 


ryophyta, t 
robable se 


smith, had as their 
the rks — ee series of the Chlor 
phyceae,’ into three pee 
the “Hepatic, the Anthocerotae, ne the 

The sugge of Howe that the 
¥ 


“so 
-e 


the anethene theory of alternation of dis- 
similar generations in the Bryophytes and 


explains their dissimilarity, in 
least, by the ecko tis of the eens ed 
generation up: sexual generation.” 
It is not Cea Sneretore to tind the 
naa ie considered before the Antho- 


The Pt ridophyta are divided into ea 


te 
classes: the Psilophytinae, i Lyco 
dinae, the Equisetinae, and the Filcmae, 
iven in this sequence. e importance 
f the fi of these four is duly empha- 


t 
e classes is discussed in considerable 
eal: 
ther authors may disagree with some 


f the tenets presented or defended; more 
advanced nts may wish that. Pro- 
fessor divul them re 


conclusions. this Id have en- 
rged the vee and decreased its value 
a usable 


Epwin B 
Columbia Oi. 


Botany for the Beginner 
AN INTRODUCTION TO BOT. 
Arthur a , Haupt: 396 pages, Indexed 
ani ae ate McGraw-Hill, 
Vor c 

As ae ee its “Bile this book is 
epee dae = eens as an as 
the f botany. It 


e first year of colle; fe 


hensive—and ot. probably. es ite "hie 
: ak y far ipre- 


pene 
1 year 


= 


heneis ive bo eed p Botany or 
able, cach ae cover a fi 
or mo college work. The present 
book, however, will fill a long-felt need 
nstitu se 


in n stich in tions where a one-semester 
cours tany is desired in “the cur- 
riculum. It does not mal ny mp’ 


€ a attempt 
to cover the subject in an exhaustive 
manner, but strives merely to furnish a 
— a of fundamentals upon 
which more advanced studies may be 
base 
After an introductory chapter outlining 
the festves common to plants and ani- 
disti a ae acti stics of 


plants, and the otany, no 
author takes up, in T caceesdine chap 
the vegetative organs, the protoplasm pe 


the cell, the vegetative tissues, functions 


168 


of living plants, such as absorption, con- 


duction, transpiration, metabolism, and 
irritability, anc environmental relations 
or ecolo; me is i wed by chapters 


y. 
on the flow and P Acad F evoluten 
and pollination, ede and oe and, 
finally, heredity and plant breedin; 
at may be regarded as the second 
part of the es : pees up with on 
on the plants 1 


of each. group So briefly pages and 
vid hi 


ters the alk ae, 


2 
3 


tion 
278 text- aauires | are epee aid ‘yell chosen 
to illustrate the salient ae of t 

. MoLpenke, 


A Se Book 

r Layme 
TION'S FORESTS. William 
with an introduction 
x. 264 pages, illustrated, 
aemillan, New York, 1939. 


ooks on co naturally, are 
ee by techni who sometimes 
find it d i 


‘hence 
his book is is more ord read, though it i: 
one the less factual. 

Te ling ns soy of the ee the 
m the day iv fir: - 


a 
4 
a 
= 
B 
3 
faa 
> 
o 
a 
° 
5 
i 
Bw 
a 
@ 


which is the center of today’s lumber in 
dustry, op he doe os Site 
ous species o ortance in each 
their manner of growth, their wasect Pand 
fun Les enemies and the like. 
en: apter, Everyman’s For 

pictures pete the extent and loca- 

tion of the 175 million acres of National 


s ic i 8 states, 
Alaska, and Puerto Rico, and makes ae 
reader really feel that he owns an acr 


and a half of forest land containing cer- 
tain kinds of trees, The book deals at 
Jength with the ani of a Forest 
Service in building cut-ov. 
Hae planting and “ailvieulta 


ange de 
ational facilities ee the co-operation es 
A owns 70 per cen 


private industry, 
of the nation’s forest land. 
In one chapter Di 


oods and g 
mpoverishment. Tn the “following ages 
the author attempts to “eel as t care i 
selecting the trees to be will ras 
the forest Sa uee! ae and will 
even improve its condition. 
eae es eal with the tragic tol 


e the slit ude of a world undis- 
y man. 

Like many conservationists, the author 
ints rather a harsh picture of the lum- 
ho “cut out and 


e 
1 
—to say nothing of the bea which 
has enabled us - su i: r people 
f low income with schoolhooks: news- 
papers, faanacines: “and moving picture an 
cl a are the envy of most other co 
tri 


The book is eae illustrated with 
ig ost of 
. It is 
be espe- 
ople who 
wish to acquire a “speaking a. 
we our most important renewable 


Recinatp T. Titus, M.F. 


169 


Woody Plants of California 
CONSPICUOUS CALIFORN 
PLANTS with notes on their caer 
uses. Raiph D. Cornell. 192 pages, 

36 plates. San Pasqual Press, Pasa- 

lena, $4, 


The author of this very attractive vol- 
ume has gone up and down the length of 
California, has lived in the mountains and 
the deserts. He has taken many pictures 
of trees and shrubs, toy -six of these be- 

duced in this volume. 


ing beautifully reprodu is volur 

plants described are al woody an 
ative to California. Appropriately, he 
begins with the sequoias, 4 i 
with eight other trees; then follo ec 
tions on the chaparral and the desert, and 
e concludes wi hort section on con- 
servation. ae is a short appendix— 
Garden Notes— ow best to use the 
plants described, and related forms, for 

rden and lar 

criptions are tten in a non-tech- 
nical manner, often almost poetic in 
phrasing, for the author loves the plants 
of the mountain slopes and alee He 


of trees and shrubs in leaely 

ree by the Pee ee dae of the 

many seeds and fru ound ne ia te 

aaah is ion fecce not 

by mber of edible p i as oy “the 

necessity that forced the Indians to make 
of ther 


ee oe a landscape artist a: 
well as a pla 


used to the Nag of desert life. 

nfortunately, few will 
found, ae as the ere aca ‘that th 
rified forest of 
S 


submer; 

erence to sycamore as dioec‘ous and to 
yucca fruits as elled. 

hh pleasure 
California 


southwest who a having native 
plants about their hom 
Ca T. Hastincs. 


Mrs. Comstock Lives Again 

In a Revised Handboo 
HANDBOOK OF NATURE STUDY. 
Anna Botsford Comstock. 24th edi- 
tion. 937 pages, illustrated; index; bibl 
ography. Comstock Publishing’ Co. 
Aner 1939. $4. 


of oe Botstord C 


ae 
$ wae stock’s eee as a teacher 
} with her wide and thorough 


ries vinrouetout athe. country will want the 
new H tere) 

Many experts in various fields of n. 
tural history contributed to the revision nol 
the book. Approximately 300 separate 

nature sue are antes covering 
bla nts anda mals, the earth and the sky. 
An ececlicnt: annotated bi ibiogranhy is in- 
cluded, a very valuable additio 


School Nature League. 
Brief Notes on Varied Books 


Garden fee of the Year 


RDG pe GARDENING— 
1939. ted F. A. Mercer. 1 ao 
pages of ae etion’ with a brief a 


companying text. Index to illustrations. 
Studio Publications, New York, 1939. 
$4.50, 

The Studio annual, Gard and 
dening, is a welcome volume when it ap- 
pears for it is a hook t the garden 
lover can browse over profitably for in- 
numerable hours during the ye It is 
packe ith designs and i for gardens 
of many types—peaceful v ardens 

jooth lawns with lantings, 


ound houses. 
nal arrangements, ornaments, gates, and 
each furniture, and portraits of new 


170 


and ee sne floral subjects for out- 
door 
While the body of the 


p otographs, it is 


book is erica 
ane ae a by 


n Gar 
w aes a leading laadeane 


architects from six ‘differ nt countries, 


Out of the Sixteenth Century 


THE FIRST GARDEN BOOK, by 
Thomas Hyll, 1563. Edited by Violet 
and “Hal, W. “Troviltion. Ponition 
Private Press, Herrin, Illinois, 1938. 
2.50. 


In what is reputed to be the first garden 
book ever printed in English, we sa ie 
Garden which lieth v 


mall instructions four the sowying 
; 
e might never have learned this 
—or many another bit of ade Sie 
He 


ipelling. via fo: Pranately not in the 
inal Sa type-face) the “First Garden 
ook” of Th 


(sometimes spelled Hill) are reproduce dd. 


Animal Life in the Garden 
GARDEN CREATURES. Eleanor 
King and Wellmer Po 64 pages, 
illustrated. Harper, New York, 1939. 
$1.25. 
Eleanor King 


and Wellmer _Pessels, 


ely 
illustrations eal the 
ves familiar Gate spout which most 
ioe eally know so little and wish 
now more. 
Caro. H. Woonwarn, 


For Designers 
DECORA MS. 
Herhert W ieee he aie ara 
red. Harper, New York, 1939. $1.50. 


In ine Hay at the Gar den ne person 

es how 1 e there 
ery day in search o 
+ use in design will appreciate the value 


of a sketch-book suc oe a the one which 
Herbert W. Faulkner has prepared for 
the use of desionees craftsmen, teachers, 
and others. The poo consists of thirty 
pla ates, each show: pore and-ink draw- 
ings of flowers aid ‘eaves which might be 
useful in decoration. 


Current Literature* 
At a Glance 
By ! irgene Kavanagh 
Chart. Volume I of the Color 


Col 
oa being aa Be oo Flor 
ticultural Soc 


epertoire 


ide 
ndards.” 
for each tone a h 
given, including ecieties 
hybridized plants as lilies 
Lichens and Leaves. Two articles of 
special interest - amateur botanists have 
ared School Nature League 


is 
of such ‘widely 
and r 


of m maples ~ with excellent descriptions of 
the tree: ay). 

Fritillaria. In the March issue of the 
ee retin of the Alpine Garden 


Soc: ars an interesting study o 
ae Actes of the genus Fritillaria. 
Both this article and ‘“ es ait from 


the Eastern Medeor: 
eral useful ideas to persons making rock 
gi pa nS 


+ Capa: Plans for a 10 by 10-foot 


eal es of the bro; 
aie by the. Extension Service of 
of New Jersey at New Brunswic 
* All publications mentioned h 
others—may be found in the Library. “the 
Botanical Garden, in the Museum Building. 


W7i 


Notes, News, and Comment 


Tea. The President, the 
Managers, ahd the Advisory cal i 
the Botanical Gard 


the rock garden 
were on view. was sewed in one of 
the model garden: 


Herbarium. <A collection of 8,257 he 
barium sheets, consisting of plants from 
England, western continental turope, 
Peal United States and adjacent 
se of ee has been presented to 

e New York Botanical Garden by Mrs. 
Sdmondson. They are the ‘ollec. 
tions made by her nusband during vaca- 
tions over many years. Dr. Edmondson 
was ar of inathematics and physics 
and, befor ae eath last fall, pro- 
fessor emeritus, at New Y eh Unix eae 
His collections a ain a walable of 
about 300 ferns fr Ae central Europe, oe 
about 200 published sheets of species of 
Hicracium from England, besides an addi- 
tional ee “representatives of this genus 
from Ger 

a Gard 11 ae also acquired about 100 

of botanical books from Dr. 
Hmondson's library. These include a 
complete set of Hegi’s Flora von Mittel- 
ea a other reference works 
which will be placed in the herbarium. 


Medal. oup of s specimen 
begonias ene "hue 6 in. "Gardens on 
oat "at the 


me ar 
collection in clude d Begonia echinosepala, 
i prunifli, Ra maculata Hightii, and 
rothy Gra 

Krukoff, wh 


ing the past 
for a six months’ eS pediion 1 
_ Am the recipients of 
Sune: at The ae 
mn are Miss Selm: 
doing nee 
ork a’ Tiss Elizabeth 
erbury, of ersey Colle ge for 
ne omen, both of v hort began their work 
on prepen in Hemerocallis Belseior in 
Jun 


Scholarships. 


me 
22 


Dr. Margaret Fulford from the Univer- 
sity of ee is ae Hae etd 
e Hepati atw ar: 


scrley . 
niversity of. Tennessee is pected for 
one ionth to aa sue some special work 
in plant ecolog 

Pega ab ae e Dr, 
. C. Smith and ae W. HL 


_and . Mrs. 


3 
‘| 
e 
as 


se v rica, 


iosieal Station of the si - 2 Vir- 
ene, with Dr. I. F. -ewis as chairman, 
the d iolo: ie of Virginia 

Polytechnic Institute, with i 

Massey as chairman. The i 
cluded field trips in the mountains on 
Friday and Saturday, with a Sund: ip 
the Peaks of Otter, 80 miles away. At 

r 


Lucy Br 
Biomanee H. R. Tot 
and Earl L. Core. 


, ML. Fernald, 

rch. Miss ae Kobs of Ran- 
doit ‘Macon. Colle 
1 Dr. E 


summer to continue their 
respectively on sugar and vegetative 
agatio 


Tvisory Council. Mrs. Roswell Miller. 
oA was elected a member of the Advis sory 
Council of The New York [otanical 
Garden at a meeting of the Board of 
Managers May 18. 


mists and other visitors 
Rae ren Pees in the library during 
the past few weeks include George H. 
Shull of Princeton University; T. C. Tack 
of Kenya Colony, East Africa; K. Wada 
of Numazu-shi, Japan: F. Gertrude 


1 


South 
ausen, 


Williamson, Occidental College, 
Pasadena, Calif. ; Robert Le 
Cornell University ; 
Arboretum; F. Posbers, 
ee aerate Th mes Walters 
of California ; B. M. Duegar, Ca 
Vi SCO: Bie a F. and J. Har 
Colum 
f Chi 


gz lle 
P Vath, niversit 
; Mrs. Ralph Bogart, Geanbe Mo.; 
Le Mrs. R. A. Silow, Cotton Sta- 
indad; Frank {ackaness, 
Ditlard University: and A. Wetherby 
of Gray Herbarium, Cambridge, 
was erroneously reported last 


aac Talo 
month to have come from Cambridge, 
England. 


nt i Gardener: Two of The 
ical Garden's student oe 
at the Mo: 


he 
Ke ae Ae been aad outdoor foreman at 


eal. 
who. also 


eae was 


necticut Hege, New London. 

Samuel Bridge sailed on June 28 f 

ar as exchange s t gardener at 
Kew, and J. W. E. Stott, who has been 
appointed by Kew for a year at The Ne 
York eit Garden on exchange, 
arrives July 3 

Travelers. Professor T. H. Go oe 
of the “University of California, with Mrs 
Goodspeed, stopping in w York o1 
their retarn from a year in South America, 
ae ey e a. be me ies 
lat tained 
evening by ‘the “Columbia Faculty Club ae 
dinr Goodspeed spoke on 
some or es "bible i his sojourn 
south of the 

Argentina fe companying 
Mrs. T. H. oo on es return 


W 
She visiting 
ae oy fast htione Tee out this 
country, studying, ll ong other things, 
scicntific achieveme: in the improve- 
ment of pens over Fe natural eae 
ments. She is working to win official 
recognition in the Argentine of the im- 
portance of scientific investigation in ad- 


“I 


iia 


vancing horticulture in her country, an nd 
hopes to establish there a well cause 
school of - rticulture which will serv 
as a nucleus for ee ms, through which 
she foresees a new ine in international 
understanding. 
Garden Clubs ey May, members 
of the garden clubs aurelton, Mount 
Ver i "Plessanile, Nyack, and Glen 
the garden departments of 
Ridgewood and 
ted special per 


Glen Ridge 
gs enor 


N. J. 
at the: Beteieat Gade. 
f a member of the 
Students. George T. Has s brought 
360 peleey students from R bee welt High 
chool the main conservatories 
h a lecture in 


ge 


class from rson High 

City, New Te visited the r 

and the main Rarer iar with t 

instructor June 8, and the fol 
a gro m Hi 


up fro' aaihonie chool, Teaneck, 
N. J. nade a similar tour o nds 
under the leadership of a er, 


Photographers. The Biter Photo- 
graphic ‘Acsociation ens have its Pas 
annual convention Sep’ at 
Mellon Institute for Frstial Rear 
in Pittsburgh. Inform: y_be ob- 
tained from the secretary 

Office, 


el Magee Hospital, Pittsburgh, 


rom Montreal. Stephen Vincent, direc- 
the horticultural training course 
nned at the Montreal 
at the New York Botanical Ga 
summer to study the m 
the training of student gardeners 
len’s specimen of 
lhuaro of the 


in May and flower r about two weeks. 
The plant, which stands as a single, - 
branched column about 8 feet tall, was 


name of this tree- ee derived from an 
Aztecan Indian tongue. 


THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
BOARD OF MANAGERS 


I. ECTIVE MANAGERS 
Until 1940: Henry DE oe BaLpwin ag president), Cuitos Frick, 
Attyn R, Jennines, Henry Locxuart, Jr., T. MacDoucat, Mrs. Haroun 
I. Pratr, and JosepH Sw (P. esident). 
Until 1941: E. C. Aucuter, Mars Fierp, Mrs. Eron Huntineto 


Hooker, Joan L. a (Vice- peeddeut), Cor. Rosert H. Wouieou ae 
and H. Hosart Por’ 

Until 3 Axratn a elute Rael PrerRE JAy, CLARENCE 
Lewis, MErRIL ENRY DE LA _ TAG Ake, and Assistant 
Tee, WILuiaM 7. oe and J. E. Se bes 


II. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS 
RELLO H. La’ Mayor of the City of New York. 
Rosser Mosss, Pak Co snission ner. 
James Marsua tt, President of the Board of Education. 
III APPOINTIVE MANAGERS 
Tracy E. Hazen, appointed by the Torrey Botanical Club. 
R. ‘A, Harper, SAM F, Trerease, EpMuND W. SINNoTT, and Marston T. 
Bocerrt, appointed by Columbia Universi ity. 
GARDEN STAFF 
Rs . J ag Pu. D., Sc. D. 


, PH SDs iene etkee Assistant Director ond Head rohan 
oe A ae “Mentha Assistant Director 
A. B. St00t,..PH., De ceca sendeceisah. Curator of Education and Laboratories 
Frep J. Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D, Curato 
BERNARD oa Doncz, Pu. D. Plant Patholog ist 
JoHN ee LEY BARNHART, As Ma Ms. De ics-ciciecicvenesan tute Bibliogri oe 
H. W. RICKETT, Pu dssistant Bibliographer 
Apert C, SMITH, Pe Associate Curator 
Harotp N. MoLpENKE, pe —_ Associate esheets 
Evizazetu C. Hatz, A. B., B. Libraria: 
H. H. Russy, M. 3. ese sien Hos Curator of -_ Economic Collections 
Frepa GriFFITH rtist Pes Photographer 
Percy WILSON esearch Associate 
Rosert S. WILLIAMS search pres iate in Bryology 
E. J. prea ore Assistant Curator and ee of the Local Herbarium 

p, Pu. D. ssistant Curator 
LYDE. Coe A. Technical Assistant 
Rosauie Wetkert Technical Assistant 
Frep KavanacuH, M.A. Technical A pe 
‘AROL pwarD, A. B. Editorial raed t 
THOMAS Everett, N. D. Hort. vlturist 
Trrock, A. M. ocent 
Orro Dives M. S. Collaborator - Hawaiian Botany 
Rosert HaGELSTEIN Honorary Curator of  ivavinsceie: 
Eruet Anson S. PecKHAM. Honorary | Curator, Iris and ieee Collections 
ae J. CorBetT perintendent of Buildings and Grou 


S 
A. C. PFANDER Assistant Superintendent 


MEMBERSHIP IN THE GARDEN 


stablished i a pute y endowed ypstiiuaen, aided partially by City appro- 
Sey The ork Botanical Garden is dependent for its progress largely 
ae benefacions va memberships Th ious h the ese means, oie young as Poa 


t has bec the third 1 
heron um, card Roeaculeaeal eolleecons alee among the finest and most caalere 
in any co’ if 

lembership in The New York Botanical Garden, therefore, means promotion 
of scientific research in botany and oe aayence mene of horticultural interests. 
Scientifically, the Garden is able to clearing-house of information for 
students and botanists all over the aie horculurally, it often serves as a link 

ning 


ae 6 
rough memberships and benefactions, provision is made at the Botanical 


u 
and gardens, and lectures, courses, and free information in botany faa fadene 
are given to the public 

h individual merber of the Garden receives: 

(1) A copy of the Journal every month. 

(2) A pt of Addisonia twice a year, each number illustrated with 
eight colored plates of unusual pla ae accompanied by complete descrip- 
tions and other pertinent informatio: 

(3) A share of surplus plant ea of interesting or new varieties 
whenever it is distributed. 

(4) Announcements of special floral displays at the Garden from 
season to season 

(5) Cr edits to the extent of the membership fee paid, toward courses 
of study offered by the Garden 

A limited number of garden Suber are accepted as affiliates. The privileges of 
afhliation are a subscription to the Journal, announcements of displays, a special ally 
conducted ites of the grounds and greenhouses, and a lecture once a year by 
selected member of the staff. 


Fello se ips or aoe ips for practical student-training in horticulture or for 
botanical Resear y be esta able ished by bequest or other benefaction either in 
perpetuity or for a aeunie peri 

The classes of Saale ae types of benefaction are as follows: 
Annual Member annual fee $ 10 
sate Member ual fee 

arden Club {MihengD annual fee for club 2 
Fellowehin M mber annual fee 100 
Member for “fe single contribution 250 
Fellow for Life single contr: ae 1,000 
Patron single contributio 5,000 
Benefactor single ceutripatien 25,000 


Contributions to the Garden may be deducted from taxable incomes. The 
following is a legally approved form of bequest: 


I hereby beausate to The New York Botanical Garden incorporated under the 
Laws of New York, Chapter 285° a eer ee Sie Of —$—$—$$——— 

Condit cal sheduet may be mai ate income payable to donor or any 
designated bene y during his or i “lifetim 


All Aiea fe further information should be addressed to The New York 
Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. 


Wot, 2IL, Aucust, 1939 


No. 476 
JOURNAL 


Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y 
NG 


ntered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. 


ual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cen 


tee to members of the Garden 


JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
CaroL H. Woopwarp, Editor 
August, 1939 
Borders OF ANNUALS AND THE DoME OF THE MAIN CONSERVATORIES 
Cover Photograph by ie Griffith 
Ros Pearl S. Buck 173 
See AND Fact oF MEDICINAL PLants IN Rurat Mexico 
Ira L. Wiggins 176 
ANOTHER Krusi FROM SUMATRA BLOOMS AT THE GARDEN 179 
PLANTS AND PLANTING METHODS FOR THE Native GARDEN 
Robert §. Lemmon 182 
AMERICAN WILD FLOWERS FOR THE AMERICAN GARDEN 
Photographs by Robes S. Lemmon 184-185 
Capt. F. Kincbon Warp Visits New York, THE Fain, AND THE GARDEN 189 
. E. SPINGARN 
Ruan Pee Oe 
OTES, M. 
CuRRENT ee AT A Guanes 
Reviews oF Recent Boo 


190 
190 


191 
Virgene Kavanagh 192 
193 


SERVICE TO VISITORS 
York Botanical Garden 


obably half a million people i come to The New 
Wwers, the trees and shr ubs, and the con- 


Pr 
just for the joy of seeing the Sitds oor “how 


mic wha 

poisonous, where go to school, what eee tend food-plants grow in some 
far-off country, a ‘e Renta the plants the Garden is asked to identify and the 
garden troubles it is requested to ead 
Quite outside of its own scientific research and its direct assistance to other 
botanists and students, the institution thas has fee its ala Be! services, some 
esthetic, others eta practical. And besides the dally of visitors, there 
a he een d in courses, those who attend the a and all who keep 
en’ il and teephone busy with replies to questions which staff members 


Ss 

a 
Es 
3 

— 
° 
ot 
c 
a 


It is ee the mem ony of many peop'e active today when there was no botanical 
garde w York. There were no vast rolling acres planted with trees from 
! und the world; no fine collections of shrubs and flowering 
erbaceous plants; no large conservatories where ¢ xotic plan nts ae ie se on the 


nd: litt 
the plant-lover could go to learn a = have his questions answered 
bout y years ago, Lea York Botanical Garden began to be 
developed on the west side of Bronx Park. 
It is refreshing to look about the aa and buildings today, then to look back 
upon the vision of the founders, who decreed that The New York Chae 
ae eae oe eres a the p a ee of: ° 


jects, f i or ibi 
ornamental aod. decorative Fa aie and gardening, and for the entertainment, 
recreation, and instruction of t eople.” 


nua ©. 13g 


Site 
aw mid 


JOURNAL 4RDgy 


of 
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
VoL. XL Aucust, 1939 No. 476 


R OSES By Pearl S. Buck 
Address given at The New York Botanical Garden, June 6, 1939, at the unveiling 
of o plaque to Mr. Lambertus C. Bobbink.) 
(Copyright 1939 by Pearl S. Buck) 


I AM here today primarily as a token of gratitude for roses. It is folly for 
nd yet I mu: 


is pies more than just a flower. It has become a symbol of beauty and 
eelin, 


y when one must speak for so many who are in trouble 


tute and exiled from Germany and Italy, for all those suffer as the result 
of man’s brutality and madness, it restores the s ‘o come and speak for 
roses. It is well in the midst of orld like ours to remember that in places 
such as this, where we gather today, there are roses. I a ay I 
hav ‘ose of my own, neit: rge nor so beautiful as this one, 
and yet satisfying to me, because my roses like to gr nd am 
proud of that. Roses will not grow for ever ere is a pa which 


J have more than present gratitude for roses. They ie a peculiar 
place in my memory. Indeed, my very first memory is of roses and my 
mother among them in a little garden she had in a Chinese courtyard in a 

i *t know: 


out of it all but drowned, yet so enchanted by the pened that I til 
remember it. 

next strong memory of roses is of a white climbing rosebush, old and 
ae that sprawled over the end of the porch of the bungalow where I spent 


173 


174 


my childhood. Beyond that bungalow was the great Yangtse River and a 
crowded city. But our little house stood on a hill outside the city wall, and 
the rose was fragrant—a tiny, spice: smelling little white rose, one of the 


ell, the years passed with their troubled times of the Boxer Rebellion 
and ee into the First ee dificult years, full of wars and threats 


own first rose garden was in a little country town in Noah China, 
in a soil so dry and barren that only the hardiest rose would grow there. I 


175 


was the soil ee made famine for the people who tried to live upon it— 
war-torn soil, too. My rose garden grew in the shade of a city wall cen- 
turies old a more than once bullets flew over it when bandits attacked 


r ber only two roses grew willingly in that soil—one a bi 
pink rose from Shantung, which ha handsome 
opened looked as big as a peony, the other a al leaved climbing rose 
that put out sprays of lemon-yellow flowers, half ble and half single 
Neither rose had fragrance, only color. Strangely enough, I e yellow 
rose blooming also upon many an farm in Pennsylvania, and it grows in 


my own rose garden there, its yellow blossoms against a wall built before 
the Revolution. 
nd then for a dozen years and more I had all the roses heart could wish, 
et 


Y 
vated English and American varieties, to the commonest small fragrant red 
i Chi di 


O s 
not sure I should be there to see them bloom, so disturbed were shoes times 
yy wars. 
But roses have always been to me comfort and peace and refreshment. 
They are now. In a world such as ours it is well to take time to think about - 


them, t tend them and persuade them to bloom hey 
belong to an essential realm, and when we co e, as we do today, to 
give honor to a man has spent so much o fe upon roses, we do 


those who make music and painting and books and poetry and sculpture, is 
part of all that work which makes human beings better and more civilized 


Folklore And Fact Of 

Medicinal Plants 

In Rural Mexico By . Wiggins, 
hehe University 


alee ina utilize their 


HE ingenuity with which some of the 
only by their ability 
mes 


ative plants for remedies and cures is surpas 


to distinguish between those that are “good” o: badd” and to apply nar 
t hose with which they come in contact. 

Often, while collecting herbarium spa in Mexico, I have been 
een upon with unconcea aled suspicion and wonder; but when the natives 


told that I was ing plants ht mi yield new or more effective 
medicines their uneasiness vanished a A man putting weeds and 


s eee then became freshets of “facts,” and no 


Spec 
fur thee aheie « was il 
Doubtless wa Guece! . contain no small amount of misinformation 
the oe beneficial effects of various native plants when 
rubbed on, or made into poultices, plasters, or tea 
On the other band, rte medicinal ‘ore of the Mexican a ae — is 
based on generations of experience, handed down from father and 
ily mo ee to dave hter. Though intimately intertw eae with. ce 
arkable wel of truth runs through the fabric. Not a few of the 
ae oe a e pagon today as homely but ‘tet renee - 
i ne time used also by 
ae ae ae with refined aces cbaiabl a oe corner 
srg See not one w hit from their effec 
Texicans in us walks of life have ee me on the leaves of one 
plant oa: bead ot ices for a wound that fails to heal readily; that 
ark from another bak steep es in water yields an e Action medicine for 
the treatment of sore eyes; Boge be of a delic. ne ttle h ae 
ellent ae for . a of a rattlesnake or ie ing 0 
e root of another see eee as a eesti ee 
from still pees ae a potent remedy for malaria! eee the 
ves or flower: of Tsomeris arbor rea is a powerful Ae purgative: 
re, for an overdose is pisonons! 
1 ion of the rush-like stems of Ephedra californic 
to the Mexicans as Bee otilla,” is used to coma a ‘os 
ongestion in the chest and as a remedy for varicose veins. <A stronger t 
nee from the roots of the same aa is noe as a are for ae 


177 


disease and Scone The juice of Jatropha cinerea, * oe " of the 
Mexicans, is r o be the most effective medicine known for healing 
chapped or ieee ie ut it must not be swallowed as He is a violent 


Quaking aspens, whose a and leaves Sg to set the broken leg of a 
Mexican vaque 


178 


ae The herbage of an evil-smelling Porophyllitin is used to m 
a taken as a “blood purifier.” ee ee ee me that this is 
ate as palatable as our sassafras The tic gum of several 
species of Bursera is burned, much as he Chines ese me urn incense, and the 
ee oe inhaled to relieve catarrhal congestion in the head. The 
same a e used also for packing cavities in decayed, aching teeth. 
Artemisia Brace called “dragon sagewort” in parts of the United 
States ona erb’ anis” by the Mexicans, is used for a half dozen ailments. 
A strong ae made from the leaves is used as a hair tonic, or t Te 
leaves are crushed and rubbed through ie hair and over the scalp. The 


the leaves Pures stem taken in s a doses to cure stomach 
ulcers and other digestive ae made from the fresh or 
dried roots a the plant is supposed to cure poate and relieve the pain 
of severe burns 

his list of medicinal eae to which some of the native plants are put is 
but a beginning. t be extended to include several hundred native 
lants. Some of cos pate dealing with these plants and remedies 

sible wo 


careful study and checking to iia ee raat of some and the 
uselessness of other: t each new trip i e back country of Mexico 
brings to light some eine 8 vit we mi a ine The es intriguing 
of these was recounted for me by a sixteen- shies old boy of Scandinavian 
parentage who now lives in L ower Calif During a pack and saddle 


this boy, Phil Meling, who accompanied the party as packer and guide, 
told me the eee story. 

ago summer one of Meling’s vaqueros was caught under a 
falling, fe Be chasing wi cattle a his leg was broken just below 
the knee. He was carried to the ‘ae mer cabin by the other riders who 
rendered aid—first, second, and final The y first spas hee the eae 
was a simple one, then dis ete one of ye number 
of the meadow a half ae away to hack a quantity i a pe me 

S al 


water added, and the mass boiled for a half hour. The injured leg was 
carefully washed with the hot liquid. A couple of quarts of the fluid was 
drained aes the macerated ee and bark, a similar quantity of strained 
wild honey added, and the mess boiled until it ones the siigneeo of 
thick a Probably the a Sco: ise dur the process in spite of 
constant stirring, and the juice may have undergone some oxidation, i ey 
the time it had boiled down sdncearly the ae was black a 


179 


ie o uae were torn aly a blanket and thoroughly smeared with 
t, viscous The hile three cae held the patient, a 
ae ae thet Been leg eee and held i iti 
as judged by his ideas of human anatomy and a . the assis 
he hot, honey-daubed strips of cloth were wound around the injured = 
ee ankle to above the knee. The patient, ae ae ae the hot band 
was sea in the bunk until the mass of cloth, 

a irly rigi 


2 


honey, and pron 


made by surgeons cloth impregnated w he plaster of paris and 
dipped i in Bee nae ae application. A splin ee from a dry 
piece of aspen wood, was padded with fibers ae a ‘native yucca and bound 
in place outside the ca 
During = month the Mexican dey was confined to his bunk n 
weight was attached to the injured leg, nor were any mechanical ae 
other than. the cast and s plint used. At the eid - that time the chap became 
ie a Ravana to leave the cast alone for a 
1, he ork on it with his knife and removed 
i ae ne “He Gerplsined eee tout the minor scars arg ed by 
the burns peer when the hot band re placed on his leg! For 
r weeks after the removal of ae cast he hobbled. about . cabin 
hon 


on ee crutches, a i g from his ankle upward 
and around his k t the See mem 2 off the ground. 

Crude these measures seem to thos Qo are eae to modern 
n ae practices, they were effective still rides. He walks (when 
he m 


on 
e walk) without a limp. Cattle-camp surgery, wild honey and aspen 
juice ae it possible. 


cAnother Krubi From Sumatra 
Blooms At The Garden 


which has come to be pop pularly 
came into flower in the ee Dates n Sunday a uheooe July 2 
It started to open at 1 o and it Pape so rapidly t that by the time 


the conservatories were ae for the day, the rim of the spathe had 
already begun howev 


to dro The infl 
oe ae for ne many hundreds 0 


to see on 
ponse to newspaper notices and radio broadcasts. But by 
Af foue th of Taly the oe was practically closed 


eee Botanical Garden's second sce of dead Hanan 
ve the n: e of ‘“‘krubi, 


180 


ead of heing set in a tub, like the ae eee ie Amor- 
ae had ue out in a bed i re oid ho 0 give it a 
better Ate to dev According to B. Krukott ; oie Near this 
cor e Garden its native ee in en the plant is largely 
aa in the wild by the Raldeata of corms at the ase ae runners 
which extend about ten feet y from the e parent plant. As plant 
has ever been successfully oe in cultivation, the Be el oa n 
Aes on that its method of culture might induce propagation by nat- 

ral 1 

ae aching New York in 1935, the present plant has borne two 
leaves, one a uring 1936 and ri second late in 1937. ee one died down 
during the winter of 1938 and the corm was allowed to 

When planted out in the spring, corm weighed only a en barely 
a quarter as aie as the corm of the enormous plant which flowered : 
June, 1937. : therefore not expected that flowering would occur 


The new prow began May 5. Six weeks later it became evident that 


the bud scales contained an inflorescence. md June 20 the bud stood 20 
inches high. en grew an average of about 2 inches a until it 
fluwered at a height of + feet—less than half the size of the former 


” 


ieee at the Botanical Garden, but a striking “flower ee in 
color, form, and odor. 

he spadix of this specimen was : a purplish slate color, instead o 
yellovy as in the former ‘flower.’ id not tee down the side, 
instead emitted its putrid odor ee a pore at t ery tip. The Fae 
of the fluted spathe was rich maroon, like the ee Pee a greenish 
yellow spotted with ivory, aboye a thick, dull green stalk with ivory spots. 


Official Flower 
Since the blooming of the second krubi at the Garden. the Borough 
President has designated -lmorphophallus titanum as the official flower of 
the Bronx. In an announcement made July 7, President James J. Lyons 
rt: 


P 
The only place in the Western anaes cee this a ie has 
i Bronx. TJ, therefore, feel it proper that the Bronx 
should adopt it as its official flower. I, therefore. proclaim the morpho- 
phallus titanum (giant krubi) as the official flower of the Bronx, as its 
tremendous size shall be symbolic of the large and fastest growing borough 
of City of New York. There are many other sweeter- -smelling flowers, 
but none as large and distinctive.” 


z. 
us 


7 wal 
Photograph by Fieda Griffith. 


A a titanum, Sumatra’s giant krubi, the second aaa of 
ich (shown above) bloomed at the Botanical Garden n July 


Plants And Planting Methods 
For The “Native Garden By Robert S. Lemmon, 


Editor of ae Gardening” 
a very considerable extent, success in the growing of native plants 
na more or less cultivated state hinges on the application of plain 
common sense, plus the realization that the great majority of the more 
desirable species have definite likes and dislikes to which one must defer. 
Granted these Say on the part of the planter, the rest becomes 
largely a matter of 

At the very ou utset a eae make a thorough study of the place you 
propose to ee ith. Obvious ens to be determined are the extent and 
location of the shaded and sunlit the conditions of soil moisture 
in various spots, the presence or oe of rock, and the character of the 
soil itself. The last of aaa is especially important and eee a para- 

r two of it . ow: 

Both the physic: ee the chemical character of the soil may vary 
sharply in dif poe of even a decidedly small area, and the only 
way of esa them is by taking numerous samples. Look especially 
for the p of heavy clay, em or grav vl consistency, abundant 
leatmold or one humus, ordinary loam, and so on me any one of these 
conditions is found in excess i it can be aiered ; ae des red, by incorporating 
with the s ng it up t 


absence of ei ime 
side of the soil chemistry picture which coun nts, ous a others, which 


be satisfactory except in the case of an eae arren ee on. Cert: 
of our really pee native Lae are indifferent as to whether a soil is alka- 
line or acid; some definitely prefer the presence of co able lime, 


nsider: 

and many oe species ey natives of the East) require clearly 
eae oo 

ere is al one sure way of determining = renee or came of 
your ae and that is by testing samples of it with o 
reliable sets which can 7 — at - ice gerden supoly : S 
from the manufactur Such tests had bet made in paver 
different spots, for ne hentcl as a as t ne etude character of soil 


he en 
es or dire 


Once the existing alkaline or acid en is known, steps can be 
taken to alter it if the plants that you wish to grow call for such ae 


183 


A limey soil can be made neutral hil actually acid by the addition of acid- 
carrying materials such as oak leafmold, peatmoss, rotted hemlock or pine 
needles, or by the cautious use ane — ate. An acid soil, on 
the ot! ther hand, can be neutri sce or thrown over on the alkaline by 
igging in crushed sal estone or, as a substitute, ee slaked lim 
Turning now to matters of shade and sunlight, it is well to neste 
that few of our on worthwhile native plants will do their best if sub- 
jected to conditions which are much different oe those under which they 
grow in the wild. Woodland rant simply cannot stand the full blaze 
of the summer sun, and conversely the open sorts dwellers will become 
but ghosts of their true selves Yi obliged to submit to deep shade. 
Similarly, too, plants that normally are found in wet or sou oe will 
be unhappy or even die in dry situations, and vice versa. There are but 
few clear exceptions to this s principle, notably the cardinal eae “(Lobeli ta 
cardinalis) and the marsh-marigold (Caltha palustris), two of our best 
eastern wildflowers, both of oni ch ae very fi indeed in locations 
vee drier than those in which they are ever found naturally. 
The se 


and often 
conservation, other: n be bought from dealers who ialise is 
such material, ae in ae many See ee ee which involve 
ri i i s whi ve bee 


es e difficult 
pagated and grown under cultivation will not only give you better results 
than can be expected from collected ones, but also conform to perfect con- 
servation a actice. 
A few of the nurseries offer propagated specimens of some of our 
ae plants, but - eu are looking for mel ee ie ae will 
find it mo ore certai and far more interesting—to e you n from 


s 
follow the same general r rules by which our ordinary garden plants are 
produced, and the e es spt: required is so simple that no real gardener 
need hesitate a moment about the undertaking. 
A small coldframe a a regular sash and a slat screen for shade is the 
sential for raising native plants from seed, for many kinds ger- 


minate slowly and must a rane ected from full exposure to 

he winter as weil hrough the rest of t soil mixture 
of one part leafmold, o loam and art sand is a good standard 
to dea and i rains should be done in shallow wooden boxes, o 
“flats,” rather clay containers, as they will not crack during cold 
winter w a In see see sow 10 1 - 
less of the time of les ; the wisest policy is to follow Nature’s lead, 


mer emoving he 
storm damage, ae by other plants, and so on 


Houstonia caerulea 


a 
* ES 


. awa AS , 
Gentiana Porphyrio 


erpyllifolia 
ay 


: 


¥ ' 


Cypripedium Reginae - 


| AMERICAN 


WILD FLOWERS 


Claytonia virginica 


FOR THE 
AMERICAN 


GARDEN 


186 


many cases, shrubs and other woody plants ee a] pro 


In a good 

ni cuttings in a similar frame if 
and. fiv 

wides t 
the 

the background of suc 


your particular property come: 


“bottom heat” which is genera 

ch general oae 

we et ras ee the question of what kin 

s next in cabelas 
o kn 


ed 


oduc 
it contains a bed of rather coarse 


on nursery 
ve the 


the sete serge 
will not ha’ 


ven a certain 
now which a will do 


set of ae and other conditions, are you 
best for you? 

Of eo the ideal answer to this all-important matter is long experi- 
ence with and observation of native plant their natural habitats, but 
that takes time. A very satisfactory short-cut exists in Herbert Durand’ 
“Wildflowers and Ferns” which ig. very recent book, is still the 
best one on the cultivation of our eastern native plants that I know of. 
If you supplement it with the following notes certain species you will 


have a workin 
real success. 
There is no space 


g knowledge of native plant gardening that will lead to 


here for anything like a comprehensive list of the 


ble hich are 
yw 


described, howev re amo le best, a ide 
variety of cultural npr Al ae oe perfectly hardy and 
satisfactory in the New York region, and ev as defini nd dis- 


ew York re; 
tinctive appeal of blossom, form, or py ia oe it to first-rank 


consideration. 
For Full or Nearly 


Low Growing (Under 18 inches) 


artridge-berr Mitchella repens). 


ish places, neutral or acid soil. Exquisite 
though tiny fragrant flowers in la 

June follow yy persistent scarlet ber- 
ries. Not a rapid gr Propagated 


by cuttings or layer 
Gaywings (Potyoala ne) 
ly forms a scatter ou sao 


Slow- 
r2to4 
S16 qui uite 


Incline to be sulky, but 
pot-grown pla from roo division are 
not too difficult to establish. Good-sized 
ese 


sods will usually succeed in the 
right place. 


Full Summer Shade 


indflower or Rue Anemone (Ane 
eee thalictr aoe p hernely dainty 
little woodlander 6 inches high, white 
to pale orchi fa flowers in early 
May; ; leaves resembling those of meadow- 
ue. Very acid soil and ae drainage. 
Proves by root division. 


Ane: hence quingue- 
fol hme ere always white and leaflets 
pointed, but general A earance ate 
to the foregoing a ood compan 
for it. Root ye alee is S prohatly the het 


means of propagat 


patica (H. t - lue, white or 
occasionally pink flowers furry stems 
in early spring. Altogether delightful in 
wel Star it d 


187 


established. Propagate by fresh seed 
(uncertain) or division of large plants. 


mp : 
flower well, The easter 
(EZ. amerieaviin): < ion fe e-undergrourid to 
form large coe chiefly of foliage. 
Sev - ral West Coast species are less fae 
pant and oe ans Owy, ‘with differ 
Dolor, 


Trailing Arbutus (Epigaea repens). 
eae gt dgaee with intensely fra- 


ae white pink blossoms in early 
i Ver y add, well drained, leaf- 
moldy. sandy Oil Only pot-grown plants 


from seed or Sasa should be used, as 
d. 


collected clumps rarely succee 

Canada ae Neen cana- 
dense). Splendid low and fast-spreading 
ground cover for vei ry anges oly ither 
dry or damp. Tiny sp of c white 


flowers in May. Hasily, “teaiisplarited, or 
propagated ie division of horizontal roots. 


Oconee-bel. (Shortia 
Choice cae. ‘broad. 


fringy blossoms Intensely 
acid leafmold t is never allowed to 
become really dry. Difficult to establish 
but fine. Propagate by  stolon 
divisio 


air Fern (Adiantum pedatum). 


nches tall, depending on * condits 

a man’s Breeches (Dicentra oui 
lar ee Mas: ae cae ee a ided 
foliage and ly flow ugges- 
tive of the related ‘bleeding-heart i in 7 nape 
Well ve nas stony slopes and 
neutri al to cid s Pisgica ate by divi- 
sion 2 small bulb a sters. bean trans- 
planted after leaves die dow 


(Sanguin waria cana. update 
ery ea 


soil, dry or damp, 
Pagate by division of root-stock 
gust, or transplant at th Ss 


Spring Beauty ee virginica). A 
rather inconspicuous, straggly little plant 


as it grows among the fallen leaves of 
fe - ae spring, but really choice 
when yy itself in deep, rich, damp 
leafmald. e Ned neal or acid soil. Eas ily 
transplanted after foliage dies down. 


eae rene (Saxifraga egies 


transplanted and does not seem to care 
whether the soil is neutral or moderately 


showy Ladyslipper (Cypripedium Re- 
sinc) Safer to transplant and easier to 


gro an its 
eee 
ljeafmold or 


they are old ee have formed eae 
eyes, or buds. alled C. spec 


aU very é d dw 
ently. per an alkaline soil 
listed here don't seem to care 
a ropaga pea ty fresh fa oe or trans- 
lant from the wild ii 
Virgin ae or ee (Mer- 
tensia tac Handsome, pink- tinged 
blue flowers on leafy sta Iks, in rich, 
dampish, neutral woods soil. 
by fresh seed or Se of large 


Foam-flower 
low psn -cover 
leathery evergreen leaves and small spikes 
of creamy blossoms. Give it a dampish 

and rich soil, neutral or acid. Readily 
transplant d from the wild or propagated 
by divisi 


Tall (18 inches to 6 feet) 


ardinal-flower (Lobelia Ce 

he reddest of all reds, in Augu: 
eet high in rich, heavy re on 
ground plant in the wi ild, vet lives longer 


ia cultivation under only moderately 
damp a Easily grown from see " 
Great Lobelia (Lobelia syphilitica). 
handsome es ee of the pie 
er owine. well w ordinary garden con- 
dition: Pri seeing readily from seed. 


188 


Black Snakeroot  (Cimicifuga  race- that eventually form large clumps in rich, 

ee pa white i ue in well watered soil. Moderate sized ones 
to 6 fee A can be transplanted in me summer, 
stately, graceft aa in rch rather “danip new ones raised from spor 
oods soil, ral or som Ae Royal Fern Olas: ‘oak ). A 

Cinnamon ie ee truly, Bees species for baie 
munda cinnamomea and O, Cat) location, sometimes 4 feet hi igh and p 
Two stately and tropical-looking species portionately broad. 


Native Plants for Half Sunny Locations 


Low for three weeks in May. Acid, well 
drained soil. Propagates easily by division. 

Eastern Columbine (Aquilegia cana- 

ee Beautifully graceful and attrac- Quaker Lady (Houstonia caerulea). 

ie in dryish locations an ae lean, neutral Similar in general ote the bluet pre- 
oil. Avoid rich soil, as it leads to over- ceding, but much clumps. Not 

erat and coarseness. Bate from fresh — long- lived, Be sett ae “rey when well 

seed. situated. Same conditions for HA. 
Mountain. Cranberry (Vaccinium Vitis- a 

idaca minus). Very choice, very low, ergreen eae jesse 

woody evergreen alpine for gritty, peaty, Solent evergreen ground 

acid soil and pea moisture. Slow- inches high with persistent ccarlet ve 

growing. Cranberry-red eae Propa- ries. vin acid. dry location. Propa- 


gate by dincon or seed (slow and un- gated by cuttings or division. 
aes 


tolet Iris (Iris verna). Dainty oxen Tall 
spreader, Light blue and ne flowers 

May. Acid soil. Divides easily. Cardinal-flower and Great Lobelia. 

ae Myrtle (Leiophyllum buxifolium described. 

b. prostratum). Two forms of a os 

ottle Gentian (Gentiana Andrewsii). 

tiny- leaved ond ines n_sub-shrub, the for- oat but effective when a good deep blue 

a orm is selected. eee 2 feet h igh 

white fons in May. Acid, peaty, well 

drained s plant edi’ dee 

Pics Hc Se sy blue species Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia). 

truly perennial, not ov a foot tall. Ve ry Too well known to need cere a 
acid, sandy peaty soil, Nurse ery plants Ineier i ople are not familiar wit 

fromoeeed Ce hese. ia ence on a ee acid soil. Thy Ss, 


of those other most 

Bluet (Houstonia serpylli- desirable shrubs pias Carolina Rhadoder: 

ja Pat, ‘igne spreading cushions of dron, Pink-shell and Flame Azaleas, and 
tiny leaves hidden by china-blue blossoms Rhododendron tater. 


Wildlings to Plant in Full Sun 


Low A ay location tends to increase com- 
actnes: 
Birdsfoo (Viola pedata). Re- : 
putedly Sthcale Sat really Fete sim- Bristed Ast CAster linariifolius). 
ple if given full sun, perfect drainage, Splendid show of lavender, gold-centered 
anda ‘very acid? sandy roll P opagate Aegean in Septe en Dense growth 
c igh in acid, perfectly drained 
by division. of large plants, or by seed. soil. Propagate by division 
Crested Iris (Iris cristata). Attractive Bearberry Mciaieniaies Uva-urst). 


spreading dwarf plant for almost any soil. Outstanding evergreen ground-cover for 


189 


exposures. 

but not acidity. 
y nursery-grown 
e. 


Perfect drainage essen- 
i Plenty of es 
potted ole nts 


Eastern Columbine. Already described. 


Tall 


New England and New York Asters 
(Aster rare es ae af. novi- ae 
and the! ms). Both tall and v 


in ee ich lo: ani: 


or 
showy, at their best 


Should be divided every two or three 
years. 


Marsh Mallow (Hibiscus ee: 
Great crépe-paper pink blos: Au- 
gust on stalks up . 6 feet tall. ‘Dampish 
cae and heavy soil preferred. Easy 
To 


Meadow Rue ae . SAE 
Hone summer cloud: my us 
blossoms. eee eee aaywhe ere and 
transplants readily, 


With Captain F. Kingdon Ward (center) in the Thompson Memorial Rock Garden 


are, left to right: J. J. Elliott, T. H. Eu 
Captain F. ee Ward Visits 
New York, the Fai 

And the Garden 
United 


Coming to the States - ae 


Ss are grown 
Asia. 
of honor at 
ns on Parade’ 
The eae gar- 
a Ne 
sta ff 


Bo 
den conducted a clinic at wich 


erett, H. A. Gleason and L. W. McCaskill. 


members answered the public’s questions 
on gardening and botany. 

days afterward 
ae y 


Captain Ward, 
| Robbin and ae 


Boa 


rathered Tr. Robbing’ home a 
onial noo Yonkers, to meet him the 
evening of July 19. 


J. E. Spingarn 


Spingarn, a member of the Board 
of anager of The New York Botanical 
Gar died at his New York Home 
ae 2% after a prolonged ilines ss. He 
was 64 years old. 

Famed eee Hg agrees for 
as even more 
id of eg 


and wherever Negro rights we 
cerne: Until 1911 he s fiend. - the 
Department omparative Literature i 


on the staff since 1899. 
- number of works o 

well volumes oetry 
conceibited A oot hortinltal works, 
including Gari ary and 
E 37 


t me 


Winthrop 


negro slave med James 
hope ed to have the entire diary, 
people and 
deni in 


ional gardener in Du oe 
ae ed 


vei “awarded oo to the 
of Afri e deeon and 
rae 


‘outbeck, Hie ae Amenia, 
ae he raised probably every sp 
s that 


did more than anyone else to re-estab- 
lish ae oe favorite in American gar- 
dens lecturing, exhibiting, and 


talking Pe everywhere until he felt 


that he had made satisfactory progress 
ith the appreciation of this flower. In 
July 1936 he contributed to this Journal 
“The Hybri f Clematis texrensis.” 
He was recipient of i Fierce 
son Dawson Memorial Medal the 
Massachusetts Horticultural Soci ay i 


In 
cae of his work with the genus 
len 


uating exercises were held 
26, 1938, 


tellectual achievement “A jentist 
uld be judged,” he said, “by his oe 
tific attainments ae essen ntial wisdon 
and not by his degrees. 
Mr. Spingarn’s boaearanes before the 
tudent gardeners was typical of the nes 
ee he displayed in the titution 


an active 
conseneve assoc ciate. 
Delphinium Fellowship 


For the study of root and crown rot 
ie _delphinium, one of the most trouble- 
dis 


plant diseases, a fellowship has 
heen estal tablished by the oe Del- 
phinium iety, of which Col. d 


Soc 
a ae is president. 
Tho Las askaris, a graduate a 
S 


at the. “Unive ity of Minnesota, 

chosen for fellowship, and began 

work August 1 under Dr. B. Dodge 
The New York Botanical Garden 


At the Uni a Delaware, where 
r. Laskaris w raduated in 1937, he 
specialized in hortieultue and botany 
ae adie both field and laboratory work 
of his courses. entering the 
Unie sic of Minnesota in 1937, he 
ee in ay pathology. From 1937 
938 he was a Caleb Dorr fellow at 
Minnesota and in Septem 1938 he was 
the recipient of the Shevlin fellowship 
in pl hology and botany. His 
Master i 


gree was awar a bse Minn 
sota in Navenbe r 1938. a mem- 
ber of Sigm: Xi 


Notes, News, and Comment 


Shade Tree Conferen The Fifteenth 
pagent Ae Tree “Conference takes 
place in New York Aug. 22-24, with 
headquarters at the Hotel tor In addi. 
tion to the 25 papers to be given on shad 
tree problems, there will be eis 


. Boner gardens all o 

Europe. Dr. A. B. Stout is i 
two months in ‘Europe t this sues trav- 
eling for al ae, of ugh the Scan- 
dinavian tries, ending the Inter- 
national Geneties Chere in Eee 

g. and visiting re 
eek in 


September, jist before 


Medal. The third anes ever to 
receive the award, Dr. D. Merrill has 
medal of me Lien Society of 
nferre this sum- 
recognition 


of. 
tes Director of The New York Botan 
der 


ew Orleans. G. oes 


N Marcel 
representing the P. 
N 


nN 


others on the staff regarding the estab- 
eno ae a botanical garden in his 
hom 


neh August 28 at 11:45 am.. 


e Ri 
will “ sisted by Mrs eber. 
the botanists visiting 
the Lanes in rely are Dr. H. Lam, 
Curator of the Herbarium at the Uni- 


ific Congress at San ncisco ; Prof, 
W. McCaskill of Christchurch Col- 
lege, New Zealand, en route to England 


‘a, ou his way to g 
at the University of Calif 
Lakela of Duluth, Minn., going to Fin- 


191 


land; T. B rooks of Kansas Agricul- 
tural Co liege; George E. Wheeler of the 
University ‘ot Pittsburgh; C. V. "Morton 
of the National Herbarium at Washing- 
ton; jobbs, an amateur botanist of 
Illinois ; Ashby, perial Institute. 
London ; lan A. Beetle, University o 
California; Mrs. Walter Do iglas, Mexico 


ward, Harv. 


of Iowa; Dr. 
rry, University of Penn- 


Dr. Laura J. Nahm of 
t Plat River, Mo 


i Elements. 
ae oe College 


Botani den preparing a pa for 
the Bot. aed Review on the Golgi ele- 
ments of plant cells. 


Habitat-bunting in the 
object of the 


Vas n Trip. 
southeast Tn states wai 
io 


Joseph John Elliott, exchange student 
rdeners, under the leadership of E. J. 
lexander the last of June. They cov- 

ered Pilot, ndfather, and Roan un- 


tains and the Craggies and also pent a 
week along the North Carolina coast. 


s the culmination of 


gral eum | uilding 
the afternoon of June 30, with Col. 
Edward Steichen, Chairman of th ay- 
lily Committe the American Ama- 
ryllis Society, presiding and giving an 
dress. Dr. A. B. Stout gave an ill 
trated lecture on daylilies, showing som 
f the wild forms ae som the new- 
est developments in color, size, and 


blooming quality. 


Pancngs of daylilies 
were shown in the c 
e hall. 


orridor outside the 


lectur 

Correction. In the article on the 
“Fundamentals of Rose Growing” by 
P. McKe a, in this Journal for June 


suggestions un 
Maintenance. 
ie statement advising the use 
tankage or dried blood should be cor- 
rected to rea pply at the rate of 
1 pound per 3 square vards, 


ler Feeding and General 


of 


192 


Current Literature* 
At a Glance 
By Virgene Kavanagh 


Proceedings of the 


Chemicals. 
Hortic re Sci- 


The 
American Society for 


lanolin, 


especially when applied ir 
erg and 


soe pecan trees (Rom 
Sm 


seedling was found 
s being ie 
mutant, 
tetraploid: diploid, 
treated w 


ne loid peach 


nd in a group 

chicine (Dermen and Scott 
i 16-p ’ strawberries 
a “cathe treatment 


Tetraploid cheese followed colchicine 
Bens The ve nts have considerable 
jal promis (Thompson and 
pon 

effect of “auxilin” on the ee 

- feats of shrubs varied with the ag 
he cutting as well as with species. 
of f- tir of 


The rooting leaf-bud cuttings 

Syringa japonica, Prunus Padus, P. tri- 
loba plena and Rubus deliciosus was not 
affect P. hybrida, Newport plum, 


ew. 
P tomentosa, Rhodotwpos bertoides rooted 
and S 


tter ambucus racemosa laciniata 

goted_ much more easily with ‘“auxilin.” 

Sten cuttings of P. Padus, Ribes alpinum 

oe and P. Meee showed in- 
sed re g. (Longley). 


cs - watermelons, cucumbers, and 
Peppers were formed pig es eet 
s the sti 

he 


a 

oe flowers in aol ae) calle 
ber of fruits and the quality of the fruit 
was abo same ith self-pollina- 
tion except for the absence of seeds. A 
alchicine-treated elon failed to 
develop fruits after self-pollination but 
did develop with the naphthalene acetic 


acid treatment, (Cheong-yin Wong) 


* All publications mentioned here—and many 
Botanical Garden, in the Museum Building. 


Some of the other 
ported. ‘ast Seed by the member oe the 
for Horticultural Sci- 


solution. 

(king and 

he ascorbic aid (vitamin C) content 

of Florida pienec ae varies pani 
with the se@son; it as great i 
ure as in aatute € 
overripe ones, and 

Wee ee per 100 milliliters, 

sed to the sun contained 

se 8 ‘own j 


rding 

he University of Illinois has kept 
saat on ee erformance of three trees 
se rieties of appl or 21 

ars. ese varieties, th udley 
ewan bearing first; the Autu - 


ae bore 50 pounds 
firs id 


TI 
yields, Dudley, 
aries and Tigran: sho wed no injury 
due fire blight or wintering. (Mc- 
Manin 


1). 


Orchids. Mrs. Marjorie T. Bingham 
has just written ; a charmin brochure on 
the orchids of Michigan, which will be of 


interest to 


one kinds, illustrates five in r and 
hirty-one in half-tone and eovide a 
key, a glossary, a ap iaien a gen- 
eral discussion of the family, Gneluding 
notes on the dcleivaton of ive 
species ; he gee cupying well 
printed p It had for a dollar 
ne ue “pbishers “the “Crantirdok Insti- 
of cience, Bloomfield Hilts 
Michiga ar 


Dwarf Fruits. The uses of dwarf fruit 


trees, which some aaa growers 
prefer to the standard tre described 
in U.S.D.A. Leaflet 178. by HF. Gould 


Tn this country t te arfs are usually 
made grafting the suandard varieties 
onto slow-growing rootstock. These trees 
are frequently develope for decorative 


into fan shapes against a garden wall. 


others—may be found in the Library of The 


193 


Reviews of Recent Books 


(All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of 
The New York Botanical Garden.) 


How New York City’s 
Parkways Pay 
Bee AND LAND VALUES. 


John Nolen and Henry Vincent Hub- 
bard. 135 pages, illustrated; appen- 
dices. — Harvard Sune sity Pre: 
Cambri dee, 1937. $1. 


It would 1 ssible 
book avithout ene pane ‘influenced iis 
the rapidly growing par! 

ment of New York City “aad 
using the See papi froma of 
this syst uy eck on the Gadings of 
the autho 

ag ho vol, which is complete and in- 
terestingly informative, deals with three 

€ t of park 


different types systems: the 
Metropolitan system of Boston, which 
more or less parallels — ee 


municipal and county 
own metropolitan eee ae Muniinal 
ystem of Kansas City, and the Cou 


enities ; all 
stressed. 
The authors also discuss the accepted 
parkway pattern: elimination of grades 
s 


on 
sting tangents of way en- 
r. The esthetics of the older sys- 
tems are noted as well: parkway margins 


developed to provide pleasing offscapes 
to the pe gute and the planning 
ey 


idges, tions, lighting struc- 
tures, and 1 ie o be harmonious with 
he lands 


it of view, th 


71: 
as evidenced mie title o 


the community “for cats 

ing and misting the parkway. 
That w York City has pro 

the Stee, parkway patterns there c 
no doubt. That is now taking the 
lead in providing a nest modern pat- 
tern, which will become, 
fir 


a 
2" 
® 


the rights. ay, the plans being drawn 
either by the City Park Department or 
y an age of State G nment, and 
the construction undertaken by State tr 
case pies with Fe 


0 
cases ra ori ties. have pro- 
arose sizable portions these parkway 

ache 


examples studied by the au- 
New York City’s system has ae 
fee purpose of providing traffic 


LAS in the 


lief arteries, preservation of natural 
scenery, ae Stabilenee of land usage. 


ion and n 


Huds arkw 
hattan and along it to Broadway at Va 
Cortlan ark in the Bronx. The areas 
considered wer nein vile two 


was by comes drawn petivecin 
e assessed valuations in ve and those 
ealed b: assessment 


essed 
three-year 
oe 
s 'y over $1,000,000 per Sear 

. the effect of this new parkway 
t only in ee of ed build- 
ted in in- 


e 
it is reasonable to expect that these tax- 
able values will undergo a fu ise 
so mai factors involved 
that it is difficult to decide on how mu 
more ular value than is indicated in 
thes gible figures is added by the 
park stead of. a provable total 


of set formulae, there 
values 
wild 
an incontestable 


er, fac 
an parka pave Hee only Tees He 
of sed 


margin: 
levine inlet able t tra! 

from a_ business Sandpoint 

effect on the gene dae ae neial structure 

of the local govern 

n R. Jennies, 

General << inlendent of Parks, 

New York City. 


194 


A Fine Wild Flower Book 
For Young People 

BOOK OF WILD_ FLOWERS. 
Margaret McKenny and Edith F. John- 
ston. aS full- pase slustrations in color. 
Macmillan, New York, 1939. $2. 


nny ae aa 


ee knows 
exquisitely. 
Anna B. McKenna. 


Soil Study for the eee 
MOTHER 

Robinson 202 pages Gtinstrated with 

photographs and maps. Thomas Murby 

& Co. London, 1937. 


Unique in its ae is the little 
book ous Earth” by G. W. Robin- 
n En, 


son, lish Professor of agricultural 
cherishes. Containing some 200 pages, 
it is composed of a seri f letters, each 


ome 

and other parts of world and a chap- 
ter on the struggle the United States 
to conserve its soils round out a rather 


useful little work. 
P. J. McKenna. 


Research on id sera 

Brought Up to Dat 

FERTILIZERS. Gil- 
Second edition. 456 
Biakis- 


ERCIA 
Col ee 


The author sive ienoeledue 
of the receateh i in nthe eld of ona 
fertilizers. Throughout the book, this 


195 


ance ed by constant reference to, and 
oncise résumé of, the work of investi- 
gators connec it iment sta- 
ons and ertilizer industry. 


The second edition, under d: £1 
has brought the analysis of this research 
lown t te. “Thus,” as author 
states in the preface, “this repre- 


sents a composite of the opinions rand con- 
clusions of authorities within the fertilizer 
industry, as ae s the conclusions of 
experiment sta agronomists, espe- 
cially in the frie ~using territory of 
the United Sta 

The content, ter art, : ce 
technical. In or 


try, geology and s ae 


ources, and uses of the 
e 


beth organic and inorganic, phosphorus, 
and potassium. 


Considerable space is devoted to a dis- 
‘ussion the constantly ee im- 
portance of certain other e ents, me- 
times called “minor elements,” — which 
some of our soils are now becoming a 
ficient. wn cluded in phe cat Bay ar 

sulphur, magnesium, anganese, 


m 

oa copper, sodium, diilovine and salts 
carrying ee 

soe are devoted to t 

ciples ee ler ne the pur ae use, 

ae nethods of application of fertilizers. 

ERSMAN, 

State Institute of Applied 

Agriculture on Long Island. 


Plant pie ins ogy 
ERIMENTS IN PLANT PHYST. 
BLOGY Walter E.” Loomis and 
Charles ‘A. Shull. - 


nes pertorming a one oo which 

commonly in plan 
phystolegy. References i in some iiistatices 
questions at the end 


pecific papers, 
r 


tae which is new or unique in the ex- 


periments selected, the book should prove 


useful to teachers of courses in plant 
physiology. 
W. J. Ropsins. 
Inducement for Traveling 
To Our National Parks 
ROMANCE OF THE NATIONAL 
PARKS Harlean James. Pages i- 
xiv, 1-240. Hustrated with 123 phe 
tographs; in Macmillan, 
k, 1939, oe 


Yor! 
Several fine books have been published 


this year on our national pales including 
the one here reviewed, which is appro- 
priately dedicated to Dr. Hota. Mc- 
Farland, “who, iden er- 


bilities and firs 
system; whi 
duienang the Nati S ns 
selfish aggression and who has never Ey heen 
for anting when the National Parks 
friend. a 

ant is. presented of 


ice 
oun 
Ramer, “Crate a tae: pioneer 


wester’ arks (L: Yosemite, Se- 
quoia, "General Grant, Death lley) ; 
ae ‘ ae Pace (Glacier, Yellow- 
ston Rocky ount: ail) ; 3 over 
ihe seas Pan eae Hawai), in the old 


ene (Grand Canyon, Zion, Bryce 


allowed to drop whatever he 

pack up, and leave on a ae 

at once—and for an indefini 
H. N. 


is doing, 
ae he parks 


Peco 


Brief Notes on Varied Books 


A passctire for Gardeners 

GARDENER’S BRARY. 

Belted by Edward I. Farrington for 

the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 

Published by Hale, Cushman and Flint, 
ston, 1939, Ae each. 


Bo % 

xpens Ae books 
Ze “issued fod ale hman & Flint 
for the Massachusetts Horicultaral So- 

ciety covers a variety of 's of imp 
ance, especially for the novice in gar- 

dening. 

GARDENER'S ALMANAC. 
Harrington: 141 pages, 


Edward I, 
illus rated. indexes 
The Gar 's Almanac, compiled by 
ie sages ecreaty: wtellg briefly what 
do with flowers, bg see fruits, 
ee fees and shrubs, how to get rid of 
aes ae and what odd jobs need ‘attention 
= ie 


THE VEGETABLE GARDEN. _ Ed- 
d Q pes 139 pages, illus- 
ted, index 


tables, with suggestions for vegetables 

for a family of five. 

HE Rea ree 

es, illustrated, in 

Charles W. Par eealares Gaels and 

practical rules fer building a lawn in 

ook of the series. Drawin 
operations and 

lawn, obtained from the Chicago Park 

Pies are an attractive and practical 
addition to the text. 


BA Parker. 


HERBS. Helen Noyes ies 156 
pages, illustrated. Rai 


Helen ate 
vast amount of neu into “the alae of 
the book on herbs. This volum: 
to a second edition of a six sevear: ‘ok Ibu ¥ 
letin issued by the Maseachinve s Horti- 
cultural Society, and contains Digcceal 
botanical, cultural, culinary, le; gendary, 
and poe mapa ae sae is authen- 
tica ted by tl neu arch, 


THE RO a ARDEN pe 
Bissland and others. 128 pages, ‘hus: 
trated, indexes 


James H. Bisoland ‘has written a special 
volume on rock gardens for The Gar- 
denen’ s Library. The ‘longest chapter er, 


gardens, consists of xtensi 
selection of plants for use ock gar- 
by F. Cleveland Morgan 


of 
Botanical ‘Garden for the American Rock 
Garden Society. 


196 


Botanical Terms in German 


GERMAN-ENGLISH BOTANICAL 
TERMINOLOGY, Helen Ashby, Eric 


Ashby, Dr. Harald Richter, and Dr. 
Johannes Barner. 195 pages. English 
and German text and imdex. Norde- 
mann, New York, 19. 


One of the most aes of ‘bilingual 
glossari ies ever to reach the eu 
arden’s kk of German- 


physiology, ecolo; genetics, and plant 
patnoloes, as w gen 
der each subject, si 

aph iven in th 


ou set in italics 


Exploring in Persia 


TO PERSIA FOR FLOWERS. Alice 


Fullerton. 195 pages, illustrated. Ox- 
ford University Press, New York, 
1938. $3. 


tanist and gardener, the last 


ntion, Most of the 
dusty travel from Pp 


a 
a 
° 
zt 
= 
b 
oC 
3 
w 
=I 
A 
. 
> 
Oo 


of plan s went to 


h Museum 


The Year in New York 
ALMANAC FOR NEW YORKERS— 
1939, Federal nitets Hroject, 153 
pages, illustrated. odern Age Books, 
w York, 1939. 
Am the guides ne almanacs 
es have beh published for this crowded 
of 1939, 


he Fe 
ome choice -bits of 
and coming — 
eee ee benween aa Led 
of all-night drug stores and t! cea 
i hi fon New York, a a Pa ge is ce 
cal Garden rst specimen af 
morphophallas Aa iahich bloomed 
and which, incidentally, may be 
a life-siz ed mo ming every 
8 minutes this sunnmer - “the World’s 
Fair. 


Caro. H. Woopwarp, 


THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
BOARD OF MANAGERS 


I, ELECTIVE MANAGERS 
Until 1940: Henry pe Forest BALDWIN Bias Hoe Cuitps Frick, 
AR 


oe R. Jennines, Henry Lock wart, Jr, . MacDoucat, Mrs. Harotp 
I. Pratt, and JoserH ie es (President). 

Until 1941; E. Fretp, Mrs. Eton Feehan 
se OOKER, aoy L. Megs” ion bee iden, Cot. Ropert H. Montcomery, 


. Hopart Porter. 
an at il we ne oe M. ee ue) Pierre Jay, CLARENCE 
Lewis, HENRY DE ONTAGNE (Secretary and Assistant 
ees and Wilts J. Ropsins. 
II. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS 
Fioretto H. LaGu Mayor fe the City of New York. 
Rosert Moses, Par. oan SiO 
JAMES MARSHALL, President of the Board of Education. 
Ill APPOINTIVE MANAGERS 
y E. Hazen, appointed by the Hedbte Botanical Club. 
x “A. Harper, Sam F. Trevease, Eomunp W. Sinnott, and Marston T. 
Bocert, appointed by Columbia Universit ae 


GARDEN STAFF 


ee a Da D., Sc. D. Director 
H. A. GL. PHS DD) es cgseivzai gr cistete alate 4 8% Assistant Director and ee ag Curator 
HENRY DE tA eee As. t Director 
A. B. Stout, Pu. D. ......... 002 eee Curator of Education a Laboratories 
Frep J. Seaver, Px. D., Sc. D. Curator 
Bernarp O. Donce, Px. D. Plant Pathologist 
JoHNn HENDLEY Banwuans, A. M., M. D. Bibliographer 

Wz. ire Pu Assistant bibliourapher 
ALBERT C, SMITH, Associate Curator 

ate 


: ITH. Pa D. 
Haroip N. ahaa Pu. ie 
ur, A. B., B. ibrarian 
Cine ee Curator of the anes ee 
rd, 


ae: h Associate 
are = Wats MS esearch Associate in Bryology 
E, J. Au DER....-+ Assistant Curator and ae of the pai Herbarium 
2 De Assistant Curator 

ista 


Assistan. 

Technical Assistant 
Edit pual Ls nt 
Tuomas H. EVERETT, N. D. Horr. iculturist 
L. ae, A. M. Docent 


Collaborator in Hawatian Botany 


Orto DEGENE 
ROBERT Hiacrt zens Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes 
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ssistant ‘Superintendent 


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A. C. PrANvER 


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the Garden groun 


WOOL, XL, SEPTEMBER, 1939 


No. 477 
JOURNAL 
f 


THE NEw York BOTANICAL GARDEN” 


% 

¥ a , 

gh 
a 


Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y 


ntered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. 
A 


nnual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents 


ree to members of the Garden 


JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
Carnot H. Woopwarp, Editor 


September, 1939 


Brconia Emity CLigRAN Cover Photograph by Fleda Griffith 
Tuperous BeconiA Hysrips as a GarDENING Hossy John Watts 197 
BEGONIA SOCOTRANA—ITS PROGENY AND THEIR CULTURE James G. Esson 201 
CHINESE GINGER W.M. Porterfield 208 
EvEeNnING Courses FoR GARDENERS 212 
Lectures FoR THE AUTUMN MONTHS 212 
Rare MyxomycETEes COLLECTED 213 


214 
Current Lirerature AT A GLANCE Virgene Kavanagh 218 
oTES. News, AND COMMENT 219 


AUTUMN DISPLAYS 
From the time the first flowers appear on the hardy asters (‘““Michaelmas daisies”) 
during the waning days of summer until, some we later, the chrysan- 
themum is blackened by frost, the Botanical Garden’s ot collections near the 
main conservatories present a succession of colorful climaxe: 


co e t 
ues baie will continue pene the et with their flowers until tl 
uccumb to fro 


here are few other places in this country where there are amassed, fer example, 
nearly 70 ees of hardy asters: where well gro lants of 350 selected varieties 
of dahlias may be found; or w a is plants of splendid chrysantl ums in 


70 varieties are exhibited; and s ne ee ny of these 


may be seen in 
cne assemblage, each different nay plainly label 


s and their friends who come to enjoy the autumn flowe to ta. 
tes ab them for reference in their own gardens will appreciate doubly the 
Botanical Garden's purpose in growing thousands of plants for dis; hey 
e the pleasure the flowers provide for the public and observe the attention given 


to them by experienced gardeners as they study and compare the many varieties. 


we IY 


EW y, 
BUT ANA 
JOURNAL mene 
of 
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
VoL. XL SEPTEMBER, 1939 No. 77 


Tuberous Begonia Hybrids 
cAs a Gardening Hobby By John Watts 


IVED from species that are native in Bolivia and other Andean 
countries, the tuberous begonias of horticulture, in their 1 numerous 
forms, are known by the gr oup name of oe tuberhybrida.’ 

The original species—B. boliviensis, B. Peareci, B. Veitchti, and te 
others—are seldom seen except in botanical aie ae eae 
be worthy plants for any discerning garder e. Ns eir 
ae however, have acquired such divested cS s in rm and 

of flower that the culture of tuberous begonias is ne the atten- 
tion ee many gardeners i in search of sauive oe Especially if o 


me 
has facilities for raising seedlings doe culture of tuberous — 
hybrids ey a fascinating occupation, ae one never knows what treas- 
ure will come forth with the opening of the first flower. T 


we e effect of waxen roses. T gle flow re attractive 
too, and some have fringed petals. Another is the camellia-flowered typ 

As se begonias are extremely ea ollina d , free ir 
bearin . the rai of 


AS DY; 
gratifying one, for a large collection can be acquired within a short time. 
Sowing the Seeds 


The dust-like seeds of tuberous begonias should be sown during Feb- 
ruary or March in a temperature of about 65 degrees if one wishes to 
fall. 


The compost, or mixture, to be used in sowing seed should contain 
2 parts loam, 114 parts pee or een and % part sand. The sand 
keeps the mixture open, or porous, an prevents the 

ed from g , a factor which is important to the young 
plants, as in their early fe e delicate, ae = ae of growth. 

If one is sowing only small mr ity of s Ta the use 

small si or ae -pots oa as pans; these are more Et are than 
boxes or flat 


197 


198 


Tn preparing the receptacle for seed- ~sowing, , the pot or pan is half- ie 


2 
fa) 
ty 
5 
z 
pam 
La 5 
a. 
ay 
@ 
wo 
a 
o 
— 
cat 
2. 
= 
Rg 8 
aS 
° 
oO 
tal 
: 
ae 
wm 
wm 
lo} 
al 
Oo 
i= 
Be 
OQ 
fa) 
hh 
lo} 
g, 


f 0 
with a small wooden presser or the base of a small pot. After this is done, 
a light dressing of the same mixture should be sifted over the top through 
a sieve made of window- screen nae ae ees aaa then be thoroughly 
w fae and allowed to drain befor 
eed should be even caer and ‘should not be scattered too 
thickly. It is so fine that eeds no covering with soil. The containers 
must go in a shady place, ae of them ae ith a piece of glass. This 
in turn is covered with paper to prevent the moisture from evaporating 
a quickly : rom the soil. The less one has to water seed during germina- 
tion, the bet 
Every a oe paper and glass are removed, and the condensed moisture 
is wiped from the under side of the glass before replacing. § soon as 
Seas commences the entire covering is taken off so that the tiny 
seedlings can have light and air. They must, oe remain in the shade. 
at any fae it ao hace to water the seed containers, they are 
ae placed in er to within one inch of the top, where they 
nay soak u a ae ee soil appears wet. During this stage ne must 
never be red from overhead, as this method only invites trouble by 
pean a ae -off, a disease caused by a es which soon finishes 
a batch of begonia seedlings. 


Handling the Seedlings 
As soon as the first tiny pair of true leaves has appeared the seedlings 
should 1 ee immediate attention, as a crowded condition will also 
e: e 


n early stage. 
A mixture similar to the seedling mixture should be used, allowing for 
ey . of drainage as before but omitting the top ee a finely screened 

oil, he oe this time should be pans or shallow flats into which 
ae soil is leveled and gently pressed as for seeding. 

As the seedlings are too minute to be handled with the fingers, the 
pointed end - a wooden label may be employed for aie them out of 
the seed-hed, yeu are not to disturb the tiniest ones, as these may 
perhaps turn aa to be the best plants of all. The pointed end of a label 
will also serve to ee a slight depression for the reception of each tiny 

plant. The seedlings are so very small that they can do little more ieee 
sit on 1 the re of the soil, hence if only gently pressed in they soo 


199 


take hold and start to grow. From now on, if conditions are suitable, they 

will make fairly fast growth, and will need careful attention as regards 

ventilation. Althou: gh they require plenty of air they will not, up to this 
stage, tolerate being in a draft. 

y the time = arrives they are ready for a shift, either into pots kept 
fie in a cooler temperature, or planted in a shaded frame outdoors 
: like aie Veiga seedlings in a frame on the north side of a building 

r hedge mixture hte a liberal amount of humus. The 
trae should some sort of overhead protection, either a glass sash 
ing a cheseloth to prevent damage ae heavy rains and winds. 
Bro ow s the weather begins to get warm, one may expect to Sie 
an Ae of eon mite. When this happens the tips of the young gr 
turn black and become hard. As a ay entive measure I dust the eae 
with flowers of sulphur. In fact, at this period it is a good practice to 
keep a light dust on all the a I have cae more success with this 


ungicide. 
Seedlings planted in a frame for the first season oe velop mee ee 
than those grown in pots. They should a to grow 
hee will, that is, until the approach of cold y es ‘killing 
fro’ Then the tubers should be lifted eae dried off for a week or 
ae he placed in boxes, covered with dry pene ee stored in a 


200 


fairly airy place with a aaa of about 50 degrees. It is important 
to cover the tubers before they start to get soft, oy their preliminary 
drying, for they are otherwise lable to attack by dry-r 
Growing Plants from Tubers 
I have dwelt considerably on the culture of tuberous begonias from seed, 
as so much pleasur e may be eae from this method. e eine 
give one a variety of forms and colors, and while some may not be worth 
anes the greater portion will be a joy to the acres who raises a 
Begonias of this class also be grown from tuber 
Whether ordering seeds or tubers, the ine shai specify a 
of the different types of A ower he oe or whether he wishes the 
right or ay hanging-basket type of plar 
u an be obtained at any s a ae during the spring, and for early 
nee ne should . aol early indoors. When the weather has 


he ransp. 1 
d As tuberous eae do not like aes sunshine, they make 
ideal plants for shady places, where they produce a profusion of bloom 
un a = In pots os are desira bees plants for perce or north windows. 
n I am ee ean tuberous begonias in first ee to start 
fan in flats in ea oe spring ee ata cennperature of 60 de I 
rate! put a a two inches of peatmoss in a sae lay the ae on ie 
keep the re oe re moist, and when growth of a couple of inches 
has made, pot them off into pots two fae larger than the ball of 
roots a peatmoss that lifts out with te tuber. When the pots are filled 
with roots, I shift the plants to larger pots. 
A good mixture for them consists a loam, humus, and sand, with the 
ston an a 4-inch pot of shredded cow manure, one of bonemeal, and 
of Scotch soot to each bushel of compost. I am not a believer in 
oS much a ilizer at first, but prefer feeding later as the plants require 
additional ee One important thing in aa tuberous be- 
gonias in pots is not to use too large a pot. It is be use a smaller 
size and kee ie regularly. When the first fae ny shows is about 
the i time to start a a little diluted cow-manure water, ie repeat 
the feeding at least on we 
I 


> Ow 
pots as soon as danger of ae if dormant tubers can be 


n fl d po 
s not only the dec me one ms and nee. colar = ii 


make a them, b 
also their adaptability, when given the proper care, to Sanat: of te 
which few other showy plants will tolerate. 


201 
Begonia socotrana— 
Its Progeny and Their Culture By James G. Esson 


HEN Begonia socotrana is in bloom it is among the most colorful 
and free-flowering of all Read species. 

T on the island of Socotra in the Indian Ocean, far from the vege- 
tative haunts of most of its family, ie Professor Isaac Bailey Balfour 
found the first irae ay it in 1880. In the “Bot otany . Socotra” we 
find these words of A plant of the higher regions of the Haghier 
are a the shade of granitoid boulders.” 

t Balfour's flair for rock plants, so evident in later years, that 
inspired tis are on? Who ould associate a begonia with boulders! 
Ye i t was, found in such a habit tat ; this species that was destined to 
be Sane r of a race that every year fills thousands of square feet 
of prec ouse space a in winter gives seis to thousands of homes. 

otrana has further distinctions. It is th = fe that has 
been Ge as “developing bulbs or bulbils. Thes e formed in a 
cluster and some writers have referred to Ve as Rae or bud clusters 
while others have described then as aa a ieee or suppressed leaves. 
[ ee — aaa es it is not surprising fe the season of growth of this 

also unique, commencing in September ae flowering from late 
Decent ee a he end of February. 
this was a remarkable eee was quickly fae In the Gardeners’ 


Ch rn Janay 1, 1881, Hooker writes of it as having flowered in 
Regie In Hortus V citchii we are told ae the stock passed 
into Ve ee an re and was distributed in 1882. As a flowering potted 


ch’s i 
plant a was considered of much value 


Culture of the Species 


As far as cultivation is concerned no begonia needs less care when its 
particular needs are understood and provided for. A minimum winter 
nasa ta grees Fahrenheit will necessary. Well drained 
loam and leaf-mold make a good potting soil mixture. Small clusters of 
bulbils Ba a planted near the surface of the soil no later than Sep 
tember 1. Until the bulbils become established and show signs of growth, 
should be watered only when the soil is very dry. Afterward, how- 

are b 


er, they may be watered freely. 
. a hae where the atmosphere is ae 

\fter ee season the leaves begin to assume a yellow appea 
ance a ce the ne $s must = jena dried and thus kept ae 
until the grow ing s m retur 

Propagation is ae Perer by division at planting time. New 
clusters should consist of not less than five or six bulbils. 


202 
The Hybrids of Begonia socotrana 
X Begonia hicmalis (Fotsch) 
suspect it was the proclivity for winter blooming that impressed the 
ardener of the early eighties with B. irana. John Heal, a famous 
plantsman of the time, employed by ao a of Veitch, was ie first 
hybridist into whose hands our species fell. In 1882 he used B. incarnata 
as the seed-bearing parent and crossed it with B. socotrana. The resulting 
ene was named Autumn Rose, but it does not seem to ha isted 
1 ko 


many varieties of what ow know as B. tuberhybrida. With such a 
apa oe it was ne ta Heal to see the possibility of eae 
cotrana with these summer- et Aa aes producing 
= pen race with the colors and size of flowers of the summer ee 

ccording to Hortus seh ete iebidite conned work about 
the same time and in 1883 a new kind of hybrid w ved by Heal and 


(vermilion red). This and ie others that were named Adonis (a ‘hybrid 
of the second generation) and Winter Gem were among the earlier - 
Heal’s successes. All are said to have been carmine or rosy pink. He tells 


ae ae of the Gardeners’ ey ce he had less success 
with £ otrana as a seed parent than he had when using the tuber 
ee as such a few ae ae i ie this from some of te he 
arket. 


fine varieties that Vi ak placed on the 
About 1912 the firm of Clibran in nga Biase to the public eve 
some varieties that were considered | a distinct improvement. 
hey were described as “eye openers’ a ae were perfectly double and of 
different shades and with greater vigor. During late ieti 


land. I think that they in turn are an improvement in vee and feeds m 
flower. 


n 1933, Fotsch, in “Die Begonien,” grouped all forms of ae Die 
case eae aoa ee a basis of the two varieties Ensign and Elat 


The bug t per 
n the loss of the eee varieties, deterred many from proceeding further. 


, 203 


pean ion by means of leaf cuttings, which is so simple with the 
Gloire de Lorraine type, has led to failure with many varieties. The lack 
of ieowled ge of cultural needs, especially in = control of begonia mite 
has minon reason for disappointme: 

It would appear that in the last few years, nurserymen and gardeners 
have ne studied the cultural needs and have experimented more per- 
sistently, so that today B. hiemalis is grown with a larger degree of success. 


Culiure of Begonia hiemalis 


During the first two weeks of November the main batch of cuttings should be 
cna tit sand, While it is true that some varieties ee respond to the leaf- oe 
ethod, I would recommend eliminating such practice when propagating this type. 
Many leaf cuttings that may make roots are too slow in forming bud gr ani 


of ial a I have not had sufficient observation of this to recommend o 


tem cuttings, made by using terminal growth 2 to 3 inches long, seem to give the 
best results. It may be necessary to sacrifice a few are plants of each variety for 
propagation. That will depend on the quantity needed. a general rule a sufficient 
number of cuttings can be obtained without seriously doneeine good flowering 


Cut uttings must appear healthy and free from disease or insect pests. They will root 
readily in sand on a bench, in flats or in other on in a temperature dropping 
to 60 or 62 degrees at night. When rooted, they be potted in Ge oe pots, 
Loe the base of the stem . rae to ak sriace as possible, and u: a soil 
mixture that is Vea e es and on er sam he pots may be lunged 
rather closely ir n the Eek and shared poe bright sunshine. 

By March the te cae will show signs of growth and a shoots a appear 
at the base from a small tuber that will have formed. If t roots, upon e amina- 

using 


ery she 
m, a 7-inc of finely eerie dry ay manure 5-inch potful of 
jake he 
size it is not necessary to plunge, hut simply . po meee = ha oe 
i 


ped nch o} 
growth. This i encourage the formation of a branching: Bea These ne ae 
may be used at this time as cuttings soe make small flowering plants for ie fall. 


potting must be done from tim time up to the end of August as 

eae to the grower. The final shift will re nto an 8-inch size pot for ne best 
ns of November plants. For the last potting a soil that has incorporated 
in “it 3 a fttge quantity of humus in the shape of eee or peat seerns to be best. 
I believe in placing enough drainage material in the bottom of the pot to assure a 
free passage a hen potting, the soil should not be packed firmly. It is 
better to pound n the bench hard enough to settle the soil around the 
roots. inching or stopping of terminal growth be done as required, with the 

an of obtaining a pl ith from o ten leading shoots ith the exceptio: 
ie red varie at have a tendency to oe er early, pinching should be discon- 


havi nden 
tinned after ee 15. Varieties that run to flower early, however, may be pinched 
for a month long 
It is necessary . shade the plants throughout the growing season. Red-flowered 
varieties seem to require a heavier shading than do any of the others. It is a mistake 
however to shade too heavily. Although the broad peltate structure of the lea 


ene of Begonia hiemalis in one of the greenhouses on the estate of Mrs. Roswell 
Eldridge at oo a ae ck, where Mr. Esson is soe The leaves 
he foreground are those of Begon 


als lees that prefer to grow in shade, we must yet remember that Balfour. 
says that B. secotrana was shaded only by rocks, and we may presume that a fairly 


strong ‘as avail: r with humidit: Ily means dankness, no 
matter how carefully the pots have been drained, and the result may be an unhealthy 
condition of the soil. Shad at can be lowered or raised as occasion demands are 
ideal, yet it is p excell esults by shading th f glass with white 
lead mixed with gasoline to the consistency of thin paint. When the latter plan is 


ch row of p 4 
glass while the shade is being applied. Strips will thus be left where sufficient light 
ay enter the house at all time 


hs, walls, and every bare surface in the house should be moistened several times 


ly, depending a upon the drying conditions of ve spraying 
should not be u ‘rom June S ber liberal ventilation is required, but 
draughts must always be rigorously avoided. uring the summer, top ventilators 
must be left open ie Tighe but bata oie aes ae it aah be necessary to close 
the house to maintain a temperature of 55 deg When flowering season comes 
the sauna may drop to 


As demands it, stakes must be used, and it is ork of floral art to stake 
a heecnia + all These stakes may be of gal vanized wire, spl i bamboos, or thin wood. 
They should on no consideration be seen when the plant has completed its growth. 


205 


a with weak liquid farmyard manure or with one of the many recogniz zed 
moplet greentiouse fertilizers will give cpeslient results ‘tf applied after the roots 
have penetrated the soil in the final potting. Nitraphoska, ue no scones dilution than 
1 ounce to 1% gallons of water is used, has auch Hs recommend i 
ing is more important in ee culture than i ae of disease and 
e 


very bad. I pests are more troublesome. M. gardeners have had disappoint- 
ments with these plants by failing to control thrips, mite and nematodes. gns of 
mite or thrips are crinkled leaves and a general unhealthy condition of the 

hey are easily d using every ten days during April, May and June, 
Cyanogas fumigant specially prepared for greenhouse us Im evening it 

ay be sprinkled or an ouse closed for the n: important 
to apply no more than is recomm y the m a r, and also to have the foliage 
thoroughly dry; otherwise much damage may r Humidity in July and August 
makes the use of Cyanogas a dangerous “practice—at weer this is eid on Long Island. 
At this time pes e tobacco ous wder may be used to control thri 


Nematodes times feed on begonia oe causing the hae to wilt and die 
Sterilization of ‘the soil may be necessary. Sometimes control can be effected by 
sate ue roots in a soil disinfectant as soon as symptoms of their presence are 
obse 

lesired to carry over plants for a second or third year, it will be essential 
resting period that a house be provided where the temperature can be 
i ater oft 


ay aken 
a fresh start in a smaller pot can be made. Growth will soon conimence ad cuttings 
of scarce varieties au e secured. ee a plants may be grown into specimens 
3% feet and more acr at flowerin 


Selected Varieties 


au oie that have been recorded are now, if not out of cultiva- 
a, difficult to procure. -A selection, all grown commercially today, would 
ae the ae sorts: 


Emily Clibran—double, rose-pink, free palais a a grower. 
The Pearl—similar to Emily Clibran in every way, but flowers creamy white. 
He S 


ering. 
Orange King—fine var ae 5 ar orange-pink flowers, single. 
Eaguie sin pay it to preceding, but flowers rose-pink. 
ir 


Opti ie sieorous grower and popular t ange-pink, single, freely borne. 
Baardse’s Orange— ee : degre but flowers large 
. Dix—similar to las , flowers more brightly pone 


Boko—the finest of the oe a 


206 


Schweden—habit of growth similar to Optima; flowers single, purple-rose, freely borne. 
mee haps the choicest of all, glowing orange color, might be described 
s gol ae 
tae C, Mensing—dwarf and compact grower, orange. Perhaps the most useful in 
the orange group. 
Elatior—rosy- -carmine, semi-double flowers; one of the best older varieties. 
rour imile ioi 


Fred Muniz—improved form of Snowdrop. 
Baardse’s Wonder—finest of all red varieties; free-flowering, single, deep red, with 
effective black staminodes 


X Gloire de Lorraine Series. 


The Gloire es bance race of hybrids was first eS ae Lemoine 
of Nancy, Fra when 891 he crossed B. socotrana with B. Dregei 
and named the resulting hybrid Gloire de Lorraine. This was ae original 
cross of the series now commonly known as Christmas begonias. 

e 


parent B. socotrana with the exception of an occasional white sport, prov- 
ing no doubt, that the white flowers of B. Dregei could be segregated. 
Rarely are they as large in any variety as in B. socotrana. 

New varieties or uate were penta from time to time but it is 
doubtful if any n the original Gloire de loners 
was found ntl the series came to the ae f A 


States aes up to that date it proved itself to be less easily affected by 
the ee a nee -room. This was crossed back on B. socotrana 
by Pet nd at that e he obtained Glory of Cincinnati, which 
bie chine a its ei better than any of - redecessors. More- 

er t owers were larger. nes varieties have since been intro- 
fea an time to time. The variety Melior, raised in 1914, has had 


pularity. 
The most highly iran varieties of the ie day are Lady 
ich has very pleasing pink and Marjorie Gibbs, with a larger 
flow er than the aie but not ae ai a Bae ee of pink. An 


207 


ariety, Lucille, is on the market this year. The flov wers are bright red 


mation is that this ori ted fron ung g discarded plant 
ofa eget begonia that was left below the bench of a greenhouse some- 
where in New England. 


Culture ie, Gloire de Lorraine 


any years after its ee on this series was propagated in April from 
7 c 


oeday. Although excelent cpecine were grown, yet they were not easily induced 
ake bushy, nching plan 


It is probably ae thirty years since growers first adopted the present method 
ropagation from leaf uae ; that i _ from leaves that are healthy ae sa gale 
lea 


been packed wn moderately firm. pe tee drainage should be provided. he 
temperature of the sand where the. roots are to f be ag ir es by bottom 
heat at 70-75 degrees. The overhead temperature may drop to 60 at night, rising 
by day with the heat of the sun. I have not found it ee to use hoviirories in 
the vegetative propagation of begonias. About November 1 the leaves are removed 
from the parent plant and the petioles inserted a 2or3i s deep in the sand, 
set so that the lamina is standing at an angle of legrees to the row ae i Bes 

: hey s be spaced eee distant so that light may reach ¢ ; 
with enough room left betweeri t sprinkle ae se aa by means of a 
watering can. oi ead cae S to be ee exc sre the cuttings 


only when it ie “obviously needed, Jt is not pane to u eae case as this 
ie cause condensation which may be the beginning of nich ‘roubl . raughts such 
as might occur by direct line of contact with ventilators must be avoided, and a 
rather moist atmosphere should be maintained in the house or Comin: so that 
evaporation from these leaves will be reduced to a minimum. 


na month enough roots s ce oS . the base of the petiole to warrant 
the first potting into a 213-inch ae in of leafmold and sand. The pots may 
be plunged in peat as is recommend ie: hiemalis. This will assist in providing 

a more even fcraperceine pas the plantlets in the formation of new growth fro e 
callus at the base of the petiole. Abou et later young shoots should begin 
O appear, an p ee when necessary, never allowing the 
to bi potbound until they have r ached. "the final and flowering pot, which 


This series may be planted from or nch size pots into hanging baskets in 
which they grow to be e very attractive epecimene: Cuttings rooted in July aaa useful 
little plants to flower in 4-inch pots for Christmas table or room decoratio 


Gloire de Sceaux 
The Sere ae have so far carried the banner for B. soco- 
trana. In fact, no others have ever received any has share Ot Lees 
Worthy . ee paren is Gloire de Sceaux, which i ubpeltata 
si ee ‘ith B. otrana, and obi in 1881 fe Thibaut ee eee 
ee is amie to that of B. hiemalis. Very ch specimens 
may eet er etite if the plants are grown on for a second y 


Chinese Ginger 
By W. M. Porterfield 


(No. 7 of a series on Chinese nas Foods in ute ork) 

_ DIED ginger, powdered ginger, ginger ale, and gi nger preserved 

n stone jars are the Hes in hie Zingiber officiate i is known to 

the American public. We like a confection, for seasoning, and in 
a drin 

The great bulk of the ginger rhizomes that are candied and preserved 

are eee from China, though the plant is also grown in the West 

Indies. where it was introduced so early that ex lading to Europe began 

in the see century. The c preference 2 aces from China lies in 

the fact tha is more succulent than Wes Tndian variety. The 

oe - ne tion are held r espon ae since oe same species when 

untainous districts remains a much smaller plant than when 


wn in lowlands such as the rich alluvial sas of the Canton delta 
ae and Hong Kong are hs chief exporters of preserve i 
The native ee of ginger is not positively known, as it no longer occurs 
in the ee but is sn nt is spect ted of bei ear a origin. It is 
cultivated in Chi s far s Shantung? an the West Indies it 
can be ee ms to an ae of 3,500 ns ian 7 oe pane 


Great Britain imported more than five ie nen 
States Sn of the raw root alone as early as ie eee if 
6, res 

petits ae -like rhizomes are the part of the plant used. 
ee when crushed are ae aromatic and even under normal conn 


give off an odor, a feature which makes them often desirable to horticul- 
turists. The plant grows to about 2 or 3 feet in height aa wie it 
flowers produces a dense cone-like inflorescence. The Chinese Aas 

this plant never flowers, and Hance rep ee the same, ae 


us that he has seen it flower. An nee of the ae nt as a a: whole can 
be s in os 26 of The Garden, page 


seen 

Beginning in 1878 a long controversy took places as to the identity of 
Chine ae 2 layfair, British oa at Swatow, China, 
sent a specimen of rhizome to Kew be identifi owe ere © 
available so a gr 1 of es nsued was thought at 


: a ; eat deal correspondence er - It wa 0 

first to be what was then called Alpinia Galanga Willd. v recognized 
as nae! nee (L.) Merrill), but it was not eee ait Mr. Ford? 
while identifying the specimen sent by Mr. Playfair as “d/pinia’, gee 

proved . Chinese ginger as such is Zingiber ofiiale Roscoe. It ¥ 

er. Plant Immigrants. U.S.D.A., Bureau of Plant Industry. No. 


IF, N. 
110; 897. 
2 Kew Bulletin 28: 16, 1892. 


Chinese ginger root, with the character for “‘chiang,”’ its Chinese name. 


found that a ginger for local use in cooking and - medicine is ape 
in the mountainous districts near Swatow. This is a Languas and Mr. 

ord explains that since Swatow is only 200 miles fon Canton and since 
the same ae name for ginger : used for both (although the one 
is known to galingale), it is most probable that a poe who 
brought the spesine sinwvittingly ieeive d ma Playfair, who thought he 
vas getting the true Chinese ginger. Not e flowers eventually 


was : nly wer flo 
obtained and the ae abits of the two ve compared, but charac- 
i re rains in th <i 


rhiz 

Fresh ginge r, according to om 3 stimulates the digestive organs, quiets 
nausea, ees coughs, and acts as a carminative and astringent remedy 
in dysentery. It also is ee an antidote oe mushroom poisoning. 


3 Stuart, G. A. Chinese Materia Medica, p. 465. 1928. 


210 


ae ginger skin is used to clear opacity of the cornea, and the juice from 
e leaves is drunk as a digestive eae and as a local application in 


eee Oil of inger is made in Kuantang and used as a condiment. 
Li Shi-Chen described ginger very well in the Pen-tsao, ancient Chinese 
medical book, but chose to separate the accounts of dry and fresh ginger 
root. In the appendix of th re are list . sences and among 
these is e f{ ginger (CHIANG-LU ich nade by a process of 
distillation. It is co ene to be eee sina and is ctorant. 
In pie there is a tincture of ginger (c u) which is notin 


more than ginger root ce in alcohol or ginger juice fermented with 
east. This is used as a stimulant in colds and indigestion. 


Candied ginger as it is sold in New York’s Chinese shops. 


a Chinese name for ginger is CHIANG, fresh ginger being termed 
NG CHIANG; Languas i is ccna LEUNG KEUNG ( Swatow dialect for LIANG 
cand Curcuma (turmeric), also of 


N 
ci) 
& 
°° 
ca 


GK “The name cole ols comes from the 
reek name ZINGIBERIS, the term which Dioscorides 0 a spice- 
bearing herb used by the Asis n the Sanskrit ies ee means “antler- 


shaped,” referring of course to the branching rhizo 
Marco Polot found bor ginger and aie in areal agi in 
Fukien province as did also Robert Fortune at a later d It is said 


ea 
that Szechuan and southern Shensi were famed for their ginger in ancient 
times, and the product ts still exported from Hankow. Around Ning-yuan 


+ Bretschneider, E. History of European Botanical Discoveries in China, pp. 2, 8, 
508, 709. 1898. 


211 


in Szechuan and also in eg hills back of Soochow in Kiangsu province, 
ginger is plentiful. ne word of explanation, galingale. the lesser or Chinese 
reia ab Orta,* 
on medicines and n 1563 differentiated between the galanga pia 
of China and the glanga major of Java, the latter of which is the sou 

of the lan know 
Dr. Abel,* ne was the doctor fa naturalist on Lord eae s staff 
mpe ourt of China pene 

rent places. At Nankin i. _ he 


ite 
across muc ing er in ea oad found it on the eee 
near Amoy, also in Japar i noted the fact that ginger was exten- 
sively ee in cen nip China a prepared for ub ae and that pre- 
served in ar it is exported in ie (see aph). Finally, 
Meyer! on one collecting ue nm to China eee inger and 
suggesting that because 


in oe ‘e oo ince ting 
with or without irrigation it is suitable in 
ivation. 


er 
the south of our country should be rofitable nd of great aid in 
boosting our national eel inser as a Crop is not grown any- 
the United States i of the ease with ibiek it can be 

ted. Propa: fos is entre by division of a ee Rox: 
burgh wrote that he oe See nd we do not have any deserip- 
i t the nature a the esl is that 
ry. 


ousewi I i c) their own He are warned to 
cover their hands while working with it Niagra - the ele properties 
of the volatile subs oe emanating from the rhizome. According 


to analyses recorded by Read and ae the ter iene ne oil, 3.7% ; 
; 1 As of detecting ex- 


an 
essential oil, 1.35%; gingerol and re 
hausted (a type of adulterated) g ee ee eae in | 
suggested ae ee of Winton, Oede n, and Mit a for Se 
c ater extract.2 Four grams of ginger are pla in a graduated 
200 ce. flask, filled with water, which is then sake at half hour 
intervals for 8 hours and all — to stand for a further 16 hou 
eee and evaporating 50 residue is obtained hich when dried 


a 5 
constant weight at 100° Centigrade represents a complete extraction. 


3 Fortune, Robert. Wanderings in China, pp. 29, 381, 384. 1847; also Yedo and 
Peking. P. 58. 1863. 
* Wi soi 59. 1 


E. H. A naturalist in western China. 913. 
'B. E. and Liu, J. E. Plantae Medicinalis eee Flora Sinensis, A. I: 


mg H. W., editor 1902. 


ead, 
No i 1927. 
Provisional Methods for the Analysis of Foods. 
U.S.D.A. Bureau of Chemistry, Bull. 65: 59. 


212 


Evening (Courses For Gardeners 


HE fall term of the Botanical Garden’s evening course in hears 

gardening, which is designed for both professional and amateur gar- 

deners, cae cae ne 28 and will continue for twelve ue 
am ae rsday ning t for Thanksgiving da 

ee ament fale of Gardening” is the ee for the term. T. H. Everett 

will fe the lecturer. Registration may be made in advance or between 7 

and 7:40 p.m. on the opening night. The lesson ‘will begin each week at 


gh 
satisfactorily will be aligible for Etrolnent3 in the laboratory course in the 
spring, at which the principles learned during the winter term will be put 
into practice outdoors 

Upon the satisfactory completion of two years of study, members of the 
course will be awarded certificates by the Botanical Garden. A circular 
giving a complete description of the course will be mailed to those who 

at 


reque: Th rse is limited to 60 students. 
T ence Course for Professional Gardeners, organized for the 
st t gardeners at The New York Botanical Gard t n to a lim- 


ited number of professional gardeners from outside, is beginning its sev- 
enth year this fall. Application for enrolment in this course may also be 
nade in advance or in the anes eum Building at the Botanical Garden the 


: t. nee 
ubjects to be taught this as eee ara Botany—A” Dr. 
H. N. Moldenke and “Plant vee by D H. W. Rickett. The 
complete outline of this course, as published in this Journal last Septem- 
ber, will be sent upon request by mail or telephone. 


Lectures For the Autumn TMMonths 


HE free lectures on Saturday afternoons at The New Ae nae 
three ad- 


nt oe Yo 
World’s Fair. Dr. chai Ashby of the Imperial an. London, 
oo. = series September 9 with a talk on tea, coffee, and cocoa as 
they are produced in various parts of the British Empire. He is speaking 
again Sent. 30 on “Spices from the Colonies. n Oct. 21 Mr, 
Findlay, who has been recently retired from the "Colonial Agricultural 


213 

Service, will speak on “Rubber Production in Malaya.” The entire sched- 
ule, which includes nature study, gardening, travel, and explo oration, as 
well as talks on plants which are Vseful or harmful to man, is given below 


Sept. 9-BEVERAGE PLANTS ge eres EM 
E ASHBY, fatal eee London 
Sept. 16—MUSHROOMS TO ae THE FALL 
m S. Tuomas, Author of Mushroom Book 
Sept. 23—ROCK GARDEN CONSTRUCTION 
A.C. Pranper, Assistant Superintendent 
Sept. 30—SPICES FROM THE cua re 
Maurice Asusy, Imperial Institute, London 
Oct. 7—BULBS FOR NATURALIZING 
Erne. Anson S. PeckuHam, Honorary Curator 
Oct. 14-SHRUBS FOR AUTUMN EFFECTS 
James G. Esson, Supt. Eldridge Estate 
Oct. 2I—RUBBER PRODUCTION 1N MALAY 
A. G. Finpiay, Late at Colonial Agricultural Service 
Oct. 28—FUNGI AND HUMAN BEINGS 
. Garpner Hopkins, M.D., Columbia University 
Nov. 4-SUCCESS WITH AZALEA AND Ba Sacra ac 
. M. Kosrer, Bagatelle Nursery 
Nov. 1l—A TRIP THROUGH THE CONT eee 
. H. Everett, Horticulturist 
Nov. 18—-PLANT HUNTING IN SOUTHERN age 
. H. Camp, Assistant Curator 
Nov. 25—DYE PLANTS OF THE AMERICAN INDIANS 
G. L. Wrirtrockx, Docent 
Dec. 2—-CULTURE AND AGRICULTURE OF THE MAYAS 
Victor W. von Hacen, Explorer and Lecturer 
Dec. a a oa: IN CRE 
. CLARENCE i. Foc NG, Columbia University, and Mrs. YounG 


Rare Myxomycetes Collected Ie the Dae os ie Pacific Coast. 
t is comm 
Ret f 
5 gee rom. the coe Myco logical i species a see mt 
Great Smoky Mountains Aug. 17-20, Mr. brought "back from the Smokie 
Hagelstein, are Calonema a ecun Bhysa. 
rum Listeri, Cribraria splenden s, Di ae ma 


lected 80 ies xomycetes, includ 
ing several rare f ms. He ined rugosum, and Didymium Paaige 
new record astern North America All will be added to The aa York 


with Zpeciinens mor “Prototrichia oe oe Garden’s already large collec- 
formerly known in North only of the mycetozoa, or myxomycetes 


214 


(All publications reviewed here 


Reviews of Recent Books 


may be consulted in the Library of 
The New York Botanical Garden.) 


Food Plants From 
Forest and Field 
EDIBLE WILD PLANTS. Oliver 
very. Medsger: 323 pages, illustrated, 
millan, New York, 1939, 
When a * Beak such as this is 
lished, the ere is the sudden wonder a 
it has not been done before. A knowl cde 
of the possibilities of surviving i 
re lost in the wild 


we ev 
fr y nature-lov a certain real, 
if unacknowledged fear. Having tried 
many kinds of wild fodder when pla 

huntiny ith a botanically-minded father 
and having acquired lat k ledge of 
mushroom oe this writer has 
not had that fea But it exists, and 
often, wl e nd th 


rked, 
or many people 
what would etieaige be full enjoyment. 


ild food such ribed her 
would not as a rule induce any but th 
most confirmed ni e-idolators to for- 
sak: e abundant offerings of the local 
bute! and grocer, but when one can 
add to such home nourishment a handful 
of wintergreen or pa dea berries, black 
birch twigs ot ssafras leaves, dewber- 
ries, raspberries, rykdebereies or wil 
strawberries, there in finding 
them which Sa Dae . he beauty of 

Ou. nside or ley or woodland. 
I have to admit that many of the plants 


hav dmi 
h are “amea T shoul 


whi id never want to 
ea to be pretty nea 
starvation before trying skunk cabbage or 
stinging nettle. h IT kno: t nar 
row-leaved dock and purslane (pusley), 
commo wee nd pokeweed (tl 
young stems, not t isonous ts) are 
edible, I have never been tempted by them 
here are y attractive and useft 
es, how the wild b Cl pios 
tuberoca), the Jerusalem As ae feli- 
anthus tuberosus), the passion- 
ower (Passiflora incar iB asad ‘and many, 


many nuts and berries, mints, and other 


The is long. This book 
them. 


wild herbs. 
will induce many to 
I shiver at the t Role of anyone’s eat- 
ing a Calochortus, the exquisite mariposa 
ne (Cc. Nuttallii). lk be as much 
sacrilege as to ea! trailing arbutus 

. a fringed gentian. Only Fiomee ie 
vation would excuse it. 

ould 


are on the author's list. 

r. Medsger gives only a page and 
half ushrooms, thou: the frontis- 
piec ws the delicious rel (Mor- 


e shows mo: 
chella esculenta var. conica), one of the 
best we oS ae gi, when stuffed and baked. 
ven Fae rt 
warning arin 
Ss 


m 
cially when enthusiasm mien i a 
souls 


adventures 0 o try 
e old a lish eed is ” scmiy 
red in eany inds concerning the sil- 
spoon 


hat "does not discolor, the 
pleasant ae etc., when th oe is aes 
e dead ook a 


pracielly: "certain and agonizing 
Mushrooms should be avoided, unless oa e 
studies them carefully and learns which 
ar 


diser etion, for “exceedingly 
painful Tae ilar not dangero 

pecutte follow an o’ 
All in all, in the include as 


e. he matter an 

it would be the amateur experi- 
menter to pri ith caution. Yet the 
book is valuable and interesting in indi- 
cating to many people the amount of 
possible food we may find in our fields and 
forests and the pleasure : be gained by 
knowing these useful plan 

Saran V. Coomss. 


A Manual on Vegetab. 


les 
THE VEGETABLE: GROWING 
BUSINESS. LC. Watts & Gilbert 
Watts. ane pages, illustrated; index 
appendices. Orange-Judd, New 
» 1939, $3.50. 


t is seldom possible for a vegetable 


vegetable grower. It is also a rare occ 
sion when a college man and a farmer 
join forces to write a book. The Vege- 
table Gro Business is such ok. 
The senior author is R. L ts, Dean 
meritus of the School of Agriculture at 
Pennsylvani tate, and the jur alt- 
thor, Gilb atts, i ner and man- 


ing some 20- different vegetables. 

The farm is locat t Bellwood, Penn. 
The book is presented by the publishers 

as an wp-to-da olume t persede 

Vegetable Gardening, whic een 

used as a standard text and reference on 

vegetable growing for so yea s 
e name o i . b . impli he 

tatio att 


ses 
the business he “of venetable production 
much mo: ng in reoy text to dat 

Some reader feel wiclined 


ng, ane Weed Control, 
Trrigation, oe aud Diseases, Harvest- 
i ane g, and as 


on the fact tha Ty goo must 
be a good business man and. 3 g ae ex- 
ecutive. T of the nae 


chapter covers el the’ ne of 
vegetabl os as carried on in the 
United State 


of vegetables have a eit! new meth- 
f£ disea: n 


covered; new types of irri a 


S 
Cc) 
& 


as well as the commercial 


W. V. Cutter, 
State Institute of Applied Agriculture 
on Long Island, 


England’s Native Plants 
IN BRITAIN. 


WILD LOWERS 

Robert Gathorne-Hardy 120 pages, 
illustrated, indexed. Scribner, New 
York, 1938. 


been written on the 
but there is adequate room 
for this ee yy Gathorne-Hardy in that 
the author, instead of attempting to gi 
a tecneal description of each plant, sets 
forth charming literary style the 

ee a “ from the 


Many books have 
English flora 


s of plant Te 
f the book are devoted to 
ds, meadows, moor- 
ani other areas; also a most ae 
esting a account of the native orchi ids is to 
‘ou 


ne 
ti hese instead of 
olor drawings, which give the 


c drawings, e inipe ession 
of artificial flowers 


Puri CHANDLER. 


ae oe Food Plants 


RUC ee OF ECONOMIC 
P EA ts Herman E. Hayward. 674 
pages, illustrations, glossary, index. 
Macmillan, New York, 1938: $4.90. 

ic Pl b; 


ts, the first consisting of a thorough 


216 


S 


review of anatomical structure, discussing 
cells, roots, shoots, flowers, it: 
0 


plants : 
Pialfa, pea, flax, cotton, celery, sweet po- 
tato, white potato, mato, squash, 
lettuce. 
e book i scarcely suitable as an ele- 
ry text for class vole but cer- 
as a reference 
of Gastomical 
structure as eee above examples 
of economic plant: 

G. L. Wittrock. 


Ecology in Naren 

OF__SILVICUL- 
FECOLQGICAL 

The “tate 

ae. pages, 22 fiedres. tadex: 


ames Ww. 
Korstian, 
New York and 


pba mats & Ee 

onde 1937. $4.50. 

Professor Korstian’s close association 

with the development of aie for- 

with teachi id h re 

pasced peewee 

tl $s important text 

and ae book i sire Lae to 
th 


materials of the 
ee logical and bette emphasized tr eat 


mh 1 substitution . a bibliography at the 
k pro 


end of the bool es to be more satis- 
ee than the original ee cita- 
The inclus forest 
eae by both their, technical and stand- 
ardized common names is likew to be 
ey 
Between silviculture and ecology, both 
geadeniic and applied, i a impossible to 
draw a line, even if i e desirable to 
do so fuch of the. ol y had its 
origin i yee a oO resters, and 
today, muc of the best 


tising foreste It is good that this 
so, and it is Sond sae there is a 
in “forest ecology’ ich is of such 


importance both to acalemic men and to 
those with field boots 
A. CAIN, 


Sta ANLEY ? 
University af ee 


For Herb Lovers 
HERBAL DELIGHTS. Cc. 
Leyel. 429 pages, illgstrated’ and. in! 
dexed. Houghton-Mifflin, Boston, 1938. 


erbal ‘Delights by Mrs. C. F. Leyel 
: lindeed a book full of delights for ‘al 
n the hi 


who are interested ir story 
a “ses of herbs. It is an essentially 
glish e great 


discusses according to 
in th 


e oe fe) 


and cosmetic 
of cour 


occasionally to at e over-extensive 

icinal powers to the nts, but that 
is atter of individual opinion. Cer- 
tainly this book is outstanding in its field 
and should e lib i everyone 
interested in herbs. is well indexed 


and bursting with oe 
Mrs. Arrrep G. Kay. 


Floriculture for the 
Experience. ot 


RCIAL FLOWER FORC- 
Melee Laurie & G, H. Poesch. 
Second ome ion. 557 pages, indexed and 
ate ated, Blakiston, Philadelphia, 

$3. 


of Commerciai 
predecessor, has 
en desig nee ‘essentially for the experi- 

enced gardener. Yr 
readi 


The seco od edition 
Flower For like its 


viewer, their boo! overed one more 
subject and filled one ae vacancy in an 


imaginary list of ideal American horti- 
cultural works, 
The eis 2 arranged in text-book 
fashion, comprehensive list of 
end of a chapter. 
dd charts have also 
Se ened interesting : 
— it ¢ 


Supplementing this 


thei 
ne lists and “ble les Sof plants with recom- 
ende: til 


td 
een decd” 
e 


of greenhouse crops. 

aa ae are wed to show the 
effec oe ons treatm 

oe 
ess eine an tare 
place 


mo: 
cultural on soilles 


B 6 
& 


ooks of this nature with such a 
— of information presented in such 
clear concise fashion should find their 
pia ace in the library of every gardener 
and student of floriculture 
JosepH W. Tansey. 


aa ngs and Their History 


GARDEN! T. 
WORLD [C. Stuart Gager.] Second 
edition. Brooklyn Bota Gard 
ecors $1-406. 193: . 


In of ong-felt want, it 
strange ‘that he cae world has Been 
obliged to wait so long for a full e 
meration of all of its gardens, with, ei 
oe eis ion of e and sum- 
mar: s hi : Yet m no Such record 

immer of 
No. 3, of ae Brook- 
lyn ‘Botanic Garden Record (26: 149- 
353) devoted 

As might a 
effort of abe iad ¢ he Gat. edition 4 was 
marred by nana errors of variot 
kinds, some of them glaring ones. For 


217 


instance, ain classification was 


aud } 
g St. Biers Vane! in 
cae a Sad Svea, and Valetta 
h Ma pe 


Malay Stat wher ong, 
and with A vee fines ae de pees 
Settlements, where it would naturally be 
sought. 


The a edition followed t 


ear; it contains some atiditional 
gare, at the paca and historical 
ma’ been expanded from 206 to 
25. ees Many of the worst errors 
have been corrected, but ans 
all. Disko still figures under Denmark 
{as well might e To a 1- 
ee? be listed under Great Britain) 
finds “Dutch East Ind: ec 


Neth erlands East Indies”; but when one 
oe this up, he finds “Netherlands 
East In 


dies. See Java and Sumatra. 
( here is no such heading as “Java an 
ene each isl: is separately en- 


and is 

t alphabetic sequence. ) Es: 

tially ential peeii tion, wi 
istenc vey: 


but i 
cons: S, by the last two 
lin ee and. the first two of 
page 

S| be favored with third 
edition of this very useful work, there 
will be plenty of ro further cor- 
rection of errors. But far more impor- 
tant is the provision of a table of con- 

nts, or an index of places, or both, for 

e search for an le gi nvolves 
considerable waste ime. A judicious 
se of ing-he: t the tops of the 


Bota: 
Chr Botanica 

1938 ’; but none oa. these. ran any 

descriptive or historical data, an a 

last two do not even Lee the n 

the puskige f each institution 

The ent ag thewione is of 

eran alte as a reference hands ae 

of botanic gardens. 

J. H. Barwuarr. 


218 


For the Home Gardener 


YOUR GARDEN THIS WEEK. 
Blackburn. 230 pages, iy pee 
dexed. Rutgers ees 
Brunswick, N. J. 339. 


Ben 
in- 
, New 


Week by week, through an entire yea: 
in this volume Mr. Blackburn arenee 
to guide the amateur gardener logically, 
offering a wealth of sees suggestions 
and much sound advi 
His ae upon oan pH factor 
@ 


yard 
stress upon what 
telling just how . ‘ ee seer tend 
to throw some of the subjec ee ter 
of balance. eaenae ons fe 
of heavy mu Iches, the introduc of a 
elaborate pieyire ee ‘he “printing 
of dahlia roots ge induce new 


r the, use 


s ith 
ye msound suggestions for 
ginner in gardening. 
contains so much good, useful 
Reale that it is regrettable that it 
a epted with even these reser- 
satio 


Howarp W. Swit. 


Genetics Brought Up to Date 
RECENT ADVANCES IN PLANT 
GENETICS. | Second, edition. FW. 
Sansome “and J. Phi 41 
Hiuctrated. Bittiography, key fo fitera” 
ture, and index. | Blaloston, Philadel 
phia. = $5.50 in 


econd pada of R t Advances 


lished in 19 ce that d. 

tions on important investigations in plan 

gi ics have continued at a truly phen- 
i marizes 


ie of genetic lants 
chap have beer titten, 
others: have sae “evised and a chapter on 


Variegation and Chimaeras has been 
added. There is an extensive pple 
ue oe pages of a key to the lit- 


A. B. Stout, 


Epimedium and Its Relatives 
EPIMEDIUM AND VANCOUVERIA 
(Berberidaceae), a monograph. William 

Fg Stearn. Paper covered. From 


the Linnean Society’s Journal— Botany: 
vol. li, (No. 340), Pages tease: 


eee a: 31. Indexed. 28 Novem- 
19. 


a remarkable 


and able acc of a horticulturally 
important group of plants. Epimedium, 
in its various species, is increasing! 
grown in our gardens and often und 
erroneous specific names 

Aceranthus is here 
division of Epimedium, but Vi abel ee 
with three species, is presented a: 


. Stearn enable any- 
names of his plants ene 
a ubtedly encourage thei 
wider cultivation. 

H. A. Greason. 


Current Literature* 
At a Glance 
By Virgene Kavanagh 

Trees in Connecticut. “Practical For- 
estry gi Forest Tre f 
issued the Connecticut Forest an 
Park Association. oe simple des- 
and as drawings 
lea i oie as they are 
needed for denufieation of ee common 
es in the eastern United Sta 


of the 


For Poi Tvy. Calcium chlorate 
sprayed or mR onto the leaves of 
poison ivy is supposed to kill the vine; 
a eae a veral weeks later may 


be necessary to finish the destruction.— 
Real Gardening, sy 1939, 


he “Conservation Guide” 


Con 
compile od Oral ae by The Garden 
Club of America, 598 Madison Ave., New 
York City, is a valuable source book for 
material on conservation. 


fs All my te mentioned h and om: 
others—may be cane in the L 
Botanical Garden the Mus Ss eLibrary of "the 


For Sne fever victims will 
be iiterested ir ina eran oe the Squibb 
laboratory. It is a geographical and bo- 
tanical survey on hay fever with sugges- 
tions for treatment with pollen allergen 

solutions 


n be trans- 
a most of 
and they will 
than 


s planting. 
slanted more Satisfactory 
eaickly 
fro 
in The Aneritai. Boon July 1 


Midwestern Flora. “Flower Pageant 

of the Midwest” by E. S. and F. E. 
Clements and “Floral Garlands : Prairie, 
cee and ween. by E. S. vege 
titute a 
ud 


covered in r literature 
125 eee uiustradons in the Nala 
Geographic Magazine, August 1939. 


Foundation Planting. E. L. D, Seymour, 
writing in the American Home for Sep- 
tember, strikes at the type of plants which 
are frequently used for foundation plant- 
ing the customary 
bad practice is teeta and higher stan- 
ssional service. Another 


i= 


nurserymen. 
Early Tools. The July number of t 
Herb pie has a picture of the ea 
— by the ae ae gardeners and an 


ount of the w which some of these 
aides were Hone et 
t Names. “Horticultural Nomen- 


ude 
Aouthly "Bulletin of lor ‘cultural Selene 
and Practice, July 193! 


Bulletins. The library is completing 
its files on the bulletins e the State 
" Sj 


Insect pests. 
rieties are numerous 


and will 
he of catbrest to gardeners. 


219 


aie: News, and Comment 

ce. The 
pai eit of the 
ning and Civic 


Third National 
American Plan- 
ees = take place 
Park officials at La Fonda 
8-10. 


ill be a thou- 
sand- aa motor tour, ‘sting a week, to 
the southwestern national parks ‘and 
monuments. 


Visitors. Among the August visitors 
o The New York Botanical Garden were 
Ge eorge E, Wheeler of the University of 
ee Do oris W. Hayes, U. S. For. 
Ser Mary Elizabeth | Bierce 
Brooklon ‘Beenie Garden; Carl Skotts- 
Goth Sweden; Clair 


Faculté de “Sciences, 
Iida McVeig! ue eee 
it: 


University yster, 
riiversity of Seat “Dakota Willard N. 
P 


Mrs. 
Perineylvania State 
Fe ao aid of Harva 
uly Norman W. To dd a ghee 
College was a visitor. 
Scouts. Forty-three children from as 
oe en hagas c a nee 
the len 


utdoors 


ech. The Federal Writers’ Project, 

in preparing material for the recently 

p York City Guide” dis- 

covered the fam i 

ig ae bende 
ve lan 

i ngland by 


enry Parsons in 1845 ‘47. “The 


220 


tree's foliage is now 340 feet in circum- 
fe 92 feet in diameter and 69 feet 
igh, and almost perfectly aes - 


a news release from the Project states 


tree a 


now cared for by “the City Park 
Department. 


Lec and T’ Cc. Sm 
sade the Matinecol ‘Ge Che 
which is an Affiliate of The New Yor 
Botanical “Garden, ‘Sept 8, speaking . 


Rae ao ative Ferns.” During the sum- 
me . H. N. Moldenke has led fiel 
ee rrey Botanical Club an 


w 

W. Bromley) and to the N 
estate at Valhalla, cane) the courtesy 
of Mr. Straus, with Ernst Hoelle as co- 
aa ler. “Funda Geile of Gardening 
actices” was the subject of T. H. 
eee “before the Garden 

Club July 


Scholarship. Dr. Anna E. Jenkins of 
Industry in Wash- 


Yorktown 


Robbins and Dr. B. 


f the giant krubi 
( Amorphophlns “rani 
pic indow: 


the nklin 
Cae r me rice and Savings 
on Broadway and Vesey Street for two 
weeks during July. lesson in thrift 
which was posted beside the display of 
photographs said in part: “Like the krubi, 
you i grow to a surprising 


your vill no t die away, leaving 
only a rotted root and nals oo Le 
will Sean ae Ak 1 for as long 
period as you ish.” 


Orchids. According to a recent check 
in the our New York 
Botanical Garden collection at 
present includes 97 genera, “426 species 
and natural varieties, and 142 horticul- 


tural varieties. In addition to thes 
labeled plants, there are 382 nudetarmined 
- ants, of which 150 are no a ae La d 
‘genus. Most of thes recent 
acquisitions which will be Sdentified as 
soon as they can be studied after blooming. 


re rbals. A means of makin of 
he old herbals aera to neonle who, 
ae if they could pay the 


demanded, could aon eee obtain most of 
these ra : volumes, has been launched 
this yea Rosetta E. Clarkson, 


Mrs. 
who publishes the Herb Journal at Mil- 
ford, Conn., has an 
ae Book Club, ae dues for which 
bri ach member up to three reprints 
of rare “old slg gariening books, or 
sttll-room books ae - 


The phe repri as 
Coles’ The Art of Satine” el rea Last 
month Hyil’s The Gardeners Labyrinth 


ger herbals 
r future production, 


are in min 


Addre. Book. Worker: plant 
eononi. geography, and see are to 
be listed in a new address oe hens 
Pp 2 i The 


actively carry 
Questionnaire cards fo: 
names may be obtained without charge 
from the editor of Cheoaa Botanica, 
P. O. Box 8, Leiden, Holland. 


Fern Personality. There has to be a 

“first” ood ever ! As Treasurer of 

the Torrey Botanical Club, Dr. H. 
rec 


'y 
$1.50 from the 


ayable to the order of 
Lanuginosum.” The address given fo 
Mr. Bot oo Lanuginostm was “Tor- 
rey Botanical Club, N. 

The check. was du S 

treasurer (acting as attorney for Botry- 
chium Lanuginosum) a nd deposited! Jt 
represented payment for a Torrey Club 
oP lication on the fern whose name was 


ed. 


THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
BOARD OF MANAGERS 
IVE MANAGERS 


I ELECT 
i 1940: Henry DE Forest ee ee ale Cups Frick, 
: R., MacDouaat, Mrs. Haror 


Pane and JoserH R. Swa resident). 

Until 1941: E. C. Aucnter, MarsHatt Fietp, Mrs. Eton HuntincTon 
Hooker, Joun L. Merrtry (Vice-president), Cor. Ropert H. Montcomery, 
and H. Hopart Porter. 


RT 

Until 1942: ArtHuR M. Awnperson (Treasurer), Pierre Jay, CLA 
Lewis, E. D. Merritt, Henry pe ta Montacne (Secretary and Aepstant 
Treasurer), and Wit.1am J. Rossins. 


EX-OFFICIO MANAGE 


RS 
Fioretto H. LaGuarpia, Mayor of the City of New York. 
Sad Moszs, Park Commissioner, 
James MarsHALt, President of the Board of Education. 


Ill. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS 
Tracy E, Hazen, appointed by the Torrey Botanical Club 


A. Harper, Sam F, TRE RELEASE, EpMuND W. SINNOTT, ‘and Marston T. 
Bocert, appointed by Columbia University. 


GARDEN STAFF 
WUiLLL ae J. Hage ie D., Sc. D. 
A, 


Deine wate.cis es: Assistant Director and Head oe 
Assistant oe tor 


cparhatala. Sua lecuraites coretieg Curator of Education and L ries 
Ss F aoe 
D. nt Patholog ist 
Ae IM Mis De at eaarinscar eats ‘ee sac 'Bibliographer 


Assistant pois Sed 
ssociate Curat 
ssociate Curat for 

Librarian 

ae Curator of the Economic Collections 

Artist and Photographer 

0 Has 


esearch Assi a 
are. tate in Bry 
NDI a eee Assistant Curator and oe - a Tol "Herbarium 
t Curator 
hotles cal I Assistant 
Technical Assistant 
GH, M.A. Technical Assistant 
A. B. Edit torial Assistant 
Tuomas H. EveRer?, N. D. Horr. Horticulturist 
. ’M. ‘ocent 
a S. ‘ollaborator in 


ce ae Botany 
orary Curator of Myxomycetes 
ETHEL ANSON ‘S. DPeee eae. . Honorary Cane Tris and Nose Collections 
ArrHur J. CorpBettT Superintendent ot Buildings and Grounds 
A, C. Pranner stant Superintendent 


THE CORPORATION OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 


The New Y 


Managers. They also elect new members of their own body, 
given below 

The Advisory Council consists of 12 or more women 
ustom, tl are also elected to the Corporation. Ohikes 
Chairman; Mrs. Carl A. de Gersdorff, First Vice-chairman; Mr. Is. 
Vice-chairman; Mrs. Nelson B. W ilies, Recording “Secretary 
espondin cretary; and Mrs. F. Leonard Kellogg, Treasur 
Arthur M. Anderso Harry Harkness Flagler 
Mrs. Arthur M. Anderson Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox 
George Childs Frick 


8, Jr. 
. George Arents, Jr. 
Ast 


Vincent 


Stephen 
Hen: 


Sherman Baldwin 


. Bogert 
Prof. William J. Bonisteel 
P. Brett 
ichard de Wolfe Brixey 
kley 


€ 
iss E. Mabel Clark 


W. R. Coe 
Richard C. C 


Alfred J. Crane 

Mrs. C. I. DeBevoise 

Mrs. Tho: M. Debevoise 
Edward C. Delafield 

Mrs. George B. de Long 
Rey. Dr. enslow 
Julian Detm: 


Mrs. Henry J. Fisher 


Mrs. Carl A. de Gersdorff 
Dr. H. 


Roswell Miller, Jr. 

Mrs. Roswell Miller, Ir. 
cane M. Moffett 

. de la Montag 

Mrs. Gilbert Montague 
Col. Rober: 
Barrington Moo! 
M illiam H. Moore 


H. Montgomery 


Dr. Robert T. ce 


2 MED, 


the 


present roster of wl 
are elected by the Board. By 
Elon i8t untington Hooker. 

William A. Lockwood, Second 
Mrs. Townsend Scudder, Cor- 


. Y. Morrison 
Mrs. Augustus G. Paine 
Mrs. James R. Parsons 
Rufus L. Patterso: 
Mrs. Wheeler H. peso 


Dr. Mine Pay 
Prof. H. 
Mrs. Herbert L. ate 


Mrs. Theron G. Strong 
Mrs. Arthur H. Sulzberger 


Jos Swa 

Dr. William S. Thomas 

Prof. Sam F. Trelease 

Mrs. Harold McL. Turner 

Mrs. Antonie P. Voislawsky 

Allen Wardwell 

Nelson 

Mrs. Nelso: ‘ ae 
onson Winthrop 

Grenville L. Winthrop 

Tohn C. Wister 


Richardson Wright 


Ocroper, 1939 


JOURNAL 
of 


THE NEW YorK BOTANICAL GAR 


: Ga) Ee OY Fae 
Eo, Ve » lee i 


Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. 
Entered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. 
Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents 


Free to members of the Garden 


JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
CaroLt H. Woopwarp, Editor 


October, 1939 


Orion, ONE OF THE Harpy ae IN THE New Y 


Botanica Garden's Bor Cover Piaceipk: is Fleda Griffith 

F A FLowerR MAsTE Ervin S. Ferry 221 

PROPAGATING TROPICAL ie BY oo Bup Cuttincs John V. Watkins 229 
THe Reppinc HeMtockx TREE A. B. Stout 233 
RECENT MusHrRoom PoIsonincs Fred J. Seaver 236 
Reviews of Recent Books 237 
Current LITERATURE AT A GLANCE Virgene Kavanagh 242 
Notes, News, aND CoMMENT 243 
MicrosioLocists MEET in New York FOR INTERNATIONAL CoNnGRESS 244 


A SPECIALIZED MUSEUM 
ame sometimes comes from afar, and an institution may learn of its unique 
eae away from home. 
It is in an impressve three-volume publication coming from Washington, entitled 
e@ seum in America,” that we learn that, because o e@ ew York 
Botanical Garden, New York stands at the top of all American cities for its collec- 
tions of recent plants (recent as opposed to fossil), and that it apparently contains 
co y public museum ot ‘0 plant ively. 


the ntry’s onl blic museum devoted to plant life exclus: 

aurence Vail Coleman, Director of the American ee of Museums, says 
that though in th ience field one might expect to find special museums of 
geology, palaeontology, ornithology, and entomology, and museums for erent 


regions of the earth, except for herbariums and museums of anthropology, the only 
specal public museums of science are at The New York Botanical Garden and in 
California, where there ts an African museum. 

Later he comments: ‘For the field of science as a whole, the top cities are Wash- 
ington, New York, Cambridge, and Chicago. Washington is first for rocks and 
minerals, fossil plants, fossil inv pears: recent invertebrates, fishes, and mammals. 
New York is first for fossil vertebrates and recent plants and Sede Two museums. 
the National and the American, hold all these records except the one for recent 

ical Gard 


The story might go further. An investigation reveals that, so far as is known, 
there is no other public institution in New York City, outside of the Brooklyn 
Botanic Garden, which maintains a plant ated on its staff or a mycologist 
who is concerned with the higher fungi, such as the mushrooms and their relatives. 


f) ; 
N rk B. ical Garden for authoritative information on fungi, which are only 
one of the forms of plant life falling within the scope of the Garden's work. 


OCT 24 1939 


LIBRARY 


NEW Y 4 
JOURNAL BOTANICAL 
of GARDEN 
THE NEW YorRK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
Vou. XL Octozer, 1939 No. 4 478 


The PMaking of a Flower Master 
By Ervin S. Ferry* 
N Kyoto, a ancient capital of Japan, the flower masters are still pur 
art of flower arrangement and teaching it to aie 
e ig’ 


lateness 

the season or for special ees occasions. Some of he copitions 

represent a cas poem or sto others are more personal, suggesting 

welcome,” “a happy journey,” or ‘that nee popular wish in ev ed land, 
“prosperity on oe life. 


> ge ery ne g Japanese woman and many men learn the 


a ss th 
allel “ladies . te Mee are mostly girls of 


s and w ee a ee time befor mar- 
the pursuit of the cultural arts. In cases their in 


something of the various schools of the art and can readily select that one 
which most se fills Lee need. (This use of the w ol” is that 
with which e familiar in expressions such as the school of ee 
he pre- Rapa “shoo ee There are ees ds of schools of flov 
arrangement in Japan, some of which started centuries ago in Buildhist 
ples, but i Bare: number are a off-shoots of these ancient 
institutions. The oldest and largest of the schools is the Ikenobo, which 
dates back to the seventh century and now numbers about a mullion Hae a 
half 2 Sis ae living devotees. Another large school is the 
two ¢ es vounger than the Tkenobo. The policies and oe 
of m a the ancient schools are controlled by temples, those of modern 
origin ie a headmaster w aes succession is either hereditary or by appoint- 
ment from his predec 


* Professor Ferry, who is a master of the Ikenobo, the Saga-onryu, the Misho- 
onryu oe the Kado-Senkei ane of Japanese Flower Arrangement and an honorary 
member of the Japan Flower Artists Association, is the aut thor of “The Japanese Art 
of Arranging Flowers for the: Home,” which appeared in this Journal in April, 1939. 


221 


A group of young women in a Japanese schoul for flower arrangement examining an 
exhibition by one of their fellow students. 


A aan is Visited 

arrives at the gate of the master’s house the recently ae ae 
syed ee stunes from the gate to ho ouse indicat: te that ¢g 

Xp wide-open entrance ing mai ee an 
bisa, Jeneting and note her head to ee a hand’ s aed of the 
floo e bids the visitors enter. After having removed their shoes 
aad Fence them on ve step the guests are ushered up a oe flight 
of polished stairs into a ate room, where they atte are erected in the 
ae cerenionious manner by : 
The room is without tse or ee and the fluor is covered with mats 
called “tatami,” in shape like rectangular planks six feet long by three 
feet wide and an inch a a half thick, made of tightly weal and stitched 
straw covered with a fine matting material, the edges hound with figured 

cotton or silk braid. 
he corner es na the entrance is a small recess or ase e 
Asi the size of ee mats. n the rear ks i this 
Bane har ey enih ae in front of which isa 
single vas ie an appropriate ae ye On the floor around 
the sides of the room extends a row of flower vases. In front of each 


& 
us, 
A 
@ 
ta 
= 
7 
wh 
ch 


223 


vase thin cushion and a tray containing a bundle of flowers and an 
a ‘of rubberized cloth. 
couple of young women enter, dressed in light-colored kimonos and 
beautiful obi. After gc the master with the formal obeisance, they 
repair to the tokonoma to vie the flow T arrangement w which is the m model 
hey 


Then the eyes move upward along oF te lines of the arrangement, neue 
the unity, the r eee an ae har . of the curves and colors. This 
done, the kakemono i ed w ith a to the harmony of its lines, 
colors and sentiment in = ne to the flower arrangem 

The pupils now repair to their places, adjust eens comfortably on 
their heels, cover their laps with the small aprons and set to work to repro- 
duce the model. Are they not afraid they may soil their ieee lore 


o 


dresses while kneeling or wees ae the [eee fea hat. The 

mats in their own homes and in the homes of all their friends never have 

been Se d by shoes. Mor reover, the mats are rae and wiped with 

a damp cloth several times a day. Th hey are clea r than baling clea : 
The 


Japanese students attending a seminar in flower art. 


224 


tunity to work on their own initiative. He then moves from one student 
to another, making suggestions about the work done. In his second round 
wi is ands Ww ' 


2 
~~ 
i) 
8 
=] 
oq 
ia 
2 
= 
om 
i] 
= 
sy 
S 
aa 
3 
=) 
s) 
x 
oO 
wa 
7 
ct, 
a 
oO 
5 
D 
72 
o 
ici 
4 
=] 
a 
oa 


After some ye or nee jessons the student has learned something 
of the aondaid forms of the two simpler basic styles, the Nageire and the 
Moribana. This pure ne inductive method or “lear rning y doing” is com 
monly employed in the elementary classes. For most schools there are no 
ext books or written ections aoe a course of study extending over 
several yea: There a few schools, however, with many advanced 
aaa w hich oe a me ar upon the as of each stage in 
the In all cases the ea comes only after the student has com- 
ee an work covered by the book. 


A Class for Teachers 


Sometimes a group of school teachers will arrange to have a master give 
them a lesson each week in their school building. This master uses a 
method which combines induction and deduction. The lesson starts with 
a half-hour lecture on art forms ues in some one style of arrange- 
ment or, perhaps, on te variations in the form of some variety of plant in 
successive seasons. The master mal kes diagrams and sketches on the black- 
board. He then ee an arrangement in which the forms and prin- 
ciples previously outlined are illustrated. The students take notes on the 
lecture, make sketches of the ee be oe them and then return 
to their places to copy the model. Twice dur the period the master 
examines on work. This inductive Heaneie edigd 1 ie eer ially popu- 
lar with foreign students as well as with more advanced Japanese students. 


Symbolism and Technique 


There are three basic styles aueen taught—the Nageire, t the 
bana and the Kakkwa. This last requires much more time and ve It fan 
either of the others and is either omni or treated briefly by mo t modern 


growth 
number of species > plants ; coy the Ikenobo school has issued a book 
illustrating fifty ways to arrange different varieties of iris according to 
their forms of jee a boson = different season 
mbolism is an impor pas ture in the Pee of some schools, 
ether the arrangement is aie gned to express different emotions, suggest 
Hee ideas, or to be nie in ese, ere for different occa- 


225 
sions. This study is so detailed that one finds even entire books of designs 
for arrangements expressly adapted, for example, to the celebration of 
New Year’s Day. 

The advanced student sia methods to delay the wilting of plants, the 
aia for bending branches and manipulating foliage, the method to 
be employed for clipping and finishing a composition to exhibit balance 
eG a, m. There are many unusual details of design big may be 
employed to produce certain effects nae es h the advanced student is 
expected to familiarize himself. Such the masters S call “secrets 
because they are not given to the oes ey i. e is well advanced in his 
studies. All of these so-called secrets are freely disclosed to anyone whom 
the master considers qualified to use them. 


Becoming a Flower Master 

student who continues with a school that practises a! three of the 
b: as I less than 250 co) 
SU may become a candidate for the degree of hove Master of 
that school. Less than half of this amount of work is required to obtain 


the same degree from some of the modern schools that do little with the 
more difficult ci style. On the completion of the requirements for 


The chief oe of the Daikakuji temple at Kyoto conferring upon the author the 
vee of Master of Flower Art, according to the Saga. school. 


226 


the degree it is ae for the candidate to Le a public ae 
the compositions of the tyles —- ie All of the student’s friends 
those of the master are ted. Young lady fe i w students, trained in t re 
graceful tea ceremony, add eae to fe beauty and interest of the function 
ca bee ey manners — eros us as they serve thick 
tea the gues If the master of a ool is not connected with a 
pl the ee of the dislona of ee er is usually the occasion of a 
party at the house of either the headmaster of the school or of the master 
who prepared the student. At one of these delightful parties there 
Hee be classical vocal and instrumental Japanese music as well as exhibi- 
i of the beautiful posturing dancing according to various classical 
sétioale, followed by a collation. 

aster’s een oe a sew Se is sometimes given at the 
temp The candida acher who has prepared him sit on 
ae facing te ere a . chief priest of the temple. In 

hi 


cases, the latter is the Me editary headmaster of the school. Agee . € 
te acher has made a short speech introducing and sponsoring the candidate, 
t t gives an address of welcome full of courteous phrases 
admonitions as to the duties of a flo aster. “Before 
beginning to arrange flowers, set Agi a . nan Bring only the 
purest icc s to = work. One t have a calm and gentle mind. 
As the mirror nes s the face, so our Genrer ee ere the soul. Let 
the art ce arran, eee teach you to revere and cherish the life and 
growth of es nee as well as that of plants. Be min ndfu 1 not only 
of the bea auty of nature, also of the ween es spirit.” He closes 
with expressions of hope that the candidat a long, active and 
useful life. An assis a then brings in a geeks a ray aes the 
diploma, together with scrolls and books of secrets of the school. The 
diploma is read and a gift from the chief priest is presented to the 
newly made master. Thus the ceremony is e 


n 

Occasionally, a newly made master of the Tena school, Reon if 
he be a foreigner, is given the honor of what is d the Classical Flower 
Arranging Ceremony, which is i rae med in one i the buildings of the 
Rokkaku temple at ed oto. A sliding te = is removed between two 
large rooms, each having a tokonoma, or rec: Around the sides of the 
room are seated all a one’s fellow stu cet as wel as the friends among 
the flower masters of the school. The master of ceremonies recounts the 
history of the ancient ceremony and announces that the purpose of t! 


cou 8, 
ene aloft a lacquered tray on which is a kakemono (scroll), carries it 
to one of the tokonoma, unrolls it, hangs it on the rear wall of the alcove 


A student fetches flowers and instruments for making a composition in the Classical 
Flower Arranging Ceremony given by the masters of the Ikenobo school. 


and retires. She is followed by another participant oe on a tray 

graceful stand a incense burner containing a live She oe we 

stand at one side of the hanging scroll, sets the incense ee on top o 

and deposits a bit of incense on the live coal. The next participant eee 

a bronze vase of anci Bk desig, rae it before i picture and retires. 

After a pause, the master of ceremonies approaches the tokononia, kneels, 
t 


@ 


we have a proper kakemono se an incense sans of classic design. 

incense is sending out its fragr: A bronze vase of ancient design is in 

position. Only one thing is ae to tine a connie ae We 

eee a ater arrangement. Who will supply it?” The ry bows 

accep of the invitation. The master of ceremonies ask a. flo wers 

and ea These are brought and placed on the ee in front of 
i i d 


e flow ; - 
ceeds, wah the ae of the prescribed ritual, to construct an arrange- 
ment of flowering branches expressive of good omen and wishes for all 


After he retires to - former aes the master of ceremonies ase 
ion and continuing s. “We observe a duality in all aspects of natu 
These aspects may be Getneachee by an terms as positive and feos 


228 


light and ) masculine ne feminine. The arrangement of branches in 
bronze vas ha: if S 


ae fe) e 
flowers in a lighter porcelain vase which will typify the feminine aspect. 
Who will ae it?” A lady master bows aes e of the invitation 
The same ritual just enacted is repeated at the second tokonoma. Thi 
srangenent consists of chrysanthemums pes expresses dignity and 
nobility 


one in whose honor the ceremony has — performed now kneels 

in turn before each ae eres examines it carefu a according to the 

prescribed etiquette and, as opportunity presents itself, or esses 

to each composer his appreciation ‘of He he peer the good wishes 
5 i fi : 


this formal, stately ceremony, everyone relaxes, talks to his neighbor, and 
soon is in a mood to enjoy the collation and Cee spe eechies 
which follow. 


A qualified student canneries examines a 
flower composition 


229 


Propagating Tropical Shrubs 
By Leaf-Bud (-uttings Wat 


Assistant rar ea of on culture 
University of Flo 


A Bi leaf-bud cutting epee of propagation for rhododendrons, 
described and illustrated in the April issue of this Journal by Mr. 
4 inner i 


uly 1938 s 
for the ee cero of certain tropical shrubs that sed in 
Blonde bi eualels to ey the possibility of eee i pe 
to less easily propagated material. 

I will be soca that fe. elie Bete the cutting of bud: 
leaves attached, exactly as though they were to be ae in shield banding 
f i i e ig | e buds are dipped 
immersed for a time in the solution, following na on the pac oe 
A. table penn with this article shows that leaf-bud cuttings of the 
tropical plants that were treated with solutions of indolebutyric acid de- 
veloped heavy root systems ee more quickly than nn con Hei cut- 

ta 


a 
os 
4 
i=) 
oO 
faa 
4 
So 
a 
ae 
5 

2 ge 
fa] 
ay 
@ 
5 
= 
ta) 
oy 
e 
a 
ae 
2) 


has been found best ecgan an sels species. While pean or dipping 

in indolebutyric acid is se accelerate the rooting of the leaf-bud 

cuttings, it must be borne in ae that the tapwater checks all lived and 

that from one to several weeks later than the treated material, they all 
rme r ystems. 


To determine the best rooting medium to use, leaf-bud ae were 


set in many different mixtu ults showed that, for most of the 
ropical species studied, a une of ha Pee an nee and 
f local el white sand (by volume) was satisfactory. Careful deter- 


hal 
minations of composite samples showed that rs pone as used in these 
trials, ae an asin of pH 445. 

In order to put the trials on a par vs die common to many of 
the sn nal commer ne nurseries, all of the tests were co! sae in ie 
ground benches in a standard half- mae “ath house. The benches 
e 


of cheesecloth, and these were used in lieu of glass sash. The cloth frames 
were ee daily for syringing and the cloth was lightly sprinkled each 
afternoon to maintain a high humidity. No wilting has been observed and 
the a with this simple equipment are highly gratifying. In t¢ 


230 


Some typical leaf-bud cut 
tings and rooting responses 
lected gro of 

uel nae UPPER LEFT: 
odiaeum; CENTER: Bugin- 
villaed; LOWER LEFT: Hibis- 


cus, all shown just as they 


bench. Li 
GHT: Hibiscus, six weeks 
ne pot 


A 


northern Florida dis- 
trict, this Shai is most 
efficiently used from 
nee viele oe 
but on the nd 


of i pe eae year 
‘round use of this type 
of propagating frame is 
the rule. 
When cuttings are 
e 


just barely co , and 
- ee Teal ies 
flat, allowing the s' 

mata to b close 
proximity to on 


t : 
It has been shown ae ets root systems are produced much more 
rapidly on eae whose leaf area has not been reduced. It is important, 
be with most pans ne oF leaves be left intact and the environ- 
ent be so cnn Seiad will be kept at a minimum. As a 
res wilting w: ee ii climate irely, With very large-leaved plants, 
owe such as so croton hybrids, propagators will be 
oe to ae ae ie ies ie. if they are to get the greatest 
value from their propagating benches 


231 


Table showing response of certain tropical plants to the leaf-bud 
cutting method of propagation’ 


Name of plant and Rooting Bg ties 
weeks aia for Chemical No. 
heavy rooting treatment Good Fair Rowted Dead 

Azalea Ne fT apwater 0 0 10 0 
varie ety ore 5mg/g tale 6 4 0 0 
4 we 
Popes aaatig T: apwater 3 4 3 0 

aries nee ae imson Lake 20 ppm 7 2 1 0 
a 
Cocculus laurifolius Tapwater 1 0 9 0 
3 weeks 40 ppm 8 2 0 0 
Codiaeum variegatum Tapwater 2 8 0 0 
ae Torttlis 5meg/g tale 8 2 0 0 
1 Ay 
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Tapwater 0 1 9 0 
variety Single Red 5mg/g talc 5 2 
3 weeks 
Hydrangea macrophylla Tapwat 0 6 4 0 
variety Otaksa S$meg/g tale 7 3 0 0 
3 weeks 
Thunbergia grandiflora Tapwater 0 0 10 0 
variety Alba 5mg/g talc 8 2 0 0 
2w cele 


cientific en ae me repeatedly that tissues of many ae in 


the r 

hormones, These tissues, eee ore, should make seed propagating ae 

rial even though the amount of wood used is — small as compared 
8 ng with lon; es. It is rstood, of course 


to the ee cuttin: h long internod I nde : urse, 
ie he environment must be wholly congenial i a high percentage of 
ng plants is to be obtained. It is worth noting that there were no 
nee cuttings ie in the treated or the check lots that were a part of 
his trial. 
An carly investigator in the field of plant propagation showed that the 
‘enper ture that is most suitable for the normal growth of the mature 


plant is a very congenial ea: for the rooting of its De as cu ittings. 
Such a temperature was used in these experiments. that is 
react for a leaf-bud nc of a tropical plant to on a sae root 


1—The rooting medium was half European peatmoss and half lecal sharp white sand by volume. 
Ten cuttings and ten checks were used in each trial, 

2—Five miligrams of indolebutyric acid to the gram of talc, applied as a dust to the cut surface 
of the lea: cutting. 

3—Twenty parts of indolebutyric acid to a million parts of water. The leaf-bud cuttings were 
soaked for 24 hours before being inserted in the cutting bench. 


TYPICAL LEAF-BUD CUTTINGS OF CODIAEUM (CROTON) 
ci a re Root development after three weeks rooting medium of peatmoss and sharp sand. 
he same cuttings demonstrating six bee te growth, UPPER RIGHT: The same plant 
as ee on the right of the two groups after it had grown in a five-inch pot for six months. 
nd the environ- 


system depends ae he season, the species and variety, ar 
The table indicates that several 


ment into which the cutting is introduced. 
sorts formed hea’ a systems in less than a ca under the conditions 
of our reinnty: pee nent. 


233 


With the ae that the technique would be of little value to nursery- 
men if the a y buds failed to make adequate shoot growth, roote d leaf- 
bud cuttings oe eral eae of tropical ee were pot ted up in the 
regular compost used in the Department of Horticulture. Two of the 
ee attest to ihe fact that in these trials penis ee species 
off i shoes a manner. In fact, “ pre- 
ae trials { ailed t adequate shoot ert ee eve ry one de- 
veloped into a normal cee The callus tissue which surrounds the cut 
surface in activel iia ates resulted, in these ae iments, in a 
rounded stem being formed exactly as in Paes 
This leaf-bud carting ae fee given gratifying he w with certain 
ae of Azalea, Buginvillaea Co diaeum Cree and Hibiscus in the 
39 al orid 


n eighteen-inch cane from a croton or ne plant might give but 
f gular c gs, whereas the same shoot might yield twenty or mo 
leaf-bud cuttings. Generally speaking, it has beer j tests 


t is | t n shoots that hav 
become firm after the first flush of growth. This preagating eee 
should be neither succulent, nor yet, ee ee Nites The nN propa- 
gator will soon learn to know his wood at ice. 

Jé there is a distinctly limited amount ae pr ss aeane aa available, 
as is usually the case with rare plants, it seems that this technique should 
have a rather definite application in tropical horticulture as well as with 
the ericaceous plants i in the ast. Its use would be restricted ae en- 
tirely to nurseries that wish to work up a large stock of plants from a 
small quantity of hard-to-get propagating wood. 


The Redding Hemlock Tree 
By A. B. Stout 


HE wild tree of the northern eae (Tsuga canadensis) which is 
here called the Redding hem ulo ck is a splendid specimen of a variatio 
i the 


sp 
noticeably enlarg: in dia as ich ¢ a acted, a upright rather than 
1 ng I ye 


ticula 
broadly rounded with the ends of the branches upstanding, as shown in 
the illustration. The ance main trunk is 6 feet 8 inches in ee 
at breast height, but it soon ne pie seed and at different levels into 
a nearly upright ian ae of which are fully fused or naturally 
arch-grafted. The lateral eae arising on the central units of the 
framework are numerous, rather close together, and not especially large in 


The broad mound dome of the Redding hemlock in Connecticut. In front and slightly 
the left stands one of the largest a its probable seedlings. 


diameter. No doubt the “poor-lumber” quality of the trunk saved this tree 
t the present time aes are oe: — and catered in ha 

locality. In the immediate vicinity of the t there several 

sate hemlocks a various sizes and ages. Nine of ae ba a 


abit of 
uite like t ne hai st tree; six have a | somewhat 
mere nd ae 0 be nal. It i hat one or more 
oung trees of the pees ee have: oe angles! from the 
his Re sine hemlock tree is well known to various persons ; on 


- do 
not know of any mention or illustration of it in botanical or hortialtutal 
publications. It stands close to highway 107 near its junctur re with rout 
53 near Redding, pai Danbury and Georgetown, Conn. 

Since hemlocks may readily be grown from . uttings oe are treated 
with root-promot ie chet He tree will no doubt be propagated. It 
produces numerou es and seeds, so pr ona ee poe will be 
obtained. But these may not : ° e precise dae ter the parent 
j abou 


ral other ones of ie eae hemfock — have a — 
ant ee ct habit of growth a Some of these are, at least at 
the present time, decidedly fo ; pie are of ie ger size. Among ce 


235 


there are decided individual differences in color of foliage and disposition 
of branches in th 
cla: 


e crown. <A list of 
1 has r tly been compiled.* It is to be noted that in 


SS this Ii 
various writers have assigned Latin botanical names - eae alin 
rank t ate idee and that several individuals oken 
named varieties. Appropriate studies te without aout, determine a 
classify the precise combinations of characters — d in these different 
variations or mutations; but the ee botanical aren names to 
the individuals is not justified. Such names may he apple when there is 
lid evider ae oe exl can . obtained from seed 
deni n; as, mple, is the case for the weeping type which is 
k as Tsuga ae var. pee la. (Th he vegetative eae of 
any one of these individuals merely constitut clone, and the fa 
oe sadiptay name will ict identity ate puree a indicate 


their true status all concerned. is here suggested that the clone 

ich m: es i indiv idual wild tree here noted and 
described be known as He are g hemlock and that any propagations 
from its seedlings should b ae e and their character and horti- 
cultural values be ane pe comparisons. 


* The Eastern Hemlock and its Varieties 


, by John C. Swartley in Arborist's 
News. 3: No. 4. April 1938. 


One-foot feng of branch from a normal hemlock (left) and from the aa tree, 
wing the slow growth and compact habit of the latter 


236 


Recent Mushroom Potsonings 


By Fred J. Seaver 
OISONOUS mushrooms may roughly be ee into two categories, 
the deadly forms, or those which are likely to cause death unless an 
antidote is administered immediately, and those ae are mildly poisonous 
. that t o not cause death, but may give rise to severe illness of long 
short vee tion, 
of the chief offenders in the latter class seems to be the Ja 
eee fungus, Clitocybe illt Se S, a ean 
aes in the Journal of The New York ie Garden for Novem- 
r 1938. The reason dou ae lies in the fact that the fungus occurs in 
sch profusion, is so beautifully sre and oe so good, it is not sur- 
prising that unso’ opiisticated collect sho uld w 
as I m 


ck-o’- 
and oe of which 


ant to feast upon it, and, 


e 
following experiences. Within the 
ast year two cases involving the Pai of four individuals have been 
called to te deco of the 

eliminary accoun 


Cas A pr ecorded in the ee 
Mae aber a later 1 


‘6 this was re 
report ae the physician i in charge was as follow 


tt one whole mushroom was eaten by the pati jent and immediately after 


of same she felt a heavy sensation in. the stomach, ae she 
induced vomiting by the usual household ms joc eee aaat lf after four or 
five attempts of all the soap “she had eatén. At the e I saw her, patient 
was up and about but still nauseous and one at ex! ted. most likely from 
the strain of ves but pulse aad respiration weré auite or The vomitus 
t the time o xamination was clear. ‘Throughout the day she felt sae 
what ite and sleepy, but the following ae felt aes well and has bee 
well s 7 
n September 27, 9, a ae. referred to the writer » 
the Mctoaaly of the Departme a of Hea h in New ‘Yo 


Itt York Cit 
identified as our old offender, Clitocybe illudens. The following Hees 
ed : 


report on oy case was later receive 


“The mushrooms were picked on Sunday morning, Sept. 17, 1939, by Mr. F., 
an Ttalian resident of the Bronx, at Kensico Dam. He shared half o: 
about 3 Ba s, with Mr. A., his tenant.. Mrs. A. prepared them for supper at 
about 6 P. M. Pea Mrs. A. consumed but a few spoonfuls because the taste 
was not as it ic, 

On a of 1939, A. Hels = at aes) a 
about 9:00 A.M. "they aan “had diar 
= pais was called in 


, and Mr. at 
and w a weak condition 
and they were “oth “taken ie a = Heel Mr. A. 
ho case was not a severe However Mrs. A. was kept he 
series ‘ott Sent 20, 1939, and then nie eee sed, 
Mr. had intended t t his mushrooms for lunch on Monday, Sept. 
18, 1939, was y ietermed of the oe of Mr. & Mrs. A. But he doubted that 


237 


© mushrooms were the cause, and as an experiment he tried three and con- 
sured them: He vomited within five mittee and then took a large glass of 
epsom salts. He required no medical attention.” 
ee i are published as a warning to over- faa mush- 
to allow their a “6 ecu over heir better 
od. 


room collector 
jem in ote en to be used as foc “Wher A aibdie throw 


is a good slogan to he followed by either the ce or profes- 


an mycophagist. 


Reviews of Recent Books 


(All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of 
The New York Botanical Garden.) 


A Tribute to the House of Perry has managed to run the whole gamut of 
WAtER) GARDEN Fra water gardening. Here is an account of 

Vets “353 Gages, illustrated, indersd, its early history and peeinnings: every 
glossary. Scribner, New York. 1938. detail of a a ee make an 
artificial an essing 

Up to the present the literature of stream; fu it a ‘leary STasied as 
aquatic ae has aa ae scat- tions of all the plan in or 
tered and, Mrs. ry in the wear the water, ho m ae and propa- 
preface to her book, . acl Saieena gat em af to t them i 
tion had to be ae. in ponderous tome ee : apter on aquaria 
in the li st ” o it timely and n the fish to keep and the 
that there should be a book to cover this caves those dustmen of the pool 
omission an ting that it should be whose lot it is to live on the foulness of 
done by one bearing the name of Perry. the water and keep it clear. The ms 
It would i It to imagir better othing left out and there are many en- 
ite to that father of water gardemg tertaining suggestions such as growing 

Amos Perry, to whom the book is dedi- the baby ao in a bowl in the 
cated, for he must have done more than house ee making a water garden in 
any living person to further this fascinat- the face ard by sinking tubs in the 
ing form of gardening. As an instance ground. 

f his enterprise a “indefatigable epi The plans, and photographs are copious 
here is the st of how he and as is a charming foreword by 
watching a iaowie in which zone Por the E. A. wles. 
scenes took place in the African jungle. Josepu J. Exxiorr, 
In one of the shots he notic I 
b aterside a plant he could not 


ng 
y the w. i 
recognize and which seemed to him a Shrubs for ddornment 
really worth-while garden subject. He 4nd Ease of Culture 
wrote to the producer of the film, found 


out exactly where the shots were taken, ane eae priest tee on 
and after a welter of correspondence man- pages, illustrated with photo, earn Le 
aged to find someone in the district to dexed. Scribner, New Yor 
collect seeds and send them home to him. #2: 

he gap which his daughter-in-law h For the person who wants to 


as have 
filled in the gardener’s bookshelf is wide ey Sea giving them the care re- 
ive and she may well red b: uals 


inundated with an avalanche of grateful plants he hru is 
tha ue oe on her by all who lay an excellent book. It is full ot sugges- 
eyes 1 book. In the 353 pages she tions for the selection and arrangement 


238 


of flowering — ase will acorn the 
cre - ee of the yea 
aiceusces the plaanine: con- 
sinicton: cme an care of the oe 
garden and tells in which month to lool 
for flowels. fruits, and colore We 
The photographs have an added value 
because they all were taken in a garden 
instead of in a studi 
Though the plants. 


there are some v 

a trial from ome south 
where they would no doubt pro 

_ 


uthor is a Wade 
whose exnerience comes from 
of trial and error, and he 
admit aa mistakes of the 


Liaeauel 
any rs 


benefit of the reader who Bee is seving 
0 learn a is unfortunate that he has 
been so careless in the spelling and 
capitalization of s ee fe) By Neat 
names. theless, this orth- 

while book for the peta who ariee to 


know about more anteaesting flowering 
shrubs for his garden. 

Ratex Prxxus, 
Aine Foreman. 


-n Invaluable Work on Lilies 
LILIES FOR AMERICAN. GAR- 
DENS. George L. Slate, eee ie 
Vonks aos indexed, Scribner, New 
York, 1939. $3.50. 

This ue comes nearest to fulhlling 
ss ae of American lily grower: $ of 
any book yet pu ct. 


his interesting genus. 
s in an gates 
on ch 

of these 
plants. and purchase of bulbs, 
methods of planting, types of soil, loca- 
tion of planting site and subsequent care 
: ma 


plants—all these subjects are 


in a way that bespeaks ue 
se first-hand experience as well a 
his thorough training in horticultural 
science. 


Few gardeners can resist the impulse 
to attempt Tabridication ce “vith the 
species of lilies which they may have 
Mr. Slate recognizes this fact when 7 
states, as the opening sentence to a cha 


ter de Ae to breeding, “Lilies 

haps the 

plants awe 

nee oe ised in natural group 
nd those crosses which neve been 
indi a d, thus ing 


are per- 


ee essful are 
direction to the peat 
ie our has not “helene to call! 


spade a lst when it comes to is 
question 9: isease in lilies. Thos 
ies Batemanniae and ia 
speciosum album and hybrids such as 
inceps and George C. Creelman, which 
believed to be 100 percent infected 
th virus disease are so lal ee Like- 
rise, ee as Har L 


nd Henryi ey orvastly 
edited with ae nearly always virus- 


All thi material is presented with 


cation. 
experience, has ha led advanta: 
of association with his fathers -in- eee 

ate E. H. Wilson, wh se 


reaale into 
authority on bs genus STi, 
icith its sple ndid illustrations 
invaluable by the amateur 
specialist alike. 


and 


E. P. 
Boyce ea fone a 
nt Research, Inc. 


Ideas for the Small Home Owner 
GARDEN PLANNING AND BUILD- 
ING. . Stuart Ortloff ani) Henry B. 
Rayon. 244 pages, illustrated with 
photographs, sketches, and plans, in- 

dexed. 1939. $3. 

n Planning and Building is just 


S 
grading, dri alks, 
fences or walls, drainace: and soil—all 
problems that should be’ solved before 
selection of plant ma teria 1 or color 
schemes, 

In the first chapter the authors discuss 
the election o 2 one and oa ae 
tion of the ie 
graph is ra tee er “tis scon 
owner of a small suburba home, ‘for it 
states: “No home should be built on 


design, 


239 


less than half an acre, and an acre or 
two acres would be better 
about the 
n there is na 
small eine 
ee practical ideas ae inspira 
The last chapter brief 


something of the probable cost of his 
ork, 


Frepa GrirFiItH. 


Lectures on Proteins 
RO’ 


TEIN METABOLISM HE 
06 


PLANT. Albert Cincles “Chibnall 
pages, 21 figures, 3 plates ee nde: Yale 
Daiversity Press, New 1939, 


This volume is based on the Silliman 
Memorial eee deere at Yale Uni- 
ty by i he: 


ersity author, se lectures are 
given ae in ee of Mrs, Hepsa 
Ely Silliman on the income from nd 
of $80,000 left in trust by her children. 
Each annual course of lectures is the 
basis of lume to a 
series constituting a memori t rs. 
Sill aes are now 27 volumes 
mal u notable contribution chiefly 


ip a 
chemistry, and astronomy. 
he aos ie ae een 


ich chose to perpetrat y of 
ed on rough acl i: pee 

he present volume is a scholarly and 

exhaustive Hast atea of the subject. 

Much spac given to the author’s own 


researches, ‘but due a 
to eae of others. 


otographs of nine notable ee 
in ne field ag to the interest of the book. 
firs apters ged) with protein 
metabolism in 1 seedling These are fol- 
lowed _by chapters on asparagine and 
glut: formation in seedlings, the 
mechanism of amino acid and p ba syn- 
thesis in plants, preparation pro- 


the io 
teins fai leaves, the proteins of ‘pasttre 
plants, protein metabolism in leaves, the 


role of proteins in the respiration of de- 
tached leaves, a the regulation of pro- 
tein metabolism in leaves. \fter 


marizing Hig 
ject, wera is likely to 
find te ee ailed erecenuition somewhat 
confusing and tedious. 

', J. Roperns. 


mane rine in, 


oLANTS W ou 

R Matlin, 137 bigest 14 

- isnt mical Publishing 

$2. 

Thi k is a bri 7 pou senta- 
tion Ge a methods of grow: 
solution or sand culture. 
pages divided into 22 chapters, besides ay 

of 70 50 p 


ar pre 


ae pendix pages. Less than 

are devoted to the subject given in the 
title eae is Anat S - the book a 
page on how make cuttings, 3 pages 
on grain Some “information es auxins, 
3 e con: on Ta- 
tion of hee a ol satin calendar, 
ae ee Pe. ; - ef discussion e 
vitam: emical tests 


warigte eee. a a ist of state fevers 
. list of the agriculture experiment sta- 
tions, and num her items of in- 


formation fae ae ree related to the 
subject discussed. 
W. J. Rossrns 
Fertilizers and Their Functions 
HAN K FERTILIZERS. 
AL RB afson. Third edition. 172 
pages, illustrated, inde Orange- 
Judd, New York, 1939, $ 


A highly technical subject is pete ed 
here, primacy to farmers, in ‘actical 
and useful “handbook” styl 
thor’s aos zed technical ing 
the of soils and fertilizers assure 
the {then of the bo ae ee own 

Maran 


=o 


plicab! . and needed scientific facts in 
this and to present them clearly and 
es 


Y. 
When necessary to use technical terms 
they are explained either in the tex 
footn 


gardens. Rates of application of fer til 


\ 


240 


izers are given a wee 100 square feet as 
well as per 
The first ne gives a general re- 
view of all of the Eequiren cate for good 
plant growth. It then takes up in some 
detail the essential plant nutrients, in- 
cluding mar copper, boron and 
ich nm added to the list 
ts in recent years. 


lar functions briefly and clearly. 
inciple: id ices. in- 
volved in selecting, buying and applying 
factory-r mmercial fer rs are 
given, as well as specific directi for 
the home-mixing of fertil 
Se rs on lime ar e 


thet use of “ertilizers are of 
tance to an: who grows een 
This concise "nie book of less thar 
acked with authentic aad 
id 


their us the direct styl f 
ee 9 excellent set-up of the t, 
t hotographic illustrations and the 
deisiled index al contribute to the use- 


fulness of the bool 
F, ERSMAN, 
State ie : ‘Applied 
Agriculture ou Long Island, 


On Scale se 
AT nD OF THE SCALE INSECTS 


ore RTH AMERICA. Series II. 
G, F. eerie 132 numbers. Stanford 
University Press, ane rd University, 
California. umphrey re 


i A 
Sa Reese ren ity Press. 
$7.75, bound $8.75. 


23 


The plan adie for the rie: 
of this monumental work on tee ee 


which includes the four tr: (Diaspi- 
dini, Odonaspidini, Xanthophthalmini and 
Aspidiotini) of the subfamily Diaspidinae. 
Some 130 species under thirty-four differ 
ent gene: € scribed in technical 
terms and the important specific r- 
ences af 1 illustrated his i 


contro! of scale insects 
nm ornamental plants would not be able 


Ae ee much practical information from 
this source. When the work is com- 
plet ted, however, it will be indispensable 
for the specialists. 

B. O, Dopce. 


Mushrooms 
SOME EDIBLE MUSHROOMS. Nina 
Lane Faubion. 127 pages, indexed and 
Binfords ane Mort, Port- 
1938. $1.. 
The object of the See primer 
ata issued cy ee Lane Faubion is 
apparently m het th 


Hieree Saas 
land, Ore. 


ae room pee hoping that throug! 
$s oe soe be oon te ue mort 
extensiv orks the subje The 


iad auite ‘etna intradace the work 
e begi 


the 

llustrated. iscussion of a few of the 

edible species follows, Skee 
p> J. Seaver. 


A Sentimental Journey 
In “Evergreenia” 
SAGAS oC 


ERGRE 
B64 ee 70 Tike 


Frank H. mb, 

trations, “pbhiograny mdex: Norton, 

New Yo: 938. $3.5 
eas ‘or the ee 
uable, if for nothing cee “Sor : on 
ions The famous big trees of 
the world are herein portrayed in Me ly 
excellent photographs. uman interest, 
story, ‘ sie travel, ind . with 


Ginkgo is introduced 


coniferous evergreen t so-called. 
Much more of general interest could 

have been told the reader out 
gin han was vou chsafed by the 
thor, and we felt a distinct jar after 
the pired ele n which we had 
been raised by the author’s recital of the 
ginkgo’s impressive past, ml we were 
old that aside from the demand 

mi 


i=) 
ge 


is a 
drawn ntenient fo 

lowed by the story of ‘the, oe 1 
ae chs” —old_ trees New Zealand 
to you!—in which the kauri tree fea- 
tures. Then in stately sequence come 


241 


hi sequoias and our “Japanese cousins” 
yptomeria), the 


hinoki amaecy paris}, n others 
toget with “Asiati deauaiiiance” 
fr s the Yellow Sea he rela- 
tionships indicated do not quite give the 
pict the bi eens from 
ut of the ancient lands of the Asiatic 
mainland are of arental stock Vase 
dates its royal lineage from earliest 
tiquity, of which the Japanese tons 
themselves but descendants 

Next consideration come the 
“Comely Cedars” oe Sea of the 
Snows.” At this nt we be 


a ae to say that th he eatobiog aphy of 
bies as told by Hes as totally 
Why a 


ait 
aD Misses). Radiata 
carpa “(sirname Pinus), 
as 


pitorescuel 
designated oy ne euler “Orphans of 
S Sur 


y i 
very interesting story; and then follow 
all of the ae is Bes cpearenly 
there are ial class distin 


ing I aoa “Tike 
make my feelings clear: that earnishing 
these grand old trees with Ak of 
whipped-up sentiment is like ne ng to 
make a sissy out ¢ a hundred ‘percent 

boy. ve natural appeal 
which nothing say wilt add a 
jot. and pie cok for them selves, but 

not audibly. Why ond ofl a 

On the ae hat wieli to call 
attention very worth: while ist of 
own on page 


a 
the most en trees, kni 
as “The Evergreen ‘Grove "of Fam 
S co ut the fourteen 
of the world are 


lic set forth i final chapter. He 
Hea us to e y all means to prevent 
forest fires and in so doing help to 


S 
preseiie our forests and our big trees. 


M. PorverFietp. 


Brief Notes on Varied Books 


Country Living 
EDEN ON A COUNTRY HIL 

Ruth Cross. 244 pages. bier 

H.C. Kinsey Co., New York, 1938, $2. 

The day-by-day pute A those 
many city folk who s 
mo’ 


place in the country. i 
ideas which others may wish to i) low 

en they too purchase an old New Eng- 
ve farm. 


For Children 
ADVENTURES IN GARDENING 
FOR are AND GIRLS. 
Kains. pages, indexed is ates 
trated. ‘Garden Rae Publishing Co. 
New York, 1938. $1. 

Grownups have long - een following Mr. 
Kains’ sound directions for gardening, as 


given 
agazine articles. The children now com 
into his fold, and rites for them a 
entertaining story base n the garden 
e made for himself every year from the 
time he was five years old. If “empirical” 
were not too long a w r the boys 
d girls, we would like to apply it to the 


of understanding 
thie” iene of garden tasks. 


The Desert in Pictures 
ERTS. Gayle Pickwell. 174 
rages, indexed. 6a full-page illustra- 
tions, with frontispiece in color. Mc- 
Graw-Hill, New York, 1939. $3.50. 


people who ha 


lands have felt an cue fe) 


siastic traveler in America could wish for. 


242 


The book would make an appropriate 
ies i anyone who from a train 
indow, airplane, or an automobile 
ee Mee gazed entranced across the 
desert. 

CaroL H. Woopwarn 


Current Literature* 
At a Glance 
By Virgene Kavanagh 


Lightning. Report of a study of iene 
ning injury to Arencan elm 
the June es IS. 
The damage e trunk 
to the very tne rot i ce ee Aa photo- 
oe sh oh the wood is in- 
jured in s to give ready e: 
trance to ndisease- preducae fungi. 


Walking Trips. Through the auspices 
of the Hiking Trips Bureau at Ho-ho- 
a schedule of “woodland trail 
e autumn and = winter 
p until March 31 has been 
The trips cover 
<3 Connections 
adjacent sections of N ork. 


a Pee mA thern Gar, 
len,” by Dai ADI of Minnesota 
isa valuable tae books Sor amateur gar- 
deners, be or not, discussing what 
to do about the garden each week in the 
year, what — lant, where to plant it, 
how to ca or it, when to transplant. 
how and when to spray and numerous 
other bits of information. 

‘d Flowers. Among 

ic wild flowers a 

Flowers of North Dakota” E. J. 

Circular 164, North. Dakota 
n, F; 


the recent pub- 
“Wild 


illustrated 


of Mis by 
chet Rgveaoal lan 
Sc eae i 


I rbar 
a for nek co nection and. presee 
vatio 


* All publications mentioned here—-and many 
Botanical Garden, in the Museum Building. 


A. J. Grout has 
Re ate 1 of his “Moss Flora vot 
North oe with Part 4 on the 
Pottia 


For en eners. The July number of 
Flouse and Garden is devote d chiefly to 

gardening and has articles on lilies, tulips, 
faffodils roses, a and shrubs, window 
plants, and law 

Teaching. eer Tests in Re- 
lation to ‘Teaching Objectives in General 

B he Com 


stimulating r 
to ‘anyone interest ae in the teachi 
botany and deserves ext der: 
tion by oa wot necessarily inter- 
ested in bot 

Compost. i the Digest of the Radio 
Garden Club address of Sept. 1 over 
WOR, Richard Walter, Supervisor of 

arks at al i 0: 


method whi as be orked out by 
the Maplewood Park Department. The 
yearly gi of rgreens nearly 
doubled after use of the coarser part of 

e compost as a ch, he ts, and 
many herbaceous plants ha shown 
definite improvement with the compost 
incorporated into the soil. The Digest is 


obtainable free from the 
Club of the New Jersey College of 
Agriculture, New Brunswick, N. J. 
Park Sur The Regional Review, 
ase monty ‘at Richmond, eae by 
e Nai = ree ae = See: esses the 
ed he existing 
panera: ‘parks throughout ie world and 
the pr ogress being made in their develop- 


tive iat - as their 
bi 


and to the 
they are nee na 
and safeguarded against destruction 
exploitation. Altogether e ti 
should be invitin, ig to some fear ess Te- 
searcher favored with am ple leisure, tire- 
less eyes and strong constitution.” 


others—may be 


tional trusts 
or 
ask 


found in the Library of The 


243 


Noe News, and Comment 


sitors. Eric Walther, Botanist of 
etree Gate Park, San Francisco, paid 
Gar 


several visits to the Botanical der 
oe as fall. While here he checked 
succulent collectiow. notably 


species of Echeveria “fot their nomen- 


clat 

Dr. “Walls am H. Schopfer of Bern was 
a visitor at the Bo be nical os den in 
ae ee: er. was cheduled 


2 
3 
Pee 
Bo 


at he 
New York that 
outbreak of the oo 
o Switzerland a 
the address 


give m Fri Feri 
hiologieal ‘Congress in 
week, but upon i 
he was called bac! 
reserve on ern 
take plac 
eine "other visitors at the Garden 
in September were Franklin o Se 
a 


could 


ster 
Botanic 


Ray Ber tall, "Uni 
rego Ve 


Sfekee Tame le Gardens, Vero 
Beach, "Flor 
tuder ae r Activities. 
fovmtcnal eines has brought ie o 
New York Samuel Bridge, who had been 
in England since Tuly as exchange stu- 
eee : Ww E “Sto tt, 
Kew on a 3 for a 
ed to return 


r W right, pare ga rac who 
Bi 


had ee employ Salary 
Garden for a yea anda al, Teh Sep 
30 to ae Cor nel Unive 


ha 
as an pres garnets + for 
an 37, has ri 


+ 
§ 
oh 
28 


ee ‘Clare, coe intendent of Grotinds 
Since his work at the Botanical Garden 


he has attended Cornell and also been 
employed by “Gardens on Parade” at the 
World’s Fair. 

Beq ae $s ene Scott Hoyt, 
who ee hom o 


at oa York 

ee 27, left a “Beau est of $2,500 to The 

w York Bo brio Garden The sun) 
wi be added to the endowment. 

J. Manda. The id-grower of 
Ligwallyn Park, WwW nge, N. J., 
Joseph A. Manda, died at his home Sept. 
23 at the age of 6. he had 


the 
orchid. hybrids which ae eon 
age y many nal 


pra 
TOGneTL ‘Carden oi ne birthday 
bringing gifts hids with hin 
of the rare spe oe now in the Garden's 
collection were presented by Mr. Manda. 
Ret Dr. A. B, Stout returned to 
New Vor on Se Sept. a after a 
summer spent abro: The entire trip 
thi 


a 


uled to give before 
the er Horticultural Society in Lon- 
don was canceled by the Society. 


yxoniycetes. A unique reference col- 
ie al Myxo inycetes fear The New 


consists of 


t is_ the 
material 

roblems distribution 
Bad suba: merica. he trip 
made hy airplane railroad, steamer, canal, 
and on foot. 


244 


Microbiologists nih “ New York 
For Internatio 


including 
rent coun- 
luring the 
tember to attend hole 
Third niernational ee iad 
biology the Wal Astoria Ho atel, 
The ee number . for eigners came 


Meron a 
e 


Even with ma my papers omitted be- 

se of the nor of delegates leave 

their countries d ke erna- 
onal uph 


tional eaval, te am oved i 
bear ensive se well rounde 
Dr. . Rivers a ee “net 
tute for Medical rch, 
opened the ngress “Saturda ‘ Sep t. 
e was oe Hes by Mayo - La- 
ae ave an address of wel- 
come, wed ao iy the honorary vice- 
aresislerits: Sir G. ingham of 
ndon and Dr. L. me Tones < Madison, 
s An address by Dr. John L. Rice, 
New Yo City’s” Commissioner of 
Health, concluded the evening's opening 


ceremonie 
ee B. 


. Dodge 
1 VI arra nged 
Fungous 
ievial diseases of Pie). 
was headed jointly by Dr. 


oe) VI 
R. A. Harper 


of Columbia and Dr. F. A. Weidman of 
the nivel) of oe Medical 
College, who presided. . Wi 

was one 


Th 

VI included Dr. 

oe Dr. a 
Mic 

oe and ive 

sree pee session 


ge 
of the Cougress Se “Some Prob- 
lems in the Genetics , 


the ae at ae Waldorf the evening 
af Sept. 7. r. River as toast 
aster, ee. a by Prof. 
E. G. a Murray ar Mo real; Dr. Karl 
F, Meye Gan Francisco, Prof . Orla- 
Jensen, Denn ark ; W. Bigger, 
ublin; Prof. nio “Hiocmaeche: Mon- 
tevide ge 4 


0; 
rdam rof. André 
Prof. Ch. Onis Se and Sit 
John C. G. Ledingham, London. 


A scene in the new Tropical Flower Garden in the main 


York Botanical Caden a 


conservatories at The New 


es will soon receive cards announcing 


opening of this house. 


THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
BOARD OF MANAGERS 


1 ECTIVE MANAGERS 

Until 1940: HENRY DE pie BaLpwin tee president), CHILDS Piece 
Attyn R. Jennincs, Henry Lockuart, Jr., . MacDoucat, Mrs. 
I. Pratt, and JosepH R. Swan (Pr esident 1). 

Until 1941: E. C. Aucuter, MarsHaty Fiero, Mrs. Eon HuNntTiNGToN 
Hue Joun L. Merrtty (Vice- president), Cov. Rosert H. MontcomERy, 

id H. Hopart Porter. 

“ntl 1942; ArtHur M. Anperson (Treasurer), Pierre Jay, CLA 
Lewis, E. D. Merritt, Henry pe ra MontacGne (Secretary and Acastant 
Treasurer), and WILLIAM J. Ropsins. 


Il. EX-OFFICIO MANAGER 
Froretto H. LaGuarosa, Mayor of the City of New York. 
oe Mosss, Park Commissioner. 
James MarsHa tl, President of the Board of Education. 
III]. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS 
Tracy E, Hazen, appointed by the Torrey Botanical Club. 
A, ARPER, SAM F. TRELEASE, Epmunp W. Sinnott, and Marston T. 
Bocerr, appointed by Columbia University. 
GARDEN STAFF 
Wittiam J. Roggins, Pu. D., Sc. D. 


Director 
HH. vs? Gieason, Pu. D. .........-....-- Assistant Director a He ad ae 
HENRY DE LA Mowtacne t Direct 
A.B. Stout, PH. Di cio. sacmeigee b. Curator of Education a Meaborateries 
FRED J, SEAVER, Pe. D., ag D. Curator 
ERNARD 2 ete Pu Plant Pathologist 
Joun Hen eee A. M., M. D. Bibliographer 
1. W. cere Pu. v, clssistant bibliagraper 
LBERT C. Smitu, Pu. D. Associate Cur 
Jarotp N. MoiLvenxeE, Pu. De Associa : Ges 
LIZABET Hatt, A. B., B. Librarian 
. Ruspy, M. D. ......... pee Curator of he Peouanie Collection. 
LEDA GRIFFITH pang CsA 
ERCY WILSON h Associ 
OBERT WILLIAMS Research As. ished in Bryo. Ane 
de XANDER...... Assistant Curator and Curator of the Local aoe 
ip, Pu. ssistan 


ator 
Technical pee 
Technical Assista a 
Technical Assistar 


'AROL Woopwarb, ditorial Assi a 
HoMAS H. Everett, N. b. Horr. Horticulturist 
x L. Ma, A. M. Docent 
ITO DEGENER, ilaborator ie ie m Botany 


ee 
oBeRT HaGELst! orary Cur of mycetes 
<THEL ANSON S. Soren -Honorary es Iris and Nee “Collections 
ARTHUR J. CoRBETT Superintendent 1 Buildings and Grounds 
\. C. PrANDER nt Super 


intendent 


MEMBERSHIP IN THE GARDEN 


hed as a privately endowed institution, aided partially by City appro- 
or. 


01 os ber: ugh ani 
cal gardens i ecom t ier gest Pen of its kind, its library, 
pe Daas and peceicaiteeal colleeuonee eae among the finest and most complete 

sabe yi 


ae ae in The New York Botanical, Siete therefore, means promotion 

of sci ane recat in pee ge nd the ncement of horticultural interests. 

Scientia the Garden able to serve as a clearing-house of information for 

tudents and hoe all over the world; horiculurally, it often serves as a link 
i ues the plant explorer or breeder and the garden ae ublic. 

Through memberships and benefactions, provision made at the Botanical 
Garden for the frauning © of young scientists and student gardeners hundreds of n 
books are added annually to the library, which is open daily the public for re 
search and sei Hee exhibits are meee d in the museum, the greenhouses, 
and gardens, and | ne courses, and free information in botany and gardening 


individual member of the Garden receives: 

(1) A copy of the Journal every month. 

(2D) z\ a eae) ddisoni ce a year, each number illustrated with 
eight colored plates of unusual pane ont by complete descrip- 
tions and other pertinent informat 

(3) A share of surplus plant ae of interesting or new varieties 
whenever it is distributed. 

(4) gnonncemene of special floral displays at the Garden from 
season to seaso 

(5) Credit, to the extent of the membership fee paid, toward courses 
study offered by the Garden 

A ieee number of garden alee are accepted as afhliates. The privi ileges of 
affiliation are a subscription to the Journal, annonce of displays, a ee ally 
conducted tour of ite eras and greenhouses, and a lecture once a r by 


of t 
ips or schelships for Pracdedl student-training in horticulture or for 
bocce resear be ee abli shed by bequest or other benefaction either in 
perpetuity or for a definite iod. 

The classes of Bie et and types of benefaction are as follows: 


Annual Mem ey aud He $ 10 
ane mber 25 
Garden Club Agiliation cna te for club 25 
Fellowship Member annual fee 100 
Member for Life single contribution 250 
Fellow for Life single contribution 1,000 
Patron single contribution 5,000 
Benefactor single contribution 25,000 


Contributions to the Garden may be deducted from taxable incomes. The 
following is a legally approved form of beque 

I hereby Beaueath to The New York aie Garden incorporated under the 
Laws of New York, Chapter 285 of ft Whe She oj, —$—— 

Conditional bequests may be with income payable to donor or any 
desighated beneficiary during his or te Hifane 

All requests for further information should be addressed to The New York 

Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. 


MBER, 1939 


XI 


ae JOURNAL 
THE NEw YORK Patan GARDEN 


by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N 
the Post Office in } York, Y., as second-class matter. 
Sir copies 10 cents 


Published monthly 
En at 


tered 
Annual + obo $1.0 
Free to members of the Garden 


JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
CaroLt H. Woopwarp, Editor 


November, 1939 


SCENE IN THE New Tropica, FLOWER GARDEN , 
Cover Photograph by Fleda Griffith 
THE Mopern Rove oF ANCIENT Heres IN INpustRY AND Hom 
Rosetta Clarkson 245 
TROPICAL FLowER GARDEN OPENED WITH CEREMONY 
AND TEA IN CONSERVATORY 


Two Breconta NAMES CLARIFIED T. H. Everett 256 
Books FOR THE PRACTICAL GARDENER Elizabeth C. Hall 259 
Reviews oF Recent Booxs 

Memory oF Dr. SmaL~t Honorep IN LOUISIANA 265 
Notes, News, AND COMMEN’ 265 
CurRRENT LITERATURE AT A ae 268 


LABELING 


Someone has said that a museum is a collection of labels illustrated by exhibits. 
These words mate also be ea to a gre ies viene re living plants at The 
New York Botanical . rden, which is a of liv se hibits 

Pla: ug, + fo or esthetic aa a ne bei ae need no labels; but to 
lend educetonel vale to donee labels are neeeae not only to anes the 


Tt 

ender wir ¢ 
as the cactus collection, Other irae: ae ete as $ those in the economic houses 
and outdoors on the dahlias and roses, are painted on wood. Metal labels of zinc 
cr ied are often attached to tree-trunks: 

‘or the thousands of plants being grown in our propagating houses, much smaller 
labels of wood or zinc are used to show the name of the plant and, for Garden 
m ri 


urce. 

t is no small task to prepare the several thousand labels that must be made 
every year. Each one requires accurate, often involved work, in fees the 
true identification of the specimen, for always the name used must be the one 
accepted in i ature 


When ee is doubt about the proper name for a the flowers are exam 
ined, compared with we in the herbarium, and eae in the library with bs 
lished decctiptions: t may be necessary to correspond with distant botanists and 
borrow herbarium specimens from other institutions before the plant can be posi- 
tively identified. 
ane useum exhibit has value only as names are applied to the objects shown 

d itor ation about them is given. A label ean an insignificant part of a 
plant display, yet its eee the infor a ion which it bears, and even the making 

of it involve more judgment, technical information, and labor than the people realize. 


NOV 29 1939 


JOURNAL 


of 
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 


VoL. XL 


Novemser, 1939 No. 479 


The PModern Role Of Ancient Herbs 
In Industry and Home 


By Rosetta E. Clarkso 
Editor of the Herb Journal 
DAY in a spacious a in Wall Street six bottles stand on a r. 

and in those crystal c 
have most pro 
little berries 


mtainers are samples of the six pro 
ee affe ie the world of commerce. 


ducts that 
ofow 
s, just a ha ndful of pepper, one of the sp 


One is a jar o 
ces to which histor 
wo * It ae a ‘ola ce of honor ee 

$ past, it can never be dislodged. America itself owe 

its disco j e 


r activities s till on these same ancient plants 
© pr 


oportion of what was once food and medicine, 

= ea ni brought ae es eae industry. Most of the subjects 
our r border .. ir , larkspur, calendula, peony, foxglove, 

a ae more. . are nee oe fe gs of i 


of today’s huge botanical pes industry. They 

since set apart for their beauty, but for thousa as of years grown as crops 

for the ae of - sme of man, as they still are grown today in 

me io 
he: 


the mints, the eit ee the 
orld o 

too are ae and ie es 
of enormous eesti pace with soaps, perfumes, gargles, oe 
extracts, che and a multiude of liquors and liqueurs and othe 


There are the herbs of the field . . boneset, tansy, dandelion, milkweed 
. and the savory seeds such as anise, cumin, coriander, mustard, sesame, 


*TImports of pepper in the United States in recent times have oiled 33,000,000 
pounds of unground black and nearly 5,000,000 pounds of white a yea’ 


245 


246 


caraway and dill. These are herbs, some ea some culinary, all 

with innumerable technical and industrial use: well and some a 

the basis for a world-wide trade in spices and continents Lastly, the 
i etables* i 


a uleius 
become the basis for an important branch of the sugar industry. It is 
bard to ncaa ze tha as late as Elizabethan times, Gerard was timidly sug- 

ges that the roots of beets, as well as the leaves then used in salads, 
sae i ibly ae good wholesome food 

No chart of small propor rtions can more than suggest how these various 

e 


a. 
si 
2 
7 
° 
oh 
° 
im 
4 
3 
a 
2 
a 
@ 
4 
3 
3 
od 
2a 
a 
ae 
o 
wu 
a) 
3 
i=) 
oh 
o 
a 
a 
4. 
=; 
=] 
ne 
9 
3 
a 
a] 
a 
9 


eae when the discovery of pr: 
herbalists available to all who could read. It helps to show how . 
aus the farmer, cu — botanist are one with the doctor, t 
the brewer and the symbolic that the story of Bible 

bein and ends in a gee. the garden and the herbs grown there loom 
ge in all recorded his 

a the Chinese es { Ching-Nong we learn, among other herbs, 
of ephedra, which was used in .\sia 5,000 years ago - is eee again 
today in this country in sinus troubles; we read . hubarb, of 
sesame seeds, the first oil seeds, which now a i has * and 
candy-makers, and in a multitude of nse ae from foo The 
black of the finest Chinese drawing ink, for instance, comes fon burnt 
sesame; thus herbs enter into the drafting rooms of every factory as well 

i studios of ists S i 


a 


The very code of oe eee coe brewing, perfumery, and 
tobacco industries is due to he o based on herbs are many of our 
food industries a muc i a ae a husbandry. Surgery, medicine, 
botany, household science, part of chemistry, can be credited to the study 

her fore i SS we 


invented, the findings were laboriously entered on parchment manuscripts, 

copied one at a time over a period of years, and kept in the possession 
of a few scholars and in monasteries. Many of these Hien still 
exist. Some were reproduced among the first of printed boo Then, 
as the ee of a aoe known, new authors ae In 
Elizabethar ars some rote of the garden, taking over the 
description ei culture af oc. fon the her pies At about the same 


* The word vegetable, denoting a food, has been in use less than 200 years. 


HOUSEHOLD 
Lpny SENLY MEDICINE _ 
Mary Dooserr 
SUSANNA AVERY 
MARY CHOLMELEY 


THE PRINTED 


1B) PRINTING 1440 


HERBR 
mS 318 .4| SAXON TRANSLATIUNS 


Ee PROPRIETATIBUS RERUM THE MONKS 
MACE R 


ALBERTUS MAGNUS 
(a56~ 
LEECH BOOK OF BALD 
1900 AD 


SCHOOLS OF 
HERBALISTS 


3000 B.C. 


CUPTNGT TRY BY ROIETTAE CLARIGON 


met's ‘Compleat History of Druggs,” 


of which several editions were printed in London 


ie middle of the Base eee aa of tobacco as ‘“Holy Herb” because of peat 
virtues. Many 1 a tobacco are suggested, and snuff is mentioned, only 
indirectly, oe o "ther are 5 see ee The us: i 

inferred in 


though Parkinson in his “Theatrum Botanicum” a century 
earlier Speke oF ‘Sit Walter’ Reaigh "and the kind of "tabaeee he enn while he was a prisoner 
in the Tower. The illustration above is Hs Pomet’s book, which 

was ae written in nach. 


time the casting off of superstition and the rise of medicine as a profession 
away with the popular treatises on the medical uses of herbs. Thus 
oe was gone and after 1700 there appeared no 

e gardening ae continued eventually the science of botany was 


oo in the search for methods of classification and identification. But 
the — books to direct ts was ane medical 


eee to prescribe the ieee n of them, there was need for 
urce ca of materi oO us a ria medic d_ the old salen 

were paler for the an of a pharmacopoeia, printed in 

Great was the hubbub when Nicholas 


Culpeper, a btaining a copy, et ub. 
lished an English translation with comments of his own. However, the 


SESAMVM. 


Sesame has been used in cooking, medi- 
cine, arts, and trade for more thousands 
of years than books and manuscripts 
record. The Chinese, it is known, have 
used it since 5000 B.C. The illustration 
here was published in 1565 in Matthioli’s 
“Commentarii Dioscoridis,” and accom- 
panies a description of the plant and list 
of its uses. In 1935 the United States 
imported 146,394,158 pounds of sesame 


acco, early ar 
ee ie ing a narcoti 
on tnedigce. ae edicts, law 
but it persisted as a snuff throu; the centuries to emerge in the last 
generation as a giant industry in i New World. 
Coinc cidentally with the decline ] he old herbals, a new type of book 
rked t 


came into being and it ma trance of woman into the role of 
author. Since) enough, it too oS out of ancient eee ely soe 
and unconsciously aie up a whole new field for industry. It to 


become as powerful an influence in am life as the herbalhad i 
before it. This was the * ‘still-room book 


250 


IX. The Preparations. You may make there- 
from, 1. A Liquid Fuice of the Hee 2. ASyrup 
of the fame. a The Seed. 4. An Ointment. 5. A A 
Pouder of : 


the Leaves and Stalks. 6. The whole 
Leaves. 7. A lafm of the Leaves. 
Diftiiled Water. 9. iguor. 10. A Decolfion | Tobacco, once it was intro- 


of Leaves and Stalks. it. The Afbes. 12. The duced from America into 
cut Leaves for Smoaking. 


ject 
The Virtues cially in herbals. 
icin. 


as can be seen b e few 
X. The Liguid Fuice. ia ay fays that i i is | tines reproduced here from 


effeftual to cure the » by takin she econ elinseee Sale 
Ounces of the Juice fafting inhi will Rronaly : . pee 
urge oth upw nd downwar 
ce 0 experience e it, but *tis very proba. | (London 1711). Under the 
ble that it may cure the Dropfy, if given by a wife { heading. “A Powder of the 
Hand and in ad ofe. i thoita se a Leaves and Stalks” occurs 
4 ors Ouncesat a time, ¥ reafo ts Viole: the only reference known to 
ut it is a continued ufe innin sith a the use of tobacco as snuff 
fmall quantity, and gradually increafing it, th lely. for medicinal. pur 
mutt much ma afel: en ata i i 
time. Monardus fays itis an ttl a- pe peg eens Sees 
aoe be Stinging or Biting any Venomous sed as a sternutatory, it 
Creature, being immediately Gopal to the hurt | opens the Head, and 
Ee cleanses it of the Recre- 


XI. The Syrup pias bade It is found by good | ments of the Brain; Strewed 
Experience to aes rate ugh Fie cgm out of the upon old Ulcers, it disposes 
un 
mach and Belly, eafes ste I Head-ach and Megrim, aye ; oe edy — he 
as alfo the Cholick and Griping pains in the Bow- | °° kills Lice in the 


o & 
a 
“oO 


ae 
uble ect ti Vv 
Saute for thofe a fave the stone 6 a Gav: in 


From early times there was no question about woman’s place being 


n the home. The business of men was war. TI s no industry and 
little trade eaten was made on the premises lad : the 
house not only ted the meals but in the “still-r a place set 
apart, she ae “sil of the herbs, ae pn gies ele, 
jams, household preparations, and preserved foods. All this was from 


formulas and recipes handed down from generation to generation, mother 


251 
The . photograph on this CH AP. DCXCIX. 
almon’ of to- 5 
bacco, and gives the various Of T oO B A Cc Cc oO Englifb. 
ibed to 


7 7 Arabick nor Greek 
worthy that the references aa ace Dinan tesa os eee ‘e a Plant un- 
uch 4 M hi 


me 
to such names as Hyosc’ kn to the ients; but ne ave cal- 
aus. ana (which Jed it in Latine Petum (which is faid to be the pro- 
lates gave us the n & pet Indian Name) and , (from one Nicot 


a i 
same family as Nicotiana it to the Queen of France, from whence it was alfo 
ed = 


Hi 
ee °F 4s firft coming to us nd 
my) boiuener Jgveoum sient he Weft-Indies Lobe! accounts it a 1 - 
y different account of the pyamys or Henb ef and therefore called it Hyo/cy- 
geographic origins of the aus Laan a lyofcyamus dui aoe as being a 


plant now in common use, vcllow rub | aie of He We in 
Erg a it Tobec 
7 Kinds. Tt ‘is either 1. Englifh, called 
i i oe ee Nicotiana Anglica, Englith To- 
ee bacco, of which in this Chapter. 2. Or Pets 
rapa used Indicum, Petum Dogar Petum Hifpanicum, 
by the natives of the Antilles. Ha ‘Mexica vel Peruviana, Nicotiana 
Virginiana, Indian a + American ee of which 
n the fecond Book of this War 


to eldest daughter, in a “still-room book”, many preserved unto this 
mee with changing handwriting, hee a notes along the 
argins, certain favored rules marked with a denoting good. Such 
are books of Lady Sedly, Mary Doggett, eae | Mary Cae. 
and a others not known to fame. Here are the beginnings of many 
of our modern industries, the formulas for all manner of cosmetics, soaps, 
es tinctures, ga: rgles, lotions, powders. Here are the ways to 


The: 
mae ioe Ss WI nly agi 1 tw mon in 
b 


ae eee ‘00 
our beauty seg which today we buy in the drugstore, still made 
with herbs by the old formulas familiar to Elizabethan ladies. Furniture 
oil still has the scent of lemon balm, as their books advise; thymol is 


252 


still the oil in bronchitis remedies; the root of alkanet still gives us its 
red coloring matter with ve ae ladies hs their lips and gave to 
the plant its symbolism of dec is ee: sed to ae rosewood 
and mahogany and to color cane eon 

Our aaa today, as then, are flavor = ith anise, pout 
sage, caraw thyme, as are our chewing gur Our ar 
scented ith rsemary, lavender, dill and fennel. in any ee ie 
the land, n buy “Hungary water”, a lotion scented with rosemary, 
rst made - ie 14th century by the ” Countes s of Hainault and the 
recipe sent to her daughter, the wife of Edward TIL caia for more than 

as this simple ae water has appealed to wome 

Of great age also, and full of herbs, are ree of our ia leurs, particu- 
larly oe which took their names from the monasteries where the 
originated. Chartreuse, for example, oe tansy and angelica; bene- 
dictine is amazingly herby with tips of hyssop, cardamom seeds, angelica, 
is the basi i 


elder flowers and added to Rhenish wines to convert them into muscatel 
wines. 


Innumerable are the age in Riles herbs give the fragrance . . . 

asil in ee in uil’; celery seed in the perfume 
called “sweet pea” oe in sly? perfume and, with cumin, furnish- 
ing the flavoring for the American “hot dog” as wel ! 

Lastly, the true art of cookery, so little practised now-a-days, asa 
upon the use of ancient herbs, for with a refrigeration we 
longer need the oriental spices to mummify our food or hide the ae 
- ia cay. The seer, ha a know the savour of home grown 

and marjo nel, mint and parsley, of ee au ues 
Salad lovers ee more ee ae ever ee Sie sea for poe 
French tarragon, that eiqais plant that has ead ie ae ‘the 
world by root divicion: no bein available, El hour the Ria 
tarragon, which grows from seed, often foisted on an unsuspecting 
purchaser. The pickle pee ews the wis ue of the ancient dill and 
Th 


ry in sausage 

coriander in frankfurters, caraway and poppy seeds in breads and rolls 
Beverages, lege oe and snuffs; tobaccos, fixatives and dyes; 

ere tinctures, acts and lotions; insecticides, medicines, sugar 

and drawin ink pee is no end to the importance of ancient herbs 

in bee nada y Sud home. 


253 


Tropical Flower Garden Opened 
With (Ceremony and Tea 
In Conservatory 


Naceremony which was attended by more than 150 ees and guests 

of The New York Botanical Garden, the new Tropical Flower Garden, 

ae aes 13 of the see Conserva aturies, was formally opened oe after- 

f Nov. 3. Curtains shielding the house from view were drawn 

ae by Mrs. Elon Huntington fare President of the Advisory Coun- 

cil, after a brief address in which she urged closer pasce ntanceship with 

the geen plantings at th ea Fee: because, she empha- 
sized, appreciation becomes here with familiarit 

1 C 


advocated that the people of New York t the Garden S) 

and suggested that the hobby - a stu ee ould add years ier hen lives. 
Declaring that today he was 15 years younger Hee ae ee began the 
study of plants 15 years ago, he opened his address by 


Tn these highly emotional de se need distractions whi ch are sad enough to 


add 10 years to their lives. We can’t av rate should we avoid, participation in 
national vand international affairs, but too much nerve-racking and unfruitful specu- 
ae al what may ng will shorten our lives. 

veryone in the w York area who loves or even likes trees and flowers 
and plas ets take a thence and pay one visit to our tropical houses. Those 
who hav stood under a palm tree have missed a thrill which can be had in no 

: r m i 
s 


E ° 
ie ria ae of miles to know the tropics. I here in our own Garden flowers 
which lave never seen in their native epiintries. Tourists usually miss the best 
ey the tropics have to sie! 

I suggest that ee in the New York area pay a trial visit to our tropical 
houses and I know t all a be repaid ue ose who Beconie. specially interested 
are cor rdially invited in become members and thus obtain the advantages of many 
privileges ae I know will add pleasure sd profit and sweet relief in these 
troublesome tim 

Reviewing history of Range No. 1, which was first opened to the 
public in 1901 and is now commonly ion as the Main Conservatories, 
Col. Montgomery continued : 

The Sasa e ot ork Botanical Garden was originally built in 1898. 
It was reconstructed by the ee in a and is being replanted as rapidly as the 
_ and labor Sala. to The ork porn cal Garden permit. The Con- 

hich is 90 
Agee o the highest point of the roof. Nine of the 1 15 mnoikee or units, of the Con- 
servatory have” now been comp feted and the tenth will be opened to the public today. 
Those previously completed include three succulent houses, a begonia house, a house 


254 


for winter one idea ae epee nine a tropical rain forest, and houses of fern 

and of a Jt that the other units will be completed before a cad 
of anolier year The Ca ‘Of The New York Botanical aide n is the 
extensive range of greenhouses open to the public in New York City 


The New Style of Planting 
Then he called attention to the style of planting, in contrast to the plan 
of former years. He said: 


In the past, the Conservatories of the Bae gece ae primarily concerne 
with exhibiting as many kinds of plants as pos: ble. These were usually arranged 
i 0. ions as a 


) 
fence Brae is in ae ath ne ener but ay recent tendency of museums 
to arrange their materials in a natural setting for the aoe not ou of the scientific 
public but for those also whose interest is more gene In ordance with this 

Garden _ for some a 


are displayed i ina ae setting peers traced to be a Sopular feature of the 
Conservatory, attract ing ious ie of visitors during the winter months when the 
outdoor plantings are n flow 

In conclusion he mentioned fe bronze statue entitled “Wildflower,” by 
Edward Berge, which has been lent to the ee by the Cae Central 
Art carta and, ees forthe . the planting in the erv 
tories, said, o those who are faiiliar with es oe ee 
onan garden will prove a reve aed and to who are familiar with 
tropical gardens, we hope this garden will be a eee of pleasant days 
spent in a milder clime. 


Mr. Jennings’ Address 

As a representative of the Park oe of the City of New York, 
Allyn R. Jennings, General Superintendent, was to have spoken, but was 
e to come, so asked that Dr. Robbins a his address, which follow 


unab 


January of this year marked the copes anaes of the ground-breaking for 
ee hoe group in which v re now engaged in opening a reconstructed 


ae great glass houses oe ae doubt, _the ne ocean buildings of their 
so 


d 0, 6 oe a 

Garden, Wh hen jooks back to the forts years of servic eth rat these houses have 
given to the lay atte and to the botanist, it is a source * of great etic taction to 
the present park eererauon that the ground was originally broken by the Commis- 
sioner of Par ‘ks of the Bronx. 

The Park Departnent has been the landlord and the eee poles ae Aiea 
for more than these forty years. This relationship has alw: 
and, during the Jast few years, the spirit of co-operation that "the Beane ae 
has evidenced in relinquishing for the general recreational use of the public a con- 

e ton of their grow ee appreciated. 

When another forty years have passed, we hope that this old glass-house will 
still be Sanding and providing genuine educational value to New Yor! rk’s citizens and 


255 


that the rest of the Garden will have achieved its present objective of becoming 
the sete ae ne in the world. 
A 


s lor it keeps on providing genuine service to New York's millions, we wish 
it every succes iis Pill continue to help it el on ay have j in peas fd ing accom- 
plished the part of the present reconstru of this serva 


In his eee ry address, Dr. W ie J. a ins, nae spoke 
of the opening of the new Tropica al Flower Garden as the result of a 
ae See enterprise. “The development of a display such as you 

ill see,” he said, “involves many people and represents in a oe and 
a way the co-operation of numerous persons and agencie 


Those Who Worked Together 


Within the Garden Mr. Montagne, Dr. Gleason, and Mr. Corbett were intimately 
associated with He Afr anmenents hich resulte din the recent reconstruction of the 
Conservatory. Everett and his assistants, especially Mr. Connolly, planned a 
installed the, blbalings Mr. ander is mainly responsible for the rock Aor 
sleason and his associates, especially Mr. Alexander, are responsible for checking 
the labels on the pla 

The unit was reconstructed by Lord & Burnham, and I take pieeuts in acknowledg- 
ing a considerate and able way in which they carried their work under difficult 

and at times trying circumstances. Especial credit is due Mr. Boden President of 
Tord ‘e Pune Mr. James Monro, Superintendent of Coustruciion, and Mr. 

Lastly, faye T say that the reconstruction of the range was the result of the co- 
aa of the Board of Managers of The New Yor! k Botanical Garden and the 

i rk D 


Es 
Zw 
a 
Q 
2 
a 
2s 
i} 
oe 
3 
a 
b 
a 
4 
3 
3 
3 
3 
ry 
PS] 
5 
a 
2 
a 
2 
=) 
‘SB 
B 
ad 


Robbin: spoke a of the gees to be expected in the appearance 
of the ones oups from oe to month. “In offering this 
garden for your inept and, I 2 your approval, ee I nee 
that it is not a affair which will remain as it is wv.” he said 
“Plants grow i a ge, and we add to their number a aa nge thei 
arrangement. The Tropical Garden, like the others which I hope you wil 
see after the exercises are over, change from month to month and will be 
different a month or two pee from now. I call this obvious fact to 
your attention for two rea : first because I hope I may thus encourage 
you to come back regent to see our fie and second because I wis 
you to realize that the Tropical Flower Gar den is newly planted and has 
not yet had time to reach a “h ill development.” 

Dr. Robbins called particular attention to the Christmas and Easter floral 
displays in House +, the Floral Display House. but emphasized that on 
any day from November through May, there is an attractive garden 
arrangement of flowering plants worth visiting there. He mentioned also 


256 


- peered ana of such displays, as well as the pleasure they give to 
who 


oe ns ceremonies, the Advisory Council served tea at the edge of 
the Tropical Flow + Garden, while the members and guests Palais ote 
unit soniode: They visited especially the ical Rain 
Forest, where the: able to see some of the same types of plants as 

ere shown in the Tropical Flo Garden wing in a naturalistic 
environment, and t Display House, filled with the first of th 
season’ or chrysanthemums arra as ir rden. The day marked 


the opening of the indoor floral sel ei for the season, as well as the 
opening of the Tropical Flower Garden 


Two Begonia Names (larified 


By T. H. Everett 
Begonia acida 


yagi A of es ascend which has been cultivated 2 
many years in American gardens as Begonia brasiliensis and sow 
times as B. ecuadoriensis : ey wron: a labeled ine either designa: 
tion for the trivial ce brasiliensis belongs rightly to a slender, torent 
growing. pink-flowered plant os pee a Kote in 1854, while the 
binomial B. soni iia botanical standin; 

The plant commonly <8. asilie ensis ig aaa ally Begonia acida, 
a native of Brazil ae originally ils by De Candolle in 1864. In 
cultivation this a enjoys a higher ae than do most begonias 
and seems to thrive best nce ane ee ouse conditions when accorded a 
night ese oi 60 to 65 degre 

Beyor cida has more or less Ag rhizomes and bright green, 

r ly orbicular, an asure to 


conspicuously 1 hich are near. icular, and me 

nine inches in diameter. The upper leaf surface -is furnished with shor! 
bristly hairs, and on the under surface the leaves, like h ioles, 
are densely covered with thick white or pink hairs ie are often laciniate. 
From December to April the inflorescences are bo the flowers being 
carried high above the foliage on Leena w vi are : two Pres or more 
long. In the bud stage the inflor nodding, but they become 


upright as they mature. The flowers are al es ae 5/8 0 of an inch i in es 
creamy-white or sometimes ied Bee ee the males four-petaled 
and the females five-petaled. The ovary wings ae ite, and one of them 

is egg-shaped and very ited arger tery the ae Except for the 
fact that the hairs on the rhizomes are depicted in a Foomalz style so 
that they more resemble divided scales the illustration of B. acida in 
Vellozo’s “Florae Fluminensis” Vol. X. plate 49, ee depicts our plant. 


257 


A specimen of Begonia acida grown at The New York Botanical Garden. 


Begonia xanthi 

e  pbltion in Horticulture for March 1, 1931, of a note by Mary 
Gib enry referring to a degonia from India identified as peat 
Cadi has led to some confusion in begonia-growing circles. 


258 


Mrs. Henry says that several ie a ae See the seed directly 
ae * Sikekion Bengal, India, “wher She mentions that 
tl d germinated readily eee Ga ae ny ie as “having beau- 


s a aving 
tifully variegated fo aan She says, “It is a dwarf, compact growing 
plant with clusters of inch-wide butter-yellow flowers ee a very slight 
ere shading ene these held well above the lea the droop- 

ge nearly hiding the pan, and the entire height is Digs than a foot.” 
ie Mrs. Henry states that her plant “resembles the Ker type 
of begonia with aie stem and a fibrous root system.” She says 


= 
E 


f 
of the United States eis of Agriculture, for propagation and 
distribution. 
Plants Pecoed at the New York Botanical Garden in a and 1938 
astern b th 


from e egonia growers are probably of this stoc n any cas 
they agree ores ith the description given and others raised from 
seed ante ee Captain Kingdon Ward in the same Himalayan region 
have proved to be identical. 

An examination . the literature aaa shows, ay ever, that the plant 
in question is not Cathcarti, which differs fro r plant in being 
caulescent, in ee solitary flower: oh are winte to pink in color and 

h I tsides of the petals, and in other important f 


eatures. 
Cat is well illustrated in color in Hooker's ‘‘INustrations of 
ae ee Plants” (plate 13). 
The plant described a Mrs, Henry and now often grown as B. Cathea 
is, in fact, one of the forms of B. xanthina, a species which inhabits ie 
same Benet geogra hical region. This species was first described by 
Hooker r (Botai tical Magazine, as 4683) ir eee 1852, a a good 
oe eas in color accompanies the il desc 
nthina is related to B. a Tt ae short, on ee izontal rhizomes 
a ewe shaped oe which are green to purple and variously marked 
above and red beneath. The petioles and peduncles are hairy as also are 
the main veins ee th. The inflorescences rise well above the foliage and 
are many-flo ee the flowers being e right yellow with the petals smooth 
but tinged red on the reverse. The fe inale flowers are smaller than the 
Nie and are age cea a the possession of one ovary wing which is 
enta eee elongated horizontally. 
ee e 1935 supplen ee: under B. Cathcarti there is briefly 
tse the plant eee by Mrs. Henry under that name, but it is 
eally B. xanthina. 


259 


Books for the Practical Gardener 
Compiled by Elizabeth C. Hall 


ACKERMAN, ISABEL and others. Harmony in Flow esign. Dodd, Mead, $3. 
ee ow and Brison, F. R. Propagation of Goede Plate Me- 
ay i 
Baues, L. H. Garden of Larkspurs. Macmilian, $3. 
Bawsy, L. H. Garden ae - inks. Macmillan, $3. 
Bai L. H. and E mpilers, ies is once Dictionary of Gardening; 
new rev. ed. with ca pple ement. Macmillan, 


Bamsy, L. H., ed. Standard Cyclopedia “of ‘Horticulture. 3 vol. Macmillan, $15. 
BIppie, Dororiry and Brom, Dorotnea. Creative Flower Arrangement. Double- 
day, 


Bisstan, [ and others. Rock Gardens and What to Grow in Them. Hale, 
Cushman ve Bhat a) 

Brackpurn, Ben. x Garden This Week. Rutgers Univ. Press, $1. 

Bore, Jounx. Cacti ‘A. Gardener's Handbook for Their Identification and Culti- 
vation. Macmillan, $7.50. 


Bowers, C. G. Rhododendrons and Azaleas. ea ee $10. 

Brown, J. R. and otliers: Succulents for the Am: ir, Abbey Ga rden Press, $1.50. 

BusuH-Brown, Louise and James. America’s Ga: ane “Book. Scribner, $3.50. 

UXTON, BESSIE. Begonias and How to Grow Them. Hale, Cushman & Flint, $1. 

Crarkson, Rk. E. Magic Gardens: A Modern Chronicle of Herbs and Savory 
Seeds. Macmillan, $3. 


CLay, Sampson. Present- day R ock Garden; being a complementary volume to 
Farrer’s English co Carden. Nelson, eae 
Cute, W. N. Second Book of Plant Names and Their Meanings. Clute, $3. 


Connors, C. H. and Tizpyens, V. A. Chemical Gardeine for the Amateur. 
Wise, $1. 

Conways ‘y. G. Flow bag s: East-west. Knopf, $6. 

Coo S. V. South African Plan ie for American Gardens. Stokes, $4.50 

Cuan M. B. and mes W. J.C. Genetics of Garden Plants. Macmillan, 


te ALex, Hardy pas tap es aig McGraw-Hill, $2.75. 


Dempsey, P. W. A Year in My Garden. oe Diary os a 

Farrincton, E. I. Gardener’s Almanac. Hal oe man & F 

Farrincton, E, I. Gardener’s Travel Book. ale, Cushman . Hint $2.50. 
+ $1. 


Farrincton, E. I. Vegetable Garden. Hale, een & Flint 

FE P. Our Shade Trees. Orange Judd, $2. 

Pare, Mont, Acur. Gardening: A Complete Guide to Garden Making. Harcourt- 
2.95. 


Gri nee on H. Trees of the aan Univ. of N.C. P: ag 50. 

C. H. Hardy Bulbs. vol. Ditee $8 per vo luni 
HaseLton, Si E. Vaan gg e Amateur. cae Garden “Dress, $1.50. 
Hawort-Boors, Micwaet. Flower ting Shrub Garden. Scribner, $5. 


Hunt, A. G. Forty Years of Gardening. Sto kes 
Karns, M. G. and McQuesten, L. M. Pro opagation of Plants. Orange Judd, $3.50. 
s, E, E. Old R 


AMB, F, aoe or i the Broadleaf Trees. Norton, $3.75. 
Latimer, J. ‘or ny Garden. (Garden Record Book.) Latimer, $1.60; 
with Liitioid eee ta 
Lawrence, W. J. C. Practical Piant Breeding. Allen & Unwin, $2.50. 
LeveL, Hivpa. ‘Herbal De ae ghts. Hoventon. eee $4. 
ELL. D. 


a oe and Sry MoUR r City Garden. Appleton-Cen- 
Bee 
MER A ‘ed. Gardens and Gardening. Studio, $4.50 


Meritt, i G. Practical Lawn Care. De La Mare, $75. 
Morse, H. K. Gardening in the Shade. Scribner, $3. 


260 
Nicotas, J. H. Rose Manual; revised edition. Doubleday, $2.50. 
Nicotas, J. H. Ro oe Odyssey. ated $2.50. 
Ortiorr, H. S. and Raymore, H. B, Garden Planning and Building. McGraw- 
i 3. 


Parker, C. W. La ibe Ha i Cushman & Flint, $1. 
PB 


ERRY, Frances. Water Gar oe Scribner, $8. 

Quinn, Vernon. Stories and Legends of Garden Flowers. Stokes, $2.50. 
Roserts, J. L. Modern Dahlias. Soubleday, ae 

Rocxwet., F. F. and Grayson, E. C. Gardening Indoors. Macmillan, $2.50. 


Rouopg, E. S$. Herbs and Herb Gardening. Macmill an, $3. 
Lester. Flowering Shrubs of California. Stanford Univ. Press, $3. 
dia, | V 


Storm, Katuertne and ArtHur, The Small Garden. Stokes, $2 50. 
Taytor, Norman, editor. Garden Dictionary; new edition. Houghton, $7.50. 


n 
Van ve Bog, Louis. Planning and Planting von Own Place. Macmillan, $4.50, 
Wesster, H. N. erbs. Hale, oo ae lint, ae 
Westcorr, Cyntara. The Plant D: Stokes, $2. 
Wuitz, E. A. American Orchid Culture, De La Ma $5. 
Wiper, L. B. Adventures with Hardy Bulbs. Macmillan $5. 
Wiper, L. B. Garden in Color. Macfln, $2.95. 
WistTer, JouHn. Four Seasons in Your Garden; revised edition. ga pence $2.95. 
Waricut, RicHarpson. Sialaanrs: Day Book. ae incott, $2. 
Wricut, RicHarpson. Story of Gardening. Garden City a $1.79, 
Wyman, Donatv. Hedges, Gereciie and Winch. gees Hi $2.75. 


Reviews of Recent Books 


(All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of 
The New York Botanical Garden.) 


Plant Life in see still like to browse in books and pre- 
serve a perspective of the plant world 

For Those Who a Brae 

To Browse In 636 I ages of text and illus- 


and 
trations ie bool surveys ae satire a 


THE YORLD OF 

Clarence J. Hylander. 

itustrated ae appen 

millan, 1939. 50. 

ee somewhat bot anic- 

ally trained and intcrested in as ee a 

the hnical 

pate al of Lee et eeiae oe uld constitute a well ae ified fib 

guy World Plant ite on ‘lant life. 


with plants, The of Plant Lif 

should have appe 1 basically is regrettable that in a book so 
taxonomic in plan, the taxouomist would el written and otherwise beautifully 
bemoan | tl eihce: ot det an executed, the photographic reproductions 
: at c rehensiveness, while which should put an attractive finishing 


™m fe) 
“plant lover” y touch to a volume of this nature, are 

the se and significan nee of classifica- mediocre, to say the least, but the draw- 
the det a contained would be ings, ae diagrammatic In part, are 


pees It to the aaa well done, serve their purpose, and are 
class, therefore, that the book has at pleacinely fprodi luce od 
est appeal, to those “who know what it’s . E. H. Furuno, 


all about” but who at the same time Editor, The Botanical Review. 


261 


nry Correvon’s on 


urth Editi 
e 


FLORE ALPINE. 
173 pages, indexed, 
colored Plates. | Delachaw 

Ss. a Neucha Paris, 
fran ay 


y Cor 
itastated with, ‘30 
“ jon ae 


Whe es ee rrevon sent th oa 
proote of bie final eg be his siblcher 
, in 

“4 


5 
a 
zm 
g 
= 


a 
it will be popular.” (1n 19. Univer- 
sity of Geneva had given h honor- 
ary degree of Doctor of Science in recog- 
nition his popularization of the study 
of plants, especiaily the dora e Alps.) 

The pro had been spell at to him 


by his grandson, Aymon Correvon, for 


finished this last w ‘o have 
an operation in a bee 4 th 
hope of having his eyesight restored. 
started the trip to the oculist in a distan 
city but the operation never was per- 
formed. At the age of 85, Henry Corre: 
von died, the fourth ition of his Fl 
Alpine just complete 

Since 5 Correv d a n writing 
books about_ plants, stly ench, 
but some in English, Halian, Danis, and 

erman. was still 
producing a = ie Fleurs. s Eaux 
et des eae i. was r in 

this Journal las mber lore 
Aline first focret about 30 ye: ae) 
It has i enlarged since then, and some 
chapters have been rewritten, especially 
in the fourth edition, with the 2 of 
popularization. book gives le 

picture not only of flowers which 
carpet the slopes of the Alps and cling 
precarious ae aoa aee a also 

ant life ain regions 

ent rope. . ae climbed 
a few o the text 


Fo 2 
thes 

and the illustrations et aie a pleasant 
wistiulness the treasures in flowers found 
along the trail. 

Caro: H. Woopwaro. 


Del, eae Manual 


THE ARDEN OF LARKSPURS. 
L. H. Briley, 116 nages, indexed he 
illustrated. Maemillan, New York, 
1939. $3. 


L. H. Bailey's book, The Garden of 
Larkspurs, is the first book to cover the 


subject of delphinium adequately from 
both the botanical and the garden stand- 
e botanical 


worth- Mees ee 
will be 


what is k 
late com ae in ees 
digas and p sts. 
ook ne S distinctly a “must have” 
in the library ofS as interested in 
growing delphini 
DWARD STEICHEN. 


Collateral Reading on 
Flower Structure 


INTRODUCTION TO FLORAL 
MECHANISM. 5. G ai oom 
cal Publishing Co. Ne York, 1939, 
xi + 274 pages, frontispiece: 7 figs., 

bibliography, 


2 pls. 4 tables, 1 chart, 
glossary, index. $4. 
Today the flower is often studied as a 
structural and functional unit, as is 
own by e 


it ic iiportance 

these fel in “hybrdiaion and plant 

eeding.” Consequently, we se ls 

with the: se in- 

nan One cereal 

f the structure sea factions 
other 


g 


concerned 
cluded 
dischssions 


ing plants 
und in Grea 

Whereas the material included in Part 
One aoe not geri oe Pere) 
Two offer: 


aa Part 
uid find i nuals or in tiger 
iccrip e works, at least ras thi 
pollination are concerned. 


trations, i rawn 
the author, who is of the opinion “that 
the student should see more of the 


262 


developmental and anatomical aspect of 
supplied in 

ok.” Moreover, 
“even ie 


rable though 
difficult to ae ee the beginning ae 
will get their ae benefit without first 
having ae tau the fundamentals of 
plant structure. 
Whi book is _not likely to. be 


c ove of considerable 
inter: : collateral ne for beginning 
courses botan: gardless of their 


particular Tcliava ‘acter. 
R Just, 
University of Neh Dame. 


Explorer in Peru 
A FC 


ER 
ges, inastrated 


299 pa 
with photographs and map: ety 
Ox: iversity re: 
12 s. 
In this book of travel es. Mr. 
Sandeman has given an aie: picture 


of a portion of Peru infrequently ue i 


by foreigners. The account, the gre 

art of which is in the form of a diary, 
describes a trip from Lima u 
laga River, the descent of that river by 
raft, 


popul ooks of th American travel 
Readers acquainte ith wo n 
writings of Spruce, Poeppig, and ot 
botanists will enjoy comparing their 
descriptions of the same general regio 
with that of the prescnt writer. 

The book i ol not so mucl 
description of d iption o 
Mr. Sandeman in Peru; this approach 
has much of the personal touch to recom- 
mend it, but, at the wer, it 
is Pie oie an more objective 

erhaps often 


ho 
oe tea land " oth the ie 2 of a 
Strang we ot natives” 


Sand the ae Piles: so many 


A. C. Sirs. 


obstacles, 
specime 


Genetics for Gardener 
And poe tist 
HE GENETICS OF GARDEN 
ae M. B. Crane and W. oe & 
ore Second edition. 287 p: 
et ena illustrated by ohotostapls, 
maps, charts. illan, New 
8. 


The first edition of this title which 
appeared four years earlier (1934) was 
a ce. siti 


t ¢ genetics and cytology of 
Tris species, a discussion e hybrid 
igor, (e) dat: the chemistry and 
genetics of feet colors, an ) addi- 
onal ation regar bud sports 
chimaeras, polyploid plants, and sterilities 
in plants. The more technically trained 
eee botanist: ts 
will fin this volume the practical 
applicati ” of principles; the average 
gardener, seedsman, tant der will 


plants with which he works 
. B. Staur. 


Backdrop for a Dra 

AMERICAN EARTH. Carleton Beals. 

500 pages, bibliography, index. J. B. 
pee nee ae 3. 

It cely nece resent 

date to alt attention o dianneee much 

crete nod “The Grapes of Wrath.” 


ver, a little unfortunate that 
Ss es fave approached it only as a 
piece of fiction. For tho nd others 
ho ha offed, saying that it was 


77 
+ 
i" 

can 
3 
B 
a 
a 
i) 
< 

1 


ne ° Mc- 

oF of mi te atory far: mie bor 
in California, “Factories in the Field. 7 Tt 
is a stark and realistic documentation of 
“Tl es of ae ae 


he Gra 
But then, if ther who feel 
that the present si cone i: on che a pass- 


ing phase; that “California is far oe ay 
and its troubles all its own,” let the 


263 


read Carleton Beals’ “American Earth.” 

Here is oo oe aphy of a oe ” An 
account, written of the wars which 
histories He - prone to relate, but the 
fees = the aoe and bone Ree ‘has gone 
nto building of Am 


try and gre 
the. priceless patrimony of this, our het 
In the first part of “American Earth,” 
Ave — sometimes with a 
lays are forever again with 
the stronger pigments oe cibald. laughter 
and ae pe and always S ie ftly— 
a backdrop to the drama of p - 


a whi 0. think that the plight of 


nd; 
a “he neatt of Tighening rnd 
of necessity, tet ae the aoe lem of a 
va 


important and far reaching re-e luntinn 
of the human Goce i oie national 
econom s he remarks, “ i lies 
ahead on rte rail no yet 
discerns. That it will be more significant 


rn 
and important than anything in the past, 
no man doubts.’ 

W. H. Camp. 


Queen a Autumn Flowers 


ARDY By Sane EMUMS. Alex 
a g pages, indexed and 
illustrated. witty Houze, Me- 


Bane Book Co., New York, 1939. 


rs Giyanienine by Alex 
Gucue is a very complete works well 
da credit to the author. It 
at deal of data most inter- 
who are deeply interested 


clas: ants. 
The results of Mr. Cumming’s work, 
sie ae aduction of the Korean pla is 
ee one and no doubt 


- interested 
should avail Saas of an “opportunity 
to peruse this work. 

MER D, SMITH 


EL 5 
Chr. see eats otanies 
Adrian, Michigan. 


Now You Can Grow Resianea 


SUCCULENTS FOR THE MA- 
[J. R. Brown, a Ane 


TEUR. 

Boyd L, Sloane, G. W. Reynolds.} 
Edited by Scott C. Haselton, 167 
pages. Illustrated by photographs and 
colored plates, indexed. Abbey Gar- 
den yi sa ,» Calif. 1939. 
Hered $1.50; cloth 
bow 


f suc- 
Suleats in American horticulture, it has 
be e 


en a Ae mtinued disappointment that 

ih Be ue k giving cult infor- 
tio mateurs in this co’ 
Siesta for the Amateur, whil 


eles: come horticultural 

event, an ee 4 A of t val: - 
the beginn growing of thes 
fascinating a aes furthering their 
popular: 

The eee ations are 1 chosen and 

cellent, well calc to ar 
terest in both amateur and professional 
growers, T nly unfortunate thing i: 

at too little information is given as 
to culture 1 glass, wh reason 
of our moi-ter climate, is the only satis- 


in the East. Altogether, however, there 
is such a wealt od description an 
illustration coupled wit! low p' ce as 


he “‘must” ae of 
all interested in growing succulen 
E. J. ALEXANDER. 


Every Plant a Hero 


WONDER ares AND PLANT 
att Verrill. 296 


WONDERS. 
pages, iastated; suleed. D. Apple- 
mm Century Co., New York, 1939. $3. 


This is a book not recommended for 
man ‘with a timid soul to read before 


him, trees that h 
mill, or oF lant wah nape pala har 

them o drop on him chi: 
He re reste d. 


Many botanica’ : facts are to be found, 


tower y teet 
with stems six inches thick that form in- 
pen metrable jungles. However, the author 
1s describing some of the bamboos, among 


264 


which such large eed are not u 
Such a description catches the raters: oi 
a eae but is very misleading concern 
ing the actual facts. 
A aes ter on the ial Solas of ae 


is most unusual and inter 


plant: 


ree and industr 
€! 


reading about plants that will not be 
lacking in thrills. 

Ernst NAyior, 
University of Missouri. 


Brief Notes on Varied Books 


Gift ice ee the Desert 

OF SUN ND AND. 

47 pages, dfawings 

The Print Room, 
9. $1. 

ook as one could 


4 
< 
5 
ba 
Shine 
er 
3 
7 oad 

= 
= 
Oo 
wo 


ask for is the plywood- caveral Plants of 
Sun and It contains 16 wash draw- 
i icately executed, showing plant: 
in the southwestern dese Iso ma: 


t is brief, informa- 
tive, and pleasan 


All ae the Big City 
ue aos CITY GUIDE. Guilds’ 
ee pene Writers’ Publi- 
catenac 708 pages, indexed, and 
Feeres b with dence: photographs, 
and maps. andom House, New York, 
1939. $3. 
Scarcely an inch of New York 


ie New York City Sas 
one can oe how and where to 


nae entertained or instructed, wher 

live, dine, send the capa Shop, atend 

pe ch, ie travel in the 

of what Pe ed once ae en is time on 

almost any given spot i polis 

ae New York rete aides has alloted 
he 


the 648 paces “ot despre and more 
than 200 pictures and map 


Useful eae of Woody Plants 
PILING A NEW NURSERY 
L. oF Chadwick. 96 pages, 
redex key American Nursery- 
, Chicagi ifs fio 1939. $.40. 

Of Rees value to all growers of 
woody plants, a: 

me’ wh 


ew ur 


s di sh nbs 

trees, trees, ade sta ndard trees. Of 
special ee. are the lists of plants to 
discard, following a list of first and a 
n i A 27-pa, 


oe fequirements of site, soil, climate, 


eens is ieee from ee many 


e oo 
i the name and address of any nur- 
sery which can supply the plant. 


How to Pronounce 
NEW PO Nonneine DICTION- 
ARY OF PLANT NAMES, Compiled 
by E. R. Robinson. 64 pages. 
ca Publishing Co., Chicago, 
2. 


is sensible vest-pocket 
volum ‘i hich ne ae the corre 

cation of near y 3,000 generic and specific 

-sounding com: 


on aa es, and bot and horticul- 
tural terms, each with a definition or 
description in the fe possibl or 
for adequacy. The Cass indi- 


cated reveal an unbiased stud 
ties. The key to the sound of cae letter 
is exceptionally oS ae follow. An ear- 
lier edition, smaller content, 
lacked the definitions which give this vol- 
ume special value, 

© H. Woopwarp. 


265 


Memory of Doctor Sia 
Honored in Lou 
S_a tribute to the work of the la 
Dr. John K. aoa . the seared 
and preservation of m. of the native 
irises : the southern states, the Louis 
an 


S 
o 


at 
ana Iris Conse ee m1 Pas held a me- 
ofial. tieeting University, 
New oe to ine Small, until 


er: 

: ll, u 
a 0, 1938, was Chief 
Recah Assoc and Curator at The 
New York Bo ia Garden 

The daa 

memorial 
ae 
Sm Pe 


the society at the 
cette ie uy a 

eaelling ie ork 
ter A. “horist spol oke 
anizgtion OF the Louisiana 
which Dr. 


0. ‘son, 


ome wee ore orial, the 
society called on all parishies i in nthe state 
hich d an 


a @ grow- 
n people were gathered for the 
‘Another i planting also flourishes 7 
New Orlea This one is in xe tow. 
once waste ‘Tand around City Park, an nd 
is devoted to the culture of the native 


irises which have been planted there by 
peo: 


g 


a ibe them when cutting 


e individual growers then 
ca ne ‘irises ‘om the City Park area, 
whic a ils on hed through the in- 
flue May Wilkenson Mount, 


Founder and ‘Presiden of the Iris Con- 
servation Soci 
he lar; le memoria committee for the 
meeting in ss te = was headed by 
Mr. ae Nee! 
Mount, and s. J. J. 
chairman “ot the Tris Study F 
i General E. A. 
le, a $ id 

ew Orleans published the 


society’s bulletin for the occasion 


Notes, News, and Comment 


Rhododendrons. About 400 rhododen- 


drons have been eae The New 
fork nical Garden by the Hicks 
Nurseries of thury, Long Island 
hey consist chiefly o. cles Waxt- 
mum, catawbicnse, and carolinianunt and 
hybrid seedlings, and all of t! ofa 
siz it They 


plants, have also 
ks. 


me ie aie ins ye eae 


ord, N. 
ait of 80 thododeadrons. in 40 aries. 
while the pasate ue Nurseries, an tin; 
ton L. I, enter pla 


 Thompso n Me- 


hi 
motial Rock Garden en, 


Conifers. Clarence McK. Lew 

member of the Ber of Manag on ie 
given the Garden 49 pine trees, 16 firs, 
and 11 spruces, salng nae Fa species, 
several of which a collec- 
tion, from his esta‘ 
These mo: ong the ‘other 
coniferous trees in the Pinet 


266 


Lilies. Among recent gifts of herba- 
ceous olants to The ee York Botani- 
cal Garden were 114 specimens of Lilium 
wegiale and ae hybrid ‘ies aon Dr. L. 


Horsford Abel of White 
Orchids. William du Pont of 
Wilmington, ee has rece es 
Garden with 1 he : jm 
eee Most 


ha are 
species, and they form a salable. addition 
to the oe oe increasing col- 
lection of tropic: rchids. 


bed Bs cae Ad students have 
red t rse_in Practical 
Gardening being giv en oe Thursday even- 
ings eee " Pease Pea the 
end of wo tuder who 
have soccesfully eet ee w ork — 


aw certifcate. This 
ect is Hada entele of Gidea? 
given by T. H. Everett. The course will 
continue woe me first. ae i year with 
a similar series of 12 s by 
McKenna oat “Outdoor Cue , Je 


students will be admitted to the course 
this time. 


‘ience Course for Profes 


Gardene 6 are regist scat att ‘half 
of whom are student eae and ap- 
The New 


ae pa ae 
€ 


Garden are from Pe 

Cit: ar sees The subjects 
this tem are Systematic —A, 
tau r. HN. Munleike and Plant 


ght 
Meigen, by Dr. H. W. Ricke 
Medal. 
Cos es 
Mian 


Col. Robert H. Montgomery of 
Conn., and Coconut Grov 

i rida, is the recipient this year 
of tl ea medal . ne Aaesachee 
Hora Soc arded 
articularly 


f warm 
in the Fairchild a opical Garden 
at Coc Grove, Florida. 


Men \ membership in The New 
York Srianical ae has been es A 
lished by Dr. ee eT. Semken of N 
ee in me ot his wife. For 
en years, until, Aas death, this fall, eel 

mken had been a member and friend 
Ga rden 


a itumn Flower. The day that 
w York news napers announced that we 
dablias at the Botanical Garden would be 
i ce) 
8,000 


people came to visit this outdoor 


display, meanwhile seeing the last of the 
season's hardy ae and the first few 
flowers on the early se nthemums, 

ich came into full bloom the fo! [lowing 


he night of a frost 

nipped some of the lea of the dahlias, 
and a second the following night black. 
ned the remainder. The plants kept on 
ooming, however, but liage was 

dead. The blossoms were taken Nov. 3. 


ossible, finer than ever this year, and 
have attracted a great many visitors. It 
is estimated that x a 5,000 saw them 
the afternoon of lay, Oct. and 


approximately the came group also’ went 
through the main conservatories 
Gardeners. 


Student pa an a 
situation has 


mson returned to The Ne ork Bot- 
anical Garden from Edinburgh the last 
of October, and 28 J hh John 
Elliott, who com xchange 
from the Royal Botanic Garden in Edin- 
burgh, return mn th phattan t ie 
British Isles. had been in this coun- 
try since April 


Girl Scouts. Six hu 
Bronx. iGoanel of 


mdred members a 


snide the pecans near 200th St. 

R. Skipworth of 
Dunedit "New Zeal vice The New 
Yo 2. 


e 
suming his new position as superiiitend: 
ent of Thotanical een parks and reserves 
of New Zea 


Other eee Sonne October included 
mall ys 


cal edicine, ‘San uan, uerto 

03 ae uel, ‘Appalachian Forest 
pee Betis Asheville, N. C.; 
Alain White, oe Conn. Carl T. 
Ramsey, Dorset, Vt.; Did- 
dens, Baarn, Holland ; ae Me Wister, 
Philadelphia; Mr. and” Mrs. Claud L! 


267 


Horn, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, and Wi ini- 
fred Walker, artist for the 

cultural Society in London and a 
elected Fellow of the Linnean ccey of 


Visiting Groups. Two large classes 


from Our Lady of as Boys School 
made mi trips the Garden in 
September and Guba were con- 
ducted around porti of flo 
borders, the t collections, and the 
main conservatoric: do. rls from 
New Rochelle, with ‘two , were 


orted on a tree walk Oct. 28. 
Lectures. Among addresses recently 
given by snares of the Botanical oe 
den’ 's staff are “Shady Gardens” by T. H 
th 


(botany 
and “A Naturalist in Florida,” Riverdale 
n Club 


Conference. At a special conference 
of the scientific staff and registered stu- 
dents of the Garden on October 10, Dr. 
A B.S na : 


different grape seedlings which bear seed- 
less or nearly less berries, and h 
summarized the twenty years of his work 
on seedlessness in grapes. <A total of 
t 215 individual grape seedlings 

ich bear seedless fruits have git ob- 

fo) 


€ 
possible use in vineyard cultu is 
project is one of co- operation “between 
The New York Botanical nee and 
The New York Se “Agric ural Ex- 
periment Station at Gen ews 


Mycological Herbarium. One of t 
Myelegicl 
ay 


recent accessions to the 
erbarium is a series of exsiccati — 
under the title “Fungi Latvici Exsicc 
J. an of Latvia. at series 


iy 

contains 800 specimens, put up 

umes of BY specimens ods at ‘the ta 
bound in boa: : 


a 
printed iabel Conan "all the ssary 
data. This is considered an excesdinely 
valuable addition to the collection. 

B. Stout spent two 
res ‘ate in Poche at the Hopkins 
Memorial Experimental Forest at 


raga ore in consultation with 
a Schreiner regarding plar ae for 
He é-br eeding” =e now bein de- 
sloped Oy the U. S. Forest Narvice” Dr. 
Stout is a collaborator in this project. 


nae oks. Among recent gifts to the 

ary are two ae volumes, one a 

id history of Italian aot ure, 
other a contribution to. si 
Back moth the fig, i 


ai s 
gardening by F. m Sckell, ishe 
in Munich in 1858 ate lihstrated with 
woodcuts showing planting plan 


Field Bo ats . A group of high-school 
teachers o ogy is cae olled in a new 
course in Field Botany given at The New 

otanical Gard -operation 

h the Association of Biolog eachers 
of New York City. he c e covers 
iden aheavon co a Helen about 
the pla - Yor Alert- 
ness eed ‘ill. “be given to teachers who 
complete the v ogame torily. The fee 
is five dollars. eorge T. Hastings, 
chairman of the Biology department of 

cosevelt High School, is co- ti 
witl r. W. amp, ‘who i is in charge 


Authors and Reviewers. Mrs. Rosetta 
E. Clarkson, who is contributing the 
ee article this month, is 


the author 

“Magic Gardens,” being published 
Noe 21 ‘by Macmillan. 

as ). Smith, lle eo 

reviey Alex Cumming’s ‘Hardy 


a 
Chrysanthemsims" apneare: on page 263, 
died of heart attack Nov. 
aie “the ne of the 
and exhibition of the C 
mum "Society of America i 
5 joni been 
of chrysanthemum 
growers Hy os merica. 
ar 


otographer, Edwar Steichen. 
who reviews ae H. Bailey’s The Garden 
of Larkspurs,” ranks as one of the coun- 
try’s leading ‘breeders of oe 
mm 


He 
ies n 


Wils son of prehensive 

“The Morphology of the Flower” Shieh 
een the February Botanical 
eee 


nst Naylor is co-author wit W. 
tae of a laboratory manual in a 


268 


Correctio - mmercial periei 


the raeet is i at $4.50. It is pub- 
lished by Blakiston. 
pea: of Food Plants” by erat 


E. 
is published by the McGraw- Hill Book 
Co., Inc. 


Current Literature* 
At a Glance 
By Virgene Kavanagh 


Forests.“ i atio orests” 
published by Fores Service, 
U.S.D.A., contains descriptions of the 
velopment and use of the national forests 
as experime plots, as timber and naval 
stores r , as game refuges, and a: 
recreation centers. The Florida reserves 

re in the northern part of the state, the 
largest near Tallahass A jef de- 
scription of twenty | most interesting 


and Ocala National Forests is include 


Rock Gardens. Since not every plant 
rock desired can be included in a 
1 i 


nae 
—? te 


All publications mentioned here—and many 
Batanied Garden, in the Museum Building, 


ree Pests. Since insects do so muc - 
dine to trees, anyone trying to m: 
tain shade trees or a wood lot should see 
“Leaf-feeding Insects of Se Trees,” 
Bulletin 353, Mass. A; Sta., Am. 
herst, Mass. 1938. It includes pictures, 
descriptions, and life histories of the 
sects oy methods of control. 

nother recent vie on shade tree 
ae is “Control of Shade Tree Borers.” 
—Circular 84, Oklahoma Agri. Exper. 
Sta., Stillwater, Okla. 


Inse 4-H Club Insect Man- 
ual” a a ee guide for tae col- 
Ain and identification of some of the 

mon insects and gives a a of - 
cal life isores —-Miscellaneous Pub- 
Te deus 318, U.S.D.A., Washington, 
DC. 


Oxford. “Forestry Abstracts” is a 1939 
era of the Imperial Forest Bureau, 
Oxford. It should me ara is service 
to those eee in 


Coastal Flora. The plants of the salt 
marshes are a familiar sight to most 
e living in the coastal areas, but 

f lo not know them by name. 
Descriptions and pictures of some of these 
plants are given in a of the At- 
lantic Coast Salt hes” by L. 
McAtee.—Circular 326 U S.D. ‘A, Wash- 
ington, D. C 

Apples. To produce bigger and better 
apples it is somata oe . ies 
the number of fruits a tre ven 
to prevent ee 4 m ge 


Once it was necessary to remove the 
young apples by hand-picking them. Now 
abstanc ve n discovered 


so Me fruit wiil 
too ae ee 
aed Ws of the ee of ec 
stances that th have been tried.—Circular , 
Missouri cee Fruit Exper. Sta., Mou 


tain Grove, Mo. 

Naturalists. The names of Americ 
ee with their dates, fields, and 
biograph ee pve been assembled by Paul 

ehser in “A Handlist of American 
Naturalists, Based on the ee ary of 
American Biography.” It is issued as a 
reprint from "he American Nowe, 
Nov.-Dec. 1938, 


others—may be found in the Library of The 


THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
BOARD OF MANAGERS 


I. ELECTIVE MANAGERS 
Until 1940: Henry ne Forest Batpwin (Vice- aa Aes ee 
Attyn R. Jennincs, Henry Locxkuart, Jr. D. T. Mac , Mrs. Har 

. AN ei 

Until 1941: E. C. AUCHTER, MARSHALL Fretp, Mrs. Eroxn Huntincton 
Hooxer, Joun L. Merritt (Vice-president), Cor. Rosert H. Montcomery, 
an Hopar’ iS 

Until oo ArtHUR M. ANvEeRSON (Treasurer), Pierre Jay, CLARENCE 
Lewis, E. D. Merritt, Henry pe LA MontaGNne (Secretary and Assistant 
Treasurer), and WituiaM J. Ronrins., 


-OFFICIO MANAGERS 
Froretto H. LaGua Ma of the City of New York. 
Rosert Mosss, Pie Coane 
JAMES MarsHALt, President of the Board of Education. 
II. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS 
TRACY 7 Hazen, appointed by the fone Botanical Club. 


R. A. Harper, Sam F, Trevease, Epmunp W. Sinnott, and Marston T. 
Bocerrt, appointed by Columbia University. 


GARDEN STAFF 


ILLIAM J. Pig Pu. D., Se. D. Director 
H, A. Gueason, Pa SD aaa Assistant Director me He ‘ad Curator 
HENRY DE a PMONTAGHE Assistant Director 
A. B. Stout, Pa. D. ..... 2 eee eee Curator of Education a Laboratories 
Frep J. Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D. Curator 
BERNARD O. Dopce, Px. D. Plant Pathologist 
oN HenpLEY Barnuart, A. M., M. D. Bibliographer 

. W. Ricxett, Px. D, 4s.istant bibliographer 

LBERT C. SmitH, Pu. D. Associate Cura: 

LAR LDENKE, Pu. ssociat rato 

ZABE' , A.B, ibraria: 

. H. Russy, M. D. ......... a Curator of the Economic Collections 
LEDA GRIFFITH Artist ane Ry aaa 
ERCY WILSON Ass 
OBERT S. WILLIAMS Research Uae in Br nae 
. J. ALEXANDER...... Assistant Curator and Curator of the Local Herbarium 

iP, PH. D. ssistant Curator 
LYDE CHANDLER, A. M. Technical Assistant 
OSALIE WEIKERT Technical Assistant 
REDERICK KavANAGH, Technical Assistant 
‘AROL H. Woopwaro, Edit 1 Assistant 
HomaAsS H, Everett, N. D. Horr. orticulturist 
. L. Wirrrock, A. M ent 
TTO DEGENER, nee Collaborator in Hawaiian Born ny 
OBERT HAGELSTI Honorary Curator a ee romycetes 
THEL ANSON S. PECK HAM, -Honorary Curator, Iris and Nar 1s Collections 
ARTHUR J. CORBETT tperintendent oF, Buildings a Reifel 
. C. PrANDER istant Superintendent 


PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 


Books 
n Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States and Canada, by Nathaniel 
Add 


ord caetn and ison Brown. Three volumes, giving de escriptions and illustra- 
tions of 4, 66 species. Second edition, reprin Bap), 
Flora of the Peaees and ani of. oe per America, by P. A. Rydberg. 
969 Baked and 601 figures. 1932. , $5.50 postpaid. 


oa es the Vict of New ae by H. a ree 284 pages, illustrated. 
OOo SIL 
Flora ae Bermuda, BY Nathaniel Lord Britton and others. 585 pages with 494 
text aoe IONS $3" 
Text-book of Pas Lichenology, by Albert Schneider. 230 pages. 
716 a 1897. $2.50. 
eriodicals 

Addisonia, annualy, devoted exciusively to colored plates accompanied by 
opular descriptions of flowering plants; eight p.ates in each number, thirty-two in 
$ 


each volume. ow in its twenty-tirst volume eee: price, $10 a volume 
(four years). Not offered in exchange. Free to member the Garden. 

Journal of The New York Botanical Garden, monthly, COMMIS | poe news 
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> 


erence FOR REACTUNG THE BOTANICAL GARDEN 


The New otanical Garden secre in the Bronx, immediately north of 
the Eociga Park at Fordham Rea at the south end of the Bronx River 
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To reach the Garden by the “Flevated and Subway py het the Third 
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To ity. drive north on Grand Concourse to Bedford 
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gro 


e Garden 


ER, 1939 


JOURNAL 
THE NEW YorK Wenn GARDEN 


New York, N. Y 


Bronx Park, 
matter, 


ond-cla 
10 cents 


Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, 
fice in New York S seco: 
isan copies 


ntered at the Post 
nual subecripeion. $1.0 
ee to members of the Garden 


JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
CaroL H. Woopwarp, Editor 
December, 1939 


Victoria Recia—A Portion oF THE UNDERSIDE OF THE LEA 
Cover Phoourph . Fleda Griffith 
Ricket! 


HE Lear oF Victoria REGIA 269 
Tuserous Beconia Species NATIVE TO THE AMERICAS a Schneider 274 
PLanT Nove.tigs FROM Mexico T. H. Everett 278 
Courses FOR GARD s 

EVIEWS OF RECENT Booxs 287 
Current LITERATURE aT A GLANCE Virgene Kavanagh 290 

loTEs, News Co 291 
InpeEx To VOLUME 40 293 

IN THE LIBRARY 
The motion picture industry is one of the most persistent users of the library at 
The New York Botanical Garden. It is ofte Som scientific studies of plants of 
distant as sometimes made by ‘botanists of an earner ae ry baal illustrated in 
care folio ee that the foods and flowers ands the s ee kgrounds 
erences films which show a region unfamilia ioe 


‘Man ure of innumerable ee a retail stores, explorers, sed pro- 
mere tee ee are a few of the organizations and persons that find in 
the library at the Bol as ‘Garden information which is not otherwise available— 
at least not within 200 miles of New York, and if a rare book is involved, possibly 
nowhere else in the ae 

Readers would be surprised to learn how many novels have been set against a 
background dug out a “books at ae Botanical Garden, and how many magazine 
illustrations have the 

Many a flower or nee design v on a textile or other example of craftsmanship has 
come from a book at the Gar 


ome show exhibitor: iH arden club members preparing programs and paper: 
of their exential cpt mation here. A portion of the audience at tlie 
ee aoe lectures always visits the library to delve into books on the 
eae of the day, and some of them frequently return for further reading the 
= 
Prof essional and amateur cae: alike depend on the vast store of information 
in the pptee 48, volumes on horticulture and botany in their search 


000 0 bou 
for new plants, identification oe those t! ey have, and for cultural directions and 
facts of interest about the plants they gro’ 
orkers on a projects : the WPA. use the Page bea age ce Le 
of cudesing. trandlating, and research, in one instance 
botanical manuscripts which are in the possession of the a 
he use of the library regularly by scientists and students and the influx of 
udents and Nach at ony the period are taken for granted in a scientific 
B ibrar 


d ch 
a peop in a which no other type of institution is specifically 


PERU «¥ 199m 


4 tee - 
a a 


Gag 
THE NEW YORK SNCs GARDEN 
VoL. XL DecemBer, 1939 No. 480 


The Leaf Of Victoria Regia By H. W. Rickett 


Engineering Takes a Cue From a Waterlily 


HEN Joseph Paxton began to build aianee more than 
hundred years ago, he was impressed by aNy construction 
ick 


roofs m. 
construction was not conducive to the best growth of plants, especially in 
the scanty sunshine of England. 

Paxton anes le ane ae carried larger sheets of glass, and, 
partly of the application of such ieee succeeded in 
building ee lighter greases than had been seen before 

While i: was manager of the estate a = Duke if D evonshire 4 at 
Chatsworth in Derbyshire he des and erected a group of greenhou 

which faites world-famous. The princip ies su successfully spied were 
used also in the cons fraction of te great Crystal Palace erected 
Hyde Park for the exhibition of 1851. 


The Crystal Palace 


his famous building, which Paxton — was nearly 2,000 f 
long and more than 400 feet wide. Some 19 a were enclosed. Its 
great transept rose 108 feet and enclosed Boel “full-sized living trees 
Through the long wings, 66 feet high, ran two stories . gall 
wh ast framework was roofed with glass: 18.392 es were us 

ch 49 inches ne was a al st glass house ever erected, and 
probably e been equa 

The meee Sane oe galleries and the roof was o 
Hollo n columns, which extended in several rows a the 


great length of the building, carried a system of horizontal iron ew 
of the now nai type known as I-beams. Weight was kept at 
minimum and light at a maximum by perforating the web between e 
flanges of the ee so that from the side they aes a lattice-effec 


269 


270 


The ese depth of the eee enabled them to resist bending, and the 
were preve ted from toppling over by meeting each other at right angles. 


his creations. Paxton (who was a gardener before he was a builder) 
described his inspiration in a meeting of the Society of Arts, to which 
he exhibited a leaf of Victoria regia, the great Nas of eae ae 


with longitudinal and transverse girders and es that eae 
rom it, have adopted in this building.” 


Discovery of Victoria regia 

This plant had been discovered nearly fifty years before by Haenke and 
LaCueva as they traveled down the Mamoré Sets through what is now 
Bolivia. It is a ae Haenke, when he first saw the enormous hap 
leaves floating on those quiet Hae water: “tell on his kne 
transport of ere a gratitude to the Cam of all ne ” They 
eal at that ee = left it a an regret. Sere the water- 
lily - by other explorers in ae of South America ; 
bu tor ars the —. rm world knew it only ae sie accounts which 
| bee ceht back, and from shipments of seeds, ne and portions of 
leaves and flowers which arrived-—always dead—in various centers of 
botanic learning. J.iving seeds were finally cael into England in 
1849, and grown to maturity in several gardens. The first plant to 
bloom was in the greenhouse specially built for it by Paxton at 
Chatsworth 


Strength of the Leaf 

One who sees for the first time a leaf of Victoria ig gs on the 
water is apt to ask himself: “Would it hold me up?” It is said that 
he Indians, when they gathered the edible seeds (‘ uaibauie ”) of the 


dressed white eae sitting aan on these novel rafts attests the 
plausibility of t end. It is only necessar ae to place a board on the 
leaf to dist ee ps ee enly r the surface. Indeed, if this 
precaution is taken, a large teat ill support aman w nae 150 pounds. 
One He as reported pouring sand o o the amount of 400 
pounds before it sank. Considering the ne a ae ancy which this 
peas it is eee more aes ble that the texture of "the leaf is very 
delica It is easily punctured hy a Filan a falling from a small 
aoe This deli ae "bla de floats as gently a film of oil on t 
water, yet resists the depredations of en ne impacts of wav 


a 
oO 


Under side of a leaf of Victoria regia, with reflections ron the dome of the aquatic 
house in which it was grow’ 


and wind, and can support weights of more than a hundred a pro- 
viding only that the load is distributed evenly over the surfac 
Design for Engineers 
The clue to ee curious Smee of aca is seen on the lower 
itiace. Her find the icture to which Paxton referred in the 
ee quoted ae The ee flat es is spread over a system of 
arge ribs, Paxton’s “gi i 7 


i 
ied 
oro 
na oO 

— 

nv 


ch ith the 

thin. The main ribs of a comparatively small leaf are more than 2 inches 
high at the center of the leaf, a their ken wd are less than 
an inch et Half ie to the circumfer they are 1 inch high and 
the edges only 4 i vide. The ese Boe are ae rted in a vertical 
position — cross- oe w ane run parallel t o the circumference of the leaf 
and thrust a an = — . ae main ae many of them are an inc 
high. These tur. ted by sloping narrow buttresses firmly 
anchored in the ee ‘blade, Bee fhodive the cross-ribs upright. 


272 


This is the structure, a product of nature in a remote wilderness, which 
aie the design for a great aunean aes in a civilized country 

n the other side of the world. Eve  Paxton’s day, the construction 
a greenhouses has ii eived similar ie 


Under the Microscope 
Structural design does not cease with the gross arrangement of parts, 
but extends to minute internal details; the microscope is necessary to said 
understanding eve this enormous lea e ribs which appea 
solid and massive are ee structures of great ace They 
hollow air-filled tu sae a side by side, separated by 
their ighbors and es upted longitudinally 


ribs are lightly sujaced with pink. Into their cavities project curious and 
delicate hairs, ae composed of several rigid and pointed arms spreading 
like the ace ofa 
a ch tube is a oe unit which resists bending far more than 
ould ne same amount of solid material disposed in a solid strand; this 

is ay hollow iron columns, rather than solid iron rods, are used as sup- 


The buttressed structure of a portion of the under side of a leaf of South America’s 
royal waterlily, approximately natural size. 


* . % 


A typical leaf of Victoria regia, revealing its bilateral, as than radial, construction; 
this leaf was about 4 feet a 


ports in such buildings as the Crystal Palace. The rib, which is a bundle 
of such tubes arranged in a vertical plate, possesses great strength com- 
bined with light weight. 

The air-filled passages are of value to the waterlily not only for the 
tee which they sat to the leaf, but because they provide a means 
hy which gases can circulat e throughout the plant. The gases of the air 
enter the leaf t ae minute openings in its upper suriace, and can 
thus reach - immersed parts; they can move also to the leaf-stalk, which 
begins where the ribs converge, and i ee the large air-passages 
of this to i ee parts of the 

The ribs and the leaf-stalk are ne an long sharp spines. There 
seems to he no foundation for the belief held by the mare that these 
are ve! however, sharp enough to make handling the 
leaf canta and aidoubrealy save it from being eee hy fish. 


The Structural Pattern 


The main ae of the leaf were seein above (as in most writings 
that refer to im) as radiating from the center. Actually this is not 
acc f is a bilateral, oe a a structure. The midr ue or 


urate. The | ea 
main vein continues the line of the leaf-stalk, as it does in most leav 


274 


From it several lateral branches extend to either side, arranged roughly 
not quite 


(but ) in pairs; the lateral veins fork repeatedly, so that they 
give ae that part of the blade which lies t either si ie 
midv: The lowest laterals (those nearest the leaf-stalk) are ee oe 
k immediately after leaving the midvein; their 
again, and tl ess is continued so that each of these ene alee 
e of about ird of the entire disc. (The veins of ot dl : 


The vein that extends straight back from the point of attachment re 
s ti i 


lowest branches of the lowest pair of laterals, which swing around sr 
grow together ee this line, com mpleti ting the circle of the bas This 


familiar species of hia li nae the stalk is attached between the tw 
spreading ‘barbs of arrow, the midrib extends an ie stalk to the 
i nd fina 


the mature form, in which the two backward-pointi - wi — are united 
along a line extending back from the stalk; this line may be clearly seen 
on the upper surface of a mature leaf. 


Tuberous Begonia Species 
Native To The Americas By Hildegard Schneider 


OST of the summer flowering tuberous begonias that are grown 
today have been derived from seven wild species, all of which are 
native to the Andes of Bolivia and Peru. Of these seven, five were intro- 
duced and distributed by James Veitch & Son of London, England. 
These five are oe boliviensis, B. Pearcei, B. Veitchti, B. rosaeflora 
and B. Dav E. G. Her adlevsou also of weeds n, was responsible for 
- ae m of B. Clarkei and B. cinnabarin 
Thro ugh alineren of these jee inked numerous beautiful 


forms. For convenience the group name Begonia Sealed is ee 
to ee ih Although eee tuber ee varietie ers 
e varied in color range and immensely larger than ieee a ‘wild 
hee ee latter ee an sopeal of their o own and are of particular 
interest to the collecto 
In addition to the seven mentioned above, many other tuberous- = 
species are worth growing. Those marked with an asterisk the 


275 


following alphabetical list of New World species are in cultivation at 
The New York Botanical Garden. The citations in parentheses indicate 
where illustrations of these species may be found. 

B. Balmisiana (Me cee en by Ruiz in 1795, grows on cool 
mountainsides at an altitude of about 8,000 feet. Flowers small, pale 
pink, in tins racemes. — all bulbils in say leaf axils. 

*B. Baumanni (Bolivia), was named in honor of E. Su coe 
of Ca. ae received seed from the es Dr. Sacc, of Cocha- 
bamba, Bolivia, in 1886. Grows very abundantly in moist eile eys of the 
northern Cordilleras. The tops are liked as food by animals. It is short- 
stemmed ; leaves are green and ae Bae TS oe rosy-red. In its 
native habitat the tubers grow to oe small melon. (Bot. Mag. 
tab. 7540. 1897) Distributed fro on Lemoine, around 1890. 

*B. boliviensis (Bolivia), with eee ape scarlet has ers, was orig- 
pases ga iain in 1857 by Weddell — introduced to gardens by Pearce 

1865. Fir 867 in Par The 


t exhibited 1 first iuberhybrida begonia 
raised was he vest of coming B. Pons with an unnamed Andean 
species an the na (Bo tab 


bor Seden Mag. 5657. 1867) 
The an : The N ew York Boal Gar fia which has not yet bloomed, 
came as B. eet Super: 

B. bulbifer cies a was “brought into cultivation with the soil of 
an orchid, beside it was growing. Sent to the Berlin Botanic 
Garden by M “Scvte around 1828. (Link & Otto, Ic. Plant. Rar. 
83 


B, cali Piety ee ete which has pink or purple flowers, grows 
to about 18 inches in height 
B. cinnabarina (Bolivia) was first raised from seed sent from Bolivia 
by Mr. Bridges to See in London, who distributed . first plants 
. Of erect habit. Flowers large, ‘bright cinnabar-red (Bot. Mag. 
ae 9483. 49) 
. Clarkei (Bolivia and Peru) was named in honor of Major Trevor 
a an ea oe eee rey Henderson and grew it for several 
years before flowerin; Introduced a around 1867. Stems 
een flow wers ple rose-red — . tab. 5675, 1867) 
B. a (Peru or Bolivia a) was he peed d by R. Pearce 7 his 
aa: ie the Andes. Introduced by Veitch & Son, 1866. Plants 
and branching. Stems and branches red, leaves green, Aner 
ovate. Flowers a ane oes Mag. tab. a 1871 


levation 
of 0,000 feet near ‘Chorpe, Peru. a isa ee plant with broad-ovate. 
dark green foliage and bright orange-scarlet flowers. First bloomed for 
Veitch in 1876. Used extensively for hybridizing by John Seden. (Bot 
Mag. tab. 6252. 1876) 


276 


*B. Froebelti (Ecua dor ) came into cultivation through B. Roezl, who 
disor it in 1872 in the high plateaus of the Ecuadorian at 
8,000 to 10,000 feet elevation. He collected snes there for Fruebel & 
Co, in ee Sieerlent, for whom it bloomed in 1874, ieaae oe 
crimson flow ers on short erect stems and green cee -shaped leaves with 
long petioles. This species was not used to any great extent for hybridi- 
zation. Gartenflora. tab. 1. 

*B. fulgens eae was eee in the mountains of ole near the 
Peruvian border, in company with B. Baumanni, not far from where 
B. Davisii is native. Intro ay . ee ens by Lemoine & Son of eos 
in he Plants eae compact, ileus with brilliant red flov 

gracilis (Mex ae a as described in 1825 in Humboldt & 

Ban ola nd, Nova Gen nera et Species Plantarum, is one of the oldest 

eee species known. Sins "hin, erect, spar > branching with small 

reen leaves: flowers pink. Tiny bulbils form in the axils of the leaves. 
gape to Sue ua in oe in 1829. 

a (New Granada) i species with few leaves and flowers. 


all. Flowers p: ae 
B. Martiana (Mexico) Tubers of this pink-flowered begonia were 
sent by Mr. a eppe ae Mexico to the Botanic Garden in Berlin around 


1828 ee to B. gracilis, with which it is often confused. (Link & 
Otto, Icor = Pentru Rariorum tab. 25. 1828-31 
B. oct pe Peru) was ene in cultivation as far back as 1780. 
Live plants were brought the Paris Botanic ee ‘ Dombey who 
ets ae in the Adie near Lima. First described by L’Héritier 
n 1784. In 1835 tubers of this plant were sen the Botanic Garden 
in Glasg nm Lima, Peru, by John McLean. There they bloomed the 


8 petals. It is a stemless variety, leaves and flowers arising directly from 
the tuber. Lemoine developed new ee from this hegonia hy crossing 
it with eae other tuberous varie 

wert (Mexi co) was am oe a number of plants ya by Dr. 
Edward ee in 1885 in southwestern Chihuahua, Mexico. He found 
it at ae ae a a mile from the mining town of Batopilas at 
an altitude 400 fee 

B. ee a eee was the first yellow-flowered Lea found and 

was named in honor of Richard Pearce, who discovered it in La Paz 
Introduced to gardens in 1866 through Veitch & Son. Lar: a a sible 
f gin of yellow and ie tones, Re! had previously been 
absent from ewe begonias. . Mag. tab. 5545. 1865 

olypetala (Peru) was nrc by ae el & Co. of Zurich in 
87 size and shape the of this plant resemble those of 
B. ed but are red oe pe Some lovely varieties have 


ae 
=o 
oO 
io) 
a 


Begonia Froebelii, a crimson-flowered tuberous species being grown at the 
Botanical Garden. 


been obtained a Froebel, who crossed this begonia with improved forms 


of B. octopet. 

i rosac ie (Peru) was cee by Richard Pearce, who collected 
tubers for tch & Son. He came upon this begonia in the Andes 
at an a of 12,000 feet. The plants are stemless; leaves green, reni- 
form, with SS impressed veins. The flowers ae in shades of rose-red. 
John Seden made free use of this species, which has probably been one 
of the most prolific plants in the production of tuberous garden hybrids. 
Introduced to gardens in crossing light-colored forms the first 


name Queen of the Whites. Some years later a white-flowered form was 
found in the wild 2 Walter Davis, which was a ered deiueal with 
eae of the Whit (Bot. Mag. tab. 5680. 

. rubricaiulis (pend: ) presents considerable ne as to its nati 
ae and its introduction to cultivation. Klotzch says it bloomed re 


278 


in 1837 in the Botanic Garden in Glasgow where it had been received 
from Cammeron of Birmingham without description. The plant oe 
in the Bot. Mag in 1844 (tab. 4131) was recei ived a t Kew fro 


h lea and inflor Pp 
the tuber. Leaves green, ee ae eee at base. Peduncles and 
pedicels deep red. Flowers large, rose and white. 

Bo un sifolig (Mexico), a most curious begonia, produces only one Sere 
rounded leaf with a deeply cut sinus ae ugh which a few-flow 
floresence arises. The leaf lies flat on the ground, the basal lo ie es over- 
lapping. Its native habitat is the aoaineee of the State of Guerrero in 
the Iguala canyon where it grows on dry calcareous slopes and ledges and 
in rock crevices. Dr. William Trelease, then of the Missouri Botanic 
Garden, found it there in 1904. Herbarium ane ns of B. unifolia 
had been collected two years previously in the same locality by C. G. 
Pringle. (Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard. 104 

- ise (Peru) is another of Richard a. uae 
found plan eas Bene at an elevation of 12,000 to 12,500 feet, in rd 
Bloomed a following year for Veitch & Son. Stems short and thick, 
leaves deep green. "Flowers large, vermilion. (Bot. Mag. tab. 5663. 1867) 

B. Weddelliana (Bolivia) comes from the province of Jungas at 6,000 
feet elevation. A small plant with red flowers. 


oe 


Plant Novelties From TMexico 


A Collaborator’s Work Provides New Decorative Subjects 


For the Enrichment of Horticulture By T. H. Everett 
URING the past several years the greenhouse collections at the 
Garden have been considerably enriched as a result of the activities 

in Mexico of Mr. Thomas MacDougall of ne York City. s a col- 

Yo 


laborator of New r nical Garde has sent or brought 
seeds or plants of many worth-while subjects a now find a perma- 
nent ee in our displays and which, in many instances, ae aber! 


enjoy deservedly fee distribution throughout the country. The 
eer collected by Mr. MacDougall includes numerous suc re as 
well as several begonias ae other plants of a definitely boar char- 
acter. Not all of these have yet been identified but the work of making 
determinations receives mea attention and the ante are reflected on 
the plant labels. 


Begonia Liebmanni, which was exhibited by the Garden at the last International 
Flower Show. 


sc Liebmanni 

n March of the present year an unnamed begonia exhibited by the 
Cue at the Teen Flower Show received considerable publicity. 
Tt differed markedly in ee Ga from any begonia known to be in 
Sree oe was aa oe 0 be entirely new species. The plant was 
raised fro e rhiz zome collecte d by Mr. et ee in January, 


1938. He f n ‘ 
on the ne slope ‘of Vo = n Tac: a be ae villages Talquian 
“hia 5 i 


ultivation, 
In our greenhouses this plant is now being pro oie with the intention 
of making it available later to members of the Gar 
Begonia Liebmanni has partly buried rhizomes which are crowded together and a 
sy with short hairs. The leaves, which stand erect, have white-pilose ecu 
r pinkish petioles, up to 7 inches long, and blades which are orbicular, measure to 
6 inches across, and have five or six prominent lobes of irregular size. The main 
lobes are sometimes again shallowly lobed and the margins have repand teeth. At 


280 


the sinus the Nou lobes overlap. Above, the blade is sparsely pilose and green with 

a few irregu silver areas os g@ the veins; the under surface is lightly purple- 
Gree the veins distinctly ae 

Equalin foliage in height, the numerous inflorescences Pe terete, green, 
pilose neces and short branches, Each aes has five six flowers which 
at first are pale aie ae which at maturity are pure white within an haere on 
the Ganges The nate flowers measure more than 114 inches and have 
four segments, the. au Sale large and ovate, the io inner narrow ae eobovate 


g abou’ 
eter, a pistillate flowers have two large reniform segments and one small segment 
which elliptic or ovate. he two- etch d style has fuzzy stigmas which are 
creesat. shaped. The leaf-green ovary has three shortly pilose, fleshy wing: gs ee the 
same color, one of which is broader and shorter than the others so that ovary 
is distinctly unsymmetrical. 


Begonia lobulata, bearing many hundreds of white or pinkish flowers. 


Begonia lobulata 

Although ee lobulata is listed as being in cultivation, plants re 
ceived at the Garden both from American sources and from abroad have 
all proved to be cae identified and we did not a this species repre- 


281 


sented in our collections until plants were raised from seed sent in by 
Mr. MacDougall in 1935. This seed was found at rine In the 
following year he again collected er “of this species in a garden in 
Comitan, Chiapas, though he commented that almost certainly fie plants 
had been brought there from the wild. Other seed numbers from the 
same collector have proved to be of this same species. 


An unidentified species of Begonia, among the lade raised at the Garden from 
Mr. MacDougall's collections 


282 


Beyonia lobulata is a handsome, vigorous, tall-growing plant requiring some 
por ae The many stems are erect, semi-succulent, bie sparsely branched and on the 


younger portions have a n tomentum as also have the 6-inch-long petioles. The 
le ai blades are obliquely proad-ovate, shallowly 5- to 7-lobed and measure to 9%4 
inches long by two-thirds as wide he glabrous above co for a few hairs 
t eins and ri n with usually small red areas at the point of attachment 

t the main fork: t ins. eneath they are paler and evenly brown- 
tomentose. T rgins are red, finely toothed, and ciliate. The inflorescences are 
decorative, each consisting o more white elicate pink flowers and meas- 


uring to 8 inches across. Almost equaling their subtending (eaves the peduncles at 
first are crect but droop as the flowers develop. The gene of the inflorescence 
are pink. The flowers are dipetalous, the eouuin more tha inch in diameter 
and a pistillate pila ed smaller. The petals of the lornicr are ovate, those o 
he he ovary is about % ‘Sf an inch long and has one ‘prominent 
rounded ae cn in breadth equals the length of the petal and two much nar- 
rowe an 


as 
a 
g 
Zs) 
a 
oe 
fe] 
or 
o 
id 


pene lobat 
The plan nee many botanists now know as Quamioclit lobata is oe 
known in ree ure as Mina lobata. Specimens which commen ey bloo 
ing in November of the present oe in the Tropical Flower Gar en en 
ry u 


ye They wn t 
out the seaso and by blooming i formed nandsone species 
six feet igh and ompeey hiding the stakes whic orded them sup- 
writing (late November) they ene ory a that 

i w in ee to be attractive for many weeks t 
According to tious writers ie relative of e morning glories is 
much cul Itivated in ie It own by the name “bandera esparfiola 
r Spanish fla: ee (Bheia. was first grown in Europe in 1841. 
he ce perished oS baa without setting fertile a and 
seemingly was not wh again in Europe for nearly half a century. 
About 1886 H oe ‘Schmidt A ‘Eri urt, Germ nay. alana it and 
e find a reference in the Gar den ners’ Ch hronic cle for that year (vol. 26. 


Our plants show, every evidence of forming perennial stems but it may 
well . tat in garded it is better treated as an annual. 


Quamoclit lobata a ‘tall-growing twining vine with green, heart-shaped, thin 
textured, Hee tri- “lobed lea aves and petioles somewhat oe ue n the blades, 

which on our slants measure to 5 pace long by nearly as a he ne 
are arching, many-flowered, forked racemes to 7 inches or mere long. Buds and 
flowers tubular, slightly curved, prominently a and narrowed toward ‘the 
apex. The buds are bright red but as they age they assume a creamy hue, deepening 
to yellow toward the base. Stamens and stigma are protnided at maturity. 


se. mens he 

pleasing combination of red buds and yellow flowers in the same allen ara forms 

a happy contrast with the rich green of the foliage, per the beauty of the plant is 
increased by the fact that the flowers remain attractive for a long time. 


Quamoclit lobata, an attractive Mexican climber with red buds and yellow flowers 
in the same cluster. 


284 


Dalechampia scandens, an unusual member of the Euphorbia family, in a form with 
ivory-colored bracts. 


ie ai scandens 


us member of the Euphorbiaceae is Dalechampia scandens, with 
a diab ion extending throughout the West Indies, southern and western 
Mexico, and South America except in Chile and the Argentine 


0 to 4,000 feet a 39 
ded the first specimens adavie at the Garden and possibly the first 


a in been any pictorial representation of the species other than 
some based on wild material collected in the Wes t Indies and published 
by Jacquin during the latter part of the ei eee century. 

Dalechampia scandens is a twining woody vine. The entire oe is softly pilose; 
the leaf-blades are deeply tri-lobed and abet a the petioles in length. On our 
plants blade and petiole together measure about 614 inches in jeneth but on older 
specimens this measurement would probably be increased. The leaves are green, the 
margins serrated. At the basal sinus are two short erect horn-like appendages. Our 


Tradescantia Warscewicziana, a novelty which gives promise as a satisfactory 
house plant. 


286 


plants bear inflorescences which are attractive by reason of a pair of large tri-lobed 

bracts which subtend the flowers, and which close at night. In outline these ae 

are orbicular-ovate and they measure to 1% inches across, They are creamy-wh 

tipped green at the points of the lobes, which extend to *seaely half the feosthe of 
la 


the brac The true flowers, lilee those of the Christmas poinsettia, are nd 
are arranged in a cluster at the center of the inflores hey are € 
ir lor an da striking contrast to the creamy bracts. uin’s illustration 


plan: tl 
that in nature most plants are of this eae nd Dr. H. A. Gleason, who knows 
the plant in the wild, has met only the green form. This is much less attractive than 
our plants with cream-color ed. bracts. 
Tradescantia Warscewicziana 


ai 
any visitors see a seeing Tradescantia IWarscewicsiana in bloom 
believe th: 


refuse to that it is closely related to the trailing species which are 
more parents grown, yet nists assure us that it rightly belongs in 
th s { the most handsome and satisfac of 
as for greenhouse culture and should also have great arene asa 
ae e plant. It w bei eae gated at the Garden 

sufficient su say is secured plants will be offered to mer pee 


Sel stock of our plants was Soba at San Cristobal, Chiapas, me 
Mr. MacDougall and was received here in the spring of 1936. Although 
it has been in cultivation in the past, the latest edition of the Plant 
Buyers Index lists no available source of supply. 

Tradescantia ari vicsiana has a stout erect stem which in old plants is 
branched. When your ng this species forms symmetrical specimens which are readily 


ju 
branches and these provide a ready and simple means of propagation. Tradescantia 
Warscewicsiana will be illustrated in color in the next issue of Addisonia. 


* 
Courses for i day, January 4. Those who complete the 
winter term successfully will be ae 
The Sci to enroll in the laboratory sessio 

Course te eaten ee ae offered in the spring. 
the Course in Practical Gardening will Ga ee in the “Science Course will 
begin immediately after the first of the commence their new aes on Monday 
year in the Museum Building. evening, Jan, 8, Dr. H. Camp will 
In the Practical Course there will be a teach _ class in Plant Physiology beeie 
series of twelve lectures on Outdoor Gar- ning p.m. and Dr. LN. Me 1- 
dening, to be aa by P. J. McKenna of dente veil cont the work o System- 


he carding. taff. New students will atic Botany at 8:50 p h Me ay 
be admitted fe aoe second term of work, evening. ‘New students 4 anes “aooly only 
registration bling place at 7 p.m. Thurs- for the class in Plant Physiology 


287 


(All publications reviewed here 


Reviews of Recent Books 


may be c 
The New York Botanical Garden.) 


consulted in the Library of 


A Book That Lives 
Up To Its Title 
AMERICA’S GA RDEN BOOK 
James Bush- 
ne 1,191 paces, aso illustrations, 
which include half-tones, sketches, dia” 
na 


ribner, 


ollowing request 
: “My children 
ond. they want to 
know everything at once. What book 
shall I buy for them? 

oe Sia, 
Bush-Br tour 


all. 


wild ga ardens, 
herb gardens, “fruit ad vegetable and city 
gardens, coldframes, hotbeds and green- 


houses. Roses, lilies, house plants, feed- 
ing, pruning, ‘plant diseases and pests, 
tools, various types of propagation — all 


ef ¢ 
of plants in nutrient solution has | its place 
in the book ; very properly, seh some 
of the most inte eresting experiments of 
i have 


this Wael nethod a carried 
out at ler. 

mber of subjects adequately 
treate ey is so great that one finds oneself 


eas on possible omissions. Only 
a an be produced: hybridi 

planning in the garden, and weed 
ae which is not discussed except 
in its relation to lawns. One i is not com- 


ae mind you (one has one’s money’s 
). This is merely cu 


d 
Nothin: 
than ee Fne help 
important bo 


ook — 


Horticatturel Chena 
Garden Club of America. 


A College i of Botany 


Wilfred W. obbins Fourth Edition 
664 pages, 482 figu Wiley, Ne 
York, 1 


The fourth eiton 2 - polls textboo k 
in botany testifies 
classroom. As in eo ns the 
text material is concise and the arrange- 
ment ag flexibility in teaching. T 
hapt 


oe, added to this 
en b 
While this t 


ing with the flowe e subject of 

mosses tight be curtailed. For after 

i, many students have but course in 

botany and flow ill be under observa 
n 


way OF example in nS as in economic 
products. 

Not only is this an excellent book for 
the college student but for the garden 


288 


lover as well, since it supplants the prac- 
i with the basic a facts that 
seem enue in the field of gardening 
The text are ex lic and well 
chosen to illustrate the salient features 
of the book. 


Wittiam J. BonistTeer 
Fordham University, 


The Smokies in Photographs 
VALHALLA IN THE SM DRIES: 
accompanying 
ends. George A. Exline, Cleveland, 
38. $5. 
Although not en botanical in 


nature, this volume on the Great ma kies 
should eainlate. 1 


legends, as well as the excellent photo 
graphs, r ae the history and spirit of 
the peoples who have inhabited this area. 


plants in creating 
and picturesqueness of the 


A. J. Suarp, 
University ‘of Tennessee, 


Monument To The Lily Family 


HARDY BULBS, including Half. 
hardy Bull and Teberous Sand Fi. 
brous-rooted Plants. Vol. 3. Liliaceae. 
Charles Hervey Grey. 664 pages; 
glossary. Ulsrated “by, cecily Grey. 

E. P. Dutton & Co. $11 
In the introduction to this, the third 
of his great volumes on hardy bulbs 
Lt.-Col. Grey admits that he thinks his 


stead of transferring the 
lidaceae, where most People plac 
today, and he leaves t ees and 
ee groups with ahe Amaryllids. 

o he omits entire 


ne ie 
last anda) for the reason, he says, 


that he “has no personal knowledge of the 
genera and mistrusts thei eir coe fleshy 
rh: wil e 


bu 
He says also that they 
“unsuitable for aes cultivation, 
‘ool house 


Great Britain, it is cer ine not 
the “United States, for Le vow 
nm abundance of them and ma the 
1 pet northeastern todee es and 
iouses, 
oked forward eagerly to the 


D 
that, with all its virtues I woe ittle 
a cae tag in i Grey 
ha: tag these 
plants yey at Beer the “worl ban I 
had expecte: uch mi of 


Bo 


and easily 


Be hade,” are all that a plant 
caper! would ask i ee way of cultural 
Sea? oS amateu need a Hittle 
proportion of peat? What 


neaporiian ei ee etc. 
I do not find the istatons ee 
Lien the 
ihe rates 


shows two rather sickly-looking stems 
ith only 4 or S$ an on 
each , neither with this flower nor 
ith O. thyrsoides, does h mention their 


t in South 


Faults could 


i experime: 
ki cae of liliaceous plants have resulted in 
a publication of great value. The large 


289 


numbers of species brought together 
(and notwithstanding certain omissions ) 


ould he “dificult 
nly whet one’s aes 

er my atane may he, they 

alter the fact that I consider this 

three: ie work an ae oa valuable 
contribution to horticultu 

Sarat V. Coons. 


A Drug Problem 
MARIHU. 
223 pages, 
sive bibliogr 
York, 


NA. Robert Walton, 

Hdbeed sal witha Coens 
aphy. Lippincott, New 
$3. 


the smoking of Marihuana (the 
Oriental Uae 


to P for 

study the hear of the 
well as its clinical manifestation 
and ‘peychiatrie implications 
Came. 


Ardea eel re 


ir ikon 
CHEMICAL GARDENING FOR THE 
AMATEUR. C, H. Connors and V. A, 
Tiedjens. 255 pages, illustrated, in- 
dexed. | Win, H, Wise and Co., New 
for 939. $1. 

This is a ed i for anyone in- 
terested in chemiculture, tank culture, 
water, sand or gravel culture. There 
is a delightful chapter on the, art of 
gro which ev a ner 
should re 


soil, sand, gravel or water is the medium 
in which the plant is grown 
W. Rogerns. 


Java's Five Hundred Ferns 


VARENFLORA VOOR J- 2 

Backer and O. Posthumu Pages 

i Sivii, “1-370, iMlustrated with 81 

Higures "amd | maps indexed and bibli- 

ography. Van ‘s eat aamtentiin 
Buitenzorg, Java, 1939 

The publication of a ieee - Java 

will be welcomed hy students of the 

group, and the present treatment is es- 

pecially luable becau of the long 

ux ae e au nd the care 

with ork is presented 

Although ‘wteen in Dutch, the bool is 

for the t part intelligible tu readers 

who ace Gained with English or 

German fern t ai ee Boca 

figures help ure oO 


g id i “this, aon nie work 
should e useful to es ose interested in the 
alayan f 


cultivation of Ma erns. 

For its size, Java must be ranked 
among the richest parts of the world iu 
ferns, possessing, according to this treat- 
ment, 15 families, 104 genera, and 515 

pecies. After "itroduct ry notes 
morphology and 1 ay 

oO 


m of estended keys, 
i 


: erbarium s 
lack full eynoiiy iy. ae citations, but 
this would scarcely have heen Teele 
without greatly enlarging the ee 
concluding section dealing with 
phic distribution and ecology will ‘be “Oi 
more general interest to botanists who 
are not fern specialists. 
A.C. Smirn. 


oe Illustrated ral Book 


a New Louw 
HE GARDEN IN COLOR. Louise 
Be ebe Wilder. 327 pages, alustrated 
ed. Mac. 


with 320 colored, alates a 

millan, New $2. 
able to announce 

s last book (1937) 


It is gratifying to be 
bouie Beebe Wilder 
at a price which will 
readers an opportunity 
fine writing on gardening neat 

The Garden in Color, SS co ae 

colored plates from Ger oe i 
horticultural magazine, Cartenschonhet, 
with an accompanying text for each pi 

pared by Mrs. Wilder, is 
this author’s accustomed 


not oe oe in 
manner. For 


290 


Mrs. Wilder always took pains to. write 


when she es to 

quaintance, "aa her background a long 

years of growing things, observing them 
them with 4 ore- 

wisdom, not be sup- 


sed. 
To one who has been familiar 


or Mrs. ilder 
fee ‘boat oe subject which ee 
the book its value. The original price 
of it was Pe : 50. 
Caro. H. Woopwaro. 


Garden Flowers 
WHER 


E DID YOUR GARDEN 
GROW? Jannette May Lucas. Illus. 
trations by Helene Carter. 65 pages. 
index: ippincott, Philadel, phia, 
1939. $2. 

Y ople who have gardens of 
their own enjoy the stories about 
the continental ori of some of ti 
flowers they grow, as presented by J: 
nette May Lucas ook is illustrated 
in the now familiar style of ne - 


t 
ter, who superimposes the subjects being 
discussed upon a oe map to show the 
gion from whi ue! came. 
w. H. Woopwarp. 


Tropical Tale of a City Man 
THE ORCHLD HUNTERS. A Jungle 


Adventure. Norman MacDonald. 294 
pages, illustrated with photographs. 
Farrar & Rinehart, New York, 1939. 


Orchid Hunters is a tale of two 


oo of the elusive orchid. 

n by Norman MacDonald, one 
ae ae is an ara of their atazing 
in those remote regions 


hardl Te the work an 


the story ngly ee he re 
gions and the n s and tl odes of 
living are graphically ea and their 
nen ntures vividly portrayed. It i s indeed 
tale of courage, carpe a en 


durance and through it all there weaves 


s with interest 


ent: and not incidently a 
tittle education. 


P. J. McKenna. 


Current Literature* 
At a Glance 
By Virgene Kavanagh 
e City. “Plant ela ene in the 


apartments and 
expensive s to start them from seed 
and cui 

ly pores. oe a i of ve 
Pennsylv: ania” by L K. Henry is 
illustrated, nontec! pie ae to twe ae 
common polypores ue a key and a 
bibliography, issu Botany Pamphlet 
No. ee _ ttsburgh, Pa. 

d Flot The weeds of 

Sa penis are often the highly nee 
flowers of the rest of the world, 


publication on this 


up, but it serves oS tally as a guide 
else 


to gardeners 
a ring Wild Sacaes 
Te 


mimeogr 
scriptions and pictures of some of the 
common wild flowers. It has been made 
available for use as a 4-H Club manual. 


Floral Genetics. Gen or 
ctober, Tames and Groene de Hasan 


= 


a e ray flore ey 
have studied the genetics of the white 
florets among colored one an especially 
of the vermilion-edged fl 

All publications mentione and mi 
Pre sueln be found in the Pigare o The 
Botanical Garden, in the Museum Buildin 


291 


the same number, Tone Seana 
n ue factors in the one 
eee the rT recessive ie. aa ire yel- 


colors that had n ailable 


Rhododendrons. All ‘ ies 
the construction of the errant ‘fr Tames 
to setting out the young plants, seem to 
be included in “Rhododendrons from Cut. 

ublished 


ot been a 


tings,” shed by the Ne sey 
gri. Exper. Sta, as Bulletin 666, 1939 
Species and varieties ich ar 


Journals like “The 
“The Tree 
k 


New sor ie 


us re t jot the only land 
with beautiful forests and serious con- 
servation problems. ing is 
made part of the educational program for 
the children there and il n: 
coura, at fn. 

erb Annual. The current issue . 
“The Herbarist,” a is published ai 
nually in Boston by the Hers Societ: a 


merica, is packe id ES ith interesting arti- 
cles which are easy to read. Snuff, 
indigo, woad. 
and colchicine are among the subjects 
presented there by experts. 

Wax for Vegetables. How carrots 
and cucumbers oe te market are 


bene- 
ted by waxing old in a recent bul- 
Ietin (No. 723 3) e ent! tithed “Wax Emulsions 
for Vegetables,” published by the Cornell 
Agri. Exper. Sta. sparagus, summer 
and winter squash, pumpkins, husked 
eet corn, eggplants, peppers, and 
tomatoes also eit d, but leaf: 
egetables are harmed by waxing. The 
cost of waxing is abou to 4 cents 
per bushel 


Hedge Plants. How to select a place 
a hedge what plants ie chose how 
hem t mie 


bedi ‘by N. R. Elliott in aia 337 


the Kentucky College of Agriculture. 
Brie Seay of some of the aage 
ost e for he with notes 


ri 
oie. highbush Oa 
Opulus), hemlock, and dwarf euony: 


hoe News, and Comment 


of Journals. The firm of Des 
& sed ee handles the binding of 
books for the 
tanic - = re en, 
i o Garde 
eh ate eibscuibiers, to bind the year's s 
de of ae Journal for one dollar plus 


ae nding will be of the highest 
Sana good qu: s covered in 


New Yor! ity. work w e 
promptly done and a bill will be sent be- 
bake fa bound volume is returned to the 

ae ee the same arrangement, volumes 
of Addisonia aie numbers) will be 
bound for Ss postage. 


he New York Pe Garden at a 
ting Dec. the lat 
Raymond H che amilton 


: ris "Societies 
of America and a fellow = the Royal 
Horticultural Society in London. 


Torrey Club. Dr. B. O. 
les d the Torrey Botanical Ce Nov. 
the American Museum of Natural 
History on Mendelian inheritance in the 
fungi. 


292 


Speaker. P. J. van Melle of Pough- 
<eepsie, N. Y., addressed the Saturday 


ule had orig- 
Koster y 
S 


Gardener. _ Nicholas Pecora, who had 


left the Garden to 
become a gardener at La Guardia Airport 
at North Beach, Long Island, Dec. 


services of the Ga 
as an apprent ice and wa: 
a student gardener in July of tht 


Visiters. Dr. M. Demerec and Dr. 
3. P. Kaufman, geneticists at the Car- 
egie Institution at Co Id, Spring Harbor, vr, 
vane the Garden Dec. 2 with Dr. Alcx 
hohe 
t 


ge 
materia al for eriments on the genetic 
i _ohysologial effects of ultra-violet 


J. Se Oe who came to the 
in ee November, accompanied 
r. A. B. Stout on a ae ‘to trathglass 
Farm near Port hester to survey the 
poplar breeding work in which they are 
co-operatin 


aay 
Garden 


dwin Os, Grover, Vice-president 
The New 
na mis- 
Botanical age in 
\ Park, Florida, of which he : 
President. This new project, ae it 
expected will be opened to the ne the 
first of the year, is a 55-acre t of 
feud ae the city, being develo a in 
ory r. Theodore L. Mead 
recognition ia his half-century of service 
to hortic 


3 


f the Institut 


B 
a 
a 
oO 
2 
a7 
= 
3 
ne 
Se 
5 
R 


is spending a year in 

Harvard ee rsity, 

Console ulac 
R. 


g 
specializing in the 


_ Wood. paleobotanist with the 
ie 7 ological Gane: spent a week- 
end at ie Garden last month, studying 
in the herbarium 

Among other ‘November visitors we 
M. L. Fernald and C. A. Nes of 
the Gray Herbarium, M. A. Chrysler of 


Rutgers University, Roland W. Brown 
ot a U. S. National Museum, Arthur 
of the Tr re: 
ras, Pu 
Frances J. Clark of the Connecticut Ag- 
ricultural Experiment Station, and Jane 
Craighead of the Boyce Thompson 1In- 
stitute. 


Confer. Sun and autumn 
pees ‘metings attend by staff mem- 
bers the subject of the November 
confers ntific staff and reg- 


Dr. Fred 


. Stout on botanical casnutions in Eu- 
ee and the Seventh International Con- 
ress of Genetics in Edinburgh. 


Lectures. Addresses eve recently by 
members of He staff include “Mush- 
rooms of Forest an before the 
Connecticut Tecucaieaet Society and 
“Bermuda: Its Gardens and Scenery” be- 
fore the Fai arden Club, both by 
r. FE. ; “Arro s and 
Fish Poisons of the South American In- 
dians” by Dr. A. C. Smith befor e 


of the 
. H. N. Mo ae before 
e Watchung Nature Club. 


Visiting Groups. Three groups to 
ing more than 150 students from ae 


College of New Rochelle visited the 
Garden in mid-Nover ie er in connection 
with their courses in botany. One group 


t ecology. On Nov. 
udying botany with the Soil Conserva- 
tion Service of the W.P.A., under ae 

U.S. Department of Agriculture, made 
tour of the main conservatories. 


A collection of gourds, Indian 
, which won a a 


5 
a. 
38 
5 
2a 
6 
5 

"of 
3 
B 
9 
3 
‘og 
2 
5 
s 
a 
Pe 
4 


re ose 

beet on exhibit in the rotunda of the 

museum building at the Botanical Garden. 
d an 


The material was raised and exhibited by 
Miss Vielen M. Tillinghast of Vernon, 
Conn 


293 


INDEX TO VOLUME 40 


Monthly features, such as Notes, News, 


Sy and Comment and Cu 
will be found in the Table of ie (page ti) but not in the i 


rrent Literature at a Glance, 
ndex below. Such items as 


lists of visitors and lectures by staff members, also eit regilory, are not listed here. 


er the authors’ names in 


abbre: 
April and reas bie reports ee historical data, 
the rest of the volume 


Abbott, F. L. 164 A 
nari rae 188 


Abel, L. Horsford 266 

Achillea tomentosa 117 novae-angtiae 
Acrodiclidium 20 novi-belgi 

Adan R. 160 sters ( 


220 a M1 
chus clavifolius 111 


Adromis Aue hter, E. C. 1 

Advisory Council 52, 171, 253 Azalea indica at 

Ageratn Houstonianum 69 

Alexander, E. J. 27, 71, 75, 191, 
es Grvw) 263, Sup. 10, 14, 

7, Bachman, John 93, 119, 172 

Algae Cran 95 Bagatelle Nurseries 265 

Allen, T. Bailey, H. L. 7, 8 

Allophylus ieee 35 Baker, Gladys E. 76, (rvw) 166 

Alpinia S Gal alanga 208 Bamboo 123 

Alyssum aes 75 oe Car! 

Amaranthus Barn as ae ndley (ryws) 
audatus 69 74, a Sup. 12, 13, 20 
gangeticus tricolor 69 Barrett, Mrs. on Felton 52 

‘Amarytiiiceds 25 eck, Donald U. 102, 105 

Amaryllis Society (American) 191 Beck, Mrs. Walter 189 

cis un Association for the Ad- Beckett, Edwin 1 


Yancenent of Science 27 eae Cinkeical lists of spe- 


American Wild Flowers for the and varieties) 55-67,275-279 
peer Garden (Phot mia 
graphs) 184-185 acida 
Amorphophatlus titanum 101, 179, boliviensis 87, 274, 275 
af 1, 221 brasiliensi: 
erson, Arthur M. Sup 24 Cathearti 2 a - 
Ni ena tomentosa 36 cinnabarina 274, 275 
Anemone quinguefolia 1 a kei 274 


Anemonella tha 
Annuals 68-71, 
Aphids 14 


siete ane 
Sup. 


scores 2 
Gloir = Loran 206-207 


Apples (Exper: iments eon 268 benatis _ 
Aquilegia canaden: o 
Arboretum Sap. Eitan fi 
oe "oreur 188 lobulata 

carpus ati s 111 Pearcei ae 274, 276 

- old Arbor "8 
Arnold-Cons be -" Co. resaeAota 274, 277 
Artemisia seen od ocotran: Cae 
Asclepias aaa 

einai rad teria 7, oe 274-278 

tuber Veitchii 


Ashby, ee 212, 213 xanthina oe 


which was paged sepa 


issue 
Ir ately fas 


Begonia ee as 6 
ee Exhibit 
Be 


egon Socotran: ae rogeny 
ea “their Culture ja G. 
Esson) 201-207 

Begonia eee 

Begoni w York aul 
Garde n “ 

Begonias Bring Three Awards to 
Botanical Garden 89 

Begonias (Culture and History) 
53-55 

Begonias (Tuberous) 197-200, 
274-27 
Alphabetical list 275- 

Benedict, R. C. (r vw) a 

» Dr. Rhoda 

mnie 043 

Berge, Edward 2 

ertholletia excelsa 20 

Biekart, M. 11 
ennials Sup. 3 

Bigger, J. W. 244 

Binding 52, 291 

Bingham, Ma arjorie 


Biological Ente Sess: 
tion 172 

Biology - Teachers (Association) 
267 

Bisaillon, A. 

Bitancourt, A. A. 220 

Black-spot (Rose) 138, Sup. 8 

uae H. L, 171 

se ee £ Managers 52, 171, 253, 

2 291 

Saget & Atkins 265 

Bobbink, L. C. 102, 116, 130, 134, 
149, 173 


. 93, 119 


Bombax 12 

Bonisteel, William J. (rvw) 75, 
28 

Book Reviews. 
of index. 
jooks acquired 1 
Books for the ea Gardener 
(Elizabeth C. Hall) 259-260 
Bostelmann, Else 124 

Botanical Conference 171 


See list at end 


Botanical Garden aes in 
we Exhibits at World’s 


10: 
ere lanuginosum 220 
Botrytis 140, 141 
Braun, E. Lucy as 
pai E. G. 
ae 93, 119, 148, 172, 


ae 
British Guiana, Plant Collecting 
rae 10- ie a 39 


itton cat ie 1 
ee ee Lord 
Brittonia S: 


Buildings and Gro 
b: . 


1 
Burgess, A. F. 
Burns, Ada ak (rvw) 169 
Bursera 
Butler, ae 27 
Butler, june Rainsford 51 
Byrsonima verbascifolia 16 


the Northeast (Martha 
109-115 


Cacti in 


Cacti under Cultivation in the 
West Southwest (Photo- 
graphs) 112-113 

Cactus : 

Cain, Stanley A. 171, (rvw) 216 

Saas aureum 213 

Caltha palu 

Camp, Hugh 

Camp, W. H. on 94, 124, 148, 
171, (rvw) 262, 267, 286, (rvw) 
289, Sup. 10, 17, 20 
‘amp: 


Carex Sup. 

Carnegiea as 172 
Caryocar 18 

Casearia spinescens 35 
Cattleya violacea 13 
Ceiba 12 


pentandra 14 
Celosia plumosa 69 


294 


Centaurea 
Cyanu: 


moschata 69 
Cephalocereus 36 
aaa Wi 


Cereus 36 
Shiela ene 112 
peruvianus a, oh 


Chafer (Rose) 1 
bea ta eG 
pare Florence ae 27, Sup. 


ches, Philip A. 93, 148, 172, 
191, (rvw) 215, Py p. 15 


Chai Ye. 
Chetonanthus wines 
Chemical Treatment of oe 192 


Chiao, C. Y. oe 

Chinch Bugs Sup. & 

Ca Ginger CW. M. Porter- 
Id) 208-211 


Psi eet Foods in New 
York 107, 
Chapa 
e Sup. 


Display 266, a up. 5 
Chrysogonam virginianum 75 
Cimicifuga racemosa 185, 188 

ery 


Clark, J. Harold 1 
Clarkson, Rosetta E. (rvw) 23, 
76, 220, 267 
Modern Role of Ancient 
Herbs in Industry and 
ome 245. ce 
Classification of P s 51 


Cleland, Ralph e iim ) 122 
Clema texen: 
Clidemia 12: 

iphanantha 36 


um vitifolium 35 
Codiacum variegatum 230-232 


+ 189 
Callahan 278 
Collection of Begonias Grown at 
The New York. Botanical Gar- 
n (T. H. Everett} 53-67 


oe 76 
Columbia College 2 


Composing 2 Border of oe 
(Howard W. Swift) 6 

Compost 

Conferences 
124, ee 


oa 28, 76, 94, 


os 

nally , Lawrence 93, 119 

Con nelly, Patrick 255 

Conservation 51, 123, ian 

Conservatories Sup. 

Coombs, ieee oe ‘ie. ae 
W.)7 


s 68 


. Sup. 
e Hedleston 27 
rassula entire 111 
rt ceienaens oi 
Rose) 141 


reuligo ee 36 
uma, ay 


ler, W (rvw) 215 
‘utting, ea G. 93 


185, 187 
Cyrtopodium cristatum 37 


Daboecia cantabriea 75 
Dahlia variabilis 290 
Dahlias (display) 266 


Dalechampia Se 284 
Daly, Charles 
Dalziel, M. ae 

aphne Genkwa 75 
Dawson, H. 92 
Daylilies, Three aa 32 
Daylily Week 93, 


19 
h Storm hae in 
ral Massachusetts (M. A. 
Me oo 43- oe 
Deamia ee 
aes M. 52 
6 Sa: 10, 17 
Le akin Fellows 190 
(American) 


le Saint, Mrs. a B. 172 
oo as villosa 1 
Deuber, Carl G. 9 
Dicentra Cucullaria 187 
Diderma rugosum 213 


Didymium crustaceum 213 

Director’: Report for 193% 
Sup. 1-2. 

Discover: cular of 


Cir 1889 
Marks ee Aniveraey of 
Garden’s - conception 

a ae eran 


Gourds 292 

Krubi - Franklin Society 220 

Orchi 

Oauee (oheoeraphs) 40-41 
Spring 12. 

Divers, Jo! i. & Margaret 150 

Dixon, Mary (rvw) 146 

Dodge, fe} 


Some eee fi thi 
Control of Co Dis- 
eases ond a of Garden 


s 
3 
er 
a 


Dwyer, J. D. 27 


Easter Display 9 
ari Shade a Conference 
» 42, 46 


Tae, eedin: ae 94 

Eaton, Pred S. 6,8 
Echinocactus Saae 11 
Behincceress Boater 112 
Ecology 123 

Edge, Rosalie 
Edmondson, Mrs, a W. 171 
canna Sup. 
eis 


are 16 


295 


Elective Managers and Office: 
The ae 
den 5-1938 

Eltott, eee 93 

Elliott, J. ae ie 148, 189, 
(rvw) 2 

ae Mar) i 


» Carl 
Sede sh. Speaking Union Sup. 15 
Eperna 1 
Ephedra californica 176 
Epidendrum decipiens 38 
Epigaea iene ns 185, 187 
tythr' rina 171 


Euphorbia marginata 69 
i ourses for Gardeners 
212 
Everett, a H. 71, 75, 76, 91, 


n $3-67 
Plant t Novelties from Mexico 


278-286 
pane in the House 22 
Begonia Names Clari- 
ie ae 


Ewing, Ray 
Exchange bane nt aoe 93 


Exhibits (See also Displays) 
Begonias 52 
Books 
Labels 
Museu up. 12 
Paintings 123 
orld’s Fair oe 
Exploring fe mts in British 


Guiana eee 14-15 
F. Nurseries 265 


F. & 
Fagus Hee pendula 21 
Sear Tro 


The Making of a Flower Mas. 
ter 221-228 


of 
York Potanical ‘Ca 
Sup. 


191, 


Field Botany (Course) 267 
Fiftieth Anniversary (of Gar- 
den) 1 


, H. 
ers, Annette ue ne 
ea 2 
ae Fort 268 
lower Arrangement (Japanese) 


"Show aes 

Shows (Pointers ie Ex- 
Victoria’s Time 
(EL. th nC. Hall) 47 

Eintine Garden Club 51 

Folkl Fact of Medicinal 

Plants i in Raa aes (ra L. 


Fox, Helen M. f Mortimer 
J.) (rvw) 121, 1 
Hie ade 
» RB. 9 
Petra 170 
Fruits 
le rf 192 
xperiments on 
Roce Maree oe 
Futlling, und H, 28, (rvw) 
72, te . “360 
Fundamentals of Gardening 
(Course) 212 
Bp eat Rose-' ee 


of 
McKe ee 125-1 
Fungi (pore ) 2 


Garden ies Weel 


Careing Cn) ao 266, aes 
Garden: » 105, 17 
Casters a inata a 

Gaultheria procumbens 188 
Genetica 290 

Genetics of Fungi Sup. 17 

Geneva Experiment Station 267 


Gifts 265, 266, 267 


Gillies, ee 

Gilly, Char 

Ginger (Chinese) oe 211 

Girl Scouts 

Gleason, if in 4, 
189, (rv "28, “86 ne at 


i 71, 117 


harles F. = 3 


Gri 
Giintrer,. Cl 


Gypsy Mo th on “Sup. 6 


aay oe 119 
Hadley, C. H. 
Heres eee 26 
gelstein, Rol a nae 213, 243, 
Sup. 9, 10, 
ae Blea c ee 25, $2, 
(rvw) 121, i "189 
St a 12, 21 
cooks for the Practical Gav- 
eee 259-260 
Flowers in Victoria’s Time 47 
milton, C. C. 117 
Hania of American Naturalists 
26 


Harper, R. - 92,2 

Hassler, W. G. 10, 

Hastings, George (rvw) 169, 
172, 267 


Hedera Tl 


edgi 
Helianthus 6 
He ei an Sup. 16 
fulva 
aia 32 
August pean Festival, Han- 
ow 32 


Hemlock (Eastern) 235 


296 


Hemlock (Redding) 2. 


oo pn 53 166 
Henry, 
7 2 ri io 


k Club 220 
1 Society of Mineicn 291 
one ils ie ee 
Herbariw 
Herl hert, wv ii gras 144 
Herbert 


Herb: 

Herpestis 16 

Herrington, Arthur 117 

Te oan F.C. (rvw) 96, (rvw) 
4, (rvw) 239 


Pete William 109, 112 


Hae rR. 
Hilt, Mrs. Robert e 116, 151 
Hippeastr nim 

solandri oe 36 

vittatum 

Toelle, oe rst 

omas 

dace Win pi 10 


Ioltick, 

rane ee 

Hooker, Mrs, te Cane 
253, 255 

Hopkins, ardner 92, 213, 244 

Hormacche, Estenio 244 

Horticultural aes (American 
Society for) 1 

oe tee 

Houstonia 


ngerford, O. W. 10 
Wunnemannia fumariacfolia 
Hurricane ites to Ties in 

New y (Allyn R. Jen- 

nit es) ty . 

Hydrangea macrophylla 231 
Hylocereus undatus 109, 111 


Iboza riparia 28 
Ickes, Harold T.. 51 
0 


le, - (rw 
isa ea of he eee 247 
Indigofera pascuorum 37 


Information Te Sup, 15 
nsect Manual 268 
Eaeratona Come ess for Micro- 
iolo, ie 


ee aa nae Show 52, 
89, 

be 68 
cristata re 188 
verna 

Tris Plar ngs Sup. 3, 8 


176 
Horticultural Society 148 


Jacoby, Paul H 112 

Japanese Algae 

Japanese Art of ee Flow- 
ihe. Home (Ervin 5. 


n 
Jesup, Morris K. 2 

os K. Small Louisiana State 

Tris Study Field 2 

Jonstens Edith F. 

Jones, L. a 244 

Journal 14 

Jussiaca ae 

Just, Theodor 100, ae 261, 267 


Kakka ene ae i 224 


Kalmia latifolia 89, ue 
Karting, J. S. 9 44 
Kavanagh, F. W. Sup. 21 
Kavanagh, Virgene 
Current Literature at a Glance 
26, 51, 75, 100, 122, 170, 192, 
218, 242, 268, 290 
Mrs. Alfred G. (rvw) 216 
. ry, Father 12 
Fr 


at the Botanical Garden 


130-134 
Kellogg, Royal S. (rvw) 147 
Kelsey, Harlan . oo 163 
Kennedy, John 


King, Mrs. Francis 116, 151 
Kinney, Mrs. Warren 52 
171 


Kobs, 

Kojan, Selma 171 
Korea (Paintings of) 27 
Koster, P. M. 213, 292 
Kramer, mald 
Krogslund, William 119 
Krubi '» 220 


Krukoff, Baris A. 171, Sup. 17 
Kunkel, L. O. 1 


Labeling 
Labels ‘coi, 191 
Labor: 
eae . 244 
oe, us ‘(epecies) lll 
s 210 


2 
BR 
2 

Hart 


as 190 
Laws for plant exchange 51 
£ heats “Regi (H. W. 


is 
Ledingham, Sir John C. G. 244 


lanting Methods 
e Na tive Garden 182-189 


ia 

cardinalis 183, 187, Sup. 16 
Erinus 69 
syphilitica a See 16 
butari 

aad Wilasi 111 
ord & Burnham 


ae IF 


297 


Louisiana Iris Conservation So- 
ciety 265 
Lupton, George 148 


MacCartney, Fraser 148, Sup. 15 
MacDougal, D. T. 5, 9 


eas of Root Systems of 
rees 45-46 
re oe 90, 278- an 


Hl, 

Mackenzie, Kenneth K. Sup. 
ac ie, M. er 7,8 

im ere 187 
Main Conservatories 253 
ee of a Flower Master (Er- 
nS. Ferry) 221-228 
Malvvie ee ftorus 28 

millar’ 


sci Sup Ip. 
of the nee Central 
17 


Mauritia flexu 5 
Mayaca rare 

eae L. 
McFarlai 


eee Cc. 
McG 


vw) 194 
McKenna, J. 17, 124, 
(rvw) i, 212, aes. (rvw) 290, 
Sup. 3, 
Foamenss of Rose-Grow- 
129 
Mekenmy, sear 124 
MeKen: 

Deal ing inn on orm Damage in 
Central paae 43-45 
ae ae 
Be rk, E. 


‘der 
to E, D. ey 19 
: R. Ls Mo: aa 266 
A. B. Stout 144 
Mode plants 176 


Melastomataccae aoe 17 
Melville, Charles 1 


sl 
ns mbership Souk Sup. 
sti rrill, E. 
ertensia virginica 187 
eae species 111 
Metzner, a rvw) 145 


Mexi Plant Novelties from) 
a oe 

Meyer, Karl F. 244 

becaie 
prasix 


ter op 
Merida Congress in New 
92, 


nics static 51 

Midwestern Flora 219 

Mildew (Rose) 136, Sup. 8 
Miller, Mrs, aa ell 171 

Mills, D, O. 

Mimusops lta Schomburgkii 36 
Mina Jobata 


irabilis J; 
Mississippi Plants $1 
itchella repens 186 
Modern of Ancient He: 


ths 
Industry rane Home (Rosetta E 
Clarkson) 245- ee 
Baia H. N. 
(rv prt ew). 195, a 8, 
Sup. 


15, i ot 
ooh in Ancient Egypt 
2 Ge plant cles) a 
. Gilber 


, A. de la 91, ee 
Montgomery, Robert H. 253, 255, 
, Sup. 5 
Seed. Marcel G. 191 
Montrichardia ea 13 


urray, E.G. D. oe 
Murray, William 12 
XN and re 
Sup. tf 


ing 
ushroom Poisoning 236 
aioe ee 
Mycologia 26, 
Mycological ae 267 


Myrcia sylvatica 38 


Myxomycetes 124, 213, 243, 
Sup. 9 


Naj ageire 78, 80, 


N ational pees of Sciences 148 
National Parks 100 
National Shade Tree Conference 
es est ee 
e Pla x Gardens 182 
Norra ae 268 
, Ernst 171, (rvw) 263, 267 
sea 11 
isis he hee Sup. 19 
Nellis, ce 11 
Nelso 


1 
S Eropestion Method for = 
oa Rhododendrons (Henry 
Skinner) 83-89 
New South Wales (Conservation) 
1 


otanical itis (An- 
nual Reports) Supplement 
Sup. 7 


an 
sylve: 
resins ek eae fg 
North American 

Nymphaea species ae 


Ober! aa Ch. 


Opuntia ees 220, ve 17 
220. 


Orch ae 266 
sae 


ja, T. 12 
jones S. 244 


298 


Osmunda 
cinnamomea 188 
Clay’ a 188 


rega 

Ottend are Oswald 2 
Our Botanical Garden Sup. 47 
Outdoor Flower Desviazs @ at the 

Caries ae mel 

(pho hs) 40~ 
Oanioue “Gardening (ous 286 
Oystershell Scale 


Pachyrhizus species 107 
Park Conference 219 


255, Sup. 2 
Passiflora securiclata 36 
Paxton, le eph 269 
Pearl Bi Unveils Bronze Tablet 


Dedicated to L. C. Gages 149 
Peckham, Ethel Anson 213 
Sup. 21 


Exhibitors at 
29-31 


wer 
E , Charles 119 

Pecora, Nicholas 94, 292 

Pe i Greggii 111 

Pe 4 m (rvw) 145 


(rvw) 98, 213, 


ae Ralph a 191, (rvw) 237 

iper 18 

Piptadenia nee 35 

Piqueria trinervia 28 

nu nda 38 

Plant Collecting in ne Guiana 
A.C. Smith) 10-21, 35-39 

Plant Pea ons Displays 

Sup. 


Plant ee s 
Plant Yor aloey one 212 
ae ee Mexico (T. 


itcairnia 


a 


tudie: 17 
tiie ty Planting Methods for 
the oO Ae (Rohert S$ 


"Ditton to Garden 
Members 


Plaque (to L. C. Bobhink) 116, 
173 
Plum abage indica coccinea 28 
Poinsettias in aie House (T. H. 
Everett) 2. 
bss for ee at Flower 
s (Ethel Anson S. Peck- 
h ny 31 
Poison I y Destiuction. ot) 218 
toate ‘ava be 186 
Polygon: 
Polypores ere 
Poplars anes Sup. 16 
ee 
Porterfield, ee 7: (rvw) 240 
Gane Ginger 208-211 
Yam-Bean as a ne of Food 
in China 
Potassium one 268 
Pratt, Mrs. Harold I. 52, 102 
Primula vulgaris 75 
Princeton Nurseries 265 
Pring, George H. 
Water Jilies—Their Culture and 
Propagation 103 
Professional a Sup 
ical shrabs y 
ss (Joh 


oF 
23 


Propae ation of 
83-89, 291 
sPrototrichia metallica 213 


Rhododendrons 


Pteridium ‘aractindidelany 38 
bee tions 

e Garden ae 13 

e Staff Sup. 


Quamoclit . 
lobata 2. 
Questions the Month 22, 46 


o Broadcasts 1 

faa ate Club hs 242 
See in, W. H. 9 

Raup, Lucy C. and Hugh M. a 
eating oe Tree (A 

Stout) 2 

ed -dwaod ee . 

Reed, George M. 9: 
Research Sup. 16 
Rex, E. G. 9 
Rhododendro 

care imine 

Fini vt oo: 188 

dec 


jay um 
tevin a8 


maximum 88 
minus fe 
ponti 
Rlododendons ce 89, 265, 291 
Rice, he L. 
Ricket ea 212, 267 
tate Vie toria Regia 269-274 
Ri T. M. 92, 244 
oe William J. 5, 8, 27, 45, 
76, 92, 94, 102, 116, 121, 
148, a ma 244, 255, 292, 
Sup. 17. 
Reviews 72 96, 98, 145, 195, 


Roche’ ie 

Rock eee uses Memo- 
rial) Sup. 5 

Rock Garden Week 123 

Rock Gardens 268 

Rockefeller, yo hn D. 

Rockefeller, William 

Rosa alba, alpina, Here dam- 


cena, gallica, 130; Hugonis 
ta, multiflora 135, pendulina, 
_, Sempervi 


102, 116, 149 

Rose Garden Sup. 3, 8 

Roses 125-144 

ts 125-129, 191 
sease and Pest Control 

i 6-144 

teworthy Varieties 129 

‘Id-Fashioned 130-134 

Roses (Pearl S. anna na 175 

Rusby, H. H. 2, Sup. 


Salvia 
farinacea 69 
lendens 69 
Salvinia cette 


13 
Samson, Donald 93, 119, 266 
and Culture of Plots 123 


Saxiflora 

Saxif. 
cortusaefolia 75 
virginiensis 


etho mm, cine Cc. 2 
Schlin, 116, 150 
Schnee, i Idegard 
eal ous Begonia Species Na- 
e to the irae 274-278 
ie 171, 


299 


ae Robert and Richard 
37 


0, 12, 13, 17, 

: fer, William H. 243 
Schreiner, E. J. 267, 292 
Schwarten, Mrs. L. D. Sup, 12 

cience Course 212. 266, 286 
Scientific Directors 33 
Scilla sinensis 75 


ee VDelphinii Sup. & 
Mrs. wee Tloyt 52, 123 
uae 
Seabury, Mrs. nae 89 
Seaver, F. 27, 76, a 
240, 244, 292, Sup. 1 oo 
Recent Mushroom as 
_ 237 
Seed Exchange Sup. 
Selaginella 35 
S. 


Sharp J. 171, (rvw) 288 
Shortia sll a 
Simpson, Robert 

Skinner, H. ie ae 268 
_ Provan Method for 


en 


97, 100, 171, 220, (rv w) 289, 
292, Sup. 9-23 
Plant Collecting ia Iritish 
Guiana 10-21, 35-39 
Smith, Elmer D. (rvw) 263, 267 
Smith, eas Hi. 124 
Smith, Sir and Lady William 


Wrig : 
Snedigar, er 38 
e Suggestions = the Control 


s (B. Dodge) 


South Aan Plants Sup. 6 
290 


Tks, 
Spear, Philip 
ecial E 

Sprague, oe w) 147 
ely iva 190, 191 (rvw) 


ete ene, a 


Sterns, E. 
ae room Boks “nH9- 452 


Pee Tree 
ne ies 
bre ew Daylilies 32-34 
i mana or Pendulous Heim- 
locks -166 


What mu a ie 46 
a Nathan 20. 
ng, Ma ae Prentice 
eon G.) 124, 148 
Cacti in the Northeast 109-115 
Strychnos 
oo oe 
oxifera 1 
Stud lent ence 148, 172, 243, 
266 


(Mrs. 


Graduation 118 


Studies of Root Sys of Trees 
(D. MacDougal) 45-46 

Sturdier, Healthier Trees the 
Aim of Eastern Conference at 
Botanical Garde ure 
Woodw: oe 7 

Sturgis, W. 

Se Mrs ‘Sth Hf, 52 

Sw: a i 114, 119, 
I 

Sw. hn 165, 235 

Swale, 244 

Swift, How; Ww. 7 ae oe 
Ceapeeie: a 


Is 68-71 


nual 
Systematic Botany (Course) 212, 
286 


Tachia guianensis 20 


Tagetes 69 

Tansey, a Me fw) 216 

Tate, G. 

Tea (savior, aunt 

Teach Be of ny nes 
on )2 


mie eyanocrocus 26 
Te Laan cine: ae 
Terry, Mr ae ranklin P, 
Terry Hola len muerte ae 
fears 

, Emma E. (rvw) 287 
ee paleanncnt 189 
Pieinaes ‘us bicolor ae 
hei mas, William S, 

Re a 1 ae Garden 


New Daylilies (A. B. 


out) 32-34 
Thunbergia grandiflora 230, 231 
Tiarella cordifolia 187 
Tiffany and Co. an 
Tillingh. 
Titus, Regin: 
ae (Early 
enia Bee eri 
rrey ee aa 1, 291 


ast, Helen M, 292 
ald 7: en 168 
» 2 


adesca: 
286 
Treasurer's Report for 1938 
Sup. 24 
Tree-planting 266 
rees 
Conference 
Damage 5-8, 
Disease-resistant 
For Highways Streets 6 
Pests of 
Root Systems of 45 
Trillium erectum, grandiflorum, 


nivale, stylosum 187 
Tropical Agriculture (Seventh In- 
ternational Congress) $1 
Tropical Flower Garden Opened 
with Ceremony and Tea in Con- 
servatory 253-256 
Tropical Rain-Forest Sup. 41 
Tsuga canadensis 23 


i Hobby ( ohn wv. ay 


7-200 
raberom Begonia Species Native 
the Americas (Hildegard 
74-278 


Begonia Names Clarified 
T. H. Everett) 256-258 


Ulmus pumila 6 
Utricularia mixta 16 


Vacciniaceae Sup. v7 

Vaccinium Vitis-idae 

Van Brunt, Elna Renisen i 
Van Fleet, 

“ “Heninge, A C. 156, 


58, 


es “Mette, P. J. 75, 292 


rigida 69 
Verbenaceae Sup. 17 


300 


Veronica spicata rosea 117 
ictoria regia, 13, 269-274 


agen, Victor 

Vouberg, Pr D. 159 

Wallflowers 123 

Walsh, John 189 

Walther, Eric 243 

Ward, F. Kingdon 189, 258 

Waterbury, Elizabeth 171 

Wate: ae (at the Garden) 101, 
Su 

Waters thei Culture and 
Propagation (G. H. Pring) 


John 
Pane 3 ical Shrubs 
hy Leaf-Bud Cuttings 229-233 
Watts, John 148 
Tuberous Begonia Hybrids 
Gardening Hobby 197-200 
Wax Emulsions for Vegetables 
291 
ee Mrs. W. EL. 


ceping Fiemlocks oad Their 


61, 163 
Weeping or Pendulous Hemlocks 
. B. Stout) ee on 

aes F.D 

Weigel, - A. ee 

Weikert, Rosalie Sup. 

ae ey M. 8, a on 71 
Vest Day Camp 

Re st Tropical ‘Afrion at of) 
5 


7 
Westcott, Cynthia 152 
We: 

V 


J and oct a ee 
et Mexico 


W al ae (Publications on) 
» 219, 242, 290 
ne of Atlantic Coast Salt 
Marshes 268 
Williams, R. S. 148, Sup. 10 
Vi 


Wilson, rl 267 

Wilson, Perey 23, Sup. 10, 17 

Wittrock, G. L. 213, Ca) 215, 
Sup. 10, 23 


Wodehouse, R. P. 


. Sup. 
7 ee 50, 
8, 99, 1. 170, 196, 241, 
261, 254, 289, 291 up, 14 
ees Healthier Trees the 
Aim pee ence 
t Bo stanica [ “Gar 
World's Fair 101, 105, a 
Progress Administration 
14, 15, 
ht, John L. - 
right, Richardson te 
Wright, Wilbur 93, 119, 243 


Xyris 16 


a oe of ua 35, 
an ce of ae 
“China ow. an Porterfield) 


Jen se 


io 95 
nee ‘rote and Mrs. Clar- 


Zimmerman, P. W. 
Zine ee a 
Zinni 


BOOK REVIEWS 

Abbott, Daisy T. 
Garden 242 

er eae 


Northern 


pane ee 
0 


ald. More Green 
Fingers oe 
Ashby, Eric; ; elen; 
Richter, are and 


acker, C. dias oO. 


Barner, Johannes, and other: 


German - English Botanical 
Terminology 196 

Beals, SH ree American 
Earth 262 


Bissland, James H., and others. 
Rock Garden 196 

Blackburn, Ben. Your Garden 
This Week 218 

Bottomley, M. - Art of Home 
Landscape 9 


Bower, F. O. Sixty Years of 
Botany in Britain 74 


L; 
reise for the 


Bush- Dee a and James. 


Cc. C 

w Nursery List 264 

scent ee Charles. ie 
in Metabolism in the Plan 


os 
Coleman, Mary ise. Bees 
in the Garden oe Honey in 


e Larder 99 

Gee Gilbeart H. Commer- 
cial Fertilizers 194 

Comstock, Anna Botsford. 
Handbook of Nature cae 
169 

Connors, C. H. & Tiedjens, V. 

A. co Gardening for 
the Amateur 289 

Conway, J. Gregory, and mee 
Elinor Wallace. Flow 
East-West 49 

Cornell, Ralph D. Conspicuous 
California Plants 169 

Correvon, Henry. Flore Alpine 
261 

Crane, M. B. & Lawrence, W. 
a Pa Or Genetics of (Gard 
Plants 262 

Cross, Ruth. Eden on a Coun- 
try Hill 241 


Cumming, Alex. Hardy Chrys- 
anthemums 

Davies, Thomas, J. 
Common Pet Grasses = 
Legume: 

Dawson, c. ne n, MLV. 


Plan iy es Dr 
Degener, Otto. lora Hawaii- 
sis 50 
A Year in 
oe Mary Cable. What to 
ata Herhs 121 
4 M. V. & D. es Cc. D. 
Plant ann 
Dunn, L. C. & Sinnott, oer 
W. Principles of Genetics 122 
Du Puy, William Atherton. 
Nation's Forests 168 


301 


Eliot, Willard Ayers. Fores’ 
Trees of the uenea — 7 
Ex rae EE.&M |, P.H. 
halla in ae sia 288 
er en World Was 
My Garden 
Farrington, 
Gardene: 


To Persia 


wart, Botanic Gar- 
World 21 


ae Ole, & Rogers, Charles 
Chemistry of Plant Con- 
stituents 145 
Grey, ee les Hervey 


afson, A. F. 
Fertilizers 239 
te ee Robert. Diatoma- 
E. Cacti for 


r 95 
ate Se for the 


Haupt, eee . 
tion to Botany 167 


Tntroduac- 


E. 
‘Sthictize af Economic ae 
215, 268 
Hiatt, Elinor Wallace. & Con- 
way, J. ce egory. Flowers 
t- West 49 
he ied M, & 
bins, Wilfred W. ee 
of eek Botany 287 
Hubbard, Henry Vincent & No- 
len, John, Ee ys and 


and Values 193 
Rees Clarence J. World 
of Plant Life 260 
Hyll, Thomas, First Garden 
Book 170 
James, Harlean. Romance of 
th National Parks 195 


e 

= ae oe F. & McKenny. 
X Book of Wild 
ale cc 

ones, ntroduction to 
Floral ae 

Junk, W. Scie: pe Naturalis 
Bibliographia 

Kains, M. G. ie tures in 
one for Boys and Girls 


ee M. G. & McQuesten, L. 
M. Propagation of Plants 25 
King, Eleanor & Pessels, Well- 


rden Creatures 170 
t Allies 99 


Kobe, Elsbeth & Wolff, Wal- 
Adventures with Liv- 
ngs 145 

La a H. 
Evergreens 240 


Sagas of the 


Latimer, Julia A. 
Garden Gate 25 
Laurie, Alex & Poesch, G. H. 
Commercial Flower Forcing 
216, pie 
Lawrence, W. J. C. Practical 
Plant oe 75 
oes Ww. C. & Crane, 
B. enetics of Garden 


Inside My 


er E. and Shull, 
Experiments in 
lant Physiology 195 


Lucas, Jannette Ma Vhe: 
Did Your Garden Grow? 290 

MacDonald, Norm 1 
Hunters 


Madison, Haro'd L. Wild 


Maximov, Nicolai A. Plant 
rsiol ea 96 


Maxwell. P. H. & E: fol 
cialis in the oe as 


McKenny, Margaret & John- 
ston, Edith F. - Book of 
ild Flowers 19: 

McLean, Olive eae Flowers 
Hawaii 73 

McQuesten, L. M Kains, 

q. pagution of Plan 5 

Mercer, (Editor) Garden 


Miller, E. C. lant Physiol- 
ogy 72 
Morse, H. K. Gardening in 


1 
mscher, Walter Conrad. 
Plants of 

Uni States 73 
Nolen, John & Hubbard, Henry 
Vincent. Parkways and Land 


Values 1 

Ortloff, H. Stuart & Raymore, 

Hane . Garden Planning 
ding 238 

ead ae ae rset 196 

Perry, Frances. Gar. 
dening 237 

Pessels, Wellmer & King, 
Eleanor 


Garden Lo 170 
Insect "allies 
ee, Ehrenfri a Bio-Dy- 
ae Farming and Garden- 
ng 9 


ore a & Sansome, F. W. 
Recent Advances in Plant 
Genetics 218 

Pickwell, Gayle. Desert. 1 

Poesch, G. H. & Laurie, Alex. 
Co mmereial Flower Forcing 
216 

pean: O. & Backer, C. A. 


Ortloff, 
. Stuart. Garden Planning 
and Building 


302 


Reynolds, G. W. 
Succulents for 
263 

Richter, Harald, 
German - English 
Terminology 196 

Itethins, Wilfred . ot hope: 
Richard M. ook of 
General Botan pe 

Robinson, E. R (Compiler) 
New VPronouncing Dictionary 

nes 264 


and others. 


and others. 
Botanical 


storic Gar- 


ents 145 
Christopher.  For- 
River 262 


Sansome, F. W. & 


Philip, J 
ecent Advances in Plant 
Genetics 218 
Seifriz, ais Physiology 
of Plants 97 
Shankle, pai aoe State 
Names, Flags, S Sones, 
irds, Flowers ana Other 
ubols 12 
Shull, Charles A. and Loomis, 
Walter E, Experiments in 
Plant Physiology 195 


al 
at 

Simmons, James R. Feathers 

anil Fur on the Turnpike 50 

nott, cies W. & Dunn, 

Cc. nciples of Genetics 


late, Geo L. Lilies for 
Arierieatt canes 238 
Sloane, Boyd L., an 


id others. 
Succulents for the Amateur 
63 


ae Rosalie & Todd, Ann. 
A Key to New York 99 


the Amateur 


Small, John Kunkel. Ferns of 
the Southeastern States 48 
Smith, Gilbert M. 
Cryptogamic Botany (Volume 
I--A 


Cryptogamic Botany (Volume 
Bere’ i- 


IIl— ytes and Pteri. 

dophytes. 7 

Stearn, Waom ees Epi- 
medium ancouveria 
218 

Stevens, Stanford. Plants of 
Sun and Sand 264 
Taylor, Norman oo 
Garden Dictionar 

Thomas, J. O. & Davies, L. J. 


common ee Cae and 


LoD 
@ 


Tiedjens, 


* Hf 


ee 
Ch any fence 

fo or the Amateur 289 
Toumey, Jam: ee & Korstian, 
vlarene F. undations of 
in Eco- 


‘ yatt. Wonder 

ans and Plant Wonders 

Walia: Robert P. Marihuana 
289 

Watts, R, L. & Watts, aa 
2 ne ee 
ness 

Wel ne oun Noyes, 
196 

White, Alain, and others. Suc 
ee for the Amateur 263 

Wilder, Louise Beebe. Gard: 
ey Color 289 

Wolf, Walter H. & 
Eisbeth. 
Living Thin, 

ee D 


Herbs 


Kroeber, 
Adventure with 
45 


neh 
Scre an 
onthe Heber W. 
of Pharmaceutical aa 75 


THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
BOARD OF MANAGERS 


I, ELECTIVE MANAGERS 
Until 1940: Henry ve Forest BaLpwin ee president), CHILDS aa 
yw R, Jennines, Henry Locxuart, Jr. D, T. MacDoucaL, Mrs, Har 
- n 


Until 1941: E. C. Aucuter, MarsHatt Fietp, Mrs. Eon Hunrtincton 
Hooker, Jonn L, Merrie (Vice. president), Cov. Rosert H. MontTcoMeEry, 
H. Hosart Ponies: and A, cY SAUNDERS. 

Until 1942: ArtHuR M. pence (Treasurer), Pierre Jay, CLARENCE 
Lewis, E. D. Merritt, Henry tae Montacne (Secretary and Assistani 
Tr easurer), and Wittram J. Roe 


Il. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS 
fom H. LaGuarpia, Mayor ah the City of New York. 
ome Moses, Park Commissione: 
Ss MARSHALL, President of the Board of Education. 
APPOINTIVE MANAGERS 
Tracy E. Hazen, Ga aoeda by the Torrey Botanical Club. 


R. A. Harper, Sam F TRELEASE, EpmMuND W. SINNOTT, and Marston T. 
Bocert, appointed by Columbia Universit ity. 


GARDEN STAFF 


WittiamM J. Rossins, Pu. D., Sc. D. Director 
H. A. GLeason, tes Dear cheney, Assistant Director and Head Curator 
aa DE LA MONTAGNE Assistant Director 
A. B. Stout, rh Dintcls sie orks Curator of Education and Laboratories 
Frep J. Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D, Curaior 
ERNARD Q. Dopcr, Pu. D. Plant Pathologist 
ae ieee BARNHART, Ay Ma oM. Dig ccc teeta wer ta ins Bibliographer 
IT. W. Rickert, Pu. D. Assistant Bibliographer 
LBERT e Sina. Pu. D. Associate Curator 
AROLD N. MoLpENKE, Pu eer Associate Curator 
LIzABETH C, Hatt, A. B., B. Librarian 
. H. Russy, M. Di cokes rae, Curator of the Economic ae ns 
LEDA GRIFFITH Artist and Pho Aacitedl 
ERCY WILSON Research. pt 

OBERT S. WILLIAMS are: ssociate in Bryolo, se 
. J. ALEXANDER...... Assistant Curator and paalbed ie ae Local "Herbarium 

. H. Camp, Pu. D. ssistant Curator 
LYDE CHANDLER, M. ae a ‘Assistan! 
LIE WEIKERT Technical Assistant 
'REDERICK VANAGH, M.A. Technical Assistant 
ARoL H. Woopwarp, A. B. Editorial Assistant 
Tuomas H. Faas we D. Hort. Horticulturist 
. L. Wrrrrs A. Custodian of the Herbarium 
To Dec: “ML se = uallaborator in Howaiin Botany 
Ropert HAGEL ere IN ary Curator of mycetes 
E eat ANSON = pg aa - Honorary Pe "Tite and Naretasu “Collection 
ARTHUR J. Cor Superintendent of ie ildings Grounds 
A. C PEANTER | Assistant Su ee rintendent 


pie CORPORATION OF THE NEW YORK sahisaic rai GARDEN 


the ne of N ww York in 1891. The et of Incorporation Aen oe other things, for 

a eelepermereation body of incorporators, who meet anvally to elect members of the Board of 

Managers. They also elect new members of thei n body, the present roster of which i 
below 


The Advisory Council consists of 12 or more women who are elected by the Board. B 
custom, they are also zlecieal to the Comoration. Officer He are: Mrs. Elon Huntington Hooker, 
Chairman; Mrs. Carl A. de Gersdorff, First Vice-chai Mrs. William A. Lockwood, Second 
Vice-chairman; Mrs. Nelson B. Williams, “Recording “Secretaty “Mrs. Townsend Scudder, Cor- 
responding Secretary; and Mrs. F. Leonard Kellogg, Treasurer 


Arthur M. Anderson Harry Harkness Flagler B. Y. Morrison 
hur M. Anderson Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox Mrs. Augustus G. Paine 
George Arents, Jr. Childs Frick Mrs. James R. Parsons 
Mrs. George Arents, Jr. Mrs. Carl A. de Gersdorff Rufus L. Patterson 
Vincent Astor r. H. A. Glea Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham 
C. Auchter Mrs. Frederick A. ene: Mrs. George W. Perkins 
Dr. Raymond F. Bacon Mrs. George McM. Godley Howard Phipps 
Mrs. Robert Bacon Murry Guggenheim James R. Pi 
Pr i Edward S. Harkness H bart Porter 
Steph Prof. R. A. Harper Mrs. Harold I 
Henry de Forest Baldwin Prof. Tracy E. Hazen He C. Putnam 
Sherman Baldwin A. Heckscher Stanley yer 
r mes Barne Mrs. William F. Hencken Johnston L. Redmond 
Mrs. William Felton Barrett Mrs. A. Barton Hepburn Ogden Mills Reid 
Prof. Charles P. Berkey Capt. Henry B. Heylman Dr. William a Robbins 
George Blumenthal Mrs. Christian R. Holmes rof. H. 
Prof. Marston T. Bogert Mrs. Elon H. Hooker Mrs. Herbert L. Satterlee 
Prof. William J. Bonisteel Mrs. Clement Houghton John M. Schiff 
George P. Archer M. Huntington Mrs. Henry F. Schwarz 
Mrs. Richard de Wolfe Brixey Pierre Jay Mrs. Arthur Hoyt Scott 
Mr: eae Bulkley Allyn R. Jenni Mrs Scribner 
Dr. Nicholas M. Butler Mrs. Walter Jenni rs. Townsend Scudd 
Prof. Gary . F. Leonard in Mrs. Samuel Seabu: 
M rew Carnegie rs. Warren Kinney Prof. Edmund W. il 
Miss Mabel C! Clarence Mc wis Mrs. Samuel Sloan 
Miss E. Mabel Clark Henry Lockhart, Jr. James Speyer 
W. R. Coe rs. William A. Lockwood Col. J. E. Spingarn 
Richard C. Colt Dr. D. T. MacDougal Mrs. Charles H. Stout 
Mrs. Jerome W. Coombs Mrs. David Ives Nathan Straus, 
Alfred J. Crane Mrs. H. Edward Manville ron G. Strong 
Mrs. C. I. DeBevoise Parker McCollester Mrs. Arthur H. Sulzberger 
Mrs. Thomas M. Debevoise Mrs. John R. McGinley Joseph wan 
Edward C. Delafield Dr. erril Dr. William S. Thomas 
Mrs B. de Long John L. Merrill f F ease 
Rev. Dr. H. M. Denslow ec Miller, Jr. Mrs. Harold McL. Turner 
NulisneDepmen Mr: well Miller, Jr. Mrs. Antonie P. Voislawsky 
Mrs. Charles D. Dickey. George M. Allen Wardwell 
Mrs. John W. Draper IR pe ma NC Ree Wells 
; Mrs. Gilbert Montague rs. Nelson B. Williams 
Bacco ee Col. Robert H. Montgomery Bronson Winthro) 
Marshall Field BarringeoniNtcy Grenvillen 1 Wino 
William B. O. Field Mrs. William H. Moore John 
Mrs. Robert H. Fife J. Pierpont Morgan Mrs. wie H. Woodin 
Mrs. Henry J. Fisher Dr. Robert T. Morris Richardson Wright 


) 
Vou. XL SUPPLEMENT May 19389 
JOURNAL 


of 
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 


Published monthly by The New York Botanical ee Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. 
Entered at the Post Office in w Yor! +, as second-class matter 
nnual subscription $1.00 ‘ ar copies 10 cents 
F 


ree to members of the Garden 


JOURNAL 
o 


THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 


Vor. XL SUPPLEMENT May 1939 


REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 
FOR 1938 


HE activities of The New York Botanical Garden are so diverse that it 
o review within ee limits and yet with ace 

detail ‘the accomplishments of the pas' Many subjects which 
be discussed in a report of this ae fae been omitted and — pre- 


orm. 
uring the past year distinct advance has been made in certain features 
of the material aspects of the Garden 


Buildings and Grounds 


Under the supervision of Mr. A. J. Corbett, Huey and Mr. 
. Pfander, Assistant Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds, many 
improvements have been initiated or completed. 
he reconstruction of the main conservatory at a total cost of appro: 


of some ae 4 the terra cotta. The repair of the cornice will cost approxi- 
— $50. 

ork on ae ng the comfort stations for men and women in the 
ee of the Museum and Administration Building was begun Septem- 


1 


2 YO 
OUT ANIC, 


2 


er 19th. These rest rooms have received little attention since the con- 
struction of the building some 40 years ago, and the rehabilitation now under 
adly needed. The expense of these repairs will approximate 


A laboratory for investigation of the importance and function of growth 
b 


f 
Rockefeller Foundation. 

The lecture room in the Administration and Museum Building was 
improved by a minor change in the lighting system, ae cl ing of floor 
runners to deaden noise, and the purchase of a new scre 

I ordance with an agreement between the Garden and the City an 
exchange ies been fer whereby the Garden turns over to the Park 
120 acre 


use as plivercunds and for general recreational purposes. In addition 
manure pits, a propagating house, cold frames, and other structures on this 
ill be the Ga: The ini 


0 1 of hich ar 
proceeding through the interest and cope anon of the Park Department 
and under its supervision, will be o t for the future develop- 
ment of the Garden. year or more will be necessary for the completion of 
this program, and much work will be placed on the Garden staff and con- 
siderable expense a in installation and changes of planting required 
under the new condition 


In addition many minor items involved in maintenance of buildings and 
grounds were completed during the past year. These include enlarging the 
steam trench in the basement of the Museum and Administration Buildin 
Mov: i i $i i 


ange, P 
ventilators and glass in the propagating houses, repairs to drinking foun- 
tains, and the installation of water pipe to the dahlia border, installation 


3 


of cies in the old iris garden, id the main sewer at Power House 1, 
and many other similar items. Som ,000 linear feet of 10-foot paths 
were eee during the year, the ey being done by the Works Progress 
Administration. 


Living Plant Collections and Displays 


Under the direction of Horticulturist T. H. Everett and with the able 
assistance of P. J. McKenna and others the living plant collections and 
displays have been extended and improved. 

utdoor Plantings. aie somewhat unfavorable climatic conditions 
during the early part of the season and excessive heat du uring August, the 
outdoor flower displays have om uniformly good. 
mer displays of annuals and ae involved the use of 34,350 
SiGe set out from pots and flats in addition to many items sown in situ. 
In preparation for a 1939 seu foe 2,500 sae bulbs have been 


planted in the Conservatory Court and 7,600 biennial raisi 
is Garden made a parti ee fine display in May a early June. 
This garden was enlarged during the the accion of 600 plants of 


nts 
220 plants of Siberian Iris in 40 varieties, 800 bulbous Iris in all varieties, 
d 150 plants representing 15 natural species. 
installation of land drains in the Rose Garden mater: ae reduced 
g. t winter 


winter killi 11, less than 100 plants were lost las erthe- 
less, in orde improve the plantings and to maintain as of e is 
as possible 862 plants in 173 varieties were re i r 


kind of rose in the United Sta 
Following the elimination a the old Dahlia Borders incident to the 
alienation of land to the City, new borders were established near the Iris 
d 


ssure ms number 1,200 piants were raised, 700 of these from ane 
ing the spring 2,700 plants of 66 varieties of Hardy Asters were 
p ae ed and set out from pots to form a border which created a goo 
display during late September. 


“unploL JONUNIOT YO X MINT 34], f4sty q q f , ? 


5 


The display of Hardy Chrysanthemums during 1938 was the best o 
recent years and attracted much favorable comment. Some 3,500 ate 
were used in the SH eee Border. 

viso 


1 
included the setting out of more than 1,300 as propagated at the Gar de 
and 450 received from other sources as well as the planting 
5,000 bulbs of Seilla, Chionodoxa, Galanthus, Crocus, Patligna, aie 
G 


Nearly 2,000 Cams were propagated and planted near the Fordham 
Hospital Entrance 

The Perennial Borie at the west end of Conservatory Range 1 has been 
maintained as usual. 

The Hardy and Tropical Waterlilies provided satisfactory summer 


e past several years the Narcissus plantings have been m eracually: 
it sui 


742 plants were transferred to a new nursery and 4,683 plants were set out 
in the nursery from beds and frames. 

A considerable extension of th he Arboretum is desirable. A beginning 
has been made, and the preparation of a planting plan is receiving attention. 


6 


The new accessions to our permanent plant collections pas the year 
numbered 1,945. Labeling receives constant attention, but vandalism 
makes it difficult to maintain signs and labels in many parts of ee re 
In ad dition to many thousands of small record labels 2,550 show labels were 


eds totaling 4,819 packets were distributed to 282 botanical gardens 

hout the world and to 38 private individuals. 
From the exchange lists of others 359 packets were requested and received. 
eds have been collected and a 1938-39 seed list of 489 items has been 


Indoor Plantings. Reference has already been made to the plantings in 
the reconstructed Conservatory. So far as practicable, it is planned t 


eliminate the growing of specimens in individual po $s and instead 
o plant them in ground beds in a naturalistic fashion. This arrangement 
does not detract from the scientific aspects e collections, ae them 
more pleasin: d provides better cultural conditions. 
he continuous flower show initiated in 1932 but atte during 
the reconstructi f the conservatory has been reinstituted because of the 
T 


terial. 
Range 2 is largely devoted to the production of ainaee plants for 


ry Ra 1 and outdoor ai he 
Begonia Collection, the Sou th African arte material and 
some large temperate-house woody mate 


: 8 


Plant Diseases 


Under the able nea of the saclay Dr. B. O. Dodge, 
.N 


ed Jast year. 
treated with lead arsenate using 10 pounds per 1,000 square feet. he 
repellent, aluminum sulfate and hydrated lime, was used with good results. 


apok Cazaa 


8 


Treatment of the Iris plantings with lead arsenate two years ago has 
largely eliminated soft rot and removal of diseased plants and sterilizing 
the soil with Semesan has controlled the rhizome rot caused by Sclerotium 
Delphinii. 

Black spot and mildew were more serious in the Rose Garden than at 
any time in the past ten years, probably because of ad rainy weather which 
prevailed during a good part of the season. Nev ane the roses were 
maintained in good condition by constant ean 

Chinch bugs appeared in several spots in the Garden and were con- 
trolled by one per cent nicotine tobacco-dust, using fifty pounds per thousand 
square feet. 


Herbarium 


erbarium is in effect a panes pie, of correctly identified plants 
sible A 


ee! in convenient and acce A suitably organized her- 
bari which is sufficiently meet a serves com nt botanists as a 
means of identifying unknown specimens qui and accurat t 

ddi is the b for research in the taxonomy, distribution, evolution, 
variation, and e ca. the chemical comp: an her proper- 
ties of plants. The herbarium of The New k Botanical Garden serves 
in all these ways, and the more complete it is and the more efficiently and 


conveniently organized it is the more satisfactory it becomes as a source of 
information and as a research tool. 
The herbarium of The New York Botanical Garden is the largest under 


y r a 
total of 1,933, 506. It contains one of the three major collections of 


n e 
groups of the fungi. 0 accurate statement can be made of the monetary 
value of such a herbarium, since much of its contents could not be replaced. 
To develop a herbarium of similar size and representing the same regions 
would probably cost five hundred thousand dollars. To apply the same 
critical study to such plants as has been applied to the present herbarium 
and to make the s sai available in printed form would easily require a 
million dollars mo 

Extraordi ie seited funds make it impossible for the herbarium to 
develop equally in all its branches or to secure material from all parts of the 


9 


world. While desirable material from every region is added as opportunity 
offers and funds are available, it is frequently necessary to limit the scope 
of its collections and the activities of its staff. 
Among the numerous additions during the past year, which represent all 
six continents and all parts of the Americas, certain collections enumerated 
are especially noteworthy. 
he collections of Dr. A. C. Smith in southern British Guiana, 1,583 
sheets, most of which were from regions never before visited by a botanist. 
The collections of G. H. H. Tate from Mount Auyan- Tepui, Venezuela, 
sio: 


of which only a part have as yet been acce: mountain, 
before ascended, is a part of the genera which includes Mount 
Roraima and Mo Duida. Although the collection made by Mr. 
as necessarily small and incomplete, it tains many species new to 
science or hitherto not represented in o 
The i herbarium of Myxomycetes. Mr. W. C. Sturgis devoted 
any y o the study of this vnteresing group of minute plants, and 
see a vealleetion of 3,200 specimens, aude many cn specimens. 


The Hagelstein herbarium i Myxoimycetes presented to the Botanical 
Garden by Honorary Curator Robert Hagelstein. This ieaa of 4,80 
i bl ial 


a 
3 
> 
io] 
mn 
o 
Z 
= 
io} 
Q 
on 
a 
° 
es 
° 
o 
oP. 
2 
Qa 
fay 
“S 
oq 
” 
is) 
ae} 
5 
° 
wn 
a 
= 
= 
8 
og 
= 
5 


serve ed to ou eal 
aie us sahe largest and most representative collection of Myxomycetes in 
ca. 


of the Herbarium. The utilization of the herbarium for research 
nd = general information to the public is unabated. Four general types 
of service may be distinguished. 
1. General and miscellaneous information to the public. Numerous 
specimens, ae fragments of cultivated plants, are submitted for identifi- 


2. Identification of plants for botanists and botanical institutions. Dur- 


na 
to our permanent collections. It scarcely nee be added that a similar 


10 


service is given us by numerous botanical institutions, both American and 
foreign. 


3. Use of the herbarium by visiting botanists. The botanists who have 


y 
University of Puerto , Experiment Station of Cuba, University of 
Munchen, Lund ( Seedeny Gunes: rsity. 


1s of her barium specimens. Herbarium material is loaned freely 
di 


mo nging a single specimen Ir 
1,822 sheets, to 63 different institutions or individuals, located in twenty-one 

different states, the District of Columbia, Argentina, Brazil, Cuba, Englan 

Germany, Holland, and Sweden, 
The herbarium is in characte of Head Curator H. A. Gleason. Curator 
Fred J. Seaver and assistants supervise the fungus collections; Associate 
Wi C. Smith, . Moldenke, and Assistant 
Curator W. amp, assist with the cellections of higher plants, Assistant 
Curator E. J. Meander is in charge of the local herbarium, Research Asso- 
hni 


9 
ne 
° 
4 
a 
a 
aa) 
fo 
4 
3 
“< 
oO 


Rosalie Weikert has charge of the herbarium of ae a aticae, 
Honorary Curator Robert Hagelstein is active i e development and 
organization of the collection of Myxomycetes ; Collaborator ener 
continues his studies of Hawaiian Flora ; rock is respon- 

ble for the records and supervises the sical care of the general her- 
barium; Miss Margare heeler continues in charge of the Mounting 

oom. In addition to funds for desirable material and increased staff, the 


outstanding need of the herbarium is suitable cases for filing the collections. 
At present nearly one quarter of the herbarium is filed in temporary paper 
cases which constitute a fire hazard and are not insect-proof or dust-proof. 


9 9, : 
li i ae q umogs st PH ss fos 


SEMOPHIS ‘SISTANENITLIOY 


12 


Library 
The library of The New York Botanical Garden is one of the most 


U1 
nd the periodicals and continuations regularly received number wel 
r 600. 


The library of The New York Botanical Garden is not only of service 
to botanists and horticulturists of New York City but to professionals an 
all parts of t i ibra 


leges, universities, botanical gardens, museums, academies, and other similar 
institutions are included in this group. 

During the past year 14,828 catalogue cards were added to the library 
consisting of 4,851 typewritten cards, 4,244 cards of the Torrey Botanical 
Club and 5,733 ek Botee res cards. Three units of catalogue 

ard files and b purchased adding 225 additional drawers. 


In addition to eccee fe the library staff, ie Librarian Elizabeth 
e 


and assistant librarian Mrs D. Schwarten, has prepared reference car 
files on ingen iy and he officers and addresses of various pla 
societies, lists s on special subjects of current interest, aided in initiat- 


Chronicle (London) an 
prepared 36 exhibits of books a eee of importance in connection 
with the Saturday afternoon lec 

The growth of the library ae increase in its use make readin: om 
epee and more eae npc aie e in the near future. Additional aa files 
the lighting of the library are also needed. 


Museum Exhibits 


No material change has been made in increase the value of these exhibits for 
ae exhibits in the Museum and Adminis- as peblic should be made as soon as funds 
ration Building. Changes designed to purpose can be found. 


13 


Publications 


The publications of The New York Bo- 
tanical Garden concern chiefly taxonomy, 
mycology, horticulture, and popular sub- 

ft ical and horticul 1 interest 


In conception 
re a shear Gane ca 1895) and ay ue 
most monumental work is North A:meri- 
can Fl ich is planned to be om. 
pleted in ee ied of four or more parts 
each, c Se me North a I ca 


jacluding.| Graal West Indie: 
Central oe Oe the first published 
part, which appeared i in 1905, eig! ee seven 


rth American Flora is edt ted by 


ane H. A. 


for numero rma: species in culti- 
vatiot e 29, f Ha ing the 
Apocynaceae, is ae wor Dr. 

Woodson, of tl e Miscour: Botanical 


Garden, the aes authority on the 
American species. 
itor. 


Editorial work o: other parts, deal- 
ing with ace and “with rasses, is 
in an advanced state, and their publication 

y be expected in the frst hai of 1939. 
Haitorial pile has beg nother part 
dealing 2 portion a "hes Combos ite 
Family. 

The jount of scholarly effort neces- 

ry roduce an authoritative taxo- 
nomic study of any group of plants i 


great, and the completion of such a hug 
work as Nor erican ee will be 
the a fe) Lo years to co’ That 

the staff New TB 


Yor 

Garden is ee insufficient to produce 
ao alee Flora is at once obvious. 
of plants ao 
Ene ueGticn contribut Pe 
aioe time every taxo’ moist 
ta ff The New York Botanical 

Garden is ean at work on 
American ae or is engaged 3 in research 
applicable 

M 


9 
as 


minent botanists 


regular official duties. hey ex- 
in a most striking way the spirit 


of cooperation which exists among the 
botanists of the world. 

The following table shows the location 
and number of botanists now engaged in 
this work: 


Nuan- 

tion Taslitution ber 
Ps Peal and: Royal Botanic Gardens 
Kent, Englai —— 
Utrecht, iotisad Botanisch Museum 

im, Sweden Royal Museum 
Poronty, “Canada University 
Puerto Rico University 
College of! Agriculture 

Massachusetts at 


Pennsylvania 


Maryland 
District of Columbia Burcu of Plant Industry 


tional Herbarium 
atholic Universit 
West Virginia niversity 
Ohio State University 
Michigan University, 
bei iw University 
in Fe a Mus seurT 
Wisconsin Universit: 
North Carolina University 
Missouri Missouri Botanical Garden 
University 
a State C 
pawyeraity 
Arizona Unive: 
Oregon Agricultural College 
California University (Berkeley) 
Universi y (Los Angeles) 
eland Stanford Jr., Uni- 
nity 
ona College 
New York Botanicat 
Garden 6 
Institutions 37 
Private Investigator 1 
Number of Investigators at work, local 6 
Collaborators 60 
Plant Groups in preparation 61 
Mycologia. Established in 1908 a 
Meo to the Jou urn nal of M’ lean 


in- vchiel a. lume 30 for 1938 contained 
707 pages and 64 signed articles. 
Addisonia. Established in 1916 by 


oo 
a 


suitable descriptions in popular language 
and any desirable notes and synonymy 


14 


ai brief pana of the known prop- wider distribution and leaves little doubt 
erties and wu: the plants illustrated. that there is a place for a larger magazine 
Unde the editorship oe Assistant Curator of this type. 
E. J. ee ander two numbers completing on Car Work h: 
Voium ae di in 1938. i ore paidod for publication 
late 


nogr. 
tinued on the 

ae ttonia. Edited by Associate Cura- of an atlas of plates on Carex by the 

. Smith, Britionio is devoted to Kenneth K. Mackenzie, for many years 


technical papers in plant taxonomy and a member of the Board of Managers of 
geography. Two ai were published The New York poate! Garden. A 
in 1938, the final number of Volume 2 and bequest left by ackenzie will be 
the first number of Volume 3. These two used to publis! h this authoritative work, 
numbers total 229 pages. which should appear in aes in pe quarto 
Journal, ‘The 39th volume of the Jour- Volumes of about 540 pages each. 

nal of The New York Botanical Garden P 

was completed in nie ilies aioe He special articles by pri of the “staf fo 
sistant Sane ard in a variety of subjects of Race and 
The nal is “devoted 6 popular vet horticultural interest have appe eared in 


A change in style of the magazi e has published by the Garden, "others not. These 
resulted in greater interest in it Pe nd a are listed on pages 20 to 23. 


Photogra 
The pana department | under the colored. In addition through the co- oper- 


1,410 negatives, develo ed 2,204 negatives, tration a photographic index of the Gar- 
i nd d ative: 


made 4,880 prints, 270 enlargements, ani len negatives and lantern slides is being 
920 lantern slides, 463 of which were prepare 
Education 


One of the purposes of The New York of public lectures were given on Saturday 
Botanic Garden, stated in the Act of afternoons from September until June, a 
Incorporation, is instruction of the people total of 37 lectures. The average attend- 
in the culture of plants, flowers, te ae Ae the spring session is 139 and 


and trees, in botanical science and kno ioe e fall session 106. Last year the 
edge and in kindred subjects. Within ce ee attendance was 80. Members of 
limitations of its facilities and resources the staff and lecturers from the outside 
the Garden has carried out this purpose particiated in this 
from the date of its establishment under Courses in ioe ny. Three courses in 
4 feed consistent ee It has been the botany were offered, ae concerned with 
of The New York Botanical Garden the eee a nae shrubs, flowers, 
* es its eee program chiefly and f Very few students registered 


for adults, although freely offering its for hese courses which will probably not 
facilities and cooperation for the instruc- be offered another 
ren. gi- 
n 


hon Sin o hee policy aaer Fee Course in Boiewie Exploration. A 
ff an A ere not available course of four ale on Botanical Ex- 
for an extensi ering the Ploration was in cooperation with 
entire field of educati d other agencies the American fastit ute to a special class 
were available and ac for younger of 12 selected high school students. 
ople, In accordance with this policy the Course in Rock Garden Construction. 
followine formal and informal Paes A course in rock garden construction con- 
was given during the past year under the sisting of 12 periods in July, August, and 
ipervision Carator f Edu September was given by M ‘an- 
cation and Lal oratories, Everett, der and taken by 18 ple. In addition 


Horticulturist, with the ‘assistance of Car- to lectures the course included the con- 
ol H. Woodward and other members of — struction of miniature rock gardens. 

the staff. Two-Year Science Course for Profes- 
Free Public Lectures. Three series sional Gardeners. Under the supervision 


15 


of Mr. Everett and with the cooperation 
of the oa staff the two- er — 
for 


course rofessional garden 
continued. 

Beginning in January a of 12 
ectares i systematic bo Penis was taught 
by oldenke and a course of 12 lec: 
tures a ant physiology by Dr. _ Camp. 
The register 
average 


In April graduation exercises 
held for 8 students who had Beale 
completed the two-year course. 

In October, Dr. Gleason began a course 
of 12 lectures in ecology and plant geog- 
raphy, and Dr. ih e g oO 
12 lectures in plant patho! 
alate students eine for each of these 


r Sekt se in Practical Gar. 
ear course in practi ical 

incding a subjects, was 

the year. ate 


- 
At 

gardening 
dur certifica 


orks Progress Administration. I 
addition facilities hase nina for 
al pr: under 


tion, known as the “Wes t Da: ay Camp”. 


from public schools of te boroughs of 


the Bronx, ee ttan, oe oo 
rooklyn v: ited the Garde 

instruct et | fe 
project. 


sio supervisors of these children. 
G be iaimeonraol ed instructio 
terial were supplied also for teachers with 


nat 
these groups. 


children es included i 

Other groups which have visited the Gar 
den aad 

clubs a groups of colle; tudents ; 


ege no 
ie numbers rele in these 


staff wre the past yea: 


oe ng of Professional Gardeners. 


of trees and shr e registration for nce shoul e le to thie 
this series was 59. In oie ition, a special training of gardeners at T ork 
rse of 8 evening lectures was given by rt arden. A two-year training 
r. P. J. McKenna on “Tn troduction to course in gardening for suitably prepared 
Gardening”, registration 18, and one of young men was initiated seven years ago. 
= vanes lectures onstrations During the past year 13 student gardeners 
Gar rde ning cna nd 3 apprentice gardeners were enrolled 
Gr rounds”, registratio this pre Arrangements were 
Graduate Work. In Aleriaes with completed whereby a third exchange of 
+h ; with Colum- student garde with the Royal Botanic 
bia University and For Me m age Gardens, Kew, England, went into effect, 
graduate students in bot, take nd in June Mr. Fraser MacCartney left 
work at ork Bonet Garden to sp in England, and Mr 
under the dieection of members of our Philip A. Chandler arrived from Kew to 
staff. g the past year 11 gr: remain wi is u une 1939. The 
students were registered. In addition two transportation exp s of these exchange 
teachers in the high schools of New tudents we id by the National Asso- 
City wor ed under the a of mem- ciation of Gardeners and the English 
bers of the staff, and 8 s were in peaking Union of the British Empire 
residence oe 1938 for. one of one respectively. ; 
mths. Th ctivities noted Jans are being completed to effect an 
ee ‘constituted the organized educa- oe ieee nge with the Royal ae O- 
tional work of the Garden. c Garden at Edinburgh neat yea’ 
Information 


The service of the Garden as a sou 
of dependable information on botanical 
and horticu Itural matters has continued. 
Saas thousand requests by mail, tele. 
e, and in person have been answered 


during the past year. All members ne on 
a cone in this raveee each res 

ac g to his r her special Infor. 
tiation onde training. Tt i is not possible to 
detail the information supplied in this 


k of The New York Botanical Garden. Dr, Stout 


fashion or to estimate its aula but 


1 
fragment found in the po socket of the late 


€ 
Although no one can deny the signifi- 
cance of the Garden for the display of 


plants, = recreation, informa ain n, and 
educate the maintenance of ¢ arden 
and its staff could not be une unless 
it al by rch to our ge o 
plants. Research activities of the Garden, 
which are limited only by its staff and 


ene: fall into several divisions as 
follow. 


Studies on reproduction of flo we Tin: 
Dr. Stow 


mercial 
1. Experi sisi studies to determine 
the Were of self and cross incom- 
patibility. A culture of Rosy Morn 
tunia an nd certain cultures of Heme rocallie 
are being utilize 
2. iu dies. of sterilities in hybrids be- 
syphi- 


“F. Donald Coster” » questions on plan 


t: 
sta e Garden peculiarly fitted for 
Hae re aa tion. 


litica. Some of the hybrids, which are 
of wide color range, may prove to be of 
horticultural v a 


udies 0: 
less hardy grapes t 
New York Ag 


BB! 


ress has been made 
ping new varieties by cross pol- 
which show promise for 


tion 
in develo) 
lination, some of 
commercial purpose 
Study in the eee eres 
and ‘eybrid. breeding, sterility and fertility, 
and the record ah evaluation of hoerticul- 
iival clones of the daylily. folio illus- 
trated with colored plates is in prepara- 
a 
Rescarch on poplars. This work ha, 
beh included in a compre! ehensive project 
tree breeding ee in a United 
Sue Forest Ser ith 
ean) in charge. “Dr, Stout i Ae serving 
im an advisory capacity as collaborator. 


17 


Studies in plant pathology and genet- monograph of the American species of the 
— of fungi by Dr. Dodge and assistants, utmeg family was completed by Dr. 
. Studies of plant diseases. Progress Smith and is an important addition to 
a been made on the studies of ae of taxonomic literature. 
Opuntia and a septoria spot disease of _, Associate Curator H. N. Mo Idenke con- 
Chrysanthemums. tinued his monographic studies of the 
we Genetics of fungi. Other demands erbenaceae and in cooperation with Mr. 
ave necessitated a curtailment of the : : pao ae se oe 
nda apd inpren te whch Te rear 
although some progress has been made on been , cneae ue arati of = 
the inheritance of lethals. manuscript for Vonk VAinericait. Flora, 
Studies in taxonomy Dr. A. dealing with certain genera of the Compo- 
Gleason and assistants. v peal ee sitae. 
att in this field falls into thre Assistant Curator W. H. Camp has con- 
gro tinued the identification of his oun collec: 


tion from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, 


one of pri ae for pub- and is completing a monograph on the 
tion in North American Flora. Vacciniaceae. 

€ completion a “Small’s “Manual _ Collaborator Otto Degener has con- 

of “the ‘South Comral Hen ra” nued his exploration and stud of the 

3, ‘ sele a Hawaiian flora. Book III of his “Flora 


lies Be genera se ea pie Hawaiiensis or New Illustrated Flora of 
the gene Islands” was completed, and 


The d Curator, H. A. Gleason, has progress s made on Book WV. Many 
Satnied studies on the ‘Melastomataceae, isolated alleys and mountains y ain 
partly for North American Flora, a nd a oe oe , and agy ive study of 
partly for ‘ora of Yucatan seems desirable before the en- 


ored, ar ess 
or the Flora now ti 
course of publication by the Carnegie In- fae “plaiits a oe reduced by settle- 
stitution in poop taron with the Univer- ment of this 
sity of Michi 


ichigan. He has also been en Honorary Can nator Robert Hagelstein 
gaged in the idequneauon of plants from has continued his studies mae coed Ms 
Mount Auyan-Tepui, Venezuela. Myxomycetes. Reference made 
Curator F. J. Se eaver has continued his where to these collection: 
tudi th 


extra- 
with Dr. H. H. we etzel in a sur vey of ordinarily limited funds little progress 
ae fungus flora of Bermuda and with has been made on the completion of 
Dr. C. E. Chardon in a survey of the Small’s tas o the South Central 
ngi of Venezuela. Flora” Expen or exploration in the 
"keseciate Curator Percy Wilson con- southwest and — secretarial help are 
Se his work on the flora of the West ee ee this project can be pushed 
Indie. 


As secuie Curator A. C. Smith made Studies in plant physiology by W. J. 
an extended trip to the coca an of Robbins and assistants. ith the in- 
British Guiana asa member of the -  stallation of a 1 , work has been 


e: Try: ta: aborator. hi 

Holden Expedition. He collected ae initiated on the importance and function 

sively along the boundary between British of growth substances for plants. A bio- 

Guiana and Brazil, heretofore unknown logic method for determining the growth 
i er i Kanuku u i as been devise 


botanically, and later in the Kanuk substance biotin h d d, and a 
Mountains, an isolated group rising above new material, vitamin Bo, has been found 
the ae as A southwestern British to be important for the growth of ne pe 
Guia He been engaged in the of ae. A grant o 

een a his large collections, ceived from the Rae ‘Philosophical 
amounting to about 17,000 specimens. A Society to “stipport this work. 


Garden Membership 
e total membership of the Garden is tron, 108; Garden Clubs, 20; Garden 


1.180 “classified as follows: Annual, 928; Courses 62. A complete list of members 
Sustaining, 62; Life, Benefactor or Pa: appended. 


18 


ks Progress Administration 


Wor 
. report for the year 1938 would not 


omplete without ai ee ney of 
aecsaiee from the Works Pro, s Ad- 
ministration, ticularly he mena 
and Professional Division, etween sev- 
enty and si five individuals under 
the Women’s and ofessional Division 
a iven valuable assistance activi- 
ties w Garden would unable 
otherwise to support adequately. It is not 
sible st in detail the assistance 
given, t We aes i 


especialy Docent "Wittrock, have been as 
follo 


Mow unting, labeling, repairing and fil- 
ing “herbarium ‘collections. 
2. Preparation of a bibliography of the 


food cae used by the Indians. 
paration ee an index fT e Gar 
deni ners’ "Chronicle a lon). This’ maga- 
zine 100 volumes but no 
Be ee 
ee ate of an index and file of 
the negatives and lantern slides of The 
New York Botanical Garden. 
5. Rep: et ar eeem as oks. 
6. Preparation of an index of the plants 
of North Carolina. 
7. Assistance in research work and the 
prepa aration of ee and manu 
ripts on plant dis 
plait breeding, the dist 
fication of ae the ae of growtl 
substances and bibliographies. 


ecial Events 


In addition to the usual activities of the 
one a number of special events may be 
meni on 
0 7: Exhibit in the rotunda and 
Museum and Adminis- 
f ornamental algae se- 

ich now 


te 
contains "30, 000 specim 
. 6: Exhibit of Cees Horticul- 
tural Society of New York, silver medal 


‘26: Graduation exercises for 8 
deat eee at the Beekman Tower, 
Col. J. E. Spingarn, speaker. 


May 5: Outdoor Tea of the Advisory 
Council. 

May 16: Annual meeting of the Ameri- 
an Rock arden pore slows by a 
visit to the Rock Garden; 50 members of 
the S aa in 

ny o Jun ee k Garden Week 
dur. i the” meee of 2,200 pads 
a sates in an teu por Memorial Roc 


Jun ne during which 
most of tl he e600 rose plants were at the 
height is — 
Ji hibit of daylily seedlings, 
Hrtcultral a Scie ty of New York, gold 
nedal a’ 
ly 2: vk of the Lily Investigation 
Cnt of the ae Eo tural 
oak 75 people in atten 
ept. 14: Exhibit va a hanes 
ca Horticultural, cy of native 


flowers and fruits; special Drize awarded, 
Sept. 30 Sarre: invi 
announcing the 


in 400 d 


e Biology Teachers of 
cience Association of New 
cae in attendance. 

Tea rs. Jerome W. 
Cnc oe Garden Club members at The 
New Yo re Be tanical Garden. 


the Gen 
pee - 


on Fo eet 
ool Art League; 


m and Adminis- 


ene in 
tration Bing 


Z 


Exhibit of orchids in 
waterlo 40° ie by Jane Daven- 
f Harris; ial AG De ated collected by 

the artist in Central Am 


Dec. 8 and 9: ariel “Shag He 
nee. A ney. meeting otten d by 
250 people to consider the hurricane ‘Ga 
to trees in the eas Aca ais and 
to suggest means of rehabilita 


Dec. 10: Inspection visit of a adey 
ee il. 
o Jan, 1: Exhibit of 148 paint- 
ings el ‘edited flowers and rages 
of Korea by Mrs. Florence H. Cra: 


19 


Needs of the Garden 
During the past year strict economy has been practised because of the 
reduction of income from invested funds and the decrease in gifts from 
public-spirited benefactors. Nevertheless, the needs of the Garden are 
numerous and pressing, if it is to attain its full possibilities. These may be 
_ listed as follows: 
. Extensive modermzation of Museum and Administration Building. 
Addition of wings to the Museum and Administration Building 
comfort station and shelter west of the Bronx River 
4. Reconstruction of the propagating range taken over frome the Park 
Department. 
5. Development of the stables as a service building. 
6. Reconstruction of snuff mill as a center for adult educ 
. A large temperate greenhouse near Range I for ee a comeue 
plant. 
3 ‘Ss teel cases for the herbarium. 
. Modernization of museum exhibits in the Museum and Adminisira- 
tion Balding: 
10. Additional endowment for Addis 
di al funds for iasee ae ication, library books, her- 
aroun paid scholarships or fellowships, and scientific research. 
12. A pe system. 


8 
a 
= 
= 


13. Increase in staff, which is smaller in numbers now than previously 
but should be oe to keep pace with the growth of the Garden and its 
responsibilities. 

14. An area ou of New York City, which can be used for the 
propagation of ee a for the Garden, for testing perennial material for 
this region, and for long-time experiments on shrubs and trees. This area 
should have its own endowment. 

t will doubtless be many years before all of these desiderata materialize. 
In the meantime, the staff of the Garden will continue to do its best with the 
facilities at h 


In ae He) report may I express my aac - the considera- 


Swan, and other members of Executive Co: e. I must acknowl- 
edge also the sympathetic interest and material assistance o; TS 
of the isory Cow nd lastly nowledge indebtedness to the 
members of th and other employees of T k Botanical 


ye 
arden for their active and intelligent cooperation in the program of the 
rden. 


20 


PUBLICATIONS OF THE STAFF 
NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 1938 


Alexander, Edward Johnston 
(Editor : Addisonia. 
Bark and buds to ee) some native 
Sp in winter. r. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 
: 61-68. ee Ae Mr 1938; 80-87. 
hus. io JA 
L 


ilium aaccnd a n’s Addi- 
sonia oe 33, 34. pl. 657. 20 Je 1938. 
Kunzea ambigua. Addisonia 20: 39, 
60. 20 Je 8. 


Eriogonum Alleni. Yellow buckwheat. 
Addisonia 20:43, 44, pl. 662, 20 Je 


Habitat hunting in mountains of the south- 
ots with student pele Jour. N. 
Bot. Ga a : 228-233, 236-240. 

illust. [26] O 1 938, 


Barnhart, John Hen 


° 
cS) 
= 
ae 
> 8 
uae 
a 
a 
p 


coca n Flora. Edi- 
New York Academy of Sciences.) 

John Kunkel Smali. Science IT. 87: 129- 
131. 11 F 1938. 

The passing of Doctor Small. Jour. N. 
Y. Bot. Gard. 39:73-79. portr. [20] 
Ap 1938. 

Taxonomic list, with citations, In 
SmaLL, JoHN KunxeL. Ferns of the 
southeastern ae oe [4 9} see 


Author: cited oe Rie 
Sven OHN 
southeastern eee Nr 403 th OD oar 
PIRSA, os Sane es ee 
oe Bio 


Mem 0 Me a N 
Bibliography. a 


Index to North American ferns. 
179. [8 D] “1938, 
Ca amp, Wendell H nee 

onomic Index.) 
the Eric: ales III. The genus 
Leiophyllum. Bull. Torrey Club 65: 
99-104. 1 F 1938 


Chandler, Florence Clyde 
A C 


n appre uv ion of Raymond H. Torrey. 
Torreya 38 :108, 109. 3 = With 
Haroip ae N Motp E and Jou 


SIDNEY KaRING 


odge, Bernard Ogilv: 
(Associate Editor: Taney Botanical 
Club. 
A further study of the dry-rot disease of 
a Mycologia 30: 82-96. f. 1-5. 
1938. 


Thee combined effects of ae Saree and 
the recessive lethals for abortion 
in Neurospora. Am. jour: “Bot. 25: 
156-166. f. 1-7. 21 Mr 1938. (With 
BERNICE SEAVE 


Material for demensuatin ng the essential 


features of a basidiomycete. Mycologia 
30:133-136. 7. 1,2. 1 Ap 1938. 

Everett, Thomas Henry 

Plant portrait C . Am, 42:9, 
10. allust. [1] Ja 19, 73, 74. illust. 
[1] Mr 1938; 155, 156. <dlust. [1] Je 
1938; 241, 242. illust. [1] S 8. 

Planning the annual border. House & 
Garden 737: 48, 49, 62, 78, 79, 81. illust. 
“PF” [Ja] 1938. 

Your indoor desert garden. Nat. Hist. 
41: 93-102 lust. E 1938. 

Plants from s 


and from cuttings. 
1938. 


ine Titanenwurz bliht auf. arten~ 
schénheit 19:47-50. illust, F 1938. 
[Uebersetzt von Camillo Karl Schnei- 


er. 

Begonia le eae var. Gustav Lind. 
Gard. Chron. IIT. 103: 160, 161. f. 65. 
5 Mr 1938. 

N 


culture 16: 180. se es Ap. 
Sowing san s in the open pe 
Gard. 17: 28-32. 


eal 
“My” [25 Ap] 198 


mums wid y used, Y Tim 
7 (29324): D 7. My 1938. 
Lotus Berthelotii. Pelican’s beak, 
disonia 20:41, 42. pl. 661. 20 Je 1058. 
Convolvulus Cneorum. Silver-bush. Ad- 
disonia 20:45, 46. pl. 663. 20 Je 
Begonia speculata. Gard. Chron. ITI. 103: 
a was 180. 25 Je 1938, 


way to grow a 
ea 87 (29401): 7 D. illust. i ¥ 


Begonia Poggei. Gard. Chron. III. 104: 
114. f. 56 13 Au 1938. 
For real success with herbaceous borders. 


Real Gard. 1°:66-72, “S” [25 Au] 
1938. 


Searching for lawn grass _ substitutes. 
Horticulture 16: 344. 1S 1938. 

A begonia eae cleared up. Horticul- 
ture 16:350. 1 S$ 1938. 

ee palm for the window. 


‘imes 88 (29464): 9 D. illust. Ns % 
1938. 
Building the garden soil. Real Gard. 1°: 
82-86. “O” [26 S] 1938. 


Dig now ete deeply — a pays dividends. 
N.Y. orld-Telegram 71 (78): 14. 


1 
Gardens of eats heaths and heathers. 


Real ee ®: 78-84. illust. “D” 

[25 N] 1938. 
Begonia semperflorens var. Calla Lily. 
104: 402. f, 169. 


Gard. Chron. III, 
3D 1938. 


Gleason, Henry 


Sie editor : Phyologa, a editor : North 
American Flora. ciate Editor 
Torrey Botanical cin 


Annual Teport of the ‘Acting Director for 

r. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 39: 7-18. 
a 1938. 

ot melastomes, including 

new species. Bull. Torrey Club 

65: “STI 580. 1 N 1938. 


Hagelstein, Rober’ 
Myxomycete eaters Jour. N. Y. 
Gard. 39: 19, 20. ; 


Bot. 


Tor- 
I, 2. (=33, 34), 
Notes on the “Mycetozoa—II. 
30: 336-353. 1 Je 1938. 
Hall, Elizabeth Cornelia 


in garden books. 
kly 133:817, 818. 


Mycologia 
Publishers’ 
dlust. 12 F 


Books pertaining to rock gardens. Year 
Book Am. Rock Gard. Soc. 1938: 36- 
e 


43. [J 1938, 
Soin eee for Christmas gifts. Flower 
wer 497-499. illust. “N” [O] 


ee trips of the ae Botanical Club.] 
Sunday, May 15, to pg wn, 
Island. Torreya 38: 240 


Kavanagh, aa Suse Oasis 
bins, William Jac 


Moldenke, Harold Norman 


See Rob- 


et! Re- 
pert. Sp. Regni Veg. ee 1-48. 
10 Ja 1938; 161-221. 1 F 1938. 


21 


res ny . the Torrey Botanical Club.] 
ust 29 to Washington 


tik trips of the Torrey Botanical Club.] 

the Green Mountains, orien 

Torreya 38:11, 12. 

and noteworthy tropical 

Phytologia 1: 
8. 


the genus Aegiphila 
Phytologia 1: 289-304. [17] 
1938. 
A. seventh supplement to edition 3 of 
H. N. Moldenke’s The observed flora 
chung, N. *. and its immediate 
2. 13 Je 1938. [Mimeo- 


oe ee 104. 


se Plains, N. I Torreya 38: 104, 
105. 3S 1938. 

An ey of Raymond H. Torr 
Torreya 


38:108, 109. 3 - nas (With 
Frouence Crype C and Jon 
Swney Kartine. 

Life as Prorat Curator for the New 
York Botanical Garden. Susquehanna 
Alumnus II, 2*:7, 9, 13. ust. (30] 
S 1938. 

Cultivated plants. 1938. 
[Mimeographed ; 100 copies.] 

Studies of American Menispermaceae, 
with special reference to species used 
in preparation of arrow- ao Brit- 
tonia Pea cas N i (With 
Borts ALEx 


Kru 
monograph on the genus Chascanum. I. 
Repert. Sp. Nov. Regni Veg. 45:113— 
ie 6 D 1938; II. ae 300-319. 
> 46:1-12. 31 D 1938. 
Pec a Ethel Anson (Steel) 
Against eon eradaon a ae Hor- 
ticulturs 130. 15 Mr 1938. 
Floweri are for the pet garden. 
. Gard. 39:101-104, 
22] My 1938. 
sbulbs for rock gardening. Real 
3-86. bee ie rial c 
Roane from Jour. N. ard. 
be 101-104].) 
Crocus species worth knowing. 
Sun 106 (20): 42. tllust. 


ng 


(N. Y.) 
24S 1938. 


22 


Pfander, August Charles 
Rock ic construction. Gard. Chron. 

Am. 78. iliust. [1] Mr 1938. 
. Y¥. Tim 


N 
MN 


Rock 1 
(29268 G. illus) 13 Mr 

Rock garden construction. YearBook Am. 
Rock Gard, Soc. 1938:18, 19. [Je 


Robbins, William Jacob 
Organisms requiring vitamin Bi, Proc. 
Nat. Acad. Sci. 24: 15 F 1938. 


8 Mt 1938. 
ER 


i, 24:141-145. 
Fi Kava- 


DERICK WAL! 


thiazole for Phycomyce: 
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci 
15 Mr re 
ALKER 


rowth of certain fungi 
Bot, 25: 229-236. f. Le 
ee ith FREDERICK WALKER 


“13 Ap 1938, 
Kava- 


Thiamin and growth of Pythium Butleri. 
Science II. 87: cn 13 My 1938. [Ab- 
a oor ae REDERICK WALKER 

wth of species of Phyto- 


Than ‘and ‘grow 
1936 65: 267— 


. Torrey 
a ] 


an 

2a: 08 230, 5. BF 
1938. (With Freperick WALKER KavA- 
NAGH. 

Growth of excised roots 
Bot. Gaz. 99 : 671-728. 
bese ie Mar 


of the tomato. 
f. 1-20. 15 Jl 
MELIA (Bal 

amin B, and 


the 
Pl. Physiol. 13: 
(With Paepkice 


EY) SCHMIDT. 
Intermediates "of vita: 
wth of Torula. 

i De 


Wat 
Thiam 
Bul. "rere Club 65: 453-461. 

1938. (With FrepertcK Wat. 


nani a ‘oath of Pythium Butleri. 
f. 2 = 


Koon AGH 

7 “contribution of botanical ia to 

munity life. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 

30: 249. 283. [23] N 1938. 

rt and plant growth.] Torreya 

8:160. 17 D 1938. [Abstract.] 

Rusby, Henry 

A ees of fea 
Gard. 39:154, 155. 


Jour. N. ¥. Bot. 
[11] Jl 1938, 


Seaver, Fred Jay 
(Editor, Mycologia. 
American Flora.) 


Co-editor: North 


Photographs and descriptions of cup- 
fungi — eee A new poo 
Mycologia 30:79-81. 7. 1. 1 F 1938. 

[Notes and brief articles.] ycologia 
30: ea 109. 1F aa 243, 244. 1 Ap 
1938; 334. 1 Je 


Ssccleea Sree (193°). Mycologia 30: 
110. 1 F 193 
he acess collection of the New 
re ee Garden. Mycologia 30: 
A gigantic mushro Jour, N. Y. Bot. 
Gard. 39: 212, [26] S 1938. 
Photograp 
XXIX. ee aT Mycologia 30: 
HI = cea 


“ust 


Jou 
Pallas “B31 N 1658 
Photographs and descriptions of cup-fungi 
—XXX. Arachnopeziza. Mycologia 
: 659-663. i. 1D 1938. 
Fungi of the human ear. Mycologia 30: 
692-694, 1D 1938. 


Small, ae Kun 

Ferns of t ees states. 1-517. 
[40] 1 1938, 

Smith, Albert Charles 

Editor, Brittonia) 

The ‘Arn merican species of Myristicaceae. 
Brittonia 2: 293-510, f. 19. 2 My 

1938. (With Rocer PuHitie Wope- 
OUSE. 


Myristicaceae [of Peru]. Field Mus. 
Publ. Bot. 13: 766-784. 31 O 1938. 
Sciadophyllum chartaceum. Field Mus. 

Publ. Bot. 18: 1562, 1563. 30 N 1938. 


Stout, Arlow Burdette 

Daylilies with rosy pink coloring. Horti- 
See 16: 226. 15 My 1938. 

The Sune behavi 


a 
iilus ‘i [15 
oe genetics of cieompaubiliies in Le 
orphic Ae plants. Bot. Rev. 
9, 21. Je 1938. 


Taglilien, 
scher Forschungs- 
Gartenachonhet 19 : 268- 
i ‘Ue bersetzt von 
TINEIDER. ) 
Real Gar 
u] 193 3. 
The new Boutonniere eauly. Horticul- 
ture 16: 380. illust. 1 O 1938. 
Ss and 


1B. 


incompatibilities 

ndidum. Roy. i 
Year-book 7: 108-122. 
nee oe Wittarp Merritr Por- 
TERF: 


Some chronicles 


in grape history. I. 

‘ a Bot. Gard. 39: 254-263. 
N_ 1938; II. 39: 274-281. 

23] D 1938. 

a kare eo Yeld. Herbertia 


our, 


Wittrock, Gustave Lud 

Erythronium ireeaed eum. Sierra 
fawn-lily. iowa 20:37, 38. pi. 
659. 20 Je 


vost aula rd, Carol Hel 
Edi : Journal of the. New York Bo- 
nel Garden. 
Mantle of flowers on the mountainous 
BS hlossberg. wear Sci. Monitor 
0 (33): Mag. 2 15. lest. Ja 
1938. 
Wishbone flower. ae Gentleman 108 : 
79, “F” [18 Ja] 1 
Boar in horticulture. ae 25th Inter- 
Fl. Show 154, 155. dust. [14] 
T1938, [A A onmote'| 
ee sulphur, Fl. Exch. 90%: 36. 
16 Ap 1938. 


Alorco cryolite as an insecticide. FI. 
Exch, 90°: oe 16 Ap 1938. 
A wax emulsion for woody plants. Fl. 


Exch, 90": 20. 30 Ap 1938. 

Mecca of rock gardeners. N. Y. Times 
87 (29338):7 D. illust. 22 My 1938. 
Two thousand rock plants. m. Nursery- 

man 25, 6. illust. 1 Je 1938. 
Park celebrates rose week. N. Y. World- 
Telegram 70 (291):11. illust. 11 Je 


1938. 

Annual rose week at Botanical Garden. 

ne Y. Times 87 (29359): D 9. illust. 

e 1938. 

Lily devotees on pilgrimage. 
Sun 105 (262) : a a 
“Little gardens” in fn Eur 

: 28) : Mag 


(N. Y.) 
2 JI 1938. 
pe. Chris- 

. Sect. 


einen Model steingarten. 
Gartenschénheit 19: 337-. “339. 2. 1938. 


DER.) 
New tropical and 

in pares under nee 
88 (29548):12 D. illust. 


N. Y. Times 
18 D 1938. 


24 


REPORT OF THE TREASURER FOR 1938 
ARTHUR M. ANDERSON, Treasurer 


EXHIBIT I 
BALANCE SHEET 
December 31, 1938 
ASSETS 
Permanent Fund es nae 
Investments a or appraisal at time of 
acquisition (bahibit a ype stte Goce Fe cee Mae $2,559,882.24 
Cash awaiting investment.............-..-+ 7,044.58 
——_—_—— $2, 566,926.82 
Current and Working Assets: 
Cash in banks and on hand: 
For general purpose: . 2. $31,649.72 
For special purposes .... 14,338.65 


$ 45,988.37 
Accounts receivable 

on maintenance..............0.000 eee $22,655.55 

Oo 87.11 


———— 22,742.66 

ed and dividends wrcveyye (Exhibit ITI) 23,493.51 
aid insurance premiums, etc............ 1,458.88 
—————— 93,683.42 


$2,660,610.24 


To THE BoarD or MANAGERS OF 
EW York BoTaNIcaL ee 


We have made an examination of the balance sheet of The New York Botanical 
Gar den as ie December 1, 1938, and os the statement of sea ‘or the et = oe 
ing on that date. In connection ‘ therewit h, we ex: caimiited 6 sted accounti 


CO! 
of the Garden and other pee evidence and obtained Pigeea tion and eS peaie 
from its officers and employee also made a general review of the accounting 


TI 
BALANCE SHEET 
December 31, 1938 
LIABILITIES 
Permanent Funds (Exhibit IV): 
Restricted endowment: $ 254,479.80 
Unrestricted endowments, including as 
set aside by the Board of M: 
nent fun 2,291,288.20 
Special Siena with life i t i t 
of income therefrom...............2.005- 21,158.82 
$2,566 ,926.82 


Current Liabilities gad Special Funds: 


Curr an i 7. He 
able he Broce eye a Mads $ 12,956.20 
Special finde “(Cexhib it V): 
ended income from restricted funds.. $ 4,084.68 
nexpensted contributions set aside by the 
f Managers for specific purposes.. 10,253.97 
——— 14,338.65 
Deferred income credit: 
in advance 1,390.92 
orking fund: 
Balance at. December 31, 1987............ $65,000.00 
De seat Bai of snresisieted expenditures 
income for © year ending Decem- 
be "31. 1938 Eetibe tT 2.35 64,997.65 
—_—— ————___ 98,683.42 
$2,660,610.24 
ethods and of the rating and income accounts for the year, but we did not make 
- Geuiled audit o: he transaction: 


S. 

In our opinion, based upon such examination, the attached balance sheet (Exhibit 
I) and related statements (Exits II to V, a fairly beet the Pesticn 
of The New ue Botanical Garden oo ecember 31, 1938, and the result of its 
actions for the year ending on that dat 


Price, WATERHOUSE & Co. 
56 Pine Street, New York, April 17, 1939. 


26 


Statement of Operations ja ae Year Ending December 31, 1938 
Re 


Total 
Incom 
Tacone from investment of per- 
manent funds................ $105,706.55 $ 
Contributions: 
City maintenance............. 246,250.46 
HOE os ei secesirsie vals Seatecen een 3,095.00 
Membership dues: 
8,570.00 
lub 1,875.00 
Su: oye ry sales, fees, etc 1,829.51 
Subscriptions and sales of publi- 
8,342.15 


Total income............. $375,668.67 $ 


Expenses: 
Hor cules 
Salari $ 66,368.90 
Plants, recede supplies, etc...... 7,692.67 
——————_ $ 74,061.57 $ 
Science and curating: 
Salaries $ 52,423.29 
Specimens, supplies, research, 
etc 6,530.12 
————— 58,953.41 
Library: 
Salaries $ 9,139.92 
New books, periodicals, etc... .. 3,008.53 
————_ 12,148.45 
Educ pene oy 
Salar $ 5,499.96 
Tastructions, lectures, etc. ..... 2,943.49 
—— 8,443.45 
Publications 
Printing, mailing, SUC cer tataets 12,810.38 
ministratio 
Salaries 27,051.39 
Stationery, telephone, postage, 
etc 10,937.34 
——— 37,988.73 
Care and up-keep—grounds: 
Salarie $ 54,918.55 
Wage: Be 734.37 
Supplies 4,677.16 
———— __ 86,330.08 
buildings: 
Cage lari $ 53,412.23 
Fuel Tight power, etc 26,759.68 
a ———- __ 80,171.91 
chases ae : 2,600.21 
Totals: 
Salaries $268,814.24 
ages 26,734.37 
Other expenses... ........0.00. 77,959.58 


Total expenses........... $373,508.19 $ 
per of income or expenses for the 


$ 2,160.48 $ 


funds 


2,162.83 $ 


estricte 
d special Unre- 


stricted 


9,832.23 $ 95,874.32 


246,250.46 

2,125.00 970.00 
70.00 

1875.00 

402.00 1,427.51 
4,542.74 3,799.41 


16,901.97 $358,766.70 


2,170.91 $ 71,890.66 


4,369.85 54,583.56 
12,148.45 
900.72 7,542.73 
7,102.98 5,707.40 
37,988.73 
194.68 86,135.40 
80,171.91 
2,600.21 


14,739.14 $358,769.05 


—2.85 


27 


EXHIBIT II 
Summary of Investments, December 31, 1938 


Book value, 


Accrued in- 


Average vield 


for year on 
alana terest and basis of 
Par value (no | Approximate | cost dividends — 
par value quoted value praisal at December | Quot- 
stocks a date of 31, 1938 ed ook 
book value) acquisition alue | value 
% % 
General funds: 
Bonds...... . $ 556,500.00 | % 562,216.40) $ 572,291.20| $ 4,632.51 | 3.82 | 3.75 
Stocks: 
Preferred. . 99,505.00 111,376.87 103,637.50 1,162.50 | 4.69 | 5.04 
Common .. 26,103.80 12,886.75 27,573.63 90.00 | 3.49 | 1.63 
$ 682,108.80 | $ 686,480.02 | $ 703,502.33 | $ 5,885.01 | 3.95 | 3.86 
Sage fund: 
Bonds. ...... $ 535,000.00 | $ 520,772.82 | $ 500,183.44 | $ 6,254.67 | 3.12 | 3,25 
Stocks: 
Preferred. . 178,730.34 211,423.12 183,587.85 1,106.25 | 4.51 | 5.19 
Common .. 75,140.00 136,180.00 107,058.04 1,885.00 | 5.64 | 7.17 
$ 788,870.34 | $ 868,375.94 | $ 790,829.33 | $ 9,245.92 | 3.85 | 4.23 
Special endow- 
ent fund: 
Bon: as Ee Nath $ 357,000.00 | $ 377,408.69 | $ 368,277.58 | $ 3,125.80 | 3.19 | 3.27 
Stocks: 
Preferred. . 126,437.50 179,187.50 147,454.88 1,187.50 | 4.27 | 5.19 
Common .. 10,000.00 23,400.00 36,345.16 300.00 | 5.13 | 3.30 
$ 493,437.50 | $ 579,996.19 | $ 552,077.62 | $ 4,563.30 | 3.60 | 3.78 
John D. Rocke- 
‘a eller, Jr., 
nd! 
onds....... $ 290,000.00 | $ 327,303.44 | $ 296,845.25 | $ 2,638.87 | 3.18 | 3.51 
Stocks pre 
ferred. .... 167,068.75 249,487.50 200,256.26 1,160.41 | 4.37 | 5.44 
$ 457,068.75 | $ 576,790.94 | $ 497,101.51 | $ 3,799.28 | 3.70 | 4.29 
Special trust 
fund: 
Stock—com- 
ON... se. $ 16,3871.45/$ 6,549.00/$ 16,371.45 
$ 2,437,856.84 | $2,718,192.09 | $2,559,882.24 | $23,493.51 | 3.78 | 4.01 
Recapitulation 
by types of 
securities: 
onds....... $1,738,500.00 | $1,787,701.35 | $1,737,597.47 | $16,651.85 | 3.36 | 3.46 
Stocks: 
Preferred. . 571,741.59 751,474.99 634,936.49 4,566.66 | 4.43 | 5.24 
Common . . 127,615.25 179,015.75 187,348.28 2,275.00 | 5.21 | 4.98 
$2,437,856.84 | $2,718,192.09 | $2,559,882.24 | $23,493.51 | 3.78 | 4.01 


28 


Statement of Permanent Funds Showing Changes During the Year Ending 
December 31, 1988 


Balance Additions Balance 
January 1, an December 31, 
1938 deductions 1938 
Re tricted endowments: 
1d educati ...{|$ 89,115.49 $ 89,115.49 
Addison Brown Fund. Baa ua mer cain eaten’ 21,149.31 21.149. 31 
ohn I 35,347.63 35,347.63 
Maria De Witt Jesup maa renee oon aed 25,000.00 25,000.00 
livia E Phelps Stokes Fund 5,030.63 5,030.63 
fharles Budd Robinson Fund 755.04 755.04 
‘he H.H Menor Fund 5,000.00 5,000.00 
Alexander P. Anderson and Lydia Ander- 
son Research and Fellowship Fund 10,000.00 10,000.00 
Students’ Research Fund 10,412.00 | $ 312.50 10,724.50 
Endowment for the publication of ‘“My- 
cologi 5,000.00 1,000.00 6,000.00 
N athaniel Lord Britton and Elizabeth 
Gertrude Britton Fund.............. 45,007.20 1,350.00 46,357.20 


$ 251,817.30} $ 2,662.50 | $ 254,479.80 


Un estricied L endowments; 


ndow: Fun $ 278,809. Ba —$27,062.08 | $ 251,747.26 
avid ee u 34,337.8 34,337.86 
William R. Sands Fund 10,000. o0 10,000.00 
arius Ogden Mills Fund : 48,099.17 ao una as 
} el Iden Fund 10,000.00 000.00 
m Fun ae 30,000.00 30, 000.00 
25,000.00 25,000.00 
Russell oe and oe Olivia Sage 
Memorial Fund 804,650.83 | —13,875.94 791,274.89 
Frances Griscom Parsons Fund 2,304.67 2,304. 67 
Special End Fund 3459s) heen 572,500.11 | —20,107.82 552,392.29 
The John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Fund....... 504, ‘901.50 | — 7,672.78 497,228.72 
The Charles Patrick Daly and Maria 
Lydig Daly Fund..............-.... 19,636.34 19,636.34 
The James A. Scrymser and Mary C. 
Scrymser Fund.........0..0..0.0..0. 12,750.00 12,750.00 
The George N. Best Fund 3,000.00 3,000.00 
The Mary t k Fund........ 3,517.00 3,517.00 


$2,355,989.82 | —$64,701.62 | $2,291,288.20 


Special endowment: 
__ Special Trust Fund $ 21,158.82 $ 21,158.82 


$2,628,965.94 | —862,039.12 | $2,566,926.82 


29 


EXHIBIT V 
SPECIAL Funps 


Statement of Application of eons from Restricted Pome Funds and Special Funds 
Designated for Specific Purpos 


For the Year Ending December 31, “ar 


Bala: Expendi- alance 
January 1, | Additions | tures and | December 
19. transfers 31, 1938 
Endowaent for science a educa- 
Public lectures and instruction, 
“Addisonia’............ $ 3,457.01 $ 3,457.01 
ddison Brown Fund: 
Publication of “Addisonia”’ ‘eed beets 1,480.54 | $ 1,480.54 
John ae Kane Fund 
Purchases of plants “and related 
expense: $ 646.52 1,871.59 1,954.79 63.32 
Maria De Witt Jesup Fund: 
eee collections and bind- 
g of books................. 973.39 973.39 
Olivia” E. and Caroline Phelps 
__ Stokes Fund: 
native plants................ 195.66 195.66 
Charles Budd Robinson Fund: 
Exploration 28.51 28.51 
The H. H. Me ‘und 
Develo opment ‘of ene Te 194.68 194.68 
‘Alexander P. Anderson and’ Lydia 
Anderson ‘aaa and Fel- 
lowship F. 
Research ce ins ka se eee ss 948.75 389.36 1,838.11 
Students’ ieee Fund: 
Scholar: ps and PTIZES chs ego ax 165.48 415.90 466.50 114.88 
Mycologia me 
Publication of "Myc ologia’’..... 979.41 4,077.88 3,636.33 ) 420.96 
Transfer to ‘‘Mycologia”’ "Badow: ) 
ment: Fund. 3s: re kie nee te vuied 1,000.00 } 
N: ae Lord Britton and Eliza- 
beth Gertrude Britton Fund: 
Research, explor: ration, pubic 
tio: 
specimens, CtC ras eset 1,790.45 1,790.45 
$ 2,740.16 | $14,374.97 | $13,030.45 | $ 4,084.68 
Special sean contributed for specific 
pur 
School a Gaon MOPS igh Ss ot $ 1,606.28 | $ 402.00 | $ 484.22 | $ 1,574.06 
Southern ee and Rocky 
Mountain expeditions.......... 216.12 216.12 
Sp 57.49 57.49 
Contribution from The American 
Philosophical | Society: 
1,500.00 1,400.86 99.14 
ne tof Kk %M 
Completion and ae aek of 
scientific drawings........... 8,426.95 8,426.95 
Others. 128.82 625.00 600.00 1538.82 
$10,485.66 | $ 2,527.00 | $ 2,708.69 | $10,253.97 
| $13,175.82 | $16,901.97 | $15,739.14 | $14,388.65 


30 


ELECTIVE MANAGERS AND OFFICERS 
f 


THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 


1895-1938 


Adams, | tena oy (Manager) 


n. 8, 1912—May 20, 1931 


Me (Manager) 


a "2, ere 21, 1921 
Jan, 9, 1933— 


(Treasurer) 


9 18S 


Auchter, E. C. (Manager) 
Paley, L. H. (Manager) 


Jan. 10, 1938— 
Noy, 18, 1938— rch A 


eo Henry oe (Manager) ian 1 , 192 17,46) 
Vice- presiden Jan. 9, 192 aa Ge} 
< Baldwin, Sherman eS June 21, 1929. 3, 1930 


Pee weit Goons S. (Manager) 
y) 


Britton, J NLL (Secretary 


(Director-in-Ch ief) 


es Redtson (Manager) 


Catieeie, yee (Manager) Feb, 12, 1895—Au: , 1919 
(Vice-president) March 21, 1895—Aug. 11, 1919 
Cox, Charles F. (Manager) Feb. 12, 1895—April 28, 1903 
(Treasurer) March 2 o—Jan. 24 1912 
Cravath, Paul D. (Afar Jan. 12, 1920—Jan. 9, 1928 
Cutting, W. Bayard (Manager) March 4, 1896—March 1, 1912 
Daly, Charles P. (Manager) Feb. 12, 1895—Sept. 19, 1899 
de Forest, Ty Manager) Jan. 13, 1913—May 28, 1938 
(Vice-president) Jan. 10, 1921—Jan. 9, 1928 
(President) Jan. 9, 1928—Nov. 19, 1937 
de Forest, Robert W. (AMfanager) Jan. 11, 1904—May 6, 1931 
ge, William E. (Afana. ager) Feb. 12, 1895— , 1903 
Dolen, Thomas J Jan. 11, 1932—Jan. 14, 1935 
Jan. 13, 1930—Oct. 18, 1 


9 
4—Jan. 14, 192: 
Jan. 14, 1918—Jan. 9, 1922 


Jan 9 1922—-Jan. 12, 1931 


Hen 
Hooker, Mrs. Bion ‘Huntington (Manager) 


Non 50,” 3—Oct. 1, 1935 


Howe, Marshall A. CAssistant Director) 
(Assi cr 


Nov. 15, 1935—Dec. 24, 1936 
Jan 9, a oe 19, we ques 
t. 16, 1938— a ¥ 
“4 3} & Ger 


Lee, Rrederic s (Vice-president) 
(Pr 


e McK. (Manager) 


eee ‘Kenneth K. (Mana 


Matheson, W. J. (Afanager) 


9, 1911—Jan. 11, 1926 


McAn ee Georee (Manager) 


Jan. 10, 1916—Jan. 14, 1918 


McColle: Parker 


(Manager) 


Jan. 21, 1929—Nov. 21,1930 


) 


Jan 1, 1930—Oct. 1, 1935 


7 
ecretary) 


Merri = "dD. (Director 
( 


Jan. 13, 1930—Oct. 1, 1935 


nager) 


Jan 13, 


( 
mee John | t (Assistant Treasurer) 


Jan. 14, 1918—Oct. 10, 1918 


Oct. 10, 1918—Jan. 11, 1937 
0, foe 


‘tes we sident ) 


11, 
Feb. ne , 1895, 3, 1910 


vant (Manager) 


Feb. Los Jan. 3, 1910 


(President 


de la Montagne, Henry (Assistant Treasurer) 
(Manager 


(Business Manager) 
(Assistant a tor) 


ee ee 


Moore, Barrington 
Morg gan, John Pierpo 


Treasurer) 


(Manager) 


H. 
(Manager) 


nt (Manager) 


Jan 
b. 12 180s Mace at 1913 


Mo mee J. Pierpon' 


t (Manage 


rv) 
Morris, Lewis Ratheriurd (Manager) 


Neill, Hugh (Manager) 
eric 


Robbins, William 


(Manager) 


. (Director) 


Schiff, Mortimer L. 


Scribner, Mrs. eae H Cae 


A. (Manager) 


(Trea. fier) 


Jan. 8, 1, 1932 
Jan 

Jan. 11, 1987—Jan 10, 1938 

Nov. 19, 1 


(President) 
Thompson, William Boyce (Manager) 


Thompson, W,. Gilm: 


% Preaden) 


man (Manager) 


Thorne, Robert (Manager) 


Ti 
Vanderbilt, Cornelius (Manager) 


sees 


~ 


Pre 
Webster, William H. (Manager) 


3, 1931 Tan, 8, 1934 


32 


THE NEW pees BOTANICAL ae 
EX-OFFICIO MANAGER 


Berolzheimer, Philip (The President of the Department of —— Parks) 


ov. 1918—Jan. 1919, incl. 


Clausen, Geo. C. (The President of the aaa of Public NO bes 1898— 1901, a 


Cruger, S$. V. R. (The President of the Department of Public Parks 
Gallatin, Francis Dawson (The President of the Department. of Public Parks 


) 
b. 1919—May 1926, incl. 


Gaynor, William J. (The Mayor of the City of New York). ee n. 1910—Sept. 1913, incl, 


Grell, William F. (The President of the Department of page Parks) 


Jan. 1918—Oct. 1918, incl. 


Herrick, Walter R. (President of the Department of Public Parks) 


June ee 1933, incl. 


Herrman, Moses (The President of the Department of public Parks) 


Feb. 1906—Sept. 1906, incl. 


n, John F. (TA ir of th ‘y of Ni ork)...... Jan. 1918—Dec. 1925, incl. 
ie ” Adolph L. ls Mayor of te o. of Nea ork)....Oct. 1913—Dec. 1913, incl. 


LaGuardia, Fiorello H. (Mayor of the City of New Yi 
La Roche, Louis F. (The President of the Department of Public aes) 
ec. 


pS 
a 


2 eee Ja n. 1934 Seer TES 


ioe ec. 1913 


Low, Seth (The Mayor of the ERY ceendoe ie eaternece fe a 02—-Dec. 1903 
MacMillan, Samuel (The ene Pi the Depart of aes Bara .1897—1898 
Bee . F 


eae James a a the Board of Educa 
McCle’ B. (M 


of the City of New VY. ae 1904—Dec. 1909, incl. 


McKee. ite oe Vv. (deting Mayor of the City a pad) : wrk). 
1932—Dec. 


pt. 
Mitchell, John Purroy (Mayor of the City of New York) .. aco ‘1914 Dec. in incl, 


Moses, Robert (Park Commtissioner) 
O'Brien, Jo 


incl. 


hn P. (Mayor of the City of New York)........ Jan. Te oe 1933, incl. 


‘Pallas, Jol hn J. (The President of the te of ecu Parks) 


Jan. 1904—Jan. 1906, inc! 
Ryan, George J. (President of Board of Educatio April 29 1933—May 13, 1356 


Sheehy, John E. (President of the Department a pubic ie } 


Smith, Henry (The President of the Department of Public "Pork 


y 1933—Dec. 1933, incl. 


Dec. 1907—Dec. 1909, incl. 


Stover, Charles B. (The President of the Depariment of cae Parks) 
an 


Strong, William L. (Mayor of the City of New 


1910—Nov. ee incl, 


rk) : 
Turner, aoe C. (President of the Board of Beatin). ..May 13, 1936 May 1938 
189 


Van Wyck, R. A. (Mayor of the City of New York) 
Volenting, “Robert F. (The President of the pees of ale Parks) 


1917—Dec. 1917, incl. 


Walker, James J. (The Mayor of the City of New York). Nev. 1926—Aug. 1932, incl. 


Ward, George Cabot (The President of the Department 7 Public Parks) 


Jan. 1914—Oct. 1917, incl. 


Wilcox, William R. (The President of the Department of Fublic Parks) 


APPOINTIVE MANAGERS 


1902—Dec. 1903, incl. 


Biakesles, A oR y “April PO ese 1934 
._ Bogert, Mars ton T : pri , 1933. 

Heres i. ee April 29, 1933 Aarvs 24, 12er 
7 Ben, ‘Tracy poe Nov. ar wae 1G4O 
Sas Eaund WwW. oe April 29, 1933— Gey. 3, 1942 

T. e, Sam Bene April 29, 1933— 


* BAe ALAC Wenn pew 
& ey 6/7 Lh peruse s : Bok: fut Land 


33 


THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS 


(Since 1933 the duties of the panel Directors have been taken over by the 
Bo 


Bacon, Raymond F 


ard of Managers. 


s.) 


Berkey, Charles P. 


Jan Bee 29, 1933 


icknell, Eugene P 


labesles, A. F 


ert, Marston T 
Nate 


re 
urges, 


crhgiam yoann 


utler, Nicholas Murray 
handler 


hurchill, Thomas Ww a 
ox, Charles April 28, 1903—Jan. 24, 1912 
enslow, H June 1928—Dec. 1929, incl. 
jes, a J July 1911—Oct. 1928, incl. 
rper, July 1911—April 29, 1933 
ubbell, “Charis tal Cy ese cea rate iste eit es gh igen en oer gee tees ele ag sen mack GOT elo acey he 
em Mates 13, 1894_Nov. 17, 1926 
ee, Hederic § pril 28, aun ag Nov. 17, 1927 
Little, J. J 8—May “1900, incl. 
ow, Seth March 13, prrarand 1901, incl. 
{faclay, Robert 1895-1896 
{acDougal, ly 8, 1929—April 29, 1933 
Acore, Barrington ay 8, 1929— Jan. 12, 1931 
’Brien, ane June 1900—F eb. "1902, incl. 
rall, ‘Ann Nov. 1919—March 1922, incl. 
ichards, Hest M 1917—Jan. 9, 1928 
‘eb. 1903—Oct. 1904 


Winthrop, bes Teton I 


Fel rs 1906—Feb. 1913, incl, 


gel ao 34 


Azaleas and primulas played an important part throughour many weeks in the floral displays in the 
main conservatories. 


35 


NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN MEMBERSHIP 


*Edward D. Adams 


*Mrs. 


*Andrew Carnegie 
Columbia University 
*Charles P. Daly 


kes Ames 
Texand der P. And 
*Mrs. Alexander P. “Anderson 
Ar: ee een a 


* 
i ee ce 
oa atharine re ‘Bis 
*Emil 
* 

* 

* 


C. Bon 
ae oe “white Collard 
a Com 


obert W. de Forest 
lary A. Dill 


. E. Aldred 
*John Pe Ate 
i H. ae 
* 

tabi Cae 
. Bowdoin 


+ 


& 
¢ 


* 

el 
ee 
| 
B 
a 


ngton 


*Felix Adler 
- a Agnew 
. James Herman Aldrich 
aie H. ie 
*Bernard G. Am 
*Constant A. ‘Andiewis 


— Deceased. 


*James B. Ford 

*Daniel Guggenheim 

Murry Guggenheim 

Edward S. Harkness 

ee doe Innes Kane 
. O. Mills 

Pierpont Morgan, Sr. 


s R. Morris 


omens FOR LIFE 


John Stewart at 
ard V. Z. Lan 
sch oo 


ee Re ee 
2 s 


an ae R. McGinley 


ames McLean 
*William ai Coe 
*Ogden Mil 


old 
Mrs. Hugh D. hn 
*Samuel P. Ave: 


J. P. Morgan 

*John D. Rockefeller 

John D. Rockefeller, Jr. 
: 


*Francis 
*Cornelius Vanderbilt 


*Oswald rae weg 


turgi is 


Gilman Thoribeon 


* 
s 
B 
el 
acs 
> 
Bos 
3 
ts 
4 
c=) 
x 
a 
a 


ee ee 
a 
2 
= 
3 
& 
a 
AguH 
3G * 
a3 5 
B 
LJ 
B 
3 
3 


kk ed 
of 


x 
mil Wol 
Irs. William H. Woodin 


*Samuel P. Avery, Jr. 

*Samuel D. Beanies 

*George V. N. Bal 

Paes ae Fore pane 
Cora 


ohn He ses cata 


Mrs. Robert Woods Bliss 
*Mrs, William T. Blodgett 
*J. O. Bloss 

ors ae eee 
ee ink 
eorge cs ean 

F. 


. Bonner 
obert S. Brewster 


ee ee 


*Joseph Bushne 
‘am 
is M. Carnegie 
farion Roby Case 
R. Cha: 
*Hugh J. Chisholm 
‘ugh J. Chisholm, Jr. 
*E. Dwight Church 
rs. Alfred C. Clark 
eorge C. Clark 
*Banyer Clarkson 
*James B. Clemens 
* Willi Cochra: 


raat rd 


oe Cc. Day 
. John Ress eens 


aioe L. Delafi 
*Maturin L. a eld 
Rev. M. De 
*Anthony Dey 
W. B. Dickerman 
ames Douglass 
Josephine W. Drexel 
*Isaac W. Drummond 
Ethel DuBois 
*Katharine DuBois 
“William A. DuBois 


* — Deceased. 


36 


LIFE MEMBERS (Continued) 


George E. Dunscombe 
Mrs. “William ee oe 
*Mrs. John Dwig’ 


Thomas mars 


*Newbold Edgar 
*George Ehret 
David 


John F. “Erdmann 


J. Far: 
eiteh C.. pitas 
Marshall Fi mae 
Mrs. H. J. Fis) 
Harry ee "Flag! 
Mrs. Harry “Haris Piakice 


“Henry C. Frick 


*Mrs, Theodore Kane Gibbs 
Mrs. William Ree fam 
— - Goo 
*J. ce 
oe GC. Gunther 
*Franklin L. Gunther 


Robert Hagelstein 
*Frederic R. Halsey 
Charles J. Harrah 
*D wis Haupt 


kin: 
*Mrs. A. Sherman * Hoyt 
*Samuel N. Hoy 
*John Hubbard 
Mrs. Edward E. Hughes 
*Frank D. Hurtt 
s H. Hyde 


*Adrian Iselin 
*Mrs. Columbus O’D. Iselin 


*Theodore | eee 
+ B. 


*Walte: 

*E. G. "Jan 

Annie B. Jennings 
*Walter R. T. Jon 


*Mrs. Delancey Kane 
Mrs. David J. Kelley 


*“W. B. Kunhardt 
*H. R. Kunhardt 


oe praaeil 
Ww. 


*Josey 
*David L:; vite 


* . te ee 
Guy R. Lane 

“Emerson Hie Man 

- pine ie Mac: 


*Mrs. Wil 
* 
*Francis - Mar 
*Louis ee 
*Edgar L. Marston 
*Bradley Marti 
fohn L. ee a 
*George N. 
Mirs. Roswell aie Jr. 
*A. G. 
Mi 


vewbold Moris 
*Levi P. Mor 


igmund Newstadt 
*A. Lanfear Norrie 
*Gordon Norrie 


*George M. Olcott 
Mrs. Charles Tyler Olmsted 
William Church Osborn 


“Henry Parish 

*George Foster Peabody 

*William Hall Penfold 
Perkins 


M. Taylor Pyne 


37 


LIFE MEMBERS (Continued) 


Florence E. Quinlan *Isaac N. Seligman ee Murray Vail 

*George W. Quintard George Sherman F. T. Van Beuren 
*James Shewan *Mrs. Vanderbilt 

Stanley G. Ranger Marion Smith 

*Jacob Monroe Rich *Nelson Smith *Henry Freeman Walker 

*John J. Riker James Spe *John I. Waterbury 

*H. H. Rogers aie Phelps Stokes *Emily A. Watson 

John Rogers n J. Stor S. D. Webb 

J. C. Rogers W. 

Jacob Rubino Albert Tag *George Peabody Wetmore 

*T F. Ry: Paul G. Thebau *Mrs. Joseph M hi 
Robert M. Thompson *Miss Violette S. White 

Mrs. Herbert L. Satece *Phoebe Anna Thorne ‘ohn D. Wing 

*Reginald H. Say *William Thorne *Mrs. Anna Woerishoffer 

*Edward C. Scha *William Stewart Todd 

*F. August Sehermertora *Spencer Tras! *Charles T. Yerkes 

*Jacob H. S ao *Susan Travers 

*Grant B. Sch *Jeremiah L. Zabriskie 

*Mrs. I. Blair ae Oswald W. Uhl 


SUSTAINING MEMBERS 


(rs. John F. Archbold n t Hewi Mrs. John D. Rockefeller, Jr. 
te ae Baker a Ga R "Ho lm John M. Schiff 
. Lawrence _ Bayne Mrs. Elon ear rece ‘Hooker ie Scoville 
atch aoeA Mrs. Clement Houghto . Arthur H. Scribner 
dl Browa Mrs. Thomas Hunt Fie J. Shepard 
ei y Jami Mrs. Willia 
harles T. Chure Mrs. Alfred Mrs. Charles H. Sto’ 
Mabel € [rs. Blake La rthur Hays Sulzberger 
{rs. Robert J. Collier Mrs. Charles F. MacLean Robert aine 
aul D. Cravat! Mrs. Allan Mar Willi: Cc. Terry 
rs. Suydam Cutt eorge Grant Masi Samuel Thorne 
Irs. Henry W. de Forest illiam Maxwell Mrs. Carll Tucker 
(rs. Carl A. de Gersdorff Anne Morgan Carll Tucker 
ertrude Dodd illiam Church Osborn Barend Van Gerbig 
. Cleveland H. Dodge Irs. F. A. Park Mrs. James M. piss 
arie Girard H. Hobart Porter Miriam Dwigh 
rs. Hugh J. Grant irs. Harold I. Pratt Mrs. Hamilton ie nie 
Ts. see H. Hall, Jr. fary Stuart Pullman Alain White 
. V. C. Hawkes Irs. Stanley Resor Mrs. William H. Woodin 
ila ele Ivine Richard 


GARDEN CLUB AFFILIATES 


Bronxville Women’s Club Inc. Garden Club, Matinecock he Plainfield Garden Club 
Connecticut test Soc. Hudson oe er Garden Club The Ridgefield ae Club 
The Englewood Garden Club Morristown Garden Club erdale-on-Hudson Garden 
Fairfield Garden Club New Canaan Garden Club oes 

The Garden Club of Mt. Vernon New Rochelle Garden Club South Orange Garden Club 
The Laurel Garden Club North Country Garden Club Staten Island Garden Club 

Garden Circle of New Rochelle 
NNU. MEMBERS 

Mrs. T. es Abestt Mrs. Winthrop W. Aldrich Mrs. Arthur M. Anderson 
Cc. EL A Mrs. W. H. Aldri ar A. M, Andrews 
F. B. ee nee Alexander Charles Sperry Andrews 
Mrs. H. M. “Addin . O. P. Amend Charo a cha 
Mrs, George B. Agni one M. Anderson . Ans 


* — Deceased. 


uogsspagx? uepzoHT d. PYF FFE 
4 


L[ “umouy ung rf 


Francis 


ANNUAL a . (Continued) 


ia Babco 
. "Francia ie. Bacon 


joris A. Bakhmete 
eorge N. Baldwin, Jr. 
tenry DeForest Baldwin 
Mrs. Roger S. i 
unyon Baldwi: 
herman Baldwin 
. Edward L. Ballard 
is Bamberge: 
TS. Bancroft 
ae B 


rs. B. G. 

rs. a hia D. ae 

rs. James ane nes 
. M. va 


a 


rs. 
ary F. Bari 
William, Pike Barrett 


ell 
alter Beinecke 
lexander Benecke 
runo Benziger 
rs. Charles F. Berger 
. G. Ber 
Mrs. Alice R. rnheii 
Urs. Henry J. Bernheim 
Mrs. Isaac J. Bernheim 
hilip Berolzheimer 
(rs. Sylvan Bier 


se Biggs 
. William Richardson Biggs 
uel H. Bij 


eal Billington 


*— Deceased 1939 


2 


39 


Blun 
radford Boardman 
Boardman 


Breitenba ch 


ay . . a “Wolfe Brixey 
eee es ae 
tee arlo 


rs Ts. eo 
Ha 


* Be us! 
. FLA. Burlingame 
. Robert Byfield 


Otis W. Caldwell 
Mrs. Ina ines 


z 
3 
: 
2 
< i] 
Eo 
5 


S 

Wilmer Chandler 

rs. Chamberlain Chanler 
ioe es Merrill Chapin 


Fa 
2 


. Childs 
ae ee 
. O. Choate 


Cla 
George oe Clark 
Clark 


rs. 
rs. J. William 
illiam Clark 
ee pmeuan rgh 

me pee aie 


. Coffi 
rs. falas Henry Cohen 
rs. Rufus Col 

Jes B. Colebrook 


Mrs. ce. Crystal 


Frederic A. Dallett 
Joseph N. D’Amour 
A. M. Dauernheim 
Arthur V. Davis 


Mrs, Ora Harkness Davis 


i Pierpont V. Davis 
Mrs. Henry P. Davison 
Dearborn, Jr. 


Mrs. George Bowen DeLong 
Edwin H. Denby 

irs. Charles W. ene 
‘homas C. Desm 

ulian F. Detmer 
Mrs. W. B. re Jr. 
Joseph C. 


aya nick 

firs. + G. Dominick 

firs. F. Dominick 

lexander L. Dommerich 
mm 


.G 
iabeth nes 
Ars ae 


per 
7 Dr Hees 
a g C. Dunlop 
Mrs. ‘Chichester du Pont 
H. F. du Pont 


Mrs. Donald Dur: 
Mrs, pales Haas Deine 
S. . Dye 


Mrs. David Earle 


— Deceased 1939 


40 


Mrs. ie Edson 

Mrs. J. S. Ehrich 

Mrs. Ernest Ehrmann 

Mrs. Ernest F. Eidlitz 
ugust Eimer 


rs. A. Elder 
Mrs. Roswell Eldridge 
drs. H. Elias 
ohn H, Emanuel 
ulia T. ane nm 
in C. on 
ae cen 
rs. ‘Aether a "Emons 
. F. PL 
Sead A 
. W. Erickson 
Howard Erskine 
rs. Justine B. Erving 
Thomas Ewing 


ee Faber 


rs. L. Fis! 
. J. Fitzgerald 
a Udo a leischmann 


. William Fleming 
he a oe Club 
erbert Fordh: 


ober! Foxier, Jr. 

frs, Leopold Frederick 

Irs. Mary E. G. Freeborn 
ick 


ibbs 
Dow Gibson 
. Wal cto Gillespie 


ANNUAL MEMBERS (Continued) 


ay William P. Gilmour 


Me Isaac Gi sel 
Mrs. John L. Given 
S. R. Glassford 

1 S. Glazier 


ee M. 


Mrs. Henry W. Godda rd 


Grinnell 
E. S. Griswold 
iS 


J. J. Grulleman: 
William C. Gruner 
Mrs, » Guild 
A. A. Gulick 


Mrs. R. M. Gunnison 


Edith Haa 


Jerome J. Hanau 
eorge F. nde] 
Ferdinand eae 


8. Pati 


Mrs. mory Haskell 
Louis Hauswir th 

Horace Havem 

Mrs. Horace Havemeyer 


LGU UF 714 4 t dat taale la ? TE €pfO7TSH BE6E 4 ri 


ANNUAL MEMBERS (Continued) 


Mrs. Theodore Havemeyer 
Mrs. Forbes Hawkes 
Mrs. Wm. Van ee Hayes 
avid S. Haye 
‘aroline C. Hay 
ouise a Fovaae Haynes 
Mildred M. Hazelto 

Heide, Jr. 


Henry : 

ob H a 

Mrs. W. F. Hencken 

Henderson 

harles Henderson 
Mrs. Henderson 
August Henniger 
Mrs. J. Norman iT 
Mrs. A. Barton Hepbur: 
Mrs. Robert W. sey 
Andrew oe asl 


Arth 


ag 
Bg 
we 
& 
8 
£2 
te 
ae 
me 
5 
= 


a 
oes 
ny 
g 
oe 
a 
B 
bof 
the 
me 
i) 
# 
z 


Ma Hoffman 


B. Hopkins 
Mann Elementary 


Ht te bp 
= 
a 
a Y 
oO 
e a 
8 
- 
og 
o 


Ss 
Frederick Housman 


Mrs. Sydney R. Inch 


42 


. George H. Ingalls 
Pcie a Ingersoll 
bette Iselin 
Georg 


ate tick W. Jackson 


M 
Pierr e Jay 
Mrs. 


ql thar 
Van Evrie Kilpat ‘ick 
fus Kin; 


Witla A: soe 

ne - Knobloch 
ae ‘och 
Mra a io B. 

de Lancey "Soot 


Mrs. ‘Fol hn L. Ku ‘user, ao 


Arthur F. Lafrentz 


rancis “ pein 
rs, E. 


va A c oie 

Alice ae Laughlin 

ev. . J. Lavelle 

ee al Laboratories 
Frederic S. 
Mrs. Ge 


8. Lem 
Mage Bispham Levey 
George Levi 

Mrs. E, J. Li 

Mrs. Alfred Sen 
B. E. Levy 

Mrs. Louis S. Levy 
Louis is Levy 

Mrs Ss. na 
Frank yee 

Alfred F. Fichenstein 


Charles C. 
E. K. Li 
Arthur H. Lippincott 
Lucius N. tauer 
rs. George K. Livermore 
nne P. vingston 


Ss. ris 
Ts. Pierre a 
Eiht Tr 


Sol m Loven 
Tbert ownes 
E. 1. es 
G. Lu 
Thatcher T a 


r . Ly 
Mrs. ” Henry M. Lyons 


Lee McCanliss 


Nelson G. cCrea 
Mary McK. McCreery 
Mrs. Alfred McEwen 
Mrs. Paul wen 
Louis E. ‘a 
Edward A. 


Mrs. Susan an "MeKelvey 
Mrs. Irving McKes. 


E 
N 


43 


ANNUAL MEMBERS (Continued) 


thelyn McKinney Harold Nathan 
irs. Scott McLanahan National Asscn., Board of 
lexander McLeod Pharmacy 
ames B on Mrs. Elsie M. B. Naumberg 
fred B. Maclay Mrs. S. Neusta 
‘arleton cy Mrs. Russell H. Nevins 
Irs. Maed Hf Moses Newborg 
. Rol Jager . J. R. Newton 
dwa: Mallinckrodt, Jr. sata T. Nicholas 
forris Manges Mrs. Acosta Nichols 
rs. H. Edward Manville Mrs. William G, a 
elia W. Marble Mrs. Francis L. 
rancis H. Markoe Art D. Nor 
hn B. Mars! Mrs. Flora L. Nordlinger 
hn A. Mathison Mrs. A or 
eorge O. May Fanny N 
Mrs. T. M. Randolph Meikle- 
ham Dorothy Oak 
Mrs. Morton H. Meinhard John B. O'Reilly 
Irs. William R. Mercer 
Mrs. Van S. Merle-Smith rs.  H. Paddock 
Mrs. Cyrus W. Merrell Deas: G Paine 
Mrs, F. oe Merrill rs. Augustus G. Paine 
Imer D. Mer enry Parish 
fohn L. M a rs. Willard Parker, Jr. 
Isie Merz ton Parks 
Ifred Meyer rs. Edgerton Parsons 
harle: Meye: ts. James Russell Parsons 
(rs. Cord Meyer, Sr. Ts. eph sons 
ugene Meyer iss Katherine de B. Parsons 
jorothea Mierisi ufus tterson 
eremiah Milbank s S. Payson 
frs. H. Strongman Miller Ive, nate A. oe 
fade Mi ea Pennington Pearson 
Miller firs T. B. Penfi sd 
i. . * Milikan ‘omtesse de Perigny 
Irs. G. Milliken Anna L, Perkins 
Mrs. Charles R. Moese: eorge W. Perkins 
Irs. Gilbert H. Montague Mrs. F. A. C. Perrine 
‘obert Montgomery dolf Persson 
er | Botanical Garden Irs. Carl S. Petrasch 
inj ifliam C. Peyton 
oor arl H. Pforzheimer 
Irs. William H. Moo foe Pforzheimer 
Irs. Charles D. Morgan Mrs. Sheffield Phelps 
Liss L. Morgan rs. A. Phin 
ev. . S. Morr . Paul Pickhardi 
Irs. e Hennen Morris . Stuyvesant Pierrepont 
fr: Nelson eth L. Pierrepont 
ewis Spencer Morri: Irs. Cornelia Bryce Pinchot 
obert T. Morris Irs. J. O. Pi 
ictor Morawetz Irs. Herman G. 
arriet M ‘rank L. Polk 
dna Mosher frs. Arthur Poillon 
s. A. Henry Mosle Toward A. Poillon 
harles R. Motak Irs. Wine Pollak 
rs. John B. M rs. m C. Popper 
rank J. Muhlfel Abram a "Post 
rank A. Muschenheim Blanche Potter 
ulian S. Myrick Mrs. R. Burnside Potter 


{rs. George D. Pratt 
rs. Clarence Price 


rs. E. Price 

Ars. Julius Prince 

rinceton Garden Club 

Irs. Robert C. Pr 

Irs. Henry St. Clair Putnam 
Ars. Per 
Mrs. Richard Quaintance 
Mrs. L. M. enrages 

ne F. F, Ran 
Ro 


t C. Re 
ie Ones ‘Mills oe 
amuel W. Reybur: 
ee C. Richar a 
sca: Be Paee 
ne ae 
fr 3. Chars ‘ ass 


bin: 
. John D. Boccceuee 3d. 
rs. Nelson A. Rockefeller 
is ker 


. William r aes 


Georgina W. Sar; 
hae L Sater 


Hewlett Seudder 


“Cy Bury) 537 f qs 4 f , ge, ae Rs 


rs. Samuel Seabury 
. K. Seifert 


obert E. 
ped Skell, Tr 
. Sloan 

rs. ” Samuel Sloan 
jamuel aoe 

iss C. Slochow: 

ae Cranford ‘Smith 
. A. B. Smith 


. T. Sta 
ae les ‘ ere 
i oward W. Starr 


fohn R. Strong 
rs. Theron G. Strong 
joseph Stroock 
Mrs. David 5: t 
Mrs. Wal unzi 
S. 


Henry W. Taft 
Moses Tanenbaum 


45 


ANNUAL MEMBERS (Continued 


ay! 
Dani ‘enney 
Mrs. T. D. Thacher 
Irs. I. 7 Ss 


Christin Vail 

dartha ail 
Marguerite E, Valentine 

rs. J in Alstyne 
Jeremiah R. Va oe a 
Augustus Van Cor! 
Mrs. Augustus ae eee 
W. T. Vanderlip 
Mrs. Stephen G. Van Hoesen 
Louise Van Inge 


W. Austin Wadsworth 
eee Walker 


Mrs. “Thomas J. Watson 


) 


frs. Samuel H. Watts 


ouise Wicke 
s. Frank Griswold Wild 
ra S. Wi 


. W is 
y H. Williams 
rs. Alfred ats 
fargaret B. 

rme eon iT: 

frs. Morgan Wing, Jr. 
ronson Winthrop 
renville i "Winton 
‘ohn C. 

ook ‘wet 

ees hou: 


7 
re cai D. ao 
eorge R. Woo 
eorge C. Weal 
Mrs. Park M. Woolle: 
"ore 


wee 
Mrs. h G. Wright 
Richardson pels 
Mrs. . Wyle 


Mrs. A. Murray Young 
ni 


Mrs. C. H. Young 
Mrs. Henry Young 
Owen D. Young 


George A. Zabri: 

Mrs. Arthur L. tae ey 
William Ziegler, Jr. 
August Zinsser 

Mrs. Frida Zinsser 
Mrs. A. A. Zucker 


‘cester eae Horticultural 


THE STAFF OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 


Wit.iaMm J. Rospins, Px. D., Sc. D. Dire. 
HA Assistant Director and Head Curator 


SON, 

Henry DE LA MonTAGNE sistant Director 
A. B. Stout, Pu. D. Curator of Education and Laboratories 
ED J. Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D. rator 
Bernarp O. D ; Plant Pathologist 
ibliographer 


Associate Curator 
‘ H. D, Associate Curator 
ExizaBetH C. Hatt, A. B., B. S. Librarian 
Russy, M. D. Honorary Curator of ie eae pels 
ee ae rapher 


rch Associate in aes 
E. J. Ave Road vheceantee aes Assistant Curator and ete of the Local Herbarium 

Assistant Curator 
Technical Assistant 
Technical Assistant 


FrepericK KavanaGH, M. A, echnical Assistant 
H. Woopwarp, A. B. Editorial Assistant 
Tuomas H. Everert, os D. Horr. Horticulturist 
Decent 


7) 
oe 
6 
8 
n 


laborator in Hawaiian 


Honora ; 

ANSON S. PECKHAM ........ Honorary Curator, Iris and Narcissus Collections 
Superintendent a Buildings aud Grounds 

A. C. PFANDER ssistant Superintendent 


OUR BOTANICAL GARDEN 
(From The New York Times, Monday, January 23, 1939.) 


d Bacs average New Yorker, or even those brought up on “Swiss Family 

Robinson” or “Robinson Crusoe,” would not expect to find the bread- 
fruit tree and coco palms growing in this city. Yet here they are and doing 
very well, together with the banyan, the agave, the papyrus and rare 
Himalayan orchids. These and thousands more are flourishing in the New 
York Botanical Garden, where all who care to may walk amid tropical 
luxuriance or pause among specimens of fossil forests long vanished from 


the earth. 


Fifty years ago this month [January] the first appeal for funds to open 
a “public botanic garden” was issued by citizens here who had admired the 
Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew. Ten years later the Museum Building was 
occupied. The institution has been growing ever since. The herbarium, 
which numbers 1,933,506 plant specimens, is now one of the outstanding 
collections in the world. The beautiful floral displays, among them the 
Thompson Memorial Rock Garden, which alone contains 2,500 different 
kinds of flowering plants, is an inspiration to amateur gardeners. The scien- 
tific research and classification by members of the staff, done in collaboration 
with similar institutions in all civilized countries, is important work which 


must not be checked. 


Our Botanical Garden prospered on early endowments. But these have 
dwindled, and the ever-widening activity of the institution in new service 
to the public, despite rigid economy in administration, requires additional 
donations. Surely there are nature-loving souls today as generous as those 


who made the Botanical Garden possible a half-century ago. 


oe en ee el 


Fn NE